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SOBRIQUETS AND NlCKNAMBS- 



BY 



ALBERT R. FREY 

OF "WILLIAM RHAKESPEAttK AND ALLEGED SPANISH PROTOTYPES, 
"A BIBUOUKAI'UV OF ItlJS'UK," "A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 

FLAYING CARDS/' ETC- 



Yow ]'K y n aniblc, and you lisp, and nickname God's creatures, 

$HAECK&KAKK, 

THK time was when men were hat! in price for learning; now letters 
ttnly make men vile. Ik; is npbraklingly called a poet, as if it were a 
Contemptible muknamc. BUN JONHUN. 




BOSTON 

TICKNOR AND COMPANY 

211 Fremont Street 
1888 



COPYRIGHT, 1887, 
BY TlCKNOR AND COMPANY. 



All Rights Reserved. 



ELECTROTYPED BY C. J, PETERS AND SON, BOSTON, 
PRESS OF ROCKWELL & CHURCHILL, 



PREFACE. 



WK are informed that in the fourteenth century the word sobriquet 
was employed to express a sound of contempt, "half whistle and half 
jeer/' and that in pronouncing it the chin was slightly and rapidly ele- 
vated. In the course of time the term has undergone some modifications, 
and the reader of to-day, no matter to what especial branch of literature 
or history he may devote himself, must have encountered these peculiar 
nicknames. Not infrequently their origin is difficult to determine, and 
consequently their application is lost in the majority of instances. It was 
only a few weeks ago that I read of ** Doctor Inkpot. 1 ' Now, who was 
the personage thus quaintly dubbed ? Search in your encyclopaedia and 
of course you will not find him. And who would think of seeking for the 
answer in that great storehouse, the Athens Qxonlensis '/ 

It appears somewhat strange that no book has as yet been issued which 
is devoted to the explanation and derivation of these witty, and, in some 
instances, abusive, appellations ; and to remedy this defect the present 
work was undertaken- 

The writer begs to acknowledge Ms indebtedness to Mr. Bdward 
Denharn, of New Bedford, Mass., without whose valuable assistance this 
book would never have reached its present size. This gentleman is to 
bo credited with the exhaustive paper on " The Man in the Iron Mask " 
and the majority of the lengthier entries. 

ALBERT K. FJRKY. 

THK ASTOU LIBRARY, NEW YORK. 

iii 



SOBRIQUETS AND NICKNAMES. 



A. 



Abdael. This character, in Dry- 
den's poem of Absalom and Acli.it- 
opkel, stands for General George 
Monk, Duke of Albemarle, who 
was mainly instrumental in fur- 
thering the restoration o Charles 
II. Vid. DAVID. 

Absalom, in Dryden's Absalom 
and Acliitophel, 'is James, Duke 
of 'Monmouth, the rebellious son 
of Charles II. 

Absolute Wisdom, The. A nick- 
name given to Sir Matthew Wood- 
In 1821 lie was a staunch sup- 
porter of the unhappy Queen 
Caroline, and nearly all the wits 
of the time made him the butt of 
their attacks. Being, at one time, 
reproached with having ill- 
advised the Queen, he diffidently 
admitted that his conduct might 
not be "absolute wisdom," a dis- 
tinction by which he was for a 
con siderable time jocularly 
known. He had the unusual 
honor of being twice the Lord 
Mayor of London. Shortly after 
her accession, Queen Victoria 
created him a baronet, in acknowl- 
edgment, it was said, of his 
liberality in making large money 
advances to her father, the late 
Duke of Kent, when greatly dis- 
tressed by debts and hunted by 
creditors. 

Abyssinian Bruce. A nickname 
given to James Bruce, the African 
traveller. 



(1) 



Abyssinian Prince, The. A 
sobriquet conferred on George 
Augustus Polgreen Bridgetower, 
a mulatto, " who made his first 
appearance in 1790 at Drury Lane 
Theatre, where he played a violin 
solo between the parts of the 
Messiah." He gave many con- 
certs at the beginning of the 
present century, and in 1803 
played the Kreutzer Sonata with 
Beethoven. 

Acante. A nickname given to 
Racine by his friends, who formed 
a literary club of kindred spirits, 
and met at the house of Boileau- 
Despreaux. 

Accomplished, The. A sobri- 
quet conferred on John Gaetano 
Orsini, Pope Nicholas III., and 
the name IL COMPIRITO, "the 
accomplished," implied that in 
him met all the graces of the 
handsomest clerks in the world, 
but he was likewise a man of 
irreproachable morals, great abil- 
ity, and of vast ambition. 

Accusative, Tne. So John Cal- 
vin was called by Ms college 
companions. 

Achates of tlie General's Fig-ht, 
Tne. So Dryden, in his poem, 
Annus Mirabilis (line 690), calls 
Sir Robert Holmes, rear-admiral. 

Achilles of England, The. A 
name bestowed on Arthur Welles- 
ley, the Duke of Wellington. 



ACH 

Achilles of Germany, The. A 
title given to Albrecht III., 
Elector of Brandenburg in the 
fifteenth century. 

Achilles of Borne, The. So Si- 
cinius Dentatus, who flourished 
in the fifth century before Christ, 
is called. 

Achilles of the North, The. A 
name given to Beowulf, Disraeli, 
in his Amenities of Literature, 
says of him: 

The exploits of Beowulf are of 
a supernatural cast; and this circum- 
stance lias bewildered his translator 
amid mythic allusions, and thus the 
hero sinks into the incarnation of a 
Saxon idol, a protector of the hu- 
man race. It is difficult to decide 
whether the marvellous incidents be 
mythical, or merely exaggerations of 
the Northern poetic faculty. We, 
however, learn by these that corpo- 
real energies and an indomitable 
spirit were the glories of the hero- 
life; and the outbreaks of their self- 
complacency resulted from their own 
convictions after many afierce trial. 

Achitophel. This character, in 
Dryden's satire of Absalom and 
Achitophel^ is intended for the 
Earl of Shaftesbury, who abetted 
the rebellion of ABSALOM (q. v.). 
Of these (i.e., the rebels), the false 

Achitophel was first; 
A name to all succeeding ages curst ; 
For close designs and crooked coun- 
sels fit ; 
Sagacious, bold, and turbulent of 

wit; 
Restless, unfixed in principles and 

place; 

In power unpleased, impatient in 
disgrace. (Part i.) 

Achmet Pasha. A title bestowed 
on Clande Alexandre Bonneval. 
Vid. Watt, Bibliotheca Britan- 
nica. 

Ada! Sole Daughter of my 
House and Heart. An allu- 
sion, by Byron, in Childe Harold 
(Canto III., line 2), to his only 
child, Lady Augusta Ada Byron. 
The name Ada was selected from 
the early ancestry of the poet, 
being quite common in the fam- 
ily under the Plantagenets. 
She was born only a month 
before her father and mother 



ADA 

separated, and never consciously 
looked into his face. Her father 
always, however, loved her, and 
often spoke of her in his corre- 
spondence, at one time begging 
for her miniature, at another 
acknowledging a lock of hair, 
which he says'is " soft and pretty, 
and nearly as dark as mine was 
at twelve,"" and again calling her 
" the little Electra " (q. v.). She 
did not much resemble him, and 
it is said no one would have rec- 
ognized the Byron features 
the finely chiselled chin, the 
expressive lips and eyes of the 
poet in the daughter ; yet some 
who saw her on her wedding 
morning, when, in 1&>5, she mar- 
ried the Earl of Lovelace (then 
Lord King), fancied they saw 
more traces of the poet's counte- 
nance in the bride than at any 
other time. But dissimilarity of 
looks was not the only dissim- 
ilarity. She cared little about 
poetry, her favorite study being 
mathematics, which she studied 
under Babbage, and at one time 
translated from the Italian into 
English a very elaborate defence 
of that philosopher's Calculating 1 
Machine, enlarging it to three 
times its original length, with 
notes and problems which re- 
qtdred a great knowledge of the 
science of Algebra and kindred 
subjects. Her understanding 
was thoroughly masculine in 
solidity of grasp and firmness, 
yet she had all the delicacies of 
the most refined female charac- 
ter. Her manners, tastes, and 
accomplishments (in many of 
which, music especially, she was 
proficient) were feminine in the 
nicest sense of the word. The 
superficial observer would never 
have divined the strength and 
knowledge that lay hidden under 
her womanly graces, while pro- 
portionate to her distaste for the 
frivolous and commonplace was 
an enjoyment of true intellectual 
society. She eagerly sought the 
acquaintance of all who were 
distinguished in science, art, and 



ABA 



ADO 



literature. She died in London, 
and was buried beside her father, 
in a vault in Newstead Abbey, 
leaving two sons and one daugh- 
ter. 

Adam, the college tutor in 
Arthur Hugh dough's poem of 
the JJothie of Tober-na- yuolich, 
is probably intended for the au- 
thor himself. He is described as 

White-tied, clerical, silent, with an- 
tique square-cut waistcoat, 
Formal, unchanged, of black cloth, 
" but with sense and feeling be- 
neath it. 

Addison of America, The. A 
title bestowed upon Joseph Den- 
nie, on account of his two series 
of essays, The, Farrago and The 
Lay Preacher. 

Addison of the North, The. 
Henry Mackenzie, author of 
The Man of Feeliny, is so called 
on account of the purity and cor- 
rectness of his style. 

Adjutant, The. William Maginn 
is referred to by this name in the 
Noctes Ambrosiunsc. 

Admirable, The. A title bestowed 
on James Cricliton, of Cluny, an 
extraordinary Scottish scholar, 
who gave such early proofs of 
his learning that he obtained the 
degree of M. A. when only four- 
teen years of age. He is said to 
have been stabbed by his pupil, 
Vincenzo Gonzaga, son of the 
Duke of Mantua. 

The London Telegraph called Cap- 
tain Richard Burton, author of The 
Boole of the Sword, and reported to be 
the master of twenty-nine languages, 
the Modern Admirable Crichton 
(1884). 

Admirable Crichton, My. So 
Lady Carbery called Thomas Be 
Quincey. Vid. Masson, De Quin- 
ce?/, in English Men of Letters 
(p. 23). 

Admirable Crichton of Arabia, 
The. A nickname given to 
Abdallah ibn Sina, known to 
Christians by the name of Avi- 
cenna, for the variety and ex- 
tent of his precocious attain- 
ments. 



Admirable Crichton of Ger- 
many, The. A nickname given 
to King Frederick II. of Ger- 
many for the variety of his 
attainments. He was perfect 
master of six languages ; under- 
stood the anatomy, structure, 
and habits of birds and beasts ; 
was the author of a work on fal- 
conry, which proved him a 
thorough master of the subject ; 
was a practical surgeon, and en- 
couraged the medical school of 
Salerno ; founded the University 
of Naples, and patronized learning 
and art, and surrounded himself 
with men of thought ; was famed 
for his talents as a minnesinger; 
and, with all his literary taste 
and fine genius, was so active 
and manly that no one could 
excel him in athletic feats or 
knightly exercise. 

Admirable Crichton of his Day, 
The. So Craik, in his Compen- 
dious History of Enahsh Litera- 
ture (ii. 414), calls Sir "William 
Jones. 

Admirable Doctor, The. Roger 
Bacon. Vid* DOCTOR MIRABILIS. 

Admiral, The, in "The Wed- 
ding," one of Lamb's Essays of 
JKlia, is Admiral Jarnes Burney, 
who is described as " in fine wig 
and buckle on this occasion a 
striking contrast to his usual 
neglect of personal appear- 
ance." 

Admiral of the Lake, The. A 
name given to John Wilson, 
whose residence was situated 
on the shores of Lake Winder- 
mere. 

Adonais. So Shelley, in a poem 
of the same name, calls John 
Keats. He probably adopted 
this word to call attention to the 
similarity between Keats's un- 
timely death and that of Adonis. 

Adonais of the French Be volu- 
tion, The. A name given to 
Andre Chenier by Henri van 
Laun, who says : 

The bough that is snapped might 
have grown straight ; Apollo'H 
wreath might have budded into its 



ADV 



JSS 



expected glories ; and, at all events, 
that which Adcmai's has done is sel- 
dom the best of which he was capa- 
ble. The French Revolution had its 
Adonai's in Andre Che" nier. History 
of French Literature (lii. 161). 

Adversity Hume. So William 
Cobbett nicknamed Joseph 
Hume, "in contradistinction to 
Prosperity Robinson (q. ?>.), owing 
to his constant presages of ruin 
and disaster to befall the people 
of Great Britain." Vid. Sir 
Henry Bulwer's Historical Char- 
acters. 



A nickname given to 
William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, 
"by Lord Chesterfield, who, in a 
letter written in 176'JJ, says : 

I should naturally think that this 
session will be a stormy one; that is, 
if Mr. Pitt takes an active part ; but 
if he is pleased, as the ministers say 
he is, there is no other JEolus to 
blow a storm. The Dukes of Cum- 
berland, Newcastle, and Devonshire 
have no better troops to attack with 
than the militia, but Pitt alone is 
ipse agmen (an army in himself) . 

JEolus. So William Cobbett 
called George Canning. Vid. 
Sir Henry Bulwer's Historical 
Characters. 

JEschylus of France, Tlie. An 
epithet given to Prosper Jolyat 
de Crebillon, on account of the 
strength and vigor of his charac- 
ters. His great forte was in 
portraying the passions of rage 
and terror. 



Spain, The. Bou- 
terwek, in his History of Spanish 
Literature (p. 249), says* that this 
title might have been borne by 
Cervantes. 



A nickname tinder 
which John Radcliff, an English 
physician, figures in The Tatter 
(No. 50). 



of that Ag-e, The. 
A sobriquet conferred by Fuller 
on Dr. Butler, the physician to 
James I. Vid. Larwood and 
Hotten, History of Signboards 
(cap. ii.). 



of Arabia, The. A nick- 
name given to Lokman, an Ara- 
bian philosopher, whose name is 
prefixed to a chapter in the 
Koran, in which Mahomet p^uts 
into his mouth those maxims 
concerning the unity of one God . 
It shows the high degree in 
which ho was held by the Arabs 
at the time the Koran was made, 
and he still retains that high 
esteem at the present clay, lie 
was a slave, and noted for his 
personal deformity aijd ugliness, 
as well as eloquence and wisdom, 
and a peculiar talent for compos- 
ing moral fictions and short dia- 
logues. Some writers assert that 
he embraced the Jewish religion, 
and entered the service of King 
David, who had a high esteem 
for him. He is said to have died 
in Judea, and was buried at 
Bamlah, a small town in Syria. 
The relics of his fables were first 
published in !(>% in Arabic arid 
Latin. A French translation 
was published in 1714 and again 
in 1778 and 1799. From a simi- 
larity of many of them to JEsop 
some have inferred that Lokman 
and JEsop were different names 
for the same person, while others 
think it more likely that the 
compiler had seen those of JEsop 
and chose to insert some of them 
in his collection* Whoever was 
the writer, the 'fables afford no 
inelegant specimen of the moral 
doctrine of the Arabians. 



of Arabia, The. A nick- 
name given to Nasser "Ben Har- 
eth, an Arabian merchant, who 
lived in the time of Mahomet. 
For several years he traded in 
Persia, and when he returned to 
his native country he brought 
many fables, romances, and sto- 
ries of the exploits of the heroes 
of other countries. These so 
delighted the Arabians that 
when Mahomet gathered together 
the histories of the Old Testa- 
ment the people said the stories 
of Nasser were moire beautiful. 
That preference drew upon Nas- 



JES 



AHA 



ser the malediction of Mahomet 
aird his disciples in such a degree 
that from that time to the pres- 
ent his name has heen held in 
contempt by the followers of the 
prophet. 

JEsop of England, The. John 
Gay. 

JEsop of France, The. Jean de 
La Fontaine. 

^sop of Germany, The. Gott- 
hold Ephraim Lessing. This 
writer, aud the two preceding 
ones, derived their sobriquets 
from the inimitable collections 
of fables they have produced. 

.ffisop of India, The. Bidpay, 
or Pilpay, an Oriental fabulist, 
who is said to have nourished 
about three centuries before the 
Christian era. 

JEtion. This character in Spen- 
ser's pastoral of UolmUlout's Come 
JMmie Again is generally sup- 
posed to represent Shakespeare. 
Mr. Flesy, however, suggests 
that it may refer to Ljrayton, 
who published his Idea in 1593, 
and his L lea' .s Hirrour in 1591. 
" What more natural," says he, 
"than to indicate Bray ton by 
JEtion, which is the synonym of 
Idea?" 

And there, though last, not least, is 

JEtion; 
A gentler shepherd may nowhere 

be found, 
Whose muse, full of high thoughts' 

invention, 
Both like himself heroically sound. 

Affable, The. A nickname given 
to Charles VIII., of France, on 
account of his amiability and 
kindness. He was greatly 
beloved, and his reign was not 
without its advantages to his 
country, but no one ever reigned 
who luiew less of the actual 
duties of a great sovereign. 

African Roscms, The. A title 
given to Ira Aldndge, a mulatto 
actor of considerable merit. 
Born at Bellair, near Baltimore, 
Maryland, in his youth he was 
apprenticed to a ship-carpenter, 



but picked up a fair education. 
In 1826, he became a body-ser- 
vant to Edmund Kean, whom he 
accompanied to England, where 
he studied for the stage. He 
subsequently made an unsuccess- 
ful debut at the Theatre in Balti- 
more, but returned to England, 
where, at the Koyalty Theatre, 
London, in such plays as Othello, 
The Merchant of Venice, etc., he 
met with striking success, and 
was regarded as an able and 
most .faithful interpreter of 
Shakespeare's best characters. 
At Belfast he played Othello to 
Kean's layo, and also Orozembm 
to his Alboin. He acted in vari- 
ous countries on the continent, 
where he received tokens of high 
approbation. The King of Prus- 
sia wrote him an autograph- 
letter and sent him a medal, and 
the Emperor of Austria conferred 
on him the grand cross of Leo- 
pold. He died in Lodz, Poland. 

Ag-ag-. Sir Edmondbury Godfrey, 
in JDrydeii's satire of Absalom 
and AchitopheL He is the mag- 
istrate before whom Titus Gates 
made his declaration, but was 
afterwards found barbarously 
murdered in a ditch near Prim- 
rose Hill. Vid. 1 Sam'l xv. 

And Corah (q. ??.) might for Agag's 

murder call, 
In terms as coarse as Samuel used to 

Saul. (Part i.) 

Aged Man, The, in The, Chaldee 
MS. (i. 39), is intended for Henry 
Mackenzie. The passage about 
the mirror in his hand refers to 
The Mirror, a periodical he once 
edited. 

Agrilupo. A name conferred 
upon Giulio Trissino, by his 
father, in the latter's work, Italia 
Liberata. Vid, Symonds, Re- 
naissance in Italy. (Pt. ii. cap. 
xiii.) 

Ahasuerus. This title is equiva- 
lent to " Li on-Hearted,"' and is 
common to several kings of Per- 
sia. Ezra styles Cambyses so 
(iv. 6), but the Ahasuerus of 



AIG 



ALC 



Scripture may be simply a classic 
way of spelling Gushtasp, or 
Kishtasp-Darawesh, a king, Da- 
rius the Great* assumed this title. 
Ahasuerus is a character in Ka- 
cirie's tragedy, Esther, and is 
there intended to represent Louis 
XIV., King of France. 

Aig-le de la France, L'. Pierre 
d'Ailby. Vid. LE MABTEAU DES 
HEKJETIQUES. 

Airedale Poet, The. A nick- 
name given to John Nicholson, 
an English poet, on account of 
his poem, Airedale, the name of 
the place where he attended 
school. 

Airlie, in Arthur Hugh Clough's 
poem of the Bothie of Tober-na- 
Vuolich, is intended for J. Dea- 
con, of Oriel College. 

Ajax Flagellifer, An. A nick- 
name given to the Abbe Jean 
Joseph Rive, the French bibli- 
ographer, who was the terror of 
his acquaintances and the pride 
of his patron. Though a learned 
man, he could lend his name and 
give the weight of his example 
to the propagation of coarse and 
acrimonipus'censure. His Uhasse 
anx JSiblioyrayhes will be found 
to contain ' almost every kind of 
gross abuse and awkward wit 
which could be poured forth 
against the respectable characters 
of the day. 

Alan Fairford, a character in 
Scott's Redc/aiintlet, is drawn to 
represent himself. Lockhart, in 
his Life of Scott (Boston, 1837, i. 
p. 129), says: 

I have no doubt that William 
Clerk was in the main Darsie Lati- 
mer, while Scott himself unques- 
tionably sat for his own picture in 
young Alan Fairford. 

Alaric Cottin. So Yoltaire nick- 
named Frederick the Great, who 
was both a warrior and a poet. 
The Abbe Cotin was satirized by 
Boileau and Moliere. 

Alastor. So Heinsius, in a letter 
to Gronovius, Dec. 10, lb'52, calls 
Claudius Sahnasius. Vid. Mas- 
son, Life of Milton (iv. 465), 



Albert with the Tress. An 
appellation by which Albert III., 
Duke of Austria, is frequently 
mentioned. There arc two rea- 
sons for this name. Jle wore a 
lock of hair, which he received 
from his wife or some other dis- 
tinguished lady, entwined with 
his own, and formed a society of 
the Tress, not unlike the Order 
of the Garter. 

Albertus Mag-mis, in the Bootes 
Ambrosiansc, is intended for 
Albert Cay, a wine-merchant of 
Edinburgh. 

Alcseus. So Byron, in his Eng- 
lish Bards and Scotch jRwiawers, 
calls James Montgomery: 
With broken lyre mid cheek serenely 

pale, 

Lo! sad Alcaaus wanders down the 
vale. 

The name had been used as a 
pseudonym in. The Poaticul jRerj- 
ister (1801). 

Alceste. Claude de St. Maure, 
due de Montausier, is regarded 
by some authorities as the origi- 
nal of the " warm-hearted Duke " 
in Moliere 's Misanthrope f while 
others believe that the author 
drew his own picture when he 
created the character. Certain 
it is, however, that the Duke 
went to see the performance of 
the play, and remarked: "I 
have no ill-will against Moliere, 
for the original of Alceste, who- 
ever he may be, must be a fine 
character since the copy is so." 

The misanthrope, Alceste, loves a 
coquette CSliineue almost against 
his will; and we can imagine the 
feelings with which Moliere himself 
took the rdle of Alceste to his wife's 
Celimene. Van Laun, Moliere (i. 
xxxiv.). 

Vid. 



AlciTDiades of his Time, The. A 
nickname given to George 
Villiers, second Duke of Bucking- 
ham. 

Alcidas. A character in Moli- 
ere's La Mortage Force"?.. Tradi- 
tion says the' original of this 
over-polite personage was a cer- 



ALD 



ALT 



tain Marquis de la Trousse, 
killed at the siege of Tortosa in 
1G48, and who was so polite that 
he always used compliments 
when fighting a duel, and ex- 
pressed his great sorrow while 
killing his opponent. 

Alderman Medium. A nick- 
name applied, in the broadsides 
of the day, to William Abell, 
an alderman of London, and 
the master of the Vintners' 
Company, Vid. Stephen, Dic- 
tionary of National Biography 
(L). 

Aldiborontiphoscopharaio. A 
nickname given by Sir Walter 
Scott to his friend John Ballan- 
tyne, the publisher, in allusion 
to his pompous and dig- 
nified manner. The word also 
occurs in Henry Carey's bur- 
lesque Chrononhotontholof/us- 

Alexander Fairford, the elderly 
lawyer in Scott's novel, The Red- 
gauntlet , was drawn by the 
novelist as a portrait of his father, 
Walter Scott. 

Alexander of the North, The. 
Charles the Twelfth of Sweden 
is so called from his military 
achievements : 

Repressing here 

The frantic Alexander of the North. 
Thomson, Seasons, *' Winter." 

Alexander the Corrector. A 
name assumed by Alexander 
Cruden, the compiler of the cele- 
brated Concordance to the Bible. 
The first edition of this work 
appeared in 17^7, and a second 
and revised one in 1701. In the 
interval between the publication 
of the two editions he was twice 
confined in a lunatic asylum, 
where he seems to have been 
treated with great cruelty. His 
chief delusion was that he had 
received a special divine commis- 
sion to reform all manner of 
abuses, and he accordingly as- 
sumed the title above mentioned. 
He was in the habit of carrying 
a sponge with which he effaced 
all inscriptions that seemed to 



him contrary to good morals, 
and in particular he showed his 
detestation of Wilkes by obliter- 
ating the number 45 (the offen- 
sive number of the North Briton) 
wherever it met his eye. 

Alexander's Tutor. So Dr. 
John Wolcot, in his Epistle to 
the Reviewers, calls Aristotle. 

Allan Ramsay of Sicily, The. 
So Theocritus is called in the 
Noctes Ambrosiaiise (xxvi.). 

All worthy, Mr., in Fielding's 
novel of Tom Jones, is intended 
for Mr. Kalph Allen, of Bristol, 
who was also praised by Pope 
in his Epilogue to the Satires 
(i. 136) : 

Let humble Allen, with an awkward 

shame, 
Do good by stealth, and blush to find 

it fame. 

Almanack-Maker, The. A nick- 
name given to Richard Harvey, 
by Nash, in his Have with you 
to tiqff'ron Walden, where he 
says:' 

O eternall jest (for God's sake 
help me to laugh), what a grave 
Doctor, a base John Doleta, the 
Almanack-Maker, Doctor Deuse-ace 
and Doctor Mery-man? Why, from 
this day to proceed, He never goe 
into Powles Church-yard to enquire 
for anie of his works, but (where 
ever I come) looke for them behinde 
the doore, on the backe-side of a 
screene (where Almanackes are usu- 
ally set) ; or at a Barber's or Chan- 
dler's shop never to misse of them. 
Fid. ASTROLOGICAL RICHARD. 

Almanzor. A nickname given to 
Thomas Ashton. Vid. OBOS- 

MADES. 

Almighty Nose, The. One of 
the numerous epithets bestowed 
on Oliver Cromwell by Marcha- 
mont Needham, in the latter's 
periodical, the Mercurius Prag- 
maticus (circa 1049). 

Alonzo. So Byron, in his poem, 
Childish Recollections, calls the 
Hon. John Wingfield, of the 
Coldstream Guards. 

Alte Dessauer, Der. A popular 
nickname in Germany, for Leo- 
pold, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, 



ALT 

who is " distinguished as the cre- 
ator of the Prussian army." 

Alte Fritz, Der. The popular 
name by which Frederick the 
Great is known to the Germans. 

Alter Ego of Bichelieu. A 
name sometimes given to Fran- 
cois Leclerc du Tremblay, bet- 
ter known as " Father Joseph/' 
a man whose chief merit was his 
intriguing proclivities, and who, 
whatever he did, showed a most 
meddlesome disposition, biit was 
the firm friend of Richelieu. 

Amanda. A lady, the imperson- 
ation of love in Thomson's 
"Spring," was Miss Young, 
afterwards married to Admiral 
Campbell. She inspired, among 
other pieces, the following beau- 
tiful song : 

Unless with my Amanda blest, 
In vain I twine the woodbine 

bower; 

Unless I deck her sweeter breast, 
In vain I rear the breathing flower : 

Awakened by the genial year, 
In vain the birds around me sing, 

In vain the freshening fields appear, 
Without my love there is no 
Spring. 

Amaryllis, in Spenser's Colin 
Clout's Gome Home Again, was 
intended for the Countess Dowa- 
ger of Derby, for whom Milton 
wrote his Arcades. 

Amazia, in Samuel Pordage's sa- 
tirical poem of Azaria and Hti- 
shai, is intended for King 
Charles II., who is described as 
flying " over Jordan " : 

Till God hath struck the tyrant Za- 

bad dead; 
"When all his subjects, who his fate 

did moan, 
With joyful hearts restored him to 

his throne ; 
Who then Ms father's murtherers 

destroyed 
And a long, happy, peaceful reign 

enjoy 'd, 

Belov'd of all, for merciful was lie, 
Like God in the superlative degree. 

Ambassador, The, from the East 
India Company to the court of 
the Teesho Lama, in Tibet, in Be- 



AME 

loe's Sexagenarian (ii. cap. xiii.), 
is intended for Samuel Turner. 

Ambitious Thane. So Dr. John 
Wolcot, in his Epistle to James 
Boswdl, calls the latter. 

Amelia. Lady Mary Wprtley Mon- 
tagu says: " Henry Fielding has 
given a true picture of himself 
and his first wife, in the charac- 
ter of Mr. and Mrs. Booth, some 
compliments to his own figure 
excepted; and I am persuaded 
several of the incidents he men- 
tions are real matters of fact." 

" Amelia," says Thackeray, 
" pleads for her husband, Will 
Booth; Amelia pleads for her 
reckless, kindly old father, Harry 
Fielding. . . . They say it was 
in his own home Fielding knew 
and loved her; and from his own 
wife that he drew the most charm- 
ing character in English fiction. " 

American Bewick, The . A n ick- 
name given to Alexander Ander- 
son, the first engraver 011 wood in 
America. At the age of twelve 
he made quite successful attempts 
at engraving on copper and type- 
metal; and in 171)3, when em- 
ployed in copying drawings on 
wood after Bewick, for an Amer- 
ican edition of T/ie LookiH(/-Glas8 t 
he discarded the type-metal upon 
which he had been working and 
cut the rest of the illustrations 
upon boxwood, with tools of his 
own invention. He signed his 
name to the first wood-cut pub- 
lished on this continent, and thus 
gained for himself the title of 
the American Bewick. The vast 
number of American books illus- 
trated by him attest the skill and 
industry of this pioneer of the 
art of wood-engraving, who con- 
tinued in the daily practice of his 
profession till a few months be- 
fore he died. 

American Cato, The. So Sam- 
uel Adams was called by the 
newspaper press in 1781 . 

American Charles Lamb, The. 
So C. F. Richardson calls George 
William Curtis. Vid. Primer of 
American Literature. 



AME 



AMR 



American Cruikshank, Our. A 
name given to David Claypole 
Johnston, by Prescott, in his ..Bio- 
graphical and Critical Miscella- 
nies (p. 174), who says, speaking 
of a book entitled Scraps, " It is, 
moreover, adorned with etchings 
by our American Cruikshank, 
Johnston some of them origi- 
nal, but mostly copies from the 
late edition of Smollet's transla- 
tions." 

American FaMus, The. Aname 
bestowed on George Washington 
by the newspapers of 1775-85, 
because his military policy in 
wearying the British troops by 
harassing them, without coming 
to a pitched battle, was similar to 
that adopted by FaMus against 
Hannibal. 

American Goldsmith, The. A 
sobriquet bestowed on Samuel 
Woodworth, author of The Old 
Oaken Bucket. Like Goldsmith, 
he was strong and ardent in his 
attachments; early in life he had 
a weakness for visionary projects; 
a strange taste for wandering in 
search of a good fortune, which 
he never found; he was always 
pursued by ill-luck, and had great 
literary readiness and versatility. 
He was fond of rural pictures 
and simple domesticthem.es; was 
generous, impulsive, possessed of 
little worldly prudence, and the 
victim of disappointment. .He, 
however, had none of that amus- 
ing vanity of Goldsmith, but was 
distinguished for great modesty. 

American Montaigne, The. 
Ralph Waldo Emerson is fre- 
quently thus termed. 

American Richard Savag-e, 
The. So Edgar Allan Poe has 
been called, probably due to his 
irregular methods of living. 

American Socrates, The. A 
name given to Benjamin Frank- 
lin, by Sir James Mackintosh, 
who says: 

An independence of thought, a con- 
stant and direct reference to utility, 
a consequent abstinence from what- 
ever is merely curious and orna- 



mental, or even remotely useful, a 
talent for ingeniously betraying vice 
and prejudice into an admission of 
reason, and for exhibiting their 
sophisms in that state of undisguised 
absurdity in which they are ludi- 
crous, with the singular power of 
striking illustrations from homely 
objects, would justify us in calling 
Franklin THE AMERICAN SOCRA- 
TES. Life (ii. 203). 

American Stuart, The. An epi- 
thet used in Great Britain- to dis- 
tinguish Gilbert Charles Stuart, 
the American artist, who resided 
several years abroad, from James 
Stuart, the Scotch artist. 

American Tupper, The. Josiah 
G. Holland has been so called, 
from the proverbial expressions 
in his writings. 

Ami du Peuple, L'. Jean Paul 
Marat, the French revolutionist, 
is popularly knpwn by this title. 

Amiel, in Dryden's satire of Absa- 
lom and Achitophel, is intended 
for Sir Edward Seymour, the 
speaker of the House of Corn- 
nions. Vid. 2 Sam'l xxii. 34=. 

Who can AmiePs praise refuse? 
Of ancient race by birth, but nobler 

yet 
In his own worth, and without title 

great. 
The Sanhedrim long time as chief he 

ruled, 

Their reason guided, and their pas- 
sion cooled. 

The word is an anagram of 
Eliam, /. e., "the friend of God." 

Amoret, who figures extensively 
in the poems of Edmund Waller, 
is probably Lady Sophia Waller. 
In his song To Amoret, the poet 
"compares the different modes of 
regard with which he looks on 
her and Sacharissa " (q. v.). 

Amorous, The. A name given 
to Philippe I,, King of France, 
because he obtained a divorce 
from Berthe, his wife, to espouse 
Bertrade, who was already mar- 
ried toFoulques, Count of Anjou. 

Amri, in Dryden's satire of Absa- 
lom and Achitophel, is Heneage 
Finch, Earl of Nottingham and 
Lord Chancellor, who obtained 



AMY 



10 



ANA 



the title of THE FATHER OF 
EQUITY, from his high reputa- 
tion for integrity. 
Our list of nobles next let Amri 

grace, 
Whose merits claimed the Abeth 

din's (i. e., Lord Chancellor's) 

high place. 
To whom the double blessing does 

belong, * 

With Moses' inspiration, Aaron's 

tongue. (Fart ii.) 

Amyntas. Nash, in his Pierce 
Penilesse his Supplication to the 
Deuill (p. 91, ed. 1592), says, 
" None but thou, most courteous 
Amyntas, [should] bee the sec- 
ond musicall argument of the 
Knight of the Red-crosse." Col- 
lier thereupon remarks that "it 
is not easy to decide whom Nash 
here and before means by 
t Amyntas.' "Watson had given 
that name to Sir F. Walsingham, 
but he had died in 1590; and 
Nash's ' Amyntas ' was obviously 
living, and pointed out as a fit 
person to be Spenser's second 
hero. . . . Mai one (Shakespeare 
by Boswell, ii. 267) contends 
that Nash by Amyntas meant 
Ferdinando, Earl of Derby. Pos- 
sibly the Earl of Southampton, 
to whom Nash dedicates several 
tracts, was the nobleman in- 
tended." 

Anacharsis Clootz. Johann 
Baptiste, Baron von Clootz, an 
eccentric individual, born in 
1755. After adopting the above 
name, he travelled through vari- 
ous portions of Europe, and at 
the French National Assembly of 
June 19, 17.00, he appeared as the 
representative of various nation- 
alities, adopted the Revolution- 
ary principles, and styled him- 
self THE ORATOR OF THE HUMAN 
RACE. In 1793 he became in- 
volved in the Hubert affaire, was 
accused, and guillotined March . 
23, 1794. 

Anacreon Moore. Thomas 
Moore is so called because he 
not only translated Anacreon in- 
to English, but also wrote origi- 
nal poems in the same style. 



In that heathenish heaven 
Described by Mahomet and Anac- 
reon Moore. Byron. 

Anacreon of Ancient Scottish 
Poetry, The. So Pinkerton 
calls Alexander Scot, a Scotch 
poet of the sixteenth century, 
whose productions partake of an 
amatory character. 

Anacreon of Germany, The. 
A name sometimes given to Paul 
Fleming (1609-1040;. His Geist- 
liche imdweltlichQ Poemata (1642) 
contain many exqxiisite love- 
songs, which for more than a 
century remained unequalled in 
finish and sweetness. 

Anacreon of his Day, The. A 
nickname given to Oliver Basse- 
lin,.who flourished during the lat- 
ter half of the fourteenth century. 
He lived at Vire, in lower Nor- 
mandy, where he was a cloth 
manufacturer, but he had a 
strange propensity for rusticat- 
ing in the valleys and rocky re- 
cesses, or near the running 
streams- To such places he re- 
sorted with his boon and merry 
companions, and there poured 
forth his ardent unpremedi- 
tated strains, which savored of 
the jovial tastes and pastimes of 
their author. In his later days 
he became poor, probably from 
the profusion of his expenditures 
and his free mode of life. His 
poems are of a gay and joyous 
character, and sing the praises of 
wine (or of cider, the national 
beverage of Normandy) while 
they speak of love, that frequent 
theme of the poetry of the age, 
only to depreciate it by compari- 
son with the superior charm of 
the joys of Bacchus. 

Anacreon of Painters, The. 
Francesco Albano, a noted 
painter of voluptuous female 
figures* 

Anacreon of Painting 1 , The. A 
name given to Francois Boucher, 
a French artist. He gave his 
attention chiefly to the light and 
agreeable. His works did not 
justify the name. 



A1STA 



11 



ANO 



Anacreon of Persia, The. Ha- 
fiz. Vid. THE PERSIAN ANAC- 



Anacreon of the Guillotine, 
The. Bertraiid Barere de Vieu- 
zac, the President of the French 
National Convention, is so called 
on account of the flowery lan- 
guage and jesting demeanor em- 
ployed by him towards those 
whom he condemned to be exe- 
cuted. 

Anacreon of the People of 
Quality, The. A name given 
to L'Abbe Guillaume Amfrye de 
Chaulieu, of whom John Morley, 
in his Voltaire (p. 44), says: 

The Abbe CUaulieu, a versifier of 
sprightly fancy, grace, and natural 
ease, was the dissolute Anacreon of 
the people of quality, who, during the 
best part of the reign of Louis XV., 
had failed to sympathize with its 
nobility and stateliness, and during 
the worst part revolted against its 
gloom. Voltaire at twenty was his 
intimate and his professed disciple. 

Anacreon of the Temple, The. 
Guillaume Amfrye, Abbe de 
Chaulieu. He is also called THE 
TOM MOORE OF FRANCE. 

Anacreon of the Twelfth Cen- 
tury, The. Walter Mapes, also 
called THE JOVIAL TOPER. His 
best known piece is the drinking- 
song Mntm est proposition in ta- 
berna mon, which has been trans- 
lated by Leigh Hunt under the 
title of The Jovial Priest's Con- 
fession. 

Anatomist of Humanity, The. 
A name sometimes given to Jean 
Baptiste Poquelin Moliere, the 
greatest of French comic drama- 
tists. His model was the Greek 
Menander, and his great excel- 
lence is delineation of character. 
He studied men for the purpose 
of attacking folly, and his come- 
dies may be termed photographic 
portraits of the age in which he 
lived. 

Anaxagoras. A nickname by 
which Frederick the Great, in his 
letters, frequently alluded to Jean 
d'Alenibert, the French philoso- 
pher. 



Andrew the Chief Physician, 
who occurs in The Ghaldee Mti. 
(iv. 25), is intended for Andrew 
Duncan, an eminent Edinburgh 
physician. ANDREW HIS SON, 
who is also mentioned in the 
same work, was the author of A 
New Dispensatory (1803). 

Angelic Doctor, The. Thomas 
Aquinas. Vid, DOCTOR ANGKL- 
icus. 

Angelica, the heroine of Con- 
Breve's comedy of Love for Love, 
is supposed to represent Mrs. 
Bracegirdle. 

VALENTINE, in the same play, 
is probably Congreye himself, 
who was Bowe's rival in her 
affections. 

Angel of Assassination, The. 
A title which Lamartine bestows 
upon Charlotte Corday, who as- 
sassinated Marat. 

Anglicorum' Poetarum nostri 
seculi facile princeps. A title 
given to Edmund Spenser. Vid. 
Masson, Life of Milton (i. 344). 

Angry, The. So Christian II. of 
Denmark, Norway, and Sweden 
was called, on account of his un- 
governable temper. 

Annabel, in Dryden's satire of 
Absalom and Achitophel, is in- 
tended for the Duchess of Mon- 
mouth. Her maiden name was 
Anne Scott, Countess of Buc- 
cleuch, and she was the richest 
heiress in Europe. Her husband 
was faithless to her, and after his 
death the handsome widow mar- 
ried again. 

Annibale Caracci of the Eclec- 
tic School, The. Bernardino 
Campi, the Italian painter, is so 
called by Lanzi. 

Another Diana. A name given 
to Juliana Berners, supposed 
author of the Bokys of Haw- 
king (I486). The JBior/raphia J3ri- 
tannica says she was "another 
Diana in her diversions, in short, 
an ingenious Virago." 

Another Joseph. So Dry den, 
in the dedicatory letter to his 



ANO 



12 



AKT 



fables, calls the Duke of Osmond. 
The latter, wliile a prisoner at 
Namur, distributed the money 
which was sent to him among 
his fellow-sufferers. 

Another Machiavel. So Church- 
ill, in his poeni The Candidate 
(line 286), calls Lord Bute. 

Another Philip the Second. 
An epithet given to George III. 
of England by William Taylor, 
who says, in Memorials of Will- 
iam Taylor (ii. 206) : 

The Church of England is less 
consistent and not more merciful 
than popery. George III. is another 
Philip the Second, notwithstanding 
two centuries of progressive light 
and humanization. 

Another Proteus. A name 
given to C. A. Sainte-Beuve, on 
account of his paradoxical intel- 
lectual and moral character. 

Another Proteus. A nickname 
given to Francis Rons. Vid. 
OLD JEW OF ETON, THAT. 

Another Pythagoras, a name 

given to the English divine, as- 
trologer, alchemist, and mathe- 
matician, John Dee. 

Then he rambled to Paris to lec- 
ture on his favorite Euclid, explain- 
ing the elements not only mathemat- 
ically but by their application to 
natural philosophy, like another 
Pythagoras. Disraeli, Amenities of 
Literature. 

Another Reynolds. So Gifford, 
in the JMaBuiad (line 380), terms 
John Hoppner, the portrait paint- 
er. 

Another Bog-er Bacon. An epi- 
thet given to Thomas Allen, an 
eminent mathematician. His 
great skill in mathematics made 
the ignorant look upon him as a 
magician or conjurer, and ac- 
cuse him of using his art of 
figuring to bring about the Earl 
of Leicester's schemes, and en- 
deavoring, by the use of the 
black art, to effect a match be- 
twixt Leicester and Queen Eliz- 
abeth. 



Another Eoscius. So Camden 
calls Richard Burbage, the Eliz- 
abethan actor. 

Another Tully and Virgil. So 
Anthony Wood calls William 
Cartwright, the poet, and adds 
that "if the wits read his poems 
they would scarce believe that 
he died at a little over thirty 
years of age." 

Antenor, in Katherine Philips' 
poem of the same name, repre- 
sents her husband, James 
Philips, who suffered in the 
Civil War. 

Anthroposophus. A nickname 
given to Thomas Vaughan, who 
wrote a work called Anthroposo- 
phia Theomar/lca (1650), to show 
the condition of man after 
death. In this he reflected upon 
Dr. Henry More, who, in his 
answer, according to the contro- 
versial spirit of the time, called 
Vaughan a Momus, a mimic, an 
ape, a fool in a play, a jack- 
pudding, etc. Vaughan an- 
swered." this in a work called 
The Man Mouse, taken in a trap, 
and tortured to death for gnawing 
the margins of jEitc/enhts Philale- 
thes. To this More again re- 
plied, but was afterwards 
ashamed of the controversy, and 
suppressed the book in the col- 
lected edition of his works. 
Thomas Vaughan, a twin brother 
of Henry, was educated at Jesus 
College, Oxford, and after offi-r 
ciating at St. Bridget, Break* 
nockshire, returned to Oxford, 
where he became famous as a 
disciple and teacher in the school 
of Cornelius Agrippa, arid was 
the author of many publications 
of the alchymical kind, replete 
with the grossest absurdities. He 
was something of a chemist, an 
experimental philosopher, a 
zealous brother of the Rosicru- 
cian fraternity ; understood sev-r 
eral Oriental languages, arid was 
a tolerably good English and 
Latin poet. In his works he 
styles himself Eugenius Philale- 
thes. His death was occasioned 



ANT 



13 



APE 



by accidentally inhaling some 
mercury with which he was 
experimenting. Vid. also Hudi- 
bras (Pt. I. i. 541). 

Antichrist, Tlie. A name given 
by Catholics to Gustavus Adol- 
ptms. 

But the Antichrist, as Gustavus 
was called by the priests of Spain 
and Italy, the Saviour of Protestant- 
ism, as lie is called by England and 
Sweden, whose death caused so many 
bonfires among the Catholics that 
the Spanish court interfered lest 
fuel should become too scarce at the 
approaching winter Gustavus fell 

a fit hero for one of those great 
events which have never happened. 

Disraeli, Curiosities of Literature. 

Antichrist of Wit, The. So 
Alexander Pope ? in the Dunciad 
(ii. 15), calls Oamillo Qnerno, 
who sung his verses to Pope 
LeoX. 

Antiquarian Poet, The. So 
Wood frequently terms John Le- 
land. Vid. Athense Oxoniensis, 
art. " Cox," " Hardyng," etc. 

Antiquary of Poetry, The. A 
name applied to Joseph Ritson, 
by Disraeli, in his Calamities of 
Authors : 

Ritson, the late antiquary of poet- 
ry, not to call him poetical, amazed 
the world by his vituperative railing 
at two authors of the finest taste in 
poetry, Warton and Percy. 

Antonio, in Otway's Venice Pre- 

served, is said to represent the 

Earl of Shaltesbury. The char- 

^ acter is now generally omitted in. 

the representation. 



e, An. So John Dennis, in 
his review of Alexander Pope's 
L. Homer, in the Daily Journal 
(1728), designates the transla- 
tor: 

Alexander Pope hath sent abroad 
into the world as many bulls as his 
namesake Pope Alexander. Let us 
take the initial and final letters of his 
name viz., A. P e and they give 
you the idea of an ape. Pope comes 
from the Latin word Popa, which 
signifies a little wart, or from Pop- 
pysma, because he was continually 
popping out squibs of wit. 



Ape Gabriel, The. A nickname 
given to Gabriel Harvey by Nash 
in his Strange Newes of the In- 
tercepting of Certaine Letters 
(London, 1593), where he says : 
Like him that having a letter to de- 
liver to a Scottish Lorde, when hee 
came to his house to enquire for him, 
found nobpdie at home but an ape 
that sate in the Porch and made 
mops and mows at him; so he, deliv- 
ering his unperusde papers inPowles 
Churchyard, the first that took them 
up was the Ape Gabriel, who made 
mops and mows at them, beslavering 
the outside of them a little, but 
could not enter into the contents, 
which was an ase beyond his under- 
standing. 

Ape of En vie, The. So Harvey 
calls John Lyly. Vid. THE 
GENTLEMAN RAGAMUFFIN. 

Ape of Euphues, The. A nick- 
name given to Robert Greene by 
Harvey. Vid. THE GENTLEMAN 
RAGAMUFFIN. 

Ape of Genius, The. A name 
given by Victor Hugo to Vol- 
taire, in one of his early works, 
Rays and Shadows (Rayons et 
Ombres}* In the poem A 
Glimpse into an Attic he says: 
That ape of genius, sent as the dev- 
il's missionary to men. 

De Maistre says very much the 
same thing : 

Un homme unique a qui 1'enfer 
avait rernis ses pouvoirs. 

Ape of Greene, The. An epithet 
conferred on Thomas Nash. 
Vid. THE GENTLEMAN RAGA- 
MUFFIN. 

Ape of Scarron, The. A nick- 
name given to Charles Coypeau, 
Sietir d'Assouci, on account of 
his imitating the FAOffER OF 
FRENCH BURLESQUE ($! v.). He- 
was far more a buffoon than a 
wit. There are in his works a 
thousand instances of dulness, 
and a thousand more of inde- 
cency, for one lively and ingeni- 
ous turn of wit. 

Ape of Tolly, The. A nickname- 
given to Gabriel Harvey by 
Nash in his Strange Newes of the: 



APO 



APO 



Intercepting of Certaine Letters 
(London, 1593), where he says: 
From this day forward shall a 
whole armie of boies come wondring 
about thee, as thou goest in the 
street, and cry kulleloo, kulleloo,with 
whup hoo, there goes the Ape of 
Tully ! tih he he, steale Tully, steale 
Tully, away with the Asse in the 
Lion's skinne. Nay, but in sadnesse, 
is it not a sinfull thing for a Schollar 
and a Christian to turae Tully? a 
Turke would never doe it. 

Apollo of Portug-al, The. Luis 
Camoens, author of the Lusiad. 
He was so called for his poetry, 
and not for any personal attrac- 
tions. He was allowed to perish 
in poverty on the streets, 

Apollo's Messenger. So Sir As- 
ton Cokaine, in his commendatory 
verses prefixed to Philip Massin- 
ger's Emperor of the West (1632), 
terms the latter. 

Apollon de la Source des 
Muses, L', i.e., THE APOLLO OF 
THE FOUNTAIN OF MUSES. This 
epithet was given to Pierre de 
Ronsard by Mary Stuart, who 
sent to him, from her prison, a 
silver beaufet, on which was 
chased the mountain of the 
Muses, with the inscription : 
A Ronsard, 1'Apollon de la Source 
des Muses. 

Apologist for the Quakers, 
The. A sobriquet sometimes 
applied to Robert Barclay, of 
TJrie, on account of his numerous 
works written in the interests of 
the Society of Friends, of which 
he was a member. 

Apostate, The. The Roman em- 
peror Flavins Claudius Julian is 
so called, because he forsook 
Christianity, and returned to 
Paganism. 

Apostate, The. So Samuel Parr 
called Sir James Mackintosh, 
who had written in defence of 
the French Revoltition, and then 
accepted an Indian judgeship 
from Pitt, who was an enemy of 
the cause espoused. 

Apostle of Andalusia, The. A 
nickname given to Juan d' Avila, 



a Spanish priest, who for the space 
of forty years journeyed through 
the Andalusian mountains and 
forests enforcing by his precepts 
and example the doctrines of the 
Gospel. 

Apostle of Ardennes, The. 
St. Hubert, Bishop of Maestricht 
and Liege, is frequently thus 
called, "from his zeal in destroy- 
ing remnants of idolatry." 

Apostle of Cheerfulness, The. 
So the companionable and kind- 
hearted John Kenyon was called 
by his friends. Vid. Fields, Yes- 
terdays with Authors (p. 3(57). 

Apostle of Enlightenment, The. 
A nickname given to Christian 
Thomasius, a German philoso- 
pher and jurist. Early in life 
he commenced to lecture on law 
in a style perfectly free from 
the pedantry of the schools, and 
adopted the German language 
as the vehicle of his expositions, 
to the astonishment of his Latin- 
speaking colleagues. He also 
commenced a monthly journal 
in Leipzig which excited so much 
opposition that he was forced to 
go to Halle, where, under the pat- 
ronage of the Brandenburg court, 
he was the means of establishing 
a university, since famous. His 
great aim was to harmonize and 
blend science and life; hence his 
contempt for hair-splitting sub- 
tleties, of which nothing could 
be made. He was no mediator 
between the old and the new 
ideas like Leibniz, but an innova- 
tor, a champion of so-called en- 
lightened views, and an intellec- 
tual liberator. He wished to 
vanquish prejudices, pedantry, 
hypocrisy, to give to the learned 
classes a practical secular train- 
ing, and to break down the bar- 
riers of intellectual aristocracy. 

Apostle of Free-Trade, The. 
Richard Cobden is so called, on 
account of his labors and tri- 
umphs in the interests of free- 
trade. 

Apostle of Gaul, The. A name 
frequently given, to St. Martin, 



APO 



15 



APO 



Bishop of Tours, France, who 
strenuously resisted the persecu- 
tion of heretics, and was eminent 
for his self-denial and works of 
charity. 

Apostle of Germany, The. So 
St. Boniface is termed, because 
he devoted a great portion of his 
life towards civilizing the barba- 
rian nations of Germany. 

Apostle of Infidelity, The. Vol- 
taire is so called, on account of 
his endeavors to overthrow the 
Christian religion. 

Apostle of Ireland, The, is St. 
Patrick, who introduced Chris- 
tianity in that country, and built 
many religious edifices. 

Apostle of Liberty, The. A 
nickname given to Henry Clay, 
who, in Congress, by his elo- 
quence, roused the country for 
the War of 1812 with England, 
advocated the recognition of the 
independence of the Spanish 
American states and of "insur- 
gent Greece, and exerted his in- 
fluence for the exclusion of Euro- 
pean authority on this continent. 

Apostle of Scottish Reformers, 
The. A name applied to John 
Knox, the founder of the Re- 
formed Church in Scotland. 

Apostle of Temperance, The. 

Father Theobald Mathew, so 
called because of his urgent ap- 
peals for the cause of temper- 
ance. 

Apostle of the English, The. 
A name given to St. Augustine, 
who was sent by Pope Gregory 
I. to introduce Christianity into 
England, arid was very success- 
ful. 

Apostle of the French, The. 
So St. Denis, the first bishop of 
Paris, was called, on account of 
his labors in the cause of Chris- 
tianity in that country. 

Apostle of the Frisians, The, 
is St. Willibrod of Northumbria, 
who spent a long time among the 
Frisians and made many Chris- 
tian converts. 



Apostle of the Gauls, The. So 

Bunsen calls St. Irenseus, the 
Bishop of Lyons, in the second 
century, who " possessed the 
apostolical patience, as well as 
the fiery zeal, of Polycarp." 

Apostle of the Goths, The. An 
epithet conferred on Ulfilas or 
Xlphilas, Bishop of the Goths of 
Dacia and Thrace, who so far 
succeeded in civilizing these bar- 
barians that they became the 
most polished and enlightened of 
all the Teuton tribes. He trans- 
lated the Scriptures into the 
Gothic tongue. 

Apostle of the Highlanders, 
The. So St. Columba, who 
preached the Gospel in Scotland 
and lona in the sixth century, is 
frequently termed. 

Apostle of the Indians, The, 
or THE INDIAN APOSTLE, is a 
title ^bestowed both upon Barto- 
lome' de Las Casas and upon the 
Rev. John Eliot, who did much 
towards propagating the Gospel 
among, and in other ways ad- 
vancing the condition of, the na- 
tives of America. 

Apostle of the Isle of Ely, The. 
A name given to "William Sedg- 
wick, a whimsical fanatic preach- 
er. Vid. Butler's Hudibras (Pt. 
II. iii. 477) and Wood, Athense 
Ovoniensis* 

Apostle of the North, The. 
Ansgar, who introduced Chris- 
tianity into Scandinavia in the 
ninth century, is so called. 

The title is also given to Ber- 
nard Gilpin, who taught the doc- 
trines of the Protestant church 
to the inhabitants of Scotland. 

Apostle of the Peak, The. So 
William Bagshaw, a non-con- 
formist, who preached in Derby- 
shire, England, is termed. 

Apostle of the Picts, The, is St. 
Ninian, who converted the Teu- 
tonic inhabitants of Cumbria in 
the fifth century. 

Apostle of the Slavs, The. A 
name given to St. Cyril, who in 
the ninth century preached, the 



APO 

Gospel in Bulgaria, Moravia, and 
Bohemia, and translated the 
Scriptures, his version being 
still in use among the Greek- 
Catholics. 

Apostle of the Sword, The. 
Mahomet is so called, because he 
enforced his creed at the point of 
the sword. 

Apostle of Virginia, The. A 
nickname given to Samuel Har- 
ris, who was born in Hanover 
Co. of that state. When he was 
thirty-four years of age, the Bap- 
tists were holding frequent meetr 
ings in his neighborhood, and 
were exciting much attention by 
the simplicity and earnestness 
with which they presented the 
Divine truth. This deeply af- 
fected his mind and he joined 
that denomination, and the next 
year commenced his ministerial 
course, but was not ordained till 
ten years later. He soon became 
known as one of the most labo- 
rious and effective preachers 
throughout the state. As a doc- 
trinal preacher his talents were 
below mediocrity, but he had 
winning manners, and his excel- 
lence consisted in addressing the 
heart, and when animated him- 
self he seldom failed to animate 
his audiences. Being in easy cir- 
cumstances when he became re- 
ligious, he devoted not only him- 
self but almost all his property 
to religious ends; he maintained 
his family in a very frugal man- 
ner, and distributed his surplus 
income to charitable purposes. 
His pious zeal caused him to 
be persecuted, knocked down, 
pulled from, the stand while 
preaching, and dragged by the 
hair. He was once arrested as a 
disturber of the peace, and the 
court ordered that he should 
preach no more hi that county 
for a year, or be committed to 
prison. He accepted the former 
alternative, but a short time 
afterward he was in the same 
neighborhood, where some young 
ministers were preaching, and 



16 AKC 



when they had finished he arose 
and said, " I partly promised the 
devil a few days ago, at the Court 
House, that I would not preach 
in this comity again during one 
year. But the devil is a perfidi- 
ous wretch, and a covenant with 
him is not to be kept ; therefore 
I will preach." He preached a 
lively, animating sermon, and 
the court disturbed him no more. 
Apothecary, An. A name ap- 
plied to Alexander Pope, by Col- 
ley Gibber, who speaks of the 
poet as an apothecary who did 
not mind his business. 

Appius, in Pope's Essay on Criti- 
cism (iii. 26), represents Sir John 
Dennis, the critic, whose tragedy 
of Appius and Virginia was 
damned in 1709. The same per- 
sonage was the SIR TREMENDOUS 
of Pope and Gay's farce of Three 
Hours after Marriage. 

Aquila Aqtalonius. So Come- 
nius, in the introduction to Part 
ii. of his Op.era Didactica, calls 
Count Axel Oxenstierna, the 
Swedish Chancellor. 

"I was," says lie,. "sent to 
Stockholm to the most illustrious 
Oxenstiern, Chancellor of the 
Kingdom, and Dr. Johannes 
Skyte, Chancellor of the Univer- 
sity of Upsal. These two exer- 
cised me in colloquy for four 
days; and chiefly the former, 
that Eagle of the North (Aquila 
Aquilonius).' 3 

Aquinian Sage, The. Juvenal, 
the Latin poet, is so called. Vid. 
THE LIGUEIAN SAGE. 

Arch-monarch of the World, 
The. So Napoleon III. has been 
called. 

Archangelo. A name given to 
Angelo Corelli. 

Archdiavolo. So Corelli called 
Strunck, the German composer. 
Vid. Crowest, Musical Anecdotes 
(i. 241). 

Archicarnifex. A name given 
to Thomas Norton, the perse- 
cutor. 



ARC 



17 



AKI 



Archimagus, An. A nickname 
given to George Dyer by Charles 
Lamb. Vid. AN ARCHIMEDES. 

Archimedes. A name under 
which John Rennie, the English 
civil engineer, figures in Dib- 
din's Bibliographical Decameron, 
where the author says of 
him : 

See yonder ! a very; Archimedes 
paces the room. His bibliomaniacal 
appetite is as keen as his professional 
knowledge is unrivalled. . . . No 
man makes less parade in his book- 
acquisitions ; yet Archimedes hath a 
library of which the foundation was 
laid from the spoils of the Pinelli 
and Paitoni Collections. 

Archimedes, An. An epithet 
given to George Dyer by Charles 
Lamb, in a letter to Thomas 
Manning. Talfourd, in his Life 
and Works of Charles Lamb 
(ii. p. 99), gives the letter: 

George Dyer is an Archimedes, and 
an Archimagus, and a Tycho Brahe, 
and a Copernicus ; and thou art the 
darling ot the Nine, and midwife to 
their wandering babe also. 

Argonaut. So Captain Basil 
Hall is .called in the Nodes Am- 
brosianse (xlvi.). 

Argyllus, in Lord Lytton's poem, 
Glenaveril, or the Metamorphoses 
(1885) , is intended for the Duke 
of Argyle. 

Ariel. So Shelley was nicknamed 
by his friends at Pisa, during his 
stay there in 1820-21. 

Ariel of the Italian Benais- 
sance, The. A name given to 
Antonio Allegri Correggio by J. 
A. Symonds, in his Renaissance 
in Italy (iii.'SIS, 340), of whom 
he says: 

Correggio is the Ariel or Faun, the 
lover and light-giver; he has sur- 
prised laughter upon the face of the 
universe, and he paints this laughter 
in ever varying movement. . . . He 
created a world of beautiful human 
beings, the whole condition of whose 
existence is an innocent and radiant 
wantonness. 

Ariosto of Germany, The. A 
name given to Goethe by Sir 



Walter Scott, in his Journal, Feb. 
20, 1827, where he says : 

But Goethe is different, and a won- 
derful fellow, the Ariosto at once 
and almost the Voltaire of Ger- 
many. 

Ariosto of the North, The. Sir 
Walter Scott is thus called by 
Lord Byron. Vid. Ohilde Harold 
(iv. 40). 

Aristarch of British Criticism, 
The. A name given to J. G. 
Lockhart by Prescott, who says, 
in his Biographical and Critical 



A prying criticism may discern a 
few of those contraband epithets and 
slipshod sentences, more excusable 
in young Peter's Letters to his Kins- 
folk, where indeed they are thickly 
sown, than in the production of the 
grave Aristarch of British Criticism. 

Aristarclms of Cambridge, 
The. A name given to Richard 
Bentley. Disraeli says, in his 
Quarrels of Authors : 

The ostensible cause of the present 
quarrel was inconsiderable; the 
concealed motive lies deeper; and 
the party feelings of the haughty 
Aristarchus of Cambridge and a 
faction of wits at Oxford, under the 
secret influence of Dean Aldrich, 
provoked this fierce and glorious 
contest. 

Aristarchus of his Day, The. 
A name given to Gabriel Har- 
vey, a man of much learning. 

Aristarchus of the Edinburgh 
Review, The. So Francis Jef- 
frey has been termed. Vid. 
Notes and Queries (1st ser. iii. 
364). 

Ariste. A nickname given to 
Boileau-Despreaux by his friends. 
As soon as his father died he 
inherited a competence, and im- 
mediately made himself the cen- 
tre of a literary club, assembling 
at his own -house a little circle of 
harmonious spirits. Each mem- 
ber had a nickname, and he was 
known as ARJSTE. 

Aristotle of China, The. Te- 
huhe (circa 1200), also called THE 
PRINCE OF SCIENCE. 



ARI 



18 



AST 



Aristotle of the Nineteenth 
Century, The. George Cnvier, 
the celebrated naturalist, is fre- 
quently thus called. 

Aristus. A name tinder which 
Chretien Francois Lamoignon, 
French president of the Parlia- 
ment of Paris, figures in Boileau- 
Despreaux's Lutrin, A Mock- 
Heroic Poem. 

Armed Soldier of Democracy, 
The. A sobriquet not infre- 
quently applied to Napoleon 
Bonaparte. 

Armida. A nickname which 
Napoleon gave to Louisa, the 
young Queen of Prussia, wife of 
Frederick-William III. She 
rode about the streets of Berlin 
in military costume to rouse the 
spirit of the people, and he said 
'* she was Armida in her distrac- 
tion setting fire to her own pal- 
ace." He drew the parallel from 
Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered. 

Armida, the heroine of one of 
Dryden's poems, is designed for 
Frances Stuart, the wife of 
Charles, Duke of Richmond. 

Arod, in Dryden and Tate's satire 
of Absalom and Achitophel (ii.)> 
is intended for Sir William Wal- 
ler. 

Artegal. Vid. SIR ARTEGAL. 

Artemisia. A name under which 
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu has 
been satirized by Pope. 

Arthur, in Arthur Hugh Clough's 
poem of the Bothie of Tober-na- 
Vuolich, is intended for H. W. 
Fisher of Christ Church. 

Artist of the Be volution, The. 
An appellation given to Jacques 
Louis David, a French artist, and 
founder of the modern French 
school of painting. He was the 
artistic superintendent of the 
grand national fetes and solemni- 
ties of the revolution, was a 
warm Jacobin, and voted for the 
death of Louis XVI., for which, 
in 1816, he was banished. To 
the period of the revolution be- 
long his Murder of Marat and 



Oath taken in the Tennis 

Court. 

Asaph, in Dryden and Tate's 
satire of Absalom and Achito- 
phel, represents Dryden. 
While Judah'a throne arxd Sion's 

rock stand fast, 
The song of Asaph and the fame 

shall last. (Part ii.) 

Ascreean Poet, The. Hesiod is 
so called because he was born at 
Ascra, in Bceotia. Virgil, in his 
Edoynes (vii. 70), calls him THE 
OHD' AscR-asAN, and Sir John 
Cotton, in his lines In Memory 
of Mr. Waller, THE ASCBJEAN 
SHEPHERD. 

Aspasia of Lyons. A nickname 
given to Louisa Labe. She was 
the wonder of all the learned of 
her time, understood Latin, Span- 
ish, and Italian, and wrote Le 
jpebat de Folie et d' Amour, which 
is supposed to have led Erasmus 
to write his folly and La Fon- 
taine his Love and Folly. 

Aspasia of the Seventeenth 
Century, The. A name given 
to Aiine de Ninon de 1'Enclos, 
a French courtesan, who retained 
her beauty in old age. 

In the incomparable animation of 
his countenance : in his smile, full of 
grace, archness, menace, and attrac- 
tion: in his eye, beaming with light- 
nings that pierced to the depths of 
the soul, the aged Aspasia of the 
seventeenth century foresaw a great 
destiny. Henri Martin, History of 
France. 

Astarbe, in Fe'nelon's TfMmaqite, 
represents in part Madame de 
Maintenon, the mistress of JLonis 
XIV. Spence, in his Anecdotes, 
says : 

After Madame de Maintenon and 
her creatures insinuated it into the 
king that Monsieur Fe"nelon had the 
insolence of designing his majesty 
under the character of IDOMENEUS 
(g. v.) t in his Telemachus, and both 
mm and the lady in part under those 
of PYGMALION and 



finished his disgrace. 



ASTARBE, this 



Astreea. A name applied to Mrs. 
Aphra Behn, a popular English 



AST 



19 



ATH 



dramatic author of the seven- 
teenth century. Pope refers to 
her in the line s 
The stage how loosely does Astrsea 

tread. Imitations of Horace 

(II. i. 290). 

Astrsea. A name given to Queen 
Elizabeth "by Sir John Davies in 
his twenty-six acrostics called 
Hymns of Astrsea (1599). The 
sixth hymn is : 
Koyal Astraea makes our day 
Eternal, with her beams ! nor may 
Gross darkness overcome her ! 
I now perceive why some do write, 
No country hath so short a night 
As England hath in summer. 

Astrologer, The. A nickname 
given to Albert III., Duke of 
Austria, on account of his 'fond- 
ness for judicial astrology. He 
was also a student of theology 
and mathematics, and preferred 
the quiet of his study, or to work 
with his own hands in his garden, 
to the pomp and splendor of his 
court. 

Astrological Richard. A nick- 
name given to Richard Harvey, 
who was at first a student of as- 
tronomy, then published an al- 
manac giving predictions that 
were not fulfilled, and ended in 
being an astrologer. This was 
not forgotten during the quarrel 
between the Harvevs and Nash, 
and the latter, in his Have with 
you to Saffron Walden (London, 
1596), says: 

And besides, a devine vicarly 
brother of his, called Astrological! 
Richard, some few years since (for 
the benefit of his country) most 
studiously compyled a profound 
Abridgement upon beards, and there- 
in copiously dilated of the true disci- 
pline of peakes. 

Vid. THE ALMANACK-MAKER. 

Astronomer, The. A nickname 
given to Alfonso X. of Spain, 
who sought to improve the Ptol- 
emaic planetary tables. For 
this purpose he assembled at 
Toledo upwards of fifty of the 
most celebrated, astronomers of 
the age, and the results are 
known as the Alfonsine tables, 



which, however, are no more 
accurate than the older ones. 

Astrophel. John Oldham is thus 
called in the poems published 
shortly after his death. 

Astrophel, in Edmund Spenser's 
elegy of the same name, is Sir 
Philip Sidney. The word is 
compounded of PhiL Sid., an 
abbreviation of Sidney's name 
and at the same time a contrac- 
tion of Philos Sidus. By chang- 
ing the Latin Sidits to the Greek 
Astron, we obtain Astron-philos, 
a lover of a star. The "star" 
in question was Sidney's lady- 
love Stella, or Penelope Dever- 
eux, daughter of the Earl of 
Essex. Sidney has celebrated 
her in his poem entitled Astro- 
phel and Stella: Wherein the 
Excellence of Sioeet Poesie is con- 
cluded. The lady married Lord 
Rich, and Sir Philip transferred 
his affections to Frances, the 
eldest daughter of Sir Francis 
Walsingham. 

Atheist, The. "Hobbes, called 
'the Atheist,'" says Masson, in 
his Life of Milton (vi. 280), " as 
long ago as 1646, . . . had be- 
come more and more ' the athe- 
ist Hobbes/ with all who found 
advantage in that style of epi- 
thet, by his Human Nature and 
De Corpore Politico of 1650, his 
all-comprehensive Leviathan of 
1651, and some subsequent writ- 
ings, while this dreadful fame of 
his for general atheism had been, 
fringed latterly by a special rep- 
utation for mathematical hetero- 
doxy." 

Atheist, The. A nickname be- 
stowed on Percy Bysshe Shelley 
by his school-mates at Eton Col- 
lege. Hogg explains this by say- 
ing that ''the Atheist" was an 
omcial character among the boys, 
selected from time to time for 
his defiance of authority, but 
Symonds affirms that "it is 
not improbable that Shelley's 
avowed opinions may even then 
have won for him a title which 
he proudly claimed in after-life." 



ATH 



20 



ATO 



Vid, also the Metricum Sympo- 
sium, in JBlackwood's for July, 
1822. 

Atheist Tamburlan, That. An 
epithet given to Christopher 
Marlowe, by Robert Greene. 
The latter had been severely 
satirized from the boards of the 
stage, and he was envious ^ of 
Marlowe's success as a dramatist, 
though the two were afterwards 
reconciled. He bestows the 
above sobriquet in his introduc- 
tion to Perymedes, The Black- 
Smith (London, 1588), where he 
says : 

I keep my old course to palter up 
something in Prose, using mine old 
poesie still, Omne tulit punctum, al- 
though latelye two Gentleman Poets 
made two mad men of Rome beate 
out of their paper bucklers : and had 
it in derision for that I could not 
make jest upon the stage in tragicall 
buskins, everie worde filling the 
mouth like the faburden of Bo-Bell, 
daring God out of heaven with that 
Atheist Tamburlan, or blaspheming 
with the mad preest of the sonne. 

Athenais, a character in a novel 
of the same name, written by 
Mme. de Genlis in 1807, repre- 
sents Frederick Augustus, Prince 
of Prussia. 

Athenian Aberdeen. George 
Hamilton Gordon, Earl of Aber- 
deen, is so called by Byron, in 
his English Bards and Scotch 
Reviewers (line 510), and in the 
Noctes Ambrosiansd (xxxyii.), 
on account of his book entitled 
An Inquiry into the Principles of 
Beauty in Grecian Architecture 
(1822). 

Athenian Bee, The. So Plato is 
called, because of the sweetness 
of his style. Sophocles has also 
been called THE BEE OF ATHENS 
and THE ATTIC BEE. 

Athenian Sage, The. So War- 
burton, in The Divine Legation 
of Moses Demonstrated (ii.), calls 
Socrates, who was a native of 
Athens. 

Atlantes of the Mathematical 
World. A name given to 
Thomas Allen, Thomas Harriot, 



John Dee, Walter "Warner, and 
Nathaniel Torperley, who were 
the constant companions of 
Henry, ninth Earl of Northum- 
berland, when the latter was in 
the Tower of London, and de- 
voted their time to mathemati- 
cal studies. 

Atlas, An. So Byron, in his 
poem On the Death of Mr. Fox, 
calls William Pitt. Garrick is 
similarly named. Vid. Fitzger- 
ald, New History of the English 
Stage (ii. 316). 

Atlas of America, The. A so- 
briquet applied at times to 
George Washington. 

Atlas of Poetrie, The. A name 
given to George Peele, the Eng- 
lish dramatist and poet, by 
Thomas Nash, in his introduc- 
tory epistle prefixed to Greene's 
Me/iaphon (London, 1589), where 
he says : 

I dare commend him to all that 
know him, as the chiefe supporter of 
pleasance now living, the Atlas of 
Poetrie, 'dud primus verborum Arti- 
fex; whose first oncrea.se, the Ar- 
raignement of Paris, might plead to 
your opinions his pregnant dexteri- 
tie of wit, and manifold varietie of 
invention; wherein hee goeth 11 step 
beyond all thai write. 

Atlas of Scotch Antiquaries, 
The. A nickname given to 
George Chalmers, by Dibdin, in 
his Library Companion, where 
he says : 

This gentleman is the Atlas of 
Scotch Antiquaries and Historians: 
bearing on his own shoulders what- 
ever has been collected, and with 
pain separately endured by his pre- 
decessors, whom neither difficulties 
tire, nor dangers daunt. 

Atossa, in Pope's Moral Essays 
(Epistle ii.), was long supposed 
to be intended for Sarah, Duch- 
ess of Marlborougli. There 
seem to be no grounds, however, 
for entertaining such a supposi- 
tion, and the character is proba- 
bly intended as a satire upon the 
then Duchess of Buckingham. 
Pope probably bestowed the 
name upon her because she was 



ATT 



21 



AUG 



the friend of Lady Mary Wortley 
Montagu, whom in his satires he 
calls SAPPHO. The sobriquet is 
made plain when we compare 
Herodotus, who says that Atossa, 
the Queen, of Cambyses and of 
Darius Hydaspes, by whom she 
begot Xerxes, was a follower of 
Sappho. Vid. SAPPHO. 

Attic Bee, The. Sophocles. Vid, 
THE ATHENIAN BEE. 

Attic Muse, The. A name be- 
stowed 011 Xenophon, the Athe- 
nian historian, on account of the 
elegance of Ms style of composi- 
tion. 

Atticus. A character drawn to 
represent Richard Heber, the 
famous English bibliomaniac, by 
Dibdin, in his Bibliomania, or 
Book-Madness, where he says : 
If, like Darwin's whale which 
swallows " millions at a gulp," Atti- 
cus should, at an auction, purchase 
from two to seven hundred volumes, 
he must retire, like the Boa Constric- 
tor, for digestion; and accordingly 
he does, for a short season, withdraw 
himself from "the busy hum" of 
sale rooms, to collate, methodize, 
and class his newly acquired treas- 
ures to repair what is defective, 
and to beautify what is deformed. 

Atticus, in Pope's Epistle to Ar- 
buthnot, is intended for a satiri- 
cal portrait of Addison, in re- 
venge for a fancied slight. The 
history of this affair may be found 
in Thackeray's Lectures on the 
English Humorists, and Disraeli's 
Quarrels of Authors. It may be 
worthy of mention that the con- 
cluding couplet (line 213), which 
now stands 
Who but must laugh, if such a man 

there be? 
Who would not weep, if Atticus were 

he? 

originally stood 
Who would not smile if such a man 

there be? 
Who would not laugh if Addison 

were he? 

Since that time Addison is fre- 
quently referred to as THE ENG- 
LISH ATTICUS. 

Attila of Authors, The. A name 
given to Gaspar Scioppius by 



Disraeli, in his Curiosities of Lit- 
erature : 

Scioppius was a critic, as skilful as 
Salmasius or Scaliger, but still more 
learned in the language of abuse. 
This cynic was the Attila of Authors. 
He boasted that he had occasioned 
the deaths of Casaubon and Scaliger. 
Detested and dreaded as the public 
scourge, at the close of his life he 
was fearful he should find no retreat 
in which he might be secure. 

Attorney- General of the Lan- 
tern. A nickname given to 
Camille Desmoulins, one of the 
earliest instigators of the French 
Revolution, in reference to the 
summary executions in the 
streets, at which he presided, 
where the mob, taking the law in 
their own hands, hanged those 
whom they considered their op- 
ponents, by means of the long 
ropes which were suspended from 
the lamps. 

Attorney- General of the Re- 
public of Letters, The. A 
name given to Nicolas Claude 
Fabi de Peiresc, a man famous 
for his large correspondence, and 
the advice and assistance he 
gave to men of literature. 

Audacious, The. A title be- 
stowed on Charles, fourth Duke 
of Burgundy. Vid. THE BOLD. 

Audacious Gaul, The. An ep- 
ithet applied by Disraeli to Vol- 
taire, for his criticism on Shakes- 
peare. Vid. MINERVA. 

Aug-usta, to whom Lord Byron 
addressed several stanzas and 
epistles in 1816, was his half-sis- 
ter, who afterwards married' a 
Colonel Leigh. 

Augustus is not a proper name, 
but simply a title bestowed on 
Octavian, because he was head 
of the priesthood. In the reign 
of Diocletian both emperors 
were styled Augustus, i.e., sacred 
majesty. Sigismund II., King 
of Poland, is sometimes called 
Augustus, and so is Philippe 
II. of France, the latter simply 
because he was born in the 
month of August. 



AUG 



22 



AYE 



Augustus. So Hannay, in his 
Satire and Satirists (p. 105), 
styles Louis XIV., King of 
France. 

Augustus, to whom Alexander 
Pope dedicates Epistle i. of the 
second book of the Imitations 
of Horace, is intended for George 
II., King of England. 

Augustus of Arabian Litera- 
ture, The. A nickname given 
to Al-Mamoun. He had books 
translated into the Arabic, made 
Bagdad a resort for poets, phi- 
losophers, and mathematicians 
from every country and creed, 
founded astronomical observato- 
ries, and did much to encourage 
learning in all branches. 

Auld Laird, The. A name un- 
der which Lawrence Oliphant, 
of G-ask, Perthshire, figures in his 
daughter's Baroness Nairne's 
poem, The Auld House, where 
she says : 
Oh, the auld laird, the auld laird 

Sae canty, kind, and crou.se, 
How mony did he welcome to 
His ain wee dear auld house ! 

Auld Robin Gray, the principal 
personage in Lady Anne Bar- 
nard's ballad of the same name, 
was a real personage, a shepherd 
in the service of Lord Balcarras. 
The " Jamie" of the song is 
Sir James Bland Burges, in love 
with Lady Margaret Lindsay, 
the sister of the author. She 
married General Fordyce, but 
after his death became Lady 
Burges, in 1812. 

Aulicus. So Erasmus called 
William Thynne. Vid. Wood, 
Athense Oxoniensis. 

Auratus. Jean Dorat. Vid. 
THE GOLDEN. 

Aurelius. A name under which 
George Chalmers, the English 
antiquary and historian, figures 
in Dibdin's Bibliomania, or Book- 
Madness, where the author 
says : 

Just so it is with Aurelius! He 
also keeps up a constant fire at book 
auctions; although he is not per- 
sonally seen in securing the spoils 



which he makes. Unparalleled as 
an antiquary in Caledonian history 
and poetry, and passionately at- 
tached to everything connected with 
the fate of the lamented Mary as 
well as with that of the great poeti- 
cal contemporaries, Spenser and 
Shakespeare, Aurelius is indefatiga- 
ble in the pursuit of such ancient 
lore as may add value to the stores, 
however precious, which he pos- 
sesses. 

Aurora Baby, the " rose with all 
its sweetest leaves yet folded," 
in Byron's Don Juan (Canto 
xv.), was Miss Millbank, as she 
appeared to the author when he 
first became acquainted with 
her. After her marriage we find 
her spoken of in the same poem, 
as Miss MILLPOND, and in Canto 
i. she is described under the 
name of DONNA INEZ. Lord 
Byron describes himself in the 
first instance under the charac- 
ter of DON JUAN, and in the last 
as DON JOSE. 

Austrian, The. An appellation 
given to Marie Antoinette, dur- 
ing the French Revolution, 

Authentic Doctor, The. Greg- 
ory of Rimini. Vid. DOCTOR 

AUTHENTICUS. 

Autocrat of Austria, The. A 
nickname given to Prince Clem- 
ens Wenzel Lothar Metternich, 
the Austrian statesman, who 
vigorously repressed all popular 
institutions, tried to prevent 
freedom of speech and act, and 
was in favor of establishing 
thorough despotism. 

Autocrat of Strawberry Hill, 
The. So Mrs. S. C. Hall, in her 
Pilgrimages to English Shrines 
(p. 120), calls Horace Walpole. 

Avaro, in Churchill's poem The 
Ghost (ii. 457), is intended for 
Dr. Zachary Pearce, Bishop of 
Rochester : 



Avaro, by long use grown bold 
In every ill which brings him gold, 
Who his Redeemer would pull down 



And sell his God for half a crown. 
Ayrshire Poet, The, is Robert 
Burns, so called from the coun- 
ty in which he was born. He 



AZA 



23 



AZO 



is also frequently alluded to as 
THE AYRSHIRE PLOUGHMAN, 
THE AYRSHIRE BARD, and THE 
BARD OF AYRSHIRE. 

Azaria, in Samuel Pordage's satir- 
ical poem, Azaria and Hushai, 
is intended for James, Duke of 
Monmoutli. 

Azo, Marquis of Este, whose wife 
Parisiua fell in love witli Hugo, 
a natural son of Azo, and whose 



story is told in Byron's Parisina, 
was Niccolo of Ferrara. Frizzi, 
in his History of Ferrara, states 
that Parisina Malatesta was his 
second wife, and that her infidel- 
ity was revealed by a servant 
named Zoese. Both Hugo and 
Parisina were beheaded, al- 
though Lord Byron's poem 
leaves us in doubt as to what 
fate befell his heroine. 



BAB 



24 



BAH 



B. 



Baby Charles. So James I. 
called his son Charles, who was 
afterwards King Charles I. Vid. 
Masson, Life of Milton (i. 269). 

Baby Cornwall. So Bryan Wal- 
ler Procter is called in the Nodes 
Ambrosianse (ii.). 

Bacchus. A nickname frequent- 
ly applied to Leigh Hunt in 
plackwood's Magazine, he hay- 
ing translated JRedi's Bacco in 
Toscana. 

Bachelor Painter, The. A 
nickname given to Sir Joshua 
Reynolds, the English artist, by 
Timbs, in his Anecdote Biogra- 
phy (ii.), where he says: 

Of Reynolds, how many delightful 
traits are written in letters of gold ! 
how the bachelor painter loved 
children, and how he preferred their 
artless graces to the accomplish- 
ments of the high-born beauties and 
noble forms that made up his gay 
bevy of sitters. 

Bacon of Theology, The. A 
name given to Bishop Joseph 
Butler, author of The Analogy of 
Religion. 

Bacon-fly, The. A name given 
to Macveigh Napier, who pub- 
lished a work on The Scope and 
Tendency of the Writings of Lord 
JBacon, which the wits of Black- 
wood's Magazine lost no oppor- 
tunity to ridicule. 

The Bacon-fly opened his mouth 
and uttered one of those sounds 
which pass for speech in the North. 
Maginn. 

Bactrian Sage, The. So Zoroas- 
ter is called, because he was a 
native of Bactria. 

Bad, The. The name given to 
Charles II. (le mauvais) of Ka- 
yarre. 

Bad, The. A nickname given to 
William I., King of Sicily. He 



was the grandson of Roger, the 
Great Count (q. v.) } and, while 
altogether not unworthy of his 
Norman blood, was still a far 
inferior man to his grandfather. 
When roused to arms from dan- 
ger and shame he showed the 
valor of his race ; but his temper 
was slothful, his manners disso- 
lute, and his passions headstrong 
and mischievous. He was re- 
sponsible for his own personal 
vices and also those of his ad- 
miral, JVIajo, who conspired 
against the king's life; for the 
private feuds that arose from the 
public confusion and want of 
confidence in the king; and for 
the various forms of calamity 
and discord which afflicted his 
country. 

Bad Old Man, The. A nick- 
name given by the Confederate 
troops to G-eneral Jubal A. 

Early. 

Badebec, the wife of Gargantua, 
in Rabelais' romance, Garyantua 
and Pantagruel, is intended for 
Claude, the Queen of Francis I. 
of France. 

Badinguet. A nickname some- 
times applied to Napoleon III. 

Bahis, one of the physicians in 
Moliere's V Amour Me'decin, 
seems to be intended for a Dr. 
Esprit, whose real name was 
Andre', &nd who spoke very rap- 
idly. 

He had been one of the physicians 
to Cardinal Richelieu, . . . and was 
a declared partisan of emetics. Ac- 
cording to Raynaud, Les Medecins 
au temps de Moliere (1083), the 
physician Brayer is meant by Bahis, 
because Bahis is in French brailleur 
(shouter) and therefore there is a 
similarity in the name; and also be- 
cause he was one of the four physi- 
cians wh.0 held a famous consulta- 



BAL 



25 



BAR 



tion at Vincennes when Cardinal 
Mazarin was dying. Van Laun. 

Vid. also DESFONANDRES, MAC- 
ROTON, and TOMES. 
Balaam, in Dryden's poem of 
Absalom and Achitophel, repre- 
sents the Earl of Huntingdon, 
one of the rebels in Monmouth's 
army : 
And, therefore, in the name of dul- 

ness, be 
The well-hung Balaam. 

Balaam of Baron, The. An epi- 
thet given to Lord Byron by 
Maginn, in his Idyl on the Bottle, 
where he says : 
Byron may write a poem, and Haz- 

litt a L'iber Amoris, 
Nobody cares a % for the Balaam 

o"f Baron or Cockney. 

Balaam of Modern History, 
The. A nickname given to 
Sigismund, King of Germany, 
who, knowing what was right, 
nevertheless seemed bent on do- 
ing wrong. He gave safe con- 
duct to Huss and Jerome, then 
deserted them, and finally sat on 
his horse's saddle gazing at the 
burning pile of these betrayed 
Bohemians. 

Balaf re , Le . Henri , second Duke 
of Guise. Vid. THE GASHED. 

Balak, in Dryden's Absalom and 
Aclutophcl, is intended for 
Bishop Gilbert Burnet. 

Bald, The. Charles I., King of 
France (le chauve), is so called, 

Bald-coot Bully, The. So Lord 
Byron, in Don Juan (xiv. 88), 
calls Alexander I., Emperor of 
Russia. 

Balio della Lingua. Pietro 
Bembo. Vid. THE FOSTER- 
FATHER OF OUR LANGUAGE. 

Ballad-Monger, The. So Byron, 
in the English Bards and Scotch 
Reviewers (202), calls Robert 
Southey. 

Balloon Tytler. A nickname 
given to James Tytler, an in- 
dustrious but eccentric and nn- 
fortunate miscellaneous Scotch 
writer, who was the first in 



Scotland who ascended in a fire- 
balloon upon the plan of Mont- 
golfier. 

Banzu-Mohr-ar-Chat. A Gaelic 
expression, meaning The Great 
Lady of the Cat, and used as a 
nickname by Scott, in his Diary, 
to represent Elizabeth, Countess 
of Sutherland. She was the 
only surviving child of William, 
the eighteenth Earl of Suther- 
land, and, succeeding her father 
when little more than a year old, 
a sharp contest arose for the 
title, her right to the earldom, 
being disputed by Sir Robert 
Gordon of Gprdonstown, on the 
ground that it could not legally 
descend to a female heir. A 
case was drawn np by Lord 
Hailes for her, and ultimately 
decided in her favor, in 1771, by 
the House of Lords. She mar- 
ried the eldest son of Earl 
Gower, who was later created 
Duke of Sutherland, and she 
became known as Duchess-Coun- 
tess and held the earldom till 
her death. Her granddaughter 
married* the eighth duke of 
Argyle, and the eldest son of 
this marriage is the present 
Marquis of Lome, husband of 
Princess Louise (daughter of 
Queen Victoria), and recently 
governor-general of Canada. 

Barbarossa, i. e., "The Red 
Beard." A nickname given to 
Frederick I., Emperor of Ger- 
many, 011 account of the color of 
his beard. A prince of intrepid 
valor, consummate prudence, 
unmeasured ambition, justice 
which hardened into severity, 
the ferocity of a barbarian, some- 
what tempered with a high 
chivalrous gallantry ; and, above 
all, endowed with a strength of 
character which subjugated alike 
the great temporal and ecclesias- 
tical princes of Germany, and 
prepared to assert the Imperial 
rights in Italy to the utmost. 
He was to Germany what Hilde- 
brand was to Popedom. Vid. 
RUFUS. 



BAR 



26 



BAR 



Barber Poet, The. A name lie- 
stowed on Jacques Jasmin, the 
last of the Troubadours, who 
was a barber of Gascony. 

Barca, or "Lightning," was a 
sobriquet conferred on Hamilcar 
oi Carthage, on account of the 
rapidity of Ids march and the 
severity of Ms attacks. 

Bard Nantglyn. A title be- 
stowed upon the "Welsh author, 
Robert Davies, by his admirers. 

Bard of Arthurian Romance, 
The. A name given to Alfred 
Tennyson, from his numerous 
poems founded upon the legends 
of King Arthur and the Knights 
of the Round Table. 

Bard of Avon, The. So Shakes- 
peare is called, because he was 
born and buried at Stratford- 
upon-Avon. He has also been 
designated as the "Bard of all 
times." 

Bard of Ayrshire, The. Robert 
Burns. Vid. THE AYRSHIRE 
POET. 

Bard of Chivalry, The. So 
Lord Byron, in his poem The 
Prophecy of Dante (iiL M9), calls 
Torquato Tasso. 

Bard of Corsair. A name given 
to Lord Byron by Maginn, in his 
poem Lament /OP Lord J3yron, 
which says : 

Yet, bard of Corsair, 
High-spirited Cbilcle. 

Bard of Erin, The. A name 
given to Thomas Moore, on ac- 
count of his Irish songs. 

Bard of Hope, The. Thomas 
Campbell, author of The Pleas- 
tires of Hope, which poem real- 
ized him 900. 

Bard of Hyde, The. A nick- 
name frequently given to John 
Critchley Prince, who, though 
born at Wigan, was for a long 
time a resident of Hyde in 
Cheshire. He was a thorough 
Bohemian of the shabbiest type, 
He was born in the midst of the 
deepest poverty, with a drunken 



brute for a father, who thrashed 
him for reading, and brought 
him up as a reed-maker. He 
nourished his poetic fancies on 
Byron, Keats, South ey, and 
Wordsworth, and the influence 
of these poets is seen in his 
works. In 1830 ho paid a visit 
to France and thus learned that 
language in a fruitless search 
for employment. He then, re- 
turned to Hyde, and while a 
factory operative published his 
first volume of poems. This 
brought him a troop of friends, 
and he became intemperate. 
After that he sometimes worked 
at his trade, and frequently 
tramped about the country in 
search of employment, but his 
chief dependence appears to 
have been the five successive 
volumes which issued from liis 
pen, and later he largely de- 
pended upon what he could ob- 
tain from begging letters, which 
he addressed to all who he 
thought wotild befriend him. 
Occasional windfalls were spent 
in Bohemian revelry, and when 
he died he was living in almost 
abject poverty, depending on his 
second wife, who labored for the 
comfort of the poor broken- 
down paralytic with heroic de- 
votion and assiduity. 

Bard of Martial Lay, A. A 
name given to Sir Walter Scott, 
by Sir James Mackintosh. Vid. 
Life of Mackintosh, by his son 
(ii.p.81). 

Walter Scott, is a bard of Martial 
Lay. The disposition to celebrate 
the chivalrous manners and martial 
virtues of the middle ages arose 

Erincipally from a love of contrast, 
a the refined and pacific period 
which preceded the French Revolu- 
tion. Dr. Percy and Tom Warton. 
began it; it was brightened by a 
ray from the genius of Gray; it 
flourished in the seventeen years 
war, which has followed; you. read 
it in the songs of Burns; it 'breathes 
through Hohenlinden and Lochiel. 
Walter Scott is a poet created by it. 

Bard of Memory, The. Samuel 
Bogers, author of The Pleasures 



BAR 



27 



BAS 



of Memory, is so called by Sir 
"Walter Scott. 

Bard of Mulla's Silver Stream, 
Tlie. So Shenstone calls Spen- 
ser, because his Irish home was 
situated close by the Mulla, or 
Awbeg, a tributary of the Black- 
water. 

Bard of Olney, The, A name 
bestowed on William. Cowper, 
who resided at Olney, in Buck- 
inghamshire, for many years. 

Bard of Prose, The. So Byron 
calls Boccaccio, "He of the 
Hundred Tales of Love." 
CJiilde Harold (iv. 50). 

Bard of Rydal Mount, The. A 
name given to "William Words- 
worth, because Rydal Mount 
was his mountain home. 

Bard of Sheffield, The. So 
James Montgomery, the poet, is 
sometimes called, he being a 
native of that city. 

Bard of the Bay, The. Robert 
Southey is thus termed in the 
Metrlcinn Symposium in Black- 
ID ood's Magazine (1822). 

Bard of the British Navy, The. 
A sobriquet conferred on Charles 
Dibclin, who produced nine hun- 
dred sea songs. 

Bard of the Imagination, The. 
Mark Akenside, author of Pleas-? 
ures of the Imagination, is fre- 
quently thus called. 

Bard of the North. So William 
Hayley, in one of his poems, 
alludes to James Beattie. 

Bard of Twickenham, The. A 
sobriquet conferred on Alexan- 
der Pope, who resided at Twick- 
enham for thirty years. 

Bardello, II. A nickname given 
to Antonio Naldi Barclella, 
chamber-musician to the Duke 
of Tuscany at the end of the 
sixteenth and beginning of the 
seventeenth centuries, and, ac- 
cording to Arteaga, inventor of 
the Tlieorbo. 

Baroccio. A character drawn to 
represent John Dent, in Dibdin's 



Bibliographical Decameron. He 
was a bibliomaniac, and Ms 
collection was sold in 1827. It 
was rich in classics and large 
paper copies of county histories, 
and contained the celebrated 
Missal which was presented to 
Isabella, Queen of Spain, by 
Francisco de Boias, and at the 
sale was sold for 360 guineas. 

'Tis only Baroccio, who hath fired 
his gun which, however, is but 
feebly shotted. The report of his 
biblioinaniacal gun was once louder; 
but of late years Baroccio hath 
rarely exercised his engineering 
skill at book auctions. And, indeed, 
he may well rest satisfied by staying 
away; for his own library is exceed- 
ingly precious, as by means of a 
capacious and richly furnished 
purse, he hath leapt at once, as 
it were, into the possession of a 
very book-garden of anemones, poly- 
anthuses, ranunculuses, and roses of 
all colours and fragrance. 

Baron, The. A name given to 
the Italian baron Ricasoli by his 
countrymen. "I know lands," 
said he, in the Italian parlia- 
ment, " which Italy has to con- 
quer, but I know no one in Italy 
who either can or will give up." 

Baron Brad war dine, the gener- 
ous and pedantic nobleman in 
Scott's Waverley, is said to repre- 
sent Alexander Forbes, Lord 
Pitsligo, who was devoted to 
the cause of Charles Edward 
Stuart. 

Barrel-Mirabeau. This nick- 
name was given to Boniface 
Biquetti, Viscount de Mirabeau, 
a brother of the great Mirabeau, 
on account of his great body 
and the immense quantity of 
drink usually within it. 

Bartoline, a character in Crowne's 
play, City Politics (1675), is said 
to be intended for Sir William 
Jones. Bartoline has the same 
lisping imperfect enunciation 
which distinguished the origi- 
nal. 

Basket-Maker, The. A sobri- 
quet bestowed on Thomas Mil- 
ler, a native of Gainsborough, 



BAS 28 

who, while thus obscurely labor- 
Ing "to consort with the muse 
and support a family," attracted 
attention by his poetical effu- 
sions. He was the author of A 
Day in the Woods (1836), Gideon 
Giles, the Roper (1841), Fair Ros- 
amond, Lady Jane Grey, and 
other novels, poetical effusions, 
etc. 

Bass John. A name given to 
John Spreull, a Scotch Presby- 
terian, who was for non-confor- 
mity twice tortured and sent to 
prison at Bass, where he lay six 
years. After his release he was 
frequently spoken of with the 
above appellation. The Duke of 
York said Spreull was more 
dangerous than five hundred 
common people. 

Bastard of Orleans, The. A 
name given to Jean Dunois, 
a natural son of Louis, Duke of 
Orleans, and one of the greatest 
of French generals. 

Bastardlna, La. A nickname 
given to the celebrated vocalist 
Mme, Colla, nee Lucrezia Agu- 
jarL 

Bat, in Sir Charles Hanbury Will- 
iams' Political Squib, is intended 
to represent Allen, Earl Bath- 
urst. 

Batavian Buffoon, The. A 
name given by the Catholics to 
Erasmus. 

The Jesuit Raynaud calls Erasmus 
the Batavian Buffoon, and accuses 
him of nourishing the egg which 
Luther hatched. These men were 
alike supposed by their friends to be 
the inspired regulators of Religion. 
Disraeli, Curiosities of Literature. 

Bath Boscius, The. A title 
commonly conferred on John 
Henderson. Vid. Davies' Genu- 
ine Narrative of the Life and 
Theatrical Transactions of Mr. 
John Henderson (1777). 

Bathsheba, in Dryden's poem of 
Absalom and Achitophel, repre- 
sents the Duchess of Ports- 
mouth, a favorite court lady of 
Charles II. The allusion is to 
the wife of Uriah the Hittite, 



BEA 



who was criminally beloved by 
David (2 Sam'l xi.). The Duke 
of Monmouth says : 
My father, whom with reverence I 

name, 
Charmed into ease, is careless of his 

fame ; 
And, bribed with petty sums of for- 

eign gold, 
Is grown in Bathsheba's embraces 

old. 

Bayes, Mr. The name of a char- 
acter in Marvell's The Rehearsal 
Transposed (1672), which was 
written against the works of, 
and to represent the incoherent 
and ridiculous character of, Dr. 
Samuel Parker, afterwards 
Bishop of Oxford. 

Bayes, the principal character 
in George Villiers the Duke of 
Buckingham's burlesque of The 
Rehearsal, first appears under 
the name of Bilboa, intended as 
a satirical portrait of the dram- 
atist Sir Robert Howard. After- 
wards the conception was altered 
so as to form a satirical portrait 
of Dryden, passages from whose 
plays are admirably parodied 
in the burlesque. 

Prior, in his Satire on the Mod- 
ern Translators, calls Dryden by 
the name of Bayes. 

Bayes tfce Younger. So G-ildon, 
in his remarks upon the plays 
of Nicholas Bowe, calls the 
latter. 

Bear, The. A sobriquet bestowed 
upon Albrecht, Margrave of 
Brandenburg, from his cogni- 
zance. He is also called THE 
FAIR. In 1880 a skeleton was 
discovered in St. Nicolai Chapel, 
in the Castle of Ballenstedt, 
which has been variously 
ascribed to be that of Albrecht 
above mentioned, or of his father, 
Otto the Rich, Earl of Ascania 
and Ballenstedt. 

Bear, The. A nickname given 
to Thomas Hobbes, the philoso- 
pher, by his companions, on 
account of his ferocious manner 
and his habit of swearing. 
The witts at Court were wont to 



BEA 



29 



BEA 



baytehim; but he would make his 
part good, and feared none of them. 
The King would call him the Beare : 
Here comes the Beare to be bayted. 
Aubrey, Letters (vol. ii.). 

Bear, The. A name given by 
the ancient British to Arthgal, 
the first Earl of Warwick, in the 
time of King Arthur, for having 
strangled such an animal in his 
arms. The Warwick family 
carry the emblem of a bear on 
their crest. Vid. Shakespeare, 
Henry VI. (Pt. ii. v. i.). 

Bear, The, in The Chaldee MS., 
is intended for James Oleghorn. 

Bear-Leader. So Dr. John Wol- 
cot, in his postscript to Lord 
Auckland's Triumph, calls Will- 
iam Gifford. 

Bear-Leader, The. A nickname 
sometimes given to James Bos- 
well, on account of his being the 
constant companion of Dr. Sam- 
uel Johnson. 

Bearded, The. Persius calls Soc- 
rates the bearded master, in 
the belief that the beard is the 
symbol of wisdom. 

Constantine IV., Emperor of 
Borne, was called Pogonatus 
the Bearded. 

Geoffrey the Crusader and 
Bouchard of the House of Mont- 
morency were also called the 
Bearded. 

Johami Mayo, the German 
painter, was called Johann the 
Bearded. His beard touched the 
ground when he stood upright. 
Vid. HANDSOME-BEARD. 

Bearnais, Le. So Henri IY. of 
France was called, from Le 
Be'arn, his native province. 

Beau Brummel. A nickname 
given to George Bryan Brum- 
mel, a man famous in his day 
for being the arbiter of fashion, 
and the" perfection of taste in 
matters of dress. No anecdotes 
of his very early years are known 
except that he cried because his 
juvenile stomach was not infi- 
nitely distendible, so that he 
could eat more of his aunt's 
damson tarts. He first came to 



notice at Eton, as a student aged 
twelve, where he was called 
Buck Brummel. There he dis- 
tinguished himself not at cricket- 
playing, rowing, or fighting, but 
as the introducer of a gold buckle 
in a white stock, by never being 
flogged, and by his ability in 
toasting cheese. Then he went 
to Oriel College, where he made 
his mark by a studied indiffer- 
ence to the discipline, a dislike 
of study, and an aversion to steel 
forks long before silver ones were 
common at the tables of the 
middle classes, to which his par- 
ents belonged. He became one 
of the competitors for a prize to 
be given for the best poem, 
failed, and in disgust left college, 
at the age of seventeen, having 
been there less than a year. 
However, if he had little learn- 
ing, he had learned two things ; 
how to gain well born friends, 
and how to cut any of his ac- 
quaintances who ceased to be of 
benefit to him. By the death of 
his father he received twenty- 
five thousand pounds, which he 
spent in living, and when that 
was gone he subsisted on what 
he obtained by gambling, bor- 
rowing, or begging. He obtained 
a cornetcy in the 10th Hussars, of 
which George, Prince Regent, 
afterwards George IV., was col- 
onel; a regiment of fops, the 
most expensive, best-dressed, and 
worst-moraled in the British 
army. A walk he chanced to 
take on the terrace at Windsor 
was a lucky circumstance to him. 
The Prince-Colonel observed 
him, asked who that exceedingly 
well dressed person was, and the 
beau was introduced. An ac- 
quaintanceship was followed by 
an intimacy which lasted till the 
vanity of the coxcomb developed 
into unbounded impudence. By 
this step his reputation was 
made, which he kept up for some 
years. He had an immense fund 
of good-nature, and was the au- 
thor of many good but not witty 
sayings. His friends pronounced 



BEA 



30 



BEA 



him a charming companion, he 
entered the highest circles of 
England, and his rise in his regi- 
ment was rapid. In three years 
he was at the head of a troop, to 
the disgust of older officers, who 
enviously admired while they 
deeply cursed him. In 1798 he 
sold his commission. His reasons 
for doing so have never been 
thoroughly explained, but the 
unsettled state of Europe at that 
time rendered ifc highly probable 
that his regiment might be sent 
into active service, and he pre- 
ferred a drawing-room to a bat- 
tle-field. He commenced the 
profession of a beau, and became 
known as " The Prince of Beaux " 
while his patron was called " The 
Beau of Princes." At this time 
he was perfect in point of figure, 
an intelligent but not handsome 
face, had light brown hair, a nose 
somewhat .Roman, eyes full of 
fun and wit, and a beautifully 
shaped hand. Dress at that 
time had become very untidy. 
Many of the leading men of the 
day affected a supreme contempt 
for all outward adornment, and 
the mode of a gentleman's ap- 
pearance was to be as slovenly 
as possible. Brummel, who had 
been conspicuous from boyhood 
for the neatness of his attire, now 
determined to be the best dressed 
man in London. He took care 
to display to the fullest advan- 
tage his fine figure, in a per- 
fectly fitting coat. But his chief 
forte lay in his cravat. Before 
his time neck-cloth consisted of a 
piece of limp cambric, loosely 
fastened around the throat. He 
took care to have them slightly 
starched. Standing before his 
glass, with shirt-collar erect, and 
of a prodigious height, he gently 
applied the cravat to the throat. 
At first it measured a foot in 
width. Then bending down with 
artistic hand the collar, followed 
by his chin, with slow and regu- 
lar movements, the twelve inches 
were reduced to four, and the 
tying of the knot followed. He 



never tried the same cloth but 
once; if he failed, off it came, 
was thrown aside, and another 
tried. He may be excused for 
being vain, for he was flattered 
by Sings, or their representa- 
tives; the Prince often spent 
hours in the morning in the 
beau's room, watching the prog- 
ress of the toilet; a duchess 
thought it necessary to warn her 
daughter to be careful of her 
behavior when the ''celebrated 
Beau Brummel was present "; 
a creditor was satisfied with a 
bow from a club-house window; 
and a word from him wcmld ruin 
a tailor. He sacrificed his man- 
ners to his appearance, for he 
would not remove his hat in the 
street, after it had been placed 
in the correct position, to bow to 
a lady. He had a famous collec- 
tion of smiff-boxes, and was cel- 
ebrated for the grace with which 
he opened the lid of the box with 
the thumb of the hand that car- 
ried it and delicately took a pinch 
with the fingers of the other. 
This, with his bow, was his 
chief acquirement, and his rep- 
utation for politeness was based 
on the distinction of his manner. 
He was, in short, a well dressed 
snob, but he was cotirted, flat- 
tered, and invited everywhere to 
such a degree that he thought 
himself a great man. He boasted 
that he had but to beckon to the 
Dukes of Argyle and Jersey, and 
they would come, and he held all 
but the peerage in disdain. It 
seems strange that a man of his 
disposition should be tolerated 
even at a club, if any of the 
many anecdotes told of him are 
true. The houses of the British 
nobility he regarded as inns, to 
be visited by him with valet and 
portmanteau, with or without 
invitation, and to be spoken of 
afterward as "good houses to 
spend one night in. " He boasted 
of the Prince: "I made him 
what he is, and I can unmake 
him," just the sort of saying to 
irritate a brainless Prince, and 



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31 



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one not forgotten. Brummel 
dined with the Prince, and, car- 
rying his impudence a little too 
far, "he requested the Regent to 
ring the bell. He did so, and, 
when the servant came, he or- 
dered " Mr. BrummePs car- 
riage." Various versions of the 
quarrel have been given. It 
may have been the remark made 
some time before about the 
beau's having made the Regent, 
or it may have been his sarcasm 
on the Prince's corpulency; but 
at any rate the bell was rung and 
it sounded the knell of Brum- 
mel, who, however, had a little 
revenge. The Prince prided 
himself on his figure, and, as he 
grew broad with years and good 
living, resorted to stays to pre- 
serve it. The beau, meeting him 
in company with another gentle- 
man, inquired very coolly, but 
loud enough for the Prince to 
hear, " Who is your fat friend." 
The coolness, presumption, and 
impertinence of the question, 
perhaps the very best thing; the 
beau ever said, cut the Prince, 
who took care not to meet him 
again, but gave him the nick- 
name of "Dandy-killer." Fora 
while Brummel patronized the 
Regent's brother, the Duke of 
York, but he got deeper and 
deeper in debt. He struggled 
long and often, with some suc- 
cess, to keep his place among 
dandies and wits. Creditors be- 
came troublesome, he received 
the nickname of "George the 
Less " in contradistinction of the 
Prince, who was called " George 
the Greater," and he came to 
the conclusion that it would be 
better to cross the Channel. His 
London glory lasted from 1798 to 
1816, when he went to France 
and quartered himself on a Mr. 
Leleux at Calais. For a while 
he supported himself by gam- 
bling, and wrote letters to his 
friends in England asking for 
remittances, and borrowed when 
and where he could. It was 
hoped that when the Regent be- 



came king he would assist him, 
but he even passed through the 
town without noticing him. His 
friends had him appointed con- 
sul at Caen, but he wrote to 
England that the place was a 
sinecure, and that it ought to be 
abolished, hoping thereby to at- 
tain an appointment in a gayer 
city. Lord Palmerston, wishing 
to save expense, abolished the 
office, but gave no other to 
Brummel. About this time he 
received a paralytic shock, and 
his English friends raised him a 
life annuity of one hundred and 
twenty pounds, which he spent 
and was placed in jail for debt. 
The debt was paid by his friends 
and he was again free. At the 
age of sixty he lost his memory 
and his power of attention ; his ill- 
manners became positively bad 
ones; he became slovenly; was 
reduced to one pair of trousers, 
and had to remain in bed till they 
were mended; what little money 
he obtained he lost in gambling 
or spent in foolish luxuries; to 
the end he went down to the 
grave a fool and a fop; in his 
last days a half-witted old crea- 
ture, jeered at by children in the 
street. His friends succeeded in 
procuring admission for him into 
the Hopital du Bon Sauveur, 
and when the landlord of the 
inn where he lived entered his 
room to induce him to go, he 
found him lathering his peruke, 
as a preliminary to shearing it. 
He resisted every proposal to 
move till he had made his prep- 
arations, was carried downstairs 
kicking and shrieking, and as 
he rode into the yard he ex- 
claimed "A prison, a prison!" 
In the hands of the excellent 
Sisters of Charity, he recovered 
his spirits, and in some measure 
his reason. 

Though Brummel was a fool 
he was not revengeful. After his 
death were found several packets 
of letters, tied up with different 
colored ribbons, and carefully 
numbered. He had kept the 



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32 



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letters from his admirers, but he 
had kept them sacred. No prov- 
ocation had worked on him to 
publish them, or use them to ex- 
tort money from the writers. 
Besides these he left a miniature, 
which, with the letters, was taken 
possession of by the vice-consul ; 
a silver shaving-dish, a gold ring, 
and a few silver spoons, which 
his landlord took in liquidation 
of his debt for board. Beau 
Brummel has been made the 
hero of a two-act comedy of the 
same name, written by William 
Blanchard Jerrold, in 1858. 

Beau Brummel of Language, 
The. A nickname given to 
Martin Opitz, a German author, 
and founder of a school of poetry 
in which high-sounding; words 
and phrases supplied the place 
of living thoughts. He was a 
Protestant but was much pam- 
pered by Catholic princes. Fer- 
dinand II. ennobled him. At 
his best he is only an imitator 
of the Italian poets. 

Beau Brummel of Living- Au- 
thors, The. A nickname given 
to Thomas Frognall Dibdin, by 
some of his critics, on account 
of the glossy splendor and the 
luxuriousness of some of his 
works. His Bibliographical 
Decameron, or Ten Days' Pleas- 
ant Discourse upon Illuminated 
Manuscripts and Early Engrav- 
ing, Typography and Bibliog- 
raphy was a remarkably fine 
work. After it was printed, the 
blocks from which the engrav- 
ings were made were destroyed 
by the author and his friends, 
to prevent the work being re- 
printed. 

Beau Fielding 1 . A nickname 
given to Kobert Fielding, a very 
handsome man who flourished 
during the reigns of Charles 
II., James II., and "William 
and Mary, and disappeared from 
public notice in the reign * of 
Queen Anne. His father was 
a cavalier squire of Warwick- 
shire, who claimed relationship 



with the Earls of Denbigh, and 
therefore with the Hapsburgs, 
from whom the Emperors of 
Austria descended. At an early 
age the son was sent to London, 
for the purpose of studying law. 
Vanity and a taste for dissipa- 
tion weaned him from his pro- 
fessional pursuits, and when, on 
an occasion of his appearing at 
court, Charles II. spoke of him 
as " the handsome Fielding," 
the circiimstance stamped him 
as a fop. If we are to judge 
from the notices of him by his 
contemporaries, he was uncom- 
monly beautiful, turning the 
heads of the fair sex, both old 
and young, by his good looks; 
and a tolerable evidence of his 
self-love is shown by his having 
his portraits painted by the 
three greatest artists of his time, 
Lely, Wissing, and Kneller. 
When the royalties of Scotland 
visited ^ the South, they; were 
lodged in a court convenient to 
Whitehall Palace, which became 
known as Scotland Yard, and 
was the most fashionable part 
of London. To this place Field- 
ing removed, after discovering 
he was not fitted for the law. 
The king made him a Justice of 
the Peace, and to this slight 
means of subsistence he added 
that of a gamester, at which he 
is said to have been immensely 
successful. On the accession of 
William and Mary he was ac- 
counted of no religion, and his 
friends had no difficulty in get- 
ting him nominated as Major- 
General. For a series of years 
he figured as the best and most 
extravagant dresser of London. 
His lackeys were arrayed in 
bright yellow liveries with black 
sashes and feathers, the Haps- 
burg colors, and when he passed 
down the Mall at the fashion- 
able hour there was a universal 
flutter and sensation. He had a 
carriage that is described as be- 
ing shaped like a sea-shell, being 
smaller than carriages usually 
were, to show the largeness of 



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33 



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Ms limbs and the grandeur of 
his personage to the best advan- 
tage. He gloried in the strength 
of his arm. and leg, and, indeed, 
his whole body was firm and 
strong, while at the same time 
he was tall in stature, fair of 
complexion, and had a manly 
beauty. His costume had all 
the graces of the Stuart period. 
A well cut lace doublet, the 
finest of ruffles, and the heaviest 
of swords. His wig was combed 
to perfection, and in his pocket 
he carried a little comb with 
which to arrange it from time to 
time. He drank, swore, swag- 
gered, was a good fighter as well 
as a bully, for which the snobs 
of the day proclaimed him "a 
complete gentleman," and he 
numbered among his intimates 
half the officers and gallants of 
the town. His impudence, which 
was unbounded, was not always 
tolerated. In those days it was 
the habit for a part of the spec- 
tators in a theatre to stand upon 
the sta^e, while the actors 
played like mountebanks, iu a 
crowd. The young gallants 
chiefly occupied these positions, 
from which to make remarks 
upon the ladies in the boxes, in 
no very refined strain. One 
evening the actors, enraged at 
being unheeded by the audience, 
who laughed at Fielding's wit, 
kicked him off the stage in spite 
of his strength, and warned him 
not to come again. He was, 
however, amply compensated for 
such rough treatment by favors 
dealt to him by officers and gen- 
tlemen. He was often in debt, 
and, being pursued at one time 
by bailiffs sent after him by 
tailors whom he had ruined, his 
legs being long, he gave them a 
fair chase as far as St. James' 
Palace, where the officers on 
guard rushed out to save their 
pet, and drove off the creditors 
at the point of the sword. 

His first wife was the daughter 
and sole heiress of Barnham 
Swift, Lord Carlingford. Upon 



her death, trusting to retrieve 
his fortunes, he looked about 
for a woman of wealth. He 
heard of a widow, a Mrs. Delean, 
who was reported to have been 
left vrith a large fortune. He 
resolved to woo her, and visited 
the Doctors' Commons to see that 
the report was true. Neither he 
nor any of his companions was 
acquainted with her, but he 
found a Mrs. Villars, a hair- 
dresser to the widow, to whom 
he promised a great reward if 
she would bring about an intro- 
duction. Various schemes were 
tried without success. He even 
called at the widow's country- 
house and was permitted to 
examine her garden, when he 
saw a lady at the window, to 
whom he bowed, and went 
away thinking he had made an 
impression. Next he addressed 
a letter to her, which the ser- 
vants, knowing the writer, 
dropped into the fire. Mrs. 
Villars, by no means disposed 
to lose the reward, persuaded 
Fielding that the widow would 
pay him a visit, and appeared 
one evening with a pretty, 
young, and apparently modest 
creature. The beau, delighted, 
flung himself at her feet, swore 
that she was the only woman 
he ever loved, and pressed her 
to be married at once. But the 
maiden was shy and said she 
would call again. He wrote 
little poems to her, serenaded 
her, invited her to suppers, and 
upon her third visit prevailed 
upon her to marry him then and 
there. This was the evening of 
the 9th of November, 1705. He 
brought a priest, the ceremonies 
were performed, she stipulating 
that, for family reasons, the 
marriage should be kept secret 
for a short time. The beau was 
convinced he had married a 
widow with sixty thousand 
pounds, when in fact he had 
been duped by Mrs. Villars 
and a certain Mary "Wadsworth, 
"both women of the worst char- 



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34 



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acters. About this time Fielding 
had espoused the famous Bar- 
bara, Duchess of Cleveland, for- 
merly the dazzling and scornful 
mistress of Charles II., who at 
that time must have "been in 
her sixty-sixth year. It seems 
strange that she, who had for- 
merly enslaved a powerful sover- 
eign, should so far demean her- 
self as to become the wife of a 
needy adventurer. The mar- 
riage took place on the 25th of 
November, 1705, and the beau 
removed to his new home, 
Cleveland House. Then com- 
menced his new trouble, for by 
providing two stools for his 
dignity he fell to the ground. 
The dupers became exorbitant 
in their demands, and even pre- 
tended that he was about to 
become a sire. At last, wearied 
with their importunities, he sent 
for Mrs. Villars, and, on her re- 
fusing to deny his marriage with 
Mrs. Wadsworth, he not only 
gave her a severe beating, but 
told her, if she still persisted in 
declining to comply with his 
demands, he would slit her nose, 
and get two blacks to break her 
bones. The wife claimed him 
on the street as her husband, 
and even presented herself at 
Cleveland House, when he beat 
her with a stick and made her 
nose bleed. In the meantime, 
his extravagances were so great 
that the Duchess could not or 
would not supply him with 
money, and he barbarously ill- 
treated her, so that she was 
obliged to seek refuge from his 
violence in a court of law. She 
had been married about a year 
when the former wife presented 
herself and maintained the 
priority of her claim. Her 
friends determined to prosecute 
Fielding for bigamy, and he was 
placed at the bar of the Old 
Bailey. The Duchess offered 
Mrs. Wadsworth a pension of 
one hundred pounds a year and 
two hundred pounds in ready 
money to prove the previous 



marriage. Fielding" patched up 
a story to prove that his sup- 
posed widow was already mar- 
ried, and produced a forged cer- 
tificate to support it. He was 
found guilty and sentenced to 
be burnt in the hand, but was 
pardoned by Queen Anne. The 
marriage with the Duchess was 
annulled, and she died of dropsy 
1 in 1709. The beau fell into dis- 
tress. All his effrontery could 
not keep him afloat, and what 
became of him, and where or 
when he died, is not known. 
Steele, in The Tatler, has de- 
scribed him under the name of 
" Orlando the Fair," and Bulwer 
Lytton, in his novel Dever&ttx, 
has his hero pay Fielding a visit, 
after the beau had lost favor 
and was fallen in fortune and 
influence. 

Beau Law. A nickname given 
to John Law,the Scotch financier, 
and famous as the founder of 
the Mississippi Scheme, who in 
his youth was celebrated for his 
handsome appearance. 

Beau Nash. A nickname given 
to Richard Nash, a fashionable 
character of the last century. 
His father was a partner in a 
glass manufactory; a man so 
little known to the world that it 
used to be hinted to the son that 
he never had a father. In after 
years Richard was sometimes 
rallied on the inferiority of his 
origin, and the least obnoxious 
answer he ever made was to the 
Duchess of Maiiboroiigh, who 
had told him he was ashamed of 
his parentage, when he replied : 
"I seldom mention my father 
in company, not because I have 
any reason to be ashamed of 
him, but because he has some 
reason to be ashamed of me." In 
his youth he attended school at 
Carmarthen, from which place 
he was sent to Oxford, and en- 
tered at Jesus College. There 
he was distinguished for his idle- 
ness, dissipation, and a love of 
fine clothes. At the very outset 



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BEA. 



lie made an offer of marriage to 
a miss of the academical city, 
and, the affair being discovered, 
the young beau, not then seven- 
teen, was removed from the 
University, leaving behind Mm 
a pair of boots, two volumes of 
plays, a violin, and a tobacco- 
box, to pay his many debts. His 
father bought him a commission 
in the army, in which position 
he did everything but his duty. 
He dressed superbly, but was 
never in time for parade ; spent 
more money than he had ; diso- 
beyed orders, and finally found 
it convenient to sell his commis- 
sion, and return home after 
spending the proceeds. The dis- 
gusted father sent the son to 
shift for himself, who turned to 
the gaming-table, made money, 
and was soon blazing about in 
gold lace, and a new sword, the 
very delight of dandies. One 
half the night was spent at balls 
and assemblies, the otner half at 
dice, and he was in bed all day. 
Entering his name at the Inns 
of Court, he became a student of 
the Temple. He was born with 
few personal attractions, and 
had neither a good face nor a 
good figure ; but he had elegant 
manners, an insinuating address, 
and he contrived to make many 
so-called friends, among whom 
were, pe_rhaps, some dupes. Lit- 
tle by little his reputation as a 
man of cultivated taste and fine 
discernment in ceremonial usages 
spread among his brother Tem- 
plers, and when, on the accession 
of William III., it was resolved 
by the Middle Temple to ive 
an entertainment to the king, 
Nash was selected to manage 
the ceremonies. He conducted 
himself so ably that the king 
offered to knight him. but, as the 
preferment would carry some 
pay with it, he respectfully de- 
clined, saying: "Please your 
majesty, if you intend to make 
me a knight, I wish it may be 
one of your poor knights of "VTind- 
sor, and then I shall have a for- 



tune, at least able to support my 
title. " The king did not see the 
force of the argument, and Nash 
remained plain Richard till the 
end of his life. Later in life, 
when Queen Anne offered the 
same honor, he declined, and 
said: " There is Sir "William 
Read, the mountebank, who has 
just been knighted, and I should 
have to call him brother ! " In 
money affairs he was more gen- 
erous than just, never paying a 
debt if he could help it, but would 
give the very amount to the 
first friend that begged it. There 
is an interval in his life which, 
may have been filled up by a 
residence in a sponging-house, 
or upon some kind of work, but 
he accounted for his disappear- 
ance by saying he had been 
asked to dinner on board a man- 
of-war, and then the officers 
made him drunk. While in this 
state the ship weighed anchor, 
set sail, and carried him away to 
the wars. The ship went into 
action, he performed great feats 
of valor, and was wounded. 
This is, however, doubtful, as 
Nash was given to bragging. He 
next appears at Bath, a place 
already famous as a health-re- 
sort. Here were found sharpers, 
gamblers, invalids, and doctors 
in abundance. The people 
laughed, talked scandal, and 
smoked without etiquette ; 
played without honor; and the 
place lacked comfort, elegance, 
and cleanliness. In 1702 Queen 
Anne visited the town, and 
the sulphur-springs chanced 
to operate successfully upon her 
complaint, which brought it into 
more notice. In 1705 a doctor 
named Radcliff, in a fit of dis- 
gust at some sight, threatened 
to destroy its reputation, or, as 
he expressed it, "to throw a 
toad into the spring." Nash saw 
the consternation of those who 
had invested in property there, 
stepped forward and offered to 
render the doctor impotent, or, 
as he said, "We'll charm his 



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36 



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toad out again with, music." The 
management of everything was 
placed in his hands. He got up 
a "band in the Pump-room, 
brought thither the healthy as 
well as the sick, and soon raised 
the renown of Bath as a resort for 
gayety as well as for mineral 
waters. He displayed a surpris- 
ing talent for setting everything 
and everybody to rights. The 
dull town bloomed with the 
beauty, wealth, and fashion of all 
England; grew in population 
and brought money Into the 
pockets of speculators, and he 
was therefore called " The King 
of Bath." The music was fur- 
nished by subscription, an official 
was appointed for the Pump- 
room, and, finding that the 
bathers would gather under a 
booth to drink tea and talk 
scandal, he induced one Thomas 
Harrison to build assembly- 
rooms, guaranteeing him three 
guineas a week to be raised by 
subscription. All this demanded 
great impudence, but he pos- 
sessed it to a liberal extent. 
He layed down rules which the 
visitors obeyed most obsequi- 
ously, and as he became more 
influential he became more 
despotic. Knowing the value of 
early hours to invalids, he would 
not destroy the healing reputa- 
tion of Bath for the sake of a 
little more pleasure, and had all 
dances stopped at eleven. On 
one occasion the Princess Ame- 
lia implored him for one more 
dance, and he assured her royal 
highness that, like the laws of 
Lycurgus, " the laws of Bath 
would admit of no alteration, 
without utter subversion of all 
his authority." His laws were 
not confined merely to profes- 
sional arrangement, but in a 
short time his immidence gave 
him the undenied right of inter- 
ference with the coats and 
dresses, the habits and manners, 
and even the daily actions, of his 
subjects, for such the visitors 
were compelled to become. Peo- 



ple were so delighted with tlie 
improvements which he made 
that he was soon a victor when 
he made war on the white aprons, 
boots, or swords of the ladies and 
gentlemen. Society was in a 
barbarous condition. The ladies 
lounged in their riding-hoods or 
morning dresses, and the gentle- 
men in their boots and with pipes 
in their mouths. When the 
Duchess of Queensberry appeared 
in an apron, he coolly pulled it 
off, and told her it was fit only 
for a maid-servant. "Whenever 
a gentleman appeared in the 
assembly-rooms in boots, lie 
would walk up to him arid in a 
loud voice remark : " I think you 
have forgot your horse." In his 
onslaught upon carrying swords 
he was a benefactor, for people 
who could not keep their tempers 
when playing cards or asking a 
lady's hand for a dance already 
won by a rival, invariably settled 
the matter by a duel. G aming- 
tables were thronged in the even- 
ings, and it was there that Nash 
made the money which sufficed to 
keep up his state, which was viil- 
gaiiy regal. He drove from Bath 
to Tunbridge, another health- 
resort over which he held sway, 
in a coach drawn by six horses, 
with outriders, footmen, French 
horns, and every appendage of 
expensive parade. His dress, 
which was magnificent, with an 
unlimited amount of gold lace, 
and coats ever new, was a combi- 
nation of the fashions of two cen- 
turies; but he always wore a 
white hat, a fashion he intro- 
duced, and he did so, he said, 
that it might never be stolen. 
Though he lived by gambling, 
it is due to him to say he always 
played fair. He patronized young 
gamblers ; after fleecing them, he 
advised them to play no more. 
Finally, by an act of parliament, 
gaming was stopped in England, 
except in a royal palace ; but 
Nash swore that, as he was a 
king, Bath came under the ex- 
ception. Finding this would not 



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37 



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do, lie and the sharpers who in- 
fested the town found means to 
evade the law "by inventing new 

fames, which lasted for a time, 
ut his fortune and power went 
with the death of the cards and 
the dice. He was immensely fond 
of money, not to hoard it hut to 
spend it on dress and he called 
Le Grand Nash. His delight 
was to display his great thick-set 
person to the most advantage, 
and, while he was as vain as any 
fop, he was always blunt and 
free-spoken. He had much gen- 
erosity. He collected a subscrip- 
tion for a poor curate who came 
to Bath to regain his health, and 
then used his influence to get 
him a richer parish. He assisted 
in founding a hospital which has 
since proved of great value to 
those afflicted with rheumatic 
gout. When at the zenith of his 
power the adulation he received 
from the high and low, from such 
women as Sarah, Duchess of 
Maiiborough, down to the Grub 
Street poets, was a parody on 
the flattery of courtiers. The 
city of Bath placed his statue be- 
tween that of Newton and that 
of Pope. After gaming was pro- 
hibited he lived on to the patri- 
archal age of eighty-seven, and 
in his old age was garrulous and 
bragging, till people doiibted his 
stories. The city gave him a pen- 
sion, and at his death his funeral 
was as glorious and showy as that 
of any hero. His life was not 
without advantages to the pub- 
lic. He diffused a desire of soci- 
ety and an easiness of address 
among a people who were for- 
merly censured by foreigners for 
a reservedness of behavior and 
an awkward timidity. He 
taught familiar intercourse 
among strangers at Bath and 
Tunbriclge, which still subsists 
among them. Vanbrugh's com- 
edy jfSsop contains an anecdote 
of JNash, and Douglas Jerrold, in 
1834, produced at the Haymarket 
Theatre, London, a comedy en- 



titled Beau Nash, founded upon 
his career. 

Beau Nasty, A. An epithet 
given to Samuel JFoote, the Eng- 
lish comedian and dramatist. 
Peake, in his Memoirs of the Col" 
man Family (i. 395),, says: 

Foote's clothes were, then, tawdily 
splashed with gold lace ; which, with 
his linen, were generally bedaubed 
with snuft'; he was a Beau Nasty. 
They tell of him that, in his young 
days, and in the fluctuation of his 
finances, he walked about in boots, 
to conceal his want of stockings, 
and that, on receiving a supply of 
money, he expended it all upon a 
diamond ring, instead of purchasing 
the necessary articles of hosiery. 

Beau of Princes, The. A nick- 
name given to George IV. of 
England, when he was Prince of 
Wales and Prince Regent. He 
had at the time great personal 
attractions, considerable intel- 
lectual ability, and a fine ad- 
dress ; he was a good story-teller ; 
had the power or ability to enjoy 
every day without thinking of 
the next; but his life supplied 
more material for scandal than 
any person who ever sat upon 
the English throne. 

Beau Sabreur, Le, or THE 
HANDSOME SWORDSMAN, was a 
title bestowed upon Joachim 
Murat, who was distinguished 
alike for his handsome appear- 
ance and for his accomplish- 
ments as a cavalry-officer. 

Beauclerc, i. e,, " a good scholar," 
is a sobriquet applied to Henry 
I., King of England, who had 
clerk-like accomplishments, 
which were rarely to be met 
with during the period in which 
he flourished. 

Beautie of cure Tongue, The. 

Chaucer is so called in The Insti- 
tution of a Gentleman (1555). 

Beautiful Gorisande, The. Vid. 
LA BELLE GORISANDE. 

Beautiful Parricide, The. Vid, 
LA BELLE PARRICIDE. 



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BEL 



Beautiful Bope-Maker, The. 
Louisa Labe. Vid. LA BELLE 



Beautify er, The. A nickname 
given to William Hogarth by 
his enemies, on account of his 
Analysis of Beauty, a work in 
which he shows that a curve is 
the most natural and pleasing 
line. 

Bee of Athens, The. Sophocles. 
Vid. THE ATHENIAN BEE. 

Bee of France, The. A name 

conferred on Charles Eollin by 
Montesquieu, on account of the 
special care which he devoted to 
the collation and accurate cita- 
tion of ancient authorities. His 
Ancient History and History of 
Home are still consulted and ad- 
mired even after the labors of 
many more illustrious success- 
ors. 

Bee -lipped Oracle, The. A 
nickname given to Plato on ac- 
count of the "beauty and sweet- 
ness of his style. T. W. Parsons, 
in The Intellectual Republic, 
Poems, says: 
Then Epicurus taught his gentle 

train 
The dulcet musings of a doubtful 

brain, 
And Plato bee-lipped oracle ! 

beguiled 
His loved Lyceum, listening like a 

child. 

Beethoven of the Flute, The. 
So Friedrich Daniel R-odolph 
Kuhlau, one of the most volu- 
minous authors on this instru- 
ment, has been termed. " 

Bg"ue, Le, i. e.,THE STAMMERER, 
is a sobriquet applied to Louis 
II. of France; Michael II., 
Emperor of Constantinople ; and 
'Notger of St. Gall. 

Bel, Le. Charles IV. and Phi- 
lippe IV. of France are thus 
called. Vid. THE FAIR. 

Belinda, the heroine of Pope's 
heroi-comical poem The Eape of 
the Lock, is intended for Miss 
Arabella Fermor, whose lover, 
Lord Petre, by cutting off a lock 



of her hair, created a feud be- 
tween the two families. It was 
in praise of the same lady that 
the poet penned the famous 
compliment : 
If to her share some female errors 

fall, 
Look on her face, and you'll forget 

them all. (Canto fi.) 

Bellair, a character in Etherege's 
comedy of The Man of Mode, in 
which the author is supposed to 
have drawn his own portrait. 
The same is said, however, of 
Medley, another person in the 
same piece. 

Belle Cordiere, La, i. e., " THE 
BEAUTIFUL ROPE-MAKER." A 
nickname given to Louisa Labe, 
a woman of no extraordinary 
beauty, but of much fascination, 
and a knowledge of the classics, 
who was admired by the learned 
of her time, and who married 
Ennomond Penin, a rope-maker 
of Lyons, and the street in which 
they lived is still called, after 
her, La Belle Cordiere. 

Belle Corisande, La. A nick- 
name given to Diana d'An- 
doums, Comtesse de G-uiche, at 
one time the favorite of Henri 
IV. of France. During the life 
of her husband she refused to 
listen to the king's overtures. 
After Ms death she received his 
advances. 

Mrs. Forbes Bush, in Memoirs 
of the Queens of France, says: 

Instead of pursuing the enemy 
after the victory of Goutras, 1588, 
Henry left his army, in opposition to 
the entreaties of the Prince de 
Conde, to go and lay his standards, 
banners, colors, and other trophies, 
at the feet of LA BELLE CORISANDE. 

Belle Gabrielle, La. A sobri- 
quet bestowed on the daughter 
of Antome d'Estrees, grand- 
master of artillery, and governor 
of the lie de France. In the 
latter part of the year 1590, 
Henri IV. happened to sojourn 
for a night at the Chateau de 
Coeuyres, and fell in love with 
Gabrielle, who was nineteen 
years of age at the time. To 



BEL 



39 



BER 



ward off suspicion, he married 
her to Damerval cle Liancourt, 
created her Duchess de Beau- 
fort, and took her to live with 
him at court. Vid. MON SOL- 
DAT. 

Belle Indienne, La, A name 
given at the French court to 
Madame de Maintenon. Though 
she was born at Niort, in France, 
she spent a part of her youth in 
Martinique. 

Belle Lumiere des Pasteurs. 
So De Garencieres terms the 
Huguenot minister, Jean de 
1'Espagne. Vid. Southey, The 
Doctor (cap. 177). 

Belle Parricide, La. A sobri- 
quet bestowed on Beatrice 
Cenci, who is said to have mur- 
dered her father for his cruelty 
and brutality towards her. 

Bell- the -Cat. A name bestowed 
on Archibald Douglas, Earl of 
Angus, from the following cir- 
cumstance. James III., who 
made favorites of masons and 
architects, created a mason, 
named Cochrane, Earl of Mar. 
The Scottish nobles held a coun- 
cil in the church of Lauder for 
the purpose of overthrowing 
these upstarts, when Lord Gray 
asked, " Who will bell the cat ? " 
"That will I," replied Douglas, 
and he fearlessly put to death 
the obnoxious minions in the 
king's presence. 

The allusion is to the fable of 
the cunning old mouse who sug- 
gested that a bell be hung on 
the cat's neck to give notice of 
her approach to all mice. 

Belliqueux, Le. Henri II. of 
France. Vid. THE WARLIKE. 

Belphoebe, in Spenser's Faerie 
Queene (book iii.), represents the 
womanly character of Queen 
Elizabeth, as Gloriana, 
"the greatest glorious Queene of 
Faerieland," 

is intended to personify her 
^ueenly attributes. Belphosbe 
is a contraction of belle Phozbe, 
the beautiful Diana, and she ac- 



cordingly figures as a huntress. 
Con.f. Ben Jonson's " Queen and 
huntress, chaste and fair." Vid. 
also TIMIAS. 

Belted Will. William, Lord 
Howard, warden of the Western 
Marches. Scott, in The Lay of 
the Last Minstrel (v.16), de- 
scribes him: 

His Bilboa blade, by Marchmen felt, 
Hung in a broad and studded belt; 
Hence, in rude phrase, the borderers 

still 
Called noble Howard "Belted Will.'* 

Vid. Notes and Queries (1st. 
ser. x. 341). 

Ben Jocnanan, in Dryden and 
Tate's satire of Absalom and 
Achitophel, is meant for the Rev. 
Samuel Johnson, who was perse- 
cuted' for his defence of the right 
of private judgment. 
A Jew of humble parentage was he ; 
By trade a Levite, though of low de- 
gree. (Fart ii.) 

Ben Jonson's Servant and Pu- 
pil. So Southey, in The Doctor 
(cap. 86), terms Richard Brome, 
the dramatist. 

Ben Sidonia, in Anti-Coningsby, 
an anonymous novel published 
in 1845, is intended for a portrait 
of Benjamin Disraeli, the author 
of Coning sby. 

Benaiah, in Dryden and Tate's 
satire of Absalom and Achitophel, 
is intended for General George 
Edward Sackville, a zealous 
partisan of the Duke of York. 
Conf. 1 Kings ii. 35. 
Nor can Benaiah's worth forgotten 

lie, 
Of steady soul when public storms 

were high; 
Whose conduct, while the Moors 

fierce onsets made, 
Secured at once our honor and our 

trade. (Part ii.) 

Benevolus, in Cowper's poem 
The Task, is the prototype of 
John Courtney Throckmorton, 
of Weston Underwood. 

Berecynthian Hero, The. So 
Midas, the Phrygian king, has 
been called; from Mount Bere- 
cyntus, in Phrygia. 



BEE 



40 



BIB 



Bernardo. A character .drawn to 
represent Joseph Haslewood, the 
English bibliographer, in Dib- 
din's Bibliomania, where the 
author says : 

You point to my friend Bernardo. 
He is thus anxious, because an 
original fragment of the fair lady's 
work, which you have just men- 
tioned, is coming under the ham- 
mer; and powerful indeed must be 
the object to draw his attention 
another way. The demure prioress 
of Sopewell Abbey is his ancient 
sweetheart; he is about introduo 
ing her to his friends, by an union 
with her as close and as honorable 
as that of wedlock. 

Bessus. So Dryden, in his Essay 
on Satire (line 242), calls John 
"Wilmot, Earl of Rochester. 
The name is borrowed from a 
cowardly character in Beaumont 
and Fletcher's play, A King and 
No King. 

Bessy. A nickname given by 
Tom Moore to his wife, in his 
poems and letters. Her maiden 
name was Elizabeth Dyke, and 
the poet was married to her in 
1811, when she was very young. 
She is not the Bessy, however, 
of the poem " Fly from the 
World, Bessy," for that was 

Biblished in 1802, when Miss 
yke could have been only five 
years old. 

Best Abused Man in England, 
The. So John Dennis is called, 
because Swift and Pope both 
satirized him. 

Best of Cut-throats, The. So 
Lord Byron, in Don Juan (ix. 4), 
calls Arthur "Wellesley, the 
Duke of Wellington. 

Best Poet of' England, The. 
So Voltaire terms Alexander 
Pope. 

Best Vitruvius, The. So Dryden, 
in his Epistle X. (line 15),' calls 
William Congreve, the drama- 
tist. 

Bestiale. A title bestowed on 
Giovanni Alberto Albicante. 
Vid. Symonds, Renaissance in 
Italy (Part ii. cap. xv.) 



Betisian Menander, The. A 
sobriquet conferred on the Span- 
ish poet Malara, in allusion to 
the Betis or Guadalquivir. Vid. 
Bouterwek, History of /Spanish 
Literature (p. 205). 

Betrayer of the Fatherland, 
The. Henrik Arnold Werge- 
land. Vid. THE HOLBERG OF 
NORWAY. 

Betty. So Dr. James Beattie is 
alluded to in Christopher in the. 
Tent, contributed to tilackwoocl's 
Magazine (1819). 

Bewildered, The. Carlo Dati. 
Vid. SMARRITO. 

Bezaliel, in Dryden and Tate's 
satire of Absalom and Achitophel, 
represents the Marquis of 
Worcester, afterwards Duke of 
Beaufort. 
Bezaliel with each grace and virtue 

fraught, 
Serene his looks, serene his life and 

thought; 
On whom so largely Nature heaped 

her store, 
There scarce remained for arts to 

give him more. (Part ii.). 

Bibbiena, II. A name given to 
Cardinal Bernardo, who resided 
at Bibbiena, in Tuscany. He 
was the author of a comedy 
entitled Calandra. 

Bibliomaniacal Hercules, A. 
An epithet given to Clayton 
Mordaunt Cracherode, an emi- 
nent English benefactor to the 
elegance, taste, and literature of 
his time, by Dibdin, who says, 
in his Bibliographical Decam- 
eron: 

There are few names pronounced 
with more unfeigned respect than 
that of the Bibliomaniacal Hercules. 
. . . The reader will, in the first 
place, be pleased to consider that in 
designating Mr. Cracherode as a 
Hercules, it is by no means intended 
to convey any extraordinary ideas 
of the gigantic or muscular con 
struction of his figure, but simply 
to impress upon him a notice of the 
Herculean powers of his head, 
heart, and purse in matters of 
Alduses, Giunti, Jensons, and 
Schoiffhers. 



BIB 



41 



BLA 



Biblioteca Animata, II, i. e., 
" The Living Library." A nick- 
same given to Antonio Maglia- 
becehi, the Italian bibliographer. 
He was an omnifarious reader, 
and had such a remarkable 
memory that he acquired the 
esteem of all the principal men 
of Florence, and his name be- 
came celebrated among the 
learned men of the age, he 
being consulted by them upon 
all occasions, and his opinions 
received as the best authority. 

Bibliotheca Ambulans. So Sir 
Henry Wotton, in his Reliquise 
(p. 475), calls John Hales. 

Bien-aime', Le, or The Well 
Beloved. A nickname given to 
Louis XV., King of France. 
The country had grown tired of 
the long reign of Louis XIV., 
and his death was welcomed 
with real joy. The popularity 
of his successor is the occasion 
of the sobriquet. Charles VI. 
was similarly named. 

Bien Fortune', Le. A sobriquet 
conferred on Philippe VI., King 
of France, and remarkable for 
its inappropriateness. He was 
defeated at Sluys and Cressy, 
lost Calais, and one-fourth of his 
subjects were carried off by the 
plague. 

Bien Servi, Le, or The Well 
Served. A nickname given to 
Charles VII. of France, who 
introduced into the internal 
regulations of his country many 
important and effective reforms. 

Big-, The. A nickname given to 
Leopold II., Duke of the Swiss 
branch of the House of Austria, 
on account of the height of his 
stature and the largeness of his 
person. 

Big- O. So William Cobbett ad- 
dressed Daniel O'Connell. Vid. 
Sir Henry Bulwer's Historical 
Characters. 

Bigot, A. So Pope, in his Moral 
Essays (i. 91), calls Philip V., 
King of Spain. 



Bilboa. Sir Robert Howard. Vid. 
BAYES. 

Bilious Bale, an epithet given to 
John Bale. Bishop of Ossory, by 
Fuller, 

Billy the Butcher. A nickname 

bestowed on William, Duke of 
Cumberland. 

Billy-the-go-by Boaden. A 
nickname given to James Boa- 
den, an English litterateur and 
dramatic author, of whom Peake, 
in his Memoirs of the, Colman 
Family (ii. 425), says: 

The play of Tlie Italian Monk had 
a ghost in it, and Mrs. Gibbs looked 
and acted like an angel. It was of 
this very play that Mr. Boaden was 
said to have said he had given Billy 
(meaning William Shakespeare) the 
go-by; and which ever after obtained 
for him the sobriquet of Billy-the-go- 
by Boaden. 

Birmingham Poet, The. A 
name conferred on John Freeth, 
a publican of Birmingham. He 
was a poet, wit, and song-writer, 
and sang the melodies he had 
composed. 

Bite 'em. A sobriquet given to 
Andre Morellet, a French satir- 
ist. 

Henri van Laun, in his His- 
tory of French Literature (iii. 
p. 211), says: 

He belonged to the school of econ- 
omists which had Turgot for one 
of its ablest exponents, and Voltaire 
amongst the champions. He waa 
the friend of both; and the latter 
bore witness to the independent 
moral courage of his friend by 
attaching to him the sobriquet of 
Mords les Bite 'em. He deserved 
the name by his controversial force, 
and by the eagerness with which he 
undertook the cause of justice, of 
common-sense, of the oppressed, in 
the face of all opposition and person- 
al danger. 

Black, The. Sir Evan Cam- 
eron. Vid. THE ULYSSES OF THE 
HIGHLANDS. Vid. also THE 
BUTCHER. 

Black Agnes. A nickname given 
to Agnes, Countess of Dunbar 
and March, on account of her 
swarthy complexion. In 1337, 



BLA 



42 



BLA 



during her husband's absence, 
she defended the Castle of Dun- 
bar against the English com- 
mander, the Earl of Salisbury. 
She performed all the duties of 
a hold and vigilant command.er, 
and set at defiance the most for- 
midable attempts to heat down 
the walls, compelling Salisbury 
to retire with ignominy after a 
siege of nineteen weeks. By 
the death of her brother Thomas, 
Earl of Moray, she inherited his 
estate. On her death she left 
two sons, one of whom became 
Earl of Dunbar and March, 
and the other tenth Earl of 
Moray. 

Black Baron, The. A nickname 
given to Robert Monro of Foulis, 
a Scotch noble, on account of his 
swarthy complexion. He was 
engaged in the wars with Gusta- 
vus Adolphus, and died at Ulm 
from a wound in the foot. 

Black Dick. A nickname given 
to Richard. Earl Howe, the Eng- 
lish admiral who was sent to 
operate against the French com- 
mander, D'Estaing, during the 
war of the American Revolu- 
tion. 

Black Douglas, The. A nick- 
name given to Sir James Doug- 
las, oii account of his swarthy 
complexion. 

Black Doug-las, The. A nick- 
name given to James Douglas, 
ninth and last earl of one branch 
of the Douglas family in Scot- 
land. He early in life engaged 
in schemes against James II., 
and then fled to England, where 
he had a pension froin the crown 
and was made knight of the gar- 
ter. In 1484 he leagued himself 
with the exiled Duke of Albany, 
and invaded Scotland, when he 
was taken prisoner at Loch- 
maben. On being brought be- 
fore the court he turned his back 
upon the king. The compas- 
sionate James III. spared his 
life on condition of his taking 
the cowl. He then entered the 



monastic seclusion at Lindores, 
where he died in 1488. 

Black Dwarf, The, the hero of 
the novel of the same name, 
written by Scott, was a picture 
to some extent of David Ritchie, 
in reality a pauper living in a 
solitary cottage situated "in the 
romantic glen of Manor in Pee- 
blesshire. His person coincided 
singiilarly well with the descrip- 
tion of the novelist. He had 
been deformed and horrible 
since his birth in no ordinary 
degree, which was probably the 
cause of the analogous peculiari- 
ties of his temper. His counte- 
nance, of the darkest hue, was 
covered with a long black beard, 
while his piercing black eyes, 
which were sometimes, in ex- 
cited moments, lighted up with 
wild and supernatural lustre, 
gave him a terrible appearance. 
His head was conical and oblong, 
his brow retreated immediately 
above the eyebrows, and threw 
nearly the whole of it behind the 
ears. The meaner organs of his 
brain were well developed, while 
his long and aquiline nose, and. 
his mouth wide and contemptu- 
ously curled upward, showed 
him to be cruel and obstinate. 
His body was short and muscu- 
lar, his arms long and of great 
power, and, though he could not 
lift them above his breast, yet 
they were of such strength that 
he had been known to tear up 
a tree by the roots, which had 
baffled the united efforts of two 
laborers, who had striven, by 
digging, to uproot it. His legs 
were short, and bent outwards, 
and his feet were so much de- 
formed that he endeavored to 
conceal them from sight by 
wrapping them in immense 
masses of rags. His parents, 
who were poor, at an early 
period of his life placed him with 
a tradesman to learn brush-mak- 
ing, but he soon left his place, 
on account of the insupportable 
notice which his uncouth form 



BLA 



43 



BLA 



attracted in tlie streets. He re- 
turned to the valley of his birth, 
constructed a hut, furnished it 
with a few coarse household uten- 
sils, made chiefly by his own hands, 
and began to form a garden. In 
the cultivation and adornment of 
this spot he displayed a degree of 
taste and ingenuity that might 
have fitted him for a higher fate 
than the seclusion * of a hermit- 
age. In a short time he filled 
it with a profusion of fruit-trees, 
vegetables, and flowers that 
made a gem in the surrounding 
desert of moss, and was often 
visited by travellers who passed 
through the neighborhood. Shut 
out from the sympathy of his 
fellow-creatures by his ugliness, 
the care of his garden became 
his only pleasure. It is said that 
he once ventured to express his 
affection for a woman, but was 
rejected with scorn ; the insult 
sunk deep into his heart, and he 
became a complete misanthrope. 
The sense of his deformity 
haunted him, and he detested 
children on account of their pro- 
pensity to jeer at and persecute 
him. To strangers he was often 
reserved, crabbed, and surly, and 
even towards persons who had 
been his greatest benefactors he 
frequently betrayed much ca- 
price ancl jealousy. He had 
always through life a curious 
trait of superstition. Not only 
did he plant about his house, 
garden, and his intended grave the 
mountain-ash, but he never went 
abroad without this singular 
antidote, tied round with a red 
thread, in his pocket, to prevent 
the evil ei/e. Besides his physi- 
cal appearance the novelist has 
given but little of the real man 
in his story, where he is called 
Bowed Davie, Canine Elshie, 
The Wise Wight of Mucklestane 
Moor, and the Recluse of Elshen- 
der, but brought more vividly 
to the reader's mind by the name 
of the Black Dwart 

Black Eagle, The, in The Chal- 



dee MS. (ii. 15), is meant for Sir 
William Hamilton. 

Black-eyed Susan, whom Gay 
has made the subject of one 
of his ballads, is Mrs. Montford, 
the actress. 

Black Hussar of Literature, 
The. A name which is given 
to Sir Walter Scott by Lock- 
hart: 

Hence the three letters of Malachi 
Malagrowther, which appeared first 
in the Edinburgh Weekly Journal, 
and were afterwards collected into a 
pamphlet by the late Mr. Blackwood, 
who, on that occasion, for the first 
time, had justice done to his person- 
al character by the Black Hussar of 
Literature. 

BlacK: Jack. A nickname given 
by his troops to General John A. 
Logan, on account of his long 
black hair and dark complexion. 

Black King-, The. A nickname 
given to Henry III. of Germany, 
on account of the color of his 
hair. 

Black Knight of Ashton, The. 
A name given to Sir Balph 
Ashton, or Assheton. The 
tyrannical manner in which he 
levied his tenants drove them to 
desperation, and he was killed. 
Since then in the borough of 
Ashton-under-Lyne an annual 
ceremony is held called the 
" Riding of the Black Lad." 

Black-Letter Tom. So Thomas 
Frognall Dibdin, the antiquary 
and bibliographer, is termed in 
the JVoctes AmbrosiansB (iv.). 

Black Pope, The. So the Ital- 
ians have nicknamed the Jesuit 
General Peter Beckx. 

Black Prince, The. Edward, 
Prince of Wales, the son of 
Edward III., is thus called. 
Froissart (c. 169) states that he 
was "styled black by terror 
of his arms," and Strutt asserts 
that "for his martial deeds he 
was surnamed B lack. ' ' Meyrick 
and Shaw, however, are inclined 
to believe that his armor was 
anything but black. 



BLA 



44 



BLE 



Black Russell. A nickname 

f'yen to Rev. John Russell, of 
ilmarnock, Scotland. A large, 
robust, dark-complexioned man, 
fierce of temper, and of gloomy 
countenance, preaching with 
much "vehemence, and at the 
height of a stentorian voice. 
His furious intolerance brought 
him under the lash of Burns, 
who, in his poem The Holy Fair, 
says : 
But now the Lord's ain trumpet 

touts, 

Till a' the hills are rairin, 
An* echoes back return the shouts; 

Black Russell is no spairin: 
His piercing words, like Highlan 

swords, 

Divide the joints an* marrow ; 
His talk o' Hell, whare devils dwell, 
Our vera souls does harrow. 

Black Smith of Trinity. So 
Churchill, in his poem The Can- 
didate (line 619), calls Dr. Robert 
Smith, 

For faith in mysteries none more 
renowned. 

Blackbird, The. So Lord Byron, 
in Don Juan (dedication ii'i. 4), 
terms Robert Southey. 

Blackbird and Bonny Black 
Boy are sobriquets under which 
we find Charles II. alluded to, 
in Allan Ramsay's ballads, etc. 
Vid. Larwood and Hotten, His- 
tory of Signboards (cap. v.). 

Blackbird of Buchanan Lodge, 
The. So John Wilson calls 
himself in the Noctes Ambro- 
sianze (lx.). 

Blackbirdy, The. A nickname 
given to J. M. W. Turner, while 
he resided at Twickenham, by 
the boys, from his chasing them 
away from the blackbirds' nests, 
which were plentiful in his gar- 
den. 

Black- Mouthed Zoilus. So 
Bishop Hacket of Lichfield, in 
his Life of Archbishop Williams 
(1692), designates Milton. 

Blacksmith of Antwerp, The. 
A title given to the Flemish artist 
Quentin Matsys. On his monu- 
ment, outside of the cathedral of 
Antwerp, is the inscription : 



Connubialis de Mulciber facit Apel- 

lem. 

Bladamour, the friend of Sir Par- 
idel (q. v.), in Spenser's Faerie 
Queene, is intended to represent 
the Earl of Northumberland, one 
of the leaders in the northern 
insurrection of 1569. 
Bladder of Pride New-Blowne, 
This. An epithet conferred on 
Gabriel Harvey. Vid. THIS MUD- 
BOUN BUBBLE, 

Biasing 1 - starre of England's 
Glory, The. Sir Philip Sidney. 
Vid. THE SYREN OF THIS LAT- 
TER AGE. 

Blasphemer, The. A title given 
to Oliver Cromwell. Viet. Mas- 
son, Life of Milton (iv. 196). 
Blaspheming- Doctor, The. So 
Dr. John "Wolcot, in his preface 
to Pindariana, or Peter's Port- 
folio, calls Dr. Samuel Johnson. 
Blasphemous Balfour. A sobri- 
quet bestowed on Sir James Bal- 
four, the Scottish judge, on ac- 
count of his apostacy. 
Blazing 1 Star, A. So Bishop Will- 
iam Warburtou is called in a 
letter from Dr. William Cuming, 
of Dorchester, reprinted in Nich- 
ols' Illustrations of the Literature 
of the Eighteenth Century (ii.840) : 
And whom we may compare, not 
altogether improperly, to a blazing 
star that has appeared in our hemi- 
sphere, obsciu'e his origin, resplen- 
dent his light, irregular his motion, 
and his period quite uncertain. 
With such a train of quotations as 
he carries in his tail, and the eccen- 
tricity of the vast circuit he takes, 
the vulgar are alarmed, the learned 
puzzled. Something wonderful it 
certainly portends, and I wish he 
may go off without leaving some 
malignant influence at least among 
us, if he does not set us on fire. 
Blear-Bye. A nickname given 
to Eobert II., King of Scotland, 
and first of the royal line of 
Stuart, on account of a defect in 
one eye. 
Blear-eyed, .The. Aurelius 

Brandolini. Vid. IL LIPPO. 
Blest Swan. So Abraham Cow- 
ley, in his poem On the Death of 



BLI 



45 



BLO 



Richard Crashaw, terms tlie 
latter. 

Blind, The. Vid. IL CIECO. 
Ludwig III., Emperor of Ger- 
many, is termed " the Blind." 

"Blind bard who on the Chian 
strand, That," etc., is the de- 
scription under which Homer fig- 
ures in Coleridge's poem of 
Fancy in Nubibiis. 

Blind Harry, a- Scotch minstrel of 
the fifteenth century, and author 
of the Adventures of Sir William 
Wallace. He made his living by 
reciting portions of it before 
company. A MS. of this work 
exists, dated 1488, written by 
John Ramsay, who also tran- 
scribed Barbour's Bruce. It is a 
poem of 11,858 lines. 

Blind Old Man of Scio's Rocky 

Isle, The. So Byron calls 
Homer, in The Bride of Abydos 
(ii. 2). 

Blind Preacher, The. William 
Henry Milburn, the author and 
clergyman, is frequently so 
called. 

Blind Traveller, The,. is Lieuten- 
ant James Holman, the author 
of several works of travel. 

Blinking 1 Sam. An epithet given 
to Samuel Johnson. Disraeli 
says, in The Literary Charac- 
ter : 

Even the robust mind of Johnson 
could not suffer to be exhibited as 
blinking Sara. He was displeased at 
the portrait Reynolds painted of 
him, which dwelt on his near-sight- 
edness ; declaring that " a man's 
defects should never be painted." 
The same defect was made the sub- 
ject of a caricature particularly allu- 
sive to critical prejudices in his 
Lives of the Poets, in which he is 
pictured as an owl blinking at the 
stars. 

Blockhead, The. So Lord Byron, 
in Don Juan (iii. 99), calls "Will- 
iam Wordsworth. 

Blockheads of Renown, Those. 
So Beattie terms Sir Kichard 
Blackmore and Francis Quarles. 
Vid. THE RAPT SAGE. 



Bloodhound of Unfailing 
Scent, A. A title given to Dr, 
Richard Farmer, on account of 
his ability to search out old books 
and out-of-the-way kinds of 
knowledge. 

Bloody, The. A nickname given 
to Otho II. of Germany. In 
981 the Romans, anxious to free 
themselves from the German 
yoke, formed a conspiracy for the 
purpose of establishing a repub- 
lic. This was secretly revealed 
to Otho, who went to Italy, and, 
pretending to know nothing 
about it, invited the chief con- 
spirators to a banquet. The in- 
vitation was accepted, and while 
the guests were at the table Otho 
suddenly arose from his seat, and, 
stamping his foot, the banquet- 
hall was filled with armed men. 
The king^ tljen unrolled a paper, 
from which he read aloud the 
names of those concerned in the 
plot; and as the name of each. 
victim was pronounced, he was 
dragged from the table and 
strangled. In consequence of 
this massacre he was called by 
the Italians THE BLOODY, 

Bloody Butcher, The. A name 
given to the Duke of Cumber- 
land, second son of George II., 
from his cruelties in suppressing 
the rebellion incited by the 
Young Pretender. 

Bloody Ola verse. A nickname 
given to John Graham of Cla- 
verhouse, Viscount of Dundee, 
by the Covenanters of Scotland, 
on account of his cruelty and 
barbarity. Sir Walter Scott in- 
troduced him in Old Mortality 
and drew his character so favor- 
ably that those who sympathized 
with the Covenanters took um- 
brage, and Dr. Thomas McCrie 
challenged the accuracy of the 
novelist. This induced Scott to 
violate his rule of not minding 
criticism, and he assisted Will- 
iam Erskine to vindicate Claver- 
house. The result showed that 
the hero was not the best or the 
worst of his class, and was simply 



BLO 



46 



BOC 



carrying out the orders of his 
superior officers. 

Bloody Mary. A popular appel- 
lation of Mary, the daughter of 
Henry VIII. by Catharine of 
Aragon, and Queen of England 
in 1553. She received the name 
on account of the revival, during 
her reign, of the sanguinary laws 
against Protestants, no fewer 
than two hundred persons being 
burnt at the stake in the space of 
four years. 

Bloody One-Handed, The. 
General Loison. Vid. MANETA. 

Bloody Queen Bess. So Will- 
iam Cobbett called Queen Eliza- 
beth. Vid. Timbs, Wotabilia 
(p. 58). 

Blue Dick of Thanet. A sobri- 
quet conferred on Richard Cul- 
mer, the iconoclast of the Eng- 
lish Commonwealth, because he 
wore blue in opposition to black, 
which he detested. Vid. Wood, 
Fasti; Calamy, Abridgment o/ 
Mr. Baxter's Life and Times 
(vol. ii. 388, ed. 1713); Notes 
and Queries (1st ser. x. 47), etc. 

Bluff King Hal. Henry VIII. is 
so called from his bluff and burly 
manners. 

Blundering- Brougham. Byron 
satirizes Henry, Lord Brougham, 
in the English Bards and scotch 
Reviewers, under this name. 
Brougham had severely criticised 
Byron's Hours of Idleness in a 
paper in The Edinburgh Review 
(xxii.), and the poet in revenge 
alludes to him in the lines : 
Beware lest blundering Brougham 

destroy the sale, 

Turn beef to bannocks, cauliflower 
to kail. 

Bo-ho. In Skelton's satirical poem 
tipeake Parot, King Henry VIII. 
is ridiculed under this name, and 
Wolsey as HOUG-H-NO, both being 
represented as dogs. The parrot 
was the court bird of the time, 
and the author makes him relate 
piquant satire on personages of 
the age. 

Bo-peep. A nickname given to 
William Drummond of Haw- 



thornden by his companions, 
Ben Jonson, Dray ton, et al. 

Vid. Drummond 's Works (ed. 
of 1711 introd. life p. ix.). 
Boanerges, A. So De Quincey 
calls Edward Irving. Vid. 
Fields, Yesterdays with Authors 
(p. 380). 

Boar, The. So Shakespeare calls 
Bichard III., from his cogni- 
zance : 
The wretched, bloody, and usurping 

boar 
That spoiled your summer fields and 

fruitful vines ; 

. . . this foul swine . . . lies now . . . 
Near to the town of Leicester, as we 

learn. Richard III. v. 3. 

Boar of the Forest, The. A 
name given to James Hogg on 
account of his rough manner. 
Scott, in his Diary, May 11, 
1827, says : 

The Boar of the Forest called this 
morning to converse about trying to 
get him on the pecuniary list of the 
Koyal Literary Society. Certainly 
he deserves it, if genius and necessity 
can do it. 

Boaster of Crimes, The. A 
name ^ given to Philippe, Due 
d* Orleans, of whom Henri Mar- 
tin, in his History of France 
(xv. 3), says: 

Among the intimate counsellors of 
this prince was one that stood out in 
strange relief from all the rest, 
from those partakers in the suppers 
of the Palais Royal, whom Philippe, 
the boaster of crimes, glorified in 
his way by styling them his roue's 
(broken on the wheel) because they 
" deserved to be so." 

Bob Lee. A nickname given by 
the soldiers of the army of 
Northern Virginia to the Con- 
federate commander, General 
Robert E. Lee. 

Boccaccio of the Nineteenth 
Century, The. Marc de Mon- 
tifaud, the author of Entre Messe 
et Vepres, etc., has been so called, 
on account of the erotic nature 
of his writings. 

Boccaccio of the Provencal 
Language, The. An epithet 
conferred on John Martorell, a 



BOE 



47 



BOL 



Spanish, author. Sismondi, Lit- 
erature of the South of Europe 
(i. 179), says: 

It is to him that their light style of 
prose composition is attributed. To 
him it owes its pliancy and nature, 
and its adaptation to the purpose of 
graceful narrative. His work en- 
joys, even beyond Ms own country, 
a considerable reputation. It is a 
romance entitled Tirante, the White, 
and it is mentioned by Cervantes 
with great praise in the catalogue of 
Don Quixote's library. 

Boelime of England, The. A 
name given to George Fox, the 
Quaker. 

Bold, The. A nickname given to 
Philip, the youngest son of King 
John of France. At the battle 
of Poitiers, 1356, when but a lad, 
he fought gallantly by his fath- 
er's side, warding off the "blows 
that rained thickly on him. In 
1363 his father took possession of 
the titles and lands of Bur- 
gundy, bestowed them on this 
youngest son, and then laid the 
foundation of the Burgundian 
power, which for many years 
was a trouble to the French 
kings, and delayed the union of 
that fair province with the king- 
dom. Philip thus became the 
first Duke of Burgundy, of a 
new line of dukes. In 1399 he 
supported Henry of Lancaster in 
the revolution which overthrew 
King Richard of England, and 
laid the foundations of that 
friendship with the Lancastrian 
house which was so formidable 
to France during the next cen- 
tury. He was succeeded by his 
son, JOHN THE FEARLESS (q, v.) 4 

Bold, The. A sobriquet bestowed 
on Charles, fourth Duke of Bur- 
gundy, son of Philip the G-ood 
(q. v.). He formed an alliance 
with several of the nobles of 
France for the maintenance of 
feudal rights against the crown. 
While making preparations for 
war, Louis XL invited him to a 
conference; he hesitated, and 
Louis by his agents stirred up 



the citizens of Liege to revolt. 
When Charles consented to the 
conference, and had met the 
king, he heard of the revolt, 
which so exasperated him that 
he seized Louis and would have 
put him to death had he not 
been prevented by his coun- 
cillor, Comines. He com- 
pelled the king to accompany 
him to Liege, and sanction the 
cruelties which he inflicted on 
the citizens. He attempted in 
1475 his favorite scheme of con- 
quest, and soon was master of 
Lorraine. He invaded Switzer- 
land, stormed Grandson, but suf- 
fered a terrible defeat and lost 
his baggage and much treasure. 
He again appeared in Switzer- 
land, with a new army, and laid 
siege to Morat, where he suffered 
a more terrible defeat. Then he 
sank into despondency, and let 
his nails and beard grow. The 
news that the young Duke of 
Lorraine was attempting to re- 
cover his territories roused him, 
and he laid siege to Nancy, 
where he rashly fought a battle, 
and lost his life, January 5, 1477. 
With his life ended the long suc- 
cessful resistance of the great 
French vassals to the central 
power of the monarchy, and the 
power of the House of Burgund^, 
which commenced with Charles' 
great-grandfather Philip the 
Bold (q. v.). His ambitious de- 
sire for fame was insatiable, and 
this it was that induced him to 
be always at war, more than any 
other motive. He ambitiously 
desired to imitate the old kings 
and heroes of antiquity, whose 
actions still shine in history. 
His courage was equal to any 
prince's of his time. He had a 
vigorous constitution and great 
gifts of personal beauty. His 
eyes were clear, though with 
depths of latent fire in them. ; his 
face massive and steadfast and 
of a rich brown tint; his hair 
thick and curling stiffly; but 
this fine face could grow dark 
and ssvere when the under- 



BOL 



48 



BON 



nature was aroused ; then it was 
terrible to see. He has been a 
favorite subject for the drama 
and romance. Scott introduces 
him in his Anne of Geier stein 
and in his Quentin Durward. 
In the latter he says: 

Charles, surnamed the Bold, or 
rather the audacious, for his courage 
was allied to rashness and frenzy, 
then wore the ducal coronet of Bur- 
gundy, which he burned to convert 
into a royal and independent regal 
crown. He rushed on danger be- 
cause he loved it, and on difficulties 
because he despised them. 

Bold Briareus. So Handel, the 
composer, has been termed. 

Bold Briton, Our, in Dryden's 
prologue to The Pilgrim, is in- 
tended for Sir Richard Black- 
more. 

Boling-broke is a name given to 
Henry IV., King of England, 
from his having been born at 
Bolingbroke, in Lincolnshire. 

Bolt Court Philosopher, The. 
An epithet conferred on Samuel 
Johnson, who lived, in Bolt 
Court. Peake, in his Memoirs 
of the Colman Family (i. 394), 



The gigantic Johnson could not be 
easily thrown out of the window, 
but he deserved to be "quoited 
down stairs like a shove-groat shil- 
ling"; not exactly, perhaps, for his 
brutality to the boy, but for such an 
unprovoked insult to the father, of 
whose hospitality he was partaking. 
This, however, is only one among 
the numerous traits of grossness, 
already promulgated, in which the 
Bolt Court Philosopher completely 
falsified the principles of the Koman 
Poet:- 

"ingenuas didicisse fideliter artes, 
Emollit mores, nee sinit esse feros." 

Bomba. Ferdinand II., King of 
Naples, was called King Bomba 
on account of the great depreda- 
tions committed by his orders 
during^ the bombardment of Mes- 
sina in 1848. Similarly the 
name Bombalino (i. e., "Little 
Bomba" ), or Bomba II., was 
bestowed upon his son, Francis 
II., for his bombardment of 
Palermo in 18GO. 



Bon, Le. Jean II., King of 
France. Vid. THE GOOD. 

Bon Boi Bene", Le. A name 
given to the last minstrel mon- 
arch of France, the son of Louis 
II., and the father of Margaret 
of Anjou. Thiebault states that 
he gave in largesses to minstrels 
and knights-errant more than he 
received in revenue, and Scott 
similarly describes him in his 
novel of Anne of Geier stein 
(cap. xxix.). 

Boney. A ' popular nickname 
given to Napoleon Bonaparte at 
the beginning of the present cen- 
tury. 

Boney Cobbett. A name by 
which William Cobbett was fre- 
quently referred to, on account 
of his admiration of Napoleon 
Bonaparte. 

Bonne Beine, La. So Claude, 
the daughter of Louis XII. and 
Anne de Bretagne, is designated. 
The greengage is called by the 
French La Reins Claude, out of 
compliment to her. 

Bonnie Chevalier, The. Charles 
Edward Stuart. Vid. THE PRE- 
TENDERS. 

Bonnie Dundee. A name fre- 
quently given to John Graham 
of Claverhouse, Viscount of 
Dundee. In the eyes of the 
Jacobites he was a brave and 
handsome cavalier, the last of 
the great Scots and gallant Gra- 
hams. His beautiful and mel- 
ancholy visage and his gallantry 
made him a favorite hero in 
their ballads. With the Cove- 
nanters he was a far different 
man. 

Bonnie Jean, the heroine of 
much of the poetry of Biirns, 
was Jean Armour, afterwards 
his wife. 

Bonny Black Boy. Charles II., 
King of England. Vid. BLACK- 
BIRD. 

Bonny-Bootes, who frequently 
occurs in madrigals in praise of 
Queen Elizabeth, has been iden- 
tified both in the Earl of Essex 



BON 



49 



BOU 



and in a certain Mr. Hale. Vid 
for an extended account of these 
ballads, etc., Notes and Queries 
(1st ser. iv. 185-188). 
Bonny Earl, The. A name under 
which James Stuart, second 
Earl of Moray, figures in history 
and ballad poetry. 

Book Prodigy of His Age, 
The." A name given to Maglia- 
becchi, on account of his exten- 
sive knowledge. Disraeli, in 
The Literary Cha racter, says: 

Magliabecchi, the book prodigy of 
his age, whom every literary stran- 

?r visited at Florence, assured 
ord Raley that the Duke of Tuscany 
had become jealous of the attention 
he was receiving from foreigners, as 
they usually went to visit Maglia- 
becchi before the Grand Duke. 

Booted Head, The. A nick- 
name given to Philippe de 
Oomines, author of the volume 
of Memoirs which gives us the 
picture of the times of Louis 
XI. and Charles VIII. of 
France. When he was residing 
at the court of the Count de 
Charolois, afterward Duke of 
Burgundy, he one day returned 
from hunting, and with incon- 
siderate jocularity sat down be- 
fore the Count and ordered the 
prince to pull off his boots. The 
Count would not affect great- 
ness, and, having executed his 
commission, in return for the 
princely amusement, the Count 
dashed the boot at Comines' 
nose, which bled. From that 
time he was mortified at the 
court of Burgundy by retaining 
the nickname of the booted 
head. The blow rankled in his 
heart, and the Duke of Bur- 
gundy has come down to us in 
Comines' Memoirs blackened by 
his vengeance. 

Border Minstrel, The. A title 
bestowed upon Sir Walter Scott, 
who was descended from a bor- 
der family. Vid. Wordsworth's 
poem, Yarrow Revisited. 

Borderer between Two Ages, 
A. Sir Walter Scott is so called 



by Lockhart, in The Life of Scott, 
who says : 

And he was a borderer between 
two ages that in which Scott still 
preserved the ancient impress of 
thought, feeling, demeanor, and dia- 
lect; and that when whatever 
stamped them a separate distinct 
people was destined to be obliter- 
ated 

Bossuet of the Protestant Pul- 
pit, The. A nickname given to 
Jacques Saurin, a French Protes- 
tant preacher and controversial- 
ist. He was the son of an advo- 
cate, who was obliged to take 
his family, when Jacques was 
eight years of age, to Geneva, on 
account of the revocation of the 
Edict of Nantes At the age of 
fifteen he entered the service of 
the Duke of Savoy, and obtained 
a military commission, but soon, 
left the army and studied theol- 
ogy. He secured an early repu- 
tation for oratory, and accepted 
the charge of the French Protes- 
tant Church in London, which 
position he did not hold long, on 
account of his health, though he 
was popular and very much ad- 
mired. He went to Holland, 
where his sermons gave much 
satisfaction to the Dutch, and 
where be remained the remain- 
der of his life. His eloquence 
was calm, solid, and heavy, but 
powerful and impressive, and he 
had the trenchant vigor most 
suitable to Protestant homilet- 
ics, and the pointed vehemence 
necessary to find its way to the 
hearts of the downcast French 
exiles who were his usual audi- 
ence. 

Boswell Redivivus. So Will- 
iam Hazlitt is called in the 
Nodes Anibrosmnw (xxix). 

Bottomless Pit, The. A once 
popular nickname of William 
Pitt, who was remarkably thin. 

Bouche de Cice>on, La. A 
name given to Philippe Pot, 
prime minister of Louis XL, in 
consequence of his oratorical 
powers. 



BOU 



50 



BRA 



Bouffon Odieux, Le, i. e., " The 
Odious Buffoon."' A nickname 
given to Jean Baptiste Lully. 
Fid** UN COQUIN TENEBREUX. 

Boustrapa. A nickname given 
to the Emperor Napoleon III. 
The word is formed from the 
first syllables of Boulogne, Stras- 
bourg, and Paris, and alludes to 
his escapades in 183tf and 184-0. 

Boy-Baccalaur, The. So Cardi- 
nal "YVolsey was called, on ac- 
count of his extreme youth when 
he took his degree. Vid. Au- 
brey's Letters. 

Boy Bachelor, The. A name 
given to William Wotton, D.D., 
who was admitted at St. Cath- 
erine's Hall before he was ten 
years of age, and obtained a de- 
gree of Bachelor of Arts when 
less than thirteen. 

Boy Bishop, The. A title given 
to St. Nicholas, who flourished 
in the fourth century, "on ac- 
count of his early conformity to 
the observances of the Roman 
Catholic Church." 

Bozzy, A familiar name given 
to James Boswell, the biographer 
of Dr. Johnson. 

Brabant Junior. A character in 
the play Jack. Drum's Entertain- 
ment, drawn to represent John 
Marston, the English dramatic 
poet, of which Simpson, in his 
School of tihakspere (ii. p. 129), 
says : 

This play is one of the series which 
relate to the quarrel of Jonson with 
Marston and Dekker. In it young 
Brabant is Marston; while old Bra- 
bant, who was first of all intended 
for a witless patron of wit, a rich 
gull who spends his wealth in giving 
suppers to poets, insensibly becomes 
transformed to the great critic and 
scourge of the times, and is at last 
one of those 

bombast wits 
That are jjuff'd up with arrogant 

conceit 

Of their own worth, as if Omnipo- 
tence 
Had hoisted them to such unecjuall'd 

height 

That they surveyed our spirits with 
an eye 



Only create to censure from above; 
When, good souls, they do nothing 

but reprove. 

This phrase of Brabant senior is 
clearly meant for Jonson; in his 
character of a rich gull, and in the 
punishment which overtakes him in 
the end of the play, he could hardly 
be meant for Jonson, even in those 
days of reckless misstatement, when 
the satirist did not attempt a like- 
ness, however caricatured, but 
thought himself most successful 
when he heaped together the foulest 
abuse. 

Brabant Senior. A character 
in Jack Drum's Entertainment 
(London, 1616), in some respects 
a representation of Ben Jonson. 
Vid. BRABANT JUNIOR. 

Bramine, The, is the name under 
which Sterne, in \^ Letters from 
Yorick to Eliza, describes Mrs. 
Elizabeth Draper, the wife of a 
counsellor of Bombay, a young 
woman of English parentage 
but born in India, for whom he 
entertained a most violent and 
unbecoming passion. In bestow- 
ing this name upon her he obvi- 
ously intended an allusion to the 
country of her birth. He him- 
self figures as " the Brahmin " 
a title perhaps suggested by 
his profession of a clergyman. 
The Letters were published in 
1775. 

Brandy Nan. A popular name 
of Queen Anne, who was very 
fond of brandy. A wit wrote 
on the statue of Queen Anne in 
St. Paul's churchyard: 
Brandy Nan, Brandy Nan, left in the 

lurch, 

Her face to the gin-shop, her back to 
the church. 

Bras de Fer, or IRON-ARM, is a 
title bestowed on the Huguenot 
warrior Franois de Lanoue. 

Brave, The. Alfonso IV. of Por- 
tugal. 

Brave Fleming, The. Johann 
Andreas van der Mersch, the 
patriot. 

Brave Jersey Muse. So Cow- 
ley, in his Miscellanies, calls 
William Prynne. 



BRA 



51 



BRI 



Bravest of the Brave, The. A 
sobriquet conferred on Marshal 
Ney by the troops of Fried land 
in 1807, on account of his fearless 
bravery. 

Brazen Bully, The. So Dr. 
John Wolcot, in his Commiser- 
ating Spittle to Lord Lonsdale, 
calls Sir James Lowther, Earl of 
Lonsdale. 

Brazen Defender of Corrup- 
tions, A. So William Cobbett 
called George Canning. Vid. 
Timbs, Notabiha (p. 58). 

Brechin Poet, The. A name 
given to Alexander Laing, 
author of Wayside Flowers. 

Breeches-Maker, The. A name 

fiven to Daniel da Volterre, an 
talian artist. When Michael 
Angelo had finished his fresco of 
the Last Judgment, and the peo- 
ple came to examine it, a general 
murmur of disapprobation arose 
because the figures were all 
nude He refused to repaint it 
and give clothes to his men and 
women. Daniel da Volterre was 
employed to do it, and was, 
on that account, called "the 
breeches-maker. ' ' 

Brewer, The. One of the nu- 
merous nicknames bestowed on 
Cromwell by Marchamont Need- 
ham, in the latter's periodical, 
the Mercurius Pragmatic us 
(circa 1649). 

Brewer, The. A nickname given 
to Samuel Whitbread, one of 
the leaders of the Whig party 
who conducted the impeachment 
of Lord Melville, in 1805. He 
was the son and successor of an 
extensive brewer in London, and 
for many years sat in parliament 
for the "borough of Bedford. 
Melville was acquitted, and his 
friends in Edinburgh celebrated 
what they called his triumph by 
a public dinner, which was at- 
tended by Sir Walter Scott, and 
for which he wrote a song en- 
titled Health to Lord Melville. 
The closing refrain is : 



In Grenville and Spencer, 
* And some" few good men, sir, 
High talents we honor, slight differ- 
ence forgive ; ^ 
But the Brewer we'll hoax, 
Tally-ho to the Fox, 
And drink Melville forever, as long 
as we live ! 

Brewer Gabriel. A nickname 
given to Gabriel Richardson, a 
provincial brewer, and a friend 
of Burns during the Dumfries 
period of his life. He was the 
father of Sir John Richardson, 
the illustrious Arctic voyager. 
Burns was his frequent guest 
during the years 1791-96, and 
upon him he wrote his genial 
epigram, called Kpitaph of Ga- 
briel Richardson, which says : 
Here Brewer Gabriel's fire extinct, 

And empty all his barrels : 
He's blest if, as he brew'd, he 

drink 
In upright honest morals. 

Brewer of Ghent, The. A name 
bestowed on James van Arte- 
velde, a brewer by trade, who, 
having compelled the Count of 
Flanders to take refuge in 
France, formed an alliance with 
Edward III. of England, and 
strove to transfer the Flemish, 
sovereignty to the Black Prince. 
He was killed in a popular tu- 
mult at Ghent, in 1345. 

Briareus of Languages, The. 
A name applied to Cardinal 
Mezzofanti, who was acquainted 
with fifty-eight different tongues. 
Byron calls him " a walking 
polyglot ; a monster of languages ; 
a Briareus of parts of speech." 

Briareus of the King's Bench, 
The. A name given to Sir 
James Scarlett, Lord Abinger, 
by William Maginn, who 
says : 

I have grappled with that Briareus 
of the King's Bench, ex officio Jemmy 
(q. v.) as he is called, and if he 
thinks he has had the best of it, 
why, I can only say good luck to 
him. If, like the parson in Joseph 
Andrews, I should ask him. the plain 
question Pollaki toi, what's your 
name ? he would stand dumb 
mutus in cun& - not a word in liis 
jaw. 



BKI 



BEI 



Bricklayer, The. A nickname 
given to Ben Jonsou by his con- 
temporaries. Vid. Masson, Life 
of Milton (i. 326). 

Brig-ade, La. Vid. THE PLEIA- 
DES OF FRANCE. 

Bright Luminary, That. An 
epithet which Anna Seward 
frequently gives to Erasmus Dar- 
win, whose life she wrote. 

Brilliant, The. So Mrs. S. C. 
Hall, in her Pilgrimages to Eng- 
lish Shrines (p. 44), calls Rupert, 
the third son of Frederick, King 
of Bohemia. 

Brilliant Fontanges. A name 
given to Marie Angelique de 
Scoraille de Koussille, a mistress 
of Louis XIV. 

The title of Duchess of Fontanges 
was conferred on her. She ren- 
dered herself remarkable by her jew- 
'elry and by the extraordinary style 
of her head-dress, which has pre- 
served the name of Fontanges, the 
only memorial she has left to poster- 
ity of her ephemeral reign.- Bush, 
Queens of France. 

Brilliant Madman, The. Charles 
XII. of Sweden. 

Macedonia's madman, or the Swede. 
Johnson, Vanity of Human Wishes. 

Bristol Boy, The. Thomas Chat- 
terton, who was horn at Bristol. 
He is also referred to as THE 
MARVELLOUS BOY, and "Words- 
worth, in his poem Resolution 
and Independence, says : 
I thought of Chatterton, the mar- 
vellous boy, 

The sleepless soul that perished in 
his pride. 

Britain's Josiah. So King 
Charles I. is named in a royalist 
pamphlet of 1649. The full title 
is : The Subjects 9 Sorrow : or 
Lamentation upon the death of 
Britain's Josiah, King Charles, 
in a Sermon on Lam. iv. 20, by 
Dr. Juxon, Bishop of London. 

Vid. also Ellis, Original Let- 
ters (2d. ser. iii. 254), and 
Notes and Queries (1st ser. i. 
137). 

Britannicus. A nickname given 
to Marchamont Needham, in the 



Mercurius Britannicus, his Wel- 
come to Hell (1647). Vid. Wood, 
Athense Oxoniensis. 

British Aristides, The. Andrew 
Marvell is frequently thus 
called. 

British Bayard, The. A name 
given to Sir Philip Sidney. 

British Cassius, The. So Thom- 
son, in The Reasons, " Summer," 
calls Algernon Sidney, because 
of his republican principles. 
Cassius conspired against Julius 
Csesar, and Sidney was one of 
the judges that condemned 
Charles I. 

British Cicero, The. "William 
Pitt, Earl of Chatham, is some- 
times designated by this title. 

British Homer, The. John 
Milton is so called on account 
of his being afflicted with blind- 
ness, and from his position among 
the English poets. 

British Jeremiah, The. So Gib- 
bon calls Gildas, the author of 
De Excidio et Conqiiextu Bri- 
tannise. 

British Juvenal. A name some- 
times given to Charles Churchill. 
He is so called in his epitaph, 
published in The Cambridge 
Chronicle (1764). 

Our Juvenal, who, whatever might 
be the vehemence of his declama- 
tion, reflected always those opinions 
which floated about him. Disraeli, 
Quarrels of Authors. 

British Pallas, The. The Duke 
of Marlborough is designated by 
this title in Cobb's poem The 
Female Reign (vii.), reprinted in 
Dodsley's collection. 

British Pausanias, The. A 
name given to William Camden, 
the antiquary. He is also called 
THE BRITISH PLINY. 

British Poussin, The. A sobri- 
quet conferred on Kichard 
Cooper, the painter and en- 
graver, celebrated for his views 
of "Windsor. 

British Roscms, The. A name 
given to Thomas Betterton. 



BEI 



BEU 



Gibber says of Mm that "he 
alone was born to speak what 
only Shakespeare knew to 
write." 

David Garrick has also been 
called so by Dr. Wolcot, in his 
Fare 10 ell Odes to Royal Acade- 
micians (x.). 

British Samson, The. Thomas 
Topham, the son of a London 
carpenter, is so called, on ac- 
count of his great strength. On 
May 28, 1741, he lifted three 
hogsheads of water, weighing 
over 1800 pounds, in the presence 
of a crowd of spectators assem- 
bled in Bath St., Cold Bath 
Fields (Bng.). 

Brother Fountain. In the cor- 
respondence between Cromwell 
and Sir Henry Vane, the 
younger . (1G50-51, etc.), the for- 
mer is usually styled BROTHER 
FOUNTAIN, and the latter BROTH- 
ER HERON. Vid. Masson, Life 
of Milton (v. 21-2), 

Brother Heron. Sir Henry 
Vane, the younger. Vid. BROTH- 
ER FOUNTAIN. 

Brother Jonathan. Jonathan 
Trumbull, Governor of Connec- 
ticut, noted for his common- 
sense and integrity, was the 
original Brother Jonathan, the 
popular representative of the 
people of the United States. He 
was a native of Lebanon, a grad- 
uate of Harvard, a merchant, 
and for many years a member of 
the Connecticut Assembly. He 
was chosen lieutenant-governor, 
and, having espoused the popular 
cause, and having refused (1768) 
to take the oath of office en- 
joined by Parliament, he was 
elected governor the year follow- 
ing, and re-elected fourteen con- 
secutive years. He did every- 
thing in his power to secure the 
independence of the colonies, 
and was implicitly trusted and 
consulted by Washington in 
emergencies. When the General 
was sadly in want of ammunition, 
he called a council of officers, 
none of whom could offer any 



practical suggestion. ' ' We must 
refer the matter to Brother Jon- 
athan," said Washington, allud- 
ing to Trumbull, who proposed 
a way of remedying the diffi- 
culty. From that day Trumbull 
was known as Brother Jonathan, 
and in due time the name was 
applied to the whole nation. 
The governor looked a good deal 
like the symbolic caricature now 
familiar to the world. He was 
tall, gaunt, sharp-featured, and 
for full dress wore a swallow- 
tailed homespun coat, made in 
his own household, from wool 
of his own sheep, and colored 
with maple-bark procured from 
his own wood-pile. His tight 
trousers, six inches above his 
ankles, were of striped linsey- 
woolsey, spun and made by hi3 
own family. He died at seventy- 
five, universally regretted. 
Brother Martin. Dr. Wolcot, in 
his Farewcll^ Odes to Royal Acad- 
emicians (xiii.), thus calls Mar- 
tin Luther. 

Brown, The. A nickname given 
to Robert Mackay, a Gaelic 
poet, on account of his hair. 
He had but very little educa- 
tion, but acquired from oral ' 
recitation a wide and exact 
knowledge of Highland tradi- 
tions. He entered a regiment of 
Sutherland Highlanders and was 
made bard of "the force. When 
he died his remains were hon- 
ored with the burial of a chief. 

Bruce of the Fourteenth Cen- 
tury, The. A name given to 
Sir John de Mandeville by 
Disraeli, who says, in his Ameni- 
ties of Literature : 

Mandeville was the Bruce of the 
fourteenth century ; as often calum- 
niated, and even ridiculed. The 

. most ingenuous of voyagers has 
been condemned as an idle fabulist; 
the most cautious, as credulous to 
fatuity; and a volume of a genuine 
writer, which has been translated 
into every European language, has 
been formally rejected from the 
collection of authentic travels. 

Brummagem Johnson. A niok- 



BRU 

name given to Dr. Samuel Parr, 
in JMackwood's Magazine (1819), 
because he imitated Dr. Samuel 
Johnson's manner and conversa- 
tion. 

Brutus. A nickname given to 
John Felton for his assassination 
of the Duke of Buckingham, as 
he was supposed to haVe freed 
the country of a tyrant. 

Brutus of Our Bepufolic, The. 
A name given to Sir Arthur 
Hasilrig (1G60). Vid. Masson, 
Life of Milton (v. 661). 

Buck Brummel. A nickname 
given to George Bryan Brum- 
mel, when he was a school-boy. 
Vid. BEAU BBUMMEL. 

Buckinghamshire Dragon, 
The. Canning gave this nanio 
to Lord Nugent, and it is also 
employed in The Nodes Am- 
brosianse (xliv.). 

Buddha of the West, The. So 
Oliver Wendell Holmes, in a 
poem entitled Emerson (1883), 
calls the latter. 

Bufo, in Pope's Epistle to Dr. Ar- 
bitthnot, was imagined by War- 
ton to be intended as a satirical 
portrait of Lord Halifax, though 
Boscoe has shown that it cannot so 
be referred. Bufo is described as 
Fed with soft dedication, all day long. 

Bufo, in Beattie's poem On the 
Report of a Monument to be 
erected in Westminster Abbey to 
the memory of a late author, is 
intended for Charles Churchill. 

Bull-Dog- of all Cireumnavig-a- 
tors, The. So Dibdin styles 
George, Lord Anson, who 
"loved nothing better than 
tough contests by land and sea." 

Bull-Dog- of la Valliere, The. 
A name given to Abbe Jean 
Joseph Rive, who was librarian 
to the Due de la Valliere, a 
most magnificent book-collector. 
When the knowing ones at the 
duke's house were wrangling 
about some literary or biblio- 
graphical point, the duke would 
say, " Gentlemen, I'll let loose 
niy bull-dog, "and sent into them 



54 BUL 



the abbe, who speedily put 
them all to rights. The abb<? 
had great parts and great appli- 
cation; but in misapplying both 
he was his own tormentor. 

Buller of Brasenose. A name 
bestowed upon John Hughes, au- 
thor of An Itinerary of the Rhone, 
by John Wilson, in the Nodes 
AmbrosiansB. Hughes, however, 
belonged to Oriel College, Ox- 
ford, and not to Brasenose. 

Bull-faced Jonas. A nickname 
given to Sir William Jones, an 
English lawyer, and a member 
of Lincoln's Inn. He was ser- 
geant-at-law in 1669, solicitor- 
general in 1(573, attorney-gen- 
eral in 1675, and soon after 
entered Parliament as represen- 
tative of Plymouth. He was 
weary of royal persecutions, and 
such plots as the Bye House 
were a burden to his mind. He 
became chief leader in introduc- 
ing into the House of Commons 
the bill for excluding the Duke 
of York (afterwards James II.) 
from the throne. He felt, how- 
ever, that his action, while for 
the well-being of his country, 
was not consistent with the 
decorum of a servant who had, 
in times past, received positions 
from the crown. The people of 
his party, knowing him to be the 
greatest lawyer of England, and 
seeing him, who was generally 
of a very wary or rather timor- 
ous nature, take hold of the bill 
with a vehemence not natural 
to him, concluded that it was 
safe and sure. Mainly through 
his exertions it passed the House 
of Commons, but was cast out 
by the Lords through the influ- 
ence of the Bishops. This gave 
rise to one of those satirical 
State Poems, which says : 
Sir William endeavor'd, as much as 

he could, 
To shew that the Bill was for the 

Duke's good, 
For that disinherits the man we 

would kill; 
The Bishops, the Bishops have 

thrown out the bill. 



BUL 



55 



BUZ 



Later, when attending a meet- 
ing of some of the leading men 
of his party in Buckingham- 
shire, he was taken side and 
died. Naturally, he was a man 
of a morose temper, had no taste 
for flattery, and was not in favor 
of the action of his king and the 
court. He had a roughness of 
deportment that was disagree- 
able, but at heart he was a good- 
natured man. The quickness of 
his thought, and his knowledge 
carried his views far ahead of 
his contemporaries, while the 
sourness of his temper made 
him apt to suspect and despise 
most of those who came to him. 
It was Dryclen, who was given to 
flattery, and trying to win favor 
from the court, that applied the 
nickname to Jones, in his Absa- 
lom and Achilophel (lines 581, 
582), where he says: 
Not bull-faced Jonas, who could 

statutes draw 
To mean rebellion, and make treason 

law. 

Bull-necked Forger, The. So 
Oagliostro the Charlatan has 
been called. 

Bull Run Russell. A nickname 
contemptuously applied to Will- 
iam H. Russell, for many years 
special correspondent of the Lon- 
don Times, and notably during 
the Crimean War. He received 
the name because, after bitterly 
criticising the American troops 
in his correspondence to the jour- 
nal he represented, he was said 
to have been the foremost in the 
fight from the Bull Run battle- 
field. 

Bull Speaker, The. A nickname 
given to Ralph Anmer, an Eng- 
lish composer of the seventeenth 
century. VicL Hilton, Catch that 
catch can (1667). 

Bulwark of the State, The. So 
Francis Fawkes calls Henry Pel- 
ham, in A Vernal Ode, reprinted 
in Dodsley's collection. 

Bulwig", a name originally given 
to Lord Bulwer in Eraser's Mag- 



azine in 1830. Thackeray, in 
Fraser and Punch, descended to 
personal sneers against Bulwer 
and his novel PcUiam, resorting 
even to such a miserable substi- 
tute for wit as calling the author 
Btdwifj. Years after, when 
Thackeray collected his maga- 
zine articles, he announced that 
he did not know Bulwer when 
he sneered at him; still, he did 
not avoid perpetuating it, bat 
reprinted the name in his col- 
lected works. 

Buranello, II. A nickname given 
to Baldassare Galuppi, a cele- 
brated Italian composer of the 
last century, who was born on the 
Island of Burano, near Venice. 

Burchiello, II, or The Rhyming* 
Barber, was an epithet given to 
Dornenico di Giovanni (born 
1403, died 1448), an Italian satir- 
ist. His father was a barber, 
and at his shop the wits of Flor- 
ence formed a meeting-place, 
and from there carried Giovan- 
ni's verses about the city. 

Burke of our Age, The. 
Thomas Babington Macaulay is 
so called in the Nodes Ambro- 
siansz (Ivii.). 

Busy Scotch Parson, The. A 
name given by his literary and 
political opponents to Gilbert 
Burnet. 

Butcher, The (djezzar). A 
name bestowed on Achmed 
Pasha, famous for his defence 
of Acre against Bonaparte. He 
is said to have decapitated his 
seven wives all at once. 

John, ninth Lord Clifford, is 
called THE BUTCHER, and also 
THE BLACK. 

Butcher's Dog, The. So Skel- 
ton, in his poem, Why come ye 
not to Court? calls Cardinal 
Thomas "Wolsey, whose father 
was a butcher. 

Buzzard, The, in Dryden's poem 
of The Hind and the Panther 
(part iii.), is intended for Dr. 
Burnet, who was stout of body. 



CAC 



56 



CAL 



O. 



Cacus, a name applied to John 
Dennis, by Disraeli in his Calam- 
ities of Authors : 

Having incurred the public neg- 
lect, tlie blind and helpless Cacus 
in his den sunk fast into contempt, 
and dragged on a life of misery, 
and in his last days, scarcely vomit- 
ing his fire and smoke, became the 
most pitiable creature, receiving 
the alms he craved from triumphant 
genius. 

Cadenus, in Swift's poem Cade- 
niis and Vanessa, is intended for 
the author himself. The word is 
composed by transposing the 
letters in decamis, the Latin 
equivalent of a dean. Vid. VAN- 
ESSA. 

Cadenus, indeed, believe him who 
will, has assured us, that, in such a 
perilous intercourse, he himself pre- 
served the limits which were unhap- 
pily transgressed by the unfortunate 
Vanessa, his more impassioned pu- 
pil. Scott. 

Cadet-la-perle, i. e., " The Pearl 
Son." A nickname given to 
Henri de Harcourt, because he 
was the youngest son (cadet) of 
the family of Lorraine Elberef, 
and wore a pearl as an ear-ring. 
He gained his laurels in the 
French War with Spain, 1640-41. 

Cgecilius, in Lord Lytton's poem, 
Glenaveril, or the Metamorphoses 
(1885), is intended for Lord Salis- 
bury. 

Csesar of Ceesars, The. A nick- 
name given to Frederick II. of 
Germany. It was a part of his 
design to make Germany and 
Italy one great empire, and him- 
self the model of a mighty em- 
peror. 

Cain of Literature, The. This 
name is sometimes applied to 
John Henley and to Sir John 
Hill. 



Rejected by_ these learned bodies, 
both these Cains of Literature, amid 
their luxuriant ridicule of eminent 
men, still evince some claims to 
rank among them. The one prosti- 
tuted his genius in his Lectures; 
the other, in his Inspectors. JN"ever 
were two authors more constantly 
pelted with epigrams or buffeted 
in literary quarrels. Disraeli, The 
Quarrels of Authors. 

Cain's Brother. A nickname ap- 

lied, in the broadsides of the 
ay, to "William Ahell, an alder- 
man of London, and the master 
of the Vintners' Company. Vid. 
Stephen, Dictionary of National 
Biography (i.). 

Caius Gracchus. A name "by 
which Francois Noel Babeuf 
was frequently spoken of during 
the French Revolution. The 
name is derived from the pseu- 
donym which he affixed to his 
political articles during this 
period. 

Calculator, The. A sobriquet 
which is bestowed upon Alfra- 
gan, the Arabian astronomer, 
and upon Jedediah Buxton, 
George Bidder, and Zerah Col- 
burn, who were all noted for 
their wonderful mathematical 
powers. 

Caldius Biberius Mero. A nick- 
name given to the Roman Em- 
peror Lucius Domitius Nero, 
because he was a great drinker 
of wine. Vid. Puttenham, Arte 
of English Poesie (bk. iii. cap. 
19). 

Caleb, in Dryden's satire of Absa- 
lom and Achitophcl, represents 
Lord Grey of Wark, who es- 
poused the cause of the Duke of 
Monmouth. 

Caledonian Comet, The. So J. 
Taylor calls Sir Walter Scott, in 



CAL 



57 



CAP 



a work, The Caledonian Comet 
(London, 1810) . 

Calidore, in Spenser's Faerie 
Queene, is the type of courtesy, 
and represents Sir Philip Sidney. 
The word is from the Greek 
" finely endowed." 

Calomniographe of His Age, 
The. An epithet given to Ge- 
de'on Tallemant des Beaux, a 
French litterateur, and author of 
Historiettes. 

Calvinistical Pope, A. So Dis- 
raeli calls John Knox. 7id. 
THAT EBLIGIOUS MACHIAVEL. 

Calypso, in Fenelon's Aventures 
de Tele'maqtie, represents Ma- 
dame Montespan. 

Camillas. So Dryden, in his 
poem Threnodia A'tif/mtalis (line 
267), calls Charles II., King of 
England. 

Can-More, i. e., " Great-Head." 
A name given to Malcolm III., 
the eldest son of Duncan, King 
of Scotland, and the successor 
of Macbeth. 

Vid. Shakespeare, Macbeth, 
and Scott, Tales of a Grand- 
father (i. 4). 

Cantor, The. A nickname given 
to Fanny Cecile Hensel, the 
eldest of the Mendelssohn- 
Bartholdy family, "by her brother 
Felix, the celebrated composer. 

Canuni, i. e., THE LAW-GIVER 
(q. v.), is a title applied to Soly- 
man II. of Turkey. 

Capability Brown. A nickname 
given to Launcelot Brown, an 
English horticulturist of the 
eighteenth century, on account 
of his continual use of the word 
"capability," 

Capitano del Popolp, II. A 
name given to G-aribaldi, the 
Italian statesman and liberator. 

Captain- Confuter. A sobriquet 
conferred on Thomas Nash. It 
is apparently a Latinization of 
Lobbel or Lobel or lob> a clown, 
lubber. The nickname was 
given to Nash by Harvey, in his 



Pierce's Supererogation (London, 
1593), where he 'says : 

An Anatomie of the Minde, and 
Fortune, were respectively as be- 
hooved! and necessary, as any Ana- 
tomie of the Body ; but this Captain- 
Confuter (like gallant Lobbelli- 
nus in new livery) neither knoweth 
himself, nor other; yet presumeth 
lie knoweth all things, with an over- 
plus of somewhat more, in knowing 
his Railing Grammar, his Raving" 
Poetry, his Hoisting Rhetorique, and 
his Chopping Logique. 

Captain Grose. So Burns calls 
Francis Grose, the compiler of 
the well known Classical Dio 
tionary of the Vulgar Tongue. 

Captain in Lace, The. A nick- 
name given to Charles Horneck, 
brother to Goldsmith's friend 
Mar Homeck, called THE JES- 
SAMY BRIDE (q. v.). 

Captain in Music, The. So 
Francis Meres, in his Palladis 
Tamia, calls Boetius. 

Captain Louisa. A name given 
to Louisa Labe, a woman of 
various accomplishments ; viz. : 
knowledge of the classics, abil- 
ity to write verses in Latin, 
French, Spanish, Italian, author- 
ess of some poems, a fine luta- 
nist, and an excellent rider. She 
aspired to distinction in arms, 
and in male attire conducted 
herself courageously at the 
siege of Perpignan. 

Captain Bag-. A nickname given 
to Edmund Smith, the English 
poet, when he was an under- 
graduate at Oxford, partly on 
account of his being so great a 
sloven, and also from the tat- 
tered condition of his gown, 
which was always flying in rags 
about him, and to conceal which 
he wore one end of it in his 
pocket. The name clung to him, 
through life. 

Captain Whirlwind. An epi- 
thet which Carlyle, in his Life 
of John Sterling, confers on 
Edward Sterling, at one time 
editor of The London Times: 
Of Irish accent in speech he had 
entirely divested himself, so as not 



CAB 



CAR 



to be traced "by any vestige in that 
respect; but his Irish accent of 
character, in all manner of other 
more important respects, was very 
recognizable. An impetuous man, 
full of real energy, and immensely 
conscious of the- same ; who trans- 
acted everything not with the mini- 
mum of fun and noise, but with the 
maximum; a very Captain Whirl- 
wind, as one was tempted to call 
him. 

Caracci of Prance, The. A 
name given to Jean Jouvenet, 
who painted with his left hand, 
being paralyzed on the right 
side. 

Cardinal Borromeo, in Man- 
zoni's I Promessi tiposi, repre- 
sents Signor Tosi. Vid. INNO- 
MINATO. 

Cardinal Carstairs. A name 
by which William Carstairs was 
popularly known. He was chap- 
lain to the Prince of Orange, 
and, when that prince became 
"William III., lie was instru- 
mental in effecting a reconcilia- 
tion between the king and the 
Scottish Church. 

Cardinal of Atheists, The. Car- 
dinal Richelieu is frequently so 
called. Vid. THE CARDINAL OF 
HUGUENOTS. 

Cardinal of Huguenots, The. 

A nickname given to Cardinal 
Richelieu, on account of his tol- 
eration of the Protestants; but 
this toleration was simply to 
strengthen France. The atti- 
tude taken by him in the war of 
the Valtelina; the toleration 
granted to the Rochelese; his 
treaty of Montpellier with the 
Huguenots and at Mon9on with 
the Spaniards, irritated the 
Papacy, and excited the indigna- 
tion of his enemies throughout 
the country. We have an idea 
that under such an arbitrary 
government there could be no 
liberty of the press, and yet few 

Serioos have been more .rife in 
.bels. Bichelieu was called 
THE CARDINAL OF THE HUGUE- 
NOTS; THE CARDINAL OF LA 
BOCHELLE (g. v.) ; THE PONTIFF 



OF CALVINISTS (q. v.) ; THE CAR- 
DINAL OF ATHEISTS; and THE 
POPE OF THE HUGUENOTS (7.?'.). 
Still he held 011 his course, 
crushing the authors like in- 
sects, when he could find them, 
affecting to despise them when 
he could not, but never forget- 
ting them. 

Cardinal of La Rochelle, The. 
A nickname given to Cardinal 
Richelieu, who granted to the 
inhabitants of that city, which 
capitulated Oct. 29, 1628, a com- 
plete amnesty, together with 
freedom of worship. His policy 
in so doing was to strengthen 
France, by making the Hugue- 
nots feel that they formed an 
essential part of the nation, and 
as such they must be loyal sub- 
jects of the Crown. Vid. THE 
CARDINAL OF HUGUENOTS. 

Cardinal's Hangman, The. A 
nickname given to Isaac de Laf- 
femas, the public executioner 
under Cardinal Bichelieu. 

Cardinal's Right Arm, The. A 
name which Cardinal Richelieu 
gave to his confidant, Francois 
Leclerc du Tremblay (1577- 
1638), better known as FATHER 
JOSEPH. 

Carlo Buff one, in Ben Jonson's 
comedy Entry Man out of his 
Hitnwur, was Charles Chester. 
Nash, in his Pierce Pem'lesse his 
Supplicaton to the D&uill (p. 38), 
refers to him as "an odde foule- 
mouthde Knaue, called Charles, 
the Fryer." 

Carlo Khan. A nickname given 
to Charles James Fox, in. 1783, 
when he was introducing his 
famous India Bill, from the sup- 
position that he aimed to be- 
come supreme dictator of the 
East. 

Caro Sassone, II, A nickname 
given to the German composer 
Johann Adolf Hasse by the Ital- 
ians. 

Carolina Game-Cock, The. A 
nickname given to the Revolu- 
tionary General Thomas Sump- 



CAR 



59 



CAT 



ter, a fitting tribute to his gal- 
lantry and fighting qualities. 

Carotid - artery - cutting:. So 
Byron, in Don Juan (x. 59), 
calls Viscount Castlereagh. 

Carpentrasso, II. A sobriquet 
of Eliazar Genet, a composer of 
the sixteenth century. "His 
Lamentations were so favorite 
as to keep those of Palestrina 
out of the pope's chapel for 
many years." 

Casa Wappy, in David Macbeth 
Moir's poem of the same name, 
represents the author's infant 
son, who died after a short ill- 
ness. " Casa Wappy " was a 
pet name for the child. 

Casca, in Lord Lytton's poem, 
Glenaveril, or the Metamorphoses 
(1885), is intended for Joseph 
Chamberlain. 

Castara, the heroine of the poetry 
of "William Habington, is Lucia, 
the daughter of the first Lord 
Powis, and afterwards his wife. 

Cat, The. The cognizance of 
Richard III. was a boar, passant 
aryent, whence the rhyme which 
cost William Colliiigborne his 
life: 
The Cat, the Eat, and Lovel our 

Dogge, 
Bulen all England under an Hogge. " 

"The Cut" is William Cates- 
by ; " the Rat " Sir Richard Rat- 
cliff e; "Lovel, our Dogge," 
Lord Lovel; and the "Hogge," 
Richard III. Vid. also Drum- 
mond of Hawthornden, Memo- 
rials of State, An Apoloqetical 
Letter (March 2, 1035). 

Catholic, The. Alfonso I., King 
of Asturias, Ferdinand II. of 
Aragon and his wife Isabella, 
Queen of Castile, are all denom- 
inated by this sobriquet. 

Catholicos. A title conferred on 
Jean VI., a patriarch of Armenia 
in the ninth century. Vid, 
Saint-Martin, Histoire d'Arm4- 
nie par le Patriarche Jean VI. . . 
(Paris, 1841). 



Catiline Croly. So the Rev. 
George Croly is nicknamed in 
Blackwood's Magazine (1822). 

Catiline Retz. A nickname 
given to Cardinal Jean Francois 
de Retz. His individuality 
seems to have been composed of 
the most scandalous vices and 
the best qualities. He was born 
with a wonderful disposition for 
the acquiring of all sciences, and 
easily mastered the Hebrew, 
Greek, Latin, and German lan- 
guages. In his youth his love 
adventures were more of the 
head than the heart, and from a 
desire to have his exploits in 
gallantry noised abroad than 
from any strength of passion. 
His brilliant success at Sor- 
bonne, the solidity of his theo- 
logical attainments, and the 
merits of his sermons, caused 
him to be looked upon as a 
divine of the highest order; 
while the charm of his tongue 
among the fair ladies caused 
them to forget that he was a 
little, dark-complexioned, near- 
sighted, bandy-legged priest. 
He was born to be a politician or 
a conspirator; he had a strong 
and curious taste for stratagems 
and plots; and one of his con- 
temporaries tells us he dreamed 
of the career of Catiline. At 
eighteen years of age he wrote a 
history of the conspiracy of Jean 
Louis de Fiesque, in which all 
the rules of conspiracy, treason, 
and deceit are laid down. Riche- 
lieu said he was a " dangerous 
fellow," and said he had a 
"hang-dog countenance." He 
wanted to supplant Mazarin, but 
he had not the stuff of a prime- 
minister. His proper place was 
at the head of a mob. He loved 
intrigue for intrigue's sake, and, 
when he would do good for his 
country, his country would not- 
trust him, and the king feared 
him. He left behind him a 
volume of Mtfmoires, in which, 
though he was the leader of a 
cabal rather than a party, he 
has drawn pictures of his time 



CAT 



60 



GEL 



which are unrivalled for their 
vividness and quick and witty 
reflections. Even there, how- 
ever, lie has sought to deceive 
posterity about the part he 
played, and in which he failed. 

Catin du Nord, La. Elizabeth 
Petrowna, Empress of Russia. 
Vid. THE INFAMOUS. 

Cato of the Ag-e, The. An epi- 
thet applied to William Pryime. 
His activity, and the firmness and 
intrepidity of his character in public 
life, were as ardent as they were in 
his study his soul was Roman; 
and Eachard says that Charles II., 
who could not but admire his ear- 
nest honesty, his copious learning, 
and the public persecutions he suf- 
fered, and the ten imprisonments he 
endured, inflicted by all parties, dig- 
nified him with the title of the Cato 
of the Age; and one of his own 
party facetiously describes him as 
William the Conqueror, a title he 
had most hardly earned by his in- 
flexible and invincible nature. Dis- 
raeli, Calamities of Authors. 

Cautious Tyrant, The. An epi- 
thet given to Cardinal Richelieu : 
Supported only by his genius, he 
had to preserve his sway over a 
prince impatient, of a subordinate 
position; to keep under incessant 
control an aristocracy always ready 
to rebel; unblest with one brother- 
feeling; draw the support of the 
Huguenots to the state; ruling a 
nation which did not understand the 
real object of the sacrifices to which 
he obliged it, and which at first 
sight appear arbitrary and exces- 
sive; he accomplished his aim, an 
aim that can stand the searching 
scrutiny of public opinion; and 
placed France at the head of Euro- 
pean nations. To do this he worked 
cautiously, many ways at one time, 
and often underhanded. 

Cavalier Poet, The. A name 
given to John Cleveland, at one 
time a favorite and successful 
English poet, but now almost for- 
gotten. Vid. also CHEVALIER,. 

Cayaliere, II. G-iambattista Ma- 
rini, the Italian poet. 

Cavaliere del Cairo, II. Fran- 
cesco Cairo, the Italian histo- 
rian. 



Cazire, in Shelley's work entitled 
Original Poetry by Victor and 
Cazire, represents his cousin, 
Miss Grove, an accomplished 
young lady, to whom he was 
strongly attached, but with 
whom 'he was not allowed to 
communicate after his expulsion 
from college. The book was 
published in 1810, when the poet 
was scarcely seventeen years old, 
and, although the pseudonymous 
title suggests two authors, it was 
nevertheless the work of Shelley 
only. Some of the pieces are 
boldly plagiarized from Monk 
Lewis. 

Cean Poet, The. A name given 
to Sinionides, who was bom at 
Ceos. Similarly, Anacreon is 
called THE TEIAN POET, from 
his birthplace, Teos, in Ionia. 
Byron employs both sobriquets 
in his Don Juan. 

Cecilia, a character in Charles 
Auchester, a novel by Elizabeth 
S. Sheppard, is intended to rep- 
resent Mendelssohn's sister 
Fanny. 

Cecilia, who occurs in Kobert 
Schumann's musical essays, The 
Davidsbundler, is intended for 
Clara Josephine Wieck, after- 
wards Madame Schumann. 

Celimene, the heroine of Moliere's 
comedy Le Misanthrope, is said 
to have been a portrait of his 
wife, whose maiden name, was 
Armande-Gre'sinde Claire Elisa- 
beth Be j art. On the 20th of Feb- 
ruary, 1(5(>2, he married her, and, 
as he was then forty and she 
only twenty, the marriage proved 
a most unhappy one. He was 
deeply in love with his wife, but 
she was gay, fond of flattery, 
and very fascinating, which 
caused him many a sorrow. 

The relation in which Moliere stood 
with Ms wife at the time of the 
appearance of this comedy gave to 
the exhibition a painful interest. 
The levity and extravagance of this 
lady had "if or some time transcended 
even those liberal limits which were 
conceded at that day by the complai- 



GEL 



61 



CER 



sance of a French husband, and 
they deeply affected the happiness of 
the poet. . . . The respective parts 
which they performed in this piece 
correspond precisely with their re- 
spective situations; that of Celi- 
mene, a fascinating, capricious co- 
quette, insensible to every remon- 
strance of her lover, and selfishly 
bent on the gratification of her own 
appetites ; and that of Alceste, per- 
fectly sensible of the duplicity of 
his mistress, whom he vainly hopes 
to reform, and no less so of the 
worthiness of his own passion, from 
which he vainly hopes to extricate 
himself. The coincidences are too 
exact to be considered wholly acci- 
dental. Prescott, Biographical and 
Critical Miscellanies (p. 386). 
Vid, ALCESTE. 

Cellini of Printing 1 , The. A 
name given to Christopher Plan- 
tin, the celebrated Flemish typog- 
rapher, and printer of the Ant- 
werp polyglot Bible. 

Celtic Homer, The. Ossian, the 
son of Fingal, King of Mor- 
ven. 

Censor- General of Literature, 
The. So Dr. John Wolcot, in 
his poem A Benevolent Epistle to 
Sylvanus Urban, calls John 
Nichols. 

Censor of the Ag-e, The. So 

Hannay, in his tiatire and Satir- 
ists (p. 201), calls William Gif- 
ford, the author of the Jtiaviad 



Censor of the World, The. A 
name assumed by Pietro Aretino, 
an ingenious satirist but unprin- 
cipled man. He loudly trumpet- 
ed his intention of speaking evil 
when and where it pleased him. 
He proclaimed himself the 
champion of veracity, asserted 
that nothing was so damnatory 
as the truths he had to tell, and 
announced himself the Censor of 
the World, the foe of vice, the 
defender of virtue. He roughly 
treated Cardinal Gaddi, the 
Bishop of Verona, Clement VII., 
and the Prince of Farnese, but 
they made their peace with him 
and paid him homage. Vid. Sy- 



monds, Renaissance in Italy (ii. 
xv.). 

Centenary Fontenelle . A name 
given to Bernard Le Bovier de 
Fontenelle, on account of his 
age. 

Century White. An appellation 
bestowed on John White, on 
account of his First Century of 
Scandalous Malignant Priests 
(1643). For a detailed account of 
this work and its author, the 
reader is referred to Masson's 
Life of Milton (III. i. 1). 

Cepronimus, A surname be- 
stowed on Constantinus V., the 
Emperor of the East. Vid. Put- 
tenham, Arte of English Poesie 
(bk. iii. cap. 19). 

CerTberus, A. A name given to 
Pietro Aretino by J. A. Sy- 
monds, in The Renaissance in 
Italy (v.403). 

Aretino was recognized as a Cer- 
berus, to whom sops should be 
thrown. Accordingly, the custom be- 
gan of making him presents and con- 
ferring on him pensions. Then it 
was discovered that, if he used a pen 
dipped in vitriol for his enemies, he 
had in reserve a pen of gold for his 
patrons, from which the gross mud- 
honey of flatteries incessantly trick- 
led. To send him a heavy fee was 
the sure way of receiving an adula- 
tory epistle, in which the Scourge of 
Princes raised his benefactor of the 
moment to the skies. 

Cerberus of Literature, The. 
A nickname sometimes given to 
Samuel Johnson. 

Cerdon, one of the rabble leaders 
in Butler's H-udi'bras (Pt. I. ii. 
409), represents Colonel Hewson, 
a one-eyed cobbler, and after- 
wards a preacher in the Bump 
army. The poet speaks of him 
as "renown'd in song," and there 
are numerous ballads extant 
which celebrate him and his 
stall. 

Ceremonious, The. The sobri- 
quet of Peter IV. of Aragon. 

Cervetto. The nickname of Gia- 
como Bassevi, a celebrated vio- 
loncello player of the last cen- 
tury. 



CHA 



62 



CHA 



Cha-abas. A name under which. 
Louis XIV". of France figures in 
a work called M^noires Secretes 
pour servir a I'Histoire de Perse 
(Amsterdam, 1745), which 
says : 

Cha-abas had a legitimate son, 
Sephi-Mirza, and a natural son, Gia- 
fer. Almost of the same age, they 
were of opposite characters. The 
latter did not allow any occasion to 
escape of saying that he pitied the 
French being some day destined to 
obey a prince without talent, and 
so little worthy to rule them. Cha- 
abas, to whom this conduct was 
reported, was fully sensible of its 
danger. But authority yielded to 
paternal love, and this absolute 
monarch had not sufficient strength 
to impose his will upon a son who 
abused his kindness. Finally, Gia- 
fer so far forgot himself one day as 
to strike Sephi-Mirza. Cha-abas is 
at once informed of this. He trem- 
bles for the culprit, but, however 
desirous he may be of feigning to 
ignore this crime, what he owes to 
himself and to his crown, combined 
with the noise this action has made 
at court, will not allow him to pay 
regard to his affection. 
Champion for Homer, Our. A 
nickname given to Nicholas Des- 
preaux Boileau, on account of 
his defence of the classics, es- 
pecially Homer. This epithet 
was applied to him by M. de 
Valincour, in his eulogy on 
Boileau before the French Acad- 
emy. 

Champion of Human Law, 
The. So Arber calls John Sel- 
den: 

It fell to his lot to lire in a time 
when the life of England was con- 
vulsed, for years together, beyond 
precedent; when men searched after 
the ultimate and essential conditions 
and frames of human society ; when 
each strove fiercely for his rights, 
and then dogmatically asserted 
them. Amidst immense, preposter- 
ous, and inflated assumptions; 
through the horrid tyranny of the 
system of thorough ; in the exciting 
debates of Parliament; in all the 
storm of Civil War; in the still 
fiercer jarring of religious sects; 
amidst all the phenomena of that 
age, Selden clung to " The Law of 
the Kingdom." 



Chancelier du Parnasse, Le, 
i. e., THE CHANCELLOR, OF PAR- 
. NASSUS. A name given to Jean 
le Bond d'Alembert, the French 
mathematician and philosopher. 
Gilbert, the satirist, gave him 
the name, and says : 
Ce froid d'Alembert, chancelier du 

Parnasse, 
Qui se croit un grand homme, et fit 

une preface. 

Chancellor of Human Nature, 
The. A name given to Lord 
Clarendon by Warbiirton. 

Chanticleere, The. So G-eorge 
Wither, in his poem The Great 
Assises holden in Parnassus 
(1645), calls John Taylor, the 
Water Poet. 

Charlatan Gas, in Disraeli's 
novel of Vivian Grey, is sup- 
posed to represent George Can- 
ning. 

Charles James Grantly, in An- 
thony Trollope's novel Warden, 
is intended for Bishop Bloom- 
field of London. 

Charmer of the World, The. 

An epithet applied to Sir Walter 
Scott, by Horace Smith, in a 
poem, written in the neighbor- 
hood of Abbotsford during the 
last illness of the novelist, called 
Invocation, in which he says : 
Spirits of Earth and Air of Light 

and Gloom! 
Awake! arise! 
Restore the victim you have made 

relume 

His darkling eyes. 
Wizards! be all your magic skill 

unfurPd 

To charm to health the Charmer of 
the World. 

Chartist, The. A name be- 
stowed on Thomas Cooper, the 
English poet, who, in his Wise 
&aws and Modern Instances, etc., 
has demanded radical changes in 
the government. 

Chartist Parson, The, is a name 
similarly given to Charles Kings- 
ley, in reference to the socialistic 
opinions which he at one time 
entertained. 



CHA 



63 



CHI 



Chaucer of Artists, The. A 
nickname given to Albert 
Diirer, a man of most agreeable 
conversation, a lover of mirth, 
yet virtuous and wise, and one 
who never employed his art in 
obscene representations, which 
were then the fashion. 

Cheapside Knight, The. A so- 
briquet which the wits of his 
day applied to Sir Richard Black- 
more, author of The Creation. 
He followed the profession of a 
physician and resided at Sadler's 
Hall, Cheapside. William III. 
knighted him in acknowledg- 
ment of his political opinions ; 
and Pope has preserved his 
memory in various satirical allu- 
sions. 

Cheeryble Brothers, The, in 
Dickens' novel of Nicholas Nick- 
leby, are generally identified 
with the Brothers Grant, the 
cotton-mill owners of Manches- 
ter. 

Chelonis, in Southerne's tragedy 
of The Spartan Dame, is said to 
represent Mary, the wife of Will- 
iam III. of England. 

Cheronean Sage, The. So Beat- 
tie, in his poem The Minstrel 
(ii. xxxvi.), calls Plutarch. 

Cherub Dicky. So Fitzgerald, 
in his Neio History of the Eng- 
lish Star/e, calls Eichard Suett, 
the comedian. 

Chevalier, Le. A name given to 
Charles Breydel, the Flemish 
landscape-painter. Vid. also THE 
CAVALIER. 

Chevalier, The. So Churchill, 
in his poem The (jfhost (iv. 204), 
calls John Taylor, a quack ocu- 
list: 

As well prepared, beyond all doubt, 
To put in eyes as put them out. 

Chevalier Bayard of Our His- 
tory, The. A sobriquet con- 
ferred on Sir Philip Sidney. 
Vid. Arber, An English Garner 
(i. 491). 

Chevalier d'lSon, Le. Eon de 
Beaumont, the French warrior. 



Chevalier de St. George, Le. 

James Francis Edward Stuart. 

Vid. THE PRETENDERS. 
Chevalier sans Peur et sans 

Reproche, Le. An epithet 

commonly applied to Pierre du 

Terrail, Chevalier de Bayard. 
Chian Father, The. So Aken- 

side, in one of his odes, terms 

Homer. 

Chiara, who occurs in Robert 
Schumann's musical essays, The 
Davidsbundler, is intended for 
Clara Josephine Wieck, after- 
wards Madame Schumann. 

Child of Fancy, The. A name 
sometimes given to Edmund 
Spenser. 

Child of Hell, A. An epithet 
applied to Ezzolino of Vicenza, 
a tyrant of Padua, by Ariosto, 
in his Orlando Furioso (iii. 33), 
who says : 
Fierce Ezelin, that most inhuman 

lord, 
Who shall be ' deemed by men a 

child of hell. 

Child of Nature, The. A name 
given to Oliver Goldsmith. 

Poor Goldsmith, the child of Na- 
ture, could not resist attempting to 
execute martial law, by caning the 
critic; for which being blamed, he 
published a defence of himself in 
the papers. Disraeli, Calamities of 
Authors. 

Child of the Ausonian Muse, 
The. A title given to Edmund 
Spenser. 

Spenser, the father of so many 
poets, is himself the child of the 
Ausonian Muse. Disraeli, The Lit- 
erary Character. 

Chinese Gordon. A nickname. 

g'ven to General Charles George 
ordon. In 1861 when Hung-tsue- 
schuen was leading the rebel- 
lious Chinese on to victory, driv- 
ing the army of the government 
before him, and, having cap- 
tured Nankin, established him- 
self in royal state, and pro- 
claimed himself as ruler, the 
king applied to the British gov- 
ernment to send them an officer 



CHI 64 

fit to take command and quell 
the rebellion. Gordon was sent, 
and at once purged the army of 
incompetent officers, improved 
the discipline, and then, instead 
of acting on the defensive as the 
Chinese had done, he carried the 
war into the enemy's country. 
Fighting his way through tre- 
mendous obstacles, hampered by 
treachery and jealousies in his 
own camp scarcely less than by 
the fire of the enemy, he com- 
pletely crushed a most formi- 
dable rebellion and restored order 
and peace to the empire. What 
is perhaps the most striking in 
Gordon's career in China is the 
entire devotion with which the 
soldiery served him, and the im- 
plicit faith they had in the result 
of operations in which he was 
personally present. In their eyes 
he was literally a magician, to 
whom all things were possible. 
They believed him to bear a 
charmed life. He was made a 
mandarin of the first rank, but he 
declined all pecuniary reward, 
and, after the rebellion, remained 
in the country only long enough 
to disband his army. His ex- 
ploits received no official recog- 
nition whatever in England, ex- 
cepting the promotion of one 
grade. In 1880 lie was again 
called by the Chinese govern- 
ment to Pekin to give his advice 
in regard to the threatened 
war between that country and 
Russia, and there is little doubt 
that Ins counsel averted the war. 

Chits, The. In Lady Russell's 
Letters, under date of June 12, 
1680, occurs the following pas- 
sage : 

The three chits go down to Al- 
thorpe, if they canl)e spared. 

"The Chits" is a nickname 
bestowed on the three chief min- 
isters of that period, Laurence 
Hyde, Godolphin, and Suncler- 
land, the last being the owner 
of Althorpe. There is an old 
political ballad containing the 
lines : 



CHR 



But Sunderland, Godolphin, Lory, 
These will appear such chits in story, 
'Twill turn all politics to jests, etc. 

Chloe, in Pope's Moral Essays 
(ii.), represents Lady Suffolk, 
the mistress of George II., who 
had offended the author by neg- 
lecting to confer some favor 
upon Swift. Lord Chester field 
describes her as "placid, good- 
natured, and kind-hearted^ but 
very deaf, and not remarkable 
for wit." Vid. CLOE. 

Choleric Herault, A. An epi- 
thet bestowed on Ralph Brooke, 
the herald of the county of 
York in the beginning of the 
seventeenth century, and an 
opponent of Camden. 

Chouan, Le, 2. e., THE OWL. A 
nickname given to Jean Cotte- 
reau, a leader of the unorgan- 
ized legitimists who carried on 
a kind of guerilla-warfare in 
Bretagne and Poitoti, in 1793. 
They attempted to put down the 
revolution and restore the Bour- 
bons to the throne. His fol- 
lowers were called Chouans. 
Vid. THE GREAT BULLET- 
HEAD. 

Christian Atticus, The. Regi- 
nald Heber, Bishop of Calcutta. 
Vid, ATTICUS. 

Christian Cicero, The. Lucius 
Coelius Lactantius, an eminent 
Christian father of the fourth 
century, who obtained this name 
for his many writings in vindica- 
tion of Christianity. 

Christian Philosopher, The. A 
nickname given to Dr. Thomas 
Dick, the Scotch philanthropic 
theologian and scientist, from 
his efforts to demonstrate the 
compatibility and harmony of 
all true philosophy with the 
Christian plan of redemption 
and the life to come, and from 
the success with which he has 
explained the philosophy of re- 
ligion. 

Christian Seneca, The. A name 
applied to Bishop Joseph Hall 
of Norwich, from liis senten- 



CHE 



65 



CLA 



tious manner of writing. Gran- 
ger says that " he was justly 
celebrated for his piety, wit, and 
learning." Vid. THE ENGLISH 
SENECA. 

Christian Virgil,' The. Marco 
Girolamo Vida, the author of 
Christias, in imitation of Vir- 
gil's JSneid, is so called. 

Chronomastix, in Ben Jonson's 
masque of Time Vindicated 
(1623), is probably intended to 
represent George Wither. Vid. 
Masson's Life of Milton (i. 370). 

Chrononhotontholog"us. 
A nickname given to General 
John Burgoyne, on account of a 
pompous address which he de- 
livered to the American Indians 
during the Revolutionary War. 

Chrysologos. St. Peter, Bishop 
of Ravenna. Vid. THE GOLDEN- 
TONGUED. 

Chrysostom of Christ's Col- 
lege, The. A title given to 
Henry More, author of The 
Mystery of Godliness and other 
works. 

Cicero of France, The. Jean 
Baptiste Massillon is frequently 
thus termed. 

Cicero of Germany, The, So 
Carlyle terms Johann III., 
Elector of Brandenburg. Jo- 
hann Sturm, the German savant, 
is sometimes called THE GEK- 
MAN CICERO. 

Cicero of the British Senate, 
The. George Canning received 
this name, on account of his 
oratorical powers. 

Cicero's Mouth. Philippe Pot, 
prime minister of Louis XI. 
Vid. LA BOUCHE DE CICERON. 

Cid, The. An Arabic word signi- 
fying "Lord," perhaps a corrup- 
tion of Said. The name is usual- 
ly applied to Don Koderigo 
Laynez, Buy Diaz, Count of 
Bivar. 

Cieco, n, ?'. e, } THE BLIND. A 
sobriquet bestowed on Francesco 
Bello, and the Italian poet 
Luigi Groto. 



Cigmis de Corde Benignus. So 
Gower styles Thomas Wood- 
stock, Duke of Gloucester, who 
had a swan as supporter of his 
arms. 

Cincinnatus of the West, The. 
George Washington is so called 
by Byron, in his Ode to Napoleon 
(xix. 6). 

Circe of the Revolution, The. 
A nickname given to Madame 
Roland, on account of her influ- 
ence, especially over the Giron- 
dists : 

The power of her personal charms 
was great, but that of her voice was 
greater. Those who heard it once 
could never forget its low clear ring, 
so mellow and so deep. Her talents 
were great, but, greater was her 
spirit, Bold as a hero's, but with ail 
the tenderness of a woman. It was 
her genuineness which made her 
great and gave her influence, and in 
all history there is nothing more re- 
markable than the influence of this 
engraver's daughter. 

Citizen King 1 , The. A name 
given to Louis Philippe of 
France, because the citizens of 
Paris elected him in 1830. 

Citizen Thelwall. A nickname 
given to John Thelwall, an Eng- 
lish lecturer on politics and po- 
litical history, and a reformer. 
He was tried for high-treason 
for some of his utterances, and 
acquitted, in 179i. 

City Bard, The. So John Dry- 
den, in his Preface to the Fables, 
calls Sir Richard Blackmore. 

City Laureate, The. A title 
given to Elkanah Settle, the 
poet. 

Clarinda is the name tinder which 
a Mrs. Maclehose corresponded 
for some time with Robert 
Burns, who had met her in Ed- 
inburgh, at the house of a com- 
mon friend. 

Classic Hallam. So Byron, in 
his English Bards, designates 
Henry Hallam, the historian and 
essayist. 

Classic Bambler, The. So Dr. 
Wolcot, in his Epistle to James 



CLA 66 

Boswell, calls Dr. Samuel John- 
son. 

Classic Shefaeld. So Lord By- 
ron, in his English Bards and 
Scotch Reviewers (line 425), calls 
James Montgomery. 

Clemens Non Papa. The sobri- 
quet of Jacques Clement, ^one of 
the most renowned musicians of 
the sixteenth century, " The 
sobriquet itself is a proof of the 
reputation of the man, since it 
was intended to distinguish him 
from Pope Clement VI., and in 
one of the chief collections of 
the time he is styled 'Nobilis 
Clemens non Papa/ " Grove. 

Clemente, La. A sobriquet ap- 
plied to Elizabeth Petrowna, 
Queen of Bussia. 

Cleon. So Byron, in his poem 
Childish Recollections, calls Ed- 
ward Noel Long. 

Clerante. A character in Charles 
Sorel's Extramyant Shepherd, 
which represents G-aston d* Or- 
leans. 

Clio. A nickname given by his 
contemporaries to Joseph Addi- 
son, from his letters in The Spec- 
tator under this pseudonym. 

Cliquot. A nickname given to 
Frederick William IV., King of 
Prussia, from his fondness of 
champagne, the sobriquet being 
the name of a celebrated brand. 

Cloe. So Prior calls Mrs. Cent- 
livre. Vid. CHLOE. 

Clopinel, or THE HOBBLER, is a 
name given to Jean de Meung, 
who wrote the sequel of the 
Rom aunt de la Hose, at the be- 
ginning of the fourteenth cen- 
tury. 

Clove. A character in Ben Jon- 
son's Every Man Out of his Hu- 
mour, drawn to satirize John 
Marston, the English, play- 
wright. 

Clownish Sycophant, The. So 
Lord Byron, in a note to the ded- 
ication of stanza vi.of Don Juan, 
calls William Wordsworth. 



COA 



Clumsy Curate of Clapham, 
The. So Churchill is called by 
Foote, Vid. THE PROTEUS. 

Coal-heaver Preacher, The. A 
name frequently given to Will- 
iam Huntington, born in the 
Weald of Kent, where his father 
was a day-laborer. The boy 
worked in various ways, and 
while he was employed at one 
place he carried coals on the 
river, at ten shillings a week 
(hence the nickname). He felt 
that he was called to preach and 
became an Arminian preacher. 
It suited his purpose to represent 
himself as living under the spe- 
cial favor of Providence, and 
thus he was able to work upon 
the credulity of those whom he 
could persuade to believe in 
him. His popularity increased 
with a certain part of the people. 
His friends settled him in a 
country-house, stocked his gar- 
den and farm, built him a chapel, 
presented him with a coach and 
pair of horses, and subscribed to 
pay the taxes of both. His wife 
died, and he married Lady Saun- 
derson, the widow of the Lord 
Mayor. His sermons were some- 
times of two hours' duration, but 
were more like talking or story- 
telling. He excelled in extem- 
pore eloquence. Having for- 
mally announced his text, he 
laid his Bible aside, and never 
referred to it again, as he had 
every possible text and quota- 
tion at his fingers' ends. He in- 
dited his own epitaph, in these 
words : 

Here lies the Coal-heaver, 
Beloved of his God, but abhorred of 

men. 

The Omniscient Judge 
At the Grand Assize shall rectify and 

Confirm this to the 
Confusion of many thousands; 
For England and its Metropolis shall 

know 

That there hath been a prophet 
Among them. 

Coal-master, The. Lord Dur- 
ham is so called in the Noctes 
Ambrosianse (Ixix,), because his 



COB 



67 



COL 



property consisted largely of 
coal-mines. 

Cobbett of Ms Day, The. A 
name bestowed on Marchamont 
Needham, an English political 
writer. Disraeli, in his Cariosi- 
ties of Literature, says lie was 
"the great patriarch of news- 
paper writers, a man of versatile 
talents and more versatile poli- 
tics; a bold adventurer, and 
most successful because the 
most profligate of his tribe." 

Cobbler Laureates, The. So 
Lord Byron, in his Hints from 
Horace (line 734), calls the broth- 
ers Robert and Nathaniel Bloom- 
field. 

Cobbling- "Wonder of Ashbur- 
ton, The. So Dr. John Wolcot, 
in his postscript to Lord Auck- 
land's Triumph, calls William 
Gifford. 

Cocher de 1'Europe, Le. A 
name bestowed by the Empress 
of Russia on the Due de Choiseul, 
minister of Louis XV., because 
he ruled the politics of Europe 
through his innumerable spies. 

Cock of the North, The. A 
name given to the Duke of Gor- 
don on a monument erected to 
his memory at Fochabers, in 
Aberdeenshire. 

Cock-eye. A nickname given 
by his soldiers to General Benja- 
min F. Butler, on account of one 
of his eyes being afflicted with 
strabismus. 

Codrus. A nickname applied to 
Elkanah Settle, by Pope, in his 
earliest satire, To the Author of 
a Poem entitled " SucGessio,*' 
where he says : 
Sure Bavius copied Maevius to the 

full, 

And Chaerilus taught Codrus to be 
dull. 

Cceur Bas, Le, i. e., THE BASE 
HEART. A nickname given to 
Jean Baptiste Lully. Vid. UN 

T-EKEBKEUX. 



Co3ur de Lion, or THE LION- 
HEARTED, a surname bestowed 



on King Richard I., for his 
bravery. 

Louis VIII. of France and 
Boleslas I, of Poland are some- 
times similarly designated. 

Coffee-house Muse, The. Char- 
lotte Bourette. Vid. LA MUSE 

LlMONADIERE. 

Cole, Mrs., who occurs in Foote's 
play The Minor, is intended for 
Mrs. Douglass, a notorious per- 
son of the last century, who re- 
sided " at the north-east corner 
of Covent Garden." 

Coleorton, who occurs in Words- 
worth's sonnet xxix., was a man 
named Mitchell. 

Colin Clout, in Spenser's poem of 
Colin Clout's Come Home Again, 
represents the author himself, 
who had returned from a visit to 
Sir Walter Raleigh. 

He is so called by Pope, in the 
latter 's second pastoral, Summer 
(line 39) ; by Mason, in his monody 
MULSSRU&; and Thomas Edwards, 
in Ms L'Enroy to Cephalus and 
Procris (1595) , says : 

Collyn was a mighty swain. 

Colline. Jean Wallon, the an- 
thor of Le Clerye de '89, etc., was 
the original of the philosopher 
Colline, the comic hero of Mur- 
ger's Scenes de la Vie de Boheme* 

Colon, one of the rabble leaders 
in Butler's Hudibras (Pt. I. ii. 
441), represents Noel Perryan, 
also called JSTed Perry, a hostler, 
of low moral character, who 
loved bear-baiting. 

Colonel Cyril Thornton, who 
appears in the Noctes Ambro- 
sianss (xxxiii.), is intended for 
Captain Thomas Hamilton, the 
author of a novel entitled The 
Youth and Manhood of Cyril 
Thornton QSffl). 

Colonel Grogg. A nickname 
given to Sir Walter Scott by his 
youthful associates. Lockhart, 
in his Life of Seott, says: 

This was called by way of excel- 
lence The Club, and I believe It 
continues under the same name to 



COL 

this day. Here, too, Walter had 
his sobriquet ; and his corduroy 
breeches, I presume, not being as 
yet worn out it was Colonel 
Grogg. 



68 CON 



Colonel Newcome. Major Car- 
miohael Smith, the second hus- 
band of Thackeray's mother, is 
believed to have been the proto- 
type of this character. 

Colossus, A. An epithet some- 
times given to Cardinal Kiche- 
lieu, on account of his great 
power. Mrs. Porbes Bush, in 
her Queens of France (ii. 103), 
says : 

As long as Richelieu had been of 
service to her, Marr de Medicis pro- 
tected and assisted in aggrandizing 
him, but when she saw the power of 
this Colossus, she was afraid of her 
work; his influence excited her re- 
sentment, which grew at length into 
hatred, and she determined on his 
fall. 

Colossus of English Philology, 
The, A nickname given to 
Samuel Johnson, on account of 
his dictionary, by Dibdin, in his 
Library Companion, where he 
says : 

At length rose the Colossus of 
English Philology, Samuel John- 
son; having secretly and unremit- 
tingly formed his style upon the 
basis of that of Sir Thomas Browne. 

Colossus of Independence, 
The. An appellation given to 
John Adams, on account of his 
influence and efforts for colo- 
nial independence, in the Conti- 
nental Congress. 

Colossus of Literature, A. A 
name given to Bishop William 
"Warburton, on account of his 
great learning. 

When Warburton was considered 
as a Colossus of Literature, Ralph, 
the political writer, pointed a severe 
allusion to the awkward figure he 
makes in these Dedications. The 
Colossus himself creeps between the 
legs of the late Sir Kobert Sutton; 
in what posture, or for what pur- 
pose, need not be explained. Dis- 
raeli, Quarrels of Authors, 



Columella, in Richard Graves' 
novel of she same name, repre- 
sents the poet Shenstone. 

Commander of the Faithful, 
The. This title was assumed 
by Omar I., and retained by the 
caliphs, his successors. 

Commentator, The. A name 
given to Averroes, a physician 
and philosopher of the twelfth 
century, who wrote a commen- 
tary upon Aristotle. 

Common Sense. A nickname 
given to Oliver Goldsmith in a 
political squib in a newspaper. 
Vid. SIR CHARLES EASY and THE 
LITERARY CASTOR. 

Commonwealth Didapper, Tlie. 
A name given to Murchamont 
Needham, in The Character of 
the Rump (1(>(>0), a scurrilous 
pamphlet. Vid. Masson, Life of 
Milton (v. 659 and 071). 

Compirito, II. Pope Nicholas 
III. was so called. Vid. THE 
ACCOMPLISHED. 

Comte de Gondreville, Le, in 
Balzac's novel of Une Tf neb reuse 
Affaire, represents the Count 
Clement de Bis, whose mysteri- 
ous adventure in 1800 puzzled 
Europe for years. 

Comus of Poetry, The. A 
name sometimes given to Lord 
Byron. 

Conacher. A character in Scott's 
Fair Maid of Perth, whose char- 
acter the writer founded upon 
that of his brother, Daniel Scott. 
He was the scapegrace of the 
Scott family, whose character 
was in the last degree imprudent, 
and whose fate was disastrous. 
In the West Indies he disgraced 
himself by cowardice. Upoa 
his death the novelist put on no 
mourning, as he had already 
disowned him a conduct, how- 
ever, that lie regretted after- 
wards, thinking he had been 
too bitter and harsh against a 
brother. 

Confidant, The. A nickname 
given to Johann Wolfgang von 



CON 



69 



COP 



Go the by some of his neighbors, 
afier he had separated from 
Annette and Gretchen, concern- 
ing which, in has Autobiography 
(part iii. book 13), he says' : 

But men will live; and hence I 
take an honest interest in others ; I 
sought to disentangle their embar- 
rassments, and to unite what was 
about to part, that they might not 
have the same lot as myself. They 
were hence accustomed to call me 
the confidant, and, on account of 
wandering about the district, the 
wanderer. In producing that calm 
for my mind, which I felt under the 
open sky, in the \alleys, on the 
heights, *in the fields, and in the 
woods, the situation of Frankfort 
was serviceable, as it lay in the 
middle between Darmstadt and 
Hamburg. I accustomed myself to 
live on the road, and, like a mes- 
senger, to wander about between 
the mountains and the flat country. 
More than ever was I directed to 
the open world and to free nature. 
On my way I sang to myself strange 
hymns and dithyrambics, of which 
one, entitled "The Wanderer's 
Storm-Song " (Wanderers Sturm- 
lied), still remains. This half-non- 
sense I sang aloud, in an impas- 
sioned manner, when I found myself 
in a terrific storm, which I was 
obliged to meet. 

Conqueror, The. The following 
personages have been vested in 
this sobriquet : 
Alexander the Great ; Alfonso 

I. of Portugal; Aurungzebe the 
Great ; James I. of Aragon ; Os- 
man I. of Turkey; Pizarro, the 
Conqueror of Peru: Soleyman 

II. of Turkey; and, lastly, Will- 
iam, Duke of Normandy, who 
subdued England. 

Consequential Jackson. A 
popular nickname given to 
William Jackson at the Univer- 
sity of Oxford. Dr. John Wol- 
cot, in his Sony of Dhappoiiit- 
ment, alludes to him as fol- 
lows : 
But after this grand operation 

Of clipping and wigging, I trow, 
Sore balk'd was poor Con's exalta- 
tion, 

But why, none with certainty 
know. 



Constable de Bourbon. A so- 
briquet conferred upon Charles, 
Due du Bourboimais, a celebrated 
though unfortunate French 
commander of the sixteenth cen- 
tury. 

Contemplateur, Le. A nick- 
name given to Moliere, the 
French dramatist, by his friend 
Boileau. His humor was always 
perfectly comic, but his face in- 
dicated a melancholy, sad, and 
pensive man. His physiog- 
nomy betrayed a tragic rather 
than a comic poet. 

Conversation Cooke. A nick- 
name given to William Cooke, 
a newspaper writer, and author 
of Conversation, a didactic 
poem. 

Conversation Sharp. A name 
given to Eichard Sharp, the 
critic. 

Converted Jacobin, The. So 
Lord Byron, in a note to the 
dedication of stanza vi. of Don 
Juan, calls William Words- 
worth. 

Converter, The. A title be- 
stowed on Bernard de Galen, 
who was Bishop of Munster in 
the seventeenth century. 

In his charitable violence for con- 
verting Protestants, he got himself 
into such celebrity that he appears 
to have served as an excellent sign- 
post to the inns of Germany; was 
the true church militant; and his 
figure was exhibited according to 
the popular fancy. His head was 
half mitre and half helmet; a crosier 
in one hand and a sabre in the 
other ; half rochet and half a cuirass ; 
he was made performing mass as a 
dragoon on horseback, and giving 
out the charge when he ought the 
Ite missa est . Disraeli, Curiosities 
of Literature. 

Copernicus, A. A nickname 
given, by Charles Lamb to 
George Dyer. Vid. AN ARCHI- 
MEDES. 

Copper-Face. One of the nu- 
merous epithets bestowed on 
Cromwell, by Marchamont Need- 
nam,in the latter's periodical, The 



COP 70 

Mercurius Pragmaticus (circa 
1649). 

Copper-Nosed Saint, The. A 
nickuame given to Oliver Crom- 
well, in The Dignity of Kingship 
Asserted . . . (London,. 1660). 
Vid. Masson, Life of Milton 
(v. 091-2). 

Coquette, The, in Hannah Fos- 
ter's novel entitled The Coquette, 
or the History of Eliza Wharton 
(pub. 1855), was Miss Elizabeth 
"Whitman. 

Coquin TenelDreux, Un, i. e., 
A DARK KNAVE. An epithet 
given to Jean Baptiste Lully, an 
Italian composer, but long resi- 
dent of France. An old Fran- 
ciscan monk gave the gifted but 
mischievous child some elemen- 
tary musical instructions. He 

' was then taken to France, where 
he entered the service of Mile. 
de Montpensier. He there re- 
paid his mistress for her kind- 
ness by writing a satirical song 
at her expense, for which she 
promptly dismissed him. He 
then procured a position in the 
king's band, and afterwards was 
advanced to the position of com- 
poser to the orchestra and several 
other lucrative posts. Mean- 
while he studied under the best 
musicians, and lost no opportu- 
nity of ingratiating himself with 
men of rank a useful process, 
for which he had a special gift. 
He finally reached the highest 
appointments that could be given 
by the king, but neither his in- 
creasing reputation nor his lucra- 
tive positions could appease his 
insatiable ambition. With all 
his genius, he possessed neither 
honor nor morals, and would 
resort to any base expedient to 
rid himself of a rival, on which 
account he was called Le C&ur 
Bas, Le Bou/on Odieux, and 
Un Coquin Te'n^breux. He 
was extremely avaricious, and 
amassed a large fortune, while 
his wife and children were as 
parsimonious as himself. Yet, 



COB 

with all his faults, he did much 
to elevate music in France. 
Corah, in Dryden's satire of Absa- 
lom and Achitophel, represents 
Titus Gates. ( Vid. Numbers 
xvi.). North describes him as a 
short ugly man, whose forehead, 
cheek-bones, and chin would fall 
within the circumference of a 
circle of which the mouth forms 
the centre. 
Sunk were his eyes, his voice was 

harsh and loud; 
Sure signs he neither choleric was 

nor proud ; 
His long chin proved his wit; his 

saint-like grace 
A church vermilion, and a Moses* 

face; 

His memory, miraculously great, 
Could plots, exceeding man's belief, 

repeat. 

Corannus, in Harrington's Oce- 
ana, represents Henry VIII. 

Corinna. Dryden gave this name 
to Mrs. Elizabeth Thomas. This 
lady " transferred Pope's early 
letters to Curll for publication," 
and suffered therefor in The 
Dunciad. Vid. also Notes and 
Queries (1st ser. xii. 277-279). 

Corinne. A name by which Ma- 
dame de Stael was and still is fre- 
quently spoken of, on account of 
her novel by that name. 

Corinth's Pedag-og-ue, referred 
to by Lord Byron, in his Ode to 
Napoleon Bonaparte (xiv.), is in- 
tended for Dionysitis the 
Younger, who, on being ban- 
ished twice from Syracuse, re- 
tired to Corinth and turned 
schoolmaster for a subsistence. 

Corn-Law Bhymer, The. A 
sobriquet applied to Ebenezer 
Elliott, author of Corn-Law 
Rhymes, a collection of poems 
which aided materially in rous- 
ing the public spirit against the 
notorious British corn-laws. Car- 
lyle says : 

Is not the corn-law rhymer already 
a king? 

Corneille of Germany, The. 
Andreas Griphius, a Silesian 
dramatist of the seventeenth 



COK 



71 



COR 



century, is frequently thus des- 
ignated, Vid. THE FATHER OF 
THE MODERN GERMAN DRAMA. 

Corneille of tlie Boulevards, 
The. A nickname given to 
Rene" Guilbert de Pixe're'court, 
the French dramatist and foun- 
der of the Spde'te des Biblio- 
philes Fran9ais, by Lang, in his 
Books and Bookmen (1886 p. 
75), who says: 

Can a woman be a bibliophile? is 
a question which was once discussed 
at the weekly breakfast party of 
Guilbert de Fixerecourt, the famous 
book-lover and playwright, the Cor- 
neille of the Boulevards. 

Corner Memory Thompson. 
A nickname given to John 
Thompson, a native of St. Giles, 
London, where his father was a 
green-grocer. The boy carried a 
salad to the house of an under- 
taker, who was attracted by his 
ready and active manner, and 
hired him. as an errand-boy. He 
next became assistant, then mar- 
ried his master's daughter, and 
thus obtained property. This 
was his start in life, and enabled 
him to commence business as an 
auctioneer, by which he amassed 
considerable wealth, and then 
retired to a cottage near Hamp- 
stead Church. From there he 
frequently went to town in his 
chariot to collect curiosities for 
his house. He possessed a won- 
derful memory, and would, by 
reading a newspaper over-night, 
repeat the whole of it the next 
morning. He was designated 
Corner Memory Thompson for 
his having, for a bet, drawn a 
plan of St. Giles parish from 
memory, at three sittings, speci- 
fying every coach-turning, stable- 
yard, and public pump, and like- 
wise the corner shop of every 
street. He gained some notoriety 
by presenting to the queen a 
carved bedstead, reputed once to 
have belonged to Cardinal Wol- 
sey, and some other antique fur- 
niture. 

Cornish Poet, The. The popular 
appellation of John Harris, the 



son of a miner, and himself em- 
ployed in the Dolcoath Mine for 
nearly twenty years. He wrote 
Lays from the Mine, the Mere, 
and the Mountain (1853), and 
many other poems. 

Camden, in his Remames Con- 
cerning Bntaine, quotes a collec- 
tion of Rhymes for Mrrry Eng- 
land, by Michael, "the Cornish 
Poet," who flourished at the 
beginning of the thirteenth cen- 
tury. 

Cornish Wonder, The. A name 
given to John Opie, the painter, 
who was born in Cornwall. 

Corrector, The. Alexander Cru- 
den. Vid. ALEXANDER THE COR- 
RECTOR. 

Correg-gio of Sculpture, The. 
A nickname given to Jean Gou- 
jon. Many of his works are still 
seen in Paris, where they remind 
the beholder of the simple and 
sublime beauties of the antique 
style. He was killed in the 
massacre of St. Bartholomew. 

Correg-gio of the Violin, The. 
A sobriquet bestowed on Pierre 
Bode by the French. Vid. Phip- 
son, Biographical Sketches and 
Anecdotes of Celebrated Violinists 
(p. 95). 

Corsica Boswell. A nickname 
given to James Boswell, on 
account of his having written a 
History of Corsica. Prior, in 
his Life of Goldsmith, says : 

. . . Boswell having just returned 
from the Stratford Jubilee, where he 
had incurred no little ridicule by ex- 
hibiting himself in. the character of a 
Corsican, by publicly reciting verses 
upon the occasion, and by wearing a 
placard of " Corsica Boswell" in 
his hat. 

Corsica Paoli. A sobriquet be- 
stowed upon Pasquale de Paoli, 
a native of Corsica, who took a 
prominent part in the wars of 
his country against Genoa and 
France. He was subsequently 
exiled to England. 

Corvimis, i. e., "a little raven," 
is a name given to Janos Hun- 



COR 

yadi, the Governor of Hungary, 
from the device on his shield. 

Marcus Valerius was called 
" Corvus," i. e., "the Raven," 
because, in a single combat with 
a powerful Gaul during the Gal- 
lic War, a bird of this tribe flew 
into the hitter's face and so har- 
assed him with the flapping of 
his wings that he could not 
defend himself against Valerius, 
and was slain. 

Coryphaeus of Bookbinders, 
The. A nickname given to 
Boger Payne, one of the most 
celebrated bookbinders of Eng- 
land. His reputation rests prin- 
cipally on his choice of orna- 
ments and his fine tooling, but 
he also introduced several im- 
provements in the art of bind- 
ing. 

Coryphaeus of Deism, The. 
A name given to Voltaire, 
Henri Martin, in his History of 
France (xv. p 310), says: 

Father le Jai predicted of him 
that he would be the Coryphaeus of 
Deism in France. Ninon and Le 
Jai had both judged rightly. The 
successor of the free-thinkers of the 
past century, he was destined to 
reign over this little tribe, and to 
lead them to battle against his 
masters. 

Coryphseus of Grammarians, 
The. A sobriquet conferred 
on Aristarclms of Byzantium, 
one of the most celebrated critics 
of antiquity. 

Coryphseus of his Day, The. 
A name given to Theophile de 
Vian, a poet who did not see 
nature as the courtly poets did, 
trimmed and cut and festooned 
and made fit to be presented to 
high-born lords and ladies, but 
who saw it as it really exists, 

Henri van Laun, in his His- 
tory of French Literature (ii. 
p. 167), says: 

The best of them was Theophile de 
Viau, a poet of great ease and brill- 
iancy, the Coryphzeus of a band of 
young and well born courtiers who 
defied all attempts to set bounds to 
the indulgence of their appetites. 



72 COR 



Corypheeus of Learning-, That. 
An epithet applied to Richard 
Person, the English scholar and 
critic, by Beloe, in his Sexayena- 
rian; Recollections of a Literary 
Life, where he says: 

At length an experiment was 
made, and a specimen inserted in 
one of the most popular periodical 
productions of the day. This speci- 
men reached the eye of the mighty 
Person, that Coryphaeus of learn- 
ing. Who may this wight be, ob- 
served the Professor; I should like 
to be acquainted with him. An ac- 
quaintance accordingly took place, 
which continued till dissolved by 
death. 

Coryphseus of Letter-Foun- 
ders, The. A nickname given 
to William Caslon, a man emi- 
nent in an art of the greatest 
consequence in literature, The 
Society for Promoting Christian 
Knowledge, deeming it expedi- 
ent to print for the eastern 
churches the New Testament in 
the Arabic language for the use 
of Christians in'Palestine, Syria, 
Mesopotamia,Arabia, and Egypt, 
the constitution of which coun- 
tries did not permit the art of 
printing, pitched upon Caslon to 
cut the fount. After he had fin- 
ished a specimen, he cut his own 
name in pica Roman, and was 
advised to use this type instead 
of what he had originally made 
and called English Arabic. 
From that time, under the en- 
couragement of several able 
printers, he proceeded with vigor 
in his work, and brought the art 
of letter-founding to such a de- 
gree of perfection that he re- 
lieved his country from the 
necessity of importing types 
from Holland, and so far ex- 
ceeded the productions of the 
best artificers that his workman- 
ship was frequently exported to 
the continent. 

Coryphseus of Mathemati- 
cians, The. An epithet given 
to Thomas Allen. He was so 
called in a sermon preached at 
his funeral (1632), and said to be 
the " very soul and sum of all 



COB 



73 



COU 



the mathematicians of his time." 
He was a man who also studied 
polite literature with great ap- 
plication, and was highly es- 
teemed by foreigners, members 
of the University of Oxford, and 
all learned people, but feared by 
the ignorant. 

Coryphaeus of Modern Litera- 
ture, The. A name given to 
"William G-ifford by Disraeli, 
who says, in his Amenities of 
Literature : 

Gifford, once the Coryphaeus of 
Modern Literature, whose native 
shrewdness admirably fitted him for 
a partisan both in politics and in 
literature, did not deem Walpole's 
depreciation of Sidney to be without 
a certain degree of justice. 

Coryphaeus of Northern Lore, 
The. A nickname given to 
Olaus Verclius, the Swedish 
antiquary and historian. He 
was one of the most learned men 
of his time in his country, and 
did much work in preserving the 
historical materials of northern 
Europe. 

Coryphaeus of Our Elder 
Dramatists, The. An epithet 
given to Ben Jonson. 

Disraeli, Amenities of Litera- 
ture, says: 

Some modern poets have delivered 
their sad evidence that for them the 
Coryphaeus of our elder dramatists 
has become unintelligible. 

Cosmo de Medici of Hungary, 
The. A nickname given to 
Matthias Corvinus, King of 
Hungary. Vid. THE LORENZO 
DE MEDICI OF HUNGARY. 

Gotta, in Pope's Moral Essays (ii.), 
is supposed to represent the 
Duke of Newcastle. 

Councillor Crawley, a charac- 
ter in Lady Morgan's Florence 
Macarthy, is a representation of 
John "Wilson Croker. The por- 
trait was so lifelike in all its 
dominant particulars that it 
afforded as much amusement to 
his friends as to his foes. It was 
a revenge for his strictures, in his 
Familiar Epistles (1804), on the 
Dublin stage. 



Country Clergyman of the 
Eighteenth Century, The. A 
name given to the Rev. Thomas 
Twining, translator of Aristotle's 
Treatise on Poetry, and the 
friend of Dr. Parr and Dr. 
Burney. 

Court-evil. A play upon the 
name " Courteville." The title 
was given to Raphael Courte- 
ville, the organist of St. James' 
Church, London, in the last cen- 
tury. 

He was a political writer of some 
repute and believed to be the author 
of some articles in The Gazetteer, a 
paper which supported Sir Robert 
Walpole's administration, whence 
he was nicknamed by the opposite 
party " Court-evil." Grove. 

Court Historian, The. An epi- 
thet given to John Claudius 
Beresford. During the Irish re- 
volt of 1708, he tortured sus- 
pected rebels into confession by 
the lash, and a wit described 
him as "the Court Historian, 
who traced his record on the 
shoulders of his countrymen." 

Courteous, The. A title given 
to Morgan Mwynvawr, a Welsh 
prince and warrior of the tenth 
century, who is said to have 
attained the age of 129 years. 
Vid. Rose, General Biographical 
Dictionary, 

Courteous Cullen. A nick- 
name given to Robert, Lord Cul- 
len, of Edinburgh. He was 
educated for the law, was raised 
to the bench in 1796, and became 
Lord of Justiciary in 1799. He 
was a contributor to The Mirror 
and The Lounger, and from his 
amiable manners was spoken of 
as Courteous Oullen. 

Courtly, The. A nickname 
given to Leopold II., Duke of 
the Swiss branch of the House 
of Austria, from the elegance of 
his manners and his polite de- 
portment. On the death of 
William, THE DELIGHTFUL 
(q. .), he became guardian of 
the prince (afterward Albert 
V.). He was a great patron of 



COU 74 

learning, and is distinguished in 
the annals of the times for his 
peculiar attention and compla- 
cency to men ol letters. 

Cousin Bridget. A nickname 
l>y which Charles Lamb, in Mia, 
frequently speaks of his sister 
Mary. 

Coxcomb, The. A title be- 
stowed on Richard II., .King of 
England. Similarly, Henri III. 
of France is called LE MIGNON. 

Coxcomb, The, in Churchill's 
poem The Apology (line 284), is 
intended for David Garrick, who 
was inordinately vain. 

Coxcomb Bird, The. Euxenus, 
the tutor of Apollonius, was so 
called by Philostratus. Vid. 
also Pope, Moral Essays (i. 5). 

Coxcomb Bookseller, A. A 
nickname given to John Murray 
of London, by Beloe, in his 
Sexagenarian; Recollections of 
a Literary Life, where he 
says : 

The incident, perhaps, would hardly 
have been worth recording, except 
from the circumstance that this 
humble nest, built in a very obscure 
part of the kingdom, subsequently 
produced a splendid bookseller, who 
was succeeded by one equally splen- 
did, but who might also be termed 
a coxcomb bookseller. 

Coxcomb Czar, The. So Byron, 
in his poem The Age of Bronze 
(x.), calls Alexander I. of Rus- 
sia. 

Crane, The. A character in 
Goethe's Fcwst, drawn to repre- 
sent J. C. Lavater, who appears 
in Intermezzo (lines 3978-3981) : 
Where waters troubled are or clear 

To fi.sh I am delighted ; 
Thus pious gentlemen appear 

With devils here united. 

Goethe said, in his Conversa- 
tions with Eckermann (Feb. 17, 
1829) : - 

The last time I saw Lavater was 
at Zurioh; and he did not see me. 
I was coming in disguise down an 
alley; seeing him approach, I 
stepped aside, and he pa.xsed without 
seeing me. He walked like a crane, 



CKI 



and therefore figures as such on the 
Blocksberg, 

Creator of Biblical Epic Po- 
etry, The. An epithet applied 
to Frederick Gottlieb Klopstock, 
on account of his Messiah, his 
many religious poems, and Ms 
Biblical tragedies. 

Creator of French Dramatic 
Art, The. A name frequently 
given to Pierre Corneille, "whose 
works are among the sublimest 
effusions of the French muse. 

Cresus. A name under "which 
Fraii9ois du Haliier, Marechal 
de 1'Hopital, a French general, 
figured in Mile. Scude'ry's novel 
Le Grand Cyras. 

Creticus. A sobriquet bestowed 
on the Roman general Metellus, 
because he conquered the island 
of Crete, now Oandia. 

Cripple of Jerusalem, The. A 
nickname given to Charles II., 
King of Naples. Because he 
was King of Apulia he bore the 
title of King of Jerusalem, and 
being lame he was called the 
Cripple. His virtues may be 
represented by a unit and his 
vices by a thousand. Dante 
(Paradiso xix. 127) says : 
Be seen the Cripple of Jerusalem, 
His goodness represented by an /, 
While the reverse an M shall rep- 
resent. 

Crispinus, in Ben Jonson's com- 
edy of The Poetaster, is the 
name under which he satirizes 
the dramatist John Marston. 

Crites, in Dryden's Dialocfiie on 
Dramatic Poetry, represents Sir 
Bobert Howard , an author noted 
for his bad plays. 

Critic, The. A name given to 
John Dennis, the author of 

. Grounds of Criticism in Poetry 
(1704) and other works. " He 
bore the appellation," says God- 
win, in his Lives of Edward and 
John Philips (cap. xi,)> "at a 
time when, from the novelty of 
this species of war against origi- 
nality and genius, a Critic was 
held to be something; and his 



CRO 



75 



credit with the public in his day 
was at least as great as that of 
Bymer, the formidable champion 
who had threatened destruction 
to the Paradise Lost in 1677.'' 

Cromwell of New England, 
The. A sobriquet sometimes 
bestowed upon Samuel Adams. 

Crotona's Sage. Pythagoras. 
Vid. THE SAGE OF CROTONA. 

Crow, My Own. So Elizabeth 
nicknamed the mother of Sir 
John N orris. 

Crowdero, the rabble leader in 
Butler's Hudibras (Pt. I. ii. 106), 
is said by Sir Roger L'Estrange 
to be intended for one Jackson, 
or Jephson, a " man-milliner," 
who lived in the New Exchange, 
Strand. Having lost a leg in 
the Parliament's service, he 
afterwards became an itinerant 
fiddler. 

Crowe. A nickname given to 
Thomas Hobbes, the philoso- 
pher, while a youth, by his 
school-mates, on account of his 
black hair. Vid, Aubrey, Letters 
(vol. ii.). 

Crown Martyr, The. John 
Cleveland probably refers to the 
Earl of Straff ord under this name 
in his poem On the Queen's 
Return from the Low Countries, 
to wit : 
X,ook on her enemies, on their Godly 

lies, 

Their holy perjuries, 
Their curs'd increase of much ill 

gotten wealth, 
By rapine or by stealth, 
Their crafty friendship knit in 

equal guilt, 
And the Crown Martyr's blood so 

lately spilt. 

Vid. also Notes and Queries 
(1st ser. i. 108, 151). 

Cruel, The. A nickname given 
to Henry VI. of Germany, a 
mean-spirited and revengeful 
man; a money-grasper, without 
one generous impulse; and one 
whose whole composition was 
cruel and contemptible. He 
barbarously tortured his pris- 
oners, and the people were so 



much seized with terror that 
not even the sentence of excom- 
munication, which the pope pro- 
nounced against him, could in- 
duce any one to express dissatis- 
faction with his rule. It was he 
that treacherously imprisoned 
the shipwrecked Richard Coeur- 
de-Lion. With the ransom 
which the English paid for their 
king, he raised an army to go 
into Sicily, where he repeated 
his acts of cruelty, and was poi- 
soned by his wife, who was a 
Sicilian by birth. 

Cruel, The. A name given to 
Pedro, King of Castile, and also 
to Pedro I., King of Portugal. 
The' latter is sometimes called 
LB JUSTICIER. 

Crum-Hell. One of the numer- 
ous epithets bestowed on Crom- 
well, by Marchamont Needham, 
in the latter's periodical the Mer- 
cariuis Pragmatic us (circa 10-19). 

Cumberland Poet, The. A 
name given to WoWsworth, 
who was born at Cockerrnouth, 
Cumberland. 

Cunctator, i. e. } THE DELAYER, 
is a name bestowed on the 
Konian general Quintus Fabius 
Maximus, who baffled Hannibal 
by avoiding direct engagements, 
and wearing him out by marches, 
etc., from a distance 

Cunning 1 , The. A nickname 
given to Robert, the first Duke 
of Calabria, and founder of the 
kingdom of Naples. He was 
the brother of William, first 
Count of Apulia, called "The 
Iron Arm " (q. v-), and the sixth 
son of Tancred de Hauteville of 
Lower Normandy. He was 
born in 1015, and in his youth 
left his father's castle as a mili- 
tary adventurer, with, five fol- 
lowers on horseback and thirty 
on foot. His brothers and coun- 
trymen had divided the fertile 
lands of Apulia amonp: them- 
selves, and guarded their shares 
with the jealousy of avarice, so 
that when he had crossed the 



CUR 



Alps as a pilgrim, the aspiring 
youth found he must conquer 
for himself. He turned towards 
Calabria, and in his first exploits 
it is not easy to discriminate 
the hero from the robber. He 
conquered the country, and the 
people soon assumed the name 
and character of Normans. In 
10(50 Pope Nicholas II., who hut 
a short time before had excom- 
municated him on account of 
his many acts of violence, con- 
firmed him in his possession^ of 
Calabria, and also Apulia, which | 
his brother William had be- | 
queathed to him on his death. I 
Robert, out of gratitude, bound 
himself to pay tribute to the 
Koman see. He then turned his 
attention to Naples, which he 
conquered, established that 
kingdom, and thus left one of 
the lasting impressions of the j 
Norman conquest in Italy. He I 
had frequent quarrels with the , 
popes, was again excommuni- I 
cated, but taken "back into the I 
folds of the church by Gregory | 
VII., whom he saved from be- 
coming a prisoner of Henry IV. 
of Germany. He died at Ceph- 
alonia in 1085, when on a war- 
like expedition against Constan- 
tinople. His boundless ambi- 
tion was founded on the con- 
sciousness of superior worth, and 
in the pursuit of greatness he 
was never arrested by the scru- 
ples of justice or the feelings of 
humanity. The nickname of 
Oitiscard, an old Norman word 
for Cunning, was applied to him, 
on account of his political wis- 
dom, which often, however, was 
only deceit and dissimulation. 
This nickname is sometimes 
bestowed on him as a surname ; 
incorrectly, however, as he was 
a De Haute ville. 



de MeucLon, Le. A title 
Driven to Eabelais, from his hav- 
ing been first a monk, then a 
physician, then prebend of St. 
Maur, and lastly cure of Meu- 
don. 



76 CYE 

Curious Scrapmonger. So Dr. 
Wolcot, in his Epistle to James 
Boswell, calls the latter. 

Curtmantle is the title of Henry 
II. of England, due to his 
having introduced the Anjou 
mantle, which was shorter than 
the robe worn heretofore. 

Cyaxares. A name under which 
Louis XIII. of France is men- 
tioned in Mile. Scude'ry's Le 
Grand Cyrus. 

Cydias. A name by which Ber- 
nard le Bouyer de Fontenelle is 
represented by La Bruyere, in 
his Curacteres de la Societtf et 
de la Conversation. 

Cyprian Queen, The, referred to 
by Cowley in histylvia (line 218), 
is the Duchess of Buckingham, 
formerly Mary Fairfax, the 
daughter of the great Lord Fair- 
fax. 

Cyrus. One of the characters in 
Mile. Scude'ry's once famous ro- 
mance Le Grand Cyrus, drawn 
to represent the Duke d'En- 
ghien, afterwards the Prince de 
Condd. In her description of 
the battle of Bocroy (vol. ix. 
bk. ii.) , she says : 

There remained nothing but a 
large body of infantry, which, being 
composed of Massagates, bad taken 
up its position near the machines of 
the army, and seemed in so deter- 
mined an attitude that evidently 
they had resolved to defend their 
life and their liberty to the last drop 
of their blood. The brave Terez 
commanded that corps. Seeing 
Cyras come up to attack him, with 
all the pride of a warrior who has 
never yet been defeated, he did not 
move, but ordered his army not to 
draw their bows till the enemy was 
within reach. Accordingly, Cyrus 
kept marching forwards without 
meeting any resistance on the part 
of the Massagates. But when he 
was at a distance ftxed by Terez, 
that valiant captain ordered his 
battalions to open right, and left, 
and made so terrible a discharge 
from all the machines of the army 
of Thomiris and of the arrows of 
his own infantry that the air was 
darkened by them, and that the 
troops of Cyrus were not only cov- 



CYR 

ered with them but terror-stricken, 
and if the extreme valor of that 
great prince had not quieted his 
soldiers, those who had triumphed 
everywhere else would here have 
been defeated; hut as, fortunately, 
Tere2 had no cavalry which might 
drive off the enemy and take advan- 



77 CZA 



tage of their disorder, they did not 
retreat very far, and Cyrus knew 
both how to reassure them and also 
bring them back to the charge. 

Czar of Muscovy, The. Archi- 
bald Constable, the publisher, so 
j called Mmself. 



DAC 



DAK 



D. 



Dacus. So John Davies, in his 
'Epigrams (xxx. and xlv.), calls 
Samuel Daniel. 
Amongst the poets Dacus number'd 

Yet could he never make an English 
rliyme. 

Daemon. " Syrianus dooth testifie 
that Plato was called d&mon, 
because he disputed of deepe com- 
mon-wealth matters, greatly 
auaylable to the benefit of his 
countrey; and Aristotle, because 
he wrot at large of all things sub- 
iect to mouing and sence." 
Nash, Pierce Penilesse (p. 76). 

Damsetas, in Lord Byron's poem 
of the same name, is evidently 
intended for the author himself. 

Dame de Beaute% La. A nick- 
name given to Agnes Sorel, the 
mistress of Charles VII. of 
France, from the Chateau of 
Beaute', on the banks of the 
Marne. She used her ascen- 
dancy over the king to rouse 
him from his indolence and vo- 
luptuousness ; and it was mainly 
due to her influence that the 
great change in his character took 
place. The queen honored her, 
and showed her every mark" of 
affection. 

Dame Herseut. This character 
in the old French Roman de Re- 
nart, the brazen wife of Wolf 
Ysengrin, is said to be a carica- 
ture of Queen Blanche of Castile, 
and was written by her enemies 
after she became regent, on the 
death of Louis VIII., in 1226. 

Dame Ursula, sometimes called 
" Ursley Suddlechop," the wife 
of the barber Benjamin Suddle- 
chop, in Scott's Fortunes of Ni- 
gel, is said to represent Mrs. 



Turner, who assisted in the poi- 
soning of Sir Thomas Overbury. 

Damsel of Brittany, The. A 
name given to Eleanora, the 
daughter of Geoffrey, second son 
of Henry II., King of England, 
and Duke of Brittany. She was 
the heir to the crown at the death 
of Prince Arthur, but John con- 
fined her in the Castle of Bristol 
until her death in 1241. 

Danberry, Mr., in Anthony 
Trollope's political novels, is in- 
tended for Benjamin Disraeli. 

Dancing Chancellor, The. A 
sobriquet of Sir Christopher Hat- 
ton, who was brought up a law- 
yer, but became a courtier, and 
at a masque attracted the atten- 
tion of Queen Elizabeth by his 
graceful dancing. She took him 
into favor and created him chan- 
cellor and knight of the garter. 
Gray alludes to him: 
His bushy beard and shoestrings 

green, 
His high-crowned hat and satin, 

doublet, 
Moved the stout heart of England's 

queen, 
Though pope and Spaniard could 

not trouole it. 

Dandy-Killer, The. A nickname 
given to George Bryan Brum- 
mel, by George IV., after the 
two had quarrelled, and after 
the former had said he had made 
the latter what he was, a fop, and 
could again unmake him. Vid. 
BEAU BRUMMEL. 

Dangle. A prominent character 
in Sheridan's play The Critic ; a 
theatrical amateur, who besieges 
the manager with flattery and 
gratuitous advice. It is said that 
Thomas Vaughan, an inferior 
playwright, was the original of 



DAIS" 



79 



DAP 



tills character. The father of 
Vaughan was a lawyer, who had 
acquired a fortune through his 
profession, aiid intended the son 
should follow the same calling, 
but the son preferred literature 
and dramatic composition. He 
had some influence, and, being a 
man of fortune, devoted his time 
and attention to the latter. His 
partiality for these amusements, 
and his warm solicitude for the 
success and happiness of actors, 
condemned him to the toil and 
often to the hardship of many ap- 
plications for him to use his influ- 
ence in their behalf. His patron- 
age was extensive but not always 
successful, and the disappointed 
ones would forget his exertions 
in their behalf, and in the course 
of his many attempts for the 
good of others he received shafts 
of ridicule and shocks of ingrati- 
tude, but always with a firm 
and philanthropic spirit. He ob- 
tained the appointment of clerk 
to the commission of peace of the 
city of Westminster, and was 
captain of a company of volun- 
teers in that county. It is said 
he stood for the portrait of Dan- 
gle in The Critic, and when a dis- 
pute had arisen between him and 
George Colman, the manager, the 
latter caricatured him in an arti- 
cle in The St. James Chronicle, as 
THE DAPPER. Vaughan wrote a 
series of essays on the Bichmond 
Theatre in The Morning Post. 
He was the author of a novel, 
Fashionable Follies, and several 
plays. Among the latter, his 
best was The Hotel, in part a 
translation from the Italian of 
II Servitor di due Padroni. 
Danish Molie>e, The. A title 
given to Louis, Baron de Holberg, 
who was born at Bergen in Nor 
way, in 1(585, when that country 
formed a part of the Danish do- 
minions. Like his French name- 
sake, he was the wittiest and best 
writer of light comedy of his 
time. He studied at the Univer- 
sity of Copenhagen with the in- 
tention of entering the church, 



but became a professor of rhet- 
oric and metaphysics instead, 
and, wfcile occupying the latter 
position, composed a comedy, in 
1722, called The Political Tin- 
man, which made his name very 
popular. He followed this with 
a number of plays and satirico- 
heroic poems and romances, 
among the latter of which is 
his Subterranean Travels of 
Nicholas Klim, which has been 
translated into many languages, 
and is something in the style of 
Gulliver's Travels. His History 
of Denmark was the first attempt 
to write a thorough history of 
that country, and he also wrote 
epistles, fables, and epigrams. He 
is considered the founder of the 
dramatic art in Denmark, and is 
also called THE DANISH PLAUTUS. 
By his publications, official posi- 
tion, and economy, he amassed a 
considerable fortune, which he 
at his death, in 1754, left to edu- 
cational and charitable institu- 
tions. 

Danish Plautus, The. A sobri- 
quet bestowed upon Louis, Baron 
de Holberg, the founder of the 
dramatic art in Denmark, on ac- 
count of his satirical works. Vid. 
THE DANISH MOLIERE. 

Danton of Modern Poetry, 
The. An epithet given to Bobert 
Browning by the author of Obi- 
ter Dicta (New York, 1885; p. 
81), who says : 

The last quotation shall be from 
the veritable Browning of one of 
those poetical audacities none ever 
dared but the Danton of modern po- 
etry. Audacious in its familiar real- 
ism, in its total disregard of poetical 
environment, in its rugged abrupt- 
ness, but supremely successful and 
alive with emotion. 

Daphne. A name which his lit- 
erary opponents gave to Sir "Will- 
iam Davenant. Disraeli, in his 
Quarrels of Authors, says: 

These humorists first reduced 
D'Avenant to Old Daph : 
" Denham, come help me to laugh 

At old Daph, 
Whose fancies are higher than, chaff." 



DAP 

Daph swells afterward into Daph- 
ne; a change of sex inflicted on the 
poet for making one of his heroines 
a man; and this new alliance to 
Apollo becomes a source of perpetual 
allusion to the bays : 
" Cheer up, small wits ; now you shall 

crowned be, 
Daphne himself is turn'd into a tree." 

Daphnis. So Virgil, in his Pas- 
torals (v.)> terms Julius Caesar. 

Dapper, The. A nickname given 
to Thomas Vaughan, a play- 
wright of small reputation, by 
George Colman, in his series of 
articles in The St. James Chron- 
icle, called The Genius. Vid. 
DANGLE. 

Dapper Jemmy. So Dr. "Wolcot, 
in his Ode to Lord Lonsdale, calls 
James Boswell. 

Dark-Lantern Man, The. A 
name given to Oliver St. John, a 
member of the Long Parliament 
(1640), in allusion to his gloomy 
looks. "He was," says Claren- 
don, "a man reserved and of a 
dark and clouded countenance, 
very proud, and conversing with 
very few, and these men of his 
own humour and inclinations." 

Dark Musgrave. So Lord Byron, 
in his journal, alludes to Mat- 
thew Gregory Lewis, the author 
of The Monk. 

Darling 1 of Our Plebeian Judg- 
ments, The. So Philips, in his 
Theatrum Poetarum (1674:), calls 
Francis Quarles. 

Darling 1 of the Nine, The. An 
epithet given to Thomas Man- 
ning, a celebrated linguist and 
mathematician, by Charles 
Lamb. Vid. note under AN 
ARCHIMEDES. 

David. This character, in Dry- 
den's poem of Absalom and 
AcMtophel, is intended for King 
Charles II. 

Davus. So Byron, in his poem 
Childish Recollections, calls the 
Rev. John Cecil Tattersall. 

Deadly Austrian, The. An epi- 
thet which Cobbett frequently 



80 DEB 



applied to Maria Louisa, second 
wile of Napoleon. 

Dean, Mr. So Pope, in his Imita- 
tions of Horace (II. vi. 43), calls 
Jonathan Swift, Dean of St. 
Patrick's. 

Dean, The. A nickname given 
to Johann Gottfried von Herder, 
by his contemporaries, on ac- 
count of his admiration of Dean 
Swift. Herder studied the liter- 
ature of all nations and periods 
with enthusiastic appreciation, 
and tried to transport himself 
into the local and temporary 
conditions under which literary 
works had been produced, and 
to adopt the point of view then 

S'evalent. He sought to be a 
ebrew with the Hebrews, an 
Arab with the Arabs, a Skald 
with the Skalds, and an English- 
man with the English. In 
French literature he could see 
nothing bu.t decline, but he es- 
pecially admired the English, 
among which Sterne, Swift, 
Bichardspn, and Fielding were 
his favorites. 

Goethe, hi his Autobiography 
(pt. iii. bk. 12), says: 

Because now Herder, among all 
nations and men, seems to respect 
Swift the most, he was among us 
called the Dean, and this gave fur- 
ther occasion to all sorts of perplex- 
ities and annoyances. 

Dean Harry. Henry "Wilkinson. 
Vid. LONG HARRY. 

Dear Liberty Boy, A. A nick- 
name given to Thomas Hollis 
for his earnest advocation of 
civil and religious liberty. Vid. 
ULTIMUS EOMANORUM. 

Dear Saxon, The. So the Vene- 
tians called Handel. Vid. Kohl, 
Life of Mozart (p. 32). 

De"bonnaire, Le. A nickname 
given to Louis I. of France. He- 
was a good scholar for the times, 
a wise legislator, a pious man, 
and really desirous of governing 
well; but he was weak-minded, 
irresolute, as destitute of ruling 
ideas as of strength of mind, 
fluctuating at the mercy of tran- 



DEC 



81 



DEL 



sitory impressions, surrounding 
influences, or positional embar- 
rassments ; was domineered over 
by his sons, and allowed the feu- 
dal power to increase to a very 
dangerous extent. 

Decalogist, The. A name given 
to John Dodd, so called from his 
famous exposition of the Ten 
Commandments. He is the. au- 
thor of the celebrated Sermon on 
Malt. 

Deep-mouthed Boeotian, That. 
So Lord Byron, in Don Juan 
(xi. 58), calls Walter Savage 
Landor. 

Deep-mouthed Theban, That. 
A nickname given to Bertie 
Greathead, an English author 
and dilettante, distinguished 
from an early age for his taste in 
literature. The above nickname 
was given him by Gifford, who, 
in his Mseviad, says : 

I never looked into the Florence 
Miscellany but once, and the only 
use I then made of it was to extract 
a sounding passage from the odes of 
that deep-mouthed Theban, Bertie 
Greathead, Esq. 

Defender of German Indepen- 
dence, The. An apellation 
which was assumed by Henri II. 
of France. "When Charles V. of 
Germany defeated the Protes- 
tants at Elbe, the vanquished 
party applied to France for as- 
sistance. Henri gladly seized 
the opportunity of opposing their 
emperor, but his aid was not 
needed. Curiously enough , while 
he was extending assistance to 
German Protestants, he was try- 
ing with fire and sword to put 
down the same religion in his 
own country. 

Defender of the Faith. A title 
granted to Henry VIII. of Eng- 
land by Pope Leo X., in conse- 
quence of a Latin treatise, On the 
Seven Sacraments, which Henry 
had published in confutation of 
Martin Luther. Pope Paul III. 
revoked the title. 

Defender of the People, The. 
So Morus, in his Fides PuUica, 



calls John Milton. Vid. Mas- 
son, Life of Milton (v, 158). 

Aftvrt, 6, i. e., THE DREADFUL,, is 
one of the nicknames in the 
Heinsian circle for Salmasius. 
Vid. Masson, Life of Milton 
(iv. 344). 

Delayer, The. Quintus Fabius 
Maximus. Vid. CUNCTATOR. 

Delia, in Pope's Satires and Epis- 
tles (i. 81), represents Lady Delo- 
raine, who married "W. "Wind- 
ham of Carsham, and died the 
same year as Pope. Miss Mac- 
kenzie was the person alluded to 
as being poisoned. 

Delicious, The. A popular sobri- 
quet bestowed upon Charles Far- 
rar Browne, better known as 
Artemus Ward. 

Delictum Juventutis. So 
Hobbes termed his natural 
daughter. Vid. SLIP OF YOUTH. 

Delight of Mankind, The. A 
nickname bestowed upon Maxi- 
milian II. of Austria, on ac- 
count of his amiable character. 
No stronger proof of his good 
qualities can be given than the 
concurring testimony of the his- 
torians of Germany and Austria, 
both Catholic and Protestant, 
who vie in his praises and in 
representing him as the model of 
impartiality, wisdom, and be- 
nignity. 

Titus, Emperor of Rome, has 
received the same name, from 
his admirable qualities. 

Delightful, The. A nickname 
given to William, Duke of Aus- 
tria. With the prospect of an 
alliance with Hedwige, a prin- 
cess of Poland, he was educated 
amidst the splendors of his 
uncle's court of Vienna. His 
elegance of person, fascination of 
character, and his chivalrous 
bearing, captivated the princess 
when they first met, but the 
death of her father and the in- 
fluence of the Polish nobles pre- 
vented the marriage. He ad- 
ministered the government of 
Austria during the wanderings 



DEL 



82 



of Albert IV. and the minority of 
Albert V. 

Deliverer of America, The. An 
epithet given to George Wash- 
ington, by Vittorio Alfieri, on 
the title-page of his play The 
First JBrutus. He also com- 
mences the dedication as fol- 
lows : 

The name of the Deliverer of 
America alone can stand in the title- 
page of the tragedy of the Deliverer 
of Rome. To you, most excellent 
and most rare citizen, I therefore 
dedicate this : without first hinting 
at even a part of so many praises 
due to yourself, which I now deem 
all comprehended in the sole men- 
tion of your name. 

Deliverer of God's People, 
The. So Nicholas Breton, in 
his Character of Queen Eliza- 
beth, calls the latter. 
Delia Crusca. So Gifford, in 
The Bamad (line 39), calls Rob- 
ert Merry, who had employed 
this name as a pseudonym. 
Delia Tiorba. A sobriquet con- 
ferred on the Italian musician 
Benedetto Ferrari, the author of 
numerous operas of the seven- 
teenth century. 

Delia Viola. A title bestowed 
on Romano Alessandro, on ac- 
count of his skill on that instru- 
ment. He flourished in the lat- 
ter half of the sixteenth century. 
Delle-Ape, i. e., " Of the Bees." 
When Francis Bracciolini wrote 
a congratulatory poem to Bar- 
berini, on his becoming pope 
under the title of Urban VIII., 
this pontiff gave him the nick- 
name of Delle-Ape, and a coat-of- 
arms of three bees, which was 
the arms of the Barberini family. 
Demetrius, in Ben Jonson's com- 
edy of The Poetaster, is the 
name under which he satirizes 
the dramatist Thomas Dekker. 
The latter published a reply in 
1602, entitled Satiro-Mastix ; or, 
the Untru&sing of the Humorous 
Poets, in which he satirized Ben 
Jonson under the name of 
YOUNG HORACE. 



Democritus of tlie Sixteenth 
Century, The. A sobriquet 
sometimes given to John Calvin, 
both he and Democritus being 
sedate sober men, and both hav- 
ing a fondness for a life of gloomy 
solitude and profound contem- 
plation. 

Demon of Darkness. So J. 
Morley, in a sonnet contributed 
to The Gentleman's Mar/azine 
(1792), in reply to The JBaviad 
and Mseviad of Gifford, terms 
the latter. 

Demon of Geneva, The. A 
sobriquet applied to John Cal- 
vin by Rabelais, in Pantagruel 
(bk. iv.)- Van Laun, in his 
History of French Literature 
(i. 334), says: 

Rabelais called his contemporary 
"le demoniaque de Geneve"; and 
there was, indeed, little in common 
between the Democritus and the 
Mazzini of the sixteenth century. 
In quality of satire they were both 
true sons of Gaul ; but how different 
even in their one point of resem- 
blance. 

Demosthenes of France, The. 
A nickname given to Count 
Mirabeau. Vid. THE HURRI- 
CANE. 

Demosthenes of French Di- 
vines, The. A nickname given 
to the celebrated French pulpit 
orator, Louis Bourdaloue, by 
Dibdin, in his Library Compan- 
ion, who says : 

The style and imagery of Bourda- 
loue seem to rush upon us with the 
force of a mountain torrent; he is 
the Demosthenes of French divines; 
but it cannot be denied that his art 
is too apparent; and that all the 
subordinate parts of his composition 
seem to be purposely kept down, in 
order to sharpen the force of his 
logic and to aggravate the terror of 
his invective. It was for Bourda- 
loue to frighten the reprobate, and 
for Massillon to comfort the desolate 
and oppressed. 

Denarius Philosophornm. This 
title was given by Bishop Thorn- 
borough to himself, fourteen 
years before his decease in 1641. 
It is to be found on his monu- 



DEN 



83 



DEV 



ment in "Worcester Cathedral. 
For its origin, etc., consult 
Notes and Queries (1st ser. iii. 
168, 251, 299). 

Dennis of His Day, The. A 
name given to Franois Gacon, 
a French satirical poet. 

Dennistown, in Verrxon Lee's 
novel Miss Brown (London, 
1884), is said to represent Alger- 
non Charles Swinburne. 

Dent de Fer, or IRON-TOOTH, is 
a sobriquet given to Frederick 
II., Elector of Brandenburg. 

De Quincey of Danish Litera- 
ture, The. Edmund Gosse 
bestows this title, in The Athe- 
nssum (1885), on J. P. Jacobsen, 
the Danish naturalist. 

Derider, The. A sobriquet given 
to Democritus, the philosopher 
of Abdera, by his fellow-citizens 
(who were stupid to a proverb), 
for he treated their follies with 
ridicule and contempt. 

Derrydown Triangle. So Will- 
iam Hone, in his parody on the 
Athanasian Creed, calls Lord 
Castlereagh, afterwards Marquis 
of Londonderry. The triangle 
referred to, according to Hone, 
is " a thing having three sides ; 
the meanest and most tinkling 
of all musical instruments, 
and machinery used in military 
torture." 

Desfonandres, one of the doctors 
in Moliere's L* Amour Me'decin, 
is intended for the physician 
iSlie Be'da, who, at this time 
(1665), must have been about 
seventy years of age. The so- 
briquet means " a killer of men," 
and was invented by Boileau, 
who also created the other 
names BAHIS, MACROTON, and 
Tonics (q. u.), at the solicitation 
of Moliere. 

Beda had adopted the name'Des 
Fougerais, and was the favorite 
physician of the nobility. Born a 
Protestant, he became a Roman 
Catholic in 1648, and is said to have 
been a regular medical Vicar of 
Bray, and never to have changed 



his religious or medical opinions 
except to benefit his family. Van 
Laun. 



, Le. A nickname given 
to Louis XVI. of France while 
he was the dauphin, and when 
he first became king. The peo- 
ple conferred this name upon 
him because they carried to his 
throne their complaints, and 
hoped to become a prosperous 
and happy nation under his sov- 
ereignty. 

Destroyer of Heresy, The. A 
name given to Louis XIV., on 
account of his revocation of 
the Edict of Nantes. 

Deum Philosophorum, or " The 
God of all Philosophers," was a 
title given to Plato, " whose 
learning Tullie so much admir- 
eth that he calleth him thus." 
Vid. Fotherby, Atheomastix, 
London, 1622 (p. 315). 

Deutsche Michsel, Der. A 
nickname given to Gen. Johann 
Michael OTbertraut, who served 
in the Danish army, and in 1620 
and 1622 caused much disaster to 
the Spaniards. 

Devil, The. A sobriquet applied 
to Paganini, the violinist. Vid. 
Crowest, Musical Anecdotes (ii. 
167). 

Devil on Two Sticks, The. A 
nickname given to Oliver P. 
Morton, the American senator : 
The late Senator Oliver P. Morton 
was for many years affected by a 
dangerous and probably incurable 
disease. He visited Paris for the 
best medical advice and submitted 
to the moxa treatment. It relieved 
him considerably and doubtless pro- 
longed his life, but did not restore 
the paralyzed legs. He was com- 
pelled to use a walking-stick in each 
Band. In the ordinary course of 
debate in the Senate for the last 
few years he generally read and 
spoke in sitting posture, the cour- 
tesy of his brother Senators admit- 
ting that position. When dealing 
with questions of national impor- 
tance he spoke standing, supporting 
himself against his desk and on one 
of his canes, and sometimes against 
a standing support, consisting of an 



DEV 

iron standard surmounted "by a 
small wooden reading-desk. During 
the fierce partisan debate in the 
Senate near the close of the war, 
and especially while the reconstruc- 
tion measures were being discussed, 
he was a stalwart and excessively- 
pugnacious fighter on the Republi- 
can side, and earned the appellation 
of "The Devil on Two Sticks." 
Devil's Missionary, The. So 
Voltaire has been called. Vid. 
THE APE OF GENIUS. 
Devonshire Poet, The. A so- 
briquet bestowed on O. Jones, 
an uneducated wool-comber, 
and author of Poetic Attempts 
(1786). 

Dey of Algiers, The. So Archi- 
bald Constable called John 
Ballantyne, the Edinburgh pub- 
lisher. 

Diable, Le. A title given to 
Oliver Ledain, the barber and 
tool of Louis XI. It probably 
arose because he was as much, 
feared and hated as his name- 
sake. Robert, Duo de Nor- 
mandie, was also called LE DIA.- 
BLE. 

Diafoolus Gander. A character 
in "Warren's novel Ten Thousand, 
a Year, drawn to represent Dr. 
Dion y si us Lardner, at one time 
editor of Constable's Miscellany 
and The Cabinet Cyclopsedia. 
Diamond Albany, a character 
in Rumor, a novel by Elizabeth 
S. Sheppard, is intended for Ben- 
jamin Disraeli. 

Diamond Coates. A nickname 
given to Robert Coates, a cele- 
brated leader of fashion in Lon- 
don, on account of his great 
wealth obtained in the west 
Indies. 

Diamond Duke, The. A nick- 
name given to Charles Frederick 
William Augustus, at one time 
Duke of Brunswick. He was 
descended from a family famous 
in Italy under the name of 
d'Este and in Germany under 
that of Guelph. Napoleon com- 
pelled the family to flee from 
Brunswick; the Tilsit treaty 



84 DIA 

abolished the duchy, which was 
made a part of Westphalia, gov- 
erned by Jerome Bonaparte; 
and the young prince was placed 
in charge of Colonel Nordenfels, 
carried to Prussia, and then to 
England. His father died at 
Quatre-Bras in attempting to 
hold his throne, which he had 
taken from Jerome, when the 
son was eleven years old. The 
young prince, who had been 
joined by his brother, was living 
at Vauxhall, London, where he 
was petted by the royal family, 
especially by the ill-fated Char- 
lotte, who was as a sister to the 
boy. His education was surely 
defective, and George IV., 
prince regent during the young 
duke's minority, was no true 
friend to him. He was placed 
under the tutorship of Thomas 
Prince, but, he having been de- 
clared insane, the Baron von 
Lindengen was appointed to the 
duty. He took both the princes 
to Lausanne, and it is said he 
was ordered to educate them in 
a manner that would render 
them wholly incapable of gov- 
erning. George IV. endeavored 
to postpone the epoch of Duke 
Charles' majority, and all Ger- 
many was for more than a year 
full of the wrangles of diploma- 
tists upon the question. Metter- 
nich took up the young duke's 
cause, and his powerful hand 
placed him on his throne at 
nineteen years of age. The 
dominant idea in his brain was a 
hatred for and a suspicion of 
his English kinsman, but he 
nurtured generous thoughts of 
popular reform, and wished to be 
a father of his people. Metter- 
nich, a disciple of despotism, 
stepped in, and advised the 
young reformer to travel. He 
visited the coxirts of Berlin, 
Vienna, and Paris, and finally 
paid a visit to his uncle in Eng- 
land. The latter treated him 
outwardly with amiability. 
State balls were given in his 
honor, and he was given the 



DIA 

colonelcy of a household regi- 
ment. The king regretted this 
last favor, and offered him the 
Garter in exchange. The duke 
refused, and sent his uncle a few 
days later his portrait in minia- 
ture, red-coated and cocked-hat- 
ted. He fell in love with Miss 
Charlotte Colville, a young girl, 
"beautiful, well bom, and of 
"blameless character. It suited 
her lover's pride, convenience, or 
insanity to persuade her to be- 
come at first his morganatic 
wife, and to he his lawful wife 
when they reached Brunswick. 
He made her believe that the 
king would object to the mar- 
riage. A nocturnal marriage, 
followed by a honeymoon in 
Paris, was the result, and in a 
few months the wife was taken 
to Brunswick, and installed in 
the Castle of Wendessen, with 
apartments separate from the 
duke's. When she asked him to 
acknowledge the marriage his 
excuse was a dread of England. 
A daughter was born and bap- 
tized with regal ceremonies as 
the Countess of Colmar, but a 
year later the duke sent his wife, 
from Vienna, a message so hope- 
less, so definite in its denial of 
all matrimonial rights, that the 
deceived Charlotte at once left 
Brunswick, carrying her daugh- 
ter with her, hut leaving behind 
everything she and the child 
owed to the duke. She never 
saw him again. 

The duke saw plots every- 
where a monomania by which 
he was misguided all his life. 
He commenced a furious and in- 
discriminate crusade against all 
the officials who hacl served 
under the English administra- 
tion. He dismissed and ex- 
pelled Baron Sterstorpf, master 
of the horse, the wealthiest and 
one of the most respected noble- 
men in his dominions. The Su- 
preme Court of Wolfenbiittel 
declared the act illegal, and he 
publicly burnt the decree. 
When the Diet solemnly con- 



85 DIA 



firmed this decision, he pointed 
gains at the crowd assembled to 
welcome the exile. In a few 
months the liberal duke became 
a half-demented autocrat. He 
had a favorite, an underling in 
the war office, who had married 
the daughter of Miss Colville's 
cook. He gained the duke's 
good grace by exercising a singu- 
lar mimic talent, and by being 
able to imitate on the piano a 
peal of laughter. He was cre- 
ated Baron d'Ancllau, and be- 
came the duke's chief and only 
adviser. The Brunswickers be- 
came openly disaffected, and 
appealed to the Diet to send 
troops to occupy the duchy. 
The duke fled to Paris, praying 
Charles X. to protect him 
against his subjects and neigh- 
bors; but the king had trouble 
enough of his own. He sent the 
duke the Grand Cross, but it 
was returned because it was not 
the Cross of St. Louis. The 
duke went to Brussels, and back 
to Brunswick, where his carriage 
was stoned, and he himself hoot- 
ed, and where the notables de- 
manded a convocation of the 
states-general. He refused to 
yield to violence, called his 
guards out and the next day, 
Sept. 7, 1830, left for England, 
followed by sixteen wagons full 
of incalculable treasures. He 
pretended that he was taking a 
little journey to England to fig- 
ure at William IV.'s coronation. 
His subjects burnt his palace and 
acclaimed his brother William 
as sovereign duke. In London 
he was a perpetual source of so- 
cial scandal and political annoy- 
ance. The new king received 
him coolly, the cabinet advised 
him to abdicate, but he deter- 
mined to reconquer his duchy 
unaided. He went to Frankfort, 
launched one of the most fantas- 
tic schemes of reform that ever 
came from a crowned head, 
placed himself at the head of a 
rabble of peasants, and, after a 
parley with the Brunswick 



DIA 



86 



DIA 



troops on the frontier, retired 
without drawing sword. He 
next went to Paris, and there 
made himself obnoxious protest- 
ing against his brother's usurpa- 
tion, and drawing up schemes of 
liberal - legitimist revolutions. 
The government decided to be 
rid of him. They arrested his 
footman, who resembled his 
master, and conveyed him to 
Switzerland, while the duke re- 
mained hid in Paris, gathering 
together a formidable array of 
evidence to support his right to 
live in France. He exercised 
for the first time his genius for 
litigation, which was the chief 
trait of his intellect during the 
latter part of his career. The 
decree of expulsion was revoked, 
and he purchased a house in the 
Champs J-Ciysees. At this time 
he was a fair-haired, comely little 
fellow, who wore high heels to 
make himself appear tall ; a fine 
rider, an accomplished musician, 
a constant subscriber to the 
opera, and an entertainer, in his 
home, of the best musicians that 
visited Paris. He lived the life 
of a man of fashion, and mixed 
with the nobility. But his ava- 
rice and pride were growing, and 
he began to show a belief that 
everybody was stealing from 
him. His secretary was perpet- 
ually appearing in the courts to 
plead for his master against 
petty creditors who overcharged 
in their bills. He began to con- 
struct his house like a fortress. 
At the head of his bed was a 
stone cupboard, which at the 
turn of a screw could be sunk 
into a wall fifty yards beneath 
the basement, where he kept his 
most precious deeds, documents, 
treasures, and heirlooms. His 
cellars were strongholds equal to 
a bank, reached by a secret stair- 
case, where were iron cases filled 
with guineas, and gold coins 
which had never been in circula- 
tion. At this time he began to 
paint his face, an art he had ac- 
quired in Spain. He began by 



whitening the end of his nose, he 
added a little rouge to his cheeks, 
and then dyed his hair and 
beard. He looked ridiculous 
then, but in after years he looked 
monstrous. His people in Bruns- 
wick announced him insane, and 
the Diet in 1831 declared him in- 
capable of reigning. The duke 
successfully resisted the seques- 
tration of his property in Paris. 
He paid another visit to Eng- 
land, and as soon as he reached 
those shores his old monomania 
revived. His daughter had been 
taken ill, and when he heard 
that months before Queen Ade- 
laide had given her sweetmeats, 
his mind was made up and he 
despatched her to France to save 
her from her royal poisoners. 
He refused to wear mourning for 
William IV., and out of affec- 
tion sought the society of the 
inheritors of Stuart blood. He 
became acquainted with Louis 
Napoleon, with whom he exhib- 
ited himself at Epsom arrayed in 
yellow satin. He planned a gro- 
tesque invasion of his lost duchy, 
with his daughter at the head of 
a band of mercenaries, but the 
heroine forsook the faith of her 
fathers and joined the Catholic 
Church. He ordered her to re- 
cant, and, on her refusing, lie 
stopped her supplies. She was 
obliged to live on the charity of 
the French family where she 
afterwards found a husband. 
From that time all moral and 
material care for her ceased on 
his part. 
When Louis Napoleon was a 

Erisoner at Ham, the duke sent 
im eight hundred thousand 
pounds, and they agreed to help 
each other. The duke was to help 
the prince to restore to France 
her national sovereignty; and the 
prince was to assist the duke to 
regain his duchy. When the 
prince was in power, the duke 
went to France. His first idea was 
to sell his house in the Champs 
Elysees because its number, 52, 
had been changed to 78 and he 



DIA 



87 



DIO 



had a horror of the figure seven. 
He built a new house, more fan- 
tastic, grotesque, and more like a 
fortress than, the old one. In this 
he lived almost entirely by him- 
self. In his bed-chamber, with 
his strong-box hung over a well 
in the wall, he spent nearly all 
his solitary day, attired in flam- 
ing dressing-gowns, selecting, 
from, among thirty waxen simu- 
lacra of his own face^ the wig, 
eyebrows, and complexion of the 
day. Dyed, rouged, curled, and 
scented, he went, at sunset, to 
ride in his chocolate-colored car- 
riage ; he dined at some fashion- 
able restaurant and went to the 
theatre. At home he had no 
kitchen,- for a cook might poison 
him. He mixed his morning 
chocolate himself ; his milk was 
brought in a sealed silver can, 
and his servant compelled to 
drink it before he himself touched 
it. The famous pact between 
him and Louis Napoleon was 
found impracticable, and by de- 
grees the emperor dropped the 
duke. Surrounded by hirelings, 
he lost all taste for the society of 
his equals. He shut himself up 
with his diamonds, fondling them 
like old-time misers. He refused 
all communications from his 
daughter, and for four years 
he contested his grandchildren's 
right to a penny of his fortune. 
His will left his millions to the 
capital of Calvinism, because it 
was the only place likely to put 
up his statue in a public place. 
His end was worthy the long 
frivolous, foolish, unfortunate 
life he had lived. While Europe 
was being shaken by a crisis, 
which has not been equalled in 
modern times, he was living at 
Geneva, fondling his diamonds, 
dressing and painting, alone in 
the world, having lost all human 
sympathies. 

Diana of the Stage, The. So 
Fitzgerald, in his New History 
of the English titar/e (ii. -43), 
calls Mrs. Bracegirdle. 



Dick of Aberdaron. A nick- 
name given to Richard Robert 
Jones, who was born in Aber- 
daron, North Wales, but spent 
most of his life in England. He 
was very eccentric, but a great 
linguist, and acquired a language 
with wonderful rapidity. He 
tried to teach languages, but met 
with little encouragement, on 
account of his total disregard of 
cleanliness, ignorance of the cus- 
toms and manners of society, his 
weakness of sight, and the diffi- 
culty of elucidating his meaning 
from collateral subjects. He left 
behind him some works of sur- 
prising labor, among which were 
Welsh, Greek, and Hebrew dic- 
tionaries, a compendious Greek- 
and-English lexicon, and a Latin 
treatise on the music and accents 
of the Hebrew tongue. 

Dicky Scrub. So Henry Nbrris, 

a comedian, and the contempo- 
rary of Betterton and Booth, is 
called in the first edition of The 
Spectator, in the advertisement 
of The Beaux? Stratagem. He 
was also frequently nicknamed 
Jubilee Dicky, from his ludicrous 
representation in Farquhar's com- 
edy The Constant Couple. Vid. 
also HEIGH-HO. 

Dictator of Letters, The. A 
title given to Voltaire. 

Didot of America, The. So 
Isaiah Thomas, the publisher of 
The Massachusetts Spy in 1770, 
has been called. 

Diminutive Peter. A nickname 
given to Patrick Robinson. Vid. 
PEVERIL OP THE PEAK. 

Dinah Morris. A character in 
George Eliot's novel Adam Bede, 
who was in a large measure a 
portrait of Elizabeth Evans, an 
aunt of the author, and a preacher 
at Wirks worth. 

Diogenes. The title of Romanus 
IV., Emperor of Constantinople. 

Dionysiac Singing Woman, A. 
So Quiutus Hortensius, the Ro- 
man orator, was nicknamed by 



DIR 



88 



DIY 



Lucius Torquatus. Vid- Mas- 
son, Life of Milton (i. 221). 

Dirceean Swan, The, So Pin- 
dar is called, because he was born, 
at the fountain of Dirce, near 
Thebes. 

Director of Studies, The. A 
name given to Dr. John Friend 
by Dr. Bentley in the Boyle- 
Bentley Controversy. 

Discipulus Aldi. So the London 
publisher, William Pickering, 
styled himself. He had adopted 
the well known dolphin and 
anchor of Aldus Mantius, which 
evoked the verses from Sir Eger- 
ton Brydges : 
"Would yon still be safely landed, 

On the Aldine Anchor ride; 

Never yet was vessel stranded, 

With the Dolphin by its side. 

Kor time nor envy ever shall can- 
ker 

The sign that is my lasting pride. 
Joy, then, to the Aldus anchor, 

And the Dolphin at its side. 
To the Dolphin, as we're drinking, 

Life and health and joy we send; 
A poet once he saved from sinking, 

And still he lives the poet's 
Mend. 

Discrowned Glutton, A. A 
nickname given to Charles V. 
of Spain, after his abdication. 
He had no taste for retirement, 
and no religious sentimentality, 
"but, disappointed in his schemes, 
"broken in fortune, all his affairs 
in confusion, and failing in men- 
tal powers, he determined to 
retire from public life, and pre- 
pare himself for death. He was 
already a victim of gluttony and 
intemperance, and he kept up 
the same manner of eating after 
he retired to the monastery of 
Yuste, in Estremadura. 

Robertson, in his History of the 
JKeign of Charles V., gives a pic- 
ture of' Charles' personal habits, 
at least in his retirement in the 
Estremaduran monastery, widely 
differing from that above given. 
He says : 

In this retirement, Charles formed 
such a plan of life for himself as 



would have suited the condition of a 
private person of a moderate for- 
tune. His table was neat, but plain ; 
his domestics few; his intercourse 
with them familiar; all the cumber- 
some and ceremonious forms of at- 
tendance on Ms person were entirely 
abolished, as destructive of that 
social ease and tranquillity which he 
courted in order to soothe the re- 
mainder of his days. 

Dismal, The. A nickname given 
to Heneage Finch, Earl of Not- 
tingham, "because he was tall, 
thin, and of a black complexion. 

Distiller of Syllables, The. So 
Churchill, in his poem The Mos- 
dad (line 877), calls Henry Mos- 
sop, who was censured by the 
critics for too much mechanism 
in his action and delivery. The 
frequent resting of his left hand 
on his hip, with his right ex- 
tended, was ludicrously com- 
pared to the handle and spout of 
a tea-pot. 

Distressed Statesman, The. A 
nickname given to William Pitt, 
Earl of Chatham, in 1761, when 
he was forced to resign his place 
in the cabinet. In newspapers, 
caricatures, and pamphlets, in 
the interest and pay of Bute, the 
nickname was bestowed upon 
him, and he was represented as 
a disappointed, overthrown 
statesman, now obliged to retire 
to conceal his chagrin. 

Divel's pratour, The. A nick- 
name given to Thomas Nash by 
Harvey, in his Piercc's Superer- 
ogation (London, 1593), where 
he says : 

Who would have thought or could 
have imagined to have found the 
witt of Pierce, so starved; the con- 
ceit of an adversarie, so weather- 
beaten and tired; the learning of a 
schollar, so pore-blind and lame ; the 
elocution of the Divel's Oratour, 
so lank, so wan, so meager, so blunt, 
so dull, so fordead, so gastly, where 
the masculine Furie ment to play 
his grisliest and horriblest part. 

Divine, The. A name given to 
Ludovico Ariosto. J. A. Sy- 
monds, in his Renaissance in 
Italy (v. p. 41), says : 



DIV 



89 



DOC 



The style of the Furioso is said to 
have taught Galileo how to write 
Italian. This style won from him 
for Ariosto the title of divine. As 
the luminous and flowing octave 
stanzas pass before us, we are 
almost tempted to forget that they 
are products of deliberate art. The 
beauty of their form consists in its 
limpidity and naturalness. 

The Spanish poet Ferdinand 
de Herrera is sometimes called 
THE DIVINE. 

Divine, The. So Alexander 
Pope, in Ms Imitations of Horace 
(II. i. 70), and Dryden, in his 
preface to All for Love (1678), 
term William Shakespeare. 

Divine Doctor, The. A title 
bestowed, on Jean de Ruysbroek, 
the mystic. 

Divine jmilie, The, the heroine 
of Voltaire's verses, was Madame 
Chatelet, with whom he lived 
for ten years at Cirey. 

Divine Madman, The. A name 
given to Michael Angelo, who, 
when he was meditating on 
some great design, shut himself 
out from the world. 

Divine Milton, The. Fid. Words- 
worth, The Excursion (bk. i.). 

Divine Speaker, The. A name 
given by Aristotle to Tyrtamos, 
who thereupon adopted the name 
THEOPHBASTOS. 

Diviner, The. Leonardo da 
Vinci. Vid. THE WIZARD OP 
THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE. 

Divino, II. A title "bestowed by 
Pietro Aretino upon himself. 
Vid. Symonds, Renaissance in 
Italy (ii. xv.). By his scurrilous 
attacks upon others, he caused 
the poets to flatter him. Ari- 
osto, Orlando Furioso (canto 
xlvi. st. 14), says : 

Bcco il flagello 
De' principe, il divino Pietro Aretino. 

Divino, II. A surname bestowed 
both upon Raphael and the Span- 
ish painter Luis Morales. 

Divito. Under this name Chris- 
topher Rich appears in The Tat- 



ler, in articles which Sir Richard 
Steele wrote against his theatri- 
cal management. Vid. Fitzger- 
ald, New History of the English 
Stage (i. 281). 

Divoratore de' Libri, II, i. e., 
THE DEVOUKER OP BOOKS. A 
nickname given to Antonio Mag- 
liabecchi, the Italian bibliog- 
rapher. Vid. IL BIBLIOTECA 
ANIMATA. 

Divus P. Aretinus, Flagellum 
Principum. So Pietro Aretino 
styled himself upon his medals. 
Vid. Symonds, Renaissance in 
Italy (pt. ii. cap. xv.). 

Dizzy. The nickname of Ben- 
iamin Disraeli, Earl of Beacons- 
field. 

Doc "Wood. John B. Wood. 
Vid. THE GREAT AMERICAN- 
CONDENSER. 

Doctor, The. A nickname given 
to James Watson, an English 
author of some literary power. 
He was the editor of The Hertford 
Gleaner in 1806. Some of his 
humorous pieces were published 
under the title of The Spirit of 
the Doctor. His very eccentric 
habits gave rise to the above 
nickname by his friends and 
neighbors. 

Doctor, The. An appellation 
given to Henry Addington, first 
Lord Sidmouth, by his political 
enemies. It was occasioned in 
this way: Lord Chatham's 
coachman being ill, the postilion 
was sent into town for the fam- 
ily doctor; but he being from 
home, the messenger brought 
with him Mr. Addington, who, 
by consent of Lord Chatham, 
attended the coachman. His 
lordship was so much pleased 
with Mr. Addington that he 
took him as an apothecary for 
his servants; then, finding that 
he spoke good-sense, first on med- 
icine and afterwards on politics, 
he assisted him. The doctor, 
after practising in London, for 
some time with distinction, re- 
tired to Reading, where he mar- 



DOC 



90 



DOC 



ried, and had a son, Henry 
Addington, afterwards Lord 
Sidmouth. 

Doctor Angelicus. Thomas 
Aquinas was so called, because 
he discussed the knotty point of 
" how many angels can dance 
on the point of a needle," or, 
more strictly speaking, " IJtruin 
Angelus possit moveri de extremo 
ad extremum iion transeundo 
per medium," i. e., does an angel 
pass over the intervening space 
in passing from one point to 
another? The doctor replies in 
the negative. 

The above explanation, given 
by so eminent an authority as 
Dr. Brewer, in his Phrase and 
Fable, is somewhat strained and 
fanciful. The relations of incor- 
poreate beings to space form a 
subject of serious philosophical 
inquiry; and, moreover, it is 
very improbable that this title 
would be bestowed in derision 
on a man universally revered 
for his stupendous genius. The 
natural and logical interpreta- 
tion of the title, therefore, is that 
it was given him in compliment 
to the almost supernatural 
strength and clearness of his in- 
tellect. The Thomistic philoso- 
phy, it may be added, is taught 
in many of the world's great 
schools to-day. 

Doctor Authenticus. A title 
given to Gregory of Birnini, a 
celebrated scholar of the four- 
teenth century. 

Doctor Christianissirniis,or THE 
MOST CHRISTIAN DOCTOR, is a 
sobriquet conferred both upon 
Jean Charlier de Gerson and 
Nicolas de Cusa, both eminent 
divines and philosophers. 

Doctor Cowheel. A nickname 
bestowed on John Cowell, an 
oracle of the common law, by 
Edward Coke, the attorney-gen- 
eral. 

Doctor Dnlcifluus. A title be- 
stowed upon Antony Andreas, a 
Spanish theologian of the four- 



teenth century, and a disciple of 
the school of Duns Scotus. 

Doctor Ecstaticus, or THE EC- 
STATIC DOCTOR, was the title be- 
stowed on Jean de Ruysbroek, a 
mystic of the fourteenth century. 

Doctor Bvang-elicus, or THE 
EVANGELIC DOCTOR. A title 
given to John Wyclif, the Eng- 
lish reformer, " on account of his 
ardent attachment to the Holy 
Scriptures." 

Doctor Facundus, or THE ELO- 
QUENT DOCTOR, was a title be- 
stowed on Peter Aureolus, the 
Archbishop of Aix in the four- 
teenth century. 

Doctor Fundatissimus, or THE 
WELL FOUNDED DOCTOR, is a 
title applied to JSgidius de Co- 
lumn a. 

Doctor Fundatus, or THE THOR- 
OUGH DOCTOR, was an honorary 
title bestowed upon William Var- 
ro, an English scholastic philoso- 
pher of the thirteenth century. 

Doctor Hornbook, the hero of 
Burns' celebrated poem, was an. 
apothecary named John Wilson, 
whom the poet met at a meeting 
of the Torbolton Masonic Lodge. 
The next afternoon the poet 
repeated the lines to his brother 
Gilbert; and, when published, 
they attracted so much attention 
that the unfortunate subject was 
ultimately driven away to Glas- 
gow, where he died in 1839. 

Doctor Hum. Gabriel Harvey en- 
joyed the society of courtiers and 
prided himself on his Italian 
punctilios and his skill in Tuscan 
authors, while he quite renounced 
his natural English accents and 
gestures. When he was pre- 
sented to the queen, he was de- 
lighted because she said "he 
looked like air Italian " ; and he 
wrote a poem giving an account 
of his introduction to her maj- 
esty. This was made sport of by 
some of the wits of the day, 
among whom was Nash, who in 
his Have with you to Saffron 
Walden (London, 1596), says: 



DOC 



91 



DOC 



There did this our Talatamtana, or 
Doctour Hum, thrust himself into 
the thickest rankes of the noblemen 
and Gallants, and whatsoever they 
were arguing of, he would not misse 
to catch hold of, or strike iii at the 
one end, and take the thearne out of 
their mouths, or it should goe hard. 
In self-same order was hee at his 
pretie toyes and amorous glaunces 
and purposes with the Damsells, and 
putting bandy riddles unto them. 
In fine, some Disputations there 
were, and he made Oration before 
the Maids of Honour, and not before 
her Majestie, as heretofore I misin- 
formedly set down, beginning thus : 
A nut, a woman, and an asse are 

like, 
These three doo nothing right, 

except you strike. 

Doctor Illuminatns. A sobri- 
quet conferred both upon Bay- 
mond Lully and the German 
mystic Johann Tauler. 

Doctor Inkpot. A nickname 
given to John Standish, who, 
says "Wood, in his Atherise Oxoni- 
ensis, "when Queen Mary ruled 
the sceptre . . . seeing what great 
mischief was like to follow upon 
the translation of the Bible into 
the English tongue in the time 
of K. Ed., and before, be- 
stirred himself so much about it, 
that he found means to have the 
matter proposed in Parliament, in 
the beginning of Queen Mary, 
that all such Bibles that were in 
the English tongue should be 
prohibited and burn'd. This 
being very displeasing to many, 
he was hated of them, and there- 
fore one after his usual manner 
calls Mm morio and scurra, and 
another as foul-mouth'd as he, 
' Dr. Inkpot,' " etc. 

Doctor Irrefrag-abilis, or THE 
IRREFRAGABLE DOCTOR. Alex- 
ander Hales. Vid. THE FOUN- 
TAIN OF LIFE. 

Doctor Luder. So Dr. Johann 
Eck called Luther. The word 
means a worthless fellow, a com- 
pliment which Luther returned 
by addressing Eck as " Dreck," 
i.e., dirt. 

Doctor MellifLuus, or THE 



MELLIFLUOUS DOCTOR, a sobri- 
quet bestowed on St. Bernard, a 
renowned theologian of the 
twelfth century. His writings 
have been termed " a river of 
paradise." 

Doctor Mirabilis, i. 6., THE AD- 
MIRABLE DOCTOR. So Roger Ba- 
con is frequently called, on ac- 
count of his great learning, im- 
portant scientific discoveries, and 
his superiority over his _contem- 
poraries in insight. 

Doctor My-Book. A nickname 
given to Dr. John Abernethy, 
because he used to /say to his 
patients, "Bead my book," L e., 
his Surgical Observations. 

Doctor of Hypocrisie, A. An 
epithet conferred on Dr. Andrew 
Perne, Dean of Ely, by Harvey, 
in his Pierce's Supererogation, 
(London, 1593), where he says : 
I believe all the Colleges in both 
Universities, or in the great Univer- 
sitie of Christendome, could not have 
patterned the young man with such 
an other Batchelour of Sophistry, or 
the old master with such another 
Doctour of Hypocrisie. 

Doctor Ordinatissimus, i. e., 
MOST METHODICAL DOCTOR. A 
title bestowed upon John Bassol, 
a disciple of Duns Scotus, for the 
order and method which charac- 
terized his compositions. 

Doctor Pessimist Anticant, in 
Anthony Trollope's novel TPizr- 
den. is intended for Thomas 
Carlyle. 

Doctor Planus et Perspicuus, 
or THE PLAIN AND PERSPICUOUS 
DOCTOR, is a title bestowed by 
his contemporaries upon "Walter 
Burleigh, a celebrated scholar of 
the fourteenth century, and the 
opponent of Duns Scotus. 

Doctor Profundus, or THE PRO- 
FOUND DOCTOR. A title given 
by his contemporaries to Thomas 
Bradwardine, Archbishop of Can- 
terbury, a schoolman of the four- 
teenth century. 

Doctor Profandus. Eichard 
Middleton. Vid. DOCTOR SOL- 
EDUS. 



DOC 



92 



DOG 



Doctor Resolutissimus, or THE 
MOST RESOLUTE DOCTOR. Du- 
randus de St. Pour9ain, who 
flourished in the fourteenth cen- 
tury, and who was the great 
opponent of the school of Sco- 
tus, is called by this title. 

Doctor Roguery. A nickname 
given to Thomas Smith, the ori- 
entalist. 

Doctor Scholasticus. A name 

fiven to Anselni of Laon, who 
ourished in the eleventh cen- 
tury. 

Doctor Seraphicus. A sobri- 
quet conferred upon St. Bona- 
ventura, or, more properly, John 
of Fidenza, a celebrated Italian 
scholar of the thirteenth cen- 
tury. He was the author of 
numerous theological works, and 
received his name from his se- 
raphic fervor and eloquence. 

Doctor Singularis et Invincib- 
ilis is the title given to Will- 
iam of Occam, "who is," says 
Professor Fraser, "the greatest 
leader of nominalism in the 
Middle Ages, a renowned logi- 
cian, and the ecelesiastico-politi- 
cal, theological, and philosophi- 
cal reformer of the fourteenth 
century. " 

Doctor Slop. A nickname given 
by William Hone to Sir John 
Stoddard, on account of his 
attacks on Napoleon Bonaparte 
in The New Times, of which he 
was the editor. 

Doctor Solenmis, or THE SOL- 
EMN DOCTOR, was a title be- 
stowed by the Sorbonne upon 
Henry Goethals, a celebrated 
schoolman of the thirteenth cen- 
tury. 

Doctor Solidus. A title be- 
stowed upon Richard Middleton, 
a cordelier, on account of his 
great learning. He is also styled 
" The Profound Doctor/' or DOC- 
TOE PROFlTNDtJS. 

Doctor Squintum, in Foote's 
farce of The Minor, represents the 
celebrated George Whitefield. 
Theodore Hook bestowed the 



same name upon the Eev. Ed- 
ward Irving, who was afflicted 
with strabismus. 

Doctor Subtilis, or THE SUBTLE 
DOCTOR, is a title frequently 
given to Johannes Duns Sco- 
tus. 

Doctor Universalis, or THE 
UNIVERSAL DOCTOR, is a so- 
briquet conferred on Alain de 
Lille. 

Doctus. A nickname bestowed 
upon Caius Valerius Catullus 
by his contemporaries. Drake, 
in his Literary Hours (ii. 52), 
states that "this poet has 
thrown into his style many of 
the beautiful expressions and 
idioms of the Grecian language; 
these melt with so much sweet- 
ness into the texture of his com- 
position, so aptly express the 
impassioned ideas of his amorous 
muse, that they have given a 
peculiarly delicate and mellow 
air to his diction, and for this, 
probably, more than for any 
other quality, he obtained the 
above appellation." 
Doeg 1 , in Dryden's poem of Absa- 
lom and Achitophel, is intended 
for Elkanah Settle, the city 
poet. Vid. 1 Sam'l xxi. 7, xxii. 
18. 
Doeg, though without knowing how 

or why, 
Made still a blundering kind of 

melody . . . 
Let him rail on; let Ms invective 

muse 
Have four-and-twenty letters to 

abuse, 
"Which if he jumbles to one line of 

sense, 
Indict him of a capital offence. 

(Part ii.) 

Dog" Jennings. A nickname 
given to Henry Oonstantine Jen- 
nings, an English gentleman of 
a large estate in Oxfordshire, 
and a collector of articles of 
vertu. "When in Home, he was 
one day strolling along the 
streets, and, entering the shop 
of a curiosity dealer, he began to 
look around for curious produc- 
tions of art. Underneath a pile 



DOG 



93 



DON 



of rubbish he discovered a mar- 
ble dog, of huge but fine propor- 
tions, and of the age of Alci- 
biades. The cost of the statue 
and its transportation to England 
amounted to eighty pounds. It 
was greatly admired by connois- 
seurs, and more than one of them 
offered Jennings a thousand 
pounds for it. From the fact of 
his finding this valuable work 
of art he became known as Dog 
Jennings. By a reverse of for- 
tune he was compelled to sell at 
auction his fine collection, and 
this one article brought one thou- 
sand guineas. 

Dog-gre, Our. Lord Lovell. Vid. 
THE CAT. 

Domestic Baffaele, Our. A 
nickname given to Thomas 
Stothard, an English designer 
and painter. Dibdin, in his 
Reminiscences of a Literary Life 
(i. 67), says: 

To commend the talents, or to de- 
clare the reputation of Stothard, our 
domestic Raffaele, were equally a 
waste of words and of time. Had 
his coloring even approached that of 
Watteau, his composition had been 
invaluable. Loveliness, grace, and 
innocence seem to be impressed on 
every female countenance and figure 
which he delineated. 

Dominie Hairy. So Henry, 
Lord Brougham, is nicknamed 
in the Nodes Ambrosianse (xlv.). 

Dominie Legacy Picken. A 
name given to Andrew Picken 
by the wits in Fraser's Magazine, 
in which appeared a collection 
of stories by him called The Dom- 
inie's Legacy. 

Don Adriano de Armado, the 
braggart in Shakespeare's Love's 
Labour's Lost, is said to be in- 
tended for John Florio, the 
philologist. Vid. HOLOFEENES. 

Don Diego Dismallo, in Arbuth- 
not's Law is a Bottomless Pit 
. . . (London, 1712), is intended 
for Daniel Finch, Earl of Not- 
tingham. 

Don Gabriel Triaquero. A char- 
acter in Le Sage's Gil Bias 



(bk. x. ch. 5), intended to rep- 
resent Voltaire, where he 



No wonder the tragedy they are 
going to play is written by Don 
Gabriel Triaquero, nicknamed the 
Fashionable Poet. Whenever the 
play-bills announce a new play by 
this author, the whole town of Va- 
lencia is topsy-turvy. 

Don Jose'. A character in By- 
ron's Don Juan, which to some 
extent is a portrayal of the 
poet himself. In canto I. xxvi. 
we find : 

Don Jose and the Donna Inez led 
For some time an unhappy sort of 

life, 
Wishing each other not divorced, 

but dead : 
They lived respectably as man and 

wife; 
Their conduct was exceedingly well 

bred, 

And gave no outward sign of in- 
ward strife 
Until at length the smothered fire 

broke out 
And put the business past all kind 

of doubt. 

Vid. AUBOBA BABY. 

Don Juan. Lord Byron. Vid. 
ATJBOBA RABY. 

Don Juan. Don Juan Tenorio 
of Seville, an aristocratic liber- 
tine of the fourteenth century, 
is the original of Tirso de Moli- 
na's dramas, Gluck's ballet, and 
Mozart's opera. 

Don Juan of Literature, The. 
An epithet given to Charles 
Augustin Sainte-Beuve, because 
his judgment was taken captive 
by many enthusiasms, and in 
the hot blood of his youth he 
had become again and again im- 
passioned for ideas which he 
afterwards learned to regard 
with indifference. His literary 
idols, when his enthusiasm had 
cooled, became dead to him. 

Donna Inez. Miss Millbank. 
Vid. AUROBA KABY. 

Donzel Dick. A nickname 
given to Bichard Harvey. Don- 
zel is from the Italian donzello, 
and means a squire, young man, 



DOO 



94 



DEO 



or a bachelor, and the nickname 
was given to him as a slur on 
his admiration of the Italians. 
Nash applied it in his Have 
with yva to Saffron Wai den 
(London, 159G), where he 
says : 

I pry thee, surmounting Donzel 
Dick, whiles I am in the heate j of 
Invective, let rue remember thee to 
do this one kindness more for me, 
etc. 

Doomsday Sedg-wick. A nick- 
name given to William Sedg- 
wick, a fanatical preacher of the 
Commonwealth, who pretended 
that a vision revealed to him the 
approach of doomsday. He re- 
paired to the residence of Sir 
Francis Russell, in Cambridge- 
shire, where, finding a party of 
gentlemen playing at bowls, he 
requested them to desist from 
their sport and prepare for the 
approaching dissolution. 

Masson, in his Life of Milton 
(iii.p. 588), states that he came 
all the way from London to pre- 
sent the king with a book he had 
written, suitable for his comfort, 
and entitled Leaves from the Tree 
of Life for the healing of the 
Nations. King Charles ordered 
him to be admitted, received the 
book, glanced at some pages 
of it, and then returned it to the 
author with the observation that 
surely he must need some sleep 
after having written a book like 
that. 

Door-Opener, The. A title be- 
stowed on Crates, the Theban, 
because he rebuked the people of 
Athens every morning for their 
late rising. 

Dorimant, the witty aristocratic 
rake in Etherege's play of The 
Man of Mode, represents the 
Earl of Rochester. 
Dorinda, in the Earl of Dorset's 
verses, is intended for Catherine 
Sedley, Countess of Dorchester, 
the mistress of James II. 
Doron. A character in Greene's 
Menaphon, supposed to represent 
Shakespeare, of which Simpson, 



p 
B 



in his School of Shakespeare (ii. 
339-340), says: 

Every student of Shakespeare 
knows the attack made upon him by 
Greene, in 1592, in the epistle ap- 
ended to the Groatswortli of Wit. 
ut no one has yet traced the earlier 
mutterings of the jealousy which 
then for the first time spoke out 
clearly. It may, I think, be shown 
that the same actor-author who is 
abused in the epistle is also mocked 
at in the novel to which the epistle 
is attached; that the same man is 
glanced at, in the same phrases, in 
the epistle which Greene caused 
Nash to prefix to Menaphon in 1589 ; 
while in the novel of Menaphon 
itself, Greene criticises the style of 
this "Koscius" under the name of 
Doron. The same writer is also 
glanced at in Never too Late and in 
his Farewell to Folly. 

Douster-Swivel. A nickname 
applied by the Edinburgh re- 
viewers to Dr. John Gaspar 
Spurzheim, a celebrated advocate 
of phrenology. 

D'Outre-mer, i. e., "from over 
the sea." A nickname given to 
Louis IV. of France. Vid. THE 
FOREIGNER. 

Dreamer of Whittoy, The. A 
name sometimes given to 
Caedmon, who was told in a 
dream to sing the origin of crea- 
tures, or what is now called his 
Paraphrase. Disraeli, in his 
Amenities of Literature, says: 
If we may confide in a learned 
conjecture, it may happen that Caed- 
mon is now no name at all, but 
merely a word or a phrase ; and thus 
the entity of the Dreamer of the 
Monastery of Whitby may vanish 
in the wind of two Chaldaic sylla- 
bles. 

Dreck, i.e.," dirt." A name giv- 
en by Luther to Doctor Eck, one 
of his assailants. Vid. DOCTOR 

LUDER. 

Driver of Europe, The. Due 
de Choiseul. Vid. LE COCKER 

DE L'EtJROPE, 

Dromedary, The. Thomas 

Campbell is frequently desig- 
nated under this name in the 
Nodes Ambrosianss, the sobri- 
quet being a pun upon his name. 



DRU 



95 



DUN 



Drunken Barnaby. During his 
lifetime Richard Braithwaite 
published a book called Drunken 
Barnaby's Four Journeys to the 
North of England. This gave 
no author's name, and it was not 
discovered till 1820, by Joseph 
Haslewood, that Braithwaite was 
the writer. He was one of the 
minor pastoral poets of the reign 
of James I., and when he died he 
left behind him the character of 
a " well bred gentleman and a 
good neighbor." Since 1820 he 
is frequently spoken of as Drunk- 
en Barnaby. 

Drusus, the principal character in. 
John Davies' poem of Drusus 
and his Deer-Stealing, is intended 
for William Shakespeare. 

Drusus. So Canon Kingsley, in 
his Essays (ed. 1873 p. 58), calls 
William Cartwright, the poet of 
the Restoration. 

Dry den of Germany, The. A. 
nickname given in ridicule to 
Martin Opitz, the founder of a 
German school of poetry, a man 
nearly forgotten, and whose fol- 
lowers are unknown. He had no 
originality, no vigor, no imagina- 
tion, and was at best only an im- 
itator of the Italian poets. He 
bears about as much resemblance 
to Dryden as Klopstock does to 
Milton. His ideal of good poetry 
was simply elegant diction. Vid. 
THE FATHER OP MODERN GER- 
MAN POETRY. 

Duellist, The. A name by which 
Beauchamp Bagenal, an eccen- 
tric Irish gentleman, is some- 
times spoken of. He is said to 
have fought over twenty duels. 
His favorite spot of meeting on 
these occasions was the church- 
yard of Killinane,Carlow County, 
where, being lame from an acci- 
dent, he always maintained his 
perpendicular by resting against 
one of the tombstones, and there 
receiving the fire of his adver- 
sary. 

Duellist, The. A name given to 
Samuel Martin, by Churchill, in 
a poem of that name. Martin 



was a West Indian, who had 
been treasurer to the Princess 
Dowager of Wales ; Secretary of 
the treasury, under Heneage, 
Baron of the Exchequer; and 
finally represented Camelford in 
Parliament. While holding the 
last, in 1763, he fought a duel 
with John Wilkes, in which 
the latter was slightly wounded 
but very much frightened. 
Churchill, a firm friend of 
Wilkes, wrote the satire in retal- 
iation. 

Duke Combe. A name given to 
William Combe, the author of 
Doctor Syntax, who in the days 
of his prosperity was noted for 
the magnificence of his attire, 
but who ended his life in prison. 

Duke of Darnick, The. A nick- 
name given to Sir Walter Scott 
by the villagers near Abbotsford. 

Duke of Juggernaut, The, in 
Benjamin Disraeli's novel of Vw- 
ian Grey, is said to be intended 
for the Duke of Norfolk. 

Duke of Waterloo, The, in 
Disraeli's novel of Vivian Grey, 
is intended for the Duke of Well- 
ington. 

Dulcinuous Doctor, The. An- 
thony Andreas. Vid. DOCTOR 
DULCIFLUUS. 

Dumb Ox, The. So St. Thomas 
Aquinas was nicknamed by his 
school-fellows- a Cologne, on ac- 
count of his dulness and tacitur- 
nity. 

Dumont of Letters, The. So 
Bulwer calls William Hazlitt. 

Dun, the hangman in Butler's Hu- 
dibras (pt. iii. ii. 1534), repre- 
sents Sir Arthur Hazelrig, 
Knight of the shire, in the Long 
Parliament, of the County of 
Chester, and one of the five mem- 
bers of the House of Commons 
impeached by Charles I, 

Dunnie- Wassail. A nickname 
given to Alexander Campbell, 
editor of Albyns Anfholoyy, by 
Sir Walter Scott and his associ- 
ates. 



DOT 



96 



Duns Scotus. A nickname given 
to Sir Walter Scott by his youth- 
ful associates, but which clung to 
him through life. Lockhart, in 
his Life of Walter Scott (Boston, 
1837; pp. 122, 161), says: 

But he xvas deep, especially in For- 
dun and Wyntoun, and all the Scotch 
chronicles;" and his friends rewarded 
him by the honorable title of Duns 
Scotus. . . . Mr. Clark remembers 
complaining 1 one morning, on finding 
the group convulsed with laughter, 
that Duns Seotus had been forestal- 
ling him in a very good story, which 
he had communicated privately the 
day before adding, moreover, that 
his friend had not only stolen but 
disguised it. 

Duplessis-Mornay. A character 
in Voltaire's La Henriade. 

This is really a representation of 
Duke de Sully, minister of Henry IV. 
Voltaire substituted *his name be- 
cause his descendant did not take 
any notice of an outrage committed 
on the author by some bullies of De 
Eohan's, while he was dining at the 
duke's table. 

Dutch Augustus, The. A nick- 
name given to Marcus Anrelius 
Valerius Carausius, a supposed 
native of Holland, an ally of the 
Romans, and usurper of the Em- 
pire of Britain. 

Dutch Hog-arth, The. A nick- 
name given to John Zoffani, a 
German portrait-painter, particu- 
larly celebrated for his small 
whole-lengths. He spent several 



years in England, where he paint- 
ed pieces of Garrick and his con- 
temporaries in dramatic scenes. 

Dutch Sappho, A. A title be- 
stowed on Anna Roemers. Vid. 
Gosse, Literature of Northern 
Europe (p. 263). 

Dutchy , A nickname given by his 
soldiers to the German general 
in our Civil War, Franz Sigel. 

Dying- Titan, The. An epithet 
given to Robert Greene, the Eng- 
lish dramatist (in contradistinc- 
tion to Shakespeare), by Symonds, 
in his Shakespeare's Predecessors 
(pp. 550-551), where he says : 

Greene was an egotistical, irascible 
man, proud of his academical hon- 
ors, and jealous of his literary fame 
in London. Having bowed to Mar- 
low's superior genius, he had now 
the mortification of beholding a 
greater than Marlow; one, too, who 
was not even a scholar, who had not 
travelled in Italy, who studied the 
subjects of his plays in English ver- 
sions. . . . Greene's dying address to 
his friends is thus a groan of disap- 
pointment and despair; a lamenta- 
tion over wasted opportunities, en- 
venomed by envious hatred of a rival, 
wiser in his deportment, more fortu- 
nate in his ascendant star. Despica- 
ble as were the passions which in- 
spired it, we cannot withhold a de- 
gree of pity from the dying Titan, 
discomfited, undone, and super- 
seded, who beheld the young Apollo 
issue in splendor and awake the 
world to a new day. 



BAG 



97 



EDD 



E. 



Eagle, The. A nickname given 
to G-audenzio Ferrari, an eminent 
artist of Valdugia, Italy. He 
possessed a portentous ferocity of 
ideas, while strength was his 
element, which he expressed less 
by muscles forcibly marked than 
by fierce and terrible attitudes, as 
in The Passion of Christ and The 
Fall of Paul. 

Symonds, in his Sketches and 
Studies in Southern Europe (ii. 
238), says: 

In the Church of S. Cristoforo, in 
Vercelli, Ferrari, at the full height 
of his powers, showed what he could 
do to justify Lomaz2o's title chosen 
for him, of "the Eagle." He has 
indeed the strong wing and the 
swiftness of the king of birds. And 
yet the works of few really great 
painters and among the really 
great we place Ferrari leave upon 
the mind a more distressing sense of 
imperfection. Extraordinary fertil- 
ity of fancy, vehement dramatic pas- 
sion, sincere study of nature, and 
great command of technical resources 
are here (as elsewhere in Ferrari's 
frescos) naturalized by an incurable 
defect of the combining and harmo- 
nizing faculty so essential to a mas- 
terpiece. 

Eagle, The. So Lord Byron, in 
Childe Harold (iii. xviii.), calls 
Napoleon Bonaparte. 

Eagle of Brittany, The. A 
title applied to Bertrand Du 
Guesclin, constable of France. 

Eagle of Divines, The. A so- 
briquet sometimes applied to 
Thomas Aquinas. 

Eagle of Meaux, The. A name 
given to Jacques Benigne Bos- 
suet, at one time Bishop of 
Meaux, whose Funeral Orations 
are unrivalled. The name is 
given to him in contradistinction 



to Fenelon, who was called THE 
SWAN OF CAMBRAY (q. v.). He 
was a prelate of vast parts, 
learned, eloquent, artful, and 
aspiring, by which qualities he 
rose to the first dignities in the 
Gallican church. 

Eagle of the Doctors of Prance, 
The. Pierre d'Ailby, the French 
cardinal and astrologer, who 
flourished in the fourteenth cen- 
tury, is so called. 

Eagle of the North, The. Axel 
Oxenstierna. Vid. AQUILA AQUI- 
LONIUS. 

Earl of Milton's Comus, The. 
The Earl of Bridgewater. Vid. 
Masson, Life of Milton (iii. i. 1). 

Ebony. A humorous appellation 
bestowed on "William Black- 
wood, the original publisher of 
Blackwpod's Magazine, by James 
Hogg, in the Jen d' esprit of the 
latter entitled Translation of an 
Ancient Chaldee MS., which ap- 
peared in this magazine for 
October, 1817. The publisher is 
introduced in these words : 

And I looked, and behold a man 
clothed in plain apparel stood in the 
door of his house; and I saw his 
name, and the number of his name; 
and his name was as it had been the 
color of ebony. 

Eddie Ochiltree. A character 
in Scott's novel The Antiquary, 
drawn to represent Andrew 
G-emmels or Gemble, who was 
known as a wandering beggar or 
gaberlunzie in the southern part 
of Scotland for the greater part 
of half a century. In his youth 
he had been a soldier; and the 
entertaining stories which he 
told of his campaigns and adven- 
tures, united with his shrewd- 



EDW 

ness, drollery, and other agreea- 
ble qualities, rendered him a 
general favorite, and secured 
him a cordial welcome in every 
shepherd's cot or farm-house. 
He kept a horse, and, on arriving 
at a place, he usually put it in a 
stable or out-house, without ask- 
ing permission, and then went 
into the house, where he stamped 
and swore till room was made 
for him at the fireplace or table. 
He preferred sleeping in a shed 
or stable, because there he would 
be less exposed, in undressing, to 
the curious eyes of people who 
always suspected him of ^ having 
treasures concealed in his 
clothes. He was a tall, sturdy 
old man, and was usually 
dressed in the blue gown de- 
scribed in the novel. He^wore 
iron-soled shoes, and carried a 
walking-stick nearly six feet 
long, about his own height. He 
was never indiscreet or burden- 
some in his visits, returning only 
once or twice in a year. He 
prospered in his calling, and 
saved what he obtained. He 
was considered the best player 
of draughts in Scotland, and in 
that amusement he frequently 
spent the long winter nights. 
He claimed to be, at his death, 
105 years old, and when he died 
his hoarded wealth was the 
means of enriching a nephew, 
who then became a considerable 
landholder in Ayrshire. 

Edwin. A name tinder which 
Thomas Vaughan, an inferior 
playwright, appears in Gifford's 
Baviad (line 351), where he 
says: 
And over Edwin's mewlings keep 

awake. 

And also in the same author's 
Ms&viad (line 116), where he 
says: 

That I affix'd his name to Edwin's 
strains. 

^jg-alitd. A surname given to 
Philippe, Due d'Orle'ans, the 
father of Louis-Philippe, because 
he took sides with the revolu- 



98 EMI 



tionary party, whose motto was 
"Liberty, Fraternity, and Equal- 
ity." 

Einzige, Der, i. e., "the Only 
One." A name given to Jean 
Paul Friedrich Kichter, of whom 
Carlyle says that " in the whole 
circle of literature we look in 
vain for his parallel." 

&leve of Little Esop, The, So 
Dr. Wolcot, in his postscript 
to the Ode on the Passions, 
calls Richard G-rosvenor, Lord 
Belgrave. 

Eliab, in Dryden and Tate's satire 
of Absalom and Achitophel (pt. 
ii.), represents Henry Bennet, 
Earl of Arlington. Vid. I 
Chron. xii. 9. 

Eliakim, in Samuel Pordage's 
satirical poem Azaria and Hu- 
shai, is intended for the Duke 
of York, afterwards King James 
II. 

Eliza, referred to by Alexander 
Pope in The Dunciad (ii. 157), 
is Eliza Heywood. 

Eliza "Wharton, the heroine of 
Mrs. Hannah Foster's novel of 
the same name, was Elizabeth 
Whitman. 

Elocution Walker. A name 
given to John Walker, a cele- 
brated teacher of elocution, and 
the author of The Pronouncing 
Dictionary. 

Ely, the Carpenter's Son. A 
name assumed by Ellis Hall, 
about 1562, who called himself 
a prophet. Vid. THE MANCHES- 
TER PROPHET. 

Eminence Grise, IA A nick- 
name given to Fraii9ois Leclerc 
du Tremblay, better known as 
FATHER JOSEPH. He was a 
Capuchin friar, and to distin- 
guish him from Richelieu, his 
master, who was called L'Em- 
JSTENCE ROUGE (q. v.), he was 
named as above. After his 
death, the following was written 
upon him : 

Ci-git, au chceur de cette Eglise, 
Sa petite Eminence grise; 



EMI 



99 



EKG 



Et,quand au Seigneur il plaira, 
L'Eininence rouge y gira. 

Eminence Rouge, L'. A nick- 
name given to Cardinal Riche- 
lieu, on account of his scarlet 
robes. Vid. L' EMINENCE GBISE. 

Emperor of Believers, The. 
Omar I., the second Caliph of 
the Mussulman empire, and the 
father-in-law of Mohammed. 

Emperor of the West, The. 
John Murray, the London pub- 
lisher, is so called, because he 
removed his place of business 
from Fleet Street to Albemarle 
Street, at the west end of the 
city. 

Empty Flask, The. Under this 
name Alexander Pope figures 
in Welsted's poem Palsemon to 
Csslia at Bath. 

Emulo. A character in Dekker's 
play Patient Grissel (London, 
1603), drawn to ridicule Ben 
Jonson, in which his early trade 
of a bricklayer is sarcastically 
alluded to. 

Enfant Sublime, L'. Victor 
Hugo. Vid. THE SUBLIME 
CHILD. 

England's Domestic Poet. 

William Cowper is frequently 
thus called. 

England's Neptune. So Rich- 
arc! Barnneld, in his poem The 
JSncomion of Lady Pecunia 
(London, 1598) , calls Sir Francis 
Drake. 

England's Nestor. So Richard 
Barnneld, in his poem The En- 
comion of Lady Pecunia (Lon- 
don, 1598), terms Sir John Haw- 
kins, the traveller. 

England's Pride and Westmin- 
ster's Glory. Sir Francis Bur- 
dett received this title, because 
he was exceedingly popular dur- 
ing his time, and represented 
Westminster in Parliament for 
nearly thirty years. 

English Achilles, The. A nick- 
name given to Robert Devereux, 
second Earl of Essex and the 



favorite of Queen Elizabeth, by 
the French soldiers. Strickland, 
in her Life of Queen Elizabeth, 
says: 

If the talents of Essex had been 
equal to his chivalry, he would have 
won the most brilliant reputation in 
Europe, but his achievements were 
confmea to personal acts of valor, 
which procured him, in the French 
camp, the name of the English 
Achilles. 

English Alexander, The. A 
sobriquet given to Henry V. of 
England on account of his suc- 
cess in arms, in France. 

English Anacreon, The. A 
name bestowed by the cavaliers 
of his day upon Alexander Brome, 
the poet and dramatist, on ac- 
count of his love of wine and 
song. Cotton, in a poem ad- 
dressed to him, says : 
Anacreon, come, and touch thy jolly 

lyre, 
And bring in Horace to the choir. 

English Aretine, The. Thomas 
Lodge calls Thomas Nash, the 
old English dramatist, " our true 
English Aretine," probably for 
certain remarks which occur in 
his Pierce Penilesse his Suppli- 
cation to the Deuill (p. 90 ed. 
1592). 

English Aristophanes, The. 
Samuel Foote; also called THE 
MODERN ARISTOPHANES, on ac- 
count of his overflowing humor, 

English Atticus, The. Joseph 
Addison. Vid. ATTICUS. 

English Claude, The. A title 
sometimes given to Richard "Wil- 
son, the English painter, of whom. 
Fuseli declares that " his taste 
was so exquisite, and his eye so 
chaste, that whatever came from 
his easel bore the stamp of ele- 
gance and truth." 

English Demosthenes, The. So 
Doddridge called Richard Bax- 
ter. 

English D'^lon. A name bestow- 
ed by Dibdin on Mrs. Charlotte 
Clarke, the daughter of Colley 
Gibber. Vid. Fitzgerald, New 



EXG 



100 ENG 



History of the English Stage (ii. 
170). 

English Ennius, The. A title "be- 
stowed on Layamon, who wrote a 
Saxon translation of the Bmt of 
Wace, in the twelfth century. 

English Eusebius, The. A name 
sometimes given to Gilbert Bur- 
net, the historian. 

English Hobbema, The. A name 
given to John Crome, the elder, 
of Norwich, whose last words 
were " O Hohhema, Hobhema, 
how I do love thee." 

Patrick Nasmyth, the Scottish 
landscape-painter, is also so 
called, because his style is said to 
resemble that of the celebrated 
Flemish artist. 

English Homer, Our. A sobri- 
quet conferred on William War- 
ner, the author of Albion's Eng- 
land. 

I have heard him termed of the 
best wits of both our Universities, 
our English Homer. F. Meres, A 
Comparative Discourse of our Eng- 
lish Ports. . . (15 f J8). 

Ascham, in his Tovophiliis 
(bk. A), denominates Chaucer 
" Our Englyshe Homer." 

English Justinian, The. Ed- 
ward I. is so named, on account 
of the reformation of the laws 
which took place in his reign. 

English Juvenal, The. A title 
bestowed on John Old ham, for 
the satirical qualities of Ins 
poems. 

Gill, the head-master of St. 
Paul's school, calls George Wither 
"Our Juvenal." Vid. Masson, 
Life of Milton (i. 53). 

On the same page Samuel 
Daniel is spoken of as " Our Lu- 
can." 

English Marcellus, Our. A 
nickname given to Henry, Prince 
of Wales, son of James VI. of 
Scotland. The story of Iris life 
is a story of prospects and not of 
events, of a manly childhood, 
wise puberty, and it is elderly in 
detached sallies of character, 



which promised a splendid future 
fame, that we seek for his cir- 
cumscribed history. From his 
cradle he gave infallible proofs of 
the best and greatest qualities, 
his courage was discernible in his 
infancy, and at thirteen years of 
age his pleasures did not in the 
least savor of a child, and as he 
grew older his moral disposition 
ornamented an excellent under- 
standing and governed a temper 
naturally haughty, so that he was 
beloved by all. He was master, 
theoretically, of the art of war, 
and used frequently to practise 
military exercise, and was criti- 
cally versed in all that related to 
the navy, even to the most mi- 
nute circumstances of ship-build- 
ing. He greatly delighted in 
rare inventions of art, in building 
and gardening, in music, sculp- 
ture, limning, and carving. He 
was courteous and affable to 
strangers, but had also a certain 
height of mind and knew well 
how to keep his distance. Dis- 
raeli, in his Curiosities of Litera- 
ture, says : 

Prince Henry, the son of James I., 
our English Marcellus, who was 
wept by all the muses, and mourned 
by all the brave in Britain, devoted 
a great portion of his time to liter- 
ary intercourse, and the finest geni- 
uses of the age addressed their works 
to him, and" wrote several at the 
prince's suggestion. 

English Mastiff, The. So Vos- 
sius, in a letter to Heinsius, June 
18, 1651, terms John Milton. 
Vid, Masson, Life of Milton 
(iv.319). 

English Merlin. The. Lilly, the 
astrologer, who published two 
tracts under the assumed name 
of " Merlinus Anglicus." But- 
ler, in Hndihras (pt. i. ii. 346), 
has ridiculed him under the same 
name. 

English Mersenne, The. A title 
given to John Collins, the mathe- 
matician, from his contemporary 
the French philosopher Marin 
Mersenne. 



ENG 



101 



In short, Mr. Collins was like the 
register of all the new acquisitions 
made in the mathematical sciences; 
the magazine to which the curious 
had frequent recourse; which ac- 
quired him the appellation of the 
English Mersenne. Hutton. 

English Milo, Our. Bishop Hall, 
in his Heaven upon Earth (in 
Works p. 335 ed. 1622), extols 
the valor of an Englishman un- 
der the title of "Our English 
Milo," the latter seeming to refer 
to Sir Walter Raleigh. Vtd. 
Notes and Queries (1st ser. viii. 
495). 

English Montesquieu, The. A 
name bestowed upon John Louis 
De Lolme, whose book upon the 
English Constitution has unques- 
tionable merits. Disraeli, in his 
Calamities of Authors, says : 

He lived, in the country to which 
he had rendered a national service, 
in extreme obscurity and decay ; and 
the walls of the Fleet too often en- 
closed the English Montesquieu. 

English Opium-Eater, The. A 
sobriquet and pseudonym of 
Thomas De Quincey, whose ex- 
periences are described in his 
Confessions, published in 1821. 

English Palestrina, The. A title 
conferred on Orlando Gibbons, a 
celebrated English organist and 
composer of the early part of the 
seventeenth century. 

English Palladio, The. Inigo 
Jones is so called, because he 
introduced the style of architect- 
ure of Andrea Palladio and his 
school into England. 

English Persius, The. Masson, 
in his Life of Milton (ii. cap. 3), 
states tliat Dr. Joseph Hall, 
Bishop of Exeter, was known 
"in his youth as 'the English 
Persius,' on account of his coars- 
ish but masculine metrical sat- 
ires, and afterwards styled ' the 
English Seneca,' on account of 
his more numerous prose writ- 
ings." 

Meres, in his list of the Eng- 
lish literary celebrities of 1598, 
calls him by this sobriquet. 



English Petrarch, The. So 
Walter Raleigh calls Sir Philip 
Sidney. 

English Rabelais, Our. A nick- 
name given to Thomas Nashe 
by Grosart, in his introduction 
to the Works of Gabriel Harvey 
(p. xv.), where he says : 

But after all they are mere " Curi- 
osities of Literature,*' and to be pre- 
served and collected, as we have 
done, mainly as realistic pictures of 
the time, and for a background to 
the magnificent badinage and satire 
of our English Rabelais Thomas 
Nashe, and as completing the tri- 
umvirate Greene, JSfashe, and Har- 
vey. 

English Rabelais, The. So Vol- 
taire calls Swift, but the name is 
also applied to Sterne by War- 
burton, and to Thomas Amory, 
owing to the facetious character 
of their writings. 

Of Sterne "Percy Fitzgerald 
says that " the cast of the whole 
Shandean history, its tone and 
manner and thought, is such as 
would come from one saturated, 
as it were, with Babelais, and 
the school that imitated Rabe- 
lais." 

Hazlitt remarks that " the soul 
of Francis Rabelais passed into 
Thomas Amory ; both were phy- 
sicians, and enemies of too much 
gravity. Their great business 
was to enjoy life." 

English Raphael, The. A so- 
briquet bestowed on Thomas 
Stothard, the engraver. 

English Rochefoucault, Our. 
A name given to Lord Chester- 
field by Disraeli, in his Curiosi- 
ties of Literature : 

Chesterfield, our English Roche- 
foucault, we are also informed, pos- 
sessed an admirable knowledge of 
the heart of man; and he too has 
drawn a similar picture of human 
nature. These are two noble au- 
thors whose chief studies seem to 
have been made in courts. 

English Roscius, The. David 
Garriek has been so called, being 
the most eminent English actor 
of his day. 



ENG- 102 

English Sappho, The. A name 
given to Mrs. Mary Bobinson, 
an actress, and the author of 
some poems. Vid. THE FAIR 
PERDITA. 

English Scarron, The. A title 
given to Alexander Oldys. Vid. 
Phillips, Theatnim Poetarum 
Anglicanorum. 

English Seneca, The. Fuller 
says that Joseph Hall, Bishop 
of Exeter, "is commonly called 
our English Seneca for the pure- 
ness, plainness, and fulness of 
his style." Warton states that 
" the style of his prose is strongly 
tinctured with the manner of 
Seneca." He has also "been 
termed "the Christian Seneca." 

English Solomon, The. James 
I., whom Sully called ** the wis- 
est fool in Christendom." 

Henry VII. also received the 
name of " the English Solomon," 
for his policy in uniting the 
houses of York and Lancaster. 

English Strabo, The. A name 
frequently given to William 
Cam den. 

Camden was honored by the titles 
(for the very names of illustrious 
genius become such) of the Varro, 
the Strabo, and the Pausanias of Brit- 
ain. Disraeli, Quarrels of Authors. 

English Terence, The. A title 
given to the dramatist Richard 
Cumberland. Goldsmith, in his 
poem Retaliation, alludes to him 
as 

The Terence of England, the mender 
of hearts. 

John Davies of Hereford, in 
his Scourge of Folly (1611), gives 
the same name to Shakespeare. 

English Vandyke, The. Will- 
iam Dobson, the portrait-painter, 
was so termed by Charles I. 

He is also called THE ENGLISH 
TINTORETTO. 

English Virgil, Our. So Sir 
John Cotton, in his poem In 
Memory of Mr. Waller, calls 
Abraham Cowley. 
Our English Virgil, and our Pindar 
too. 



ERE 



English Vitruvius, The. Inigo 
Jones, the architect, is so called. 
Vid. THE ENGLISH PALLADIO. 

English Xenophon, The. A 
title given to John Asteley, by 
Gabriel Harvey, in the latter's 
work Pierce's Supererogation 
(1593), reprinted in Sir Eger- 
ton T&i'ydgQs' Archatca (vol.ii.) : 
I cannot forget the gallant dis- 
course on horsemanship, penned by 
a rare gentleman, M. John Asteley, 
of the Court, whom I dare entitle 
our English Xenophon (p. 65). 

This book on horsemanship is 
mentioned by Tanner, by the 
title of The Art of Riding (Lon- 
don, 1584), and is excessively 
rare. 

Ensign. William Maginn is re- 
ferred to by this name in the 
Noctes Ambrosianss. 

Ephesian Poet, The. A name 
given to Hipponax, who was 
born, in the sixth century B. C., 
at Ephesus. 

Epic Renegade, My. So Lord 
Byron, in the dedication to Don 
J'lian (i. 5), calls Robert Southey. 

Epicurus of China, The. A 
name given to the Celestial em- 
peror Tao-tse, who commenced 
the search for the elixir of life. 

Eremite of Tibbals, The. A 
nickname given to William 
Cecil, Lord Burleigh, by Queen 
Elizabeth, in her playful letters 
to him. It became known to 
the public in this way: The 
benchers of Gray's Inn having 
given a fine entertainment to 
the queen, Lord Burleigh deter- 
mined to do the same at his 
house at Theobalds. He left 
the arrangement of the enter- 
tainment in the hands of his 
son, Sir Robert Cecil, who taxed 
his poetic brain and produced an 
oration which was addressed to 
her majesty by a person in the 
character of a hermit, who spoke 
of himself as the Eremite of 
Tibbals and Sir Eremite. Thus 
through the same oration the 
public was informed of the nick- 



EKE 



103 



EUP 



names which the queen gave to 
her greatest statesman. 

Eretrian Bull, The. A name 
given to Menedemos of Eretria, 
in. Euboea, a Greek philosopher 
of the fourth century B. C., 
from the "bull-like gravity of 
his countenance. He was the 
founder of the Eretrian School, 
a branch of the Socratic. 

Brra Pater, in Butler's ffudibras 
(pt. i. i. 120), may refer to Will- 
iam Lilly, the astrologer* 

Errans Mus. A nickname ^iyen 
to Erasmus "by a jesting friar. 
Vid. Puttenham, Art of English 
Poesie (bk. iii. cap. 19). 

Erratic Star, The. A sobriquet 
bestowed upon the violinist 
Giornovichi, Vid. Crowest, Mu- 
sical Anecdotes (ii. 134-5). 

Erz-Philister. A nickname given 
to Christopher Friedrich Nico- 
lai. Conf. Carlyle's works. 

Esquire South, in Dr. Arbuth- 
not's History of John Bidl, rep- 
resents the Archduke Charles of 
Austria. 

Est-il-possible. A nickname be- 
stowed by James II. on Prince 
George of Denmark, who contin- 
ually made use of this expres- 
sion. 

Esther, the heroine of Racine's 
tragedy of that name, performed 
in 1689, is a representation of 
Madame de Maintenon. 

EtMop, The. So Vossius, in a 
letter to Heinsius, Oct. 18, 1652, 
calls Alexander Morus. Vid. 
Masson, Life of Milton (iv. 464). 

Ettrick Shepherd, The. The 
sobriquet of James Hogg, who 
was born in the forest of Et- 
trick, Selkirkshire, and in early 
life followed the occupation ol a 
shepherd. 
When first descending from the 

moorlands, 

I saw the stream of Yarrow glide 
Along a bare and open valley, 
The Ettrick Shepherd was my 
guide. Wordsworth. 

Euarchus, in Sidney's Arcadia, 



is said to be intended for the 
author's father. 

Eucharis, in Fenelon's Les 
Aventures de Tgltfrnaque, repre- 
sents Mile, de Fontanges. 

Euclid of His Age, The. A 
name given, to Christopher 
Clavius, a Jesuit and mathema- 
tician of Germany. He was em- 
ployed by Gregory XIII. in the 
reformation of the calendar, 
which he ably defended against 
Joseph Scaliger. 

Eugenras, in Sterne's Life and 
Opinions of Tristram Shandy,, 
is supposed to represent the 
aiithor's friend, John Hall Ste- 
venson. 

Eugenius, in Dryden's Essay on 
Dramatic Poetry, is intended for 
Lord Buckhurst. 

Eugenius PMlaletlies. A name 
which Thomas Vaughan applies 
to himself in his strange writ- 
ings. Vid. ANTHROPOSOPHTJS. 

Euphrasia, the interlocutor in 
Clara Reeve's four prose dia- 
logues entitled The Progress of 
Romance, represents the "author- 
ess herself. 

Euphues. A name under which 
John Lilly, or Lyly, the English 
dramatic poet, and author of 
Euphues : The Anatomy of Wit, 
figures in Harvey's Pieroe's 
Supererogation (London,1593) : 
An Ape is never to seeke of a good 
face, to set upon the matter. 
Blessed Euphues, thou onely happy, 
that hast a traine of such good coun- 
tenances, in thy floorishing green- 
motley livery; miserable I, the 
unhappiest on earth, that am left 
desolate. 

Euphues. So Lord Byron, in Don 
Juan (xi. 58), calls Bryan Waller 
Procter: 

Who, they say, 

Sets up for being a sort of moral 
me. 

Several of the reviewers had 
called Procter a moral Byron. 

Euphuist, The. A sobriquet con- 
ferred on John Lilly, on account 
of his celebrated work Euphues : 



EUR 



104 



EXP 



The Anatomy of Wit, Corrected 
and Augmented (London, 1581), 
which ''did incalculable mis- 
chief," says Gilford, " by vitiat- 
ing the taste, corrupting the lan- 
guage, and introducing a spuri- 
ous and unnatural mode of con- 
versation and action." 

In this book he pretended to 
reform the English language, 
and to write and talk in imita- 
tion of his style, which shortly 
became fashionable, and was 
called Euphuism. 

Morley affirms that the work 
was suggested by The School- 
master of Roger Ascham. 

Euripides of Italian Opera, The. 
A name sometimes applied to 
Giuseppe Verdi. 

Europe's Liberator. So Lord 
Byron, in Don Juan (ix. 5), calls 
Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of 
Wellington. 

Euryalus. So Byron, in his 
poem Childish Recollections, 
terms George John, fifth Earl 
De La Warre. 

Evangelic Doctor, The. John 
"Wyclif. Vid. DOCTOR EVAN- 
GELICUS. 

Evangelist of Economy, The. 
So Novalis calls Goethe. 

Evening- Star of Stepney, The. 
William Greenhill. Vid. THE 
MORNING STAR OF STEPKBY. 

Ever Memorable, The. John 
Hales, author of tracts on ScJiism 
(1642), Golden Remains, and 
other works, published by Lord 
Hailes in 1765. 

Ewan Dim. A title conferred on 
Sir Ewan of Lochiel, chief of 
the clan Cameron, from his 
sable complexion. He was the 
last man in Scotland who main- 
tained the royal cause during the 
great civil war. Vid. the 
appendix of Pennant's Scottish 
Tour. 

Exchequer of Eloquence, The. 

So JSTash, in Ms Letter to the Two 
Universities, calls Sir John 
Cheke. 



Execrable Erostratus, This. 
So Gifford, in a note to The 
Baviad (line 260), calls Joseph 
Weston. 

Ex-officio Jemmy. A name 
given to Sir James Scarlett, 
Lord Abinger. As attorney- 

feneral under Wellington, he 
led more ex-officio information 
on the part of the crown against 
the London newspapers than 
had been issued since the Anti- 
Jacobin times of Pitt. Vid. THE 
BRIAREUS OF THE KING'S 
BENCH. 

Exotic Bookseller, The. A 
nickname given to James Ed- 
wards, a London bookseller, be- 
cause he dealt in works of for- 
eign stamp, and in dainty copies 
of miscellaneoiis bijoux. His 
first great enterprise, and one 
considered very bold, was the 
purchase, at Venice, in 1788, of 
the Pinelli library, the catalogue 
of which made six octavo vol- 
umes. In 1793 he bought the 
celebrated missal made for 
John, Duke of Bedford, when 
he was Kegent of France. The 
above nickname was ^iven to 
Edwards by Beloe, in his Sexa- 
genarian ; Recollections of a 
Literary Life (ii. 276), where he 



"We have now to introduce a book- 
seller of a singular description, who, 
in our notes, is termed the Exotic 
Bookseller. He was the introducer 
of a new era, in the profession of 
which he was so successful a mem- 
ber, and the anecdotes of his rise, 
from a humble station to great 
opulence, and to a familiar commu- 
nication with the noble and the 
great, would of themselves form 
a very interesting and entertaining 
narrative. 

Expounder of the Constitu- 
tion, The. A title given to 
John Marshall, chief justice of 
the United States from 1801 till 
his death. His decisions in the 
supreme court raised that court 
to a point of public respect and 
professional reputation which 
has not since been surpassed, 



EXP 



105 



EYE 



and particularly in the depart- 
ments of constitutional and com- 
mercial law he is considered of 
the highest authority. 

Expounder of the Constitu- 
tion, The. Daniel "Webster has 
been so called, " on account of 
his elaborate expositions of the 
Constitution of the United 
States." 

Exterminator, The. A nick- 
name given by the Spaniards to 
Montbars, a celebrated French 
adventurer, "who signalized 
himself by his intense hatred of 
that people, and by the atroci- 
ties he committed in the An- 
tilles and other Spanish colo- 
nies." 

Extra Billy. A nickname given 
to William Smith. He was born 
of Spanish, Scottish, and English 
ancestry, in King George County, 
Virginia. He was educated at 
Plaiiifleld, Connecticut, but was 
called home in 1812, in conse- 
quence of his desire to join the 
U. S. navy. In 1818 he began 
to practise law, and soon after- 
wards established a line of 
stages through Virginia and the 
Carolinas, by which he made a 
fortune. He charged extra for 



every package, large or small, 
which a passenger carried, and 
thus received the nickname of 
Extra Billy. He says, however, 
he was called thus on account 
of his extra services to the state, 
while his political opponents 
say it was because of his extra 
bills. He was twice elected 
Governor of Virginia, and was a 
member of Congress several 
years. He has ever been a man 
of great energy and force of char- 
acter, a brave man but frequently 
lacking good judgment. He was 
a brigadier-general in the Con- 
federate army and was wounded 
at Antietana. 

Eye of Modern Illumination, 
The. A name given to Francois 
Marie Arouet cle Voltaire, by 
John Morley, in his Voltaire 
(London, 1872, p. 5), who says : 

Yet Voltaire was the very eye of 
modern illumination. It was he 
who conveyed to his generation in a 
multitude of forms the conscious- 
ness at once of the power and the 
rights of human intelligence. An- 
other might well say of him what 
he magnanimously said of his famous 
contemporary Montesquieu, that 
humanity had lost its title deeds 
and he had recovered them. 



FAB 



106 



FAI 



F. 



Fabrus, So Dryden, in his poem 
Threnodia Auqustalis (line 388), 
calls Charles II. , King of Eng- 
land. 

Fabiusof France, The. A name 
given to Anne, Due de Mont- 
morency, grand constable of 
France, who, by laying Provence 
waste and thus prolonging the 
campaign, almost annihilated, the 
invading imperial army. 

Factory King", The. A title be- 
stowed on Richard Oastler of 
Bradford, the successful advo- 
cate of the " Ten Hours 
Bill.", 

Faineant, Le, or THE INDOLENT. 
A title sometimes given to Louis 
V. of France. 

Fair, The. A nickname given to 
Philippe IT. of France, who 
was one of the handsomest men 
in the world, and one of the 
largest, and well proportioned 
in every limb; but he was iras- 
cible, overbearing, selfish, cov- 
etous, and tyrannical, and had 
recourse to the most iniquitous 
measures to supply his coffers, 
being guilty of many acts of the 
grossest injustice. 

Fair, The. A nickname given to 

. Charles IV. of France, who in- 
herited his fine looks from his 
father, Philippe IY. 

Fair Brydg-es, The, in G-eorge 
Gascoigne's poem in his Hundreth 
Sundrte Flowers (1572), is Cathe- 
rine, the daughter of Edmond, 
second Lord Chandos, and the 
wife of William, Lord Sands. 

Fair Florence, So Lord Byron, 
in Chilcle Harold (II. xxxii.), calls 
Mrs. Spencer Smith. 

Fair G-eraldine, The. So the 
Earl of Surrey, in Ms poems, 



calls Lady Elizabeth Fitzgerald, 
daughter of Gerald Fitzgerald, 
ninth Earl of Kildare, in the 
reign of Henry VIII. 

Anthony Wood states that Ger- 
aldine was born at Florence, and 
that " Surrey, travelling to the 
emperor's court, grew acquainted 
with Cornelius Agrippa, famous 
for natural magic, who showed 
him the image of his Geraldine 
in a glass, sick, weeping on her 
bed, and resolved all into devout 
religion for the absence of her 
lord ; that from thence he went 
to Florence, her native city, 
where he published an universal 
challenge in honor of her beauty, 
and was victorious in the tour- 
nament on that occasion." The 
challenge and tournament are 
true; for the shield presented to 
the earl by the great duke for the 
purpose is represented in Vertue's 
print of the Aruiidel family. 
But the place of her birth is 
altogether gratuitously assumed. 
The Earl of Orford, who has ap- 
plied himself with more success 
than any other writer to the solu- 
tion of this lady's history, makes 
out pretty clearly that she was 
the Lady Elizabeth Fitzgerald, 
daughter of Gerald Fitzgerald, 
ninth Earl of Kildare, in the 
reign of Henry VIII. "Henry, 
Earl of Surrey," says his lordship, 
" who had at least as much taste 
for women as letters, and was 
fond of splendor and feats of 
arms, contributed to give a ro- 
mantic turn to composition : and 
Petrarch, the poet of the fair, was 
naturally a pattern to a court of 
the complexion of that of Henry 
VIII. In imitation of Laura, 
our earl had his Geraldine. Who 
she was we are not told directly ; 



FAI 



107 



FAN 



lie himself mentions several par- 
ticulars relating to her, but not 
her name. I think I have very 
nearly discovered who this fair 
person was." 

Fair-Haired, The. A nickname 
given to Duncan Macintyre, a 
Gaelic poet. In early life he was 
employed as a forester, but later 
joined the army and was raised to 
the rank of sergeant. He wrote 
poetry in the Gaelic, in a style 
stated, by competent judges, not 
to have been equalled since the 
time of Ossian. In his old age 
he was one of the City Guard of 
Edinburgh. One of his finest 
pieces, The Last Farewell to the 
Hills, was written when he was 
seventy-eight. 

Fair-Haired Daughter of the 
Isles, The. So Byron, in (Jhilde 
Harold (iv. 170), terms Augusta 
Charlotte, the only child of 
George IV. and Caroline of 
Brunswick, who died November 
6, 1817. 

Fair Maid of Anjou, The. A 
name given to Lady Edith Plan- 
tagenet, wife of I) avid, Prince 
Royal of Scotland. 

Fair Maid of Galloway, The. 
A popular name for Margaret, 
the daughter of Archibald, fifth 
Earl of Douglas, and wife of her 
cousin "William, to whom the 
earldom passed in 1443. 

Fair Maid of Kent, Tlie. 
Joan, Countess of Salisbury, wife 
of Edward the Black Prince, and 
only daughter of Edmond Plan- 
tagenet, Earl of Kent, is so called. 
She was the mother of Richard 
II., King of England. 

Fair Maid of Norway, The. 
Margaret, daughter of Eric II. 
of Norway, and granddaughter 
of Alexander III. of Scotland, 
received this name. She died in 
1290, on her passage to Scotland, 
of which country she had been 
declared the queen. 

Fair Perdita, The. A sobriquet 
bestowed on Mrs. Mary Eobin- 
son,froin her performance of this 



character in Shakespeare's Win- 
ter's Tale, which attracted the 
attention of the Prince of Wales, 
and eventually led her to become 
his mistress. 

Fair Rosamond. A name be- 
stowed on a daughter of Lord 
Clifford, who was kept by King 
Henry II. in a bower at Wood- 
stock. Queen Eleanor discovered 
and poisoned her about 1173. 

Fairy Singer, The. So Spenser 
is called by Nash, in the latter 's 
Pierce Penilesse, his Supplication 
to the Demll (p. 92). 

Fame's Duckling-. An epithet 
conferred on Gabriel Harvey, by 
Thomas Nash, in his Have with 
you to Saffron Walden (London, 
1596), where he says : 
Gabriel Harvey, fame's duckling, 

Hey noddle, noddle, noddle : 
Is made a gpstling and a suckling, 
Hey noddie, noddle, noddie. 

Famous Barnaby. So Southey 
calls Richard Braithwaite, the 
author of Barnabse Itinerarium. 

Famous Gracer of Tragedians, 
Thou. A name under which 
G-reene, in his G-roatsworth of 
Wit t bought with a Million of Re- 
pentance, alludes to Christopher 
Marlowe. He says : 

Wonder not (for with thee wil I 
first begin), thou famous gracer of 
Tragedians, that Green, who hath 
said with thee, like a foole in his 
heart, There is no G-od, should now 
give glorie unto his greatness; for 
penitrating in his power, his hand 
lies heavie upon me, he hath spoken 
unto me with a voice of thunder, 
and I have felt he is a God that can 
punish enemies. Why should thy ex- 
cellent wit, his gift/be so blinded, 
that thou shouldst give no glorie to 
the giver. 

Fancy's Child. So John Milton, 
in V 'Allegro (line 133), calls Will- 
iam Shakespeare. 

Fancy's Favorite. A nickname 
given to Goldsmith, a few days 
after his death, in a couplet 
which appeared in The St. James 
Chronicle (April 7, 1774), which 
says : 



FAN 



108 



FAT 



Here Fancy's favorite, Goldsmith, 

sleeps; 
The Dunces smile, but Johnson 

weeps. 

Fang 1 , Mr. A character in Dick- 
ens' novel Oliver Twist, intended 
as a portrait of A. S. Laing, a 
magistrate of Hatton Garden 
Police Office. He had neither 
courtesy nor justice, but made 
himself notorious for his arrogant 
and "brutal treatment of wit- 
nesses. The likeness was so true 
that the British government 
compelled the partial justice to 
resign. 

Farceur, The. A title bestowed 
on Angelo Beolco, surnamed 
" Euzzante," a celebrated Italian 
writer of farces. 

Farmer George. A name given 
to George III., on account of his 
farmer-like manners and amuse- 
ments. He is said to have kept 
a farm at Windsor, and, in his 
speech on the opening of Parlia- 
ment in 1770, he spoke of the dis- 
ease among the hori\ed cattle, 
instead of attending to important 
matters of the time. 

Farmer of a Lay, The. So Byron, 

in his English Bards and Scotch 
Reviewers (line 237), calls Will- 
iam Wordsworth. 

Farthing- Jamie. A nickname 
bestowed on Sir James Lowsher, 
father of the first Lord Lonsdale, 
on account of his penuriousness. 
When he visited London he fre- 
quently dined at some very ob- 
scure and economical eating- 
house, and if the price of some 
article in the bill happened to be 
advanced but one farthing, he 
took such mortal offence that he 
withdrew his custom from the 
house. 

Fastidious Gray. So Johnson, 
in his Life of Seattle f alludes to 
Thomas Gray. 

Fat, The, or LE GROS. A nick- 
name given to Louis VI. of 
France. Guizot, in his History 
of France (i. 384) , says : 



He had now become exceeding 
fat, and could scarce support the 
heavy mass of his body. Any one 
else, however humble, would have 
had neither the will nor the power 
to ride a-horsebac_k ; but he, against 
the advice of all his friends, listened 
only to the voice of courage, braved 
the fiery suns of June and August, 
which were the dread of the younger 
knights, and made a scoff of those 
who could not bear the heat, 
although many a time, during the 
passage of narrow and difficult 
swampy places, he was constrained 
to get himself held on by those about 
him. 

Fat, The, or LE GROS. A nick- 
name given to Charles II., Em- 
peror of Germany and E-egent of 
France. 

Alfonso II. of Portugal has 
obtained the same title. 

Father Abraham. A sobriquet 
bestowed on Abraham Lincoln. 

Father Adam. So Adam Smith 
is named in the Nodes Ambro- 
sianse (xlii.). 

Father Among- Philological 
English Antiquaries, The. 
A sobriquet given to Michael 
Honywood, D. D., rector of Keg- 
worth, Leicester, but during the 
English Rebellion a resident of 
Utrecht. On the return of 
Charles II. to the throne of Eng- 
land, he was made Dean of Lin- 
coln. He collected many early 
printed books of great rarity, 
which were kept together till 
1817, when Dean Gordon dis- 
persed the collection and re- 
placed it by the purchase of 
modern works comparatively of 
no value. JDibdin, in his Biblio- 
graphical Decameron (iii. 275), 
says : 

The latter (Samuel Pepys), you 
know, was secretary to the Admi- 
ralty the especial good friend of 
John Evelyn and, without, a man 
of the most incomparable felicity 
of temper and unextinguishable ar- 
dor in the collection of books and 
prints. He affixed scarcely any 
bounds to his bibliomaniacal appe- 
tites, and may possibly be called the 
Father among Philological English 
Antiquaries; although, upon sec- 



FAT 



109 



FAT 



ond thoughts, Honywood and Moore 
may dispute that high honor with 
him. 

Father Ben. So Dryden, in his 
JEssay on Dramatic Poesy (Lon- 
don, 16G8), terms Ben Jonson, the 
dramatist. 

Father Buenaventura, in Scott's 
novel of Redyauntlet, represents 
Charles Edward Stuart, the 
Young Pretender. 
Father Duchesne, a name given 
to Jacques Rene Hebert, chief 
of the Cordelier Club in the 
French Revolution. He gained 
his sobriquet of LB P&RE DU- 
CHESNE from his vile journal, 
which contained the grossest 
insinuations against Marie An- 
toinette. 

Father Greybeard. A name 
given to William Hewlet, one 
of the English regicides, tried 
in 1660-1. Vid. Masson, Life of 
Milton (vl 89). 

Father Hodge. So Beattie calls 
Roger Bacon. 
Father Hodge had his pipe and his 

dram, 
And at night, his cloy'd thirst to 

awaken, 
He was served with a rasher of 

ham, 
Which procured him the surname 

of Bacon. 

Father Hoskins. A name con- 
ferred by Ben Jonson on Ser- 
geant John Hoskins. 

'Twas he that polish'd Ben Jonson 
the poet, and made him speak clear, 
whereupon he ever after called our 
author Father Hoskins, Wood, 
Athence Oxoniensis. 

Father Joseph. Francois Le- 
clerc du Tremblay. Vid. ALTER 
EGO. 

Father Marauder. A name 
given to Louis Francois Armand 
Du Plessis de Richelieu, a mar- 
shal of France. During the 
Seven Years' War he indemni- 
fied himself for glory by booty, 
subjected Hanover and the 
neighboring cantons to a ran- 
som, and pillaged and author- 
ized pillage around him with 
shameless cynicism, thus becom- 



ing known to his army and the 
Germans as Father Marauder. 

Father Norbert. Pierre Parisot, 
the French missionary, is some- 
times thus called. 

Father of America, The. Sam- 
uel Adams was so called. Vid. 
Frothingham, Life and Times of 
Joseph Warren (p. 143) : - 

He was so widely and favorably 
known that he was now addressed 
as " The Father of America." 

Father of Angling-, The. Izaak 
Walton was known by this name 
by his contemporaries. 

Father of Arabic Literature, 
The. An epithet given to Al- 
Marnoun (Mohammed-Aben- 
Amer), the seventh Caliph of 
the race of the Abassides, who 
succeeded to the throne in 813 
and ruled twenty years. In his 
youth he chose for his compan- 
ions the most celebrated men of 
science among the Greeks and 
Persians, and during his reign 
he made Bagdad the centre of 
literature. 

Father of Bacchanalian Poetry 
in France, The. An epithet 
applied to Olive Basselin, a 
French poet, who died at the 
beginning of the fifteenth cen- 
tury, by Dibdin, in his Antiqua- 
rian and Picturesque Tour in 
France and Germany (i. p. 291), 
where he says : 

O, Basselin is the parent of the 
title Vaudevire which has been 
corrupted into Vaudeville. From 
the observation of his critics, he 
appears to have been the Father of 
Bacchanalian Poetry in France. He 
frequented public festivals, and was 
a welcome guest at the tables of the 
rich, where the Vaudevire was in 
such request that it is supposed to 
have superseded the Conte, or Fab- 
liau, or Chanson d' Amour. 

Father of Black-Letter Collec- 
tors, The. A sobriquet given 
to Dr. John Moore, an eminent 
English prelate, Bishop of Nor- 
wich in 1691, and of Ely from 
1707 till his death in 1714. He 
was an eminent patron of learn- 



FAT 



110 FAT 



ing and learned men of his time, 
and among the earliest if not 
the earliest to collect the black- 
letter literature of England. He 
thus saved many works which 
would have otherwise perished. 
His collection, during his ^ life- 
time, was used hy many writers, 
and its 30,000 volumes were, at 
his death, purchased "by G-eorge 
I. and presented to the Univer- 
sity of Cambridge, where it is 
arranged in twenty-six classes. 

Father of Black-Lett er Lore. 
A sobriquet given to Samuel 
Pepys, who, besides being the 
author of the celebrated diary 
that bears his name, was a col- 
lector of books. They are now 
in Magdalen College, Cam- 
bridge. Among them is a collec- 
tion of English ballads, in five 
large volumes, begun by Selden, 
and carried down to 1700. 
Percy's fieliques of Ancient Eng- 
lish Poetry are for the most part 
taken from this collection. 

Father of British Inland Navi- 
gation, The. Francis Egertpn, 
Duke of Bridgewater, the origi- 
nator of the first navigable 
canal constructed in Great Brit- 
ain. " By that title he will 
ever be known," says Harriet 
Martineau. 

Father of Burlesque Poetry, 
The. Hipponax of Ephesus, 
who flourished in the sixth 
century B. C., is so called. 

Father of Choral Epode, The. 
A name given to Stesichpros of 
Sicily, who flourished in the 
sixth century B. C. 

Father of Clock-Making 1 , The. 
A nickname given to Thomas 
Tornpion, a celebrated English 
watch-maker, to whom HONEST 
GEORGE GRAHAM (q. v.) was ap- 
prenticed. Adam Thomson, in 
his Time and Time-Keepers 
(1842), says: 

Watch-makers, until prevented by 
recent restrictions, were in. the habit 
of making frequent pilgrimages to 
the sacred spot; from the inscription 
and the place they felt proud of 



their occupation, and many a secret 
wish to excel has arisen while 
silently contemplating the resting- 
place of the two men whose memory 
they so much revered. Their mem- 
ory may last, but the slab is gone. 
Who would suppose that on a small 
lozenge-shaped bit of marble was all 
that was left to indicate where lie 
the bodies of the Father of Clock- 
making, Thomas Tompion, and Hon- 
est George Graham ! 

Father of Comedy, Tlie. So 

Warton, in his Essay on Pope (fol- 
lowing Aristotle), calls Homer. 
Aristophanes, the Greek drama- 
tist, is, however, generally des- 
ignated by this sobriquet. 

Father of Curtesie, The. A 
nickname given to Richard de 
Beauchamp, twelfth Earl of War- 
wick, a hero of chivalry, and a 
note dngure in the Middle Ages. 
Emerson, in his English, Traits : 
Aristocracy (Boston, 1856 ; p. 194), 
says : 

Of Richard de Beauchamp, Earl of 
Warwick, the emperor told Henry V. 
that no Christian king had such an- 
other knight for wisdom, nurture, 
and manhood, and caused him to be 
named The Father of Curtesie. 

Father of Democracy in Vir- 
ginia, The. A nickname given 
to Thomas Ritchie, who in 1804 
became editor of The Richmond 
Examiner, a strong Democratic 
paper, the name afterwards be- 
ing changed to The Enquirer. 
He held 'this position for forty- 
years, exercising an influence 
which at that time was un- 
equalled by any other publica- 
tion in the Union. In 1845, at 
the solicitation of President 
Polk, he assumed the editorial 
control of a new paper, called The 
Union, from which he retired 
in 1849. 

Father of TMthyrambic Poetry, 
The. Arion of Lesbos. 

Father of Dutch Poetry, The. 
A name given to Jakob Maer- 
lant, an early Belgian poet. He 
is also called THE FATHER OF 
FLEMISH POETS. 

Father of Ecclesiastical His- 



FAT 



111 



FAT 



tory, The. Eusebius of Cas- 
sarea, a learned divine, and the 
author of a valuable record of 
the Christian Church, extending 
to the defeat of Licinius by Con- 
stantine in 324, is so called. 
Father of English Dramatic 
Poetry, The. A title given to 
Christopher Marlowe, of whom 
Symonds, in his Shakespeare's 
Predecessors (pp. 585-6), says: 
Marlowe has been styled, and not 
unjustly styled, the father of Eng- 
lish dramatic poetry. When we 
reflect on the conditions of the stage 
before he produced Tamburlaine, 
and consider the state in which he 
left it after the appearance of Ed- 
ward II., we shall be able to esti- 
mate his true right to this title. . . . 
Out of confusion he brought order, 
following the clew of his own genius 
through a labyrinth of dim unmas- 
tered possibilities. Like all great 
craftsmen, he worked by selection 
and exclusion on the whole mass of 
material ready to his hand ; and his 
instinct in this double process is the 
proof of his originality. 

Father of English General Bap- 
tists, The. A popular appella- 
tion given to John Smyth, who 
died in the beginning of the sev- 
enteenth century. 

Father of English Geology, 
The. An honorary title be- 
stowed on "William Smith, the 
maker of the earliest geological 
map of England, and. the discov- 
erer of the identification of strata. 

Father of English Numbers, 
The. SoDryden calls Edmund 
"Waller. 

Father of English Poetry, The. 
A sobriquet bestowed by John 
Dryden upon Chaucer. 

Father of English Pottery, The. 
A nickname given to Josiah 
Wedgwood. Though the man- 
ufacture of pottery was not origi- 
nally introduced by him, potter- 
ies having been established as 
early as the reign of Edward III., 
he was nevertheless the creator of 
English pottery as an art. 

Father of English Printing 1 , 
The. William. Caxton. 



Father of English Prose, The. 
A name applied both to Roger 
Ascham and John Wyclif . 

Father of English Song, The. 
A name given to Caedmon. Vid. 
THE DREAMER OF WHITBY. 

Father of English Unitarian- 
ism, The. A title conferred 
on John Biddle, author of vari- 
ous anti-Trinitarian tracts in the 
seventeenth century. 

Father of Epic Poetry, The. A 
name given to Homer. 

Father of Equity, The. Hene- 
age Finch, Earl of Nottingham. 
Vid. AMRI. 

Father of Frankish History, 
The. A title bestowed on Greg- 
ory of Tours on account of his 
ten books of Frankish history, 
Gesta, Chronicon Francorum, 
the first attempt at French his- 
toriography. 

Father of French Burlesque, 
The. A nickname given to 
Paul Scarron, who introduced 
that kind of literature in France. 

Father of French Eloquence, 
The. A nickname given to 
Alain Chartier, a poet and lit- 
terateur. His composition in. 
prose excelled those that were 
poetical, and he spoke as well as 
he wrote. When Margaret of 
Scotland, the dauphin's wife, 
saw him on one occasion asleep 
upon a chair, she went up and 
kissed his lips in admiration of 
the " sweet words which flowed 
from them." 

Father of French Enigma, The. 
An epithet which Charles Co- 
tin bestowed upon himself. 

Father of French History, The. 
A nickname given to Michel- 
Jean-Joseph Brial, a French 
Benedictine scholar and histo- 
rian, and author of Reciieil des 
Histoires Gauloises. Bibdin, in 
his Antiquarian Tour in France 
and Germany (ii. p. 29) , says : 
The architect of the magnificent 
front of St. Sulpice was Seryandoni ; 
and a street hard by, in which Dom. 
Brial, the father of French history, 



FAT 



112 



FAT 



resides, takes its name from this 
architect. 

Father of French. History, The. 
An epithet given to Jean, Sieur 
de Joinville, one of the earliest 
French historians, on account of 
his Histoire de tft. Louis, one of 
the most valuable works in the 
whole literature of the Middle 
Ages. 

Andre Duchesne, who flour- 
ished in the seventeenth century, 
was similarly called, and the 
name is also bestowed on Geof- 
froi de Villehardouin (died 1213) 
on account of his Histoire de la 
Gonqmte de Constantinople. Van 
Laun, in his History of French 
Literature, says : 

The first French historian whose 
work was originally written in the 
common form of speech is also 
and the fact imist be emphasized as 
one of special significance the first 
noteworthy writer of French prose. 

Father of Frencli Philosophy, 
A. This name has been given 
to Jean le Rond d'Alembert, 
joint editor of the famous Ency- 
clopsedia. He wrote the Dis- 
cows Prtfliminaire, " a model of 
philosophical composition, which 
is lucid, profound, eloquent, and 
logical. He possessed the rare 
combination of mathematical 
acuteness and precision, with 
elegance and good taste, vast 
genius, and plodding industry." 

Father of French Poetry, The. 
An epithet sometimes given td 
Thibaut IV., Count of Cham- 
pagne, "who first introduced 
into French poetry the alternate 
masculine and feminine rhymes, 
and a more tuneful system of 
metres than had hitherto been 
employed." 

Father of Frencli Prose, The. 
G-eonroi de Villehardouin, who 
nourished in the twelfth cen- 
tury, is sometimes thus called. 
Vid. THE FATHER. OF FRENCH 
HISTORY. 

Father of Frencli Satire, The. 
An appellation bestowed on Ma- 
thurin Kegnier. 



Father of French Sculpture. 
The. A name applied to both 
Jean Goujon and Germain Pilon, 

Father of Frencli Tragedy, 
The. A nickname given to 
Robert Garnier, a French tragic 

Eoet. He was designed for the 
iw, which he studied for some 
time, but quitted it for poetry. 
In his tragedies, imitated from 
Seneca, Sophocles, and Euripi- 
des, he displayed at least the art 
of keeping up a dialogue, though 
he is often harsh, prolix, and dif- 
fuse. His want of taste appears 
in all his creations, of which the 
best is Bradamante, a tragi- 
comedy, whereof the plot is 
borrowed from Ariosto. In his 
Hippolytiis there is a description 
of a foreboding dream of exqui- 
site beauty, equal if not superior 
to anything in Racine. During 
his lifetime his works were read 
with great pleasure by all classes 
of persons, and he was held in 
high esteem, being considered 
by his contemporaries not infe- 
rior to Euripides or Sophocles. 
He also wrote songs, elegies, 
epistles, eclogues, etc. His col- 
lected works were printed in 
1597 and again in 1607. The 
Countess of Pembroke (Sir 
Philip Sidney's sister) in 1592 
translated his tragedy of An- 
thony into English. 

Father of G-erman Literature, 
The. A title bestowed on Gott- 
hold Ephraim Lessing, "the ad- 
mitted reviver of the national 
character of German literature, 
which before his time was cor- 
rupted and enslaved "by French 
influences." 

Father of German Minstrelsy, 
The. An epithet conferred on 
Henry of Veldig, who flourished 
in the beginning of the twelfth 
century, and is the author of 
several poems resembling epics 
in dignity and length, among 
which are Duke JErnest; The Tro- 
jan War; and The Legend of St. 
Cferve. 



FAT 



113 



FAT 



Father of Grace andEleg-ance, 
The. Joachim DuBellay. Vid, 
THE FRENCH OVID. 

Father of Greek Music, The. 
Terpander of Lesbos, who flour- 
ished in the seventh century B. 
C,, is so called. 

Father of Greek Prose, The. 
Herodotus is frequently thus al- 
luded to. 

Father of His Country, The. A 
title given by the Roman senate 
to Cicero. Marias was offered 
the same title but refused it. 
Afterwards several of the Caesars 
were so called, Augustus, Julius 
after subduing tlie Spaniards, 
etc. 

Cosmo de Medici earned the 
title; and Andronicus Paigeolo- 
gus assumed it. 

On the statue of Andrea Dorea 
of Genoa, the same appellation 
was inscribed. 

In our country, it has been pop- 
ularly conferred on Washington. 
The Emperors Henry I. and 
Frederick I. of Germany were 
both called by this name, and so 
was Sugar, a'bbe of St. Denis in 
the twelfth century. He was a 
French minister of state, and 
received the title from his wise 
administration, strict justice, and 
true patriotism. 

Father of His Country, The . An 
appellation given to Frederick 
I., Emperor of Germany. In his 
desire to emulate Charlemagne, 
whom he took to be his model, 
and to raise the secular power of 
his country, he was compelled to 
cross the Alps six times, in order 
to subdue refractory cities in 
Lombardy. By energetic meas- 
ures he succeeded in humbling 
his troublesome vassal, the Duke 
of Brunswick, and thus crushed 
the Guelfic faction in Germany. 
He made Poland his tributary, 
raised Bohemia to the rank of 
a kingdom, and changed Aus- 
tria into an independent heredi- 
tary duchy. He was a patron of 
learning and enacted many ad- 
mirable laws, some of which are 



still in force. He died while on 
the Third Crusade against the 
Saracens, at Jerusalem. 

Father of His People, The. 
This surname was bestowed upon 
Christian III. of Denmark. 

Louis XII. of France was also 
called LE PiitE DE LA PEUPLE. 

Father of Historic Painting-, 
The. Polygnotus of Tliaos, 
who flourished in the fifth cen- 
tury B. C., is so called. 

Father of History, The. So 
Cicero, in his De Leyibus (I. i. v.)> 
terms Herodotus. 

Father of Iambic Verse, Tne. 
Archilochus of Pares, who nour- 
ished 700 years before Christ. 

Father of Italian Novelists, 
The. An epithet given to Gio- 
vanni Boccaccio. Disraeli, in his 
Literary Miscellanies, says : 

Petrarch, who is not the inventor 
of that tender poetry of which he is 
the model, and Boccaccio, called the 
father of Italian novelists, have 
alike profited by the studious perusal 
of writers who are now read only 
by those who have more curiosity 
than taste. 

Father of Jests, The. A title 
ironically bestowed upon Joseph 
Miller, an English comedian, 
who, being a dullard himself, be- 
came the butt of the current jest- 
ers. The celebrated Jestbook, 
published after his death, is as- 
scribed to him, but it is question- 
able whether he was the author. 

Father of Jurisprudence, The. 
A name conferred upon G-lan- 
ville, the author of Tractatus de 
Lerjibvs et Consuetudinibus An- 
fflte (1181). 

Father of Landscape -Garden- 
ing 1 , The. A. Lenotre, who 
nourished in the seventeenth 
century, is so called. 

Father of Letters, The. A so- 
briquet conferred upon Francis 
I. (LE PEKE DBS LETTEBS) and 
Lorenzo de Medici, both of 
whom were munificent patrons 
of literature and art. 



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Father of Lies, The. Vid. St. 
John viii. 44. 

This title has been given to 
Herodotus on account of the 
wonderful stories he relates. It 
is, however, not merited, for in 
late years iiis veracity is being 
confirmed more and more. 

Father of London, The. A 
nickname given to Sir John Bar- 
nard, a merchant, sheriff, alder- 
man, and mayor of London. In 
the latter capacity no man ever 
discharged the office with greater 
reputation to himself or advan- 
tage to the public. During his 
whole mayoralty, he paid a pa- 
ternal attention to the welfare of 
his fellow-citizens. Though he 
was greatly devoted to a country 
evening retirement, he would not 
sleep a single night in his subur- 
ban residence, Test any person 
should be injured by his indulg- 
ing himself even with a short 
absence from the city. He took 
care to see that his strict injunc- 
tions to remove the nuisance of 
common beggars were observed, 
and scarcely a vagrant was to be 
seen. He softened the penalties 
of young delinquents, and his 
seasonable lenity became happily 
successful in restoring deluded 
youths to regularity of conduct. 
He would not permit, if it could 
be possibly avoided, any persons 
to be committed to the Compter, 
even for a single night, without 
the accusations being heard. He 
thought that the confinement of 
a single night might, if they 
were innocent, be injurious or 
otherwise be distressing to them- 
selves or families. Vid. THE 
FATHER or Tras CITY. 

Father of Medicine, The. A 
sobriquet conferred on Hippoc- 
rates of Cos, the author of the 
first attempt at a scientific treat- 
ment of medicine. 

Father of Mesmerism, The. 
An epithet given to Friedrich 
Anton Mesmer, who conceived 
the existence of a force called 
animal magnetism. 



Father of Modern Astronomy, 
The, A name given to John 
Kepler, a German astronomer, 
to whom we are indebted for the 
three great truths called Kepler's 
Laws, viz.: (1) the planets move 
in ellipses, with the sun in one 
of the foci; (2) the radius-vec- 
tor sweeps over equal areas in 
equal times; (3) the square of 
the periodic time of the planets 
is proportioned to the cube of 
their mean distance. 

Father of Modern Commenta- 
tors, The. A name given to 
Zachary Grey, the editor of 
Hudibras. 

Father of Modern French Po- 
etry, The. A sobriquet bestowed 
on Frangois de Malherbe. He 
laid down new canons of poetical 
composition, viz. : he abolished 
all newly invented Greek -and 
Latin words; all provincial ex- 
pressions and all foreign idioms ; 
restricted poetry to such words 
and phrases as well educated 
Parisians would use; he would 
not allow a word ending with a 
vowel to be followed by another 
beginning with a vowel ; he for- 
bade the running of one line into 
another, and made certain rules 
about rhymes, besides insisting 
that the csssura should be dis- 
tinctly marked. 

Father of Modern French 
Song-, The. A name given to 
Charles Francois Panard, who 
has also been termed THE LA 
FONTAINE OF THE VAUDEVILLE. 

Father of Modern German 
Poetry, An epithet sometimes 
given to Martin Opitz. His po- 
etry is not fervid and glowing^has 
no deep passion or brilliant 
fancy, but his language is chaste, 
his metre is smooth, and his long 
Alexandrine verse is full of re- 
flections. He is far superior to 
his predecessors. He has been 
called THE DRYDEN OF GER- 
MANY, but bears no resemblance 
to the Glorious John. 



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Father of Modern Harmony, 
The. A title given to Josquin 
des Pres, who was musical direc- 
tor at Borne under Sixtus V., and 
later at Cambray. He is noted 
for his improvements in counter- 
point. 

Father of Modern Miscella- 
nies, The. A name given to 
Montaigne by Disraeli, in his 
Literary Character, who says : 
. . ; by one of these learned critics 
was Montaigne, the venerable father 
of our modern Miscellanies, called a 
"bold ignorant fellow." . . . Mon- 
taigne was censured by Sealiger, as 
Addison was censured by Warbur- 
ton : because both, like Socrates, 
smiled at that mere erudition which 
consists of knowing the thoughts of 
others, and having no thoughts of 
our own. 

Father of Modern Music, The. 
A nickname given to John 
Chrysostom Wolfgang Theophi- 
lus Mozart. "His Idomeneo 
forms an epoch in the history of 
music. His Don Giovanni, un- 
doubtedly his master-work, has 
the most exquisite melodies 
and perfect harmonies; all that 
is tender, playful, pathetic, terri- 
ble, mysterious, and sublime." 

Father of Modern Painting 1 , 
The. Leonardo da Yinci has 
been thus referred to by Lanzi. 
Vid. Spooner, Anecdotes of 
Painters, etc., i. 206. 

Father of Modern Physic, The. 
So Herman Boerhaave, the 
Dutch anatomist, is called in 
Hermippus Redimviis (1744). 

Father of Modern Piano Mu- 
sic, The. Johann Sebastian 
Bach is frequently so called. 
Schumann says that to him 
" music owes almost as great a 
debt as religion owes to its 
founder." 

Father of Modern Practice in 
Medicine, The. A name given 
to Thomas Sydenham. 

Father of Modern Scepticism, 
The. An epithet given to Pierre 
Bayle, the author of a Histori- 



cal and Critical Dictionary , "in 
which only such articles are se- 
lected as enabled the compiler to 
introduce digressions by way of 
note and comment. It exercised 
an immense influence over the 
literature and philosophy of the 
continent, and may be regarded 
as the parent of the Encyclopae- 
dists which inundated France in 
the next century." 

Father of Monks, The. A title 
given to Ethelwold of Winches- 
ter by his contemporaries, on 
account of his reformations of 
the monastic orders in England. 

Father of Moral Philosophy, 
The. So Thomas Aquinas is 
called, because of his original 
treatment of Christian ethics. 

Father of Musicians, The. Ju- 
bal. ra.Gen.iv.21. 

Giovanni Battista Aloisio da 
Palestrina is likewise so called. 
Burney says that "by^ his fine 
taste and admirable skill in har- 
mony he brought choral music 
to a degree of perfection that 
has never been exceeded. " 

Father of Navigation, The. 
Don Henrique, Duke of Yisco, 
usxially called " Henry the Navi- 
gator," who first made use of the 
compass, and to whom is ascribed 
the invention of the astrolabe. 

Father of Obstetric Surgery, 
The. A nickname given to 
Paulus JBgineta, a celebrated 
Greek physician, born in the 
island of JEgina. Little is 
known of his life. He studied 
first at Alexandria, and after- 
wards in Greece. His forte lay 
in surgery and obstetrics. He 
opened internal abscesses by 
caustics, improved the operation 
of lithotomy, described several 
varieties of aneurism, performed 
laryngotomy and tracheotomy, 
and was the originator of the 
operation of embryotomy. His 
works, of which the principal is 
called De Re Medica Libri Sep- 
tem, abound with novel and in- 
genious views. He was deeply 



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read in Galen, whose works he 
abridged, and also the writings 
of JEtius and Oribasius, but lie 
always exercised an independent 
judgment. His descriptions of 
diseases are brief, but complete 
and exact. His works have been 
translated from the Greek by 
Dr. Francis Adams, and have 
passed through many editions in 
the original. 

Father of Ornithologists, The. 
A title given to George Edwards, 
a celebrated English naturalist, 
whose works, says Swairison, 
" are assuredly the most valuable 
on general ornithology that have 
ever appeared in England." 

Father of Orthodoxy, The. 
An appellation bestowed upon 
Athanasius, Archbishop of Alex- 
andria, the great defender of 
"orthodoxy" against all here- 
tics, especially the Arians. 

Father of Parody, The. Hip- 
ponax of Ephesus. 

Father of Peace, The. A title 
conferred upon the celebrated 
Andrea Dorea by the Senate of 
Genoa, after his expulsion of the 
French. 

Father of Physiognomy, The. 
A nickname given to Johann 
Caspar Lavater, on account of 
his works on physiognomy, which 
profess to reduce to a system the 
art of reading character by the 
expression of the face. 

Father of Physiology, The. 
An epithet conferred on Albert 
von Haller, one of the greatest 
physicians of his time, and espe- 
cially celebrated for his observa- 
tions on muscular irritability. 

Father of Poetical Taste, The. 
An epithet given to Thomas 
Percy, on account of his Reliques 
of Ancient English Poetry. Dib- 
din, in his Bibliographical Decam- 
eron (iii. 339), says : 

The late Bishop of Dromore, if he 
merit BO other distinction, is entitled 
to the proud praise of being the 
Father of Poetical Taste, in that 
department of literature which he 
has the exclusive merit of having 



first brought into public notice. His 
Reliques is a publication that reflects 
lasting honor upon his name ; and it 
has proved the germ of a rich har- 
vest in the same field of the muses. 

Father of Poetry, The. This 
name has been conferred on Or- 
pheus of Thrace, who is said to 
have flourished before Homer, but 
whose existence is questioned by 
Aristotle and others. 

The title is also given to 
Homer, sometimes called " the 
Father of Epic Poetry." 

He whom all civilized nations now 
acknowledge as " the Father of 
Poetry " must have himself looked 
back to an ancestry of poetical 
predecessors, and is only held origi- 
nal because we know not from whom, 
he copied. Scott. 

Father of Poets, The. So "Will- 
iam Cartwright, in his poem In 
Memory of Benjamin Jonson, 
calls the latter. 

Father of Ridicule, The. Fran- 
cois Kabelais, the earliest note- 
worthy satirist of modern times. 

Father of Roman Satire, The. 
Lucilius. Dryden, in his Art 
of Poetry (ii.), describes him: 
Lucilius was the man who, bravely 

bold, 
To Koman vices did the mirror 

hold; 
Protected humble goodness from 

reproach ; 
Showed worth on foot, and rascals 

in a coach. 

Father of Satire, The. Archil- 
pchus of Paros, who flourished 
in the seventh century B. C. 

Father of Scandinavian Po- 
etry, The. A sobriquet be- 
stowed on Bishop Anders Arre- 
bo. Vid. Gosse, Literature of 
Norther n Europe (p. 75). 

Father of Sentiment, The. A 
name sometimes given to Jean 
Jacques Rousseau. 

Father of Song 1 , The. This title 
is given to Homer, the supposed 
author of the earliest Greek 
heroic poems extant. 

Father of Spanish History, 
The. A nickname given to 



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117 



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John Mariana, on ac count of 
his History of Spain, divided 
into thirty books. This he 
wrote at first in Latin ; but, fear- 
ing lest some unskilful pen 
should sully the reputation of 
the work by a bad translation of 
it into Spanish, he undertook 
that task himself, not as a trans- 
lator but as an author, who 
might assume the liberty of 
altering and adding, as he found 
requisite. Yet neither the 
Latin nor the Spanish came down 
later than the reign of Charles 
V., where he concluded his 
thirty books, not caring to ven- 
ture nearer his own times, be- 
cause he could not speak with 
freedom arid impartiality of 
persons then alive, or whose 
immediate descendants were 
living. He afterwards brought 
it down, at the instigation of 
friends, in a short supplement, 
to 1621. Dibdin, in his Library 
Companion, says : 

Mariana is the father of Spanish 
History, properly so called. His 
work first appeared in the Latin lan- 
guage at Toledo, in 1592. But to- 
wards the end of the same century 
appeared a solidly valuable volume 
of Mariana; a name which reflects 
lustre on Spanish history. The 
labors of Mariana have been the 
foundation of those of many subse- 
quent publications abridged or 
amplified, more or less under the 
name of the historian. 

Father of Symphony, The. A 
sobriquet frequently given to 
Haydn. Vld. Crowest, Musical 
Anecdotes (i. 201). 

Father of the British. Press, 
The. A nickname frequently 
given to "William Caxton, the 
first English printer. 

Father of the Church, The. 
A name sometimes given to 
Jacques-Be'mgne Bossuet, a cel- 
ebrated French divine, who to 
some extent made the Gallican 
church independent of Rome. 
Van Laun, in his History of 
Frenck Literature, says: 

His contemporary, La Bruyere, 
called him the father of the church; 



and he is in fact a legitimate succes- 
sor of the patristic writers and 
preachers of. the earlier Christian 
centuries, who swayed their hearers 
by their tongues as much or more 
than they persuaded later genera- 
tions by their pens. 

Father of the French Drama, 
The. Etienne Jodelle. 

Father of the French Riddle. 
An epithet which the Abbe 
Charles Cotin applied to him- 
self, but posterity has not con- 
firmed his right to the appella- 
tion. 

Father of the German Exege- 
sis, The. An epithet given to 
Richard Simon, a man who ex- 
hibited a great amount of learn- 
ing, especially in the oriental lan- 
guages, but his works are mixed 
with much conceit and scepti- 
cism. Henri Martin, in his 
History of France, says: 

Bichard Simon, too much neglected 
in France on account of the more 
passionate than scientific character 
assumed by the philosophic war of 
the eighteenth century, has become 
the Father of the German Exegesis, 
and will be always studied with re- 
spect by all who wish to take into 
serious account the important 
questions relative to the sacred 
texts. 

Father of the Greek Drama, 
The. Thespis, who flourished 
in the sixth century B. C. 

Father of the House, The. 
'William D. Kelley was so called. 
Vid. Geo. W. Julian's Political 
Recollections (p. 364). 

Father of the Latin Poets, 
The. A sobriquet given to 
Quintus Ennius, who was the 
first arnon| the Romans who 
wrote heroic verses, and greatly 
polished Latin poetry. 

Father of the Modern German 
Drama, The. An epithet given 
to Andreas Griphius, a Silesian 
dramatist. He wrote both com- 
edies and tragedies, took Seneca 
for his model, is pompous, de- 
clamatory, and overstrained ; 
but his plots are good, and his 
characters well drawn. Two of 



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118 



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the latter, namely, Peter Squenz, 
an author, and Horribli-scribri- 
tax, a coward and boaster, 
have become household words in 
Germany. 

Father of the Oratorio, The. 
A title bestowed on Giovanni 
Animuccia, an Italian composer 
of the sixteenth century. He 
composed the celebrated Laudi, 
te which were sung at the Ora- 
torio of S. Filippo, after the con- 
clusion of the regular office, and 
out of the dramatic tone and ten- 
dency of which the ' Oratorio ' 
is said to have been developed." 

Father of the People, The. 
This appellation was bestowed 
on Louis XII. and Henri IV. 
of France; Christian III. of 
Denmark; and on Gabriel du 
Pineau, the French lawyer. 

Father of the Poets, The. A 
name sometimes given to Ed- 
mund Spenser, as the inspirer of 
other poets. 

Father of the Poor, The. A 
title given to Bernard Gilpin, 
on account of his unwearied 
exertions among the poorer 
classes. 

Father of the Eondo, The. A 
sobriquet conferred on Jean Bap- 
tiste Davaux, a celebrated 
French musical composer (called 
"Le Pere aux Eondeaux")- 
Gliick, however, in his opera 
Orpheus, was the first to in- 
troduce the musical rondo into 
France. 

Father of the Spanish Drama, 
The.- Lope da Vega is so called, 
because his dramatic productions 
greatly excel those of all his 
predecessors. 

Father of the Vaudeville, The. 

A title conferred on Olivier Bas- 
selin, a JS~orman poet of the fif- 
teenth century, who bestowed 
upon his songs the name of his 
native valley, the Val-de-Vire, 
old French Vau-de-Vire, since 
corrupted into the modern Vau- 
deville. 



Father of the Virgin. This 
name was given to Abou-Bekr, 
the parent of Mohammed's favor- 
ite wife. He was the founder of 
the sect called the Sunnites. 

Father of This City, The. An 
epithet conferred upon Sir John 
Barnard, in the Records of the 
Court of Common Council, of 
London, which state : 

July, 1758, Sir John Barnard, so 
justly and emphatically styled the 
Father of this City, having lately, 
to the great and lasting regret of 
this court, thought proper to resign 
the office of alderman, it is unani- 
mously resolved that the thanks of 
this court be given him, for having 
so long and so faithfully devoted 
himself to the service of his fellow- 
citizens. 

Vid. THE FATHER OF LON- 
DON. 

Father of Tragedy, The. JEs- 
chylus is so called, on account of 
the great improvements intro- 
duced by him in his dramatic 
compositions. Thespis, who went 
about in a wagon with his stroll- 
ing players, and originally intro- 
duced dialogue in the choral 
odes, is also sometimes so named. 
He has been referred to as "the 
Richardson of Athens," and Dry- 
den, in his Art of Poetry (Trag. 
cap. iii.), refers to him thus: 
Thespis was first who, all besmeared 

with lee, 
Began this pleasure for posterity. 

Father of Tragedy, The. So 
Warton, in his Essay on Pope, 
alludes to Homer. 

Father of Tuscan Poetry, The. 
A name given to Torquato Tasso. 

Father of Vertu in England, 
The. A title given to Thomas 
Howard, Earl of Arundel, who 
discovered the Parian marbles 
which bear his name, and which 
he gave to the University of Ox- 
Father of Your Country, The. 
St. Vincent de Paul. Vid. LE 
PEUE DE LA PATBIE. 
Father Paul. Pietro Sarpi. Vid. 
PAUL OF VENICE. 



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119 



FEM 



Father Thougiitf ul. A name be- 
stowed on Nicholas Catinat, Mar- 
shal of France, by his soldiers, 
on account of his caution and 
judgment. 

Father Violet. A nickname be- 
stowed upon Bonaparte by his 
partisans, after his banishment 
to the island of Elba. "The 
flower and the color were jjub- 
licly worn by them as a party 
distinction." 

Fattore, II., i.e., THE STEWABD. 
A nickname given to Giovanni 
Francesco Penni, an Italian 
painter. He was intrusted with 
all the domestic concerns of 
Raphael, and was also one of his 
principal assistants, especially in 
the execution of the cartoons of 
the Arazzi. After the death of 
Raphael, he executed many 
frescos and several oil-pictures, 
but so few of his works remain 
that they are considered great 
rarities. His characteristics 
were a facility of conception, 
grace of execution, and a singu- 
lar felicity in landscape. 

Faun of the Italian Renais- 
sance, The. A name given to 
Antonio Allegri Correggio by 
J. A. Syinoiids. Vid. THE 
ARIEL OF THE ITALIAN RENAIS- 
SANCE. 

Fayonius. A nickname given to 
Richard "West. Vid. OBOSMA- 

DES. 

Amongst the MSS. at Pem- 
broke there is a copy of Gray's 
Ode to Spring, in the poet's 
handwriting, and entitled Noon- 
Tide : an Ode. In the margin of 
it occurs this interesting note : 

" The beginning of June, 1742, sent 
to Fav., not knowing he was then 
dead." 

This proves that Gray received 
no intimation of his friend's 
approaching death. 

" The loss of West," says Mr. 
Gosse, "was one of the most 
profound that his reserved na- 
ture ever suffered; when that 
name was mentioned to him, 
nearly thirty years afterwards, 



he became visibly agitated, and 
to the end of his life he seemed 
to feel in the death of West ' the 
affliction of a recent loss.' " 

Favored Child of Victory, 
The. An epithet given to An- 
dre Masse'na, a Marshal of 
France, on account of his suc- 
cession of successes in Italy, 
Switzerland, Germany, and Po- 
land. 

Favorite Disciple of Coleridge, 
The. A title frequently be- 
stowed on Thomas Allsop, an 
author and stock-broker. 

Fearless, The. Jean, second Duke 
of Burgundy. Vid. SANS PETTK. 

Feather in the Scale, A. So 
Dr. Wolcot, in his Benevolent 
Epistle to Sylvanus Urban, calls 
James Boswell, the biographer 
of Samuel Johnson. 

Felix Lorraine, Mrs., in Dis- 
raeli's novel of Vivian Grey, is 
intended for Lady Caroline 
Lamb. 

Felix Meritis. So Robert Schu- 
mann, on more than one occa- 
sion, called Felix Mendelssohn. 
Vid. Gesammelte Schriften (Leip- 
zig, 1854; i. 92, 93, 191, 219)- 

Female Fontenelle, A. An epi- 
thet given to Madame Marie 
Therese Geoftrin, whose house in 
Paris was the rendezvous of the 
litterateurs of her time. The 
epithet was given her by Sainte- 
Beuve, in his Gaiiseries du 
Lumli; Madame Geoff rin (July 
22, 1850), who says: 

Madame Geoffrin appears to me, 
after a careful study of her charac- 
ter, to have been, in the constitution 
of her mind, in her habitual beha- 
vior, and in the kind of influence she 
exerted, a female Fontenelle, a Fon- 
tenelle more actively benevolent, but 
a real Fontenelle in prudence, in her 
views and provisions concerning her 
own happiness, and in. her way of 
speaking, at pleasure, familiarly, 
epigrammatically, and ironically 
without bitterness. 

Female Howard, The. So Mrs. 
Elizabeth Fry has been called, 
on account of " her benevolent 



FEM 



120 



FTP 



exertions to improve the condi- 
tion of lunatics and prisoners." 

Female Maecenas, The. Lady 
Mary "Wortley Montagu is fre- 
quently thus called. 

Female Phidias, Our. So Dr. 
Wolcot, in his poem Pitt and His 
Statue, calls Mrs. Anne Seymour 
Darner, the English sculptor. 

Female Philosopher of the 
North, A. So Nichols, in his 
Illustrations of the Literary His- 
tory of the Eighteenth Century 
(in. 720), calls Mrs. Catharine 
Cockburn. 

Fe'nelon of Germany, The. A 

nickname given to Johann Gott- 
fried von Herder. He weaned 
his countrymen from bald and 
lifeless imitations of Italian, 
French, and English authors. 

The title has been also be- 
stowed upon Johann Casper La- 
vater, a celebrated preacher, and 
a man of high religious enthu- 
siasm, mingled with asceticism. 

Fenelon of Scotland, The. A 
sobriquet bestowed upon Robert 
Leighton, Archbishop of Glas- 
gow, who possessed, says Burnet, 
his biographer, " the greatest ele- 
vation of soul, the largest com- 
pass of knowledge, and the most 
mortified and most heavenly dis- 
position that I ever saw in a mor- 
tal." 

Fergus Mac Ivor. A character 
in Scott's Waverley , said in some 
measure to have been founded 
on Col. Alexander Ranaldson 
Macdonnell of Glengarry, who 
was the last genuine specimen of 
a Highland chief, and who was 
always attended by a Highland 
retinue when journeying. 

Ferrarese del Bene. The sobri- 
quet of Francesca Gabrielli, an 
Italian vocalist, native of Fer- 
rara. She was prima donna in 
Vienna in 1789. 

Fiametta, celebrated by Boccac- 

cio, is generally supposed to have 
been Maria, a natural daughter 
of Robert, King of Naples. 



Fiddling- Conyers. An epithet 
applied by Dr. Bentley to Dr. 
Conyers Middleton, who, besides 
being an able writer, was a di- 
lettante in music. 

Fiddling Knight, The. So Dr. 
Wolcot, in his Epistle to James 
Boswell) calls Sir John Hawkins, 
the author of The History of 
Music. 

Fidus Achates. A name some- 
times given to John Ballantyne, 
the friend of Sir "Walter Scott, 
for his unceasing revision and 
correction of much of the novel- 
ist's prose and poetry. 

Fielding- Among- Painters, A. 
A name occasionally given to 
William Hogarth, on account of 
his pictures of high and low life, 
and his abundant satire. 

Fielding of the Drama, The. 
A title bestowed on George Far- 
quhar. 

Fierce, The. Alexander I., King 
of Scotland in the twelfth cen- 
tury, is frequently so called. 

Fiery Face, The. A nickname 
given to James II. of Scotland, 
on account of a broad red spot on 
one side of his face. 

Fiery Young Tom, A name 
given to Thomas, Lord Fairfax, 
the Commander-in-chief of the 
Parliamentary Army while yet 
a young man. 

"In 1632," says Masson, in his 
Life of Milton (II. ii. 1), "the 
future general, though only 
twenty years of age, was already 
a conspicuous member of the 
family. After four years at 
Cambridge, he had gone abroad 
for military service in the Neth- 
erlands under Lord Vere, and he 
had just returned with some rep- 
utation so acquired, and with the 
name among his relatives of 
' fiery young "Tom. 5 " 

Fifth Doctor df the Church, 
The. A title bestowed upon 
Thomas Aquinas. Vid. DOCTOR 
ANGELICUS. 



FIG 



121 



FIG 



Figaro of His Age, Tlie. A 
name given to Pierre Augustin 
Caron de Beaumarchais. He 
wrote the play Mariar/e de Fig- 
aro, with which all the world has 
since become familiar. The cun- 
ning, dexterity, and intrigue 
therein exhibited are but a pic- 
ture of himself ; a man actuated 
only by a desire of gain and love of 
distinction. His true name was 
Pierre Augustin Caron; after- 
wards Beaumarchais was added, 
and a little later "de Beaumar- 
chais," by letters patent of his 
own imagination. He was, in 
fact, an exaggerated type of the 
lucky adventurer of the ancien 
re'gime. 

Fighting Chaplain, The. A 
title given to Samuel Nowel, who 
served with the Massachusetts 
troops in King Philip's war. 

Fighting- Fitzgerald. A nick- 
name given to George Robert 
Fitzgerald, a most notorious and 
infamous character of the last 
century. He was born in Ire- 
land, but brought up in England 
till his sixteenth year, and for a 
time was an Eton scholar. In 
1766 he was made a lieutenant in 
a regiment stationed in Ireland, 
where, while yet a mere boy, he 
fought several duels. In 1770 he 
married, and thus obtained a 
fortune of thirty thousand 
pounds. Upon the death of his 
father, he became owner of Tor- 
lough, an estate near Castlebar, 
then worth four thousand pounds 
a year, but his extravagant habits 
caused him to be ever in pecu- 
niary difficulties. Immediately 
after his marriage he resigned 
his lieutenancy and went to 
France. At this period his ap- 
pearance was singularly striking, 
and it is said that it never 
changed to the day of his death. 
He was about the middle height, 
in person very slight and juve- 
nile, his countenance mild and 
insinuating, and the existing 
taste for splendid attire he car- 
ried to the utmost extreme. The 



button and loop of his hat, his 
sword-knot, and his shoe-buckles 
were brilliant with diamonds, 
while he wore two enamelled 
watches with a multitude of 
seals dangling from either fob. 
His coat and vest were as rich as 
French brocade and velvet could 
make them. His fondness for 
glittering bawbles and finery 
amounted to a passion. He was 
the best and boldest rider, the 
deftest swordsman, the surest 
shot, and the most reckless gam- 
bler of the day ; an author him- 
self and the patron of authors; 
with a,s much subtlety as daring; 
with intense pride of his race 
and intense contempt for all that 
was vulgar. Add to this an 
overbearing, haughty disposition, 
a love for duelling, a bitter 
hatred towards his enemies, and 
no hesitation about killing or 
shedding blood, and we have the 
strange anomaly called Fighting 
Fitzgerald. 

Fig-hting- Joe . A nickname given 
by his soldiers to General Joseph 
BLooker. Similarly : 

Fig-hting* Me Cook was bestowed 
upon General Alexander Mc- 
Dowell McCook by his troops. 

Fig-hting Phil. A sobriquet ap- 
plied to Maj.-Gen. Philip Kear- 
ney. Vid. Depeyster, Personal 
and Military History of Philip 
Kearney (p. 347). 

Near this weak position, however, 
stood three of the hardest-fighting 
men of the army, a trio, known as 
" Fighting Phil/ 5 " Fighting Joe," 
and " Fighting Dan." 

Fighting- Prelate , The . A name 
given to Henry Spencer, Bishop 
of Norwich, who distinguished 
himself in "Wat Tyler's rebellion, 
first by routing the insurgents in 
the field, and then, exchanging 
his armor for sacerdotal robes, 
by absolving them before sending 
them to the gibbet. In 1383 he 
went over to aid the Burghers of 
Ghent in their contest with the 
Count of Flanders and the 
French king. 



FIL 



122 



FLO 



The Bishop of Norwich, the famous 
Fighting Prelate, had led an army 
into Flanders. Being obliged to 
return, with discomfiture, he had 
been charged with breach of the 
conditions on which a sum of money 
was granted to him, and the tempo- 
ralities of his see were sequestered. 
Lord Campbell. 

Filia Dolorosa. A sobriquet con- 
ferred on Marie Therese Char- 
lotte, Duchesso d'Angouleme, 
the daughter of Louis XVI. On 
account of her attachment to 
Louis XVIII., whose companion 
she was, she is not infrequently 
styled THE MODERN ANTIGONE. 
Finality John. A nickname 
given to Earl Russell, because 
he maintained that the Reform. 
Bill of 1832 was "a finality"; 
nevertheless, in the yea,rs 1854, 
1800, and 1866, three more ap- 
peared. 

Firebrand of His Country, The. 
So Robert Persons, in his Three, 
Conversions of England (ed. 1604 
ii. 220), calls John Knox. 
Fire-Kindler, A. A nickname 
given to Cicero, for contributing 
to the civil war, in declaring for 
Pompey. 

First Gentleman of Europe, 
The. Both George IV. of Eng- 
land and Charles X. of France 
were so called. 

First Grenadier of France, The. 
An honorary title bestowed by 
Bonaparte upon the celebrated 
Latour d'Auvergne, on account 
of his unparalleled "bravery. 
First Lyrist of France, The. 
On a monument erected in 1872, 
at Vendomoir, the native town 
of Pierre de Ronsard, is the 
inscription: 

Pierre de Ronsard, premier Lyrique 
Frangois. 

First Man of Letters in Eu- 
rope, The. So Robert Southey 
is called in the Nodes Anibro- 
fiianse (Ixxi.). 

First of Existing Writers, The. 
So Lord Byron, in the dedica- 
tion prefixed to his Sardanapalus, 
calls Goethe. 



| First of Philosophers, Tho. A 
name given to Gottfried "Wil- 
helm Leibnitz. 

"The first of philosophers," the 
late Professor Playfair observed, 
" has left nothing in the immense 
tract of his intellect which can be 
distinguished as a monument of his 
geniu,," Disraeli, The Literary 
Character. 

First of the British Periodical 
Essayists, The. A sobriquet 
bestowed upon Sir Richard 
Steele. 

First Scotch Reformer, The. 
Patrick Hamilton, who was 
burnt at the stake for his Lu- 
theran principles, is so called. 

Fitzborn, in Disraeli's Vivian 
Grey, is intended for Sir Robert 
Peel. 

Fitzgig 1 . A nickname given to 
Fitzpatrick, an actor. Vid. A 
SIX-FOOT SUCKLING. 

Five P's, The. A nickname 
given to William Oxberry, be- 
cause he was a printer, poet, 
publican, publisher, and player. 

Flag-ellum Dei, i. e., THE 
SCOURGE OF GOD. An epithet 
bestowed upon Charles VIII. , 
during his invasion of Italy in 
1495. 

Flatterer, The, Vitellius, the 
Roman emperor, is so called. 
Vid. Tacitus, Annales (vi. 32). 

Flatterer of Louis XIV., The. 
An epithet conferred on Nicolas 
Despreaux Boileau, because of 
his dedication of some of 
his works to that king. He was 
a powerful writer, and his ene- 
mies were often at a loss how to 
attack him. 

Flayed Fox, The. A nickname 
which was bestowed on Lepnhard 
Fuchs, a learned botanist, by 
Johann Comarius. 

Flimnap, the " Lord-Treasurer," 
in Swift's Gulliver's Travels, is 
intended as a satirical portrait 
of Sir Robert Walpole. 

Flosky, Mr., a transcendentalist 
in Thomas Love Peacock's novel 



FLO 



123 



FOS 



of Nightmare Abbey, is said to be 
intended for Samuel Taylor 
Coleridge. 

Flower of All the Aristocrats, 
The. So Hannay, in his Satire 
and Satirists (p. 5), calls Julius 
Csesar. 

Flower of Chivalry, The.^ A 
sobriquet conferred on William 
Douglas, Lord of Liddesdale, 
who flourished in the fourteenth 
century; on Sir Philip Sidney; 
and on the Chevalier de Bayard, 
Pierre du Terrail. 

Flower of French Chivalry, 
The. A name given to Ber- 
trand du Guesclin, also called 
THE EAGLE OF BRITTANY. 

Flower of Poets, The. A title 
"bestowed upon Chaucer by some 
of his contemporaries. 

Flower of Strathearn, The. An 
epithet given to Caroline Oli- 
phant, Baroness Nairne, a Scot- 
tish poetess, on accoiint of her 
great beauty. Observing the 
general looseness in the songs of 
the peasantry, she attempted to 
write better words for the popu- 
lar tunes, and the result was a 
considerable number of songs, 
which were at once recognized as 
among the finest in the language, 
among which were The Land o' 
the Leal and Caller Herrin'. 

Flower of the Forest, The. 
The name given to General 
"Washington by Bed Jacket, chief 
of the Senecas. Vid. Tucker- 
man, Book of the Artists (p. 

* 212). 

Flowerdale. A character in an 
old English play. The London 
Prodigal, printed in 1605, drawn 
to satirize Robert Greene, the 
English novelist and dramatist. 
In allusion to his many repent- 
ances, there occurs the line : 
If e'er his heart doth turn, 'tis 

ne'er too late. 

In another play, called Fair 
Em (London, 1599), there is the 
line : 

Pardon, dear Father, my follies 
that are past. 



These two plays, with one 
called The Prodigal b'on, now 
existing only in a German trans- 
lation from the English in the 
sixteenth century, are drawn 
more or less from Greene's 
Mourning Garment or his Never 
too Late. 

Foaming Fudg-e, in Disraeli's 
novel of Vivian Grey, is said to 
be intended for Lord Brougham. 

Fog 1 , The. A nickname given to 
Marie Madeleine de la Vergne La 
Fayette, a French authoress, by. 
her friends, " because fogs do lift 
occasionally and reveal charm- 
ing horizons. She lived and died 
between sorrowful sweetness and 
acute suffering, worldly wisdom 
and penitence." 

Follower in the Footsteps, 
The. A name given to Martin 
van Buren by himself. Vid. 
THE POLITICAL GRIMALKIN. 

Fontenelle of His Generation, 
The. An epithet given to Jean 
Francois de La Harpe, on account 
of his eulogiums. 

Foolish, The. A nickname given 
to Louis VII. of France, for his 
extremely impolitic conduct. 

Foreigner, The. A nickname 
given to Louis IV. of France, 
who resided thirteen years in 
England before he succeeded to 
the throne. He is also called 
and TRANSMA- 



RINE. 

Fortune's Empress. An epithet 
given to Queen Elizabeth. Vid. 
THE MIRACLE OF TIME. 

Fossile, in the farce Three Hours 
After Marriage, by Pope, Gay, 
and Arbutlmot, is probably in- 
tended for the physician and an- 
tiquary Dr. Woodward. 

Foster-Father of Our Lan- 
guage, The, or Bolio della 
lingua, is an epithet given to 
Pietro Bembo, the Italian cardi- 
nal and poet, who deserves more 
credit for the patronage which 
he granted to literature than 
for his own works. Vid, THB 



FOIT 



124 



FRA 



GUIDE AND MASTER OF OUR 
TONGUE. 

Foul- Weather Jack. A sobri- 
quet conferred on Commodore 
Byron, and Admiral Sir John 
ISTorris, who were said to be noto- 
rious for foul weather. 

Founder of Chemistry, The. 
A name given to Geber, who 
flourished in the ninth century, 
and is said to have been the first 
who made useful chemical exper- 
iments. 

Founder of Chivalry in Ger- 
many, The. An epithet con- 
ferred on Henry I., who was the 
first to introduce those military 
sports called tournaments, in the 
year 934. 

Founder of Christian Elo- 
quence, The. A name given 
to Louis Bourdaloue, the French 
preacher. 

Founder of the Fathers of 
Christian Doctrine, The. Cae- 
sar de Bus is so called. 

Founder of the French Theatre 
The. An epithet sometimes 
given to Jean de Kotrou. He 
greatly improved the scenery and 
general conduct of the stage, but 
as a dramatic axithor his style is 
heavy and rugged, though very 
superior to any of his predeces- 
sors, and his situations are more 
romantic than tragic. 

Fountain of Life. The. A so- 
briquet conferred on Alexander 
Hales, sometimes called THE 
IRREFRAGABLE DOCTOR, a cele- 
brated scholar of the thirteenth 
century. 

Four-eyed George. A nick- 
name given by his soldiers to Gen- 
eral George Meade, because he 
wore spectacles. 

Four Masters, The M the com- 
pilers of the celebrated Annals 
of Doneyal, were Michael and 
Cucoirighe O'Clerighe and Mau- 
rice and Fearfeata Conry. 

Fowler, The. An appellation be- 
stowed on Henry I., Emperor of 
Germany, because the deputies 



who brought him the news of his 
election to the throne found him 
fowling with a hawk on his hand. 

Fra Diavolo, the hero of Auber's 
opera, was Michele Pezza, a Cala- 
brian insurgent, who made an in- 
cursion into the Roman territory 
at the beginning of this century. 
He was taken prisoner by treach- 
ery at San Severino, and hanged 
at Naples in 1806. 

Francesco. A character in Rob- 
ert Greene's novel Never too Late 
to Mend (London, 1590), which to 
a great extent represents his own 
history and portrays his own 
personal feelings. Vid. ISABEL 
and PHILADOS. 

Francesina, La. A sobriquet 
applied to Elizabeth Duparc, a 
celebrated French vocalist, and 
the first woman in Handel's ora- 
torios from 1756 to 1744. 

Franklin of Germany, The. A 
nickname given to Justus Moeser, 
a German writer, historian, and 
publicist, on account of his works, 
which are distinguished by a vig- 
orous homely good-sense, a free- 
dom from all affectation, a knowl- 
edge of the condition of the labor- 
ing classes, and zeal for their im- 
provement and happiness. His 
great talents, knowledge of busi- 
ness, unwavering integrity, fair- 
ness and disinterestedness, en- 
abled him to steer his course free 
from all suspicion or reproach, 
between the conflicting interests 
of the sovereign and the states, 
both of which he served. 

Franklin of Theology, The. A 
name given to Andrew Fuller. 

Frau Aja. A name given to 
Katharina Elizabeth Goethe, the 
mother of the poet. Vid. Johan- 
nes Scherr's article on Goethe, 
in Die Gartenlaube (1873, Heft 
16 p. 517): 

Die Stolberge standen damals im 
Vollsaft ihrer Kraftgenievrath, die 
sich in unbandigem, rnitunter gera- 
dezu verriicktem Freiheitsffeschrei 
austobte. . . . Bei einem Gelage der 
jungen Manner setzte die Frau Rath 
in ihrer humoristisch-gescheiden 



FEE 



125 



FKE 



"Weise die beiden gr'afiichen Tyran- 
nenfresser tuchtig zurecht, und bei 
dieser Gelegenheit erhielt sie den 
Namen "Aja." 

Frederick of Thought , The. So 
J. P. Nichol terms Leasing. 

Free-born John. A name be- 
stowed upon John Lilburne, dur- 
ing the English church reform 
period of 1640-50, "on account 
of his intrepid defence, before the 
tribunal of the Star-Chamber, of 
his rights as a free-born English- 
man." Vid. Masson, Life of 
Milton (iv. 504). 

Free-Lance of Our Literature, 
This. An epithet which Grosart 
confers on Thomas Nash, in his 
Complete Works of Thomas Nashe 
(vi. 10), where he says: 

City-life, tavern-life, poor-scholar's 
life, gaming-life, sporting-life, the 
life of the residuum, not without 
glimpses of the higher, even the 
highest, of the sixteenth century, are 
pictured imperishably by Nashe. 
For insight into men and manners 
commend me to the writings of this 
" free-lance " of our literature. His 
abandon, his rollicking, vociferous 
communicativeness, his swift touch, 
his audacity, his strange candor, 
unite in such portraitures as are 
scarcely to be found elsewhere. 

Fre'lon, i. e., THE WASP, is a name 
which Voltaire gave to "Elie- 
Catherine Freron (1719-1776), a 
critic, scholar, and a man of con- 
siderable solidity of mind, but an 
enemy of the author. He ap- 
pears first under this name in 
Voltaire's play, L'Ecossaise, 
where he figures as a spy and a 
scribbler who will do any dirty 
work for money. After that it 
was a common name for him 
among the friends of Voltaire, 

French Anacreon, The. Pon- 
tus de Thiard, one of the Plei- 
ades, and noted for his amatory 
poetry. 

French Angel, Some. An epi- 
thet conferred on G-uillaume de 
Sallust du Bartas, a French 
writer, who obtained in the six- 
teenth century immense celeb- 
rity for his epic poem, in seven 



books, called The Week of Crea- 
tion. It is especially worthy of 
note that Milton, in his Paradise 
Lost, borrowed largely from it. 
It was translated into English by 
Joshua Sylvester, and to this 
translation several commenda- 
tory poems were prefixed, among 
which is one by Jos. Hall, which 
says : 
Thou follow'st Bartasses deviner 

streine ; 
And sing'st his numbers in his native 

veine. 
Bartas was some French Angel girfc 

with Bayes ; 
And thou a Bartas art, in English. 

Layes. 

French Aristophanes, The. 
Jean Baptiste Poquelin de Mo- 
liere is frequently thus called. 

French Burns, The. Be" ranger. 
Vid. THE HORACE OF FRANCE. 

French Chaucer, The. A name 
formerly given to Pierre de Bon- 
sard, who was considered in his 
day as possessing great talents 
for poetry ; but these are not so 
visible to the eye of modem crit- 
icism. 

Cle'ment Marot has been simi- 
larly called. 

French Chrysostom, The. A 
name given to Edmond Auger, a 
noted French Jesuit. Van Laun, 
in his History of French Litera- 
ture, says of him: 

The most assiduous and redoubta- 
ble of Loyola's disciples in France 
was Edmond Auger, the confessor of 
Henry III., educated at the College 
of Eome, who earned for himself 
the cognomen of the French Chrys- 
ostom. His catechism was widely 
used throughout the country, and his 
sermons, of which we possess but 
meagre illustrations, served to keep 
the zeal of his vast audiences at 
fever-heat, and brought many 
Huguenots to the stake, although 
they spared his life when he was 
taken at Valence by the cruelest of 
chief partisans, the Baron des 
Adrets. 

French Coxcomb, A, So Will- 
iam Cobbett called Napoleon 
Bonaparte. Vid~ Timbs, Nota- 
bilia (p. 58). 



FRB 



126 



EKE 



French Devil, The. A title con- 
ferred on Jean Bart, an intrepid 
French sailor, born at Dunkirk 
in 1(\50. 

French Drunken Barnaby, 
The. A nickname given to 
Olivier Basselin, a French poet, 
by Dibdin, in his Picturesque 
Tour in France and Germany 
(i. 213) , where he says : 

Prefixed to it is an indifferent 
drawing, in india-ink, representing 
the old' castle of Vire, now nearly 
demolished, with Basselin seated at 
the table along with three of his 
boosing companions, chanting his 
verses, " a pleine gorge." This 
Basselin appears, in short, to have 
been the French Drunken Barnaby. 

French Bnnius, The. A sobri- 
quet conferred on Guillaume de 
Lorris, the author of Roman de 
la Rose, sometimes called " the 
French Iliad." 

French Erasmus Darwin, The. 
A name given to Jacques-Fran- 
cois-Marie Vieilh de Boisjolin, 
who versified his thoughts on 
botany. 

French Fitz-Osbert, The. A 
name given to Thibault, Comte 
de Champagne, by Henri van 
Laun, in his History of French 
Literature, who says : 

Thibault deserves another word 
before we leave him. He was a kind 
of French Fitz-Osbert; a nobleman 
who roundly accused the barons of 
causing half the ills of their coun- 
try; a democrat aristocrat. 

French Garrick, The. A name 
given to Michel Baron, a French 
actor and dramatic author, 
equally famous in tragedy and 
comedy, and possessed of a noble 
voice, handsome person, com- 
manding figure, excellent judg- 
ment, great enthusiasm, and 
much genius. He is sometimes 
called THE Roscius OF FRANCE. 

French Homer, The. A name 
given to Jean de La Fontaine, 
of whom Van Laun, in his Histo- 
ry of French Literature, says: 
La Fontaine is the French Homer, 
for he is as universal, idealistic, and 
natural as the Greek, He is easy to 



understand, for he does not fatigue, 
and skims everything, even senti- 
ments. 

French Horace, The. So Jean 
Macrinus is called. 

French Isocrates, The. Fie- 
chier, Bishop of Nismes, is thus 
named. 

French Justinian, The. An 
epithet conferred on Philippe de 
Renii, a jurisconsult. He left 
behind him a reputation as a 
man so able and profound that, 
until the time of Montesquieu, 
France is said to have produced 
none who could be compared to 
him in the knowledge of law. 

French Lope da Vega, The. A 
name given to Alexandre Hardi, 
on account of the remarkable 
fertility of his pen. He wrote 
an incredible number of pieces 
for the theatre, some say six hun- 
dred, and some even more. Of 
these, no more than thirty-four 
remain. It was said that he 
would write two thousand lines 
in twenty-four hours, and in 
three days his play was composed 
and acted. 

French Mansfield, The. A 
nickname given to the French 
advocate, Pierre Jean Baptiste 
Gerbier, of whom Garrick says, 
in a letter from Paris, Jan. 27, 
1765: 

I have taken a slice at the law-ora- 
tory here -I have heard Gerbier, 
the French Mansfield, twice. He 
has great merit, and pleaded with 
great warmth and force; I was 
much pleased, it was a cause celebre, 
but the particulars are too long to 
send you. 

French Ovid, The. A sobriquet 
conferred on Joachim Du Bellay, 
one of the PLEIADES OF FRANCE 
(q. v.). He is also called THE 
FATHER OF GRACE AND ELE- 
GANCE. 

French Phidias, The. This 
name has been given to Jean 
Baptiste Pigalle; and to Jean 
Goujon, also known as THE COR- 
REGGIO OF SCULPTORS. 

French Pindar, The. Both Jean 



FRE 



127 



FRO 



Dorat and Ponce Denis Lebrun 
are so called. 

French Raphael, The. A name 
given to Eustace Le Sueur, a cel- 
ebrated French painter of the 
seventeenth century. Francois 
Boucher is also so called. Vid. 
THE RAPHAEL OF THE PARC-AUX- 
CEBFS. 

French Bit son, The. A nick- 
name given to the Abbe Jean 
Joseph Rive, on account of his 
bitter and numerous literary con- 
troversies. Disraeli, in his Cari- 
osities of Literature, says: 

All Europe was to receive from 
him new ideas concerning books and 
manuscripts. Yet all high mighty 
promises fumed away in projects; 
and though he appeared forever cor- 
recting the blunders of others, this 
French Ritson left enough of his 
own to afford them a choice revenge. 

French Solomon, The. So Ga- 
briel Harvey, in his Pierce's 
Supererogation (1593, p. 67), 
terms Salustius du Bartas. 

French Tartini, The. A name 

f'yen to Pierre Gavinies by 
iotti. Vid. Phipson, Biograph- 
ical Sketches and Anecdotes of 
Celebrated Violinists (London, 
1877; p. 64). 

As a violinist he [Pugnoni] had at 
Paris a truly formidable rival in 
Gavinies, whom Viotti has termed 
" The French Tartini." 

French Tibullus, The. A sobri- 
quet conferred on Evariste De'- 
sire Desforges, Chevalier de 
Paniy, a celebrated erotic poet 
of the last century. 

French Titian, The. Jacques 
Blanch ard is sometimes so called. 

French Virgil, The. A name 
given to Voltaire by Frederick 
the Great. 

Frederick the Great used to speak 
of Voltaire as the French Virgil, but 
Frederick's father had never per- 
mitted him to learn Latin, and if he 
ever read Virgil at all, it must have 
been some of the jingling French 
translations. Morley. 

Frenchified Coxcomb, The. So 
Wordsworth, in a letter to Alex- 



ander Dyce, March 20, 1833, 
called Horace "\Valpole. 
Friend of Good Sense, The. 
An epithet given to Homer by 
Sainte-Beuve, in Causer ies du 
Lundi (June 3, 1854), in his essay 
on Bossuet, where he says : 
. M. de Lamartine must have inad- 
vertently read Horace instead of 
Homer, and he has taken occasion 
to treat Homer, the friend of good 
sense, almost as badly as he formerly 
treated La Fontaine. 

Friend of Man, The. A title 
given to the Marquis de Mira- 
beau, on account of one of his 
works, JJ Ami des Hommes. He 
was the father of the celebrated 
Mirabeau, whom Barnave calls 
THE SHAKESPEARE OF ELO- 
QUENCE. 

Friend of Sinners, The. An 
epithet given by James Free- 
man Clarke to Nathaniel Haw- 
thorne, in his remarks at the 
funeral of the novelist. He said 
it in paying a tribute to his in- 
tense study of criminal careers. 

Friend of the Jews, The. An 
epithet given to Robert Grant, 
who made a vain effort, while in 
the House of Commons, to obtain 
the removal of the civil disabili- 
ties to which the Jews were sub- 
jected in England. 

Frigidus Pedagogus. A nick- 
name given to Gabriel Harvey, 
by Nash, in his Have with you to 
Saffron Walden, where he 
says : 

Any time this 17 yere my adver- 
sary Prigidus Pedagogus hath laid 
waste paper in pickle, and publisht 
some rags of treatises against Mas- 
ter Lilly and mee, which I will jus- 
tifie have lyne by him ever since the 
great matches of bowling and shoot- 
ing on the Thames upon the yce. 

Fritz der Einzige. Frederick 
the Great was so called. Vid. 
De Quincey's essay on Goethe. 

Fritz, Unser. A name given by 
the Germans to Frederick "Will- 
iam, Crown Prince of Germany. 

Frothy General, The. A name 
given, to General Antoine Jo- 



JFUD 



128 



FUR 



seph Santerre, an ex-brewer, by 
the people of Paris during the 
French Revolution. 

Fudgiolo. A nickname given in 
the Noctes Ambrosianse (i.) to 
the Italian poet Ugo Foscolo, 
who was an exile in London. 

Fur ens. So Louis Theobald, in 



The Censor (No. 33), calls John 
Dennis, the critic. 

Furibondo. A title bestowed on 

Giovanni Alberto Albicante. 

Vid. Symonds, Renaissance in 

Italy (pt. ii. cap. xv.). 
Furioso, II. Tintoretto. Vid. 

same. 



GAB 



129 



GAF 



Gk 



Gabriel Ergo. An epithet which 
was given to Gabriel Harvey. 
Nash says it was bestowed on 
him while at college, and tells 
the reason in his Have with you 
to SaffronWalden (London, 1596), 
as follows : 

So upon his first manumission in 
the mysterie of Logique, because he 
observed Ergo was the deadly clap 
of the peece, or driv'n home stab of 
the Syllogisme, lie accustomed to 
make it the Faburden to anie thing 
he spake ; as if any of his compan- 
ions complained hee was hungrie, 
he would conclude Ergo you must 
goe to dinner; or if the clocke had 
stroke or bell towld, Ergo you must 
go to such a Lecture; or if anie 
stranger said he came to seeke such 
a one, and desir'd him, he would 
shew him which was his chamber, 
he would foorthwith come upon 
him with Ergo he must go up such 
apaire of staires; whereupon (for a 
great while) he was called nothing 
but G-dbriell Erffo, up and downe the 
College. 

Gabriel Grave-Digger. An epi- 
thet conferred on Gabriel Har- 
vey "by Thomas Nash. Harvey 
had had a quarrel with Bobert 
Greene, and after his death 
wrote a caustic satire upon him. 
Greene's crony, Nash, answered 
him with bitter language, but 
afterwards tried to bring about 
a reconciliation, which Harvey 
rejected. Then Nash again at- 
tacked him, in a preface to his 
Christ's Tears Over Jerusalem 
(London, 1594) , where he says : 
His vaineglorie he hath new 
painted over an inch thicke. Some 
fewe crummes of mybooke he has 
confuted; all the rest of his inven- 
tion is nothing but an oxe with a 
pudding in his bellie, not fit for any- 
thing else, save only to feast the 
dull eares of ironmongers, plough- 
men, carpenters, and porters. Mas- 
ter IMlie > poore, deceassed Kit Mar- 



low, reverent Docter Perm, with 
a hundred other quiet, sense- 
lesse carkasses before the conquest 
departed, in the same worke he hath 
most notoriously and viely delt 
with; and to conclude, he hath 
proved himselfe to be the only 
Gabriel Grave-Digger under heaven. 

Vid. VAIN BRAGGADOCIO, 
Gabriel Howliglasse. A nick- 
name given to Gabriel Harvey. 
Howliglasse was the hero of an 
old German jest-book, translated 
about 15(57, and his name seems 
to have been proverbial as a jes- 
ter, buffoon, and clever rascal. 
Harvey claimed to be the inven- 
tor of or rather the first to write 
English hexameters. To this 
Nash alludes in his Strange 
Newes of the Intercepting of 
Certain e Letters (London, 1592), 
where he says : 

Tubalcan, alias Tuball, first foun- 
der of Farriers Hall, heere is a great 
complaint made that utriusque 
Academics Robertus Greene hath 
mockt thee, because hee saide that 
thou wert the first inventer of 
Musicke; so Gabriell Howliglasse 
was the first inventer of English 
Hexameter verses. 

Gabriel Varney. A character in 
Bulwer's Literetia, founded on 
Thomas Griffiths Wainwright. 
Vid. THE POISONER. 

Gaelic Homer, The. A nick- 
name given to Ossian, the early 
poet of Scotland, though Ireland 
claims him as well. 

Gaffer Jobbernotile. Gaffer 
originally meant a friend or 
neighbor, but during the time of 
Elizabeth it became a term of 
reproach, and was used to desig- 
nate a madman, and old man. 
Jobbernoule was derived from 
the Flemish jobhe, dull, and the 
Saxon enoZ, head, which also be- 



GAL 



130 



GAS 



came a popular expression for 
blockhead. It was applied as an 
epithet of contempt to Gabriel 
Harvey by Nash in his Strange 
Newes of the. Intercepting of Cer- 
taine Letters (London, 1592), 
where he says : 

Gaffer Jobbernoule, once more well 
over-taken, how dost thou? how 
dost thou? hold up thy head, man, 
take no care; though Greene be 
dead, yet I may live to do thee 
good. 

Gallant, The. At Fredericksburg 
General Lee bestowed this name 
upon Major John Pelham of the 
Confederate States army. Vid. 
J, E. Cooke, ferso?ial Portraits 
(p. 130). 

Gallant Harry of the "West, 
The. Henry Clay has been so 
called. Vid. Carl Schurz, Life 
of Henry Clay (i. 327). 

He was, indeed, on the political 
fieldjthejpmwj chevalier, marshalling 
Ms hosts, sounding his bugle-blasts, 
and plunging first into the fight; 
and with proud admiration his fol- 
lowers called him "the Gallant 
Harry of the West." 

Gallant King", The. Victor Em- 
manuel II., King of Italy, is 
called RE GALANTUOMO. 

Gallant Young Juvenal. So 
Francis Meres, in his Palladis 
Tamia, calls Thomas Nash. 

G-alliard, The. A term used in 
Scotland to express an active, 
gay, and dissipated character, 
and used as a nickname for 
William Johnstone of Wam- 
phrey, a noted freebooter and 
hero of Scottish song. 

Gallic Bully, The. William 
III., King of England. Vid. 
OLD SQUAB. 

Gallic Pharaoh, The. Louis 
XIV. is designated by this title 
in Cobb's poem The Female 
Reign (xiii.), reprinted in Dods- 
ley's collection. 

Galloway Poet, The. A title 
conferred on William Nicholson, 
author of The Brownie of Bled- 
noch. 



Gamaliel Hobgoblin. A nick- 
name given to Gabriel Harvey 
by Nash in his Strange Newes of 
the Intercepting of Certaine 
Letters (London, 1592), where he 
says : 

When that fly-boat of Frenchery 
is once launcht, your trenchor atten- 
dant, Gamaliel Hobgoblin, intends 
to tackle up a Treatise on the barly 
kurnell, which you set in your gar- 
den, out of which there sprung (as 
you avouched) twelve severall eares 
of corn at one time. 

Garguntua, the hero of Rabelais' 
Gargantua and Pantac/ruel, is 
said to be a satirical portrait of 
Francois I. Motteux, realizing 
that the events in the life of 
this monarch are inconsistent 
with those narrated in the tale, 
thinks that it is intended for 
Henri d'Albret, King of Na- 
varre. 

Those who identify Gargantua 
with Francois I. make his 
" great mare " the personification 
of Madame d'Estampes. The 
historian above named, who 

^ thinks the romance to be simply 
\* a satire on the Reform, party, 
merely says that the mare is 
"some lady." 

Gascon Moses, A. An epithet 
given to Guillaume de Salustius 
du Bartas, who at one time was 
an officer in Gascony, and wrote 
a long poem, The Week or The 
Creation of the World. Van 
Laun, in Ms History of French 
Literature, says : 

This was La Semaine ou Creation 
du Monde, the marriage-register of 
science and verse, written by a Gas- 
con Moses, who to the minuteness 
of Walt Whitman and the unction 
of a parish-clerk added an occa- 
sional dignity, superior to anything 
attained by the abortive epic of his 
master. 

Gashed, The. Henri, son of 
Francois, second Duke of Guise, 
is called Le Balafre, or "the 
Gashed," on account of a sword- 
cut he received at the battle of 
Dormans, which left a frightful 
scar on his face. 



GAS 



131 



GEN 



Gaspar Poussin. A sobriquet 
applied to the French painter 
Gaspar Dughet. 

Gaul Narquois of Parisian So- 
ciety, The. A name given to 
Abbe' Guillaume Amfrye de 
Chaulieu, a pioneer of freedom, 
thought, and literary expression. 
Van Laun, in his History of 
French Literature, says: 

The Abbe" de Chaulieu is an apt 
instance of this moral recrudescence 
in its literary development. He 
caught the spirit of it, possibly 
enough, from Moliere's friend Cha- 
pelle, and he became the Gaul Nar- 
quois of Parisian Society, even in 
the most polished epoch of the 
Augustan age, even in the most 
conventionally correct decades of 
the seventeenth century. 

Gavarni. A name given to the 
French artist Sulpice Paul Che- 
valier by his friends. Vid. Joliet, 
Pseudonymes du Jour (p. 97). 

Gay Lothario of Politics, The. 
So Mr. O'Connor on several oc- 
casions designated Benjamin Dis- 
raeli, Earl Beaconsfield. 

Gebir. A name given to "Walter 
Savage Landor, on account of his 
poem of that name. 

The cause of this has been a con- 
versation at Bristol with Walter 
Savage Landor the Gebir, a mar- 
vellous man ; it made me feel some- 
what ashamed that I should not, as 
a poet, do all that I am capable of 
doing. Letter of Southey in Me- 
moir of W. Taylor (London, 1843; 
ii. 217). 

Gelaste. A nickname given to 
Moliere, by his friends, who with 
himself met at a literary clubjof 
harmonious spirits with Boileau- 
Despr4aux as a centre. 

Gem of Asia, This. So Bunsen 
calls St. Irensens, Bishop of Ly- 
ons in the second century, who 
" learned Celtic in order to 
preach the gospel to the barba- 
rians in their own language, and 
rejoiced in beholding the progress 
of the good work in which he 
was engaged in the parts of Ger- 
many bordering on Gaul/' 

Gem of Normandy, The, A 



title bestowed on Emma, the 
daughter of Richard I., Duke of 
Normandy, and wife of Ethelred 
II., King of England. 

Ge'ne'ral Entrepreneur, Le. A 
nickname bestowed upon Bona- 
parte by the Parisians, * ' on ac- 
count of the immense public 
works which lie entered upon, 
but did not always complete." 

Geneva Bull, The. This fitting 
sobriquet was conferred on Ste- 
phen Marshall on account of his 
being a follower of Calvin and 
possessed of a powerful voice. 

Genius, A, who is mentioned in 
Pope's Moral Essays (i. 91), is 
meant for Victor Amadeus II., 
King of Sardinia. 

Genre Poet of Germany, The. 
A nickname given to Johann 
Ludwig Uhland, whose poetry is 
overflowing with spirit, imagina- 
tion , and is true to nature, while 
still picturesque and exquisite in 
its varied touches of feeling. 
Many of his early poems were 
founded on traditions drawn from 
other nations, but these he in- 
vested with German character 
and expression. No other ballads 
surpass his in terseness, vigor, 
and suggestive beauty. 

Gentil Bernard, Le. Pierre 
Joseph Bernard, the French poet, 
is frequently thus called. 

Gentle Boy, The. A story by 
Nathaniel Hawthorne, in which 
he describes characteristics be- 
longing to himself. He was des- 
titute of malice, and of a very 
sensitive nature, and people who 
knew the story-teller most in- 
timately say he was simply draw- 
ing his own portrait. 

Gentle George. So Suckling, in 
his poem A Session of the Poets, 
calls Sir George Etheredge. 

Gentle Lochiel, The. Donald 
Cameron. Vid. THE ULYSSES 
OF THE HIGHLANDS. 

Gentle Shepherd, The. An ex- 
traordinary instance of Pitt's com- 
mand of the House is the man- 



132 



GEE 



ner in which he fixed indelibly 
on George Grenville, the states- 
man, the above appellation. At 
the time in question a song of 
Dr. Howard's, each stanza of 
which began and ended with the 
words, 

" Gentle shepherd, tell ine where," 
was in every mouth. In the 
course of a debate, Mr. Grenville 
exclaimed, " Where is our mon- 
ey? where are our means? I 
say again, "Where are our means? 
where is our money ? " He then 
sat down, and Lord Chatham 
walked slowly put of the House, 
humming the line : 
" Gentle shepherd, tell me where." 
Gentleman George. A sobri- 
quet applied to George H. Pen- 
dleton. Vid. Perley Poore's 
Reminiscences (ii. 360). 

Senator Fendleton of Ohio, whose 
courteous deportment had won him 
the appellation of " Gentleman 
George." 

Gentleman Bag-amuffin, The. 
An epithet conferred on Thomas 
Nash by Harvey, in his Pierce' 's 
Supererogation (London, 1593), 
where he says : 

Although he truly intitle Mmselfe 
Pierce Penniles, and be elsewhere 
styled the Gentleman Kagamuffin. 
Nash the Ape of Greene, Greene the 
Ape of Euphues, Euphues the Ape 
of Envie, the three famous mam- 
mets of the presse, and my three no- 
torious feudists (i.e., plotter of 
feuds), drawe all in a yoke; but 
some Schollars excell their masters; 
and some lustie blond will do more 
at a deadly pull, than two, or three 
of his yokefellowes. 

George Pyeboard, in The Puri- 
tan, is supposed, by Steevens, to 
represent George Peele, the 
Elizabethan dramatist. 

George the Greater, a nick- 
name given to George, Prince- 
Regent, afterwards George IV., 
in contradistinction to George 
Bryan Brummel. Vid. BEAU 
BRUMMEL. 

George the Grinner. So George 
Colman is nicknamed in the Noc- 
tes Ambrosianse (Ixiv.), he having 



published in 1802 a work under 
the title of Broad Grins. 

George the Lesser. A nick- 
name given to George Bryan 
Brummel, in contradistinction to 
George, Prince-Regent, after- 
wards George IV. Vid. BEAU 
BBUMMEL. 

Gerioneo, who is introduced by 
Spenser into the Faerie Queene 
(bk. v.), is intended to repre- 
sent Fernando Alvarez de To- 
ledo, generally known as the 
Duke of Alva. 

German Cicero, The. Johann 
Sturm. Vid. THE CICERO OF 
GERMANY. 

German Cid, The. An epithet 
sometimes given to Hermann 
(died A. D. 21), the liberator of 
his country, and undoubtedly the 
greatest hero of the period, whose 
name still lives in ballads and 
historic lays. 

German Dickens, The. A nick- 
name given to Friedrich Wil- 
helm Hacklaender, a popular 
German author, because of the 
humor and pathos in which 
many of his works excel. 

German Dominie Sampson. 
The. So Oarlyle calls Johaim 
Heinrich Stilling, the mystic, 
" awkward, honest, irascible, in 
old-fashioned clothes and bag- 
wig." 

German Horace, The. A nick- 
name given to Charles William 
Rainier, a man of much celebrity 
in his own country. He trans- 
lated sixteen odes of Horace, 
which he published with many 
original imitations of them, be- 
sides odes written at various times 
in his life, and he also translated 
the critical works of Batteaux. 

German Milton, The. So Fried- 
rich Gottlieb Klopstock, the au- 
thor of The Messiah, is sometimes 
called. 

German Mithridates, A. A 
nickname given to Maximilian 
II. of Austria, on account of his 
being a sovereign and yet a man 



GER 



133 



GLO 



of culture ; one who encouraged 
tlie arts and sciences, held men of 
learning in high esteem, spoke 
several languages with great fa- 
cility, and was well read in the 
Latin classics. 

German Plato, The. A sobri- 
quet conferred on Friedrich 
Heinrich Jacobi, a German phi- 
losopher, " on account of the high 
religious tone of his metaphysi- 
cal writings." 

German Pliny, The. Konrad 
von Gesiier of Zurich, one of 
the chief surgeons to Queen 
Elizabeth, is thus named. 

German Voltaire, The. Both 
Goethe and Wieland have been 
thus styled. 

Goethe has been called the Ger- 
man. Voltaire; but it is a name 
which does him wrong, and describes 
him ill. Excepting in the corre- 
sponding variety of . their pursuits 
and knowledge, in which, perhaps, 
it does Voltaire wrong, the two can- 
not be compared. Goethe is all, 01 
the best of all, that Voltaire was, 
and he was much that Voltaire did 
not dream of. Carlyle. 

He [Wieland] had imbibed so 
much of the taste of the French, 
along with their philosophy, that he 
bore the name of the German Vol- 
taire in Germany and out of Ger- 
many. BouterweJc, Trans. 

Giafer. A name under which 
Louis de Bourbon, Comte de 
Yermandois, son of Louis XIV. 
and Mile, de La Valliere, fig- 
ured in a French work called 
Menwires Secretes pour servir a 
I'Xfistoire de Perse. Vid. CHA- 
ABAS. 

Giant of Literature, The. A 
name given to Samuel Johnson. 
He is also called THE GREAT 
MORALIST. 

Giant of the Law, The. Par- 
sons, in his Life of Chief-Justice 
Parsons of Massachusetts (1859), 
says that the latter was called by 
his enemies by this name. 

Giantess of Genms, A. So Dr. 
Wolcot, in his poem Nil Admi- 
rari, calls Hannah More. 



Gift of God, The. A nickname 
given to Philippe II. of France, 
by his people. He was the real 
founder of the monarchy, in a 
territorial point of view, and of 
its regal rank, which acknowl- 
edged no peer. 

Gil, in the poem by Matthew 
Green in the Collection of Poems 
"by Several Hands (London, 1748), 
is intended for Gilbert Burnet. 

Gilgllis Hobherdehoy. A nick- 
name given to Gabriel Harvey, 
by Nash, in his Strange Newes of 
the Intercepting of Certaine Let- 
ters (London, 1592), where he 
says: 

The text will not beare it, good 
Gilgilis Hobberdehoy. Our English 
tongue is nothing too good, but too 
bad to imitate the Greek and Latine. 

Gillyflower of Liverpool, The. 
So William Roscoe is nicknamed 
in the Noctes Ambrosianse (iv.). 

Gin'ral, The. Gen. Andrew Jack- 
son is thus repeatedly referred to 
by David Crockett, in his Life of 
Martin van Bu,re,n. 

Glaucus, in Lord Lytton's poem 
Glenaveril, or the Metamorphoses 
(1885), is intended for Lord Gran- 
ville. 

Glenriddell, in the subjoined 
verses, is Robert liiddell of Glen- 
riddell, F. S. A., the intimate 
friend of Burns, and one of the 
heroes who contended for The 
Whistle : 
Three joyous good fellows with 

hearts clear of flaw : 
Craigdarroch, so famous for wit, 

worth, and law; 
And trusty Glenriddell, so skilled in 

old coins ; 

And gallant Sir Robert, deep read 
in old wines. 

Gloriana, in Spenser's Faerie 
Queene, represents Queen Eliza- 
beth. Vid. BELPHCEBE. 

In that Faerie Queene, I mean 
Glory in my_ general intention, but 
In my particular, I conceive the 
most excellent and glorious person 
of our sovereign, the Queen f Eliza- 
beth], and her kingdom in Faerye- 
land. Introductory Letter of the 
Author. 



GLO 



134 



GLO 



Glorious Jolan. A name given 

to Dryden, the poet. 
Glorious Preacher, The. St. 
John Ohrysostom, who flourished 
in the fourth century, is thus 
styled. 

Glorious Protestant Hero, The. 
A sobriquet bestowed on Fred- 
erick the Great. Vid. Larwood 
and Hotten, History of Sign- 
boards (cap. ii.). 

Glorious Trio of Sorbonne, 
The. An epithet given to Abel 
Francois Villemain, Victor 
Cousin, and Francois Pierre 
Guillaume Guizot, who at one 
time were lecturers at Sorbonne, 
and who threw themselves heart- 
ily into the reaction against the 
sensualistic philosophy and liter- 
ature of the eighteenth century, 
which were then in vogue. 
Glorious Villain, A. So the 
Earl of Clarendon, in his His-' 
ton/, calls Oliver Cromwell. 

Vid. also Dr. South, Posthu- 
mous Works (p. 5). 
Glory and Reproach of Scot- 
land, The. An epithet some- 
times conferred on Robert Burns. 
Glory and the Scandal of His 
Age, The. An epithet which 
Oldham. applied to Samuel But- 
ler, in his Satire Dissuading 
from Poetry : 
On Butler, who can think without 

just rage, 

The glory and the scandal of his age ? 
Fair stood his hopes when first he 

came to town, 
Met everywhere with welcomes of 

renown; 

Courted, caress 'd by all, with won- 
der read, 

And promises of princely favor fed : 
But what reward for all he had at 

last, 
After a life in dull expectance 



Glory of Her Sex, The. An 
epithet which Voltaire gives to 
Queen Elizabeth, in the dedica- 
tion of La Henriade, where he 
says to Queen Caroline : 

It was the fate of Henry the 
Fourth to be protected by an Eng- 
lish queen. He was assisted by the 



great Elizabeth, who was in her age 
the glory of her sex. By whom can 
his memory be so well protected as 
by her who resembles so much Eliz- 
abeth in her personal virtues ? 

Glory of Her Sex, The. So 
Mrs. Anne Bradstreet is called 
in the Noctes Ambrosianse (liv.). 

Glory of Netherland, The. So 
.Richard Barnfield, in his poem 
The Encomion of Lady Pecunia 
(London, 1598), terms Erasmus. 

Glory of Scotland, The. "Words- 
worth, in his Poetry as a /Study, 
says: "It is consistent that 
Lucien Bonaparte, who could 
censure Milton for having sur- 
rounded Satan in the infernal 
regions with courtly and regal 
splendor, should pronounce Os- 
sian to be the glory of Scotland." 

Glory of the English Stage, 
The. So Shakespeare is termed 
in Phillips' Theatrum Poetarum. 

Glory of the Human Intellect, 
The. So De Quincey, in his 
Biographical and Historical Es- 
says, calls "William Shakespeare. 

Glory of the Muses, The. An 
epithet conferred l <on Sir Thomas 
Smith, one of the best scholars 
of his age, by Harvey, in his 
The Tears of Gabriel JSarvey, 
where he says : 
Has Smith, the glory of the Muses, 

died 
Smith, mine and thine, and every 

Englishman's pride, 
Who owed a life to us, if not him- 
self? 
Ah! but, ah! but, perished he has 

indeed, 
Unless thy letter me deceives. 

Glory of the Priesthood, The. 
So Pope, in his Essay on Criti- 
cism (line 694), calls Erasmus. 

Glossator, The. A nickname 
given to Aldred, a priest, to dis- 
tinguish him from others of the 
name of Aldred. He was the 
writer of two Anglo-Saxon 
glosses inserted in the Latin 
manuscript known as the Dur- 
ham Book or Landisfarne Gos- 



GLO 



135 



Glossomachicall Thomas. An 

epithet conferred on Thomas 
Nash, by Harvey, in his work 
The Trimminf) of Thomas NashQ 
(London, 1597), where he says : 
God save you (right glossomachi- 
call Thomas). The vertuous, riches, 
wherewith (as broad spread Fame 
reporteth) you are indued, though 
fama malum, as salth the poet, which 
I continue; for that shee is tarn ficti 
pravique tenasc, quam nuncio, veri, 
as well saith Master William Lilly, 
in his Adiectiva verbalia in ax. I 
say the report of your rich vertues 
so bewitched me toward you, that I 
cannot but send my poore Book to 
be vertuously succoured of you, that 
when both yours and my frends shall 
see it, they may (for your sake) ver- 
tuously accept it. 

Glowry Scythrop, in Peacock's 
novel of JMf/htmare Abbey, is 
said to represent Shelley. 

It is pleasant to remember that 
Shelley admitted the truth of the 
portrait, and was amused by it. 
Specially pointed was the passage 
wherein Scythrop, who loves two 
young ladies at once (as Shelley 
loved Mary Godwin and Harriet 
Westbrook), tells his distracted 
father that he will commit suicide. 
Buchanan. 

Glutton of Literature, The. A 
name given to Anthony Maglia- 
becchi. 
Disraeli, in his Curiosities of 

Literature, says: 

He has been called the Helluo or 
the Glutton of Literature, as Peter 
Comestor received his nickname 
from his amazing voracity for food 
he could never digest; which ap- 
peared when having fallen sick of so 
much false learning, he threw it all 
up in his Sea of jHistories, which 
proved to be the history of all 
things, and a bad history of every 
thing, 

Gobbo, Bel, or THE HUMPBACK. 
So Andrea Solari was named. 

Gobbo di Pisa, II. A nickname 
given to Geronirno Amelunghi, 
who flourished in the sixteenth 
century. 

God Hanuman. A name given 
to Napoleon Bonaparte, by Kob- 
ert Southey, in a letter to "Will- 



iam Taylor of ISTorwich, in which 
he says (Memoirs of William 
Taylor, London, 1843; ii. 427) : 
For the last ten years the madness 
has been Bonaparte's, but the atroc- 
ities have been those of the French. 
He was the God Hanuman the 
monkeys, whom he commanded, did 
the mischief. 

God of All Philosophers, The. 
Plato. Vid. DEUM PHILOSO- 

PHORTJM. 

God of Clay, That. So Byron, 
in Don Juan (x. 59), calls Napo- 
leon Bonaparte. 

God of English Poets, The. So 

Francis Meres, in his Palladis 
Tamia, calls Geoffrey Chaucer. 

God of Onr Idolatry, The. So 
Shakespeare is called by Garrick 
in an ode, and hy War (burton in 
a letter dated Sept. 23, 17(39. 

God of Whiggish Idolatry, The. 
So Sir Walter Scott calls Henry, 
Lord Brougham. 

Godless Regent, A. So Pope, 
in his Moral Essays (i. 90), calls 
Philip, Duke of Orleans, the 
Begent of France in the minor- 
ity of Louis XV. He was super- 
stitious in judicial astrology, 
though an unbeliever in all re- 
ligion. 

Gcetz von Berlichingen, the 
Honest. A nickname given 
to Johann "Wolfgang von Goethe 
while he was in Wetzlar study- 
ing law. In his Autobiography 
(pt. iii. bk. 13 p. 462) he 



To every one a name with an epi- 
thet was assigned. Me they called 
" Gcetz von Berlichingen, the Hon- 
est." The former I earned by the 
attention to the gallant German 
patriarch, the latter by my upright 
affection and devotion for the emi- 
nent men with whom I became ac- 
quainted. 

Gog and Magog of English 
Literature, The. So Tooke, 
in his notes on the works of 
Churchill, refers respectively to 
William "Warburton and Samuel 
Johnson. 



GOL 



136 



GOO 



Golden, The. Jean Dorat, one 
of the "Pleiades/' was named 
AURATUS, the sobriquet being 
intended as a pun upon his real 
name. He is also alluded to as 
THE FBENCH PINDAR. 

Golden-Mouth. A title be- 
stowed on Laurence Anderton, 
the learned Jesuit. 

Golden-Mouthed, The. A so- 
briquet bestowed on Michael 
Drayton. 

As Sophocles was called a Bee for 
the sweetness of his tongue: so in 
Charles Fitz-Geffry's Drake, Drayton 
is termed " golden-mouthed," for the 
purity and preciousness of his style 
and phrase. F. Meres, A Compara- 
tive Discourse of Our English Poets 
. . . (1598). 

St. John Chrysostom (Chrys- 
ostorn = Golden-Mouthed), who 
nourished in the fourth century, 
was so called, on account of his 
marvellous eloquence. 

Golden Stream, The. Johannes 
Damascenus, the author of Dog- 
matic Theology. 

Golden-Tongued, The. St. 
Peter, Bishop of Ravenna in 
the fifth century, was named 
" Chrysologos," or THE GOLDEN- 

TONGUED. 

The term was also bestowed 
on Michael Menot, a celebrated 
French preacher of the fifteenth 
century, as a nickname, on ac- 
count of the grossness and buf- 
foonery exhibited in his sermons. 

Goldsmith of the Bar, The. A 
sobriquet conferred on Peter 
Burrowes, the Irish judge, on 
account of the wretched voice he 



Goldy. So Johnson called Gold- 
smith. Garrick says that he 
"wrote like an angel, and talked 
like poor Poll." Vid. NOLL. 

Goliah of the Philistines, The. 
So Wood, in his Athense Ozoni- 
ensis, calls Marchamont Need- 
ham. 

And certainly he that will or can 
peruse those his intelligences, called 



Merc. Politici, will judge that had 
the devil himself (the father of all 
lies) 'been in this Goliah's office he 
could not have exceeded him, as hav- 
ing with profound malice calumni- 
ated his sovereign, scurrility abused 
the nobility, impudence blasphemed 
the church and members thereof, and 
industry poysoned the people with 
dangerous principles. (Vol. iii. p. 
1182, Bliss' ed.) 

Good, The, A sobriquet be- 
stowed on William II., King of 
Sicily. His father, William I., 
called THE BAD (q. v.) } died when 
the boy was fourteen years of 
age, and his youth, innocence, 
and beauty endeared him to the 
nation. 'The factions of his 
father's reign were reconciled; 
the laws were revised ; and until 
his premature death the country 
enjoyed a short season of peace, 
justice, and happiness. He was 
the last of the legitimate male pos- 
terity of Tancred de Hauteville 
who reigned in Sicily, but the 
blood of the Normans was 
brought down to modern times, 
in Italy, by the marriages of the 
female representatives of the 
family. 

Good, The. A title given to 
Philip, third Duke of Burgundy, 
sometimes called Philip II. , to 
distingtiish him from his grand- 
father Philip, called THE BOLD 
(q. v.). Bent on avenging the 
murder of his father, called 
" Sans-peur," THE FEAELESS (q. 
v.), he entered into an alliance 
with Henry V., King of Eng- 
land, by which he recognized 
Henry as the rightful regent of 
France during the reign of 
Charles VI., who was insane, 
and heir to the throne after his 
death. The dauphin, afterwards 
Charles VII., refused to resign 
his rights, took up arms, and was 
driven beyond the Loire. Later, 
Philip, having had some disputes 
with the English, concluded to 
sign a treaty with the French 
king and the dauphin, but 
was prevented by the English, 
who paid him a large sum of 



GOO 

money and ceded to him the 
province of Champagne. In 
1429, by becoming heir to Bra- 
bant, Holland, and the rest of 
the Low Countries, he was at the 
head of the most powerful realm 
in western Europe, but preferred 
to continue in nominal subjec- 
tion. Again insulted by the Eng- 
lish, and strongly urged by the 
pope, he made a final peace with 
Charles, who gladly accepted it. 
The English in revenge com- 
mitted great havoc on the ships 
of Flanders, which so irritated 
Philip that he declared war 
against them, and with the 
French king expelled them from 
their French possessions. In 145-i 
a rebellion broke out headed by 
the citizens of Ghent, but the 
duke inflicted upon them a 
terrible defeat, though he wept 
over a victory bought "with the 
blood of 20,000 of his subjects. 
The latter part of his life was 
filled with trouble, caused by the 
quarrels between Charles VII. 
and his son, afterwards Louis 
XL, who had fled from his 
father's court and sought shelter 
from Philip. Under him Bur- 
gundy was the most prosperous 
and tranquil state in Europe. 
He was the most admired and 
feared sovereign of his time, and 
his court far surpassed in brill- 
iancy those of his contempora- 
ries. Under him the dukedom 
of Burgundy reached its height, 
and he was called the Great 
Duke of the West, on account of 
his influence and power. He 
was succeeded by his son Charles, 
called THE BOLD (q. v.). 

Good, The. The following indi- 
viduals have been vested in this 
title : 

Alfonso YIII. (? IX.), King 
of Leon ; also called THE NOBLE 
AND GOOD. 

Sir James Douglas, the friend 
of Bruce; surnanred THE GOOD 
SIR JAMES. 

Jean II. of France is called 
LE BON. 



137 GOO 



John Y. of Brittany, called 
THE GOOD AND WISE. 

Bene, titular King of Naples, 
called "the Good King Bene'." 
Vid. LE BON Boi BENE. 

Bichard II., Due de Norman- 
die. 

Bichard de Beauchamp,twelfth 
Earl of Warwick, and Begent of 
France. 

G-ood Bishop, The. An appella- 
tion conferred on Henri Fran- 
cois Xavier de Belsunce, a 
bishop of Marseilles, who, during 
the plague there, " exerted him- 
self by night and day to succor 
the dying, cheer the despairing, 
comfort the afflicted, and point 
all to that source of help which 
alone holds the issues of life and 
death. This Christian devotion 
and magnanimity gained for 
him the appellation of the Good 
Bishop, a title by which he 
is still recognized throughout all 
Europe." 

Good Duke Humphrey, The. 
Humphrey Plantagenet, Duke 
of Gloucester, the youngest son 
of Henry IY., who is said to 
have been murdered by Suffolk 
and Cardinal Beaufort, is so 
called. Vid. Shakespeare, 2 
King Henry VI. (iii. 2). 

Good Earl, The, A sobriquet 
conferred on Archibald, eighth 
Earl of Angus, who flourished 
in the sixteenth century, and 
was distinguished for his vir- 
tues. 

Good Friday. A nickname said 
to have been bestowed by Mali- 
bran on Bunn, the manager. 
For an amusing anecdote rela- 
tive to the name, vid. Growest, 
Musical Anecdoies (ii. 287). 

Good Gray Poet, The. A name 
given to Walt. Whitman. 

Good King Ben, The. Vid. 
LE BON Boi BENE. 

Good Lord Clifford, The. So 
Wordsworth, in his #0/2/7 of the 
Feast of Brougham Castle, refers 
to Lord Clifford, a scion of the 



GOO 



House of Lancaster, whose 
mother, to save him from the 
vengeance of the House of York, 

Eut him in the charge of a shep- 
erd, to be brought up as one of 
his own children. He was re- 
stored to his possessions on the 
accession of Henry VII., and 
died in 1543. 

Good Lord Cobham, The. A 
title conferred on Sir John Old- 
castle, who married the heiress 
of the Cohham family, and was 
the first author, as well as the 
first martyr, of noble family m 
England. 

Good Queen Bess. The pop- 
ular name of Queen Elizabeth of 
England. 

Good Q-ueen of France, The. 
A sobriquet bestowed on Claude, 
the daughter of Louis XII. of 
France, who married Francis L, 
her cousin, and thus became 
queen. Her whole reign was a 
tale of sadness, for she was ex- 
posed to the indifference of her 
husband and the imperious tem- 
per of the Duchess of Angou- 
leme, while she had nothing but 
her virtue to support her. The 
people of France, seeing her ex- 
hibit so much virtue and patience 
under manj heavy trials, gave 
her the above sobriquet. 

Good Regent, The. A name 
frequently given to James 
Stuart, first Eaii of Murray or 
Moray, natural son of James 
V., chief of the Protestant party 
in Scotland, and prime minister 
of Mary Queen of Scots, whose 
marriage to Darnley he opposed, 
and was compelled to take 
refuge in England. He was 
regent during the imprisonment 
of Mary, and his prompt and 
vigorous measures, zeal, and pru- 
dence in securing the peace of 
the kingdom and settling the 
affairs of the church, gained him 
the albove sobriquet. 

Good Seed of Hercules. An 
epithet given to Cardinal Ippo- 



138 G-BA 

lito d'Este "by Ariosto, in the 
Orlando Furioso (canto i. UL), 
who says: 
Good seed of Hercules, give ear and 

deign, 

Thou that this age's grace and splen- 
dor art. 

Good Sir James, The. Sir 
James Douglas. Vid. THE 
GOOD. 

Goodman of Ballengeich, The. 
James V. of Scotland assumed 
this name when he made his 
disguised visits through the 
country districts around Edin- 
burgh, etc. 

Goodman Palsgrave. A nick- 
name given to Frederick V., 
elector-palatine. Vid. THE WIN- 
TER KING. 

Goosey Goderieh. So Cobbett 
called Frederick Robinson, 
afterwards Viscount Goderieh, 
on account of his incapacity as 
a statesman. Vid. PBOSPEKITY 
ROBINSON. 

Gosling 1 Scrag 1 , who appears only 
in the first edition of Smollett's 
Peregrine Pickle, is intended for 
the Lord Lyttleton whose treat- 
ment of the author's tragedy of 
The Regicide had excited his 
resentment. 

Gossip, The. A nickname given 
to Tristan L'Ermite by Louis 
XI. of France, whose willing 
servant he was in carrying into 
effect the nefarious schemes of 
his wily master, and who kept 
the king well informed of the 
news of the day. 

Gottschalk Wedel, the village 
sexton in Robert Schumann's 
musical essays (the Davids- 
bundler), is intended for Wil- 
helm von Zuccalrnaglio-Wald- 
briihl. 

Grace of Courts, The. Pope so 
calls Charles, Earl of Dorset, in 
an epitaph upon him. 

Gracious Duncan. An epithet 
which Shakespeare, in his play 
of Macbeth, confers on Duncan 
I. of Scotland. 



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139 



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Grammarian, Tlie. A title given 
to Geoffrey, one of the Domini- 
cans of Bishops Lynn, who pub- 
lished a Prompioriain Parvulo- 
nim, or English-Latin diction- 
ary,* in the fifteenth century. 

Grammatical Cur, The. A 
name frequently given to the 
Dutch antiquary James Grono- 
vius, who was a malevolent 
critic. 

Grammatical Cynic, Tlie. A 
nickname given to Gaspar Sciop- 
pius, one of the most formida- 
ble critics of the seventeenth 
century. Born a Protestant in 
Germany, he became a Catho- 
lic, but this did not prevent his 
abusing the Jesuits by his bitter 
libels. He also published libels 
against the Protestants, some of 
which, abusing James I. of Eng- 
land, caused the English ambas- 
sador's attendants in Spain to 
attack and severely wound him. 
He possessed great wit, genius, 
and learning, but the violence 
with which he attacked the most 
eminent scholars of his age has 
rendered his memory odious. 

Grammaticus. A nickname 
given to Aelfric, of who_m but 
little is known. At one time he 
was a monk of Abingdon, then 
he moved to Winchester, and 
then was the ruler of the mon- 
astery at Cerne. He has become 
famous from the vigor with 
which he opposed the doctrine 
of transubstantiation, and parts 
of his writings which treat this 
subject have been republished 
from time to time whenever any 
special agitation has arisen on 
the sacramental question in Eng- 
land. His school-books, espe- 
cially the preface to his Grain- 
par, show that he took a warm 
interest in education, which was 
fully in accord with the spirit 
of the monastic revival of his 
time. His learning was recog- 
nized by his contemporaries, and 
he was asked by them to do 
much of the work which he did. 
His principal works are two 



books of Homilies, A Treatise on 
the Old and New Testaments, 
The Heptateuchus, The Life of 
St. Aethehoold, a Latin Grammar 
and Glossary, The Colloquium, 
De Temporibus Anni, and sev- 
eral pastoral letters. 

Grammont of His Age, The. 

A name given to Pierre de Bour- 
deille, Lord of Brantome, whose 
Memoires contain many curious 
particulars. Van Laun, in his 
History of French Literature, 
says:~ 

Clear, candid, prolix, loose, and 
slipshod in style, he is less of a lit- 
erary model than of a suggestive and 
entertaining painter of social habits 
and characters. A historian and a 
satirist, he is so rather in spite of 
himself than in accordance with 
rule. He is the Grammont and the 
Pepys of his age, who, if he could 
have kept his eyes upon its best 
rather than upon its worst fea- 
tures, might possibly have been ita 
Plutarch. 

Gran Capitan, El. A sobriquet 
conf erred on Gonzalvo de Cor- 
dova. 

Gran Diavolo, II. A title be- 
stowed on Giovanni di Medici. 
Vid. Sympnds, Renaissance in 
Italy (pt. ii. cap. xv.). 

Grand, Le. A title bestowed on 
Francois Couperin, the cele- 
brated organist of St. Gervais. 

Grand Corneille, Le. An epi- 
thet which the French frequently 
confer on Pierre Corneille; but 
modern critics, such as Yoltaire, 
La Harpe, Schlegel, and Les- 
sing, have expressed themselves 
in some respects unfavorably 
regarding his genius. 

Grand Corrupter, The. So his 
political opponents frequently 
termed Sir Robert Walpole. 

Grand Fre"de"ric, Le. A nick- 
name given to Frederic Le- 
maitre, who was one of the most 
popular actors of this century, 
by his enthusiastic countrymen. 
On February 23, 1848, while he 
was playing Le Chiffonier de 
Paris, a drama of strong social- 



GEA 



140 



G-KA 



1st tendencies, news reached bis 
dressing-room of a collision be- 
tween the mob and the police. 
Half-dressed, pale, and filled 
with emotion, he rushed to the 
front of the stage and exclaimed: 
"Why, you stupid people, do 
you remain to look at my faces, 
and listen to my nonsense? 
Come with me, and let us play a 
citizen-like part in the great 
drama, the epilogue of which 
must be the apotheosis of the 
people/' In the costume of a 
rag-picker he ran to the barri- 
cades, behind which he stood till 
the populace had driven Louis 
Philippe from Paris. This 
caused him to be nicknamed THE 
TALMA OF THE BOULEVARD. 

Grand Monarque, Le. Louis 
XIV., King of France, is so 
called. 

When it came to courtship, and 
your field of preferment was the 
Versailles (Eil-de-Bceuf , and a Grand 
Monarque walking encircled with 
scarlet women and adulators there, 
the course of the Mirabeaus grew 
still more complicated. Carlyle. 

Grand Nash, Le. An epithet 
applied to Richard Nash, when 
at the zenith of his power at 
Bath. Via. BEAU NASH. 

Grand Pan, Le. A sobriquet 
conferred on Voltaire. 

Grandsevus, in Lord Lytton's 
poem (flenaveril, or the Meta- 
morphoses (1885), is intended for 
"William E. Gladstone. 

Grande Mademoiselle, La. A 
name given to the Duchesse de 
Montpensier, daughter of Gas- 
ton, Due d'Orleans, and the 
cousin of Louis XIV. 

Grandison Cromwell Lafay- 
ette. So Mirabeau called the 
Marquis cle Fayette, meaning to 
imply that he had the ambition 
of Cromwell, but that he wished 
to appear before the world as 
" the faultless monster " of Rich- 
ardson's novel. 

There are nicknames of Mirabeau's 
worth whole treatises. Grandison 
Cromwell' Lafayette write a vol. 



ume on the man, as many volumes 
have been written, and try to say 
more. It is the best likeness yet 
drawn of him. Carlyle. 
Grangousier, the King of Uto- 
pia in Rabelais' G-argantua and 
Pantayruel, is said to represent 
Louis 'XII., but Motteux thinks 
that he is intended for Jean. 
d'Albret, King of Navarre. 

Granville of a Former A ere. The. 
So Pope, in his poem Windsor 
Forest (line 289). calls Henry 
Howard, Earl of Surrey. 

Graphiel Hagiels, Our. A name 
given to Gabriel Harvey, by 
Thomas Nash, in his Have with 
you to Saffron Walden (London, 
1596), where he says: 

This voiage under Don Anthonio 
was nothing so great credit to him, 
as a French Varlet of the chamber 
is; nor did he follow Anthonio 
neither, but was a Captaines Boye 
that scorned writing and reading, 
and helpt him to set down his ac- 
counts, and score up dead payes. 
But this was our Graphiel Hagiels 
tricke of Wiley Beguily herein, that 
whereas he could get no man of 
worth to crie Placet to his workes, 
or meeter it in his commendation, 
those worthless Wippets and Jack 
Strawes hee could get, hee would 
seeme to enable and compare with 
the highest. 

Gray, the hero of Cooper's novel 
The Pilot, represents John Paul 
Jones. " Except for his ideal 
appearances in The Pilot," says 
Hannay, "the stout Galwegian, 
has been unfortunate in litera- 
ture. Formal naval history 
treats him as a 'pirate' and a 
'renegade,' and accuses him of 
something like mere plunder; 
while the novel, by Allan Cun- 
ningham, of which he is the hero, 
is a very bad one." 

Gray- Steel. A sobriquet con- 
ferred on Sir Archibald Doug- 
las, an early favorite of James 
V. of Scotland. He had great 
strength, a fine appearance, and 
was very skilful in every kind of 
warlike exercise. The king 
named him as above, after a 
champion of chivalry in the 



GRA 



141 



GEE 



romance of Sir Eger and Sir 
Grime. He lost his $ favor at 
court, was attainted with others 
of the Douglas family in 1528, 
and finally went to France, 
where he died after falling out 
of public interest. 

Gray stone Sage, The. A title 
given to Samuel J. Til den, a 
New York lawyer and politician, 
on account of his residence which 
he called Graystone. 

Great, The. The following per- 
sonages have been invested with 
this title : 

Abbas I., Shah of Persia. 

Albertus Magnus. 

Albrecht, Duke of Braun- 
schweig and Liineburg. 

Alexander of Macedonia. 

Alfonso III., King of Leon. 

Alfred, King of England. 

Camoens, the author of the 
Lusiad. 

Canute, King of England and 
Denmark. 

Casimir III., King of Poland. 

Charles I., or Charlemagne, 
Emperor of Germany. 

Charles III., Duke of Lor- 
raine. 

Charles Emanuel L, Duke of 
Savoy. 

Clovis, King of the Franks in 
the fifth century. 

Clovis used the new creed as a lever 
by whose machinery he would be 
able to crush the petty princes his 
neighbors; and, like Constaiitine, 



erature. 

Constantino L, Emperor of 
Eome. 

Darius, King of Persia. 

Ferdinand I., King of Leon 
and Castile. 

Frederick "William, Elector of 
Brandenburg, called also THE 
GREAT ELECTOR. 

Frederick II., King of Prus- 
sia. 

Gregory I., Pope of Rome. 

Henri IV., King of France. 

John II., King of Portugal. 



Justinian L, Emperor of Con- 
stantinople. 

Leopold I. of Germany. 

Louis I., King of Hungary. 

Louis II., Prince of Conde. 

Mohammed II., Sultan of the 
Turks. 

Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria. 

Cosmo di Medici, Grand-Duke 
of Tuscany. 

Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, 
called also THE GREAT CARDI- 
NAL OF SPAIN. 

Nicholas I., Pope of Rome. 

Otho L, Emperor of Germany. 

Peter I. of Russia. 

Peter III., King of Aragon. 

St. Basil, Bishop of Caesarea, 
who flourished in the fourth 
century. 

James Sforza, the Italian com- 
mander. 

Sigismund II., King of Poland. 

Theodoric, King of the Ostro- 
goths in the fifth century. 

Theodosius I., Emperor of 
Rome. 

Matteo Visconti, Lord of Milan. 

Vladimir, Grand-Duke of Rus- 
sia. 

"Waldemar L, King of Den- 
mark. 

Great American Condenser, 
Tb.6. A nickname given to John 
B. Wood, commonly called " Doc 
"Wood," an American printer and 
journalist, who died Jan. 27, 1884. 
He allowed no piece of manu- 
script to pass through his hands 
without an attempt "to reduce it ; 
and his blue pencil was the con- 
stant dread of writers whose work 
was referred to him. However, 
while he was remorseless as an. 
editorial reviser, he was noted 
for his great kindness of heart 
and numerous pleasant social 
qualities. 

Great Astrologer, The . A nick- 
name given to Abu Yusuf Al- 
kendi. Vid. THE PHOENIX OF 
His AGE. 

GreatAiiruncian, The. SoMa- 
thias, in his satirical poem The 
Pursuits of Literature (dialogue 
iv.), calls the poet Lucilius. 



GRE 



142 



GKE 



Great Baron, The. A nickname 
given to the Marquis Hugo yon 
Brandenburg. "While hunting, 
he was lost in a forest, and came 
to a smithy. Finding there three 
swarthy and hideous men, who, 
instead of iron, seemed to be tor- 
menting human beings with fire 
and hammers, he asked the mean- 
ing of it. He was told they were 
lost souls, and that a like pun- 
ishment he would receive unless 
he repented. In great terror he 
commended himself to the Yir- 
gin, sold his patrimony in Ger- 
many, and built seven abbeys. 
He died on St. Thomas' day, and 
the monks keep the anniversary 
of his death in great solemnity. 
Dante, Paradiso (xvi. 126), 
says: 
Each one that bears the beautiful 

escutcheon 
Of the great baron whose renown 

and name 
The festival of Thomas keepeth 

fresh. 

Great Bastard, The. A nick- 
name given to Antoiiie de Bour- 
gogne, a natural son of Philip the 
Good, Due de Bourgogne. 

Great Bear, The. A nickname 
given to Dr. Samuel Johnson. 
Gray calls him so. Vid. Gosse. 
Gray, in English Men of Letters 
(cap- ix.). 

Great Border Minstrel, The. 
So Sir Walter Scott is frequently 
named. 

Great Bullet-Head, The. A 
nickname given to Georges 
Cadoudal, who, on the death of 
Cottereau, became a leader of the 
royalists. He escaped tct Eng- 
land in 1800, after he had refused 
from Bonaparte the office of lieu- 
tenant-general and a pension of 
100,000 francs. In 1802 he re- 
turned to France and conspired 
to overthrow the first consul, was 
arrested, and executed June 25, 
1804. Napoleon said of him, 
' His mind was cast in the true 
mould; in my hands he would 
have done great things." Vid. 
LE CHOUAN. 



Great Caliban. So Dr. John 
Wolcot, in his Epistle to the 
Reviewers, calls Dr. Samuel 
Johnson. 

Great Captain, The. Cordova. 
Vid. EL GRAN CAPITAN. 

Great Cardinal, The. SoRiche- 
lieu is frequently called. 

Great Cardinal of Spain, The*. 
A title given to Diego Hurtado 
de Mendoza, the statesman and 
scholar. 

Great Cham of Literature, 
The. A sobriquet conferred on 
Dr. Samuel Johnson by Tobias 
Smollett, in a letter to John 
Wilkes of the North Briton, 
dated March 16, 1759. 

Great Commoner, The. A 
nickname given to Henry Clay, 
of whom Prentice, in his Biogra- 
phy of Henry Clay, says : 

The object of his exertions was at 
once worthy of his power and 
adapted to the noblest manifesta- 
tions. He has been deservedly 
called " The Great Commoner." It 
is in the defence of popular rights, 
and the indignant denunciation 
of aristocratical tyranny, that his 
eloquence has been frequently ex- 
erted. 

Great Commoner, The. A nick- 
name given to Sir John Barnard 
by William Pitt, though the 
name was afterwards applied to 
Pitt himself by his admirers. 

Great Count, The. A nickname 
given to Roger I., Count of Sic- 
ily and Calabria, and founder of 
the Norman dynasty in those 
countries. He was the youngest 
of the twelve sons of Tancred de 
Hauteville of Normandy, where 
he was born in 1031. Hearing 
of the wondrous success of his 
brothers, William THE IRON 
ARM (q. v.) and Robert THE 
CUNNING (q. v.), he set out in 
1058 to join them, and com- 
menced his warlike achieve- 
ments during the conquest of 
Calabria. In 1060 he set oiit on 
an expedition against Sicily, 
then ruled by the Saracens, and 
after twelve years of fighting, 



GEE 



143 



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and after having captured most 
of the other towns in the coun- 
try, he became master of Paler- 
mo. He was then invested with 
the crown of Sicily, under the 
title of count. He was now on a 
par with the most powerful nion- 
archs of Europe, was able to wed 
his children as he pleased, and 
his alliance was courted by the 
first princes of Europe. In 1085 
he took upon himself the title 
of THE GREAT COUNT, to dis- 
tinguish him from, his vassals, 
and in 1098 he received from the 
pope the privilege of apx>ointing 
bishops, and other favors. The 
last acts of his life were the 
building of churches and mon- 
asteries, among which was the 
cathedral of Messina. He died 
in 1101. 

Great Croysado, The. So 
Butler, in Hydibras, calls Gen- 
eral Lord Fairfax. 

Great Duke, The. A title given 
to the Duke of Wellington. 

Great Duke of the West, The. 
A title given to Philip, third 
Duke of Burgundy, also called 
THE GOOD (j.t 1 -). 

Great Dulman, in Churchill's 
poem The Ghost (Hi. 327), is 
intended for Sir Samuel Flud- 
yer, Lord Mayor of London in 
1761-2. 

Great Earl of Cork, The. A 
sobriquet conferred upon Rich- 
ard Boyle, who devoted his 
fortune, toward promoting public 
improvements. 

Great Earl of Douglas. The. 
Archibald Douglas, fifth Earl of 
Angus. Vid. BELL-THE-CAT. 

Great Eater, The. A nickname 
bestowed upon Peter Comestor 
(i.e., "Eater"), who flourished 
in the twelfth century, and was 
a most omnivorous reader. 

Great Elector, The. A sobri- 
quet conferred on Friedrich 
Wilhelm, Marquis of Branden- 
burg, the great-grandfather of 
Frederick the Great. 



Great Epigrammatist, The. 
So Camden terms John Hey- 
wood. 

Great Founder of the Persian 
Name, The. So Pope, in his 
poem The Temple of J?'ame, calls 
Cyrus the Great. 

Great Gander of Glasgow, The. 
So John Gait is nicknamed in 
the Noctes Ambrosianse (lv.). 

Great God Pan, The. A name 
given to William Wordsworth 
in the Nodes Ambrosianse (iv.). 

Great G;ospel Gun. So John 
Milton is nicknamed in the Noc~ 
tes Ambrosianse (Hi,). 

Great Harlot, The. An epithet 
applied to Pope Pius VI. by 
Monti, the Italian poet, because 
the former had placed the poetry 
of the latter below that of Metas- 
tasio. Vid. THE LAST OF MON- 
STERS. 

Great-Head. So Malcolm, Bang 
of Scotland, was named. Vid. 
CAN-MORE. 

Great Heir of Fame. So John 
Milton, in An Epitaph on an Ad- 
mirable Dramatic Poet, terms 
William Shakespeare. 

Great Historian of the Field, 
The. So Charles James Apper- 
ley, the sporting-writer, is nick- 
named in the Nodes Ambrosi- 
anse (Ixiv.). 

Great Iconoclast, The. A title 
given to Martin Luther. 

Great Independent, The. So 
Baillie calls Oliver Cromwell. 
Vid. Masson, Life of Milton (Hi. 
ii. 1). 

Great Kill- Cow of Christen- 
dom, The. So Edward Philips, 
in his Life of John Milton $.694), 
calls Claudius Salmasius. 

Great Laker, The. So William 
Wordsworth is named in the 
Noctes Ambrosiansz (xlii.). 

Great Letter- Writer, The. An 
epithet conferred on Vincent 
Voiture; who enjoyed a prodig- 
ious reputation as a writer of 
letters, many of which have been 



GEE 



144 



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published. They show some wit 
but more play on words, forced 
allusions, and a cold and lifeless 
style. A letter from him was 
once a passport into the best 
society. 

Great Leviathan of Men, The. 
Oliver Cromwell is so called by 
Heath, in his Flayellum. Vid. 
also Notes and Queries (1st. ser. 
iii. 207). 

Great Lord of Greek, The. So 

Dr. Wolcot, in his postscript to 
the Ode on the Passions, calls 
Eichard Grosvenor, Lord Bel- 
grave. 

Great Magician, The. So John 
Wilson, in a poem entitled The 
Mar/ic Mirror (published in 1812), 
calls Sir Walter Scott, on account 
of the wonderful fascination his 
writings possess. 

In the celebrated Chaldee MS. 
Scott is termed "the Great 
Magician who dwelleth in the 
old fastness, hard by the Eiver 
Jordan, which is by the Bor- 
der." 

Great Marquis, The. A name 
frequently applied to Hernando 
Cortes; to James Graham, Mar- 
quis of Montrose, on account of 
his labors for the cause of Charles 
I. ; and to the great Portuguese 
statesman Sebastiano Jose de 
Carvalho, Marquis de Pombal. 

Great Master in the Science of 
Grimace. So Churchill, in 
The Eosciad (line 370), calls 
Henry "Woodward, an actor. 

Great Minstrel, The. A name 
given to Sir "Walter Scott by 
The Edinburgh Review (1815), 
which says : 

Here is another genuine lay of the 
Great Minstrel, with all his charac- 
teristic faults, beauties, and irregu- 
larities. 

Great Moralist, The. Samuel 
Johnson. Vid, THE GIANT OF 
LITERATURE. 

Great Nabob, The, in Lady Car- 
oline Lamb's novel Glenarvon t 
is intended for Lord Holland. 



Great O, The. So Bulwer, in 
The New Timon, calls Daniel 
O'Connell. Vid. THE EUPERT , 
OF DEBATE. 

Great Pacificator, The . A nick- 
name given to Henry Clay. When 
the proposition for the admission 
of Missouri, then a territory, was 
made in Congress, a strong pub- 
lic feeling against slavery, which 
had been growing in the New 
England and Middle States, op- 
posed the measure, unless the 
new state should prohibit slavery. 
Clay proposed to leave it to a 
committee of thirteen, of which 
he was nominated chairman. 
The report of the committee not 
being received, he proposed a 
second and larger one, of which 
he acted as chairman . His fertile 
mind rearranged the former re- 
port, and influenced the other 
members of the committee so 
that they reported to Congress a 
measure that did not vary essen- 
tially from the first report. It 
provided that, in consideration of 
the admission of the new state 
as a slave state, slavery should 
in all the remaining states north 
of the southern boundary of Mis- 
souri be forever abolished. This 
has since been known as "The 
Missouri Compromise." For a 
while it bridged over the bitter 
feeling between the North and 
South, and the public annuncia- 
tion of the act was received with 
the highest transports of joy. 
These burst forth in exclamations 
that Clay was a second "Washing- 
ton, the savior of his country, 
and the Great Pacificator of ten 
millions of people. 
Great Pan, The. So Heinsius, in. 
a letter from Amsterdam, dated 
Sept. 16, 1053, to Gronovius at 
Deventer, calls Salmasius. Vid. 
Masson, Life of Milton (iv. 538-9) . 
The title has also been given to 
Voltaire. 

Great Patron of Mankind. So 
Alexander Pope, in his Imita- 
tions of Horace (II. i. 1), calls 
George II., King of England. 



GEE 



145 



GEE 



Great Physician, The. So Cow- 
ley, in The Cutter of Coleman 
Street (i. 6), calls Charles II. 

Great Poet- Sire of Italy, The. 
So Lord Byron, in his poem The 
Prophecy of Dante, calls the lat- 
ter. 

Great Preserver of Pope and 
Shakespeare, The. A name 
given to Bishop Warburton, by 
Dr. Grey, in a work which was 
an answer to the bishop for a 
criticism on the doctor's Hudi- 
bras. The name has since been 
used by others whom Warburton 
has assailed. 

Great Prophet of Tautology, 
Thou. So Dryden, in his poem 
Mac Flecknoe (line 30), calls 
Thomas Shadwell, the dramatist. 

Great Bed Dragon of Coleman 
Street, The. From Baillie we 
learn that the Presbyterians had 
given this nickname to John 
Goodwin (circa 1644-45). Vid. 
Masson, Life of Milton (III. 
ii. 2.) 

Great Seer, The. A nickname 
given to Samuel Johnson. Dib- 
din, in his Reminiscences of a 
Literary Life (London, 1837; i. 
87), says: 

May I express my regret, or per- 
haps disappointment, at the autobi- 
ography of the Great Seer in his very 
early years? To be sure, anything 
coming from such a man has a dis- 
tinct and peculiar zest ; but the rec- 
ord of puling infancy and distressed 
childhood, together with an imper- 
fect statement of youthful studies 
and pursuits, has not much hold 
upon the imagination or the memory. 

Great Shepherd of the Man- 
tuan Plains, The. So Beattie, 
in his poem The Minstrel (II. 
lx.), calls Virgil. 

Great Sopper, The. A nickname 
given to Noel Beda, a French 
theologian, and doctor of Sor- 
bonne. He was a violent enemy 
of polite learning. He had a 
prodigious paunch of his own, 
and was callecl gros soupier, i. e., 
great sopper; 'one that is ever 
dipping his bread in the beef-pot. 



Babelais makes him the author 
of a book on the excellence of 
tripes, as if his whole merit lay 
in his huge belly. 

Great Soul of Numbers, The. 
So "William Cartwright, in his 
poem In Memory of Benjamin 
Jonson, calls the latter. 

Great Sow, The. An epithet 
applied to Isabella of Bavaria, 
wife of Charles VI. of France, 
by the citizens of Paris, on ac- 
count of her shameless actions. 

Great Teacher of Gardening 1 , 
The. So John Abercrombie is 
frequently called. 

Great Theban, The. So Pindar, 
a native of Thebes, is called in 
the Noctes Ambrosianss (xxxix.). 

Great Tinclarian Doctor, The. 
This name was adopted by Will- 
iam Mitchell, a Scotch tin-plate 
worker, in the publication of 
various books and pamphlets at 
Glasgow and Edinburgh, in the 
early part of the eighteenth cen- 
tury. The Tinkler's Testament 
is the most known of these. 
"The reason," he said, "why I 
call myself the Tinclarian Doc- 
tor is because I am a Tinklar, and 
cures old Pans and Lantruns." 

Great Triumvirate, The. A 
title by which the three cele- 
brated Italian poets Dante, Pe- 
trarch, and Boccaccio are desig- 
nated. 

Great Unknown, The . So James 
Ballantyne called Sir Walter 
Scott, on account of the extraor- 
dinary success which the Waver- 
ley Novels met with on their first 
appearance, although published 
anonymously. Vid. PEVERIL OF 
THE PEAK. 

Great Verulam, The. A name 
often used in speaking of Francis 
Bacon, on account of his title, 
Lord Verulam. 

Had the great Verulam emanci- 
pated himself from all the dreams of 
his age? He speaks indeed cau- 
tiously of witchcraft, but does not 
deny its occult agency; and of astrol- 
ogy lie is rather for the improvement 



ORE 



146 



than the rejection. Disraeli, Char- 
acter of James I. 

Great Wild Boar, The, in The 
Chaldee MS. (ii. 13), is intended 
for James Hogg. 

Greatest Prince in Christen- 
dom, The. An epithet given to 
George IV. by Slieridan, his 
friend, who wrote as follows in a 
satire : 

AN ADDRESS TO THE PRINCE, 1811. 
In all humility, we crave 
Our Regent may become our slave. 
And, being so, we trust that He 
Will thank us for our loyalty. 
Then, if he'll help us to pull down. 
His father's dignity and crown, 
We'll make him, in some time to 

come, 
The greatest Prince in Christendom. 

Greber J s Peg. A nickname given 
to Francesca Margherita de 
1'jfipine, a celebrated vocalist of 
the early part of the eighteenth 
century, because she came to 
England with a German musi- 
cian named Greber. 

Greek, The. Manuel Alvarez. 
Vid. EL GRIEGO. 

Greek Commentator, The. A 
title conferred on Fernan Nunez 
de Guzman, the promoter of 
Greek literature in Spain. 

Greene Maister of the Blacke 
Arte, The. An epithet con- 
ferred on Robert Greene, by 
Harvey, in his Foure Letters and 
Certaine Sonnets (London, 1592), 
where he says : 

The greene maister of the Blacke 
Arte; or the founder of ugly oaths; 
or the father of misbegotten Infortu- 
natus ; or the Scrivener of Crasbiters ; 
or as one of his own sectaries termed 
Mm the Patriarch of shifters. 

Gresham, Mr., in Anthony Trol- 
lope's political novels, is intended 
for W. E. Gladstone. 

Grieg-o, EL, or THE GREEK. A 
sobriquet bestowed on Manuel 
Alvarez, the celebrated Spanish 
sculptor, who died in 1797. 

Griffarosto, the Rabelaisian ec- 
clesiastic in Folengo's satire of 
Orlandino (canto viii.), is said to 



represent Ignazio Squarcialupo, 
the prior of Folengo's convent. 
Vid. Symonds, Renaissance in 
Italy (pt. ii. cap. xiv.). 

Griffin, The, in The Chaldee MS., 
(ii. 14), is intended for Thomas 
Mac Crie. 

Griselda the Second. Vid. 
GRYSILDE. 

Gros, Le. Charles II. and Louis 
VI. of France. Vid. THE FAT. 

Gross, The. A nickname given 
to James, seventh Earl of Doug- 
las, a fat, indolent, peaceable 
person. 

Grosvenor's Cobbler. Dr. Wol- 
cot thus called William Gifford, 
the author of The Baviad, in 
his Ode of Triumph. 

Grunnovius. A name given to 
James Gronovius, by Fabretti, 
an Italian, who compared this 
Dutch antiquary to all those ani- 
mals whose voice was expressed 
by the word grunnire, to grunt. 

Grysilde the Seconde, in "Will- 
iam Forrest's poem A true and 
most notable History of a right 
noble and famous Lady-, produced 
in Spain, entitled, The second 
Gresyld, practised not long out 
of this time, in much part Trage- 
dious, as delectable both to Hear- 
ers and Readers, is Catharine, 
the first wife of Henry VIII. 
Her name is variously spelled 
Gresyld, Grvsild, and Grysilde. 
"Walter," in the same poem, 
represents her husband. Vid. 
also Wood, Athene Oxoniensis, 
where further information will be 
found. 

Giiaf f . A nickname given to Vic- 
tor Emmanuel II., on account of 
his peculiar nose. 

Guardian Angel of France, 
The. An appellation conferred 
on Marie Antoinette, when she 
first arrived in Paris, by the 
people of France. 

Guercino, or THE SQUINT-EYED, 
was a nickname given to Giant 
Francesco Barbieri, the cele- 
brated painter. 



GUE 



147 



GUN" 



Guerre, La. A nickname given 
to Jean, Comte de Gassion, a 
distinguished French general. 
Though one of the bravest offi- 
cers of France, though skilful, 
determined, and active, he was 
at no time a favorite with the 
court of France. Resembling in 
some respects Turenne, entirely 
unlike Coiide, and still more un- 
like the courtiers who usually 
commanded a regiment for a 
summer diversion, he spent 
whole days in the saddle, and 
cared too little for anything that 
could befall him personally to 
stoop to any minister whatsoever. 
His manners were harsh, and his 
contempt of life so great that 
while he risked it on the slight- 
est occasion himself, he took it 
from others without pity or re- 
morse. He met his death at the 
siege before Lens, 1647, and 
France lost one of her most skil- 
ful commanders. " In gaining a 



hamlet," said a French writer, 
"France lost a hero." 

Guide and Master of Our 
Tongue, The. An epithet fre- 
quently given to Pietro Bembo. 
His example of combining the 
excellencies of Boccaccio and 
Petrarch with his own correct 
and elegant taste produced an 
astonishing effect, and among his 
disciples and imitators may be 
found many of the first scholars 
and most distinguished writers 
of the early part of the sixteenth 
century. Vid, Ariosto, Orlando 
Furioso (xlvi. 14). 

Guiscard. A title give to Robert 
I. of Calabria. Vid. THE CUN- 
NING. 

Gunpowder Percy. So Sir C. 
Hanbury Williams called Alex- 
ander Pope. Vid . Nichols, Illus- 
trations of the, Literary History 
of the Eighteenth Century (i. 602). 



HAB 



148 



HAK 



H. 



Haberdasher, The, in Butler's 
Hudibras (pt. III. ii. 423), is in- 
tended as a satirical portrait of 
John Lilbourn. 

Haidara, Al, i. e., ALL Vid. THE 
RUGGED LION. 

Hamlin, the hero of Vernon Lee's 
novel Miss Brown (London, 1884), 
is said to represent Dante Ga- 
briel Bossetti, the poet. 

Hammer of Heresies, The. So 
Hakewell calls St. Augustine. 

Hammer of the Scotch, The. 
Edward I. Vid. SCOTORUM MAL- 
LEUS. Vid. also MARTEL, MAR- 
TEAU, and MALLEUS. 

Hampshire Farmer, A, A name 
given to William Cobbett, by- 
James and Horace Smith, in The 
Rejected Addresses, and under 
which name he is supposed to 
have contributed an address. 

Handsome, The. A nickname 
given to Albert I., Margrave of 
Brandenburg, who was a line tall 
man with a quick eye, and well- 
featured. He had a good head, 
a strong hand, was a famous man- 
ager, a capital soldier, and saw 
instinctively not only what could 
be done, but when to stop. Vid. 
THE FAIR. 

Handsome, The. A title fre- 
quently bestowed 011 Philip I., 
King of Spain in the fifteenth 
century. 

Handsome -Beard. Baldwin IV., 
Earl of Flanders, was called 
" Schon-Bart." 

Handsome Englishman, The. 
A nickname applied by Tu- 
renne's troops to John Churchill, 
" who was no less distinguished 
for the singular graces of his per- 
son than for his brilliant courage 



and his consummate ability both 
as a soldier and as a statesman." 

Handsome Fielding". His real 
name was Robert Fielding. Vid. 
BEAU FIELDING. 

Handsome Swordsman, The. 
Joachim Murat. Vid. LE BEAU 
SABREUR. 

Hanging- Judg-e, The. So the 
Earl of Norbury was called. He 
was chief justice of the Common 
Pleas in Ireland, at the beginning 
of the present century, and is 
said to have been in the habit of 
jesting with offenders whom he 
had sentenced to die. 

Hard Cider. A nickname given 
to William Henry Harrison. 
Vid. LOG-CABIN HARRISON. 

Hardi, Le. A title given to 
Philip, Duke of Burgundy, and 
to Philippe III., King of France. 
The word signifies daring. Vid. 
THE FEARLESS. 

Hardkoppig Piet. So Washing- 
ton Irving calls Peter Stuyvesant. 
Vid. PETER THE HEADSTRONG. 

Hardy, The. William Douglas, 
the defender of Berwick in the 
thirteenth century. 

Harefoot. A sobriquet conferred 
on Harold I., the youngest son of 
Canute the Great. 

Harlequin. A nickname given to 
Robert Harley, first Earl of Ox- 
ford, who, the Duchess of Marl- 
borough states, had a "constant 
awkward motion, or rather agita- 
tion of his head and body," which 
betrayed ' ' a turbulent dishonesty 
within, even in the midst of all 
these familiar airs, jocular bow- 
ing, and smiling, which he always 
affected to cover what could not 



HAH 



149 



HAR 



"be covered . " Vid. Wilkins, Polit- 
ical Ballads (ii. 142-3). 

Harlequin, Tlie. So Francois I., 
King of France, termed his great 
opponent, Emperor Charles V. 

Harmless Prior of the Genera- 
tion, The. So The Saturday Re- 
view (London), during the latter 
part of 1883, called Austin Dob- 
son, the poet. 

Harold Skimp ole, in Dickens' 
novel of Bleak House, is intended 
for Leigh Hunt. The character 
was so perfect a copy that both 
Forster and Procter joined in 
getting the author to remodel it. 
As it was originally, everybody 
except Hunt recognized the 
likeness at once, ana Dickens 
found it a difficult matter to 
mollify his friend, whose offi- 
cious acquaintances had argued 
out to him every point of simi- 
larity. 

"The portrait of Hunt," says 
Peter Bayne, in The Literary 
World (1879), " is not favorable, 
and Dickens has been much 
blamed for giving it to the world. 
Hunt possessed qualities which 
endeared him personally to many, 
and his writings inspire a much 
larger number with affectionate 
enthusiasm for their author. A 
poetically delicate and tuneful 
sympathy with the beauty of na- 
ture, and an obvious incapacity 
to think, speak, or act unkindly, 
win all hearts for Leigh Hunt. 
It is past doubt, however, that 
there was in Hunt's composition 
an element of softness fitted to 
entail distress and contumely, if 
not on himself, yet on those de- 
pendent upon him, who were not 
so well shielded by philosophical 
indifference as he was. Severe 
in nothing, he could riot be severe 
even upon himself ; and Dickens, 
who detested indifference, and 
was the soul of method and busi- 
ness-like energy, felt that Hunt's 
lax notions on money, and con- 
versational habit of making 
things pleasant all round, might 
be prolific of misery in his house- 



hold, and have practically the ef- 
fect of downright selfishness. 
Such is the impression derived by 
me from the description of Skim- 
pole in Bleak House. Skiinpole 
is the impersonation of that 
negative and listless virtue which 
does not go down into the battle 
of life ; and Dickens, whose good 
word was instantly converted into 
a good deed, whose benevolence 
was impatiently active and ener- 
getic, could hardly distinguish 
such virtue from hypocrisy. He 
loved to write as a moralist, and 
from a moral point of view the 
character of Skiinpole is more 
valuable, because it exposes more 
subtle and dangerous vice, even 
than the character of Micawber. 
These considerations prove Skim- 
pole to be artistically a success, 
but if Dickens lived on terms of 
friendship with Hunt, they do 
not vindicate him from the charge 
of having taken unfair advantage 
of the opportunities thus afforded 
him. It was not in a novel that 
Hunt should first have ascer- 
tained Dickens' true conception 
of him. Forster set his face like 
a flint against the Skiinpole por- 
traiture, and in deference to his 
representations Dickens softened 
down the original sketch, 'but,* 
says Forster, ' the radical wrong 
remained/ Hunt, who did not 
himself see his face in Dickens' 
glass, was informed of the state 
of the case by 'good-natured 
friends,' and was deeply hurt. 
*As it has given you so much 
pain,' replied Dick'ens to his re- 
monstrances, 'I take it at its 
worst, and say I am deeply sorrv, 
and that I feel I did wrong in 
doing it.' In excusing himself 
to Hunt, he expressly mentioned 
that his own father and mother 
were in his books." 

Harpalus, in Spenser's poem Co- 
lin Clout's Come Hojne Attain, is 
probably intended for the Earl of 
Dorset. 

Harry of tne West. A nickname 
given to Henry Clay. Sargent, 



HAB 



150 



HEL 



in his Public Nen and Events 
(ii. p. 93) i says: 

Where had been General Harrison, 
during the preceding twelve years, 
the period of bitter warfare between 
the Jackson party, headed by the 
obstinate, sagacious, indomitable old 
hero, ami the opposition, led during 
the whole period bv the eloquent, the 
ever.vigiluut, the faithful Harry of 
the West? Had Harrison's voice 
even been heard during all this dark 
arid trying 1 period, when midst the 
thickest gloom and smoke all looked 
up to Mr. Clay, sure that lie was at 
his post doing the duty of a patriot, 
and, if perchance he could not be 
seen amid the smoke and din, watch- 
ing for his nodding plume? 

Harry Twitcher. Henry, Lord 
Brougham, is thus nicknamed in 
the Nodes Ambrosiante, on ac- 
count of a chorea in the muscles 
of his face. 

Havelock of tlie War, The. 
Maj.-Gen. Oliver Otis Howard 
was tli us called. Vid. Shanks, 
Personal Recollections of Distin- 
guished Generals (p. 302). 

It was through the constant ob- 
servation of his Christian duties that 
he won the title of the " Havelock of 
the war," and the reputation of an 
exemplar. 

Heaven-born Hero, The. So 
Robert, Lord Olive, is called by 
the Earl of Chatham. 

Heaven-born Youth, in Beattie's 
translation of Virgil's Pastorals 
(i.), is Augustus Caesar. 

Heavenly Heroine, The. A 
name given to Christina, Queen 
of Sweden. 

Heavy Horseman, The, So Ed- 
ward Quillinan is nicknamed in 
the Jfoctes Ambrosianse (i.). 

Hecate, So Dr. Pepusch called 
Ids wife, Prancesca Margherita 
de rjfepine, who, " besides being 
outlandish, was swarthy and ill- 
favored." 

Hector of Germany, The. A 
title given to Joacliim II., Elec- 
tor of Brandenburg. 

Heg-grledepeg*, A. An epithet 
conferred on Gabriel Harvey by 



Nash, in his Have with you to Saf- 
fron Walden (London, 1596). 

Heign-ho. A nickname given to 
Henry Norris, the comedian, 
from an odd soliloquy uttered by 
him in The Rehearsal, consisting 
of the lines ; 
Heigh-ho 1 heigli-ho! \vhata change 

is here! heyday! 
Heyday ! I know not what to do nor 

what to say ! 
Vid. DICKY SCRUB. 

Heir of the Republic, The. 
Bonaparte was so called, because 
by creating himself First Consul 
of France he overthrew the last 
vestiges of democracy. 

Helen Burns, in Charlotte Bron- 
te's novel of Jane Eyre, is de- 
scribed by Mrs. Gaskell as " be- 
ing as exact a transcript of Maria 
Bronte' as Charlotte's wonderful 
power of reproducing character 
could give." In the novel, Helen 
is represented as being most 
cruelly treated by her governess, 
Mrs. Scatcherd; and Mrs. Gas- 
kell says that Charlotte's ft heart 
beat, to the latest day on which 
we met, with unavailing indigna- 
tion at the worrying and cruelty 
to which her gentle, patient, dy- 
ing sister " was subjected by the 
original of this woman, at the 
famous school at Cowan's Bridge, 
near Leeds. 

Helen of Spain, The. A sobri- 
quet conferred on Florin da, or 
Cava, the daughter of St. Julian. 
She was violated by King Bod- 
erick, and a war arose between 
the Goths and the Moors in con- 
sequence. To avenge his daugh- 
ter, St. Julian turned traitor to 
Roderick, and induced the Moors 
to invade Spain. Roderick was 
slain at Xeres on the third day, 
A. D. Til. 

Helluo. A nickname given to 
Anthony Magliabecchi, and to 
Peter Comestor, a French theo- 
logian and ecclesiastical writer, 
who died 1185 or 1198. Vid. THE 
GREAT EATER, and THE GLUT- 
TON OF LITERATURE. 



HEL 



151 



HER 



Helen, in Dryden and Tate's 
satire of Absalom and Acliito- 
phel, represents the Earl of 
Feversham. 

Hemans of America, The. A 
title sometimes bestowed on 
Lydia H. Sigourney. 

Henry, the hero of Prior's Henry 
and Emma, a poem founded 
on the ballad of The Nut JBroion 
Maid (q.v.), is said to represent 
Henry, eleventh Lord Clifford 
and first Earl of Cumberland. 

Henry Grantly, in Anthony 
Troll op e's novel Warden, is in- 
tended for Bishop Phillpotts of 
Exeter. 

Herald of the Reformation, 
The, A name given to Jphann 
Geyler by Dibdin. Disraeli 
says, in his Curiosities of Litera- 
ture : 

Mr. Dibdin has recently informed 
us that Geyler, whom he calls the 
Herald of the Reformation, preced- 
ing Luther by twelve years, had a 
stone chair or pulpit in the cathe- 
dral of Strasburg, from which he 
delivered his lectures, or rolled the 
thunders of his anathemas against 
the monks. 

Hercules, A. So Byron, in his 
poem On the Death of Mr. Fox, 
calls the latter. 

Hercules of Music, The. A so- 
briquet given to Gliick, the com- 
poser. 

Hercules Secundus. So the 
Roman emperor Commodus 
styled himself. He was a gigan- 
tic blockhead, and it is related 
that he killed a hundred lions in 
the amphitheatre, and gave none 
of them more than a single 
blow. 

Heretic in Verse, A. A name 
given to Honorat de Bueil Racan, 
one of the original members of 
the Acade'mie Fran9aise, and 
the author of several Odes, Pas- 
torals, and Memoirs of Malherbe, 
but too much of an amateur to 
succeed in anything thoroughly. 

Hermes Trismeg-istus of Ger- 
many, The. A name given to 
the Emperor Rudolf II. 



Hermit, The. A title given to 
Peter, who preached the first 
crusade, at the close of the 
eleventh century, and who was 
as brave as he was eloquent. 
He led the armed cross-wearers 
from Italy and France across 
Germany to the walls of Con- 
stantinople, where he joined his 
companion-in-arnis, WALTER THE 
PENNILESS. 

Hermit of Grub Street, The. 
A nickname given to Henry 
Welby, an Englishman of 
wealth, position, and a lover of 
society, who, when forty years 
old, was assailed in a moment 
of anger by a younger brother 
with a loaded pistol, which 
flashed in the pan. Thinking 
of the danger he had escaped, 
he fell into many deep consider- 
ations, and resolved to live 
alone. He had three chambers, 
one within another, prepared for 
his solitude, one for his diet, one 
for his lodging, and one for his 
study. While his food was set 
on the table by one of his ser- 
vants, he retired into his sleep- 
ing-room; while his bed was 
making, into his study; and so 
on, until all was clear. For 
forty-four years he never issued 
put of these chambers; neither 
in all this time, except on rare 
occasions, did anybody look upon 
his face. He devoted himself 
to prayers and reading; sought 
out objects of charity and sent 
them relief. His hair became 
so much overgrown that at the 
time of his death he appeared 
more like a hermit of the wil- 
derness than an inhabitant of a 
city, and he lived unseen by men 
till he died. 

Hermit of Hampole, The. A 
sobriquet conferred on Richard 
Rolle, an English poet of the 
fourteenth century, and the 
author of a Metrical Paraphrase 
of the Book of Job r of the Lord's 
Prayer, and of the Seven Peni- 
tential Psalms, and other works. 
He was a hermit of the order of 



HER 

St. Augustine, and lived a life 

of solitude near Hampole, Dori- 
caster, tl where living 1 he was 
honored, and dead was buried 
and sainted." Southey, in The 
Jjoftor (cap. xlv.)i rei'ers to him, 
and states that "his writings, 
both In verse and prose, which 
are of considerable extent, ought 
to be published at the _ expense 
of some national institution." 

Hermit of La Bipaille, The. 
After Ainadeus VIII., the first 
I)uk of Savoy, had reigned 
eighteen years, the sudden death 
of Iiis wife and a narrow escape 
from assassination inspired him 
with disgust for the world, arid 
lie resigned his throne to his son 
Louis. " Accompanied by a few 
lords of his court, he retired to 
La Ripaille,on the shores of Lake 
Geneva. Here he acquired such 
a reputation for sanctity that he 
was generally called the Hermit 
of La Ripailfe. This story, how- 
ever, has been questioned, and 
it is now considered that this 
place was rather the seat of 
luxury than a retreat for relig- 
ious austerity. The expression 
** La chere do la Eipaille " ^has 
become proverbial for delicious 
fare. 

Hermit of Literature, Tlie. A 
name #iven to Thomas Baker 
of ('ambridge. who with his in- 
valuable researches and knowl- 
edge was ever supplying such 
men as Burnet, Kennet, Hearne, 
and MMdleton. 

HermodactyL A nickname 
given to Robert Harley, first 
Earl of Oxford. Vid. Wilkins, 
Political Ballads (ii. 146). 

Hero of the number, The. A 

title given to John Ellerthorpe, 
foreman of the Humber Dock 
Gates, Hull (Eng.), on account 
ol the great number of lives he 
saved. 

During 1 a period of 40 years he 
saved from drowning not fewer than 
30 Individuals, all on separate and 
distinct occasions, 31 of whom were 
readied from the waters of the Hum- 



152 HER 



ber. In every instance they were 
saved by him single-handed, and 
were difficult cases to deal with, 
as a large percentage got overboard 
through intoxication. Ellerthorpe 
was born with a passion for salt- 
water. His father was a Rawcliffe 
keelman, and the boy had every 
facility for indulging his love for 
bathing. He soon became an ac- 
complished swimmer; was able to 
do almost anything in the water, 
and was consequently the envy of 
all other boys in the neighborhood, 
whom he greatly excelled. In after 
life, when recalling some of the 
feats of his youth, he says : " I look 
upon those perilous adventures as 
so many foolish and wicked tempt- 
ings of Providence." He was great 
at the "porpoise race," which con- 
sists in disappearing under the 
water and then coming up suddenly in 
some very unlikely spot, and in feats 
of diving, and the power of remain- 
ing for long periods of time in the 
water without exhaustion. But 
even in those days he was useful, 
for he saved the life of a companion 
who was very nearly drowned, and 
performed many valuable services, 
ne day, when captain of a ferry-boat 
' jring between Brough and Winter- 



fiS 



ingham, he had a load of beasts on 
board, when the boat upset, and the 
beasts were thrown into the river. 
Had it not been that Ellerthorpe 
at once jumped overboard and drove 
the cattle to the shore by load shouts 
and violent gestures, they would all 
have been drowned. As it was, 
some of them, were lost, despite the 
fact that he was five hours in the 
water, chasing them backwards and 
forwards, turning them this way 
and that, and performing feats of 
courage and agility which probably 
no other man on the Humber was 
capable of doing. One of the nar- 
rowest escapes Ellerthorpe had of 
losing his life was when sailing from 
Hull to Barton; he fell overboard 
while a gale was blowing heavily 
from the west, and the spring-tide, 
then at its height, bore him rapidly 
away from the vessel. He was en- 
cumbered with an unusual amount 
of clothing, all of the stoutest pilot- 
cloth that is to say, trousers, 
double-breasted waistcoat, surtout 
coat, and heavy overcoat, and, in 
addition, a new pair of Wellington 
boots on his feet. He could easily 
have thrown off some of his gar- 
ments while in the water, but he 
had in various pockets considerable 



HER 



153 



HIG 



sums of money, the property of his 
employer, and he felt it to be his 
duty to stick to the trust committed 
to him, even if it cost him his life. 
He succeeded in keeping himself 
afloat for over half an hour, and 
eventually swam to the boat sent 
out for his rescue, into which he got 
in safety, though saved as by "the 
skin of his teeth " ; and he never 
again wore Wellington boots as long 
as he lived. Heroes of Britain in 
Peace and War. 

Hero of the Hundred Battles, 
The. A title given to Lord Nel- 
son, also called THE HERO OF 
THE NILE. 

O'Gnive, the bard of O'Niel, 
refers to Conn, a celebrated Irish, 
chieftain, thus : 

Conn, of the hundred fights, sleep 
in thy grass-grown tomb. 

Hero of the Necklace, The. So 
Wordsworth, in his Apology for 
the French Revolution, calls the 
Prince de Rohan. 

Hero of the Nile, The. Lord 
Nelson. Vid. THE HERO OF THE 
HUNDRED BATTLES. 

Herodotus of Barbarism, The. 
A name given to Gregory of 
Tours, on account of his History 
of the Franks* 

Herr Trippa. A name under 
which Cornelius Agrippa von 
Netterheim figures in Rabelais' 
Pantagruel (bk. iii. cap. xxv.) 

Herrick of Germany, The. An 
epithet conferred on Paul Flem- 
ing, on account of his hymns, one 
of which, In alien meinen Thaten, 
composed before his journey to 
Persia in 1635, proves his genius 
as a writer of sacred songs. 

Hewson, in Arthur Hugh 
Clough's poem of the Bothie of 
Tober-na-Vuolich, is intended for 
J. S. Winder of Oriel College. 

High- Church Trumpet, The . In 
a pamphlet published in Lon- 
don, in 1710, Dr. Sacheverell is 
alluded to on the title-page as 
follows : 

Pulpit War, or Dr. ?, the 
Sigh-Church Trumpet, and Mr. 



jffly, the Low-Church Drum, 
engaged by way of Dialogue. 

High-Mettled Harry. A nick- 
name given to Henry St. John, 
Lord Bolirigbroke. Vid. Wil- 
kins, Political Ballads (ii. 158). 

High- Towering: Falcon, That. 
So Francis Meres, in his Palladia 
Tamia, calls Charles Fitzgeof- 
frey. 

Highland Laddie, The. A nick- 
name given to Charles Edward 
Stuart, the Young Pretender, 
after he had captured Edinburgh 
(1745), while residing in Holy- 
rood palace. At this time he 
was very popular with the High- 
landers and the citizens of Edin- 
burgh; and the extravagant re- 
joicings of the Jacobites seemed 
to know no bounds. The ladies 
busied themselves in procuring 
locks of his hair or miniature 
portraits of his person, and in 
wearing ribbons on which he was 
represented as "The Highland 
Laddie," a name which they gave 
to him in their ballads and songs. 

Highland Mary, who inspired 
some of Burns' finest effusions, 
was probably Mary Campbell, 
although Mary Morison is also 
identified with the character. 
She was a nurse-maid to Gavin 
Hamilton's son Alexander, born 
in J-uly, 1785, and she saw him 
through several stages of infancy 
before leaving his house. Her 
father was a sailor in a revenue 
cutter, stationed at Campbell- 
town, near the southern end of 
Cantire. She had spent some of 
her early years at Loch Banza, 
in the family of Kev. David 
Campbell, a relative of her 
mother. She left Burns on May 
14, 1786, to spend the summer 
at Campbell town. It is now 
thought that the letters and the 
Bible in two volumes said to 
have been given by him were 
sent to her during this time. The 
latter is still preserved in her 
family, and the following pas- 
sages of Scripture were written 
by him on their fly-leaves : on 



HIG 



154 HIP 



one, "Thou shall not swear by 
mv name falsely I am the 
Lord" (Lev. xir. 12); on 
the other, "Thou slialt not 
forswear thyself, but perform 
unto the Lord thy (or, according 
to some, "all thy") vows" 
(Matt, v. 3TJ). If the latter text 
lias been correctly quoted as 
written, then Burns, either from 
having written only from mem- 
ory, or Intentionally, has altered 
it, the true reading being, ' ' But 
shalt perform unto the Lord 
thine oaths." 

According to some authors the 
lovers never met after this 
parting, but according to others 
Bums, who, undoubtedly, was at 
one time on the point of leaving 
Scotland for the West Indies, 
had endeavored to persuade Mary 
to e Eii grate with him as his wife, 
and in" the autumn of the year 
she accompanied her brother, 
who was to be apprenticed to a 
Mr. Macphcraon, a ship-carpen- 
ter, to Greenock. It was for this 
reason only that she repaired 
thither, for,"before leaving home, 
she had agreed to take a place 
in Glasgow at Martinmas, so that 
she had then given up the idea of 
sailing with Burns, though she 
may have been still willing to 
marry Mm before he left Scot- 
land. After his apprentice sup- 
per, her brother became ill, and 
Mary nursed him, and caught a 
fever, which hurried her in a few 
days to the grave. Before the 
boy sickened, Macphersoii had 
" agreed to purchase a lair in the 
kirk-yard, "and It is likely enough 
that 'the purchase of the lair, 
which is registered on Oct. 12, 
1786, may have been completed 
"between her death and her fu- 
neral. It was almost certainly 
concluded before the funeral, and 
a mere agreement to purchase is 
not likely to have been, com- 
pleted by a superstitious High- 
lander while the boy or Mary was 
Iving ill and the issue uncertain. 
The evidence of the burial-lair 
points to Mary's death as some- 



where about Oct. 12. The story 
of the immortal verses " To Mary 
in Heaven" was given by Mrs. 
Burns to Mr. McDiarmid. Burns 
had spent one day in the usual 
work of harvest, apparently in 
excellent spirits. " But as the 
twilight deepened he appeared to 
grow ' very sad about something,' 
and at length wandered out into 
the barnyard, to which Ms wife, 
in her anxiety, followed him, en- 
treating him in vain to observe 
that frost had set in, and to 
return to the fireside. On being 
again and again requested to do 
so, he promised compliance, but 
still remained where he was, 
striding up and down slowly, and 
contemplating the sky, which 
was singularly clear and starry. 
At last Mrs. Burns found him 
stretched on. a mass of straw, 
with his eyes fixed on a beautiful 
planet i that shone like another 
moon,' and prevailed on Mm to 
come in." 

A monument has "been erected 
to the memory of "Highland 
Mary," in Greenock church-yard. 
One side contains a bas-relief of 
the two lovers, representing their 
parting when they plighted their 
troth and exchanged Bibles 
across the stream ** around the 
castle of Montgomery." The in- 
scription is simply " Sacred to 
Genius and Love, to Burns and 
Highland Mary." 

Mary's mother died at Green- 
wich, Sept. 27, 1827, at an ad- 
vanced age, and after Mary's 
death two letters were received 
by her from Burns, which, unfor- 
tunately for posterity, she de- 
stroyed, giving as the reason that 
she could never read them with- 
out shedding tears. 

Hillaris, in Christopher Smart's 

S^etical satire The Hilttad, is 
r. John Hill, who had attacked 
the poet in various newspapers. 

Hippocrates of Our Ag-e, The. 
So Herman Boerliaave,the Dutch 
anatomist, is called in Hermippus 
Redwwus (1744). 



HIS 



155 



HOM 



His Noseship. One of tlie nu- 
merous epithets bestowed on 
Cromwell, by Marehamont Need- 
ham, in the latter's periodical, 
the Mercurius Praymaticus (cir- 
ca 1649). 

Historian of the Long Parlia- 
ment, The. A title conferred 
on Thomas May, who is buried 
in Westminster Abbey. 

Historian Philosopher, The. 
An epithet given to Francois P. 
Guillaume Guizot, on account of 
his History of Civilization in 
Europe, in which he attempts to 
make out a philosophy of his- 
tory. 

Historicus, in Lord Lytton's 
poem Grlenaveril, or the Metamor- 
phoses (1885), is intended for Sir 
"William Vernon Harcourt. 

Historien Trop Paye, L'. An 

epithet given to Jean Racine by 
his enemies. Vid. L'HYPOCBJTE 
RIMEUR. 

Hoary Bard of Night, The. So 
Beattie calls Edward Young. 
Vid. THE RAPT SAGE. 

Hobbes, in Arthur Hugh dough's 
poem of the Bothie of Tober-na- 
Vuolich, is intended for Ward 
Hunt. 

Hobbinol, the shepherd in Spen- 
ser's Shepherd's Calendar, is in- 
tended for Gabriel Harvey, the 
poet. 

Hobbler, The. Jean de Meung. 
Vid. CLOPINEL. 

Hobbler, The. So Tyrtseus, the 
Greek elegiac poet, was named, 
because he introduced the alter- 
nate pentameter verse, which is 
one foot shorter than the old 
heroic metre. 

Hobson Newcome, Mrs., in 
Thackeray's novel The New- 
comes, is said to have been drawn 
from Mrs. Milner Gibson. 

Hocuspocus, The. A name 
given to Archbishop Laud. Vid. 
Masson, Life of Milton (i. 540). 

Hogge, The. Richard III. Vid. 
THE CAT. 



Hoiouskim, in Lady Caroline 
Lamb's novel Glenarvon, is in- 
tended for a Mr. Allen. 

Holberg of Norway, The. 
Gosse, in his Literatare of North- 
ern Europe (p. 8), in speaking of 
Henrik Arnold Wergeland, says 
that " there were not wanting 
those who called him The Hol- 
berg of Norway, forgetting that 
Holberg himself was a Nor- 
wegian." 

Wergeland received a pension 
from King John, and suddenly 
found himself stigmatized by his 
friend as THE BETRAYER OF THE 
FATHERLAND. 

Holofernes, in Shakespeare's 
Love's Labour's Lost, is an ana- 
gram of lohnes Florio, the lexi- 
cographer, and is intended as a 
satire upon th e Lyly school. Vid. 
DON ADRIANO DE ARRIADO and 
ROSALINDE. 

Holy Autolycus, A. A nick- 
name given to John Tetzel, a 
Dominican monk sent by Pope 
LeoX. to sell indulgences in Ger- 
many. He was a vulgar charla- 
tan with plenty of wit and im- 
pudence, the very man for a mob, 
and no one could better puff a 
nostrum or cajole the unedu- 
cated. Hence the name, Autoly- 
cus, taken from the witty rogue 
and pedlar in Shakespeare's 
comedy The Winter's Tale. 

Holy Maid of Kent, The. A 
title given to Elizabeth Barton, 
who was hanged at Tyburn, in 
1534, for inciting the Roman 
Catholics to resist the progress of 
the Reformation. 

Homer of a Poet, A. So Sir 
"Walter Scott is called in the 
Nodes Ambrosianss (xxi.). 

Homer of Ferrara, The. So 
Tasso calls Ariosto. 

Homer of Geometry, The. A 
nickname given to Archimedes 
because he stands as high in that 
science as Homer does in epic 
poetry. It must not be concealed 
that he fell into the prevailing 
error of the ancient philosophers, 



HOM 



156 



that geometry was degraded by 
being' employed to produce any- 
thing useful. 

Homer of Portugal, The. A 
sobriquet applied to Camoens, au- 
thor of the Lusiad. 

Homer of the Franks, The. So 
Charlemagne called Angilbert. 

Homer of the Isle, The. So 
Co\vley, in his An Answer to a 
Copy of Verses sent me to Jersey, 
probably refers to William 
Fryime. Vid. Pope, TJie Dun- 
ciad (^(1. ed. 1729, p. 64), and 
Notes and Queries (1st. ser. xii 
67). 

Homer of This Age, The. An 
epithet conferred sarcastically on 
Gabriel Htirvey, by Nash, in his 
If are with uvit to Saffron Walden 
(London, 151)0). 

Homer of Women, The. So 
Nash, in his Anatomy of Ab- 
surdity, terms Robert Greene. 

Homer the Younger. A title 
given to the poet Philiscos. Vid. 

THE PLEIAD OF ALEXANDRIA. 
Homeric Ajax, A. A name 
given to Maurice, Comte de Saxe, 
on account of his impetuous acts. 
Henri Martin, in Ms History of 
France, says : 

Maurice de Saxe expressed an ex- 
ceptional shade; he had not that 
serpent -like coldness; impetuous in 
vice as in battle, he was a Homeric 
.Ajax, devoid of moral sense, thrown 
amidst a refined system of civiliza- 
tion, and capable of odious and gen- 
erous acts according as his frenzy 
Impelled him. But whether Love- 
lace, in the real world, was called 
Richelieu or Maurice de Saxe, if the 
character and the means differed, 
the result was the same, -it was 
still the idol of former times become 
a plaything. 

Honest Allan. An appellation 
frequently given to Allan Cun- 
ningham. 

Honest Ben. A sobriqtiet given 
to Ben Jonson. 

Of all styles he loved most to be 
named Holiest, and hath of that ane 
hundredth letters so naming him. 
Convermtiam with William Drum* 
mond (xviii.). 



Honest Georg-e, An epithet 
conferred on George Graham, 
an English watch-maker and in- 
ventor, the most ingenious and 
accurate artist of his time, and 
without doubt the most eminent 
of his profession. He invented 
several astronomical instru- 
ments, and greatly improved 
those already in use. When the 
French academicians were sent 
to the north to make observa- 
tions for ascertaining the figure 
of the earth, Mr. Graham was 
thought the fittest person in Eu- 
rope to supply them with instru- 
ments. His great end and aim 
in life was the advancement of 
science and to benefit mankind. 
He was perfectly sincere and 
above suspicion. He frequently 
lent money, but could never be 
prevailed upon to take interest, 
and for that reason never in- 
vested money in government se- 
curities. He had bank-notes in 
his possession which were thirty 
years old when he died ; and his 
whole property, except his stock 
in trade, was found in a strong- 
box, which, though less than 
would have been heaped by ava- 
rice, was yet more than would 
have remained to prodigality. 
Vid. THE FATHER- OF CLOCK- 
MAKING. 

Honest Jack. A name given to 
John Felton, the assassin of the 
Duke of Buckingham, of whom 
Disraeli, in his Curiosities of 
Literature, says : 

Yet, with all this, such was his love 
of truth and rigid honor that Felton 
obtained the nickname of Honest 
Jack, one which, after the assassi- 
nation, became extremely popular 
through the nation. The religious 
enthusiasm of the times, as is well 
known, was of a nature that might 
easily occasion its votary to be mis- 
taken for a republican. 

Honest Jack. A nickname 

given to the Irish agitator John 

Lawless. 
Honest Old. Abe. Abraham 

Lincoln has been so called. Vid. 

Kirkland, Pictorial Book of An- 



HON 



157 



HUD 



ecdotes and Incidents of the War 
of the Rebellion (p. 646). 

Honest Old Zach. A name given 
to Senator Zachariah Chandler. 
Vid. Perley Poore, Life and 
Public Services of Ambrose E. 
Burnside (p. 281). 

Honest Tom. An epithet applied 
to Thomas Warton,. the English 
poet and critic, by Dibdin, in his 
Bibliomania or Book-Madness, 
where he says : 

A very common degree of shrewd- 
ness anci of acquaintance with litera- 
ture will show that in Menander 
and Scyorax are described honest 
Torn Warton and snarling Mister 
Joseph Kit son. 

Honie-Tongued. So John Wee- 
ver, in his JKpic/rammes (1595), 
calls "William Shakespeare. 

Honorio This character, in Dib- 
din's Bibliographical Decameron, 
was drawn' to represent George 
Hibbert, a London merchant, 
one of the originators of the 
London Institution and the 
"West India Docks, a member of 
Parliament, a botanist, and the 
owner of one of the five finest 
libraries in England. 

Horace, in Ben Jonson's comedy 
of The Poetaster, represents the 
author himself. Vid. DEME- 
TRIUS. 

Horace of France, The. A 
name given to Pierre de Eon- 
sard, whose odes are in imita- 
tion of Horace, and to Pierre 
Jean de Be'ranger. 

Horace of His Ag-e, The. So 
James Alban Ghibbes (or 
Gibbes), poet-laureate to Leo- 
pold, Emperor of Germany, 
styled himself. Vid. Wood, 
Fasti Oxoniensis. 

Horatlus Codes of tlie Tyrol. 
The. So Bonaparte called 
his general Dumas. 

Horoscope, who occurs in Sam- 
uel Garth's poem The Dispen- 
sary (canto ii), is intended for 
Dr. Houghton, an apothecary of 
London. 



Hortensius, a pedant in Charles 
SorePs Jxtravar/ant Shepherd, 
is a satire on Jean-Louis Guez, 
Seigneur de Balzac. 

Hot Gospeller, The. A nick- 
name given to Edward Under- 
bill, " of the Band of Gentlemen 
Pensioners," the son of Thomas 
Underbill of Honingham (War- 
wickshire, Eng.). He was im- 
prisoned in August, 15513, for 
a ballet that he made against 
the Papists, immediately after 
the Proclamation of Queen Mary 
at London; she being in Nor- 
folk. Vid. Camden Soc., Nar- 
ratives of the Days of the Refor- 
mation (1859); and Sari. MSS. 
(425). 

Hot-Headed Monk. An epithet 
conferred on Martin Luther, by 
Boileau-Despreaux, in his Epis- 
tle XII., where he says: 
Learn'd Sir, you're right. For all 

engaged "in sin 

Must, with the Love of God, then- 
change begin ; 
Yet, with that fierce, hot-headed 

Monk's good leave, 
The fears of hell, with guilty Sinners, 
grieve. 

Hotspur. A sobriquet conferred 
on Henry Percy, on account of 
his ungovernable temper. Vid. 
Shakespeare, 1 Henry 1 V. 

Hotspur of Debate, The. A 
title sometimes bestowed upon 
Edward Geoifrey,fourteenth Earl 
of Derby, whose power of invec- 
tive was almost unequalled. 

Hough-no. Cardinal Wolsey. 
Vid. Bo-Ho. 

Hudibras, the hero of Samuel 
Butler's poem of the same name, 
is usually conjectured to be a 
satirical portrait of Sir Samuel 
Luke, of Cople Hoo Farm, or 
Wood End, in Bedfordshire. 
Butler lived for a time in the 
service of this gentleman, who 
was an active justice of the 
peace, chairman of the quarter- 
sessions, and a colonel in the 
Parliamentary Army. (Vid. pt. 

1. 113). 



HUG 



158 



HYA 



In the Grub Street Journal, 
Colonel Rolls, a Devonshire gen- 
tleman, is said to be satirized 
under the character of Hudi- 
bras, and it is stated that Hugh 
de Bras was the name of the 
old tutelar saint of that county. 

Hugh Little-John, to whom Sir 
Walter Scott's Tales of a Grand- 
fnthvf are dedicated, was the 
author's grandson, John Hugh 
Lock hart. 

Hugh Strap. The real name of 
Smollett's celebrated barber was 
Hu^h Hughson; he died in the 
parish of St.Martin's-ra-the-Field 
in 1809, at the age of eighty-five, 
having kept a barber-shop in 
that locality for over forty years. 
His shop was hung around with 
Latin quotations, and he would 
frequently point out to his cus- 
tomers the several scenes in 
Roderick Random pertaining to 
himself, which had their foun- 
dation, not in the doctor's in- 
ventive fancy, but in truth and 
reality. 

Huguenot Pope, The. Philippe 
de Mornay. Vid. LE PAPB I>ES 
HUGUENOTS. 

Hull Mr., in Hook's novel of 
Gilbert Gttrney. was Thomas 
Hill. Vid. PAUL PRY. 

Humble and Heavenly-Mind- 
ed. A nickname applied to Dr. 
Richard Sibbes. Vid. Masson, 
Life of Milton (i. 405). 

Humpback, The. Andrea So- 
lari. Vid. DEL GOBBO. 

Humphrey Hocus, in Dr. Ar- 
btithnot's History of John Bull, 
is intended for the Duke of 
Marl borough, who is described 
as an "old cunning attorney," 
who " lovad money," and "pro- 
vided plentifully for Ms family; 
"but he loved himself better than 
them all. His neighbors re- 
ported he was hen-pecked, which 
was impossible by such a mild- 
spirited woman as his wife 
was.' 9 

Humpty-Dumpty. A nickname 
bestowed on William King by 



Bentley, in the Boyle and Bent- 
ley controversy. The name is 
given on account of Kind's love 
for tavern-pleasures, and he is 
accused of writing more in a 
tavern than in a study. 

Huppazoli. A nickname some- 
times given to Francis Secardi 
Hongo, consul of the state of 
Venice in the island of Scio dur- 
ing the seventeenth century. 

Hurricane, The. A nickname 
given to Count Honore Gabriele 
Riquetti Mirabeau, on account 
of the overpowering force of his 
eloquence, his energy and de- 
cision, which yielded to no oppo- 
sition, and the audacity of 
purpose which shrunk from, no 
difficulty. 

Husbandman, The. A name 
frequently conferred on Thomas 
Tusser, the author of A Hun- 
dreth Good Points of Husbandrie 
(1577), etc. 

Hushai, in Samuel Pordage's 
satirical poem Azaria and Hu- 
shai, is intended for Hyde, Earl 
, of Rochester, not to be con- 
founded with John Wilmot, 
Earl of Kochester. A parallel 
is drawn by the author between 
Hushai, the friend of David, 
who counteracted the counsels of 
Achitophel, and caused the plot 
of Absalom to miscarry, and 
Rochester, who defeated the 
plans of Shaftesbury, and quelled 
the rebellion of the Duke of 
Monmouth. 

Hutin, Le. So Louis X. was 
named, because, says Mazerai, 
" he was tongue-doughty.'* The 
h-utinet was a kind of mallet used 
by_ coopers, which made a great 
noise, but did not give very for- 
cible blows. 

The name may also be derived 
from the fact that his father sent 
him against the Hutins, a rebel- 
lious people of Navarre and 
Lyons. 

Hyacinth, in Fanny Fern's novel 
Ruth Hall, is intended to repre- 
sent Nathaniel P. Willis. 



159 



HYP 



Hyaena, The, mentioned in The 
Ohaldee MS. (ii. 17), is John 
Rlddell, a legal antiquarian. 

Hyena of Brescia, The. So the 
Austrian general Julius Jakob 
yon Haynau was named, on ac- 
count of the cruelties he prac- 
tised against the rebels in Bres- 
cia, in 1849. 

Hypochondre, L'. A nickname 
given to Moliere, the French 
dramatist, by his contemporaries. 
Among the lampoons against him 
was one called Moliere Hypochon- 
dre, a satirical comedy, and his 
pensive physiognomy, made so in 
part by his domestic troubles, 
was often the cause of wit among 
his enemies, while Boileau, his 



friend, calls him LE CONTEMPI.A- 
TEUB (q. v.). 

Hypocrite, The. A nickname 
given to Stephen Lobb, a mem- 
ber of the Jesuitical Cabal, em- 
ployed to gain over the Indepen- 
dents to the court of James II. 
Vi(L Wilkiiis, Political Ballads 
(i. 256). 

Hypocrite Bimeur, L'. An epi- 
thet conferred on Jean Racine. 
He had many enemies, and at 
one time some satirical couplets 
were written, and circulated hi 
the fashionable circles of Paris, 
in which he was called V 'Hypo- 
crite MmeiLT and L'HistoriQn 
trop paye". 



IF. 



160 



ILL 



L 



I. F., to whom Wordsworth ad- 
dressed two sonnets, was Mrs. I. 
Fen wick. 

lanthe, to whom Lord Byron dedi- 
cated his poem of (Jhilde Harold, 
was Lady Charlotte Harley, born 
in 180'J, and only eleven years old 
at the time. 

Idle Gossip, An. So Dr. Wolcot, 
in his Bw.Mlwt Epistle to Syl- 
vanits Urban, calls Mrs. Hester 
Lynch Piozzi. 

Idol of tlie A^e, The. So the 
Key. Dr. Brown, in his poem 
Honor (line 120), contributed 
to Dodsley's Collection of Old 
Poems, calls Rabelais. 

Idomeneus. A character in 
Feuelon's T&Umaque, which rep- 
resents Louis XIV. Henri Mar- 
tin, in his History of France, 
says : 

It has been sought to deny the allu- 
sions of TWc'maque: it abounds in 
them; the whole book is nothing 
but allusions, and this was inevita- 
ble and involuntary. Sesostris, Ido- 
meneus above all, Idomeneus nur- 
tured in ideas of pomp and lordli- 
ness, too much absorbed in details of 
business, neglecting agriculture to 
devote himself to the luxurious 
adornment of buildings, is Louis 
XIV.; Tyre is Holland; Protesilaus 
is Louvois ; the coalition against Ido- 
meneus is the League of Augsburg; 
the mountain-towers are the palaces 
of the Rhine and of Belgium, " the 
fortified towns built on the lands of 
others." Certain speeches of Mentor 
to Idomeneus remind us strongly 
of the anonymous letter to Louis 
XIV. By way of compensation, the 
philosophic excuses which Mentor 
gives for the fault of kings apply 
equally to Louis. Lastly, Mentor 
saying to Teleniachus, "The gods 
will demand of you more than of 
Idomeneus, because you have known 
the truth from your youth, and have 
never been abandoned to the seduc- 



tions of too great prosperity," is evi- 
dently Fenelon speaking to the 
grandson of the Great .King. 

Ignoramus. So John Dryden is 
called in the tract A Key, with 
the Whip, to open the Mystery and 
Iniquity of the Poem called Ab- 
salom and Achitophel. 

Hl-Pated Henry. So Pope, in 
his poern Windsor Forest (line 
309), calls Henry VI., King of 
England. 

Illinois Baboon, The. A nick- 
name given to President Lin- 
coln by the Confederates during 
the war of the Rebellion. Vid. 
Richardson, The Secret Service 
(p. 355). 

Illuminated Doctor, The. Vid. 
DOCTOR ILLUMINATUS. 

Illuminator. So Gregory, the 
apostle of Christianity among the 
Armenians in the third and 
fourth centuries, is called. 

Illustrious, The. The following 
personages have been endowed 
with this sobriquet: 

Jam-Sheid, the fifth king of 
the Paisdadian dynasty of Per- 
sia, who flourished in the eighth 
century B. C. 

Ptolemy V. and Nicomedes II. 
Albert V., Emperor of Austria 
in the fifteenth century. 

Kien-Long, fourth ruler of the 
Manchu dynasty of China. 

Illustrious, The. So Lord Byron, 
in the dedications prefixed to his 
Sardanapalvs and Werner, culls 
Goethe. Vid. also the Noctes 
Ambrosianse (Ixi.). 

Illustrious Conqueror of Com- 
mon-Sense. So Lord Byron, in 
the English Bards and Scotch 
Reviewers (line 220), calls Robert 
Southey. 



ILL 



161 



Illustrious Infidel, The. A nick- 
name given to Col. Robert G. 
Ingersoll. Vid. Puck (ix. 217). 

Illustrious Philip. An epithet 
given to Sir Philip Sidney, by 
Harvey, in his Valdinensium, 
where he says : 
Of thee, thee only should I hold 

my tongue. 
Illustrious Philip, while all other 

nations*' 

And every foreign land of thee are 
speaking? 

Imbecile, The. A name given to 
Jane of Castile, wife of Philip 
the Handsome, Arch-Duke of 
Austria, who lost her reason from 
grief at the neglect of her hus- 
band. 

Immortal, The. A title assumed 
by Yong-Tching, the third ruler 
of the Manclm dynasty of China. 

Immortal Dreamer, The. So 
Bunyan is called from his alle- 
gory, The Pile/rim's Progress. 
He was a tinker by profession, 
and is hence also termed THE IM- 
MORTAL TINKER and THE LN- 
SPIRED TINKER. 

Immortal Pindar's Foe. An 
epithet conferred on Charles Per- 
rault by Boileau. After years of 
dispute and ill-feeling they had 
become reconciled, and Boileau 
made an epigram on Perrault, ill 
which he says : 
The poets' wars at Paris cease, 
And Phoebus to his sons gives peace; 
Perrault, Immortal Pindar's Foe, 
And Homer's fastest friend, Boi- 
leau, 

Their critic quarrel now give o'er, 
As angry as they were before. 

Immortal Bebel. So Lord By- 
ron, in Childe Harold (IV. 
Ixxxv.), calls Oliver Cromwell. 

Impenetrable Goodman Dull, 
The. A nickname given to 
Oliver Goldsmith. Vid. THE 
LITERARY CASTOR. 

Imperial Machiavelli, The. So 
the Roman emperor Tiberius has 
been called. 

Impious, The. So Cowley, in 
his poem Sylvia (line 168), calls 
Oliver Cromwell. 



Impious Buffoon, This. So 
Blackmore, in his Essays (Lon- 
don, 1717), terms Dean Swift, in 
alluding to the latter's work 
The Tale of a Tub. 

Impostor, An. An epithet which 
liabelais applies to John Calvin. 
Vid. A PREDESTINATOR. 

Impostor, The. So Abraham 
Cowley, in his Ode upon Ills 
Majesty's Restoration and Re- 
turn, calls Oliver Cromwell. 

Impudent, The. A nickname 
given to Sir Constantine Phipps, 
Chancellor of Ireland in the 
reign of Queen Anne, but who 
for his Jacobite sympathies was 
removed, from his office immedi- 
ately upon the accession of 
George I. Vid. Wilkins, Politi- 
cal Ballads (ii. 160). 

Incomparable. So Dryden, in 
his preface to Troilus and Ores- 
sida (1679), calls William Shakes- 
peare, 

Incomprehensible Holofernes, 
The. A nickname given to Dr. 
Samuel Johnson. Vid. THE 
LITERARY CASTOR. 

Indian Apostle, The.. Rev. 
John Eliot is so called. Vid* 
THE APOSTLE OF THE INDIANS. 

Indignant Bard, The. So Beat- 
tie calls Alcjeus, the Greek 
poet. Vid. THE RAPT SAGE. 

Indolent, The. A nickname 
given to Frederick IV. of Ger- 
many. He was a well-meaning 
prince, but far too pacific and 
indolent for the times. He was 
temperate, devout, parsimonious, 
scrupulous about trifles, simple 
in his habits, of a mild disposi- 
tion, and naturally averse to 
excitement or exertion. He neg- 
lected the interests of his coun- 
try to indulge in his favorite 
studies in alchemy, astronomy, 
and botany. He had no talent 
for ruling, and took more delight 
in his cabbages and apple-or- 
chard than in his camp and 
subjects. 



IND 



162 



TNT 



Indolent, The. Louis V. of 
France. Vid. LE FAINEANT. 

Infamous, The. A name given 
to Elizabeth Petrowna, Empress 
of Russia. She has also been 
described as LA CATIX DU 
XOKD, *. e., THJB NORTHERN 
HARLOT. 

Infant of Liibeck, The. A so- 
briquet conferred on Christian 
Heinrich Heinecken, a remark- 
able specimen of a juvenile 
prodigy. Schonich, his precep- 
tor, related wonderful stories 
concerning the boy, such as his 
knowledge of the history of the 
entire Bible at the age of two 
years, his mastery of French 
and Latin at three, etc. 

Infante de Anteguera, El, is 
the regent Fernando, who cap- 
tured the city of Anteguerafrom 
the Moors in 1419. 

Inf ortunatus. A nickname given 
to the illegitimate son of Robert 
Greene. When Greene left his 
wife and went to London, he 
became intimate with a prosti- 
tute, the sister of Cutting Ball, 
a captain of a gang of thieves. 
She had a son by him, who was 
named Fortunatus. This son 
died in August, 1593. Harvey, 
in his Fonre Letters and (Jertaine 
Sonnets, gave him the above 
nickname when speaking of the 
father, thus : 

I was altogether unacquainted with 
the man, and never once saluted 
Mm by name : but who in London 
hatk not heard of his dissolute 
and licentious living; his infamous 
resorting to Banckside, Shorditeh, 
and other filthy haunts : his obscure 
lurking!* in basest corners ; his pawn- 
ing of his sword, cloake, and what 
not, when money came short; his 
imprudent pamphletting, phantasti- 
cail interluding, and desperate libel- 
ling, when other coosening shifts 
failed; his omplovinge of Ball (sur- 
named cuttinge Ball) till he was 
intercepted at Tiborne, to leavy a 
crew of his trustiest companions, to 
guarde him in danger of Arrests: 
Ms keeping of the foresaid Ball's 
sister, a sorry ragged queane, of 
whom hee had his base sonne, Infor- 
fnnaisus Greene; Ms forsaking his 



owne wife, too honest for such a 
husband; particulars are infinite; 
his contemning of Superiors, derid- 
ing of other, and defying of all 
good order? 

"Ing-lesina, D*. So the Italians 
called Cecilia Davies, an Eng- 
lish vocalist, and the first Eng- 
lishwoman accepted in Italy as 
prima donna. 

Inimitable, The. George Gran- 
ville, in one of his poems, thus 
calls Edmond Waller. 

Innominato, in Alessandro Man- 
zoni's novel I Promessi Sposi 
(1837), represents, according to 
Prof. Angelo de Gubematis, the 
author himself, and Cardinal 
Borromeo is intended for his 
friend and confessor, Tosi. 

Inquisitor of Atheists, The. A 
nickname given to Jacques 
Andre ISTaigeon, a French littera- 
teur and free-thinker, on account 
of his intolerance. 

Insatiate Archer. A sobriquet 
applied to William S. Archer. 
Vid, Higginson, Larger History 
of the United States (p. 424) : 

Archer of Virginia, too, generally 
designated as " Insatiate Archer," 
from his fatal long-windedness. 

Insolent, The. A nickname 
given to Caffarelli, the Italian 
singer. Vid. Crowest, Musical 
Anecdotes (ii. 25). 

Inspired Idiot, The. So Horace 
Walpole called Oliver G-old- 
smith. Vid. Black, Goldsmith, 
in English Men of Letters (cap. 
vi.). 

Inspired Tinker, The. John 
Bunyan. Vid. THE IMMORTAL 
TINKER. 

Intellectual Artist, The. A 
nickname given to Nicholas 
Poussin. His elegance, correct- 
ness, force, perspicuity, his at- 
tention to drapery, and his 
familiarity with classic costumes, 
gained for him the name. 

Intellectual Epicure, An. A 
nickname given to I>r. Henry 
More, the English divine and 
philosopher, who, after finishing 



INT 



163 



IRI 



some of his writings, which had 
occasioned much fatigue, was 
subject to fits of ecstasy, during 
which he seemed entirely en- 
gulfed in joy and happiness-. 
Vid. THE MAN MOUSE. 
Intellectual Eunuch, The. So 
Lord Byron, in Don Juan (xi. 8), 
calls Viscount Castlereagh, the 
second Marquis of Londonderry. 

Intendente de Fortificazione. 

So Mazzuchelli styles Jacobus 
Acontius. Vid. Stephen, Dic- 
tionary of National Biography. 
Interpreter of the Renais- 
sance, The. A name given to 
Michael Angelo Buonarotti. J. 
A. Symonds, in his Renaissance 
in Italy (iii. 346, 421), says: 

Among the multitudes of figures 
covering the wall above the altar in 
the Sistine Chapel there is one that 
might well stand for a symbol of the 
Renaissance. It is a woman of 
gigantic stature in the act of toiling 
upwards from the tomb. Grave- 
clothes impede the motion of her 
body; they shroud her eyes and 
gather round her chest. Part only 
of her face and throat is visible, 
where may be read a look of blank 
bewilderment and stupefaction, a 
struggle with death's slumber in 
obedience to some inner impulse. 
Yet she is rising slowly, half awake, 
and scarcely conscious, to await a 
doom still undetermined. Thus 
Michael Angelo interpreted the 
meaning of his age. 

. . . When we call Michael Angelo 
the Interpreter of the Burden and 
the Pain of the Renaissance, we must 
remember this long^ weary old age, 
during which in solitude and silence 
he watched the extinction of Flor- 
ence, the institution of the Inquisi- 
tion, and the abasement of the 
Italian spirit beneath the tyranny of 
Spain. 

Intrepid, The . A nickname given 
to Boleslas I., King of Poland, 
and conqueror of Bohemia and 
the neighboring states. 

Invalid Laureate, The. A name 
under which Paul Scarron, the 
French comic poet, often spoke 
of himself during the time he 
was receiving a pension from 
Queen Anne. 



Inventive Skelton, The. AJI 
epithet applied to John Skelton, 
of whom, in comparing that 
poet's Philip Sparrow and Ely- 
noure Rummynr/, Disraeli, in his 
Amenities of Literature, says : 
The amazing contrast of these two 
poems is the most certain evidence 
of the extent of the genius of the 
poet ; he who with copious fondness 
dwelt on a picture which rivals the 
gracefulness of Albano could with 
equal completeness give us the 
drunken gossipers of an Ostado. It 
is true that in the one we are more 
than delighted, and in the other we 
are more than disgusted; but, in the 
impartiality of philosophical criti- 
cism, we must award that none but 
the most original genius could pro- 
duce both, ft is this which enables 
our bard to be styled the Inventive 
Skelton. 

Invincible Doctor, The. Will- 
iam of Occam. Vid. DOCTOR 

SlNGULARIS ET 



Invincible Soldier, The. So 
Edward the BLACK PRINCE (q.v.y 
is termed in A* True Relation of a 
Brave English Stratagem Prac- 
tised Lately upon a Sea Town in 
Gaticia, . . . (London, 1626; p. 
8), reprinted by Arber, in his 
English Garner (vol. i.)- 

lo Psean Dick. A nickname 
given to Richard Harvey, who 
wrote Ephemeron, swe Psean in 
Gratiam reformats^ dialectics, 
by Nash, in his Have with you to 
Saffron Walden (London, 1596), 
where he says : 

This is that Dick, of whom Kit 
Marloe was wont to say, that he was 
an asse, good for nothing but to 

E reach of the Iron Age; dialoguiz- 
ig Dicke, lo Pajan Dicke, Synesian 
and Pierian Dick, Dick the true 
Brute, or noble Trojan, or Dick that 
hath vowed to live and die in defence 
of Brute, and this pur lies first off- 
spring from the Troians, Dick against 
baldness, Dick against Buchanan, 
little and little witted Dicke, Aquinas 
Dicke, Liprian Dick, heigh light a 
love a Dick, that lost his Benefice 
and his Wench, both at once. 

Irish Agitator, The. A name 
given to Daniel O'Connell, identi- 
fied with the movements or asso- 



IRI 

clations having for their object 
the emancipation of the Catho- 
lics in Ireland. 

Irish Anacreon, The. A name 
given to Turloch O'Carolan, 
*' the last true bard of Ireland," 
on account of his bacchanalian 
songs. Bernard Bayle, in his Life 
oj tiamuel Lover (i. 98), says: 

The pay, convivial Beranger grows 
comporiwl beside these transports, 
and the heartiest roar of Burns sinks 
Int o a sort of festive murmur. Some- 
thing of their vigor is due to tem- 
perament; something more, perhaps, 
to their liquor, which beyond all 
power of wine sends the soul whirl- 
ing into the air as if the impulse was 
volcanic, and something also in their 
times, when in the delirium of these 
festivities the vehement spirits of 
many a Catholic found taeir sole 
means of escape. 

Irish Atticus, The. Under this 
name Lord Chesterfield satirized 
Oeorge Faulkner. 

Irish Crichton, The. A sobri- 
quet conferred on John Hender- 
son, an Irish poet and essayist. 

Irish De Stael, The. An epithet 
applied to Lady Morgan. She 
worshipped the aristocracy while 
cherishing republican sympa- 
thies, and, not content to be a 
woman of genius, she was re- 
solved to be thought a phe- 
nomenon. 

Irish Johnson. So John Henry 
Johnson, an excellent imperson- 
ator of Irish character, is nick- 
named in the Noctes Ambro- 
sianss (xxviii.)- 

Irish Plato, The. So George 
Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, a 
celebrated Irish philosophical 
writer, is frequently termed. 

Irish Smollett, The. A name 
given to Charles James Lever, 
on account of some of his novels, 
which are mirthful and uproari- 
ous narratives, and which present 
a brief revival of the old explo- 
sive comic romance which dis- 
tinguished the past century. 

Iron- Arm. Francois de Lanone. 
Vid* BEAS DE FEB.. 



& mo 

Iron Arm, The. A nickname 
given to William, first Count of 
Apulia. He was the eldest of 
the twelve sons of Tancred de 
Hauteville, a gentleman of lower 
Normandy. The father's estates 
being insufficient to support so 
numerous a family, several of 
the sons, among whom were 
William and Robert (called THE 
CUNNING), went to Italy, and 
joined a band of adventurers, 
who were frequently hired to 
fight in battle against the foes of 
their adopted country. This 
band finally increased, with the 
continued arrival of other adven- 
turers from France, to such a 
power that they stopped fighting 
for others, and commenced to 
conquer the rulers of different 
parts of Italy for their own bene- 
fit. Their work in this line is 
since called the Norman Con- 
quest, and endures to this day. 
Between 1040 and 1043 they con- 
quered Apulia, and twelve of 
their best men, in age, birth, and 
merit, divided the conquered 
territory between themselves, 
with one ruler over all. The 
first of these peers, their general 
and leader, was William, who 
thus became the first Count of 
Apulia. In the language of the 
age he is styled a lion in battle, a 
lamb in society, and an angel in 
council. He was crafty, yet 
gifted with a semblance of sin- 
cerity ; had the piety of a pilgrim 
and the morals of a highway- 
man ; was beloved by the women 
for his manly beauty and by his 
soldiers for his bravery. Per- 
severing under difficulties, con- 
quering in the face of overwhelm- 
ing obstacles, and holding his 
conquests with an iron grasp, the 
Italians called him II Bracchio 
di Ferro, the Iron Arm, which 
French writers have translated 
into their language as LE BRAS 
r>E FEB. 

Iron Duke, The. A nickname 
given to Henry, Duke of Sax- 
ony, and afterwards King of Ger- 
many, on account of his bringing 



IRQ 



165 



ISH 



into submission the Dukes of 
Suabia and Bavaria. 

Iron Duke, Tne. A nickname 
given to Maximilien de Bethune, 
Due de Sully, the French states- 
man under Henry IV. He 
granted very lew pensions, estab- 
lished order and the strictest 
economy in all branches of the 
administration, revised the funds, 
abolished numerous imposts, ex- 
posed the frauds of the tax- 
farmers, abolished a host of state 
offices, established manufacto- 
ries, encouraged agriculture, and 
by his wise advice to the king, 
who followed his counsel, greatly 
improved France in many other 
ways. 

Iron Duke, The. A title given 
to Arthur "Wellesley, the Duke 
of "Wellington, from his iron will 
and constitution. Gleig states 
that the name arose " out of the 
building of an iron steam-boat 
which plied between Liverpool 
and Dublin, and which its owners 
called the * Duke of Wellington.' 
The term ' Iron Duke : was first 
applied to the vessel ; and by and 
by, rather in jest than in earnest, 
it was transferred to the duke 
himself." 

Iron-Hand. So Goetz von Ber- 
lichingen (Goetz vonder eisernen 
Hand) is called. Having lost 
his right hand at the siege of 
Landshut, he had one made of 
iron to supply its place. 

Iron Hand, The. A sobriquet 
bestowed upon Henri de Tonti, 
one of the first explorers of the 
Mississippi, because he had sup- 
plied the loss of one of his hands 
by an iron one. 

Iron-Handed, The. A nick- 
name given to Ernest, Duke of 
Austria, of the Styrian line, on 
account of the energy of his 
mind, the strength of his consti- 
tution, and his restless disposi- 
tion. 

Iron Leg's. A nickname given to 
the grandfather of the celebrated 
Joseph Grimaldi, "from his j 



being supposed to be the best 
jumper in the world, an exer- 
cise for which there was at 
one time a prevailing taste in 
France." 

Ironside. A name given to Ed- 
mund II., King of the Anglo- 
Saxons, from his iron armor. 

Iron-Tooth, The. A nickname 
given to Frederick II., Elector 
of Brandenburg. He was only 
twenty-seven at his accession, 
but when some of the burghers, 
presuming on his youth, tried 
to take some liberty with him, 
he showed his strength so quickly 
and well that he was called " The 
Iron-Tooth . ' ' Vid . DENT DE PER. 

Irref rag-able Doctor, The. 
Alexander Hales. Vid. THE 
FOUNTAIN OF LIFE. 

Isabel. A character in Greene's 
novel Never too Late, drawn to 
represent his wife. Her name 
was Dorothy, and she was the 
daughter of a squire in Lincoln- 
shire. They were married in 
1586, and for a while they 
enjoyed a period of conjugal 
happiness, but after a few 
months they parted. It is sup- 
posed he was wearied with her 
moralizing and economizing. 
She, with her child, went into 
Lincolnshire, and he went to 
London, where the lewd arts of 
a courtesan probably aroused Ms 
passions. A passionate man 
like Greene would have returned 
to his wife for pardon, and have 
endeavored to have lived down his 
offences by loving attention, but 
the wife did not understand his 
character, she was revolted by 
his conduct, and reproached him 
for it with all the indignation 
of an honest heart. The happy 
ending in the novel, where the 
wife and husband were reunited, 
was not drawn from Greene's 
experience, though the remain- 
der of the novel is plainly a pic- 
ture of himself and wife. Vid. 
FRANCESCO. 

Isnban, in Dryden and Tate's 
satire of Absalom and Achito2rfiel, 



ISH 



166 



ITA 



Is intended for Sir Robert Clay- 
ton, who would 
e'ea turn loyal to be made a peer. 

Ishbosheth, in Dryden's satire 
of Absalom and Achitophel, 
represents Richard Cromwell, 
the son of the Protector. 

Issachar, in Dryden's satire of 
Abxnloni and ArJittophel, is in- 
tended for Thomas Thynne, of 
Longleate Hall, a friend of the 
Duke of Monnionth. Thynne 
was assassinated in his carriage, 
In Pall Mall, by ruffians em- 
ployed by Count Koningsmark, 
who was jealous of the attentions 
paid by his victim to Lady Eliz- 
abeth Percy, the widow of the 
Earl of Ogle. Within three 
months after the murder of Mr. 
Thynne, Lady Percy married 
the Duke of Somerset. 

Italian Callimaehus, The. A 
title given to Filippo Buonae- 
corsi, the sculptor. 



Italian Gray, The. An epithet 
given to Carlo Alessandro 
Guidi, an Italian poet, whose 
odes, however, are more imagi- 
native than those of Thomas 
Gray. 

The same sobriquet has been 
bestowed upon Ippolito Pinde- 
monte, one of the coterie who 
were known as the Delia Crus- 
can School. 

Italian Moliere, The, A sobri- 
quet bestowed on Carlo Goldoni, 
who, in the department of dra- 
matic poetry in which he ex- 
celled, namely, description of 
character and manners, took 
Moliere for his model, 

Italian Pindar, The. Gabriello 
Chiabrera, one of the best mod- 
ern imitators of Pindar, is fre- 
quently thus called. 

Italian Schubert, The. A title 
given to Luigi Gordigiani, a cel- 
ebrated Italian composer of the 
present century, 



JAG 



167 



JAK 



J. 



Jack, in Dr. Arbuthnot's History 
of John Bull and Swift's Tale 
of a Tub, is intended for John 
Calvin., the French Protestant 
reformer. 

Jack -Amend-All. One of the 
nicknames bestowed on Jack 
Cade, the London rebel, who 
promised to remedy all abuses. 

Jack Asse. An anagram, which 
Rabelais made on the name 
of John Calvin. Vid. MAD 

MAN. 

Jack Cade of Prance, The. A 
nickname given to Guillaume 
Caillet (died 1359), a French 
revolutionary chief, and a leader 
of the Jacques Bonhomme, a 
"band of 20,000 peasants, who 
rose against their oppressive gov- 
ernment. 

Jack of Clubs. A sobriquet 
bestowed on Gen. Philip H. 
Sheridan by his soldiers. Vid, 
Shanks, Personal Recollections 
of Distinguished Generals (p. 
307). 

Jack of Newbiiry. A sobriquet 
bestowed on John "Wlnchcornb. 
From Henry Peacham's Corn- 
pleat Gentleman we learn that 
"he was the most considerable 
clothier England ever had^. He 
kept an hundred looms in his 
house, each managed by a man 
and a boy. He feasted King 
Henry Vf II. and his first Queen 
Catherine at his own house in 
Newbury, now divided into six- 
teen clothiers' houses. He built 
the church of Newbury, from 
the pulpit westward to the 
town.*' 

At the battle of Flodden in 
1513, Winchcomb joined the 



Earl of Surrey with a corps of 
one hundred men, equipped at 
his own expense, who distin- 
guished themselves greatly in 
that tight. Thomas Deloney 
wrote a tale on the subject, pub- 
lished in 1596. 

Jack of Spades. A sobriquet 
bestowed on Gen. John A.' 
Logan by his troops. Vid, 
Shanks, Personal Recollections 
of Distinguished Generals (p. 
307). 

Jack the Painter. A nickname 
given to James Aitken, an in- 
cendiary, who was tried at "Win- 
chester, March 7, 1777, and con- 
victed of setting fire to the rope- 
house in the royal dock-yard at 
Portsmouth, Aitkeii intended 
crippling Great Britain during 
the American Revolution. 

Jackall, Thou. So Dr. Wolcot, 
in his Epistle to James Boswell f 
calls the latter. 

James of the Sink-Hole. So 
W. Patten, in his Expedition 
into Scotland (1548), terms Jaco- 
bus de Voraigne, a Dominican 
friar of the thirteenth century. 
His Ler/enda Aurea was pub- 
lished in 1470. Vid. Watt, Bio- 
graphical Dictionary (ii. 938), 
and Didot, Bioyraphie Univer- 
se lie, 

Jamie, in the ballad Auld Robin 
Gray (q. v.), is Sir James Bland 
Burges. 

Jamie Graeme. So the Queen 
of Bohemia called the Marquis 
of Montrose. Vid. Masson, Life 
of Milton (iv. 181). 

Janus-Faced Critic, A. A 
name sometimes given to John 
Hill, a man of remarkable 



JAU 



168 



JEN 



talent, but of a bad moral char- 
acter. 

Jaunting- Carr, The. A nick- 
name given to Sir John Carr, an 
English lawyer, who took to 
making books. In 1803 he pub- 
lished The Stranger in France, 
which proved so successful that 
in 1800 he published The Stran- 
ger in Ireland, After the publi- 
cation of the latter, the wags of 
Ireland, where the favorite car- 
riage of the time was the jaunt- 
ing-car, nicknamed Sir John, on 
account of his tnuch journeying, 
"The Jaunting Carr," a name 
which stuck to him to the day 
of his death, and much annoyed 
him. He was also the author of 
many other volumes of travels, 
visiting nearly every country of 
Europe for materials for his 
works, and likewise published a 
volume of poems. The order of 
knighthood was conferred upon 
him by the lord-lieutenant of 
Ireland. Byron, in a letter 
from Gibraltar, written to Hodg- 
son, says : 

I have seen Sir John Carr at 
Seville and Cadiz, and have been 
down OB my knees to beg he 
would not put me into black and 
white. 

Jay. A name given to Sir Eich- 
ard Steele by Dr. Wagstaffe. 
Disraeli, in his Quarrels of Au- 
thors, quoting Wagstaff e, says : 
Steele was a jay who borrowed a 
feather from a peacock, another 
from a bullfinch, and another from 
a magpie ; so that Dick is made up of 
borrowed colors; he borrowed his 
humor from Estcourt, criticism 
from Addinon, his poetry of Pope, 
and his politics of Ridpath. 

Jean d']pe. A title bestowed 
upon Napoleon Bonaparte by his 
partisans in France, who endeav- 
ored to re-establish him upon the 
throne after his banishment to 
Elba. 

Jean Paul. A sobriquet bestowed 
upon Jean Paul Friedrich Rich- 

ter, he having adopted his Chris- 
tian name as a pseudonym. 



Jeered Will. A name by which 
Sir William Davenant was for- 
merly spoken of. 

Jeffries' Headsman. So Byron, 
in Don Juan (xiii. 38), calls 
George Hardinge, a Welsh judge. 

Jehu. A nickname given to Louis 
XVIII. of France, by the unor- 
ganized legitimists who attempt- 
ed to restore him to the throne. 

Jemmy Butler. A nickname 
given to the Duke of Ormond, 
one of the intriguers for the res- 
toration of the Stuarts. Vid. 
Wilkins, Political Ballads (ii. 
168). 

Jemmy Twitcher, in Gay's Beg- 
gar's Opera, is intended for John, 
Earl of Sandwich, a vicious char- 
acter, and noted for his liaison 
with Miss Bay, who was shot by 
the Eev. "Captain" Hackman 
out of jealousy. Gay thus de- 
scribes him : 
When sly Jemmy; Twitcher had 

smugged up his face, 
With a lick of court whitewash and 
pious grimace. 

The Earl of Sandwich "had been 
an intimate friend of Wilkes, 
but turned against him when he 
was persecuted by the court and 
the ministry. " Shortly after the 
meeting of Parliament," says 
Macaulay, " The Beg (jar's Opera 
was acted at Covent Garden 
Theatre. When Macheath ut- 
tered the words : ' That Jemmy 
Twitcher should 'peach me, I 
own, surprised me,' pit, boxes, 
and gallery burst into a roar 
which seemed likely to bring the 
roof down. From that day Sand- 
wich was universally known as 
Jemmy Twitcher." 

Jenisa, in Mrs. Manley's Secret 
History of Queen Zorah, is in- 
tended for the mother of the 
Duchess of Marlborough, whose 
maiden name was Jennings. Vid. 
QUEEN ZORAH. 

Jennie Deans, the heroine of Sir 
"Walter Scott's novel of The 
Heart of Midlothian, was drawn 
from Helen Walker, over whose 



JEN 



169 



JES 



grave in the church -yard of Iron- 
gray, stewartry of Kirkcudbright, 
the poet caused a tombstone to 
be erected. 

Jenson of His Day, The. A 
nickname given to John Bask- 
erville, a celebrated printer of 
Birmingham, England, who, like 
Jenson, the well Known Venetian 
printer, was also a type-founder. 
Dibdin, in Ms Bibliographical 
Decameron (iii. 316), says: 

When Dr Hunter set about the 
elephantine folio publication of The 
Anatomy of the Human Gravid 
Uterus, which cost him upwards of 
twenty years of toil, expense, and 
anxiety, he employed Baskerville, 
the Jenson of his day, to introduce 
it to the public notice with every 
possible degree of typographical ad- 
vantage. 

Jenson of the North, The. A 
nickname given to James Ballan- 
tyne, a Scottish printer and pub- 
lisher, by Dibdin, in his Biblio- 
graphical Decameron (ii. 418). 

Jerry the Old Screw. A nick- 
name bestowed upon Jeremy 
Bentham, in the Noctes Ambro- 
siansd (xxviL). 

Jessamy Bride, The. A nick- 
name given to Mary Horneck, a 
young girl with whom. Goldsmith 
fell in love. She was the daugh- 
ter of Mrs. Horneck, the widow 
of Captain Kane Horneck, and 
was a relative of Reynolds, the 
artist, who introduced Goldsmith 
to her, in 17G9. She had one sis- 
ter, named Catherine, at this time 
nineteen years of age, who a few 
years later married Henry Will- 
iam Bunbury, the caricaturist, 
and was nicknamed in the family 
Little Comedy, and one brother, 
Charles, nicknamed Captain ia 
Lace, who had joined the 
Guards. Goldsmith accompa- 
nied the mother and the two 
daughters during their journey 
in France, and is said to have 
been seriously angry that more 
attention was paid to them than 
to him. Boswell says so, but, as 
Bozzy was willing to conceal his 
own follies by pointing out what 



he considered those of others, it 
is well not to believe all he says. 
Mary at the time of Goldsmith's 
death had no declared lover, nor 
was she married till four years 
after, to Colonel, afterwards Gen- 
eral, Gwyn. Both the girls were 
remarkably beautiful, and Mary 
exerted a strange fascination over 
Goldsmith. Heaven only knows 
what impossible dreams may at 
this time have visited the awk- 
ward, unattractive man of letters. 
But whether at any time aspir- 
ing to other regard than genius 
and simplicity might claim, at 
least these two sisters heartily 
liked him; and probably the hap- 
piest hours of the latter years of 
his life were passed in their soci- 
ety. Burke was their guardian 
and tenderly remembered them 
in his premature old age, while 
their social as well as personal 
charms are spoken of by all. 
Hazlitt met Mary in JSTorthcot's 
studio (Catherine had then long 
been dead), and says at that time 
she was still talking of her favor- 
ite Doctor Goldsmith, with rec- 
ollection and affection unabated 
by time. At that time she was 
beautiful, beautiful even in years. 
The Graces had triumphed over 
age. " I could almost fancy the 
shade of Goldsmith in the room,'* 
says Hazlitt, " looking round 
with complacency." The nick- 
name and the nicknames of the 
brother and sister are preserved 
in a bit of verse by Goldsmith, 
written in return for an invita- 
tion to a dinner-party, where he 
was to meet Reynolds, Dr. (after- 
wards Sir George) Baker, and 
Angelica Kaufmann, which 
says : 

Your mandate I got, 
You may all go to pot. 
Had your senses been right, 
You'd have sent before night. 
So tell Horneck and Nesbit, 
And Baker and his bit', 
And Kaufmann beside, 
And the Jessamy Bride, 
With the rest of the crew, 
The Reynoldsea too, 
Little Comedy's face, 



JES 



170 



JOH 



And the Captain in Lace, 
Tell each other to rue 
Your Devonshire crew, 
For sending so late 
To one of ray state, 
But 'tis Reynolds'* way, 
From wisdom to stray, 
And Angelica's whim 
To be frolick like him. 

Jesuit, That. A nickname given 
to William Penn, the Quaker, 
wlio publicly preached in favor 
of James I. and his Declaration 
of Indulgence. Vid. Wilkins, 
Political Ballads (i. 256). 

Jeune, Le. So Louis VII., King 
of France, is called. 

Jeune Damoisel Richart, Le. 
So Froissart calls Richard II. 

Jewel, The. "Roscius, whom the 
eloquent orator and excellent 
statesman of Rome, Marcus 
Cicero, for his elegant pronun- 
tiation and formal! gesture, called 
his Jewell, had from the common 
treasury of the Roman Excheq- 
uer a daily pention allowed him," 
etc. Vid. Heywood, An Apoloyy 
for Actors (1612), repr. Shakes, 
soc. London (1841, p. 42). 

Jewel of Bishops, The. So 
Hooker calls John Jewel, Bishop 
of Salisbury, "the worthiest 
divine that Christendom hath 
bred for some hundred of years." 

Jewish Plato, The. A sobriquet 
of Philo Judaeus, a Jewish phi- 
losopher, who flourished in the 
first century. 

Jewish Socrates. A nickname 
sometimes given to Moses Men- 
delssohn, on account of his being 
a German Jew and the author of 
Phsedon, or a Dialogue on the 
Immortality of the Soul 

Jim Crow Bice. Thomas D. 
Bice, the comedian, has fre- 
quently been alluded to as " Jim 
Crow'' Rice, "Jim Crow "be- 
ing one of his best characters. 
Vid. Winter, The Jeffersons (p. 
183). 

Joan of Arc of Peace, The. A 
name given to Madame Julia de 
Weitinghoff Krudener, a Russian 
litterateur and mystic. 



Jock Presbyter. A nickname 
given to Sir William Jones, an 
English lawyer, after he had in- 
troduced a bill in Parliament to 
exclude the Duke of York from 
the throne. It appears in an 
epitaph, published in that mis- 
cellany of satire and indecency 
the State Poems (in. p. 157), 
which says: 

Sir William in Arcta custodia lies, 
Committed by Death sans bail or 

mainprize, 
Forsaking his King, a very good 

client, 

He turn'd Jock Presbyter, O fie on't! 
And being thus from Ms allegiance 

free, 
Returned was by him for anarchy. 

Jockey of Norfolk, The. A 
nickname given to Sir John 
Howard, Duke of Norfolk, an 
English general and diplomatist, 
and a firm friend of Richard III, 
Sir John, magnificent in estate 
and offices, accompanied his king 
to the field of Bosworth, and 
there, having been regardless of 
the warning affixed to his tent 
the night before, 
Jockey of Norfolk, be not too bold, 
For Dickon, thy master, is bought 

and sold, 
sustained his fealty with death. 

Jocular Samson. So the Rev. 
Sydney Smith, in his Letters on 
t/ie Subject of the Catholics (1838), 
calls George Canning. 

Jociind Johnny. A nickname 
which Sir Walter Scott occasion- 
ally applied to John Ballantyne. 

Johannes fac totum, i.e., JACK 
OB" ALL TRADES. So Robert 
Greene calls Shakespeare. Vid. 
SHAKE-SCENE. 

John Gilpin, the hero of Cowper's 
poem of the same name, is sup- 
posed to be intended for a certain 
Mr. Bayer, "an eminent linen- 
draper," whose shop wa's in 
Cheapside, London. 

John Kobbler. A nickname as- 
sumed by John Kelsp Hunter, a 
Scotch artist. In his youth he 
learned the trade of a shoe- 
maker, and settled in Kilmar- 



JOH 



171 



JUD 



nock in pursuance of his calling, 
where he married. He then be- 
came fired with the ambition of 
"being a painter, and, in spite of 
the responsibilities of daily pro- 
viding for a family, pursued the 
object on which he had set his 
heart, with such enthusiasm and 
energy as to secure for himself a 
respectable position as a portrait- 
painter. He used to sign the ini- 
tials " J. K." to his pictures, and 
said it stood for " John Kobbler " ; 
hence he became known by this 
nickname. He was a man of a 
sturdy independence of charac- 
ter, and had a wide circle of 
friends, besides being the author 
of several works in literature. 

John O 'Cataract. A nickname 
given to John Neal, the Ameri- 
can novelist, " on account of his 
impetuous manners." The name 
was afterward adopted by him as 
a pseudonym. 

John of Bruges. A title given 
to the Flemish painter John van 
Eyck, from his place of resi- 
dence. 

John of Gaunt. A title bestowed 
on the third son of Edward III., 
who was born at Ghent, in 
Flanders. 

John of Skye, referred to in 
Christopher in the Tent (August, 
1819), is John Bruce, bag-pi per of 
the household of Sir Walter 
Scott. 

John the Almoner, So St. 
Chrysostom is named, because he 
bestowed the greater portion of 
his revenues on charitable insti- 
tutions. 

John, the Brother of James, in 
The Chaldee MS. (iv. 20), is John 
Ballantyne, " which is a man of 
low stature, and giveth out mer- 
ry things, and is a lover of fables 
from his youth up. 5 ' 

John with the Leaden Sword. 
This title was applied by Earl 
Douglas to John Plantagenet, 
the Duke of Bedford, who acted 
as regent for King Henry VI. in 
France. 



Jonathan, who occurs in Eobert 
Schumann's musical essays (the 
Davidtibiindler), is intended for 
Jonathan Schunke, the friend of 
the author. 

Josiah of England, The. A 
nickname given to Edward VI. 
Vid. THE SAINT. 

Jotham, in Dryden's satire of 
Absalom and Achitophel. repre- 
sents George Savile, Marquis of 
Halifax. Vid., for explanation, 
Judges ix. 

Jove of Jolly Fellows, The. A 
sobriquet bestowed upon John 
van Buren. Vid. Bungay, Off- 
Hand Takings (p. 127)* 

Jove of the Modern Critical 
Olympus, The. A nickname 
given to Leigh Hunt. Vid. LORD 
MAYOR OF THE THEATRIC SKY. 

Jove's Poet. A name given to 
Thomas Moore by Samuel Lover, 
in a poem called The Poet's Elec- 
tion, sung at a dinner given to 
Moore in Dublin, 1818 : 
But endless 'twould be here to tell 

all the Gods 
Who gave to the Poet their smiles 

and their nocls ; 
And he who from Erin Ms heart 

ne'er could sever 

Was duly elected Jove's Poet for- 
ever. 

Jovial, The. A nickname given 
to Otho, Duke of Austria, on ac- 
count of his spirit and vivacity, 
and the hilarity of his temper. 
He reigned with his brother Al- 
bert in such wonderful harmony 
that no indications can be seen of 
their separate administrations. 

Jovial Toper, The. Walter 
Mapes. Vid. THE ANACREON 
OF THE TWELFTH CENTURY. 

Jowler, in Tobias Smollett's politi- 
cal romance The History and 
Adventures of an Atom, repre- 
sents the Earl of Chatham. 

Jubilee Dicky. A nickname 
given to Henry Norris, Vid. 
DICKY SCRUB. 

Judas, in Dryden and Tate's sat- 
ire of Absalom and Achitophel, 



JUD 



172 JUP 



is intended for Robert Ferguson, 
a Nonconformist, who Avas eject- 
ed from his living of Godmers- 
ham, in Kent, in 1W2, and after- 
wards distinguished himself by 
his political intrigues. Vid. THE 
PLOTTER. 

Judas. So Sir Pi-obert Peel is 
nicknamed in a song in the 
JWfas AmbrostnnsB (xlv.), be- 
cause he carried the Catholic 
emancipation bill, against which 
his whole previous career had 
been opposed : 
Here Judas, with a face where shame 

Or honor ne'er was known to be, 
Maintaining he is still the same, 

That he ne'er rattled, no, not 
he. 

The moral Surface swears to-day 
Defiance to the priest and pope; 

To-morrow, ready to betray 

His brother churchmen to the rope. 

Judas of the West, The. A 
name applied to Henry Clay by 
Andrew Jackson. Vid. Peiiey 
Poore's Reminiscences (i. 23) : 
Many believed, however, that a 
bargain was made between Adams 
and Clay, by which the latter re- 
ceived, as a consideration for trans- 
ferring to the former the votes of 
Kentucky, Ohio, and Missouri, the 
position "of secretary of state. . . . 
General Jackson wrote to Major 
Lewis : *' Ho, you see, the Judas of 
the West has closed the contract and 
will receive the thirty pieces of sil- 
ver. Hin end will be the same. Was 
there ever witnessed such a bare- 
faced corruption in any country be- 
fore?" 

Judge Bridlegoose. A charac- 
ter in Rabelais' Pantagruel, 
which is founded on the learned 
Andrd? Tiiaqueau, a celebrated 
French jurist. Besant, Rabelais 
(p. 11)1), says : 

Judge Bridlegoose illustrates the 
uncertainty of the law, since his 
decisions, pronounced entirely by 
chance, have given universal satisfac- 
tion. 

Judge Gripus. A nickname fre- 
quently bestowed upon Philip 
Yorke, first Earl of H ardwicke, 
and Lord Chancellor of England, 

on account of his avarice. 



Judicious Hooker, The. A title 
given to liichard Hooker, the 
author of The Laws of Ecclesias- 
tical Politie. 

Julia's Dwarf. A nickname given 
to Antoiiie Godeau, on account of 
his diminutive size. He was a 
very voluminous author both in 
prose and verse, and a frequenter 
of the saloon of the Marquis de 
Bambouillet. 

Jupiter Carlyle. Alexander Car- 
lyle of Inveresk, was so called, 
on account of his magnificent 
head. 

The grandest deml-god I ever saw 
was Dr. Carlyle, minister of Mussel- 
burgh, commonly called Jupiter Car- 
lyle, for having sat more than once 
for the king of gods and men to 
Gavin Hamilton. Sir W. Scott. 

Jupiter in Sabots, A. Jean Fran- 
9018 Millet was so called by 
Gerome. Vid. The Art Review 
(N. Y., March, 1887; p. 8). 

Jupiter Placens. A nickname 
given to Lord Brougham (in con- 
tradistinction to Lord Erskine), 
by Dibdin, in his Reminiscences 
of a Literary Life (London, 1837 ; 
i. 123), where he says : 

In forensic eloquence a comparison 
may be more correctly instituted. 
Both possessed power, the main en- 
gine of persuasion; both had a rapid 
unhesitating utterance and a fervid 
and beautiful fancy; but the latter, 
Erskine, was more terrible and un- 
sparing. The first won, the second 
commanded. The former was the 
Jupiter Placens (but still Jupiter), 
the latter the Jupiter Tonans. This 
within the courts of law ; out of 
them, all comparison ceases. 

Jupiter Scapin. A nickname 
given by the Abbe de Pradt to 
Napoleon Bonaparte. 

Scapin is a valet famous for Ms 
knavish tricks, in Moliere's com- 
edy Les Fourbcries de Scapin. 

Jupiter Tonans. A nickname 
given to Thomas, Lord Erskine. 
Vid. JUPITER PLACENS. 

Jupiter Tonans of His Party, 
Tne. A sobriquet bestowed 
upon John van Buren. Vid. 



JUS 



173 



JUV 



Bungay, Off-Hand Takings (p. 

127). 
Just, Tlie. A sobriquet conferred 

011 several personages. Thomson 

says : 

Then Aristides lifts his honest front, 

Spotless of heart; to whom the un- 
flattering voice 

Of Freedom gave the noblest name of 
"Just." Seasons,' 6 Winter." 

A title, says Plutarch, truly 
royal, or, rather, truly divine > 

Baharam, the fifth of the Sassa- 
nides, is styled "Shah endeb," or 
"the Just King"; and Chosroes 
is called by the Arabs " Molk al 
Adel," which has the same sig- 
nification. 

Casimir II., King of Poland; 
Haroun al Raschid ; James II. 
and Ferdinand I., Kings of Ara- 

fon; Moran, counsellor of Fere- 
ach and King of Ireland ; Pedro 
I. of Portugal, and Bolancl de la 
Platiere, the celebrated French 
revolutionist, are all designated 
by this sobriquet 

Juste, Le. A nickname given to 
Louis XIII. of France, because 
he was born under the zodiacal 
sign of Libra, the Balance. 

Justice Greedy, in Massinger's 
comedy A New Way to Pay Old 
Debts, is supposed to be intended 
for Sir Francis Michel!. Vid. 
SIR GILES OVERREACH. 



Justlcier, Lie. Pedro I., King of 
Portugal. Vid. THE CRUEL. 

Juvenal of Chivalry, The A 
nickname given to Heinrich von 
Molk, who seems to have been a 
lay brother in Molk on the 
Danube. He was the earliest of 
German satirists, and one of the 
greatest and most bitter to b 
found in German literature. He 
does not attempt to conceal the 
corruption of the clergy, as loy- 
ally to his order might seem, to 
require, but tells bitter truths to 
them as well as to the laity, 
princes, knights, merchants, and 
peasants. His early years were 
spent among the chivalry, and in 
his later life he jjractised the 
duty of gallantry to noble ladies, 
whom he exempts from his un- 
sparing satire. 

Juvenal of Painters, The. A 
title given to William Hogarth. 

Juvenal of the English Drama, 
The. A name given to Ben Jon- 
son. Disraeli, in his Amenities 
of Literature, says : 

Of all our dramatists, Jonson, the 
Juvenal of our drama, alone pro- 
fessed to study the " humor,** or 
manners of the age; but manners 
vanish with their generation; and 
ere the century closes, even the ac- 
tors cannot be procured to personate 
characters of which, they view no 
prototype. 



174 



William. A nickname 
civ j n tu Senator Ambrose .bv- 
Jrett Bnniside of Khode Island 
hd !Vrl<*y Toore's Remiuts- 
cf-nw$ (ii KJ'i)' 

Kartatschenprlnz. A name 
ioriii*-rly bestowed on the present 
Eimfri*r at Germany, William 
I M lie haviw; ordered the troops 
to tin* UJIHIX the people with 
grape-shot during the troubles of 
1H4H. 

Katharine de Medici of China, 
The. So Voothee, the widow 
c f f King Tae-triong, has been 
named. 

Kempferhausen. A title given 
to Holier! Pierce Gillies in the 
XnHt'tt Aittbrosiunse, he having 
used this name as a pseudonym. 

Kill. A nickname given by his 
soldiers to General Kilpatrick 

Kind Robin. A name under 
which Baron William ^ Murray 
Nairne figures in his wife's bal- 
lad Kind JRubtn Lo'es Me. 
Robin Is my aiiigudeman, 
Now ntatciiMm, earlins, gin ye can, 
For ilk am* whitest thinks her swan, 
But kind Kobiti lo'es me. 

King Arthur of the Stage, The. 
An epithet given to William 
Charles M&cruady "by the author 
of Obitrr Ittvta (New York, 1885; 
p. 141), who says: 

Read Mticrva<l>**8 Memoirs the 
King Arthur of tlie Stage. You will 
find then*, I am sorry to say, all 
the aeturN faults if faults they can 
Ue eallt'tl, whii-k seem rather hard 
iwtt'gfritips, the discoloring of the 
dyer's liand, creedy hungering after 
applause, eudiesu egotism, grudging 
praise all are there; not perhaps 
m the tropical luxuriance they have 
attained eLiewkere, but plaia 

ItOttgll* 



King- Bomba. Ferdinand II., 
King of Naples Vid> BOMBA 

King- Coll, or King- Colley. A 
popula nickname for Colley 
(Jibber Vid. Fitzgerald, New 
History of the English Stage 

(I 324:), 

King 1 Bowag'er. A niakname 
given to Lord Feversbam. 

The favor with which she ("Catha- 
rine of Braganza, Queen of Charles 
II., King of England] was suspected 
of regarding him [Lord FevershamJ 
obtained for him the nickname of 
King Dowager. Strickland, Lives 
of the Queens of England (viii. 
457-8). 

King Pranconi. A nickname 
given, to Joachim Murat, because 
he resembled in dress the moun- 
tebank Franconi. 

King- Honest-Man. So Victor 
Emmanuel II. > King of Italy, 
was called, "for his honest con- 
cessions to the people of consti- 
tutional freedom promised by 
his father and by himself in less 
prosperous circumstances," 

King 1 Leigh A nickname given 
to Leigh Hunt in the Noctes 
Ambronianse (L), and in Magion's 
poem The Leather Bottle, 

King-Maker, Tiie So Richard 
Neville, Earl of Warwick, was 
called, because when he took 
sides with Henry VI that mon- 
arch was the king , but when he 
supported Edward IV. the lat- 
ter was king, and Henry was de- 
posed, 

King Martin the First A sobri- 
quet bestowed upon Martin van 
Buren. Fid. Bungay, Off-Hand 
Takings (p, 127). 

King of Arragon, The. A sobri- 
quet conferred on Carlo Arri- 



KIN 



175 



KEST 



gpni, an Italian lutanist of the 
eighteenth century, "whose 
only claim to notice is his possi- 
ble antagonism to Handel." Vid. 
Arbuthnot's satire Harmony in 
an, Uproar. 

King of Bark, The. A title 
given to Christopher III., King 
of Scandinavia in the fifteenth 
century, who, at a period of great 
famine, ordered birch-bark to be 
mixed with meal for food. 

King- of Bath, The. A nick- 
name given to Richard Nash, 
when he was the master of 
ceremonies at Bath. Vid. BEAU 
NASH. 

King- of Book-Collectors, The. 

A nickname given to Robert 
Harley, Earl of Oxford, a great 
collector of books. In 1723 the 
British government purchased 
his collection of 8000 MSS. and 
400,000 pamphlets, and placed 
them in the British Museum, 
where they are known as the 
Harleian Collection, and the 
printed catalogue of them makes 
four volumes 8vo. 

King- of Bourges, The. A nick- 
name given to Charles VII. in 
his youth. Upon the death of 
his father, he assumed the title 
of King of France, but was not 
recognized by the nation, except 
in the towns of Orleans and 
Bourses. In the cathedral of 
the latter city he was crowned; 
hence the name The King of 
Bourges. 

King- of Brave Men, The. Henri 
IV. of France is so called. Vid. 
LE Roi IBS BRAVES. 

Bang- of Cots wold, The. So 
Grey Brydges, Earl of Chandos, 
was called, from his extravagant 
method of living, and his exten- 
sive retinue. Cptswold is in 
Gloucestershire, in the neigh- 
borhood of Sudley Castle, his 
lordship's residence. 

King 1 of Critics, The. A name 
sometimes given to Christian 
Gottlob Heyne, a German 
scholar of great celebrity. He 



edited very many of the Latin 
and Greek classics, executed a 
large number of translations, 
many volumes of essays, and 
reviewed 7500 books in the Got- 
linger Geleiirten Arizeir/en, of 
which he was director. Besides 
this herculean work, he had 
classes in the studv of philology 
and classical antiquity. 

King- of Dramatists, The. A 
name given to Jean Baptiste 
Poquelin de Moliere by Henri 
van L/aun, in his History of 
French Literature (i. 18), who 
says : 

From Racine to one man who well 
knew how to bring out upon Ms 
canvas the lights and shadows of 
every-day life, The King of Drama- 
tist^ The Anatomist of Humanity, 
Moliere. 

King- of Dulness, The. A title 
bestowed on Colley Cibber, the 
poet. Vid. Pope, 'The Uunciad 
(bk.i.). 

King 1 of Dunces, The, the hero 
of Alexander Pope's poetical 
satire The Duncifid, was Lewis 
Theobald, who had annoyed the 
poet by his Shakespeare Restored, 
in which he criticised Pope's 
edition of Shakespeare's works. 
In 1743, however, a version of 
The Dwiciad was published in 
which Colley Cibber was substi- 
tuted for Theobald, Cibber hav- 
ing incurred the enmity of Pope 
by his attack on the farce Three 
Hours After Marriaf/e, written 
by Pope and John Gay. 

King- of England's Viceroy, 
The. Louis XVIII. was thus 
derisively nicknamed, "on ac- 
count of his manifestations of 
gratitude to the government of 
Great Britain^for'the assistance 
he had received from it in 
recovering the throne of his an- 
cestors." 

King of Fenilletons, The. 
Jules Gabriel Janin. Vid. LE 
KOI DES FEUILLETONS. 

King of Fire, So Dr. "Wolcot, 
in his Epistle to Count Rumford, 
calls the latter. 



KITS 



176 



KIIST 



King of Hearts, The. A nick- 
name pven to Charles Talbot, 
lMik<* of Shrewsbury. 

IMor*' lie was of a^e lie was 
allotVHl to !*< on** of th* finest gen- 
tlriuHi and liiit J Ht scholars ofjiirf 
tirii*'. 13*- was early called the King 
of Ifeartn, and never, through a 
Ion/:, wutful, and checkered life, 
IOJT hi*- rijrht !o that name. Mac- 
au I ay, Hirtory of Knflland (ii.j- 

King of Inattention, The. 
Swift <;alls Dr. John Arbuthnot 
liy tliis name in a letter to Gay, 
July 10, 17;J2. 

King- of Kfaorassan, The. A 
title conferred on Anvari, a Per- 
sian jHet who flouriblicd in the 
twelfth cfntury. 

King- of Kin^s, The. A sobri- 
quet conferred on Artaxerxes, 
the first Sassanide King of Per- 
sia, in tlie third century. 

Kin^ of Klng-s, The. An epithet 
which was conferred on Charles 
VII. of France, by Francis Fos- 
eari, the I)o|re of Venice. In 
fact, from being KING OF SOUR- 
CES {//.r.Khe became the most 
powerful monarch of Europe. 

King of Painters, The. Parrha- 
sras, the Greek painter, who 
Nourished in the fourth century 
B. C. assumed this title. 

King- Of Phrases, The. A name 
given to George Louis Le Clerc, 
Comte de Buffon, the French 
naturalist. He possessed an ex- 
cellent style; and it is this, in- 
def'df which |?ives his writings 
their ^reatf-st charm. 

King of Poets, The. A name 
given to Pierre de Bonsard. He 
was the |*resicl!ng genius of the 
** Frenr-h Pleiades/' he intro- 
duced the classical element into 
French poetry; and during his 
lifetime was elevated to almost 
divine honor, but is now much 
forgotten. 

King 1 of Poets, So KIchard 
Barnitald, In his Pvems in Divers 
Humours, calls Edmund Spenser. 

King- of Preachers, The. A 
title given to Louis Bourdaloiie, 
tba French clergyman. 



! King- of Reptiles, The. Bernard 
1 de la Ville, Comte de Lacepede. 
| Vid. LE Roi BES KEPTILES. 
i King- of Roads, The. So John 
1 London Macadam, the inventor 
| of the celebrated pavement which 
j bears his name, is called. 
| King- of Borne, The. A niok- 
name given to Francois Joachim 
de Pierre de Bernis, a French 
cardinal, on account of his fond- 
ness of display. Tain e, in his 
Ancien Ite'yime, says: 

He was called the King of Rome, 
and indeed he was such through his 
magnificence and in the considera- 
tion he enjoyed. 

King* of Scotch Fiddlers, The. 
A nickname given to Neil Gow, 
a Scotch violinist and composer, 
who was brought up with the 
view of being put to the trade of 
a weaver, but at the age of thir- 
teen made himself famous as a 
player of strathspeys and reels. 
He was distinguished for his 
homely humor, good-sense, and 
knowledge of the world. He 
was also the com poser of a hun- 
dred melodies. 

King" of Slops, The. Louis 
XVIII. Vid. LE Roi PARADE. 
King 1 of the Barricades, The. 
A nickname given to Louis 
Philippe. During the last three 
days of July, 1830, the people of 
Paris threw up 10,000 barricades. 
On the 31st of July, he was pro- 
claimed lieutenant-general of 
France, and on the 10th of Au- 
gust was proclaimed Idng of 
France. His reign forms an 
epoch in French history, begun 
and ended by a revolution. 
King of the Beggars, The. A 
sobriquet applied to Charles 
VIII. of France, who without 
money undertook a war in Italy, 
and whose officers refused to exe- 
cute his orders as soon as he had 
repassed the mountains. In 
1488, after the battle of St. Au- 
bin du Cormier, he was forced, 
for want of money, to discharge 
some of his officers who had 
served him well there. 



KIN 



177 



KIN 



King- of the Border, The. A 
nickname given to Adam Scott, 
of Tushielaw, Scotland, a border 
chief and marauder. 

King- of the Cherokees, The. 
A name given to Sir Alexander 
dimming. In 1729, he was in- 
duced by a dream of his wife's 
to undertake a voyage to Amer- 
ica, and in the next year lie 
found himself among the Chero- 
kee Indians, of whom he was 
made a chief, and in which 
capacity he figured at a meeting 
of the different tribes at Nequisee, 
among the mountains. He re- 
turned to England accompanied 
by six Indian chiefs, and ap- 
peared before George II. at 
Windsor. He laid his crown at 
his majesty's feet, the other 
chiefs also doing homage, and 
presenting to the king four scalps 
to show they were an over-match 
for their enemies, and four eagle's- 
tails as emblems of victory. 
They all received much attention 
while in England, but after the 
departure of the Indians Sir 
Alexander seems to have fallen 
out of the notice of the general 
public. In 1766 he was ap- 
pointed one of the pensioners in 
the Charter House, where he 
died, at an advanced age, in 1775. 

King of the Commons, The. A 
nickname given to James V. of 
Scotland, a monarch of good and 
benevolent intentions, but one of 
many romantic freaks. For the 
purpose of seeing that justice 
was regularly administered, and 
frequently from the less justifi- 
able motive of gallantry, he used 
to go about the streets of Edin- 
burgh in various disguises. It is 
said that the ballad " We'll gae 
nae mair a-roving " was founded 
upon the success of his amorous 
adventures when travelling in 
the disguise of a beggar. 

King- of the Courts, The. Cicero 
thus calls Quintus Hortensius, 
the Roman orator. 

King of the English Poets. 
Southey, In his review of Will- 



iam Hayley's Memoirs (in Blur-It- 
wood zvii.), states that in Ins 
time Hayley was King of the 
English Poets. 

King- of the Fairies, The. So 
Sir Walter Scott called Thomas 
Crofton Croker, the author of 
Fairy Legends of the South of 

Ireland^ and a man of diminutive 
stature. 

King: of the Isle of Man. A title 
which Anthony Bek, Bishop of 
Durham, took upon himself. Vid. 
Notes and Queries (1st ser. i. 173), 

King- of the King-, The. A nick- 
name given to Cardinal Riche- 
lieu, on account of his influence 
over Louis XIII. 

King" of the Lobby. A sobri- 
quet given to Sam Ward. Vid, 
Perley Poore's Reminiscences 
(ii. 247) : 

So powerful a legislative manipula- 
tor was Mr. Ward that he claimed 
for himself the title " King of the 
Lobby," nor was his claim seriously 
disputed. 

King of the Markets, The. A 
nickname bestowed upon Frau- 
9015 de Vendome Beaufort, the 
grandson of Henri IV., on ac- 
count of his popularity with the 
Parisians. 

King- of the Paper Stage, The. 
A nickname given to JRobert 
Greene, the English dramatist, 
of whom Harvey, in his Fonre 
Letters and Certaine Sonnets 
(London, 1592), says: 

While I was thus, or to like effecte, 
resolving with myself e, and discours- 
ing with some special! f rends; not 
onely writing unto you; I was sud- 
dainely certified, -that the king of 
the paper stage (so the Gentleman, 
tearmed Greene) had played his last 
part, and was gone to Tarleton; 
whereof I protest, I was nothing 
glad, as was expected, but unfained- 
ly sory. 

King 1 of the Teign, The. So 
Baldrick of South Devon, the 
son of Eri, who defended his 
territory against the lawless 
chieftain Algar for a long time, 
was called. 



KINT 



178 KOL 



King of the West, The, A title 
pv-n to Jolin Pync, one of the 
ri'i?i<'i<lf'S to whom indemnity 
was jrruutod by the bill of 
61. TO. Mosson, 
(vi. 4% 

King- of the World, The* Khor- 
ruui Shalt. IW. SHA 



King 1 Oliver. A title given to 
Crotitwet! In F49-50. F/W. Mas- 
swii, /,(/> i// J/i/tw (iv. 115). 

King- Pym. An epithet conferred 
<m John Pym, Jin English repub- 
lican politician. He was the 
head of the Commons, and was 
usually deputed to address the 
various petitions to Parlia- 
ment. One of the political sat- 
ires of the time says : 
We will wot dare your strange votes 

to jeer, 
Or pewonate King Pym with Ma 

states-fleer. 

King 1 Sears. A nickname given 
to fsaac Sears, of Norwalk, Conn. 
" He was a successful merchant 
in the city of New York, when 
political matters attracted his at- 
tention, When the Stamp Act 
aroused the colonists, Sears stood 
forth as the champion of right, 
and was one of the most actiye 
mncl zealous members of the as- 
sociation of the Sons of Liberty/' 
Con/, Leasing, Field Book of the 
Revolution. The sobriquet oc- 
curs in the poem Loyal York, 
which appeared in the New York 
Gazetteer in 1775, and was prob- 
ably written by Rivington, the 
editor The first verse is : 
And so, my good master, I find 'tis 

no joke, 
For York lias ttepp'd forward, and 

thrown off* tue yoke 
Of Congress, committees, and even 

King Sears, 
Who shews vou good-natare, by 

bowing ni* eara. 

King- Tibbald. So Pope, in The 
&nnciad (L 301), calls Lewis 
Theobald. 

King'B GoiLvertisseur, The, was 
a name given to Paul Pellisson- 
Foataaier. Born a Protestant, 



he became a Kqman Catholic, 
took orders, obtained rich bene- 
fices, and for his religious works 
and zeal obtained the title. - 

King's King, The. A nickname 
given to Anne de Joyeuse, on ac- 
count of his influence over Henry 
III. of France. 

Kinsayder, in The Returns from 
Parnassus (1(50(3), is meant for 
John ]VIarston, the dramatist, 
who had previously employed 
this name, in The Scourge of Yil- 
lalnie (1598), as a pseudonym. 

Kit-feat Poet, The. A nickname 
given to Samuel Garth, an Eng- 
lish poet. He was a member of 
the ELit-kat Club, and extempo- 
rized most of the verses which 

1 were inscribed on the toasting- 

| glasses of that society. 

Kite, The. ^Elfric, -Archbishop 
of York. Vid. PUTTOC. 

Kitty Crocodile, who occurs in 
Foote's farce The Trip to Calais, 
is a caricature of Elizabeth Chud- 
leigh, the Duchess of Kingston. 
Vid. Wright, Caricature History 
of the Georyes (p. 248). 

Knife of Academic Knots, The. 
A title given to (Jhrysippus, " be- 
cause he was the keenest dispu- 
tant of his age." 

Knight of Snowdoun, The, the 
hero of Sir Walter Scott's Lady 
of the Lake, is largely founded 
upon facts in the life of James 
V. of Scotland. 

Knight of Sohp-square, The. 
So Dr. Wolcot, in his Lyric Epis- 
tle to 8ir William Hamilton, calls 
Sir Joseph Banks. 

Knight of the Post, The. A 
nickname bestowed upon Titus 
Oates. Vid. Wilkins, Political 
Ballads (L 207). 

Knight Physician, The, So 
John Bryden, in his Preface to 
the Fables, calls Sir Richard 
Blackmore. 



f, i. e. t the STUMF- 
FINGEEED, an epithet of St. Maik 
the Evangelist. 



KOL 



179 



KOS 



When, therefore, Marcion, or any 
of his currish followers, barks at the 
Demiurgus, bringing forward these 
' arguments about the opposition of 
good and evil, they must be told that 
neither the Apostle Paul, nor Mark, 
o KoXo/3<>(>aKTv\o$, promulgated any 
such doctrines; for nothing of the 
kind is found written in the Gospel ac-- 



cording to Mark. Origen, 
ophumena (cap. xxx.). 

Kossuth of the Temperance 
Be volution, The. A sobriquet 
bestowed upon Neal Dow. Vid. 
Bungay, Off-Hand Takings (p. 
263). 



LAC 



180 



LJEL 



L. 



Lackey, A. A nickname fre- 
qiiwitlyjrlvfii t Francis Leclerc 
du Trwii hluy. lie, being the con- 
fidant of JlJcIifli^u, caiue In for 
a share of the abuse lavished on 
his master. In a squib, called 
IM Mliiatl*', <lireeted against the 
prime rniiiiht<*r, we find the fol- 
lowing lines, which are meant to 
describe Tremblay, or le Pere 
Jwphi as lie is better known: 
II a It* zM* .ut'ttiphique, 
II travaille pour Tlieretique, 
JI a Huivant <t secretaire, 
II a earro^p, II a cautere, 
II a rtp.s laquaiH itLsoleuts 
Qui Jurent xuleux que eeiix des 
grands. 

Lady, The. A name which Mil- 
ton received at Christ's College. 
Vid. Maps-em's Life o/ Milton (i. 
220) . <s He was so fair, * ' says Au- 
brey, "that they called him 'the 
Lady of Christ's Coll.'"; and 
"Wood says, "'When he was a 
student in Cambridge* he was so 
fair and clear that many called 
him 'the Lady of Christ's Col- 
lege."* 

Lady Betty Modish. So Mrs. 
OIdfitld is called in The Tatltr 
(No. 10), because this character 
in The Cctrdem Husband, by Col- 
ley Cibber, was her favorite part. 

Iady Calantlia, in Lady Caroline 
Xaiiil> % g novel Olt'ntirvwi, repre- 
sents the author herself. 

Lady Grace, In Colley Cibber's 
play The Prurokt'd Husband^ 

dniwn from Lady Betty Ce- 
cil, afterward s Lady Elizabeth 
Chaplin, of Exft*r. 

Lwiy Monteagle, in Beacons- 
field's novel Vt"fiftla^ represents 
,Lady Caroline Lamb. 

IA&J of Mercy, Our. A nick- 
name giten to Madame Tallien, 



who used her infltience over her 
husband, the proconsul of Bor- 
deaux, to release many victims 
from the scaffold during the 
French Revolution. When she 
was thrown into prison, this bold 
and courageous woman thought 
more of overthrowing the tyrants 
of France, than of being nerself 
overthrown, and when Tallien 
visited the prison, she urged him 
to rid the world of Robespierre, 
and her arguments prevailed. 
After that she was almost idol- 
ized by the people of France, and, 
when she entered the theatres, 
was greeted with unbounded ap- 
plause. 

Lady of Quality, 'The, in Tobias 
Smollett's novel of The, Adven- 
tures of Peregrine Pickle, was 
the notorious Lady Vane, " whose 
scandalous memoirs are intro- 
duced after the manner of simi- 
lar interpolations by Le Sage and 
Fielding." 

Lady of the Sun, Tiie. A name 
given to Alice Ferrers, the mis- 
tress of Edward III. ' ' Although 
Edward lavished iipon her both 
honors and riches, yet at his 
death she stole his jewels, taking 
even the rings from his fingers." 

Lselius. A character drawn to 
represent James Boswell, called 
the younger, to distinguish him 
from his "father, the biographer 
of Johnson. From an early age 
he was intimate with Edmund 
Malone, whom he assisted in 
collecting and arranging the ma- 
terials for a second edition of his 
Shakespeare, and was requested 
by him, in his last illness, to com- 
plete it, a task which he duly 
performed, and In 1821 published 
it as the third variorum edition. 



LAF 



181 



LAK 



The name Lselius was given him 
in Dibdin's Bibliographical 
Decameron (iii. 13), where the au- 
thor says of him : 

The book world therefore is natu- 
rally now anxious to become ac- 
quainted with the Shakespearian 
lore which MarcelJus hath left be- 
hind; nor will it be disappointed; 
for Laelius hath long and success- 
fully been occupied ia'presenting the 
Curce Poster wren (or finishing 
touches) of the critic in question. 
Vid. MARCELLUS. 

La Fontaine of the Vaudeville, 
The. Charles Francois Panard. 
Vid. THE FATHER OF MODERN 
FKENCH SONG. 

Laird of Lag-, The. A sobriquet 
applied to Sir Robert Grierson, 
an active and unscrupulous per- 
secutor of the Covenanters. 

Lamb, The, in The Chuldee MS. 
(i. 5), is intended for Thomas 
Pringle. 

Lame, The, z. e., LE BOITEUX. A 
nickname giyeu to Charles II. of 
Naples. 

Lame, The. A nickname given 
to Albert II., Duke of Austria, 
from the contraction and deform- 
ity of his person ; hut, his bodily 
defects being compensated by his 
great talents and an elevated 
mind, he obtained at the close of 
his reign the epithet of THE WISE 
(q. .). 

Lame Vicegerent, The, in Sam- 
uel Butler's Ilndibnts, is intended 
for Richard Cromwell. 

Lamp of the Law, The. So 
Irnerius, the German, who first 
lectured on the Pandects of Jus- 
tinian, after their discovery at 
Amalphi in 1KJ7, was called. 

Lancashire Hogarth, The. A 
name sometimes jjiyen to John 
Collier, of whom William B. A. 
Axon says, in his Lancashire 
Gleaninyx : 

At one time it was common to 
speak of John Collier (Tim Bobbin) 
as the Lancashire Hogarth. No 
more inappropriate designation could 
have been selected. He lacked not 
only the artistic skill of Hogarth, 
but" that moral indignation which 



made the pencil more powerful than 
the preacher'* voice in denouncing 
sin and folly. (Jollier rarely deviates 
into moral purpose. 

Landlord, The. A character in 
Longfellow's Tales of a Way side 
Inn,, drawn to represent Lynian 
Howe. He kept an inn about 
three miles from Sudbury Mills, 
on the once much travelled 
stage-road between "Worcester 
and Boston. The house itself 
was built in 1690, and in 1714 was 
opened as a tavern with the name 
of " The Red Horse," and kept 
by a man named Howe, who did 
a prosperous business, and, dying 1 , 
left it to his son, who passed the 
estate to his son, and so on 
through several generations till 
it reached the end of the line io 
Lyman Howe, who died a bach- 
elor. This Lyman was a justice 
of the peace, a member of the 
Board of Selectmen, one of the 
School Committee, and in his 
you tli had been a school-teacher. 
He was fond of the acquaintance- 
ship of superior men, and desired 
the companionship of those of a 
higher cast than those among 
whom he was commonly thrown. 
He was universally called ** The 
Squire/* and was somewhat 
looked tip to in the town as a 
person of uncommon capacity. 
He assumed an air of pedantry 
with his neighbors, who, seeing 
his boastful sense of superiority, 
often made him a theme for their 
ridicule. He was very much 
afraid of lightning, which caused 
T. W. -Parsons, in his The Old 
House in Sitdbury, a poem in 
Shadow of the Obelisk (Boston, 
1872; p. 78), to say: 

Thunder clouds may roll above him, 
And the bolt may rend his oak; 

Lyman lief h where no longer 

He shall dread the lightning 
stroke. 

The dreaded stroke never came 
during his life, but many years 
after his death the inn was some- 
what damaged by lightning. 
Upon tho introduction of rail- 
roads the home had the ordinary 



LAN 



182 



LAS 



fortune of country taverns. The 
Squire, who had not been a 
thrifty manager, was growing 
poorer and poorer every day, as 
the place went to decay and fewer 
guests came to the inn. Still, it 
possessed a certain interest from 
a remarkable row of gigantic oak- 
trees extending along one side 
of the highway, while near it 
a wide-spreading ancient elm 
shaded a pleasant space of green. 
The whole place with its sur- 
roundings was a little nook of 
peace and natural beauty a 
pastoral picture, warmed into at- 
tractiveness by a varied aspect of 
meadow, woodland, hill, and val- 
ley. Professor Tread well, on a 
summer excursion in the neigh- 
borhood, was struck by the pecul- 
iar quiet and beauty of the 
sj>ot, and resolved to spend apart 
of the season there. He took his 
family, and was followed by T. 
"W. Parsons, Luigi Monti, and 
one year by Henry Ware Wales, 
whom Longfellow has introduced 
as THE THEOLOGIAN (q. /?.), THE 
POET (q.v.) t THE YOUNG SICIL- 
IAN (q ?;.), and THE YOUTH 
OF QUIET WAYS (q. .) who 
spent several summers in that 
place. Although Longfellow's 
merits and fame were well known 
to the cultivated circle which at 
that time and in successive years 
frequented the inn, his name was 
never mentioned in connection, 
with it till within later years, 
when, it lias been said, he spent 
bis smnnvrs there. It is possible 
he may have passed a night there 
in his youth, when on his way to 
New York to take passage* for 
Europe. Of the other charac- 
ters, there is a probable certainty 
that they never visited the place. 
When the poet conceived the 
idea of his famous Wayside Itw, 
which he at one time thought of 
calling The Sudbnry Tales, he 
visited the premises with J. T. 
Fields, spending a few hours 
with the occupant. Lyman 
Howe was dead and buried long 
before, and the house was in the 



bands of a stranger. One morn- 
ing in March, the Squire was 
found insensible in bis bed, and 
before the day closed the last of 
the family was no more. 
Lansdowne Laureate, The. A 
name sometimes given to Tom 
Moore, on account of the friend- 
ship which the Marquis of Lans- 
downe had for him. William 
Maginn, in his Works, says: 

Take away from the Lansdowne 
Laureate the " readiness of rhyme " 
and " volubility of syllables," and 
we defy him, even in a more elabo- 
rate review of Ms own works than 
ever he wrote and published in the 
Edinburgh^ to establish Ms claims to 
the notoriety he enjoys. 

Lanternbug, Mr., in General 
Burgoyne's comedy The Maid of 
the Oaks, is a caricature of 
Philip James de Loutherbourg, 
the painter. Vid. Dutton Cook, 
Art in England (p. 225). 

Lanterns. So Rabelais called 
the divines of the council of 
Trent, " who wasted the time 
in great displays of learning, to 
very little profit." 

The name has since been em- 
ployed to designate authors, lit- 
erary men, and, in fact, all 
who spend their time in learned 
trifles. 

Lanthorn Leatherhead. A 
character in Ben Joiison's Bar- 
thalumew Fair, drawn to repre- 
sent Inigo Jones, the former 
friend of the author. 

Lasca, II, or THE ROACH. A so- 
briquet assumed by Antonfran- 
cesco Grazzini, as a member of 
the Gli Umidi Academy. Vid. 
Syinonds, Renaissance in Italy 
(pt. ii. cap. x.). 

Lass with the Golden Looks, 
The. Under this name Mrs. 
Anna Maria Smart of Reading, 
Berkshire, the relict of Cbris- 
topher Smart, M. A., of Pem- 
broke Hall, Cambridge, is cele- 
brated in his ballads. 

Last English Meecenas, The. 
So Samuel Rogers, the poet and 
banker, is called. 



LAS 



183 



LAS 



Last Man, The. So the Parlia- 
mentarians called King Charles 
I., thereby implying that he 
would be 'the last man to sit 
on the throne of Great Britain 
as king. Charles II. was known 
as THE SON OF THE LAST MAN. 

Last Minstrel of the English 
Stage, The. So James Shir- 
ley, the dramatist, is called, be- 
cause the Shakespearian school 
expired with him. 

Last of Monsters, The. An 
epithet applied to Pope Pius 
VI. (Giovanni An^elo Brasehi) 
by Monti, the Italian poet. The 
reason is explained by Disraeli, 
in his Literary Character, where 
he says: 

The bard, Mr. Hobhouse informs 
us, lived not in the good graces of 
his holiness, and although the pon- 
tiff accepted the volume, he did not 
forbear a severity of remark which 
could not fall unheeded by the mod- 
ern poet; for 011 this occasion, re- 
peating some verses of Metastasio, 
his holiness dryly added: "No one 
nowadays writes like that great 
poet." Never was this to be erased 
from memory; the stifled resentment 
of Monti vehemently broke forth at 
the moment the French carried off 
Pius VI. from Rome. Then the long 
indignant secretary poured forth 
an invective more severe " against 
the great harlot" than was ever 
traced by a Protestant pen -Monti 
now invoked the rock of Sardinia; 
the poet bade it fly from its base, 
that the last of monsters might 
not find even a tomb to shelter 
him. 

Last of the Fathers, The. A 
title bestowed on St. Bernard, 
Abbot of Clairvaux. The school- 
men who succeeded him. treated 
their subjects systematically. 

Last of the Goths, The. A 
title given to Roderick, the 
thirty-fourth and last of the 
Visigothic kin#s, who was routed 
at the battle of Guadalete, near 
Xeres cle la Frontera, July 17, 
A. D. 711, Southey lias recorded 
his adventures in an epic poem 
in twenty-live books. 

Last of the Greeks, The. So 
Pkilopoeineu of Arcadia, is 



called. He endeavored to make 
soldiers of his countrymen and 
to establish their independence. 

Last of the Knights, The. A 
sobriquet conferred on Maximil- 
ian I., Emperor of Germany. 

Last of the Platonists, The. 
An epithet frequently given to 
John Scotus Erigena. He dis- 
played a wonderful amount of 
information for the times in 
which he lived, and he tried to 
wed Christianity with the ripest 
of ancient philosophies. 

Last of the Puritans, The. So 
Edward Everett, in 1823, called 
Samuel Adams. 

Last of the Romans, The. 
Various personages have been 
invested with this title, rlz: 

Caius Cassius Longinus, so 
called by Brutus. 

Procopius calls JEtius, who 
defeated Attila near Chalon in 
451, by this name. 

It has also been bestowed on 
the Jesuit Francois Joseph 
Terasse Desbi lions, on account 
of the purity of his Latin; on 
Rienzi, by Byron, in Childe 
Harold (I*V. cxiv.) ; and on 
Charles Jaine^ Fox. 

Vid. also ULTIMUS ROMANO- 
RUM. 

Last of the Saxons, The. A 
name #iven to Harold, conquered 
by William, the Duke of Nor- 
mandy, in 1066. 

Last of the Stuarts, The. A 
name given to the second son 
of the Pretender. He was born 
at Rome, March 26, 1725, was 
baptized under the name of 
Henry Benedict Maria Clemens, 
and died there in 1807. 

Last of the Tribunes, The. So 
Cola di Eienzi is called. He 
assumed the title of ** Tribune of 
liberty, peace, and justice." 

Last of the Troubadours, The. 
A sobriquet conferred on Jacques 
Jasmin of Gascony, a celebrated 
patois poet. 

Last True Bard of Ireland, 
The, An epithet given to TUT- 



LAU 



184 



LEA 



loch O'Carolan, a celebrated 
blind Irish bard. Bernard 
Bayle, in bis Life of Samuel 

Lover (I 96), says:* 

He must be regarded as the last 
true bard of Ireland, in his union of 
the fourfold avocation of his race 
poet, composer, harper, and singer. 
Welcome alike to hall and cottage, 
lie spent his days in cheering their 
inmates with his love-songs and his 
pliuixtics, and doubtless did so all 
the more in being himself the hap- 
piest harper who was ever repaid 
the loss of sight by the felicities of 
sound. 

Laughing Philosopher, The. 

A name given to Democritus of 
Abdera, " who viewed with 
supreme contempt the feeble 
powers of man." 

Laura. So Gifford, in The Mse- 
riad (line 39), calls Mrs. Mary 
Robinson, who had written 
under this name in The Florence 
Miscellany. 

Laureate Gabriel. An epithet 
given to Gabriel Harvey by 
Thomas Nash, in his k'tranr/e 
Newts of the fnterceptinrf of Cer~ 
tame Letters (London, 1592). 

Laurelled Bard, A. So Thomas 
Cook, in his Battle of the Poets, 
calls Laurence Eusden, once 

poet-laureate. 

Lavengro. This character, in the 
novel of the same name by 
George Borrow, is intended for 
the author himself. 

Law-Giver, The. A nickname 
given to Soleyman II., the great- 
est of the Turkish sultans. He 
was called CANUNI, under which 
name lie is celebrated in Turkish 
annals. He is known to Chris- 
tians as THE CONQUEROR. He 
established order in his empire, 
and governed during his long 
reign with no less authority than 
wisdom. In his Canun-^am^ 
a book of regulations, he divided 
Ms dominions into several dis- 
tricts with great accuracy. He 
appointed the number of soldiers 
which each district should fur- 
nish, and appropriated certain 



portions of each district for their 
maintenance. He regulated 
everything to discipline, directed 
how his army should be armed, 
and the nature of the service of 
each man. He put the finances 
of his empire into an orderly 
train of administration; and, 
though the taxes in the Turkish 
dominions, as well as other des- 
potic monarchies in the East, are 
far from being considerable, he 
supplied that defect by an atten- 
tive and severe economy. 

Law-Giver, The. A nickname 
sometimes given to Frederick 
II. of Germany, because his far- 
seeing wisdom seemed to antici- 
pate some of those views of equal 
justice, of the advantages of 
commerce, of the cultivation of 
the arts of peace, beyond all the 
toleration of adverse religions, 
which even in a more dutiful 
son of the Church would doubt- 
less have seemed godless indif- 
ference. 

Law- Giver of Parnassus, The. 
A nickname given, to Nicolas 
Boileau-Despreaux, a satirist, but 
one whose pen had no malice. 
In his L'Art Pu&ique he laid 
down rules for almost every 
species of poetry, in a clear and 
methodical manner. 

Law's Expounder, The. So 
Lord Byron, in Don Juan (I. 
xv.), calls Sir Samuel Romilly. 

Lawrence Boythorne, in 
Charles Dickens' novel of Bleak 
House, is intended for "Walter 
Savage Laridor, the poet, and 
the portrait corresponds with 
the original to a remarkable 
degree. 

Lay-Bishop, The. So Sir H. 
Savil, " whose works alone may 
make a librarie," was styled. 
Vid. Aubrey's life of Eichard 
Boyle, in the former's Letters. 

Lazarus. So Dr. Wolcot, in his 
Epistle to James JBom-ell, calls 
the latter. 

Leader of the Modern Phari- 
sees, T3ae. An epithet conferred 



LEA 



185 



LEG- 



on Benedetto Gaetano, Pope Bon- 
iface VIII., by Dante, Inferno 
(xxvii. 85), who says : 
The Leader of the modern Pharisees 
Having a war near unto Lateran, 
And not with Saracens nor with the 

Jews 
(For each one of his enemies was 

Christian, 

And none of them had been to con- 
quer Acre, 

2STor merchandizing in the Sultan's 
Land) . 

Lean Jimmy Jones. A nick- 
name given to Senator James C. 
Jones of Tennessee. Vid. Per- 
ley Poore's Reminiscences (i.-il>7). 

Lean Man, The, who occurs in The, 
Chnldee MS. (iv. 8), is intended 
for Patrick Xeill, a printer natu- 
ralist, " which hath his dwelling 
by the great pool to the north of 
the New City." 

Learned, The. So Coloman, King 
of Hungary in the twelfth cen- 
tury, was called. 

Dr. John Gill, the author of 
the Exposition of the Bible, and 
of whom Home said that " in 
Rabbinical literature he had no 
equal," was known as "The 
learned Dr. Gill." 

Learned Attila, A. A nickname 
given to Samuel Johnson. 
Feake, in his Monoirs of the Cot- 
rnan Family (i. ;>94), says : 

After this rude rebuff from the Doc- 
tor, I had the additional felicity to 
be placed next to him at dinner; he 
was silent over his meal, but I oh- 
served that lie was a " huge feeder *' ; 
and during the display of his vorac- 
ity, which was worthy of Bolt Court, 
tlie perspiration fell in copious drops 
from his visage upon the table-cloth ; 
the clumsiness of the bulky animal, 
his strange costume, his uncouth ges- 
tures, yet the dominion which he 
usurped withal, rendered his pres- 
ence a phenomenon among gentle- 
men ; it was the incursion of "a new 
species of barbarian, a learned At- 
tila, King of Huns, come to subju- 
gate polished society. 

Learned Blacksmith, The. A. 

sobriquet bestowed on Elihu Bur- 
ritt, the American author and 
linguist, who began his life at the 
forge. 



Learned Cab"bage-Bater, The. 
A name given to Joseph Bitscn, 

the antiquary, who was a vege- 
tarian. Loekhart, in his Life of 
Sir Walter Scott, states:- 

On their return to the cottage, Scott 
inquired for the learned cabbage- 
eater, who had been expected to clin- 
ner. " Indeed," answered liLs wife, 
" you may be happy he is not here; 
he is very disagreeable. Mr. Ley den, 
I believe, frightened him away." 

Learned Friend of Afochurch- 
lane. So Pope, in a poem ad- 
dressed To J/r. John Moore, in- 
ventor of the celebrated Worm 

Powder, "calls that personage. 

Learned Knigiit, The. So Wood, 
in his Athens Oxnnitnsis, styles 
Thomas Elyot, author of The 
Governor (1531). 

Learned Painter, The. A title 
given to Charles Lebrun, on ac- 
count of the great accuracy of 
his costumes. 

Learned Seiden, The. So De- 
foe calls John Selden. Vid. 
Notes find Queries (1st ser. ii. 
305), Milton, in the second edi- 
tion of his treatise on divorce, 
Speaks of "that noble volume 
written by our learned Selden," 
referring to the latter's treatise 
Of the Law of Nature and of Na- 
tions. 

Learned Tailor, The, A sobri- 
quet bestowed on Henry Wild of 
Korwich, who mastered seven 
languages while working at his 
trade. 

The name is also given to Bob- 
ert Hill, who acquired Latin, 
Greek, and Hebrew while work- 
ing at his trade. Spence, in. his 
Parallel in the manner of Pin- 
tarch, has compared him to Mag- 
liabecchi. 

Leg-ion Harry. A name given 
to Gen. Henry Lee. Vid. W. P. 
Snow, Southern Generals (pp. 18, 
19). 

Legislator of Parnassus, The. 
A nickname given to Nicolas 
Baileau-Despreaux, on account 
of his influence. Disraeli, in his 
Curiosities of Literature, says: 



LEG 



186 LES 



When Boileau was told of the pub- 
lic funeral of pryden, he was pleased 
with the national honors bestowed 
on genius, but ho declared that he 
never heard his name before. This 
great legislator of Parnassus has 
never alluded to one of our own 
poets, ^o insular then was our liter- 
ary glory. 

Vicl. also THE SOLON OF PAR- 
NASSUS. 

Le grand, in .Jules Valles' Le 
jKur/telitir, is intended for Pou- 
part Davyl. 

Le'olin, in Kenan's L'Eau de Jou- 
vencc, represents the author him- 
self. 

Leonidas Glover. A sobriquet 
bestowed on Kifhard Glover, an 
English poet and merchant of 
the lust century, from his princi- 
pal poem, entitled Leonidas* 
rid. Hutton, Literary Land- 
marks of London (p. 115). 

Leonidas of Modern Greece, 
The. So Marco Bozzaris is 
called, from the parallel between 
the light at Thermopylae and the 
battle of Kerpeuisi in 1823. 

Leonidas of the Day, The. A 
name sometimes given to Sir 
Robert Peel. Willam Maginn, 
in his JForA's, says: 

He was the Leonidas of the days 
which were honored with his thrice- 
lorioti!j existence, for he too stood 
iirm in the van of liherty, and fought 
with all the earnestness and invinci- 
bility of Hellenic worthiness. The 
Catholic Emancipation Bill was his 
Thermopylae. 

Leonidas Wedell. So Freder- 
ick the Great called General C. 
H. Wedell, a Prussian officer, on 
account of his heroic defence of 
the River Elbe, at Teinitz, in 
November, 1744. 

Leontes. A name under which 
James Bindley, an English book- 
collector, figures in Dibdin's Bib- 
lifjtntmid or Book-Madness, and 
in the same author's Biblu*yraph~ 
ictii IfPCttmerMi. He did "much 
to assist literary men, in suggest- 
ing useful emendations, adding 
explanatory notes, loaning his 
valuable books, and reading 



proof-sheets for them, but he 
himself published only one book. 
Dibdin says of him (iii. 26) : 

Dear as the ruddy drops that warm 
my heart are the name and virtues 
of Leontes! That excellent and 
venerable character yet lives; lives 
in the increased estimation of his 
long-tried friends, and in the very 
plenitude and zenith of bibliomam- 
acal reputation. Can human felicity 
go beyond this ? Rich in good works, 
as well as in good books. 

Leper, The. A sobriquet con- 
ferred on Amalrich, Earl of 
Flanders, and father of Baldwin 
IV. Vid. HANDSOME-BEARD. 

Lepidus. A name under which 
the Rev. Dr. Isaac Gosset figures 
in Dibdin 's Bibliomania. He 
was a bibliomaniac, and his 
library was rather select than nu- 
merous. In grammars, classics, 
and theology he was justly proud 
of its strength. His books were 
bound in white vellum, on which 
account he was called MILK- 
WHITE GOSSET (q. v.}. As a book- 
collector he was well known for 
his extensive and solid informa- 
tion, which he was always ready 
to impart, and very often at- 
tended the book-auctions on be- 
half of his friends. Dibdin, in 
the above work, thus introduces 
him: 

You observe, my friends, yonder 
active arid keen-visaged gentleman? 
'Tis Lepidus. Like Magliabecchi, 
content with frugal fare and frugal 
clothing, and preferring the riches of 
the library to those of house-furni- 
ture, he is 'insatiable in his biblioma- 
niacal appetites. Long experience 
has made him sage, and it is not, 
therefore, without "just reason that 
his opinions are courted and consid- 
ered as almost oracular. . . . .Justly 
respectable as are his scholarship and 
good-sense, he is not what you may 
call a fashionable collector, for old 
chronicles and romances are most 
rigidly discarded from his library. 

Lesser, The. St. James was so 
called to distinguish him from 
the other saint of the same name. 
He is represented with a fuller's 
club, in allusion to the instru- 



LET 



187 



LIG 



ment by wliicli lie was put to 
death. 

Lettered Polypheme, Our. So 
Churchill, in his poem The Ghost 
(ii. 230), calls Dr. Samuel John- 
son. 

Leucophseus. So Nichols, in his 
Illustrations of the Literary His- 
tory of thfi Eighteenth Century 
(iii, 718), calls Dr. John Brown, 
author of an Essay on Charac- 
teristics. 

Leveller in Poetry, The. So 
Dryden, in his Essay of Dra- 
matic Poesy (London, 1G6S), 
terms Francis Quarles. 

Leviathan, The. A nickname 
frequently applied to Sir Hubert 
"Walpole/in the time of George 
II. F/V. Wilkins, Political Bal- 
lads (ii. &JG). 

Leviathan of Book- Collectors, 
The. xV nickname given to 
Thomas Rawlmsoii, a man of 
great learning, a great collector 
of books, and a patron of learned 
men. While he lived in Gray's 
Inn lie had four chambers so com- 
pletely tilled with books that 
his bed was removed into the 
passage. After that he hired a 
house in Aldersgatw street for 
the reception of his library, and 
there he used to resale himself 
with the sight and scent of his 
black-letter folios, arranged in 
*' sable garb," and stowed *' three 
deep," from the bottom to the 
top of his house. Vid. TOM 
FOLIO. 

Leviathan of Literature, The. 
An epithet frequently applied to 
Dr. Samuel Johnson. 

Lewis Baboon, in Arbuthnot's 
Jlfatorif ttf John Bull, represents 
King Louis XIV. of France. 
'* Plulip Baboon/" in the same 
work, is intended for Philip, 
Duke of Anjou, the grandson of 
the farmer monarch. Vid. also 
JOHN BULL. 

Liar Taylor. A nickname given 
to the Chevalier John Taylor, an 
oculist, " from a romancing ac- 
count of his life and adventures 



which he published. ' ' Conf. Sala, 
William Hogarth (p. 244). 

Liberator, The. So the Peru- 
vians call Simon Bolivar, who 
established the independence of 
Peru in 1823. 

Daniel O'Connell is also thus 
named, for his endeavors in be- 
half of Ireland. 

Liberator of Missouri, The. A 
title assumed by General Gideon 
Johnson Pillow. Vid. Lossing, 
Pictorial History of the Civil War 
(ii. 57). 

Liberator of the World, The. 
A sobriquet conferred on Benja- 
min Franklin. 

Libni, in Samuel Pordage's satiri- 
cal poem Aznria and Ilnshai, is 
intended for Titus Gates, 
A Levite who had Baulite turn'd, 

and him 
One of the order of the Chemarim. 

Liifht-Horse Harry. General 
Henry Lee is popularly so called, 
on account of his achievements 
as a cavalry commander during 
the American revolutionary war. 

Light of the Ag:e, The. The 
sobriquet conferred on the Rabbi 
Moses ben Maimon of Cordova. 

Ligrht of the Town, The. A 
nickname bestowed upon Titus 
Oafces. rifl. Wilkins, Political 
Bcdlads (i. 207). 

Lig-ht of the World, The. An 
appellation given to Siixismund, 
King of Hungary and Germany. 
He was well educated, could con- 
verse in six languages, possessed 
a large intelligence," was quick at 
repartee, had remarkable politi- 
cal talents, and his frankness was 
winning, but lie marred his popu- 
larity and usefulness by his self- 
ishness and avarice. His want 
of determination, his impetu- 
osity and indecision, neutralized 
his well-meaning endeavors after 
peace and the improvement of 
the kingdom. His reign did not 
accomplish any great good to 
Germany. 

Lightning-. Hamilcar of Car- 
thage. Vid. BABCA. 



LIG- 



188 



LIO 



Ligurian Sage, The. A sobri- 
quet conferred on Aulus Perslus 
Flaocus, who, according to an- 
cient authors, was born at Vola- 
terrae, in Etruria, but modern 
writers conclude that he was a 
native- of LUIIJB Portus in Ligu- 
ria, from the foil owing lines (Sat. 
vi. 0), which seem to indicate his 
birthplace : 

Mihi iiunc Ligus ora 
Intepet, hybernatque meum mare, 

qua. latus irigcns 
Bant seopuli, ft multa littus se valle 

receptat. 
Lunac portum est operas cognoscere, 

cives. 

Gifford, in The Mssviad (lines 
313-31(5), refers to him as fol- 
lows : 

Together we explored the stoic page 
Of the JLigurian, stern, tho' beardless 

sage! 
Or trac'd the Aquinian thro' the 

Latin road, 
And trembled at the lashes he be- 

stow'd. 

The allusion in the first two 
lines is his being a pupil of 
Cornutusthe Stoic, and liis death 
taking Dlace before he had com- 
pleted his twenty-eighth year. By 
**the Aquiiiiaii*' Juvenal is im- 
plied. 

Lili, who occurs in Goethe's auto- 
biography, was Anna Elizabeth 
Schonemann, the daughter of a 
rich banker of Frankfort. 

Lillo Among' Painters, A. This 

name is sometimes given to "Will- 
iam Hogarth, on account of the 
moral tendency of his works, and 
his vigorous style. Of him Sir 
James Mackintosh says : 

I do not think it quite justice to say 
he was a great comic genius. It is 
more true that he was a great mas- 
ter of the tragedy and comedy of 
low life. His pictures have terrific 
and pathetic circumstances and even 
scenes ; he was a Lillo as well as a 
Fielding. His sphere was English 
low life, was contracted indeed com- 
pared to that of Shakespeare, who 
ranged through human nature in all 
times, countries, ranks, and forms; 
but he resembled Shakespeare in the 



versatility of talent, which could be 
either tragic or comic. 

Limb of Shakespeare, A. So 

JDryden, in his preface to Troilus 
and Cressida (1679), calls John 
Fletcher. 

Lime and Mortar Knight, The. 
So Dr. Wolcot, in his Benevolent 
Epistle to Sylvanvs Urban, calls 
Sir William Chambers, the ar- 
chitect. 

Limosin Scholar, The. Under 
this name Helisane de Crenne 
figures in Rabelais' Pantagruel 
(book ii. chap. vi.). She Pin- 
darizes, as the French say, that 
is, affects to speak hard words, or 
a new, quaint language. It was, 
in fact, a pedantic jargon, con- 
sisting of Latin words with 
French terminations, and was a 
parody on the new French 
sought to be introduced by Eon- 
sard and his friends. 

Limping Old Bard, That. So 
Dryden called Sir John Denham, 
the author of The Sophy* 

Lindsay, in Arthur Hugh Clough's 
poem of the Bothie of Tober- 
na-Vuolich, is intended for F. It. 
Johnson of Christ Church. 

Linguist Jones. A nickname 
given to Sir William Jones, who 
was acquainted with many lan- 
guages. 

Linnasus of Hogarth, The. A 
nickname given to John Ireland, 
because he classified and ar- 
ranged the scattered works of 
Hogarth. 

Lion, The. The following per- 
sonages are designated by this 
sobriquet : 

Alep Arslan, called THE VAL- 
IANT LION (q. v.). 

AH, called THE LION OF G-OD 
and THE KUGGED LION (q. v.). 

Ali Pasha, called THE LION OF 
JANINA (q. p.). 

Damelowicz, Prince of Halicz, 
who founded Lemberg in 1259. 

Henry X., puke of Saxony. 
At one time his fortunes were at 
so low an ebb that he was forced 



LIO 



189 



LIT 



to live in England, at the court of 
his father-in-law, Henry II. By 
good luck and good guiding lie 
regained his possessions. He 
was brave, generous, of indefat- 
igable activity, obstinate and 
passionate ; but what raised him 
above the other princes of his 
time was his efforts to advance 
the commerce, industry, and com- 
fort of his people, and to en- 
courage literature and science. 

Louis VIII. of France, who 
was bom under the sign of Leo. 

Otto I. of Germany, on ac- 
count of his undaunted courage 
and greatness of mind. He was 
brave and generous, and, like a 
lion, would not harm the pros- 
trate. 

Richard I., called COEUR DE 
LION (q. r.), for his bravery. 

William of Scotland. 

William, King of Scotland, having 
chosen for his armorial bearing a 
Red Lion rampant^ acquired the 
name of William the Lion; and this 
rampant lion still constitutes the 
arms of Scotland. Scott, Tales of 
a Grandfather (iv.). 

Lion, The, in Dryden's poem of 
The Hind and Panther, is in- 
tended for King James II. 

Lion-Hearted, The. Bichard I. 
Vid. CCBUR BE LION. 

Lion- Killer, The. So Jules Ge- 
rard, the African traveller, is 
called, from the great number of 
lions which he destroyed. 

Lion of God, The. A sobriquet 
of AH, given to him for his great 
courage and religious zeal. 

Lion of Janina, The. A sobri- 
quet conferred on All Pasha, who 
was overthrown by Ibrahim Pa- 
sha in 1822. 

Lion of Sweden, The. A nick- 
name given to the Swedish gen- 
eral Johan Banier, After "the 
death of Gustavus Adolphus, he 
was made chief of the army, and 
overran all Germany, where he 
was accused of unnecessary 
harshness. His death was attrib- 
uted to poison, but the truth is 
that he died from the incessant 



f fatigues of the campaign, as well 

j as intemperance and indulgence, 

i and the chagrin of having failed 

I to win the "battle at liatisbon. 

| He had few equals in reckless 

i gallantry, and even his espousal 

and marriage of a princess of 

Baden was a kind of amorous" 

frenzy. 

Lion of the Fold of Judah, The. 
O'Connell bestowed this name 
upon John MacHale, Archbishop 
of Tuam, his friend and ally in 
the repeal agitation. After 
O'Connell's death, MacHale was 
the leader of the Irish move- 

j ment. 

i Lion of the North, The. So 

j Gustavus Adolphus, noted for 

I his bravery, is called. 

j Lionel Averanche, in George 
Sydney Sinythe's novel of An- 
gela Pizani (1875), is evidently 
intended as a portrait of the 
author himself. 

Lippo, II, i.e., THE BLEAB-EYED, 
is a sobriquet conferred on the 
Italian poet Aurelius Brando- 
lini. 

Lipsian Dicke. A nickname 
given to Kichard Harvey by 
JSTash, in his Have with you to 
Kaffron Walden, where he 
says : 

Therefore Lipsian Dicke, because 
lamely and lubberly hee strives to 
imitate and be another English 
Lipsms, when his lippes hang so in 
his light as hee cannot never come 
neere Mm. 

LIsideius, in Dryden's Essay of 
Dramatic Poetry, is intended for 
Sir Charles Sedley. 

Listen of His Agre, The. A title 

bestowed upon James Nokes, 
the comedian, in the Retrospec- 
tive Review (i. 176). 
Literary Anvil, The. A nick- 
name given to Samuel Johnson. 
The reason is given in a- note 
by Croker in his edition of 
BoswelFs Life of Johnson, where 
he says : 

Dr. Mayo's calm temper and steady 
perseverance rendered him an ad- 



LIT 



190 



LIT 



mirable subject for the exercise of 
Dr. Johnson's powerful abilities. 
He never ilinched; but, after reit- 
erated I/lows, remained seemingly 
unmoved as at first. The scintilla- 
tions of Johnson's genius flashed 
every time he was struck, without 
his receiving any injury. Hepce he 
obtained the epithet of The Literary 
Anvil. 

Literary Baker, The. A sobri- 
quet given to Caleb Jeacock, the 
author of A Vindication of the 
Apostle Paid from the Charges 
of ////pom.s'?/ and Insincerity 
brotif/'ht 1) tf liolinrjbroke, Middle- 
toti, 'nml Other* (1765). 

Literary Bull- dog, The. A 
nickname frequently given to 
William AVarburton, on account 
of his dogmatic spirit and his 
arrogance in his intellectual war- 
fare with others. 

Literary Castor, The. A nick- 
name givt'ii to Samuel Johnson 
in a newspaper squib. The 
names of Johnson and Gold- 
smith were so constantly united 
that when one became the sport 
of newspaper wit, the other 
rarely escaped. The former was 
callous to anything of this kind; 
but, the latter being known to 
be sensitive, many of the infe- 
rior writers, from envy or love 
of mischief, took delight in 
teasing him by their jests and 
ridicule. In the St. James 
Chronicle (June 14,1770) appears 
a supposed dream, in which the 
author attends an auction, where 
a book-seller is acting as auc- 
tioneer, and sells the literati of 
the day. His remarks are as 
follows : 

Auctioneer. This is the Leviathan 
of Literatures the Colossus Doctor 
and Ills friend the Head of the 
Press; a technical pair tit to fill up 
any lady's library. The first was 
secret afv to Ilasselas, Prince of 
Abvssima, but, turning out both 



an Idler and a Rambler, and giving 

False Alarms to the city by which 
he frightened into fits the <^ueen of 



Irene, he was immediately ordered 
to be sold by public auction. His 

companion was thought to be a 

Good-natured Man, till he iiyured 



a Vicar of Wakefield, deluding the 
poor priest with a False Prospect of 
Society : since which he has crawled 
among the ruins of a Deserted Vil- 
lage, and employed his time in cas- 
trating the Roman History. These 
are the Literary Castor and Pollux; 
the benevolent, celebrious, conviv- 
ial associates, the incomprehensible 
Holofernes and the impenetrable 
Goodman Dull. 

Vid. Sm CHARLES EASY. 

Literary Colossus, The. A 
title given to Dr. Samuel John- 
son. 

Literary Machiavel, A. A 
name given to Joseph Addison, 
who bestowed great encomiums 
on Pope's Iliad, and yet had 
composed a translation himself, 
which he had published as a 
rival of Pope's. 

Literary Pollux, The. A nick- 
name given to Oliver Gold- 
smith in a newspaper squib. 
Vid. THE LITERARY CASTOR. 

Literary Proteus, A. A name 
given to Sir John Hill, who had 
more enemies than friends, had 
reasons for all his blunders, and 
who, after his many literary 
quarrels, survived his literary 
character, and wrote himself 
down to so low a degree that 
whenever he had a work for 
publication his employers stipu- 
lated, in their contracts, that the 
author's name should be con- 
cealed. 

Literary Revolutionist, A. A 
name given to Bishop \Varbur- 
ton by Disraeli, in his Quarrels 
of Authors, who says: 

Warburton was a Literary Revolu- 
tionist, who, to maintain a new 
order of things, exercised all the 
despotism, of a perpetual dictator. 
The bold, unblushing energy which 
could lay down the most extravagant 
positions was maintained by a fierce 
dogmatic spirit, and by a peculiar 
style of mordacious contempt and 
intolerant insolence, beating down 
his opponents from all quarters 
with an animating shout of triumph. 

Literary Sinbad, A. A name 
given to Captain Basil Hall, who 



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191 



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wrote many voyages. Prescott, 
in iiis Biographical and Critical 
Miscellanies, says : 

Scott affords more marvels for the 
imagination to feed on than can be 
furnished by the most nimble-footed, 
nirnble-tongued traveller, from Mar- 
co Polo down to Mrs. Trollope and 
the Literary Sinbad Captain Hall. 

Literary Sir Plume, A. An 
epithet given to the Rev. Louis 
Dutens by Dibdin, who says, in 
his Bibliographical Decameron 
(iii. 93) : ' 

I was well acquainted with Mon- 
sieur L. Dutens, and had frequent 
opportunities of witnessing how 
completely, in every respect, his 
well dressed circular pernque was a 
sort of personification of iiis mind. 
He had talents such as ingenuity, 
upper-form learning, and a vivacious 
spirit of research and of expression. 
These were all arranged in precise 
order (like the curls of the said 
peruque), and were obedient at a 
moment's call. ... He was indeed 
a sort of Literary Sir Plume; and a 
more determined courtier, in domes- 
tic life, was never imported from the 
country which gave him birth. 

Literary Sycophant, A. A 
name given to Richard Hurd, 
the friend of "Warburton. Dis- 
raeli, in Ms Quarrels of Authors, 
says : 

The character of a literary syco- 
phant was never more perfectly ex- 
hibited than in Hurd. A Whig in 
principle, yet he had all a courtier's 
arts for \Varburton; to him he de- 
voted all his genius, though that 
indeed was moderate; aided him 
with all his ingenuity, which was 
exquisite; and lent his cause a cer- 
tain delicacy of taste and cultivated 
elegance which, although too prim 
ana artificial, was a vein of gold 
running through his mass of erudi- 
tion. 

Literary Vassal, A. So Lord 
Byron terms himself in the ded- 
ication prefixed to his tiardana- 
pcdus. 

Literary Whale, Our. So Dr. 
Wolcot, in his Epi&tle to James 
JBoswell, calls Dr. Samuel John- 
son. 

Little, The. A nickname given 
to Dionysius (Exiguus), a Roman 



monk, who flourished in the 
sixth century, and compiled a 
collection of decretals or letters 
of the popes in reply to questions 
proposed to them by bishops and 
others. 

Little Beagie, The. A nickname 
which James I. gave to William 
Cecil, Lord Burleigh. 

Little Blue-Cloak, The. A nick- 
name given to Ednie Champion, 
the Parisian philanthropist. He 
had suffered privation in his 
youth, but afterwards became 
rich, and in 1817 sold his stock 
in trade, having had a jewelry 
establishment, and commenced 
the second act of his life with 
an income of 00,000 francs. He 
lived with the same economy he 
had always practised, and gave 
nearly the whole of this sum to 
the poor. During the rigorous 
winter of 1829-30, every morning 
he might be seen installed on a 
street-corner, with enormous urns 
containing hot wholesome ali- 
ments, and piles of clothes. In 
two months he bestowed on the 
indigent 40,000 basins of soup 
and many garments, coats, trou- 
sers, shoes, "etc. But his liberal- 
ity is better exemplified in the 
less prominent conduct of the 
preceding years. To the poor, 
as they saw him coming from 
afar, he appeared as a sign of 
hope, and they, not knowing who 
he was, called him 7> Petit Man.- 
tecm-Weii, i. <>., "The Little 
Blue-Cloak," for it was his habit 
to wear a short cloak of blue cloth 
fastened to his neck by a clasp, 
and reaching to the waist, so as 
to meet the cold, and yet offer no 
impediment in mixing with the 
destitute It was not till 1830 
that his identity was publicly es- 
tablished ," then his exertions were 
recognized by his nomination as 
a chevalier of the Ley ion d'Hon- 
neur. 

Little Boatman, The. So Lord 
Byron, in Don Jwtn (iii. 100), 

calls William Wordsworth, in 



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192 



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allusion to his poem Benjamin 
the War/oner, etc. 

Little Boswell of His Day, The. 
A name given to John Au- 
brey: 

Aubrey, the little Boswell of his 
day, has recorded another literary 
peculiarity, which some authors do 
not sufficiently use. - Disraeli, <?war- 
rels of Authors. 

Little Comedy. A name given 
to Mit-s Catharine Horneck, after- 
ward Airs. Bunbury, a friend of 
Oliver Goldsmith. She was In- 
telligent, of a mirthful disposi- 
tion, and withal very beautiful. 
Vid. THE JESSAMY BRIDE. 

Little Corporal, The. A nick- 
name given to Napoleon Bona- 
parte, on account of his low stat- 
ure and great courage. It was 
first used after the battle of Lodi, 
in 1796. 

Little David. A name given to 
John Felton, executed in 1628, 
for the assassination of the Duke 
of Buckingham. Of this Dis- 
raeli, in his Curiosities of Litera- 
ture, says : 

The passage of Felton to London, 
after the assassination, seemed a 
triumph. Now pitied, and now 
bleHHed, mothers held up their chil- 
dren to behold the savior of the 
country; and an old woman ex- 
claimed, " God bless thee, little Da- 
vid." Felton was nearly sainted be- 
fore he reached the metropolis. 

Vid. also Masson, Life of Mil- 
ton (i. 148-150). 

Little David, Our. So Dr. "Wol- 
cot, in his poem Expostulation, 

calls Hannah More. 

Little Davy. David Garrick is 
referred to by this name in Sala's 
William Hogarth (p. 291). 

Little Dicky. A name given by 
Addison to Sir Richard Steele, 
in The Old Whiff. 

Little Doctor. Aubrey, in his 
Letters, speaking of William Au- 
brey, says that "he was a good 
statesman, and Queen Elizabeth 
loved him, and was wont to call 
Mm * her little Doctor.' n 



Little Druid-wight, A. So 
Thomson, in his poem The Cas- 
tle of Indolence (33), calls Alex- 
ander Pope. 

Little Blectra, The. A name 
given by Byron to his daughter, 
Augusta Ada, in his correspond- 
ence with Murray. He consid- 
ered this daughter, when she be- 
came of age, would either act as 
his partisan against her mother, 
or assist in a reconciliation be- 
tween her parents. In the Greek 

poem, Electro. t who was a daugh- 
ter of Clytemnestra, lived to con- 
demn her wicked mother. 

Little Faction, The. This name 
was applied by Arthur Murphy 
to Churchill, Colman, Lloyd, and 
Thornton, in the advertisement 
to his satire An Ode to The 
Naiads of Fleet Ditch. 

Little Giant, The. Stephen A. 
Douglas is referred to by this 
name, "in allusion to the dispar- 
ity between his physical and his 
intellectual proportions." 

Little Hales. So Sir John Suck- 
ling calls John Hales. Vid. Au- 
brey's Letters: 
Little Hales all the time did nothing 

but smile, 

To see them, about nothing, keep 
such a coile. 

Little Hillock. A sobriquet of 
Confucius. Vid. THE PHILOSO- 
PHER OF CHINA. 

Little Liar, A. Dr. \Volcot, in 
his Ode upon Ode, thus calls Al- 
exander Pope. 

Little Mac. So General McClel- 
lan was nicknamed by his sol- 
diers. 

Little Machiavel. So Dryden, 
in his Essay itpon, Satire, alludes 
to Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl 
of Shaftesbury. 

Little Machiavelli, A. An epi- 
thet given to Ferdinand Galiani, 
an Italian abbe, whose favorite 
expression was. "I wish to be 
what I am ; I wish to assume the 
tone that pleases me." The epi- 
thet was applied to him by Sainte- 
Beuve, in his Gauseries du Lun- 



LIT 



193 



LIT 



di : Abl> Galiani, where lie 
says : 

This little Machiavelli, who affected 
a lack of feeling, who boasted that 
he never wept in his life, and that 
he had seen with dry eyes his father, 
mother, sister, all "his friends, pass 
away (he calumniated himself ), wept 
and sobbed on quitting Paris on 
quitting, as he ^aid, " that amiable 
nation which has loved me so much." 

Little Magician, The. Martin 

van Buren was thus nicknamed, 
on account of his supposed politi- 
cal talents. 

Little Man in Bed Stockings, 
The. A nickname given to Leo- 
pold I., Emperor of Germany. 
He was of a weak and sickly con- 
stitution, low in stature, of a sat- 
urnine complexion, and distin- 
guished with an unusual portion 
of the Austrian lip. He was at- 
tached to the, Spanish dress, cus- 
toms, and etiquette, and usually 
appeared in a coat of black cloth, 
ornamented with a large order of 
the Golden Fleece, scarlet stock- 
ings, and a Spanish hat, decora- 
ted with a scarlet feather. 

Little Man of Twickenham, 
The. So James T. Fields, in 
his Yesterdwjs with Authors (p. 
4), calls Alexander Pope. 

Little Marlborougii, The. So 
the Prussian field-marshal 
Count von Schwerin is fre- 
quently called. 

Little Master, The. A title 
given to Hans Sebald Beham, 
an engraver of the sixteenth 

century, on account of the small 
size of his engravings. 
Little Napoleon. A sobriquet 
applied to Gen. P. G. T. Beau- 
regard. Vid. Headley, Life and 
Ciimpaigns of U. . (Jrant (p. 

Little Napoleon, The. A so- 
briquet frequently bestowed 
upon George B. McCIellan. 
Vid. Cartoon?:, by Matt. Morgan 
(London, 1874). 

Little Nightingale, The. A 
nickname given to Alexander 



Pope in his youth. Johnson, 
Lives of the English Pvets, 

says : * 

Pope was from his birth of a con- 
stitution tender and delicate, but is 
said to have shown remarkable jron- 
tleness and sweetness of disposition. 
The weakness of his body continued 
through his life; but the "mildness of 
his mind perhaps ended with his 
childhood. His voice, when he was 
young, was so pleasing that he 
was called in fondness the Little 
Nightingale. 

Little Pale Star from Georgia, 
The. Alexander H. Stephens 
was thus referred to by Jeffer- 
son Davis. Vid. Perley Poore's 
Reminiscences (i. 344): 

Jefferson Davis . . . was an ardent 
supporter of State sovereignty and 
of Southern rights, and he was very 
severe on those Congressmen from 
the slave-hokling States who were 
advocates of the Union, especially 
Mr. A. II . Stephens, whom he de- 
nounced as "the Little Pale Star 
from Georgia." 

Little Pepper. So Mathias, in 
The Pursuits of Literature (ii.), 
calls Sir Richard Pepper Ardin, 
the Master of the Eolls (1796). 

Little Phil. A nickname given 

by his troops to General Philip 
H. Sheridan. 

Little Poet, The. A name given 
to Alexander Oldys. Vid. 
Philips, Thcatrum Poetarum 
Anylicartornm . 

Little Preacher, The. A sobri- 
quet bestowed on Samuel de 

Marets, the Protestant contro- 
versialist. 

Little Queen, The. So Isabella 
of Valois, the wife of Richard 
II., is called, because she was 

but eight years of age at the 
time of her marriage, and 
was left a widow live years 
later. 

Little Bed Fox, The. A title 
bestowed on Alexander II., 
King of Scotland. 

Little Sculptor, The. A name 
under which Louis Francois 
Koubillac, a French sculptor, 



LIT 



194 



LOG 



but for some time a resident of 
England, appeals in Goldsmith's 
Chinese Letters. 

Little Sid. So Dryden, in his 
Eftsaif on Satire (line 208), calls 
the Hon. Henry Sidney (brother 
of Algernon Sidney), who be- 
came Earl of Eiraisey in 1688, 
and Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland 
in the following year. 
Little Spaniard, The. Jose' Bi- 

beni, Vi<L SPAGNOLETTO. 
Little Vermin, The. A name 
given to Archbishop Laud. Vid. 
Masson, Lije r>f Milton (\. 540). 
Little Villain, The. So Horace 
Greeley, pt various times, 
dubbed Henry J. Raymond, in 
the columns of The New JorJc 
Tribune. 

Little Whig-, The. A nickname 
bestowed on Anne, Countess of 
Sunderltind, second daughter of 
the Duke of Marlborough. She 
has been described as t rather 
petite in person, and did not 
disdain the appellation conferred 
upon her at a time when every- 
thing bore the ensigns of party 
of one kind or other." 
Livery Muse, The. A nick- 
name given to Robert Dodsley, 
the London publisher, author, 
and editor. At one time he 
was a servant to a Miss Lowther, 
and while in her service pub- 
lished by subscription a volume 
of poems called The Mvse in 
Lirery. He was befriended by 
Pope and Spence. When Curll, 
the London bookseller, had a 
quarrel with Pope, he published 
a malignant Epistle^ against the 
author of the JU unclad, in which 
he says . 
'Tis kind indeed a Livery Muse to 

aid, 
Who scribbles Farces to augment 

his trade : 
Where you and Spence and Glover 

drive the nail, 

The Devil's in it if the plot should 
fail. 

Living Cyclopaedia, The. A 

nickname given to Dionysius 
Casslus Longinus, of the school i 



of Plato, on account of his ex- 
tensive information. He is also 
called THE LIVING LIBRARY. 
Vid. Taine, History of English 
Literature. 

Living Library, A. A nick- 
name given to Jacques Tous- 
sain, a French scholar and 
the most famous Hellenist of his 
time. 

Living- Sophism, The. An ap- 
pellation frequently given to Fran- 
cois Maxiinilien Joseph Isadore 
Robespierre, the leader in the 
French Revolution. A suave, 
smooth-faced, oily-tongued vil- 
lain, who made a "cat's-paw " 
of any one who would serve his 
purpose. He owed his success 
to his cunning and perseverance, 
and was a thorough coward. He 
was always talking of the 
"beauty of morality," while he 
had none himself, and styled 
himself the, people's friend, while 
he was a friend to no one but 
himself. 

Livy of Portugal, The. A title 
conferred on Joao de Barros, the 
Portuguese historian. 

Lochiel, immortalized by Camp- 
bell, is Sir Evan Cameron, called 
also THE BLACK and THE ULYS- 
SES OF THE HIGHLANDS. 
And Cameron, in the shock of steel, 
Die like the offspring of Lochiel. 
Scott, The Field of Waterloo. 

Lockit, the jailer in John Gay's 
Begc/ar's Opera, is intended for 
Lord Townshend, 

Locksmith King, The. A nick- 
name given to Louis XVI., 
King of France, who took great 

Pleasure in mechanical labors, 
ut had no aptitude for political 
science. He had a room fitted 
up with tools, a forge, and every- 
thing needed in a small black- 
smith's shop, and here he em- 
ployed himself for hours in 
tinkering under the superintend- 
ence of a man named G-amain. 
He excelled, however, in clock- 
work and lock-making, and kept 
all the time-pieces of Versailles 



LOG 



195 



LOW 



in order, while the clock of state 
was rapidly running down, 
soon to strike the knell of his 
own death. 

Log 1 - Cabin Harrison. A nick- 
name given to William Henry 
Harrison, During the excite- 
ment which preceded his elec- 
tion as the ninth President of 
the United States, a Washington 
correspondent of the Baltimore 
Rcpitblicfui, in one of his letters, 
sneeringly remarked that give 
the candidate a pension of a 
thousand dollars and a barrel 
of hard cider and he would sit 
contented in his log cabin for the 
rest of his days. To ridicule the 
log cabin in which every West- 
ern man was born, ill became 
the party whose best representa- 
tive was" Jackson. Some happy 
observer seized the unfortunate 
sneer and used it as a rallying 
cry for the Harrison party. 
Log cabins large enough to hold 
great crowds of people were 
built in many places. Small 
ones mounted on wheels and 
decorated with raccoon skins 
were used in processions, and a 
barrel marked " Hard Cider '* 
was conspicuous at the public 
meetings. Politicians wore log- 
cabin buttons and handkerchiefs, 
log-cabin cigars were smoked, 
and even laundresses advertised 
to do up shirts in log-cabin style. 
Log-cabin songs, introducing the 
hard cider, were sung, and a 
collection of these songs was 
published in a book. 

Loggerhead of London, The. 
A name applied to "William 
Pitt. The incident of his having 
been fired at by a turnpike- 
keeper at Wimbledon, for rifling 
through the gate without paying, 
supplied Captain Charles Morris 
with a subject for an amusing 
ballad, which he called An Amer- 
ican tionr/i and which closes with 
the lines: 
Solid men of Boston, go to bed at 

sundown, 

And never lose votir head, like the 
Loggerhead of London. 



London Little -Grace. So the 
Rev. Thomas' Bryce, in his poem 
The Jtff/ifiter [<\f the Martyrs] 
. . . (1559;, term's Edmund Bon- 
ner, the Bishop of London, 
who was proverbial for his cru- 
elty. 
Long, The. A nickname given 

to Philippe V. of France. 
Long-Hair. A nickname given 
to General George Ouster by 
the Indians. In a portrait 
taken in 1865 he appears with 
long hair and a slouch hat. 
Vid. the Life, by Captain Fred- 
erick Whittaker. 

Long Harry. A name given 
Henry Wilkinson, Jr., one of the 
Westminster Assembly of July, 
1043, to distinguish him from 
another person of the same 
name, called " Dean Harry," 
who lived till 11)90. "Dean 
Harry " was also a zealous Puri- 
tan and Parliamentarian ; but he 
was not a member of the Assem- 
bly. Neal has confounded the 
two names. 

Long- Peter. A nickname given 
to the Flemish painter Peter 
Aartsen, on account of his ex- 
traordinary height. 
Long Scribe, The. Vincent 
Bowling, the British sportsman, 
was so called, on account of his 
tall stature. 

Long 1 Sir Thomas. A sobriquet 
bestowed on Sir Thomas Robin- 
son, on account of his uncommon 
height of stature, in allusion to 
which the following happy epi- 
gram was written : 
Unlike to Itobinsoa shall be my 

song, 
It shall be witty, and it sha'n't be 

long. 

For some curious anecdotes 
concerning this individual, the 
reader is referred to Churchill's 
Poetical Works (ii. 183, ed. of 
1804). 
Long-Sword. So William I., 

Duke of Normandy, is called. 
Long 1 Tom. Thomas Jefferson's 
great height and slender figure 



LOST 



196 



LOB 



exposed him -to much ridicule 
from liia opponents, and his 
sobriquet among them was 
"Long Torn," 

Long-inns the Pope, who occurs 
in Churchill's poem The Cou- 
clare, is intended for Dr. Zach- 
ary Pearce. 

Long-shanks. A nickname given 
to Edward I. of England, on ac- 
count of the length of his legs. 
Dickens, in his Child's History 
of England (ch. xv.) says: 

His legs hud need to be strong, 
however long and thin they were; 
for tliev had to (support him through 
many difficulties on the fiery sands 
of Syria, where his small force of 
soldiers fainted, died, deserted, and 
seemed to melt away. But his prow- 
ess made light of it, and he said. 
11 1 will go on, if I go on with no 
other follower than my groom." 

Lord Achon. A character in 

Harrington's Ocean a, which 
represents Oliver Cromwell. 

Lord All-Pride. A nickname 
bestowed on John Sheffield, 
Duke of Buckinghamshire and 
Earl of Mulgrave, a very vain 
man. 

Lord Barry more J s Tig-er. A 
sobriquet bestowed upon Alexan- 
der Lee. VlcL Fitzgerald, New 
History of the English Stage (ii. 
427). 

Lord Bluff. So Dr. \Volcot, in 
his Ode to the King, calls Lord 
Cardigan. 

Lord Bluster. So Lord Holland 
is nicknamed in the Noctes Am- 
brosiansB (Iviii.). 

Lord Chesterfield of Italy, 
The. Courthope, in his biogra- 
phy of Addison (English Meti of 
Letters, p. 104), bestows this title 
on Giovanni della Casa, the Ital- 
ian prelate, and author of the (?a~ 
lateo. 

Lord Bskdale, in Benjamin Dis- 
raeli's novel of Coning tiby, is 
said to be intended for 'William 
Lowther, Earl of Lonsdale. 

Lord Fanny, in Pope's Imitation 
of the First Book of Horace, is 



intended for Lord John Hervey. 
Vid. SPORUS. 

Lord Gawky. So Richard Gren- 
ville, Lord Temple, was nick- 
named in the publications of his 
time. 

Lord Glenarvon, the hero of a 
novel of the same name, written 
by Lady Caroline Lamb, in 1816, 
was drawn to represent Lord By- 
ron. Lady Lamb had a wild 
passion for the poet, which was 
fatal to her domestic felicity, 
ruined her character, and aliena- 
ted her friends. Lord Byron 
spoke of the novel as a very in- 
sincere production, and did not 
return the passion the authoress 
had for him, which was so great 
that she once attempted to com- 
mit suicide because he slighted 
her at a ball. 

Lord Mayor of the Theatric 
Sky. An epithet applied to 
Leigh Hunt, who, in The Exam- 
iner, in 1812, was keeping the 
actors of London in hot water. 
It was given to him by James 
and Horace Smith, in their Re- 
jected Addresses, No. x., "John- 
son's Ghost," which says: 

The Jove of the modern critical 
Olympus, Lord Mayor of the theatric 
sky, has, ex cathedra, asserted that a 
natural actor looks upon the audi- 
ence part of the theatre as the third 
side of the chamber he inhabits. 
Surely, of the third wall thus fanci- 
fully erected, our actors should, by 
ridicule or reason, be withheld from 
knocking their heads against the 
stucco. 

Lord Minimus. A name by 
which Jeffrey Hudson, a dwarf, 
was known. He figures under 
his own name in Scott's novel 
Peveril of the Peak. 

Lord of Crazy Castle, The. A 
nickname given to John Hall 
Stevenson, the author of Crazy , 
Tales. His residence, Skelton ' 
Castle, near Guisborough, he 
nicknamed '* Crazy Castle." 

Lord of Irony, The. So Lord 
Byron, in Childe Harold (III. 
cvii.), calls Voltaire. 



LOR 



197 



LOK 



Lord of Leasowes. A nick- 
name given to William Shen- 
stone, an English poet, who de- 
voted himself early in life to the 
embellishment and improvement 
of his paternal estate, In Shrop- 
shire, called "The Leasowes." 
He made a very picturesque 
place. When he took possession 
of it, it was valued at three hun- 
dred pounds, and when it was 
sold, after his improvements, 
it brought seventeen hundred 
pounds. The above nickname 
was given to him by Magi nn, in 
his essay on hoWntt the if'eurer. 

Lord of Eoanoke. John Ran- 
dolph is thus referred to in Per- 
ley Poore's Itvnwuwenves (i. 70). 

Lord of the British Pandemo- 
nium, The. A name given to 
Shakespeare. Prescott, in his 
JBiof/rttjjhiMtl and Critical Miscel- 
lanies, says: 

The French at length became so 
far reconciled to the monstrosities 
of their neighbors that a regular 
translation of Shakespeare, the Lord 
of tlie British Pandemonium, was 
executed, by Lotounieur, a scholar 
of no great merit, but the work was 
well received. 

Lord Polufiosboio, So Dr. Wol- 
cot, in his postscript to the Ode 
on the PtusKinuii, calls Richard 
Grosveuor, Lord Belgrave. 

Lord Protector of the Com- 
monwealth, The. 80 Oliver 

Cromwell is popularly called. 

Lord Seventy-four. So Byron, 
in his poem 7Yte Blues, rails 

James Lowther, first Earl of 
Lonsdule, who offered to build 
and man a ship of seventy-four 
guns, towards the close of the 
American War, for the service of 
his country, at his own expense. 

Lord Strutt, in Arbutlmot's His- 
tory o/ John Bull, is intended 
for" Charles II., King of Spain, 
who, having no children himself, 

had settled the monarchy upon 
Philip, Duke of Anjou, who 
figures in the same work as 
PHILIP BABOON (7. r.). 



Lord Sycophant. A character 
in the old English play X<j-hodij 
and Some-body, written about 
1592, drawn to represent Henry 
Brooke, better known us Lord 
Cobliam, the friend of Raleigh. 

Lorenzo, in Edward Young's 
poem The Complaint, or Night 
Thought*, was formerly supposed 
to be 'intended for the 'son of the 
poet. Dr. Johnson, however, 
points out that in 1741, when 
the poem was written, " this Lo- 
renzo, this finished infidel, this 
father to whose education vice 
had for some years put the last 
hand, was only eight years old." 

Lorenzo. A character in Dibdin's 

Bibliomania, drawn to represent 
Sir Mark Master man Sykes, at 
whose house several chapters of 
the story are laid. Of him the 
author (p. 283) says: 

If it should here be asked, by the 
critical reader, why our society is 
not described as being more con- 
genial by the presence of those 
" whom men were burn to please," 
the answer is at once simple and 
true; Lorenzo was a bachelor, and 
his sisters, knowing how long and 
desperate would be our discussion 
upon black-letter and white-letter, 
had retreated in the morning to 
spend the day with Lisardo's mother. 

Lorenzo de Medici of Hungary, 
The. A nickname, given to 

Matthias Gorvhms,King of Hun- 
gary, who maintained' four li- 
brarians at Florence to transcribe 
books for him, and gave constant 
occupation to thirty amanuenses 
skilled in the talent of copying 
and painting, to furnish books 
for his library at Buda. In lf>U(5 
this library was largely destroyed 
by the Turks, under Soliman II. 
who tore the binding off the lxx>ks 
for their gold ornaments, and left 
the leaves to rot and decay. At 
present all that exists of the 
30,000 volumes which Corvinus 
had when he died are 300 vol- 
umes, now in the Imperial Li- 
brary of Vienna. Dibuin, in his 
Biblioffraphical Decameron^ says 
of him: 



LOS 



198 



LUC 



He devoted very many years of the 
latter part of his life to the amassing 
of an immense library, at a time 
when printing 1 could scarcely be said 
to have attained its maturity; and 
exhausted, hoth in the architectural 
decoration of his library and in the 
embellishments of the books them- 
selves, almost everything which in- 
genuity could suggest, and the power 
of wealth carry into execution. He 
was the Cosmo or the Lorenzo de 
Medici of Hungary, call him by either 
name you plea-e. 

Lost Leader, The. So Robert 
Browning, in a poem of the same 
name, calls William Words- 
worth. 

Lost Mistress, The, in the poem 
of the same name, by George 
yilliers, Duke of Buckingham, 
is said to have been the Countess 
of Shrewsbury, for whose sake 
the duke killed her husband in a 
duel; the countess, disguised as 
a page, holding the duke's horse 
during the combat. 

Lost Star of the House of 
Judah, The. Mrs. S. C. Hall, 
In her Pilyrimayes to English 
Shrines (p. 4(>0), calls Grace 
Aguilar by this name. 

Louisa. A nickname given to 
General Lew Wallace, by the 
troops under his command. " He 
was a great favorite for his fight- 
ing qualities, and the soldiers 
adopted that inappropriate name 
for want of a better." 

Lovelace of His Time, The. A 
name given to Louis Francois 
Arman'd Du Plessis de Richelieu, 
a marshal of France, and one of 
the most notorious roues and 
worthless characters in French 
history. Morley, Voltaire, 
says: 

The Duke of Richelieu was the ir- 
resistible Lovelace of his time, and 
it was deemed an honor, an honor 
to which Madame du Chzitelet among 
so many others has a title, to have 
yielded to his fascinations. 

Lovely Bessie, The. A nick- 
name given to Elizabeth, daugh- 
ter of Sir Nicholas Throckmor- 
ton, and wife of Sir Walter 
Raleigh, 



Lovely Georgius, The. A nick- 
name given by the British sol- 
diers to George Washington. 
Moore, in his Songs and Ballads 
of the American Revolution (p. 
100), mentions a poem entitled 

Adam's Fall; the Trip to Cam- 
bridge (1775), of which the sixth 
stanza reads : 
Old Mother Hancock, with a pan 

All crowded full of butter, 

Unto the lovely Georgius ran, 

And added to the splutter. 

Lubin. A nickname given by 
Boileau-Despre'aux to Claud 
Perrault, a French architect, 
physician, and mechanician, in 
an Epigram to a Physician: 
Yes, I have said, an JSscul'pian Sot 
More by Vitruvius than by Galen got. 
He proved successful in" a building 

way, 

Who as a doctor always went astray. 
Yet think not, Lubiri, I on you re- 
flect, 
Your pardon, Sir, my muse is too 

correct, 

A quack you are : but no good ar- 
chitect. 

Luc, i. e,, LUKE. A nickname 
given to Frederick the Great, by 
Voltaire. Carlyle, in his History 
of Frederick II., says : 

M. de Voltaire had at the Delices 
a big ape of excessively mischievous 
turn, who used to throw stones at 
the passers-by, and sometimes would 
attack with his teeth friend or foe 
alike. One day it thrice bit M. de 
Voltaire's own "leg. He had called it 
Luc, and in conversation with select 
friends, as also in letters to such, he 
sometimes designated the King of 
Prussia by that name. " He is like 
my Luc here; bites whoever caresses 
him." . . . The spiteful man, in thus 
naming the king, meant to stigmatize 
him as the mere ape of greater men; 
as one without any greatness of his 
own. 

Lucasta, the heroine of the poems 
of Richard Lovelace, wns Lucy 
Sacheverell. The name is formed 
from lux casta, i. e., CHASTE 
LUCY. 

Lucia, in Churchill's poem The 
Apology (line 333), is meant for 
Lucy Cooper. 



LUC 



199 



LTD 



Lucian of France, The. An 
epithet conferred on Francois 
Rabelais, the French wit, because 
"both Lucian and he have been 
abused by unkind Fame, and to 
understand both we must study 
their own works concerning 
others, rather than the works of 
others concerning them. 

Lucien Gay, in Benjamin Dis- 
raeli's novel of Coiiiii'/sbif, is said 
to be intended for Theodore 
Hook. 

Lucullus. A nickname given to 
Samuel Bernard, the capitalist. 
The allusion is to the "rich fool " 
of Rome. 

Lun. A sobriquet bestowed by 
Garrick upon John Rich, man- 
ager of the Coyent Garden 
Theatre, and the introducer of 
pantomime into England. After 
Rich died, Garrick produced the 
pantomime of Harlequin's In- 
vasion, and in the prologue he 
paid a handsome compliment to 
his brother-manager, while he 
apologized for the innovation of 
giving a tongue to the Harle- 
quin : 

But why a speaking Harlequin? 'tis 

wrong, 
The wits will say, to give the fool a 

tongue. 
When Lun appeared with matchless 

art and whim, 
He gave a power of speech to every 

limb. 

Lurking-, Way-Laying- Cow- 
ard, A. So John Dennis, in his 
Character of Mr. Pope (1716), 
terms the latter. 

Lusian Scipio, The. Nunio. 
Vid. Camoeus, The Lusiad (viii.), 

Lusian's Luckless Queen, The. 
So Lord Byron, in (fhilde Harold 
(I. xxix.), calls Maria I. of Port- 
ugal 

Lusty Pakingrton. A nickname 
given to Sir John Pakington. 
Queen Elizabeth called Mm HER 
TEMPERANCE. 

Lusty Stucley. A name given 
to Sir Thomas Stucley, an Eng- 



lish adventurer at different times 
in the service of Elizabeth of 
England, Henry II. of France, 
and Philip II. of Spain. He was 
also concerned in a plot to place 
Mary Stuart on the English 
throne. The play of T/iv Life 
and Death of Captain Thomas 
Stukeley (1605) was founded on 
his adventures, and he was the 
hero of several ballads. One, 
probably written soon after 1005, 
says: 

If I should tell his story -pride was. 

all his glory 
And lusty Stucley he was called in 

court, 
He served a bishop in the West, and 

did accompany the best, 
Maintaining of himself in gallant 
sort. 

Another ballad, to be sung to 
the tune of King Henry's going 

to Boulogne, says: 

In England in the West, 
Where Phoebus takes his rest, 
There lusty Stucley he was born ; 
By birth he was a clothfcr's son, 

Deeds of wonder he hath, done, 

Which with lasting praise his name 
adorn. 

Lycidas is the name under which 

John Milton celebrates the un- 
timely death of Edward King, 
the son of Sir John King, secre- 
tary for Ireland, who was 
drowned while sailing from 
Chester to Ireland, August 10. 
187. 

Lycurgus of the Lower House, 
The. A nickname given to 
Lord John Russell, the English 
statesman, on account of his in- 
domitable self-reliance and te- 
nacity of self-assertion. 

Lyons. So Byron, in his poem 
Childish Recollections, calls John 
Fitzgibbon, second Earl of Clare. 

Lydgate of His Day, The, An 
epithet given to Jean de JVfeung, 
the French poet. His range of 
study appears to have been very 
extensive, including philosophy, 
astronomy, chemistry, arithme- 
tic, and poetry, and as a poet he 
had a share in the Roman de la 



LTD 



200 



LTS 



Rose, which is far beyond the 
rude efforts of the preceding 

French romancers. 

Lydian Poet, The. The popular 
appellation of Alcman, a native 
of Lydia, who flourished in the 
seventh century before the 

Christian era. 

Lying- Dick Talbot. A nick- 
name bestowed upon the Irish 
Jacobite Tyrconnel, who held 
important posts under James II. 
and William III. 

Lying 1 Old Fox. So Horace 
Walpole is referred to in the 
Nodes Amhrosiatise (L). 

Lying- Scot, The. A name given 
to Gilbert Bui-net, the historian, 



by his political and literary oppo- 
nents. 

Lying* Traveller, The. Sir 
John Maundeville is so called, 
on account of the extraordi- 
nary incidents recorded in his 
voyages. 

Lynx, The, in The Chaldee MS. 
(ii. 11), is intended to represent 
Arthur Mower, author of The 
White Cottage, etc. 

Ly sander, in Dibdin's Biblioma- 
nia, represents the author him- 
self. 

Lyscidias, in Moliere's La Cri- 
tique, de i'tfcole des femmes, is 
supposed to be intended for a 
portrait of Edine Boursault, the 
French dramatist. 



MAC 



201 



MAD 



M. 



Mac Flecknoe, the hero of John 
JDryden's celebrated satire of the 
same name, was Thomas Shad- 
well, the dramatist. 

Richard Fleckiioe, from whom 
the piece derives its title, was 
an Irish priest, proverbially dis- 
tinguished for his wretched 
verses. " Dryden makes Shadwell 
the adopted son of this doggerel 
sonneteer, who long 
In prose and verse was own'd with- 
out dispute, 

Through all the realms of Nonsense 
absolute. 

Maccabseus. Judas Asmo- 
nseus is so called. Vid. M ARTEL. 
Macedonia's Madman. Alex- 
ander the Great. Vid. Pope, 
Essay on Man (iv. 220), and THE 
BRILLIANT MADMAN (ante). 
Macedonian, The. A sobriquet 
conferred on Julius Polyswius, 
who flourished in the second 
century, and was the author of 
Strataflematct. 

Macer. A name given to Am- 
brose Philips by Pope, in his 
Macer: A Character: 
When simple Macer, now of high 

renown, 
First sought a poet's fortune in the 

town : 
Twas all th' ambition Ms high soul 

could feel, 
To wear red stockings, and to dine 

with tSteele; 
Some ends of verse his betters might 

afford, 
And give the harmless fellow a good 

word. 

Machiavel. A name given to 
William Cecil, Lord Burleigh, 

by Disraeli, in his Amenities of 
Literature 

It was while this snbdoloos minister 
was holding most intimate inter- 



course with Kaleigh, while his 
son was placed under his guardian 
care at Sherbone, and he himself, 
with Lord Cobham, his brother-in- 
law, was there as a guest, that this 
extraordinary ilachiavel was daily 
working at the destruction of both 
his friends. 

MacMayelli, A. A nickname 
given, in 1730, by the Girondists, 
to James Necker, the French, 
statesman. 

Mackenzie, Mrs,, an " Old Cam- 
paigner," in Thackeray's novel 
The Jfewcnmes, is said to have 
been intended for an ftxact por- 
traiture of his wife's mother. 

Macroton, one of the doctors in 
Moliere's L* Amour Medevin, is 
meant for the physician JFran- 
ois Gucnault. The word means 
"a slow speaker," and is appro- 
priate, because (ruenault was in 
the habit of delivering his opin- 
ions slowly and seutentiously. 

This gentleman was one of the 
best known and mot celebrated 
medical men of his time, and had 
been physician to the Prince de 
Conde, and then to the queen. He 
had often professionally attended 
on the king, and scarcely a man of 
rank fell ill who did riot consult 
him. It is said he was very fond of 
money, and a declared champion of 
antimony, and, through his influence 
amongst the great, a decided lord 
amongst doctors.' Van Laun. 

Vid. also DESFONANDRKS, BA- 
HIS, and TQM&S. 

Mac veins Naso. A nickname 
frequently given to Macvey 
Kapler by the wits of Black- 
wood's Magazine* 

Mad Anthony. A nickname 
given to General Anthony 
wayne, on account of his reck- 
less bravery. 



MAD 



202 



Mad Cavalier, The. A sobriquet 

conferred on Prince Rupert, 
noted for bis intrepid cour- 
age. 

Mad Cornams, The. An epi- 
thet given to John Corriai'us 
by Fuchsius, bis opponent in 
science. 

Mad Man. John Calvin, being- 
somewhat prejudiced against 
Babelais for his biting jokes, 
played on Ins name by the way 
of anagram, saying: " Rahelae- 
sios, liable Lapsus," z. e., "Mad 
Man." Rabelais immediately 
returned the compliment in the 
same kind, saying: "Calvin, 
Jan Cul," z. e. t "Jack Asse." 

Mad Poet, The. T3ie sobriquet 
by which M 'Donald Clarke, an 
eccentric American poet, is 
familiarly known. He adopted 
the name as a pseudonym. 

Nathaniel Lee, who was con- 
fined for lour years in an insane 
asylum, is likewise called "The 
Mad Poet." 

Madame Matmoir, in Henri 
Kf,chefort's novel Mile. Bis- 
witwfc, is Madame Edmond 
Adam, editor of La Nouvelle 
Jfen/e* 

Madame Solidity. A nickname 
which Louis XIV. jocosely gave 
to Madame de Maintenon, who 
was very sedate. 

Madame V6to. So Marie An- 
toinette was called. Yid. MON- 
SIEUR VETO. 

Mademoiselle Hortense, the 
Fifiich lady's-inaid in Charles 
Dickens* novel of Bleak House, 
is intended for Mrs. Manning, 
the murderess. Dickens was 
present at her trial, and has 
vividly reproduced her broken 
English and impatient ges- 
tures. 

Madman, The. A nickname 
given to Sebastian, King of Port- 
ugal. His great desire was to 
equal If not to surpass the ex- 
ploits of the Great Alexander. 
Against the counsel of his min- 



isters, he went to Africa to help 
Muley Hamet against the Moors. 
In an engagement, where he lost 
his life, he dressed in a green 
armor that he might be more 
clearly distinguished by friend 
and foe, and was in the thickest 
of the fight. The enemy more 
than once promised to spare his 
life if he would yield, but he 
refused. The Portuguese refused 
to believe in his death, and say 
he will one day reappear, to re- 
store his country to its former 
glory. 

Madman of the North, The. A 
sobriquet bestowed on Charles 
XII. of Sweden. Vid* THE 
BRILLIANT MADMAN. 

Madonilla. Mary Astell, the 
author of A Serious Proposal to 
the Ladies for the Advancement 
of their True and Greatest Inter- 
est, and other works, was ridi- 
culed by the wits of her day 
under this nickname. 

Maecenas, A. A nickname 
given to Charles Montague, 
Earl of Halifax, who was es- 
teemed a patron of poets, and 
was, as Pope says, Epistle to 
Arbuthnot (character of Bufo), 
Fed with soft dedication all day 

long, 
Horace and he went hand in hand in 

song. 

Swift, in A Libel on the Rev* 
Dr. Del any, says : 
Thus Congreve spent in writing 

plays 

And one poor office half his days; 
Vv r hile Montague, who claim'd the 

station 

To be Maecenas of the nation, 
For poets open table kept, 
But ne'er considered where they 

slept. 

Erasmus frequently calls Will- 
iam Blount, Lord Mount joy, by 
the same name. 

Maecenas and Lucullus of His 
Island, The. A nickname 
given to William George Spen- 
cer Cavendish, sixth Duke of 
Devonshire, by Emerson, in his 
English Traits ; Aristocracy, who 
says: 



MJ3C 



203 



MAG 



Even peers who are men of worth 
and public .spirit are overtaken and 
embarrassed by their va^t expense. 
The respectable Duke of Devonshire, 
willing to be the Maecenas and Lu- 
cullus'of his inland, in reported to 
have said that he cannot live at 
Chatswurth but one month in the 
year. 

Mascenas and Petronius of His 
Age, The. A nickname given 
to Lord Chf'sterMcld, of whom 
Kussell, in liis Library Rotes (p. 

1W), says: 
Mauv a fumuuri name, it has been 

said, has been indebted for its bright- 
est lustre to thing-* which were flung 
off as a pastime, or compo-ed as an 
Irksome duty, whiKt the perform 
ance.s upon which the author most 
relied or prided himself have fallen 
still-born or been neglected by pos- 
terity Thus C'lienteriield, the orator, 
the statesman, the Mjecemis and 
Petronius of his age, and (above all) 
the iirst viceroy who ventured on 
justice to Ireland, is floated down to 
our times by Ida familiar Letters to 
his son. 

Maecenas of Book-Lovers, The, 
A nickname* j>iven to Jean Gro- 

lier, an emsn"nt French patron of 

literature-, and a man of great 
wealth and liberality. While an 
ambassador to Rome he employed 
the Aldusrs to print an edition of 
Terence. During his travels he 
secured from Basle, Rome, And 
Venice the* most precious books 
that could be purchased, which 
he bound in a peculiar style. 
Every bibliomaniac strives" to 
own copies of books once in Ms 
library. 

Maecenas of Danish Letters, 
The, A title bestowed on Knud 
Lyne Bahbeck. Vld. Gosse, Lit- 
ernture of Northern Europe (p. 
101). 

Msecenas of Embryo Players, 
The. A nickname given to John 
Hardhain,of whom Peake, in his 
Memoirs of the Colman Family 
(i. 140), says: 

John Hardham was Garrick's un- 
der-treasurer and kept a snuff-shop 
in Fleet Street, at the .sign of the Red 
Lion, where he contrh ed to get into 



high voprue a particular pnudre de 
tabac, mill known as " Hardham*a 
Thirty-Keven." Steevens, while daily 
visiting Johnson In Bolt Court, on 
the subject of their editorship of the 
plays of England's Dramatic Bard, 
never failed to replenish his box at 
the shop of a muu who for years 
was the butt of his witticisms. 
Hardhum was the Maecenas and ref- 
eree of numberless embryo playerw, 
both male and female, of whom it 
appears he had recommended one of 
the latter to Garrick'* notice. 

Maecenas of France, The. A 
nickname given to Francis I. of 
France, because he wa a munifi- 
cent patron of the arts and learn- 
ing. 

Maecenas of His Day, The. A 
nickname given to Cardinal 
Mazarin. Though be was very 
avaricious and niggardly, his li- 
brary contained upwards of 40,000 
volumes, arid was th most beau- 
tiful and extensive one that 
France had ever seen. 

Maecenas of His Time, The. A 
nickname given to Galeazzo- Vis- 
conti II., si ruler of Loin hardy, 
who established his residence 
at Pavia, and there founded a 
university. He was the steady 
friend of Petrarch, and the collec- 
tor of a considerable library. It 
was, however, in his time that the 
invention known as " Galeazzo's 
lent'* was produred, a system of 
torture calculated to prolong the 
victim's II fH for forty days. lie 
had the Visconti family "charac- 
ter of cruelty. 

Maecenas of Shoemakers, The. 
Cape! Lotl't is so called. He 
"helped Bloom field to find a pub- 
lisher for The Funnels Boy. 

Meeonian Poet, The. So Homer 
is sometimes called, because he 
is said to have been born In Mae- 
onia, in Asia Minor. 

Mseonian Star, The. So Pope, 
in his Essttft tin Criticism (line 

64!i), calls Homer, 

Magdalen Smitz. A nickname 
given to Gasnar Smitz, a Dutch 
painter, celebrated for his por- 



MAG- 



204 



MAI 



traits of distinguished 

EaiJS. 

Magician of the North, The. 
Joliaim G^trjjf Hiiinarin. Vid. 

M.l 'it'S ACS DEM NORDEX. 

Magnanimous, The. A nick- 

name #h"n to Alfonso V., King 1 
of Nai>h*s Arji#ii, and Sicily, 
tw'MMiiSf nri his accession to the 
throw lit-- destroyed a document 
containing the mimes of all the 
inMiitM-rs of the nobility who 
W*T*' hostile to him. Vid. also 



Magnanimous, The. A nlck- 
iiaiw given to Philippe II. of 
France, on* 1 of the greatest 
primes that ever reigned, and by 

jar the wisest ami most powerful 
of all tli** uimmrchs of France 
sin< l e (/hurlenrj.gue. 

Hagraano, the tinker in Butler's 
Iltttfthntx (pt, I. 11.331), repre- 

sents Simeon Wait, an Indepen- 
dent preacher. Vid* TEOL.LA. 
Magnificent, The. The follow- 
ing personages are thus designa- 
ted : 

Chosroes I. of Persia, who 
flourished in the sixtii century. 

Lorenzo de Medici. 

Robert, Due de Normandie, 
sometimes called Ids DIAB&K. 

Soleyman II., Sultan of Tur- 
key. 

Magnificent Heber, The. An 
ppitht't given to Richard Helber, 
the celebrated book-collector. 
The salt of his library, exclusive 
of bis books at Hodnet, lasted 
144 days. Ife also kept a cellar 
of line wines. 

Whtre dwiileth Heber, the raag- 
nlfie'Gt, whow library* and cellar 
are MI superior to all others in the 
world. Lwkliart, Life of Scott. 

Magnificent Vestvali, Tbe. A 
nickname ^ivtn to Felicita Vest- 
Tall, a celebrated opera-singer, 
on account of her beauty and 
aplt'iidid pliysiqao (being nearly 
six feet In height)* as well as her 
contralto voice and tine acting. 

Magnus. So Byron, in his poem 
Thought* suggested 5^ a College 



Examination, calls Dr. William 
Hansel. 

Magus aus dem Norden, or 
THE MAGICIAN OF THE NORTH, 
was a title assumed by Johann 
Georg Haniann, the German 
author. 

Mag-us of the Times, The, A 
nickname given to Edward Ster- 
ling of the London Times, by 
Carlyle, in his Life of John Ster- 
linrj, who says: 

His mother, essentially and even 
professedly Scotch, took to my wife 
gradually with a most kind maternal 
relation; his father, a gallant, showy, 
stirring gentleman, the Magus of the 
Times, hud talk and argument ever 
ready, was an interesting figure, and 
more and more took interest in us. 

Maid of Athens, The, whom By- 
ron has immortalized, was Teresa 
JVIacri, afterwards a Mrs. Black. 
She died in 187<>, at the age of 
nearly eighty years. 

Maid of Bath, The A nickname 
given to Miss Linley, the vocal- 
ist, who afterwards became the 
wife of Richard Brinsley Sheri- 
dan. 

Maid of Norway, The. A title 
given to Margaret, daughter of 
Eric II., King of Norwuy, and 
Margaret, daughter of Alex- 
ander III, of Scotland. Upon 
the death of the latter, she was 
acknowledged Queen of Scot- 
land, and was betrothed to Ed- 
ward, son of Edward I., King 
of England, but she never actu- 
ally reigned, as she died on her 
passage from Norway. 

Maid of Orleans, The. The 
sobriquet bestowed on Jeanne 
d'Arc, also called LA PUCELUE. 
Vid. Shakespeare, 1 Kinq Henry 
F/.(v.4). 

Maid of Saragossa, The. A 
name given to a heroic girl, 
named Augustina, who, at the 
siege of Saragossa by the French 
in 1808, mounted a battery in 
her lover's place after the latter 
had been shot. Byron refers to 
her In his Childe Harold's Pil- 
grimage* 



MAI 



205 



MAX 



Maiden, The. Malcolm IV., 
King of Scotland, is so named. 

Malcolm . . . son of the brave and 
generou.s prince Henry . . . was &o 
kind and gentle iu hit- di^po-itioii 
that he was usually called Malcolm 
the Maiden. ~-,Sir Walter fecott, 
Titles of a Gra/ulfathrr fiv.j. 

Maiden Queen, The, is Eliza- 
beth, Queen of England, some- 
times called THE VIRGIN 
QUEEN. 

He merely aks whether, at that 
period, the "Maiden Queen wa-> red 
painted on the oo-e, and white- 
painted on the cheek% as her tire- 
women when, from spleen and 
wrinkles she would no longer look 
in aiiy prla^s were wont to serve 
her. Carlyle. 

Major Sanford, in Mrs. Hannah 
Foster's novel of Eliza M'harton, 
represents the Hon. Pierpont 
Edwards, *' a second cousin to 
his unfortunate victim." 

Malagrida. So his political oppo- 
nents nicknamed Lord Shel- 
burne, Gabriel Mala^rida, an 

Italian Jesuit ami missionary, 
was accused of conspiring 
against the King of Portugal. 

Malevole. A character iu Mars- 
ton's play The Mtthotitvnt, drawn 
to represent Shakespeare. Feis, 
In his ^hnke^i^are and Mon- 
taif/ne (p. 20)>), says: 

"Whenever religious questions are 
addressed to Miilevole, we have to 
look upon him as the very type of 
Shakespeare himself, whom "Mars- 
ton takes to task for his spirit of 
innovation and " his contempt of 
holy policie and establish! unitv." 
iShakerfpeare, it ou^ht to be remem- 
bered, had scourp'd Ben Jonson 
under the ligiin of Malvolio. Marc.- 
ton, who Ueilicatew The Malcontent 
to Jonson, no doubt wished to please 
Jonsou bv calling the chief charac- 
ter, which represents fcshakespenre, 
Malevole. 

Malignant Plant, A. An epi- 
thet given to Philip IV. of 

France. In the slow, systematic 
pursuit of an object he was 
utterly without scruple and re- 
morse. He was not so much 
cruel as altogether obtuse to 



human suffering. NVrver was 
man or monarch so intensely 
selfish: his own power was his 
ultimate scope. Dilute, Pur- 
f/Hlorw (xx. 4;j, says of him : 

I was the root of that malignant 
plant 

Which overshadows all the Chris- 
tian world, 

So that good fruit i seldom gath- 
ered from it. 

Malleus Arianorum. A sobri- 
quet bestowed upon St. Hilary, 
Bishop of Poitiers in the fourth 
century. 

Malleus Here ticorum. So John 
Faber was railed, from the 
title of one of his works. Vid* 
MAIITKL. 

Malmesbury Philosopher, Our. 
t>o John Auhrey, in his Lrffrrit, 
terms Thomas IJ?bbes, * who 
though but of iU-heian extrac- 
tion,* his renownw has and will 
give hri^htnesse to his naiiie ami 
familie, which hereafter may 
ari^e and rfuurish in riches, an<l 
may justly take it an honour to 
be of kin to this worthy peison, 
so famous for his learning both 
at home and abroad." F?W, 
THE PHILOSOPHER OF MALMES- 
BURY, 

Man in Black, The, in Oliver 
Goldsmith's Citizen o/theWorM, 
is intended for the Rev. Henry 
Goldsmith, the father of the 

author. 

Man, in the Iron Mask, The. 
A character in the annals of 
France, who has long engaged 
the attention of historical stu- 
dents and the writers of fiction, 
but who he was, and why kept 
a prisoner with his face liidden, 
no one has yet proved, and the 
truth will probably never emerge 
from the domain of conjecture. 
Over fifty writers have by turns 
endeavored to throw light, upon 
the question, without success, and 
have given various solutions, 
but the labors of many of them 
have been more successful in 
demolishing the theories of 



MAN 



206 



others than in establishing ir 
own Ejaculations. Voltaire, in 
liw 4 svv/'' tif Lows XJl'.t pub- 
lishfd in 17." 1, was the first to 
give torm am! Jiff to the subject, 
and h graphically d^srribes how 
tliis n)>st4 rinih rapiivc* endeav- 
Ciii'd toYnijiimiHt' with the out**r 
wrl<l. 8iw tmit* before this, 
however, p-.puhir rumors and 
wild arid romantic stories con- 
cerning bun had been current. 
This was ocrasioned by discus- 
sions among the savants of 
Paris concerning the authen- 
ticity of u work culled Me'tWHrrs 
frfi Sett s ittitri* wmr at riltsffitre 
d*- /'//vw' flT-if*;, a l>ook which 
would hardly have been worth 
inquiring into had It not been 
filkd with allusions to the his- 
tory of France, under supposi- 
titious names, and a history of a 
ttwfikfd prisoner. This work, 
said by some to have been writ- 
ten by Voltaire., was followed 
by a romance of Mouhy, 
'Ifotnw "u Manque de /'Vr, 
which, being prohibited, was 

with great avidity. 
The actual facts known con- 
cerning the captive are few, but 
3|on tlii'He the wildest conjec- 
tures have Ijeen built and de- 
nwlislj*'^ while ima^iiiatioii and 
the perversion of historical truth 
have lie^n used by the different 
writfrn to prove their many hy- 
IKftlieaeH, About KHI2, or a, few 
moviUiH after the death of Car- 
dinal Muzariu, there was brought 
with tli^ j greatest serrecy from 
the nriKUi of Pijynerol to the 
primal on the island of St. Mar- 
guerite, off the eoststof Provence 
flwutli prisniw VH'iug under the 
governorship of St* Mars), an 
unknown fniw>!ier s who on the 
r*ta<i wore a iniwk. This mask 

not of irtm, as is generally 
lMlie%'c<3, but of black velvet, 
8tlfff*ned with whalebone, and 
finished about its lower part 
with ste*l springs, which per- 
mitted tli^ wearer to eat, dnnk, 

sleep without difficulty. It 
the whole of his face, 



MAN" 

and was fastened behind with a 
padlock, of which the governor 
kept the key. He was placed in 
an apartment lighted by a single 
window from .the north, which 
pierced a wall four feet thick, 
and was secured by three iron 
burs. At the two extremities of 
the fortress towards the sea sen- 
tinels were stationed with orders 
to lire on any vessel that should 
approach within a certain dis- 
tance. In KiiK) St. Mars was 
promoted to the office of gover- 
nor of the Bastile in Paris, and 
charged to take the prisoner 
with him. They travelled in a 
litter with an escort of several 
mounted soldiers, who had orders 
to put the captive to immediate 
death should he attempt to make 
himself known. During the 
whole journey St. Mars did not 
for a moment lose sight of Ins 
charge. When obliged to stop 
at an" inn, care was taken that he 
should nit with his back to the 
windows, pistols were within 
easy reach of the governor, and 
at night the beds of the prisoner 
and the officer were placed side 
by side. These precautions, and 
the mystery with which the 
party travelled, excited the curi- 
osity of the peasants, and gave 
them the impression that the 
captive was either the son of 
Cromwell or the Duke of Beau- 
fort. Arriving at the Bastile, 
the captive's name was placed 
in the register as The Prisoner 
from Provence, but lie was 
spoken of as 1'Estang. In his 
new home he was given a richly 
furnished apartment, which he 
occupied till his death. His 
apparel, made of the finest of 
lace, linen, and velvet, was 
always of the most sumptuous 
description, and he was supplied 
with the most luxurious viands, , 
served upon silver plate. St. 
Mars and one other were the 
only persons in the prison 
allowed to wait upon him. 
When he was sick, a medical 
officer attached to the prison 



MAN 



207 



MAST 



visited him, and on one occasion 

a surgeon was also present to 
bleed his arm. These gentle- 
men were, allowed to see his 
tongue and feel his pulse, but 

only to ask such questions as 
were necessary with regard to 
his health. One of them after- 
wards said he had a dark skin, 
a sweet and touching voice, a 
grave and dignified manner, and 
the air of a person of distinc- 
tion ; and a few days before his 
death he told the physician that 
he was sixty-four years of age. 
When at St. Marguerite, lie had 
been visited by the Due de 
Louvois, a very haughty noble- 
man, who remained standing 
and uncovered during the inter- 
view, and oven addressed him as 
u mon Prince." No record re- 
mains of his avocations during 
his imprisonment except that he 
amused himself by playing the 
guitar. On the 20th ot" Novem- 
ber, 170,'3, lie died, after two 
dajs illness, and as soon as he 
expired his head was severed 
from his body and cut to pieces, 
to prevent his features being 
seen. He was buried in the 
cemetery of the church of 
St. Paul, and registered under 
the designation of " Marehiali, 
aged forty-five." Immediately 
afterwards everything- that had 
been used by him was destroyed. 
His clothes, linen, bed, bedding, 
and furniture were burned, the 
plate melted, the walls of his 
apartment scraped and white- 
washed, the doors and windows 
burned, and the floor taken up, 
to make sure that he had left no 
scrap of paper or any relic or 
mark to tell who he was. 

Hie being treated with dis- 
tinction, his wearing the mask, 
his name, character, and crime in 
the eyes of the government being 
studiously concealed, are all 
proved beyond any doubt, but no 
account of his life previous to 
his imprisonment at Pignerol has 
been discovered, Voltaire re- 
marks that no political character 



of sufficient Importance to justify 
the precautions exercised with 
regard to the masked prisoner 
had disappeared from Europe at 
the time he was at Pignerol. 
Entire silence was maintained on 
the subject by those to whom this 
state secret was confided. Louis 
XIV, knew who he was, and 
tradition says that this king once 
said, "The confinement of that 
unfortunate man did no wrong to 
any one but himself, and saved 
France from great calamities ** 
Madame de Pompadour pressed 
Louis XV. to explain the mys- 
tery, and he told her **he be- 
lieved it was a minister of an 
Italian prince." The secret may 
have been transmitted to Louis 
XVI., but he told Marie An- 
toinette that nothing was any 
longer known about him. There 
in a tradition that each king of 
France told the secret to his suc- 
cessor, but Napoleon and Louis 
Philippe did not know it Louis 
XVIII pretended that Louis 
XVI, disclosed the secret to him, 
but this is not at all probable, for 
the former, when Comte de Pro- 
vence, left Paris when the heir to 
the crown was still alive, and lie 
could only pretend to know the 
secret that he might not seem to 
be deprived of a privilege which 
some during his reign regarded 
as a prerogative of the crown. 

There was a time, especially 
soon after Voltaire wrote his 
Siecle de Loins XIV. y when to 
imagine a solution to the problem. 
was the fashion, hence people 
suggested a name without giving- 
any proof or motive to render the 
name probable. Since that time 
names have been suggested which 
at first sight seem probable, but, 
when examined with historical 
criticism, even these fall. Among 
the most probable are the follow- 
ing, which, though having strong 
supporters, are not proved to be 
the correct solutions, unless it be 
the first one, which has not yet 
been proved to b a false Jby- 
pothesis. 



MAIST 

I, THE HBAI> OF A WIDE-SPREAD 

PLOT, 

In 1H7.\ Th, lung published 
TVr/tf *wr k* MM<(UC J/ ^ T <?r, 



208 MAN 



work buHtnl upon his own re- 
Hwtrchc'K among 17CK) volumes of 
dOhpat'hfs sind reports, and upon 
othT proofs, in which, after ^ex- 
teiish-p reading and much critical 
insight, he has succeeded in 
IffhifciiiK t< light, as he supposes, 
tht'tru*- wcaier of the Iron Mask. 
H tinds him to be the head of a 
wid**-8pivad and complex con- 
spiracy, In which not only French- 
men, "hut Spaniards, Italians, 
Dutchmen, and Flemings, were 
concerned. This society had re- 
lations with tht* Huguenots, and 
when we consider the enormous 
numlter of families, especially in 
Holland, whom Louis XIV. must 
have ruined, the low state of 
morals at the time, and the belief 
then prevalent that the late queen 
of Spain had been poisoned, it is 
not incredible that such a society 
should have been formed. It 
bad been organized secretly for 
vengeance on the Bourbon race, 
to poison the king and his family, 
possibly. Added to it was a sub- 
plot, the personation of the king 
ty a man so exactly like him that 
lie would be readily accepted by 
the people. This conspiracy was 
made known to Le Tellier and 
Louvois by a priest, who had 
heard it in the confession of a 
repentant Catholic, one who 
feared a Huguenot king. A man 
was stationed at Brussels to watch 
the chief conspirator, who passed 
there by the name of Chevalier 
do Hiirmotaes, and at Paris as 
the Chevalier de Kiffenbach. 
He was expected to cross the 
Soxume with three accomplices 
in March, 1673, and cavalry 
pickets ware set to carefully 
watch the banks of the river, and 
they succeeded in arresting him. 
The charge of conspiracy against 
the life of the king was enough 
to Justify his execution, but it is 
tbe priest who revealed the 
plot 9 though he betrayed the 



secrecy of a confession, insisted 
on keeping bis hands free from 
blood-guiltiness. To put to death 
prisoners of this kind was by no 
means a common practice of the 
statesmen of the time, being in- 
fluenced by the hope of revela- 
tions to be extracted from a cap- 
tive. Why Louis XIV. feared 
the lace of his prisoner being 
seen was because it was so like 
Iris own, and might be used 
against him, just as Gregory 
Otrepief had pretended to be the 
Tzarevitch Diinitri of Russia 
seventy years before, and as the 
face of the Countess of Lainotte 
was used against Marie Antoi- 
nette in 1785. To make the name 
of the prisoner agree with his 
theory, lung shows that, death, 
having relieved St. Mars of all 
responsibility, it is conceivable 
that he may have so far allowed 
the veil of secrecy to be with- 
drawn as to let the name Mar- 
cMali appear in the death regis- 
ter. He also shows that this De 
Harmoises was born in Lorraine, 
and in that province lie finds 
several families of noble rank 
known as De Marchel, Mares- 
chal, or Marchenxlle, who are 
allied with other families named 
Armoises, Harmoises, or Her- 
moises. 

II. COUNT ERCOLE ANTONIO 

MATTHIOLY. 

This supposed claimant to the 
Iron Mask was born at Bologna, 
1()40 ? of an old and distinguished 
family. At the early age of 
nineteen he attracted much at- 
tention by a work on civil and 
canon law, and shortly after- 
wards was made a professor in 
the university of his native 
place. His talents caused him to 
oe appreciated by Duke Charles 

III. de Gonzago of Mantua, one 
of whose secretaries of state he 
became. After the death of that 
prince, his son, Charles IV., 
when he attained his majority, 
named MattMoly supernumerary 
senator of Mantua, a dignity to 



MAN 



209 



MAN 



which the title of count was at- 
tached. The prince was a frivo- 
lous needy fellow, who spent 
most of his time in gambling at 
Venice, was always in difficulties, 
and likely to be at the beck of 
the highest bidder. Matthioly 
had HO" patrimony but his wits, 
and longed for an opportunity to 
use them to better his condition, 
The opportunity came, and lie 
seized it. Louis XIV., already 
master of the fortress of Pignerol, 
wished 10 obtain also that of 
(Jasale, the capital of Montfer- 
rat, a dependency on the duchy 
of Mantua. This would place 
Piedmont at his mercy, give him 
a means and a motive for inter- 
ference in Italy, leading probably 
to French predominance, and 
possibly to downright conquest. 
The rivals of France in Italy in 
those days were the Spaniards 
and the Imperialists, and the ut- 
most secrecy was necessary to 
"baffle their vigilance in acquiring 
Casale. The French envoy at 
Venice was AbW d'Estrades, a 
man bent on furthering his own 
fortunes by furthering those of 
his Mug, and he wormed himself 
into the confidence of Matthioly; 
while the latter, hoping to benefit 
himself by doing some signal 
service to Charles IV., knew 
that he could do no greater favor 
than by supplying him with 
money and thus pandering to 
his pleasures and vices. At mid- 
night, after a ball on the l#th of 
March, 1<>78, these two plotters 
met as if by chance, and dis- 
cussed the preliminaries, and in 
the following October Matthioly 
went to Paris and on behalf of 
Charles IV. signed a treaty, by 
which Louis XIV. was to receive 
Casale, and pay the duke of 
Mantua 100,000 crowns for it. 
Never had any intrigue been 
more skilfully devised nor with 
a fairer prospect of success. The 
contracting parties fully agreed 
in every way, and the other in- 
terested powers were in utter 
ignorance of the plot. Neverthe- 



less, in two months after Mat- 
thioly 's journey to Paris, the 
other European powers were 
fully informed of it, and it is 
now believed that, though he 
was at first willing to sell his 
country to France, he was after- 
wards moved by tardy patriotism , 
wished to undo his work, and 
betrayed the pi ot. As this placed 
the French government in a bad 
light, the king wished to capture 
the traitor, and obtain the dam- 
aging papers which he held. 
The "matter was- placed in the 
hands of dPEstractes, who con- 
tinued to negotiate with him, 
using the utmost rare not to let 
him know that his perfidy was 
discovered. Matthioly com- 
plained that he had spent all^the 
money at his command in bribes 
at the court of Mantua* D'Es- 
trades promised that he would 
take the traitor to a certain place, 
where he could meet a messen- 
ger from the French king, with 
money to continue the expenses. 
So greedy was Matthioly that he 
pressed the envoy to lose no time 
in bringing about the meeting. 
Early one morning d'Estrades 
carried him in his own carriage 
to the place of meeting, where 
they met the messenger, and also 
a company of soldiers, who ar- 
rested the traitor, but they found 
no papers emanating from Ver- 
sailles. The captive was then 
threatened with torture and 
death, till finally lie confessed 
that these papers were in the 
hands of his father at Padua, 
when he was forced to write a 
letter, "by dictation, asking his 
parent to give the papers to the 
bearer of the letter. The elder 
Matthioly, wholly ignorant of 
the fact that his son was a cap- 
tive and that the bearer was in 
French pay, gave up the precious 
documents, which d'Estrades 
lost no time in forwarding to 
Versailles. A report was spread 
abro&d that Matthioly had died, 
the victim of an accident en- 
countered on a journey ; in 



MAH 



210 



realitr, he was carried into a cap- | 
tivitv to pud only with his death. | 
In the pi'di#n.'i- <.f his family the ' 
d:it*< of his death is left blank, 
hi* wiff shut herself up in a con- 
vent, his father was silent and 
BubmisHivf to the blow, knowing 
that any inquiries in regard to 
Ills son's fate would be useless, 
and Churles IV., suspected, if 
IK t f'wivw'tf-d, of having tried to 
R<11 the kcvH of Italy "to Louis 
XIV,, soon forgot in fresh pleas- 
ureH the shame of the enterprise. 
The abov*' theory, sometimes 
known as that of Baron d'Heiss, 
It us been a<lv<Ksated by many, es- 
periully, in English, by H. G. A. 
El Us, in his True Hhtory of the 
Iron M*wk (IH27), and, in French, 
bv Murius Topin, in ImL'Homme 
da Mn*nue dv />r (Paris, 18tii;; 
but those who support, other the- 
ori^s <Umbt it, from two impor- 
tant as well as several smaller 
facts. The two former are that 
of all the prison ITS at Fignerol 
under St. Mara, only one had a 
gervamt, and that one was Mat- 
thioly, and the man who had a 
servant died on the 10th of May, 
KS94; farther, the frequent and 
open mention of his name in the 
despatches to and from the gov- 
ernment while he was in prison 
show the little secrKsy that was 
observed in his case, or the slight 
imcKirtance that was attached to 
him. 

III. NICOLAS FOUQUKT. 
Tills supposed wearer of the 
Iron Mam was bom in 1615; at 
the early age of twenty-six he was 
appointed master of requests, and 
at the *Ag& of thirty-five he ob- 
tained tfie post of procurenr-g^- 
B&altothe Parliament of Paris. 
During the civil war he devoted 
liininelf to the interests of Anne 
of Austria, who called him, in 
lf*! to tli office of superintend- 
ent of finance. Thin depart- 
ment being in the utmost dis- 
ccder, he provided the means of 
meeting the expenses of the 
from Ids own fortane, or 



by loans obtained upon his own 
credit. He had the confidence 
of Mazarin, and was for a time 
his zealous instrument ; but final- 
ly they had a quarrel, and before 
his death the cardinal pointed 
out to Louis XIV. the faults 
and follies of Fouquet, in terms 
which helped to ruin the super- 
intendent in the mind of the 
young king. Fouquet, devoted 
himself to the selnslmess of 
profusion and ostentation, cor-- 
rupted others for the purpose of 
obtaining large sums, which he 
lavished with an extravagant 
spirit. He squandered the re- 
sources of the nation and grew 
enormously rich by the plunder 
of his countrymen. He spent 
large sums on his estate of Vaux, 
which, in extent, magnificence, 
and splendor of decoration, sur- 
passed anything of the kind in 
Europe since the days of Calig- 
ula or Nero. The king, not- 
withstanding the warnings of 
Mazarin, was struck with Fou- 
quet's engaging manners, and 
found even in his prodigal osten- 
tation something like his own 
love of false splendor. When 
Jjouis XIV". took the govern- 
ment of his country into his own 
hands, he sent for the super- 
intendent, represented to him his 
extravagance, pointed out the de- 
ranged condition of the finances, 
warned him that he must 
change his conduct, abandon the 
unjust proceedings by which he 
supplied means for his expenses, 
and ameliorate the general sys- 
tem of finance. Fouquet, believ- 
ing his position to be founded on a 
rock, and thinking that the king 
would not examine the long and 
dry accounts sent to him each 
day, only strove to disgust him 
by complicating the accounts 
and filling them with errors. 
Every night, however, Colbert 
was introduced into the cabinet 
of the king by a back staircase, 
and together they went over the 
reports, and exposed the falla- 
cies they contained. Again and 



MA1ST 



211 



MAN 



again Fouquf-t was warned with- J 
out heeding the warning, but con- ] 

tinned daily to send in" accounts ! 
in which the expanses were in- 
creased and the refcipts dimin- j 
ished, while IK* himself was inak- i 

ing a parade of his authority and i 
wealth, mid fanning the taxes In 
such a manner us to supply him- 
self with all he wanted. His j 
ostentation displeased the in on- t 
arch, and it is reported that the j 
king was so exasperated on one j 
occasion, when attending a fete \ 
at the 4 Chateau of Vaux, as to ' 
propose to arrest the superin- ! 
tfndent in the midst of the fes- | 
tival, but he was dissuaded by | 
Anne of Austria. Added to this 
was the still rt*ater offence, on 
the part of Fouquet, that he 
was pursuing Mile, de la Vul- 
liere with the same vicious pur- 
poses an the king. Fouquet 
owned the port of Belle-Isle, 
and had caused fortifications of 
a very im portant kind to be erect- 
ed then*. A general rumor be- 
gan to diffuse itself through the 
court that lie intended, iirst, to 
make an effort to force himself 
upon the. king as prime minister; 
"but, if lie should fail and any 
endeavor be made to arrest him, 
then to throw himwlf into Belle- 
Isle, ruise the standard of revolt, 
seek aid from England, and be- 
come the WarwicS or the Oronx- 
well of France. 

Fouquot held a post to which 
Colbert aspired, and the calm, 
calculating, clear, honest Colbert 
hated the vain, extravagant, 
graceful, scheming, and wide- 
reaching Fouquet. Louis XIV., 
whose affection for his mother 
was sincere, was unwilling to 
take harsh measures against a 
man to whom site gave even a 
slight degree of support. Fou- 
quet "s official position gave him 
the right to be tried only before 
the Parliament, and there his 
acquittal would have brjen nearly 
certain, since lie had a great num- 
ber of partisans in it. Colbert 
endeavored to remove these im- 



pediments, and ho first set his 

creatures at work to poison the 
mind of the queen mother 
against the superintendent, and 

succeeded. Louis XIV. had 
learned from Mazariii the art 

of dissimulation, and under Col- 
bert's direction he assumed to- 
wards Fouquet a gracious aspect, 
and led the unsuspecting minis- 
ter to believe that success was in 
store for him, and hinted to him 
that the position of prime minis- 
ter would be irreconcilable with 
his other functions, and he re- 
signed the latter, expecting the 
former. The arrest BOOU fol- 
lowed, and he was tried to fore a 
chamber of justice, in which, as 
the king and Colbert well knew, 
were many of his enemies. He 
was found guilty and condemned 
to perpetual banishment. Louis 
XIV. took upon himself the 
privilege of changing the sen- 
tence, and this is the only in- 
stance in modern Europe where 
a monarch has commuted a gen- 
tler for a severer punishment. 
The king, moved by the evil 
passions of bis minister, and by 
some private resentment of his 
own, cast away equity and mercy 
and changed the sentence to per- 
petual imprisonment. He was 
sent to Pignerol in KHiS, and 
confined for several years. To- 
wards the close of, KiTli for the 
first time since his imprisonment, 
lie was allowed to receive two 
letters each year from his wife, 
and permitted to go out on the 
ramparts. Gradually the rigor 
of Louis softened, and in May, 
1679, the prisoner's wife was al- 
lowed to live with him and his 
relatives to visit him, but his 
health had long been declining, 
and he died March 23, ICJHO. 
His body was taken to Paris and 
buried in the Church of Saiate 
Marie, but since then the family 
vault of Fouquet has been 
opened and no coffin bearing his 
name has been found. Upon this 
fact M. Paul Laeroix founded his 
hypothesis in his Mi&toire de 



MAX 



212 



MAN 



?Ht)Tnmfi fin Per (Paris, 1HIO), in f 
which he shows tliut the appear- > 

aii'i* of thf Muu with the Iron I 
Mask followd almost imme- j 
diutt'Iy upon th deutli of Foil- ! 
qwt T and that politic il and pri- 
vate radons nriy have deter- 
mined JL*uis XIV. to cause him 
to jus* for ie!l in preference to 
getting rid of him by poison or 
any t ther method. The support- 
er** of this theory say that Fou- 
quet's real offence in the eyes of 
tin* king was his having made 
proposals to Ml If 1 , de la Val- 
fiere, and having even dared 
to raise tils eyes to the queen her- 
self, and iint 'for having rendered 
wraig suM'oimts of the finances. 
As the kingVlove for La Valliere 
cleriiiic-d, liis enmity towards the 
minister similarly declined, and 
lie manifested towards him a 
ctomency to relieve his prison 
lite, Later, when the king was 
Binitten with the charms of Ma- 
dame de Maintenon, and found 
that the lady had not only been 
years before an object of Fou- 
quet*s solicitations, but had 
yielded to them, the wrath of 
tins monarch was again aroused, 
am! ho suddenly plunged the su- 
perintendent into a new and 
more frightful state of Imprison- 
ment. Further, it Is said that 
Fouqnet was mixed up in those 
famous poisoning trials which re- 
veal<**l s*> many scandals, and im- 
plicated certain great personages 
at court, and that Colbert was one 
of the appointed victims. The 
prisoner, when in the Bastile, 
told liia physician he was about 
sixty-four years f age. Had 
Fouquet lived till November, 
17<Kt, iw would have been eighty- 
ei^ht yean* <f aj^and t thouga the 
captive might 'have made a mis- 
take of a ff*w years, it was not 
likely he #houM attempt to make 
it appear that he was twenty- 
eight years younger than he 
really wag. It would be a diffi- 
cult tiling for a man of eighty- 
eight to himself off as a 
man of sixty. 



IV. AVEDICK, AN ARMENIAN 

PATRIARCH. 

Chevalier de Taules, in his 
L'Howmc an Masque de Fer 
(Paris, 1825), exclaims : " I have 
discovered the Man with the 
Iron Mask, and it is my duty to 
render an account to Europe 
and to posterity of my discovery/' 
but posterity has checked all the 
enthusiasm the Chevalier might 
have, were lie living, by showing 
a true biography of Avedick. 
While Louis XIV. was inflict- 
ing on France the terror of a 
religious persecution against the 
Huguenots, the sultan in Con- 
stantinople was extending relig- 
ions toleration to every Christian 
sect. The Roman Catholics had 
their processions with tapers and 
relics unharmed in the streets, 
and Avedick, bom of a poor and 
obscure family of Tokat, but 
greatly loved by bis people, was 
permitted to rule with a liberal 
sway over several millions of 
Armenians scattered throughout 
the East. The Catholics, not 
satisfied with their own privi- 
leges, resolved to convert or de- 
stroy the unoffending Arme- 
nians. The Jesuits filled the 
cities and scattered through the 
country their missionaries ; Rome 
urged on their mischievous 
labors, and De Ferriol was in- 
structed by his master, Louis 
XIV., to help the cause. Ave- 
dick, whose mild and temperate 
opposition to the conversion of 
the Armenians was looked upon 
as an unpardonable crime, was 
known to have spoken disrespect- 
fully of the French king and his 
policy, and was also the chief 
obstacle to the success of the 
Jesuits. Their aim was to ruin 
him. He was represented to the 
sultan as a dangerous and infa- 
mous man, unfit for power, and 
they had him imprisoned, but 
his followers purchased his liber- 
ation and restored him to his 
throne. A more effective plan 
was then proposed: to abduct 
the ruler of the Oriental Chris- 



MAN 



213 



MAX 



tians an<l carry him to the dun- 
geons of the Inquisition or the 
prisons of France. Louis XIV., 
the Jesuits apd the pope were 
all engaged in this audacious 
violation of t lie laws of nations. 
By their intrigues lie was sent 
into exile, and on his way to his 
placet of imprisonment they 
bribed the officers who had him 
in charge, seized him, and placed 
him on a vessel bound for France. 
No regard was paid to his protes- 
tations or entreaties, but he was 
subjected to cruel indignities, his 
efforts to inform his countrymen 
of his fate were carefully sup- 
pressed, and lie was confined in 
a dungeon at Marseilles, and 
afterwards placed in a Benedic- 
tine monastery near the shore of 
Brittany. As soon as the sultan 
was aware of the abduction of 
the patriarch, he put several of 
his officers to torture in order to 
discover what had become of 
him ; but the French consul, 
notwithstanding the confessions 
thus extracted," lied with skill 
and determination, and lie was 
obliged to limit his efforts to 
vain remonstrances and to a 
general persecution of the Cath- 
olics. The Jesuits were forbid- 
den to make proselytes at Con- 
stantinople, their printing- 
presses were broken up, and ttie 
Armenians who had joined the 
church of Rome were tortured 
or thrown into prison, while the 
policy of Rome ended only in 
giving new vigor to Armenian 
independence. Avedlck, after 
remaining in the monastery five 
years, WPS secretly removed to 
the Bastile, where "he was placed 
in the gloomiest of cells. He 
was still an object of terror to 
the king, for the sultan was con- 
stantly demanding his release, 
while Louis had openly declared 
that be was dead, and the prisons 
of France were keenly watched 
by Armenian spies, for no one 
trusted the word of the chival- 
ric king. To crush the feeble 
intellect of the unhappy old 



man, to force him to abjure his 
faith, and thus prevent him from 
being restored to his position in 

the East, was the chief aim. of 
liis royal persecutor. He was 
tortured by the incessant argu- 
ments of a Catholic priest, until 
finally his firmness gave way and 
he abjured his faitn, September 
22, 1710, and was ordained a 
priest. This was the only means 
of his recovering his liberty, but 
lie did not long enjoy it, for lie 
died the next year, on July 21, 
ten months after he quitted the 
Bastile. Several particulars in 
his life correspond well with the 
history of the Man in the Iron 
Mask, but the dates differ. The 
patriarch was in the Bastile as 
late as 1710, and In Constantino- 
ple in IfKW. The Man in the 
Iron Mask died in 1703, and 
was brought to the Bastile in 
1698. 

V. THE Due DE BEAUFORT. 
This claimant for the distinc- 
tion of being the wearer of the 
Iron Mask was first put fortli by 
Legrange-Chancel in a letter to 
M. Freron, published in L'An- 
ne'e Littemire. Francois de Ven- 
d<Jme, Due de Beaufort, a 
grandson of Henry IV. and Ga- 
brielle d'Estrees, was born in 
IGlti, and brought up in the coun- 
try, in the most absolute igno- 
rance. His early years were 
devoted exclusively to the rude 
exercises of the chase, and dur- 
ing his whole life he retained, 
from this education of nature, 
certain coarse traits, "which 
made him the most really orig- 
inal personage of the courts of 
Anne of Austria and Louis XIV. 
At the close of the reign of Louis 
XIII. he appeared at the Louvre 
(that court which was then far 
from being the most polished in 
Europe) in a manner which soon, 
shocked even the least squeam- 
ish, and opjwsed the most legiti- 
mate requirements. His physi- 
cal strength, expressive features,, 
intemperate animation, violent 



MAN" 



214 



s, lial>it of always resting 
Iiis hands on his hips, the tone 
of Ids voi<*<*, and his moustaches 
curl*'*l up out of bravado, all 
contributed to give him the 
iiKtpt provoking appearance. 
Without -veii th f " education ^ of 
tin- mid' lie classes, and wanting 
siiiiiHeiitdisi t c'raijfi''iit to couipen- 
at* lv observation for his com- 
plete ignorant^, h would, when 
talking mix up in the strangest 
manner hunting toins, which 
were familiar to him, with the 
court f*xpr- a ium which he heard 
wwnl around him, and thus make 
himself* appear ludicrous. In 
the army, wlii't-i th<se defects 
were !*! appur*jut, his reckless 
courage, disivgurd of danger, and 
endurance of excessive fatigue, 
made iK'oplu ctiis to laugh at 
him. His bravery, manly frank- 
ness, and probity 'caused the sol- 
dim that were with him and the 
court in Paris to shut their eyes 
to his eccentricities, while a por- 
tion of his former detractors ral- 
lied around him. Anno of Aus- 
tria called him " the most honest 
man in France/ 1 and on the 
death of Louis XIII., fearing 
that the Due d 'Orleans or the 
Prince de Conde should carry off 
the Dauphin and reign in his 
name, she placed the child in 
his care. At first he was proud 
of this mark of distinction, but 
he was enticed into the enter- 
prises of the Fronde., and then 
rejoined the queen's party. He 
bad an incapacity for discerning 
what path lie ought to pursue 
in the midst of contending par- 
ties, and* while wanting In judg- 
ment, with no idea of politics, 
he bfliev<'d himself called upon 
to play a great part, and do- 
ligtitadf to give advice to those 
who were leading him as they 
chose. In the end, he succeeded. 
in exercising a great influence 
only over the common people. 
He*8pokc tht*ir language, shared 
their tastes, adopted their man- 
i, iind finally consented to 
witt* them in the most pop- 



MAN" 

nlous quarter of Paris. In the 

streets he was followed "by them, 
liis light hair and martial bear- 
ing the women admired, and he 
did not disdain occasionally to 
descant to the populace from a 
post, and sometimes display his 
strength in street quarrels. On 
tins account lie was called THE 
KING OF THE MARKETS. 

When Colbert had in some 
degree established the French 
navy, the king gave Beaufort the 
office of high admiral. In 1004 lie 
defeated the African corsairs, in 
1060 he aided the Dutch against 
England, and in 1009 he was sent 
to assist the Venetians, who 
were besieged by the Turks in 
Candia, when he was killed in- a 
skirmish, and his body was never 
found. The people doubted his 
death, and the market-women of 
Paris were in the habit, for ten 
years, of having masses said for 
his return. Upon this fact, upon. 
his having 1 had repeated quarrels 
with the king and Colbert, and 
upon an idle report that he was a 
prisoner in Turkey, was founded 
the hypothesis that he was the 
wearer of the Iron Mask. This 
is answered by the facts that the 
courts of Paris, Venice, and 
Koine looked upon his death as 
certain; the improbability that 
Louis XIV. should cause a man 
to be arrested and imprisoned to 
whom he had intrusted a few 
months" previously the command 
of his fleet and the direction of 
a great expedition ; the custom of 
the Turks in beheading the dead 
bodies found on a battle-field, 
which would render his recogni- 
tion doubtful ; and the age of Be 
Beaufort, born in 1616, would 
make the mysterious corpse 
buried in 1703 a nonagenarian. 

VI. Louis DE BOURBON, COMTK 

BE VERMANDOIS. 
This prince, who has been put 
forward as a solution of the Man 
in the Iron Mask, the natural 
son of Lotiis XIV. ajid Mile. 
de la Valliere, was born Oo- 



MAH" 



tober 2, 1667, and brought up un- 
der the care of and superintend- 
ence of Colbert, who greatly ad- 
mired and esteemed the mother. 
He Inherited Ids mother's grace, 
was tall and well made, and, like 
her, possessed a natural gift of 
pleasing. He was liberal and 
Lad ways of obliging that were 
particular to himself, while the 
most sensitive of men could not 
feel offended at his kindnesses. 
From his father he inherited a 
proud bearing and an air of su- 
preme distinction. In the army 
his outward charms, delicacy, 
and natural kindliness attached 
to him his .soldiers and officers. 
To a ready wit he united courage 
and a desire to merit by splendid 
achievements the high dignity of 
high admiral, to which he had 
"been raised early in life by his 
father. While still very young, 
and with the army in Flanders, 
lie concealed a severe illness in 
order not to be away from the 
army on an important occasion. 
There is, however, reason to be- 
lieve that he had been led into 
debauchery and vice, which gave 
his mother great pain, and for 
which lie was forbidden to ap- 
pear before the king about the 
middle of 1683. After having 
been severely reprimanded, both 
by his mother and the king, and 
having seen the consequences 
likely to ensue from the course 
he was pursuing, he completely 
changed his conduct, and as- 
sumed a regular course of life, 
never going out except to church 
or to the gymnasium. The king 
became convinced that he had 
cast off his evil habits, permitted 
him to reappear at the court, and 
sent him to the army in the 
neighborhood of Courtray. He 
was there seized with a malig- 
nant fever, and, after seven days* 
illness, di**d on the 19th of No- 
vember, 1683. It was upon this 
unfortunate prince that public 
opinion first fixed the solution of 
the problem. It was on him evi- 
dently that the author of the apoc- 



215 MAN 

ryphal Mtrnoire* Secretes pour 
serrir a rHi&toire de Perse (1745) 
evidently wished to draw the at- 
tention of the world. In that 
work it was said that he and the 
dauphin were of about the same 
age, and one day in a quarrel be 
had boxed the ear of the king's 
son. For this he was sent to the 
army, and kept by himself by 
faithful and discreet people, who 
told the soldiers that he was sick. 
Then lie was secretly carried 
away and imprisoned ? while % a 
dead body was placed in a coffin, 
carried to Arras, ami buried with 
pompous obsequies. To this 
theory there are several objec- 
tions offered. Vermandois was 
barely sixteen years of age at the 
period when he was supposed to 
have struck the dauphin, and at 
that time the latter was twenty- 
two, and already the father of 
the Due de Bourgogne ; further- 
more, had such a blow been 
fiven by the count to his half- 
roth er, it would have rung 
through the whole court of 
France, whereas not one word 
respecting such an event is to be 
found iii any contemporary 
writer When Louis XIV, first 
heard of his sickness at Court- 
ray, he sent to one of the officers 
to" have Vermandois brought to 
court at once that greater care 
could be taken of him, but he 
died, as has since been proved, 
surrounded by the highest officers 
of his army, before the king's 
letter arrived. It is not probable 
that these officers were accom- 
plices in any such stratagem as 
proposed by the author of the 
above Sf&moires,, and, had they 
been, his secret abduction in the 
midst of the troops would have 
been irnpoasible. Louis XIV". 
was not crael enough to condemn 
a beloved son to perpetual im- 
prisonment, and, moreover, he 
was far too superstitious to make 
a mockery of religion, and it 
would have been such, had the 
pompous obsequies ordered by 
the king at tlie funeral in Arras 



MAN 



been held over an raipty bier, or ! 
a coffin winch <iontaiued any body 
but that of his NOII. The year 
after his d^atii the king made a 
prew.-iit to t!i <*ath'<Iral church 
of thf* Chapter of Arras for the I 
purpose of having a mass per- 
f tinned *'v**ry >e*r in memory of 
\YnnatidolN sind that would be 
simply jroloiitfiii# an impious 
derisif'iii, and iierpHiuitiiig the 
memory of a profane fraud, a 
thing \vhii-h the fanatic king 
would not dsin* to do. On the 
contrary, w* know that the king 
greatly* lain* iit^d ills death, and 
relieved himself in a Hood of 
tears, and Mile, de Bour- 
bon, the duuRhter of De Coride, 
to whom Vrrinaiidi is was be- 
trotht*<l, was inconsolable. The 
tht'ory that Venuandois was the 
war-r of the Mask was also con- 
tended for by It. F. Griffet, in bis 
Tro.114 dt*t juijFfff ntus jSorte* ties 
PwuFf > $ cjf?/i jterwtit a titbhr te 
Vnt ditns riltstoire (Paris, 
17 1, hut it was soon demolished 
by others wlio attempted to solve 
the riddle. 

VII. DUKE OF MONMOUTH. 

In 1770, Saint^Foix published 
hiB Repurtse a R. P* Gnjf'et, in 
which he attempted to place 
Honmmith iind^r the Mask, in 
place of V<Tinaiidois. He found- 
ed Ids hy|K(th<8!H cm an anony- 
mouH libel published in Holland, 
called At/tours tie Charles II, 
^t d? Jwqiif* II. t JR-uw d*An<fle- 
terff* Jaiiifs, Duke of Mon- 
xnouth, a natural son of Charles 
II., born at Rotterdam in 
1WJ. His mother, Lucy "Wal- 
t s ra^ ime to Eikgland during the 
Commonwealth, bringing him 
with tier. Shw was treated as the 
Jkinfc*K wife and wnt to priscjn, 
but was 8* ion allowed to return 
to FraTJce, wh<*re she died. 
Cliarl* s ntm^ht out the boy and 
committed him to the care of 
Xxrd Crofts,, naming him James 
Crofta. Up<n the. restoration of 
Cliarles to the throne of Eng- 
land, Ws son, with the queen- 



216 MAK 

dowager, was lodged at Hampton 
Court and Whitehall. Honors 
and riches were heaped upon 
him, and lie was created Duke of 
Mouuioutli; but these were not 
enough to satisfy his ambitious 
views. To exclude his uncle, the 
Duke of York, from the throne, 
lie was continually intriguing 
with the opposers of the govern- 
ment, and was frequently in dis- 
grace with the king. When 
James II. ascended the throne, 
the English people saw they had 
a king who remained a Catholic, 
in the midst of a nation almost 
entirely Protestant, and there 
was a party formed, with Mon- 
mouth at its head, to overthrow 
the king and place "King Mon- 
mouth, as they called him, on 
the throne. This party was de- 
feated at Sedgcmoor and the 
leader made prisoner. He ob- 
tained a personal interview with 
King James and begged for his 
life in vain ; even his prayer for 
** one dav more," that he might 
go out of the world like a Chris- 
tian, was brutally refused, and 
he was beheaded on Tower Hill, 
July 15, 1685. He was highly 
beloved "by the populace, con- 
stant in his friendships, Just in 
his word, by nature tender, an 
enemy to severity and cruelty, 
of a vigorous constitution, excel- 
ling in all manly exercises in the 
Held, personally brave, a lover 
of pomp and the very dangers 
of war, vain to a degree of folly, 
versatile in his measures, weak 
in his understanding, ambitious 
without dignity, and while at- 
tempting to be artful was often 
foolish. He took the applause of 
the multitude as a mark of merit, 
was a dupe to his own vanity, 
and owed all his misfortunes to 
that weakness. His humble ad- 
mirers in the western counties 
of England, and old men in Dor- 
setshire were fond of whispering 
that he would still return to 
claim the crown, and many old 
ballads are still extant which. 
predict his return. As late as 



MA1ST 



217 



MAST 



1849, the inhabitants of a part of 

England, when any bill affecting 
their interest was before the 
House of Lords, thought them- 
selves entitled to claim the help 
of the Duke of Buecleuch, the 
descendant of Monmouth. 

Saint-Foix commences his hy- 
pothesis just before the execu- 
tion. He admits that an execu- 
tion took place, but an officer 
in Moninouth's army, a man 
already certain of being con- 
demned to death, and who closely 
resembled him, consented to take 
the place of the Duke on the 
scaffold. This having been re- 
ported to a great lady in .Lon- 
don, she gained over those who 
could open his coffin, and, having 
looked at his right arm, ex- 
claimed, '* Ah ! this is not Mon- 
mouth.' 1 It is further said that 
Charles II., in the hour of death, 
made James II. promise, and 
take an oath, that whatever re- 
bellion the JDuke of Monmouth 
might attempt, he would never 
punish him with death. The 
night after the execution, King 
James, accompanied by three 
men, went to the Tower, covered 
the duke's head with a kind of 
hood, and took him away with 
them in a carriage. He was then 
secretly conveyed to France and 
placed under the care of St. 
Mars at Pignerol. The motives 
of Louis XIV. in thus secreting 
Monmouth were to oblige his 
ally, James II., and to have in 
his power a Stuart, whom he 
might one day be able to oppose 
to the ambition of "William of 
Orange if James continued to 
remain childless. The unex- 
pected birth of a Prince of 
wales, afterwards known as 
" The Pretender," rendered this 
piece of foresight useless, and it 
was natural, after that, that Louis 
XIV. did not wish it to be 
known that he had constituted 
himself the jailer of an English 
prince. The theory, however, 
is based upon tradition and 
hearsay. Authentic despatches, 



signed by Louis XIV.'s ambas- 
sador, famish proof of the 
duke's death, and this monarch 
was informed of all that hap- 
pened from day to day at the 
court of England. These de- 
spatches, penned by impartial 
and independent witnesses, in no 
way indicate that the king of 
England thought of pardoning 
the duke, but, on the contrary, 
show proofs of his inflexible se- 
verity. 

VIII. HENRY CROMWELL. 
This was the second son of 
Oliver Cromwell, the great Pro- 
tector. He was born in WM S 
and at the early age of sixteen 
he was a soldier in the Parlia- 
mentary Army. lie sat in the 
Barebone Parliament as one of 
the six Irish members. In lf&5, 
he was sent to Ireland as a ma- 
jor-general, and was subse- 
quently made lord-deputy. In 
the last position, by the. wisdom, 
moderation, and equity of his 
administration, he oon procured 
the love of the Irish, who regard- 
ed him as a savior. Under him 
Ireland, from twing the most de- 
plorable part of Europe, became 
for a time the happiest portion of 
the British kingdom, and the 
country most satisfied with the 
Cromwellian reign. At the res- 
toration of Charles II. to the 
English throne, the family of 
Cromwell was placed in a state 
of painful suspense. Henry, 
who had some sympathy for tlie 
royalists, peaceably submitted to 
the new king, though, had he 
been inclined to resist, the new 
government would have found it 
difficult to remove him, as he was 
very popular with both the Eng- 
lish and Irish inhabitants of Ire- 
land. From the time of his 
leaving Ireland lie does not figure 
in history, arid, where he lived. 
and when he died not being gen- 
erally known, it was supposed 
that lie might be the wearer of 
the Iron Mask. The truth of 
the matter is that he purcliased 



MAK 



218 



an estate at Rpinn*y Abbey, near 
Soh&m in Cambridgeshire, where 
h spent th<* remainder of his 
life, dtsmidinj; from the toil- 
some grandeur of governing a 
nation to the humhle and happy 
omi{mtifin of hiuikiudry. He 
died in lt7iJ. 

IX. SON OF ANNK OF AUSTRIA 

ANI> Bn KLWHAM. 

In lfL'5, tlm lMk*i of Bucking- 
ham, the favorite of two kings, 
th*" pc^s 'ss'r of all the grace, 
chiinii, attraction, and power of 
plffisiii^ that nature <:<mld be- 
stow on ttiiti mini, Wits sent by 
Charles I. to Paris to conduct 
Henrietta- Maria to England. 
H* imtfle a long stay in France, 
where Ii is reputation for elegant 
frivolity, his good looks, audac- 
ity, puinptuous costumes, osten- 
tition, #rjf'ous equipage, and 
th s-'diu'tiven^ss which envel- 
oped his past life? made him the 
httro of Purig and the court of 
JUis XIIL Oidly with his 
sticei'ss, aitd dazzled by the splen- 
dor which he sh*d around him, 
he iw only the Queen of 
Franc* 1 , Anne of Austria, and at 
on<j conceive* I f>r her the most 
Tolieiii?nt iftsifni. She, being 
a coquet t*s and Itavinc; the warm 
of the Spiiniarda in her 
, tolfratwl his passions and 
was rinttrF'd by his homage. 
Tlie numerous festivities of the 
time epive ilwm fn*qu*nt oppor- 
tunities of seeing ono another, 
ami wlifw tli duke started with 
tiiij future wife of Charles I. 
for EngLtnd, the qiifi* a n, with a 
great nnmitf>r of lords and ladies, 
^C'Hiipanietl him as far t as 
tliu kin^, who was sick, 
! 4 ft at Coinpiegne. Dur- 
ing tills journey Buckingham 
Sblmmt coititantly deswrtea his 
new povpiroign in order to be 
with Anne as muoh as possible. 
One ttvtming they took a walk 
tlffi Inks erf the Somine. 
ntarj^i of the falling 
ty aittl a few moments of 
from the regfc of the 



court, the duke threw himself at 
the feet of the queen, and gave 
way to the transports of Ids 
passion. Anne, alarmed, and 
pf-m^iving her danger, uttered a 
loud cry, which drew the atten- 
tion of her equerry, who rushed 
forward and seized the duke. 
In the excitement which fol- 
lowed, the lover managed to 
get away. Two days later he 
bade her adieu, and quitted 
Amiens. Unfavorable winds 
detained him at Boulojjne, and, 
taking advantage of this, lie re- 
turned suddenly. Finding the 
queen sick, he forced himself into 
her chamber, and, blinded by his 
passion, threw himself on his 
knees before her bed, in the 
presence of several ladies of the 
court. The queen addressed only 
reproaches to him: lie departed, 
and was forbidden to again enter 
France. On his return to Eng- 
land his enthusiasm for the 
French queen was not abated 
by prudential considerations or 
by delicacy for the feelings and 
honor of the French king. He 
wore Anne's portrait, toasted 
her at the Whitehall banquets, 
displayed her likeness in most of 
the chambers of his princely 
mansion, all of which aberra- 
tions were duly chronicled by the 
French ambassador in London to 
the French court, and became 
the source of endless gloomy 
ponderings in the mind of Louis 
XIII. 

Upon, these events the theory 
lias been constructed that the 
queen gave birth to a child whose 
father was the Duke of Bucking- 
ham^ that she was guilty of 
criminal infidelity with the view 
of being 1 able, on the death of 
XfOuis XIII. (which then seemed 
threatening to s^on occur), to 
reign in the name of a child 
whom she could declare to be 
the son, of her husband. Th 
unexpected recovery of the king, 
and the birth, a few years later, 
of Louis XIV., rendered this 
y, and the child was 



MAK 



219 



spirited away, to become later 
the Man in the Iron Mask. 
This, however, could not be, as 
all the diaries, memoinj, and 
notes kept by people then 
living at the court show that 
upon all occasions, except lor a 
few moments in the garden at 
Amiens, there wits a third person 
present during the interviews of 
the Duko of Buckingham and 
the queen. Some- have said that 
she had a c-hild in lf*50 by a 
father now unknown, the fact 
that Buckingham was the father 
having been disproved. The 
answer that can lie given to this 
assertion will apply also to the 
foregoing. From the. lirst <luy 
that Cardinal Richelieu entered 
upon power nothing escaped his 
eye. Hud the quern committed 
fwlultery, the minister, so suspi- 
cious and vigilant, would have 
known it, and by it have brought 
about her ruin, for she was 
always a thorn in his side and 
constantly plotting his downfall. 
The clear-sighted and pitiless 
minister never once insinuates 
that she was a guilty spouse, 
yet her reputation for chastity 
has never been firmly estab- 
lished. 

X. TWIN-BROTHER OF Louis 

XIV. 

At eleven o'clrkek on the 
morning of September 5, 16138, 
the Dauphin of France, after- 
wards Louis XIV., was born. 
He was the son of Louis XIII. 
and Anne of Austria. Accord- 
ing loan old custom, there were 
present at the birth not only the 
greatest person ages of the coun- 
try, but many other people. A 
sliort time after, In the wry 
room of the queen, and before 
the same spectators, the newly 
bora prince was baptized by the 
Bishop o Meaux, first almoner. 
At eight o'clock on the same 
day, when the king was &t sup- 
per, the nurse informed him that 
the queen was about to give 
birth to- a second child. There 



were present at this second "birth 
only a few of the dignitaries of 
France. The king made all 
present sign an oath not to di- 
vulge the birth of the seoond 
prince, and told them that death 
would be the penalty of any one 
who exposed this stuto #*rret. 
Among tli Romans, and in 
France, In the MiddU^Ages, as 
among all modern nations, the 
twin that first enters the world 
is considered the eldest, A short 
time before the birth of these 
princes, two shepherds came to 
Paris and asked to be admitted 
to the presence of the king. 
They told him of a vision they 
had had, in which the fact had 
been revealed to them that the 
queen would bear twins, whose 
birth would cause a civil war, 
which would rain the kingdom. 
The nurse. Dame IVrr.nnet, took 
the second born prince into Bur* 
gundy, and brought him tip at 
first as though he were her own 
child ; but he was thought to be 
the illegitimate son of some 
great nobleman, because of the 
great expense she was at for 
him. Upon her death he was 
placed under the care of Marshal 
Richelieu. He grew up to the 
age of nineteen, a fair u.nd grace- 
ful young man, unconscious of 
his royal origin, when a strong 
desire to know who he was 
caused him to ask many ques- 
tions. About the sain time a 
letter sent to his governor by the 
king: fell in his way, and 
awakened his suspicions. He 
prevailed upon a servant to ob- 
tain a portrait of the king, and, 
seeing the resemblance to him- 
self, he ran to Richelieu* ex- 
claiming, " This ifl my brother/' 
and, showing the letter, said, 
" This tells me who 1 am." His 
conduct was reported at court, 
and he was at once sent to prison, 
where he remained till he died. 
This theory is bafvnl upon a let- 
ter written by the Due h ess of 
Modena, daughter of the I>uke 
of Orleans, which was found 



MAX 



220 



MAH 



among the papers of Marshal 
Ki<'ht'Hfu f and published in 1700 
by Soulavic, in his M&tuufi'S dtt 
&nrti'*'httltfr Klrkf H<>tt, which also 

f'tiitJiiriH a statement made by 
M. dn St. Mars himself. The 
letters an* now consider* 1 *! apoc- 
ryphai, and aft^r the publication 
of th Mviunires the Due de 
Fr"fiSiM% BOTI of the marshal, 
luiiiM'hfd an energetic protest 
against the book and its many 
errors. The theory is supported, 
however, by the degree of defer- 
ence paid 'the prisoner by his 
captors, a. deference paid only to 
rfyfttl birth; his love of laces and 
line liiii*n, which ho is supposed 
to have inh(Htil from his 
mother; and that his appear- 
ance and manners were com- 
manding and noble. The sup- 
porters of the hypothesis argue 
that the quetsn would naturally 
cause her son to be brought up 
carefully,, and that in case of 
the death of the dauphin she 
would full him to the throne. 
It is evident that a monarch 
like Louis XIV., jealous above 
all things of Ids rank and pre- 
rogative, utterly selfish, and 
shrinking from the infliction of 
no amount of suffering in the 
care of hiBown interests, would, 
cm learning that he had a 
brother who might cause him- 
self trouble, and even endanger 
hta crown ^ by asserting and 
claiming his righta, be quite 
capable 'of causing that brother 
to be imprisoned for life, and 
of blotting out his existence 
from the knowledge of his con- 
temporaries. 

XI, SON OF ANNE OF AUSTRIA 
AND MAZARIN. 

If such a person ever existed, 
and there is nothing but conjec- 
ture to show that lie ever did 
exist, the theory which declares 
him to have been concealed un- 
der the Mask shows a better rea- 
for liis being hidden from 
the world than any of the fore- 
going men. Tke legitimacy of 



Louis XIV. had even been ques- 
tioned, for he was born after a 
sterile union of twenty-three 
years between Louis XIII. and 
Anne of Austria. Their mar- 
riage had not been a hanpy one, 
on account of the king's jealousy 
and suspicions, and the queen's 
dislike to Frenchmen and France. 
The king's chaste amours with 
his female favorites was a cause 
of laughter to his court. The 
queen's scandalous intimacy 
with the Duke of Orleans, and 
her doubtful reputation for 
chastity, the coquetry of France 
being united with the warm 
passion of Spain, caused the royal 
pair to live almost always apart. 
The king possessed the manners 
of a gallant and attentive caval- 
ier, but he by no means exhibited 
the behavior of a lover, and 
never was a very tender husband. 
The queen was vain of her 
charms, strongly addicted to ro- 
mantic gallantry, good but proud, 
galled "by her husband's indiffer- 
ence, humiliated by Richelieu, 
irritated by not possessing any 
influence, and badly advised by 
the friends whom she engaged in 
different enterprises ; these char- 
acteristics gave her enemies 
power to be able to maintain her 
in disgrace with her husband. 
At the age of forty-three, by the 
death of the king she was left 
mistress of herself and of the 
kingdom. Till a short time be- 
fore the king's death she looked 
upon Cardinal Mazarin as her 
enemy, for he had been a friend 
of Richelieu, but later she warm- 
ly supported him against the uni- 
versal clamor of the French peo- 
ple. Circumstances formed by 
policy might easily terminate in 
love. The necessity of business 
would engage the queen and car- 
dinal in many a, secret confer- 
ence. He was an Italian of an 
agreeable person, of whom. Riche- 
lieu had said to the queen, *' You 
will like him, madame ; he has 
Buckingham's manner." He 
bad a vigorous constitution, an 



MAN 



221 



HAH" 



artful address, was loose an mor- 
als, and capable of employing 
every expedient to insinuate him- 
self in every portion of the royal 
household. The very name un- 
der which the prisoner was regis- 
tered when buried, Marchiali, 
probably fictitious, was^ Italian, 
and if an Italian was either his 
father or the guardian of his in- 
fancy, it Is likely he would re- 
ceive such a name. He told his 
physician he was about sixty 
years of age, consequently lie 
must have been born soon after 
the death of Louis XIII., when 
Mazarm was prime minister. He 
was lirst placed in prison soon 
after the death of the cardinal, 
which would make him nineteen 
years of age. If the queen be- 
came a mother during her widow- 
hood, it would be necessary to j 
conceal the fact from the public 
eye, or doubts concerning the 
legitimacy of Louis XIV. would 
be raise* f; arid when he suc- 
ceeded to the possession of the 
throne and of the fatal secret, 
for his own safety and success he 
was obliged to keep this half- 
brother hidden from the world. 
The humanity of the king might 
have declined a brother's mur- 
der, but ids pride, policy, desire 
to guard his mother's frailty from 
the public eye, and even Ms pa- 
triotism, must have compelled 
him to keep the man in the Iron 
Mask where no one could ques- 
tion him, and where it would be 
impossible for him to demand his 
rights or light the fires of discord 
in France. 

XII. SON OF THE BUCHBSSB 
HEJCBIJSTTB B'GELBANS AND 
Louis XIV. 

Henrietta Maria, youngest 
daughter of Charles I. of Bug- 
land, was born at Exeter in 1644. 
She was removed to London and 
then to France, where she was 
educated in a convent. Upon 
the Restoration she was taken to 
England with her mother, but 
returned to France soon after and 



married Philip, Duke of Anjon, 
brother of Louis XI V., afterwards 
called Duke of Orleans, the first 
of the existing branch of the 
House of Orleans. At the time 
of her marriage, Anne of Austria 
was much attached to her, but 
she was disregarded by the king 
at first. Her home was removed 
toFontaineblean, where she then 
threw oil the restraints of her 
youth, and was suddenly trans- 
formed into a lovely and dignified 
woman. Tall and graceful, with 
a complexion of the most ex- 
quisite beauty, possessed of a re- 
fined taste which taught her to 
profit by her personal and ac- 
quired advantages, she became 
at once the principal ornament 
of the court, and a model upon 
which all the great ladies of the 
royal circle strove to fashion both 
their dresses and deportment. 
The king admired and began to 
wonder at her grace, was amused 
and pleased at her wit, and 
found a charm in her society 
which led him somewhat more 
from that of the queen than was 
pleasing to the latter or to the 
queen-mother. The- duke com- 
plained of this attention to his 
wife by his brother, to his 
mother ; the queen became jeal- 
ous, and the attention, of th 
court was drawn to it. Anne of 
Austria lectured her son upon 
the impropriety of his conduct, 
forgetting that he was no longer 
.a youth, out a man of a strong 
and commanding mind, who felt 
his power and considered himself 
a monarch. This drove him 
more than ever from his mother's 
influence and his wif*s society, 
while it opened his eyes, as well 
as Henrietta's, to the jmssioxis 
that were springing up in their 
hearts, and more firmly estab- 
lished the link of secret feeling 
"between them, which was becom- 
ing more dangerous than th 
public gallantry which had be- 
fore taken place. The duchess 
rejoiced in the conviction that 
she could sway at will the leelr 



MAN 



222 



ings of the sovereign, before 
whose insults, in her youth, she 
had quailed. She was also 
piqued and annoyed at some re- 
proofs she had lately received 
from, the queen-mother, and 
therefore exerted her influence 
to draw the king to her own se- 
lect circle, which she made the 
centre of pleasure and attraction. 
His favorite amusements were 
those of most frequent recurrence 
in her apartments, while the 
friends whom she selected were 
precisely those hest calculated to 
interest and occupy him. To 
calm the jealousy of her husband, 
and conceal from the world in 
general as much as possible the 
intimacy between herself and the 
king, she induced the latter to 
enact the part of lover to one of 
the ladies of her household. 
This lady was Mile, de la Val- 
liere, and the pretended affec- 
tion on the king's part soon 
ripened into love, much to the 
vexation of Henrietta. An in- 
trigue was at once commenced 
for sowing dissensions in the 
royal family, which brought pun- 
ishment upon all but the duchess. 
The king believed her to have 
been actuated by motives which 
flattered his vanity, and contin- 
ued to confide to her the most 
secret springs of his policy and 
government. The duke himself, 
an effeminate, capricious prince, 
weak in mind and heart, dissatis- 
fied with his brother, who re- 
fused him all provincial govern- 
ment, jealous of his wife, less on 
account of the homage which she 
received than of the ability 
which she possessed and which 
he did not share, was abandoned 
to unworthy creatures, who un- 
ceasingly excited him against 
her, fanned his fits of suspicion, 
and drove her to seek pleasure in 
intrigue and state-craft. In the 
spring of 1670, when Henriette 
was at Dunkirk, she suddenly 
embarked for England. It was 
supposed that she had taken this 
hasty determination from her 



MAN 

froximity to her brother, Charles 
L, and a desire to see him, "but 
the true reason of her visit was 
to make a treaty between him 
and Louis XIV. against the 
Dutch republic. The king had 
had great difficulty in obliging 
his -brother to let her go, and 
when she returned from her ex- 
pedition, in every way successful 
to France, she found her husband 
enraged against her in the great- 
est degree, on account of the very 
negotiations which she had been 
carrying on, and of his exclusion 
from all share in the secret. She 
appeared for a few days at St. 
Germain, where the court was re- 
siding, and then accompanied 
her husband to St. Cloud, which 
she had scarcely reached when 
she complained of pains in her 
stomach and side. She remained 
in a languishing condition for a 
few days, then appeared to be 
somewhat better; she drank a 
glass of chiccory-water, and was 
soon seized with violent pains, 
and died the next morning, June 
30, 1670. During her death-strug- 
gle she several times said she 
had been poisoned. An out- 
burst of terrible suspicion was 
raised against her husband and 
his creatures; the king caused 
her body to be opened ; it showed 
no signs of poison, 'but, on the 
contrary, there was proof that her 
continual imprudence and bad 
regimen had hastened her end. 
That she was guilty in various 
respects there can be little doubt, 
and that she was as light and un- 
principled as she was beautiful 
and graceful is equally certain; 
but that she was the mother of a 
son with Louis XIV. as his 
father rests on no document or 
historical evidence whatever, and 
is simply a conjecture without 
the slightest proof. 

XHI. SON OP HENRIETTE 
' ORLEANS AND THE COMTE 

DE QUICHE. 

This theory, like the preced- 
ing, is without any sure f ounda- 



MAN" 



223 



MAN 



tion ; still, it may be interesting to 
look into the history of the sup- 
posed father, as we examined 
that of the mother in. the fore- 
going note. 

Armand de Grammont, Count 
de Quiche, was born in 1638, and 
reared at the court of Anne of 
Austria, who looked upon him 
almost as a foster-child. She 
had just given birth to her own 
royal infant, and beheld in the 
motherless son of the Due de 
Grammont the same happy dis- 
positions which she saw in her 
own son. The dauphin soon 
found that his playmate was in- 
dispensable to his own amuse- 
ments; but as he grew older, 
while still having a great regard 
for him, his affection somewhat 
abated. This was caused by both 
having fallen in love with the 
same girl, and by the jests which 
the count, in his too great famil- 
iarity, was accustomed to make 
to the future king of France. 
When Henriette-Maria was at 
Foutainebleau, he fell madly in 
love with her. This coining to 
the ears of her husband, he had 
some very warm words with the 
count, who, still continuing to 
give himself the airs of a lover, 
was ordered, by his father to re- 
side in Paris, far away from the 
young duchess. But Henriette 
had a use for her lover. When 
she found she had surely lost the 
king's attentions, and that La 
Valliere had taken her place in 
his affections, she determined to 
expose to the young queen the 
infidelity of her husband. She 
called to her assistance De 
Guiche, the Comtesse de Sois- 
sons, and the Marquis de Vardes, 
a courtier of a lively imagina- 
tion, loose morals, and ill defined 
principles. The plot was to write 
a letter to the queen, as if it 
came from her mother, the Queen 
of Spain, notifying to her the 
connection between La Valliere 
and the king, and warning her 
to be on her guard. De Vardes 
composed the letter, De Guiche 



translated it into Spanish, and it 
was sent in an indirect way to 
the queen. It fell into the hands 
of a servant, whose suspicions 
were aroused; she ventured to 
open it, and, finding it would 
cause great trouble to her mis- 
tress, she gave it to the queen- 
mother, who sent it to the king. 
"When Louis read it, he turned 
extremely red, and saw that it 
must have been composed by one 
of his own subjects. Means were 
immediately taken to examine 
the affair, and not only the whole 
particulars were brought to light, 
but publicity was given to more 
than was desirable. A girl 
named Montalais, a maid to the 
Duchesse d 5 Orleans, was also a 
confidante of La Valliere, and 
she communicated to the latter 
that Henriette-Maria was carry- 
ing on a disgraceful if not a 
criminal intercourse with De 
Guiche. Before this Louis had 
exacted from his mistress a prom- 
ise that she would have no secret 
from him. He divined from her 
embarrassment that she was bur- 
dened with a secret which she 
feared to disclose. He pressed 
her to speak, but only became 
more convinced that there was 
something hidden from him by 
her refusal. They parted in an- 
ger, and La Valliere fled to a 
convent at Chaillot. The king 
followed, his anger having cooled 
through fear of losing her, and 
then 'she told him everything, 
Until this time the intercourse 
between the king and his mis- 
tress had been kept as secret as 
possible, but the escape of the 
mistress and her return made 
much noise, while the secret let- 
ter forced the king to communi- 
cate with his ministers and other 
personages of his court. The 
restraint which he had put upon 
himself was forgotten, and his 
evil example exposed to the peo- 
ple. De Soissons was ordered to 
retire into Champagne; Vardes 
was thrown into the Bastile; 
and De Guiche was sent into 



MAK 



Holland, to the great delight 
of the Due <T Orleans. It is 
now understood that between 
the Duchesse d 'Orleans and Be 
G-uiche nothing had taken place 
at any time that could in any 
way affect her honor. He always 
wore her miniature, and this at 
one time saved his life when hi 
jattle, by a ball striking > the 
case in which it was contained. 
Though he was a married man, 
he always retained an admira- 
tion for the duchess, and after 
her death sought for opportuni- 
ties of self-sacrifice in the army, 
where lie was known as a brave 
and capable officer. He did not 
die on abattle-iield, as he desired, 
but at Creutznach, in his thirty- 
fifth year, of a broken heart. To 
the jealousy of the Due d'Or- 
le'ans, and the treachery of De 
Vardes, who assailed De Guiche 
behind his back, and the gossip 
of the girl Montalais, is due the 
report of the infidelity of Hen- 
riette-Maria, and on this report 
is founded the theory that they 
were the parents of the Man in 
the Iron Mask. 

XIV. THE CHEVALIER Louis 

DE ROHAN. 

This personage, who has been 
called the handsomest man of his 
time, was a member of one of 
the noblest families of France, 
and born in 1635. In 1656 he was 
appointed grand master of the 
hunt, and subsequently colonel 
of the guards. He soon rendered 
himself conspicuous at the court 
of Louis XIV. by his adventu- 
rous intrigues and his ruinous 
expenditure. He was exiled by 
the king, who suspected him of 
encouraging the vicious tastes of 
Ms brother, Philippe d'Oiieans. 
Exasperated by this exile from 
the court, full of ambition, eager 
for notoriety, utterly estranged 
from the Prince de Soubise, the 
head of his family, because he 
would listen to no remonstrance 
or example, ruined by his own 
extravagance and debauchery, 



224 MAN" 

he had fallen from a prosperous 
and advancing condition into a 
state of misery and destitution 
which drove him. to despair. He 
became a traitor to his king with- 
out even the apology of a mis- 
taken patriotism. In 1674 Nor- 
mandy showed a disposition to 
revolt, and at that time De Ro- 
han met Hatreaumont, a man, 
like himself, at the lowest ebb of 
fortune, and one of the leaders 
in the proposed revolt. These 
two were joined by Chevalier de 
Pre'aux and a Madame de Villars, 
a woman devoid of all principle 
and modesty. The plot was for 
the country to revolt, for a Dutch 
fleet to hover near the coast, and 
at a given signal to approach 
Quillebceuf, of which place the 
traitors were to give up the keys. 
The negotiations with the United 
Provinces were carried on by a 
Flemish school-master called 
Vandenenden, formerly a Jesuit, 
who settled near Paris, and came 
and went between France and the 
Low Countries. The insurrec- 
tion was on the point of break- 
ing out, and Hatreaumont had 
set off for Normandy to put him- 
self at the head of the move- 
ment, when the whole conspir- 
acy was discovered by the king, 
who at once caused De Rohan, De 
Pre'aux, and De Villars to be 
thrown into the Bastile, and sent 
guards to Rouen to arrest Ha- 
tre"aumont. The latter so des- 
perately resisted his captors that 
he lost his life in the struggle. 
Among his papers nothing was 
found to implicate De Rohan, and 
he would in all probability have 
escaped punishment had not a 
base and infamous deceit been 
put upon him, in order to indue 
him to confess his guilt. .One of 
the judges, named Bezons, drew 
from him, by the promise of a 
pardon, a confession of his error. 
He told all he knew, but was 
surprised to find his trial pro- 
ceeded with as if no such act had 
taken place. All were con- 
demned to death. De Rohan was 



MAN 



225 



cast into paroxysms of rage and 
despair when, lie found he had 
been deceived. Various efforts 
were made to move the king to 
mercy, by former friends of the 
chevalier, and he was much in- 
clined to grant a pardon, but the 
arguments of his ministers, that 
a more favorable instance could 
not be found for displaying be- 
fore the people an example of 
just rigor than in the case of this 
man loaded with crimes and 
vices, prevailed, and he was exe- 
cuted with his accomplices in 
front of the Bastile* The theory 
that another man was executed 
in his place has not been proved, 
and, further, the Man in the Iron 
Mask first appears in 1662, and De 
E,ohan was not executed till 1674. 

XV. A SON OF MABIE-.THERESE 

AND A JSfEGRO SERVANT WHOM 

SHE HAD BEOUGHT BBOM SPAIN. 

There is no truth whatever in 
this theory, but there is a fact 
upon which a person might im- 
agine such an occurrence. Soon 
after the conquest of Candiaby 
the French monarch, an African 
king of Arda, anxious to secure 
so powerful a friend, despatched 
several envovs to Louis XIV. to 
propose a political and commer- 
cial alliance, and to ask his sup- 
port against the English and 
Dutch settlers upon his coasts. 
The envoys brought several pres- 
ents to 'the king and queen. 
Among those to the latter was a 
Moorish dwarf, ten years of age, 
whose height did not exceed 
twenty-sev en inches. Th e queen 
was delighted with her new play- 
thing, had him dressed in the 
costume of his country, covered 
him with jewels, and employed 
him to bear her train. He soon 
became very familiar with his 
mistress, often diverting the 
whole court as well as the queen 
by his antics, and then burying 
his head in the folds of her dress. 
He was perpetually seen in her 
apartment, perched upon a bu- 
reau, seated on the sofa, gambol- 



ling upon the carpet, or even in 
the very laj> of his mistress. At 
first the king objected to this 
favorite of his queen, but, as she 
clung to her toy, lie forbore fur- 
ther remonstrance. About this 
time prayers were offered for the 
safety of the queen and the new 
prince she was about to give to 
France. On one occasion, as she 
was traversing her chamber, ab- 
sorbed in thought, the dwarf, 
weary of inaction, suddenly 
bounded from an obscure corner 
of the apartment, and flung him- 
self across her path. The queen 
fainted, and in a few hours gave 
birth to a daughter, black from 
head to foot. The secret was 
kept by those in attendance, and, 
after a hurried baptism, the child 
was carried to Gisors, and after- 
wards removed to the Benedic- 
tine convent at Moret, where 
she was afterwards compelled to 
take the veil. The Gazette des 
Franqais announced that the 
royal infant had died a few min- 
utes after its baptism. Madame 
de Maiiiterion, in company with 
the king, occasionally visited the 
child at the convent after the 
queen's death, and a portrait of 
her was painted, which hangs in 
the Library of St. Genevieve 
College. This is the only fact 
out of which a story can be made 
that the queen ever bad a black 
or a partly black child. The 
queen herself was one of the 
best and most virtuous women in 
the licentious court of Louis 
XIV. She was wrapped up in 
love for him, and so great was 
her affection that she "believed 
everything he told her, good or 
bad. She used to endeavor to 
read in his eyes what would 
please him, and if he only looked 
at her with friendship, she was 
happy all day. 

XVI. AN ILLEGITIMATE; SON OF 
MARIA LOUISA, WIFE OF 
CHARLES II. OF SPAIN. 
Maria Louisa, eldest daughter* 

of the Due d 5 Orleans and his 



MAK 



wife Henrietta Maria, was torn 
in 16Ct>. On the death of her 
mother, Maria Theresa, wife of 
Louis XIV., invited her to St. 
Germain, and treated her as one 
of her own children. Her youth, 
beauty, and grace soon attracted 
the admiration of the court. She 
was intended by the king to 
foecrme the wife of the dauphin 
of France, and exerted herself 
to attain all the accomplish- 
ments necessary to adorn so 
exalted a station. When the 
king, however, remembered that 
the proposed alliance would in- 
crease the influence of his 
"brother not only over the dau- 
phin, but also over the ministers, 
lie gave up the idea, and at once 
acceded to the demands of the 
king of Spain for the hand of 
the princess. The intelligence 
of the proposed change was a 
heavy blow to her. At the be- 
trothal her countenance was 
placid and unmoved, her emo- 
tion concealed under a faint 
smile, but in private she at times 
could not hide her agitation. 
Charles II. was a weak and 
almost imbecile king-, who was 
not even able to name all his 
own states. He was bigoted, 
superstitious, and of a constitu- 
tionally melancholy disposition, 
while a tinge of hereditary insan- 
ity often showed itself in his 
actions. He was at once enrap- 
tured with his wife's beauty, and 
soon fell under her influence and 
control. The Duchess of Terra- 
Nova, the queen's mistress of 
the robes who could no longer 
govern the king, tried to awaken 
in him a jealousy and suspicion 
of his wife by calling his atten- 
tion to trifling circumstances in 
her demeanor and conduct, hop- 
ing thereby to separate him 
from his wife's influence. The 
king, in spite of all such at- 
tempts to injure his wife in his 
esteem, loved her with unabated 
affection till her death; and as 
long as he lived, the mention of 
her name, even in his fits of 



226 MA1ST 

melancholy, would influence 
him more than any word or deed 
of his ministers or friends. In- 
trigues and annoyances of vari- 
ous kinds surrounded the queen, 
but she kept above them all, 
devoting her attention to the 
king and the well-being of 
Spain. At this time, and for 
many years later, Europe was 
watching this country, which, 
though weak itself, and poorly 
governed, was able, as long as it 
had a ruler, to prevent the other 
countries from growing more 
powerful. There was no sign of 
an offspring, and the king's 
health was such that his death 
might be daily expected. The 
country longed for an heir to the 
throne, knowing that on the 
death of the king civil war would 
commence, and the great powers 
of Europe come to arms. The 
laws of Spain declared the queen 
heir to the throne if the king 
left no child; and if Maria- 
Louisa, the niece of Louis XIV., 
should occupy the throne, the 
power of France would be in- 
creased. Austria, the enemy of 
Prance, exercised great influ- 
ence in the councils of Madrid. 
A party was formed, called the 
Austrian party, which resolved 
that the queen should become a 
mother or die. It is said that 
this party had proposed to her 
to become faithless to her hus- 
band as a means of saving her 
life. On the death ol the king 
she would be regent during the 
child's minority, and, though her 
regency would be dangerous to 
Austria, there was hope that that 
country could influence the child 
or his advisers. We know that 
she often found amorous billets 
laid where she would accidentally 
discover them, and that Rebe- 
nac, the French ambassador, im- 
prudently manifested bis exces- 
sive admiration of the queen, 
but any intimacy with any one 
would have roused the wakeful 
jealousy of the king. She died 
very suddenly, in 1689, a iyw 



MA1ST 



227 



hours after drinking a glass of 
iced milk, given her by the 
Comtesse de Soissons. This 
countess, it is said, had made to 
the queen, in the name of the 
Austrian court, the proposal that 
she should be faithless to her 
husband, and she placed poison 
in the milk because the queen 
refused. Whether or not she 
died a natural death there is no 
absolute proof, some of the me- 
moirs of the time hinting that 
she did, while others say she did 
not. Upon the fact that Europe, 
or at least Spain, wished an heir 
to the throne is based the theory 
that she was the mother of an 
illegitimate son, but there are 
no proofs to show the theory to 
be correct, and, if it is correct, 
why was he hidden under the 
Iron Mask. 

XVII. SON OF CHRISTINA OF 
SWEDEN AND MONALDESCHI. 
Christina, Queen of Sweden, 
born in 162(5, received an educa- 
tion rather more like that given 
to a man than a woman. This 
may account in some measure 
for some of the eccentricities in 
her life. In 1650 she was 
crowned with the title of king, 
and for four years governed with 
rigor, while her brief reign was 
remarkable for her patronage of 
learned and scientific men. In 
1654 she abdicated. Different 
reasons have been given for this 
step. She was weary of the per- 
sonal restraint which royalty 
imposed on her; the noblemen 
of her country and the princes of 
other countries annoyed her 
with offers of marriage ; her ex- 
ceeding wit and the histories of 
other countries which she had 
read made her despise her own ; 
and the promise which the pope 
had made her of having her 
elected queen of Naples, if she 
would become a Catholic, are 
among the reasons given. She 
left Sweden, at 'Brussels em- 
braced the Roman Catholic 
religion, and slowly proceeded 



to Borne, which city she entered 
with great pomp, on horseback, 
in the costume of an arnazon. 
Several times she visited Paris, 
as well as other cities, attracting 
great attention and shocking the . 
people by her attempting to run 
counter to nature, to put woman 
on a level with man, by her bois- 
terous behavior, and her mascu- 
line a,ttire. "\Vhen in Paris she 
became acquainted with all the 
scandal of the city, and freely 
commented on it; she was not 
sparing of oaths, which shocked 
the ears of polite society, a soci- 
ety which was outside bright, 
gallant, and brilliant, but foul 
with corruption and crime 
within. In 16GO she endeavored 
to be reinstated on the throne of 
her father, but the Swedes, who 
loved her in her youth, would 
have nothing to do with her 
since she had changed her relig- 
ion. She aspired to the crown of 
Poland, but was unnoticed by 
the Poles. The latter part of 
her life was spent in Bome,where 
she died in 1689. She always 
had a large retinue with her, 
composed principally of Italians, 
for the purpose of strengthening 
her interests in Borne, Among 
them was Giovanni Monaldeschl, 
a greedy, seltish, ungrateful, 
false, and dishonorable man, who 
enjoyed her entire confidence. 
In 1657, when at Fontainebleau 
in France, she had hini executed 
for treason, as she said, holding 
that she, as a sovereign, had au- 
thority over her court in what- 
ever country she might be. 
Various causes have been given 
for this rash act in one who had 
always before this a reputation 
of mildness; one is that he had 
revealed her intrigue with the 
pope to become queen of Naples; 
another, that he was trying to 
injure another Italian in her 
sendee, named Santinelli,by forg- 
ing injurious and insulting let- 
ters to the queen; and another, 
that there were personal affairs 
which caused his execution. 



MAN 



There is, however, everjr reason 
to believe it was a punishment 
for political and not personal 
offences. The darkest accusation, 
that Mori aid eschi had been her 
favored lover, is wholly without 
foundation, arid there is every 
reason to believe that she never 
had any guilty attachment for 
any one. Yet, upon the fact of 
the execution, her familiarity 
with members of her suite, and 
her eccentric ways, some have 
supposed, with- no historical 
proof, that she had a child by 
this Italian, which Louis XIV. 
hid in the Bastile. 

XVIII. AN ILLEGITIMATE SON 
OP' M ARIA ANNA, SECOND WIFE 
OB' CHARLES II. 
Hardly a year after the death 
of Maria Louisa, the first wife of 
Charles of Spain, the intrigues of 
the court of Austria induced the 
king to marry Maria Anna of 
Neuburg, Bavaria, then twenty- 
three years of age. The Spanish 
branch of the House of Austria 
threatened to become extinct, 
and Charles himself was the 
sport of contending parties which 
agitated his court. There was 
no hope of his being the father 
of an heir to his throne, but 
several foreign claimants were 
plotting to inherit it. Among 
these were the Duke of Anjou, 
whose interests were urged by 
Louis XIV. of France ; the Em- 
peror Leopold of Austria, who 
wished his son to become king of 
Spain ; and the Electorial-Prince 
Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria, 
then only seven years old. The 
personal feeling of Charles in- 
clined towards the last, and in 
his favor he made a will, but the 
prince soon died, and the strug- 
gle finally, by the withdrawal of 
other claimants, lay between 
Austria and France. The court 
became divided into two parties, 
known as the Austrian and 
French parties. The queen was 
wholly governed by her German 
adherents, and her German par- 



228 MAN 

tialities, joined to the mercenari- 
ness of her favorites, disgusted 
the Spanish people, who are re- 
markable for their dislike of 
foreigners. She used her influ- 
ence for her brother-in-law Leo- 
pold and his candidate, the Arch- 
duke Charles, in spite of the 
wishes of the majority of the 
king's council and the almost 
universal desire of the Spanish 
people. The French ambassa- 
dor, d'Harcourt, an able, intri- 
guing, and winning negotiator, 
assisted by his wife, who was 
charming, brilliant, polite, and 
profuse in gifts, drew many of 
the court ladies to the interests 
of France, and influenced the 
king to favor his country. Even 
the vanity of Maria Anna per- 
mitted him to obtain for her in 
Paris many articles of rich finery, 
not to be procured hi Spain, and 
thus the desires of a woman over- 
came the antipathies of the 
queen. For a time she was ren- 
dered less zealous in the cause of 
her family by d'Harcourt's hold- 
ing forth the prospect of a union 
with the dauphin when she be- 
came a widow. This did not last 
long, however. The king was 
advised of her underhand deal- 
ings with the French and the 
Germans, and would not listen to 
her when she attempted to give 
him advice. He hid himself 
from her as much as possible, as 
he dreaded her violent temper, 
and told her nothing of the will 
which he made in favor of the 
Duke of Anjou, and signed on 
his death-bed. After his death 
she retired to Bayoime, where 
for a time she continued to work 
and intrigue for her German 
friends, which alienated the few 
Spaniards who remained with 
her, and irritated the new king, 
Philip V. She died in 1740. 
Upon her natural desire to be the 
mother of an heir to the Spanish 
throne is founded the guess that 
she became the mother of an il- 
legitimate son, hoping to foist 
him on the people as the son of 



MAN 



229 



MAN 



Charles II. ; finding this impossi- 
ble, she gave the boy to Louis 
XIV. to hide from the world. 
Though the French king might, 
from policy, be willing to hide 
the boy, yet there are no proofs 
of her having had a son, and this 
hypothesis must go the way of 
many other c/Kmses, which have 
not one particle of truth to sus- 
tain them. 

XIX. FATHER OF Louis XIV. 
One afternoon, Louis XIII., 
depressed with ennui, resolved to 
sleep at St. Maur, where he had 
a hunting establishment. On 
passing through Paris he stopped 
at the convent of the Faubourg 
St. Antoino, to pay a visit to 
Mile, de la Fayette. The con- 
ference with this lady lasted till 
evening. In the meantime a 
storm of wind and snow had 
arisen. This provoked the king, 
who declared lie would either re- 
turn to Versailles or keep on to 
St. Maur. This being a perilous 
undertaking, his friends advised 
him to go to the Louvre, where 
his wife, Anne of Austria, then 
resided. He replied in a vexed 
tone that he would wait a while, 
for probably the weather would 
change. The storm increased in 
violence, and a pouring rain set 
in. He was pressed again to take 
refuge in the Louvre, and after 
further debate and delay was in- 
duced to repair to the residence 
of the queen, where he arrived 
about ten o'clock. The queen, 
probably previously advised of 
the visit of her lord, received 
him with smiles and welcome, 
A supper was laid, the wife's 
coquettish enticements prevailed, 
the king accepted her hospitality 
for the night, and departed on 
the following morning for Ver- 
sailles, but invited the queen to 
pay him an early visit there. 
Thus was accomplished, in 1637, 
through the combined influence 
of the elements and the wise 
counsels of friends, that conjugal 
reunion which had been broken 



by the indiscretions committed 
by Anne of Austria during the 
embassy of the Duke of Buck- 
ingham. Soon alter there was 
circulated through the realm the 
information that a dauphin was 
to be born. People marvelled, 
and discussed the miraculous 
revelation which, after twenty- 
three years of suspense, prom- 
ised so halcyon an event. On 
the birth of Louis XIV. the joy 
of the people was extreme, as it 
secured a peaceable succession to 
the throne and contributed to 
stop the turbulent levity of the 
Duke of Orleans and his adhe- 
rents. In France no one stayed 
to cavil or to criticise, at the 
overwhelming thankfulness felt 
that an heir to the sceptre of 
Henry IV. had been born, and 
the country delivered from proba- 
ble civil war 011 the death of 
Louis XIII. Te Deums were 
chanted in all the principal cath- 
edrals and jubilee resounded even 
amid the frightful solitudes of 
La Grand Chartreuse of Greno- 
ble. Abroad, where public senti- 
ment was not fettered by inter- 
est, respect, or arbitrary authori- 
ty, speculations the most deroga- 
tory to the majesty of the crown 
and personally mortifying to the 
king prevailed. Lampoons, 
pamphlets, and paragraphs in 
the public gazettes hinted that 
the devotion of Cardinal Riche- 
lieu had caused this child to be 
born, and feigned to bewail the 
future calamities of Europe when 
a crowned son of Richelieu 
should wield the destiny of the 
nation. It was asserted that 
Chavigny, the cardinal's second 
self, had remained near the 
queen, against all precedent, 
when the child was born, that 
much mystery had been observed, 
and that the king had not been 
present at the time. The extreme 
veneration which Richelieu dis- 
played towards the child was no- 
ticed, and his having been absent 
at St. Quentin at a moment so 
important as the birth of the 



MAIST 

future king was said to be 
strange unless he feared to meet 
the eyes of the king. It was also 
said that Anne and he, appre- 
hending persecution and degrada- 
tion on the accession of the Duke 
of Orleans, combined in order to 
maintain their power and influ- 
ence; that the mind of the queen 
was hard and determined, and 
that her detestation of Louis 
XIII. was such that no crime 
against him would deter her from 
following her own interests. An- 
other suggestion was that Maza- 
rin, who had been favored by the 
queen, was the father of the so- 
called dauphin. This could not 
be, as he was in Paris in 1636 on 
a brief visit, and not there again 
till 1639. These squibs and libels 
became fiery darts in the bosom 
of the suspicious Louis XIII., 
but he did not disown his son or 
display any doubt respecting his 
legitimate birth, though some 
have said that while he was full 
of doubt he shrunk from a con- 
test with the queen, who was 
supported by the power of the 
Spanish monarchy, by Richelieu, 
and the wishes and wants of the 
nation. In Holland, where the 
exiled Huguenots and politicians 
congregated, these libels especial- 
ly abounded, and continued to 
be published through the reign of 
Louis XIV., whom they called a 
usurper and pretender. During 
this reign, when the king's neph- 
ew attempted by intrigue to ren- 
der himself king of Spain, he was 
favored by Louis, because be 
suspected that his nephew had 
discovered the secret of his birth 
that secret of which many have 
spoken, and which none have 
explained. Partisans of the 
House of Orleans, who sought to 
place that family on the throne, 
revived the story of the king's 
illegitimacy, and Louis XIV. 
throughou^ his life was jealous 
and suspicious of his younger 
brother, the first of the present 
House of Orleans. Thus it can 
be seen that from the day of the 



230 HAK 

birth of Louis XIV. doubts have 
been cast upon his right to the 
throne. In 1692 there was printed 
at Cologne a little book called 
Les Amours d'Anne d'Autriche, 
espouse de Louis XIII,, avec M. 
le C. D. R., le veritable pere de 
Louis XIV., and upon this work 
some of the scholars of Holland 
endeavored to establish the fact 
that the masked prisoner was a 
young foreign nobleman, a cham- 
berlain of Queen Anne, and the 
father of Louis XIV. This book 
was reprinted in 1696, the latter 
edition having on its title-page, 
in place of the above initials, 
" Monsieur le Cardinal de Riche- 
lieu." Some have said the 
initials should stand for Comte 
de Riviere, and others for Comte 
de Rochefort, but the gentlemen 
who bore those names did not 
suddenly disappear, neither were 
they missed from the court. In 
1746 appeared Les Portraits his- 
toriques des hommes illustres de 
Denmark, by Hoffmann, in which 
is another story. A Capuchin, 
monk told Kichelieu that Queen 
Anne had confessed to him, 
among other sins, of having had 
tender intercourse with an army 
officer named Bautzan, and that 
she could not subdue her passion 
for him. The cardinal, capable 
of anything, found means by his 
niece, then a maid of honor, to 
give Eautzan a chance to speak 
with the queen, and this oppor- 
tunity had the effect that is pre- 
tended, and contributed more to 
the birth of Louis XIV. than the 
marriage of twenty-three years 
with the king. Rautzan was 
then imprisoned and kept from 
speaking with any one, for fear 
he would divulge the secret. It 
must be remembered, however, 
that this theory is founded en- 
tirely on works written by the 
political or religiotis enemies of 
the French kings, and that none 
of the many foes of the queen 
during her lifetime saw fit to 
bring it against her. Had the 
story been true, the sudden dis- 



MAN 



231 



MAN 



appearance of an army officer 
would have been noticed, and 
somewhere been mentioned. 

XX. A LOVER OF MARIA LOUISA 

^'ORLEANS. 

This is another theory, founded, 
like the three which follow, en- 
tirely upon supposition. If she 
had a lover, it was no more than 
others had, but even this is doubt- 
ful, as she would be very careful 
how she conducted herself when 
she expected to marry the 
dauphin. The second part of the 
theory is that he was imprisoned 
when she became the wife of 
Charles II., but no cause is given 
for the imprisonment. 

XXI. A PUPIL, OF THE JESUITS, 
Imprisoned for an abusive 
distich. The rigor of the pun- 
ishment, the attention and defer- 
ence paid to the prisoner, seem 
out of proportion to a common 
pupil ; and the loss of a pupil be- 
longing to a noble family would 
have been commented upon by 
some of the writers of the time. 

XXII. A NAMELESS PERSON AC- 
QUAINTED WITH FOUQUET'S SE- 
CRETS. 

XXIII. A WOMAN. 
The originator of this theory 
says, without any authority, it 
might have been a woman, the 
victim of Madame de Mainte- 
non's jealousy, 

Man-Milliner, The. A nickname 
given to Henri III. of France; 
a man, weaker than woman 
and worse than a harlot, who, 
while the Guises and his mother 
ruled the state and undermined 
his throne, spent his time in 
inventing new fashions in dress. 
A weak, effeminate fop, smeared 
with cosmetics and perfumes; 
a spiritless creature, who found 
amusement in training dogs, 
parrots, and monkeys, but truly 
brave in the face of real danger, 
and the possessor of a mind of 
more than ordinary capacity. 

Man-Mouse, The. An epithet 



given to Dr. Henry More, an 
eminent English divine and 
philosopher, by Thomas Vaugh- 
an. In 1650 Vaughan pub- 
lished his Anthroposophia Thco- 
mar/ica, and in the same year 
More answered it with some 
Observations by Alazonomastix 
Philalethes, in which he called 
Vaughan a Moinus, a mimic, a 
fool in a play, and a jack-pud- 
ding. To this Vaughan wrote 
an answer, in which he called 
his antagonist The Man-Mouse 
taken in a trap, and tortiired to 
death for f/nawmr/ the margins 
of JSugenius Philalethes. The 
work was bitter, and written in 
the controversial spirit of the 
times. More was afterwards 
ashamed of his part, and sup- 
pressed it in the collected edi- 
tion of his works. By birth 
More was a Calvinist, but in his 
youth he joined the established 
church, and later was rector of 
Ingoldsby, which he resigned in 
1614. During the rebellion he 
was suffered to enjoy the studi- 
ous retirement he had chosen, 
although he had made himself 
obnoxious by refusing to take 
the covenant, and, while he 
lamented the miseries of his 
country, he was too busy hi his 
study to mind very much of what 
was going on about him. He 
was a man of great and exten- 
sive learning, but in Ms writings 
are found deep tinctures of mys- 
ticism. After finishing some of 
his works, which had occasioned 
much fatigue, he would say: 
" Now for three months I will 
not think a wise thought nor 
speak a wise word . ' * He was sub- 
ject to fits of ecstasy, during 
which he gave himself up to joy 
and happiness, which obtained 
for him the nickname of THE 
INTELLECTUAL EPICURE. His 
writings have no particular in- 
terest for the present generation, 
but were very popular in his day, 
as they established great princi- 
ples of religion, and fixed men's 
minds against the fantastical 



MAN" 



232 



MAN 



conceits of the time, which was 
fast running towards atheism. 

Man of a Million, A. So Thomas 
de Quincey is called in the Noc- 
tes Ambrosianse (xxii.). 

Man of Bath, The. A title ap- 
plied to Ralph Allen, the friend 
of Pope, Warburton, and Field- 
ing. 

Man of Black Benown, Thou. 
So Byron, in Don Juan (xiv. 
32), addresses William Wilber- 
force, the philanthropist, who 
did much toward the elevation 
of the blacks in Africa. 

Man of Blood, The. Charles I. 
was so called by the Puritans, 
because he made war against his 
Parliament. 

Man of December, The. So 
Napoleon III. was called, from 
the famous coup-d'etat of Dec. 
2, 1851. 

Man of Destiny, The. A name 
bestowed on Bonaparte, " who 
believed himself to be a chosen 
instrument of Destiny, and that 
his actions were governed by 
some occult and supernatural 
influence." 

Man of Feeling-, The. Henry 
Mackenzie, the essayist, is fre- 
quently thus called, from his 
novel with that title. 

Man of Many Medals, The. So 
Goethe is called in the Nodes 
AmbrosianiB (Ixi.). 

Man of Nigiit, The. So Dr. 
Wolcot, in his Lyric Odes to 
Royal Academicians (y.), calls 
Derby^ Wright, a painter of 
moonlight scenes, etc. 

Man of Ross, The. A nickname 
given to Stephen Higginson, 
who was born in Salem, but 
afterwards lived in Cambridge. 
He was a very prosperous mer- 
chant, and also inherited wealth 
from his father. In 1794 he 
married Martha Salisbury, and 
after her death he married, in 
1805, Louisa, daughter of Cap- 
tain Thomas Storrow of the 
British army. For sixteen years 



he was steward of Harvard 
University, and throughout his 
life was famed for his profuse 
charities. 

Man of Boss, The. The sobri- 
quet bestowed on John Kyrle 
of Ross, in Herefordshire, a man 
of large benevolence, of whom 
Alexander Pope, in his Moral 
Essays (iii.), says : 

Who taught that heaven-directed 

spire to rise? 
"The Man of Ross," each lisping 

babe replies. 

Coleridge, in one of his poems, 
also refers to him. Vid. also 
South ey's Doctor. 

Man of Sedan, The. A sobri- 
quet bestowed on the Emperor 
Napoleon III., because he sur- 
rendered to William, Emperor 
of Germany, after the battle of 
Sedan, Sept. 2, 1870. 

Man of Sin, The. A title applied 
by Roman Catholics to Anti- 
christ; by the Puritans to the 
Pope of Rome ; and by the Fifth 
Monarchy Men to Oliver Crom- 
well. (Vid. 2Thess. ii. 3). 

Man of Stove, The. So Dr. 
Wolcot, in his Epistle to Count 
Rumford, calls the latter. 

Man of the People, The. A 
popular nickname for the Eng- 
lish statesman Charles James 
Fox. 

Man of the Revolution, The. 
So Jefferson, in 1825, called Sam- 
uel Adams. 

Man with a Wig 1 , The, in the 
Nodes Ambrosianss (xxviiL), is 
intended for Dr. Samuel Parr, 
who wore an immense peruke. 

Man with the Leather Breech- 
es, The. A nickname given to 
George Fox, the Quaker. 

Manchester Poet, The, is 
Charles Swain, praised by 
Southey in The Doctor. 

Manchester Prophet, The. A 
name given to, or assumed by, 
Ellis Hall, who considered him- 
self a prophet. 



MAN 



233 



MAE 



Maneta, or THE BLOODY ONE- 
HANDED. A nickname given to 
General Loison, a French cav- 
alry commander. "His mis- 
deeds," says Southey, "were 
never equalled or paralleled in 
the dark ages." 

Mantuan Bard, The. A common 
appellation for the poet Virgil, 
who was a native of Mantua, in 
Italy. Cowper calls him THE 
MANTUAN SWAN, and Pope, in 
his Essay on Criticism (line 129), 
THE MANTUAN MUSE. 

Marcellus. A name under which 
Edmund Malone, the English 
critic and commentator, figures 
in Dibdin's Bibliomania, where 
the author says of him : 

Allied to this library in the gen- 
eral complexion of its literary treas- 
ures is that of Marcellus; while in 
the possession of numberless rare 
and precious volumes relating to the 
drama, and especially his beloved 
Shakespeare, it must be acknowl- 
edged that Marcellus hath somewhat 
the superiority. Meritorious as have 
been his labors in the illustration of 
our immortal bard, he is yet as zeal- 
ous, vigilant, and anxious as ever to 
accumulate everything which may 
tend to the further illustration of 
Mm. 

VicL LJSLTUS. 

Marcellus of Our Tongue. So 
Dryden, in his Elefjy to Mr. 
John Oldham (line 23), calls the 
latter. 

Marcellus of the English Na- 
tion, The. So Wood, in his 
Athens^ Oxoniensis, terms Sir 
Philip Sidney. 

Marginal Prynne. A nickname 
conferred on William Prynne. 

His [i. e. Milton's] contemptuous 
notices of '* Marginal Prynne" in 
several of his pamphlets" had in- 
creased an animosity to him on 
Prynne'sjpart, manifest since 1644. 
Masson, Life of Milton (vL 173). 

Margites. So Warton, in his 
Essay on Pope, calls Lewis Theo- 
bald. 

Marguerite, in William God- 
win's tale St. Leon, is intended 
for Mary Wollstonecraft. 



Maria del Occidente. So South- 
ey, in The Doctor, calls Mrs. 
Brooks, nee, Maria Gowen, " the 
most impassioned and the most 
imaginative of all poetesses." 

Mark Tapley, the body-servant 
in Charles Dickens' novel Mar- 
tin Chiizzlewit, is probably taken 
from a real personage. 

At Folkestone, there is, or at least 
there was, a veritable Mark Tapley 
one, too, who had been in America. 
M. A. Lower, 

Mark Tapley of Kings, The. 

So the Rev. John "White calls 
Charles VII. of France, because 
he retained his usual jollity un- 
der the most afflicting circum- 
stances. 

Marley. Under this name Peele 
has preserved the memory of his 
friend Christopher Marlowe in 
the following tribute to the poet's 
grave : 

Unhappy in thine end, 
Marley, the Muses' darling for thy 

verse, 
Fit to write passions for the souls 

below, 
If any wretched souls in passion 

speak. 

Marquess of Carabas, The, in 
Benjamin Disraeli's novel Viv~ 
ian (frey, is said to be intended 
for Lord Lyndlmrst. 

Marquis, The. A character in 
Moliere's La Critique de l'J(cole 
des Femmes, intended to repre- 
sent Francois d'Aubusson, Vi- 
comte de la Feuillade. Vid. 
Prescott, Biographical and Criti- 
cal Miscellanies. 

Marquis de Brandenbourg 1 , Le 
A nickname bestowed on Fred- 
erick the Great. 

Und hoch nun halt seine Hand vor 
dem deutschen Volke, vor Europa 
den Beweis, dasz nicht er den 
Frieden gebrochen, dasz Oesterreich, 
Ruszland, Polen, und Sachsen sich 
heimlich verbiindet,um ihn zu iiber- 
fallen, zu zerdriicken, und von dem, 
Konigreich Preuszen nichts iibrig 
zu lassen, als den einstigen Ursprung 
desselben, die kleine ohnmacht- 
ige Markgrafschaft Brandenburg. 
Schon benennen sie ihn spottisch, 



MAR 



234 



MAR 



nach dleser, doch sein scharfes Ohr 
hat das raunen und riisten an der 
JDonau, der Elbe, dem iinnischen 
Busori erhorcht, und der " Marquis 
de Brandenbourg" steht mit drei 
Kriegsheeren im Feindeslande, ehe 
die Verbundeten Kunde erhaiten, 
dasz ihr verratherischer Plan ihm 
oilenbahr geworden. Jensen, Vom 
romischen Reich deutscher Nation 
(xiv.). 

Mars of Portugal, The, A so- 
briquet conferred on Alfonso de 
Albuquerque, viceroy of India in 
the fifteenth century. 

Marshal Forward. A nickname 
given to the Pririz von Bliicher 
for the dashing spirit exhibited 
by him In all his campaigns. 

Marshal of the Army of God, 
The. So the Baron Robert Fitz- 
"Walter, who commanded the 
forces seeking to obtain redress 
from King John in 1215, was 
cal led. This movement resulted 
in the signing of the Magna 
Charta. 

Marteau des He'retiques, Le. 
Pierre d'Ailby, called also 
L'AIGLE DE LA FRANCE. He was 
chancellor of the University of 
Paris, and president of the fa- 
mous Council of Constance, 
which condemned John Huss. 

Martel, or THE HAMMERER, is a 
surname conferred on Charles, 
the son of Pepin of Herstal, Duke 
of Australia. The following note, 
from CoHin-de-Plancy's Biblio- 
tkeque des Lfyendes, may tend to 
correct an error into which, ac- 
cording to his account, modern 
writers have fallen respecting 
the origin of the sobriquet. He 
says: 

It is surprising that almost all our 
modern historians, whose profound 
researches have been so highly 
vaunted, have repeated the little tale 
of the Chronicle of St. Denis, which 
affirms that the surname of Martel 
was conferred on Charles for having 
hammered (martele) the Saracens. 
Certain writers of the present day 
eh le him, in this sense, Karle-le-Mar- 
teau. The word mariel, in the an- 
cient Frank language, never bore 
such a signification, but was, on the 



contrary, merely an abbreviation of 
Martellus, Martin. 

Judas Asrnonjeus, from a similar 
legend, was called MACCABEUS, or 
THE HAMMERER. 

Martha Bethtme Baliol. One of 
the characters in Scott's Chroni- 
cles of the Canongate, especially 
in the story of The Highland 
Widow, and founded upon Mrs. 
Murray Keith, who lived at Ra- 
velstone. In his boyhood Scott 
visited her and she observed his 
precocious talents. In Waverley 
many of the quaint and pictu- 
resque features of Kavelstone 
were embodied. 

Martial Macaroni, That, in John 
TrumbulPs poem M'Fingal 
(iv.)> is meant for General John 
Burgoyne, who was a great beau 
and man of fashion. 

Martin Luther of Switzerland, 
The. A name given to Ulrica 
Zwingli. Both Luther and 
ZwingH were roused by the same 
causes, the sale of indulgences j 
both protested against celibacy 
and married; but Zwingli was 
less violent and more candid, less 
controversial and more clear- 
headed. 

Martyr King-, The, is Charles I. 
of England, who was beheaded 
Jan. oO, 1649, and buried at Wind- 
sor. Sometimes he is referred 
to as THE WHITE KING. Vid. 
Pope, Windsor Forest (line 311). 

Martyr President, The, is Abra- 
ham Lincoln, the sixteenth presi- 
dent of the United States, who 
was assassinated on the 14th of 
April, 1865, by J. Wilkes Booth. 

Martyr to Science, The. A so- 
briquet bestowed on Claude 
Louis, Count Berthollet, who, in 
1822, having determined to test 
the effects of carbonic acid on 
his own person, died under the 
experiment. 

Marvellous Boy, The. Thomas 
Chatterton. Vid. THE BRISTOL 
BOY. 

Mary, who occurs extensively in 
the poems of Lord Byron, is Miss 



MAS 



235 MAU 



Mary Chaworth, who afterwards 
married John Musters. 

Masaniello, the common name of 
the celebrated Neapolitan insur- 
rectionist, is simply a corruption 
of Tommaso Aniello, so pro- 
nounced by his companions. 

Master, The. So Goethe is called 
in the Nodes AmbrosiansG (hdi.), 
and by his admirers in general. 

Master Adam. A popular des- 
ignation for the French poet 
Adam Billaut. 

Master Bspp. So Dr. John "VVol- 
cot, in his postscript to Lord 
Auckland's Triumph, calls Will- 
iam Giff'ord. 

Master of Sentences, The. , A 
name given to Pierre Lombard, 
the author of a book of quota- 
tions or sentences collected from 
the fathers of the Church : 

Matched against, the master of 
" ologies," in our days, the most ac- 
complished of Grecians is becom- 
ing what the Master of Sentences 
had become long since in competi- 
tion with the political economist. 
De Quincey. 

Master of Stone -Cutting, The. 
A nickname given to Giacomo 
Dolcebono, an architect and 
sculptor. His chief work was 
the design of the church San 
Maurizio, in Milan, a design at 
once simple and harmonious, 
which owes its architectural 
beauty wholly and entirely to 
purity of line and perfection of 
proportion. 

Master of the Feast, The. So 
George Granville, in a poem 
Upon the Inimitable Mr. Waller, 
calls the latter. 

Master Raro, who occurs in Rob- 
ert Schumann's musical essays 
(the Davidsbundler), is intended 
for Friedrich Wieok. 

Master Surveyor. An epithet 
conferred on Inigo Jones, the 
English architect, by Ben Jon- 
son, in his An Expostulation 
with Inigo Jones : 
Master Surveyor, you that first began 
From thirty pounds in pipkins, to the 
man 



You are ; from them leap'd forth an 

architect, 

Able to talk of Euclid, and correct 
Both him and Archimede; damn 

Archytas, 

The noblest inginer that ever was ; 
Control Ctesibius, overbearing us 
With mistook names out of Vitru- 

vius. 

Mastiff Cur, The. So Skelton, 
in his poem Why come ye not to 
Court? calls Cardinal Thomas 
Wolsey, whose father was a 
butcher by profession. 

Matchless, The. So Alexander 
Pope, in Ms Imitations of Horace 
(II. i. 70), calls William Shakes- 
peare. 

Matchless Orinda, The. A title 
conferred on Mrs. Katherine 
Philips, the author of some very 
graceful poems. Dryden speaks 
of her in his ode To the Mem- 
ory of Mrs. Anne Rittiyrew, and 
it was to her that Jeremy Tay- 
lor addressed his Discourse of 
Friendship. 

Mathematical Triumvirate, 
The. Vid. THE THREE I/s. 

Matilda, in Gifford's Baviad (line 
266) and MsBviad (line 104), is Mrs. 
Hester Lynch Piozzi, who wrote 
for the .Florence Miscellany, un- 
der the pseudonym of ANNA 
MATILDA. 

Matoussaint, in Jules Valles' Le 
Bachelier, is intended for L. 
Chassaint. 

Matthew Coppinger. Under 
this name Rochester irreverently 
introduced John Dry den in his 
work A Session of the Poets. 

Mauchline Belles, The, whom 
Burns has immortalized, were 
Helen Miller, afterwards the wife 
of Dr. Mackenzie, a medical gen- 
tleman in Mauchline ; Miss Mark- 
land, afterwards the wife of 
Robert Findlay, of Greenockj 
Jean Smith, who married Mr. 
Candish of Edinburgh, and be- 
came the mother of the celebrated 
divine ; Betty Miller, afterwards 
the. wife of Mr. Templeton in, 
Mauchline j and Miss Morton, 



MATT 



236 



MEN 



married to Mr. Patterson of the 
same village. 

Maul of Monks, The. A sobri- 
quet bestowed upon Thomas 
Cromwell, on account of his sup- 
pression of the English monas- 
teries in the beginning of the six- 
teenth century. 

Maurus. So Dry den, in his Epis- 
tle XIII. to John Dry den (his 
kinsman), calls Sir Richard 
Blackmure, the physician to King 
William. 

May-Pole. A nickname given to 
the Duchess of Kendal, mistress 
of King George I., on account of 
her tali and very lean figure. 

Mayor of the Palace, The. An 
epithet applied to Cardinal 
Richelieu, on account of his rule 
over Louis XIII. The name is 
frequently found in the letters of 
the Duke of Orleans to the 
king, 

Mazare. One of the characters 
in Scudery's Le Grand Cyrus 
drawn to represent Jean, Comte 
de Gassion, a marshal of France. 

Mazarin of Letters, The. A 
name given to Jean le Bond 
d'Alembert, the French mathe- 
matician and philosopher, on ac- 
count of his influence on the 
literature of his age. 

Medley. Probably Sir G-eorge 
Etherege. Vid. BELLAIR. 

Meek, The. Louis I., King of 
France. Vid* LE DEBONNAIRE. 

Meek Walton. So "Wordsworth, 
in one of his sonnets, calls Isaak 
Walton, the author of The Com- 
pleat Angler (1653). 

Meg-aletor, in Harrington's 
Oceana, represents Oliver Crom- 
well. 

Melancholy, The. Abraham 
Cowley is frequently called THE 
MELANCHOLY COWLEY. 

Melancholy Jacques, The. A 
title conferred on Jean Jacques 
Rousseau, on account of his 
morose nature and morbid feel- 
ings. Vid. Shakespeare, As You 
Like It (ii. 1). 



Melesig-enes. So Milton calls 
Homer, who is supposed to have 
been born on the banks of the 
Meles, a river of Ionia, in Asia 
Minor. 

Mellifluous Doctor, The. St. 
Bernard. Vid. DOCTOR MEL- 

LIFLUUS. 

Melting- Scot, The. So Smol- 
lett, in his satire Reproof, calls 
Daniel Mackercher, "a man of 
such primitive simplicity that 
he may be said to have exceeded 
the scripture injunction, by not 
only parting with his cloak and 
coat, but with his shirt also, to 
relieve a brother in distress." 

Memory Thompson. A name 
given to John Thompson of Eng- 
land, on account of his great 
memory. Vid. CORNER MEMORY 
THOMPSON. 

Memory Wopdf all. A nickname 
given to William Woodfall, the 
brother of the publisher of the 
Junius letters, whose memory 
was so perfect that he would at- 
tend a debate and without tak- 
ing any notes report it accurately 
next morning. 

Menalcas. A name under which 
the Rev. Henry Joseph Thomas 
Drury, lower master of Harrow 
School, figures in Dibdin's Biblio- 
mania . His literary attainments 
were great, his conversational 
powers the charm of the society 
in which he moved, and he edited 
several selections from the clas- 
sics for his pupils. He formed, 
at great expense and with ad- 
mirable judgment, a most valua- 
ble library^ of the Greek classics, 
both in printed editions and rare 
manuscripts, and in his knowl- 
edge of the Latin language wa's 
probably unexcelled by any of 
his contemporaries. Dibdin, in 
the above work (p. 181), says of 
him : 

While Menalcas sees his oblong 
cabinet decorated with such a tall, 
well dressed, and perhaps matchless 
regiment of Variorum Classics, he 
has little or no occasion to regret his 



237 



MEE 



unavoidable absence from the field 
of battle, in the Strand or Pall-Mali. 

Menander. A character drawn 
to represent Thomas Warton, the 
author of a History of Enqlish 
Poetry, by Dibdin, in his Biblio- 
mania, or Book Madness, where 



Compared with this, how different 
was Menander's case ! Careless him- 
self about examining and quoting 
authorities with punctilious accu- 
racy, and trusting too frequently to 
the ipse-dixits of good friends with 
a quick discernment a sparkling 
fancy - great store of classical 
knowledge, and a never ceasing play 
of colloquial wit, he moved right on- 
wards in his manly course ; the de- 
light of the gay, and the admiration 
of the learned. 

Meng-hino del Violoncello, II. 
A title bestowed on Domeiiico 
Gabrielli, a celebrated Italian 
dramatic composer and violon- 
cellist of the seventeenth cen- 
tury. 

Mentor. A character in Fe"nelon's 
Tlmaq?(e, which in part rep- 
resents Fenelon himself, who 
was a tutor to the Duke of Bur- 
gundy. Disraeli, in The Liter- 
ary Character, says : 

"The book of Telemachtts," says 
Madame deStael, " was a courageous 
action." To insist with such ardor 
on the duties of a sovereign, and to 
paint with such truth a voluptuous 
reign, disgraced Fenelon at the court 
of Louis XIV., but the virtuous au- 
thor raised a statue for himself in all 
hearts. 

Mepnibosheth, in Dryden and 
Tate's satire of Absalom and 
Achitophel, is intended for Sam- 
uel Pordage. 

Mepnistppheles Merck. A nick- 
name given to Johann Heinrich 
Merck, the German author, by 
Ms friends. He was especially 
familiar with English literature, 
from which he had made some 
translations. In all directions 
his restless intelligence sought 
after a comprehensive and thor- 
ough knowledge on which to "base 
a powerful and efficient activity. 
He had a sharp eye for all weak- 



nesses; but had also a natural 
good taste, which had "been per- 
fected by culture. If he cen- 
sured what "was bad, It was al- 
ways his impulse to point to what 
was better ; and he delighted in 
furthering the development of 
real genius. All his life he re- 
mained in a situation beneath 
his deservings; the feeling of 
wrong rankled within him, which 
with misfortune in his family and 
a great physical ailment brought 
out the gall which lay beneath 
a noble character. Goethe has 
done wrong in embalming him 
under this nickname in his Auto- 
biography (bk. xv.), where he 
says : 

Mephistopheles Merck here did me, 
for the first time, a great injury. 
When I communicated the piece to 
him, he answered, " You must write 
hereafter no more such trifles; others 
can do such things," 

Mer curie, Our. So Sir Aston 
Cockain, in his commendatory 
verses prefixed to Philip Massin- 
ger's Emperor of the West (1632), 
terms the latter. 

Mercutio of Actors, The. So 
Lewis the actor is sometimes 
called. "He displayed in acting 
the combination of the fop and 
real gentleman." 

Mere Dandini, The, An epithet 
given to George IV. of England. 
vid. PEINCE BAMIRO. 

Merlin of Scotland, The. Thom- 
as Learmount. Vid. THOMAS 
THE RHYMER. 

Mermaid, The. A sobriquet con- 
ferred on Mary, Queen of Scots, 
on account of her beauty and 
unfortunate love-affairs. 

Merry Andrew. A nickname 
bestowed upon Andrew Borde, 
a celebrated itinerant physician 
of the sixteenth century. 
Hearne states that he frequented 
*' markets and fairs, where a 
conflux of people used to get 
together, to whom, he prescribed ; 
and, to induce them to flock 
thither the more readily, he 



MEK 



238 



MIG- 



would make humorous speeches, 
couched in such language as 
caused mirth and wonderfully 
propagated Ms fame." 
Merry Devill of Edmonton, 
The, the hero of the old comedy 
of the same name, was Peter 
FabeJl, who flourished in the 
reign of Henry VII., and 'was 
buried in the church at Edmon- 
ton. The prologue states: 
'Tis Peter Fabell, a renowned schol- 

kr, 
That, for his fame in slights and 

magicke won, 

Was cam the Merry Devill of Ed- 
monton. 

Merry Droll. A nickname he- 
stowed on Thomas Killigrew, 
the playwright. Vid. Fitzgerald, 
New History of the English 
Stage (i. 16). 

Merry Monarch., The. A nick- 
name given to Charles II,, King 
of England. 

Metromaniac Prince, That. A 
nickname given to Frederick 
the Great by Sainte-Beuve, who, 
in Causeries du Lundi (Dec. 2, 
1850), says: 

The works of Frederick have not 
hitherto obtained in France the high 
esteem they merit. People have rid- 
iculed certain bad verses of that 
metromaniac prince, which are not 
worse, after all, than many other 
verses of the same time which passed 
for charming, and which cannot be 
read again to-day. 

Michael Angelo of Battle- 
Scenes, The. A sobriquet con- 
ferred on the Roman painter 
Michael Angelo Cerquozzi, fa- 
mous for his shipwreck and pic- 
tures of battles. 

Michael Angelo of France, 
The. So Pierre Puget, the 
French painter, sculptor, and 
architect, is frequently called. 

Michael Angelo of Modern Lit- 
erature, The. An epithet ap- 
plied to Victor Hugo. Van 
jLaun, in his History of French 
Literature (iii. 329), says : 

The public at large know Victor 
Hugo rather as the Michael Angelo 



of Modern Literature, as a powerful 
exponent of deep and noble thoughts. 
This aspect of his poetical talent has 
thrown a shadow over the softer ac- 
cents of his voice, over those de- 
lightful pieces of joy and melancholy, 
than which, in their own way, 
there are none nohler in any liter- 
ature. 

Michael Angelo of Music, The. 
So Johann Christoph von 
G-luck, the G-erman composer, is 
called. 

Michael Angelo of Sculptors, 
The. A title given to Rene 
Michel Slodtz. 

Michael Angelo of Spain, The. 
A sobriquet conferred on Alonzo 
Cano, who excelled as a painter, 
a sculptor, and an architect. 

Michael Angelo of the Middle 
Ages, The. A name given to 
Arnolfo del Cainbio, sometimes 
called Arnolfo di Lapo, a sculp- 
tor and architect. He was the 
maker of the tomb of Cardinal 
de Braye at Orvieto, which is 
remarkable as the earliest in- 
stance of the canopy withdrawn 
"by attendant angels from the 
dead man's form, afterwards 
frequently adopted by the Pisan 
school. 

Michal, in Dryden and Tate's 

satire of Absalom and Achito- 
phd, is intended for Catharine, 
the queen of Charles II. 
Michal was David's wife. Vid. 
DAVID. 

Michel- Ange des Bamboches, 
Lie. A nickname given to Peter 
van Laar, the Dutch painter, 
celebrated for his delineations of 
Italian "low life." 

Midwife of Men's Thoughts, 
The. So Socrates styled him- 
self; and G-rote remarks that 
" no other man ever struck out 
of others so many sparks to set 
light to original thought." 

Mighty Eagle. An epithet con- 
ferred on Fernando de Magel- 
lan, the famous voyager, by 
Buchanan, in his poem The 
Voyage of Magellan, where he 
says : 



Mia 



239 



MIE 



Oh, Magellan! Mighty eagle, circ- 
ling sunward lost in light, 
Waving wings of power, and strik- 
ing meaner things that cross 
thy flight. 

Mighty Leviathan, The. A 
name given to Thomas Hobbes. 
Disraeli, in Ms Amenities of Lit- 
erature, says: 

The hardy paradoxes, not wholly 
without foundation, and the humili 
ating truths so mortifying to human 
nature, of the mighty Leviathan, 
whose author was little disposed to 
natter his brothers, were opposed by 
an ideal government. 

Mighty Minstrel, The. A name 
given to Sir Walter Scott in 
the Nodes Ambrosianse (1819). 

Mig-hty Minstrel of Old Mole, 
The. A name given to Edmund 
Spenser by Maginn, in his poem 
Royal Visit to Ireland : 
Yet whom the mighty minstrel of 

old Mole 

Has all embalmed in his enchanting 
song. 

Mignon, Le. A nickname given 
to Henri III. of France. He 
used to go through the streets of 
Paris accompanied with music 
and a band of young men as 
effeminate as himself, called, in 
derision, Les Micjnons, sur- 
rounded by parrots, pet dogs, 
and monkeys. The next day 
the same group would go put 
clad in penitents' dress, wearing 
masks, and carrying in their 
hands scourges, with which they 
flagellated themselves or one 
another, while they sang peni- 
tential psalms. 

Milk- White G-osset. A nick- 
name given to Rev. Dr. Isaac 
Gosset (because he had Ids books 
bound in white vellum) by Ma- 
thias, in his Pursuits of Litera- 
ture (fourth dialogue, line 72), 
where he says : 
I leave at sales the undisputed 

reign 

To milk-white Gosset, and Lord 
Spencer's train. 

Millbank, in Benjamin Disraeli's 
novel Vivian G-rey, is said to be 
intended for Thomas Hope, the 
author of Anastasius, etc. 



Mill-Boy of the Slashes, The. 
A nickname s^ven to Henry 
Clay, who was born in Hanover 
County, Y a - known as "the 
Slashes," i. e. } a swampy tract of 
land. 

Millidus. A name given to John 
Mars ton, the English dramatist, 
in the play Jack Drum's Enter- 
tainment (London, 1616; act iv.), 
which says : 

Bra Ju. Brother, how like you of 
our modern wits? How like you the 
new poet Millidus ? 

JBra Sig. A slight babling spirit, 
a Corke, a Huske. 

Pla. How like you Musus fashion 
in his carriage? 

Bra Sig. O filthilie, he is as blunt 
as Paules. 

Bra Ju. What think you. of the 
lines of Z)ecius? Writes he not a 
good cordiall sappic stile? 

Bra Siff. A surreinde Jaded wit, 
but rubbes on. 

Mimicke, A. So George Wither, 
in his Great Assises Holden in 
London (1645), calls William 
Shakespeare. 

Minerva. A name given to Lady 
Mary Wortley Montagu, who 
wrote a reply to Voltaire's stric- 
tures on Shakespeare. Dis- 
raeli says, hi his Amenities of 
Literature: 

Mrs. Montagu was the Minerva, 
for so she was complimented on this 
occasion, whose celestial spear was 
to transiix the audacious Gaul. 

Ministerie, La. Florirnond de 
Bemond, in speaking of Albert 
Babinot, a disciple of Calvin, 
says that " he was a student of 
the Institutes, read at the hall of 
the Equity-School in Poitiers, 
and was called La Ministerie." 

Minstrel of the Border, The. 
So Wordsworth, in his poem 
Yarrow Revisited, calls Sir Wal- 
ter Scott. 

Mira, of whom Johnson speaks in 
his Life of Thomson, and whom 
Pope, in his Windsor Forest, calls 
"the heavenly Mira," was Fran- 
ces Brudenell, who married suc- 
cessively Charles, second Earl of 
Newburgh, Richard, Lord Bel- 



MIR 



240 



MIS 



lew, an Irish peer, and Sir 
Thomas Smith. Dr. William 
King, who had some dispute 
with her concerning' property in 
Ireland, made her the heroine of 
his satire The Toast (1736). 
Mirabeau of the Mob, The. 
A nickname given to George 
Jacques Danton during the 
French EG volution. He was, in 
fact, a Mirabeau cast in a more 
vulgar mould. 

Mirabel, in Spenser's Faerie 
Queene (vi.), is Hose Daniel. 
Vid. KOSALINDE. 

Miracle of Nature, The. A. 
name given to Christina, Queen 
of Sweden. 

Miracle of Our Ag-e, The. A 
name bestowed upon Sir Philip 
Sidney, by Camden, in The Ex- 
cellencie of the English Tongue, 
inserted in the second edition 
of his Remaines Concerning Brit- 
aine. 

Miracle of Time, The. An epi- 
thet applied to Queen Elizabeth 
in an old printed description of 
the " honourable entertainment " 
given to her at Cowdray House 
by Lord Montague in 1591, when 
she was addressed as THE MIRA- 
CLE OF TIME, NATURE'S G-LORT, 
FORTUNE'S EMPRESS, THE 
WORLD'S WONDER and, step- 
ping from the sublime to the ridic- 
ulous, it states that she "was roy- 
allie feasted, the proportion of 
breakfast was three oxen and one 
hundred and fortie geese." She 
remained at Cowdray House a 
week, and different entertain- 
ments succeeded each other in 
rapid succession. 

Miranda, who figures extensively 
in the poetry of "William Fal- 
coner, is Miss Hicks, who after- 
wards became his wife. 
Mirandola of His Age, The. So 
Thomas Allen called Sir Ken- 
elm Digby. Vid. Aubrey's Let- 
ters and Masson's Life of Milton 
(i. 542). 

Mirmillo, who occurs in Samuel 
Garth's poem The Dispensary 



(canto iv.), is intended for a Dr. 
Gibbons of London. 

Mirror of Chivalry, The. So 

Mrs. S. C. Hall, in her Pilgrim- 
ages to English tihrines (p. 44), 
calls Rupert, the third son of 
Frederick, King of Bohemia. 

Mirror of Her Age, The. So 
Mrs. Anne Bradstreet is called 
in the Noctes Amlrosianse 
(liv.). 

Mirror-Upholder of His Age, 
The. An epithet given to 
Shakespeare in Simpson's The 
School of Shakespeare (ii. p. x.), 
where he says: 

The long prefatory Biography of 
Stucley shows, more fully, perhaps, 
than has ever before been shown, 
the truly adventurous career of the 
hero, and so lets us into the secret 
of why that and other notabilities of 
the gallant and dashing if not very 
honest or otherwise admirable Es- 
sexian party were so popular, and 
got to have their names and deeds 
reflected from the stage, or mirror of 
the time, and that by the great show- 
man, or mirror-upholder of his age, 
Shakespeare. 

Miserable Imp, That. So Dr. 
"Wolcot, in his poem Nil Admi- 
rari, calls Thomas James Ma- 
thias, author of The Pursuits of 
Literature. 

Misleader of the Papacy. An 
appellation conferred, on Bene- 
detto G-aetano, Boniface VIII., 
by G-ower, Confessio Amantis 
(ii.), who says : 
Thou Boneface, thou proude clerke, 
Misleder of the papacie. 

Miss Diddle, in Byron's poem 
The Blues, is intended for Miss 
Lydia White, an accomplished 
and truly amiable but very ec- 
centric lady. 

Miss Millpond. Miss Millbank. 
Vid. AURORA RABY. 

Miss Scatcherd, the teacher in 
the " Lowood Institution," de- 
scribed by Charlotte Bronte" in 
her novel Jane Eyre, has been 
identified with a lady in the 
employment of the Bev. W. 
Carus Wilson, "who tyrannized 



MIT 



241 



MOD 



over the Brontes while they were 
under her care at school at 
Cowan's Bridge, near Leeds." 

Mit Yenda. A name given to 
Thomas Adney by Gilford, in 
The Baviad (line 190). He had 
employed this name as a pseu- 
donym. 

Mitre Courtier, The. A name 
given by William Hazlitt to 
Charles Lamb, who at one time 
lived in Mitre Court, Fleet 
Street, London. In his Table 
Talk (1st ser. pt. ii. essay 
xxviii.), Hazlitt says: 

The last-named Mitre Courtier then, 
wished to know whether there were 
any metaphysicians to whom one 
might be tempted to apply the wiz- 
ard spell? 

Mitred Ass, The. A nickname 
given to Augustin Potier, Bishop 
of Beauvais. Upon the death of 
Louis XIII. he was a leader 
of the party called The Impor- 
tants, who were opposed to Ma- 
zarin, and had some influence 
in Parliament. When the cardinal 
was driven from Paris, he was 
made minister ; but about the only 
thing he did during a few months 
of power was to signify to the 
Hollanders that, if they would 
retain the friendship of' France, 
they must abandon the damnable 
heresy into which they had 
fallen. It was De Retz, who had 
already called him the Mitred 
Ass, that said of him, in his Me- 
moirs (i. p. 83) : 

Of- all the idiots I have known he 
was the most idiotic. 

Mitred Dulness. A name given 
to Dr. Samuel Parker by his 
political opponents. Parker, 
from being a stanch Puritan, 
fasting and praying, became a 
favorite of James II., and for 
his change of religion he received 
a church living. 

Mock Ovid, Our. A nickname 
given to Charles Coypeau, Sieur 
d'Assouci, who had translated 
the Metamorphoses of Ovid under 
the title of Ovid in Good Hu- 



mour. Boileau, Art of Poetry 

(canto i.), says: 

The lewdest Scribblers some ad- 
mirers found, 

And our Mock Ovid was a while 
renowned : 

But this low stuff the town at last 
despis'd, 

And scorn'd the folly that they once 
had priz'd. 

Mocking-Bird of Our Parnas- 
sian Ornithology, The. So 
Wordsworth called Lord Byron. 
. . . but the Mocking-Bird, they 
say, has a very sweet song of his 
own, in true notes proper to himself. 
Now, I cannot say I have ever heard 
any such in his 'LorcLsliip's volumes 
of Warbles. Coleridge, note in 
Pepys 5 Diary (ii. 110). 

Vid. also Notes, and Queries 
(1st ser. vi. 214). 

Modern Admirable Crichton, 
The. Captain Eichard Burton. 
Vid, THE ADMIRABLE. 

Modern Antigone, The. The 
Dxiehesse d'Angouleine. Vid. 

FlLIA DOLQROSA. 

Modern Aristophanes, The. 
Samuel Foote. Vid. THE ENG- 
LISH ARISTOPHANES. 

Modern Baillet, The. A name 
given to Voltaire by Disraeli, in 
his Quarrels of Authors, who 
says : 

Would not this Modern Baillet, in 
his new Jugemens des Sqavans, so 
ingeniously 'inquisitive, but so infi- 
nitely confused, require to be initia- 
ted into the mysteries of that party 
spirit peculiar to our free country? 

Modern Belisarlus, The. A 
title given to General George B. 
McClellan in Vanity Fair (Nov. 
29, 1862). 

Modern Crossus, The. A nick- 
name given to James Morrison, 
a prominent British financier of 
the early part of the present cen- 
tury. Vid. Kirkland, Cyclopsz- 
dia of Commercial and Business 
Anecdotes (i. 21). 

Modern Gracchus, The. An 
epithet given to Honore' Grabriele 
Riquetti, Vicomte de Mirabeau, 
because he espoused the cause 



MOD 



242 



MON 



of the people against the no- 
bles. 

Modern Hippolyta, The. A 
nickname given to Maria The- 
resa of Austria. Silesia was the 
girdle, and Frederick the Great 
was the Hercules who obtained 
possession of the girdle. 

Modern Hogarth, The. A nick- 
name given to George Cruik- 
shank, the English pictorial 
satirist, of whom The, Gentle- 
man's Magazine (December, 1834; 
p. 629) says : 

The signs of the Zodiac and the 
Seasons on the wrapper are exceed- 
ingly clever; but the etchings of the 
mouths within will add a fresh 
wreath to the brow of the modern 
Hogarth. 

Modern Indagator Invictissi- 
mus, The. A nickname given 
to Isaac Disraeli, by Dibdin, in 
his Library Companion, who 

says : 

Mr. Disraeli, the modern Indagator 
Invictissimus of everything curious 
and interesting and precious relating 
to our history and literature, has 
furnished us with a piece of infor- 
mation respecting Milton's History 
of England. 

Modern Messalina, The. A 
name bestowed upon Catharine 
II. of Kussia, " who had great 
administrative talent, but whose 
character, like that of her an- 
cient namesake, Valeria Messa- 
lina, was infamous on account of 
her licentiousness." 

Modern Midas, That. So Lord 
Byron, in his Hints from Horace 
(line 735), calls Capel Lofft, 
who edited various law reports. 

Modern Newton, The. A 
title given to Laplace, the astron- 
omer. 

Modern Pict, The. So Lord 
Byron, in Childe Harold (II. 
xii.), calls Thomas Bruce, Lord 
Elgin, minister to the Sublime 
Porte in 1789. Being desirous of 
rescuing the antiquities of Greece 
from oblivion and destruction, 
he availed himself of the oppor- 
tunities of Ms station, and suc- 



ceeded in forming a vast collec- 
tion of statues, etc., which were 
eventually purchased by the 
English government, and de- 
posited in the British Museum- 
Modern Pilate, The. A nick- 
name given to Philip IV. of 
France, on account of his rapac- 
ity and vindictiveness in the 
persecution of the Order of 
Knights Templars and Pope 
Boniface. Dante, Purgatorio 
(xx. 91), says : 

I see the Modern Pilate so relent- 
less, 

This doth not sate him, but without 
decretal 

He to the temple bears his sordid 
sails. 

Modern Rabelais, The. A name 
given to William Maginn, from 
the facetious character of his 
works. 

Modern Stagi:rit e, The. A name 
given to Bishop William War- 
burton, by Disraeli, in his 
Quarrels of Authors, who 
says : 

To interpret Virgil differently from 
the Modern Stagirite was, by the 
aggravating art of the ridiculer, to 
be considered as a violation of a 
moral feeling. 

Modern Zoilus, The. An epithet 
given to Charles Perrault, the 
French poet and critic, by Boi- 
leau, in the preface to his works 
in 1694. The former placed the 
modern authors above the an- 
cient, and this brought on a long 
and bitter war between him and 
Boileau. 

Molie're of Music, The. Grove 
asserts that Andre Ernest Mo- 
deste Gre'try, the celebrated 
French operatic composer, de- 
serves this title from his great 
intelligence and the essentially 
French bent of his genius. 

Mon Soldat, i. e M MY SOLDIER, 
is a name which was given to 
Henri IV. of France by his fa- 
vorite mistress, Gabrielle d'Es- 
tre"es. Vid. LA BELLE GA- 
BRIELLE. 



MCXN" 



243 



MOR 



Monarch of Crosbiters, The. 
An epithet conferred on Robert 
Greene by Harvey, in Ms Foure 
Letters and Certaine Sonnets 
(London, 1592), where he 
says : 

Petty Cooseners are not worth the 
naming : he, they say, was the Mon- 
arch of Crosbiters, and the very JEm- 
perour of Shifters. I was altogether 
unacquainted with the man, and 
never once saluted him by name: 
but who in London hath not heard 
of his dissolute and licentious liv- 
ing? 

Monarcli of Letters. A title 
bestowed on Selden by Ben Jon- 
son, after the latter had read the 
former's celebrated Titles of 
Honor, an authority on her- 
aldry even at the present day. 

Monarcli of the Musical King- 
dom, The. So Beethoven called 
Handel. Vid. Crowest, Musical 
Anecdotes (i. 179). 

Mongrel, The. So John Trum- 
bull, in his poem M'Fingal (iv.), 
calls Benedict Arnold. 

Monk Lewis. A nickname for 
Matthew Gregory Lewis, whose 
chief claim to celebrity rests upon 
his novel The Monk. 

Monk of Bury, The. A name 
by which John Lydgate is fre- 
quently spoken of, because he 
was a monk of the Benedictine 
Abbey of Bury in Suffolk. 

Monk of the Golden Islands, 
The. A nickname given to Cybo 
of Genoa, a genius in art, espe- 
cially the beautiful art of minia- 
ture painting. Early in life he 
joined the monastery of San, 
Onorato, in the island of Lerino, 
off the coast of Cannes. He was 
accustomed to retire, with a 
monk of similar tastes, to a little 
hermitage in the Hieres Islands 
for recreation and the study of 
birds, fishes, flowers, trees, herbs, 
and fruits. The results of these 
studies he introduced in his min- 
iatures, initials, and other illus- 
trations in the books "belonging 
to his monastery. 



Monk of "Westminster, The. A 
title given to Richard of Ciren- 
cester, a British chronicler of 
the fourteenth century, and the 
author of Historia ab Hengista 
ad annum 1348. 

Monsieur le Coadjuteur. A 
title given to Paul de Gondi, 
afterwards Cardinal de Eetz. 

Monsieur Ve'to. So the repub- 
licans called Louis XVI., " be- 
cause the Constituent Assembly 
allowed the king to have the 
power of putting his veto upon 
any decree submitted to him." 
Marie Antoinette was styled 
MADAME VETO. 

Monster of Languages, A. Car- 
dinal Mezzofanti. Vid. THE 
BRIAR.KUS OF LANGUAGES. 

Monster of Nature, The. A 
name given to Lope de Vega. 
Prescott, in his biographical and 
Critical Miscellanies, says: 

Such was the early part of the 
seventeenth century in Europe; the 
age of Shakespeare, Jonson, and 
Fletcher in England: of Ariosto, 
Machiavelli, and the wits who first 
successfully wooed the comic- muse 
of Italy: of the great CorneDle, 
some years later, in France : and of 
that miracle, or rather " Monster of 
Nature," as Cervantes styled him, 
Lope de Vega in Spain. 

Monster of Turpitude. So J". 
Bell, in a sonnet in reply to the 
JBaviad and Mseviad of Gifford, 
calls the latter. 

Mopes, Mr., in Dickens' tale of 
Tom Tiddler's Ground, was a 
real personage, named Lucas, 
who resided at Redcoat's Green, 
near Stevenage, in Hertford- 
shire, and whom Dickens had 
visited in the company of Sir 
Arthur Helps. 

Moral Byron, A. Bryan Waller 
Procter has been so called. Vid. 

EUPHUES. 

Moral Censor of China, The. 
An epithet given to Confucius, 
the Chinese philosopher. 

Moral Clytemnestra, My. A 
name which Lord Byron gives 



MOB 



244 



MOS 



to his wife in a letter to Lord 
Blessington (April 6, 1823), in 
which he says : 

He did me the honor once to be a 
patron of mine, though a great 
friend of the other branch of the 
house of Atreus, and the Greek 
teacher, I believe, of my moral Cly- 
temnestra. I say moral because it is 
true, and is so useful to the virtu- 
ous that it enables them to do 
anything without the aid of an 
JSgistheus. 

Morall Gower, The. This title 
was first applied to John Grower 
by Chaucer, in a dedication in- 
serted at the end of Troilus and 
Creseide : 

inorall Gower, this booke I di- 
rect 
To thee and to the philosophicall 

Strode, 

To vouchsafe there need is to cor- 
rect 
Of your benignities and zeales 

good. 

The epithet moral is applied very 
properly to the general character of 
Gower's writings ; and it may be re- 
marked that Chaucer's desire that 
Gower should correct whatever was 
needed shows that he considered him 
a competent judge in matters of 
poetry. Pauli, 

Moral Philosopher, The. So 
Thomas Morgan is called in 
Warburton's Divine Legation of 
Moses (ii. 20). 

Moral Surface, The. Sir Rob- 
ert Peel. Vid. JUDAS. 

Moral Washing-ton of Africa, 
Thou. So Byron, in Don Juan 
(xiv. 32), addresses William Wil- 
"berforce, the philanthropist. 

Moretto da Brescia, II. A nick- 
name given to Alessandro Bon- 
vicino, the Italian painter. 

Morma, in Samuel Pepys' Diary, 
is Elizabeth, the daughter of 
John Dickens, who died Oct. 22, 
1662. 

Morning Star of Stepney, The. 
So Hugh Peters calls Jeremiah 
Burroughs, who, in 16'41, drew 
enormous audiences at Stepney, 
due to his popularity and elo- 
quence. "William G-reenMll is 



termed THE EVENING STAR OF 
STEPNEY by the same writer, the 
allusion being to the time of 
day when they held their lec- 
tures. 

Morning- Star of the Reforma- 
tion, The. A title given to 
John Wyclif. 

Wyclif will ever be remembered 
as a good and great man, an advo- 
cate of ecclesiastical independence, 
an unfailing foe to popish tyranny, 
a translator of Scripture into our 
mother tongue, and an industrious 
instructor of the people in their own 
rude but ripening dialect. May he 
not be justly styled the Morning Star 
of the Reformation ? Eadie. 

Morning 1 Star of the Reforma- 
tion in Germany, The. An 
epithet conferred on Walter 
Lollard, who declaimed against 
the intercession of saints, and 
declared the seven sacraments 
and the ceremonies of the Cath- 
olic church to be priestly inven- 
tions. He was tried by the In- 
quisition, and burnt alive at 
Cologne in 1322, but left behind 
him 20,000 disciples, who spread 
his doctrines in Bohemia and 
Austria. He had prepared the 
way for Wyclif in England and 
John Huss in Bohemia". 

Moro, II, or THE MOOR. A name 
given to Lodoyico Sforza, Duke 
of Milan. His complexion was 
fair, but he adopted the mulber- 
ry-tree for his device, because 
Pliny called it the most prudent 
of all trees, inasmuch as it waits 
till winter is well over to put 
forth its leaves, and Lodovico 
piqued himself on Ms sagacity in 
choosing the right moment for 
action. Hence his surname, 
which provoked many puns. 

Moses of Athens, The. A name 
sometimes given to Plato, the 
Greek philosopher. 

Moses of Our Age, The. So 
Doddridge, in the first edition of 
his Family Expositor, calls Nich- 
olas Louis, Count Zinzendorf, 
the restorer of the Moravian 
sect. Subsequently Doddridge 



MOS 



245 



MOU 



found good reasons for correcting 
this extraordinary eulogy. Vid. 
Nichols, Illustrations of the Lit- 
erary History of the Eighteenth 
Century (iii. 457). 

Most Christian Doctor, The. 
A title given to Jean Charlier 
de Gerson and Nicolas de Cusa. 
Vid. DOCTOR CHRISTIANISSI- 

MUS. 

Most Christian King. A title 
adopted by the king of France 
(Louis XL) in 1469, three rulers 
of that country having heen so 
styled. To wit : 

Pepin le Bref, by Pope Stephen 
III. 

Charles le Chauve, by the 
Council of Savormieres ; and 
Louis XL, by Pope Paul II. 

Camoens, in the Lusiad (vii.), 
says : 

And thou, Gaul, with gaudy tro- 
phies plumed, 

"Most Christian King." Alas! in 
vain assumed. 

And Massinger, in The Parlia- 
ment of Love (vi.) : 
Nor can we hope young Charles, 

that justly holds 

The hpnour'd title of "Most Chris- 
tian King," 

Would ever nourish such idolatrous 
thoughts. 

Most Erudite of the Romans, 
The. So Marcus Terentius 
Varro has been termed, from his 
vast learning in almost every 
department of literature. 

Most Faithful Majesty. Pope 
Benedict XIV. bestowed this 
title upon John V. of Portugal 
in 1748. 

Most Faultless of Poets, The. 
So Lord Byron, in a letter from 
Ravenna (1820), calls Alexander 
Pope. 

Most Impudent Man Living 1 , 
The. This epithet was given to 
Bishop "Warburton by David 
Mallet, in A Familiar Epistle to 
the Most Impudent Man Living. 

Most Methodical Doctor, The. 
John Bassol. Vid. DOCTOR GR- 



Most Profound Doctor, The. 
jEgidius de Columna. Vid. 
DOCTOR, FUNDATISSIMUS. 

Most Resolute Doctor. Guil- 
laume Durandus de St. Pour- 
cam, Vid. DOCTOR KESOLUTIS- 

SIMUS. 

Mother Ann. A title given to 
Ann Lee, the ** spiritual mother " 
of the Shaker community. 

Mother Goose. Mother Goose 
was a real character, and not an 
imaginary personage as has been 
supposed. Her maiden name 
was Elizabeth Foster, and she 
was born in 1665. She married 
Isaac Goose in 1693, and a few 
years after became a member of 
the Old South Church, Boston, 
and died in 1757, aged ninety-two 
years. The first edition of her 
songs, which were originally 
sung to her grandchildren, was 
published in Boston in 1716, by 
her son-in-law, Thomas Fleet. 

Mother Hubbard. A nickname 
given to Edmund Spenser, who 
in his youth wrote Prosopopia, or 
Mother Hubbard' s Tale, by Har- 
vey, in his Foure Letters and 
Certaine Sonnets (London, 1592), 
where he says : 

And I must needs say, Mother Hub- 
bard in heat of choller, forgetting 
the pure sanguine of her sweete 
Faery Queene, wilfully over-shot her 
maleontented selfe; as elsewhere I 
have specified at larg, with good 
leave of unspotted friendshipp. 

Mother of Her Country, The. 
A nickname given to Maria 
Theresa, Queen" of Austria, un- 
der whom the country rapidly in- 
creased in wealth, prosperity, 
and population. She encouraged 
the arts and sciences, protected 
trade, established schools, and 
abolished the game laws and 
right of sanctuary. 

Mother Boss. A nickname be- 
stowed by Defoe on Mrs. Chris- 
tian Davies, who served as a foot- 
soldier and dragoon under the 
Duke of Marlborough. 

Mountebank: in Criticism, A. 
A name sometimes given to 



MOU 



246 



MUS 



Bishop Warburton. Vid. A 

QUACK IN COMMENTATOBSHIP. 

Mouthy. A nickname applied 
to Robert Southey in the Nodes 
Arnbrosianss (vi.)- 

Mozart of the Nineteenth Cen- 
tury, The. A name applied to 
Mendelssohn by Robert Schu- 
mann. Vid. Maitland, Schu- 
mann (p. 109) : 

In the same article we meet with 
one of Schumann's most pregnant 
utterances; he calls Mendelssohn 
" the Mozart of the nineteenth cen- 
tury, the man who most clearly dis- 
cerns and reconciles the contradic- 
tions of our time." 

Mud-Born Bubble, This. An 
epithet conferred on Gabriel 
Harvey. He was the friend of 
Spenser and Sidney, and it was 
he that called the former from 
north-east Lancashire to London, 
and introduced him to the latter. 
In his Strange Newes of the In- 
tercepting of Certaine Letters 
(London, 1592), Nash says: 

Immortal Spenser, no frailtie hath 
thy fame, but the imputation of this 
Idiots friendship ; upon an unspotted 
Pegasus should thy gorgeous attired 
Fayrie Queene ride triumphant 
through all reports dominions, but 
that this mud-born bubble, this bile 
on the browe of the Universitie, this 
bladder of pride new-blowne, chal- 
lengeth some interest in her pros- 
peritie. 

Mullidor. A character in Greene's 
Never too Late (1590), supposed 
to represent Shakespeare, of 
which Simpson, in his School of 
Shakespeare (ii. 370), says: 

As in Menaplion he had shown up, 
as Doron, the Ttoscius who had of- 
fended him, so in the second part of 
Never too Late he introduces an 
episode at the end, in which the same 
player is more virulently attacked, 
under the name of Mullidor. 

Miinchausen of the West, The. 
A name sometimes given to 
David Crockett, who was some- 
what famous for his eccentrici- 
ties, had a rare fund of humor, 
much common-sense, and occa- 
sionally told very improbable 
stories. 



Mundung-us, in Sterne's Senti- 
mental Journey, is intended for 
Dr. Samuel Sharp, " who pub- 
lished a description of his tour on 
the continent, containing some 
libellous statements in reference 
to the Italian ladies." 

Munster's Prelate. So Dryden, 
in his poem Annus Mirabilis 
(145), calls Bernard Vaughalen, 
Bishop of Minister. He marched 
20,000 men into the Overyssel, 
under the republic of Holland, 
and committed great outrages. 

Muse Lira onadi ere, La, or THE 
COFFEE-HOUSE MUSE, was a 
nickname conferred on Charlotte 
Bourette, a French poetess, who 
kept a cafe, which was the resort 
of all the literati of her day. 

Muse of Greece, The. A title 
sometimes given to Xenophon, 
on account of the purity of his 
style. 

Muses' Darling-, The. So James 
Shirley, in the prologue to his 
play The Sisters, calls John 
Fletcher, the dramatist. 

Muses' Judge and Friend, The. 
So Pope, in his ssay on Criticism 
(line 729), calls "William Walsh. 

Muses' Pride, The. Pope so 
calls Charles, Earl of Dorset, in 
an epitaph upon him. 

Musical Small-Coal Man, The. 
A nickname given to Thomas 
Britton. In his youth he was ap- 
prenticed to a London coal-dealer, 
and afterwards commenced busi- 
ness for himself as a dealer in 
<l small-coal " (charcoal), which 
he carried through the streets on 
his back. He became acquainted 
with Dr. Garencieres, a chemist, 
and soon showed great skill in 
that science. He studied music 
and became famous for his knowl- 
edge of the theory of that art; 
he established weekly concerts 
and formed a club for the prac- 
tice of music. These concerts 
were held in a room over his 
shop, and, notwithstanding the 
humbleness of the attempt, were 
said to have been attractive and 



MUS 



247 



WYR 



very genteel. The performers 
were such men as Handel, who 
presided at the harpsichord, 
Bannister, Needier, Hughes (the 
poet), Symonds, Woollaston (the 
artist), and Shuttle worth. The 
visitors paid ten shillings a year, 
and Britton provided his guests 
with coffee at a penny a dish. 
He was acknowledged by the 
Earls of Oxford, Pembroke, Sun- 
derland, and Winchelsea (the 
great book-collectors of the day), 
who appreciated his conversation 
and book-learning. He had a 
hand in the formation of the cele- 
brated Harleian Library; and 
the Soiners tracts were entirely 
his collecting. His reception by 
these noblemen, and his musical 
assemblies, led many persons to 
imagine that Britton was not 
what he appeared to be, and he 
was even accused of being a 
Jesuit, magician, atheist, and. a 
Presbyterian. He was a plain, 
simple, honest man, perfectly iii- 
offensive, with tastes above his 
condition in life. 

Musician, The, one of the story- 
tellers in Longfellow's Tales of a 
Wayside Inn, was drawn to rep- 
resent Ole Bariiemann Bull, the 
celebrated Norwegian violinist. 
He is thus introduced : 
Last the Musician, as he stood 
Illumined by that fire of wood; 
Fair-haired, blue-eyed, his aspect 

blithe, 

His figure tall and straight and lithe, 
And every feature of his face 
Kevealing his Norwegian race ; 
A radiance, streaming from within, 
Around his eyes and forehead 
beamed; 



The angel- with the violin, 
Fainted by Raphael, be seemed. 

Musidorus, in Sir Philip Sidney's 
Arcadia, is probably intended 
for Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke. 

Miistapha. A character drawn 
to represent William. Nelson 
Gardiner, a book-dealer of Lon- 
don, by Dibdin, ,in his Biblio- 
mania, or Book Madness, who 
says : 

'Tis Mustapha, a vendor of books. 
He comes forth like an alchemist 
from his laboratory, with hat. and 
wig " sprinkled with learned dust," 
and deals out his censures with as 
little ceremony as correctness. It is 
of no consequence to him by whom 
positions are advanced or truth is 
established; as he hesitates very lit- 
tle about calling Baroii Heiriecken a 
Tom fool or ... a shameless im- 
postor. 

Musus. A name given to Samuel 
Daniel, the English poet and his- 
torian. Vid, MILLJDUS. 

Mutton-Eating- King-, The. A 
sobriquet bestowed on Charles 
II. y King of England, of whom 
the Earl of Boch ester wrote : 
Here lies our mutton-eating king, 

Whose word no man relies on; 
He never said a foolish thing, 

And never did a wise one. 

Myra. The epithet employed "by 
George G ran ville, Viscount Lans- 
downe, in extolling the fair 
Countess of Newburgh. 

Myron of the Ag-e, Thou. So 
Dr. Wolcot, in his poem One 
more peep at the Royal Academy, 
calls George Garrard, the painter 
and sculptor. 



NAB 



248 



NAP 



Nadab, in Dryden's satire of Ab- 
salom and Achitophel, is intended 
for Lord Howard of Esrick or 
Escriek, "a profligate who laid 
claim to great piety." Vid. 
Leviticus x. 2, when the fitness 
of the name is apparent, Howard, 
It is said, having mixed the con- 
secrated wafer with lamb's-wool 
(a compound of roasted apples 
and sugar), while imprisoned in 
the Tower of London. 

Namby-Pamby . This nickname 
was given to Ambrose Philips on 
account of the weakness of some 
of his poetry, and it has since be- 
come a common term to give to 
poetry of inferiority. Philips 
wrote a poem upon the infant 
daughter of Lord Carteret, which 
Henry Carey ridiculed in a hu- 
morous poem (in The Gentleman's 
Magazine, October, 1733), called 
To *an Infant Expiring the Second 
Day of Its Birth. Written by its 
Mother in Imitation^ of Namby- 
Pamby. After Philips and Pope 
had had a quarrel, the latter 
placed the former in The Dunciad 
(1729; bk. iii. lines 326 and 327), 
where he says : 

Benson sole judge of architecture 

sit, 
And Namby Pamby be preferred for 

wit. 

Vid. also Notes and Queries (1st 
ser. xii. 123). 

Namby Pamby Willis. A nick- 
name given to N. P. Willis, and 
compounded from the initials of 
his name. Willis was very care- 
less in some of his works, as his 
book on Ireland will attest. 

Nameless Bard, The. So Can- 
ning, in his poem New Morality, 
calls Thomas James Mathias, the 



author of The Pursuits of Litera- 
ture. 

Nancy King 1 , Miss. A nickname 
applied to William Bufus King. 
Vid. Perley Poore's Reminis- 
cences (i. 216) : 

William Rufus King of Alabama, 
who was elected President pro 
tempore of the Senate while Colonel 
Johnson was Vice-President, was a 
prim, spare bachelor, known among 
his friends as Miss Nancy King. 

Nannie, to whom Robert Burns 
has addressed various lyrics, was 
Miss Fleming, a farmer's daugh-- 
ter of Tarbolton, Ayrshire. 

Nanny, who is addressed by 
Thomas Percy, Bishop of Dro- 
inore, in his poem Oh Nanny, 
wilt thou gang wi' me? is Nanny 
Isted of Eastern, near Northamp- 
ton, and afterwards the poet's 
wife. 

Napoleon of Drury Lane, The. 

So Fitzgerald, in his New History 
of the English Stage fii. 415), 
terms Robert William Elliston, 
the comedian. 

Napoleon of Essayists, The. A 
sobriquet bestowed upon Horace 
Greeley. Vid. Bungay, Off-Hand 
Takings (p. 237). 

Napoleon of Finance, The. A 
nickname given to G-abriel Julien 
Ouvrard, banker and merchant. 
Vid. Kirkland, Cyclopaedia of 
Commercial and Business Anec- 
dotes (i. 44). 

Napoleon of Liverpool Fi- 
nance, The'. A sobriquet con- 
ferred on Morris Ranger, a gigan- 
tic speculator, "who thought as 
little of millions as another one 
might of pence." Vid. The Pall 
Mall Gazette (November, 1883). 



NAP 



249 



Napoleon of Mexico, The. So 
Augusto Iturbide, Emperor of 
Mexico, was called, his career be- 
ing similar to that of Bonaparte. 
Napoleon of Peace, The. Louis 
Philippe is thus termed, " in al- 
lusion to the great increase in 
wealth and the steady physical 
progress of the nation during his 
reign of eighteen years. " 
Narcissa, in Pope's Moral Essays 
(i.), is said to be intended for the 
celebrated actress Mrs. Anna 
Oldfield : 
"Odious! in woollen! 'twould a 

saint provoke," 
Were the last words that poor 

Narcissa spoke. 
"One would not, sure, be frightful 

when one's dead 
And Betty give this cheek a 
little red." 

The Narcissa referred to in 
Epistle II., 

Narcissa's nature, tolerably mild, 
To make a wash would hardly stew 
a child, 

was designed, says Warton, for 
the then Duchess of Hamilton. 
Mrs. Oldfield's wish was carried 
out, for she was buried in a 
"very fine Brussels lace head- 
dress, a Holland shift with a 
tucker and double-ruffles of the 
same lace, a pair of new kid 
gloves,'' etc. 

Narcissa, in Edward Young's 
poem The Complaint, or Niyht 
Thouc/hts, is intended for the 
poet's step-daughter, Elizabeth 
Lee, afterwards Mrs. Temple. 
Vid, PHILANDER. 

Narcissus of France, The. A 
nickname given to Alphonse 
Lamartine. There was a stateli- 
ness in his verse, and he suc- 
ceeded in producing harmonies 
of which the French language 
seemed incapable, but he never 
divorced his subject from him- 
self, and was called the Narcissus 
because he had in all his works 
and acts so much self-admira- 
tion. 

Nathan. A character in Lessing's 
Nathan the Wise, of which 



Moses Mendelssohn is said to be 
the prototype. 

Nature's Darling 1 . So George 
Granville, in a poem Upon the 
Inimitable Mr. Waller, calls the 
latter. 

Nature's Glory. An epithet ap- 
plied to Queen Elizabeth. Vid. 
THE MIRACLE OF TIME. 

Nature's Sternest Painter. So 
Byron, in his Enr/lish Bards and 
Scotch Reviewers (line 842) , terms 
Crabbe, the poet. 

Navigator, The. Don Henrique, 
Duke of Visco. Vid. THE FATHER 
OF NAVIGATION. 

Nazarite, The. A name given to 
Samuel Parr, of whom Disraeli, 
in his Quarrels of Authors, says: 
How deeply ought we to regret that 
this Nazarite suffered his strength to 
be shorn by the Delilahs of spurious 
fame. Never did this man, with his 
gifted strength, grasp the pillars of a 
temple to shake its atoms over Phi- 
listines ; but pleased the child-like 
simplicity of his mind by pulling 
down houses over the heads of their 
unlucky inhabitants. 

Neander, in Dryden's JZssay on 
Dramatic Poetry, represents the 
poet himself. 

Ned the Chimney-Sweeper, in 
Dr. Arbutlmot's satire The His- 
tory of John Bull, represents 
Victor Amadeus II. of Sardinia. 

Nero. An epithet conferred 011 
Louis Napoleon by Victor Hugo, 
in his attempts to rouse the peo- 
ple of France against that usurp- 
er. 

Nero, A. An epithet given to 
Francois Leclerc du Tremblay 
(better known as Father Joseph), 
on account of the rigor of his 
character. Vid, PATELIN. 

Nero of Germany, Ttie. A nick- 
name given to Wenceslaus, King 
of Bohemia and Germany. He 
began his reign well by reducing 
the taxes, gave much attention, 
to business, and showed both 
energy and judgment; but his 
natural weakness and vicious pro- 



HER 



250 



NIC 



penalties cropped out, and he 
abandoned himself to excesses, 
seeking excitement in the chase 
or in the wanton torture of his 
fellow-creatures. He had a dog 
trained by a sign to fly at any one 
obnoxious to him, and he mur- 
dered his wife by setting this dog 
on her. It is said that he roasted 
alive his cook for sending to the 
table a ragout not served to his 
liking, 

Nero of the North, The. A 
name given to Christian II., King 
of Denmark, on account of his 
tyranny. 

Nestor. A character introduced 
in Steele's The Taller (No. 52), 
to represent Sir Christopher 
"Wren, the architect. 
Nestor of Canadian Politicians, 
The. A title given to the Hon. 
Robert Baldwin, G. B. Vid. 
Amer. Notes and Queries (i. 77). 
Nestor of English. Authors, 
The. A name given to Samuel 
Rogers, the poet. 

Nestor of Europe, The. A so- 
briquet conferred on Leopold I., 
King of Belgium. 
Nestor of German Philosophy, 
The. An epithet conferred on 
Ernst Platner, a German phy- 
sician and moralist. 
Nestor of Modern Italian Au- 
thors, The. A nickname given 
to Andrea MarTei, a prominent 
Italian writer. His chief work 
was the interpretation of English 
and German works into the lan- 
guage of his countrymen. 
Nestor of the Chemical Revo- 
lution, The. So Lavoisier called 
Dr. Black. He was a very frugal 
eater, and died at his breakfast. 
Nestor of the Confederacy, 
The. A nickname given to 
Alexander H. Stephens. Vid. 
Puck (xi. 269). 

Nestor of the German Book- 
Trade, The. A nickname given 
to Friedrich Johannes From- 
maim, on account of the many 
years lie was engaged in the book 



business. He was an intimate 
friend of Goethe. 

Nestor of the House of Com- 
mons, The. A nickname given 
to Edward Ellice, from his long 
being a member of the House of 
Commons, which he for the first 
time entered in 1818 as a member 
for Coventry. 

New Arist ar chus , The . A name 
given to Denis de Sallo, who was 
the first projector of the mod- 
ern literary journal and review, 
which met with no hospitality, 
for the public declaimed against 
what they called a species of tyr- 
anny, in the attempt of one indi- 
vidual to regulate public opinion. 

New Constantine, The. A name 
given to Louis XIV., on account 
of his revocation of the Edict of 
Nantes, of which Henri Martin, 
in his History of France, says : 

Paris and Versailles, that did not 
witness the horror of the details, 
that saw only the general prestige of 
the victory of unity, were deaf to the 
doleful reports that came from the 
provinces, and applauded the new 
Constantine. 

New Heresiarch, The. A name 
given to John Toland, on account 
of his deistical writings. 

New Luther, The. A nickname 
given to Cardinal Richelieu, by 
his enemies, hi 1639. He had re- 
fused to see the representatives of 
the court of Rome, because the 
pope refused to grant the usual 
funeral honor to Cardinal la 
Valette (who had died on the 
field of battle, fighting) without 
a regular dispensation. 

New Sesostris, The. So Lord 
Byron, in his poem The Age, of 
Bronze (iii. 3), calls Napoleon 
Bonaparte. 

Newton of Harmony, The. A 
name given to Jean Philippe 
B-ameau, from his work A Dis- 
sertation on the, Principles of 
Harmony. 

Nickleby, Mrs., in Dickens' novel 
of Nicholas Nicklebij, is said to 



NIG- 



NOB 



be an exact portrait of the au- 
thor's mother. 

Niger. A nickname given to 
Charles James Fox. Vid. 
Wright, Caricature History of 
the Four Georges (p. 320): 

The "young cub," Charles, who, 
from his dark visage, had already ob- 
tained the nickname of Niger. 

Nightingale of a Thousand 
Song-s, The. A sobriquet he- 
stowed upon Sheik Moslehedin 
Sadi, one of the most celebrated 
poets of Persia, and the author 
of the Githstan. 

Nightingale of Twickenham, 
The. So Alexander Pope is 
called in the Nodes Ambrosianse 
(Ixvii.). 

Nightingale of Wittenberg, 
The. An appellation which 
Hans Sachs conferred, in a poem 
of that name (1523), on Martin 
Luther. 

Nightmare of Europe, The. A 
title given to Napoleon Bona- 
parte, " whose schemes of per- 
sonal aggrandizement and whose 
stupendous military successes 
terrified and for a time stupe- 
fied the nations of Europe." 

Nimble Mercury, That. So 
Thomas Freeman, in his poem 
Runne and a Great Cast (1614), 
calls William Shakespeare. 

Nine Worthies, The, were three 
Gentiles, three Jews, and three 
Christians. The Gentiles were 
Hector, Alexander, and Julius 
Caesar. The Jews were Joshua, 
David, and Judas Maecabseus. 
The Christians were Arthur of 
England, Charlemagne of France, 
and Godfrey of Bouillon. Dry- 
den, in The Flower and the Leaf, 
refers to them thus : 
Nine worthies were they called, of 

different rites 
Three Jews, three Pagans, and three 

Christian Knights. 
There were also Nine "Worthies 
of London : Sir "William Wai- 
worth, who stabbed Wat Tyler, 
the rebel Sir William was also 
twice lord mayor (1374, 1380) ; 
Sir Henry Pritchard, who wel- 



comed Edward III, on his return 
from France, with 5000 followers, 
and entertained him with a ban- 
quet (1356; ; Sir William Seven- 
okes (or Snooks), who fought 
with the dauphin of France, 
built twenty almshouses and a 
free school (1418); Sir Thomas 
White, a philanthropic mayor in 
the time of Queen Mary; Sir 
John Bonham, intrusted with a 
valuable cargo for the Danish 
market, and made commander of 
the army raised to stop the prog- 
ress of the great Solyman; 
Christopher Croker, famous at 
the siege of Bordeaux and com- 
panion of the Black Prince when 
he aided Dom Pedro to the throne 
of Castile ; Sir John Hawkwood, 
one of the Black Prince's knights, 
immortalized in Italian history 
as " Giovanni Acuto Cavaliero," 
and buried in the Duomo of 
Florence; Sir Hugh Caverly, 
famous for ridding Poland of a 
monstrous bear; Sir Henry 
Maleverer, generally called 
" Henry of Comhall," who lived 
in the reign of Henry IV., he 
was a crusader, and guardian of 
"Jacob's Well." 

The chronicle of these worthies 
is told in a mixture of prose and 
verse by Richard Johnson, au- 
thor of the Seven Champions of 
Christendom, 

No Flint. A nickname given to 
Sir Charles Grey, afterwards 
Earl Grey, the grandfather of the 
present earl, and a commander in 
the war of the American Revolu- 
tion. He obtained the name be- 
cause he always used the bayo- 
net. 

Nobilis Mathematicus. A title 
given by Camden to Dr. John 
Dee, the eminent Welsh mathe- 
matician. 

Noble, The. A sobriquet be- 
stowed both upon Charles III. 
of Navarre and upon Soleyman 
Tchelibi, the Turkish prince at 
Adrianople in the fourteenth cen- 
tury. 



NOB 



252 



KOK 



Noble and Good, The. Alfonso 
VIII. (? IX.), King of Leon. 
Vid. THE GOOD. 

Noble 'Buzzard, The. Dr. Bur- 
net. Vid. THE BUZZARD. 

Noble Wit of Scotland, The. 
So Dryden calls Sir George 
Mackenzie. 

Nod-Noll. One of the numerous 
epithets bestowed on Cromwell 
"by Marchamont Needham, in the 
latter's periodical the Mercurius 
Pragmaticus (circa 1649). 

Noll. Under this name Garrick 
ridicules Goldsmith in an epitaph. 
The lines are : 

Here lies Poet Goldsmith, for short- 
ness called Noll, 

Who wrote like an angel, but talked 
like poor Foil. 

Goldsmith replied to it in his 
poem Retaliation, and described 
Garrick as 

A salad ; for in him, we see, 
Oil, vinegar, sugar, and saltness 
agree. 

Vid. also GOLDY. 

Non-Such, The. A title given to 
Mrs. Ann Hutchinson, the found- 
er of the Antinomians in New 
England. It should be observed 
that the sobriquet is an imper- 
fect anagram of her name. 

Nonpareil of Generals, That. 
A nickname given to J. G. Mack, 
better known as Charles, Baron 
von Mack de Leiberich, by Dib- 
din, in his Antiquarian and 
Picturesque Tour in France and 
Germany (Hi. 59), where he 
says: 

At the same moment, almost, I 
could not fail to contrast this glori- 
ous issue with the miserable surren- 
der of the town before me then 
filled by a large and well disciplined 
army, and commanded by that non- 
pareil of generals, J. G. Mack! 

Norfolk Boy, The. A nickname 
given to Kichard Person, the 
English scholar and critic, while 
he was a school-boy at Eton, on 
account of the place of his birth. 
The name stuck to him late in 
life. 



Norfolk Gamester, The. Sir 
Eobert "Walpole has been so 
called. Vid. Wright, Caricature 
History of the Four Georges (p. 
107) : - 

Among the ballads was one in 
which the prime minister was sati- 
rized as " The Norfolk Gamester." 

North Wind, The. A name given 
to Jean Baptiste de Colbert by 
his friends. 

Northamptonshire Poet, The. 
A sobriquet bestowed on John 
Clare, the son of a farmer at 
Helpstone in Northamptonshire. 
He is sometimes called THE 
PEASANT POET OF NORTHAMP- 



Northern Dante, The. An epi- 

. thet given to Ossian by Henri 

van Laun, in his History of 

French Literature (iii. p. '333), 

who says : 

Above all, Ossian, that poet of the 
vague that northern Dante, as 
great, as majestic, as supernatural as 
the Dante of Florence, and who 
draws often from his phantoms 
cries more human and more heart- 
rending than those of the heroes of 
Homer. 

Northern Harlot, The. Eliza- 
beth Petrowna, Empress of Rus- 
sia. Vid. THE INFAMOUS. 

Northern Herodotus, The. So 
Snorro Stuiiason, the Icelandic 
historian, is sometimes called. 

Northern Homer, Our. Sir 

Walter Scott is so called in the 
Nodes Ambrosianse, in BlacTc- 
wood (July, 1822). 

Northern Man with Southern 
Principles, The. Martin van 
Buren was thus referred to in 
The Charleston Courier. Vid. 
THE POLITICAL GRIMALKIN. 

Northern Semiramis, The. 
Margaret of Denmark. Vid. 
THE SEMIRAMIS OF THE NORTH. 

Northern Star, The. A name 
given to Peter the Great by 
Aaron Hill, in a panegyrical 
poem, published in 1725. 

Northern Thor, The. So Lord 



NOR 



253 



NUT 



Byron, in Beppo (Ixi.), calls 
Alexander I. of .Russia. 

Northumberland Piper, The. 
A nickname given to James 
Allen, whose Juife, detailing his 
surprising adventures in Europe, 
Asia, and Africa, was published 
in 1828. 

Norway's First Skald. A title 
conferred on Andreas Munch, 
"but whether first in time or 
first in merit would seem to be 
doubtful." Vid. Gosse, Litera- 
ture of Northern Europe (p. 22). 

Nostradamus of Portugal, The. 
A nickname conferred on Gon- 
zalo Bandarra, a Portuguese poet 
and cobbler of the sixteenth cen- 
tury. 

Nottingham Poet. The. A name 
bestowed on Philip James Bai- 
ley, the author of Festus, who 
was born at Basford, near Not- 
tingham. 

Noushirwan, or THE MAGNANI- 
MOUS. A sobriquet conferred on 
Chosroes, the twenty-first of the 
Sassanides. 

Nun of Kent, The. So Sir "Wal- 
ter Scott, in The Abbot (xiii.), 
calls Elizabeth Barton, who pre- 
tended to the gift of prophecy. 
She was executed by order of 
Henry VIII. for denouncing 
that monarch's marriage with. 
Anne Boleyn. 

Nurse of Antiquity, The. A 
nickname given to William 
Camden, on account of his JEM- 
tannia t in which he gathered 
together the scattered materials 
for a history of England. Of 
this work it has been said that 
" it was the common sun where- 
at our modern writers have all 
lighted their little torches." 

Nut -Brown Maid, The. The 
title of an old ballad, first printed 
about 1512. It was also probably 
written about that time, judging 
from its having hardly an obso- 
lete word, and there being no 
need of a glossary in reading it. 
In it a banished man wooed and 
won a maiden, and told her of 



the hardships she would have to 
suffer if she became his wife. 
These she accounted far less than 
her love for him, upon which he 
revealed himself as of noble 
birth, and told her of hi? heredi- 
tary estates in "Westmoreland. 
The hero of the poem has been 
conjectured to have been Henry, 
eleventh Lord Clifford, son of 
the SHEPHERD LORD (q. v.) f born 
in 1493. His father, with all his 
good qualities, probably remained 
in his habits and ideas more of a 
shepherd than a lord, and did not 
sympathize with the tastes of 
his son. The boy's education 
and surroundings gave him ideas 
of the world which the father 
could not understand. The di- 
versity of early training and ex- 
perience, to say nothing of origi- 
nal temper and disposition, were 
such that the two were not well 
suited to go on harmoniously, 
and the boy plunged deep into a 
disorderly life, which might have 
been prevented had the father 
taken kindly to the son's early 
disposition and tastes. There is 
still in existence a letter which 
the father wrote or dictated, de- 
scribing the son's riotous conduct, 
evil-disposed companions, and 
his abuse of his servants and 
tenants. In 1523 he succeeded 
his father as Lord Clifford, and 
we find he had abandoned his 
disorderly habits, but it is uncer- 
tain whether this change was 
before or after his father's death. 
He became a great courtier, and 
one of the favorite companions of 
Henry VIII. In 1525 he was 
made Earl of Cumberland, and 
soon after decorated with the 
Garter. He died in 1542. There 
is little in the life and character 
of Henry Clifford to suit the 
hero of the ballad, who was not 
really an outlaw or a " banished 
man." He merely pretended to 
be such to conceal his true rank, 
and he called himself "a squire 
of low degree " the better to test 
and convince himself of the 
genuineness and strength of the 



NUT 



254 



NUT 



lady's love. That he was the 
hero has been denied by some, 
but still is believed by others, 
while occasionally a writer by 
mistake says the hero was the 
Shepherd Lord. The poem 
itself has been repeatedly pub- 



lished in its original form. Prior 
has decorated and dilated upon 
it in his Henry and JKmma, and, 
while not improving it in any 
way, he has marred the original 
design of the poem, and spoiled 
its simplicity. 



OBS 



255 



OLD 



O. 



Obsequious Umbra, in Garth's 
poem The Dispensary, is in- 
tended for Dr. Gould. 

Odokerty. William Maginii is 
frequently referred to by this 
name in the Nodes Ambrosi- 
anse. 

Odontist of Glasgow, The, in 
the Nodes Ambrosianse, was 
James Scott. He was entirely 
ignorant of literature, but Lock- 
hart and others perpetually mys- 
tified him, publishing in his 
name songs which he did not 
write. 

Ogs in Dryden and Tate's satire 
of Absalom and Achitophel, is 
Thomas Shadwell, so called be- 
cause he was a very large and 
fat man. 

Old Admiral, The, A name "be- 
stowed on Christopher Colum- 
bus. Vid. Helps, The Conquerors 
of the New World. 

Old Anthony Now-Now. So 
Chettle, in his Kind hart's Dream 
(1592), calls Anthony Munday, 
the dramatist, who is satirized as 
an itinerant fiddler. 

Old Ascrsean, The. Hesiod. 

Vid. THE ASCRJSAN POET. 

Old Bags. A nickname of John 
Scott, Lord Bldon, who was so 
called from his practice of carry- 
ing home with him in different 
bags the cases still pending. Vid. 
Nodes Ambrosianss (Ivii.). 

Old Beeswax. A nickname given 
to Admiral Seinmes by the offi- 
cers and sailors of the Alabama. 
He kept his tierce moustache thor- 
oughly waxed, but one end of it 
had a habit of getting up into the 
neighborhood of his eye while the 



other pointed toward the ground. 
"When he went upon the quarter- 
deck to take his daily exercise, 
his chief occupation as he walked 
up and down in solemn state was 
to train his moustache into proper 
position. But it was an endless 
task, for when he got the right 
end out of his eye the left end 
would be elevated, and rice versa, 
and the Alabama was sunk be- 
fore he got them properly bal- 
anced. 

Old Ben, in Pope's Imitation, of 
Horace's Epistle to Augustus, is 
meant for Ben Jonson. 

Old Benbow, referred to in Hood's 
poem Faithless tially //row n, was 
John Benbow, an English ad- 
miral of remarkable bravery. 

Old Billy Gray. A nickname 
given to William Gray, a prom- 
inent merchant of Boston at the 
beginning of the present century. 
Vid, Kirkland, Cyctopsedia of 
Commercial and Business Anec- 
dotes (i. 35). 

Old Bonande. A nickname given 
to Louis XIV., King of France. 

Old Bory. General P. G. T. 
Beauregard has been so called. 
Vid. J. E. Cooke, Personal Por- 
traits (p. 84) : 

He superseded Bonham in com- 
mand of the forces at Manassas about 
the 1st of June, 1861, and the South 
Carolinians said one day, "Old Bory's 
come!" Soon the Virginia troops 
had an opportunity of seeing this 
" old Bory," who seemed so popular 
with the Falmettese. 

Old Brains. So General Hallecfc 
was derisively nicknamed by bis 
soldiers. 

Old Buck. A sobriquet "bestowed 
on President James Buchanan. 



OLD 



256 



OLD 



Vid. Forney, Anecdotes of Public 
Men (p. 64). 

Old Buena Vista. A nickname 
given to Zachary Taylor, twelfth, 
president of the United States, 
on account of his victory at 
Buena Vista, where with 5000 
men he for two days resisted and 
finally repelled Santa Anna with 
21,000 men. Taylor had been or- 
dered by the government to fall 
back to Monterey, but, knowing 
that Buena Vista was the strong- 
est position on the line of the 
enemy's advance, he refused to 
abandon it for a less tenable one, 
and wisely determined to check 
Santa Anna's advance at that 
point. The result justified his 
decision, and proved his skill as 



Old Bullion. So Col. Thomas 
Hart Benton, the American 
statesman, was nicknamed, "on 
account of his advocacy of a gold 
and silver currency as the true 
remedy for the financial embar- 
rassments in which the United 
States were involved after the 
expiration of the charter of the 
national bank, and as the only 
proper medium for government 
disbursements and receipts." 

Old Chapultepec. A sobriquet 
bestowed on General Win field 
Scott. Vid. Perley Poore, Remi- 
nisc&nces (i. 465). 

Old Chickamauga. So General 
James B. Steedman is called. 

Old Chief. A sobriquet bestowed 
on Henry Clay. Vid. Life of 
Cassias Marcelius Clay (i. 171). 

Old paph. A name given to Sir 
William Davenant, by his op- 

S>nents in literature. Vid. 
APHNB. 

Old Douro. The Duke of Wel- 
lington is so called, because he 
put Marshal Soult to flight by 
his passage of the Douro in 1809. 

Old Father Ephraim. A sobri- 
quet conferred on Ephraim Poget 
(or Pagit), parson of the church 
of St. Edmund in Lombard 



Street 1601-1646, and the author 
of Heresiography ; or, A descrip- 
tion of the Heretlcks and Sectaries 
of these Latter Times (1645). 
Vid. Masson, Life of Milton (III. 
ii. 1). 

Old Fos, The. So Marshal Soult 
was nicknamed by his soldiers, on 
account of his strategic abilities 
and his fertility of resources. 

Old Fritz. Frederick the Great. 
Vid. DER ALTE FRITZ. 

Old George A popular name 
for General George Monk. Vid. 
Masson, Life of Milton (v. 531). 

Old Glorious. So William III. 
is called in the Nodes Ambrosi- 
anse (x.). His " pious, glorious, 
and immortal memory " used to 
be the Orange charter toast in 
Ireland. 

Old Grimes. The hero of this 
ballad, by Albert G. Greene, was 
Ephraim Grimes, who lived at 
Hubbardston, Mass., in the latter 
years of the eighteenth century, 

Old Grog 1 . So Admiral Edward 
Vernon was called by his sailors, 
from his habit of wearing a 
grogram coat in stormy weather, 
It was Vernon who first served 
water in the rum on board ship, 
and the mixture was designated 
"grog." 

Old Hero, The. Andrew Jack- 
son has been referred to by this 
name. Vid. Schurz, Life of 
Henry Clay (i. 281, 282, 291,381). 

Old Hewson the Cobbler. A 
nickname given to the Parlia- 
mentarian Colonel John Hew- 
son, who suppressed the tumult 
of London apprentices Novem- 
ber, 1659. 

See also The Rump (1666). Wm, 
Winstanley, in The Loi/al Mar- 
tyrology (ed. 16H5; p. 123), de- 
scribes him as follows : 

John Hewson, who from a cobbler 
rose by degrees to be a colonel, and 
though a person of no parts either 
in body or mind, yet made by Crom- 
well one of his pageant lords. He 
was a fellow fit for any mischief, and 
capable of nothing else; a sordid 



OLD 



257 



OLD 



lump of ignorance -and impiety, and 
therefore the more fit to share in 
Cromwell's designs, and to act in 
that horrid murttier of his .Majesty. 
Upon the turn of the times, he ran 
away for fear of Squire Dun [i. e. } 
the common hangman], and (by re- 
port) is since dead and buried at 
Amsterdam. 

Old Hickory, The popular name 
for President Andrew Jackson. 
Farton says he was first called 
" tough," from his pedestrial 
powers; then "tough as hick- 
ory," and lastly " Old Hickory." 

Old Honesty. In a letter of 
Charles Lamb (sold in London in 
the spring of 1885), he wrote to 
a friend from the India House : 

I am determined my children shall 
be brought up in their father's relig- 
ion, if they can find out what it is. 
Eye is about publishing a volume of 
poems they are chiefly amatory. 
They are most like Petrarch of any 
foreign poet, or what we might have 
supposed Fetrarch would have writ- 
ten if Petrarch had been born a fool. 
If I am singular in anything, it is in 
too great a squeamishness to any- 
thing that remotely looks like a 
f aLselipod. I am called Old Honesty, 
sometimes Upright Telltruth, Esq., 
and I own it tickles my vanity a 
little. The committee have formally 
abolished all holydays whatsoever, 
for which may the Devil, who keeps 
no holydays, have them in his eter- 
nal burning workshop! 

Old Horace. A nickname given 
to Horatio "Walpole, brother to 
the Earl of Orford. He was 
created Lord Walpole of Wolter- 
ton in 1750, and Horace "Walpole 
thereupon remarks, '* My uncle's 
ambition and dirt are crowned at 
last ; he is a peer ! " Vid, Wil- 
kins, Political Ballads (ii. 32(5). 

Old Jack. A name given to Gen- 
eral " Stonewall " Jackson by 
his troops. Vid. Owen, In Camp 
and Battle with the Washinr/ton 
Artillery of Naw Orleans (p. 
132). 

Old Jacob. So Dryden nick- 
named his bookseller, Jacob Ton- 
son. The latter was a Whig, 
while the poet was a Jacobite; 
and when Dryden had nearly 



completed his translation of Vir- 
gil, it was Toiison's wish, and 
that of several -of Dryden's 
friends, that the book should be 
dedicated to King William, 
This, however, the poet strenu- 
ously refused. The bookseller, 
finding he could not have the 
dedication he wished, contrived, 
on retouching the plate, to have 
JSneas delineated with a hooked 
nose, that he might resemble his 
favorite prince. This ingenious 
device of Tonson's occasioned 
Dryden to insert the following 
epigram in the next edition of 
his translation : 
Old Jacob, by deep judgment swayed, 

To please the wise beholders, 
Has placed old Nassau's hooked- 
nosed head 

On poor JEueas' shoulders. 

To make the parallel hold tack, 
Methinks there's little lacking; 

One took his father pick-a-back, 
And t'other sent him packing. 

Old Jew of Eton, That. An ap- 
pellation given to Francis Rous 
(sometimes spelled Bowse), a 
very conspicuous character dur- 
ing the republican state of Eng- 
land. He studied law, and there 
is a report that he took holy or- 
ders, and preached at Saltash, 
but the only foundation is the 
little that his works show. It is, 
however, evident that he studied 
religious controversy with much 
attention. He was in the first, 
third, fifteenth, and sixteenth 
Parliaments called by Charles 
I., in all of which he proved one 
of the most zealous enemies to 
the established church, and par- 
ticularly figured in opposition to 
Arminianism, which was the 
subject of some of his works. He 
was one of the few laymen ap- 
pointed by the Commons to sit 
in the Assembly of Divines at 
Westminster. In the Parliament 
of 1653 he was first chosen chair- 
man, and then speaker for a 
month; but continued, during 
the whole sitting, to forward the 
plans of Cromwell. He procured 
the vote that Cromwell should 



OLD 



258 



OLD 



sit in the House as a member, 
and afterwards proposed that Par- 
liament should resign the govern- 
ment into Cromwell's hands, 
with the title of Protector. His 
original intention was to form 
the English commonwealth after 
the model of the Jewish, but this 
was rejected. He affected to 
look upon Cromwell as a com- 
pound of the characters of Moses 
and Joshua. He was made pro- 
vost of Eton, and was one of the 
privy councillors. The loyal 
party hated him, and gave him 
the above nickname because of 
his position at Eton and of his 
attempt to have England gov- 
erned by a theocracy modelled on 
that of the Hebrews. He was 
commissioned to try and approve 
public preachers, and to eject 
"scandalous and ignorant minis- 
ters." His abilities did not ap- 
pear to much advantage in Par- 
liament, where his speeches were 
rude, vulgar, and enthusiastic, 
both in style and sentiment, but 
probably adapted to the under- 
standing of his hearers. He was 
buried with great pomp at Eton, 
and a standard-pennon, with 
other things relating to a baron, 
was erected over his grave, but 
these were removed at the Res- 
toration. He translated the 
Psalms into English metre, 
printed by order of the House of 
Commons in 1645, and even at 
the present day still sung in the 
northern kirks of Scotland. He 
was the author of several theo- 
logical treatises and works relat- 
ing to subjects of religious con- 
troversy and general piety, full 
of enthusiastical canting. The 
loyalists also nicknamed him. 
ANOTHEB PKOTEUS. 

Old Jock. A name frequently 
given to John "Wilson, the ma- 
rine artist of Scotland. He was 
a man of keen observation, re- 
tentive memory, and great con- 
versational powers; which com- 
bined to make him a favorite 
with all who knew him. 



Old Man Eloquent, That. Mil- 
ton, in his Sonnet to the Lady 
Margaret Ley (No. 10), so calls 
Isocrates, the Athenian orator, 
who died of grief on hearing the 
result of the battle of Chseronea, 
which was fatal to Grecian liber- 
ty. 

John Quincy Adams is also 
called THE OLD MAN ELOQUENT. 

Old Man of the Mountain, The. 
A sobriquet bestowed on Hassan- 
ben-Sabah, the sheik Al Jebal, 
and founder of the " Assassins," a 
band of Carmathians established 
in the eleventh century. Mount 
Lebanon was their stronghold, 
which accounts for the origin of 
the name. 

Old Mathematics. A nickname 
given by his soldiers to General 
Humphrey, he being a celebrated 
engineer. 

Old Modern, An. A name by 
which Samuel Pegge, the an- 
tiquary, alludes to himself in his 
writings. 

Old Mortality. This character, 
in Sir Walter Scott's novel of the 
same name, was taken from 
Robert Paterson, an old Camer- 
onian, who was buried in Car- 
laverock church-yard in 1801. 

Old Mortality in His Line, The. 
A nickname given to William 
Upcott,an English bibliographer, 
who collected! much material 
which he did not live to use. It 
was he who saved from the 
house-maid's fire-lighting designs 
the manuscript of Evelyn's Life 
and Letters, which he found 
tossing about in the old gallery 
at "Wotton, near Dorking. 

Old Mortality of Pictures, The. 
A nickname given to George 
Yertue, by profession an en- 
graver, but a man who collected 
every scrap of information he 
could obtain upon pictures and 
artists. His compilations were 
contained in forty volumes of 
manuscript, which he intended 
to use in a history of pictures. 
He died without finishing his 



OLD 



259 



OLD 



work, and Horace "Walpole pur- 
chased bis manuscript, out of 
which he wrote liis Anecdotes of 
Painting. 

Old Mother Hancock. A nick- 
name given by the British sol- 
diers to General John Hancock. 
Vid. THE LOVELY GEORGIUS. 

Old Noll. Oliver Cromwell. Vid. 

NO0-NOLL, 

Old Noll's Fiddler. A nick- 
name bestowed on Sir Boger 
P Estrange, because lie played 
the bass" viol at the musical par- 
ties held at John Kingston's 
house, where Cromwell at- 
tended. 

Old Peveril. A nickname given 
to Sir Walter Scott. Vid. PEV- 
ERIL OF THE PEAK, 

Old Ponder. A name given to 
William Wordsworth in the Noc- 
tes Arnbrosianss (liv.). 

Old Pretender, The. James 
Francis Edward Stuart. Vid. 
THE PRETENDERS. 

Old Public Functionary, The. 
James Buchanan thus alluded. 
to himself in his message to Con- 
gress in 1859, and the title 
shortly afterwards was continu- 
ally applied to him. 

Old Put. A nickname given by 
the troops under his comman'd 
to General Israel Putnam. 

Old Q. A nickname given to 
the fifth Earl of March, after- 
wards Duke of Queensberry. 

Many will perhaps have noticed in 
Piccadilly, not many doors from the 
Rothschild " hotel," a curious ar- 
rangementa sort of a landing in 
front of a doorway, with a green 
door, like that of a cupboard, on a 
level with the street. This is asso- 
ciated with "Old Q.," the famous 
old roue, the Duke of Queensberry, 
whose house it was. This disrepu- 
table person lived to a vast age, till 
he could not walk, when a machine 
was devised that let him down, bath- 
chair and all, to the street ; and this 
cupboard contained the apparatus. 
Another arrangement was the keep- 
ing a servant mounted on a pony at 
the curbstone. At a signal from 



"Old Q.," when any one passed 
that he wished to see and talk with, 
or wished to know more of, the me- 
nial cantered off in pursuit. Tins- 
ley's Magazine (lfefS3) 

Old EelialDle. A nickname given 
to General Thomas by his troops, 
on account of Ins " sterling na- 
ture and steadfast purpose/* 

Old Bobin. A name given by his 
troops to Robert Deverenx, the 
Earl of Essex, commander-in- 
chief of the Parliamentarian 
Army (1642). 

Old Bosey. A sobriquet bestowed 
on General "William Rosecrans, 
Vid. Kirkland, Pictorial Book of 
Anecdotes and Incidents of the 
War of the Rebellion (p. 333). 

Old Rough-and -Beady. A 
nickname given to General 
Zachary Taylor by the army and 
the public. Vid. Taylor Text- 
Book (Baltimore, 1848 ; p. 2). 

Old Rowley. This nickname, 
applied to Charles II., King of 
England, is asserted to be de- 
rived from Roland, and has ref- 
erence to the proverbial saying 
"A Boland for an Oliver," the 
former name being given to 
Charles in contradistinction to 
Cromwell's name. Other au- 
thorities state that the sobriquet 
is obtained from the name of a 
favorite stallion, the property of 
the monarch. Vid. also Me- 
moirs of Count Grammont 
(Bonn's "ed. p. 450) and Notes 
and Queries (1st ser. ii. 74). 

Old Sarah. A nickname given 
to Sarah Jennings, Duchess 
of Maryborough. Vid. QUEEN 
SARAH. 

Old Satyr, The. A nickname 
given to Charles de Saint-Evre- 
mond, one of the wits of the so- 
ciety of Paris. He lived part of 
the time in England, and was 
pensioned by Charles II. He 
was a very handsome man; his 
blue eyes sparkled with humor ; 
he had a beautifully turned 
month ; a noble forehead, the 
whiteness of which was set off 



OLD 



260 



OLD 



by thick dark eyebrows, was ex- 
pressive of great intelligence, 
fmt in middle life a wen grew 
between his eyebrows, which so 
changed all the expression of his 
face that he was called The Old 
Satyr 

Old Squab. So John Dryden is 
called in the poem On the Camp 
at Hounslow : 
Old Squab (who's sometimes here, 

I'm told), 
That oft has with his prince made 

bold, 
Called the late king [James II.] a 

sant'ring cully, 

To magnify the G'allic bully [Will- 
iam III. J. 

Old Stars. A nickname given to 
Gen. Ormsby McKnight Mitchel 
by his troops, on account of 
his reputation as au astrono- 
mer. 

Old Stay-Maker. A nickname 
given to Chief Baron Alexander 
Thomson, who was accustomed 
to check witnesses by calling out, 
"Stay, stay! " 

Old Steady. A nickname given 
to General James B. Steedman. 
Vid. Shanks, Personal Recollec- 
tions of Distinguished Generals 
(p. 276). 

Old Stone . A sobriquet bestowed 
on Henry Stone, a painter of the 
seventeenth century. 

Old Subtlety. A nickname be- 
stowed by Anthony "Wood on 
"William Fiennes, first Viscount 
Saye and Sele, whom Clarendon 
has described as " of close and 
reserved nature, proud, morose, 
and sullen, of a mean and narrow 
fortune, of great parts, and of 
the highest ambition.'* Vid. 
YOUNG SUBTLETY. 

Old Tecumseh. So General 
William Tecumseh Sherman was 
nicknamed by his troops. 

Old Thad. Thaddens Stevens has 
been so called. Vid. Perley 
Poore's Reminiscences (ii. 101). 

Old Three Stars. A nickname 
given to General Grant byj his 
soldiers, "that number indi- 



cating his rank as lieutenant- 



Old Tip. William Henry Harri- 
son has been so called. Vid. 
Perley Poore, Reminiscences (i. 
231): 

Here (to drop for a moment my 
liquid figure) each and every indi- 
vidual is presented and received 
with a gentle shake of the hand, and 
is greeted with that " smile eternal " 
which plays over the soft features 
of Mr. Van Buren save when he 
calls to mind how confoundedly Old 
Tip chased, caught, and licked Proc- 
tor and Tecumseh. 

Old Tommy. A nickname be- 
stowed by his troops upon 
Thomas C. Devin, the command- 
er of Devin's Brigade in the 
War of the Rebellion. Vid. 
Whittaker, Life of Custer (p. 
25G). 

Old Tony. A nickname given to 
Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of 
Shaftesbury. Vid. Wilkins, Po- 
litical Ballads (i. 227). 

Old War-Horse . A nickname 
bestowed by his troops upon 
Thomas C. Devin, the command- 
er of Devin's Brigade in the War 
of the Rebellion. Vid. Whit- 
taker, Life of Ouster (p. 256). 

Old Wigs. A nickname given to 
Sir Jeffrey Dunstan, one of the 
mayors of Garrat, from his prac- 
tice of buying those articles and 
reselling thein at a profit. 

Old Wrinkle-Boots. A nick- 
name given to Browne Willis, 
an eminent but eccentric an- 
tiquary. His person and dress 
were so singular that though he 
had an income of 1000 a year, 
he was often taken for a beggar. 
An old leathern girdle or belt 
always surrounded the two or 
three coats he wore, and over 
them he had on an old blue coat. 
He wore very large boots, 
patched and vamped till they 
were forty years old; they were 
all wrinkles, and did not come 
half-way up his legs. He rode 
in his *' wedding chariot," which 
had his arms on brass plates 



OLD 



261 



ORA 



about it, was painted black, and 
not unlike a coffin. He was as 
remarkable for his love of the 
structure of churches as for his 
variance with the clergy of Ids 
neighborhood. H> was beloved 
by his tenants and respected by 
all vUio knew him. He denied 
himself many tilings that he 
might give to others, and ap- 
peared to have no other regard 
for money than as it furnished 
him an opportunity of doing 
good. 

Old Zaeh. A nickname given to 
General Zachary Taylor by the 
army and the public. Vi<L Tat/- 
lor 'Tejct-tiook (Baltimore, 1848; 
p. 2). 

Omniscious Doctor, The. 
BLeiiirich Agrippa was so called. 
Agrippa, one of the imiversallest 
scholars that Europe hath j ielded, 
and such a one as some learned men 
of Germany, France, and Italy en- 
titled the Orimifedous Doctor, socrat- 
ically deehumeth agambt the vanity 
of sciences, and for my comfort 
penneth the apology of the ass. 
Harvey, Pierre's "Supererogation 
(15U'i; p. 40), repr. in Sir Kgertoa 
Brydges' Archaica (vol. ii.)- 

One-Armed Devil, The. General 
Philip Kearney was so styled by 
the Confederates. Vid. Kirk- 
land, Pictorial Book of Anec- 
dotes and Incidents of the War 
of the Rebellion. . . . (p. 318). 

One-Armed Phil. So General 
Philip H. Kearney was nick- 
named by his soldiers, he having 
lost an arm in the Mexican War. 

One -Eyed, The. A nickname 
given to John Zisca, or Trocz- 
now, the reformer of Bohemia. 
He lost an eye at the battle of 
Tannenberg. At the siege of 
Kubi he lost the other eye, but 
continued to lead his followers to 
victory, till Sigismund found 
it expedient to propose terms of 
peace, by whicli Zisca became 
governor of the Hussites. 

Onion-Head. A nickname given 
to Pericles, on account of his 
squill-shaped, i. e., peaked head. 

Vid. SCHIKOCEI-HALUS. 



Only Unicorne of the Muses, 
The. An epithet which was 
given to Thomas Nash by Har- 
vey, in his Goitre Letters and 
Certaine 8omiets (London, 1592), 
where he says : 

He is constrained to make woful 
Greene and beggarly Pierce Fenny, 
lesse (a.s it were a Grasshopper, and 
a Cricket, two pretty musitiuns, but 
silly creatures) the arguments of Ms 
stile; and enforced to encounter 
them, who only in vanity are some- 
thing; in effect, nothing,' in account, 
le^ae than nothing, ho\\>oever, the 
Grasshopper enraged, would be no 
lesse than a green e Dragon; and the 
Cricket malecontented, not so little 
as aBIacke Bellwether; but the only 
Unicorne of the Muses. 

Oracle of Good-Sense, The. 
An epithet conferred on Fran- 
9013 de Malherbe, the French 
poet. Henri van Laun, in his 
History of French Literature (ii 
63), says : 

Of course, Malherbe, tbe purist of 
language, and the oracle of good- 
sense, who was to be for two centu- 
ries the model of French poets, who 
in particular fathered the modern 
ode in as true a sense as that in 
which Horace created the Latin 
alcaic and sapphic metre, \va>s not 
without his school in his own life- 
time. He lived long enough to see 
his teaching bear fruit, and to find 
his principles insisted on by as many 
disciples as those who had' followed 
in the steps of Hansard. 

Oracle of Law, The. A name 
given to Sir Edward Coke, "who 
considered the common law the 
absolute perfection of all reason. 

Oracle of the Church, The. A 
title frequently applied to St. 
Bernard. 

Orange. A character in Ben 
Jonson's Every Mun Old of His 
Humor i drawn to satirize Thomas 
Dekker, the English dramatist. 

Orange-Peel. A nickname given 
to Sir Robert Peel when chief 
secretary for Ireland, from 1812 
to 1818, on account of Ms anti- 
Catholic tendencies. 

Orator Bronze. A name jpven 
to John Henley, at an imaginary 



OKA 



262 



ORO 



meeting of the political Robin 
Hood Society, reported in The 
Gray's Inn Journal (London, 
1753 ; No. i;5). 

Orator Henley. John Henley, 
above referred to, is best known 
by this sobriquet. He gained it 
from being distinguished as a 
lecturer on questions of the day. 
Pope calls him THE ZANY OF 
His AGE. 

Orator of Free-Dirt, Tlie. A 
term of contempt applied to 
George W. Julian. Vid. Julian, 
Political Recollections (p. 81) : 
The charge of " abolitionism" was 
flung at me everywhere, and it is 
impossible now to realize the odium 
then attaching to that terra by the 
general opinion. I was an "amal- 

fmationist " and a " woolly-head." 
was branded as the "apostle of 
disunion" and the " Orator of Free- 
Dirt." 

Orator of the Human Race, 
The. Johann Baptiste, Baron 
von Clootz. Vid. ANACHARSIS 
CLOOTZ. 

Orestes of Exile, An. A name 
given to Madame de Stael. 

Oriana. So Queen Elizabeth is 
called in the madrigals published 
in 1601 and entitled The Tri- 
umphs of Onana. Ben Jonson 
applies the title to Anne, the 
queen of James I. 

Oriental Homer, The. A sobri- 
quet sometimes bestowed upon 
Sheik Moslehedin Sadi, who 
flourished in the thirteenth cen- 
tury, and was one of the greatest 
of Persian poets. 

Orlando. A character in Dib- 
din's Bibliographical Decameron, 
and also in his Bibliomania, or 
Book-Madness, drawn to repre- 
sent Michael Woodhull, an 
English translator and poet. In 
the latter work (p. 140), the 
author says: 

Orlando had from his boyhood 
loved books and book reading. His 
fortune was rather limited; out he 
made shift after bringing up three 
children, whom he lost from the 
ages of nineteen to twenty four, and 
which have been recently followed 



to their graves by the mother who 
gave them birth he made shift, 
notwithstanding the expense of their 
early education, and keeping up the 
reputation of a truly hospitable 
table, to collect, from year to year, 
a certain number of volumes, ac- 
cording to a certain sum of money 
appropriated for the purchase of 
them; generally making himself 
master of the principal contents of 
the first year's purchase before the 
ensuing was placed on his shelves. 

Orlando the Fair. A nickname 
under which Steele, in The Tat- 
ler (Nos. 50 and 51), describes 
Robert Fielding, better known 
as BEAU FIELDING (q. v.}. 

Ornament of Italy, An. An 
appellation bestowed on Cardi- 
nal Guido Bentivoglio, cele- 
brated in literature as a histo- 
rian and in politics as a cautions 
statesman. 

Orosmades. So Richard West 
nicknamed Thomas Gray while 
they were at Cambridge to- 
gether, " because he was such a 
chilly mortal, and worshipped 
the sun.*' West himself was 
known as FAVONIUS (q. v.}. 

The following extract of a let- 
ter from Horace "Walpole to 
West, dated Nov. 9, 1735, throws 
additional light on the sub- 
ject: 

Tydeus rose and set at Eton. He is 
only known here to be a scholar of 
King's. Orosmades and Almanzor 
are just the same; that is, I am 
almost the only person they 
are acquainted with, and con- 
sequently the only person acquainted 
with their excellences. Plato im- 
proves every day; so does my friend- 
ship with him. These three divide 
my whole time, though I believe you 
will guess there is no quadruple alli- 
ance; that is a happiness which I 
only enjoyed when you were at 
Eton. 

Tydeus is Horace "Walpole, 
and Almanzor is probably 
Thomas Ashton. '* I would 
hazard the conjecture," says 
Mr. Gosse, " that Plato is Henry 
Coventry, a young man then 
making some stir in the univer- 
sity with certain semi-religious 



ORP 



263 



OXO 



Dialogues. He was a friend of 
Ash ton's, and produced on Hor- 
ace Walpole a very startling im- 
pression, causing in that vola- 
tile creature for the first and 
only time an access of fervent 
piety, during which Horace ac- 
tually went to read the Bible 
to the prisoners in the Castle 
jail. Very soon this wore off, 
and Coventry himself became a 
free-thinker, but Ashton re- 
mained serious, and, taking 
orders very early, dropped out of 
the circle of friends." 

Orpheus of Arabia, The. A 
nickname given to Abu 2STasr 
Mohammed Al Farabi, who was 
also a celebrated physician. 
When at court he joined a band 
of musicians and accompanied 
them with his lute. The prince 
was delighted, and requested to 
hear some of his own composi- 
tions. Al Farabi immediately 
produced one, which he divided 
into three parts and distributed 
among the band. The first 
movement, we are told, threw 
the sultan and his courtiers into 
a fit of excessive laughter; 
the second melted them into 
tears; and the last lulled even 
the performers themselves to 
sleep. 

Orpheus of Highwaymen, The. 
A nickname conferred on John 
Gay, on account of The Beggar's 
Opera, of which he was the au- 
thor, and in which Captain Mac- 
heath, a highwayman, is the 
central figure. 

Sir John Fielding asserted 
that The Beggar's Opera was 
never played ''without creat- 
ing an additional number of 
thieves." 

Orpheus of His Age, The. . A 



name given to Ludovico Ariosto 
by J. A. Symonds, in his Re- 
naissance in Italy (v. 1), who 
says : 

Yet neither the Satires nor the 
Lyrics reveal the author of the Furl- 
oso. The artist Ariosto was greater 
than the man; and the Furioso, con- 
ceived and executed with no refer- 
ence to the poet's personal experi- 
ence, enthroned him as the Orpheus 
of His Age. 

Orpheus of Scotland., The. An 

epithet sometimes given to 
James I., who was not only a 
poet, but could sing, dance, and 
play on eight different kinds of 
musical instruments. 

Orsin, in Butler's Hudibras (pt. 
I. ii. 147), represents, according 
to Sir Roger 1* Estrange, Joshua 
Goslin, who kept bears at Paris 
Garden, Southwark. 

Orthodox Beast, An. A nick- 
name given to Titus Gates. Vid. 
Wilkiiis, Political Ballads (i. 
209). 

Ostad.0 of Literary History, 
The. A name given to Anthony 
Wood, the English antiquary, on 
account of his ability to surprise 
our judgment into admiration, 
his dry humor of honesty, and 
the breadth of his knowledge. 

Other Bye of Florence, The. 
An appellation given to Guido 
Cavalcenti, the friend of Dante, 
and an Italian scholar and poet 
of decided mark. 

Outlaw, The. A surname con- 
ferred on Edward, the father of 
Margaret, Queen of Scotland, 
and ancestor of the kings of 
England. 

Oxoniee Poeta Laureatus. 
John Skelton, Fid. THE FOET- 
LAUREATK OF OXFORD. 



PAC 



264 



PAI 



R 



Pa Thomas. Gen. George H. 
Thomas was so called in the 
Army of the Tennessee. 

Pacific, The. A nickname given 
to Frederick IV., King of Ger- 
many, on account of his dispo- 
sition, which was peaceful for 
the time in which he lived. He 
was naturally averse to exertion 
and excitement, for which he 
received the sobriquet THE IN- 
DOLENT (g. u.). 

Olaus III. of Norway, who flour- 
ished in the eleventh century, 
and Amadeus VIII. of Savoy 
have received the same title. 

Pacific, The. A nickname given 
to Amadeus VIII., first Duke of 
Savoy, one of the most consum- 
mate politicians of his age. Such 
was the general opinion enter- 
tained of his wisdom and politi- 
cal talents that few negotiations 
were carried on between the Eu- 
ropean powers in which he was 
not either concerned or con- 
sulted. 

Paddy Burke. An epithet con- 
ferred on Edmund Burke, who 
was born in Dublin, by Burns, 
in his When Guilford Good Our 
Pilot Stood ; 
Then Montague, an' Guilford, too, 

Began to fear a fa*, man ; 
And Sackville doure, wha stood the 
stoure, 

The German Chief to thraw, man; 
For Paddy Burke, like ony Turk, 

Nae mercy had at a', man; 
An' Charlie Fox threw by the box, 

An' lows'd his tinkler jaw, man. 

Painter of Coolness, The. A 
sobriquet bestowed on Minder- 
hout Hobbema, the Dutch 
painter. Vid, Calvert, Scenes 
and Thoughts in Europe (p. 225). 



Painter of Jansenism, The . An 
appellation given to Philippe 
de Champagne. Though born 
in Brussels, he spent most of his 
life in Paris ; and the name was 
given to him because his relig- 
ious sentiments were those of 
the Port-Royalists. 

Painter of Nature, The. So 
Bemi-Belieau, one of the PLEIA- 
DES OF FRANCE (q. ?>.), and the 
author of Loves and Transforma- 
tions of the Preaous Stones, is 
called. 

Painter of the Graces. A name 
given to Francois Boucher (the 
favorite painter of Louis XV.), 
from his excellence in the light 
and agreeable. 

The Italian painter Andrea 
Appiani has received the same 
sobriquet, on account of his 
frescos. 

Painter Patriot, The. So Mrs. 
S. C. Hall, in Pilgrimages to 
English tihmies (p. 261)* calls 
Thomas Gainsborough. 

Painter Pug 1 . A nickname given 
to William Hogarth, who is 
"represented as an ill-grained 
cur at work; or as a clumsy 
booby author, vainly endeavor- 
ing to prop his theory by a bent 
stick, termed ' the line of 
beauty, 5 which threatened to 
snap beneath so much heavi- 
ness." Mrs. S. C. Hall, Pil- 
grimages to English Shrines (p. 
280). 

Painting- Moralist, The. A 
nickname given to William 
Hogarth, whose prints we read 
like books, whose patrons were 
the million, and the moral of 



PAL 



265 



PAR 



whose pictures Is pointed by an 
unerring hand. 

Palamon, in Spenser's poem of 
Colin Clout, is supposed to be 
intended for Thomas Church- 
yard, the poet. 

Paltry Dung-hill, A. A nick- 
name given to Sir John Hill by 
Fielding, the novelist. Vid. 
Tinibs, A Century of Anecdote 
(p. 555). 

Pam, a contraction of "Palmer- 
ston," is a nickname given to 
Henry John Temple, Lord 
Palmerston, the English states- 
man. 

Pancridge Earl. " Pancridge " 
is a corruption of " Pancras," a 
parish near London ; the earl is 
one of the ridiculous personages 
in the burlesque processions 
called Arth ur's tih ow. When Ben 
Jonsoii had a falling-out with 
Inigo Jones, he wrote several 
bitter satires against him and 
exposed him from the stage. 
Among the former was To Iniyo 
Marquis Wo aid-Be, where he 
says: 

Content thee to be Pancridge earl 

the while, 
An earl of show; for all thy worth is 

show; 

But when thou turn'st a real Inigo, 
Or canst of truth the least intrench- 

ment pitch, 
"We'll have thee styl'd the Marquis 

of Tower ditch. 

Pander of Venus, The. So 
Thomas Moore is nicknamed 
in the Noctes Ambrosianx (1822). 

Pantagruel, in Rabelais' satirical 
romance The History of Gargan- 
tua and Pantagruel, is intended 
for Henri II., the son of Fran- 
9013 I., King of France. 

Pan-urge, in Rabelais* satirical 
romance The History of Garc/an- 
tua and Pantaymel, is probably 
intended for John Calvin, 
although some writers identify 
him with Cardinal Lorrain. 

Panurgus, in Harrington's Oce- 
aua, represents Henry VII. 

Pap-Hatchet. So Gabriel Har- 



vey, in his Pierce' s Supereroga~ 
tion (1593 ; p. 79, et seq.), calls John 
Lilly, the Euphuist. The latter 
was the author of the famous 
pamphlet against " Martin Mar- 
prelate," entitled Pap with an 
Hatchet (circa 1589), and to this 
fact the above sobriquet is proba- 
bly due. 

The full title of this celebrated 
book was Pap with an Hatchet; 
alias, a Fiy for my Godson or, 
crack me this Nut ; or, a country 
Cuff; that is, a sound Box of the 
Ear, for the Ideot Martin to hold 
his Peace. Written by one that 
dares call a Dog a boy. Im- 
printed by John Anoke and John 
Astde, for the Bayly of Wither- 
nam. Cum priv'tler/io perenjii- 
tatls- And are to be sold at the 
sign of the Crab-tree Cudgel in 
Thwack-coat Lane. 
Harvey thus speaks of it: 
The very title discovereth the wis- 
dom of the young man, as an old fox 
not long since bewrayed himself by 
the flap of his tail; and a lion, they 
say, is soon descried by his paw, a 
cock by his comb, a goat by his 
beard, an ass by his ear, a wise man 
by his tale, an artist by his terms, 
(p. 82). 

Papa Wrangel. A name given 
to Friedrich Heinrich Ernst, 
Baron von Wrangel, the Prussian 
general, by the people of Berlin, 
with whom he was a great fa- 
vorite. 

Pape des Huguenots, Le, or 
THE HUGUENOT POPE, was a 
title given to Philippe de Mor- 
nay, the upholder of the French 
Protestants. 

Paper King, The. A nickname 
given to John Law, the deviser 
of the Mississippi Bubble. 

Paper- Sparing Pope. So Swift 
called Alexander Pope, because 
a great portion of the manuscript 
of the translation of the Iliad 
and Odyssey was written upon 
the backs and covers of old let- - 
ters. 

Paralytic Quacksalver, A. An 
epithet conferred on Gabriel Har- 



PAR 



266 PAT 



yey by Nash, in his Have w ith you 
to Saffron Walden (London, 
1596). 

Parasite of Genius, A. So Mrs. 
S. C. Hall, in her Pilgrimages to 
Enylisli Shrines (p. 105), calls 
Horace Wai pole. 

Parent of English Verse, The. 
An epithet conferred on Edmund 
Waller, the English poet. 

Paris. A name given by Pope, 
in his Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot, 
to Lord John Hervey. Vid. 
SPORUS. 

Parricide, The- A sobriquet con- 
ferred on John of Suabia, who 
murdered Albert, his father, af- 
ter which he became a fugitive 
from justice. 

Parricide, The. A nickname 
given to King Henry V. of Ger- 
many, because he drove his father 
from the throne and compelled 
him to abdicate. 

Parsley -Peel. A sobriquet ap- 
plied to Sir "Robert Peel, the 
English manufacturer. When a 
poor farmer, in his youth, he felt 
that some source of income must 
be added to the meagre products 
of his little farm. He quietly 
conducted experiments in calico- 
printing in his own house. One 
day, thoughtfully handling a 
pewter plate, from which one of 
his children had just dined, he 
sketched upon its smooth surface 
the outline of a parsley-leaf, and, 
filling this with coloring matter, 
he was delighted to find that the 
impression could be accurately 
conveyed to the surface of cotton 
cloth. This was the first sugges- 
tion towards calico-printing from 
metal rollers. To this day Sir 
Bobert is called in Lancashire 
Parsley-Peel. 

Parson Abraham Adams, in 
Fielding's novel The Adventures 
of Joseph Andrews, is said to 
have been drawn from the Rev. 
William Young, a friend of 
Fielding, and the author of an 
edition of Ainsworth's Latin Dic- 
tionary (1752). 



Parson Bate, the sporting parson 
and editor of The Morning Post 
in the latter half of the eigh- 
teenth century, was afterwards 
Sir Henry Bate Dudley, Bart. 

Parson Hale. So Pope, in his 
Moral Essays (ii. 198), calls Dr. 
Stephen Hales, the natural phi- 
losopher. The surname is ab- 
breviated for the sake of rhyme. 

Parson's Emperor, The. Charles 
IV. of Moravia. Vid. DER 
PFAFFEN-KAISER. 

Partheusa, in Harrington's 
Oceana, represents Queen Eliza- 
beth. 

Parva Laus, or LITTLE LAUD, 
was a name bestowed by the wits 
of Oxford upon William Laud, 
owing to his short stature. Vid. 
Masson, Life of Milton, (i. 263). 

Patelin. A name which was 
given to Francois Leclerc du 
Trernblay, better known as 
Father Joseph. William Rob- 
son, in his Life of Richelieu 
(p. 387), says: 

Joseph was mild and insinuating in 
his manners, and, though he espoused 
the cardinal's interests warmly, he 
always spoke of him with modera- 
tion ; "but when thev deliberated to- 
gether upon the affairs of govern- 
ment, he always proposed the firmest 
and most rigorous pleasures. Cha- 
vigne, in one of his letters to the 
Cardinal de la Valette, sometimes 
calls him Patelin, and sometimes 
Nero ; designating by the one the ap- 
parent mildness of his demeanor, 
and by the other the inflexible rigor 
of his character. 

Pathfinder. A sobriquet con- 
ferred on Major-General John 
Charles Fremont, who conducted 
four expeditions over the Rocky 
Mountains between 1840 and 
1850. 

Patient, The. So Albert IV., 
Duke of Austria in the fourteenth 
century, is called. 

Patriarch of Ferney, The. So 
Voltaire is called, because from 
the little village of Ferney, near 
Geneva, where he had retired, 
he poured forth incessantly his 



PAT 



267 



PEA 



powerful invectives against the 
church and the government. He 
is also alluded to as THE PHI- 
LOSOPHER OF FERNEY. 
Patriarch of Shifters, The. An 
epithet conferred on Robert 
Greene. Vtd. THE GREENE MAIS- 

TER OF THE BLACKE ARTE. 

Patriarch White. A title be- 
stowed on Rev. John White, rec- 
tor of Dorchester, and one of the 
"Westminster Assembly of July, 
1643. 

Patrick Henry of New Eng- 
land, The. A sobriquet be- 
stowed upon Wendell Phillips 
Vid. Bungay, Ojf~Hand Takings 
(p. 292). 

Patritio, in Pope's Moral Essays 
(i. 81), is intended for Sidney, 
Lord Godolphin. 

Paul of the Cross. A sobriquet 
given to Paul Francis, the 
founder of the Passiouists, con- 
sisting of certain priests of the 
Roman Catholic Church, who 
mutually agreed to preach 
"Jesus Christ, and him cruci- 
fied." 

Paul of Venice, or FATHER PAUL, 
is a sobriquet bestowed upon 
Pietro Sarpi, who discovered the 
curious valvular system in the 
veins that contribute to the circu- 
lation of the blood, thus antedat- 
ing Harvey's discovery. His 
principal work is The tiistory of 
the Council of Trent, published 
in London (1(>19). 

Paul Pry, the hero of a comedy of 
the same name by John Poole, is 
said to have been drawn from a 
familiar figure of the time the 
eccentric Thomas Hill, who was 
editor of the D mm a tic Mirror, 
and figures as " Mr. Hull " in 
Hook's novel of Gilbert (jritrney. 
Poole took occasion expressly to 
contradict this in a little bio- 
graphical sketch of himself, ad- 
dressed to one of the magazines. 
" The idea," he says, '* was really 
suggested by an old invalid lady 
who lived in a very narrow street, 
and who amused herself by spec- 



I ulating on the neighbors, and 
identifying them, as it were, by 
the sound of the knocks they 
gave. * Betty,' she would say, 
' why don't you tell me what that 
knock is at No. 5-i?' 'Lor', 
ma'am, it's only the baker, with 
the pies.' ' Pies, Betty! what 
can they want with pies at No. 
54? They had pies yesterday.' 
This is, indeed, the germ of Paul 
Pry." And he adds, " It was not 
drawn from an individual, but 
from a class. I could mention 
five or six persons who were con- 
tributors to the original play." 

Paulus Pleydell. A character in 
Scott's Guy Matin? rim* f. The 
original was Andrew Crosbie, a 
Scotch advocate, whose social 
qualities and great abilities ob- 
tained for himself not only a 
large practice, but placed him in 
the front rank of the fashionable 
people of Edinburgh. 

i Pausanias of Britain, The. 
William Cam den has been thus 
named. Vid. THE ENGLISH 
STRABO. 

Pauvre Diable, Le, i <?., THE 
POOR DEVIL. This name was 
given to Elie-Catherine Fre'ron 
by Voltaire, who has immortal- 
ized his name in a not very satis- 
factory satire in verse, with that 
title. 

Peaceful, The. A title given to 
Kang-wang, the third of the 
Thow dynasty of China, in whose 
reign, it is said, no one was either 
put to death or imprisoned. 

Peaceful Prelate, The. An 
epithet given to Jean Baptiste 
Massillon, Bishop of Clermont, 
and a celebrated orator. It was 
his principle to avoid scandal 
above all things, when the church 
rule was not infringed. His ene- 
mies could find no fault with him 
morally, so, for lack of any other 
epithet, they applied this. 

Pearl of Zealand, The. A title 
bestowed on Joanna Coomans, a 
Danish author. Vid. Gosse, 



PEA 



268 



PEO 



Literature of Northern Europe 
(p. 263). 

Peasant Bard, The. So Robert 
Burns is frequently called, he 
having followed the plough at 
one time. 

Peasant of the Danube, The. 
A name given to Louis Legendre, 
a member of the French National 
Convention and an active factor 
in the great French Revolution. 

Peasant Poet of Northampton- 
shire, The. John Clare. Vid. 
THE NORTHAMPTONSHIRE POET. 

Peasant Poetess, The. A nick- 
name given to Janet Hamilton, 
a Scotch poetess, born near 
Shales, but who spent most of 
her life in Coatbridge. Writing 
was an art she had not accom- 
plished, so when she had com- 
posed her verses, her children 
wrote them down; but as her 
inspiration grew stronger, she 
felt that she must herself write 
down her thoughts, and by the 
age of fifty she had taught her- 
self to do so, though her penman- 
ship was a crude imitation of 
printing, more like Hebraic 
characters than letter-press. Her 
imagination had been fired by 
Shakespeare, and she had a re- 
markable memory, which assisted 
her greatly after she became 
blind, which happened in her 
sixtieth year. Many of her 
poems are exceptionally fine, 
and some are considered equal to 
Burns. 

Pedagogue, The. So his adver- 
saries derisively styled John 

" Milton, according to Phillips. 
Vid- Massou, Life of Milton (iii. 
655-6). 

Pellean Conqueror, That. So 
Milton, in Paradise Regained 
(ii.), calls Alexander the Great, 
who was bom at Pella, in Mace- 
donia, 

Penciller Willis. A name given 
to N. P. Willis, on account of his 
Pencilling & by the Way. 

It was imperfectly said by (leaden) 
penciller 'Willis of Gaptain'Marryat's 



nautical novels, that they could 
scarcely be entitled to rank as 
literature. Maginn. 

Penniless, The. A title given to 
Walter, one of the leaders of the 
first crusade. Vid. THE HER- 
MIT. Vid. also THE PENNYLESS. 

Penniless, The. Maximilian I. 
Vid. POCHI DAKARI. 

Pennsylvania Farmer, The. A 
name given to John Dickinson, 
the author of Letters from a 
Pennsylvania Farmer to the In- 
habitants of the British Colonies 
(1768). 

Pennsylvania Pilgrim, The, 
the hero of Whittier's poeui of 
the same name, was Francis 
Daniel Pastorius, the founder 
and first settler of Germantown, 
Pennsylvania, in 1684. 

Penny less, The. A nickname 
given to Frederic IV., of the 
House of Austria, line of Tyrol. 
No prince of the Austrian empire 
ever submitted to such indigni- 
ties or experienced such degrada- 
tions as lie when he submitted 
to the mercy of Sigismund. He 
was detained in Constance, 
treated like a culprit, watched 
like a prisoner, threatened with 
very severe punishments, de- 
serted by all, and deprived of 
almost the necessaries of life. 
He finally regained his power, 
and by a rigid economy, heavy 
taxes, and the confiscating of the 
estates of rebellious nobles, 
amassed a considerable treasure, 
but was always affected by the 
nickname which was given him 
in his destitute state. 

Pensioned Dauber, The. A 
nickname given to William 
Hogarth, by his enemies, after 
he had become the king's ser- 
geant painter. 

People's Friend, The. So Robes- 
pierre styled himself. Vid. THE 
LIVING SOPHISM. 

The title has been also bestowed 
on Dr. William Gordon, the 
philanthropist. 



PEG 



269 



PER 



People's King 1 , The. A nick- 
name conferred on Henri, Due 
de Guise, the French general, 
statesman, and governor of 
Champagne. This name was 
given him by the people of 
France, where "he was becoming 
more and more popular, while 
the nominal king, Henry III. 
was becoming more and more 
contemptible by his indecent 
conduct, voluptuous frivolity, 
disregard of truth, and the 
lavishing of gifts upon his favor- 
ites. Tli is popularity of the Due 
dfe Guise roused the" jealousy of 
the king, and resulted in the for- 
mer's assassination. 

Fepys of His Age, The. A name 
given to Pierre de Bourdeillej 
Lord of Bran tome. Fid. THE 

G&AMMONT OF HlS AGE. 

Fere aux Bondeaux, Le. Jean 
Baptiste Davaux. Vid. THE 
FATHER OK THE HONDO. 

Pere de 1'Histoire de France, 
Le. Andre Duchesne. Vtd. THE 
FATHEE OF FRENCH HISTOEY. 

Pere de la Patrie, Le, or THE 
FATHER OF YOUR COUNTRY. 
An epithet given to St. Vincent 
de Paul, a French ecclesiastic, 
who devoted sixty years of untir- 
ing labor to the aid of the poor, 
the relief of the distressed, the 
care of the sick, and the succor 
of every form of misery. He 
accomplished great results he- 
cause he not only worked him- 
self, but inspired others to follow 
his example ; he organized broth- 
erhoods of charity, and associa- 
tions, both of men and women, for 
various good works. During the 
long years of war lie and his 
followers were found in Lorraine, 
Picardy, Champagne, and where- 
over the need was greatest, 
extending charity to relieve the 
enormous misery of the times. 
The above epithet is found in a 
letter addressed to him, from 
Ml de la Fons, lieutenant-gen- 
eral of the city of St. Quentin, 
1651, and published in Feillet's 
La Misere ait temps de la Fronde 



et St. Vincent de Paul (pp. 34!)- 
1350), which says: 

There are some even who own 
property to the amount of more than 
two hundred thousand crowns, and 
who just now have not a piece of 
bread, but have been fasting for the 
last two days. All this, considering 
the position 1 occupy, and the 
knowledge I have of the state of 
things, urges me to entreat you still 
to remain the father of your country; 
to preserve the life of so many poor, 
i*ick, and perishing whom your 
priests attend, and they do it most 
worthily. 

Pere de la Peuple, Le. Louis 
XII. of France. 

Pere des Lettres, Le. Francois 
I. of France. Vid. THE FATHEE 
OF LETTERS. 

Pere Duchesne, Le. Jacques 
E-ene Hebert. Vid. FATHEE 
DUCHESNE. 

Peregrine Pickle, the hero of 
The, Adventures of Peregrine 
Pickle, a novel by Smollett, Is a 
caricature of Mark Akenside. 
Disraeli, in his Calamities of 
A u tho rs , says : 

Piqued with Akenside for some 
reflections against Scotland, Smol- 
lett has exhibited a man of great 
genius and virtue as a most ludi- 
crous personage; and who can 
discriminate, in the ridiculous 
physician in Peregrine Pickle, what 
is real from what is fictitious. He 
has seized on the romantic en- 
thusiasm of Akenside, and turned 
it to the cookery of the ancients. 

Peretto. A name bestowed on 
Pietro Pomponazzi, the Italian 
philosopher, on account of his 
small stature. Vid. Symonds, 
Renaissance in Italy (pt. ii. cap. 
xvi.). 

Perfect, The. A name given to 
John II., King of Portugal in the 
latter part of the fifteenth cen- 
tury, 

Perjur'd Prince, A. So Pope, in 
his Moral Essays (i. 89), calls 
Louis XI., King of France, who 
wore in his hat a leaden image of 
the Virgin Mary, and when he 
swore by the same he feared to 
break his oath. 



PER 



270 



PET 



Persian Alexander, The. A 
title given to Sand jar, one of the 
Seljuke dynasty of Persia in 
the twelfth century. 
Persian Anacreon, The. So 
Mohammed Hafiz, who flour- 
ished in the fourteenth century, 
was called. 

Pert,Prim Prater of the North- 
ern Race, A. So Churchill, in 
The Rnsciad (line 75), calls 
Alexander "Wedderburne, Lord 
Loughborough. 

Pestleman Jack. A nickname 
given to John Keats, the poet, 
by Maginn, in his Idyl on the 
Bottle, where he says: 
Thanks be to thee, Jack Keats; our 
thanks for the dactyle and 
spondee, 

Pestleman Jack, whom, according 
to Shelley, the Quarterly mur- 
dered. 

Keats, while a boy. was ap- 
prenticed to a surgeon. 
Peter Mac-Grawler. A char- 
acter in Bulwer's Paul Clifford) 
arid a caricature of "William Ma- 
ginn. Mackenzie, in his 
Works of William Magi tin t 
says : 

Although avowedly a caricature of 
a well known book-reviewer and 
censor-general in a literary weekly 
paper of the time, it may also have 
been written with some idea of Ma- 
ginn's slashing notices of literary 
people and their productions. 

Peter o* the Painch. So Sir 
Walter Scott nicknamed Pat- 
rick Robinson or Robertson. 
Fid. PEVERIL OF THE PEAK. 

Peter Paragraph. A nickname 
given to George Faulkner, an 
alderman and printer of Dub- 
lin. 

Peter Pith. So Byron, in Don 
Juan (xvi. 21), calls Sidney 
Smith. 

Peter the Headstrong-. A nick- 
name given to Peter Stuyves- 
ant, the last Dutch governor of 
New York, by Irving, in his 
Knickerbocker History of New 
York (bk. v. chap, i.), where he 
says: 



Nor did this magnanimous virtue 
escape the discernment of the good 
people of Nieuw-Nederlandts ; on 
the contrary, so high an opinion had 
they of the independent mind and 
vigorous intellect of their new gov- 
ernor that they universally called 
him ffai'dkoppig Piet, or Peter the 
Headstrong - a great compliment to 
his understanding. 

Petit Albert, Le. A title be- 
stowed on Albertus Magnus, on 
account of the diminutiveness of 
his stature, which was said to be 
on so small a scale that when he, 
on one occasion, paid his respects 
to the pope, the pontiff supposed 
lie was still kneeling at his feet 
after he had risen up and was 
standing erect. Vid. also Notes 
and Queries (1st ser. i. 385, 474). 

Petit Bernard, Le. A nickname 
given to Solomon Bernard, a 
Lyons engraver of the sixteenth 
century, on account of his low 
size. 

Petit Fils de Voltaire, Le. A 
popular name for Edmond About, 
earned from the wit which 
flowed spontaneously and unin- 
terruptedly from his lips. 

Petit Manteau-Bleu, Le. Edine 
Champion. rid. THE LITTLE 
BLUE-CLOAK- 

Petrarch of Catalonia, The. 
An epithet given to Ausias 
March, a Valencian poet. HP. 
was a disciple, but not an imita- 
tor, of Petrarch. Sisniondi, in 
his Literature of the South of 
Europe (i. 172), says: 

He has been called the Petrarch of 
Catalonia, and is said to have 
equalled the lover of Laura in ele- 
gance, in brilliancy of expression, 
and in harmony; and while, like 
him, he contributed to the formation 
of his language, which he carried to 
a high degree of polish and perfec- 
tion, he possessed more real feeling, 
and did not suffer himself to be se- 
duced by a passion for concetti and 
false brilliancy. 

Petrarch of Prance, The. A 
name given- to Pierre de Ron- 
sard. His poems consist of 
sonnets, madrigals, eclogues, ele- 
gies, odes, and Hymns, and an 



PET 



271 



PHI 



epic called The Franc lade. His ; 
sonnets are constructed on the I 
model of Petrarch; his epic on j 
that of Virgil ; his odes in imita- j 
tioii of Horace, Pindar, and Anac- | 
reon. Much is very excellent, 
but his classic affectations de- 
generate into pedantry, and 
many a good idea is injured 
by his Frenchified Greek and 
Latin. 

Petronius of France, The. 
Claude Prosper Jolyot de Cre- 
billon is so called from his novels, 
one of -which, entitled Les Eyure- 
mens da (Jontr et de V Esprit, is 
alluded to by Sterne in his Sen- 
timental Journey. 

Petticoated Politician, The, 
alluded to by Trimibull, in his 
poem M*Finyal (iv.), is intended 
for Elizabeth Ferguson, the 
daughter of Dr. Thomas Gra- 
ham. 

Peveril of the Peak. A nick- 
name given to Sir Walter Scott 
by his family and his law asso- 
ciates. Lockhart, in his Life of 
jSir Walter Scott, says : 

One morning, soon after Peveril 
came out, one of our most famous 
wags (now famous for better things), 
namely Mr. Patrick Robinson, com- 
monly called by the endearing Scotch 
** diminutive Peter," observed that 
tall conical white head advancing 
above the crowd towards the tire- 
place, where the usual roar of fun 
was going on among the briefless, 
and said : " Hush, bovs, here comes 
old Peveril; I see the Peak." A 
laugh ensued, and the Great Un- 
known, as he withdrew from the 
circle, after a few minutes' gossip, 
insisted that I should tell him what 
our joke upon his advent had been. 
When enlightened, by that time half 
way across "the b'abbling hall" 
towards his own division, he looked 
round, with a sly grin, and said, be- 
tween his teeth: "Ay, ay, my man, 
as weel Peveril o' the" Peak onv day 
as Peter o' the Painch" (paunch). 
Which, being transmitted to the 
brethren of the stove school, of 
course delighted all of them, except 
their portly Coryphaeus. But Peter's 
application stuck to him to his dying 
day. JScott was, in the Outer House, 
Peveril of the Peak, or Old Peveril, 



and by and by, like a good cavalier, 
he took to this designation kindly. 
He was well aware that his own 
family, and younger friends, conse- 
quently talked of him under this? 
sobriquet. Many tt little note have 
I had from him (and so probably has 
Peter also) signed " thine Peveril." 

Pfaffen-Kaiser, Der, or THE 
P ARSON'S EMPEROR, is a nick- 
name given to Charles IV. 01' 
^Moravia, who was instigated by 
Pope Clement VI. to compete 
with Louis IV. for the throne of 
Germany, 

Ph.ee dra. A title bestowed on 
Tommaso Inghirami for Ms 
brilliant acting in the Hippolytus 
of Seneca. Vicl. Sympnds, Re- 
naissance in Italy (pt. ii, cap. x.), 

Phalaris Junior. A name given 
to Charles Boyle by Bentley, in 
the Boyle-Bentley controversy. 

Phaleg", in Dryden's and Tate's 
satire of Absalom and Achito- 
phel, is intended for a Mr. 
Forbes, a Scotchman. 

Phantom More. James Moore 
Smith. Vid. UMBRA. 

Pharaoh, in Dryden's satire of 
Absalom and Achitophel, is in- 
tended for Louis XIV., King of 
France. 

Phesoj Enceps, in the Eev. 
James Ridley's novel Tales of 
the Genii, is Joseph Spence. 
The sobriquet is an imperfect 
anagram. 

Philador. A character in Greene's 
Mourning Garment (London, 
1590), drawn to represent the 
author himself. This was fol- 
lowed by FBAXCESCO (q, ?.), 
which was a more perfect sketch 
of the author, and this in its turn 
by ROBERTO (q. i\), which was 
the most perfect sketch. 

Philander, in Edward Young's 
poem The Complaint, or Might 
Thoughts, is intended for the 
poet's son-in-law, Mr. Temple. 
Vid. NARCISSA. 

Philanthropist, The. The pop- 
ular name of John Howard, 



PHI 



272 



PHI 



who devoted his life and fortunes 
to the relief of the poor and 
suffering. 

Philarete, hi William Browne's 
pastoral poem of The Shepherd's 
Pipe (eclogue iv,}, is intended 
for his deceased friend, Thomas 
Manwood. The name is formed 
from the Greek 0Wos, a lover, 
and apf-fj, virtue, and the poem 
is supposed to have suggested to 
Milton his Lycidas. 

Philip Baboon. Philip, Duke of 
Anjou. rid. LEWIS BABOON. 

Philippe jUgalite". A nickname 
given to Louis Philippe Joseph, 
Due d'Oiieans. 

Philisides, in Sir Philip Sidney's 
Arcadia, is intended for the 
author himself, the word being 
compounded from the author's 
name. Bishop Hall says : 
He knew the grace of that new ele- 
gance 

That sweet Philisides fetched of late 
from France. 

Philoclea, in Sidney's Arcadia, 
is probably intended for Penel- 
ope Devereux, daughter of the 
Earl of Essex. Vid. ASTROPHEL 

and PYROCLES. 

Philolog-os, i. e., "a lover of 
words. ' * An epithet first applied 
to himself and afterwards given 
to Nathan Bailey by others. 
He was the compiler of the most 
complete English Dictionary of 
the time, and one still a favorite 
with some. It was the basis of 
Johnson's well known work. 

Philolog-as, in Nathaniel Woodes' 
comedy The Conflict of Con- 
science, is intended for Francis 
Spira, an Italian, lawyer, who 
committed suicide in 1548, and 
whose story was well known in 
England at the time. 

Philomede, in Pope's Moral 
Essays (ii), is intended,, says 
"Warton, for Henrietta, Duchess 
of Marlborough,, who was an 
ardent admirer of Congreve. 
She must not be confounded 
with the famous duchess, but 



was her daughter, afterward 
Lady Godolphin. 

Philosopher, The. A name given 
in flattery to the Byzantine 
Emperor Leo VI. Vid. Ascham , 
Toxophilus (Arber. rep. p. 167 
note 2). 

Philosopher, Tlie. Marcus Au- 
| relius Antoninus was so called by 
! Justin Martyr, and Porphyry, 
1 the anti-Christian, is also alluded 
i to by this sobriquet. 

j Philosopher, The. A nickname 

j given to Louise Anastasie de 

Sernient, a French poetess, 

! celebrated for her knowledge 

I and taste in polite literature. 

I Philosopher, The, A nickname 

I given to Alfonso X. of Spain. 

] He was the author of several 

; poems, a work on chemistry 

f and one on philosophy. He is 

1 credited with a history of the 

Church and the Crusades, and is 

said to have ordered a translation 

of the Bible into Spanish. He 

also labored much to revive 

knowledge, and increased the 

privileges and professorships in 

the University of Salamanca. 

Vid. THE WISE. 

Philosopher of CMna, The. So 
Confucius is called. His mother 
called him " Little Hillock," 
from a protuberance on the top 
of his head. 

Philosopher of Disenchant- 
ment, The. A sobriquet be- 
stowed upon Arthur Schopen- 
hauer, the German philosopher. 
Vid. Saltus, The Philosophy of 
Disenchantment. 

Philosopher of Ferney, The. 
Voltaire. Vid- THE PATRIARCH 
OF FERNET. 

Philosopher of Malmesfoury, 
The. So Byron, in Don Juan 
(xv. 96), calls Thomas Hobbes, 
the author of Leviathan, he 
having been born at that place. 
Vid. THE MALMESBURY PHI- 
LOSOPHER. 

Philosopher of Persia, The. A 
title given to Abou Ebn Sina of 



PHI 



273 



PHCE 



Shiraz, who flourished in the 
eleventh century. 

Philosopher of Sans-Souci, 
The. A title given to Frederick 
the Great, who was a disciple of 
Voltaire, and the author of 
several philosophical works. 

Philosopher of the Arabs, The. 
A nickname given to Abu Yusuf 
Alkendi. Vid. THE PHOENIX OF 
His AGE. 

Philosopher of the Christians, 
The. A name frequently given 
to Plato. I 

Philosopher of the Unknown, ! 
The. A title assumed by the j 
French mystic Louis Claude de : 
Saint-Martin. ; 

Philosopher of Wimbledon, J 
The. A sobriquet conferred on j 
John Home Tooke, the author 
of The JJircrsionn of Purity, 
who resided at Wimbledon, in 
Surrey. 

Philosophic Bard, The. A nick- 
name gheii to Euripides, by 
Wpoclhull, in his English trans- 
lation of that Greek tragic poet's 
works. 

Philosophical, The. So Chaucer 
calls Ralph Strode, a writer of 
the fourteenth century, author of 
Phantosinfitd, I'W^r'.s', and Arfju- 
ificnts <i gainst Wyclif. 

Philosophical Poet, My. So 
James I, called Sir William. 
Alexander, first Earl of Stirling, 
the author of Recreations with 
ike Muses (1637). 

Philosophus Angrlorum. A 
sobriquet conferred on Athelard 
of Bath, by Vincent of Beauvais, 
n writer of the thirteenth cen- 
tury. 

Philosophus Teutonicus. A 
nickname given to Jacob 
Boehme, a German mystic. He 
knew no world but that of his 
own dreams ; he strove to pene- 
trate the deepest mysteries of 
Being; and he aspired only to 
the highest truth and to self- 
instruction. He possessed the 
grand arcanum of mystifying 



plain truths by an inextricably 
enigmatical ex|jression. The 
Quakers have borrowed a great 
many of their doctrines from 
him. 

Philotas, the hero of the tragedy 
of the same name by Samuel 
Daniel, is supposed to be in- 
tended for the unfortunate Earl 
of Essex. 

Phoebe, in John Byrom's pastoral 
poem Colin and Phv&be, is said 
to represent Joanna, the daughter 
of Dr. Bentley, and afterwards 
the wife of Bishop Cumberland, 

Phoenix, This. So Dry den, in 
his poein On the Death of Lord 
Hast lays, calls the latter. He 
was the son of the Earl of 
Hunting ton, and died before his 
father. *" 

Phoenix Among- King's, This. 
A nickname given to Frederick 
II., Emperor of Germany, of 
whom Syinonds, in his Sketches 
and titwlivs in &ont/iem Europe 
(ii. p. 32), says: 

The strange history of Frederick 
. . , would be inexplicable were it 
not that Palermo still reveals in all 
her monuments the ffenius loci which 
gave spiritual nurture to this phoe- 
nix: among kings. 

Phoenix of His Age, The. A 
nickname given to Abu Yusuf 
Alkendi, an Arabian physician, 
philosopher, and commentator. 
He received extravagant en- 
comiums from his friend , who 
called him THE PHILOSOPHER 
OB- THE Ait A its, THE GREAT 
ASTROLOGER, etc. ; but he was 
unquestionably endowed with 
rare talents, and was the author 
of more than two hundred works 
on philosophy in general. He 
was one of the earliest translators 
and commentators of Aristotle, 
and his name marks the first 
philosophical revolt against 
Islamism. 

Phoenix of Literature, The. So 
Quistorpius, the burgomaster of 
Rostock, termed Hugo Grotius. 

Phoanix of the World, A. So 
Nicholas Breton, in his Epitaph 



PHCE 



274 



PIN 



on a Noble Gentleman, calls Sir 
Philip Sidney. 

Phoanix of Wit, The. An epi- 
thet sometimes given to Fraii- 
9013 Babelais, whose coarseness, 
verging at times on profanity, 
and often on indelicacy, would 
have sunk his name into obliv- 
ion if his genius had not pro- 
duced a work which stands alone 
in the world's literature, his Gar- 
gantua and Pantagruel. 

Physician, The, who is men- 
tioned in the Chatclee MS. (ii. 
21), is Dr. John Gordon, who 
died a young man. The allusion 
"neither was there any gall 
within him" refers to a work 
written by Gordon in 1807, and 
entitled The Structure of the 
Brain, comprising an estimate 
of the claims of J)rs* Gall and 
Spurzheim. 

Physics. A nickname given to 
General Crawford by the Penn- 
sylvania Reserves, "he being a 
surgeon at the beginning of his 
military career." 

Picaroon. A name which Scott, 
about 1814, conferred on John 
Ballantyne, who wanted him to 
make known the secret of the au- 
thorship of WavcrUij. Vid. Lock- 
hart, Life of Sir Walter Scott. 

Picayune Butler. A name 
given to General Benjamin F. 
Butler in New Orleans. Vid. 
Earkland, Pictorial Boole, of 
Anecdotes and Incidents of the 
War of the Rebellion (p. 97): 

It was the New Orleanaise who 
gave the general his sobriquet of 
Picayune Butler that being the 
well known appellative of the col- 
ored barber in the basement of 
the St. Charles. 

Piccadilly Patriot, The. A 
nickname given to Sir Francis 
Burdett. Fid. The Satirist (ix. 
138). 

Pierce Pennilesse. This was 
the name of a work written by 
Thomas Nash. When he and 
Harvey had a quarrel, the latter 
applied it as a nickname to the 
former in several of his works. 



In his Foure Letters and Cer- 
taine Sonnets (London, 1592), he 
says : 

Flourishing M. Greene is most 
wofully-faded, and whitest I arn 
bemoaning his over-pitteous decay; 
and discoursing the usuall success of 
such ranke wittes, Loe all on the 
suddaine his sworne brother, M. 
Pierce Penniless (still more paltery, 
but what remedy? we are already 
over shoes, and must now go 
through), Loe his inwardest com- 
panion, that tasted of the fatall 
herringe, cruelly pinched with want, 
vexed with discredite, tormented 
with other men's felicitie, and over- 
whelmed with his own misery; in 
raving and franticke mpode, most 
desperately exhibiteth his supplica- 
tion to the Divell. 

Pierian Dick. A nickname given 
to Kichard Harvey. Vid. To 
PJBAN DICK. 

Pigmy Dick. A nickname given 
to Richard Harvey by Nash, in 
his Have with you to Saffron 
Walden (London, 1596), where he 



Pigmy Dicke aforesaid, that lookes 
like a pound of gold-smith's can- 
dles, is such another Venerian steale 
placard as John was, being like to 
commit folly the last yeare in the 
House, where he kept (as a frend "of 
his verie soberly informed me) with 
a Milke-maid. 

Pillar of Doctors, The A title 
bestowed by his admirers on 
William de Champeaux, a 
French philosopher, who nour- 
ished in the twelfth century. 

Pindar, Our. So Sir John Cot- 
ton, in. his lines In Memory of 
Mr. Waller, calls Abraham Cow- 
ley. 

Pindar, Horace, and Virgil of 
England, The. George, Duke 
of Buckingham, preposterously 
declared that Abraham Cowley 
deserved this title. 

Pindar of France, The. An epi- 
thet given to Pierre de Bonsard, 
a celebrated French poet and 
a reformer of French poetry. 
Henri van Laun, in his History 
of French Literature (ii. p. 43), 
says : 



PIN 



275 



PLA 



The first four books of Ronsard's 
Odes were quickly followed by a 
fifth. From that moment lie was 
accepted as the great poet of the 
day. He was hailed as the Pindar, 
the Horace, arid the Petrarch of 
France; and the very Academy of 
Jeux Jloraux which Du Bellay had 
laughed at, sent him, as a most ap- 
propriate expression of their regard, 
a massive silver Minerva. 

Pindar of Italy, The. A sobri- 
quet given to Gabriello CMa- 
brera, from whose surname is 
coined the word " Cliiabreresco," 
the Italian equivalent of " Pin- 
daric." 

Pink of the Press, The. A 
nickname given to Nathaniel 
Parker Willis, in Vanity Fair 
(June 21, 18(32). 

Pious, The. A title. conferred on 
various personages, to wit: 

The Roman emperor Antoni- 
nus, so called because lie re- 
quested that Hadrian, his 
adopted father, might be classed 
among the gods. 

Ernest I., founder of the 
House of Gotha. 

Robert, the- son of Hugh 
Capet 

Erik IX., King of Sweden in 
the twelfth century. 

Pious, The. A nickname given 
to Major-General Philip Skip- 
pon, a privy councillor in 1658, 
and in 1655 " one of Cromwell's 
military satraps, appointed to 
command one of the eleven dis- 
tricts into which England was 
divided in that year." Vid. 
Wilkins, Political Ballads (i. 
1*28). 

Pious, The. A nickname given 
to Albert IT., Duke of Austria. 
After his pilgrimage to the Holy 
Land, he spent much time in 
solitude, and preferred a seques- 
tered life to the pomp of his 
court. At one time he entered a 
monastery of Carthusian monks 
and took an active part in all 
their discipline and devotions, 
and while there no one was 
more punctual than he at mat- 
ins and vespers, or more devout 



In confessions, prayers, and the 
divine service of the choir. "Be- 
garding himself as one of the 
fraternity, he called himself 
Brother Albert, and left the 
cares of state to his cousin 
William, called THE DELIGHT- 
FUL (q. v,). 

Pious, The. A nickname given 
to Louis I. of France by his con- 
temporaries. He was sincerely 
and even scrupulously pious, 
but nevertheless more weak than 
godly. 

Piovano, II, i. e., "the Dean," 
was a nickname bestowed on the 
Italian humorist Arlotto. 

Piperly Poet of Green Erin, 
That. So Thomas Moore is 
called in the Nodes Ambrosi- 
ansB (iv.). 

Pitt's Loving- Brother. A 
nickname given to Richard 
Grenville, Earl Temple, a 
political associate of William 
Pitt. 

Plain and Perspicuous Doctor, 
The. Walter Burleigh. Vid. 
DOCTOR PLANUS ET PERSPIC- 
uus. 

Plain Dealer, The. A title given 
to William Wycherly, from Ms 
celebrated comedy of the same 
name. 

The Countess of Drogheda . . , 
inquired for The Plain Dealer. 
"Madam," says Mr. Pairbeard, 
"since you are for "The Plain 
Dealer,* there he is for you," pushing 
Mr, TVycherlv towards her. Gib- 
ber, Lives of the Poets (in. 252). 

Planet. A character in the old 
English play called Jack Drum's 
Entertainment) or the Comedle 
of Pasqml and Katherine, pub- 
lished in 1610, but probably 
written in 1610. This Jaques- 
like character, "to whom, the 
sceptre of criticism" seems to 
be tacitly conceded, is sup- 
posed to be intended for Shakes- 
peare, 

Plantag-enet Pallisser, Mr., 111 
Anthony Trollope's novel, is 
intended for Lord Carlingford. 



PLA 



PLO 



Plato. So John Wilson called 
Thomas De Quincey. Vid. Mas- 
son, De Quincey > in English Men 
of Letters ($. 8i). 

Plato. A nickname given to 
Henry Coventry. Vid. OBOS- 
MADES. 

Plato of Germany, The. A 
nickname given to Moses Men- 
delssohn. JDisraeli, in The Liter- 
ary Character, says : 

Two houseless Hebrew youths 
might he discovered in the moonlit 
streets of Berlin, sitting in retired 
corners, or on the steps of some 
porch, the one instructing the other, 
with a Euclid in his hand; but, what 
is more extraordinary, it was a He- 
brew version, composed by the mas- 
ter for a pupil who knew no other 
language. Who could then have 
imagined that the future Plato of 
Germany was sitting on those steps, 

Plato of His Age, The. A name 

fiven to Nicolas Malebranche, a 
'rench philosopher, on account 
of his profound contemplations 
and his works in metaphysics. 

Plato of the Christian World, 
The. A name given to Johann 
Gottfried von Herder : 

Herder may be characterized as the 
Plato of the Christian World. His 
blooming and ardent diction and his 
graceful imagination cling in devout 
ecstasy about those passages of the 
sacred writings which are adapted to 
command our loftiest veneration or 
to sympathize with our finest feel- 
ings. Memoir of William Taylor of 
Norwich (London, 1843; i. 188). 

Plato's Master. So the Rev. Dr. 
Lisle, in a poem in Dodsley's col- 
lection, calls Socrates. 

Platonic Puritan, The. A title 
conferred on John Howe, the 
Nonconformist divine. He is 
also called THE PURITAN PLATO. 

Platonist, The. A name given 
to Thomas Taylor, the translator 
of Plotinus (1817) and other 
Greek philosophers. 

Plebeian Count, The. An epithet 
given to Count Honor<5 G-abriele 
Kiquetti de Mirabeau, by his aris- 
tocratic acquaintances, because 



he renounced his order and 
claimed the suffrages of the 
electors. 

Pleiad of Alexandria, The. The 
sobriquet bestowed on seven con- 
temporary poets in the reign of 
Ptolemy Philadelphia to wit : 
Apollonius of Rhodes, Aratos, 
Callimachos, Lycophron, Nican- 
der, Philiscos (also called HOMER 
THE YOUNGER), and Theocritos. 

| Pleiad of Charlemagne, The. 
The title given to another group 
of contemporary literary men 
who flourished in the eighth and 
ninth centuries. They were: 
Alcuin, Adelard, Angilbert, 
Charlemagne, Eginhard, Riculfe 
and Varnef rid. 

Pleiades of France, The, some- 
times called LA BRIGADE, con- 
sisted of seven contemporary 
French poets in the sixteenth 
century, whose compositions were 
modelled after the ancient Greek 
and Latin. " La Brigade " was 
composed of Ronsard, the presi- 
dent, and Messieurs Dorat, Joa- 
chim Du Bellay, Remi-Belleau, 
Jodelle, Antoine de Baif, and 
Ponthus de Thiard. 

A second and far inferior school 
of " Pleiades " existed in the 
reign of Louis XIII, They were 
Rapin, Commire, Lariie, San- 
teuil. Manage, Dupe'rier, and 
Petit. 

Plenipo Bummer. A nickname 
given to Matthew Prior, the 
poet, who arranged the prelimi- 
naries of the peace of Utrecht. 
Vid. Wilkins, Political Ballads 
(ii. 147). 

Pliny of the Bast, The. So De 
Sacy calls Zakarija ibn Mu- 
hammed, a native of Kaswin, 
who flourished in the thirteenth 
century. 

Plon Plon. A nickname given to 
Prince Napoleon, the origin of 
which is in dispute. The most 
general version is that the prince 
obtained the nickname during 
the Crimean war, when he attrib- 
uted every sound to the whiz- 



PLO 



roc 



zing of a bullet, constantly re- ; 
peating ' 'Du plomb ! I)u ploinb ! " J 
According to a correspondent of ; 
the b'chwabische Mcrktir, how- s 
ever, the prince was called Plon- 
Flon from his childhood. This 
correspondent says that some ' 
time ago he was told by Hcrr von 1 
Neurath, late Minister of Wur- ! 
temberg, that Prince Napoleon 
passed the earlier years of his 
lii'e at Stuttgart, and was a ^reat 
favorite with" the late King Will- { 
lain of "Wiirteinberg, who used 
to amuse himself by asking his 
name, when the young prince, 
who could not yet speak plainly, 
always answered " Plon-Plon," j 
instead of "Napoleon." In {his 
way the prince became known 
as ' Pion-PIon at the Wurtem- 
berg court, and the nickname 
has" stuck to him ever since. 
M. Bia^i, the librarian of the 
National Library, Florence, dis- 
covered, a few years ago, some in- 
teresting correspondence relative 
to the Napoleon family, among 
others a letter which " Jerome, 
King of Westphalia, sent to his 
daughter Mathilda, afterwards 
Duchess of San Danato. Tins 
document, dated April 30, 18JJ4, 
contains a sentence " Your 
cousins and the daughter of the 
Grand-Duchess of Baden have 
commissioned me with a thou- 
sand errands for yourself and for 
Plon-Plon." The Figaro calls 
attention to this discovery, and 
remarks that the father of the 
prince evidently gave him the 
name by which he was afterwards 
popularly nicknamed. 

Plotter, The. A nickname given 
to Robert Ferguson, by birth a 
Scotchman, who early in life be- 
came an Independent preacher 
and removed to London. He 
gathered a congregation at a 
church at Moorfields, and in- 
structed them regarding Mou- 
rn outh y s succession to the crown. 
He next became engaged in the 
Bye House Plot, but escaped to 
Holland . After that he returned 



to England and engaged in aplo* 

for assassinating James II., and 
then joined Monmouth's army. 
He was taken prisoner at Sedge- 
moor, but was dismissed without 
trial. Latterly he wrote and 
preached, one day in favor of 
King James and the next for the 
Prince of Orange. 

Plum Turner. A nickname given 
to Richard Turner, a well known 
miser. For an account of him 
md. Timbs, A Century of Anec- 
dote (p. 540), 

Plume of War, The. So Thom- 
son, in The. Seasons ("Summer";, 
calls Sir Philip Sidney, referring 
to the latter's generosity at the 
battle of Zutphen. 

Plumed Knig-ht, The. A nick- 
name given to James G. Blaine 
by Gal. Ingersoll, at the Cincin- 
nati convention in 1876, when the 
latter unsuccessfully nominated 
him as candidate for president. 
In the course of his remarks Col. 
Ingersoll said: 

Like an armed warrior, like a 
plumed knight, James G. Blaitie 
marched down the halls of the Amer- 
ican Congress and threw his shining 
lance full and fair against the brazen 
forehead of every assailant of his 
country and maligner of its honor. 
For the Republican party to desert 
that gallant man is as though an 
army should desert their general 
upon the field of battle. 

Pochi Danari, II, or THE PENNY- 
LESS. A nickname given by the 
Italians to Maximilian L of Ger- 
many, who, though his posses- 
sions exceeded those of any other 
Kaiser before or since his time, 
was always a beggar, and, from 
his perpetually making war, was 
always in hot water. He was 
conspicuous for his marriages, 
and for his sons' and his grand- 
sons* marriages, which were al- 
ways made for money or terri- 
tory. He felt no delicacy in ap- 
propriating to his own use that 
which was entrusted to him for 
other purposes, and there was 110 
meanness to which he would not 
stoop for it. Something, how- 



POE 



278 



POE 



ever, was done in his reign for 
his country, but done rather in 
his despite than at his bidding. 
Poet, The, one of the story-tellers 
in Longfellow's Tales of a Way- 
side Inn, was drawn to represent 
T. W. Parsons, the American 
poet. Longfellow thus intro- 
duces him in the prelude : 
A Poet, too, was there, whose verse 
Was tender, musical, and terse ; 
The inspiration, the delight, 
The gleam, the glory, the swift flight 
Of thoughts so sudden that they 

seem 

The revelations of a dream, 
All these were his; but with them 

came 

No envy of another's fame; 
He did not find his sleep less sweet 
For music in a neighboring street 
Nor rustling hear in every breeze 
The laurels of Milfiades. 

Poet and Saint. So Abraham 
Cowley, in his poem On the 
Death of Richard Grashaw, terms 
the latter. 

Poet-Bishop, The. A sobriquet 
conferred on Jeremy Taylor. 

Poete des Rois, Le, 2. e., THE 
POET OF KINGS. A name given 
to Pierre de Roiisard, who was a 
favorite with Henri II. and 
Charles IX. of France, Elizabeth 
of England, Mary Stuart, and all 
the well educated people of his 
time. Henri Van Laun, in his 
History of French Literature (ii. 
42), says : 

Melliu de Saint-Gelais, of whom 
the poet confessed he had been 
" tenaill par sa prince," called him, 
ironically,"le roi des poetes et le poete 
des rois," and lost no opportunity of 
satirizing him. 

Poet-King of Scandinavia, The. 
A sobriq uet sometimes given to 
Adam Oehlenschlager. the Dan- 
ish author. 

Poet-Laureate of Oxford, The, 

pr OXONLE POKTA LAUREATTJS, 

is a title given to John Skelton. 
Warton, in his History of English 
Poetry, imagines that the king's 
laureate was nothing more than 
a graduated rhetorician employed 
in the service of the king, and is 



of opinion that " it was not cus- 
tomary for the royal laureate to 
write in English till the reforma- 
tion of religion had begun to 
diminish the veneration for the 
Latin language: or, rather, till 
the love of novelty, and a better 
sense of things, had banished the 
narrow pedantries of monastic 
erudition, and taught us to culti- 
vate our native tongue." 

Poet Naturalist, The. Henry 
David Thoreau is so called by 
W. E. Channing, in the latter 's 
work Thoreau, the Poet Natural- 
ist (Boston, 1873). 

Poet of Greta Hall, The. A 
sobriquet conferred on Robert 
Sou they, who lived at Greta 
Hall, in the Yale of Keswick. 

Poet of King's, The. Pierre de 
Ronsard. Vid. LE POETE DES 
Rois. 

Poet of Kissing-, The. A sobri- 
quet conferred on Sir Philip 
Sidney, for his lines : 
Think of that most grateful time ! 
When my leaping heart will climb 
In my lips to have his biding! 
There those roses for to kiss, 
"Which do breathe a sugared bliss ; 
Opening rubies, pearls dividing. 

Vid. Arber, An English Gar- 
ner (vol. i. 490, 577). 

Poet of Liberty, The. A nick- 
name given to Johann Chris- 
toph Friedrich von Schiller, 
because his hatred of despotism 
finds expression in every one of 
his plays, and in some of this 
other works. In Mary Stuart, 
Elizabeth's tyranny is unspar- 
ingly laid bare, in Wallenstein 
the emperor and his servants are 
not painted in the best light, the 
Maid of Orleans treats directly 
of a revolt against the oppression 
of a foreign conqueror, the Uride 
of Messina pictures the destruc- 
tion of a powerful race which 
could not take root in a conquered 

. land, while William Tell and 
Fiesco give the history of a suc- 
cessful struggle against tyranny ; 
and Ms freedom of speech in 



POE 



279 



POE 



The Robbers brought down on 
him the displeasure of the 
tyrannical duke of Wiirtemberg. 

Poet of Nature, The. So 
Shelley, in a poem, terms 
William Wordsworth. 

Poet of Poets, The. A name 
sometimes bestowed on Percy 
Bysshe Shelley, of whom Ma- 
caulay said that "the terms 
* bard ' and ' inspiration ' had a 
special significance when applied 
to him.*' 

Poet of Princes, The, A nick- 
name given to Clement Marot, 
because he was so much esteemed 
by Franois I. and his court. 

Poet of the Chase, The. A 
nickname given to William 
Somerville, on account of his 
poem The uhase, and because he 
was also a writer of poems on 
field sports. 

Poet of the Commonplace, 
The. A nickname given to 
H. W. Longfellow, because he 
gave beauty to the most common 
objects and inspiration to the 
most prosaic lives. The plainest 
and most unpretending things 
touched by his hand have become 
golden, and his songs, which 
touch all hearts, have been like 
the sunshine, a comfort to the 
sorrowing. 

Poet of the Excursion, The. 
So Wordsworth is called, from 
the title of his principal poem. 

Ppet of the Future, The. An 
epithet given to Pierre cle 
Ronsard, who perceived the 
necessity of elevating the tone 
of French verse above the creep- 
ing manner of the allegorical 
rhymers, but what was future in 
his day is past for us. Van Latin, 
in his History of French Litera- 
ture (ii. 37), says : 

The counsel was plainly and rudelj* 
put; and it was the counsel which 
young Pierre de Konsard kept 
steadily before him during the 
laborious years in which he deliber- 
ately prepared himself to be to France 
the poet of the future. 



Poet of the Hollow Tree. So 
Swift, in his satire On Poetry, 
calls Lord Grimston, the author 
of a play called Lone in a Hollow 
Tree. 

Poet of the Poor, The. A 
sobriquet conferred on the Rev. 
George Crabbe, in the Nodns 
AmbrosiansB (xxi.). Vid* NA- 
TURE'S STERNEST PAINTER. 

Poet of the Sword, The. So 
the Russian general Michael 
Diinitrievitch Skobeleff was 
called. u Bather a high-flown 
title ; but that he was the poet 
of war, its enthusiast, there can 
be no doubt." 

Poet of the "Vague, The. So 
Henri van Laun calls Ossiaii. 
f/W. THE NORTHERN DANTE. 

Poet-Priest, The. So Byron, in 
his poem. Jo]i,n Keats, calls 
Henry Hart Milman. 

Poet Pug. A name given to 
Alexander Pope, from the 
frontispiece to an attack hi reply 
to his own, called Pope Alex- 
ander's Supremacy and Infalli- 
bility Examined. It represents 
Pope as a misshapen monkey 
leaning on a pile of books, in the 
attitude adopted by Jprvas in his 
portrait of Pope. 

Poet Squab. So the Earl of 
Koch ester called Drydon, on 
account of the hitter's corpu- 
lency. 

Poet Wordy. So Lord Byron, in 
Don Juan (iii. !<&)' calls 
William Wordsworth. The 
original form of the line was : 
Whv, then, I'll swear, as mother 
Wordsworth swore. 

Poet's Parasite, The. So 
Churchill, in TJte Duellist (iii. 
180), designates William War- 
burton, the editor of Pope. 

Poet's Poet, The. A name 
frequently given to Edmund 
Spenser, who has always been a 
favorite with the greatest of his 
successors. 

Disraeli, in his Amenities of 
Literature, says : 



POE 



280 



POI 



L'oet of poets! Spenser made & 
poet at once of Cowley, and once 
lent an elegant simplicity to Thom- 
son. Gray was accustomed to open 
Spenser when he would frame 
Thoughts that breathe, and words 
that burn ; 

and Milton, who owned Spenser to 
have been his master as well as his 
predecessor, lingered amid his 
musings, and with many a Spen- 
serian image touched into perfec- 
tion his own sublimity. 

Poetical Charlatan, This. So 
Lord Byron, in a note to the 
dedication of stanza vi. of Don 
Juan, calls William Words- 
worth. 

Poetical Father of Waller, The. 
A name given to Edward Fairfax, 
on account of his influence over 
Waller. 

Prescott, in his Biographical 
and Critical Miscellanies, says: 
Of Fairfax, the elegant translator 
of Tasso, it is enough to say that he 
is styled by Dryden the poetical 
father of Waller, and quoted by him, 
in conjunction with Spenser, as "cue 
of the great masters of our lan- 
guage." 

Poetical Eochefoucanlt, A. A 
name given to Sir William 
Davenant, on account of the 
sententious force of his maxims, 
on all human affairs, which are 
introduced in his poems, and 
which could only have been 
composed by one who had lived 
in a constant intercourse with 
mankind. 

Poetical Spag-noletto, A. An. 

epithet sometimes given to James 
Grahame, a Scotch poet, on ac- 
count of his Birds of Scotland, 
published in 1806, in which he 
describes some historical per- 
sonages hideoiisly. Vid. SPAG- 
NOLETTO. 

Pogonatus. Constantine IV. 
Vid. THE BEARDED. 

Poisoner, The. An epithet ap- 
plied to the clever, heartless, 
voluptuous coxcomb, Thomas 
Grimths Wain wright, who about 
1820 first appeared in the social 
life of London. But little is 



known of his life previous to his 
appearance, hut it was supposed 
he had been an officer in the 
Dragoons. He now conde- 
scended to take a part in period- 
ical literature, with the careless 
grace of an amateur who felt 
himself above it. His writings 
in the London Magazine, under 
the pseudonyms of Janvs 
Weathercock and Vinkbooms, 
which did not disgust so much 
as they amused, were character- 
istic of the man, a fluent, pleas- 
ant, egotistical coxcombry, then 
new in English literature, lov- 
ingly illustrative of self and its 
enjoyments, and adorned with 
descriptions of his appearance. 
His associates were Charles 
Lamb, who called him "light- 
hearted Janus Weathercock," 
and that coterie of wits and au- 
thors who made literature and 
society bright and lively. His 
good-natured though pretentious 
manner, his handsome though 
sinister countenance, and His 
smart conversational powers 
opened the doors of fashionable 
society to him; but how this 
vapid charlatan in his braided 
surtout, his jewelled fingers, and 
his various neck-handkerchiefs, 
could so long veil his real char- 
acter from and retain the regard 
of such men as Procter, Tal- 
fourd, and Coleridge is remark- 
able. He was an fta&ftul'ol the 
opera, a fastidious critic of the 
ballet, a lounger in the paries, 
and ranked among the foremost 
visitors at the pictorial exhibi- 
tions. An artist himself of no 
mean ability, he seized on the 
critical department of the fine 
arts in The London Magazine, 
undisturbed by the presence of 
Hazlitt, the finest critic of the 
time, and wrote the most dis- 
dainful notices of living artists, 
set off by fascinating references 
to his own personal appearance 
and accomplishments. He ex- 
hibited a portfolio of his own 
drawings of female beauty, 
sketched boldly and graphically, 



POI 



281 



POI 



*'in which the voluptuous trem- 
bled on the borders of the indeli- 
cate." To secure the means of 
luxurious living without labor, 
and to pamper his dandy tastes, 
this lazy lounging litterateur re- 
solved to become a murderer, by 
poisoning, and a forger on an 
extensive scale. In 1829 Wain- 
wright, with his wife, paid a 
visit to an uncle, by whose 
bounty he had been educated, 
and from whom he had expectan- 
cies. "While there, the uncle, 
Dr. Griffiths, the editor of a 
monthly publication, died after 
a short illness. "Wainwright re- 
ceived the property, and was 
not long in spending it. His 
custom was to effect insurance 
policies on the lives of his rela- 
tions, and then, after the proper 
time, administer poison to his 
victims. On the life of Helen 
Frances Phebe Abercrombie, his 
sister-in-law, lie effected an in- 
surance of 18,000. About this 
time so many heavily Insured 
ladies dying in convulsions drew 
attention to the gentleman who 
always called to collect the 
money, and the Imperial Com- 
pany resisted his claim. He 
commenced an action against 
the company. The reason for 
resisting payment was the 
alleged ground of deception. But 
the counsel went further; and 
so fearful were the allegations 
on which he rested his defence 
that the jury were petrified, and 
the judge shrunk aghast from 
the implicated crime. The for- 
mer separated, unable to agree; 
while the latter said a criminal 
and not a civil court should have 
been the scene of such a charge. 
Meanwhile, "Wainwright had 
fled to France. At Boulogne he 
lived with an English officer, 
and while there his host's life 
was insured for 5000. One pre- 
mium only had been paid, the 
officer dying a few months after 
the insurance was effected. The 
night before he died Wainwright 
had insisted on making his 



friend's coffee, and had passed 
the poison into the sugar. He 
then passed through France 
under a feigned name. It is 
now well known that he wore 
a ring in which he always car- 
ried strychnine. 

In Paris he came under the 
notice of the police for passing 
under an assumed name. In his 
possession was found vegetable 
poison, a fact which, though un- 
connected with any specific 
charge, increased his liability to 
temporary restraint, and led to 
his being confined six months. 
During his stay in France, a 
forgery of his on the Bank of 
England had been discovered. 
In 1837 he ventured to London, 
intending to remain only forty- 
eiglit hours. In a hotel he drew 
down the blind and fannied him- 
self safe. For a moment he for- 
got his habitual craft. A noise 
in the street startled Mm, and 
incautiously he went to the 
window and drew back the 
blind. At that very moment a 
passer-by caught a glimpse of his 
countenance, and exclaimed : 
"That's Wainwright, the bank 
forger! " Information was given 
to Forrester; he was arrested, and 
found himself in a fearful posi- 
tion. The question then arosi* 
whether he should be tried for 
fraud against the insurance com- 
panies, for murder, or whether 
advantage should be taken of his 
forgery on the bank to procure 
his expatriation for life; but it 
was considered advisable to try 
him for forgery. The plan was 
carried out, the capital punish- 
ment was foregone, he was found 
guilty of forgery, and w;as con- 
demned to transportation for 
life. 

His vanity never forsook him. 
Even in Newgate lie maintained 
his assumption, triumphing over 
his companions by virtue of his 
crime. li They think I am here 
for 10,000," he wrote to one of 
his friends, " and they respect 
me." He pointed the attention 



POi 



282 



POL 



of another to the fact that while 
the remaining convicts were com- 
pelled to sweep the yard, he 
was exempted from the degrad- 
ing task. Even here his super- 
fine dandyism stuck to him. 
Drawing down his dirty wrist- 
bands, lie said: "I occupy a cell 
with a bricklayer and a sweep. 
They are convicts like me. 

But, by G , they never offer 

me the broom/' Tn the convict 
ship this " polished Sybarite, 
who boasted that he always 
drank the richest Montepul- 
ciano, and who could not sit long 
in a room that was not gar- 
landed with flowers, who said he 
felt lonely in an apartment with- 
out a line cast of Venus de Med- 
ici in it," this dandy scoundrel 
shrunk from the companionship 
of the men with whom he was 
associated, and his pride re- 
volted from being placed in irons 
without distinction, like them. 
"They think me a desperado! 
Me! the companion of poets, 
philosophers, artists, and musi- 
cians, a desperado! You will 
smile at this no, I think you 
will feel for the man, educated 
and reared as a gentleman, now 
the mate of vulgar ruffians and 
country bumpkins. 3 ' 

In 1842 he was an inmate of 
the General Hospital of Hobart 
Town, and petitioned for a 
ticket-of-leave, which was re- 
fused. Discharged from the hos- 
pital, he set up as an artist at 
Hobart Town, where sketches 
by him still exist. His conver- 
sation to lady sitters was often 
indelicate. At that time his 
conversation and manners were 
winning, he was never intem- 
perate, but grossly sensual and 
an opium-eater, while his moral 
character was of the lowest 
stamp. He possessed an in- 
grained malignity of disposition, 
and he took pleasure iu traduc- 
ing persons who had befriended 
him. Finally his sole friend and 
companion was a cat, for which 
he showed an extraordinary af- 



fection. In 1852 he was struck 
down in a moment by apoplexy, 
and died. 

He forms the groundwork of 
Dickens' novel Hunted Doivti, 
and was the original of Gabriel 
Varney in Bulwer's Liicretia. 

Poliarchus, the hero of Barclay's 
Argents, is intended for Henry 
IV. of Navarre. 

Polish Bayard, The. So Prince 
Joseph Poniatowski is called. 

Polish Byron, The. A title con- 
ferred on the Polish poet Adam 
Mickiewicz. It has been said to 
convey "as correct a notion of 
the nature and the extent of his 
genius as any single epithet could 
possibly do." 

Polish Franklin, The. So Thad- 
deus Czacki, the Polish philoso- 
pher and historian, is named. 

Polish Voltaire, The. A sobri- 
quet bestowed on Ignatius Kra- 
sicki, a celebrated Polish author. 

Polite, The. So Alexander Pope, 
in his Prologue to Dr. Arbuthnot 
(line 135), calls George Gran ville, 
Viscount Lansdowne. 

Political Grimalkin, The. A 
sobriquet bestowed on Van Buren 
by Clinton. Vid. Perley Poore's 
Reminiscences (i, 218): 

"Mr, Van Buren had an abundance 
of political nicknames. He was 
" the sweet little fellow " of Mr. 
Ritchie of the Richmond Inquirer, 
and " the Northern man with South- 
ern principles" of the Charleston 
Courier ; Mr. Clinton baptized him 
" the Political Grimalkin " ; Mr. Gal- 
houn, " the weasel " ; while he helped 
himself to the still less flattering 
name of ** the follower in the foot- 
steps" that is, the successor of his 
predecessor, a sort of masculine Ma- 
dam Blaize. . . . 

Political Parasite, This. So 
Lord Byron, in a note to the 
dedication of stanza vi. of Don 
Juan, calls William. "Words- 
worth. 

Politician, The, in Butler's Hudi- 
bras (pt. III. ii. 351), is intended 
as a satirical portrait of Sir An- 



POL 



283 



POP 



thony Ashley Cooper, Earl of 
Shaftesbury: 

In IGflO, Ashley Cooper was named 
one of the* twelve members of the 
House of Cornmons to carrp their in- 
vitation to the king; and it was in 
performing this service that he was 
overturned on the road, and received 
a dangerous wound between the ribs, 
which ulcerated many years after, 
and was opened when he was lord- 
chancellor; hence, arid from an ab- 
surd defamation that he had the van- 
ity 10 expect to be chosen King of 
Poland, he was called Tapsky; 
others, from his general conduct, 
nicknamed him Shiftesbury. 

Pollente, in Spenser's poem The 
Faerie Queenc, is intended for 
King Charles IX. of France. 

Pollio. So Dryden, in his Dedica- 
tion of the Pastorals, calls Thom- 
as, Lord Clifford. 

Polyphile. A nickname given to 
Jean de La Fontaine, the French 
poet and fabulist. The name 
was given him by a circle of har- 
monious spirits who met at the 
house of Boileau-Despreaux. 

Polypus. Wood, in his Athenss 
Ozotiieusis, states that Leland 
gave this title to Robert Wak- 
feld, "noting thereby, by way of 
contumely, that he was a crafty 
man for craftily conveying away 
the Hebrew dictionary before 
mentioned." (For explanation 
see Wood's work, art. Wakfeld). 

Pomona's Bard. So Thomson, in 
The Seasons ("Autumn ") terms 
John Philips, author f of Cider, a 
poem in blank verse, and The 
Splendid Shilling. 

Pomposo, in Churchill's poem 
The Ghost (ii. 335), is intended 
for Dr. Samuel Johnson, whose 
dictionary afforded John Wilkes, 
Churchill, and their associates a 
never-failing source of ridicule. 

Pomposus. So Lord Byron, in 
his poem on a Change of Masters 
at a Great Public School, calls 
Dr. Butler, the successor of Jo- 
seph Drury. Vid- PROBUS. 

Pontiff of Calvinists, The. A 
nickname given to Cardinal 



Richelieu. His policy was al- 
ways heedless of creeds; he saw 
the evil of the clai ms of the Cal- 
vinists, but he deemed attention 
to Spaniards more necessary. He 
assisted a Protestant people, by 
sending succor to the Orisons 
against their Catholic vassals, the 
inhabitants of the Valtellina, but 
by so doing he strengthened 
France. Vtd. also THE CARDI- 
NAL OF THE HUGUENOTS. 

Poor Bernard. A sobriquet be- 
stowed on Claude Bernard, the 
philanthropist of Dijon. 

Poor Con. So Dr. Wolcot calls 
William Jackson. Vtd. CONSE- 
QUENTIAL JACKSON. 

Poor Devil, The. JElie-Catherine 
Fre'ron. Vid. LE PAUVRB DIA- 
BLE. 

Poor Little. So Byron, in a poem 
To the Earl of Citing calls Thomas 
Moore, who* published his Epis- 
tles, Odes, and other Poems, un- 
der the pseudonym of Thomas 
Little. 

Poor Poet- Ape. An epithet con- 
ferred on Shakespeare by Ben 
Jonsou, in his Epigram LVI., 
where he says : 

Poor Poet- Ape, that would be thought 

our chief, 
Whose works are e'en the frippery 

of wit, 
From brokage is become so bold a 

thief, 
As we, the robb'd, leave rage, and 

pity it. 

Pope in Worsted Stocking's. 
An epithet given to the I lev. 
George Crabbe, the English poet, 
by Horace Smith, who, in a note 
to a parody given in The Rejected 
Addresses, says: 

The writer's first interview with 
tliis poet (Crabbe), who may be 
designated Pope in worsted stock- 
ings, took place at William Spencer's 
villa at Petersham, close to what 
that gentleman called his gold-fish 
pond, though it was scarcely three 
feet in diameter, throwing up a jet 
ffeau like a thread. The venerable 
bard, siezing both the hands of Ms 
satirist, exclaimed, with a good- 
humored laugh, " Ah ! my old enemy, 
how do you do ? " 



POP 



284 



PCS 



Pope of Philosophy, Tlie. So 
Aristotle is called, " on account 
of the boundless reverence paid 
to his name, the infallibility as- 
cribed to his teaching, and the 
despotic influence which his sys- 
tem of thought exercised upon 
the strongest minds of Europe 
for centuries." ! 

Pope of the Huguenots, The. ! 
A nickname given to Cardinal j 
Richelieu, who overthrew the j 
Huguenot party as a political | 
power, but he secured for them a 
certain measure of religious toler- 
ation, which did not please the j 
extreme Catholics. I 

Pope of the Reformation, The. i 
A name given to John Calvin, j 
on account of his power over the ' 
Protestants. Van Laun, in his 
History of French Literature (i. 
335), says: 

This Pope of the Reformation, su- 
preme and infallible by his own con- 
viction and the assent of his disci- 
ples, who borrowed Home's method 
for propagating his creed, even to 
the extent of procuring the death of 
a brother r reformer, ttervetus, had 
little charity to spare for those who 
refused to accept his own opinions. 

Pope's Kaiser, The. A nick- 
name given to Charles IT. of 
Germany, because he was nomi- 
nated by Pope Clement VI. 
without consent of the electors. 
He was a bad ruler of Germany, 
for he sacrificed that country to 
his hereditary kingdom of Bohe- 
mia. 

Popinjay, The. An epithet some- 
times given to Henri II. of 
France, on account of his foppish 
manners and his love of dress 
and display. 

Popish Duke , The . A nickname 
given to James, Duke of York, 
afterwards King James II. Vid. 
Wilkins, Political Ballads (i. 
199). 

Porphyro. This character, in 
Rumor, a novel by Elizabeth 
Sheppard, is intended for Napo- 
leon III. 



Porson of Old English and 
French Literature, The. A 
nickname given to Francis 
Douce, 011 account of his memory 
and great knowledge of the lit- 
erature oC England and France. 

Portentous Cub, The. So Bent- 
ley called Alexander Pope. Vid. 
Nichols, Illustrations of the Lit- 
erary His'ory of the Eighteenth 
Century (iii. 'o5). 

Portuguese Cid, The. So 
Nunez Alvarez Pereira, the gen- 
eral diplomatist, has been called. 

Portuguese Maecenas of Arts 
and Sciences, The. A nick- 
name given to Emanuel I., 
King of Portugal, who rendered 
himself remarkable by his zeal 
in the cause of education and 
morality, and his assistance to 
the arts and sciences. His reign 
has been called the Golden Age 
of Portugal. His exertions 
raised his country to the first 
naval power of Europe, and the 
centre of the commerce of the 
world. 

Post-haste. A character in an 
old English play called Histrio- 
Mastix, or The- Player Whipt, 
(1610), perhaps drawn to repre- 
sent Shakespeare, of which Simp- 
son, in his School of Shakespeare 
(ii. p. 89), says : 

The theory that Post-haste is meant 
for Shakespeare is very well borne 
out by the limning of the character 
due allowance being made for the 
fact that the limner of Post-haste 
draws in enmity to Shakespeare. 
Post-haste is represented as being 
in manners a gentleman (by compar- 
ison with his rude fellows), but an 
" upstart " in reality, and somewhat 
of a bon-vivant. In capacity he is 
shown as of ready and comprehen- 
sive wit, with great aptness for lead- 
ing and persuading others. And iti 
his literary style, we are told, there 
is 

"no new luxury of blandishment, 
But plenty of Old England's mother 

words." 

All which, allowance being made for 
the writer's adverse bias, comes very 
near to what we otherwise know 
Shakespeare to have been. 



POS 



2S5 



PEI 



Postman Poet, The, is Edward 
Capern, who was at one time a 
letter-carrier in Bideford. He 
is also known as THE KUBAL 
POSTMAN OF BIDEFORD. 

Prseceptor Germanise. Philip 
Melanchthon, the reformer, is 
frequently so called. Vid. 
Littell's Living Age (Jan. 20, 
1877; p. 150). 

Pr^stantissimus Mathemati- 
cus. A title given by Tycho 
Brahe to Dr. John Dee, the emi- 
nent Welsh mathematician. 

Preaching Bishop, The. A so- 
briquet given to Dr. Toby 
Matthew, Archbishop of York. 
Vid, the Church of England 
Magazine (1847, p. 13). 

Predestinator, A. A sobriquet 
which Rabelais applies to John 
Calvin in Pantar/ruel (bk. ii.). 
In the first of his letters, in 
1553, Calvin had ranked this 
work of Rabelais among obscene 
and prohibited books. In retali- 
ation we find the author using 
the expressions "so I under- 
stand it" and "yea verily," 
words , frequently used by Cal- 
vin ; and passing from scurrility 
to raillery. The first edition of 
Pantrtf/nid does not contain any 
allusions to Calvin, however. 

Presbyterian Paul- Pry, The. 
So Masson, in his Life of Milton 
(III. ii. 2), calls Thomas Ed- 
wards, the author of Gangrana. 
Milton, in his poem On the New 
Force of Conscience tinder the 
Long Parliament, terms him 
SHALLOW EDWARDS. 

Presbyterian Ulysses, The. A 
nickname given to the dark and 
politic Archibald, Marquis of 
Argyle, he being wise, crafty, 
and full of devices, in favor of 
Charles II., and nevertheless 
working for the welfare of Scot- 
land. 

Preserver, The. Ptolemy I. 
Vid. SOTEK. 

President Bob. A nickname 
given to the versatile Robert 



Spencer, second Earl of Sunder- 
land, "in whom/' remarks Mac- 
aulay, " the political immorality 
of his age was personified in the 
most lively manner." Vid. "Wil- 
kins, Political Ballads (L 273). 

President je dis <?a, Le, ?. e., 

"The president I say that." 
A nickname given to Louis 
Charton, president of the Parlia- 
ment of Paris, because he al- 
ways began and concluded his 
arguments with the phrase " Je 
dis ga." 

Presto, meaning " quick," 
"swift," was a title given by the 
Duchess of Shrewsbury to Dean 
Swift, as she could not remember 
his surname. 

Pretenders, The, to the crown of 
England were two in number, 
viz: James Francis Edward 
Stuart, a son of James II., usu- 
ally called THE OLD PKETEN- 
DER, and sometimes LE CHEVAL- 
IER DE ST. GEORGE; and his 
son, Charles Edward Stuart, 
better known as THE YOUNG 
PRETENDER, and also alluded to 
as THE BONNIE CHEVALIER and 
THE YOUNG CAVALIER. John 
Byrom says : 
God bless the King, I mean the 

" faith's defender " ; 
God bless no harm, in blessing 

the Pretender. 
"Who that Pretender is, and who Is 

King 

God bless us all! that's quite an- 
other thing. 

Prime Saint, Your. So John 
Trambnll, in his poem ftPFingal 
(L), calls Governor Thomas 
Hutchinson. 

Primrose,The Rev. Dr. Charles. 
A character in Goldsmith's 
Vicar of Wakefield, founded to a 
great extent upon Rev. Benja- 
min Wilson, who was the vicar 
of that place from 1750 to 1764, 
and in several ways resembled 
Dr. Primrose. The bright and 
cheerful look of Wake-field is 
shown by Rev. Thomas Twining, 
who wrote, in 177G, about its 
" peculiar clean and cheerful 



PRI 



286 



PRI 



appearance," adding: "I be- 
lieve they wash their roofs and 
chimneys there." The vicar of 
such a place might be called Dr. 
Primrose. 

Prince Hilt. So the Due d'An- 
gouJSme is called in the Nodes 
Ambrosianse (x. JBlackioood's, 
July, 1823). 

Prince in Music, The. So Fran- 
cis Meres, in his Palladia Tamla, 
calls Boetius. 

Prince John, referred to in the 
Nodes Ambrosianse (i.), is John 
Hunt. 

Prince John. A name given to 
John van Buren. Vid. Perley 
Poore's ^Reminiscences (i. 471). 

Prince of Alchemy, The. A 
name given to Rudolf II., Em- 
peror of Germany. 

Prince of Artists, The. So Al- 
bert Diirer has been called, on 
account of the improvements he 
made in wood-engraving. 

Prince of Beaux, The. A nick- 
name given to George Bryan 
Bruminel during the time he 
was the leader of fashion in Lon- 
don. Vid. BEAU BRUMMEL. 

Prince of Beg-g-ars, The. An 
epithet bestowed on Robert 
Greene by Harvey, in his Foure 
Letters and Certaine Sonnets 
(London, 1592), where he says: 
Truly, I have been ashamed to 
faeare some ascertayned reportes of 
hys most woefull and rascall estate; 
how the wretched fellow, or shall 
I say the Prince of Beggars, laid all 
to gage for some few shillings; and 
was attended by lice; and would 
pittifully beg a penny-pott of Mal- 
mesie; and could not gett any of his 
old acquaintance to cornf ort,or visite 
him in his extremity. 

Prince of Bibliomaniacal 
Writers, The. A nickname 
given, to T. F. Dibdin, who 
wrote many works upon, biblio- 
mania, was very diligent, but not 
always accurate, and in some 
cases had poor judgment. His 
works contain valuable and rare 
information, but in matters of 



detail are often far from being 

trustworthy. 
Prince of Bohemian Artists, 

The. A nickname given to 

Anton Rafael Mengs. His 

finest picture is the Nativity. 
Prince of Caricaturists, The. 

So George Cruikshank is termed 

in the Nodes Ambrosiansz, 

(xxix.). 
Prince of Oastilian Poets, The. 

So Cervantes terms Garcilasso. 

de la Vega. 
Prince of Coxcombs, The. 

Charles Joseph, Prince de Ligne, 

is sometimes so called. 

Prince of Critics, The. A sobri- 
quet conferred on Aristarchos 
of Byzantium, who compiled the 
rhapsodies of Homer in the 
second century before Christ. 

It has also been applied to 
Longinus. Vid. THE LIVING 
LIBRARY. 

Prince of Dandies, The. A 
nickname given to Matthew 
Gregory Lewis, the novelist, by 
Giltillan, in his Life of Sir 
Walter Scott, who says : 

In poetry he is a good imitator of 
the worst style of a very ingenious 
but fantastic school of Germans. To 
many even then it was a matter of 
astonishment how a ludicrously 
little and over-dressed manikin 
(the fac-simile of Lovel in Evelina) > 
with eyes projecting like those of 
some insects, and flattish in the 
orbits, should be the lion of London 
literary society, and how the Prince 
of Dandies should have a taste for 
the weird and wonderful, and be 
the first to transfer to English the 
spirit of some of the early German 
bards. 

Prince of Demagog-lies, That. 
An epithet applied to James L. 
Orr by Andrew Calhoun. Vid. 
Lossing, Pictorial History of 
the Civil War (i. 147) : 

Orr's views seem to have under- 
gone a change. In a letter to the 
editor of the Charleston Mercury , 
dated Jan. 24, 1858, Andrew 
Calhoun said: "I found, on my 
return to this state, that Orr, that 
prince of demagogues, had, by all 



PRI 



287 



PKI 



kinds of appliances, so nationalized 
public opinion about here that 
sentiments are habitually uttered 
suited to the meridian of Connecti- 
cut, but destructive to the soil and 
ancient faith of the State. 

Prince of Destruction, The. So 
Tamerlane is called, because his 
victories were always attended 
with great devastations. 

Prince of Gossips, The. Samuel 
Pepys. He earned the sobriquet 
from his celebrated Diary. 

Prince of Grammarians, The. 
Priscian calls Apollonlus of 
Alexandria " Granimaticorum 
Princeps," as he was the first 
who reduced grammar to a 
system. 

Prince of Historians, The. So 
Field terms A. de Herrera, au- 
thor of The General History of 
the Vast Continent and Islands 
of America (1725), " a perfect 
treasure-house of the most valu- 
able details regarding the original 
state of the religion and manners 
of the Indians." 

Prince of Hypocrites, The. A 
title bestowed on Tiberius 
Caesar, who indulged in the 
greatest vice and dehauchery 
while affecting a great respect 
for morality* 

Prince of Italian Poets, The. 
So Francis Meres, in his Palladis 
Tamia, calls Petrarch. 

Prince of Letters, The. So 
Claudius Salmasius is styled in 
the Rvyii Sanguinis Clamor ad 
Coehtm * adversiis Parricidas An- 
glicanos (1652). Vid. Masson, 
Life of Milton (iv. 455). 

Prince of Liars, The. Cervantes 
called the Portuguese traveller 
Ferdinand Mendez Pinto bv this 
name, due to the .extraordinary 
adventures recorded in his book 
of travels (1071). In The Tatler 
he is referred to as a man 
" of infinite adventure and un- 
bounded imagination." 

Prince of Lyric Poets, The. 
So Dryden, in his preface to the 



Second Miscellany, terms Pin- 
dar. 

Prince of Lyrical Boman 
Poets, This. A nickname given 
to Horace, by pibdin, in his 
Library Companion, who says : 
I will not hesitate an instant in 
urging even the oldest of my readers, 
if he feel any glow of bibliomania, 
cal enthusiasm lingering in the 
usually torpid current of his veins, 
to let slip no opportunity of enrich- 
ing his cabinet with a choice copy of 
the parent text of this prince of 
lyrical Roman poets. 

Prince of Music, The. Giovan- 
ni Pierluigi da Palestrina, also 
called THE PRINCE OF MUSI- 
CIANS. 

Prince of Novelists, The. 
Henry Fielding. Vid. THE 
SHAKESPEARE OF NOVELISTS. 

Prince of Orators, The. So 
Demosthenes is sometimes 
named. 

Prince of Painters, The. Par- 
rhasius, the Greek painter, called 
himself by this name, but it has 
also been bestowed on Apelles. 

Prince of Paragraphists, The. 
A sobriquet bestowed upon 
Horace Greeley. Vid. Bungay, 
Off-Hand Takings (p. 237). 

Prince of Peace, The. An 
epithet conferred on Maximilian 
II. of Austria, with whom the 
desire of aggrandizement was 
but a secondary consideration, 
but the maintenance of peace, 
which he deemed the greatest 
blessing he could confer on his 
people, was the ruling principle 
of all his actions. From the 
adoption of this principle, Ger- 
many and Austria enjoyed under 
him a series of years of almost 
uninterrupted peace, while the 
rest of Europe was exposed to all 
the evils of civil commotion, 
religious discord, or foreign 
war. 

Prince of Pedagogues, The. 
A name given to William 
Maginn by Mackenzie, who says, 
in. His Works of Maginn : 



PRI 



288 



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He was the very Prince of Peda- 
gogueshe advanced his pupils so 
well, and grounded them so 
thoroughly, that their parents had 
every reason for being satisfied with 
their progress. 

Prince of Philosophers, The. 
So Plato is sometimes called. 

Prince of Physicians, The. A 
nickname which the Arabians 
gave to Abdallah ilm Sina. The 
Jews abbreviated his name into 
Abensine, and he is known to 
Christians as Avicenna. Early 
in life he applied himself to the 
study of philosophy and medi- 
cine, in both of which his prog- 
ress was surprisingly rapid. 
Besides physic, the range of 
his acquirements comprehended 
logic, morals, natural history, 
mathematics, astronomy, and 
theology. In his nineteenth 
year so much deference was paid 
to his judgment that he became 
vain and conceited. His literary 
fame drew the admiration of 
princes, and he was surrounded 
with flatterers. But his popular- 
ity was short. He left a multi- 
tude of writings, among which his 
system of medicine acquired the 
greatest reputation, and in the 
medical world he attained a 
celebrity rivalled only by the 
fame of Galen and Hippocrates. 

Prince of Poets, The. So Spen- 
ser is called on his monument 
in "Westminster Abbey. 

Butler, in his Hudibras (pt. I. 
ii. 243), designates Homer by this 
title. 

Prince of Poets, The. Johann 
Wolfgang von Goethe is fre- 
qiiently so called. Goethe re- 
lates his having received a letter 
from an English literary man 
who, in consequence of haying 
seen him described in a German 
periodical as the Prince of Poets, 
addressed him as his Highness 
the Prince Goethe, Weimar. 
Vid. Litteil's Living Age (Feb. 
24, 1877; p. 485). 

Prince of Poets, The. John 
Milton has been thus referred to. 



Vid. Hutton, Literary Land- 
marks of London (p. 213). 

William Howitt, in his "Homes 
and Haunts of British Poets," thus 
describes the house in Petty France 
as he saw it in 1868 : It no longer 
opens into St. James' Park. The 
ancient front is now its back, and 
overlooks the fine old but house-sur- 
rounded garden of Jeremy Bentham. 
Near the top of this ancient front is 
a stone bearing this inscription, 
* f Sacred to Milton, the prince of 
poets." This was placed there by no 
less distinguished a man than 
William Hazlitt. . . . 

Prince of Politicians, The. A 
name given to Nicholas Machia- 
velli, on account of his work 
The Pn'??ce,which was published 
when the study of political 
philosophy was an uncommon 
theme. 

Prince of Portrait Engravers, 
The. A nickname given to 
iDtierme Frederic Lignon, the 
French engraver, by Dibdin, in 
hisAntiqitariaji and Picturesque 
Tour in France and Germany 
(ii. p. 330), who says : 

Lignon is the prince of portrait 
engravers. His head of Mile. Mars 
though, upon the whole, exhibit- 
ing a flat and unmeaning counte- 
nance, when we consider that it 
represents the first comic actress in 
Europe is a masterpiece of graphic 
art. 

Prince of Princes, The. So 
-Byron, in Don J'tian (xii. 34), 
calls George IV., King of Eng- 
land. 

Prince of Quarrellers, The. A 
nickname given to Pierre Au- 
gustin Caron de Beaumarchais, 
who not only wrote plays, operas, 
and satires, hut painted well, 
was an excellent musician, a 
good actor and mechanic, took 
part in commerce, was a success 
in politics and financial specula- 
tions, was a magistrate, and 
first-rate duellist, and had many 
quarrels both in court and in his 
social circle. 

Prince of Boman Poets, The. 



PRI 



289 



PHI 



A name frequently given, to 
Virgil. 

Prince of Sacred Bards, The. 
Homer is thus termed in Chiron 
to Achilles, a poem by Hilde- 
brand Jacob. Vid. Dodsley's 
Old Poems (i. 180). 

Prince of Satirists, The. A 
name sometimes given to Hans 
Sachs, a prolific German poet. 
He severely censured the consti- 
tution of Germany, lashed the 
clergy and the jurists as " the 
pests of the nation," denounced 
the nobles as self-seeking and 
wholly regardless of the public 
weal ; was just in censure, true 
in observation, and never rancor- 
ous or one-sided. He praised 
Luther in Die Wittenberyisehe 
Nachtitjcd, while his poetical 
works (of which 200 are known) 
furthered in no small measure 
the Protestant cause. 

Prince of Sceptics, The. In 
Many Infallible Proofs, by 
Arthur T.* Pierson, we find the 
following (p. 12): 

Mr. Hume confessed himself the 
Prince of Sceptics, as Voltaire was 
the Prince of Scoffers. 

Prince of Science, The. Te- 
huhe. Vid. THE ARISTOTLE OF 
CHINA. 

Prince of Scoffers, The. A 
title given to Voltaire. Vid. 
THE PRINCE OF SCEPTICS. 

Prince of Showmen, The. A 
popular nickname for Phineas 
Taylor Barnum. 

Prince of Silesian Poets, The. 
A name given to the German 
dramatist Andreas Gryphius, 
who also wrote odes, elegies, 
hymns, and showed his talent 
for satire in a critique on the 
ancient comedies of his country- 
men. 

Prince of Story-Tellers, The. 
A name given to Boccaccio, of 
whom J. A. Symonds, in his Re- 
naissance in Italy (v. 120), 
says : 

Though Boccaccio is the prince of 
story-tellers, his novelle are tales, 



more interesting for their grace of 
manner and beautifully described 
situations than for analysis of char- 
acter or strength of plot. 

Prince of the New Pharisees, 
The. A name conferred on Be- 
nedetto Gaetano, Pope Boniface 
VIII. He frightened Celestine 
from the papacy, and persecuted 
him to death after his resigna- 
tion. He was accused of heresy, 
simony, licentiousness, etc. ; was 
a haughty, despotic pontiff; 
wanted to unite in his own per- 
son the supreme temporal as well 
as the supreme spiritual power 
of Christendom, aiid to exercise 
his papal authority over the 
kingdoms of Europe. He was 
one of those dangerous ecclesias- 
tics in whose downfall civiliza- 
tion exults. 

Prince of the Ode, The. A 
name bestowed on the French 
poet Pierre de Bonsard. 

Prince of the Peace, The. So 
Charles IV. of Spain, in 1795, 
called his prime minister, Man- 
uel de Godoy, on account of Ms 
separating Spain and England 
and forming an alliance with 
France. 

Prince of the Piano-Forte, The. 
A title given to the pianist Louis 
M. Gottschalk, in Vanity Fair 
(Oct. 11, 1802). 

Prince of the Sonnet, The. 
Joachim du Bellay, the French 
poet, is so styled. 

Prince of Wits, The. A nick- 
name given to Lord Chester- 
field, on account of his hon- 
mots, and the repartees which 
he made till the day of Ms 
death. 

Prince Bamiro. A nickname 
given to Richard III. of Eng- 
land, by Doran, in hisJlabits and 
Men (p. 45), where he says: 

John was curious about his wife's 
dress, and careless touching his own; 
whereas Richard (who is not half as 
bad as history and Mr. C. Kean rep- 
resent him) was perhaps the most 
superbly royal dandy that ever sat 
on an English throne; George IV 



PBI 



290 



PEO 



was the mere Dandini to that Prince 
Bamiro. 

Prince-Bobber, The. So Mrs. 
S. C. Hall, in her Pilgrimages to 
English Shrines (p. 44), calls 
Bupert, the third son of Fred- 
erick, King of Bohemia. 
Prince, the King 1 , the Emperor 
of Quavers, The. So Dr. 
Wolcot, in his poem Bozzy and 
Piozzi (ii.), calls Sir John Haw- 
kins, the author of The History 
of Music. 

Princely Surrey. So Drayton, 
in his Poets and Poesie (1627), 
terms Henry Howard, Earl of 
Surrey. 

Priscian. A name under which 
Bev. Dr. Edward Craven Haw- 
trey, head master of Eton, is de- 
scribed in an article under JBibli- 
ographiana in a weekly journal, 
The Director, written by Dib- 
din (180T; p. 59), where he 
says: 

Priscian, the classical and the 
accomplished. Books are his " dear 
delight"; and Bibles, among these 
books, the primary object of attrac- 
tion. The owner has a rare set of 
them- such as, in a private collec- 
tion, are eclipsed only by those at 
Kensington and Al thorp. 

Prisoner of Chillon, The, the 
hero of Lord Byron's poem of 
the same name, was Fra^ois de 
Bonnivard of Lunes, imprisoned 
for six years in the dungeon of 
the Cliateau de Chillon, by 
Charles III., the Duke-Bishop 
of Savoy, for "republican prin- 
ciples." 

Probus. So Byron, in his poem 
Childish Recollections, calls Jo- 
seph Drury, master of Harrow 
School at the beginning of the 
present century. 

Procopius of France, The. An 
appellation given to Victor Siri, 
who, though an Italian annalist, 
lived much in France. Like the 
Procopius of the sixth century, he 
published a sort of account of 
nis own times, and was held in 
high estimation by the ruling 
powers, and carried on an exten- 



sive correspondence with, almost 
all the ministers of Europe. 

Prodigal, The. So Albert VI., 
Duke of Austria, is called. 

Prodigy of France, The. So 
Erasmus called G-uillaume Bude\ 

Prodigy of Learning 1 , The. So 
Jean Paul Bichter called Samuel 
Hahnemann. 

Prodigy of Literary Curiosity, 
A. An epithet given to William 
Oldys, an indefatigable anti- 
quary, by Disraeli, in his Curiosi- 
ties of Literature, who says : 

I hare now introduced the reader 
to Oldys sitting among his " poetical 
bags," Ms "parchment biographical 
budgets," his " catalogues," and his 
" diaries," often venturing a solitary 
groan, or active in some fresh in- 
quiry. Such is the silhouette of this 
prodigy of literary curiosity. 

Prof ound Doctor, The. Thomas 
Bradwardine. Vid. DOCTOR, PK.O- 

FUNDTJS. 

Prophet, The. A title applied to 
Bichard Brothers, a fanatic, who 
announced himself as " nephew 
of the Almighty and Prince of 
the Hebrews appointed to lead 
them, to the land of Canaan." 
Brothers, in 1794, published his 
Revealed Knowledge of the Proph- 
ecies and Times, and gained as 
adherents such men as Halhead, 
the Orientalist, and others. His 
actions at last attracted the at- 
tention of the British Govern- 
ment, and he was committed to 
an insane asylum for life. 

Prophet, The. Mahomet is called 
" the Prophet," and Joachim, 
Abbot of Fiore, is also alluded to 
under this name. 

Prophet of the Syrians, The. 
So Ephraem Syrus, who nour- 
ished in the fourth century, is 
called. 

Prose Ariosto, A. A name given 
to Matthew Bandellp, on account 
of his force and vividness, his 
sympathy with poetic situations 
and his unmistakable power to 
express them. J. A. Symonds, in 



PRO 



291 



PRO 



his Renaissance in Italy (v. 69- 
70), says : 

It would make the orthodox Ital- 
ian critics shudder in their graves to 
hear that he had been compared to 
Ariosto, yet a foreigner, gifted with 
obtuser sensibility to the refinements 
of Italian diction, may venture the 
remark that Bandello was a kind of 
prose Ariosto in the same sense as 
Heywood seemed a prose Shakes- 
peare to Charles Lamb. 

Prose Burns of Ireland, The. 
A name sometimes given to "Will- 
iam Carle ton, on account of Iiis 
peasant origin, his varied genius, 
his drudging life, his contempt 
for fraud and falsehood, his re- 
gard for home affections, and his 
pictures of rustic life. 

Prose Homer of Human Na- 
ture, The. So Byron calls 
Fielding. 

Prosper Marchand of English 
Literature, The. A title given 
to John Nichols, a literary edi- 
tor and collector of several works 
of great value to the student of 
English literature. Vid. Dis- 
raeli, Calamities of Authors. 

Prosperity Robinson. So "Will- 
iam Cobbett called Viscount 
G-oderich, Earl of Ripon, and 
chancellor of the exchequer in 
1823, "because the latter boasted 
of the prosperity of the English 
nation in the House in 1825, 
which speech was immediately 
succeeded by a financial crisis. 

Prospero. A character drawn to 
represent Francis Douce, the 
English antiquary, in Dibdin's 
Bibliomania, or Book-Madness, 
of whom the author says: 

Who that possesses a copy of 
Prospero's excellent volumes, al- 
though composed in a different 
strain (yet still more faithful in 
ancient matters), shall not love the 
memory and exalt the renown of 
such transcendent bibliomaniacs? 
The library of Prospero is indeed 
acknowledged to be without a rival 
in its way. How very pleasant it is 
only to contemplate such a goodly 
prospect of elegantly bound vol- 
umes of old English and French 
literature! and to think of the 



matchless stores which they contain, 
relating to our ancient popular tales 
and romantic legends. 

Protagonist in the Great Arena 
of Modern Poetry, The. So 
De Quincey, in his Biof/raphical 
and Historical Essays, styles 
William Shakespeare, 

Protector, The. Oliver Crom- 
well is generally so called, and 
also by the title of " Lord Pro- 
tector of the Commonwealth." 

The appellation " Protector" 
was also borne by the Earl of 
Pembroke in 1216 ; by Humphrey, 
Duke of Gloucester, in the fif- 
teenth century ; by Richard, Duke 
of Gloucester,* in 1483 ; and by the 
Duke of Somerset in 1548. 

Protesilaus. A character in 
F^nelon's Les Aveittures de TU- 
maqtte, which represents Fran- 
cois Michel Letellier, Marquis de 
Louvois, minister of war under 
Louis XIY. 

Protestant Duke, The. So 
Jarnes, Duke of Monmouth, the 
natural son of Charles II., is 
called by his admirers. He was 
brought up a Catholic, but em- 
braced the Protestant faith, and 
afterwards bitterly opposed the 
Duke of York. 

Protestant Livy, The. A nick- 
name given to John Sleidan, a 
German historian, on account of 
his history of the Reformation 
called The State of Religion in 
the Reign of Kaiser Karl V. 

Protestant Pope, The, is Clem- 
ent XIV., who issued the bull 
suppressing the Jesuits. 

Proteus, A. A name given to 
Kobert Persons, a celebrated 
Jesuit, who wrote under various 
pseudonyms, and sometimes de- 
nied his own work. Vid. Dis- 
raeli, Amenities of Literature. 

Proteus, The. So Churchill, in. 
The Rosciad (line 398), calls Sam- 
uel Foote, the actor, because the 
latter frequently personated two 
or more characters in the same 

In retaliation, Foote published 



PK.O 



292 



PUG 



a lampoon, in which he calls 
Churchill THE CLUMSY CURATE 
OF CLAPHAM. 

Proteus of the Stage, That. So 
William Whitehead, in an Ode 
to JJavid Garrick, calls the lat- 
ter. 

Proteus of Their Talents, The. 
So Lord Byron, in Childe Harold 
(iii. 106), calls Voltaire. 
Proteus Priestley. A nickname 
given to Joseph Priestley^ be- 
cause of the variety of subjects 
upon which he wrote, and the 
number of works he published 
(141 in number, 10 in one year), 
by Mathias, in In's Pursuits of 
Literature (dialogue first, lines 
41-44), where he says : 
If I may write, let Proteus Priestley 

tell, 

He writes on all things, but on noth- 
ing well; 

Who, as the daemon of the day de- 
crees, 

Air, books, or water, makes with 
equal ease. 

Proto-Re"bel, The. A nickname 
given to William, Duke of 
Queensberry, because he was the 
first Scotchman that recognized 
and took part in the great revo- 
lution of 1688. Vid. Wilkins, 
Political Ballads (ii. 64). 

Protovates Ang-liee. It was this 
name which Robert "Whitynton, 
or Whittington, bestowed upon 
Mmself, " which was much 
stomached," says Wood, in his 
Athens^ Oxoniensis, "by Will. 
Harmon and W, Lilye, and 
scorned by others of his profes- 
sion, who knew him to be con- 
ceited, and to set an high value 
upon himself, more than he 
should have done." 

Proud, The. The following per- 
sons have been thus titled : 

Otho IV., Emperor of Ger- 
many. 

Albrecht I., Margrave of 
Meissen. 

Tarquin II., King of Borne in 
the sixth century B. C., was 
called " Superbus," meaning 
"the Proud." 



Proud Boling-broke. A sobri- 
quet bestowed on Henry St. 
-John, Viscount Bolingbroke. 

Proud Duke, The. So Charles 
Seymour, Duke of Somerset, is 
called, because he would never 
allow his children to sit in his 

Eresence, and would only speak 
y signs to his servants. 

Proudest Boast of the Caledo- 
nian Muse, The. An epithet 
which was given to Sir Walter 
Scott by Anna Seward. in her 
letters. 

Proudest of the Proud. So 
Churchill, in The Rosciad (line 
74), calls Alexander Wedder- 
burne, Lord Loughborough. 

Prussian Pindar, The. A nick- 
name given to Johann Gottlieb 
Willamow, who, in heavy dithy- 
rambs, attempted to glorify Fred- 
erick the Great as a prince, hero, 



Prynne of His Day, The. A 
nickname given to Philip Stubbs, 
a rigid Calvinist, a bitter enemy 
of popery, and, like William 
Prynne, a great corrector of 
the vices and abuses of his 
time. 

Pseudoplutarch. Under this 
name Milton, in his Pro Populo 
Anr/licano Defensio (cap. iv.), 
addresses King Charles. 

Publius Ovid. A character in 
Jonson's Poetaster, drawn to 
represent John Marston, the 
English dramatist, who was the 
author of Metamorphosis of Pig- 
maliori's Image. 

Pucelle, La. Jeanne d'Arc. Vid. 
THE MAID OF ORLEANS. 

Puck in Literature, The. A 
name given to Horace Walpole, 
for his fabrications in literature, 
by Disraeli, in his Curiosities of 
Literature, who says: 

Such another Puck was Horace 
Walpole! The King of Prussia's 
Letter to Rousseau, and The Memo- 
rial, pretended to have been signed 
by noblemen and gentlemen, were 
fabrications, as he confesses, only to 

make mischief. It well became 



PUG 



293 



FYT 



him, whose happier invention, The 
Castle of Otranto, was brought for- 
ward in the guise of forgery, so un- 
feelingly to have reprobated the in- 
nocent inventions of Chattertoiu 

Puck of Commentators, The. 
A name given to George Steevens, 
the Shakespearian commentator. 

Pulpit-Physician, A. A popu- 
lar nickname for Dr. Henry 
Saciieverell. Vid. Wilkins, Po- 
litical Ballads (ii. 99). 

Pulteney's Toad-Eater. So 
Wai pole called Henry Vane, in 
1742. 

Punk, A. So Pope, in Ms Moral 
Essays (i. lol), calls Cleopatra, 
Queen of Egypt. 

Purging Colonel, The. A nick- 
name given to Colonel Pride, 
one of the " Lords " created by 
Cromwell. Vid. Wilkins, Polit- 
ical Jtallads (i. 136). 

Purist of Language, The. So 
"Van Laun calls Malherbe, the 
French poet. Vid. THE ORACLE 
OF GOOD-SENSE. 

Puritan Captain, The. A pop- 
ular name for Miles Standish. 

Puritan Pepys, A. A nickname 
given to Samuel Sewall, a judge 
in early New England, on ac- 
count of his diary, which, was 
published in Boston in 1878, and 
is a quaint and voluminous 
record of New England life, 
from 1074 for half a century on- 
ward. The name was given him 
by Lodge, in his Studies in His- 
tory (Boston, 1884), who runs a 



literary analogy between the gay 
London lawyer and the simply 
equipped Puritan. 

Puritan Plato, The. John 
Howe. Vid. THE PLATONIC 
PURITAN. 

Puritanical Bishop, The. A 
name given to Bishop Potter of 
Carlisle. 

Purse. A name given to Presi- 
dent Franklin Pierce by his 
friends. Vid. Perley Poore's 
Reminiscences (i. 414). 

Puttoc, or THE KITE. A name 
bestowed on JElfric, Archbishop 
of York. 

Pygmalion, in Fenelon's Telf- 
ma q ue, represents in part Louis 
XIV. Vid. ASTARBE. 

Pygmalion Hazlitt. A name by 
which William Hazlitt was often 
spoken of by the vrits of London 
and Edinburgh. He had written 
a strange volume, called Liber 
Amoris, or the Modern Pygmal- 
ion, in which he related how 
much he was enamoured of and 
ludicrously jilted by the daugh- 
ter of a tailor in whose house he 
lodged. 

Pyrocles, in Sidney's Arcadia, is 
probably intended for the author 
himself. Vid. ASTROPHEL. 

Python. A name given to John 
Dennis, on account of his exces- 
sive petulance, temper, and fierce 
hatred. Vid. Disraeli, Quarrels 
of Authors. 



QUA 



294 



QUE 



Q- 



Quack in Commentatorship, A. 
A name given to Bishop War- 
burton. Disraeli, in his Quarrels 
of Authors, says : 

I have here no concern with War- 
burton's character as a polemical 
theologist; this lias been the business 
of that polished aiid elegant scholar, 
Bishop Lowth, who has shown what 
it is to be in Hebrew literature a 
Quack in Commentatorship and a 
Mountebank in Criticism. It is 
curious to observe that Warburton, in 
the wild chase of originality, often 
too boldly took the bull by the horns, 
for he often adopted the very reason- 
ings and objections of infidels. 

Quack Maurus, in Dryden's pro- 
logue to The Pilf/nm, is intended 
for Sir Richard Blackmore. 

Quacks of Government, The. 
So Butler, in his Hudibras (pt. 
III. ii. 333), designates Sir An- 
thony Ashley Cooper, Messrs. 
Hollis, Grimstoiie, Annesley, 
Manchester, Roberts, and others, 
who, perceiving that Richard 
Cromwell was unable to conduct 
the government, thought it pru- 
dent to secure their own interests 
as speedily as possible. 

Quaker Poet, The. This title is 
given to Bernard Barton, the au- 
thor of Household Verses (1845), 
etc. ; to John Scott, who wrote 
Critical Essays on the English 
Poets ; and to the American poet 
John Greenleaf Whittier. 

Queen Bess. Elizabeth, Queen 
of England, is frequently thus 
termed. 

Queen Dick. A nickname given 
to Richard Cromwell. 

Queen of Carthage, The. A 
nickname given to Claire Jo- 
seplie Hippolyte de la Tude 



Clairon, a distinguished French 
actress, for her admirable per- 
sonification of Dido in a tragedy 
of that name. 

Queen of Hearts, The. So Eliz- 
abeth, the daughter of James 
I. and^Queen of Bohemia, was 
called in the Low Countries, in 
consequence of her amiable dis- 
position even while beset with 
adversity. Vid. Masson, Life of 
Milton (v. 29). 

Queen of Horror, The. A name 
bestowed on Mrs. Anne Rad- 
cliffe, on account of the sensa- 
tional characteristics of her nov- 
els. 

Queen of Queens, The. So 
Antony called Cleopatra, the 
Queen of Egypt. 

Queen of Tears, The. A sobri- 
quet bestowed on Mary of Mode- 
na, the second wife of James II. 
of England. 

Her eyes became eternal fountains 
of sorrow for that crown her own 
ill policy contributed to lose. Noble. 

Queen of the American Stage, 
The. A nickname given to Mrs. 
Mary Ann Buff. Vid. THE Sn>- 
ONS OF AMERICA. 

Queen of the East, The. So 
Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, 
styled herself, after the death of 
her husband, Odenatus, A. D. 
267. 

Queen of Virgins, The. A name 
sometimes given to Queen Eliza- 
beth of England, on account of 
her meddling with the love-af- 
fairs of her subjects. Disraeli, 
in his Amenities of Liter ature t 
says: 

And subsequently the law conse- 
crated what love had already irrev- 
ocably joined. But envy with, its 



QUE 



295 



QUI 



evil eye was peering. The Queen of 
Virgins, implacable in love-treasons, 
sent the lovers to the Tower. 

Queen Sarah. A nickname given 
to Sarah Jennings, Duchess of 
Marlborough, who, when twelve 
years of age, came into the ser- 
vice of the Duchess of York, and 
became the chosen and most in- 
timate friend of Princess Anne, 
over whom, after her accession 
to the throne, she exercised the 
influence due to a superior and 
extremely active mind. Her 
power was almost boundless, and 
she was the secret and almost the 
sole adviser of the queen, in po- 
litical as well as private transac- 
tions. The Whig ministry de- 
pended upon her support, the 
eyes of every aspirant for court 
favor were fixed on her alone, 
and the direction of the affairs 
not only of England but almost 
all Europe may be said to have 
been vested in her hands. Her 
rule, however, became intoler- 
able to the queen, and the 
duchess, after ruling the councils 
and playing a desperate and con- 
temptible game for power the 
sport of her own turbulent pas- 
sions, and the victim of the per- 
fidy and artifices of others re- 
tired to private life. During her 
power, when she disposed of 
places and offices at her pleasure, 
she was frequently called THE 
VICEROY, but when she had lost 
her influence she was called OLD 
SARAH by the politicians. 

Queen-Square Hermit, The. 
A nickname given to Jeremy 
Bentham, who resided at No. 1. 
Queen Square, London. 

Queen Zarah, in Mrs. Manley's 
Secret History of Queen Zarah, 
is intended for Sarah, Duchess 
of Marlborough. 

Queen's Favorite Physician, 
The. So Dean Swift frequently 
calls Dr. John Arbuthnot. 



Quidnunc, the principal char- 
acter in Murphy's farce The 
Upholsterer, or What News, was 
drawn from the father of Dr. 
Arne, and his sister Mrs. Gibber, 
who lived in King Street, Covent 
Garden. Vid. also The Tatler 
(No. 155, etseq.). 

Quietist, The. A title bestowed 
on Miguel de Molinos, the last 
reviver of the peculiar sect 
entitled "Quietists." 

Quisquilius. One of the char- 
acters of Dibdin's Bibliomania, 
or Book-Madness, drawn to 
represent George Baker, a lace- 
merchant of London. Early in 
life he showed a taste for art, 
and afterwards became a zealous 
and liberal collector of drawings, 
engravings, and valuable works 
of literature, in the choice of 
which he evinced a most accurate 
discrimination. These pursuits 
engaged much of the time he 
could spare from his business, 
and, together with the society of 
certain eminent artists, formed 
the chief source of his pleasure. 
In the works of Hogarth, 
AYoollet, and Bartolozzi, and in 
the publications which issued 
from the press at Strawberry 
Hill, his collection could hardly 
be surpassed. Dibdin, in his 
Bibliomania (p. 168), says: 

If one single copy of a work 
happened to be printed in a more 
particular manner than another; 
and if the compositor happen to 
have transposed or inverted a whole 
sentence or page ; of a plate or two, 
no matter of what kind, or how 
executed, which is not to be found 
in the remaining copies; if the 
paper happen to be unique in point 
of size whether Maxima or 
Minima^ oh, then, thrice happy is 
Quisquilius. 

Quixote of the North, The. So 
Charles XII., King of Sweden, is 
termed, on account of his erratic 
movements. 



KAB 



296 



RAL 



R. 



Rabbi Smith. A title given to 
Thomas Smith "for Ms great 
skill in the Oriental tongues." 

Rabelais of Good Society, The. 
An epithet sometimes given to 
Dean Swift. 

Rabelaisian Doctor, The. A 
nickname given to Guy Patin, a 
French physician, wit, and 
free-thinker. It was said of him 
that he was satirical from head 
to foot. His hat, collar, cloak, 
doublet, hose and boots, in fact 
his whole costume, were a defi- 
ance to fashion and a protest 
against vanity. 

Rabsheka, in bryden and Tate's 
satire of Absalom aiid Achitophel, 
is intended for Sir Thomas 
Player. Co??/. 2 Kings xviii. 

Radirobanes, in Alexander Bar- 
clay's romance of Aryems, is 
intended for Philip II.,' King of 
Spain. 

Rag 1 Smith. A nickname given 
to Edmond Smith, the author of 
the Ode on the Death of Dr. 
Pocock, and an intimate friend 
of Addison. 

Eag was a man of flue accomplish- 
ments and graceful humor, but, like 
other scholars of the same class, 
indolent and licentious. In spite of 
great indulgence extended to him by 
the authorities of Christ Church, he 
was expelled from the university in 
consequence of his irregularities. 
His friends stood by him, and, 
through the interest of Addison, a 
proposal was made to him to under- 
take a history of the Revolution, 
which, however, from political 
scruples, he felt himself obliged to 
decline. Like Addison, he wrote a 
tragedy modelled on classical lines; 
but, as it had no political signifi- 
cance, it only pleased the critics, 
without, like Cato, interesting the 



public. Courthope, Addison (Eng- 
lish Men of Letters), p. 30. 

Haider, The. A nickname given 
"by his soldiers to Gen. Judson 
Kilpatrick, but, as so many 
commanders were noted for 
celebrated raids, it ceased to be 
a distinguishing mark, and fell 
into disuse before it was really 
accepted. 

Rail- Splitter, The. So Abra- 
ham Lincoln is named, because 
it is said that he once supported 
himself by splitting rails for a 
farmer. 

Railway King 1 , The. Sydney 
Smith bestowed this title on 
George Hudson, the chairman of 
the North Midland Company. 

Jay Gould and William H. 
Vanderbilt are also so nick- 
named. 

Rainy-Day Smith. A nickname 
given to John Thomas Smith, 
the English antiquary. 

Ralph, the squire of Hudibras, in 
Butler's poem of that name, 
represents the Anabaptist or 
Independent faction. (Vi$. pt. 
I. i. 457). 

Sir Roger 1' Estrange supposes 
that this character is a satirical 
portrait of one Isaac Robinson, a 
butcher in Moorfields; others 
imagine that Ralph was designed 
for Premble,a tailor,and one of the 
committee of sequestrators. Dr. 
Grey thinks that the name was 
taken from the grocer's appren- 
tice in Beaumont and Fletcher's 
play The Knight of the. Burning 
Pestle; and Mr. Pemberton, a 
godson of Butler, said that the 
character was intended for 
Kalph Bedford, member of 



KAL 



297 



REA 



Parliament for the town of Bed- 
ford. 

Balph Big-od, in Charles Lamb's 
Jssay& of tili<i, is intended for 
John Ralph Fenwick. 

Baminagrobis. A name under 
which Guillaume Cre'tin, a 
French poet, iigures in Rabelais' 
Pantuyrud (bk. iii. chap. xxi.). 

Rantipole. A nickname be- 
stowed on the Emperor Napoleon 
III., on account of his escapades 
at Strasbourg and Boulogne. 
The word signifies a madcap 
fellow; thus Caiman, in The 
Heir at Law : 
Dick, be a little rantipolish. 

Raphael of Cats, The. So Gode- 
froi Mind, a Swiss painter, noted 
for his pictures of cats, was 
called. 

Raphael of Domestic Art, The. 
A nickname given to Sir David 
"Wilkie, the Scotch artist, on 
account of his many pictures of 
familiar subjects and illustrations 
of home scenes. 

Raphael of England, The. A 
name given to Sir Joshua Rey- 
nolds. 

When Reynolds returned from 
Italy, warm Vith all the excellence 
of his art, and painted a portrait, his 
old master, Hudson, viewing it, and 
perceiving no trace of his own man- 
ner, exclaimed that he did not paint 
so well as when he left England; 
while another, who conceived no 
higher excellence than Kneller, 
treated with signal contempt the 
future Raphael of England. Dis- 
raeli, Tfie Literary Character. 

Raphael of Music, The. A 
nickname given to John Chrys- 
ostorn "Wolfgang Theophilus 
Mozart. 

Raphael of the Parc-aux-Cerfs, 
The. A name given to Fran- 
cois Boucher, of whom Henri 
Martin, in his History of France, 
says: 

He left nothing subsisting but in- 
sipid tameness and vulgar license, 
like the dregs of evaporated liquor. 
Boucher was worthy to be the 
Raphael of the Parc-aux-Cerfs, All 



sentiment of the beautiful and the 
ideal was so far lost that men asso- 
ciated these two names, Raphael 
and Boucher, without thinking it 
blasphemy, and as if the one was 
the legitimate successor of the 
other. 

Rapt Sag-e, The, in James Beat- 
tie's work entitled On a Report 
of a Monument to be Erected in 
Westminster Abbey to the Mem- 
ory of a Into Author (line 41), is 
intended for Plato. 

In the same (line 37), Edward 
Young 1 is called THE HOARY 
BARD OF NIGHT; Alcsens (line 
4.H), THE INDIGNANT BARB; and 
Sir Richard Blackmore and Fran- 
cis Quarles are termed (line 77) 
THOSE BLOCKHEADS OF RE- 
NOWN. 

Rare Ben. So Shakespeare 
called Ben Jonson. Aubrey, in 
his Letters, states that the in- 
scription " 0, Bare Ben Jonson" 
on his monument in Westmin- 
ster Abbey u was done at the 
charge of Jack Young," an 
eccentric gentleman, afterwards 
knighted, " who, walking there 
when the grave was covering, 
gave the fellow eigh teen-pence to 
cut it." 

Rare Sr. Will. Davenant was 
inscribed on the dramatist's tomb- 
stone, in imitation of the inscrip- 
tion on Ben Jonson "s monument. 
Vid* Aubrey '$ Letters. 

Barest Poet, Our. So Francis 
Meres, in his Palladls Tamia, 
calls Sir Philip Sidney. 

Bat, The. Sir Richard Ratcliffe. 
Vid. THE CAT. 

Be del Cantatori, IL A title 
given to the celebrated Bolog- 
nese master and singer, Antonio 
Bernacchi. 

Be G-alantruomo. Victor Em- 
manuel II., King of Italy. Vid. 
THE GALLANT KING. 

Seasoning- Engine, A. Accord- 
ing to a letter from Warburton. 
to Hurd, dated April 21, 1750, 
Voltaire gave this title to Dr. 
Samuel Clarke, the friend of 
Newton. 



BED 



298 



REP 



Red, The. A nickname given to 
Otho II., King of Germany, on 
account of the color of his hair. 
Vid. EUFUS and BARBABOSSA. 

Red. Comyn. Sir John Comyn 
of Badenoch, son of Marjory, the 
sister of John Baliol, King of 
Scotland. He received this so- 
briquet from his ruddy complex- 
ion and red hair, to distinguish 
him from Ms kinsman BLACK 
COMYN, whose hair was black 
and complexion swarthy. John 
Comyn was stabbed in the church 
of the Minorites at Dumfries by 
Sir Robert Bruce, and was after- 
wards despatched by Lindesay 
and Kirkpatrick. 

Red Doug-las, The. A nick- 
name given to Archibald Doug- 
las, fourth Earl of Angus. 
When his kinsman James, 
ninth Earl of Douglas, called 
THE BLACK DOUGLAS, engaged 
in schemes against James II., he 
attached himself to the king, 
and when the sentence of for- 
feiture was passed upon the trai- 
tor, the Douglas lands were 
divided among the Angus branch 
of the family, and so, in the 
phrase of the time, ''the Bed 
Douglas" such was the com- 
plexion of Angus "put down 
the Black." He afterwards was 
wounded at the siege of Rox- 
burgh, and opposed Edward IV. 
at Alnwick. He was succeeded 
by his son Archibald, called 
BELL-THE-CAT (q. v.). 

Redeemed Captive, The. A 
name given to the Rev. John 
Williams, a New England 
clergyman, who was held in cap- 
tivity by the Indians for two 
years. He published a narrative 
of his experiences,under the pseu- 
donym of " The Redeemed Cap- 
tive," and the title was there- 
after applied to him. 

Red Mane. So Magnus, Earl of 
Northumberland, was called, on 
account of his long red beard. 
He was slain in the battle of 
Sark. 



He was remarkable for his long 
red beard, and was therefore called 
by the English Magnus Red-beard; 
but the Scotch in derision called 
him Magnus with the JRed Mane. 
Godscroft (p. 178). 

Reformed Michael Ang-elo, 
The. An epithet given to Pel- 
legrinp Tibaldi, an Italian artist, 
sometimes called Pellegrino Pel- 
legrini. He decorated the pal- 
ace of Cardinal Poggio in 
Bologna, and the Escurial in 
Spain. His best architectural 
work was the facade attached to 
the cathedral of Milan, Italy. 

Reformer of a Kingdom, The. 
An epithet sometimes applied to 
John Knox, the Scottish re- 
former. 

Reformer of Astronomy, The. 
An appellation given to Coper- 
nicus. He showed that the 
earth is not the centre of our 
system, and that day and night 
are not due to the sun moving 
round our earth; he proved the 
revolution of the planets around 
the sun, and that the earth has 
two motions. These ideas were 
not new, having been suggested 
long before by Pythagoras, but 
Copernicus disinterred them, 
brought them to the front, and 
gave them increased probability. 

Registrar Sam, one of the inter- 
locutors in the Noctes Ambro- 
sianse, is Samuel Anderson, once 
a wine merchant of Edinburgh, 
whom Lord Brougham appointed 
Kegistrar of the Court of Chan- 
cery. 

Religious Machiavel, That. A 
name given to John Knox by 
Disraeli, in his Curiosities of 
Literature, who says: 

The secret history of toleration 
among certain parties has been dis- 
closed to us by a curious document 
from that religious Machiavel, the 
fierce, ascetic republican John Knox, 
a Calvinistical pope, 

Renould, in Jules Valles' Le 
Bachdier, is intended for 
Arthur Arnould. 

Republican Doctor, The, in 
Tobias Smollett's Adventures of 



KEP 



299 



RIG 



Roderic Random, was meant for 
Dr. Mark Akenside, whose his- 
tory forms one of the most agree- 
able episodes in Peregrine 
Pickle. 

Republican Queen, The. A 

title given to Sophie Charlotte, 
the wife of Frederick I., King of 
Prussia. 

Resolute, The. A nickname 
given to Johnes Florio, tutor to 
Prince Henry, a philologist and 
lexicographer, whom Shakes- 
peare has ridiculed in his Love's 
Labor's Lost. Vid, HOLO- 

FERNES. 

Resolute Doctor, The. A title 
given to John Bacon, born at 
the latter end of the thirteenth 
century, in the village of Ba- 
conthorpe, Norfolk, Eng., and, 
after some years spent in the 
Convent of Blackney, he re- 
moved to Oxford, and thence 
to Paris, where degrees both in 
law and divinity were conferred 
upon him. He was considered 
the head of the Averroists, and 
in 1333 was invited by letters to 
Koine. Paulus Pansa, writing 
of him from thence, says: 
"This one resolute doctor has 
furnished the Christian religion 
with armor against the Jews 
stronger than any of Vulcan's," 
etc. 

Respectable Hottentot, The. 
A name which Lord Chesterfield 
uses in his letters to represent 
Samuel Johnson. This hap- 
pened after Johnson had been 
treated uncivilly by Chesterfield 
and had written him a sarcastic 
letter. 

Restless Daniel. So Pope, in The 
Dvnciad (i. 103), calls Daniel 
Defoe. 

Restorer of German Poetry, 
The . _A nickname given to Mar- 
tin Opitz, who was the founder 
of a school of poetry '* in which 
tinsel and tawdry were made to 
supply the places of breathing 
thoughts and burning words.*' 



Restorer of Parnassus, The. 
A sobriquet conferred on Juan 
Melendez Valdes, the Spanish 
poet, on account of his influence 
on contemporary literature. 

Restorer of Science in Ger- 
many, The. An appellation 
fiven to Johann Christoph 
turm of Bavaria, who popular- 
ized and. restored science in Ger- 
many, published several excel- 
lent compilations, but no orig- 
inal work. His writings are 
now rendered obsolete by the 
progress made in the several 
sciences to which they relate. 

Reverend Billy. So Gray called 
his friend, the Bev. William 
Robinson, a younger brother of 
the celebrated Mrs. Montagu. 
Vid. Gosse, Gray, in English Men 
of Letters (cap.Viii.). 

Reverend Levi. So the Earl of 
Roscommoii calls John Dry den, 
in his remarks upon the latter's 
work Religio Laid. 

Rev. Mr. Charles Plyades, The, 
who is mentioned in one of the 
letters from Walpole to Lord 
Hertford as having "forsaken 
his consort and the nanses, and 

fone off with a stone-cutter's 
aughter," is Charles Churchill, 
the poet, who in 1763 formed an 
intimacy with Miss Carr, the 
daughter of a highly respectable 
sculptor of Westminster. 

Rhody, A nickname given by his 
soldiers to General Burnside, he 
having formerly been colonel of 
the First Rhode Island regiment. 

Rhone of Christian Eloquence, 
The. St. Hilary is "so called, 
"from the vehemence of his 
style." 

Rhymer, The. Thomas Lear- 
mount Vid. THOMAS THB 
RHYMER. 

Rhyming" Barber, The. Dome- 
nico di Giovanni. Vid. IL BUR- 

CHIELLO. 

Rich, The. Both Otto, Earl of 
Ascania and Ballenstedt, and 
Otto, Margrave of Meissen, are 
so called. Vid. THE BEAR. 



EIC 



300 



KOB 



Rich, The. Ludwig IX., Duke of 
Bavaria in the fifteenth century, 
was known as " derBeiche," or 
"the Bich." Vid. Allgemeine 
Deutsche BiograpMe (xis. 509). 

Rich Spenser. A nickname be- 
stowed on Sir John Spenser, who 
was lord mayor of London in 
1594, and is said to have died 
possessed of 800,000, acquired in 
the pursuits of commerce. 

Richardson of Athens, The. 
Thespis. Vid. THE FATHER OF 
TRAGEDY. 

Rigdum Funnidos. Scott so 
nicknamed his publisher, John 
Ballantyrie, because he was full 
of 'fun. The idea is taken from 
a character in Carey's "burlesque 
of Ghrononhotonthologus. 

Rinaldo. One of the characters 
in Dibdin's Bibliographical De- 
cameron, and in the same au- 
thor's Bibliomania, or Book-Mad- 
ness, drawn to represent James 
Edwards, a London bookseller. 
In the latter work (p. 182) , the 
author says : 

I do not know whether he would 
not sacrifice the whole right wing of 
his army, for the securing of some 
magnificent treasures in the empire 
of his neighbor Mnaldo; for there 
he sees and adores, with the rapture- 
speaking eye of a classical biblio- 
maniac, the tall,thick,clean, brilliant, 
and illuminated copy of Livy upon 
vellum, enshrined in an impenetra- 
ble oaken case, covered with choice 
morocco. 

Ring-lets. So General George H. 
Ouster was nicknamec^ by his 
soldiers, "on account of his long, 
flowing curls." 

Rival of Homer, The. An epi- 
thet given to John Milton by 
Disraeli, in his Quarrels of Au- 
thors, who says : 

The divine author of Paradise Zost 
was always connected with the man 
for whom a reward was offered in 
lUe London Gazette. But in their 
triumph the lovers of monarchy 
missed their greater glory, in not 
separating forever the republican 
secretary of state from the rival of 
Homer. 



Rival to the God of Harmonie, 

A. So James Shirley, in the 
prologue to his play The Sisters, 
calls Ben Jonsoii. 

River of Paradise, The. So St. 
Bernard, Abbot of Clairvaux in 
the twelfth century, was called. 
He was "the Last of the 
Fathers.'* 

Roaring* Bob of the Garden.. 
A nickname given by Garrick to 
Bobert Bensley, an actor, who 
lived at one time in the south-east 
Covent Garden Piazzas. Differ- 
ent opinions have been given of 
his acting, but all seem to agree 
that his deportment was falsely 
consequential, his action mostly 
extravagant, his voice harsh, 
with a nasal pronunciation ; and 
he api>ears to have been a man of 
more than ordinary intelligence, 
who combated, with difficulty, 
serious physical disqualifications. 

Robber, The. So the Scotch 
called Edward IV., King of Eng- 
land. 

Robert the Devil. A title given 
to Bobert I., Duke of Normandy, 
on account of his daring and 
cruelty. He is also called BOB- 
ERT THE MAGNIFICENT. Vid. 
LE DIAJBLE. 

Bobert Francois Damiens, who 
attempted to assassinate Louis 
XV., King of France, has also 
been nicknamed BOBERT THE 
DEVIL. 

Roberto. A name under which 
Bobert Greene, the English 
dramatist, describes himself in 
his Groats-worth of Wit, bought 
with a Million of Hepentaunce 
(London, 1592). 

Robin Bluestring. A title be- 
stowed by Horace Wai pole, in his 
letters, upon Sir Bobert Walpole. 
He wore the blue ribbon of the 
Order of the Garter. Vid. Han- 
nay, Satire and Satirists (p. 186). 

Robin Good-Fellow of the 
Stag-e, The. So Fitzgerald, in 
his New History of the English 
Stage, calls Richard Suett, the 
comedian. 



BOB 



SOI 



BOB 



Boom Hood of the Lowlands, 

The. A nickname given to Rob- 
ert Macgregor Campbell. Vid. 
ROB ROY. 

Bob Boy. A nickname given to 
Robert Macgregor Campbell, a 
man who has become the theme 
of popular legend in Scotland to 
an extent little short of Robin 
Hood in England, and has had 
the fortune to be embalmed by 
Scott in an undying prose fiction, 
of which his name gives the title. 
The Clan Gregiour, anciently 
known as the Clan Albin, to 
which he belonged, was a race of 
men so utterly infamous for 
thieving, spoliation, outrage, and 
murder, that they were placed 
under proscription by an act of 
Parliament. From this clan had 
descended the royal family of 
Stuart, and the Macgregors bore 
upon their shields, in Goelic, the 
words, " My tribe is royal." By 
the edict of Parliament the very 
name of Gregor was blotted out, 
those who had hitherto borne it 
were commanded to change it 
under pain of death, and those 
appellations which they had 
been accustomed from infancy to 
cherish were forbidden. Charles 
II., in 16(53, removed in some 
measure the proscription, and 
gave them some privileges. 
When Robert was born, it was a 
felony still to bear the name of 
Macgregor, and he adopted the 
maiden name of his mother, 
Campbell, and his kindred added 
the name Roy, a Celtic word ex- 
pressive of his ruddy complexion 
and red hair. In his youth he 
was occupied in acquiring the 
rude accomplishments of the age, 
and was distinguished for his 
skill in the use of the broadsword, 
in which the uncommon length 
of his arm was of much advan- 
tage. It is said he could tie with- 
out stooping the garters of his 
Highland hose, which are placed 
two inches below the knee. He 
was educated in the Presbyterian 
faith, and was not free from the 



superstitious notions prevalent in 
his country. 

"When he became of age, lie 
took a tract of land in Balquihid- 
der, and entered upon the business 
of grazing and rearing cattle for 
the English market. His herds 
were often stolen by banditti 
from the neighboring counties, 
and, to protect himself, he mam- 
tained a party of men, to which 
may be attributed the warlike 
habits he afterwards acquired. 
He also protected his neighbors' 
flocks, in return for which he 
levied a tax, called "black- 
mail/ 5 from the color of his 
soldiers* dress, in contradistinc- 
tion to the red soldiers, leidar 
deamg, and sometimes called 
the black watch . By his marriage 
to a daughter of the laird of Glen- 
falloch, and by the death of his 
father, he acquired the estates 
of Craig Roystonandlnversnaid, 
near the head of Loch Lomond, 
and from these estates he as- 
sumed sometimes the name of 
Craig Royston and sometimes 
that of Baron of Inversnaid, but 
was generally called Macgregor 
of Inversnaid. The influence of 
an energetic and powerful mind 
was soon exhibited in the celeb- 
rity which he acquired in the 
neighboring co-unties . The pe- 
culiar constitution of the Clan 
Macgregor rendered them com- 
pact and formidable, and he was 
acknowledged as their leader; 
but in all the forays so common 
at that time he took little or no 
part, yet the terror of his name 
caused him to receive the credit 
of much that occurred in the 
vicinity. 

The business of cattle-raising 
being successful, he entered into 
a partnership with the Duke of 
Montr ose and others, who were 
to furnish him with money, and 
share the profits. All went well 
till the defalcations of a subordi- 
nate agent, named Macdonald, 
which cut short his career in 
trade, and left Rob Roy ^ in 
serious pecuniary difficulties. 



BOB 



Montrose, a poor representative 
of his illustrious great-grand- 
father, sent his factor, Graham 
of Killearn, to fall upon the 
property at Inverness. Bob 
Roy tied to the Highlands, and 
to this period is assigned a total 
change in his hahits and .charac- 
teristics. He was followed by 
his wife, -who was by no means 
the masculine and cruel woman 
Scott has described. She was 
one of the most determined of 
her sex, and her natural boldness 
of spirit was exaggerated by the 
insult which she and her husband 
never forgave the forcible ex- 
pulsion of herself and family, 
by Montrose's agent, from her 
home. The loss of property was 
nothing when compared with the 
galling recollection of circum- 
stances connected with the ex- 
pulsion, and nothing but death 
could blot it from their memories. 
Bob Roy removed to Craig 
Boyston, a place surrounded 
with rocks and mountains, on the 
borders of Loch Lomond, a most 
romantic spot, of such safety and 
strength that a person supplied 
with ammunition could easily 
destroy a considerable army if 
they came to attack him, and at 
the 'same time be unseen. When 
the general condition of the 
country and the ordinary strain 
of men's ideas in that age are 
considered, it is not strange that 
he sought a wild and lawless 
way to right himself with his 
oppressors' above all, the Duke 
of Montrose. From the rough 
country around his home he 
could "any night swoop down 
upon his grace's Lowland farms, 
and make booty of meal and 
cattle. He was joined by other 
Macgregors, who had not for- 
gotten their wrongs, and who 
looked to him as their leader. 
His personal appearance added 
to the impression of his singular 
qualities. His beard over a foot 
long ; his stature not the tallest, 
but his person uncommonly 
strong and compact ; his face as 



302 HOB 

well as his body covered with 
dark red hair; his countenance 
stern in the hour of peril, "but in 
calmer moments frank and 
kindly; and his muscular 
strength, which, added to his 
quick perception of character 
and penetration into human 
motives, gave him the repute 
and name of the Kobin Hood of 
the Lowlands. He knew well 
how to work upon the feelings 
of his followers, and with them 
under his influence he deter- 
mined to molest all who were 
not of Jacobite principles, and 
all who had injured him. Mont- 
rose was the first object of his 
wrath. Hearing that the ten- 
antry of the duke had notice to 
pay their rents, he mustered his 
men, and, visiting the tenants, 
compelled them to pay him the 
money, giving them receipts 
which discharged them from 
any future call from the duke. 
This predatory war was carried 
on for a considerable time, 
favored by the nature of the 
country and the secret good- 
wishes of the Highlanders, who 
gave timely warning when R-oVs 
enemies were approaching. He 
ruled triumphant, but he gave to 
the poor what he took from the 
rich. He had but little of the 
ferocity of his race in his com- 
position and never caused unnec- 
essary bloodshed, nor was he a 
contriver of any act of cruel 
revenge. Strange to say, while 
thus setting the law at defiance, 
he obtained a certain steady 
amount of countenance and 
protection from the Dukes of 
Argyle and Breadalbane. 

In 1713 a garrison was estab- 
lished at Inversnaid to check 
the irruptions of his party. Kob 
bribed an old woman of his clan, 
who lived within the garrison, 
to distribute whiskey to the 
soldiers. While th ey were drunk 
he set fire to the fort. He was 
suspected of this outrage, but it 
passed with impunity, for no one 
dared to attack him. His num- 



ROB 



303 



BOB 



ber of followers increased, and 
the country was kept in continual 
awe by these marauders, who 
broke into houses and carried 
off the inmates, whom they held 
till heavy ransoms were paid. 
The chief laughed at justice, 
defied Montrose, and contrived 
his incursions with the utmost 
caution and secrecy. No person 
could travel near the abode of 
this mountain bandit without the 
risk of being captured, and he is 
even said to have threatened 
Montrose in his own residence. 
He supported his family and 
retainers upon the contents of a 
meal-store which the duke kept 
at Morilin ; and when any poor 
family in the neighborhood was 
in want, Rob went to the store- 
keeper, ordered what he wanted, 
and directed the tenants to carry 
it away. There was no power 
either of resistance or complaint, 
and the duke was compelled to 
bear his loss of stores or cattle in 
silence. He applied to the Privy 
Council for redress, and obtained 
the power of pursuing and re- 
pressing robbers, but the act, 
such was the dread of the 
Scottish Robin Hood's power, 
intentionally omitted Rob Roy's 
name. 

From that time Rob was not 
always safe, and he prepared a 
retreat for himself in a cave at 
the base of Ben Lomond, to 
which he retired when his ene- 
mies were too great in number 
for him to conquer. From this 
retreat he frequently emerged 
upon some errand of redress or 
distinction. He even committed 
his acts of revenge and depreda- 
tion within forty miles of the 
city of Glasgow. 

This proscribed, hunted, and 
reckless individual, burning un- 
der the consciousness of wrong, 
unable to retrace his path to a 
peaceable mode of life, was just 
the man to become a partisan to 
the Jacobite cause. In 1713 he 
had transactions with two emis- 
saries of the House of Stuart, 



for which he was called to ac- 
count by the commander-in-chief 
of the king's forces at Edinburgh, 
but escaped punishment. Many 
of the chieftains were arraying 
their people to follow them to 
the field and fight for the Pre- 
tender. Even"" the Duke of 
.Argyle, who had attached him- 
self to the Prince of Orange, 
was wavering in his resolutions, 
and under these circumstances 
the assistance of Rob Roy would 
have been of infinite importance 
to him. The most deadly feuds 
raged between him and Mont- 
rose, who, upon hearing that Rob 
was on friendly terms with 
Argyle, had sent to offer to the 
freebooter, not only that he would 
withdraw his claims on his es- 
tate, but also that he would give 
him a sum of money, if he would 
go to Edinburgh and give infor- 
mation against Argyle for treason- 
able practices. This base over- 
ture was indignantly rejected by 
Rob, who deigned not even a 
letter of reply, but contented him- 
self by telling Argyle of the 
overtures. Rob sympathized 
with the Jacobites, and said 
" that he desired no better break- 
fast than to see a Whig's house 
burning/' but he made both sides 
think he was of their respective 
parties. He waited to see which 
side prevailed, and then hastened 
to avail himself of an oppor- 
tunity of his darling pursuit 
plunder. At the battle of 
Sheriffmuir, alike afraid to of- 
fend King James and the Jacob- 
ites, or his patron the Duke of 
Argyle and Prince of Orange, 
he stood neutral. The severities 
which followed the Rebellion of 
1715, drove Rob Roy to a remote 
retreat in the Highlands, where 
he lived in a solitary hut, in pov- 
erty and idleness, and in dread 
of the pursuit of the agents of 
the law. Disappointed, pro- 
scribed, old and poor, his sorrows 
were made greater by the bad be- 
havior of sons, of whom he had 
five. As he declined in strength 



ROC 



304 



EOI 



he became more peaceable in 
disposition ; and his nephew, the 
head of the clan, renounced the 
enmity which had subsisted be- 
tween the Macgregors and the 
Duke of Montrose. Educated a 
Protestant, he became a Catholic 
long before his death. He said 
it " was a convenient religion 
which for a little money could 
put asleep the conscience, and 
clear the soul from sin." Later, 
he accompanied his nephew to 
the northern Highlands, and so 
enriched himself that he returned 
to the Braes of Balquihidder and 
began farming. His death-bed 
was in character with his life, for 
when he was confined to his bed, 
a person with whom he was at 
enmity proposed to visit him, and 
he exclaimed, "Raise me up, 
dress me in my best clothes, tie 
on my arms, place me in my 
chair. It shall never be said 
that Bob Roy was seen defence- 
less and unarmed by an enemy." 
He received his guest with 
haughty courtesy, and when he 
had departed the dying chief ex- 
claimed, "It is all over now 
put me to bed call in the piper ; 
let him play 'We return no 
more,' as long as I breathe." He 
died before the dirge was finished. 
His funeral was attended by all 
the people of the district, of all 
ranks, and deep regret was ex- 
pressed for one whose character 
had much to recommend it to the 
regard of Highlanders. 

Rock, in Jules Valles* Le Bacfie- 
lier, is intended for Arthur Bane. 

Rock of Chickamaug-a, The. A 
sobriquet applied to General 
George H. Thomas. Vid. John- 
son. Memoir of Mai .-Gen. Thomas 
(p. 252):- 

When steadfast he stood in Frick's 
Gap, on the field of Chickamauga, af- 
ter the column on both of his flanks 
had given way, the torrent of Bragg's 
onset, the hail of fire that swept the 
Union ranks, moved him not a jot 
from Ms firm base, and the billow 
that swamped the rest of the field re- 
coiled from him. "The rain de- 



scended, and the floods came and 
beat upon that house, and it fell not; 
for it was founded upon a rock." 
Thereafter the soldiers of the Army 
of the Cumberland were wont to 
call him "The Kock of Chicka- 
mauga." 

Rodomant, a character in Rumor, 
a novel by Elizabeth Sheppard, 
is intended for Beethoven, the 
composer. 

Roger of Bruges. So Roger van 
der Weyde, the painter, who was 
a native of Bruges, is called. 

Rogue of a Scot, A. A nick- 
name given to John Erskine, 
eleventh Earl of Mar, who 
headed the insurrection in Scot- 
land against the government in 
1715. Vid. Wilkins, Political 
Ballads (ii. 165). 

Roi des Braves, Le, or THE KING 
OF BRAVE MEN. So the valiant 
Henri IV. of France was called 
by his troops. 

Roi des Feuilletons, Le, or THE 
KING OF FEUILLETONS, is a title 
given to the French journalist 
Jules Gabriel Janin, for many 
years a critic on the Journal des 
Debats. 

Roi des Reptiles, Le. A nick- 
name given to the French natu- 
ralist, Bernard de la Ville, Comte 
de Lacepede, on account of his 
celebrated work, entitled Histoire 
des Reptiles. 

Roi Panade, Le, or THE KING OF 

SLOPS, is a nickname given to 
Louis XVIII., King of France. 
Roi Soleil, Le, or THE SUN KING. 
A nickname given to Louis XIV. 
of France, from his delight in 
appearing as Apollo, God of the 
Sun, at the fetes given at court 
or at the palaces of his courtiers. 
Kitchin, in his History of 
France (London, 1885; in. p. 
163), says : 

Louis was the centre of all ; myth- 
ological or classical shows displayed 
his fine figure and handsome face, as 
a hero or a god ; he delighted to ap- 
pear as an Apollo, God of the Sun, 
of culture, of the arts, dispensing 
vivifying smiles an& warmth of life. 



EOL 



305 



ROP 



The vaunting and menacing motto 
" Nee Pluribus Impar " first ap- 
peared at a great carousal at the 
Tuileries; in that device the mon- 
arch-sun shines brightly on the 
earth, as if, like Alexander, he 
longed for other worlds, that he 
might dazzle them with his light. 

Roland of the Army, The. A 
title conferred on Louis Vincent 
Joseph Le Blond, Comte de 
St. Hilaire, a French general, 
distinguished for his bravery. 

Remain, Le. A sobriquet con- 
ferred on Jean Dumont and 
Stephen Picart, the French ar- 
tists. Vid. ROMANO. 

Roman, The. A nickname given 
to Pierre Mignard, a French 
architect, on account of his long 
residence in Rome. 

Roman Beau Brummel, A. A 
nickname sometimes given to 
Caius Petronius, a Roman vo- 
luptuary. He was a native of 
Marseilles, but was educated in 
Rome, where he rose to the rank 
of consul and held the office of 
Governor of Bithynia. His 
profligacy is said to have been of 
the most superb and elegant 
description, and his grand am- 
bition was to shine as a court 
exquisite. Nero thought highly 
of him, and would not venture 
upon any new fashion till it had 
the approval of this oracle of 
style. Tigellinus, another favor- 
ite of Nero, conceived a hatred 
of Petronius, brought false accu- 
sations against him, and suc- 
ceeded in getting his whole 
household arrested. Petronius 
saw that his destruction was 
inevitable, and committed sui- 
cide. 

Roman Chaucer, The. So the 
poet Ennius has been styled. 

Roman Thucydides, The. A 
sobriquet bestowed on Caius 
Crispus Sallust, the eminent 
Roman historian, by Brake, in 
his Literary Hours (i. 390), who 
says : 

Sallust, the Roman Thucydides, 
has excelled his model; for, equally 



concise, energetic, and perspicuous, 
his sentences are less broken, less 
harsh, and more elegantly con- 
structed than those of the Grecian 
historian. No author is superior in 
the delineation of character; he has 
seized the delicate shades as well as 
the prominent features, and clothed 
them in the most rich and appropri- 
ate coloring. The pictures of Cse* 
sar, Cato, Jugurtha, and Bocchus 
disclose the hand of a master, and 
glow with life and beauty. 

Romano. A sobriquet conferred 
on the Italian painter Giulio 
Pippi. Adrian von Koomen, 
the mathematician, was called 
ADRIANUS E.OMANUS. 

Romeo Coates. A nickname 

fiven to E-obert Coates, a cele- 
rated London leader of fashion 
in the early part of the present 
century, on account of his love 
of amateur theatricals. 

Romulus of Brandenburg-, The. 
A nickname given to Henry I., 
King of Germany, because he 
established the marches of that 
country. In fact, before his 
time, the northern districts of 
the present Germany were in- 
habited by people who lived in 
small villages or separate settle- 
ments. He built fortified cities 
in place of these, and estab- 
lished six margraviates, one of 
which was Brandenburg. 

Ropemaker, This. A nickname 
given to Gabriel Harvey, which 
was very offensive to him, for he 
prided himself on his family alli- 
ances, and fastidiously looked 
askance on the trade of his 
father a rope-manufacturer. 
The epithet was applied by 
Greene, in his Quip for an Up- 
start Courtier (London, 1592), 
where he says: 

Indeed, I have been a Leiger in 
my time in London, I have plaied 
many mad pranckes, for which 
cause, you may apparantly see, I am 
made a curtal, for the Pillory (in the 
sight of a great many good and suf- 
ficient witnesses) hath eaten off 
both mine ears, and now, sir, this 
Kopemaker hunteth mee heere with 
his halters, I gesse him to bee some 



ROS 



306 



RUF 



evill spirit, that in the likeness of a 
man would, since 1 have past the 
Pillory, perswade me to hang my- 
self for my old offences, and there- 
fore sith I cannot blesse me from 
him with Nomine patris, I lay Spir- 
itus Sanctus about his shoulders 
with a good crab-tree cudgell, that 
he may get him out of my com- 
pany. 

Rosalin.de, in Spenser's poem 
The tiht'pherd's Calendar, is an 
anagram of Eose Dariil, or Dan- 
iel, the sister of Samuel Daniel, 
the poet. Spenser was in love 
with her, but she married John 
Florio. Spenser has also cele- 
brated her in The faerie Qaeene 
(vi.) by the name of MIRABEL. 

Vld. HOLOFERNES. 

Boscius of France, The. Mi- 
chael Baron. Vid. THE FRENCH 
GARRICK. 

Boscoe of Cork, The. So the 
Rev. Francis Mahoney, in his 
Father Front Papers, terms 
James Roche, a frequent con- 
tributor to The Gentleman's Mag- 
azine. Vid. The Athenssum 
(1853; p. 448). 

Bose, The. Margaret, Queen of 
James IV. of Scotland. Vid. THE 
THRISSIL. 

Bosey. So the soldiers under 
his command abbreviated Gen- 
eral Rosecrans' name. 

Bosicrucius. A name under 
which T. F. Dibdin figures in 
his Bibliomania. He thus de- 
scribes himself : 

Rosicrucius is his name: and an 
ardent and indefatigable book-fora- 
ger he is ; although ju^t now busily 
engaged in antiquarian researches 
relating to British topography, he 
fancies himself nevertheless deeply 
interested in the discovery of every 
ancient book printed abroad. 

Bough and Beady. A nick- 
name given to General Zachary 
Taylor, the twelfth president of 
the United States. 

Boyal Martyr, The. So Ma- 
caulay calls Charles I., King of 
England, who was executed in 
1649, in pursuance of the sentence 
of death pronounced against 



him by the High Court of Jus- 
tice. 

Boyal Midas, The. A name 
given to John Dennis, who often 
lost his senses when his evil 
temper prevailed. Disraeli, in 
his Calamities of Authors, says 
of him : 

This blunted feeling of the me- 
chanical critic was at first concealed 
from the world in the pomp of criti- 
cal erudition; but when he trusted 
to himself, and, destitute of taste 
and imagination, became a poet and 
a dramatist, the secret of the Koyal 
Midas \vas revealed. 

Boyal Wanderer, The. Charles 
II. is referred to under this 
name in Dryden and Tate's 
satire of Absalom and Achito- 
phel(pt. ii.). 

Boyalist Butcher, The. A 
name bestowed on Blaise de 
Montluc, distinguished for Ms 
cruelties to the Protestants in 
the reign of Charles IX. of 
France. 

Bubens of English Poetry, 
This. A nickname given to 
Edmund Spenser by Campbell, 
in his Specimens of the British 
Poets, where he says : 

We shall nowhere find more airy 
and expansive images of visionary 
things, a sweeter tone of sentiment, 
or a finer flush in the color of lan- 
guage, than in this Rubens of Eng- 
lish Poetry. 

Bubens of France, The. A 
nickname given to Ferdinand 
Victor Eugene Delacroix, on 
account of his brilliant coloring. 

Buder Burns, A. An appellation 
which is given to Allan Cun- 
ningham by Talfourd, in his 
Life and Works of Charles 
Lamb (ii. 336), where he says: 
. . . Allan Cunningham, stalwart of 
form, and stout of heart and verse, 
a ruder Burns. 

Bufus. A sobriquet bestowed on 
William II. of England ; on Gil- 
bert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, 
the son-in-law of Edward I. ; and 
on Otho II., Emperor of Ger- 
many. The latter is also called 
THE BLOODY. Vid. BARBAROSSA. 



RUF 



307 



RUS 



Rufus. A name tinder which 
Marston, in his Metamorphosis of 
Pigmalion's Image (London, 
1597), alludes to Shakespeare: 
Now, Euf us ! by old Glebron's fear- 
full mace, 
Hath not my Muse deserv'd a 

worthy place? 
Is not my pen compleate? Are not 

my lines 

Eight in the swaggering humor of 
these times? 

Rufus Laberius Crispinus. A 
character in Jonson's Poetaster. 
Gilford, in his Works of Ben 
Jonson, claims this to be a satire 
on John Marston, the English 
dramatist, but Feis, in his 
Shakespeare and Montaigne (p. 
162), thinks it is intended for 
Shakespeare, and says : 

The name of Rufus has two pe- 
culiarities which may have induced 
Marston to confer it upon Shakes- 
peare. First of all, like the English 
king of that name, Shakespeare's 
pre-name was William. Secondly, 
the best-preserved portrait of Shakes- 
peare shows him with hair verging 
upon a reddish hue. Laberius (from 
labare, to shake; hence Shak-erius, 
a similar nickname as Greene's 
Shake-scene) is clearly an indication 
of the poet's family name. The 
Koman custom of placing the name 
of the gens, or family, in the middle 
of a person's name, leaves no doubt 
as to Jonson's intention. Laberius 
was a dramatic poet, even as Shakes- 
peare, and played his own dramas, 
as Shakespeare did. In Crispinus, 
both Shakespeare's curly hair 
and the offence of application, 
plagiarism, or literary theft, with 
which he is charged by his antago- 
nist, are manifestly marked; St. 
Crispin being noted among the 
saints for his filching habits. He 
made shoes for the poor from 
materials stolen from the rich. 

Rugged Lion, The, or AL 
HADDARA, was the name given 
to Ali by his mother, at his 
birth. 

Rugged Timon of the Eliza- 
bethan Drama, The. So 
Bullen, in his introduction to the 
works of John Marston, the 
dramatist, calls the latter. 

Ruler of Kings, The. So 



Hannay, in his Satire and Satir- 
ists (p. 105), styles Louis XIV., 
King of France. 

Ruler of the Ausonian Lyre, 
The. An appellation given to 
Angelo Poliziano, who is better 
known by the name of Politianus. 
When scarcely fifteen, years of 
age, he surprised Florence with a 
poem of 1400 lines. He became 
a friend of Lorenzo de Medici, 
who assisted him. It was at this 
period that the arts and sciences 
began to flourish, and philosophy 
to be freed from the dust of 
barbarism, and Politianus was 
seen to shine as a star of the first 
magnitude, as a translator, anno- 
tator, and poet, as a teacher of 
Greek, and as the author of 
Orfeo, one of the earliest dra- 
matic compositions produced in 
Italy. Via. Syinonds, Renais- 
sance in Italy. 

Run- Away Spartan, The. An 
epithet given to Sir Kobert Peel, 
who, having been opposed to The 
Irish Emancipation Bill, finally 
changed his opinion and worked 
in favor of it. 

Rupert of Debate, The. So 
Bulwer, in The New Timon 
(i. 6), calls Edward Geoffrey, 
fourteenth Earl of Derby, the 
opponent of Daniel O'Connell, 
who is termed THE GREAT O. 

Rural Postman of Bideford, 
The. Edward Capern. Vid. 
THE POSTMAN POET. 

Russian Byron, The. A title 
bestowed on Alexander Sergei- 
vitch Puschkin, the greatest 
Russian poet of the present 
century. 

Russian Field. A nickname 
given to John Field, the author 
of Nocturnes, consisting of seven 
concertos, much admired in their 
day. 

Russian Murat, The. A title 
given to Michael Miloradowitch, 
one of the greatest opponents of 
Napoleon Bonaparte. 

Russian Palestrina, The. A 
title given to Dmitri Bortnian- 



KITS 



308 



EYP 



sky, a celebrated Russian com- 
poser of the last century. 
Russophobist, The. A nickname 
given to David Urquhart, on 
account of his doughty and 
passionate opposition to Russia 
and the Russian policy in the 
East. He was born in Oomarty, 
Scotland, and educated at St. 
John's College, Oxford. In 1835 
he was secretary to the Turkish 
Embassy, but resigned his posi- 
tion when Lord Palmerstqn's 
Russian policy did not suit him. 
He returned to England, and 
was sent to Parliament as repre- 
sentative of Stafford in the Con- 



servative interest, when he made 
himself conspicuous in his at- 
tacks on Palmerston, then hold- 
ing the seals of the Foreign Office. 
In 1852 he retired from Parlia- 
ment. He was the author of 
many works upon Russia, Tur- 
key, and the East, in the shape 
of essays, travels, biography, or 
diplomatic transactions. 
Ryparog-rapher, The. So Pliny 
calls Pyricus, the painter, "be- 
cause he confined himself to the 
drawing of ridiculous and gross 
pictures, in which he greatly ex- 
celled." The word is from the 
Greek fairapds, i e. t "nasty." 



SAB 



309 



SAG 



S. 



Sabbath Bard, The. So Lord 
Byron, in his English Bards and 
Scotch Reviewers, calls James 
Grahame. Vid. SEPULCHRAL 
GRAHAME. 

Sablonnier, Le, i. e., THE SAND- 
DEALER, A nickname given to 
Frederick II. of Prussia, better 
known as Frederick the Great. 
On his accession to the throne, 
the dominions of his house con- 
sisted of provinces detached from 
each other, and many parts of 
these provinces, particularly the 
March of Brandenburg, were 
barren and sandy. The name 
was given him in derision, but 
Europe soon saw that he was a 
great man, for when he died he 
had made the desert bloom ; had 
by his wise judgment doubled 
the population, nearly tripled the 
army, left a large treasure, and 
placed his country in the first 
rank of European powers. 

Sabut Jung 1 , or THE DARING IN 
WAR, was a nickname given by 
the East Indians to Robert, Lord 
Olive. 

. Sacharissa, the heroine of the 
love poetry of Edmund Waller. 

Being too young to resist beauty, 
and probably too vain to think him- 
self resistible, he fixed his heart, per- 
haps half fondly and half ambi- 
tiously, upon the Lady Dorothea Sid- 
ney, eldest daughter of the Earl of 
Leicester, whom he courted by all 
the poetry in which Sacharissa is 
celebrated. . . . She was not to be 
subdued by the power of verse, but 
rejected Ms addresses, it is said, with 
disdain, and drove him away to 
solace his disappointment with Amo- 
ret (q. v.} or Phillis. She married in 
1639 the Earl of Sunderland; and in 
her old age, meeting somewhere with 
Waller, asked Mm. when he would 



again write such verses upon her. 
" \Vhen you are as young, madam,*' 
said he, "and as handsome as you 
were then." Johnson. 

Saddle -Bag John. A nickname 
given to General Pope by his 
soldiers, "in memory of his fa- 
mous order about headquarters 
being on horseback.'* 

Sagacious Terrier. A nickname 
given to James Bruce, an emi- 
nent traveller, who spent many 
years in Egypt, Abyssinia, and 
Nubia, and after his return to 
England published an account of 
his journey. His exploits were at 
first suspected of being fictitious, 
but since then suspicion has sunk 
into the acquiescence of the truth 
of his work. Wolcot, in his 
Peter Pindar's Complimentary 
Epistle to James ruce, says : 
Sagacious Terrier in. Discovery's 

mine, 
Shall Nature form no more a nose 

like thine? 

Sagan of Jerusalem, in Dryden's 
satire of Absalom and Achiiophel, 
is intended for Dr. Compton, the 
Bishop of London. He was the 
son of the Earl of Northampton, 
who fell in the royal cause at the 
battle of Hopton Heath. The 
Sagan of the Jews was the vicar 
of the sovereign pontiff. 

Sage, Le. A name given to 
Charles V., King of France, also 
called THE SOLOMON OF FRANCE. 

Ssemund Sigfusson, the com- 
piler of the poetical version of 
the Edda in the eleventh cen- 
tury, is often referred to as THE 
SAGE. 

Count de Las Casas is called 
LE SAGE ; and George Buchanan 
is spoken of in the Jtfoctes Am- 



SAG 



310 



SAM 



brosianse (vii.) as THE SAGE. 
Vid. also THE WISE. 

Sage and Serious Spenser, 
Tlie. So Milton calls Edmund 
Spenser. 

Sage of Alexandria, The. Eu- 
clid is frequently so named. 

Sage of Crotona, The. So 
Pythagoras was called, 'because 
he established his first and prin- 
cipal school of philosophy at 
Crotona, in the sixth century 
B. C. He is also termed Cuo- 
TONA'S SAGE. 

Sage of Monticello, The. A 
sobriquet bestowed on Thomas 
Jefferson, clue to the wisdom ex- 
hibited by him in his intercourse 
with his visitors, and in Ms cor- 
respondence with public men on 
matters of government, after he 
had retired " from the presidency 
of the United States, on March 
4, 1809, to Monticello, his estate 
in Virginia. 

Sage of Skinner Street, The. 
A nickname conferred on Will- 
iam Godwin. Vid. Symonds, 
Shelley, Emjli^h Men of Letters 
(cap. iii.). 

Sagest of Usurpers, The. So 
Lord Byron, in Childe Harold 
(IV. Ixxxv.), calls Oliver Crom- 
well. 

Sailor King 1 , The. A nickname 
given to William IV. of Eng- 
land, who, from a midshipman, 
became lord high admiral in 
1827. 

Saint, The. A nickname given 
to Edward VI, of England, on 
account of his regard for religion 
and everything connected with 
it. It was his custom to take 
notes of the sermons which he 
heard ; particularly those which 
seemed to bear any immediate 
relation to his own duties ; and 
the attention which, he paid to 
the precepts inculcated in the 
discourses of the eminent divines 
who preached before him, fre- 
quently produced a visible and 
permanent effect upon his con- 



duct. A sermon preached before 
him by Ridley caused him to 
found St. Thomas and the Bride- 
well Hospitals. 

Saint, The. A nickname given 
to Henry II., King of Germany. 
He was a pious prince, more fit 
for the cloister than the throne, 
and very popular with the ec- 
clesiastics. He founded several 
religious houses, and the Stras- 
burg cathedral (founded in 1015) 
will always make him remem- 
bered. 

Saint Archibald. So Churchill, 
in his poem Independence (line 
138), calls Archibald Bower. 

Saint Bernard Croly. A name 
by which George Croly is fre- 
quently referred to, on account of 
his Tales of Great tit, Bernard. 

Salic, The. A nickname given to 
Conrad II. of Germany, because 
he introduced the Salic code, 
that freeholders should not have 
their lands taken from them ex- 
cept by a judgment of their peers. 
By this decree fiefs were made 
hereditary. Its real intention 
was to rescue the inferior vassals 
from the arbitrary power of their 
lords. It was the axiom of the 
Salic that the power of kings 
should be unlimited, "but that of 
nobles limited. Thus he gained 
for the crown both the burgher 
and vassal classes. 

Sallust of France, The. So 
Voltaire terms Cesar Vichard, 
Abbe'de St. Real. 

Salt of Art, The. So Fuseli 
characterized Michael Angelo. 

Saluste. A character in Charles 
Sorel's Extravctr/ant Shepherd, 
and a satire on Honorat de Bueil 
Racan. 

Salvator Rosa of the Sea, The. 
A title bestowed upon Michael 
Scott, the author of Tom Crin- 
gle's Lor/, in the Noctes Am- 
brosianse (Ixvi.). 

Saruian Poet, The. A name 
given the satirist Simonides, who 
was born at Samos. 



SAM 



311 



SAY 



Samian Sage, The. So Thorn- 
sou calls Pythagoras, who was 
born at Samos, iu the sixth cen- 
tury B. C.: . 

'Tis enough, 
In this late age, adventurous to have 

touched 

Light on the numbers of the Samian 
Sage. 

Samson Agonist es, The. So 
Masson, in his Life of Milton 
(v. 674), terms the latter. 

Samuel Grantly, in Anthony" 
Trollope's novel Warden, is 
intended for Bishop Wilberforce 
of Oxford. 

Sandy Gordon. A character in 
Scott's novel T/ie Antiquary, 
drawn to represent Alexander 
Gordon, a Scotch historian and 
draughtsman. 

Sang-lier des Ardennes, Le. 

William de la Marck. Vid. 

THE WILD BOAR OF AR- 
DENNES. 

Sans Peur. A name given to 
Jean, second Duke of Bur- 
gundy, who nourished in the 
early part of the fifteenth cen- 
tury. Vid. THE FEARLESS. 

Sant'ring 1 Bully, A. James II., 
King of England. Vid. OLD 
SQUAB. 

Sapiens, i. e., THE WISE. A 
nickname given to Gildas, or 
Gildus, an Anglo-Saxon writer, 
who is supposed to have been 
born in Wales. Having dis- 
played an early attachment to 
learning, he was placed under 
the care of St. Iltutus, a cousin 
of King Arthur, and, when that 
man's teaching was no longer 
sufficient to satisfy his thirst for 
learning, he went to France to 
pursue his studies. Afterwards 
he resided in one of the small 
isles called the Holmes, in the 
British Channel, and finally re- 
tired to the Abbey of Glaston- 
bury, where he died. He was 
celebrated for his rigid piety, 
sanctity, and erudition, but 
he was a weak and wordy 
writer. 



Sappho, in Pope's Moral Essays 
(epistle in.), is intended for Lady 
Mary Wortley Montagu, who 
had first been addressed by him 
under that name in 1722, in a 
complimentary manner. In the 
Moral Essays, however, he com- 
pares " Sappho's di'inonds with 
her dirty smock " : 
A Sappho at her, toilet's greasy 

task, 
With Sappho fragrant at an ev'ning 

masque* 

Vid. also ATOSSA. 

Sappho of Toulouse, The. A 
sobriquet conferred on Clemence 
Isaure, a wealthy lady of Tou- 
louse, and the author of a beau- 
tiful Ode to Spring. In 1490 she 
instituted the " Jeux Floraux," 
and left a legacy to defray their 
annual expenses. 

Sardanapalus of China, The. 
A title given to Cheotsin, who 
flourished in the twelfth cen- 
tury, and who, when defeated 
by Woo-wong, his successor, 
sought death in a manner simi- 
lar to that of the great Assyr- 
ian. 

Sardanapalus of Germany, 
The. A nickname given to 
Wenceslaus, King of Bohemia 
and Germany, who abandoned 
himself to gluttony, drunken- 
ness, luxury, and voluptuous- 
ness. He rarely quitted Bohe- 
mia, and, being wholly indiffer- 
ent to the affairs of 'Germany, 
the Diet deposed him. He in- 
dulged in excesses till he died of 
apoplexy. 

Saul, in Dry den's satire of Absa- 
lom and Achitophel, is intended 
for Oliver Cromwell. Saul 
drove David from Jerusalem, 
and the Protector compelled 
Charles II. to fly from Eng- 
land. 

Savior of His Country, The. 
An epithet given to Charles 
Pichegru, a French general, who 
was called to Paris to suppress 
the insurrection of April, 1795, 
and succeeded in doing so. 



SAT 



312 



SCH 



Henry Clay has received the 
same title. Vid. THE GREAT 
PACIFICATOR. 

Savior of Protestantism, The. 
A name sometimes given to Gus- 
tavus Adolphus. 

Savior of the Nations. So 
Lord Byron, in Don Juan 
(ix. 5), calls the Duke of Wel- 
lington. 

Sawney. A name given to Alex- 
ander Pope, in an anonymous 
poem, 1728, occasioned by his 
JDunciad : 

Sawney! a mimic sage of huge re- 
nown, 
To Twick'nam bow'rs retir'd, enjoys 

his wealth, 

His malice, and his muse; in grot- 
toes cool, 

And cover'd arbors, dreams his 
hours away. 

Saxon, The. A nickname given 
to Henry I. of Germany, be- 
cause he was a Saxon by birth. 

Saxon Duke, The, in Butler's 
Hudibras, is John Frederick, 
Duke of Saxony, who was very 
corpulent. Charles V., on tak- 
ing him a prisoner, remarked: 
" I have gone hunting many a 
time, but never saw I such a 
swine before." 

Saxon Giant, The. A sobriquet 
bestowed on Handel. Vid, 
Crowest, Musical Anecdotes 
(i. 169), 

STbernia. A nickname applied to 
Francesco Berni by Pietro Are- 
tino. Vid. Sy mends, Renais- 
sance, in Italy (pt. ii. cap. xiv.). 

Scalig-er of the Age, The. A 
name given to Bishop Warbur- 
ton, for he, like Scaliger, was a 
man of great talents but vain 
and abusive. Disraeli, in speak- 
ing of Pope and Warburton 
in The Quarrels of Authors, 
says : 

A mere poet was soon dazzled by 
the sorcery of erudition; and he 
himself, having nothing of that kind 
of learning, believed Warburton 
to be the Scaliger of the Age, for 
his gratitude far exceeded Ms knowl- 
edge. 



Scanderbeg* (a corruption of 
Iskander Beg, i. e., Prince Alex- 
ander) is a sobriquet conferred 
by the Turks on George Castri- 
ota, Prince of Albania, the pa- 
triot chief of Epirus. 

Schinocephalus, or ONION- 
HEAD. A nickname bestowed 
by the Greeks upon Pericles, he 
having a peculiarly elongated 
head, to conceal which he was 
generally represented with a 

, helmet. 

Scholar-like Shepherd. An 
epithet conferred on Kohert 
Greene by his friend Thomas 
Nash, in the latter's introduc- 
tion to the former's Menaphon 
(1587), where he says : 

Curteous and wise, whose judge- 
ments (not entangled with envie) 
enlarge the deserts of the Learned 
by your liberall censures; vouchsafe 
to welcome your scholler-like Shep- 
heard with such Universitie enter- 
tainment as either the nature of 
your bountie or the custome of your 
common civilitie may aifoord. 

Scholastic, The. A name given 
to Epiphanius, an Italian savant 
of the sixth century. 

School-Master Camden. A 
name given to William Camden 
(who in 1575 was an usher of 
Westminster School) by Ralph 
Brooke, in his criticisms of that 
antiquary's works. 

School-Master of the Republic, 
The. A nickname frequently 
given to Noah Webster, on ac- 
count of his school-books. His 
Grammatical Institute of the 
English Language, first pub- 
lished in 1783, afterwards known 
as Webster's Spelling-Book, with 
its tape-tied back and thin 
wooden covers, in January, 1865, 
had reached a sale of 40,000,000 
copies. He had the tact of dis- 
cerning the wants of the people ; 
he simplified knowledge, and 
made it easy of acquisition. 
During the twenty years in 
which he was employed in com- 
piling his Dictionary, the entire 
support of his family was derived 



SCH 



313 



SCO 



from the profits at a premium 
for copyright of less than a cent 
a copy. 

Schoolmiss Alfred. So Bulwer, 
in his poem The New Timon, 
alludes to Alfred Tennyson. 

School-Mistress, The, the prin- 
cipal character in Shenstone's 
poem of the same name, was 
Sarah Lloyd, the teacher of a 
school at Leasowes, in the parish 
of Halesowen, Shropshire, where 
the poet received his earliest 
instruction. 

School-Mistress to France, 
The. A nickname given to 
Alcuin by Ashmole, in his 
Theatrwn Chemiciim. Alcuin 
was invited from England into 
France, to superintend the 
studies of Charlemagne, whom 
he instructed in astronomy, 
logic, and rhetoric. He was 
also the teacher of Maurus, who 
became the governor of the great 
Abbey of Fulda in Germany, one 
of the most flourishing semina- 
ries in Europe. He was em- 
ployed by Charlemagne to 
regulate the lectures and disci- 
pline of the universities. 

Schweigsame, Der. A popular 
sobriquet bestowed by the G-er- 
mans upon General Freiherr von 
Moltke. Vid. lllustnrte Zeit- 
ung (Leipzig, 1870; No. 1414). 

Bei aller Leistungsfahigkeit ist 
Moltke erne bescheidene und 
schweigsame Natur. Seine stille 
Art und seine umf assende Kenntnisz 
fremder Sprachen hat das bekannte 
Scherzwort erzeugt, das er derjenige 
preuszische Offieier sei, welcher in 
sieben Sprachen am besten zu 
schweigen verstelie. 

Scientific Statesman, The. A 
nickname given to Edmund 
Burke. Many of his views on 
politics and public economy were 
anticipations of science, and 
many of his previsions of the 
course of events were prophecies. 

Scorn of the Coiirt, The. _ A 
nickname bestowed upon Titus 
Gates. Vid. Wilkins, Political 
Ballads (i. 207). 



Scorpion, The, in The Chaldet 
MS. (ii. 12), is intended to repre- 
sent John G. Lockhart. 

Scotch What d'ye call. So 

Milton derisively styles Baillie. 

Vid. Masson, Life of Milton 

(III. iii. 3). 
Scotian Petrarch, The. A name 

given to William Drunamond of 

Hawthornden. 

Scotonim Malleus, or THE 
HAMMER OF THE SCOTCH. A 
sobriquet applied to Edward I., 
on his tombstone in Westminster 
Abbey, which reads : 
Eduardus longus Scotorum Malleus 
hie est. 

Scott of the Sea, The. A nick- 
name given to James Fenimore 
Cooper, on account of his sea- 
stories. Timbs, in The Literary 
World (London, 1839; i. 202), 
says : 

This work is from the pen of the 
celebrated transatlantic novelist, the 
Scott of the Sea, as we have heard 
him designated, in reading whose 
tales you may almost fancy your- 
self wetted with ocean spray. 

Scottish Anacreon, The. Alex- 
ander Scot. Vid. THE ANAC- 
REON OF ANCIENT SCOTTISH 
POETRY. 

Scottish Bodoni, Our. A nick- 
name given to John Ballantyne 
(who, like the Italian Giovanni 
Bodoni, was a printer) by Sir 
Walter Scott, in a letter to 
George Ellis. Vid. Lockhart, 
Life of Scott. 

Scottish Heliog-abalus, The. A 
nickname given to James VI. of 
Scotland (James I. of England), 
on account of his coarse and 
rapacious appetite. 

Scottish Hog-arth, The. A 
sobriquet given to David Allan. 

Scottish Homer, The, A title 
accorded to William Wilkie, 
author of The J&pigoniad. 

Scottish Hudfbras, The. A 
name given to Samuel Colvil, 
who imitated Butler's celebrated 
work, in The Mock Poem; or, 



SCO 



314 



SCO 



Whiggs' Supplication, produced 
in 1681. 

Scottish Marcellus, The. A 
nickname given to Sir James 
Macdonald, seventh Baronet of 
Sleat, on account of his grace of 
manner and proficiency of knowl- 
edge. During a Continental 
tour lie was warmly welcomed in 
the chief cities, particularly by 
the Cardinals of Borne, where he 
died, aged only twenty-five. 

Scottish Sidney, The. A name 
given to Robert Baillie ? of Jer vis- 
wood, in Lanarkshire, because of 
his republican principles. He 
was executed in lt>84. The 
sobriquet is derived from Alger- 
non Sidney. Vid. THE BRITISH 
CASSIUS. 

Scottish Teniers, The. A title 
given to Sir David Wilkie, the 
celebrated painter. 

Scottish Theocritus, The. So 
Allan Ramsay, the author of 
The Gentle tihepherd, is fre- 
quently called. 

Scottish Vandyke, The. A 
nickname given to George 
Jameson, or Jamesone, an emi- 
nent Scotch portrait-painter. 
He studied at Antwerp in 1616 
under liubens, and had Vandyke 
as a fellow-pupil. In 1628 he 
returned to Scotland, where he 
was patronized by Sir Colin 
Campbell of Glenarchy, for 
whom he painted portraits of 
Robert Bruce and other kings 
and queens of Scotland, "When 
Charles I. of England visited 
Scotland in 1633, the magistrates, 
knowing the king's taste, em- 
ployed Jameson to make draw- 
ings of the Scottish monarchs 
for him. These pictures pleased 
the king so much that he sat to 
him for a full-length picture, 
presented him with a diamond 
ring, and, on account of a com- 
plaint in his eyes and head, made 
him wear his hat, a privilege 
which Jameson ever after used, 
and commemorated by always 



drawing himself with the king's 
hat on. 

Scottish Walpole, The. A 
nickname given to Charles 
Kiukpatrick Sharpe, a literary, 
artistic, and musical amateur, 
whose house in Edinburgh, like 
Horace Walpole's at Strawberry 
Hill, contained a collection of 
paintings, prints, china, books, 
various kinds of works of art, 
and old manuscripts, unequalled 
by any other collection in Scot- 
land. 

His education was intended by 
his parents to fit him for holy or- 
ders, but if he himself ever seri- 
ously contemplated that destiny, 
the thought was early abandoned. 
The death of his father in 1813, 
and the settlement of his mother 
in Edinburgh, induced him to fix 
his permanent residence there, 
and he settled himself in the 
position which he kept to the 
last, a man of fashion, devoting 
his life to the pleasures of so- 
ciety and to the cultivation of 
literature, music, and the fine 
arts, while he gave much atten- 
tion to antiquarian research. 

"When Scott commenced to 
keep a diary, almost the first 
portrait he inscribed in it con- 
cerned Sharpe, of whom he 
says: 

(Nov. 1825). He has infinite wit, 
and a great turn for antiquarian lore. 
His drawings are the most fanciful 
and droll imaginable, a mixture be- 
tween Hogarth and some of those 
foreign masters who painted tempta- 
tions of St. Anthony and such gro- 
tesque subjects. As a poet he has 
not a very strong touch. Strange 
that his finger-ends can describe so 
well what he cannot bring clearly 
and firmly in words. But though a 
lover of antiquities, and therefore 
of expensive trifles, he is too aris- 
tocratic to use his art to assist his 
purse. He is a complete genealogist, 
and has made many detections in 
Douglass and other books on pedi- 
gree, which our nobles would do 
well to suppress if they had the op- 
portunity. Strange that man should 
be so curious after scandal of cen- 
turies old. He is always master of 



SCO 



315 



SEC 



the reigning report, and he tells the 
anecdote with such gusto that there 
is no helping sympathizing with him 

a peculiarity of voice adding not a 
little to the general effect. My idea 
is that Sharpe, with his oddities, 
tastes, satire, and high aristocratic 
feelings, resembles Horace TTalpole 

perhaps in his person also, in a 
general way. 

Scourge of Fanaticism, The. 
An epithet conferred on Robert 
South, a noted English preacher. 
He had sharp wit, keen satire, 
and was a man to be admired 
and not imitated. He was em- 
bittered against Dissenters. He 
was not diffuse, not learned, but 
be had ingenuity, subtlety, and 
brilliancy, and in his sermons of- 
ten approached buffoonery, which 
made him popular w r ith the 
courtiers. 

Scourge of God, The. A sobri- 
quet bestowed on Attila, Iving of 
the Huns in the fifth century. 
He was the terror of the entire 
civilized world, and was famous 
for his sacking of Rome. The 
name first occurs in the legend of 
St. Loup, written by a priest of 
Troyes in the eighth or ninth 
century. 

Charles VIII. received the 
same title. Vid. FLAGELLUM 
DEI. 

Scourge of Grammar, The. So 
Pope, in The Dwiciad (iii.)> calls 
Giles Jacob, a lawyer, dramatist, 
and the master of Bomsey, in 
Southamptonshire. 

Scourge of Princes, The. A 
name assumed by and afterwards 
given to Pietro Aretino, who be- 
came famous for his ingenious, 
satirical, and obscene poetry. He 
boasted that his writings did 
more good in the world than ser- 
mons. He levied contributions 
on the princes and grandees of 
his time, who, to avoid his lash, 
made him considerable presents, 
from which circumstance lie de- 
rived his title. 

Scrivener of Crosbiters, The. 
An epithet conferred on Bobert 



Greene. Vid. THE GREENE 
MAISTER OF THE BLACKE ARTE. 

Scroddles. So Gray calls Mason, 
his biographer. Vid. Gosse, 
Gray, in English Men of Letters 
(cap. vi.}. 

Scullor, The. So John Taylor, 
the Water Poet, is termed in Ben 
Jonson's Conversations with 
William Drummond (xiv.). Vid., 
also, Masson, Life of Milton (i. 
373). 

Sculptor Poet, The. The an- 
cients distinguished the different 
degrees of the strength of fancy 
in different poets by calling them 
painters or sculptors ; hence Lu- 
cretius, from the force of his 
images, is ranked among the lat- 
ter, and is frequently termed THE 
SCULPTOR POET. 

Sea Fielding, A. So Captain 
Frederick Marryat, the nautical 
writer, is termed in the Nodes 
Ambrosianse (Ixvi.). 

Searcher, The. A sobriquet con- 
ferred on Robert Fludd, the phi- 
losopher and physician : 

Fludd was surnamed " the Search- 
er" from his many researches into 
philosophy, medicine, and mathemat- 
ics. His books, written in Latin, 
are great, many, and mystical. 
T. Fiiller. 

Second Aristotle, A. A nick- 
name given to Frederick IT. of 
Germany, the most accomplished 
sovereign of the Middle Ages, on 
account of his knowledge of 
philosophy. 

Second Augustine, The. A 
title given to Thomas Aquinas 
by his pupils. 

Second Brutus, The. A name 
given to Francesco de Medici, 
the fratricide. 

Second Cato the Censor, A. 
An epithet given to Michel de 
1'Hopital, one of the most emi- 
nent and most virtuous of all the 
characters of the sixteenth cen- 
tury in France. He resisted the 
establishment of the Inquisition, 
and retired from his office of 
lord chancellor because he could 



SEC 



316 



SEC 



not abet the king and qaeen- 
mother in their measures against 
the Eeformers. He was a man of 
great integrity, extremely severe, 
yet a firm advocate of toleration. 

Henri van Laun, in his History 
of French Literature (ii. p. 116), 
quoting from Pierre de Bour- 
deille's Eulogy on De VHQpital, 
says : 

That man was a second Cato the 
Censor, and knew very well how to 
censure and correct the corrupt 
world. He thoroughly looked the 

Sart, with his long, white beard, 
is pale face, and his grave mien. 

Second Charlemagne, A. A 
nickname given to Charles V. 
of Germany, the greatest mon- 
arch since the death of Charles 
Macjnus. He was the ruler, 
under one title or another, of 
more than half of Europe, and 
much ol the New World. He 
was an indefatigable warrior, 
could sit all day and night in 
his saddle, was fearless aiid en- 
ergetic, calm in reverses or suc- 
cesses, the first to arm for bat- 
tle and the last to throw his 
harness off. He could endure 
any privation but that of food. 
His cloister life, in his retire- 
ment, was occupied in politics 
and eating, not in prayer and 
fasting. 

Second. Ciceronian, Our. A 
name given to Robert 
Southwell by John Trussell. 
Vid. Brydges, Archaica (i. pt. 
iii.). 

Second Const antine, A. So 
Dryden, in his poem Britannia 
Eediviva (line 88), calls James 
II., King of England. 

Second Helen, A. A nickname 
given to Madame Eecamier, not 
so much on account of her 
beauty, which was not so very 
great, but because of her powers 
of personal grace and the charm 
of her manner. Other ladies of 
her time were equally and some 
were more beautiful, but she 
in a rare measure possessed, as 
the soul of her beauty, an indefi- 



nable fascination. Her genius 
for love was not great; but for 
friendship it was unexampled. 

Second Hog-art a, The. A nick- 
name given to Henry William 
Bunbury, an English artist, dis- 
tinguished by the excellence of 
his caricatures, some of which 
called forth the admiration of 
Sir Joshua Reynolds. 

Second Johnson, A. A nick- 
name given to Samuel Taylor 
Coleridge by T, F. Dibdin, in 
his Reminiscences of a Literary 
Life (i. 254) : 

As I retired homewards I thought 
a second Johnson had visited the 
earth to make wise the sons of men ; 
and regretted that I could not exer- 
cise the powers of a second Boswell, 
to record the wisdom, and the elo- 
quence which had that evening 
flown from the orator's lips. It 
haunted me as I retired to rest. It 
drove away slumber; or if I lapsed 
into sleep, there was Coleridge. 

Second Leviathan of Prose, 
The. A nickname given to 
Thomas Nash by Harvey, in his 
Pierce's Supererogation (London, 
1393), where he says : 

But what approoved man of learn- 
ing, wisedome, or judgement, ever 
deigned him any honour of impor- 
tance, or commendation of note ; but 
the young darling of S. Fame, 
Thomas Nash, alias Pierce Penniles, 
the second Leviathan of Prose, and 
another Behemoth of ryme. 

Second Mars, A. A nickname 

fiven to Pope Julius II. (Julian 
ella Bovere). He was himself 
beyond all suspicion of selfish 
designs of aggrandizement, but 
his public career during his pon- 
tificate was almost entirely de- 
voted to political and military 
enterprises for the complete re- 
establishment of papal sover- 
eignty in its ancient territory 
Bologna, Ferrara, etc. and the 
extinction of foreign domination 
and foreign influence in Italy. 
One of the great ideas of his 
mind was a holy war, in which 
he was to take command against 
the Turks, and as a political 
sovereign he is described as of a 



SEC 



317 



SEE 



noble soul, full of lofty plans for 
the glory of Italy ; but as an ec- 
clesiastical ruler he has little to 
recommend him in the eyes of 
churchmen. Symonds, in his 
Sketches and Studies in Southern 
Europe (ii. 200;, says: 

After Soxtus came the blood- 
stained Borgia; and after him 
Julius II., whom, the Romans in 
triumphal songs proclaim a second 
Mars, and who turned, as Michael 
Angelo expressed it, the chalices of 
Rome into swords and helms. 

Second Ovid, A. A nickname 
which Itobert Greene, the Eng- 
lish dramatist,gave to himself, in 
his Mounting Garment (London, 
1590), where' he says : 

Thus (Right Honorable) you heare 
the reason of my bold attempt, how 
I hope your Lordship will be glad 
with Augustus Caesar, to read the 
reformation of a second Ovid; par- 
don, my Lord, inferiour by a thousand 
degrees to him in wit or learning, 
but I feare luilfe us fond in publish- 
ing amorous fancies. 

Second Parent of the Re- 
formed Church, The. A 
nickname given to John, Duke 
of Saxony, who sided with the 
Reformers. He was a friend of 
Luther, established Beformed 
churches throughout Saxony, 
and appointed professors of the 
same persuasion in Wittenberg 
University. 

Second Romulus of Branden- 
burg-, The. A nickname given 
to Albert I., Margrave and Elec- 
tor of Brandenburg. Under him, 
the margravedom was raised to 
be an electorate. He also con- 
quered his neighbors, the "Wends, 
and partly colonized their coun- 
try with Flemings; he sup- 
pressed their language, and in- 
troduced Christianity amongst 
them. Brandenburg continued 
in the possession of his descen- 
dants for two centuries, and 
finally fell to the House of Ho- 
henzollern. 

Second Shakespeare, A. So 
Edward Phillips, in his TJieatrum 
Poetarum (1675), calls Christo- 



pher Marlowe, " not only be- 
cause, like him, he rose from an 
actor, but also because in his 
begun poem of Hero and Lean- 
der he seems to have a resem- 
blance to that clean and un- 
sophisticated wit." 

Second Washington, A. A 
nickname given to Henry Clay. 
Vid. THE G-REAT PACIFICATOR. 

Second Xenophon, A. A so- 
briquet bestowed upon Samuel 
M'Pherson, the Scottish com- 
mander. Vid. Caulfield, Re- 
markable Characters (iv. 10T). 

Self -Tormentor, The. A char- 
acter borrowed from Terence 
by John Wallis, in his Hobbius 
Heauton-timoronmenos (1662), 
' and directed against Thomas 
Hobbes. 

Selim. the Persian, in Edward 
Moore's poem of the same title, 
is intended for Lord Lyttleton. 

Semiramis of the North, The, 
or THE NORTHERN SEMIRAMIS. 
A sobriquet conferred both upon 
Margaret, Queen of Denmark, 
Norway, and Sweden, and upon 
Catharine II., Empress of Rus- 
sia. 

i Sempronius. A character drawn 
I to represent Roger "Wllbraham, 
in Dibdin's Bibliographical De- 
cameron (iii. 39), of whom he 
says : 

The library of Sempronius hath 
not its superior within the metrop- 
olis. The owner of it exercises the 
knowledge of Crofts upon a collec- 
tion which, if it have not an abun- 
dance of Finelli, has the choice ex- 
hibited by Smith and PaitonL 

SepM-Mirza. A name under 
which Louis, Dauphin of France, 
son of Louis XIV. and grand- 
father of Louis XV., figured in 
a French work called m&noires 
Secretespour servir a I'Histoire de 
Perse. Vid. CHA-ABAS. 

Sepulchral Grahame. So Lord 
Byron called James Grahame, 
after reading his poem The Sab- 
bath. 

Seraphic Doctor, The. St. Bonar 



SEK 



318 



SHA 



for tlieir plays, "but here was an. 
actor who could write, and the 
dramatist's avocation bade fair to 
"be ruined. The " puppets, an- 
tics, base grooms, buckrum gen- 
tlemen, peasants, painted mon- 
sters," as he calls the players, 
have learned not only how to act 
"but how to imitate the drama- 
tists. Nothing can justify the 



ventura. Vid. DOCTOR SE- 
KAPHICUS, 

Seraphic Saint, The. A sobri- 
quet conferred on St. Francis 
of Assisi, the founder of the Fran- 
ciscan order. 

Serpent, Le. A name given to 
^lie-Catherine Freron, the 
French critic, in an anonymous 
epigram : 

L'autre jour, an fond d'un vallon, 
Un serpent piqua Jean Freron. 
Que perisez-vous qu'il arriva ? 
Ce fut le serpent qui crSva. 

Serpentinus, who occurs in Bob- 
ert Schumann's musical essays 
(the JDavidsbundler), is intended 
for Karl Banck. 

Servacis, in Itenan's L'Eau de 
Jouvence, is intended for Paul 
de Granier de Cassagnac. 

Sesostris, in Fe'nelon's Les Aven- \ 
tures de Telernaqite, is intended 
for Louis XIV., King of France. 
Vid. IDOMENEUS. 

Seth Bede, in " George Eliot's " 
novel of Adam Bede, was taken ; 
from an uncle of the author, a i 
carpenter. 

Setting Sun, Our. So Dryden, 
in his poem To Lord Chancellor 
Hyde (line 87), calls King Charles 
II. of England. 

Shah-Jelian, or THE KING OF 
THE "WORLD, was a title assumed 
by Khorrum-Shah, the fifth of 
the Mogul dynasty at Delhi. 

Shake-scene. A nickname given 
to Shakespeare by Robert Greene, I 
who, in his last days, saw the ar- 
rival of this poet, and saw that 
he would soon outstrip all his 
predecessors. The actors had 
depended upon the 



violence of his abuse or defend 
his assumption that the field of 
dramatic composition was open 
only to University graduates. 
Nothing can excuse his spite in 
flinging Shakespeare's birth and 
lack of culture in his face, but 
the next to the last work of this 
egotistical, irascible man was to 
pen, besides much other abuse, 
in his Groats-worth of Wit, the 
following: 

Yes, trust them not; for there is an 
upstart Crow, beautified with our 
feathers, that with his Tygers Jieart 
wrapt in a Players hide, supposes he 
is as well able to bumbast out a 
blanke verse as the best of you ; and, 
being the only absolute Johannes 
fac totum, is in his own conceit the 
only Shake-scene in a country. 

Shakespeare de la Hollands. 
Alfred de Vigny, in his Stella, 
calls Vondel, the Dutch poet, 
"ce vieux Shakespeare de la 
Hollande." 

Shakespeare in Petticoats. So 
Joanna Baillie is nicknamed in 
iheNoctes Ambrosianse, in Black- 
loood (1822). 

Shakespeare of Divines, The. 
So Ralph Waldo Emerson, in on 
of his poems, alludes to Jeremy 
Taylor. 

Shakespeare of Eloquence, 
The. Barnave has described 
Mirabeau under this name. Vid. 
THE FRIEND OF MAN. 

Shakespeare of France, The. 
A name sometimes given to 
Pierre Gorneille, also called LE 
GRANB CORNEILLE (q. v.) His 
style is majestic and his senti- 
ments profound, but he not un- 
frequently lapses into bombast, 
and is decidedly deficient in ten- 
derness. He is most at home in 
portraying the proud, severe, 
ambitious, and terrible Romans. 
Tyrants and conquerors never 
sat to a better painter. 

Shakespeare of Germany, The. 
A nickname sometimes given to 
Gustavus Frederick William 
Grossmann, a celebrated actor 
and writer of Berlin. He was 



SHA 



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first employed as a secretary to 
the Prussian envoy at Dantzic, 
and afterwards In the same 
capacity at Konigsberg and War- 
saw. After the partition of Po- 
land, in which measure ho had 
some share, he lost his appoint- 
ment. He then became ac- 
quainted with. Lessing and other 
writers of the day, and turned 
his attention to dramatic com- 
position. After writing several 
successful pieces for the theatre, 
he became a manager of several 
theatres, and to him the German 
stage is indebted for many im- 
provements. In 1796 he was im- 
prisoned at Hanover for a politi- 
cal offence, for six months, after 
which he soon died. 

Shakespeare of Germany, The. 
Both Johami Clmstoph Fried- 
rich von Schiller and Augustus 
Friedrich Ferdinand von Kotze- 
bue have been so called. 

Shakespeare of Novelists, The. 
A writer in Macmillan's Maga- 
zine, a few years ago, referred to 
Fielding under this name, and 
in the same paper called him 
THE PRINCE OF NOVELISTS. 

Shakespeare of Prose, The. 
So Macaulay calls Jane Austen. 

Shakespeare of Romance 
Writers, The. A nickname 
given to Mrs. Anne Radcliffe, an 
.English novelist, who is pre- 
eminent for vivid poetical imagi- 
nation and for a great power of 
romantic narrative and descrip- 
tion. She is especially noted 
for awakening curiosity and en- 
chaining attention, and keeps 
her readers in a state of awe and 
suspense, but in the end resolves 
all the seemingly supernatural 
agencies and horrors of her tales 
into simple natural causes. She 
has little variety of character or 
striking individual portraits, and 
no humor or wit. Drake, in his 
Literary Hours (i. 359), says: 

In the productions of Mrs. E-ad- 
cliife, the Shakespeare of Romance 
Writers, and who to the wild land- 



scape of Salvator Rosa has added 
the softer graces of a Claude, may be 
found many scenes truly terrific in 
their conception, yet so softened 
down, and the mind so much re- 
lieved, by the intermixture of 
beautiful description or pathetic 
incident, that the impression of the 
whole never becomes too strong, 
never degenerates into horror, but 
pleasurable emotion is ever the pre- 
dominating result. 

Shakespeare Without G-enius, 
A. This epithet was given to 
Alexanclre Hard!, a French 
dramatist, who is said to have 
been, after Lope de Vega and 
Calderon, the most fertile of 
dramatic authors. He gave little 
heed to art, and thought entirely 
of what would succeed for the 
moment. 

Henri van Laun, in his History 
of French Literature (ii. 84), 
says: 

At most, two names deserve to be 
mentioned, those of Hard! and 
Mayret. The first, whom a happy 
paradox has designated a Shafces- 
peare without genius, whom Cor- 
neille honored with unselfish praise, 
departed not a little from the senile 
classical fashion of the Pleiade, and 
lias at least abundance of action and 
of characters, 

Shakespeare's Critic. A nick- 
name sometimes given to Thomas 
Rymer, who applied French laws 
to English literature. 

Disraeli, in his Amenities of 
Literature, says: 

Bymer, however, was a ripe 
scholar, and the founder, in our 
literature, of what lias been con- 
sidered as the French or the 
classical school of criticism ; and he 
has won the unlucky distinction of 
being designated as Shakespeare's 
Critic. 

Vid. also Dry den, Prologue to 
Love TriwnpJtant. 

Shallow Ed-wards. Thomas 
Edwards. Vid. THE PRESBY- 
TERIAN PAUL-PRY. 

Shark of the Exchange, The. 
A nickname given to Alexander 
Fordyce, a British financier of 
the early part of the present 



SHA 



320 



SHO 



century. Fid. Kirkland, Cyclo- 
pedia of Commercial and Busi- 
ness Anecdotes (i. 44-). 

Sharp Knife, Andrew Jackson 
was so called by the Indians, ^on 
account of his great penetration 
and indomitable will. 

Sharp One, The. A nickname 
given to Louis Be j art, a French 
comedian, on account of Ms wit 
and his pointed remarks. He 
became lame in trying to separate 
two of his friends who wished to 
fight a duel. 

She- Wolf of France, The. A 
nickname given to Isabella, 
daughter of Philippe IV. of 
France, who, with the aid of her 
paramour, Mortimer, and others, 
drove her husband, Edward II. 
of England, from his throne, 
placed upon it her sou, Edward 
III., and through his minority 
governed the kingdom. Vid. 
Gray's poem The Bard. 

Sheepmaker, The. A nickname 
given to Joseph Smith of Man- 
chester, England, and founder 
of the Social Institution, estab- 
lished there. He joined the 
Blanketeers or Manchester 
Radicals, and became a Socialist. 
When a member of the latter 
party, he frequently addressed 
public meetings, and would not 
allow the audience to leave until 
they had subscribed money for 
a sheep for the Queenwood com- 
munity, hence the a,bove nick- 
name. 

Shepherd Lord, The, who is re- 
ferred to by Wordsworth in his 
White Doe of Hylstone, was 
Henry, the tenth Lord Clifford, 
who was sent by his mother to be 
brought up by a shepherd, in 
order to save him from the fury 
of the House of York. He re- 
mained there as a shepherd's 
child for thirty years, receiving 
no education, and was restored 
to all his rights upon the acces- 
sion of Henry VIII. 

Shepherd of Salisbury Plain, 
The, the principal character 



in a religious tract of the same 
name by Mrs. Hannah More, is 
said to be David Saunders, who, 
with his father, tended sheep 
upon Salisbury Plain for one 
hundred years, and was noted 
for his wisdom and piety. 

Shepherd of the Ocean, The. 
So Spenser, in his poem Colin 
Clout's Gome Home Aejain, de- 
scribes Sir Walter Raleigh, in 
allusion to his maritime dis- 
coveries. 

Sherborne, in Benjamin Dis- 
raeli's novel of Vivian Grey, is 
intended for Isaac Disraeli, the 
author's father. 

Sheva, in Dryden's satire of 
Absalom and Achitophel, repre- 
sents Sir Roger 1'Estrange. 

Shift esbury. A nickname given 
to Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl 
of Shaftesbury. Vid. THE POLI- 
TICIAN. 

Shimei, in Samuel Pordage's 
satirical poem Azaria and 
Hushai, is intended for John 
Dryden : 

Sweet was the muse that did Ms 
wit inspire, 

Had he not let his hackney muse to 
hire; 

But variously his knowing muse 
could sing, 

Could Doeg praise, and could blas- 
pheme the king; 

The had make good, good bad, and 
bud make worse, 

Bless in heroics, and in satires 
curse. 

In Dryden's Absalom and 
Achitophel, Shimei represents 
Slingsby Bethel, Lord Mayor of 
London : 

. . . whose youth did early promise 
bring, 

Of zeal to God, and hatred to his 
king; 

Did wisely from expensive sins re- 
frain, 

And never broke the Sabbath but 

for gain. 
Short, The. So Pepin, King of 

France in the eighth century, 

was styled, on account of his 

diminutive figure. 



SHE 



321 



SIL 



Shred of a Loom, Thou. A 
nickname bestowed upon Titus 
Gates. The allusion is to his mean 
origin, his father having origi- 
nally been a ribbon-weaver, but 
afterwards an Anabaptist 
preacher. Vid. Wilkins, Politi- 
cal Ballads (i. 209). 

Shrill Querpo,in The Dispensary) 
by Dr. Garth, is intended for 
a certain Dr. Howe. 

Sicilian Anacreon, The. Gio- 
vanni Meli, an Italian author, 
noted for his amorous poetry, is 
thus named. 

Siddons of America, The. A 
sobriquet conferred upon Mrs. 
Mary Ann Duff, ne Dyke, who 
was acknowledged without dis- 
pute for many years as the first 
tragic actress of our stage, and is 
frequently also called THE QUEEN 
OF THE AMERICAN STAGE. 

Sidewalk Poet, The. A sobri- 
quet bestowed upon J. M. Crary, 
a New Jersey poet, on account 
of the series of serio-comic and 
whimsical poetical effusions con- 
tributed to the periodicals of 
Hackensack, 3ST. J., whereby 
owners of dilapidated sidewalks 
were ridiculed ; 
This threw them in such a flurry, 
They laid that sidewalk iri a hurry. 

Sidrophel, in Butler's Heretical 
Epistle of Hit dibrcts to Sidrophel, 
is probably intended for Sir Paul 
Neal, a member of the Royal 
Society, who proved to his own 
satisfaction that Butler was not 
the author of Hudibras. " Sid- 
rophel " is also identified with 
William Lilly, '* the cunning 
man that dealt in destiny's dark 
counsel." Fid, Hudibras (pt. 
II. iii. 106). 

Siffroi, in Eenan's L'Eau de Jou- 
vence, is intended for Prince 
Bismarck. 

Signior Capricio. Thomas 
Nash is thus alluded to in one 
of the tracts against him by 
Gabriel Harvey, the friend of 
Spenser. The passage reads : 



And what riott so pestiferous as 
that which in sugred baites present- 
eth most poisonous hookes? Sir 
Skelton and Master Scoggin were 
but innocents to Signior Capricio. 

Vid. also Notes and Queries 
(1st ser. i. 19) . 

Signer Immerito. A name 
under which Gabriel Harvey 
alludes to Edmund Spenser, in 
his Foure Letters and Certain f 
Sonnets (London, 1592), where 



Signer Immerito (for that name 
well be remembered) was then and is 
still my affectionate Mend. 

Silent, Tiie. A title given to 
William I., Prince of Orange. 

Silly Duke, The. A nickname 
given to the Duke of Marlbor- 
ough by his political opponents. 
It was given hardly on account 
of any want of mental power, 
but from his habit of expression. 
Whenever a . question suggesting 
matter of which he disapproved 
was put to him, "Oh, silly! >J 
would be his answer. "Then, 
will you do so and so?" " Oh, 
silly! silly!" 

Silly Quirko. A nickname given 
to Gabriel Harvey by Nash, in 
his Have with ywi "to Saffron 
Walden, where he says : 

Poore tame-witted silly Quirko, 
on my conscience I dare excuse him, 
nee hath never unie such thought, 
but did it in as meere earnest, as ever 
in commendation of himself and his 
he writ those two verses. 

Silurist, The. So the physician 
Henry Vaughan, author of Silex 
tfciiitillanSt <~>r Sacred Poems 
. . (1650-r>5), styled himself, 
because he was born among the 
Silures, or people of South 
Wales, He has been described 
as "an ingenious person, but 
proud and humorous." 

Silver-Mouthed Wroe. A so- 
briquet bestowed on the warden 
of Manchester Collegiate Church 
during the seventeenth century. 
Vid.) for details, Notes and 
Queries (1st ser. ii. 28). 



SIL 



322 



SIB 



Silver-Tongued Sluggard of 
the Senate, Tlie. A nick- 
name given to Senator Thomas 
C. McCreery. Vid. Puck (v. 
105). 

Silver-Tongu'd Smith, who is 
referred to by Nash in his 
Pierce Peniless, his Supplica- 
tion to the Demll (1592), is Henry 
Smith, whose biography will 
be found in Wood's Athenas 
Oxoniensis : 

Queintlye couldst tliou cleuise 
heauenly ditties to Apolloe's lute, 
and teach stately uerse to trip it as 
smoothly as if Ovid and tliou had 
but one soule (p. 40). 

Fuller, in his Church History 
(IX. xvi. 142), states that he was 
''commonly called the Silver- 
tongued Preacher, and that was 
but one metall below St. Chrys- 
ostome himself." Vid. also 
The Life of Mr. Henrie Smith, 
prefixed to his Sermons (1675). 

The same epithet has been 
applied to Joshua Sylvester, the 
translator of Du Bartas' Divine 
Weeks and Works; to William 
Bates, the Puritan divine; to 
Anthony Hammond, the poet; 
and to Heneage Finch, Earl of 
Nottingham. 

Silver Trumpet of the House, 
The. A sobriquet bestowed on 
Sir Edward Deering, Bart., a 
member of the Long Parlia- 
ment, who, having a good voice, 
was very fond of displaying it. 
Clarendon calls him u a man of 
levity and vanity, easily flat- 
tered by being commended." 

Silver- Whiskered Chapman. 
A name given to George Chap- 
man, the dramatist. Vid. 
Masson, Life of Milton (i. 
345). 

Simple, The, A nickname given 
to Charles III., King of France 
early in the tenth century. 

Simple, The. A nickname given 
to Sigismuiid, the last of the 
Tyrol line of the House of Aus- 
tria. He was capricious, fanci- 
ful, restless in his disposition, 
and by his extravagance dissi- 



pated the treasures amassed by 
his father; involved himself in 
unnecessary and fruitless wars; 
and, to supply his wants and ex- 
penses, mortgaged or alienated 
his inheritance. 

Simple Lombard, The. An epi- 
thet conferred on Guiclo di 
Castel of Beggio, who, amidst 
power and wealth, retained a 
simplicity of taste, treating all 
sorts of people with the same 
courtesy. His castle was a ref- 
uge for the oppressed and exiled 
from other courts. 

Single- Speech Hamilton. A 
nickname conferred on the 
Right Hon. William Gerard 
Hamilton, for the speech made 
on the opening of the ses- 
sion , Nov. 13, 1755, when, to 
quote Waller, " he broke out, 
like the Irish rebellion, three- 
score thousand strong, when no- 
body was aware, or in the least 
suspected it." Of the great im- 
pression made by this piece of 
oratory, abundant proof is given 
in Walpole's letters. Vid. also 
Scott's poein The Bridal of 
Triermain (ii, 4) and Churchill's 
poem Independence (line 406). 

Singular Doctor, The.' Will- 
iam of Occam. Vid. DOCTOR 

SlNGTJLABIS. 

Sinner Saved. So William 
Huntington, a popular preacher 
at the beginning of the century, 
and the author of numerous the- 
ological treatises, termed him- 
self. 

Sir Artegal, a knight in Spen- 
ser's Faerie Queene, is the hero 
of book v., and impersonates Jus- 
tice, the foster-child of Astroea. 
It is said that the character rep- 
resents Arthur, Lord Grey, of 
Wilton, the poet's friend and 
patron, the narrative of whose 
adventures presents many his- 
torical events in Spenser's life. 
In books i.-iy. he occasionally 
appears, and is called Sir Arthe- 
gal. 

Sir Bob. A nickname given to 



SIB 



323 



SIB 



Sir Bobert Walpole. Vid. Wil- 
kins, Political Ballads (ii. 284). 

Sir Bull-Face Double-Fee. A 
nickname bestowed upon Sir 
Fletcher Norton, Baron Grant- 
ley, on account of his avarice. 

Sir Charles Easy, A nickname 
given to Samuel Johnson in a 
newspaper squib. He was fre- 
quently the subject of brief arid 
half-witty newspaper paragraphs, 
in allusion to his personal pecul- 
iarities, to his politics, or to his 
pension. In one lie is announced 
(ironically, of course) to appear 
on the stage in the character of 
Sir Charles Easy, and Goldsmith 
in that of Common Sense. In 
another he is represented (in al- 
lusion to his pension) as Hercules 
slaying the Hesperian Dragon, 
and receiving his reward. Again, 
in a squib against the ministry, 
where each is recommended to 
fill a place at variance with his 
supposed character, he finds a 
place as the Governor of the 
Falkland Islands. Vid. THE 
LITERACY CASTOR. 

Sir" Eremite. A sobriquet be- 
stowed on William Cecil, Lord 
Burleigh. Vid. THE EREMITE 
OF TIBBALS. 

Sir Fopling- Flutter, the hero of 
Etheredge's comedy The Man of 
Mode, is said to have been taken 
from a certain Beau Hewit, who 
was a celebrated dandy of the 
time : 

Sir George Etheredge was as thor- 
ough a fop as I ever saw; he was ex- 
actly his own Sir Fopling Flutter. 
Spence, Anecdotes. 

Sir Fretful Plagiary, in Ei chard 
Brinsley Sheridan's play The 
Critic, is intended for Kichard 
Cumberland, the dramatist, who 
was noted for his vanity. 

Sir Giles Overreach, in Philip 
Massinger's play A New Way to 
Pay Old Debts, is supposed to be 
intended for Sir Giles Monipes- 
son, to whom and to Sir Francis 
Mich ell (satirized in the same 
comedy under the name of Jus- 



tice Greedy) was granted the 
celebrated patent for the exclu- 
sive manufacture of gold and sil- 
ver lace, called by Macaulay 
"the most disgraceful of all 
patents in English history." 

Sir Harry Wildair, a character 
in George Farquhar's comedy 
The Constant Couple, is supposed 
to" be a portrait of the author 
himself. 

Sir Hector, in Arthur Hugh 
dough's poem of the JSothie of 
Tober-na-Vuolich, is intended for 
a Mr. Farquharson. 

Sir Jack Brag", the principal char- 
acter in an old ballad of the same 
name, is intended for General 
John Burgoyne. 

Sir John Anvil, a character in 
The Spectator, was taken from a 
Mr. Crowley. 

Sir John Chester, a prominent 
character in Charles Dickens' 
novel Barnal)y Rudge, is in- 
tended for a portrait of Lord 
Chesterfield. 

Sir Joseph Banks of His Times, 
The. A nickname given to John 
Evelyn by Dibdin, in his Library 
Companion, where he says: 

Evelyn was at least the Sir Joseph 
Banks of his times. I have before 
had occasion to notice his intimacy 
with the leading families of rank, 
which appears little, if at all, to have 
spoilt his natural frankness of man- 
ner and sincerity of character. 

Sir Paridel, the male coquette in 
Spenser's Faerie Qiieene (bk. iii. 
10; iv. 1), is intended to rejjresent 
the Earl of Westmoreland . Vid . 
BLAT> AMOUR. 

Sir Plume, in Alexander Pope's 
poem The Rape of the Lock, is 
intended for Sir George Brown, 
the brother of Mrs. Morley. Vid. 
THALJKSTRIS, 

Sir Positive At- All, in Shad- 
wen's play of The Sullen Lovers, 
is intended for a satire upon. Sir 
Robert Howard, an author noted 
for his bad plays. 

Sir Sanglier Shan, in Edmund 
Spenser's poem The Faerie 



SIR 



324 



SLO 



Queene, is Intended for Shan 
O'Neill, the leader of the Irish 
insurgents in 1567. 
Sir Sidrophel. A name applied 
to Sir Robert Walpole. Vid. 
Wright, Caricature History of 
the Georges (p. 105-6) : 

In July, however, after the close of 
the session, Walpole was received in 
Norfolk (where the Excise madness, 
appears to have prevailed least) with 
unusual marks of respect, and his 
entry into Norwich resembled a 
triumph. This, in London, was soon 
made the subject of satirical ballads, 
in which he was burlesqued under 
the character of "Sir Sidrophel," 
and his reception by his constituents 
turned into ridicule. 

Sir Thomas Lofty. Lord Mel- 
combe, in the latter part of his 
life, patronized Mr. Bentley, and 
took much pains in bringing 
forward The Wishes, in which 
piece he was supposed to have 
had a considerable share. While 
it was in rehearsal, he invited all 
the performers to his seat at 
Hammersmith, and had it acted 
in the garden. Foote, who was 
one of them, was all the time 
noting the peculiarities of his 
lordship; and in 1764 brought 
him on the stage under the name 
of Sir Thomas Lofty, in The 
Patron. 

Sir Tremendous. Sir John Den- 
nis. Vul. APPIUS. 

Sir Tristram, in Dibdin's Biblio- 
mania, represents Sir "Walter 
Scott, probably in allusion to 
his edition of the romance of 
that name. 

Sire of Ossian, Tne. "Words- 
worth, in his Poetry as a Study, 
says, ''All hail, Macpherson! 
hail to thee, Sire of Ossian! 
The phantom was begotten . . . 
upon a cloud of tradition it 
travelled southward, where it 
was greeted with acclamation, 
and the thin Consistence took its 
course through Europe." 

Six-Foot Suckling-, A. So 
Churchill, in The Rosciad (line 
147), calls Fitzpatrick, an actor. 



The latter attacked Garrick's 
professional character, in The 
Craftsman, and Garrick retali- 
ated in a poem entitled The 
Flibbleriad, in which Fitzpatrick 
is severely satirized under the 
name of Fitzgig, and is called : 
Nor male nor female ! then on oath 
We safely may pronounce it both. 

Skikari Thompson. A nickname 
given to Captain F. J. Thomp- 
son, well known to Anglo-Indians 
for his passion for sport. Since 
he was invalided, in 1852, Captain 
Thompson had led for the most 
part a solitary life in the jungle, 
supporting himself chiefly by the 

E reduce of his gun, and only corn- 
ig into the station occasionally 
to supply himself with articles 
which he required. He never 
failed, however, to appear at 
Simla about Christmas time in 
order to raise funds for supplying 
the inmates of charitable institu- 
tions there with a ChriStmas 
feast. Captain Thompson en- 
tered the service in 1830, served 
with the second European Ben- 
gal Fusiliers during Sir Charles 
Napier's campaign against the 
Hill tribes in Scinde; he was 
also during the Punjab campaign 
at the passage of the Chenah and 
the battles of Chilianwalla and 
Gooirat. 

Skin and Bone. A nickname 
given by his soldiers to the Con- 
federate General Mahone. 

Slip of Youth, or DEUCTUM 
JUVENTTJTIS. So T h o m a s 
Hobbes, the philosopher, called 
his daughter. Vid. Masson, Life 
of Milton (vi. 289). 

Slow Carus, in Garth's poem The 
Dispensary, is intended for a 
certain Dr. Tyson. 

Slow Trot. A sobriquet bestowed 
on Gen. George H. Thomas. 
VicL. Johnson, Memoir of Maj.- 
Gen. George H. Thomas (p. 
133) : 

It has been said that he was slow, 
and that he gained the familiar 
cognomen of " Slow Trot" in conse- 
quence thereof. 



SLY 



325 



SNA 



Sly Fox, T&e. Henry Fox, after- 
wards Lord Holland, is fre- 
quently so called : 

We never can want food for laugh- 
ter while, in the phrase of the sly- 
Fox, George Grenville has the con- 
duct of the House of Commons.- 
Letter of John Wilkes to Dr. Brock- 
lesby. 

Small-Beer Poet, The. A nick- 
name bestowed by William Cob- 
bett upon William Thomas 
Fitzgerald, who has also been 
ridiculed by Lord Byron, in his 
English Bards and Scotch Re- 
viewers, and by Horace Smith, 
in his Rejected Addresses. 

Small-Ldgiit Tnroop. A nick- 
name given to Governor Erios 
T. Throop of New York. Ham- 
mond, in his History of the Po- 
litical Parties of the State of 
New York, gives the following 1 
account ol the origin of the 
nickname : 

Immediately after the election in 
1830 Governor Throop issued a, proc- 
lamation for a day of thanksgiving 
and prayer, of which the following is 
the first sentence: "Whereas the 
wisdom of man is but a small light, 
shining around Ms footsteps, show- 
ing the things that are near, while 
all beyond is shrouded in darkness, 
manifesting our dependence upon 
a God of infinite wisdom, the Creator 
and guide of all things, who directs 
our path through the dark and un- 
seen places, and to ends which 
human wisdom foresees not, and 
evincing that our condition here, 
whether of good or evil, is, according 
to his good pleasure, operating upon 
our hearts and minds and not accord- 
ing to our own will; wherefore it 
is becoming, not only in individuals 
but in nations, to prostrate them- 
selves before him in humble thank- 
fulness for all the good things which 
he -hath vouchsafed to them, and to 
implore the continuance of his 
divine favor according to his good 
pleasure." 

His opponents, of course, ridi- 
culed this most unmercifully, 
and the governor obtained his 
nickname from it. 
Smarrito, or THE BEWILDERED. 
A title bestowed on Carlo Dati, 



the friend of Milton. Vid. Mas- 
son, Life of Milton (i. 612). 

Smelfung'us. A nickname con- 
ferred upon Tobias Smollett by 
Lawrence Sterne, because the 
former's book Travels through 
France and Italy is "one pro- 
longed snarl." 

The lamented Smelf ungus travelled 
from Boulogne to Paris, from Paris 
to Rome, and so on; but he set out 
with the spleen and jaundice, and 
every object he passed by was dis- 
colored or distorted. He wrote an 
account of them, but 'twas nothing 
but the account of Ms own miserable 
feelings. 

Smirk, Mr., The Divine in 
Mode, is the title of the chaplain 
in Etheredge's comedy The Man 
of Mode, and the name which 
Andrew Marvell applied to Dr. 
Francis Turner of Cambridge. 

Smootla-Lipp'd. Plausible. So 
Churchill, in his poem The 
Ghost (Hi. 742), calls the Rev. 
W. Sellon. In 1763 he published 
a sermon which he had preached 
at St. Andrew's Holborn, at 
Clerkeiiwell, and at St. Giles', 
which the critics discovered to 
be a gross piece of plagiarism. 
Hence Churchill's lines: 
Who knows not Smooth-Lipp'd Plau- 
sible? 

A preacher deem'd of greatest note 
For preaching that which others 
wrote. 

Snake, The. A nickname given 
to Shelley by Byron during a 
reading of Funst. When Shel- 
ley came to the line of Mephis- 
topheles, 

Wie meine Muhme, die beriihmte 
Schlange, 

he translated it : 
My aunt, the renowned Snake, 
whereupon Byron cried : et Then, 
you are her nephew." 

The epithet suited Shelley, 
"because of Ms noiseless glid- 
ing movement, bright eyes, and 
ethereal diet, 1 ' and he did not re- 
sent it. In fact, he alludes to it 
in several of his letters. 



SNA. 



326 



SON 



Snawdon's Knight. So James 
Fitz- James is styled "by Scott in 
The Lady of the Lake. Vid. 
also Notes and Queries (1st ser. 
ii. 



Snow King 1 , The. So Gustavus 
Adolplius, King of Sweden, was 
called in derision at Vienna. 
He was kept together by the cold, 
but would melt and disappear as he 
approached a warmer soil. Dr. 
Crichton, Scandina&ia (ii. 01) . 

Soapy Sam. A nickname given 
to Bisliop Samuel Wilbeiiorce 
while at Oxford, and which 
clung to him throughout his 
life. 

Sober. A character in Samuel 
Johnson's The Idler, which the 
author intended as a represen- 
tation of himself. 

Socrates of His Age, The. A 
name bestowed on Trifono Ga~ 
brielli, a Venetian, celebrated 
for his excellent morals no less 
than for his learning. Vid. Sy- 
monds, Renaissance in Italy 
(pt. ii. cap. xiii.). 

Socrates of the French Re- 
naissance, The. An epithet 
given to Franpois Babelais, who 
had an immense appreciation for 
Socrates, and whom he frankly 
confesses to be his model. Hen- 
ri van Laun, in his History of 
French Literature (i. 290), 



In the prologue to Gargantua t he 
justifies his own work by reference 
to this great exemplar, and the pas- 
sage must not be overlooked by such 
as would comprehend the spirit of 
one who was to tell the truth, the 
Socrates of the French Renaissance. 

Socrates of the Jews, The. 
Moses Mendelssohn. Vid. THE 
JEWISH SOCRATES. 

Sodoma, II. A title bestowed on 
the Italian painter Giovanni 
Antonio de Bazzi. 

Soldiers' Friend, The. A title 
given . by his countrymen to 
Frederick, Duke of York, the 
second son of King George III., 
and the commander of the Eng- 



lish forces in the Low Countries 
during the French Revolution. 
Pie was publicly thanked for his 
administration in 1814. 

Solemn Doctor, The. Henry 
Goethals. Vid. DOCTOR So- 

LEMNIS. 

Soliman the Magnificent. A 
name given to Charles Jennens, 
who wrote many of Handel's 
librettos, and arranged the words 
for The Messiah. Vid. Crowest, 
Musical Anecdotes (ii. 226), and 
Nichols, Literary Anecdotes (iii. 
120). 

Solomon of Bards, The. So 
Disraeli, in his Calamities of 
Authors, calls Matthew Prior. 

Solomon of France, The. A 
sobriquet conferred on Louis 
IX. and Charles V. (Ls SAGE), 
Kings of France. 

Solomon of Great Britain, The. 
So Dr. John Wolcot calls George 
III., King of England. 

Solon of Parnassus, The, or 
THE LEGISLATOR OF PARNASSUS, 
was an epithet bestowed by Vol- 
taire upon Boileau-Despreaux, 
in allusion to the latter's L^Art 
Poetiqw, a production une- 
qualled in the entire range of 
didactic poetry. 

Son of a She-Bear, The. An 
epithet conferred on Pope Nich- 
olas III., of the family of Or- 
sini (the Bears), by Dante, In- 
ferno (xix. 70), who says : 
And truly was I sou of the She- 
bear, 
So eager to advance the cubs, that 

wealth 
Above, and here myself , I pocketed. 

Son of Belial, The. A nickname 
given to Marcharaont Needham 
in the Mercuriiis Britannicus, 
his Welcome to Hell (1647). Vid. 
"Wood, Athense Oxoniensis. 

Son of Jupiter Ammon, The. 
Alexander the Great thus named 
himself. Philip of Macedon, his 
father, claimed to be a descend- 
ant of Hercules, and conse- 
quently of Jupiter; Alexander 



SON ' 



327 



SPA 



was saluted by the priests of the 
Libyan temple as the son of 
Ammon. Hence by joining the 
two pedigrees he obtained this 
title. 

Son of the Devil, The. A nick- 
name given to Ezzolino di Ilo- 
mano, the tyrant of Padua. He 
was sniall of stature, but the as- 
pect of his person, and all his 
movements, indicated the sol- 
dier. His language was bitter, 
his countenance proud, and by a 
single look he made the boldest 
tremble. His soul, so greedy of 
all crimes, felt no attraction' for 
sensual pleasures. He had never 
loved woman, and in his punish- 
ments he was as pitiless against 
them as against men. He so 
outraged the religious sense of 
the people by his cruelties that a 
crusade was preached against 
him, and he died a prisoner, and, 
tearing the bandages from his 
wounds, was fierce and defiant 
to the last. Vid. Hose. Orlando 
Furioso (iii. 32). 

Son of the Last Man, The. 
Charles II. is so called in a Par- 
liamentary offer of reward for 
his apprehension. Vid. THE 
LAST MAN. 

Son of the Saint, The. So Lord 
Macaulay is nicknamed in the 
Noetes Ambroaiunas (xlviii.). 
His father, Zachary Maeaulay, 
was one of the Wilberforee 
school of pietists. 

Son of Thunder, A. So Be 
Quincey calls Edward Irving. 
Vid. Fields, Yesterdays with 
Authors (p. 380). 

Sophister, The. Wood, in his 
Athenss Oxoniensis, states that 
this sobriquet was conferred on 
Morgan Philipps. because " when 
he was a bachelor of arts he made 
so great a progress in logic and 
philosophy, and became so quick 
and undermining a disputant." 

Sophocardus. A name given 
to George Wiseheart, a Scotch 
preacher and martyr. 



Disraeli, in his Amenities of 
Literature, says : - 

A Scottish worthy, Wiseheart, was 
dignified by Buchanan with a Greek 
denomination , Sophocardus; so that 
in a history of Scotland the name of 
a conspicuous hero does not appear, 
or must be sought for in a Greek 
lexicon, which, after all, may require 
a punster. 

Sophronion, in Lord Lytton's 
poem Glenaveril, or the Meta- 
morphoses (1885), is intended for 
Sir Charles Dilke. 

Sot, A. So George Wither, in his 
Great Assises Ilolden in "London 
(1045), calls Philip Massinger. 

Soter, or THE PRESERVER, is a 
title given to Ptolemy I., King 
of Egypt, by the Jlhodians, be- 
cause he compelled JDeinetrios to 
raise the siege of Rhodes. 

Spag-nolet of History, The. So 
Disraeli, in his Cariosities of 
Literature, calls Peter Heylin, 
who "delights himself with 
horrors at which the painter 
himself must have started/' 

Spag-nolet of the Theatre, The. 
A nickname bestowed on Samuel 
Sandford by Colley Gibber. Vid. 
Fitzgerald, New History of th<> 
Encjlisli titfir/<. J (i. 295). 

Spagnoletto, or THE LITTLE 
SPANIARD, is a nickname given 
to Jose JRlbera. The painter Sal- 
vatqr Rosa studied under him. 

Ribera delighted to paint sub- 
jects of horror, and his pictures, 
though vigorous and powerful, 
are generally coarse and vulgar 
representations of nature. 

Spanish Brutus, The. A sobri- 
quet bestowed on Alphouso 
Perez de Guzman, a celebrated 
Spanish general. 

Spanish Cato, Our. So Thpnaas 
James Mathias, in his satirical 
poem The Pursuits of Literature , 
(dialogue i.), terms? Earl Cam- 
den, once Lord High Chancellor 
of England, who u is said to have 
learned Spanish very late in life, 
to read the romances in that 
language ; having exhausted 



SPA 



328 



SPO 



those written in English, French, 
and Italian. All the world 
knows that Cato learned Greek 
at sixty years of age, to read the 
romances in that tongue." 

Spanish Ennius, The. A title 
given to Juan de Mena, a native 
of Cordova, who introduced the 
Italian style into Castilian 
poetry. 

Spanish Grandee, A. So 
John Duff, Earl of Fife, is nick- 
named in the Noctes Arribrosi- 
anss. (vi.), because he held a 
Spanish title. 

Spanish Horaces, The. So the 
brothers Lupercio and Bartolome 
Argensola are called. They 
were both celebrated poets of 
Aragon, and both imitators of 
the style of Horace. 

Spanish Jew from Alicant, A, 
one of the characters in Long- 
fellow's Wayside Inn, was in- 
tended to represent Israel Edrehi, 
a Jewish merchant, living in 
Boston as late as 1861. He was 
a very eccentric man and claimed 
to be a Turkish Jew, and dressed 
somewhat like a Turk. He 
would sometimes prostrate him- 
self at full length upon the 
ground and kiss the soil, saying 
to the surprised beholders that 
was a Turkish custom. Long- 
fellow, in a letter to a friend, 
written in 186-5, said he had 
painted him as he had known 
him. He is introduced in the 
prelude : 

A Spanish Jew from Alicant, 
With aspect grand and grave, was 

there, 

Vender of silks and fabrics rare, 
And attar of roses from the Levant. 
Like an old Patriarch he appeared, 
Abraham or Isaac, or at least 
Some later Prophet or High-Priest; 
With lustrous eyes, and olive skin, 
And wildly tossed from cheeks and 

chin 
The tumbling cataract of his beard. 

Spanish Moliere, The. A sobri- 
quet conferred on Leandro Fer- 
nandez Moratin, a celebrated 
Spanish dramatist. 



Spanish Tyrteeus, The. A title 
given to Manuel Jose Quintana, 
"whose odes stimulated the 
Spaniards to vindicate their 
liberty at the outbreak of the 
"War ol Independence." 

Spazierg-ang-er nach Syrakus, 

Der. A nickname given to 
Johann Gottfried Seume, a 
German poet and miscellaneous 
writer, who travelled exten- 
sively on foot. 

Spenser of This Age, The. So 
Qtiarles, in his Commendatory 
Poems on Phineas Fletcher' 's 
" Purple Island" calls the latter. 

Spider, The. A nickname given 
by the chronicles of the time to 
Madeleine Guimard, the cele- 
brated danseuse at the French 
opera during the reign of Louis 
XVI., on account of her ex- 
cessive thinness. A wit of the 
period called her " La Squelette 
des Graces." 

Spinning 1 Spoon, The. So Sir 
.Robert Peel is nicknamed in the 
Noctes AmbrosiansB (xlv.). 

Spiritual Mother, The. Johan- 
na Southcote, the prophetess, is 
thus addressed by her believers. 

Spoilt Marmoset, A. A nick- 
name given to Ugo Foscolo by 
Dibdm,inhis Reminiscences of a 
Literary Life (London, 1837; i. 
67), where he says : 

The latter was the petted and 
spoilt marmoset of the upper circles 
in London. He had undoubted 
genius, but had as undoubted vanity 
which at times bordered upon 
insolence. Dandled by duchesses 
und caressed by countesses, he at 
last became giddy and lost both his 
balance and position in society. 

Sporns, in Pope's Epistle to Dr. 
Arbuthnot) is intended for Lord 
John Hervey, the son of the Earl 
of Bristol, and author of the Me- 
moirs of the Reign of George 

The cause of his estrangement 
from Pope remains obscure; out the 
iirst public offence was given by 
Pope, in allusions in his Miscellanies 



SPO 



329 



STA 



q 
fr 



(1727) and the first editions of The 
Dunciad (1728). Then, in 1734, 
appeared the Imitation of the First 
Book of Horace, where Lord Hervey 
was twice attacked under the sobri- 
uet of "Lord Fanny," and his 
riend, Lady Mary Montagu, was 
even more venomously aspersed. 
They retorted in verse and prose; 
and Pope wrote his prose Letter to 
a Noble Lord. The character of 
Sporus followed in 1734; and another 
attack, in the satire originally called 
The Epilogue to the .Satires (17-38), 
brought out a poem, The Difference 
between Verbal and Practical 
Virtue Exemplified, by Lord H. 
Ward. 

Bowles is responsible for the 
statement that in the first edition 
of the Epistle Pope had the 
name " Paris " instead of " Spo- 
rus." 

Spot Ward. Dr. Joshua Ward 
was so called. Vid. Sala, Will- 
iam Hogarth (London, 1866; p. 
244) : 



-dieted. 

Springer, The. A nickname 
given to Ludwig, Margrave of 
Thuringia in the eleventh cen- 
tury, because lie escaped from 
the castle of Giebichenstein by 
jumping over the river Saale. 

Squelette des Graces, La. 
Madeleine Guimard, the dan- 
sense. Vid, THE SPIDER. 

Squint-By ed, The. Gian Fran- 
cesco Barbieri. Vid. GUERCINO. 

Squire, The. A name given to 
Lyman Howe of Sudbnry, who 
figures in Longfellow's Tales of a 
Wayside Inn under the same 
name and also as THE LANDLORD 
fe.t;.). 

Stage Leviathan, A. So Chur- 
chill, in his poem The Mosciad 
(line 923), calls James Quin, the 
actor. 

Stagyrite, The. A common 
name for Aristotle, who was born 
at Stagira, in Macedonia : 



And rules as strict his labored work 

confine, 
As if the Stagyrite overlooked each 

line. Pope, Essay on Criticism. 

Stammerer, The. Louis II. of 
France. Vid. LE BEGUE. 

Standard Bearer, The. Will- 
iam. Maginn is referred to by 
this name in the Nodes Ambro- 
sianse. 

Stanislaus Hoax, in Benjamin 
Disraeli's novel of Vivian Grey, 
is said to be intended for Theo- 
dore Hook. 

Star of the North, The. A nick- 
name given to Gustavus Adol- 
pirns, King of Sweden, who was 
a Lutheran. He was hailed by 
the Protestants of Germany as 
their deliverer, after he had de- 
feated the Catholics at Leipzig. 
Prophecies were applied to him, 
and one might have supposed 
that no inconsiderable portion of 
the sacred volume had special ref- 
erence to him. 

Star of the Stuart Line. An 
epithet bestowed upon James IV. 
of Scotland by "Wilson, in The 
Magic Mirror : 

Nor dim and silent were thy regal 

halls 
(The mansion, now, of grief and 

solitude), 

But mirth and music shook thy pic- 
tured walls, 
And Scotland's monarch reigned 

in Holy-Rood. 
Well did I know, 'mid banneret and 

peer, 

Star of the Stuart-line, accom- 
plished James ! 
His graceful words I almost seemed 

to hear, 

As, lightly ringing 'mid those high- 
born dames, 
To each, in turn, some gallant wish 

he sighed, 

But lingered still near one, his ruin 
and his pride. 

Starch Johnny. A nickname 
given to John Crowne, the dram- 
atist, so called "because of the 
unalterable stiffness and pro- 
priety of his collar and cravat/' 
Vid. Saintsbury, Dm/den, in Eng- 
lish Men of Letters (p. 182). 



STA 



330 8TO 



Starvation Dundas. A nick- 
name applied to Harry Dundas, 
first Viscount Melville, who is 
said to have been tlie first to em- 
ploy the word " starvation,' 5 in a 
debate in the House of Commons 
on American affairs in 1775. " I 
shall not," said he, "wait for the 
advent of starvation from Edin- 
burgh to settle my judgment." 
Vid. also Letters of Horace Wai- 
pole and Mason (vol. ii. pp. 177, 
310, 396 ; ed. of 1851). 

State Apothecary, The. An 
epithet given to John Claudius 
Beresford, whose cruelties during 
the Irish revolt of 1798 were al- 
most beyond credibility. It was 
said of him that he was " the 
State Apothecary who put a 
poultice on the insurrection in 
order to bring it to a head." 

State Proteus, The. A name 
given to Matthew Prior, who, be- 
sides being a poet, was also a di- 
plomatist and a man of the world. 
He entered Parliament as a Whig 
and then went over to the Tory 
party. 

Disraeli, in his Calamities of 
Authors, says : 

To us the poet Prior is better 
known than the placeman Prior; yet 
in his own day the reverse often oc- 
curred. Prior was a State Proteus ; 
Sunderland, the most ambiguous of 
politicians, was the Erie Robert to 
whom he addressed his Mice; and 
Prior was now Secretary to the Em- 
bassy at Ryswick and Paris, inde- 
pendent even of the English ambas- 
sador; now a Lord of Trade; and, 
at length, a Minister Plenipotentiary 
to Louis XIV. 

State's Corrector, The. So 
Lord Byron, in Don Juan (L xv.) 7 
calls Sir Samuel Bomilly. 

Statesman-Bishop, The. A nick- 
name applied to John Williams, 
Lord Bishop of Lincoln in the 
seventeenth century. 

Statira, in Churchill's poem The 
Rosciad (line 629), is intended 
for Mrs. John Palmer, the daugh- 
ter of Mrs. Pritchard. 

Stay-Maker, The. A nickname 
given to Chief Baron Alexander 



Thomson by the jokers of West- 
minster Hall, from a habit he 
had of checking witnesses who 
were going too fast. He is some- 
times referred to as OLD STAY- 
MAKER. 

Steenie. So James I. called 
George Villiers, Duke of Buck- 
ingham : 

The oft-quoted saying "Those who 
live in glass houses should not throw- 
stones " originated at the Union of 
the Crowns, when London was, for 
the first time, inundated with Scotch- 
men. Jealous of their invasion, the 
Duke of Buckingham organized a 
movement against them, and parties 
were formed for the purpose of 
breaking the windows of their 
abodes. By way of retaliation a 
number of Scotchmen smashed the 
windows of the duke's mansion, 
known as the " Glass House," in 
Martins Fields, and, on his complain- 
ing to the king, his majesty replied : 
" titeenie, Steenie, those wha live in 
glass houses should be carefu' how 
they fling stanes." - G. Seaton, Me- 
moir of Alexander Seaton. 

Stella. Penelope Devereux, 
daughter of the Earl of Essex. 
Vid. ASTJROPHEL. 

Stella, meaning "a star," was a 
poetical name bestowed by Jon- 
athan Swift upon Miss Esther 
Johnson , whose tutor he was and 
whom he privately married in. 
1716. 

Still, The. So Cornelius Tacitus 
is called in The Fardle ofFacions 
(iii. 3; 1555), the word "still" 
being the English equivalent of 
the Latin Tacitus. 

Stonewall. A sobriquet be- 
stowed upon the Confederate 
General Thomas Jonathan Jack- 
son. General Bee, in rallying 
his troops at the battle of Bull 
Run, said: "There is Jackson, 
standing like a stone wall." 

Stork, The, in the Chaldee MS. 
(ii. 1(5), is intended for James 
Wilson. 

Stowe of France, The. An epi- 
thet given to Henri Sauval, a 
French historian of the seven- 
teenth century. 



STO 



331 



SUP 



Stout Harry. A nickname some- 
times applied to Henry VIII., 
King of England. 

Strabo of Britain, The. Will- 
iam. Camden has been thus 
named. Vid. THE ENGLISH 
STRABO. 

Straitened, The. A nickname 
given to Rupert, the Elector 
Palatine, King of Germany. He 
had a good head and a stout 
heart, hut he, unfortunately, in- 
terested himself in matters which 
did not tend to bring order to the 
unsettled state of Germany. 
This kept him always too pinched 
for money to uphold the dignity 
of the crown or to carry out any 
policy successfully. 

Strong- Arm, The. A nickname 
given to Georges Jacques Dantoii, 
a leader in the French Revo- 
lution. He had all the qual- 
ities of body and mind for a 
demagogue: a strong muscular 
frame, a gigantic stature, good 
understanding^ ardent imagina- 
tion, a stentorian voice, reckless 
disposition, was daunted by no 
dimculties and held in check by 
no consequences, but he was too 
honest to cope with THE LIVING 
SOPHISM (q. '.), and the man of 
brute force went down before the 
man of cold subtlety. 

Strong-bow. A title given to 
Richard, the son of Gilbert de 
Clare, Earl of Pembroke (1139). 
He received this name on ac- 
count of his strength and skill in 
archery. It is said that his arms 
were so long that he could touch 
his knees, when in an erect posi- 
tion, with the palms of his 
hands. 

Strong- Man, The. A nickname 
given to Thomas Topham, who 
"lifted three hogsheads of water, 
weighing 1836 pounds." Vid. 
Caulfield, Remarkable Charac- 
ters (iv. 214). 

Stump-Fingered, The. Mark 
the Evangelist. Vid, 6 KoZofto- 



Sturdy Teuton, Our. So Dry- 
den, in his Epistle XII. to Peter 
Motteux (line 4ti), calls the latter 
dramatist, who was born in Nor- 
niandy. 

Sub-Scribe to the Tribe of 
Adoniram, The. A name 
given to John Willis by Henry 
Wtubbe, in the hitter's Oneiro- 
critica, wherein he is also called 
the "glory and pride of the 
Presbyterian faction . ' ' 

Sublime Child, The. A name 
given to Victor Hugo in Ms 
youth. His poetry was, and is 
| still, a mixture of bombast, and 
I even bizarre, while lie exhibits 
i a rare mastery of language and 
i great poetical 'imagination. The 
i epithet was first given to him in 
i 1817 by Alexander Soumet, au- 
| thor of Divine Epnp&e, who, in a 
| letter to Chateaubriand, called 
him V enfant sublime. The lat- 
ter used the expression publicly, 
and has received the honor of 
first giving it to Hugo. 
Subscription Jamie. A nick- 
name given to Sir James Mack- 
intosh in the Nodes Ambrosi- 
anse (ii.). 

Subtle Doctor, The. Johannes 
Duns Scotus. Vid. DOCTOR 

SUBTILIS. 

Suck All Cream. A nickname 
and anagram on the name of 
Samuel Clarke (a great compiler 
of books), alluding to his inde- 
fatigable labors in sucking all 
the cream of every other au- 
thor, without haying any cream 
himself. 

Sugar-Lip. The poet Hafiz. 

Vid. TSCHEGBELBB. 

Sun God, The. Louis XIV. 
of France. Vid. LE Itoi SOLEII*, 

Sun King-, The. Louis XIV. 
rid. LE Roi SOLEIL. 

Sunset Cox. The popular nick- 
name for Samuel Sullivan Cox, 
the American legislator. 

Super Grammaticam. A nick- 
name given to Sigismund, Sm~ 
peror of Germany. 



SUP 



332 



SWA 



At the opening of the council [of 
Constance, in tiie year 1414], he 
"officiated as deacon," actually 
doing some litanying " with a sur- 
plice over Mm," though kaiser and 
king of the .Romans. But this pas- 
sage of his opening speech is what I 
recollect best of him there: "Kight 
reverend Fathers, date operam, ut 
ilia, nefanda schisma eradicetur," 
exclaims Sigismund, intent on hav- 
ing the Bohemian Schism well dealt 
with, which he reckons to be of the 
feminine gender. To which a car- 
dinal mildly remarking, "Domine, 
schisma est generis neutrius "("Schis- 
ma is neuter, your majesty"), Sigis- 
mund loftily replies : " Ego siim Ilex 
Romanus, et super gramniaticam ! " 
(" I am King of the Komans, and 
above grammar ! ") for which rea- 
son I call him in my note-books 
Sigisrnund Super Grammatical^, to 
distinguish him in the imbroglio of 
the kaisers. Carlyle. 

Superb. A nickname given by 
his soldiers to General Hancock, 
"from a remark made by Gen- 
eral Meade at Gettysburg, when 
the Second Corps repulsed Long- 
street's men." 

Superbus. A title given to Tar- 
quin II., King of Rome in the 
sixth century B. C. Vid. THE 
PROUI>. 

Superlative of My Compara- 
tive, The. So Byron, in Don 
Jit an (xv. 59), calls Sir Walter 
Scott. 

Supplement Napier. A nick- 
name bestowed upon Macveigh 
Napier, in the Npctes Ambro- 
sianse (vii.). Napier edited the 
supplement to the JSncyclopsedia 
Britannica. 

Surly Sam, in Dr. Wolcot's poem, 
ftozzyandPiozzi(i\.), is intended 
for Dr. Samuel Johnson. 

Swamp Fox, The. A nickname 
given to General Francis Marion, 
who, after the siege of Charleston 
in 1776, "raised a brigade of sol- 
diers, at the head of whom he 
carried on for more than three 
years a guerilla warfare, often 
attended with brilliant successes, 
and baffling all the attempts of 
the British generals to effect his 
capture." 



Swan of Avon, The, or THE 
SWEET SWAN OF AVON. So Ben 
Jonson called William Shakes- 
peare, because his home and 
birthplace were on the river 
Avon. 

Swan of Cambray, The. A 
name given to Francois de Salig- 
nac de la Motte Fe'neloii, Area- 
bishop ol Cambray, a man of 
line fancy, good heart, humble, 
holy, and sincere. The sobriquet 
was bestowed on him in contra- 
distinction to Bossuet, who was 
called THE EAGLE ,OF MEAUX 
(q. i'.}. Henri Martin, in his 
History of France (xiv. 261), 
says: 

The Eagle of Meaux and the Swan 
of Cambray have often been com- 
pared. One overawes, the other 
softens; one inspires fear of God, 
the other trust in God; one, while 
rejecting the sectarian spirit of the 
Jansenists, adheres to the harsh 
ethics of Port-Royal; the other, not 
less above suspicion as to his own 
morals, teaches less gloomy maxims ; 
he has not that hatred of the present 
life; he does not say, like Pascal, 
that self is detestable; he wishes us 
to endure ourselves as we endure our 
neighbors, to proportion the prac- 
tices of piety to the strength of the 
body; he blames sorrowful austerity, 
excessive fear of tasting innocent 
joy and lawful pleasures; he wishes 
us to know how to recognize God in 
the delights of friendship, in the 
beauties of Nature and Art. 

Swan of Liclifi eld, The . A title 
sometimes given to Anna Sew- 
ard, the poetess. 

Swan of Mantua, The. So Vir- 
gil is called, because he was born 
at Mantua. 

Swan of Meander, The. A so- 
briquet applied to Homer, who 
lived on the banks of the Mean-* 
der, in Asia Minor. 

Swan of Padua, The. So Count 
Francesco Algarotti, a Venetian 
writer of the last century, is some- 
times called. 

Swan of Pesaro, The. A title 
given to Bossini. Vid. Crowest, 
Musical Anecdotes (L 215, 246). 



SWE 



333 



STL 



Swede, The. So Pope, in The 
Essay on Man (iv.), calls Gusta- 
vus Vasa. 

Sweden's Glory. Gustavois 
Adolphus is so called by Francis 
Quarles, in his Emblems (iv.). 

Swedish Amazon, The. A title 
bestowed on Queen Christina. 
Vid. Masson, Life of Milton (iv. 
597, 600). 

Swedish Nightingale, The. A 
popular name for Jenny Lind, 
the celebrated vocalist, who was 
born and still resides in Sweuen. 

Sweet Little Fellow, The. Mar- 
tin van Buren was so called by 
Mr. Ritchie, editor of the Rich- 
mond Inquirer. Vid, THE PO- 
LITICAL GRIMALKIN. 

Sweet Lyrist of Peter House, 
The. A title sometimes given 
to Thomas Gray. 

Sweet, Melodious Bard. So 
Byron, in a poem To the Earl of 
Clare, calls Thomas Moore. 

Sweet Singer, The, in The Chal- 
dee MX. (i. 57), is Peter Hill, a 
young Edinburgh bookseller, of 
whom Lockhart said, speaking of 
his music, " Our friend Tom 
Moore himself is no whit his 
superior." 

Sweet Singer of the Temple, 
The. A sobriquet conferred on 
George Herbert, the author of 
The Temple: Sacred Poems and 
Private Ejaculations. 

Sweet Swan of Avon, The. 
Shakespeare. Vid. THE SWAN 
OF AVON. 

Sweet Swan of Thames, The. 
A nickname given to Alexander 
Pope by William Tooke, in his 
edition of the Poetical Works of 
Charles Churchill (i. 141), where 
he says: 

The private character of Pope 
chiefly excited Churchill's antipathy, 
and certainly gave rise to a design of 
systematically attacking the Sweet 
Swan of Thames, which on maturer 
consideration he abandoned. 

Sweet-Tongued. So Sir Aston 
Cockain, in his Small Poems of 



Divers Sets (1058), calls Michael 
Bray ton. 

Sweet Vinny Bourne. An epi- 
thet frequently given to Vincent 
Bourne, on account of the melody 
of his Latin poems. 

Sword of God, The. A name 
given by Mohammed to Khaled, 
the concaieror of Syria in the sev- 
enth century. 

Sword of the Lord Drawn from 
the Scabbard of Sicily. Vid. 
THE TERROR OF THE FAITH- 
LESS. 

Sycorax. A character drawn to 
represent Joseph Ritson, in Dib- 
din's bibliomania, or Book-Mad- 
ness, of whom he says : 

Sycorax was this demon; and a 
cunning and clever demon was he! 
I will cease speaking metaphorically, 
but Sycorax was a man of ability in 
his way. He taught literary men, in 
some measure, the value of careful 
research and faithful quotation; in 
other words, he taught them to speak 
the truth as they found her; and 
doubtless for this he merits not the 
name of demon, unless you allow me 
the privilege of a Grecian. That 
Sycorax loved the truth must be ad- 
mitted ; but that he loved no one else 
so much as himself to speak the 
truth, must also be admitted. 

Sydney Smith of the Gallic 
Church, The. An epithet con- 
ferred on Sidonius Apollinaris, 
Bishop of Clermont, in Auvergne, 
Prance. 

Henri van Laun, in his History 
of French Literature (i. 77), 



Nor is he afraid of indulging in 
pagan illustrations, or of continuing 
to model his style on that of pagan 
authors. He is, in fact, the Dean 
Swift, or, better, the Sydney Smith 
of the Gallic Church. 

Syksey. So the soldiers under 
his command nicknamed Gen- 
eral Sykes. 

Sylva Evelyn. A nickname 
given to John Evelyn, the per- 
fect model of an English gentle- 
man, on account of his work on 
forest trees, called Sylva. Ap- 
prehensions were entertained 



SYL 



334 



STB 



that the cultivation of large 
trees was so much neglected that 
in a short' time it would he diffi- 
cult to procure tiniber for the 
British navy. Evelyn made the 
appeal to the nation to treat this 
subject with due attention. His 
hook was eminently successful. 
The work also did much to pro- 
mote and strengthen the taste 
for rural occupations, now an 
English characteristic. 

Sylvander, who figures in the 
correspondence of Robert Burns, 
is intended for the poet himself. 
Vid. CLARINDA. 



Syren of This Latter Age, The. 
So Richard Barnfield, in his 
poem The Shepherd's Content 
(London, 1594), terms Sir Philip 
Sidney. 

The entire stanza reads: 
Sydney. The Syren of this latter 

Age; 
Sydney. The Blasing-starre of 

England's glory; 
Sydney. The Wonder of wise and 

sage; 
Sydney. The Subiect of true Ver- 

tue's story; 
This Syren, Starr e, this Wonder, and 

this Subiect, 

Is dumbe, dim, gone, and mard by 
Fortune's Obiect. 



TAG 



335 



TAM 



T. 



Tacitus of Sicily, The. A nick- 
name given to Falcandus, a 
Sicilian historian of the twelfth 
century. His personal history 
is involved in obscurity. Ac- 
cording to the general opinion 
of historians, he was a French- 
man hy birth, and his true name 
was Hugues Foucault; that he 
was abbot of St. Denys, and 
followed into Sicily his patron, 
Stephen de la Perche. He has 
all the feelings of a Sicilian, and 
some think that if he was not 
born in Sicily he was at least 
educated there. His narrative, 
called Historia de Calamitatibus 
Sicilise, cum Gerv. Tornacsei 
Prsefatione et Historicse Lec- 
tionis Encomia Carmine, em- 
braces the period between 1130 
and 1169, a time of great calamity 
to Sicily, and of which he was an 
eye-witness. 

Tadler, Der, i. e. t THE FAULT- 
FINDER. A nickname given to 
Johann Christoph Gottsched. 
He did much to make the Ger- 
man language the vehicle of in- 
struction for his countrymen in 
literature and science, but in 
other respects he was essentially 
French, admiring Racine and 
Boileau, and valuing elegance, 
precision, and purity of style 
more highly than all other 
merits. In 1740 he had a liter- 
ary war with Bodmer, a thorough 
admirer of German literature, 
and he was caricatured on the 
stage of Leipzig as Der Tadler, 
i. e., "The Fault-Finder," from 
which time the name stuck to 
him, and his former literary in- 
fluence, which had been very 
great, gradually diminished, till 
he is now almost forgotten. 



Tadpole, one of the electioneering 
agents in Benjamin Disraeli's 
novel Comngsly, is said to be 
intended for a certain Mr. Bon- 
ham. Vid. TAPER. 

Talatamtana, Our. An epithet 
conferred on Gabriel Harvey. 
Vid. DOCTOR HUM. 

Talazac, the hero of Henri Roche- 
fort's novel Mile. Bismarck, is 
intended for Leon Gambetta. 

Talent of the Academy, The. 

A title bestowed by Plato upon 
Aristotle. 

Talgol, in Butler's Hudibras (pt, 
I. i. 295), represents Jackson, a 
butcher of Newgate Street, Lon- 
don ,who got his captain's commis- 
sion at Naseby. 

Talma of tlie Boulevards, The. 
A nickname given to Fre*de'ric 
Lemaitre, a French actor, on 
account of his popularity with 
the people of Paris. This popu- 
larity was gained, to a great ex- 
tent,by his selection of characters 
of a melodramatic style, in which 
the vulgar and depraved part of 
human nature is raised to a dig- 
nity and position which it never 
attains in real life. His acting 
was somewhat sensational, and 
appealed to the feelings of his 
audience rather than to its rea- 
son, and consequently, while 
popular with the masses, lie 
was not always admired by the 
cultivated. 

Tarn. So Thomas Campbell is 
called in the Nodes Ambrosianss 
(xvii.). 

Tarn of the Cowg^ate. A nick- 
name given to Sir Thomas Ham- 
ilton, the Scotch, lawyer, who 



TAK 



336 



TEE 



resided in the Cowgate of Edin- 
burgh. 

Tanner, The. So General An- 
tliony Wayne is called "by Major 
Andre', in the latter's poem The 
Cow Chase* 

Taper, one of the electioneering 
agents in Benjamin Disraeli's 
novel Ooningsby, is said to be 
intended for a certain Mr. 
Clarke. Vid. TADPOLE. 

Tapsky. A nickname given to 
Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, 
Earl of Shaftesbury. Vid. THE 
POLITICIAN. 

Tapthartharatli, Our. An epi- 
thet conferred on Gabriel Har- 
vey by INash, in his Have with 
you to Saffron Walden (London, 
1596). 

Tartuffe, the principal character 
in Moliere's comedy Tartuffe; 
ou rimposteur, is said to depict 
the Abb<3 de Rouquette, after- 
wards Bishop of Autun. H. 
van Laun, in the Works of Mo- 
Mere (ii. 370), says: 

But the identity of the Abbd 
d'Autun with Tartuffe is more than 
doubtful, and rests on a tradition 
that M. de Guilleragues, who lived 
in the hotel of the Prince de Couti 
with the abbe', must have commu- 
nicated to Moliere some of the lat- 
ter's hypocritical tricks. 

Tawny, The. Alessandro Bon- 
vicino. Vid. IL MORETTO r>A 
BRESCIA. 

Tea-Table Scoundrel, A. An 
epithet applied to Lord Chester- 
field by George II., when told 
that the former was preparing a 
history of his reign. The king's 
words were : 

Chesterfield is a tea-table scoun- 
drel, that tells little womanish lies to 
make quarrels in families ; t and tries 
to make women lose their reputa- 
tions, and make their husbands beat 
them, without any object but to give 
himself airs; as if anybody could 
believe a woman could like a dwarf 
baboon. 

Teeger, The. So John Dunlop, 
author of The History of 



Fiction, is nicknamed in the 
Nodes Ambrosianse (xxxvii.). 

Teian Poet, The. Anacreon.- 

Vid. THE CEAN POET. 

Temperance, Her. Sir John 
Pakington. Vid. LUSTY PAK- 

INGTON. 

Tempest, The. A nickname 
given to Andocbe Junot, a mar- 
shal of France under Napoleon, 
on account of his bravery and 
martial impetuosity. 

Temporizing- Statesman, The. 
A nickname sneeringly given to 
Bulstrode Whitelocke, who was 
a junior counsel at the impeach- 
ment of Buckingham, a member 
of the " Long Parliament," and 
chairman of the committee to 
draw up the charges against 
Stafford; but he disapproved of 
the trial of the king, and refused 
to take part in it. He was not 
in favor of the extreme meas- 
ures of Parliament, and conse- 
quently was unpopular with the 
followers of Cromwell. 

Tenth Muse, The. Marie Lejars 
de Gournay, a French poet, has 
been so called. 

The name is also given to 
Christina, Queen of Sweden. 

Tenth Muse, The. So Dr. John 
Wolcot, in bis Epistle to the 
Reviewers, calls Hannah More. 

Tenth of the Muses, The. An 
epithet given to Madam Eliza 
Lucy Vestris, the actress, by Sir 
Lumley Skeffington, in a poem 
which he contributed to The 
London Times (1831), in which 



Now Vestris, the tenth of the Muses, 

To Mirth rears a fanciful dome; 

We mark, while delight she infuses, 

The Graces find beauty at home. 

Terence of England, The. 
Richard Cumberland. Vid. 
THE ENGLISH TERENCE. 

Terez, A character in Mile. 
Scudery's Le Grand Cyrus, 
drawn to represent Pedro d'Aze- 
yedo, Count of Fuentes, a Span- 
ish general and statesman. 



TEK 



337 



THE 



Terrible, The. So Ivan IV., 
Emperor of Russia, is called. 

Terror of the Faithless, The. 

A nickname given to Robert, first 
Duke of Calabria, sometimes 
called THE CUNNING; Roger, 
Count of Sicily, called THE 
GREAT COUNT (q.v.); and Robert 
II., second Count of Sicily, called 
also King of Sicily. These men 
all belonged to the race of Nor- 
mans who started as freebooters, 
whose skill consisted in the use 
of -the sword and shield, whose 
brains were vigorous in state- 
craft, whose pleasures were con- 
fined to the hunting-field and 
wine-cup, who entered Italy as 
adventurers or brigands, and in 
one or two generations passed 
from the condition of squires in 
Lower Normandy to the king- 
hood of the richest part of 
southern Italy, and finally 
transmitted its titles, temper, 
blood, and energy to the great 
emperor who was destined to 
fight out upon the battle-field of 
Italy the strife of empire against 
the papacy. Of them Symonds, 
in his Sketches and Studies in 
Southern Europe (ii. p. 18), 
says : 

Robert and both Rogers were good 
sons of the Church, deserving the 
titles of "Terror of the Faithless" 
and " Sword of the Lord drawn from 
the scabbard of Sicily," as long as 
they were suffered to pursue their 
own schemes of empire. They re- 
spected the pope's person and his 
demesne of Bene\ r ento; they were 
largely liberal in donations to 
churches and abbeys. But they did 
not suffer their piety to interfere 
with their ambition. 

Terror of the World, The. So 
Attila, King of the Huns, was 
designated by his contempora- 
ries. 

Teutonic Theosopher, The. A 
title given Jacob Boehme. In 
1764 there were published in 
London, in four volumes, The 
Works of Jacob Behmen, the 
Teutonic Theosopher , to which is 
prefixed the Life of the Author, 



with Figures illustrating his 
Principles, left by the Rev* 
William Law, M.A. 

Thalestris is the name under 
which Mrs. Morley is celebrated 
by Pope in The Rape of the 
LocJc. Vid. SIR PLUME. 

Thaumaturg-us of His Age, The. 
So Anthony of Padua, who 
flourished in the thirteenth cen- 
tury, is sometimes called. 

Thaumaturgus of the West, 
The. So his devoted disciples 
called St. Bernard. 

Theban Bard, The. A title 
given to the poet Pindar, who 
was born at Thebes. 

Theologian, The, one of the 
story-tellers in Longfellow's The 
Wayside Inn, was intended for 
Daniel Tread well, a man who 
invented many useful machines. 
When quite young he showed his 
aptitude for mechanical inven- 
tions, and in 1818 produced a 
new printing-press, and visited 
England the next year, where 
he conceived the idea of a power- 
press, since widely used. In 
1822 he was one of the originators 
of the Boston Journal of Philos- 
ophy and Arts, and four years 
later he introduced the system 
of turn-outs for railroads in this 
country. In 1829 he completed 
the first successful machine for 
spinning henip-cordage, and 
made several improvements in 
the manufacture of cannon. He 
also invented what substantially 
is now known as the Armstrong 
gun, at least eighteen years be- 
fore Sir "William Armstrong took 
out his patent. In 1834 he 
was made *' Koimford professor 
of the application of science to 
the useful arts." He was not a 
theologian by profession, nor 
was he ever at the Theological 
School at "Cambridge on the 
Charles," as recorded in the 
poem, but he was greatly inter- 
ested in theological discussions, 
and was wont to spend the 
summer at the Bed Horse 



THE 



338 



THF 



Tavern in Sudbury. Hence he 
is introduced by the poet as 
A Theologian, from the school 
Of Cambridge on the Charles, was 

there ; 

Skilful alike with tongue and pen, 
He preached to all men everywhere 
The Gospel of the Golden Kule, 
The JVew Commandment given to 

men, 
Thinking the deed, and not the 

creed, 
Would help us in our utmost need. 

Theophrastos*. A name adopted 
by Tyrtamos. Vid. THE DIVINE 
SPEAKER. 

Theuerdank. A title given to 
Maximilian I., Emperor of Ger- 
many. 

Thier-Wolff, Ber. Wilhelm 
"Wolff, the German sculptor, was 
so called. Vid. Kunst-Chronik 
(1887; p. 570). 

Thinker, His. A nickname given 
to Claude Camille Francois 
d'Albon, a French litterateur. 

Sir James Mackintosh, in his 
Memoirs (ii. 45), says : 

Notwithstanding his philosophy 
and his virtues, he was a great 
favorite of Louis XV. and of 
Madame de Pompadour. He used 
this influence in a manner perfectly 
disinterested; ne was the king's first 
physician. Louis called him his 
thinker, made him a nobleman, and 
gave him. an armorial bearing, de- 
vised by his own royal hand, in 
which were three flowers of pansy 
(pansee} , 

Thinking 1 Silent General, The. 
A title bestowed on G-eneral 
George Monk. Vid. Masson, 
Life of Milton (v.l&). 

Third Elias, The. A nickname 
given to Martin Luther by his 
contemporaries, because of his 
piety and usefulness, while some 
said of him he was the man to 
stop the wrath of God. 

Third Founder of Rome, The. 
So Caius Marius was called, on 
account of his triumphs in the 
Jugurthine war. 

Thirteenth Apostle, The. An 
epithet conferred on St, John 



Chrysostom by his audiences, 
who were so carried away by his 
preaching that they beat upon 
the pavement with their swords, 
and applauded him by crying, 
" This is the thirteenth Apostle." 
Since then the name has been 
frequently applied to him. 

Thomas the Rhymer. A sobri- 
quet bestowed on Thomas Lear- 
mount of Ereildoune, who flour- 
ished in the thirteenth century, 
and is said to have been a 
magician, prophet, and poet. 
Sir Walter Scott calls him THE 
MERLIN OF SCOTLAND, and as- 
cribes to him the old romance of 
Sir Tristram. 

Thomiris. A character in Mile. 
Scudery's Le Grand Cyrus, 
drawn to represent Don Fran- 
cisco de Mello, a Spanish general 
and at one time Governor of the 
Netherlands. 

Thorough Doctor, The. Will- 
iam Varro. Vid. DOCTOR, FUN- 

DATUS. 

Three L's, The. The three French 
geometricians, Laplace, La- 
grange, and Legend re, some- 
times called THE MATHEMATI- 
CAL TRIUMVIRATE. 

Three Magi, The. A name given 
to Thomas Harriot, an eminent 
astronomer ; Walter Warner, 
wbo is said to have suggested to 
Harvey the discovery of the cir- 
culation of the blood ; and Robert 
Hues, famed for his Treatise on 
the Globes. They were all emi- 
nent mathematicians, who used 
to assemble at the table of Henry, 
ninth Earl of JSTortliumberland. 

Thrissil, The, i. e., THE THISTLE, 
in William Dunbar's poem The 
Thrissil and the Rose, is intended 
for James IV. of Scotland, while 
THE ROSE signifies Ms queen, 
Margaret, the eldest daughter of 
Henry VII. 

Thucydides. A name given to 
Charles Rollin by Frederick the 
Great. 

Tkucydides of Germany, The. 
A nickname given to Johann von 



THII 



339 



TIG 



Miiller, author of the Universal 
History. 

Th.und.er and Lightning-, or 
TONNANT, was a title conferred 
on Stephen II., King of Hun- 
gary. 

Thunderbolt of Italy, The. A 
name given to Gaston de Foix, 
the nephew of Louis XII., King 
of France, and the commander 
of the French forces in Italy. 

Thunderbolt of Painting, The. 
A name frequently given to Tin- 
toretto, an Italian painter. His 
true name was Jacopo Bobusti, 
but, being the son of a dyer (tin- 
tore}, he acquired the name Tin- 
toretto. The sobriquet was given 
him by the Italians, because of 
his vehement impulsiveness and 
rapidity of execution. He soared 
above his brethren by the faculty 
of pure imagination, and it was 
he who brought to its perfection 
the poetry "of chiaroscuro, ex- 
pressing moods of passion and 
emotion by brusque lights, lu- 
minous half-shadows, and semi- 
opaque darkness. 

Thunderbolt of War, The. A 
nickname given to the Italian 
military officer Jacopo Picci- 
nino. Urquhart, in his Life of 
Francesco Sforza (ii 162), says : 
He was succeeded in the chief com- 
mand of the Milanese army by his 
brother Jacobo, who had certainly 
shown himself less destitute of 
talent and less addicted to treachery. 
On his appointment to this post of 
honor he received the title of the 
Thunderbolt of War. 

Thunderer of the Times, The. 
A nickname given to Edward 
Sterling, of whom Carlyle, in 
his Life of John Sterling, 
says : 

Of Edward Sterling, Captain Ed- 
ward Sterling as his title was, who 
in the latter period of his life became 
well known in London political so- 
ciety, whom, indeed, all England, 
with a curious mixture of mockery 
and respect, and even fear, knew 
well as the Thunderer of the Times 
newspaper, there were much to be 
said, did the present task and its 
limits permit. 



Thurso Baker, The. A nick- 
name given to Robert Dick, a 
Scotch geologist and botanist. 
He received a little education in 
Tullibody, where his father was 
an officer of excise, and then was 
apprenticed to a baker. He was 
employed part of the time in de- 
livering bread in the country, 
and took every opportunity of 
studying when there. At the 
close of his apprenticeship, he 
went to Thurso and commenced 
business in a small way on his 
own account. He still continued, 
to study the geology and botany 
of the surrounding country, and 
became acquainted with many 
celebrated scientists. While 
searching for grasses to complete 
his herbarium, he was seized with 
illness, but was compelled to 
work at his trade for a livelihood 
during several months of much 
suffering. After his death, Dr. 
Smiles wrote his biography, and 
a monument has since been 
erected to his memory. 

Thyrsis. Milton gave this name 
to himself in his EpitapMum 
Damonis, and it was applied to 
him by Mason, in the latter's 
poeni Musseus, a Monody. 

Tiddy-Doll. So George Grenville, 
Lord Temple, was nicknamed in 
the pasquinades of his day. 

Tiddy-Doll. A name given to 
Napoleon Bonaparte by James 
G-illray, in one of his most cele- 
brated caricatures. Vid. Wright, 
Caricature History of the Georges 
(613-14): 

On the 23d of January, 1800, when 
Napoleon had begun his system of 
king-making with his kings of War- 
temberg and Bavaria, Gillray pro- 
duced fa caricature] of a superior 
character, under the title of "Tiddy- 
Doll, the great gingerbread baker, 
drawing out a new batch of kings, 
his man, hopping Tally, mixing up 
the dough." 

Tiger The . A sobriquet bestowed 
on Edward, Lord Thurlow, on 
account of his violent temper 
and rude manners. 



TIM 



340 



TOM 



Time -Honored Lancaster. So 
Shakespeare calls John of Gaunt, 
the father of Henry IV., King of 
England. 

Timias is the Squire of King 
Arthur, and the impersonation of 
chivalrous honor in Spenser's 
Faerie Queen e. " The affection of 
Timias for BELPHCBBE (q. v.), 
allowed," says Sir Walter Scott, 
"to allude to'Sir Walter Ealeigh's 
pretended admiration of Queen 
Elizabeth, and his disgrace on 
account of a less platonic intrigue 
with the daughter of Sir Nich- 
olas Throgmorton, together with 
his restoration to favor, are 
plainly pointed out in the sub- 
sequent events.'* 

Timon, in Alexander Pope's Moral 
JSssays (iv.), is intended for Grey 
Brydges, the first Duke of Chan- 
dos, "who had a great passion 
for stately buildings and splen- 
did living." 

Timothy Tickler, in the Noctes 
Ambrosianse of John Wilson, 
is intended in part as a portrait 
of Robert Syni, a lawyer of Edin- 
burgh. 

Tine-Man, i. e., a man who loses. 
A name given to Archibald, 
fourth Earl of Douglas. He was 
concerned with Albany in the 
death of his brother-in-law, the 
Dxike of Rothesay, at Falkland ; 
lost an eye at Homildon; was 
taken prisoner by Percy in 1402 ; 
joined Percy against Henry IV. 
of England, but was defeated and 
taken prisoner in 1402 ; returned 
to Scotland, and finally passed 
over to France, where he was 
slain at the battle of Verneuil, in 
Normandy. The above nick- 
name was given him because of 
his many misfortunes in battle. 
Goldscroft says that "no man 
was lesse fortunate, and it is no 
lesse true that no man was more 
valorous." Vid. Scott, Tales of 
a Grandfather (xviii.). 

Tintoretto. The real name of 
this painter was Jacopo Robusti, 
and he received the name of 



Tintoretto because his father was 
a dyer (tintore). He was nick- 
named IL FURIOSO from the 
rapidity of his compositions 

Tippecanoe. A nickname given 
to G-eneral William Henry Har- 
rison, on account of his victories 
over the Indians in 1811, at the 
confluence of the Tippecanoe and 
Wabash rivers. 

Titian of Portugal, The. So 
Alonzo Sanchez Goello, the Por- 
tuguese painter, is called, because 
his style has been thought to re- 
semble that of Titian. 

Titus Telltroth. A nickname 
frequently bestowed upon Titus 
Gates in the ballads and politi- 
cal literature of the latter part of 
the seventeenth century. Vid. 
Wilkins, Political Ballads (i. 
207). 

Tityrus, Our. Warton says that 
Chaucer is always so called in 
Spenser's Shepherd's Calendar. 

Tobacco Browne. A sobriquet 
applied to Isaac Hawkins 
Browne, a poet of London. Vid. 
Winter, The Jeffersons (p. 93). 

Toby Philpott. In The Gentle- 
man's Magazine for December, 
1810, appears the following obit- 
uary notice: 

At the Ewes farm-house, York- 
shire, aged 76, Mr. Paul Parnell, 
farmer, grazier, and maltster, who, 
during his lifetime, drank out of one 
silver pint cup upwards of 2000 
sterling worth of Yorkshire Stingo, 
being remarkably attached to Stingo 
tipple of the home-brewed best 
quality. The calculation is taken 
at 2d. per cupful. He was the bon- 
vivant whom O'Keefe celebrated in 
more than one of his Bacchanalian 
songs, under the appellation of Toby 
PhiTpott. 

Tograi Smith. A title given to 
Thomas Smith, " for his great 
skill in the Oriental tongues." 

Tom, the dustman in Dr. Arbuth- 
not's satire The History of John 
Bull, represents the King of Por- 
tugal. 

Tom Bowling-. A name which 
Charles Dibdin gives to his 



TOM 



341 



TOR 



"brother Thomas in his lyric of 
the same name. Thomas was a 
very capable seaman, and at the 
early age of 25 was made cap- 
tain of a 28-gim sloop-of-war. 
Here, a sheer hulk, lies poor Tom 
Bowling, 

The darling of our crew; 
No more he'll hear the tempest 
howling, 

For Death has broach'd him to. 

Thus Death, who kings and tars de- 
spatches, 

In vain Tom's life has doff d, 
For, though his body's under hatches, 

His soul has gone aloft. 

Tom Folio, who figures in The 
Tatler, is a representation of the 
bibliomaniac Thomas Rawlin- 
son, whose books were sold be- 
tween 1721 and 1733, the sale 
extending to seventeen or eigh- 
teen separate auctions. 

Tom Mirror. A character which 
Steele introduces in The Tatler, 
to represent his friend Richard 
Estcourt, the actor and dramatic 
writer. 

Tom Moore of France, The. 
An epithet given to "William Am- 
frye de Chaulieu, sometimes 
called THE ANACREON OF THE 
TEMPLE (q. ?:.), from the place 
where he lived. He is the most 
voluptuous of all the French 
poets ; and, like the Roman Hor- 
ace, is especially noted for his 
fayety of spirit and charming 
ash of good-humored philoso- 
phy. 

Tom Restless, in The Idler (No. 
48), is said to have been intended 
by Johnson as a picture of a Mr. 
Thomas Tyers. 

Tom Sparkle, in James Hook's 
(the father of Theodore Hook) 
novel of Pen Owen, represents 
Thomas Sheridan, the son of 
Richard Brinsley Sheridan. 

Tom the First, in Dry^den's 
Verses to Mr. Conr/reve, is in- 
tended for Thomas Shadwell. 

Tom the Second, in Dryden's 
Verses to Mr. Conyreve, is in- 
tended for Thomas Otway. 



Tom Thumb. An epithet con- 
ferred on Louis Napoleon by 
Victor Hugo, in his attempts to 
rouse the French people against 
that usurper. 

Tomes, one of the physicians in 
Moliere's L' Amour Mdecin> is 
supposed to be intended for An- 
toine Vallot, the first physician 
of the king, and who exercised 
supreme jurisdiction over all 
the doctors in the kingdom. The 
word is Greek, and means "a 
bleeder, or carver." 

Bleeding and purgatives appear to 
have been the doctor's two favorite 
remedies. He was a strenuous de- 
fender of emetics, Peruvian bark, 
and laudanum, and obtained a great 
triumph when he cured, in 1050, 
Louis XIV., with antimonial wine; 
but became anew the butt of many 
satires and epigrams on the death 
of Henrietta of France, Queen of 
England, whom his opponents ac- 
cused him of having killed by his 
prescriptions. Van Laun. 

Vid. also BAHIS, DESFONAJNT- 
DRES, and MACROTON. 

Tommy Moore of France, The. 
So Pierre Jean de Be"ranger, the 
French poet, is termed in the 
Nodes Ambrosianse (viii.). 

Tony Pasquin. A name given 
to John Williams by Gifford, in 
TJie Bavfad (line 190). He had 
employed this name as a pseu- 
donym. 

Toom Tabard, i. e. t EMPTY- 
JACKET, was a nickname given 
to John Baliol, " because of his 
poor spirit and sleeveless ap- 
pointment to the throne of Scot- 
land." 

Torch of Eloquence, The. An 
epithet conferred on Al Masfar 
Ben Bedreddin, an orator of 
Granada, who flourished in the 
sixth century. 

Torch of Wisdom, The. A 
title given to Anna Maria von 
Schurman, " really a surprising 
person, one of the most learned 
women that ever lived, who 
spoke Greek and wrote Arabic, 
and knew everything." Gosse, 



TOR 



342 



TRI 



Literature of Northern Europe 
(p. 268). 

Torq-uatus. A character in 
Marston's Scourge of Villainy 
(1599), drawn to satirize Ben 
Jonson. 

Torr3 of Poetry, The. A nick- 
name given to Thomas Gray, 
and it was said of his poetry that 
he played his coruscations so 
speciously that his steel-dust was 
mistaken by many for a shower 
of gold. Torr was a foreigner 
who, about the middle of the 
last century, exhibited a variety 
of fireworks in Marylebone Gar- 
dens, London. 

Town-Bull of Ely, The. One of 
the numerous epitjiets bestowed 
on Cromwell by Marchamont 
Needhamin theMcrcvriits Prag- 
maticus (1648-49). Vid. Masson, 
Life of Milton (iv. 56-7). 

Trader in Faction, The. A 
name given to John Milton by 
his political enemies, on account 
of his adherence to Cromwell 
and his distaste for the royal- 
ists. 

Trag-sediographus. So Francis 
Meres, in his Palladis Tamia, 
calls Michael Drayton. 

Traitor to Freedom, A. A 
term, of contempt applied to Dan- 
iel "Webster by John Quincy 
Adams. Vid. G-. W. Julian, 
Political Recollections (p. 62): 
. . . Webster, who had been 
branded by Mr. Adams as'" a trai- 
tor to freedom" as far back as the 
year 1843 . . . 

Translator- General. So Fuller, 
in his Worthies, terms Phile- 
mon Holland, who translated a 
great number of the Greek and 
Latin classics. 

Transmarine . A nickname given 
to Louis IV. of France. Vid. 
THE FOREIGNER. 

Triad, The, the chief characters 
in a poem of the same name 
by William Wordsworth, were 
Edith May Southey, Dora 
"Wordsworth, and Sarah Coler- 
idge. 



Tribune of the People, The. A 
nickname which Fra^ois Noel- 
Babeuf applied to himself. In 
July, 1794, he established in 
Paris a journal of this name. 
On the installation of the 
Directory, he opposed it in very 
violent language, called himself 
the Tribune of the People, and 
tried to make himself a second 
Robespierre. He was one of the 
leaders in a secret conspiracy to 
re-establish the Democratic Con- 
vention of 1793, for which he 
was arrested. He defended him- 
self with a fanatic's courage, 
overwhelmed his judges with 
abuse, and was guillotined in 
1797. 

Trifler in Great Things, This. 
So Mrs. S. C. Hall, in her 
Pilyrimcifjes to Ertf/lish Shrines 
(p. 96), calls Horace Walpole. 

Trimmer, The. A nickname 
given to George Savile, first 
Marquis of Halifax, born in 1630. 
His loyalty at the Restoration, 
gained him the title of Marquis ; 
he was a confidential adviser of 
Charles II., and at the beginning 
of the reign of James II. was 
appointed president of the coun- 
cil, but, on refusing, his consent 
to the repeal of the test acts, 
was dismissed. James appointed 
him a commissioner to treat with 
William of Orange, whom he 
supported, at a meeting of Par- 
liament. On the accession of 
William he was made lord of 
the privy seal. He afterwards 
vacillated between the parties 
of the Whigs and Tories, and 
w^as the leader of a party which 
did so, and for which he was 
called the Trimmer. He 
assumed the title as an honor, 
and vindicated the dignity of 
the appellation, saying that 
everything good trims between 
extremes, as the temperate zone 
trims between the torrid and 
frigid zones. He was also a 
trimmer by the constitution of 
his head and heart. His keen, 
sceptical understanding, his re- 



TRI 



343 



TKTJ 



fined taste, his placid, forgiving 
temper, and his whole disposi- 
tion, which was never given to en- 
thusiastic admiration or malevo- 
lence, would not allow him long 
to be constant to any political 
party. The party which at the 
moment he liked best he belonged 
to. He was always severe upon 
his violent associates and always 
in friendly relations with his 
moderate opponents. Every 
faction in its day of insolent and 
vindictive triumph incurred his 
censure, while every faction, 
when vanquished or persecuted, 
found in him a protector. 
Trinity Jones. A nickname 
given to William Jones of 
Naylancl, the author of several 
works in defence of the doctrine 
of the Trinity, and the founder 
of The British Critic. 
Trissotin. A character in Mo- 
" Here's comedy Les Femmes 
Savantes, which was intended 
as a satire upon Charles Cotin, 
He was a man of learning, 
understood Greek, Hebrew, and 
Syriac, and was respected in the 
best circles, where merit only 
could procure admittance. At 
one time he was reading his 
sonnet Urania (afterwards pub- 
lished in (Etivres Galantesj to 
Madame de Nemours, when 
Menage entered, who disparag- 
ing the production, the two 
scholars abused each other, in 
nearly the same terms as TRIS- 
SOTIN and VADIUS (<?. ?;.) in the 
Van 



play. 

Moliere (iii. 424). 



also 



Laun, 



Triumphant Exciseman, The. 
A title bestowed by Horace 
Walpole, in his letters, upon Sir 
Robert Walpole. Vid. Hannay, 
Satire and Satirists (p. 186). 

Troubler of Israel, A. A title 
given to Thomas Morton, who 
wrote The New English Canaan, 
a work directed against the 
Puritans of New England. 

Trudg-er and Trencher. Charles 
Knight thus calls John Stow, the 
historian. 



True Deacon of the Craft, 
That. A name given to Alex- 
ander Pope. 

Lockhart, in his Life of Sir 
' Walter Scott (iii. 104), says : 

It has been specially unfortunate 
for that true deacon of the craft, as 
Scott called Pope, that first Gold- 
smith and then Scott should have 
taken up, only to abandon it, the 
project of writing Ins life and 
editing his works. 

True Diana, The. Elizabeth is 
so called by Nash, in his Pierce 
Penilesse, his Supplication to the 
Deuill (ed. 1592; pp. 64, 90). 

True English Aretine. So 
Lodge, in his Wit's Miserie and 
the World's Matinesse (1596), 
terms Thomas Nash. 

True Laureate of England, 
The. A name given to Charles 
Dibdin (the popular writer of 
loyal and nautical songs) by 
William Magnin, in his Works 
(y. 99), to wit: 

The navy was then, and may it 
ever be so, the favorite of the 
nation. We were beating every flag" 
of every country off the face of the 
waters, and Dibdin honored be his 
name ! was the true Laureate of 
England. 

True Nathaniel, A. A nickname 
given to Joshua Sylvester by 
John Vicars, in his commenda- 
tory poem prefixed to Sylvester's 
translation of Du Bartas : 

Thou wast no Lordly great Cos- 

mopolite ; 
Yet, much renowned by thy vertuous 

Fame 
A Saint on Earth (No need of greater 

Name,) 
A true Nathanael, Christian-Israel 

ite. 

True. Thomas. A name given to 
Thomas Learmount, oil account 
of his prophecies, which in, 
numerous instances were ful- 
filled. Vid. THOMAS THE 
KHYMER. 

Trulla, the profligate woman in 
Butler's Hudibras (pt. I. i. 365), 
is said to represent the daughter 
of James Spencer, a Quaker, 



TRU 344 



TUS 



who was seduced by her own 
father and then by MAGNANO 
(&. t;.)- 

Trumpet Moore. A name oc- 
casionally given to Thomas 
Moore, because he continually 
praised himself. 

Trumpeter of Pitt, The. So 
William Cobbett is nicknamed 
in the Nodes Ambrosianse 
(Iziii.). 

Trusty Anthony. A nickname 
applied to Anthony Aston, an 
English actor and dramatist. 
Vid. Fitzgerald, New History of 
the English, Stage (i. 306). 

Truth-Teller. A sobriquet be- 
stowed by the Indians upon 
Charles Thomson, Secretary of 
the first Continental Congress 
(1774-89), who had previously 
served as negotiator with the 
Iroquois and Delawares. 

Tscheg-erleb, or SUGAR-LIP, is a 
sobriquet frequently applied to 
the Persian poet Mohammed 
Hafiz, on account of the inelli- 
fluousness of his verses. 

Tub Mirabeau. A nickname 
given to Count Honore' Gabriele 
Biquetti, Viscount Mirabeau, on 
account of his corpulence. His 
head was large and his lips 
thick; he had a tiger-like face, 
deeply pitted with small-pox; 
his throat was short and thick, 
and his shoulders high even to 
deformity ; but with all these de- 
fects there was something digni- 
fied and even agreeable in his 
general appearance. Vid. BAR- 
BEL MIRABEAU. 

Tubal Cain of America, The. 
A nickname given to Alexander 
Spotswood, at one time Governor 
of Virginia, who, among his 
other labors to develop the re- 
sources of his colony, directed 
liis energies to the manufacture 
of iron. 

Turken-Louis, Der. A nick- 
name given to Ludwig Wilhelm 
I., Margrave of Baden. Vid. 



Allqemeine Deutsche Biographie 
(xix. 485). 

Tullius Ang-lorum. John Lyly, 
or Lilly, is so called in some 
verses prefixed to Alcida (1617) : 
Multis post annis, conjungens car- 

mina prosis, 
Floruit Ascamus, Cliekus, Gascog- 

nus, et alter 

Tullius Anglorum nunc vivens Lil- 
lius. 

Tumble-Down Dick. A nick- 
name given to Richard Crom- 
well, the son of the Protector. 
Vid. Masson, Life of Milton (v. 
451). 

Tuneful Harry, who occurs in 
Milton, is Henry Lowes, author 
of the Book of Ay res and Dia- 
logues (1650). Vid. also Notes 
and Queries (1st ser. i. 162). 

Turenne of Louis XV., The. 
A name given to Count Hermann 
Maurice de Saxe, Marshal of 
France, one of the most success- 
ful generals of his time. 

Turk Gregory. So Shakespeare, 
in I King Henry IV. (v. 3), calls 
Pope Gregory VII., "a furious 
churchman, who surmounted 
every obstacle to deprive the em- 
peror of his right of investiture 
of bishops." 

Turn- Coat Meres. A nickname 
given to Henry Booth, son of the 
first Lord Deiamere, created in 
1690 Earl of Warringtoii. Vid. 
"Wilkins, Political Ballads (i. 
217). 

Turncoat. So Lord Byron, in 
Don Juan (xi. 56), calls Robert 
Southey. 

Turnip-Hoer, The. So George 
L, King of England, was nick- 
named, because, it is said, " when 
he first went to England, he 
talked of turning St. James' 
Park into a turnip-ground." 

Turnkey. So Lord Byron, in Don 
Juan (xi. 56), calls Sir Hudson 
Lowe, Governor of the Island of 
St. Helena. 

Tuscan Imp of Fame, The. A 
name applied by S. W. Singer to 



TWO 



345 



TYR 



Petrarch, in a note to Spence's 
Anecdotes, where he says : 

Neither is there much arrogance in 
comparing Garcilasso de la Vega to 
Petrarch. I know not, indeed, 
whether it is not doing the Tuscan 
Imp of Fame much honor. 

Two King-s of Brentford, The, 
in Buckingham's farce The Re- 
hearsal, are probably intended 
for Charles II., King of England, 
and James, Duke of York, after- 
wards James II. : 

Look you, Sirs, the chief hinge of 
this play ... is, that I suppose two 
kings of the same place, as, for ex- 
ample, Brentford, for I love to write 
familiarly (act i. sc. 1). 

Twopenny Author, A. An epi- 
thet applied to Sir Richard Steele 
by John Dennis, because Steele 
published The Tatler at twopence 
a copy. 

Tycho Brahe, A. So Charles 
Lamb calls George Dyer. Vid. 
AN ARCHIMEDES. 

Tydeus. A nickname given to 
Horace Walpole. Vid. OROS- 

MADES. 

Tyrant Aikin. A nickname 



given to Francis Aikin, an Irish 
actor, "from his success in the 
impassioned declamatory parts 
of tragedy a character in pri- 
vate life no man was more the 
reverse of, either in temper or 
the duties of friendship." 

Tyrant of the Chersonese, The. 
So Miltiades was called. 

Tyrant of the New England, . 
The. A title frequently be- 
stowed on Sir Edmund Andros. 

Tyrteeus of Germany, The. A 
nickname given to Carl Theodor 
Koerner, who wrote war-songs 
that inspired his countrymen 
with zeal and helped in the upris- 
ing of the nation against Napo- 
leon, as Tyrtseus inflamed, the 
Spartans. 

Tyrtseus of the British Navy, 
The. A sobriquet conferred on 
Charles Dibdin, because nearly 
all of his sea-songs, "that con- 
tributed so largely during the 
war to cheer and inspire the 
hearts of English seamen, were 
written by him for his entertain- 
ments." 



TILT 



346 



rorc 



u. 



TJltimus Romano-rum, or THE 
LAST OF THE ROMANS (q. v.), is 
a sobriquet frequently bestowed 
on Horace Walpole. Congreve 
was also so called by Alexander 

- Pope. 

TJltimus Romanorum, i. e., LAST 
OF THE ROMANS. A nickname 
given to Thomas Hollis, a great- 
nephew of Thomas Hollis, the 
"benefactor of Harvard College. 
He himself was also a benefactor 
of the college and an ardent ad- 
vocate of civil and religious lib- 
erty. Dibdin, in his Library 
Companion, says: 

Thomas Hollis has been considered 
as the Ultinius Romanorum in his 
way. He was, in other words, " a 
dear Liberty Boy," and patronized 
the works chiefly of Harrington, 
Toland, and Sydney of each of 
whom he edited some opuscula, but 
particularly the Discourses of Gov- 
ernment. 

Ulysses, The. Albrecht III., 
Margrave of Brandenburg, is so 
called. He is also termed THE 
ACHILLES OF GERMANY. 

Dr. John Wolcot calls George 
III., King of England, ULYSSES. 

Ulysses of Bibliographers, 
The. A nickname given to 
Bartholomew Mercier, better 
known as the Abb de St. Leger, 
a French bibliographer, of whom 
Dibdin, in his Bibliomania, or 
Book-Madness (London, 1811; p. 
82), says: 

Let us begin with Mercier, a man 
of extraordinary and almost un- 
equalled knowledge in everything 
connected with bibliography and 
typography ; of a quick apprehen- 
sion, tenacious memory, and correct 
judgment; who was more anxious 
to detect errors in his own publica- 
tions than in those of his fellow-la- 



borers in the same pursuit; an 
enthusiast in typographical re- 
searchesthe Ulysses of Bibliog- 
raphers . . . 

Ulysses of the Highlands, The. 
A surname conferred on Sir 
Evan Cameron, Lord of Lochiel. 
He has been also called THE 
BLACK. His son Donald was 
called THE GENTLE LOCHIEL. 

Umbra, the hero of Pope's poem 
of the same name, is James 
Moore Smith. He also appears 
in The Dunciad (ii. 50), under 
the name of PHANTOM MORE. 

Umbra, in Pope's Moral Essays 
(i.), is intended for Bubb Dod- 
dington. Vid. also OBSEQUIOUS 
UMBRA. 

Umbrian Gozzoli, An. A name 
given to Bernardo Pinturicchio, 
an Italian painter. J. A. Sy- 
monds, in his Renaissance in 
Italy (iii. 301), says of him : 

A thorough naturalist, though sat- 
urated with the mannerism of the 
Umbrian school, Pinturicchio was 
not distracted either by scientific or 
ideal aims from the clear and fluent 
presentation of contemporary man- 
ners and costumes. He is a kind of 
Umbrian Gozzoli, who brings us 
here and there in close relation to 
the men of his own time, and has in 
consequence a special value for the 
student of Kenaissance life. 

Uncle Robert. A sobriquet be- 
stowed on General Robert E. 
Lee. Vid. Owen, In Camp and 
Battle with the Washington Ar- 
tillery of New Orleans (pp. 130, 
347, 387). 

Uncle Sam. General U. S. 
Grant has been called " Uncle 
Sam " Grant. Vid. UNITED 
STATES GBANT. 



tnsrc 



347 



UNI 



Uncle Toby, the hero of Sterne's 
novel The Life and Adventures 
of Tristram Shandy, is generally 
supposed to be intended as a 
portrait of the author's father. 
A writer in Macmillan's Maga- 
zine (July, 1873) asserts, how- 
ever, " that the character was 
drawn by Sterne from Captain 
Hinde, a neighbor of Lord Dacre, 
whom the great author used to 
visit at his country-seat. This 
Captain Hinde was a retired 
officer, and it is recorded of him 
that he made an embattled front 
to his house, called his laborers 
from the fields by the sound of 
a bugle, and had a battery at the 
end of his garden." 

Uncle Tom, the principal char- 
acter in Mrs. Harriet Beecher 
Stowe's novel of the same name, 
is said to have been drawn from 
Josiah Henson, a Maryland 
negro slave, who was held in 
bondage for forty-two years, 
when he effected his escape to 
Canada. 

Unconditional Surrender, The 
initials of the Christian names of 
General Grant have been inter- 
preted as .stand ing for "Uncon- 
ditional Surrender." Fz'cZ. UNI- 
TED STATES GRANT. 

Uncrowned King-, The. A 
nickname given to Charles 
George Gordon, who in 1874 
accepted service under the Khe- 
dive of Egypt as Governor-Gen- 
eral of Soudan. Sebehr Baha- 
ma had obtained great influence 
in Upper Egypt as king of the 
slave-traders, and the khedive 
feared his power. Under the 
mask of a philanthropic desire 
to put down the slave-trade, he 
commissioned Gordon to proceed 
against him. His action against 
the slave-traders was prompt, 
fearless, resolute, and a partial 
success. After that he was em- 
powered to negotiate with King 
John of Abyssinia regarding the 
dispute between his country and 
Egypt. After many adventures 
with the Arab robber-tribes, 



several fights with revolted slave- 
dealers, arid finally falling a 
prisoner to King John, be was 
obliged to give up the under- 
taking, and returned to Eng- 
land. The English press could 
not say enough in his praise ; and, 
with reference to the vast prov- 
ince over which he had ruled in 
Upper Egypt, it was for a time 
the fashion to call him The Un- 
crowned King. Society tried to 
lionize him, but he strenuously 
resisted all such attentions, but 
spent his time in slums, hospi- 
tals, and workhouses, spending 
every penny not needed for the 
expense of his frugal living, and 
even selling his gold medals, 
for the relief of poverty and 
misery. 

Unfortunate Lady, The, upon 
whom Alexander Pope wrote an 
elegy, has been conjectured to 
refer to Mrs. "Weston, who was 
separated from her husband 
shortly after her marriage. 
"Buckingham's lines," on a lady 
designing to retire into a mon- 
astery, says Carmthers, "sug- 
gested the outline of the picture, 
Mrs. Weston's misfortunes and 
the poet's admiration of her gave 
it life and warmth, and imagina- 
tion did the rest." 

United States Grant. General 
U. S. Grant has been so called. 
Vid. Shanks, Personal Recol- 
lections of Distinguished Gen- 
erals (p. 117): 

The general's proper Christian 
name received at baptism was Hiram 
Ulysses; but on entering West 
Point he received, by the mistake of 
the persons who nominated him, 
the name of Ulysses Simpson.,which, 
abbreviated, gives the same initials 
as those used to indicate the gov- 
ernment of which he is the servant. 
" United States Grant "is an appel- 
lation much more common than 
Ulysses S. Grant; while the patri- 
otic friends of the general have 
given this title several facetious 
variations, such as ** Uncle Sam," 
" Unconditional Surrender," and 
"United We Stand" Grant. 



TIN"! 



348 



URI 



United We Stand Grant. A 

nickname bestowed on Gen. U. 
S. Grant. Vid. UNITED STATES 
GRANT. 

Universal Aristarchus, That. 
A name given to Sergeant John 
Hoskins, who assisted many au- 
thors iii their work. Disraeli, 
in his Amenities of Literature, 
says : 

Raleigh is even said to have sub- 
mitted liis composition to Sergeant 
Hoskins, that Universal Aristarchus 
of that day, at whose feet all the 
poets threw their verses. 

Universal Butt of All Man- 
kind, The. So Christopher 
Smart, in his poem The Hilliad, 
calls Sir John Hill. 

Universal Doctor, The. Alain 
de Lille. Vid. DOCTOK UNIVEB- 
SALIS. 

Universal Genius, The. A title 
given to Sir "William Petty. 
Vid, Wood, Athense Oxoniensis 
(iv. 214). 

Universal Philosopher, The. 
A name given to Thomas Har- 
riot, an eminent mathematician 
and astronomer. His inventions 
in algebra were adopted by 
Descartes ; his skill in interpret- 
ing the text of Homer excited 
the admiration of Chapman, 
when occupied by his version; 
and he visited Virginia in 1585, 
and actually contrived to con- 
struct an alphabet of the lan- 
guage of the Indians. 

Universal Piece-Broker, A. 

So Nichols, in his Illustrations 
of the Literary History of the 
Eighteenth Century (iii. 720), 
calls William Warburton. 

Universal Spider, The. A 
nickname given to Louis XI. 
of France by his contemporaries, 
because he so relentlessly 
labored to weave a web of which 
he himself occupied the centre 
and extended the filaments in 
all directions. 



Unready, The. A popular name 
for Ethelred II., the Saxon 
monarch. The word means 
"without counsel" (rede). 

Untamed Heifer, The. A name 
given to Queen Elizabeth in the 
Martin Marprelate tracts. 

Untaught Poetess, The. A 
popular name for Mary Leapor, 
who was the author of several 
poems, published iii 1748 and 
1751, and a play entitled The 
Unhappy father. 

Upholsterer of Notre Dame, 
The. A name given to Fran- 
ois Henri de Montmorenci, 
Duke of Luxembourg, who, 
after he had gained the victory 
over the Prince of Waldeck, at 
Fleurus, July 1, 1690, sent more 
than a hundred nags, which he 
had captured, to Paris, to dec- 
orate the cathedral of Notre 
Dame. 

Upright Telltruth, Esq.. 
Charles Lamb. Vid. OLD HON- 
ESTY. 

Upstart Crow, An. A nickname 

fiven to Shakespeare. Vid. 
HAKE-SCENE. 

Urchin, The. A name given to 
Archbishop Laud. Vid. Mas- 
son, Life of Milton (i. 540). 

Urim, in Garth's poem The Dis- 
pensary, is intended for Dr. 
Francis Atterbury, Bishop of 
Eochester : 

Urim was civil, and not void of 
sense, 

Had humor and a courteous confi- 
dence. . . . 

But see how ill-mistaken parts sue- 
ceed! 

He threw off my dominion, and 
would read ; 

Engag'd in controversy, wrangled 
well, 

In convocation language could ex- 
cel, 

In volumes prov'd the Church with- 
out defence 

By nothing guarded but by Provi- 
dence. (Canto i.) 



UttS 



349 



USI 



Ursa Major. A nickname given 
to Dr. Johnson by Lord Auchin- 
leck, the father of James Bos- 
well. 

Vid. Gosse, Gray, in English 
Men of Letters (cap. ix.) . 



Ursley Suddlechop. Mrs. Tur- 
ner. Vid. DAME URSULA. 

Usinulea, in Alexander Barclay's 
romance Argents, is intended i:or 
John Calvin, the French Prot- 
estant Reformer. 



VAD 



350 



VAN" 



Y. 



Vadius, the pedant in Moliere's 
comedy Les Femmes Savantes, 
is supposed to be a satirical 
portrait of Menage, an ecclesias- 
tic noted for his wit and learn- 
ing. 

Vagabond Scot, A. So War- 
burton, in a letter to Hurd, dated 
Jan. 30, 1759, calls Tobias Smol- 
lett. 

Vain Braggadocio, This. An 
epithet conferred on Gabriel 
Harvey by Nash, in his Christ's 
Tears over Jerusalem (London, 
1594), where he says : 

Indeed I have heard there are mad 
men whipt in Bedlam, and lazie 
vagabonds in Bridewell; wherfore 
me seemeth there should be no 
difference betwixt the disciplining of 
this vaine Braggadochio, than the 
whipping of a mad man or a vaga- 
bond. 

Vain Tyrant, The, in Churchill's 
poem The Apology (line 266), is 
intended for David Garrick. 

Valentine. William. Congreve. 
Vid. ANGELICA. 

Valet des Princes, Le. A name 
given to Jean Froissart, the 
French chronicler and poet. 
Henri van Laun, in his History 
of French Literature (i. 214), 



He was, in short, a cosmopolitan; 
he spoke, thought, and wrote like 
one. His countrymen have accused 
him of displaying his gratitude in 
his history; Marie Joseph Che"nier 
went so far as to style him a valet 
des princes. He hardly seems to 
merit so much contempt. 

Valet du Cardinal, Le. An 
epithet given to Cardinal Louis 
de Nogaret d'Epernon de la 
Valette, one of the friends of 
Richelieu. 



William Bobson, in his Life of 

Richelieu (p. 377), says : 

The brother of the duke, who was 
generally called Le Valet du Car- 
dinal, instead of the Cardinal de la 
Valette, acted in this affair like the 
faithful slave of his stern master. 

Valet Poet, The. A nickname 
given to Clement Ma-rot, who at 
one time was valet de chambre to 
Francois I. 

Valiant, The. A title bestowed 
on Jean IV. of Brittany. 

Valiant Lion, The. So Alep 
Arslan, the son of Togrul Beg, 
the Perso-Turkish monarch, is 
called. 

Van, in Pope's Imitations of 
Horace (II. i, 289), is intended 
for Sir John Vanbrugh, the 
dramatist. 

Vandyke of Sculpture, The. 
So Antoine Cpysevox, the 
French sculptor, is called, "on 
account of the beauty and anima- 
tion of his figures." 

Vanella. A name under which 
Ann Vane figures in a satire 
called The Fair Concubine, or 
the Secret History of the Beauti- 
ful Vanella, Containing her 
Amours with Albimandes, P. 
Alexis, etc. (London, 1732). 

She was the daughter of Gil- 
bert, Lord Barnard, and maid of 
honor to Queen Caroline. She 
became the mistress of Frederick 
Lewis, son of George II. and 
father of George III., and was 
somewhat given to intrigue, 
causing a coolness at one time 
between the prince and his 
former companion, Lord Hervey. 
While at St. James' Palace she 
had a son born, which was 
christened in 1732 as Fitz- 



VAN 351 

Frederick Vane. It was doubted , 
however, who was the father of 
the boy, as it was laid to Lord 
Hervey and the first Lord 
Harrington, as well as to the 
prince. On the marriage of the 
prince, she retired to Bath, where 
the son died, on the 20th of 
March, 1736, and the mother 
seven days later. 

In the above satire are found 
the following lines : 
So big "Vanella, with the serious air, 
Views ev'ry feature with attentive 

care, 

To give her coming boy Ms father's 
princely stare. 

Besides the above, she is satir- 
ized in the following books : 

Vanella in the Straw, a poem 
(London, 1732). 

Vanelia, or the Amours of the 
Great (London, 1732). 

Vanessa, The Humours of the 
Great (London, 1732), and 
Alexis's Paradise, or a Tripp to 
the Garden of Love at Vauxhall, 
a comedy (London, 1732). 

Vanessa, in Swift's poem Cademis 
and Vanessa, represents Miss 
Esther Vanhomrigh, a young 
lady who had fallen in love with 
the dean, and proposed marriage. 
The name "Vanessa" is com- 
posed of the first syllable of her 
true name and the diminutive 
of her Christian one. Vid. 
CABENUS. 

Varina. Jonathan Swift thus 
Latinized the name of Miss Jane 
Waryng, a lady to whom he pro- 
fessed to be attached in his early 
life. 

Varro of Britain, The. William 
Camdeii has been thus named. 
Vid. THE ENGLISH STRABO. 

Varus. So Dryden, in his Dedi- 
cation of the Pastorals, calls 
Thomas, -Lord Clifford. 

Vashti. One of the characters 
in Kacine's tragedy Esther, and 
which represents Madame de 
Montespan. 

Vater des Deutschen Liedes, 
Der. A title given to Heinrich 



VEI 



Albert, a German musician and 
poet of the seventeenth cen- 
tury, and the composer of many 
Arien. 

Vathek. So Lord Byron, in 
Clrilde Harold (I. xxiL), calls 
"William Beckford, on account 
of his novel of that name. 

Vayn Pap-Hatchet, The, in 
Nash's Pierce Penilesse, his 
Supplication to the Demll (p. 
46), represents John Lyly, the 
Euphuist. The latter was the 
author of a tract against Martin 
Marprelate, called Pap with a 
Hatchet, alias A Fig for my 
Godson . . . which was pub- 
lished without a date, but prob- 
ably in 1589. It was at one time 
attributed to Nash, and it is 
written in obvious imitation 
of his satirical and objurgatory 
style. 

Veiled Prophet of Khorassan, 
The. Hakim Ben Allah, called 
Mokanna the Veiled, was the 
founder of an Arabic sect in the 
eighth century, during the reign 
of Mahadi, at Meru, in Khoras- 
san. He commenced his ex- 
traordinary career as a common 
soldier, but soon rcse to be com- 
mander of a band of his own. 
An arrow pierced one of his 
eyes, and to hide this deformity 
he always wore a veil. Hakim 
finally set himself up as God, 
he assumed to have been Adam, 
Noah, and other wise men of 
various times, and now he had 
taken the human form of the 
Prince of Khorassan. He was 
well versed in the arts of magic, 
and produced some startling 
effects of light and color. 
Among other miracles, to the 
delight and bewilderment of his 
soldiers, he caused a moon to 
issue for an entire week from a 
deep well. So brilliant was this 
luminary that the real moon^is 
said to have paled beside it. 
The sultan Mahadi marched 
against him, and after a long 
siege took his last stronghold. 
Upon that, Hakim, having ftrst 



YEL 



352 



VIC 



poisoned his soldiers with wine 
at a banquet, threw himself into 
a vessel filled with a burning 
acid of such a nature that his 
body was dissolved, nothing but 
a few hairs remaining. He 
wished to leave the impression 
that he had ascended bodily into 
heaven. 

Velveteen. A nickname given 
to Charles Stanley Reinhart by 
G-. P. Lathrop, in his Spanish 
Vistas. 

Venerable, The. A title be- 
stowed on Beda, the ecclesias- 
tical historian of the eighth cen- 
tury; on William de Cham- 
peaux, the founder of realism in 
the twelfth century; and on 
Peter, Abbot of Cluny. 

Venerable Initiator, The. So 
William of Occam, the scholas- 
tic philosopher, was called, " on 
account of the lead he took in 
the theological and philosoph- 
ical discussions of his day." 

Venn's Principal Fireman at 
Windsor. So Christopher 
Love was styled by the royal- 
ists, on account of his being 
preacher to the garrison of 
Windsor Castle, while the lat- 
ter was under the command 
of Col. John Venn. Vid. Wood, 
Athens& Oxoniensis. 

Venomous Preacher, The. A 

nickname given to Bobert 
Traill. 

Veronese of France, The. A 
nickname given to Ferdinand 
Victor Eugene Delacroix, on 
account of the fertility of his 
imagination, as he has painted 
all kinds of subjects, involving 
a vast variety of costumes. 

Vert Gallant, i. e., DEVOTED 
ADMIRER. An epithet given to 
Henry IV. of France, who was 
suave but brusque, gracious 
but awkward, wonderfully gen- 
tle but rough in manners. The 
worst part of his character was 
his gallantry, which was con- 
stantly leading him into ridicu- 



lous adventures and domestic 
difficulties. 

Very Baggage of New 
Writers, The. An epithet 
conferred on Thomas Nash by 
Harvey, in his Pierce's Superero- 
gation (London, 1593), where he 
says: 

Let him be thorowly perused by 
any indifferent reader whomsoever, 
that can judiciously discerne what is 
what; and will uprightly censure 
him according to his skill, without 
partialitie pro or contra : and I dare 
undertake he will affirm no lesse 
upon the credit of his judgement; 
but will definitely pronounce him 
the very Baggage of new writers. 

Vicar of Bray, The. The name 
of this personage was said to 
have been Symon Symonds; 
some call him Symon Alleyn. 
Fuller, in his Church History, 
says : 

The vivacious Vicar of Bray, living 
under King Henry VIII., Edward 
VI., Queen Mary, and Queen. Eliz- 
abeth, was first a Papist, then a 
Protestant, then a Papist, and then 
a Protestant again. He had seen 
some martyrs ourned (some two 
miles off) at Windsor, and found 
this fire too hot for his tender tem- 
per. The vicar being taxed by one 
for being a turncoat and an incon- 
sistent changeling, "Not so," said 
he, " for I always kept my principle, 
which is this, to live and die the 
Vicar of Bray." 

Vicar of Hell, The. A nick- 
name given by Henry VIII. of 
England to one of his courtiers. 
Different writers have claimed 
the epithet for different men, as 
follows : 

John Skelton, the satirical 
poet. He had been tutor to 
Henry before he became king. 
In 1498 he was the rector of 
Diss in Norfolk. This word Diss 
is often spelled with one s, and 
thus in merriment it becomes 
identified with Dis, the god of 
the infernal regions. 

Thomas Wolsey, better known 
as Cardinal Wolsey, the most 
powerful man of his time in 
England next to the king, who 



VIC 



353 



YIC 



tried twice to be elected pope. 
He lived in a most voluptuous 
manner, his train of servants 
rivalled that of the king, and 
was composed of many persons 
of rank and distinction; but 
while he dazzled the eyes or 
insulted the people by an array 
of gorgeous furniture and equi- 
page, such as exceeded the royal 
establishment itself, he was' a 
general and liberal patron of 
literature, and, in the midst of 
luxurious pleasures and pom- 
pous revellings, he was medi- 
tating the advancement of sci- 
ence by a munificent use of 
those riches which he seemed 
to accumulate only for selfish 
purposes. 

Thomas Cromwell, afterwards 
Earl of Essex. He exposed to 
the king some particulars that 
were very acceptable, respecting 
the submission of the clergy to 
the pope in derogation of his 
majesty's " authority, which 
placed him in high 'favor. He 
was the visitor-general of the 
monasteries throughout England, 
and in that office is accused of 
having acted with much vio- 
lence. When the pope's suprem- 
acy was abolished, he was 
made vicar-general over all the 
spirituality under the king, and 
was declared the head of the 
church. In this capacity he 
used his extensive power to 
discourage popery and in pro- 
moting the Reformation. He 
encouraged the translation of 
the Bible. He was odious to the 
nobility by reason of his low 
birth, hated by the Catholics 
for having been so busy in the 
dissolution of the abbeys, not 
over-loved by the Keformers, for 
he could not protect them from 

Sersecution, and the king, not 
king Anne of Cleves, whom he 
had been assisted in marrying 
by Cromwell, turned his favor in 
another direction, and his fall 
was rapid. 

Andrew Borde (or Boordre), 
Who at one time was physician 



to Henry VIII., a very odd and 
whimsical character but a man of 
great wit and learning. It has 
been intimated that he hastened 
his end by poison on the discov- 
ery of his keeping a brothel for 
his brother-bachelors. He was, 
in fact, a mad physician and a 
dull poet, and is known to pos- 
terity as a buffoon, not as a phi- 
losopher. Milton, in his Areo- 
payiticai says : 

I name not him for posteritie's 
sake, whom Harry the 8 nam'd 
in merriment his Vicar of Hell. 

Vicar of Wakefield, The. Rev. 
Benjamin Wilson. Vid. PRIM- 
ROSE. 

Viceroy, The. A nickname 
given to Sarah Jennings, Duchess 
of Marlborough. Vid* QUEEN 
SARAH. 

Victor Hugo of Painting 1 , The. 
A nickname given to Ferdinand 
Victor Eugene Delacroix, a 
modern French painter and chief 
of the romantic school. The epi- 
thet is applied to him on account 
of the extraordinary fecundity of 
his mind; his power to render 
his pictures attractive by a dra- 
matic energy of execution; his 
high rank as a colorist; his 
brilliant effects of light and 
shadow; liis success in almost 
all kinds of subjects ; and his in- 
correct drawing. 

Victorious, The. A sobriquet 
conferred on Charles VII. of 
France, after he had driven the 
English out of his kingdom. 

Victorious, The. A nickname 
given to Frederick I., Elector 
Palatine. He assumed the office 
of elector for life, with the un- 
derstanding that his children 
should not rank as princes, and 
that his successor should be his 
nephew. A coalition was at once 
formed against him, which he 
defeated, and he enlarged the pa- 
latinate during his reign. 

Victorious, The. A nickname 
given to Joseph I., King of 
Hungary and Emperor of Ger- 



YIC 



354 



YOL 



many, because he successfully 
prosecuted the war of the Span- 
ish succession against France. 
Victorious, The. A nickname 

f'.ven to Ladislaus, or Lancelot, 
ing of Naples. Upon the death 
of his father, Charles III., his 
mother hecame regent, and an 
opposite party proclaimed the 
son of the Duke of Anjou king. 
As Ladislaus advanced to man- 
hood, he displayed superior quali- 
ties, and by degrees drew the 
nobility to his flag. He finally 
captured his native city and was 
proclaimed king. He also, after 
once unsuccessfully attempting 
it, finally captured and plundered 
Rome. He conceived the proj- 
ect of the unity of Italy, which 
was not realized till four cen- 
turies after his death. 
Vikings of Literature, The. 
So Hannay, in his Satire and 
Satirists (p. 58), calls Erasmus 
and Budaeus : 

They embarked on the sea of 
knowledge with hearts as daring as 
those with which our forefathers 
lone- before had spread their sails on 
the Baltic and the German Ocean. 

Violino, II. A sobriquet conferred 
on Camillo Cortellini, an Italian 
composer of church music in the 
seventeenth century, from his 
proficiency on the violin. 

Virg-il and Horace of the 
Christians, The. So Bentley 
calls Aurelius Clemens Pruden- 
tius, a Spaniard, who wrote 
hymns and poems in the fourth 
century. 

Virgilius Redivrvus. A nick- 
name given to the Italian poet 
Marco Girolamo Vida, whose 
poetry is said to be in Virgil's 
style. 

Virgin Modesty. So Charles II. 
nicknamed John "Wilmot, Earl of 
Rochester, because he blushed 
so readily. 

Virgin Queen, The, is Elizabeth, 
Queen of England, although her 
right to the title has been ques- 
tioned. 



Virginia's Tutelary Saint. A 
title bestowed upon Pocahontas, 
the Indian princess, who married 
Captain John Smith. Vid. The 
Echo (Hartford, 1807; p. 63). 

Vivian Grey. This name, the 
hero of one of Benjamin Disrae- 
li's novels, was applied to the 
author himself by Thomas 
Moore, in his Odes upon Cash, 
Corn, Catholics, and Other Mat- 
ters (London, 1828), where he 
says: 

Yonder behind us limps young 

Vivian Grey, 
Whose whole life, poor youth, was 

long since blown away, 
Like a torn paper-kite, on which the 

wind 
No further purchase for a puff can 

find. 

Volpone. The popular nickname 
of Sidney G-odolphin, lord- 
treasurer in 1709-10. Dr. Sach- 
everell, in several of his dis- 
courses, pointed, as Swift thinks, 
at the lord-treasurer, in a pas- 
sage about "the crafty insidious- 
ness of such wily Volppnes." 
Vid. Wilkins, Political Ballads 
(ii. 85). 

Voltaire de Son Siecle, Le. A 

sobriquet bestowed by Balzac, in 
his Catherine de Medicis, on 
Pietro Aretino. 

Voltaire of the Sixteenth Cen- 
tury, The. A name given to 
Erasmus, a man of vast learning, 
both sacred and profane, and 
who possessed the graces of elo- 
quence and the charms of wit. 

Voluminous Prynne. An epi- 
thet applied to William Prynne, 
on account of the great number 
of his works, nearly all of which 
are now forgotten. 

Disraeli, in his Calamities of 
Authors, says: 

The literary character of Prynne is 
described by the happy epithet which 
Anthony Wood applies to him, 
Voluminous Prynne. His great 
characteristic is opposed to the 
axiom of Hesiod, so often quoted, 
that half is better than the whole; a 



YUL 



355 



YUL 



secret which the matter-of-fact men 
rarely discover. 

Vulture Hopkins. A nickname 
given to John Hopkins, a wealthy 
London merchant, on account of 
his rapacious mode of acquiring 
his immense wealth, which at the 
time of his death amounted to 
300,000. He was the archi- 
tect of his own fortune, which 



originated in some highly for- 
tunate speculations in stocks, 
and was considerably increased 
at the explosion of the South-Sea 
Bubble in 1720. Unfortunately, 
he was a Whig, and, moreover, 
was concerned in various loans 
to a government composed of 
Whigs. This may account for 
the hatred of Pope towards him. 
Via. Moral Essays (epistle iii.). 



WAG 



356 



WAL 



Waggish Welsh Judge, The. 
So Byron, in Don Juan (xiii. 
38), calls George Hardinge. 

Wagon Boy, The. A nickname 
given to the American states- 
man Thomas Corwin, on account 
of his rendering assistance to* 
General Harrison with a wagon- 
load of provisions. 

Walking- Library. Sir Henry 
Wotton used to call John Hales 
"his walking library." Vid. 
Masson, Life of Milton (i. 423). 

Walking 1 Library of Our Na- 
tion, The. So Phillips, in his 
TheatTiim Poetarum Anylicano- 
rum, calls John Selden. 

Walking- Museum, The. A 
nickname given to Dionysius 
Cassius Longimis, on account of 
his learning. 

Walking- Polyglot, The. Car- 
dinal Mezzofanti. Vid. THE 
BRIAREUS OF LANGUAGES. 

Walking* Stewart. A nick- 
name given to John Stewart, 
an English traveller, who trav- 
ersed on foot through India, 
Persia, Nubia, Abyssinia, Ara- 
bia, Europe, and the United 
States. 

A most Interesting man, whom 
personally I knew; eloquent in con- 
versation; contemplative, if that is 
possible, in excess ; crazy beyond all 
reach of hellebore (three Anticyraa 
would not have cured him), yet sub- 
lime and divinely benignant in his 
visionariness ; the man who, as a 
pedestrian traveller, had seen more 
of the earth's surface, and commu- 
nicated more extensively with the 
children of the earth, than any man 
before or since; the writer, also, 
who published more books (all intel- 



ligible by fits and starts) than any 
Englishman, except, perhaps, Rich- 
ard Baxter, who is said to have pub- 
lished three hundred and sixty-five 
plus one, the extra one being 
probably meant for leap-year. De 
Quincey. 

Wallace of Switzerland, The. 
An epithet given to Andreas 
Hofer. At the peace of Pres- 
burg in 1805, the Tyrol ese were 
transferred to the new kingdom 
of Bavaria. Accustomed to 
arms from their infancy, they 
rose, in 1809, as one man, and 
drove their new rulers from the 
country. They were at first 
assisted by Francis I. of Aus- 
tria, but when he succumbed to 
Napoleon, they were given up 
to his vengeance. Their leader 
was Andreas Hofer, a man of 
gigantic stature and strength, 
brave as a lion, gentle as a 
lamb; an enthusiastic patriot, 
idolized by his countrymen. 
He drove the French and Ger- 
man armies from his country, 
but, as fresh troops kept pour- 
ing in, his little band was re- 
duced to a handful, and he was 
finally betrayed by a priest, 
named Douay, tried and exe- 
cuted. 

Walmoden. A nickname given 
to the Countess of Yarmouth, 
the mistress of King George II. 
Vid. "Wilkins, Political Ballads 
(ii. 274). 

Walter. So Henry VIII. is 
called by William Forrest. Vid. 
GKTSILDE THE SECONDS. 

Walter Scott of Belgium, The. 
So Hendrick Conscience has 
been called. 



WAL 



357 



WAT 



Walter Scott of Italy, The. So 
Byron, in Childe Harold (iv. 40), 
terms Ariosto. 

"Walter tlie Doubter. A nick- 
name given to Walter van 
Twiller, Governor of New Neth- 
erland. Irving-, in a broad cari- 
cature of him, given in his 
Knickerbocker History of New 
York (bk. iii. chap. i)j says : 

The surname Twiller is said to be 
a corruption of the original Twijfler. 
which in English means doubter; a 
name admirably descriptive of Ms 
deliberate habits. For though he 
was shut up within himself like an. 
oyster, and of such a profoundly re- 
flective turn that he scarcely ever 
spoke except in monosyllables, yet 
did he never make up his mind on 
any doubtful point. This was 
clearly accounted for by his adhe- 
rents, who affirmed that he always 
conceived every object on so com- 
prehensive a scale that he had not 
room in his head to turn it over and 
examine both sides of it, so that he 
always remained in doubt merely in, 
consequence of the astonishing mag- 
nitude of his ideas. 

"Wanderer, The. A nickname 
given to Goethe after he had 
separated from Gretchen and 
Annette. Vid. THE CONFI- 
DANT. 

Warbler of Poetic Prose, The. 
So Cowper calls Sir Philip Sid- 
ney (The Task, iv.). 

Warlike, The, i. e. LE BELLI- 
QUEUX. A nickname given to 
Henri II. of France, on account 
of his love of war; but all his 
attempted achievements were 
disastrous to his country. 

Warming-Pan Child, The. So 
the PRETENDER (q. v.) is called, 
and the Jacobites are termed 
" Warming-Pans." 

The story goes that Mary 
d'Este, the wife of James II., 
never had a living child, but a 
substitute for her dead infant 
was on one occasion brought to 
her in a warming-pan. 

Warrior-Drover, The. So Gen- 
eral Anthony Wayne is called 
by Major Andre", iii the latter's 
poem The Cow Chase. 



Warrior Lady of Latham, The. 
A nickname given to Charlotte, 
Countess of Derby, who defended 
her house at Latham, in the 
absence of her husband, for eight 
months against the Parliamen- 
tary Army, till she was relieved 
by Prince Rupert. 

Washington of Colombia, The. 
So Simon Bolivar has been 
called, he having established 
the independence of that coun- 
try. 

Washington of the West, The. 
A nickname given to William 
Henry Harrison, of whom Burr, 
in his Life and Times of Harri- 
son (p. 262), says: 

During the campaigns of 1812- 
1818, he was constantly in. service, 
and devoted his best and greatest 
energies to his country. He fol- 
lowed the British into Canada, and 
captured the whole army of Proctor, 
He was then hailed as the Washing- 
ton of the West, and on Ms journey 
to the capital was greeted with the 
most enthusiastic rejoicings. 

Wasp of Twickenham, The. 
So Percy Fitzgerald, in his New 
History of the JSnc/Ush Stage 
(i. 322), terms Alexander Pope. 

Water- Gull. A nickname given 
to Richard G-renville, Earl Tem- 
ple, in a letter by Walpole, 
April 8, 1778, in which he 
says : 

Lord Chatham certainly went to 
the House to express resentment at 
their having only dabbled with him 
indirectly, out his debility, or per- 
haps some gleam of hope of yet 
being adopted, moderated his style; 
his water-gull, Lord Temple, was at 
his elbow. 

Water-Poet, The. A popular 
name for John Taylor, who 
was a waterman on the Thames. 

Waterloo Hero, The. A nick- 
name given to Viscount Rowland 
Hill, an English general, who 
at the battle of Waterloo was 
exposed to the greatest personal 
danger; his horse was shot under 
him, and fell wounded in five 
places; he himself was rolled 
over and severely bruised, and 



WEA 



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WEL 



for half an hour, in the mSUe, it 
was feared "by his troops that he 
had been killed. But he rejoined 
them and was at their head to 
the close of the day. "When the 
army returned home, the fame of 
Hill was second only to Wel- 
lington's, on account of his great 
talents as a commander as well 
as for his conspicuous gallantry. 
Weasel, The . A nickname given 
to William Cecil, Lord Bur- 
leigh. Disraeli, in his Amenities 
of Literature, says: 

Lady Kildare once aptly described 
Cecil, when she threatened "to 
break the neck of that weasel " ; and 
afterwards the Scottish monarch, 
admiring the quick shiftings and 
keen scent of the crafty creature, in 
the playful style of the huntsman, 
characterized his minister, in his 
kennel of courtiers, as his little 
beagle. The weasel had all along, 
moving to and fro, kept his unob- 
served course ; and, to the admiration 
of all, now " came out of the chamber 
like a giant, to run his race for 
honor and fortune." That astute 
Machiavel had long prepared stanch 
friends for himself in well paid 
Scots. 

Weather-Cock, That. A nick- 
name given to William Pulteney, 
Earl of Bath, in the reign of 
George II. Vid. Wilkins, Polit- 
ical Ballads (ii. 277). 

Weather-Glass of His Time, 
The. A nickname given to 
Samuel Pepys, on account of his 
Diary. He was the first to hear 
all the court scandal, all the 

Eublic news, all the change of 
ishion, all the downfall of 
parties; and he was the first to 
pick up family gossip and to de- 
tail philosophical intelligence, to 
record every measure the king 
adopted, every mistress he dis- 
carded; and left a record of great 
interest to the reader of history, 
and of use to one who would 
understand the time in which he 
lived. 

Weaver Poet, The. A nick- 
name given to William Thorn, 
of Inverary, Scotland, a gifted 
but spoiled son of genius, rank- 



ing high in the order of minor 
minstrels. At the age of four- 
teen he was apprenticed to the 
trade of a hand-loom weaver, in 
which position he strove to im- 
prove his knowledge and learned 
to play on the flute. In 1837 he 
was thrown out of employment, 
and he journeyed to Aberdeen 
with his family to find work. 
At that time he made his first 
effort as a song- writer, and com- 
posed verses on the road, which 
he sold to the people as he passed 
their houses. Later he sent 
yerses to the Aberdeen Herald, 
which attracting much attention, 
his other poems were published. 
In 1842 he was invited to London, 
where Lady Blessington and 
other leaders of society made 
much of him. He then returned 
to Inverary, where he fell into 
distress, but published his 
Rhymes and Recollections of a 
Hand-Loom Weaver. He died 
in 1848. 

Weazel, The. A sobriquet be- 
stowed on Martin van Buren by 
Calhoun. Vid. THE POLITICAL 
GRIMALKIN. 

Wee Johnny. A nickname giv- 
en to John Wilson, a Scotch 
printer, and the publisher of 
the Ealmarnock edition of Burns' 
poems. The poet wrote on this 
printer his Epitaph on Wee 
Johnny, which says : 
Whoe'er thou art, O reader, know 

That death has murder'd Johnny! 
An' here his body lies fu' low 
For saul he ne'er had ony. 

Weeping- Philosopher, The. 
Heraclitus, who flourished in 
the sixth century B.C., is so 
called, because he grieved at the 
folly of man. 

Well Beloved, The. Louis XY. 
and Charles VI., Kings of 
France. Vid. LE BIEN-AIME. 

Well Founded Doctor, The. 
JEgidius de Columna. Vid. 
DOCTOR FTTNDATISSIMUS. 

Well Languaged, The. So Will- 
iam Browne, in his Britannia's 



WEL 



359 



WHI 



Pastorals, terms Samuel Daniel, 
the poet and dramatist. 
Wellington des Joueurs, Le. 
So Anthony Wopdville, Lord 
Rivers, was called in Paris. 

Le Wellington des Joueurs lost 
23,000 at a sitting. Edinburgh 
Review (July, 1844). 

Wensleydale Poet, The. A 
name given to George William 
Michael Jones Barker, author 
of Stanzas on Cape Coast Castle 
and Three Days : or, History and 
Antiquities of Wensleydale, etc. 

Wentworth, in Plumer Ward's 
novel of De Vere : or, the Man 
of Independence, is intended as a 
representation of George Can- 
ning, the statesman, "the con- 
tention in whose mind between, 
literary tastes and the pursuits 
of ambition is beautifully deline- 
ated." 

Western Hangman, The. A 
nickname given to the infamous 
Chief Justice George Jeffreys. 
Vid. Wilkins, Political Ballads 
(i. 258). 

Whackum, the assistant of 
SIDROPHEL (q. y.) in Butler's 
Hudibras (pt. II. iii. 325), is 
asserted by some authorities to 
represent one Tom Jones, a 
foolish Welshman. Others think 
the character is intended for 
Richard Green, who published a 
pamphlet entitled Hudibras in a 
Snare. 

Whiskey Van. A nickname 
given to Martin van Buren by 
the opponents of Crawford in 
Georgia. Vid. Crockett, Life of 
Martin van Buren (p. 25). 

White Bear, The. A nickname 
given at Oxford to Richard 
Whately, Archbishop of Dublin, 
" for the rude, unceremonious 
way in which he would trample 
upon an adversary in argument." 

White Devil of Wallachia, 
The. So George Castriota was 
called by the Turks, to whom he 
was a great terror. 

White -Flower, The . An epithet 
which Dante gives to himself. 



He describes himself as a flower, 
first bent and closed by the night- 
frosts, and then blanched or 
whitened by the sun (the symbol 
of reason), which opens its leaves. 
The effect which the sun pro- 
duces upon him is a speech of 
Virgil's, persuading him to follow 
his guidance. 

White King, The. Charles I. 
Vid. THE MAETYB KING. 

White -Milliner, The. A name 
given to Frances Jennings, sister 
of Sarah, Duchess of Marlbor- 
ough. She was a famous beauty 
of the reign of James II., and 
married for her first husband 
George Hamilton, and for her 
second Richard Talbot, after- 
wards created Duke of Tyrcon- 
nel. When James II. was de- 
throned, she with her husband 
fled to France. She was soon 
left a widow, was reduced to ab- 
solute want, and returned to 
England. For some time she 
was unable to procure secret ac- 
cess to her sister, the duchess, 
then ruling the councils of Eng- 
land, so she hired a stall under 
the Royal Exchange, maintain- 
ing herself by the sale of mis- 
cellaneous articles. She wore a 
white dress encasing her entire 
person, and a white mask, which 
she never removed, thus creating 
much interest and curiosity. Af- 
terwards she received a part of 
her husband's property, and es- 
tablished herself in Dublin, 
where she died. 

White Queen, The, So Mary, 
Queen of Scots, is sometimes 
called, because she dressed in 
white mourning for her hus- 
band. 

White Rose of England, The. 
Perkin Warbeck was thus ad- 
dressed by Margaret of Bur- 
gundy, the sister of Edward IV. 

White Rose of Raby, The. A 
title given to Cecily, the wife of 
Richard, Duke of York, and 
mother of Edward IV. and Rich- 
ard III. 



WED 



360 



WIL 



Wide -Awake , The . A nickname 

fiven to Louis VI. of France in 
is youth, at which time he had 
more taste for military exercises 
than the pleasures of one of his 
age. Throughout his whole life 
he was animated by a strong 
sense of equity; to air his cour- 
age was his delight ; he scorned 
inaction; he opened his eyes to 
see the way of discretion; he 
"broke his rest in thinking, and 
was unwearied in his solicitude 
for the fame of his country. 

Widow, The, in Samuel Butler's 
satirical poem Hudibras, is in- 
tended to represent the widow of 
Aminadab "Wilmer, or Willmot, 
who was killed at Edgehill. 
She had 200 left her. 

Wild Boar of Ardennes, The. 
So Sir Walter Scott, in his ro- 
mance Quentin Durward, terms 
William de la Marck, a French 
nobleman. In French history 
he is referred to as LE SANGLIEK, 
DES ARDENNES, on account of 
his love of hoar-hunting. 

Wildfire. A nickname given to 
Sir William Wyndham, Chan- 
cellor of the Exchequer in the 
reign of Queen Anne. Vid. 
Wilkins, Political Ballads (ii. 
147). 

Will Bigamy. So Swift calls 
William, Lord Cowper, in refer- 
ring to the latter's domestic 
troubles. 

Will Booth, in Fielding's novel 
Amelia, is said to exhibit many 
traits of th e author himself, Vid. 
AMELIA. . 

Will Honeycomb, one of the 
characters in The Spectator Club, 
is intended for Colonel John 
Cleland. 

Will-o'-th'-Wisp. So Dr. Wol- 
cot, in his Epistle to James J5os- 
well (line 41), calls the latter. 

Will Wimble, who figures in The 
Spectator Club, is said to be in- 
tended for Thomas Morecroft. 

William Tell of the Tyrol, The. 
A nickname given to Andreas 



Hof er, who attempted to liberate 
his country from the French and 
Bavarian government. 

William the Conqueror. A 
character in the old .English play 
Faire Em, supposed to be in the 
main a portrait of William 
Kempe, an English actor. 

William the Conqueror. A 

title given to Sir William Waller, 
the commander in the Parlia- 
mentarian Army in 1642. Vid. 
Masson, Life of Milton (II. 

William Prynne also has been 
called by this sobriquet. Vid. 
THE CATO OF THE AGE. 

William the Testy. A nickname 
given to William. Kieft, fifth 
Dutch governor of New Nether- 
land, by Irving, in his Knicker- 
bocJcer Plistory of New York (bk. 
iv. chap, i.), where he says : 

He was of very respectable descent, 
Ms father being Inspector of Wind- 
mills in the ancient town of Saar- 
dam; and our hero, we are told, 
made very curious investigations in- 
to the nature and operations of those 
machines, when a boy, which is one 
reason why he afterwards came to 
be so ingenious a governor. His 
name, according to the most ingen- 
ious etymologists, was a corruption 
of Kyver, that is to say, wrangler or 
s colder ; and expressed the heredi- 
tary disposition of his family, which 
for nearly two centuries had kept 
the windy town of Saardam in hot 
water, and produced more tartars 
and brimstones than any ten fami- 
lies in the place and so truly did 
Wilhelmus Kieft inherit this family 
endowment, that he had scarcely 
been a year in the discharge of his 
government before he was. univer- 
sally known as William the Testy. 

William Wastle, who appears hi 
the Nodes Anibrosianse, is in- 
tended for John Gibson Lock- r 
hart. 

Willy, the young hero in Captain 
Marryat's novel The King's Own, 
is intended for the author's own 
son, who came home with him 
from the East Indies, and died 
at the age of seven. 



WIL 



361 



WIS 



Wiltshire Bard, The. A nick- 
name given to the Rev. Stephen 
Duck, a man who educated him- 
self by working in excess of his 
fellow-laborers, and engaged in 
several of the lowest employ- 
ments in country life, being par- 
ticularly for many years a 
thresher in a barn at Charleton, 
in the county of Wilts, at the 
wages of four shillings and six- 
pence per week. He was ad- 
mitted into orders and given the 
living of Byfleet, in Surrey. He 
was a popular preacher and a 
pure arid thoughtful man, but 
became insane and drowned him- 
self in the Thames. He was a 
poet of some merit. 

Windemere Treasure, That. 
So Byron, in his poem The Blues, 
calls William Wordsworth. 

Winged Franklin, A. So Oliver 
Wendell Holmes, in a poem en- 
titled Emerson (1883), calls the 
latter. 

Winter King-, The, and The 
Winter Queen. These nick- 
names were bestowed respec- 
tively on Frederick ,V., elector- 
palatine, and Elizabeth, his wife, 
the daughter of James I. of Eng- 
land. Frederick was elected 
King of Bohemia by the Prot- 
estants in 1619, but his reign 
was abruptly ended in the follow- 
ing year. 

Wire-Master, The. A nickname 
given to Lord Bute, on account 
of his influence over George III. 
and some of the statesmen of 
England. He was, in fact, the 
power behind the throne. A 
caricature published in 1767 
represents him as a man standing 
behind a box, with several wires 
in his hand, each one of which is 
fastened to one of the ministers, 
who dance at his will. 

Wise, The. The following per- 
sonages have been thus enti- 
tled: 

Alfonso X. of Leon. Also 

called THE ASTRONOMBE (q> v.). 

Aben-Esra, a Spanish rabbi of 



Toledo, who flourished in the 
twelfth century. 

Charles V., King of France. 
Vid. LB SAGE. 

Che-Tsou, the founder of the 
fourteenth dynasty of China. 

Le Comte de las Casas. Vid. 
LE SAGE. 

Frederick, Elector of Saxony 
in the sixteenth century. 

John V. of Brittany, also 
called THE GOOD (q. v.). Vid. 
also SAPIENS. 

Wise, The. An epithet given 
to Albert II., Duke of Austria. 
He was versed in the learning of 
the times ; was distinguished for 
his address and policy; by his 
strict economy was enabled to 
augment by purchase the inheri- 
tance of bis ancestors; was be- 
nignant and compassionate ; pos- 
sessed an unshaken firmness 
of mind; and, notwithstanding 
great bodily afflictions, he main- 
tained till the close of his life 
an uninterrupted serenity of 
temper; and, in an age of big- 
otry and persecution, displayed 
proofs of toleration and human- 
ity. Vid. THE JOVIAL. 

Wise, The. A nickname given 
to Johannes Duns Scotus, on 
account of his learning, and for 
the zeal and ability with which 
he defended the Immaculate 
Conception against Thomas Aqui- 
nas, in which he is said to have 
demolished 200 objections to the 
doctrine. 

Wise Duchess, The. A nick- 
name given to Sarah, Duchess 
of Marlborough. Vid. Wilkins, 
Political Ballads (ii. 87). 

Wise Peter. So Pope, in his 
Moral Essays (iii. 123), calls 
Peter Walter, an eminent attor- 
ney. 

Wisest Fool in Christendom, 
The. So Sully called James 
VI. of Scotland. 

Wisest Man of Greece, The, 
The Delphic oracle thus named 
Socrates, and he modestly re- 
plied: "*Tis because I alone of 



WIT 



362 



WOR 



all the Greeks know that I know 
nothing." 

Witchfinder, The. A name 
given to Matthew Hopkins, who 
travelled through England in 
the seventeenth century to dis- 
cover witches. At first popular 
feeling was on his side, but 
finally it was so much against 
him that his own test was 
applied to him. Being cast into 
a river, he floated, and, this con- 
clusively proving his guilt, he 
was accordingly executed as a 
wizard. Butler has embodied 
him in Hudibras. 

Withers of the City, The. So 
Dryden calls Robert Wilde, 
the author of Iter B create (1660). 

Witling 1 of Terror, The. So 
Macaulay terms Bertrand Ba- 
rere de Vieuzac. Vid. THE 
ANA.CREON OF THE GUILLOTINE. 

Wizard, The. A name given to 
Henry Percy, ninth Earl of 
Northumberland, on account of 
his attachment to mathematical 
studies. 

Wizard, The. A name given to 
John Sobieski by the Tartars, 
after a series of extraordinary 
victories had fully impressed 
them with a belief in his super- 
natural powers. Vid. Salvandy, 
Histoire de Pologne. 

Wizard of the Italian Benais- 
sance, The. A name given 
to Leonardo da Vinci, who was 
master of many branches of art 
and study; of inquisitive intel- 
lect; marvellous patience; 
quickness of insight; and a 
g;ood illustration of the defini- 
tion of genius as the capacity 
for taking infinite pains. J. A. 
Symonds, in his Renaissance in 
Italy (iii. p. 312), says: 

Leonardo is the wizard or diviner; 
to him the Renaissance offers her 
mystery and lends her magic. 

Wizard of the North, The. A 
sobriquet bestowed upon Sir 
"Walter Scott, "in allusion to 
the magical influence, of his 
works, which on their first ap- 



pearance fascinated their read- 
ers even more, perhaps, than they 
do now.'' 

Wolf of France, That. A nick- 
name bestowed on Louis XIV. 
Vid. Wilkins, Political Ballads 
(i. 200). 

Wonder of the World, The. 
A nickname given to Albert 
IV". of Austria, who early in his 
reign left his country in the 
hands of his cousin, called THE 
DELIGHTFUL (q. v.}> and took a 
long journey into the Holy 
Land. This pilgrimage gave 
rise to many romantic stories 
of his adventures, which have 
been consigned to verse, and 
gained for him the appellation. 

Wonder of the World, The. A 
nickname given to Frederick II. 
of Germany, 011 account of his 
various attainments. 

Wonder of the World, The. A 
nickname given to Otho III. of 
Germany, on account of his 
scholarship. 

Wonderful, The. A nickname 
given to Luis Y. Argot e Gon- 
gora, a Spanish poet. His aim 
was to produce something new 
and unheard of in poetry; the 
result was a number of produc- 
tions of the most pedantic and 
tasteless description. 

Wondrous Maid, The. An epi- 
thet conferred on Joan of Arc, 
who was considered by the 
French as a woman blessed by 
divine assistance, and looked 
upon by the English as some- 
thing supernatural. 

Wondrous Three, The, referred 
to in Byron's Monody on the 
Death of Sheridan (line 104), 
are Fox, Pitt, and Burke. 

Word- Catcher, The. An epi- 
thet given to Joseph Ritson, a 
noted antiquary, critic, and 
collector of ancient poetry. He 
had bitterly assailed Percy's 
Reliques of Ancient Poetry, and 
made many enemies by so doing, 
but modern criticism and fur- 
ther study have justified him. 



WOE 



363 



XEN" 



Lockhart, in his Life of Sir 
Walter Scott, says : 

This narrow-minded, sour, and dog- 
matical little word-catcher had hated 
the very name of Scotsman, and was 
utterly incapable of sympathizing 
with any of the higher views of his 
new correspondent (Scott). Yet 
the bland courtesy of Scott dis- 
armed even this half-crazy pedant; 
and he communicated the stores of 
his really valuable learning in a 
manner that seems to have greatly 
surprised all who had hitherto held 
any intercourse with him on anti- 
quarian topics. 



World's Wonder, The. An epi- 
thet given to Queen Elizabeth of 
England. Vid. THB MIRACLE 
OF TIME. 

Worthless, The. A nickname 
given to Wenceslaus, King of 
Bohemia and Germany. Vid. 
THE NERO OP GERMANY. 

Wretch of Sion, The. So Rich- 
ard Whytforde (temp. Henry 
VII.) frequently styled him- 
self. Vid. Wood, AtJiensB Oxoni- 
ensis. 



X. 



Xenomanes, i. e., A LOVER OF 
TRAVEL. A name under which 
Jean Bouchet, a French historian 
and poet, figures in Rabelais' 
Pantagruel. 

Xenophon of His Own His- 
tory, The. A name given to 
Geoffroi de Villehardcmm, "by 
Van Laun, in his History of 
French Literature (i. 202), who 



He is the Xenophon of his own 
history, having himself been an 
actor in all which he narrates; a fact 
which adds a special freshness and 
vigor to his account. He was, as a 
consequence, more than the Mande- 
ville of French prose, for his sub- 
ject was more purely historical, and 
he had the art of laying down the 
model and practice of historical nar- 
rative. He had precisely that dignity 
which Froissart needed, though it 
was left to Frpissart to excel him in 
graphic and picturesque description. 



YAH 



364 



YOU 



Y. 



Yankee Hill. A nickname given 
to George Handel Hill, an 
American actor, who was born 
in Boston, and in the Warren 
Theatre of that city made his 
first appearance by reciting 
Yankee stories between the 
pieces. 

In the Park Theatre of New 
York he was engaged to play 
Yankee characters, in opposition 
to James H. Hackett, who was 
one of the first to introduce the 
Yankee type of our character 
upon the stage. So sudden was 
the success of Hill that in a 
very short time he started on a 
starring tour, and proved to be a 
very formidable rival to Hackett. 
His success led Hackett to par- 
tially drop his Yankee parts, 
and develop a broken German 
in Rip van Winkle (an old 
version of the play) and broken 
French in M. Mallet. In 1838 
Hill crossed the Atlantic and 
made his dtbvt on the London 
stage, at the Adelphi, with great 
success, afterwards playing at 
Drury Lane and the Haymarket, 
and then went to Paris, where he 
performed twice. He died at 
Saratoga, N. Y. 

Yankee Jonathan. A nickname 
given to Jonathan Hastings. Dr. 
Thatcher says that about 1713 
there lived a farmer in Cam- 
bridge whose favorite expression 
was "Yankee" used in place of 
excellent, as "Yankee good 
horse," " Yankee good cider," 
etc. The Harvard students, on 
that account, called him Yankee 
Jonathan. 

Yeasty Pride. A nickname 
given to Colonel Pride, one of 



the " Lords " created by Crom- 
well. Vid. Wilkins, Political 
Ballads (i. 136). 

Yorick, the clergyman in Sterne's 
Tristram Shandy, is intended for 
the author himself : 

Yorick, the lively, witty, sensitive, 
and heedless parson, is the well 
known personification of Sterne him- 
self, and, undoubtedly like every 
portrait of himself, drawn by a 
master of the art bore a strong 
resemblance to the original. Still, 
however, there are shades of sim- 
plicity thrown into the character of 
Yorick which did not exist in that 
of Sterne. We cannot believe that 
the jests of the latter were so void 
of malice prepense, or that his satire 
flowed entirely out of honesty of 
mind and mere jocundity of humor. 
Scott. 

Young Apollo, The. J. A. 
Symonds thus refers to William 
Shakespeare. Vid, THE DYING 
TITAN. 

Young* Ascanius, Our. So Dry- 
den, in his poem Mac Flecknoe 
(line 108), calls Thomas Shad- 
well, the dramatist. 

Young Catullus of His Day, 
The. So Byron called Thomas ' 
Moore. Vid. English Bards 
(line 288). 

Young Cavalier, The. Charles 
Edward Stuart. Vid. THE PRE- 
TENDERS. 

Young Cub, The. A nickname 
given to Charles James Fox. 
Vid. NIGER. 

Young Euphues. A nickname 
given to Thomas Nash by Har- 
vey, in his Pierce's Supereroga- 
tion (London, 1593), where he 



They were much deceived in 
Mm, at Oxford, and in Savoy, where 



YOU 



365 



YOU 



Master Absalom lived; that tooke 
Mm onely for a dapper and soft 
companion, or a pert-conceited 
youth, .that had gathered togither 
a fewe prettie sentences, and could 
handsonily helpe young Euphues to 
an old Simile; and never thought 
him any such mighty doer at the 
sharpe. 

Young- Hercules, A. So Gar- 
rick called Richard Brinsley 
Sheridan. Vid. Fitzgerald, New 
History of the English Stage (u. 
316). 

Young- Hickory. A sobriquet 
bestowed upon President James 
K. Polk. Vid. My Thirty Years 
out of the Senate, by Major Jack 
Downing; and see also speech 
of Stephen A. Douglass, de- 
livered June 3, 1840, in reply to 
General Harrison. 

Young- Horace. Ben Jonson. 
Vid. DEMETRIUS and HORACE. 

Young- Isis, The. A title some- 
times conferred on Cleopatra, 
Queen of Egypt. 

Young- Juvenal. A nickname 
given to Thomas Nash, born in 
1567. He had a pen which was 
often dipped in gall and worm- 
wood, and his coarse vigor and 
grotesque humor drew immediate 
attention to his lampoons, and 
gave him a lasting reputation as 
the first and most formidable 
satirist of his time. At the time 
of Greene's death he was in his 
twenty-fifth year, but had al- 
ready been sowing broadcast his 
pasquinades, and often vexed 
scholars with his sharp and 
bitter lines. If we may credit 
his portrait drawn in the Trim- 
ming of Thomas Nashe (1597), he 
was' a beardless youth with a 
head of shaggy hair. The above 
sobriquet is to be found in 
Greene's Groats-Worth of Wit, 
(London, 1596), and has been sup- 
posed to refer to Thomas Lodge, 
but later critics and students 
have come to the conclusion, 
from internal and external evi- 
dence, that the allusion is to 
Nash, who was seven years 



younger than Greene, and not 
Lodge, who was three years 
older. The passage reads : 

With thee young Juvenall, that 
byting Satyrist, thatlastlie with me 
together writ a Comedie. Sweet 
boy, might I advise thee, be ad- 
vised, and get not many enemies by 
bitter words. 

Young- Marshal, The. A nick- 
name given to "William Pitt, in 
his youth, on account of his 
rising talents, he being at an 
early age eminently distinguished 
from the general order of boys. 

Young- Pretender, The. Charles 
Edward Stuart. Vid. THE PBB- 

TEJSDERS. 

Young 1 Boscius, Tiie. A sobri- 
quet applied to "William Henry 
West Betty, the actor, who made 
his debut, in Belfast, before he 
was twelve years old. 

Young* Sicilian, The, one of the 
characters in Longfellow's The 
Wayside Inn, was drawn to 
represent Luigi Monti, a Paler- 
mo refugee, who had been intro- 
duced to the ^oet in 1851, and 
was afterwards instriictor in Ital- 
ian in Harvard University. A 
firm and lasting friendship united 
the poet and the then young 
exile, and the latter became a 
regular guest of Longfellow 
every Saturday at dinner. 

Young- Subtlety. A sobriquet 
conferred on Nathaniel Fiennes, 
the second son of Viscount Saye 
and Sele, and a member of the 
Long Parliament. He has been 
described as "a milder edition of 
his father equally thorough- 
going in his Puritanism, but per- 
sonally more prepossessing." 
Vid. OLD SUBTLETY. 

Young- Swan, The. A name 
given to Andre' Chenier', who 
was executed during the French 
Kevolution: 

The Young Swan who died stran- 
gled by its bloody hands. H. de 
Latouche, Notice sur A. Chenier. 

Young- Tarquin. Charles IL is 
thus nicknamed by Marchamont 



YOU 



366 



YOU 



Needham, in the first number of 
the Mercwius Politicus, June 13, 
1650. 

Young Waters, the hero of the 
old Scotch ballad of the same 
name, is probably the Earl of 
Murray, who was murdered by 
the Earl of Huntley in 1592. 

Young 1 Zoilus, A name given to 
John Dennis, of whom Disraeli, 
in his Calamities of Authors, 



His personal manners were charac- 
terized by 
Once, dining with Lord Halifax, he 



their abrupt violence. 



became so impatient of contradic- 
tion that he rushed out of the room, 
overthrowing the sideboard. In- 
quiring on the next day how he had 
behaved, Moyle observed, "You 
went away like the devil, taking one 
corner of the house with you." The 
wits, perhaps, then began to suspect 
their Young Zoilus' dogmatism. 

Younger Brother of Oehlen- 
schlager, The. A title some- 
times given to Mkolai Frederik 
Saverni Grandtvig, the Danish 
poet. Vid, Gosse, Literature of 
Northern Europe (p. 165). 

Youth of Quiet Ways, A, one 
of the characters in Longfellow's 
Tales of a Wai/side Inn, was 
drawn to represent Henry Ware 
Wales. He was born in Boston, 
graduated from Harvard College 
in 1838, after which he studied 
medicine and received his medi- 
cal degree in 1841. Then he 
went to Paris to further pursue 
his studies, but after sojourning 
in that city a few months, finding 
that the medical profession was 
not congenial to his tastes, he 
abandoned it, and devoted him- 
self to the study of philology and 
the acquisition of languages, for 
which he had great fondness. 
These studies he pursued with 
great ardor and success, soon ac- 
quiring a thorough knowledge of 
French, Italian, and German. 
He then made himself master of 



modern Greek, and under the in- 
struction of teachers in Prussia 
studied Sanscrit and other 
oriental languages. After an 
absence of eight years he re- 
turned to Boston, and in his 
father's house had "an upper 
room" fitted up for his books, 
where he delighted to read; but 
his predilections were for a for- 
eign residence. He soon went 
abroad a second time, extending 
his travels to Egypt and the 
regions of the East, being gone 
from home three years. He then 
set out for a third tour. Before 
leaving, his health had begun to 
fail, and some time after his 
reaching Europe he was seized 
with an affection in one of his 
knees. He spent his last winter 
in Eome, shut up in the house, 
suffering sickness and pain, and 
in the spring he was carried to 
Paris, where he submitted to 
amputation of his leg. This did 
not save him, for he gradually 
sank, and breathed his last in a 
foreign land, comforted by the 
presence of friends and the atten- 
tion of a devoted brother. He 
had collected a large library of 
rare and valuable books, which 
are now kept in a separate alcove 
in Harvard College, where there 
is also a bust of him. He was a 
warm personal friend of Long- 
fellow, who thus introduces him 
in the prelude : 

A youth was there, of quiet ways, 
A student of old books and days, 
To whom all tongues and lands were 

known 

And yet a lover of his own; 
With many a social virtue graced, 
And yet a friend of solitude ; 
A man of such a genial mood 
The heart of all things he embraced, 
And yet of such fastidious taste 
He never found the best too good. 
Books were his passion and delight, 
And in his upper room at home 
Stood many a rare and sumptuous 

tome. 



ZAB 



367 



ZUT 



Z. 



Zabad, in Samuel Pordage's satir- 
ical poem Azaria and Hashai, is 
intended for Oliver Cromwell. 

Zadoc, in Dryden's poem of Ab- 
salom and Achitophel, is intended 
for William. Bancroft, the Arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. 

Zany of His Age, The. So Pope 
calls John Henley. Vid. ORA- 
TOR HENLEY. 

Zealous Doctor, The. A nick- 
name given to Dr. Henry Sache- 
verell. Vid. Wilkins. Political 
Ballads (ii. 87). 

Zilia, who occurs in Robert Schu- 
mann's musical essays (the 
Davidsbundler), is intended for 
Clara Josephine 'Wieck, after- 
wards Madame Schumann. 

Zimri, in Dryden's play Mariaye a 
la Mode, is intended for George 
Villiers, Duke of Buckingham. 



Zing-arc, n, or THE GYPSY, is a 

sobriquet bestowed upon An- 
tonio de Solario, a celebrated 
painter of the fifteenth century. 

Zoilps of Quinault, The. An 
epithet given to Nicolas Des- 
preaux Boileau, because of his 
satires on Philippe Quinault, 
the French dramatic poet, whom 
he lashed unmercifully. 

Zoilus. A name given to Dr. Gil- 
bert Stuart, who wasted his tal- 
ents in controversy, lost every 
trace of humanity in his hatred, 
and died a victim of physical and 
moral intemperance. 

Zutphen Hero, The. So Hard- 
ing, in a poem, in Nichols' Illus- 
trations of the Literary History of 
the Eighteenth Century (iii. 802), 
calls Sir Philip Sidney, who per- 
ished on the battle-field of Znt- 
phen. 



INDEX BY TKUE NAMES. 



A ABTSBN PETER. 1507-1573. 
i\ Long Peter. 
Abbas I. of Persia. 566-652. 

The Great. 
Abdallah ibn Sina. 980-1037. 

The Admirable Cricliton of Arabia. 
Abell, 'William. Fl. 1640. 

Alderman Medium. 

Cain's Brother. 
Aben-Esra. 1093-1168. 

The Wise. 
Abercrombie, John. 1726-1806. 

The Great Teacher of Gardening. 
Aberdeen, Earl of. Vid. GORDON. 
Abernethy, John. 1764-1831. 

Doctor My-Book. 

Abing'er, Lord. Vid. SCARLETT. 
Abou-Bekr. 573-635. 

Fatlier of the Virgin. 
Abou Ebn Sina. -1037. 

The Philosopher of Persia. 
About, Edmond Francois. 1828-1884. 

Le Petit Fils de Voltaire. 
Abu Nasr Mohammed Al Farabi. -950. 

The Orphans of Arabia. 
Abu Yusuf Al&endi. -880. 

The Great Astrologer. 

The Philosopher of the Arabs. 

The Phoenix of His Age. 
Acontius, Jacobus. ? 1500- ? 156; J. 

Intendente de Fortincazione. 
Adam, Mme. Edmond. 1836-. 

Madame Maunoir. 
Adams, John. 1735-1826. 

The Colossus of Independence. 
Adams, John Quincy. 1767-1848. 

The Old Man Eloquent. 
Adams, Samuel. ,.1722-1803. 

The American Cato. 

The Cromwell of New England. 

The Father of America* 

The Last of the Puritans. 

The Man of the Ke volution. 

(309) 



ADD 370 ALB 

Addington, Henry, Lord Sidmoutn. 1757-1844. 

The Doctor. 

Addison, Joseph. 1672-1719. 
Atticus. 
Clio. 

The English Atticus. 
A Literary Machiavel. 
Adney, Thomas. Fl. circa 1794. 
Mit Yeuda. 

Columna. 1247-1316. 
Doctor Fundatissimus. 

, Paul of, or Paulus ^Ig-ineta. Fl. seventh century. 
The Father of Obstetric Surgery. 
^Elfric, Archbishop of Torts:. -1051. 
The Kite. 
Puttoc. 
-SElfric. Fl. A.D. 1000. 

Grammaticus. 
JEscfcylus. B.C. 525-456. 

The Father of Tragedy. 
.2Etius. -454. 

The Last of the Romans. 
Agrippa, Heinricn. 1486-1535. 

The Omniscious Doctor. 
Ag-uilar, G-race. 1816-1847. 

The Lost Star of the House of Judah. 
Ag-ujari, Lucrezia, Vid. COLLA. 
Aiken, James. -1805. 

Tyrant Aiken. 

Ailby, Pierre d'. 1350-1410. 
L'Aigle de la France. 
The Eagle of the Doctors of France, 
Le Marteau des Heretiques. 
Altken, James. -1777. 

Jack the Painter. 
Akenside, Mark. 1721-1770. 

The Bard of the Imagination. 
Peregrine Pickle. 
The Republican Doctor. 
Alain de Lille. 1114-1203. 

Doctor Universal is. 
Altoano, Francesco. 1578-1660. 

The Anacreon of Painters. 
Albemarle, Duke of. Vid. MONK 
Albert, Heinricn. 1604-1657. 

Der Vater des Deutschen Liedes. 
Albert II. of Austria. 1289-1358. 
The Lame. 
The Wise. 

Albert III. of Austria. 1347-1395. 
Albert with the Tress. 
The Astrologer. 

Albert IV. of Austria. 1377-1404. 
The Patient. 
The Pious. 

The "Wonder of the World. 
Albert V. of Austria. 1398-1439. 
The Illustrious. 



ALB 371 ALE 

Albert VI. of Austria. 1418-14(53. 

The Prodigal. 
Albertus Mag-mis. 1193-1280. 

The Great. 

Le Petit Albert. 
Albicante, Giovanni Alberto. Fl. circa 1540. 

Bestiale. 

Furibondo. 
Albon, Cla-ade d*. 1753-1789. 

His Thinker. 
Albrecnt I. of Brandenb-urg-. 1106-1170, 

The Bear. 

The Fair. 

The Handsome. 

The Second Romulus of Brandenburg;. 
Albrecnt III. of Brandenburg-. 1414-1486. 

The Achilles of Germany. 

Ulysses. 
Albrecnt of Bra-unscnweig 1 . -1269. 

The Great. 
Albrecnt I. of Meissen. -1195. 

The Proud. 
Alcseus. Fl. sixth century B.C. 

The Indignant Bard. 
Alcman. Fl. seventh century B.C. 

The Lydian Poet. 
Alcuin. 735-804. 

The School-Mistress to France. 
Aldred. Fl. tenth century. 

The Glossator. 
Aldridg-e, Ira. 1804-1867. 

The African Roscius. 
Alembert, Jean, d'. 1717-1783. 

Anaxagoras. 

Le Chancelier du Parnasse. 

The Father of French Philosophy. 

The Mazarin of Letters. 
Alep Arslan. -1072. 

The Valiant Lion. 
Alessandro, Romano. FL sixteenth century. 

Delia Viola. 
Alexander I. of Russia. 1777-1825. 

The Bald-coot Bully. 

The Coxcomb Czar. 

The Northern Thor. 
Alexander I. of Scotland. 1078-1124. 

The Fierce. 
Alexander II. of Scotland. 1198-1249, 

The Little Red Fox. 
.Alexander, William, Earl of Stirling-. 1580-1640. 

My Philosophical Poet. 
Alexander tne G-reat. B.C. 356-323. 

The Conqueror. 

Macedonia's Madman. 

That Pelican Conqueror. 

The Son of Jupiter Ammon. 



ALF 372 AMJE 

Alfonso I. of Portugal. 1110-1185. 
The Catholic. 
The Conqueror. 
Alfonso II. of Portugal. -1223. 

The Fat. 
Alfonso IV. of Portug-al. 1290-1357. 

The Brave. 
Alfonso V. of Arag-on. 1385-1458. 

The Magnanimous. 
Alfonso III. of Leon. 848-912. 

The Great. 
Alfonso VIII. of Leon. 1158-1214. 

The Good. 

The Noble and Good. 
Alfonso X. of Leon. 1203-1285. 

The Astronomer. 

The Philosopher. 

The Wise. 
Alfonso de Albuquerque. 1452-1515. 

The Mars of Portugal. 
Alfrag-an. -820. 

The Calculator. 
Alfred, King- of England. 849-901. 

The Great. 
Alg-arotti, Francesco. 1712-1764. 

The Swan of Padua. 
All. 602-661. 

Al Haidara. 

The Lion of God. 

The Kugged Lion. 
AH Pasha. -1822. 

The Lion of Janina. 
Allan, David. 1744-1796. 

The Scottish Hogarth. 
Allen, Earl Batnurst. 1684-1775. 

Bat. 
Allen* James. Fl. 1770. 

The Northumberland Piper. 
Allen, Ralpn. Fl. 1700. 

Mr. All worthy. 

The Man of Bath. 
Allen, Tliomas. 1542-1632. 

Another Roger Bacon. 

The Coryphaeus of Mathematicians. 
Allsop, Thomas. 1795-1880. 

The Favorite Disciple of Coleridge. 
Alva, Duke Fernando de. 1508-1582. 

Gerioneo. 
Alvarez, Manuel. -1797. 

El Griego. 
Amadeus VIII. of Savoy. 1383-1451. 

The Hermit of La Ripaille. 

The Pacific. 
Amalricn of Flanders. -1183. 

The Leper. 
Amelun^ni, Geronimo. Fl. sixteenth century. 

II Gobbo di Pisa. 



AMIST 373 AQTJ 

Amner, Ralph. -1663. 

The Bull Speaker. 
Amory, Tlaonaas. 1691-1789. 

The English Rabelais. 
Anacreon. Sixth century B.C. 

The Teian Poet. 
Anderson, Alexander. 1775-1870. 

The American Bewick. 
Anderton, Laurence. 1577-1643. 

Golden-Mouth. 
Andouins, Diana d>, Countess <3.e G-uicne. 1554-1620. 

La Belle Corisande. 
Andreas, Antony. -1326. 

Doctor Dulcifluus. 
Andros, Sir Edmund. 1637-1713. 

The Tyrant of the New England. 
Angilbert. -814. 

The Homer of the Franks. 
Angoulgme, Due cV. 1775-1844. 

Prince Hilt. 
Ang-oulgme, Marie Tkdrese, Ducliesse d.'. -1851. 

Filia Dolorosa. 

The Modern Antigone. 
Angus, Earls of. Vid. DOUGLAS. 
Aniello, Tommaso. -1647. 

Masaniello. 
Animuccia, Giovanni. 1571. 

The Father of the Oratorio. 
Anne, Countess of Sunderland. -1716. 

The Little ' 



Anne, Queen of England.. 1664-1714. 

Brandy ]STan. 
Anselm of Laon. 1050-1117. 

Doctor Scholastic us. 
Ansgar of Denmarfc. 801-864. 

The Apostle of the USTorth. 
Anson, Georg-e, Lord. -17G2. 

The Bull-Dog of All Circumnavigators. 
Antnony of Padua. 1195-1231. 

The Thaurnatargus of His Age. 
Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius. 121-181. 

The Philosopher. 

The Pious. 
Anvari. Fl. twelfth century. 

The King of Khorassan. 
Apelles. FL fourth century B. C. 

The Prince of Painters. 
Apollonius of Alexandria. -240 B. C. 

The Prince of Grammarians. 
Apperley, Cnarles James. 1777-1843 

The Great Historian of the Field. 
Appiani, Andrea. 1754-1817. 

The Painter of the Graces. 
Aquinas, Tfcomas. 1224-1275. 

Doctor Angelicus. 

The Dumb Ox. 

The Eagle of Divines. 



AQU 374 ARK 

Aquinas, Thomas (continued). 

The Father of Moral Philosophy. 

The Fifth Doctor of the Church. 

The Second Augustine. 
Arbuthnot, Dr. John. 1667-1735. , 

The .King; of Inattention. 

The Queen's Favorite Physician. 
Arc, Joan of. 1412-1431. 

The Maid of Orleans. 

La Pucelle. 

The Wondrous Maid. 
Archer, William S. 1789-1855. 

Insatiate Archer. 
Archibald, Marquis of Arg-yle. 1598-1661. 

The Presbyterian Ulysses. 
Archiloclms of Paros. FL 700 B. C. 

The Father of Iambic Verse. 

The Father of Satire. 
Archimedes. B. C. 287-212. 

The Homer of Geometry. 
Arden, Richard Pepper. 1745-1804. 

Little Pepper. 
Aretino, Pietro. 1492-1557. 

The Censor of the World. 

The Cerberus. 

II Divino. 

Divus. 

The Scourge of Princes- 

Le Voltaire de Son Sieole. 
Arg*ensola, Bartolome. 1566-1631. 
, Lupercio. 1505-1613. 

The Spanish Horaces. 
Argyle, Eighth Dizke of. 1823-. 

Argyll us. 
Arion of Lesbos. Fl. sixth century B. C. 

The Father of Dithyrambic Poetry. 
Ariosto, Ludovico. 1474-1533. 

The Divine. 

The Homer of Ferrara. 

The Orpheus of His Age. 

The Walter Scott of Italy. 
Aristarclms of Byzantium. Fl. second century B. C. 

The Coryphaeus of Grammarians. 

The Prince of Critics. 
Aristides. -467 B. C. 

The Just. 
Aristophanes. Fl. fourth century B. C. 

The Father of Comedy. 
Aristotle. B. C. 384-322. 

Alexander's Tutor. 

The Pope of Philosophy. 

The Stagyrite. 

The Talent of the Academy. 
Arlington, Earl of. Vid. BEKKJET. 
Arnold, Benedict. -1801. 

The Mongrel. 
Arnould, Arthur. 1833-. 

Renould. 



ARK 375 AVI 

Arrebo, Anders. 1587-1637. 

The Father of Scandinavian Poetry. 
Arrig-oni, Carlo. -1473. 

The King of Arragon. 
Artaxerxes. -241. 

The King of Kings. 
Artevelde, James van. -1345. 

The Brewer of Ghent. 
Arthg-al, Earl of "Warwick. ? Fl. fourteenth century. 

The Bear. 
Arundel, Thomas Howard, Earl of. FL seventeenth century. 

The Father of Vertu in England. 
Ascham, Bog-er. 1515-1568. 

The Father of English Prose. 
Ashton, Sir Ralph. Fl. circa 148J. 

The Black Knight of Ashton. 
Ashton, Tnomas. 1716-1775. 

Alrnanzor. 
Asmonseus, Judas. B. C. 166-136. 

Maccabseus. 

Assouci, Sieur d'. Vid* COYPEAU. 
Asteley, John. -1595. 

The English Xenophon. 
A&tell, Mary. 1668-1731. 

Madonilla. 
Aston, Anthony. Fl. 1700. 

Trusty Anthony. 
Athanasius. 296-373. 

The Father of Orthodoxy. 
Athelard of Bath. Fl. twelfth century, 

Philosoplms Anglorum. 
Atterbury, Francis. 1662-1732. 

Urim. 
Attila. -454. 

The Scourge of God. 

The Terror of the "World. 
Aubrey, John. 1626-1697. 

The Little Boswell of His Bay. 
Aubrey, "William. 1529-1595. 

Little Doctor. 
Aubusson, Francois d'. -1691. 

The Marquis. 
Aug-er, Edmond. 1530-1591. 

The French Chrysostom. 
Aug-usta Charlotte. -1817. 

The Fair-Haired Daughter of the Isles. 
Augustus, Caesar. B. C. 63- A. D. 14. 

Heaven-born Youth. 
Aureolus, Peter. Fl. fourteenth century. 

Doctor Facundus. 
Aurung-zebe the Great. 1618-1707. 

The Conqueror. 
Austen, Jane. 1775-1817. 

The Shakespeare of Prose. 
Averroes. Fl. twelfth century. 

The Commentator. 
Avicenna. 980-1037. 

The Prince of Physicians. 



AVI 376 BA1ST 



A Vila, Juan d'. 1500-1569. 

The Apostle of Andalusia. 
Azevedo, Pedro d'. 1560-1643. 

Terez. 



~TI> ABIlSTpT, ALBERT. Fl. sixteenth century. 

I J La Ministerie. 
Bacn, Johann Sebastian. 1685-1750. 

The Father of Modern Piano Music. 
Bacon, Francis. 1561-1626. 

The Great Verulam. 
Bacon, Jolm. -1346. 

The Resolute Doctor. 
Bacon, Rog-er. 1214-1294. 

Doctor Mirabilis. 

Father Hodge. 
Bag-enal, Beau-cnamp. 1741-1801. 

The Duellist. 
Ba^skaw, William. 1628-1702. 

The Apostle of the Peak. 
Bailey, Nathan. -1742. 

Philologos. 
Bailey, Philip James. 1816-. 

The Nottingham Poet. 
Baillie, Joanna. 1762-1851. 

Shakespeare in Petticoats. 
Baillie, Robert. -1684. 

Scotch What d'ye call. 

The Scottish Sidney. 
Bafcer, G-eorg-e. 1747-1810. 

Quisquilius. 
Bafeer, Thomas. 1656-1740. 

The Hermit of Literature. 
Bald-win IV. of Flanders. 1160-1186. 

Handsome-B eard. 
Baldwin, Robert. FL nineteenth century. 

The Nestor of Canadian Politicians. 
Bale, Jplm, Bishop of Ossory. 1495-1563. 

Bilious Bale. 
Balfour, Sir James. -1583. 

Blasphemous Balfour. 
Baliol, Jonn. -1314. 

Toom Tabard. 
Ballantyne, James. 1772-1833. 

The Jeiisoii of the ISTorth. 
Ballantyne, John. 1776-1821. 

Aldiborontiphoscophornio. 

The Dey of Algiers. 

Fidus Achates. 

Jocund Johnny. 

John the Brother of James. 

Picaroon. 

Bigduin Funnidos. 

Our Scottish BodonL 
Banck:, Karl. 1811-. 

Serpentinus. 



BAK 377 BAY 

Bandarra, Gonzalo. -155R. 

The Nostradamus of Porttigal. 
Bandello, Matt lie w. 1480-1562. 

A Prose .Ariosto. 
Banier, Jofran. 1595-1641. 

The Lion of Sweden. 
Banks, Sir Josepn. 1743-1820. 

The Knig-ht of Soho-Square. 
Babenf, Franocds Noel. 1764-1797. 

Caius Gracchus. 

The Tribune of the People. 
Barbieri, Gian Francesco. 1590-1666. 

G Tier ci 110. 
Barclay, Robert. 1648-1690. 

The Apologist for the Quakers. 
Bardela, Antonio Naldi. Fl. sixteenth century. 

II Bardello. 
Barere de Vieiizac, Bertrand. 1755-1841. 

The Anacreon of the Guillotine. 

The Witling- of Terror, 
Barker, G-eorg-e^ William. -1855. 

The Wensleydale Poet. 
Barnard, Jonn. 1685-17634. 

The Father of London. 

The Father of This City. 

The Great Commoner. 
Barn-am, Pnineas Taylor. 1810-. 

The Prince of Showmen. 
Baron, Micnael. 1652-1729. 

The French Garrick. 

The Roscius of France. 
Barros, Joao de. 1496-1570. 

The Livy of Portugal. 
Bart, Jean. 1650-1702. 

The French Devil. 
Barton, Bernard. 1784-1849. 

The Quaker Poet. 
Barton, Blizabetn. -1534. 

The Holy Maid of Kent. 

The Nun of Kent. 
Baskerville, Jonn. 1706-1775. 

The Jenson of His Day. 
Basselin, Olivier. -1418. 

The Anacreon of His Day. 

The Father of Bacchanalian Poetry in France. 

The Father of the Vaudeville. 

The French Drunken Barnaby. 
Bassevi, G-iacomo. 1682-1783. 

Cervetto. 
Bassol, Jonn. -1347. 

Doctor Ordinatissimus. 
Bates, William. 1625-1699. 

Si 1 ver-Toiigrie d . 

Batn, Earl of. Vtd. PUXTENEY. 
Baxter, Bicliard. 1615-1691. 

The English Demostnenes. 
Bayer, Mr. -1791. 

John Gilpin. 



BAY 378 BEN 

Bayle, Pierre. 1647-1700. 

The Father of Modern Scepticism. 
Bazzi, Giovanni de. 1477-1549. 

II Sodoma. 
Beattie, James. 1735-1802. 

Bard of the North. 

Betty. 
Beauchamp, Richard de, Twelfth Earl of Warwick. 1382-1439. 

The Father of Curtesie. 

The Good. 
Beaufort, Francois de Vendome. 1616-1669. 

The King of the Markets. 
Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin. 1732-1799. 

The Figaro of His Age. 

The Prince of Quarrellers. 
Beaumont, ^on de. 1728-1810. 

Le Chevalier d'Jfcon, 
Beaureg-ard, General P. G. T. 1810-. 

The Little Napoleon. 

Old Bory. 
Beckford, William. 1760-1844. 

Vathek. 
Eeckx, Peter. 1794-1887. 

The Black Pope. 
Beda. 672-735. 

The Venerable. 
Beda, ^lie. ? 1596-. 

Desfonandres. 
Beda, Noel. -1537. 

The Great Sopper. 
Bedford, John, Duke of. 1389-1435. 

John with the Leaden Sword. 
Beethoven, Ludwig- von. 1770-1827. 

Rodomant. 
Beham, Hans Se"bald. Fl. sixteenth century. 

The Little Master. 
Behn, Mrs. Aphra. 1642-1689. 

Astrsea. 

Be'jart, Armande. Vid. Mo^rfcRE. 
B^jart, Louis. 1630-1678. 

The Sharp One. 
Bek, Anthony. -1310. 

The King of the Isle of Man. 
Belgrave, Lord. Vid. GROSVENOR. 
Belleau, Remi-. 1528-1577. 

The Painter of Nature. 
Bello, Francesco. Fl. fifteenth centurv. 

II Cieco. 
Belsunce, Henri Francois. 1671-1755. 

The Good Bishop. 
Bembo, Pietro. 1470-1547. 

The Foster-Father of Our Language. 

The Guide and Master of Our Tongue. 
Benbow, John. 1650-1702. 

Old Benbow. 
Bennet, Henry, Earl of Arlington. Fl. 1700. 

Eliab. 



BEN 379 BID 

Bensley, Ro"bert. 173S-1817. 

Hearing- Bob of the Garden. 
Bentliam, Jeremy. 1748-1832. 

Jerry the Old Screw. 

The Queen-Square Hermit. 
Bentivog-lio, Guido. 1579-1644. 

An Ornament of Italy. 
Bentley, Joanna. Fl. 1800. 

Phoebe. 
Bentley, Richard. 1661-1742. 

The Aristarchus of Cambridge. 
Benton, Thomas Hart. 1782-1852. 

Old Bullion. 
Beolco, Angelo. 1502-1542. 

The Farceur. 
Beowulf . ? Fl. fourth century. 

The Achilles of the North. 
Be'rang-er, Pierre Jean de. 1780-1857. 

The French Burns. 

The Horace of France. 

The Tommy Moore of France. 
Beresford, Jolan Claudius. Fl. circa 1798. 

The Court Historian. 

The State Apothecary. 
Berkeley, Georg-e. 1684-1753. 

The Irish Plato. 
Berliching-en, Goetz von. 1480-1562. 

Iron-Hand. 
Bernaccm, Antonio. 1690-1756. 

'He dei Cantatori. 
Bernard, Claude. 1588-1641. 

Poor Bernard. 
Bernard, Pierre Joseph. 1710-1775. 

Le Gentil Bernard. 
Bernard, Samuel. 1651-1739. 

Lucullus. 
Bernard, Solomon. Fl. sixteenth century. 

L.e Petit Bernard. 
Bernardo, Cardinal. 1470-1520. 

II Bibbiena. 
Berners, Juliana. Fl. fifteenth century. 

Another Diana. 
Berni, Francesco. 1490-1536. 

Sbernia. 
Berni, Francois Joachim. 1715-1794. 

The King of Rome. 
Bertnollet, Claude Louis, Count. 1748-1822. 

The Martyr to Science. 
Betterton, Thomas. 1635-1710. 

The British lioscius. 
Betty, William Henry West. 1790-1874. 

The Young Koscius. 
Bidder, G-eorg-e Parser. 1806-1878. 

The Calculator. 
Biddle, John. 1615-1662. 

The Father of English Unitarianism. 
Bidpay, or Pilpay. Fl. tliird century B. C. 

The ^Esop of India. 



BIL 380 BOX, 

. Billaut, Adam. 1602-1662. 

Master Adam. 
Bindley, James. 1737-1818. 

Leontes. 
Bismarck, Prince. 1813-. 

Siffroi. 
Black:, Josepli. 1728-1799. 

The Nestor of the Chemical Revolution. 
Blacls:, Mrs. -1876. 

The Maid of Athens. 
Blackimore, Sir Bicliard.. 1650-1729. 
Those Blockheads of Renown. 
Our Bold Briton. 
The Cheapside Knight. 
The City Bard. 
The Knight Physician. 
Maurus. 
Quack Maurus. 
Blacfewood, "William. 1777-1834. 

Ebony. 
Blaine, James G-illespie. 1830-. 

The Plumed Knight. 
Blancnard, Jacques. -1638. 

The French Titian. 
Blancne of Castile. 1187-1252. 

Dame Herseut. 
Bloomfleld, Nathaniel. Fl. circa 1809. 

, Robert. 176(3-1823. 

The Cobbler Laureates. 
Blount, "William, Lord Mount joy. -1534. 

Maecenas. 
Blucner, Lebrecht von. 1742-1819. 

Marshal Forward. 
Boaden, James. 1762-1839. 

B i lly-the~go~by . 

Boccaccio, G-iovanni. 1313-1375. 
The Barcl of Prose. 
The Father of Italian Novelists. 
The Prince of Story-Tellers. 
Boenme, Jacob. 1575-1624. 
Philosophus Teutoiiicus. 
The Teutonic Theosopher. 
Boerhaave, Herman. 1668-1758. 
The Father of Modern Physic. 
The Hippocrates of Our Age. 
Boetius. FL fifth century. 
The Captain in Music. 
The Prince in Music. 
Boileau. Vid. DJESPREAUX. 
Boisjolin, Jacques Francois. 1761-1841. 

The French Erasmus Darwin. 
Boleslas I. of Poland. -1025. 
Cceur de Lion. 
The Intrepid. 

Bolivar, Simon. 1785-1831. 
The Liberator. 
The Washington of Colombia. 



BOL 381 BOS 

Boling-'brokie. Vid. ST. Join*. 
Bonaparte, Napoleon. 1769-1821. 

The Armed Soldier of Democracy. 

Boney. 

The Eagle. 

Father Violet. 

A French Coxcomb. 

Le General Entrepreneur. 

G-od Hanumaii. 

God of Clay. 

The Heir of the Bepublic. 

Jean d'JEpee. 

Jupiter Scapin. 

The Little Corporal. 

The Man of Destiny. 

The ISTew Sesostris. 

The Nightmare of Europe. 

Tiddy-Doll. 
Bonaparte, Prince Napoleon Josepn Cnarles. 1822-. 

Plon-Plon. 
Boniface VIII. 1228-1303. 

The Leader of the Modern Pharisees. 

Misleader of the Papacy. 

The Prince of the New Pharisees. 
Bonner, Edmund. -1569. 

London Little-Grace. 
Bonneval, Alexandra. 1675-1747. 

Achmet Pasha. 
Bonnivard., Francois de. 1496-1571. 

The Prisoner of Chillon. 
Bonvicino, Alessand.ro. 1514^-1564. 

II Moretto da Brescia. 
Bootn, Henry, Barl of 'Warring-ton. 1651-1694. 

Turn-coat Meres. 
Borde, Andrew. 1500-1549. 

Merry Andrew. 

The Vicar of Hell. 
Borrow, George. 1803-1881. 

Lavengro. 
Bortniansky, Dmitri. 1752-1825. 

The Russian Palestrina. 
Bossu-et, Jacques B^nig-ne. 1627-1704. 

The Eagle of Meaux. 

The Father of the Church. 
Boswell, James. 1740-1795. 

Ambitious Thane. 

The Bear-Leader. 

Bozzy. 

Corsica Boswell. 

Curious Scrapnaonger. 

Dapper Jemmy. 

A Feather in the Scale. 

Thou Jackall. 

Lazarus. 

WiD-o'-th'-Wisp. 
Boswell, James. 1778-1822. 

Lselius. 



BOU 382 BKI 

Boucher, Francois. 1704-1770. 
The Anacreon of Painting. 
The French Raphael. 
The Painter of the Graces. 
The Raphael of the Parc-aux-Cerfs. 
Bouchet, Jean. 1476-1555. 

Xenomanes. 
Bourbonnais, Charles, Due du. 1489-1527. 

Constable de Bourbon. 
Bourdaloue, Louis. 1632-1704. 

The Demosthenes of French Divines. 
The Founder of Christian Eloquence. 
The King of Preachers. 
Bourdeille, Pierre de, Lord of Brantome. 1527-1614. 

The Grammont and the Pepys of His Age. 
Bourette, Charlotte. 1714-1784. 

La Muse Limonadiere. 
Bourg-og-ne, Antoine d.e. 1421-1504. 

The Great Bastard. 
Bourne, Vincent. 1700-1747. 

Sweet "Vhmy Bourne. 
Boursault, Edme. 1638-1701. 

Lyscidias. 
Bower, Archibald. 1686-1766. 

Saint Archibald. 
Boyle, Cnarles. 1676-1731. 

Phalaris Junior. 
Boyle, Richard. 1566-1643. 
The Great Earl of Cork. 
Bozzaris, Marco. -1823. 

The Leonidas of Modern Greece. 
Bracciollni, Francis. 1566-1645. 

Delle-Ape- 

Braceg-irdle, Mrs. Anne. 1663-1748. 
Angelica. 

The Diana of the Stage. 
Braclstreet, Anne. -1672. 
The Glory of Her Sex. 
The Mirror of Her Age. 
Bradwardine, Thomas. -1349. 

Doctor Profundus. 
Braitnwaite, Ricnard. 1588-1693. 
Drunken Barnaby. 
Famous Barnaby. 
Brandenburg 1 , Hug-o von. -1006. 

The Great Baron. 

Brandolini, Aurelius. 1440-1497. 
The Blear-eyed. 
II Lippo. 

Brant ome. Vid. BOURI>ETLLB, 
Breydel, Charles. 1677-1744. 

Le Chevalier. 
Brial, Michel Jean Joseph. 1743-1828. 

The Father of French History . 
Bridg-etower, G-eorg-e A. P. 1780-1845. 

The Abyssinian Prince. 
Bridg'ewater, Earl of. 1736-1829. 
The Earl of Milton's Comus. 



BKI 383 BTJC 



BridLg-ewater. Vid. 
Britton, Thomas. 1654-1714. 

The Musical Small-Coal Man. 
Brome, Alexander. 1620-1666. 

The English Aiiacreon. 
Brome, Ricnard.. -1652. 

Ben Jonson's Servant and Pupil. 
Brooke, Henry, Lord. Co"bliam. -1619. 

Lord Sycophant. 
Brookie, Ralph.. -1625. 

A. Choleric Herault. 
Brooks, Mrs. 1795-1845. 

Maria del Occidente. 
Brougham, Henry, Lord. 1778-1868. 

Blundering Brougham. 

Dominie Hairy. 

Foaming Fudge. 

The God of Whiggish Idolatry. 

Harry Twitcher. 

Jupiter Placens. 
Brown, Sir Georg-e. 1698-1792. 

' Sir Plume. 
Brown, I>r. Jonn. -1766. 

Leucophseus. 
Brown, Launcelot. Fl. eighteenth century. 

Capability Brown. 
Browne, Cnarles Farrar. 1S34-1867. 

The Delicious. 
Browne, Isaac Hawkins. 1706-1760. 

Tobacco Browne. 
Browning 1 , Robert. 1812-. 

The Danton of Modern Poetry. 
Bru.ce, James. 1730-1794. 

.Abyssinian Briice. 

Sagacious Terrier. 
Bruce, Thomas, Lord. Elgin. 1771-1841. 

The Modern Pict. 
Brummel, G-eorg-e Bryan. 1778-1840. 

Beau Brummel. 

Buck: Brummel. 

The Dandy-Killer. 

George the Z/esser. 

The Prince of Beaux. 
Brunswick, Cttarles Frederick, Du.k:e of. 1804-1873. 

The Diamond Duke. 
Bryclg^es, Grey, Lord. Cnand.os. -1621. 

The King of Cotswold. 

Tiinon. 

Buccleu-g-n, Countess of. Vid. MONMOTJTH:. 
Bucnanan, Georg-e. 1506-1582. 

The Sa^e. 
Bucnanan, James. 1791-1868. 

Old Buck. 

The Old Public Functionary. 
Buckliurst, Lord.. 1536-1608. 

Eugenius. 
Buckingham, Duke of. Vid. VILLIERS and 



BUG 384 BUR 

Bucking-nam, Ducness of. Fl. seventeenth century. 

Atossa. 
Budge us, William. 1467-1540, 

The Prodigy of France. 

The Viking of Literature. 
Buffon, George Louis, Comte de. 1707-1788. 

The King of Phrases. 
Bull, Ole B. 1810-1880. 

The Musician. 
Bulwer-Lytton, Edward. 1805-1873. 

Bulwig. 
Bunbury, Henry William. -1811. 

The Second Hogarth. 
Bunoury, Mrs., ne Oatliarine Horneck. 175Q-. 

Little Comedy. 
Bunn, Alfred.. 1796-1860. 

Good Friday. 
Bunyan, Jonn. 1628-1688. 

The Immortal Dreamer. 

The Immortal Tinker. 

The Inspired Tinker. 
Buonaccordi, Filippo. -1496. 

The Italian Callimachus. 
Bxzonarotti, Micnael Angelo. 1475-1564. 

The Divine Madman. 

The Interpreter of the Kenaissance. 

The Salt of Art. 
Burbag-e, Richard. -1620. 

Another K-oscius. 
Burdett, Sir Francis. 1770-1844. 

England's Pride. 

The Piccadilly Poet. 
Burg-os, James Bland. -1824. 

Jamie. 
Burg-oyne, Jotm. -1792. 

Ohrononhotoiithologus. 

That Martial Macaroni. 

Sir Jack Brag. 
Burg-andy, PMlip, First Duk:e of. 1342-1404. 

The Bold. 
Burg-undy, Jean, Second Duke of. 1371-1419. 

The Fearless. 

Sans Peur. 
Burgundy, PMlip, Third. Duke of. 1396-1467. 

The Good. 

The Great Duke of the West. 
Burg-undy, Charles, Fourth Duke of. 1435-1477. 

The Audacious. 

The Bold. 
Burke, Edmund.. 1730-1797, 

Paddy Burke. 

The Scientific Statesman. 
Burleig-h, Lord. Vid. CECIL. 
Burleigh, Walter. 1275-1357. 

Doctor Planus et Perspicuus. 
Burnet, G-ilbert. 1643-1715. 

Balak. 



BUH 385 

Burnet, G-il"bert (continued). 

The Busy Scotch Parson. 

The Buzzard. 

The English Eusebius. 

Gil. 

The Ikying Scot. 

The Noble Buzzard. 
Biarney, James. 1739-1820. 

The Admiral. 
Burns, Robert. 1759-1796. 

The Ayrshire Bard. 

The Ayrshire Ploughman. 

The Ayrshire Poet. 

The Bard of Ayrshire. 

The Glory and JEleproach of Scotland, 

The Peasant Bard. 

Sylvander. 
Burns, Mrs. -1834. 

Bonnie Jean. 
Burnside, General Ambrose E. 1824-1881. 

Kaiser 'William. 

Khody. 
Burritt, Eliliu. 1811-1879. 

The Learned Blacksmith. 
Burroug-ns, Jeremian. 1599-1646. 

The Morning Star of Stepney. 
Burro we s, Peter. 1752-1841. 

The Goldsmith of the Bar. 
Burton, Captain Richard. 1821-. 

The Modern Admirable Crichton. 
Bus, Caesar du. 1544-1607. 

The Founder of the Fathers of Christian Doctrine. 
Bute, Lord, 1713-1792. 

Another Machiavel. 

The Wise Master. 
Butler, Benjamin F. 1818-. 

Cock-eye. 

Picayune Butler. 
Butler, Dr. -1617. 

The ^Esculapius of That Age. 
Butler, Bishop Joseph.. 1692-1752. 

The Bacon of Theology. 
Butler, Samuel. 1612-168(5. 

The Glory and the Scandal of His Age. 
Buxton, Jededian. -1775. 

The Calculator. 
Byron, Lady Augrusta Ada. 1815-1852. 

Ada. 

The Little Electra. 
Byron, Commodore. 1723-1786. 

Foul-Weather Jack. 
Byron, Lord Georg-e Gordon. 1788-1824. 

The Balaam of Baron. 

Bard of Corsair. 

The Comus of Poetry 

Damsetas. 

Don Jose. 



BYK 380 CAM 

Byron, Lord G-eorg-e Gordon (continued). 

j3on Juan. 

A Literary Vassal. 

Lord G-lenarvon. 

The Mocking-Bird of Our Parnassian Ornithology. 
Byron, Lady. 1792-1860. 

My Moral Clytemnestra. 

CADE, JOHN. Fl. 1450. 
Jack- Amend- All. 
Cado-udal, G-eorg-es. 1771-1804. 

The Great Bullet-Head. 
Csedmon. Fl. seventh century. 

The Dreamer of "Whitby. 

The Father of English Song. 
Csesar, Julius. B. C. 100-M. 

E>aphnis. 

The Flower of All the Aristocrats. 
Caf f arelli. 1 703-1783. 

The Insolent. 
Cag-liostro. 1743-1795. 

The Bull-Necked Forger. 
Caillet, G-uilla-ume. -1359. 

The Jack Cade of France. 
Cairo, Francesco. 1598-1674. 

II Cavaliere del Cairo. 
Cams Marius. B. C. 157-86. 

The Third Founder of Borne. 
Calvin, Jonn. 1509-1564. 

The Accusative. 

The Democritus of the Sixteenth Century. 

The Demon of Geneva. 

An Impostor, 

Jack. 

Jack Asse. 

Panurge. 

The Pope of the Reformation. 

A Predestinator. 

Usinulea. 
Camoio, Arnolfo del. 1232-1300. 

The Michael Angelo of the Middle Ages. 
Cambyses, King 1 of Persia. -521 B. C. 

Ahasuerus. 
Camden, Earl of. 1713-1794. 

Our Spanish Cato. 
Camden, William. 1551-1623. 

The British Pausanias. 

The British Pliny. 

The English Strabo. 

The N"urse of Antiquity. 

The Pausanias of Britain. 

School-Master Camden. 

The Varro of Britain. 
Cameron, Donald. -1748. 

The Gentle Lochiel. 
Cameron, Sir Evan. -1719. 

The Black. 



CAM 387 CAS 

Cameron, Sir Evan (continued). 

Ewan Dhu. 

Locbiel. 

The Ulysses of the Highlands. 
Camoens, Luis. 1524-1579. 

The Apollo of Portugal. 

The Great. 

The Homer of Portugal. 
Campbell, Alexander. 1764-1824. 

Dunnie-Wassail. 
Campbell, Mary. -1786. 

Highland Mary. 
Campbell, Mrs., ne Miss Young-. Fl. circa 1743. 

Amanda. 
Campbell, Robert Macgregor. 16GO-1735. 

Bob Roy. 

The Robin Hood of the Lowlands. 
Campbell, Thomas. 1777-1844. 

The Bard of Hope. 

The Dromedary. 

Tain. 
Campi, Bernardino. 1522-1590. 

The Annibale Caracci of the Eclectic School. 
Canning-, George. 1770-1827. 

JEolus. 

A Brazen Defender of Corruptions. 

Charlatan Gas. 

The Cicero of the British Senate. 

Jocular Samson. 

"Went worth. 
Cano, Alonzo. 1600-1676. 

The Michael Angelo of Spain. 
Canute of Denmark. -1035. 

The Great. 
Capern, Edward. 1819-. 

The Postman Poet. 

The Rural Postman of Bideford. 
Carausius, Marcus. 250-293. 

The Dutch Augustus. 
Carleton, "William. 1798-1869. 

The Prose Burns of Ireland. 
Carlyle, Alexander. 1722-1805. 

Jupiter Carlyle. 
Carlyle, Thomas. 1795-1881. 

Doctor Pessimist Anticant. 
Carr, Sir John. 1772-1832. 

The Jaunting Carr. 
Carstairs, William. 1649-1715. 

Cardinal Carstairs. 
Cartwrig-ht, William. 1611-1643. 

Another Tully and Virgil. 

Drusus. 
Carvalho, Sebastiano Jose de, Marquis de Pombal. 1699-1782. 

The Great Marquis. 
Casa, Giovanni della. 1503-1556. 

The Lord Chesterfield of Italy. 
Casimir II. of Poland. 1138-1194. 

The Just. 



CAS 388 CHA 

Casimir III. of Poland.. 1309-137O. 

The Great. 
Caslon, William, 1692-1766. 

Tlie Coryph^us of Letter-Founders. 
Cassag-nac, Paul d.e Granier de. 1S4O-. 

Servacis. _ 

Castel, G-iaidLo di, of Keg-g*io. Fl. circa 1300. 

The Simple Lombard. 
Castlereag-n, "Vis count. 1769-1822. 

Carotid-artery cutting-. 

Derrydown Triangle. 

The Intellectual Eunuch. 
Castriota, Georg-e. 1414-1467. 

Scanderbeg. 

The 'White Devil of Wallachia, 
Gates oy, William. -1485. 

The Cat. 
Cat&arine of Arag-on. 1483-1536. 

Grysilde the Seeoiide. 
Catliarine II. of Russia. 1729-1796. 

The Modern Messalina. 

The Semiramis of the Korth. 
Cattaat, Nictiolas. -1712. 

Father Thoughtful. 
OatToJlns, Caiixs Valerius. 87-130. 

Doctus. 
Cavalcenti, G-iaido. -130O. 

The Other E5ye of Florence. 
Cavendish, AVilliam G-eorgre. 1790-1858. 

The Mtecenas and Lucullus of is Island. 
Caxton, William. 1412-1491. 

The Father of English Printing. 

The Father of the British Press. 
Cecil William, Lord. Burleierli- 1520-1598. 

The Eremite of Tibbals. 

Sir Eremite. 
Cecil, William, Lord. Bizrleigrlx. 1563-1612. 

The Little Beagle. 

Machiavel. 

The "Weasel. 
Cenci, Beatrice. -1599. 

La Belle Parricide. 
Centlivre, Mrs. Susannali. -1723. 

Cloe. 
Cerq.tiozzi, Michael -A.ng-elo. 1600-1660. 

The Michael Angelo of Battle Scenes. 
Cervantes, Mig-uel d.e. 1547-1616. 

The JEschylns of Spain. 
Cnalmers, G-eorg-e. 1742-1825. 

The Atlas of Scotch Antiquaries. 

ATirelins. 
Cliain"berlam, Josepn. - 18S6-. 

Casca. 
OliainTaers, Sir ^William. 1726-1796. 

The Lime and Mortar Knight. 
Cfcampag-ne, Philippe de. 1602-1674. 

The Painter of Jansenism. 



CHA 389 CHA 

Champeaixx, "William de. Fl. twelfth century. 

The Pillar of Doctors. 

The Venerable. 
Champion, Edme. 1764-1853. 

The Little Blue-Cloak. 
Chandler, Zachariah. 1813-1879. 

Honest Old Zach. 
Chandos, Lord. Vid. BRYDGES. 
Chapman, G-eorg-e. .1557-1634. 

Silver-Whiskered Chapman. 
Charles, Ardid-uke of Austria. 1771-184=7. 

Esquire South. 
Charles of Austrasia. 689-741. 

Martel. 
Charles I. of England. 1600-1649. 

Baby Charles. 

Britain's Josiah. 

The Last Man. 

The Man of Blood. 

The Martyr King. 

Pseudoplutarch . 

The Hoyal Martyr. 

The White King. 
Charles II. of England. 1630-1685. 

Amazia. 

Blackbird. 

Bonny Black Boy. 

Camillas. 

David. 

Fabius. 

The Great Physician. 

The Merry Monarch. 

The Mutton-Eating King. 

Old Rowley. 

The Royal "Wanderer. 

Our Setting Sun. 

The Son of the Last Man. 

Young Tarquin. 
Charles I. of France. 822-877. 

The Bald. 

Most Christian King. 
Charles II. of France. 832-888. 

The Fat. 
Charles III. of France. 879-929. 

The Simple. 
Charles IV. of France. 1293-1328. 

Le Bel. 

The Fair. 
Charles V. of France. 1337-1380. 

Le Sage. 

The Solomon of France. 

The Wise. 
Charles VI. of France. 1368-1422. 

Le Bien-aime. 

The Well Beloved. 
Charles VII. of France. 1403-1461. 

Le Bien Servi. 



CHA 390 CHA 

Cliarles VII. of France (continued). 
The King of Bourges. 
The King of Kings. 
The Mark Tapley of Kings, 
The Victorious. 

diaries VIII. of France. 1470-14=98. 
The Affable. 
Flagellum Dei. 
The King of the Beggars. 
The Scourge of God. 
diaries IX. of France. 1550-1574. 

Pollente. 
diaries X. of France. 1757-1836. 

The First Gentleman of Eiirope- 
diaries I. of Germany. 742-814. 
Charlemagne. 
The G-reat. 

Cliarles IV. of Germany. 1316-1378. 
Der Pfaffen-Kaiser. 
The Pope's Kaiser. 

Cliarles V. of Germany. 1500-1558. 
A Discrowned G-lutton. 
The Harlequin. 
A Second Charlemagne. 
Cliarles III. of Lorraine. -1608. 

. The Great. 

Cliarles II. of Naples. 1248-1309. 
The Cripple of Jerusalem. 
The Lame. 
Cliarles II. of Navarre. -1387. 

The Bad. 
Cliarles III. of Navarre. 1361-1425. 

The Noble. 
Cliarles II. of Spain. 1661-1700. 

Lord Strutt. 

Cliarles XII. of Sweden. 1682-1718. 
The Alexander of the North. 
The Brilliant Madman. 
The Madman of the North. 
The Quixote of the North. 
Cnarles Emanuel I. of Savoy. -1630. 

The Great. 
Cnarlier de Gersqn, Jean. 1363-1429. 

Doctor Christianissimus. 
Cliartier, Alain. 1386-1458. 

The Father of French Eloquence. 
Cnarton, Louis. -1684. 

Le President je dis 9a. 
Chatelet, Madame. Fl. eighteenth, century. 

The Divine lihnilie. 
Cnatterton, Tnomas. 1752-1770. 
The Bristol Boy. 
The Marvellous Boy. 
Chaucer, Geoffrey. 1328-1400. 

The Beautie of Oure Tongue. 

Our English Homer. 

The Father of English Poetry. 



CHA 391 CHU 

Chaucer, Geoffrey (continued),. 

The Flower of Poets. 

The God of English Poets. 

Our Tityrus. 
Chaulieu, G-mllamne Amfrye de. 1639-1720. 

The Anacreon of the People of Quality. 

The Anacreou of the Temple. 

The Gaul Narquois of Parisian Society. 

The Tom Moore of France. 
Cheke, Sir John. 1514-3557. 

The Exchequer of Eloquence. 
Cne'nier, Andre. 1762-1794. 

The Adonai's of the French Revolution. 

The Young Swan. 
Cheotsln. Jfl. twelfth century. 

The Sardanapalus of China. 
Chesterfield, Lord. Vid. STANHOPE. 
Chevalier, Siilpice Paul. 1801-1866. 

Gavarni. 
Chia*>rera, G-abriello. 1552-1637. 

The Italian Pindar. 

The Pindar of Italy, 
Choiseul, Stephen Francis, Due de. 1714-1785. 

Le Cocher de 1' Europe. 
Chosroes I. of Persia. 531-579. 

The Magnificent. 

Noushirwan. 
Christian II. of Denmark. 1480-1559. 

The Angry. 

The ISTero of the North. 
Cnristian III. 1502-1559. 

The Father of His People. 
Christina of Sweden. 1626-1689. 

The Heavenly Heroine. 

The Miracle of Nature. 

The Swedish Amazon. 

The Tenth Muse. 
Cnristopner III. of ISTorway. -1448. 

The King of Bark. 
Cnrysippus. B.C. 280-207. 

The Knife of Academic Knots, 
dmdleig-fa, Eliza"betn, Ducness of Kingston. 1720-1788. 

Kitty Crocodile. 
Cnurcnill, Cnarles. 1731-1764. 

The British Juvenal. 

Bufo. 

The Clumsy Curate of Clapham. 

The Kev. Mr. Charles Pylades. 
Cnurchill, Jonn, Dufce of Marlboroug-ti. 1650-1722, 

The British Pallas. 

The Handsome Englishman. 

Humphrey Hocus. 

The Silly Duke. 
Cnurcnill, Sarah, Duchess of. Fl. eighteenth century. 

Queen Zarah. 

The Wise Duchess. 
Churchyard, Thomas. 1520-1640. 

Palamon. 



GIB 392 

Clb"ber, Colley. 1671-1757. 

King: Coll.- 

The King of Dulness. 

The King of Dunces. 
Cicero, Marcus Tullius. B.C. 106-43. 

The Father of His Country. 

A. Fire-Kin dler- 
Clairon, Claire Josephe. 1723-1803. 

The Queen of Carthage. 
Clare, Jotm. 1793-1864. 

The ^Northamptonshire Poet. 

The Peasant Poet of Northamptonshire. 
Clare, Richard cie. IT1. twelfth century. 

Strongbow. 
Clarendon, Lord. 1608-1664. 

The Chancellor of Human Nature. 
Clarke, Macdonald. 1798-1842. 

The Mad Poet. 
Clarke, Dr. Samuel. 1675-1729. 

A Reasoning Engine. 
Clarke, Samuel. 1599-1682. 

Suck All Cream. 
Claude of France. 1499-1524. 

The Good Queen, of France. 
Clavius, Christopher. 1537-1612. 

The Euclid of His Age. 
Clay, Henry. 1777-1852. 

The Apostle of Liberty. 

The Gallant Harry of the "West. 

The Great Commoner. 

The Great Pacificator. 

Harry of the West. 

The Judas of the West. 

The Mill-Boy of the Slashes. 

Old Chief. 

The Savior of His Country. 
Clayton, Sir Ko"bert. 1695-1758. 

Ishban. 
Cle^liorn, James. 1778-1838. 

The Bear. 
Cleland, Colonel Jonn. -1789. 

Will Honeycomb. 
Clement XIV. 1705-1774. 

The Protestant Pope. 
Clement, Jacques. -1557. 

Clemens non papa. 
Cleopatra. " B.C. 69-30. 

A Punk. 

The Queen of Queens. 

The Young Isis. 
Cleveland, Jonn. 1613-1659. 

The Cavalier Poet. 
Clifford, John, ISTintn Lord. 1436-1461. 

The Black. 

The Bxitcher. 
Clifford, Tenth Lord. 1455-1523. 

The Good Lord Clifford. 

The Shepherd Lord. 



CLI 393 COM 

Cliff c rd, Henry, Eleventh Lord. 1493-1542. 

itenry. 
Clifford, Tnomas, Lord. -1673. 

Pollio. 

Varus. 
Olive, Robert, Lord. 1725-1774. 

Sabut Jung. 
Clootz, Jonann Baptiste. 1755-1794. 

Anacliarsis Clootz. 

The Orator of the Human Race. 
Clough, Arthur Hug-h. 1819-1861. 

Adam. 
Clovis. 465-511 

The Great. 
Coates, Robert. 1771-1848. 

Diamond Coates. 

Romeo Coates. 
Cobbett, 'William. 1762-1835. 

Boney Cobbett. 

A Hampshire Farmer, 

The Trumpeter of Pitt. 
Cobden, Richard. 1804-1865. 

The Apostle of Free-Trade. 
Cocfeburn, Mrs. Catharine. 1679-1749. 

A Female Philosopher of the North. 
Coello, Alonzo. 1515-1590. 

The Titian of Portugal. 
Cotee, Sir Edward. 1549-1634. 

The 1 Oracle of Law. 
Colbert, Jean Baptiste de. 1619-1683. 

The North Wind. 
Colburn, Zerah. 1804-1840. 

The Calculator. 
Coleridg-e, Samuel Taylor. 1772-1834. 

Mr. Flosky. 

A Second Johnson. 
Colla, Mme., n&e Lucrezia Ag-ujari. 1743-1783. 

La Bastardina. 
Collier, Job.n. 1709-1786. 

The Lancashire Hogarth. 
Collins, John. 1624-1683. 

The English Merseime. 
Colman, G-eorg-e. 1762-1836. 

George the Grimier. 
Coloman. Fl. twelfth century. 

The Learned. 
Columbus, Christopher. 1446-1506. 

The Old Admiral. 
Colvil, Samuel. Fl. seventeenth century. 

The Scottish Huclibras. 
Combe, William. 1741-1823. 

Duke Combe. 
Comestor, Peter. -1185. 

The Great Eater. 

Helluo. 
Comines, Philippe de. 1445-1511. 

The Booted Head. 



COM 394 COB 

Commodus. - A.D. 122. 

Hercules Secundus. 
Compton, Dr. Fl. seventeenth century. 

Sagan of Jerusalem. 
Comyn, John. -1305. 

JEted Comyn. 
Conde', Prince de. 1621-1682. 

Cyrus. 
Confucius. B.C. 551-479. 

Little Hillock. 

The Moral Censor of China. 

The Philosopher of China. 
Congreve, "William. 1670-1729. 

The Best Vitruvius. 

Ultimas Romaiiorum. 

Valentine. 
Conrad II. of Germany. 984-1039. 

The Salic. 
Conscience, Hendrick. 181 2-. 

The Walter Scott of Belgium. 
Constable, Archibald. 1775-1821. 

The Czar of Muscovy. 
Constantine I. 274-337. 

The Great. 
Constantine IV. -685. 

The Bearded. 
Constantine V. -775. 

Cepronimus. 
Cooke, William. 1766-1824. 

Conversation Cooke. 
CoomanSj Joanna. Fl. circa 1622. 

The Pearl of Zealand. 
Cooper, Anthony Ashley, Earl of Shaftesbury. 1621-1683. 

Achitophel. 

Antonio. 

Little Machiavel. 

Old Tony. 

The Politician. 

Shiftesbury. 

Tapsky. 
Cooper, James Fenimore. 1789-1851. 

The Scott of the Sea. 
Cooper, Bichard. -1806. 

The British Poussin. 
Cooper, Thomas. 1805-. 

The Chartist. 
Copernicus, Nicholas. 1473-1543. 

The Reformer of Astronomy. 
Corday, Charlotte T 1768-1793. 

The Angel of Assassination. 
Cordova, Gonzalvo de. 1453-1515. 

El Gran Capitan. 
Corelli, Ang-elo. 1653-1713. 

Archangelo. 
Cornarus, John. 1500-1558. 

The Mad Cornarus. 



COJl 395 CKA 

Corneille, Pierre. 1606-1684. 

The Creator of French Dramatic A.rt. 

Le G-rand Corneille. 

The Shakespeare of France. 
Correg-g-io, .Antonio .Alleg-ri. 1494-1534, 

The Ariel of the Italian Renaissance. 

The Faun, of the Italian Renaissance. 
Cortellini, Camillo. Fl. seventeenth century. 

II Violino. 
Cortes, Hernando. 1485-1554. 

The Great Marquis. 
Corvinns, Matthias. 1442-1490. 

The Cosmo de Medici of Hungary. 

The Lorenzo de Medici of Hungary, 
Corwin, Thomas. 1794r-1865. 

The "Wagon Boy. 
Cotin, l'-AJboe Charles. 1604-1G82. 

The Father of French Enigma. 

The Father of the French Kiddle. 

Trissotin. 
Cottereaia, Jean. 1757-1794. 

Le Chouan. 
Coiaperin, Francois. 1668-1733. 

Le G-raiid. 
Conrteville, Raphael. -1771. 

Court-Evil. 
Coventry, Henry. -1752. 

Plato. 
Cowell, John. -1611. 

Dr. Cowheel. 
Cowley, ^feralaam. 1618-1667. 

Our English Virgil. 

The Melancholy. 

The Pindar, Horace, and Virgil of England. 
Cowpesr, William, Lord. 1664-1723. 

"Will Bigamy. 
Co-wper, "William. 1731-1800. 

The Bard of Olney. 

England's Domestic Poet. 
Cox, Sa.rn-u.el Sullivan. 1824-. 

Sunset Cox, 
Coypeau., Cliarles, Sieu.r d-'j^-ssonci. 1604-1679. 

The Ape of Scarron. 

Our Mock Ovid. 
Coy se vox, ^Lntoine. 1G40-1720. 

The Vandyke of Sculpture. 
CraTDtoe, Rev. G-eorg-e. 1754-1832. 

Nature's Sternest Painter. 

The Poet of the Poor. 

Pope in Worsted Stockings. 
Craofcerocie, Clayton. 1729-1799. 

A. Bibliomaniacal Hercules. 
Craig-, .Ag-nes. Vid. MBS. 
Crary, J. M. 1828-. 

The Sidewalk Poet. 
Crastia-w, K-icliard.. 1616-1650. 

Blest Swan. 

Poet and Saint. 



CRA 396 CRO 

Crates of Ttietoes. Fl. B.C. 320. 

The Door-Opener. 
Crawford, G-eneral S. Wylle. 1829-. 

Physics. 
Cr<billon, Claia.de Prosper Jolyot d.e. 1707-1777. 

The Petronius of France. 
Crebillon, Prosper Jolyot de. 1674-1762. 

The ^Eschylus of France. 
Cre"tin, G-uillaTarae. -1525. 

R, amin agr ob i s . 
Crickton, Jaines. 1560-1583. 

The Admirable. 
Crockett, David.. 1786-1836. 

The Munch ausen of the West. 
Croker, Jolin Wilson. 1780-1857. 

Councillor Crawley. 
Croker, Thomas Crofton, 1798-1854. 

The King of the Fairies. 
Croly, Georg-e. 1780-1860. 
Catiline Croly. 
Saint Bernard Croly. 
Crome, John. 1769-1821. 

The English Hobbema. 
Cromwell, Oliver. 1599-1658. 
The Almighty Nose. 
The Blasphemer. 
The Brewer. 
Brother Fountain. 
Copper-Face. 
The Copper-Nosed Saint. 
Crum-Hell. 
A Glorious Villain. 
The Great Independent. 
The Great Leviathan of Men. 
DECis INbseship, 
Immortal Rebel. 
The Impious. 
The Impostor. 
King Oliver. 
X/ord Achon. 
The Lord Protector. 
The Man of Sin. 
Megaletor. 
Nod-Noll. 
Old Noll. 
The Protector. 
The Sagest of Usurpers. 
Saul. 

The Town-Bull of Ely. 
Zabad. 

Cromwell, Richard. -1712. 
Ishbosheth. 
The Lame Vicegerent. 
Queen DicJk. 
Tumble-down Dick., 
Cromwell, Thomas. 1490-1540. 
The Maul of Monks. 
The Vicar of Hell. 



CRO 397 DAN 

Crosbie, Andrew. 1733-1785. 

Paulus Pleydell. 
Crowne, John. -1703. 

Starch Johnny. 
Cruden, Alexander. 1701-1770. 

Alexander the Corrector. 
Cruifcshanfc, George. 1792-1878. 

The Modern Hogarth. 

The Prince of Caricaturists. 
Cullen, Robert, Lord. 1740-1810. 

Courteous Cull en. 
Culmer, Richard. Fl. circa 1660. 

Blue Dick of Thanet. 
Cumberland, Duke of. 1721-1765. 

The Bloody Butcher. 
Cumberland, Richard. 1732-1811. 

The English Terence. 

Sir Fretful Plagiary. 
Cumming, Sir Alexander. 1775. 

The King of the Cherokees. 
Cunning-ham, Allan. 1785-1842. 

Honest Allan. 

A Ruder Burns. 
Curtis, George William. 1824-. 

The American Charles Lamb. 
Cusa, Nicolas de. 1401-1464. 

Doctor Christianissimus. 
Custer, General George A. 1840-1876. 

Long-Hair. 

Ringlets. 
Cuvier, George. 1769-1832. 

The Aristotle of the Nineteenth Century. 
Cybo of Genoa. 1326-1408. 

The Monk of the Golden Islands. 
Cyrus the Great. -529 B.C. 

The Great Founder of the Persian Name. 
Czacki, Thaddeus. 1765-1813. 

The Polish Franklin. 



T-\AMASCENTTS, JOANNES. -756. 

JLJ The Golden Stream. 
Damelowicz. Fl. thirteentla century. 

The Lion. 
Damer, Mrs. Anne Seymour. 1748-1828. 

Our Female Phidias. 
Damiens, Robert Francois. 1714-1757. 

Robert the 'Devil. 
Daniel, Rose. Fl. sixteenth century. 

Mirabel. 

Rosalinde. 
Daniel, Samuel. 1562-1619. 

Dacus. 

The English Lucan. 

Musus. 

The We'll Languaged. 



DA1ST 398 

Dante, Alignierl. 1265-1321. 

The Great Poet-Sire of Italy. 

The "White-Flower. 
Danton, Georges Jacques. 1759-1794. 

The Mirabeau of the Mob. 

The Strong Arm. 
Darius tlie G-reat. -B.C. 485. 

Ahasuerus. 
Darwin, Erasmus. 1731-1802. 

That Bright Luminary. 
Dati, Carlo. 1619-1676. 

The Bewildered. 

Smarnto. 
Davaux, Jean Baptiste. -1822. 

The Father of the Rondo. 
Davenant, Sir "William. 1605-1668. 

Daphne. 

Jeered Will. 

Old Daph. 

A Poetical Rochefoucau.lt. 

Bare Sr. Will. 
David, Jacques Louis. 1748-1825. 

The Artist of the Revolution. 
Davies, Cecilia. 1740-1836. 

I/Inglesina. 

Davies, Mrs. Christian. Fl. seventeenth. century- 
Mother Ross. 
Davies, Robert. -1836. 

Bard Nantglyn, 
Davyl, Poupart. Fl. circa 1825. 

Legrand. 
Dee, Jolm. 1527-1608. 

Another Pythagoras. 

ISTobilis Mathematicus. 

Praestantissirrms Mathematicus. 
Deering-, Sir Edward. -1576. 

The Silver Trumpet of the House. 
Defoe, Daniel. 1660-1731. , 

Restless Daniel. 
Decker, Thomas. -1638. 

Demetrius* 

Orange. 
Delacroix, Ferdinand Victor. 1799-1863. 

The Rubens of France. 

The Veronese of France. 

The Victor Hugo of Painting. 
De Lolme, Jolm Louis. 1745-1806. 

The English Montesquieu. 
Deloraine, Lady. -1744. 

Delia. 
Democritus of Atodera. B.C. 460-357. 

The Derider. 

The Laughing Philosopher. 
Demosthenes. ?B.C. 380-322. 

The Prince of Orators. 
Denham, Sir John. 1618-1668. 

That Lamping Old Bard. 



BEN 399 BIB 



Bennie, Joseph. 1768-1812. 

The Addison of America. 
Bennis, Jonn. 1657-1734. 

Appins. 

The Best Abused Man in England. 

Cacus. 

The Critic. 

Fur ens. 

Python. 

The Royal Midas. 

Sir Tremendous. 

Young Zoilus. 
Bent, Jolm. -1826. 

Baroccio. 
Bentatus, Sicinius. Fl. fifth century B.C. 

The Achilles of Rome. 
Be Qmncey, Thomas. 1786-1859. 

My Admirable Crichton. 

The English Opium-Eater. 

A Man of a Million. 

Plato. 
Bertoy, Co-untess Bowagrer of. 1601-1664. 

Amaryllis. 

The Warrior Lady of Latham. 

Berby, Earl of. Vid. FERpiKANr>o ANI> GEOFFREY. 
Bes"billons, Francois Marie. 1751-1789. 

The Last of the Romans. 
Besforges, Evariste Desire'. 1753-1814. 

The French Tibullus. 
Besmoulins, Camille. 1762-1794. 

Attorney-General of the Lantern. 
Bespre'aux, Nicolas Boileau. 1636-1711. 

Ariste. 

Our Champion for Homer. 

The Flatterer of Louis XIV. 

The Law-Giver of Parnassus. 

The Legislator of Parnassus. 

The Solon of Parnassus. 

The Zoilos of Quinault. 
Bevereu.x, Penelope. Fl. seventeenth century. 

Philoclea. 

Stella. 
Bevereux, Rolbert, Second. Earl of Essex. 1567-1601. 

The English Achilles. 
Beverenx, Rooert, TMrd Earl of Essex. 1592-1646. 

Bonny-Bootes. 

Old Robin. 

Philotas. 
Bevin, Tnomas C. -1878. 

Old Tommy. 

The Old War-Horse. 
Bibdin, Cnarles. 1748-1814. 

The Bard of the British Navy. 

The True Laureate of England. 

The Tyrtseus of the British Navy. 
BiTbdin, Tnomas. 1731-1780. 

Tom Bowling. 



DIB 400 DOU 

Dibdin, Thomas Frog-nail. 1776-1847. 

The Beau. Brummel of Living Authors. 

Black-Letter Tom. 

Ly sander. 

The Prince of Bibliomaniacal "Writers. 

Kosicrucius. 
Dicls:, Robert. 1811-1865. 

The Thurso Baker. 
Dick, Thomas. 1774^-1857. 

The Christian Philosopher. 
Dick:ens, Elizabeth.. -1662. 

Morma. 
Dickinson, John. 1732-1808. 

The Pennsylvania Farmer. 
Dig-Dy, Sir Kenelm, 1603-1665. 

The Mirandola of His Age. 
Dilke, Sir Charles. 1843-. 

Sophronion. 
Dionysms. Fl. sixth century B.C. 

The Little. 
Dionysius the Younger. Fl. fourth century B.C. 

Corinth's Pedagogue. 
Disraeli, Benjamin. 1804-1881. 

Ben Sidonia. 

Mr. Danberry. 

Diamond Albany. 

Dizzy. 

The Gay Lothario of Politics. 

Vivian Grey. 
Disraeli, Isaac. 1767-1848. 

The Modern Indagator Invictissimus. 

Sherborne. 
Dobson, Austin. 1840-. 

The Harmless Prior of the Generation. 
Do~bson, "William. 1610-1646, 

The English Tintoretto. 

The English Vandyke. 
Dodd., John. 1555-1645. 

The Decalogist. 
Dod-ding-ton, Greorg-e BulblD. 1691-1762. 

Umbra. 
Dodsley, Robert. 1703-1764. 

The Livery Muse. 
Dolce"bono, Griacomo. Fl. sixteenth century. 

The Master of Stone-Cutting. 
Dorat, Jean. 1507-1588. 

Auratus. 

The French Pindar. 

The Golden. 
, Dorea, Andrea. 1468-1560. 

The Father of His Country. 

The Father of Peace. 
Dorset, Charles, Earl of. 1637-1706. 

Harpalus. 

The Muses' Pride. 
Doizce, Francis. 1757-1834. 

The Porson of Old English and French Literature. 

Prospero. 



DOIT 401 DUB 

Douglas, Archibald., Fourth Earl of Ang-us. 1424. 

The Grood Earl. 

The Red Douglas. 
Douglas, Archibald., Fifth Earl of Angus. 1453-1514. 

Bell-the-Cat. 

Or ay-Steel. 

The Great Earl of Douglas. 
Douglas, Archibald., Fourth Barl of. -1424. 

Tine-Man. 
Doug-las, James, Seventh Barl of. -1443. 

The G-ross. 
Doug-las, James, 3STinth Barl of. -1488, 

The Black Douglas. 
Doug-las, Sir James. 1288-1330. 

The Black Douglas. 

The Grood. 
Doug-las, Sir William. 1300-1353. 

The Flower of Chivalry. 

The Hardy. 
Doug-las, Stephen A.. 1813-1861. 

The Little G-iant. 
Douglass, Mrs. -1761. 

Mrs. Cole. 
Do-w, nSTeal. 1803-. 

The Kossuth of the Temperance He-volution. 
Do-waling-, Vincent. -1852. 

The Long Scribe. 
Drafce, Sir Francis. 1545-1596. 

England's ISTeptune. 
Draper, Mrs. Elizabeth. Fl. eighteenth centnry. 

The Brahmine. 
Drayton, Michael. 1563-1631. 



The Golclen-Monthed. 

S we e t~T oiigue d . 

Traggediograplms. 
Drummond., "William, of Hawthornden. 1585-1649. 

Bo-Peep. 

The Scot! an Petrarch. 
Drury, ECenry Joseph, 1770-1841. 

JVtenalcas. 
Drury, Joseph. 1750-1834. 

Probus. 
Dryd.en, John. 1631-1701. 

A.saph. 

Bayes. 

Glorious John. 

Ign o ram us . 

Matthew Coppiiiger. 

Isfeander. 

Old Squab. 

Poet Squab. 

^Reverend Levi. 

Shimei. 
Du Bartas, Salustius. 1544-1501. 

The French Solomon. 

A. Gascon Moses. 

Some French Angel, 



DUB 402 DTK 

DTI Bellay, Joachim. 1524-1560. 

The Father of Grace and Elegance. 
The French Ovid. 
The Prince of the Sonnet. 
Duchesne, Andre\ Fl. seventeenth century. 

The Father of French History. 
Duck, Stephen. -1756. 

The Wiltshire Bard. 
Dudley, Henry Bate. 1745-1824. 

Parson Bate. 
Durer, Albert. 1471-1528. 

The Chaucer of Artists. 

The Prince of Artists. 
Duff, Mrs. Mary. 1794-1857. 

The Queen of the American Stage. 

The Siddons of America. 
Dug-net, G-aspar. 1613-1675. 

Gaspar Poussin. 
Du Guesclin, BertrandL. 1314-1380. 

The Eagle of Brittany. 

The Flower of French Chivalry. 
Du Hallier, FranQois. -1660. 

Cresus. 
Dumas, .General. 1753-1837. 

The Horatius Codes of the Tyrol. 
Dumont, Jean. 1700-1781. 

Le Remain. 
Dunbar and March, Ag-nes, Countess of. -1369. 

Black Agnes. 
Duncan I. of Scotland. -1039. 

Gracious Duncan. 
Duncan, Andrew. 17481828. 

Andrew the Chief Physician. 
Dundas, Harry. Fl. eighteenth century. 

Starvation Dundas. 
Dunlop, John. -1842. 

The Teeger. 
Dunois, Jean. 1403-1468. 

The Bastard of Orleans. 
Duns Scotus. Vid. SCOTTJS. 
Dunstan, Jeffrey. 1759-1797. 

Old Wigs. 
Duparc, Elizabeth. Fl. circa 1740. 

La Francesina. 
Durandus de St. Pourpain, Gruillaume. -1332. 

Doctor Resolutissimus. 
Durham, Lord. 1792-1842. 

The Coal-master. 
Dutens, Louis. 1730-1812. 

A Literary Sir PKiuie. 
Dyer, George. 1755-1841. 

An Archimagus. 

An Archimedes. 

A Copernicus. 

A Tycho Brahe. 
Dyke, Elizabeth. 1797-1865. 

Bessy. 



EAR 405 

EABLTT, JUBAL A. 1818-. 
The Bad Old Man. 
Eck:, Dr. Joliann. 1486-1543. 

Dreck. 
Ed.m-u.nd. II. 989-1016. 

Ironside. 
Edreni, Israel. Fl. circa 1830-60. 

A Spanish Jew from Alicaiit. 
Edward, tne Black Prince. 133O-1376. 

The Invincible Soldier. 
Edward. I. of England. 1239-1307. 

The English Justinian. 

"Longshanks. 

Scotomm Malleus. 
Edward IV. of England. 1461-1483. 

The Bobber. 
Edward VI. of England. 1538-1553. 

The Josiah of England. 

The Saint. 
Edwards, Georg-e. 1693-1773. 

The Father of Ornithologists. 
Ed-wards, James. 1757-1816. 

The Exotic Bookseller. 

Hinaldo. 
Edwards, Pierpont. 1750-1826. 

Major Sanford. 
Edwards, Tnomas. 1698-1757. 

The Presbyterian Paul-Pry. 

Shallow Edwards. 
Eg-erton, Francis, Duke of Bridgewater. 1736-1803. 

The Father of British Inland Navigation. 
Eldon, Lord. Vid. SCOTT. 
Eleanora of Brittany. -1241. 

The Damsel of Brittany. 
Elgin, Lord. Vid. BRUCE. 
Eliot, Rev. Jonn. 1603-1690. 

The Apostle of the Indians. 
ElizaTbeth of Bohemia. 1596-1662. 

The Queen of Hearts. 

lDetn, Queen, of Eng-land. 1533-1603* 

Astrsea. 

Belphoebe. 

Bloody Queen Bess. 

The Deliverer of God's People. 

Fortune's Empress. 

Gloriana. 

The Glory of Her Sex. 

Good Queen Bess. 

The Maiden Queen. 

The Miracle of Time. 

Nature's Glory. 

Oriana. 

Partheusa. 

Queen Bess. 

The Queen of Virgins. 

The True Diana. 

The Untamed Heifer. 



ELI 404 ETH 

Elizabeth, Queen of Bug-land (continued), 

The Virgin .Queen. 

The "World's Wonder. 
Elizabeth. Petrowna. 1709-1761. 

La Catin du Nord. 

La Cleinente. 

The Infamous. 

The Northern Harlot. 
Ellerthorpe, John. Fl. circa 1800. 

The Hero of the Humber. 
Ellice, Edward. 1789-1863. 

The Nestor of the House of Commons. 
Elliott, Ebenezer. 1781-1841. 

The Corn-Law Rhymer. 
Elliston, Robert William. -1831. 
. The Napoleon of Drury Lane. 
Elyot, Thomas. -1546. 

The Learned Knight. 
Emanuel I. of Portug-al. 1469-1521. 

The Portuguese Maecenas. 
Emerson, Ralph "Waldo. 1803-1882. 

The American Montaigne. 

The Buddha of the West. 

A "Winged Franklin. 
Ennius, Quint us. B.C. 239-169. 

The Father of the Latin Poets. 

The Roman Chaucer. 
iSpine, Francesca Marg-herita de F. Fl. eighteenth century. 

Greber's Peg. 

Hecate. 
Epiphanius. Fl. sixth century. 

The Scholastic. 
Erasmus. Desiderius. 1465-1536. 

The Batavian Buffoon. 

Errans Mus. 

The Glory of Netherland. 

The Glory of the Priesthood. 

The Viking of Literature. 

The Voltaire of the Sixteenth. Century. 
Erigena, John Scotus. -875. 

The Last of the Platonists. 
Erik IX. of Sweden. -1161. 

The Pious. 
Ernest I. of Gotha. 1601-1674. 

The Pious. 
Ernest of Austria. 1383-1424. 

The Iron-Handed. 
Erskine, John, Eleventh Earl of Mar. 1675-1732. 

A Rogue of a Scot. 
Erskine, Thomas, Lord. 1750-1823. 

Jupiter Tonans. 

Essex, Earl of. Vid. DEYEBEUX. 
Estcourt, Richard. 1668-1713. 

Tom Mirror. 
Estre'es, Antoine d 1 . 1571-1599. 

La Belle Gabrielle. 
Ethelred II. -1016. 

The Unready. 



ETH 405 

Ethelwold of Winchester. 925-984. 

The Father of Monks. 
Etliered.g-e, Sir George. 1636-1690. 

Bel lair. 

Gentle George. 

Medley. 
Euclid. Fl. third century B.C. 

The Sage of Alexandria. 
Euripides. B.C. 480-407. 

The Philosophic Bard. 
Eusden, Lawrence. -1730. 

A Laurelled Bard. 
Eusebius of Ceesarea. 264-340. 

The Father of Ecclesiastical History. 
Evans, Elizabeth. FL circa 1839. 

Dinah Morris. 
Evelyn, Jonn. 1620-1705. 

The Sir Joseph Banks of His Time. 

Sylva Evelyn. 
Byck, Jonn van. 1370-1441. 

John of Bruges. 
Ezzelino of Vicenza. 1215-1259. 

A Child of Hell. 

The Son of the Devil. 

Til ABELL, PETEB. Fl. circa 1500. 
P The Merry Devill of Edmonton. 
Faber, Jonn. 147071541. 

Malleus Hereticorum. 
Fairfax., Edward. - Circa 1632. 

The Poetical Father of Waller. 
Fairfax, Tnomas, Lord. 1612-1671. 

Fiery Young Tom. 

The Great Croysado. 
Falcandus. Fl. twelfth century. 

The Tacitus of Sicily. 
Farmer, Richard. 1735-1797. 

A Bloodhound of Unfailing Scent. 
Farqubar, George. 1678-1707. 

The Fielding of the Drama. 

Sir Harry "Wildair. 
Faulkner, Georg-e. 1700-1775. 

The Irish Atticus. 

Peter Paragraph. 
Felton, Jonn. -1628. 

Brutus. 

Honest Jack. 

Little David. 
Fenelon, Frangois de Salig-nac de la Motte. 1651-1715. 

Mentor. 

The Swan of Cambray. 
Ferdinand I. of Ara^on. 1373-1416. 

The Just. 
Ferdinand II. 1453-1516. 

The Catholic. 
Ferdinand I. of Leon and Castile. -1065. 

The Great. 



FER 406 

Ferdinand. II. of ZSTaples. 183O-1S59. 

JBomba. 
Ferd.inand.0, Earl of Derby. Fl. circa 1600- 

Amyntas. 
Ferguson, Robert. 1638-1714. 

Jxidas. 

The Plotter. 
Fernand.0, Recent of Spain. Fl. fifteenth century. 

El Infante de Antegriera. 
Ferrari, Benedetto. 1597-1681. 

Delia Tiorba. 
Ferrari, G-aud-enzio. 1484-1550. 

The Eagle. 
Feversham, Earl of. Fl. seventeenth century. 

Helen. 

King Dowager. 
Field., John- 1782-1837. 

[Russian Field. 
Fielding, Henry. 1707-1754. 

The Prince of IsTovelists. 

The Prose Honaer of Human JSTatnre. 

The ^tiakespeare of USTovelists. 

Will Booth. 
Fielding 1 , Mrs. Henry, -circa 1745. 

Amelia Booth. 
Fielding-, K.o"bert. Fl. seventeenth century. 

Beau Fielding;. 

Handsome Fielding. 

Orlando the Fair. 
Fiennes, Nathaniel. FL seventeenth century. * 

Youngr Subtlety. 
Fiennes, "W"illiain. 1583-. 

Old Subtlety. 
Finch, Daniel. 1647-1730. 

IDon Diego Disinallo. 
Finch, Heneag-e. 1621-1683. 

Amri. 

The Dismal. 

The Father of Equity. 
Fisher, EC. W. Fl. circa 184O. 

Arthur. 
Fitzg-eoffrey, Charles. 1575-1636. 

That Hisrh-Towering Falcon. 
Fitzgerald, Blizat>eth. 1527-1589. 

The Fair G-eraldine. 
Fitzg-erald, G-eorg-e Robert. 1749-1786. 

Fighting Fitzgerald. 
Fitzg-erald, 'William Thomas. 1759-1829, 

The Small-Beer Poet. 
Fitzg-ihtoon, John, Second. Earl of Clare. 1793-1851. 

Lycus. 
Fitzpatrick, actor. Fl. eighteenth century. 

Fitzgig. 

A Six-Foot SucMin^. 
Fitz-"\Aralter, Ro"bert. Fl. thirteenth century. 

The Marshal of the Array of God. 
FMchier of ISTismes. 1632-1710. 

The French Isocrates. 



FLE 407 FBA 

Fleming 1 , Miss. Fl. circa 1T90. 

Nannie. 
Fleming-, Paul. 1609-1640. 

The Anacreon of Germany. 

The Herrlck of Germany. 
Fletcher, Jolin. 1576-1625. 

A Limb of Shakespeare. 

The Muses' Darling. 
Fletclier, Pliineas. 1583^-1650. 

The Spenser of This Age. 
ITlorinda of Spain. Fl. seventh centxiry. 

The Helen of Spain. 
Florio, Jotm. 1545-1625. 

3D on Adriano de Armado. 

Hoi of ernes. 

The Resolute. 
Fludd, Robert. 1574r-1637. 

The Searcher. 
Flndyer, Samuel. -1768. 

Great Dulman. 
Foix, Oast on de. 1489-1512. 

The Thunderbolt of Italy. 
Fontang-es, Mile. de. 1661-1681. 

Eucharis. 
Fontanier, Paul Pellisson. 1624-1693. 

The King's Convertisseur. 
Fontenelle, Bernard Le Bovier d.e. 1657-1757. 

Centenary Fontenelle. 

Cydias. 
Foote, Sanruel. 1722-1777. 

A Beau Nasty. 

The English Aristophanes. 

The Modern Aristophanes. 

The Proteus. 
Forbes, Alexander, Lord Pitslig-o. 1678-1762* 

Baron Braclwardiiie. 
Fordyce, Alexander. Fl. 1840. 

The Shark of the Exchange. 
Foscolo, Ug-o. 1778-1827. 

Fudgiolo. 

A Spoilt Marmoset, 
Fox, Cnarles Jaines. 1749-1806. 

Carlo IJQiaii. 

A Hercules. 

The Last of the Romans. 

The Man of the People. 

Niger. 

The Young Cub. 
Fox, Oeorg-e. 1624-1690. 

The Boelime of England. 

The Man with the Leather Breeches. 
Francis, Paul. 1694-1775. 

Paul of the Cross. 
Francis II. of Naples. 1836-. 

Bombalino. 
FranQOis I. 1515-1547. 

The Father of Letters. 



FRA 408 FBE 

Frangois I. (continued). 
Gargantua. 

The Maecenas of France. 
Franklin, Benjamin. 1706-1790. 
The American Socrates. 
The Liberator of the World. 
Frederick IV. of Austria. 1384-1439. 

The Penny less. 
Frederick, Duke of York. 1763-1827. 

The Soldiers' Friend. 
Frederick II. of Brandenburg 1 . 1433-1471. 

Dent de Fer. 

Iron-Tooth. 
Frederick Augustus of Prussia. 1790-1843. 

Athenais. 
Frederick I. of Germany. 1121-1190. 

Barbarossa. 

The Father of His Country. 
Frederick II. of Germany. 1194-1251. 

The Admirable Crichton of Germany. 

The Csesar of Caesars. 

The Law-Giver. 

Phoenix Among Kings. 

A Second Aristotle. 

The Wonder of the World. 
Frederick IV. of Germany. 1415-1493. 

The Indolent. 

The Pacific. 
Frederick of Saxony. 1463-1554. 

The Wise. 
Frederick tne Great. 1712-1786. 

Alaric Cottin. 

Der Alte Fritz. 

Fritz der Einzige. 

The Glorious Protestant Hero. 

Luc. 

Lie Marquis de Brandenbourg. 

That Metromaniac Prince. 

The Philosopher of Sans-Souci. 

Le Sablonnier. 
Frederick I., Elector-Palatine. 1425-1476. 

The Victorious. 
Frederick V., Elector-Palatine. 1596-1632. 

Goodman Palsgrave. 

The Winter King. 
Frederick William. 1620-1680. 

The Great Elector. 
Frederick William IV. 1795-1861. 

Cliquot. 
Frederick William, Crown Prince of Germany. 1831- 

Unser Fritz. 
Freeth, Jokn. 1730-1808. 

The Birmingham Poet. 
Fremont, Jonn C. 1813-. 

The Pathfinder. 
Frdron, Elie- Catherine. 1719-1776. 

Fr&on. 



FRE 409 OAS 

Fre"ron, :&Lie-Catnerme (continued). 

Le Pauvre Diable. 

Le Serpent. 
Friend., Dr. Jonn. 1675-1728. 

The Director of Studies. 
Froissart, Jean. 1337-1401. 

Le Valet des Princes. 
Frommann, Friedricla Johannes. 1797-1886. 

The Nestor of the German Book-Trade. 
Fry, Mrs. Elizabetn. 1780-1844. 

The Female Howard. 
Fxacns, Leonnard. 1501-1566. 

The Flayed Fox. 
Fuller, Andrew. 1754-1815. 

The Franklin of Theology. 

f-^ ABRIKEjLI, DOMENTCO. 1640-1690. 
\JT tl Menghino del Violoncello. 
GalDrielli, Francesca. 1755-1795. 

Ferrarese del Bene. 
Gatorielli, Trifone. 1470-1549. 

The Socrates of His Age. 
Gacon, Frangois. 1667-1725. 

The Dennis of His Day. 

G-aetano, Benedetto. Vid. BONIFACE VIII. 
G-ainsTDorong-n, Tnomas. 1727-1788. 

The Painter Patriot. 
G-alen, Bernard, de. 1604-1678. 

The Converter. 
G-aliani, Ferdinand. 1728-1787. 

A Little Machiavelli. 
G-alt, Jonn. 1779-1839. 

The G-reat Gander of Glasgow. 
G-alnppi, Baldassare. 1706-1785. 

II Buranello. 
Gamtoetta, L^on. 1838-1882. 

Talazac. 
Gardiner, William Nelson. 1766-1814. 

Mustapha. 
Garibaldi, Giuseppe. 1807-1882. 

II Capitano del Popolo- 
Garnier, Robert. 1534-1590. 

The Father of French Tragedy* 
Garrard, Georg-e. 1760-1826. 

Thou Myron of the Age. 
G-arrick, David. 1716-1779. 

An Atlas. 

The Coxcomb. 

The English Koscras. 

Little Davy. 

That Proteus of the Stage. 

The Vain Tyrant. 
G-artn, Sanxael. 1672-1719. 

The Kit-Kat Poet. 
Q-assion, Jean, Go-rate de. 1609-1647. 

La Guerre. 

Mazare. 



GAV 410 GIF 

Gavinies, Pierre. -1800. 
The French Tartini. 
Gay, John. 1688-1732. 

The ^Esop of England. 
The Orpheus of Highwaymen. 
Geber. Fl. ninth century. 

The Founder of Chemistry. 
Gemble, Andrew. -1793. 

Ed[die Ochiltree. 
Genet, Eliazar. -1535? 

II Carpentrasso. 
Geoffrey, Edward., Earl of Derby. 1799-1869, 

The Hotspur of Debate. 

The Rupert of Debate. 
Geoffrey of Boulog-ne. 1061-1100. 

The Bearded. 
Geoff rin, Marie Tne'rese. 1699-1777. 

A Female Fontenelle. 
Georg-e I. of England. 1660-1727. 

The Turnip-Hoer. 
Georg-e II. of Engrland. 1683-1760. 

Augustus. 

Great Patron of Mankind. 
Georg-e III. of England. 1738-1820. 

Another Philip the Second. 

Farmer George. 

The Solomon of Great Britain. 

Ulysses. 
Georg-e IV. of England. 1762-1830. 

The Beau of Princes. 

The First Gentleman of Europe. 

George the Greater. 

The Greatest Prince in Christendom. 

The Mere Dandiui. 

The Prince of Princes. 
Georg-e, Prince of Denmark. Fl. eighteenth century. 

Est-il-possible. 
Gerard, Jules. 1817-1864:. 

The Lion-Killer. 
Gerbier, Pierre. 1725-1788. 

The French Mansfield. 
Gerson. Vid. CHARLIE R E GERSON. 
Gesner, Konrad von. 1516-1561. 

The German Pliny. 
Geyler, Jonann. 1445-1510. 

The Herald of the Reformation. 
Gnibbes, James Alban. 1616-1677. 

The Horace of His Age. 
Gibbons, Orlando. 1583-1625. 

The English Palestrina. 
G-ibson, Mrs. Milner. Fl. circa 1853. 

Mrs. Hobson. Newcome. 
Gifford, "William. 1756-1826. 

!Bear-Leader. 

The Censor of the Age. 

The Cobbling Wonder of Ashburton. 

The Coryphaeus of Modern Literature, 



GIF 411 GOE 

Gifford, "William (continued}. 

Demon of Darkness. 

Grosvenor's Cobbler. 

Master Esop. 

Monster of Turpitude. 
Gildas. Fl. sixth century. 

The British Jeremiah. 

Sapiens. 
Gill, Dr. Jolin. 1697-1771. 

The Learned. 
Gillies, Robert Pierce. -1858. 

Kempferhausen. 
Gilpin, Bernard. 1517-1583. 

The Apostle of the North. 

The Father of the Poor. 
Giornovicni, or Jarnowicls:, Giovanni Mane. 1745-1804. 

The Erratic Star. 
Giovanni, Domenico di. 1403-1448. 

II Burchiello. 
Gladstone, William Ewart. 1809-. 

Grandsevus. 

Mr. Gresham. 
Glanville. Fl. twelfth century. 

The Father of Jurisprudence. 
Glover, Richard. 1712-1785. 

Leonidas Glover. 
GlUck, Jonann Christopli von. 1714-1787. 

The Hercules of Music. 

The Michael Angelo of Music. 
G-odeau, Antoine. 1605-1672. 

Julia's Dwarf. 
Godfrey, Sir Edmondbury. -1678. 

Agag. 
Godolpnin, Sidney, Earl of. -1712. 

Patritio. 

"Volpone. 
Godoy, Manuel de. 1767-1851. 

The Prince of the Peace. 
Godwin, William. 1756-1836. 

The Sage of Skinner Street. 
Goetlials, Henry. 1227-1293. 

Doctor Solemiris. 
Goetne, Johann Wolfgang- von. 1749-1832. 

The Ariosto of Germany. 

The Confidant. 

The Evangelist of Economy. 

The First of Existing Writers. 

The German Voltaire. 

Goetz von Berlichingen, the Honest. 

The Illustrious. 

The Man of Many Medals. 

The Master. 

The Prince of Poets. 

The Wanderer. 
Goethe, Katliarina Elizabeth, ne'e Textor. 1731-1808. 

Frau Aja. 



GOL 412 GRA 

Goldoni, Carlo. 1707-1793. 

The Italian Moliere. 
Goldsmitn, Rev. Henry. -1768. 

The Man in Black. 
Goldsmith, Oliver. 1728-1774. 

The Child of Nature. 

Common Sense. 

Fancy's Favorite. 

Goldy. 

The Impenetrable Goodman Dull. 

The Inspired Idiot. 

The .Literary Pollux. 

Noll. 
Gongora, Luis y Argot e. 1561-1627. 

The Wonderful. 
Goodwin, Jolm. Fl. circa 1650. 

The Great Red Dragon, of Coleman Street. 
Goose, Mrs. Isaac, ne Elizabeth. Foster. 1665-1757. 

Mother Goose. 
Gordig-iani, Luigi. 1806-1860. 

The Italian Schubert. 
Gordon, Duke of. 1770-1836. 

The Cock of the North. 
Gordon, Alexander. 1690-1750. 

Sandy Gordon. 
Gordon, Charles George. 1833-1885. 

Chinese Gordon. 

The Uncrowned King. 
Gordon, Georg-e Hamilton, Earl of Aberdeen. 1784^1860. 

Athenian Aberdeen. 
Gordon, Dr. "William. 1801-1849. 

The People's Friend. 
Gosset, Isaac. 1745-1812. 

Lepidus. 

Milk-White Gosset. 
Gottschalk, Louis M. 1829-1869. 

The Prince of the Piano-Forte. 
Gottsched, Jonann Cnristopn. 1700-1766. 

Der Tadler. 
Goujon, Jean. 1515-1572. 

The Correggio of Sculptors. 

The Father of French Sculpture, 

The French Phidias. 
Gould, Dr. Fl. circa 1700. 

Obsequious Umbra. 
Gould, Jay. 1836-. 

The Bailway King. 

Gournay. Vid. LEJABS DE GOURNAY. 
Gow, Neil. 1727-1807. 

The King of Scotch Fiddlers. 
Gower, John. 1320-1402. 

The Morall Gower. 
Graham, George. 1675-1751. 

Honest George. 
G-ranam, James, Marquis of Montrose. 1612-1650. 

The Great Marquis. 

Jamie Graeme. 



GRA 413 GRE 

Grafcam, Jonn. 1643-1689. 

Bloody Claverse. 

Bonnie Dundee. 
Graiiame, James. 1765-1811. 

A. Poetical Spagnoletto. 

The Sabbath Bard. 

Sepulchral Grahame. 
Grant, Robert. 1785-1838. 

The Friend of the Jews. 
Grant, Ulysses S. 1822-1885. 

Old Three Stars. 

Uncle Sam, 

Unconditional Surrender. 

United States Grant. 

United We Stand Grant. 
Grantley, Baron. Vid. NORTON. 
Granville, Georg-e, Viscount Lansdowne. 1667-1735. 

The Polite. 
Granville, Leveson Gower, Earl. 1815-. 

Glaucns. 
Gray, Sir diaries, First Uarl. 1729-1807. 

No Flint. 
Gray, Thomas. 1716-1771. 

Fastidious Gray. 

Orosmades. 

The Sweet Lyrist of Peter House. 

The Torr of Poetry. 
Gray, William. 1751-1825. 

Old Billy Gray. 
Grazzini, Antonfrancesco. 1503-1583. 

II Lasca. 
Greathead., Bertie. 1759-1826. 

That Deep-Mouthed Theban. 
Greeley, Horace. 1811-1874. 

The Napoleon of Essayists. 

The Prince of Paragraphists. 
Greene, F. -1593. 

Infortunatus. 
Greene, Robert. 1560-1592. 

The Ape of Euphues. 

The Dying Titan. 

Flowerdale. 

Francesco. 

The Greene Maister of the Blacke Arte. 

The Homer of Women. 

The King of the Paper Stage. 

The Monarch of Crosbiters. 

The Patriarch of Shifters. 

Philador. 

The Prince of Beggars. 

Roberto. 

Scholar-Like Shepherd. 

The Scrivener of Crosbiters. 

A Second Ovid. 
Greenhill, William. -1677. 

The Evening Star of Stepney. 



GRE 414 GRO 

Gregory I., Pope. 544-604=. 

The Great. 
Gregory VII., Pope. -1085. 

Turk Gregory. 
Gregory of Armenia. Fl. third century. 

The Illuminator. 
Gregory of Rimini. -1357. 

Doctor Authenticus. 
Gregory of Tours. 544-595. 

The Father of Frankisb. History. 

The Herodotus of Barbarism. 
Grenville, George, Lord. Temple. 1712-1770. 

The Gentle Shepherd. 

Tiddy-Doll. 
Grenville, Riclaard. 1711-1779. 

Lord Gawky. 

Pitt's Loving Brother. 

"Water-Gull. 
Gr^try , And r . 1741-1813. 

The Moliere of Music. 
Greville, Fullse, Lord. Brookie. 1554-1628. 

Mnsidorus. 
Grey, Artlnxr, Lord. Fl. circa 1580. 

Grey, Lord., of Wark. -1674. 

Caleb. 
Grey, Zacliary. 1687-1766. 

The Father of Modern Commentators. 
Grierson, Sir R.o~bert. 1650-1736. 

The Laird of Lag. 
Grimes, Elpnraim.. 1841. 

Old Grimes. 
Grimston, William, Lord. Viscount . 1692-1756. 

Poet of the Hollow Tree. 
Gripb.i-as, Andreas. 1616-1664. 

The Corneille of Germany. 

The Father of the Modern German Drama. 
Grolier, Jean. 1479-1565. 

The Maecenas of Book-Lovers. 
Gronovius, James. 16451716. 

The Grain matical Cur. 

Grunnovius. 
Grose, Francis. 1731-1791. 

Captain Grose. 
Grossmann, Gnstavas. 1746-1796. 

The Shakespeare of Germany. 
Grosvenor, Ricnard., Lord Belg-rave. 1767-1845. 

The Thieve of Little Esop. 

The Great Lord of Greek. 

Lord Polunosboio. 
Grotins, Hiag-o. 1583-1645. 

The Phoenix of Literature. 
Groto, Lmgi. 1541-1585. 

II Cieco. 
Grove, :Miss Harriet. FL circa 1800. 

Cazire. 



GRIT 415 HAL 

, Nikolai Frederik. 1783-1872. 

The Younger Brother of Oehlenschlager. 
Gryphius, Andreas. 1616-1664. 

The Prince of Silesian Poets. 
Gubernatis, Ang-elo de. 1840-. 

Innominato. 
Gu^nault, Frangois. Fl. circa 1665. 

Macro ton. 
Guez, Jean Louis. 1596-1655. 

Hortensius. 

Guiche, Countess de. Vid. ANDOTJINS. 
Guidi. Carlo Alessandro. 1650-1712. 

The Italian Gray. 
Guimard, Madeleine. 1743-1816. 

The Spider. 

La Squelette des Graces. 
Guise, Henri, Due de. 1550-1588. 

The People's King. 
Guizot, Francois P. G. 1787-1874. 

The Historian Philosopher. 
Gustavus Adolpnus. 1595-1632. 

The Antichrist. 

The Lion of the North. 

The Savior of Protestantism. 

The Snow King. 

The Star of the North. 

Sweden's Glory. 
Gustavus Vasa. 1490-1560. 

The Swede. 
Guzman, Alphonso Perez de. 1258-1320. 

The Spanish Brutus. 
Guzman, Fernan Nunez de. 1488-1552. 

The Greek Commentator. 

HACKLAENDER, FRIEDRICH WILHELM. 1816-1877. 
The German Dickens. 
Haflz, Mohammed. -1388. 

The Persian Anacreon. 

Sugar-Lip. 
I^ahnemann, Samuel. 1755-1843. 

The Prodigy of Learning. 
Hakim Ben Allah. Fl. eighth century. 

The Veiled Prophet of Khorassan, 
Hales, Alexander. Fl. thirteenth century. 

Doctor Irrefragabilis. 

The Fountain of Life. 
Hales, John. 1584-1656. 

Bibliotheca Ambulans. 

The Ever Memorable. 

Little Hales. 

The "Walking Library. 
Hales, Stephen. 1677-1761. 

Parson Hale. 
Halifax, Lord. 1661-1715. 

Bufo. 

A MfBcenas. , 
Halifax, Marquis of. Vid. SAVII/E. 



HAL 416 HAR 

Hall, Captain Basil. 1788-1844. 

Argonaiit. 

A Literary Sinbad. 
Hall, Ellis. 1502-1564. 

The Carpenter's Son. 

The Manchester Prophet. 
Hall, Joseph. 1574-1656. 

The Christian Seneca. 

The English Persius. 

The English Seneca. 
Hallam, Henry. 1778-1859. 

Classic Hallam. 
Halleck, G-eneral Henry Wag*er. 1815-1872. 

Old Brains. 
Haller, Albert von. 1708-1777. 

The Father of Physiology. 
Hamann, Jonann G-eorg 1 . 1730-1788. 

The Magician of the North. 

Magus aus dem Nbrden. 
Hamilcar of Carthage. B.C. 247-228. 

Barca. 
Hamilton, Duchess of. 1641-1708. 

ISTarcissa. 
Hamilton, Janet. 1795-1873, 

The Peasant Poetess. 
Hamilton, Patrick. 1503-1527. 

The First Scotch Keformer. 
Hamilton, Thomas. 1789-1842. 

Colonel Cyril Thornton. 
Hamilton, Sir Thomas. -1563. 

Tain of the Cowgate. 
Hamilton, Sir William, 1788-1856. 

The Black Eagle. 
Hamilton, William G-erarcU 1729-1796. 

Single-Speech Hamilton. 
Hammond, Anthony. 16(58-1738. 

Silver-Tongued. 
Hancock, John. 1737-1793. 

Old Mother Hancock. 
Hancock, General Winfleld Scott. 1824-1886. 

Superb. 
Handel, Georg-e Frederick. 1084-1759. 

Bold Bria.reus. 

The Dear Saxon. 

The Monarch of the Musical Kingdom. 

The Saxon Giant. 
Har court, Henri de. 1601-1666. 

Cadet-la-Perle. 
Har court, William Vernon. 1827-. 

Historicns- 
Hardham, John. -1772. 

The Maecenas of Embryo Players. 
Hardi, Alexandre. 1560-1631. 

The French Lope de Vega. 

A Shakespeare Without Genius. 



HAR 417 HAB 

Harding'e, Georg-e. -1816. 

Jeffries' Headsman. 

The Waggish Welsh Judge. 
ECardwicxke, Earl of. Vid. YORKE. 
Harley, Lady Charlotte. 1809-. 

Ian the. 
Harley, Robert, First Earl of Oxford. 1661-1724. 

Harlequin. 

Hermodactyl . 

The King of Book-Collectors. 
Harold I. -1039. 

Harefoot. 
Harold II. -1066. 

The Last of the Saxons. 
Harriot, Thomas. 1560-1621. 

The Universal Philosopher. 
Harris, John. 1820-1884. 

The Cornish Poet. 
Harris, Samuel. 1724-1795. 

The Apostle of Virginia. 
Harrison, William Henry. 1773-1841. 

Hard Cider. 

Log-Cabin Harrison. 

Old Tip. 

Tippecanoe. 

The Washington of the West. 
Harvey, Gabriel. 1545-1630. 

The Ape Gabriel. 

The Aj>e of Tully. 

The Aristarchus of His Day. 

This Bladder of Pride New-Blowne. 

Doctor Hum. 

Fame's Duckling. 

Frigidus Pedagogns. 

Gabriel Ergo. 

Gabriel Gravedigger. 

Our Grafiel Hagiels. 

Gabriel Howliglasse. 

Gaffer Jobbernoule. 

Gamaliel Hobgoblin. 

Gilgilis Hobberdehoy. 

A Heggledepeg. 

Hobbinol. 

The Homer of His Age. 

Laureate Gabriel. 

This Mud-Born Bubble. 

A Paralytic Quacksalver. 

Silly Quirko. 

Our Talatamtana. 

Our Tapthartharath. 

This Vain. Braggadocio. 
Harvey, Richard. Fl. 1580-1620. 

The Almanack-Maker. 

Astrological Richard. 

Donzel Dick. 

lo Paean Dick. 

X/ipsian Dick. 



HAR 418 HEIST 

Harvey, Richard (continued}. 
Pierian Dick. 

Pigmy Dick. 
Hasilrig 1 , Sir Arthur. -1660. 

The Brutus of Our Republic. 

Dun. 
Haslewood, Joseph. 1769-1833. 

Bernardo. 
Hassan-ben- Sabah. Fl. eleventh century. 

Old Man of the Mountain. 
Hasse, Johann Adolf. 1699-1783. 

II Garo Sassone. 
Hastings, Jonathan. Fl. 1700. 

Yankee Jonathan. 
Hastings, Lord.. -1649. 

This Phoenix. 
Hatton, Sir Christopher. -1591. 

The Dancing Chancellor. 
Hawkins, Sir John. 1719-1789. 

England's Nestor. 

The Fiddling Knight. 

The Prince, the King, the Emperor of Quavers. 
Hawthorne, Nathaniel. 1804-1864. 

The Friend of Sinners. 

The Gentle Boy. 
Hawtrey, Dr. Edward.. 1789-1862. 

Priscian. 
Haydn, Josepli. 1732-1809. 

The Father of Symphony. 
Hayley, William. 1745-1820. 

King of the English Poets. 
Haynau., Jtiliiis Jakob yon. 1786-1853. 

The Hyena of Brescia. 
Hazlitt, William. 1778-1830. 

Boswell Kedivivus. 

The Dumont of Letters. 

Pygmalion Hazlitt. 
Heber, Beg-inald. 1783-1826. 

The Christian Atticus. 
Heber, Richard. 1773-1833. 

Atticus. 

The Magnificent Heber. 
Hebert, Jacques Ben6. 1755-1794. 

Father Duchesne. 
Heinecken, Christian Heinrich.. 1721-1726. 

The Infant of Lubeek. 
Helisane de Crenne. -1530. 

The Limosin Scholar. 
Henderson, John. 1757-1788. 

The Bath Roscius. 

The Irish Crichton. 
Henley, John. 1692-1756. 

The Cain of Literature. 

Orator Bronze. 

Orator Henley. 

The Zany of His Age. 
Henri d'Albret of Navarre, -1516. 

Gargantua, 



HEIST 419 HEX 

Henri II., Due de Guise. 1614-1664. 

Balafre. 

The Gashed. 
Henri II of France. 1518-1559. 

The Defender of German Independence. 

Pantagruel. 

The Popinjay 

The Warlike. 
Henri III. of France. 1551-1589. 

The Coxcomb. 

The Man-Milliner. 

Le Mignon. 
Henri IV. of France. 1553-1610. 

Le Bearnais. 

The Father of the People. 

The Great. 

Poliarchus. 

Mon Soldat. 

JLe Roi des Braves. 

Vert Galant. 
Henri q.ue, Due de Visco. 1394-14=63* 

The Father of Navigation. 

The Navigator. 
Henry I. of England. 1068-1135. 

Beanclerc. 
Henry II. of England. 1132-1189. 

Curtmantle. 
Henry IV. of England. 1367-1413. 

Bolingbroke. 
Henry V. of England. 1388-1422. 

The English Alexander. 
Henry VI. of England. 1421-1471. 

Ill-Fated Henry. 
Henry VII. of England. 1457-1509. 

The English Solomon. 

Panurgus. 
Henry VIII. of England. 1491-1546. 

Bluff King Hal. 

Bo-ho. 

Corannus. 

Defender of the Faith. 

Stout Harry. 

"Walter. 
Henry I. of G-ermany. 876-936. 

The Father of His Country. 

The Founder of Chivalry in Germany. 

The Fowler. 

The Iron Duke. 

The Romulus of Brandenburg, 

The Saxon. 
Henry II. of Germany. 972-1024. 

The Saint. 
Henry III. of Germany. 1017-1056. 

The Black King. 
Henry V. of Germany. 1081-1125. 

The Parricide. 
Henry VI. of Germany. 1163-1197. 

The Cruel. 



HE3ST 420 HIL 

Henry X. of Saxony. 1129-1195. 

The Lion. 
Henry, Prince. 1594-1612. 

Our English Marcellus. 
Hensel, Fanny Cecile. 1805-1847. 

The Cantor. 
Henson, Josiah. 1789-. 

IJiicle Tom. 
Heraclitus. Fl. sixth century B.C. 

The Weeping Philosopher. 
Herbert, Georg-e. 1593-1633. 

The Sweet Singer of the Temple. 
Herder, Jonann Gottfried von. 1744-1803. 

The I>ean. 

The Fenelon of Germany. 

The Plato of the Christian World. 
Hermann. -A.D. 21. 

The German Cid. 
Herodotus. B.C. 484-408. 

The Father of Greek Prose. 

The Father of Histpry. 

The Father of Lies. 
Herrera, A. de. 1565-1625. 

The Prince of Historians. 
Herrera, Ferdinand de. 1516-1595. 

The Divine. 
Hervey, Lord Jottn. 1696-1743. 

Lord Fanny. 

Paris. 

Sporus. 
Hesiod. Fl. eighth century B.C. 

The Ascrsean Poet. 

The Old Ascrsean. 
Hewit, George. Fl. circa 1676. 

Sir Fopliiig Flutter. 
Hewlet, William. Fl. 1660. 

Father Greybeard. 
Hewson, Colonel Jonu. Fl. circa 1700. 

Cerdon. 

Old Hewson the Cobbler. 
Heylin, Peter. 1600-1662. 

The Spagnolet of History. 
Heyne, Christian Gottlob. 1729-1812. 

The King of Critics. 
Heywood, ESliza. 1693-1756. 

Eliza. 
Heywood, John. -1565. 

The Great Epigrammatist. 
Hiobert, Georg-e. 1757-1837, 

Honorio. 
Hicks, Miss. - circa 1805. 

Miranda. 
Higrglnson, Stephen. 1770-1834. 

The Man of Ross. 
Hill, Qeorg-e H. 1799-1849. 

Yankee Hill. 



HIL 421 HOL 

Hill, Sir Jolm. 1716-1775. 

The Cain of Literature. 

Hillaris. 

A. Janus-Faced Critic. 

A Literary Proteus. 

A Paltry Dung hill. 

The Universal Butt of All Mankind. 
Hill, Robert. 1699-1777. 

The Learned Tailor. 
Hill, Rowland. 1772-1843. 

The 'Waterloo Hero. 
Hill, Thomas. 1760-1840. 

Mr. Hull. 

Paul Pry. 
Hippocrates. B.C. 460-361. 

The Father of Medicine. 
Hipponax. Fl. sixth century B.C. 

The Epheslan Poet. 

The Father of Burlesque Poetry. 

The Father of Parody. 
Hobbema, Minderttoiit. 1611-1699. 

The Painter of Coolness. 
Hobbes, Ttiomas. 1588-1679. 

The Atheist. 

The Bear. 

Crowe. 

The Malmesoury Philosopher. 

The Mighty Leviathan. 

The Philosopher of Malmesbury. 

The Self-Tormentor. 
Hobbes, Daughter of Thomas. Fl. circa 1700. 

Delictum Juventutis. 
Hofer, Andreas. 1767-1810. 

The Wallace of Switzerland. 

The William Tell of the Tyrol. 
Hogrartn, William. 1697-1764. 

The Beautifyer. 

A Fielding Among Painters. 

The Juvenal of Painters. 

A Lillo Among Painters. 

Painter Pug. 

The Painting Moralist. 

The Pensioned Dauher. 
Hogg 1 , James. 1772-1835. 

The Boar of the Forest. 

The Ettrick Shepherd. 

The Great Wild Boar. 
Holberg-, Louis, Baron de. 1685-1754. 

The Danish Moliere. 

The Danish Plautus. 
Holland, Josiah Gilbert. 1819-1881. 

The American Tupper. 
Holland, Philemon. 1551-1636. 

The Translator-General. 
Holland, Lord. 1773-1840. 

Lord Bluster. 

The Sly Fox. 



422 HOW 



Hollis, Thomas. 1720-1774. 

A Dear Liberty Boy. 

Ultimus Roman orum. 
Holman, James. 1787-1857. 

The Blind Traveller. 
Holmes, Sir Robert. FL circa 1667. 

The Achates of the General's Fight. 
Homer. Fl. ninth, century B.C. 

That Blind Bard. 

Blind Old Man. 

The Cbian Father. 

The Father of Comedy. 

The Father of Epic Poetry. 

The Father of Poetry. 

The Father of Song 1 . 

The Father of Tragedy. 

The Friend of Good Sense. 

The Mseonian Poet. 

Melesigenes. 

The Prince of Poets. 

The Prince of Sacred Bards. 

The Swan of Meander. 
Hong"O, Francis. -1702. 

Huppazoli. 
Hooker, General Joseph. 1814-1879. 

Fighting- Joe. 
Hooker, Richard. 1553-1600. 

The Judicious Hooker. 
Hope, Thomas. 1770-1831. 

Millbank. 
Hopital, Michel de 1*. 1505-1573. 

A Second Cato. 
Hopfcins, John. 1663-1732. 

Vulture Hopkins. 
Hoppner, John. 1759-1810. 

Another Reynolds. 
Horace. B.C. 65-8. 

The Prince of Lyrical Roman Poets. 
Hornecls:, Catharine. Vid. MKS. 
Hornecfe, Mary. 1753-1840. 

The Jessamy Bride. 
Hortensius, Quinttis. -B.C. 50. 

A Dionysiac Singing "Woman. 

The King of the Courts. 
Hoskins, Sergeant John. 1566-1638. 
Father Hoskins. 
That Universal Aristarchus. 
Howard, Henry. 1515-1547. 

The GranTille of a Former Age. 
Princely Surrey. 
Howard, Sir John. -1485. 

Jockey of Norfolk. 
Howard, John. 1726-1790. 

The Philanthropist. 
Howard, G-eneral Oliver O. 1813-. 
The Havelock of the War. 



HOW 423 HUT 

Howard, Sir Robert. 1626-1698. 
Bayes. 
Biiboa. 
Crites. 

Sir Positive At- All. 
Howard, William, Lord. 1563-1640. 

Belted Will. 
Howe, Dr. Fl. circa 1700. 

Shrill Querpo. 
Howe, John. 1630-1706. 

The Platonic Puritan. 
Howe, Lyman. 1801-1861. 

The Landlord. 

The Squire. 
Howe, Ricnard, Earl. 1725-1799. 

Black Dick. 
Hudson, G-eorg-e. 1800-1871. 

The Railway King. 
Hudson, Jeffrey. 1619-1682. 

Lord Minimus. 
Hughes, John. Fl. circa 1819. 

Buller of Brasenose. 
Hug-hson, Hug-h. -1809. 

Hugh Strap. 
Hug:o, Victor. 1802-1885. 

L'Eniant Sublime. 

The Michael Aiigelo of Modern Literature. 
Hume, David. 1711-1776. 

The Prince of Sceptics. 
Hume, Joseph. 1777-1855. 

Adversity Hume. 
Humphrey Plant agenet. -1446. 

The Good Duke Humphrey. 
Hu.mpb.reys, G-eneral Andrew A. 1810-. 

Old Mathematics. 
Hunt, James Henry Leig-h. 1784-1859. 

Bacchus. 

Harold Skimpole. 

The Jove of the Modern Critical Olympus. 

King Leigh. 

Lord Mayor of the Theatric Sky. 
Hunt, Ward. Fl. circa 1840. 

Hobbes. 
Hunter, John EZelso. 1802-1873. 

John Kobbler. 
Huntington, Earl of. Fl. circa 1685. 

Balaam. 
Hunting-ton, William. 1744-1813. 

The Coal-heaver Preacher. 

Sinner Saved. 
Hunyadi, Janos. -1456. 

Corvinus. 
Hurd, Richard. 1720-1808. 

A Literary Sycophant. 
Hutcninson, Mrs. Ann. -1643. 

The Non-Such. 
Hutcliinson, Thomas. 1711-178O. 

Your Prime Saint. 



ING 424 JAM 



COLONEL ROBERT G-. 1832-. 
JL The Illustrious Infidel. 
Ingnirarai, Tommaso Fedra. 1470-1516. 

Phaedra. 
Ippolito d'Este. 1479-1520. 

Good Seed of Hercules. 
Ireland, John. 1720-1808. 

The Linnaeus of Hogarth. 
Irnerius. Fl. twelfth century. 

The Lamp of the Law. 
Irving-, Rev. Edward. 1792-1834. 

A Boanerges. 

Doctor Squirt turn*. 

A Son of Thunder. 
Isabella of Bavaria. 1371-1435. 

The G-reat Sow. 
IsaTbella of Castile. 1451-1504. 

The Catholic. 
Isabella of France. 1260-1350. 

The She-Wolf of France. 
Isabella of Valois. 1387-1410. 

The Little Queen. 
Isaure, C16mence. 1463-1513. 

The Sappho of Toulouse. 
Isocrates. B.C. 436-339. 

The Old Man Eloquent. 
Iturbide, Aug-usto. 1784-1824. 

The Napoleon of Mexico. 
Ivan IV. of R-ussia. 1529-1584. 

The Terrible. 



"TA.CKSO3ST, ANDREW. 1767-1845. 
tJ The Gin'ral. 

The Old Hero. 

Old Hickory. 

Sharp Knife. 
Jackson, Thomas Jonathan. 1824-1863. 

Old Jack. 

Stonewall. 
Jackson, William. -1815. 

Consequential Jackson. 

Poor Con. 
Jacob, Giles. 1686-1744. 

The Scourge of Grammar. 
Jacobi, Friedrich Heinricn, 1743-1819. 

The German Plato. 
Jacobsen, J. P, 1847-1885. 

The Be Quincey of Danish literature. 
Jam-Sneid. Fl. eighth century B.C. 

The Illustrious. 
James I. of Arag-on. 1206-1276. 

The Conqueror. 
James II. of Arag-on. 1261-1327. 

The Just. 
James I of England. 1566-1625. 

The English Solomon. 



JAM 425 JEF 

James I. of England, (continued}. 

The Scottish Heliogabalus. 

The Wisest Fool in Christendom. 
James II. of England. 1633-1701. 

Eliab. 

The Lion. 

The Popish Duke. 

The Sant'ring Bully. 

A Second Constantine. 

The Two Kings of Brentford. 
James I. of Scotland. 1395-1437. 

The Orpheus of Scotland. 
James II. of Scotland. 1430-1460. 

The Fiery-Pace. 
James IV. of Scotland. 1472-1513. 

The Star of the Stuart Line. 

The Thrissil. 
James V. of Scotland. 1512-1542. 

The Goodman of Ballengeica- 

The King of the Commons. 

The Knight of Snowdoun. 
Jameson, G-eorg-e. 1586-1644. 

The Scottish Vandyke. 
Jane of Castile. 1479-1555. 

The Imbecile. 
Janin, Jules Gabriel, 1804-. 

Le Roi des Feuilletons. 
Jarnowiclc. Vid. GIORNOVICHI. 
Jasmin, Jacques. 1798-1864. 

The Barber Poet. 

The Last of the Troubadours. 
Jeacock:, Caleb. -1786. 

The Literary Baker. 
Jean II. of France. 1309-1364. 

The Good. 
Jean IV. of Brittany. 1389-1442. 

The Valiant. 
Jean VI. of Armenia. Fl. ninth century. 

Catholicos- 
Jefferson, Tliomas. 1743-1826. 

Long Tom. 

The Sage- of Monticello. 
Jeffrey, Francis. 1773-1850. 

The Aristarelms of the Edinburgh Review. 
Jeffreys, Lord Georg-e. 1640-1689. 

The Western Hangman. 
Jennens, Cnarles. Fl. eighteenth century. 

Soliman the Magnificent. 
Jenning-s, Frances. Vid. TAXBOT. 
Jennings, Henry Constantino. 1731-1819. 

Dog Jennings. . 
Jenning-s, Saran. 1660-1744. 

Old Sarah. 

Queen Sarah. 

The Viceroy. 
Jepnson. Fl. seventeenth century. 

Crowdero. 



JEW 426 JOI 

Jewel, John. 1522-1571. 

The Jewel of Bishops. 
Joachim II. of Brandenburg-. -1571. 

The Hector of Germany. 
Jodelle, ^Stienne. 1532-1573. 

The Father of the French Drama. 
Joliann III., Elector of Brandenburg 1 . 1455-1499. 

The Cicero of Germany. 
John V. of Brittany. 1389-1442. 

The Good and Wise. 
Jolm II. of Port-ug-al. 1455-1495. 
The Great. 
The Perfect. 
John V. of Portixg-al. -1750. 

Most Faithful Majesty. 

Jonn Frederick, Du-lre of Saxony. -1532. 
The Saxon Duke. 

The Second Parent of the Reformed Church. 
Johnson, IB 1 . R. Fl. circa 1840. 

Lindsay. 
Johnson, John Henry. -1826. 

Irish Johnson. 
Johnson, Rev. Samuel. 1649-1703. 

Ben Jochanan. 

Johnson, Dr. Samuel. 1709-1785. 
The Blaspheming Doctor. 
Blinking Sam. 
The Bolt Court Philosopher. 
The Cerberus of Literature. 
The Classic Rambler. 
The Colossus of English Philology. 
The Giant of Literature. 
The Great Bear. 
Great Caliban. 

The Great Cham of Literature. 
The Great Moralist. 
The Great Seer. 

The Incomprehensible Holofernes. 
A. Learned Attila. 
Our Letter'd Polyplieme. 
The Leviathan of Literature. 
The Literary Anvil. 
The Literary Castor. 
The Literary Colossus. 
Our Literary Whale. 
Pomposo. 

The Respectable Hottentot. 
Sir Charles Easy. 
Sober. 
Surly Sam. 
Ursa Major. 
Johnston, David. Claypole. 1799-1865. 

Our American Cruikshank. 
Johnstone, William. Fl. sixteenth century. 

The Galliard. 

Joinville, Jean, Sieur de. 1224-1318. 
The Father of French History. 



JOK 427 JUV 

Jones, Inig-o. 1573-1653. 

The English Palladio. 

The English Vitruvius. 

Lanthorn ."Leatherhead. 

Master Surveyor. 

Pancridge Earl. 
Jones, James C. 1809-1859. 

Lean Jimmy Jones. 
Jones, Jonn Paul. 1747-1792. 

Gray. 
Jones, O. Fl. 1780. 

The Devonshire Poet. 
Jones, H-icnard. RoTsert. 1780-1843. 

Dick of Aberdaron. 
Jones, Sir William. -1682. 

Bartoline. 

Bull-faced Jonas. 

Jock Presbyter. 
Jones, Sir William. 1746-1794. 

The Admirable Crichton of His Day. 

Linguist Jones. 
Jones, William. 1726-1800. 

Trinity Jones. 
Jonson, Ben. 1574-1637. 

Brabant Senior. 

The Bricklayer. 

The Coryphaeus of Our Elder Dramatists, 

Emulo. 

Father Ben. 

The Father of Poets. 

The Great Soul of Numbers. 

Honest Ben. 

The Juvenal of the English Drama. 

Old Ben. 

Hare Ben. 

A Rival to the God of Harmonie. 

Torquatus. 

Young Horace. 
Josepn I. of Germany. 1676-1711. 

The Victorious. 
Josquin cles Pres. 1455-1515. 

The Father of Modern Harmony. 
Jouvenet, Jean. 1647-1707. 

The Caracci of France. 
Joye-u.se, Anne de. 1561-1587. 

The King's King. 
Julian, Flavins Claudius. 331363. 

The Apostate. 
J-ulian, Georg-e W. 1817-. 

The Orator of Free-Dirt. 
Julius II. 1443-1513. 

A Second Mars. 
Junot, Andocne. 1771-1813. 

The Tempest. 
Justinian I. 483-565. 

The Great. 
Juvenal, Decimus Juntas. Fl. second century. 

The Aquinian Sage. 



KAN" 428 3BU 

-J-r" ANG- W ANG. 1098-1152. 
J[V The Peaceful. 
K~earney, Philip. 1815-1862. 

Fighting Phil. 

The One- Armed Devil. 

One-Armed Phil. 
Keats, John. 1796-1821. 

Adonais. 

Pestleman Jack. 
Keith, Mrs. Murray. 1736-1818. 

Martha Betlmne Baliol. 
Kelley, 'William D. 1814-. 

The Father of the House. 
Kempe, William. Fl. sixteenth century. 

William the Conqueror. 
Kenyon, John. -1856. 

The Apostle of Cheerfulness. 
Kepler, Johann. 1571-1630. 

The Father of Modern Astronomy. 
Kfcaled. 582-642. 

The Sword of God. 
Kieft, William. -1647. 

"William the Testy. 
Kien-Lon*. 1709-1799. 

The Illustrious. 
Killigrew, Thomas. 1611-1682. 

Merry Droll. 
Kilpatrick, General Judson. 1836-1881. 

Kill. 

The Balder. 
King-, Edward. -1637. 

Lycidas. 
King-, William. 1663-1712. 

Humpty-Dumpty. 
King, William Ruf us. 1786-1853. 

Miss Nancy King-. 
King>sley, Charles. 1819-1875. 

The Chartist Parson. 

King-ston, Duchess of. Vid. CHUDLEIGH. 
Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb. 1724-1803. 

The Creator of Bihlical Epic Poetry. 

The German Milton. 
Knox, John. 1505-1572. 

The Apostle of Scottish Beformers. 

A Calvinistical Pope. 

The Firebrand of His Country. 

The Reformer of a Kingdom. 

That Religions Machiavel. 
Koerner, Carl Theodor. 1791-1813. 

The Tyrtseus of Germany. 
Kotzebue, Aug-ustus Friedricli Ferdinand von. 1761-1819. 

The Shakespeare of Germany. 
Krasicki, Ignatius. 1774-1801. 

The Polish Yoltaire. 
Krudener, Julia de. 1764-1824. 

The Joan of Arc of Peace. 



KITH 429 LAP 

Kulilau, Friedricn Daniel Rodolpn. 1787-1832. 

The Beethoven of the Flute. 
Kyrle, Jolin. 1640-1724. 

The Man of Boss. 

T AAR, PETER VAN. 1613-1674. 
i J Le Micliel-Ange des Bamboch.es. 
Labe, Louisa. 1526-1566. 

Aspasia of Lyons. 

La Belle Cordiere. 

Captain Lottisa. 
Lac<p6de, Bernard de la Ville, Comte de. 1758-1825. 

Le Hoi cles Reptiles. 
Lactantius, Lucius Ocellus. Fl. fourth century. 

The Christian Cicero. 
Ladislaus of Naples. 1375-1414. 

The Victorious. 
La Fayette, Marie Madeleine d.e. 1634r-1683. 

The Fog. 
La Fayette, Marie Jean Paul, Marquis d.e. 1757-1834:* 

G-raiidison Cromwell. 
Laffemas, Isaac de. 1587-1657. 

The Cardinal's Hangman. 
La Fontaine, Jean de. 1621-1695. 

The ^Esop of France. 

The French Homer. 

Polyphile. 
La Harpe, Jean Francois de. 1739-1803. 

The Fontenelle of His Generation. 
Laing*, A. S. Fl. circa 1850. 

Mr. Fang 1 . 
Laing-, Alexander, 1787-1857. 

The Brechin Poet. 
Lamartine, Alplionse. 1792-1869. 

The Narcissus of France. 
Lamb, Lady Caroline. 1785-1828. 

Mrs. Fcli-x Lorraine. 

Lady Calantha. 

Lady Monteagle. 
Lamb, diaries. 1775-1834. 

The Mitre Courtier. 

Old Honesty. 

Upright Tell truth, Esq. 
Lamb, Mary. -1847. 

Cousin Bridget. 
Lamoig-non, Chretien Francois. 1644-1709. 

Aristus. 
Landor, Walter Savage. 1775-1864. 

Deep-Mouthed Boeotian. 

G-ebir. 

Lawrence Boythorne. 
Lanoue, Frangois de. -1591. 

Bras de Fer. 

Iron- Arm. 

Lansdo^rne, Viscou.nt. Vid. GR. AN VILLE. 
Laplace, Pierre Simon, Marquis de. 1749-1827. 

The Modern Newton. 



LAR 430 LEG- 

Lardner, Dionysius. 1793-1859. 

Diabolus Gander. 
Las Casas, Bartolome de. 1474-1566. 

The Apostle of the Indians. 
Las Casas, Comte de. 1706-1842. 

The Sage. 
Latour d'Auverg-ne, Theophile de. 1743-1800. 

The First Grenadier of France. 
Laud, Archbishop 'William. 1573-1644. 

Hocuspocus. 

The Little Vermin. 

Parva Laus. 

The Urchin. 
Lavater, Johann Caspar. 1741-1801. 

The Crane. 

The Father of Physiognomy. 

The Penelon of Germany. 
Law, John. 1671-1729. 

Beau Law. 

The Paper King. 
Lawes, Henry. Fl. 1650. 

Tuneful Harry, 
Lawless, John. 1772-1837. 

Honest Jack. 
Layamon. Fl. twelfth century. 

The English Ennius. 
Laynez, Roderig-o. 1026-1100. 

The Cid. 
Leapor, Mary. 1722-1746. 

The Untaught Poetess. 
Learmount, Thomas. Fl. thirteenth century. 

The Merlin of Scotland. 

Thomas the Rhymer. 

True Thomas. 
Le Blond, Louis Vincent, Comte de St. Hilaire. 1766-1809. 

The Roland of the Army. 
Lebrun, Charles. 1619-1690. 

The Learned Painter. 
Lebrun, Ponce Denis. 1729-1807. 

The French Pindar. 
Ledain, Oliver. -1484. 

Le Diable. 
Lee, Alexander. -1831. 

Lord Barrymore's Tiger. 
Lee, Ann. 1735-1784. 

Mother Ann. 

Lee, Elizabeth. Vid. MBS. TEMPLE. 
Lee, Henry. 1756-1818. 

Legion Harry. 

Light-Horse Harry. 
Lee, Nathaniel. 1657-1690. 

The Mad Poet. 
Lee, General Robert Edmund. 1808-1870. 

Bob Lee. 

Uncle Robert. 
Leg^endre, Louis. 1756-1797. 

The Peasant of the Danube. 



LEI 431 

Leibnitz, Gottfried. Wilhelm. 1646-1716. 

The First of Philosophers. 
Leigh, Mrs. Aug-usta. -1851. 

Augusta.. 

Leighton, Robert. 1613-1684. 
The Feiielon of Scotland. 
Lejars de GoLirnay, Marie. 1566-1645. 

The Tenth Muse. 
Leland, Jolin. 1506-1552. 

The Antiquarian Poet. 
Lemaitre, Fr6d6ric. 1800-1876. 
Le G-rand Frederic. 
The Talma of the Boulevards. 
L*Enclos, Anne de Ninon de. 1616-1706. 

The Aspasia of the Seventeenth Century. 
Leraotre, A. 1613-1700. 

The Father of Landscape-Gardening. 
Leo VI. 866-911. 

The Philosopher. 
Leopold of Annalt-Dessa-u. 1676-1747. 

Der Alte Dessauer. 
Leopold I. of Belgium. 1790-1865. 

The Nestor of Europe. 
Leopold I. of Germany. 1640-1705. 
The Great. 

The Ldttle Man in Bed Stockings. 
Leopold II. -1411. 
The Big. 
The Courtly. 

Leasing, Gottnold Bpnraim. 1729-1781. 
The ,/Esop of Germany. 
The Father of German Literature. 
The Frederick of Thought. 
L'Bstrang-e, Rog*er. 1616-1704. 
Old Noll's Fiddler. 
Sheva. 
Le Sneur, Elustace. 1617-1655. 

The French Haphael. 
Letellier, Franc/ois Mionel de Louvois. 1641-1691. 

Protesilaus. 
Lever, Cnarles James. 1809-1872. 

The Irish Smollett. 

Lewis, Mattnew Greg-ory. 1773-1818. 
Dark Musgrave. 
Monk Lewis. 
The Prince of Dandies. 
Lewis, an actor. 1748-1811. 

The Mercutio of Actors. 
Liddesdale, Lord. Vid. DOUGLAS. 
Lig-ne, Cnarles Joseph, Prince de. 1735-1814. 

The Prince of Coxcombs. 
Lignon, ^tienne. 1779-1833. 

The Prince of Portrait Engravers* 
Lirburne, John. 1613-1657. 
Free-born John. 
The Haberdasher. 



LIL 432 LOIt 

, Jonn. 1553-1601. 

The Ape of En vie. 

Euphues. 

The Enplmist. 

Pap-Hatchet. 

Tullius Angloriim. 

The Vayn Pap-Hatchet. 
Lilly, William. 1(302-1681. 

The English Merlin. 

Erra Pater. 

Sidrophel. 
Lincoln, Abraham. 1809-1865. 

Father Abraham. 

Honest Old Abe. 

The Illinois Baboon. 

The Martyr President. 

The Rail-Splitter. 
Lind, Jenny. 1821-. 

The Swedish Nightingale. 
Linley, Miss. Vid. MRS. SHERZDAH. 
Lloyd., Sarah,. Fl. eighteenth century. 

The School-Mistress. 
Lobto, Stephen. Fl. 1680. 

The Hypocrite. 
Locikliart, Jonn G-ibson. 1794-1854. 

The Aristarclms of JSritish Criticism.. 

The Scorpion. 

"William Wastle. 
LocTsnart, Jolin Hu^b.. -1831. 

Etugh Little- John. 
Lofft, Capel. 1751-1824. 

The Maecenas of Shoemakers. 

That Modern Midas. 
ILog-an, G-eneral Jolin A.. 1826-1887. 

Klack Jack. 

Jaclr of Spades. 
Loison, Louis Henri, Comte. 1771-1816. 

Maneta. 
Lokiman. Fl. fifth century. 

The JEsop of Arabia. 
Lollard, 'W'alter. -1322. 

The Morning Star of the Reformation in Germany. 
Lombard, Pierre. -1164. 

The Master of Sentences. 
Lon^, Edward Noel. -1809. 

Cleon. 

Long-fellow, Henry Wadswortn. 1807-1882. 

The Poet of the Commonplace. 
Long:imas, Cams Cassias. -42 B.C. 

The Last of the Romans. 
Long-inns, Dionysius Cassius. 213-273. 

The Living Cyclopaedia. 

The Living Library. 

The Prince of Critics. 

The "Walking 1 Museum. 
Lonsdale, Earl of. Vid* LOWTHER. 
Lorris, G-aillanme de. 1235-1265. 

The French Enuiiis. 



LOU 433 LOU 

Lougiioorougii, Lord.. Vid. "WEDDERBTJRNS. 
Louis II., Prince of Cond.e. 1621-1686. 

The Great. 
Louis I. of France. 778-840. 

Le De'bonuaire. 

The Meek. 

The Pious. 
Louis II. of France. 846-879. 

Le Begue. 

The Stammerer. 
Louis IV. of France. 901-954. 

D'Oiitre-Mer. 

The Foreigner. 

Transmarine. 
Louis V. of France. 966-987. 

Le Faineant. 

The Indolent. 
Louis VI. of France. 1077-1137. 

The Fat. 

The "Wide- Awake. 
Louis VII. of France. 1120-1180. 

The Foolish. 

Le Jeune. 
Louis VIII. of France. 1187-1226. 

Coeur cle Lion. 
Louis IX. of France. 1215-1270. 

The Solomon of France. 
Louis X. of France. 1289-1316. 

Le Hut in. 
Louis XI. of France. 1423-1483. 

Most Christian King. 

A Perjur'd Prince. 

The Universal Spider. 
Louis XII. of France. 1462-1515- 
Th e Father of the People. 

Grangousier. 
Louis XIII. of France. 1601-1643. 

Cyaxares. 

Le Juste. 
Louis XIV. of France. 1638-1715. 

Ahasuerus. 

Augustus. 

Cha-abas. 

The Destroyer of Heresy. 

The Gallic Pharaoh. 

Le Grand Monarque. 

Idomenetis. 

Lewis [Baboon. 

The KSTew Constantino. 

Old Bonande. 

Pharaoh. 

Pygmalion. 

Le Boi Soleil. 

The Ruler of Elings. 

Sesostris. 

The Sun God ; the Sun King 

That "Wolf t>f France. 



LOU 434 LUL 

Lo-ais XV. of France. 1710-1774. 

Le Bien-Aime. 
Louis XVI. of France. 1754-1793. 

Le Desire. 

The Locksmith King. 

Monsieur Ve'to. 
Louis XVIII. of France. 1755-1824. 

Jehu. 

The King of England's Viceroy. 

Le Koi Paiiade. 
Louis I. of Hungary. 1326-1383. 

The Great. 
Louis, dauphin. 1661-1712. 

Sephi-Mirza. 
Louis Philippe. 1773-1850. 

The Citizen King. 

The King of the Barricades. 

The Napoleon of Peace. 
Louis Philippe Joseph, IDuc d'Orleans. 1747-1793. 

Philippe Jfcgalite. 
Louis de Bourbon. 1667-1683. 

G-iafer. 
Louisa, Queen of Prussia. 1776-1810. 

Armida. 
Louthertoourg-, Philip James de. -1812. 

Mr. Laiiteriibug. 
Louvois. Vid. LETEX/LIER. 
Love, Christopher. -1651. 

Venn's Principal Fireman. 
Lovel, Lord. -1487. 

Our Dogge. 
Lowe, Sir Hudson. 1769-1844. 

Turnkey. 
Lowsher, Sir James. -1802. 

The Brazen Bully. 

Earthing Jamie. 
Lowther, James, Earl of Lonsdale. -1802. 

Lord Seventy-four. 
Lowther, William, Earl of Lonsdale. 1787-1872. 

Lord Eskdale. 
Lucilius, Caius Enniizs. B.C. 149- B.C. 103. 

The Father of Koman Satire. 

The Great Auruncian. 
Lu-dwig- III. of Germany. 880-934. 

The Blind. 
Ludwig 1 of Thuringia. Fl. eleventh century. 

The Springer. 
Ludwig- IX. of Bavaria. 1417-1479. 

The Rich. 
Ludwig 1 Wilhelm I., Marg-rave of Baden. 1655-1707. 

Der Tiirkeii-Lonis. 
LuJfee, Sir Samuel. Fl, seventeenth century* 

Hudibras. 
Lully, Jean Baptist e. 1633-1687. 

Le Bouffon Odieux. 

Le Coeur Bas. 

Un Coquin Tenehreux. 



LUL 435 MAC 

Hi-ally, Raymond. 1234-1315. 

Doctor Illuminatus. 
Luther, Martin. 1483-1546. 

Brother Martin. 

Doctor Luder. 

The Great Iconoclast. 

Hot-Headed Monk. 

The Nightingale of "Wittenberg. 

The Third Ellas. 
Lydg-ate, John. 1375-1461. 

The Monk of Bury. 
Lyly, John. Vicl. LILLY. 
Lyndhm-st, Lord. 1772-1863. 

The Marquess of Carabas. 
Lyttleton, George, Lord. 1709-1773. 

Gosling 1 Scrag. 

Selim the Persian. 

MACADAM, JOHN LOTIDOKT. 1756-1836. 
The King- of Roads. 
Macaulay, Thomas Babing-ton. 1800-1859. 

The Burke of Our Age. 

The Son of the Saint. 
McClellan, General George B. 1826-1886. 

Little Mac. 

The Little Napoleon. 

The Modern Belisarius. 
McCook, General Alexander McDowell. 1831-. 

Fighting McCook. 
McCreery, Thomas C. 1817-. 

The Silver-Tongued Slug-gard of the Senate. 
MacCrie, Thomas. 1772-1835. 

The Griffin. 
Macdonald, James. 1741-1766. 

The Scottish Marcellus. 
Macdonnell, Alexander. -1828. 

Fergus Mac Ivor. 
MacHale, John. 1791-1881. 

The Lion of the Fold of Judah. 
Machiavelli, Nicholas. 1469-1527. 

The Prince of Politicians. 
Macintyre, Duncan. 1724-1812. 

The Fair-Haired. 
Mack:, J. G. 1752-1828. 

That ISTonpareil of Generals. 
Mack:ay Ro"bert. 1714-1771. 

The Brown. 
Mackenzie, Sir Georgre. 1636-1691. 

The Noble "Wit of Scotland. 
Mackenzie, Henry. 1745-1831. 

The Addison of the North. 

The Aged Man. 

The Man of Feeling:. 
Mackiercher, Daniel. Fl. 1750. 

The Melting- Scot. 
Mackintosh, Sir James. 1765-1832. 

The Apostate. 

Subscription Jamie. 



MAO 436 MAL 

Maclehose, Mrs., ne Ag-nes Craig-, 1759-1841. 

Clarinda. 
Macpherson, James. 1758-1796. 

The Sire of Ossiaii. 
M'Pherson, Samuel. -1743. 

A Second Xenophon. 
Macready, "William Charles. 1793-1851. 

The King Arthur of the Stage. 
Macrinus, Jean. 1490-1557. 

The French Horace. 
Maerlant, Jakob. 1235-. 

The Father of Butch Poetry. 

The Father of Flemish Poets. 
Maffei, Andrea. 1800-1885. 

The Nestor of Modern Italian Authors. 
Magellan, Fernando de. -1521. 

Mighty Ea^ie. 
Mag-inn, William. 1794-1842. 

The Adjutant. 

Ensign. 

The Modern Rabelais. 

Odoherty. 

Peter Mac-G-rawler. 

The Prince of Pedagogues. 

The Standard Bearer. 
Magliabeccni, Antnony. 1633-1714. 

II Biblioteca Animata. 



The Book Prodigy of His Age. 
II Divoratore de' Libri. 



The Glutton of Literature. 

Helluo. 
Magnus of Northumberland. -1449. 

"Red Mane. 
Mahomet, or Monammed. 571-632. 

The Apostle of the Sword. 

The Prophet. 
Mahone, General William. 1S26-. 

Skin and Bone. 
Maimon, Moses ben. 1135-1204. 

The Light of the Age. 
Maintenon, Frangoise d'Aubig-n6j Marquise de. 1635-1719. 

Astarbe. 

La Belle Indienne. 

Esther. 

Madame Solidity. 
Malara. Fl. sixteenth century. 

The Betisian Menander. 
Malcolm III. of Scotland. 1024-1093. 

Can-More. 
Malcolm IV. of Scotland. 1141-1165. 

The Maiden. 
Malebrancne, Nicolas. 1638-1715. 

The Plato of His Age. 
Malherbe, Francois de. 1555-1028. 

The Father of Modern French Poetry, 

The Oracle of Good-Sense. 

The Purist of Language. 



MAI, 437 MAR 

Malone, Edmond. 1741-1812. 

Marcel 1 us. 
Mamo-un, A.I. 78G-833. 

The Augustus of Arabian Literature. 

The Father of Arabic Literature. 
Mandeville, Jolm de. 1300-1372. 

The Bruce of the Fourteenth Century. 
Manning-, Mrs. -1849. 

Mademoiselle Hortense. 
Manning*, Thomas. 1774-1840. 

The Darling- of the Nine. 
Mansel, Dr. William. -1820. 

Magnus. 
Man wood, Thomas. -1612 ? 

Philarete. 
Mapes, Walter. 1150-1196. 

The Anacreon of the Twelfth Century. 

The Jovial Toper. 
Mar, Earl of. Vid. ERSKINE. 
Marat, Jean Paxil. 1744-1793. 

L'Arni du Peuple. 
March, Arisias. -1462. 

The Petrarch of Catalonia. 
Marcfe, William de la. 1446-1485. 

The Wild. Boar of Ardennes. 
Marets, Samuel de. 1599-1663. 

The Little Preacher. 
Marg-aret of Denmark:. 1353-1412. 

The Semiramis of the USTorth. 
Marg-aret of Norway. -1290. 

The Maid of Norway. 
Maria I. of Portug-al. -1816. 

The Lusian's Luckless Queen. 
Maria Louisa. 1791-1847. 

The Deadly Austrian. 
Maria Theresa. 1717-1780. 

The Modern Hippolyta. 

The Mother of Her Country. 
Mariana, John. 1537-1628. 

The Father of Spanish History. 
Marie Antoinette. 1755-1793. 

The Austrian. 

The Gruardian Angel of France. 

Madame "Veto. 
Marini, G-iambattista. 1569-1625. 

II Cavaliere. 
Marion, G-eneral Francis. 1732-1795.^ 

The Swamp Fox. 

Marlboroug-n, Diifee of. Vid. CHURCHILL. 
Marlo-we, Christopher. 1564-1593. 

That Atheist Tamburlan. 

The Father of English Dramatic Poetry. 

Marley. 

A Second. Shakespeare. 
Marot, Clement. 1484-1544. 

The French Chaucer. 

The Poet of Prfnces. 

The Valet Poet. 



MAR 438 MAX 

Marryat, Captain Frederick. 1792-1848. 

A Sea Fielding. 
Marshall, John. 1755-1835. 

The Expounder of the Constitution. 
Marshall, Stephen. -1655. 

The Geneva Bull. 
Marston, John. 1575-1633. 

Brabant Junior. 

Clove. 

Crispimis. 

Kinsayder. 

Mellidus. 

Puhlius Ovid. 

The Hugg-ed Timon of the Elizabethan Drama. 
Martin, Samuel. -1788. 

The Duellist. 
Martorell, John. -1460. 

The Boccaccio of the Provencal Language. 
Marvell, Andrew. 1620-1678. 

The British Aristides. 
Mary, Queen of England. 1516-1558. 

Bloody Mary. 
Mary, Queen of England. -1694. 

Chelonis. 
Mason, William. 1725-1797. 

Scxoddles. 
Mass6na, Andre. 1758-1817. 

The Favored Child of Victory. 
Massillon, Jean Baptiste. 1663-1742. 

The Cicero of France. 

The Peaceful Prelate. 
Massinger, Philip. 1584-1640. 

Apollo's Messenger. 

Our Mercurie. 

A Sot. 
Mathew, Theobald. 1790-1856. 

The Apostle of Temperance. 
Mathias, Thomas James. 1750-1835. 

That Miserable Imp. 

The Nameless Bard. 
Matsys, Quentin. -1531. 

The Blacksmith of Antwerp. 
Matthew, 3Dr. Toby. 1546-1628. 

The Preaching Bishop. 
Maundeville, Sir John. 1300-1372. 

The Lying Traveller. 
Maximilian of Bavaria, 1573^-1651. 

The Great. 
Maximilian I. of Germany. 1459-1519. 

The Last of the Knights. 

Pochi Danari. 

Theuerdank. 
Maximilian II. of Germany. 1525-1576. 

The Delight of Mankind. 

A German Mithridates. 

The Prince of Peace. 



MAX 439 MET 

Maxiznns, Quintus Fabius. -203 B.C. 

Gunctator. 

The Delayer. 
May, T&omas. 1595-1650. 

The Historian of the Liong Parliament. 
Mazarin, Cardinal Jules. 1602-1661. 

The Maecenas of His Day. 
Meade, General Georg-e Gordon. 1815-1872. 

Four-eyed George. 
Medici, Cosmo de. 1519-1574. 

The Father of His Country. 

The Great. 
Medici, Francesco de. 154:1-1587. 

The Second Brutus. 
Medici, Giovanni de. -1737. 

II Gran Diavolo. 
Medici, Lorenzo de. 1448-1492. 

The Father of Letters. 

The Magnificent. 
Melancntnon, PbiHp. 1497-1560. 

Prseceptor Germanise. 
Meli, Giovanni. 1740-1815. 

The Sicilian Anacreoii. 
Mello, Francisco de. Fl. seventeenth century. 

Thomiris. 
Mena, J-uan de. 1412-1456. 

The Spanish Ennius. 
Mendelssonn, Moses. 1729-1786. 

The Jewish Socrates. 

IsTathaii. 

The Plato of Germany. 
MendelssoTan-Bartlioldy, Felix. 1809-1847. 

Felix Meritis. 

The Mozart of the Nineteenth Century. 
Mendoza, Dieg-o Hurt ado de. 1503-1575. 

The Great Cardinal of Spain. 
Menedemos. FL fourth century B.C. 

The Eretriaii Bull. 
Meng-s, Anton Rafael. 1728-1779. 

The Prince of Bohemian Artists. 
Menot, Michael. 1440-1518. 

The Golden-Toiigued. 
Mercier, Bartholomew. 1734-1799. 

The Ulysses of Bibliographers. 
Merck, Joliann. 1741-1791. 

Mephistopheles Merck. 
Merry, Bobert. 1755-1798. 

Bella Crusca. 
Merscn, Joliann Andreas van der. 1734-1792. 

The Brave Fleming. 
Mesmer, Friedricn Anton. 1734-1815. 

The Father of Mesmerism. 
Metellus, Quint-us. -55 B.C. 

Creticus. 
Metternicn, Prince Clemens Wenzel. 1773-1859. 

The Autocrat of Austria. 



MEU 440 

Meting* , Jean de. 1260-1320. 

Clopinel. 

The Lydgate of His I>ay. 
Mezzofanti, Cardinal. 1774-1849. 

The Briareus of ^Languages. 

A Monster of Languages. 

A. Walking Polyglot. 
Miohael II., Emperor of tlie East. -829. 

The Stammerer. 
Mictiell, Sir Francis. Fl. circa 1620. 

Justice Greedy. 
MicMewicz, .Adam. 1798-1855. 

The Polish Byron. 
Midas of Phryg-ia. Mythol. 

The Berecynthiaii Hero. 
Middleton, Conyers. 1683-1750. 

Fiddling Conyers. 
Middleton, Rickard. -1304. 

Doctor Profundus. 

Doctor Solidus. 
Mignard, Pierre. 1610-1695. 

The Roman. 
Milb-arn, W. H. 1823-. 

The Blind Preacher. 
Milltoank, Anne Isabella. 1792-1860. 

Aurora R.aby. 

Donna Inez. 

Miss Millpond. 
Miller, Josepn. 1684-1738. 

The Father of Jests. 
Miller, Thomas. 1809-1874. 

The Baslsiet-Maker. 
Millet, Jean Francois. 1814-1875. 

A Jupiter in Sahots. - 
Milman, Henry Hart. 1791-1868. 

The Poet-Priest. 
Miloradowitcn, Micliael. 1770-1820. 

The Russian Murat. 
Miltiades. -481 B.C. 

The Tyrant of the Chersonese. 
Milton, Jonn. 1608-1674. 

Black-Mouthed Zoilus. 

The British Homer. 

The Defender of the People. 

The Divine. 

The English Mastiff. 

Great Gospel Gun. 

The Lady. 

The Pedagogue. 

The Prince of Poets. 

The Rival of Homer. 

The Samson Agonistes. 

Thyrsis. 

The Trader in Faction. 
Mind, Raphael. 1768-1814. 

The Raphael of Cats. 



MIR 441 MON" 

Mirabeau, Boniface Riquetti, "Viscount de. 1754r-1792. 

Barrel-Mirabeau. 
Mirabeau, Honore Gabriele Riquetti, Viscount de. 174.9-1791. 

The Demosthenes of France. 

The Hurricane. 

The Modern Gracchus. 

The Plebeian Count. 

The Shakespeare of Eloquence. 

Tub Mirabeau. 
Mirabeau, Victor Riquetti, Marquis de. 1715-1789. 

The Friend of Man. 
Mitchel, Ormsby M. 1810-1862. 

Old Stars. 
Mitchell, William. Fl. eighteenth century. 

The Great Tinclarian Doctor. 
Mohammed II. of Turkey. 1430-1481. 

The Great. 
Molk, Heinrich von. Fl. twelfth century. 

The Juvenal of Chivalry. 
Moeser, Justus. 1720-1794. 

The Franklin of Germany. 
Moliere, Jean Baptiste Poquelin de. 1622-1673. 

Alceste. 

The Anatomist of Humanity. 

Le Contemplateur. 

The French Aristophanes. 

Gelaste. 

Hypochondre. 

The King of Dramatists. 
Moliere, Mme., ne Armande Bejart. 1643-. 

Celimene. 
Molinos, Miguel de. -1696. 

The Quietist. 
Moltke, Count yon. 1SOO-. 

Der Schweigsame. 
Mompesson, Sir Giles. Fl. circa 1620. 

Sir Giles Overreach. 
Monk, George, Duke of Albemarle. 1608-1670. 

Abdael. 

Old George. 

The Thinking Silent General. 
Monmouth, James, Duke of. 1619-1685. 

Absalom. 

Azaria. 

The Protestant Duke. 
Monmouth, Duchess of, nee Anne Scott. 1651-1732. 

Annabel. 
Monro, Robert. -1633. 

The Black Baron. 
Montag-u, Mary Wortley. 1690-1762. 

Artemisia. 

The Female Maecenas. 

Minerva. 

Sappho. 
Montaigne, Michel de. 1533-1592. 

The Father of Modern Miscellanies. 
Montausier, Due de. Fid. $T, MAUBB. 



MOJsT 442 MOR 

Monfbars, - - 1645-. 

The Exterminator. 
Montespan, Mme. Fran^oise Atb.6nais. 1641-1707. 

Calypso. 

Vashti. 
Montgomery, James. 1771-1854. 



.. 

The Bard of Sheffield. 

Classic Sheffield. 
Monti, Luigl. 1S30-. 

The Young Sicilian. 
MontifaLid., Marc de. Fl. 1830. 

The Boccaccio of the Nineteenth Century. 
Montlifc, iBlaise tie. 15O2-1527. 

The Royalist Butcher. 
Montznorenci, FraiiQOis Henri. 1628-1695. 

The Upholsterer of Notre Dame. 
Montmorency, -A.nne, Dxic de. 1493-1567. 

The Fabius of France. 
Montpensler, Oucliesse de. 1627-1693. 

La Grande Mademoiselle. 
Montrdse, Marq.uis of. Vid. G-KAHAM. 
Moore, Dr. John. 1662-1714. 

The Father of Black-Letter Collectors. 
Moore, Tfc.om.as. 1779-1852. 

^nacreon Moore. 

The Bard of Erin. 

Jove's Poet. 

The Lansdowne Xiaixreate. 

The Pander of Venus. 

That Piperly Poet of Green Erin. 

Poor Little, 

Sweet, Melodious Bard. 

Trumpet Moore. 

The Young Catullus of Has Day. 
Morales, Lrais. 1509-1586. 

II Divino. 
Moratin, Leandro Fernandez de. 1760-1828. 

The Spanish Moliere. 
Moray, Earls of. Vid. STTJAKT. 
More, Hannatu 1745-1833. 

A. Giantess of Genius. 

Our Little David. 

The Tenth Muse. 
More, BCenry. 1614-1687. 

The Chrysostom of Christ's College. 

A.n Intellectual Epicure. 

The Man-Mouse. 
Morecroft, Tliomas. -1741* 

Will Wimble. 
Morellet, .Andre. 1727-1819. 

Bite 'em. 
Morgan, Lady, Syd.n.ey O^renson. 1783-1859. 

The Irish De Stael. 
Miorg-an, Tnomas. -1743. 

The Moral Philosopher. 



MOB 443 NAP 

Morley, Mrs. 3F1. circa 1700. 

Thalestris. 
Mornay, Philippe d.e. 1549-1623. 

JOa Pape des Huguenots. 
Morrison, James. Fl. circa 1850. 

The Modern Croesus. 
Morton, Tliomas. 1764-1838. 

A. Troubler of Israel. 
Morus, -A.lexand.er. 1616-1670. 

The Ethio>. 
Mossop, Henry. 1730-1773. 

The Distiller of Syllables. 
Motteux, Peter Antony. 1660-1718. 

Our Sturdy Teuton. 
Mount joy, Lord.. Vid. BixDtiNT. 
Mozart, Jotiann. Clirysostom. 1756-1791, 

The Father of Modern Music. 

The Raphael of Music. 
Miiller, Joliann von. 1752-1809. 

The Thucydides of Germany. 
MtLlg-rave, Earl of. Vid. 
Miizncn, A.nd.reas. 1811-. 

Norway's First Skald. 
Mu.n<Iay, Antliony. 1554-1633. 

Old Anthony ISTow-Kow. 
M!u.rat, Joacliina. 1767-1815. 

Le Beau Sabretir. 

Kingr Franc oni. 

Mixrray, Earl of. Vid. STTTART. 
Murray, Earl of. -1592. 

Young Waters. 
Murray, Jolin. 1778-1843. 

A Coxcomb Bookseller. 

The Emperor of the West. 
Mwynvawr, Morg-an. 872-1001. 

The Courteous. 



r, JACQUES ANDB^, 1738-1810. 
JJN The Inquisitor of Atheists. 
3STairne, Baron \Villiana. 1756-1830. 

Kind JElobin. 

Nairne, Baroness. Vid, OLIBHANT. 
Napier, Mlacveig^n. 1776-184.7. 

The Bacon-fly. 

Macveius I^"aso. 

SupXDlement ISTapier. 
Napoleon I. Vid. BONAPAHTE. 
Napoleon III. 1808-1873. 

The Arch-Monarch, of the "World. 

Badinguet* 

Boustrapa. 

The Man of December. 

The Man of Sedan. 

Nero. 

Porphyro. 

!Rantipole. 

Tom Thumb. 



35TAS 444 MO 

, Richard. 1674^-1761. 

Beau Mash. 

Le Grand Nash. 

The King of Bath. 
JSTasli, Thomas. 1567-1600. 

The Ape of Greene. 

Captain Confuter. 

The Divel's Oratour. 

The English Aretine. 

Our English Kabelais. 

This Free-Lance of Our Literature. 

Gallant Young Juvenal. 

The Gentleman Ragamuffin. 

Glossoinachicall Thomas. 

The Only Unicorn e of the Muses. 

Pierce Pemiilesse. 

The Second Leviathan of Prose. 

Signior Capricio. 

The True English Aretine. 

The Very Baggage of "Writers. 

Young; Euphues. 
ISTasmyth, Patrick. -1831. 

The English Hobbema. 
Nasser Ben Hareth. Fl. sixth century. 

The -^Esop of Arabia. 
Neal, John. 1793-. 

John O 'Cataract. 
Neal, Sir Paul. Fl. 1650. 

Sidrophel. 
Necfeer, James. 1732-1804:. 

A Machiavelli. 
N"eed.nam, Marcnamont. 1620-1678. 

Britannicus. 

The Cobbett of His Bay. 

The Commonwealth Didapper. 

The Goliah of the Philistines. 

The Son of Belial. 
Neill, Patrick. 1776-1851. 

The Lean Man. 
Nelson, Horatio. 1758-1805. 

The Hero of the Hundred Battles. 
ISTero, Lucius pomitins. 37-68. 

Caldius Biberius Mero. 
ISTetterheina, Cornelius. 1486-1535. 

Herr Trippa. 
ISTeville, Richard, Earl of Warwick:. 1471. 

The King-Maker. 
Newcastle, Dixke of. -1711. 

Gotta. 
ISTey, Michael. 1769-1815. 

The Bravest of the Brave. 
Niccolo of Ferrara. Fl. thirteenth century. 

A.ZO. 
Nicholas I., Pope. -867. 

The Great. 
Nicholas III., Pope. -1280. 

The Accomplished. 

The Son of a She-Bear. 



NIC 445 OCO 

Nichols, John. 1744-1826. 

The Censor-General of Literature. 

The Prosper Marchaud of English. Literature. 
Nicholson, John. 1790-1S43. 

The Airedale Poet. 
Nicholson, William. -1849. 

The Galloway Poet. 
Nicolai, Christopher. 1733-1811. 

Erz-Philister. 
Nicomedes II. 149-191. 

The Illustrious. 
Nokes, James. Fl. circa 1700. 

The Listen of His Age. 
Norbury, Earl of. -1831. 

The Hanging Judge. 
Norfolk, Henry G-ranville Howard, iDu&e of. 1815-1860. 

The Duke of Juggernaut. 
Norris, Henry. -1725. 

Dicky Scrub. 

Heigii-ho. 

Jubilee Dicky. 
Norris, John. -1746. 

Foul-Weather Jack. 
Northumberland, Earl of. Fl. sixteenth century. 

Bladamour. 
Norton, Sir Fletcher, Baron G-rantley. 1716-1789. 

Sir Bull-Face Double-Fee. 
Norton, Thomas. 1532-1584. 

Archicaruifex. 
Not^er of St. Gall. 830-912. 

The Stammerer. 
Nowel, Samuel. -1688. 

The Fighting Chaplain. 
Nugrent, Georg-e Grenville, Lord. 1788-1851. 

The Buckinghamshire Dragon. 

/-\ASTLER, RICHARD, 1789-1861. 
\.J The Factory King. 
Gates, Titus. 1620-1705. 

Corah. 

The Knight of the Post. 

Libri. 

The Light of the Town. 

An Orthodox Beast. 

The Scorn of the Court* 

Thou Shred of a Loom.. 

Titus Telltroth. 
Obertraut, Johann Michael. Fl. seventeenth century, 

Der Deutsche Michael. 
O'Carolan, Turloch. 1670-1738. 

The Irish Anacreon. 

The Last True Bard of Ireland. 
O'Connell, Daniel. 1775-1847. 

BigO. 

The G-reat O. 

The Irish Agitator. 

The Liberator. 



OEH 446 OTH 

Oe&lenscnlager, Adam Gottlob. 1777-1850, 

The Poet King of Scandinavia,. 
Olaixs III. of Norway. -1093. 

The Pacific, 
Oldcastle, Sir Jonn. -1417. 

The Good Lord Cobham. 
Oldfield, Mrs. Anna. 1(583-1730. 

Lady Betty Modish. 

Narcissa. 
Oldnam, Jonn. 1653-1683. 

Astrophel. 

The English Juvenal. 

Marcellus of Our Tongue. 
Oldys, Alexander. Fl. seventeenth century. 

The English Scarron. 

The Little Poet. 
Oldys, "William. 1696-1761. 

A Prodigy of Literary Curiosity. 
Olipnant, Caroline, Baroness 3STairne. 1766-1845.* 

The Flower of Strathearn. 
Oliph-ant, Laurence. -1792. 

The Auld Laird. 
Omar I. -644. 

The Commander of the Faithful. 

The Emperor of Believers. 
Opie, Jonn. 1761-1807. 

The Cornish "Wonder. 
Opitz, Martin. 1597-1639- 

The Beau JEJrurnmel of Language. 

The Dryden of Germany. 

The Father of Modern German Poetry. 

The Restorer of German Poetry. 
Orleans, Oaston d>. 1608-1660. 

Clerante. 
Ormond, Bnke of. -1745. 

Jemmy Butler. 
Orr, Jaraes L. 1822-1873. 

That Prince of Demagogues. 
Osman I. of Turkey. 1259-1326. 

The Conqueror. 
Ossian. Fl. fourth century. 

The Celtic Homer. 

The Gaelic Homer. 

The Glory of Scotland. 

The Northern Dante. 

That Poet of the Vague. 
Otno I. of G-ermany. 912-973. 

The Great. 

The Lion. 
Otho II. of Germany. 955-983. 

The Bloody. 

Hufus. 
Otno III. of Germany. 980-1002. 

The Wonder of the "World. 
Otno IV. of Germany. 1175-1218. 

The Proud. 



OTH 447 PAT 

OttLO of Austria. -1339. 

The Jovial. 
Otto of Ballensted.t. -1123. 

The Rich. 
Otto of Meissen. 1116-1190. 

The Rich. 
Otway, Tb.om.as. 1651-1685. 

Tom the Second. 
Ouvrard, G-atoriel Julien. 1770-1846. 

The Napoleon of Finance. 
OxTberry, William. 1784-1824. 

The Five P's. 
Oxenstierna, Axel. 1583-1654. 

Aquila Aquilonius. 

The Eagle of the North. 
Oxford., Earl of. Vid. HARLETT. 

T3AG-AlSfINI, 3STICOOLO. 1784-1840. 

JL The Devil. 

Pag-et, Bplaraim.. -1646. 

Old Father Ephraim. 
Pakington, Sir Jotm.. Fl. sixteenth, century. 

Her Temperance. 

Lusty Pakington. 
Palestrina, G-iovanni Pierluigl. 1524-1594. 

The Father of Musicians. 

The Prince of Music. 
Palmerston, Lord.. Vid. TEMPLE. 
Panard., Charles Francois. 1674-1765. 

The Father of Modern French Song. 

The La Fontaine of the Vaudeville. 
Paoli, Pasqtiale d.e. 1726-1807. 

Corsica Paoli. 
Parisot, Pierre. 1697-1769. 

Father JSTorbert. 
Parker, Dr. Samuel. 1640-1687. 

Mr. Bayes. 

Mitred Dulness. 
Parnell, Paul. -1810. 

Toby Philpott. 
Parr, Samuel. 1747-1825. 

Brummagem Johnson. 

The Man with a 'Wig'. 

The Nazarite. 
Parrliasius. Fl. fourth century B.C. 

The King of Painters. 

The Prince of Painters. 
Parsons, Ttieopliilus. 1750-1813. ' 

The G-iant of the Law. 
Parsons, Tliomas "William. 1819-. 

The Poet. 
Pastorius, Francis Daniel. 1651-1719. 

The Pennsylvania Pilgrim. 
Paterson, Robert. -1801. 

Old Mortality. 
Patin, G-ay. 1601-1672. 

The Rabelaisian Doctor. 



PAY 448 PEK 

Payne, Boger. 1739-1797. 

The Coryphaeus of Book-Binders. 
Pearce, Dr. Zacnary. 1690-1774. 

Avarp. 

Longinus the Pope. 
Pedro of Castile. 1334-1369. 

The Cruel. 
Pedro I. of Portugal. 1320-1367. 

The Cruel. 

The Just. 

Le Justicier. 

Pedro. Vid. also PETER. 
Peel, Sir Robert. 1750-1830. 

Parsley-Peel. 
Peel, Sir Robert. 1788-1850. 

Fitzborn. 

Judas. 

The Leonid as of the Bay. 

The Moral Surface. 

Orange-Peel. 

The liunaway Spartan. 

The Spinning Spoon. 
Peele, George. 1552-1598. 

The Atlas of Poetrie. 

George Pyeboard. 
Pegg-e, Samuel. 1731-1800. 

An Old Modern. 
Peiresc, Nicolas Claude Fabi de. 1580-1637. 

The Attorney-General of the Hepublic of Letters. 
Pelham, Henry. -1754. 

The Bulwark of the State. 
Pelliam, Major John. -1863. 

The Grail ant. 
Pendleton, George H. 1825-. 

Gentleman George. 
Penn, William. 1644-1718. 

That Jesuit. 
Penni, Giovanni Francesco. 1488-1528. 

II Fattore. 
Pepin III. -768. 

Most Christian King. 

The Short. 
Pepys, Samuel. 1632-1703 

The Father of Black-Letter Lore. 

The Prince of Gossips. 

The "Weather-Glass of His Time. 
Percy, Henry. -1408. 

Hotspur. 
Percy, Henry, Nintn Earl of Northumberland. 1563-1623. 

The Wizard. 
Percy, Thomas. 1728-1811. 

The Father of Poetical Taste. 
Pereira, Nunez Alvarez. 1360-1431. 

The Portuguese Cid. 
Pericles. -429 B.C. 

Onion-Head. 

Schinocephalus. 



PER 449 PHI 



Perne, Dr. AndLre-w. 1519-1586. 

A Doctor of Hypocrisie. 
Perra-ult, diaries. 1628-1723. 

Immortal Pindar's Foe. 

The Modern Zoilus. 
Perrault, Claude. 1613-1688. 



. 
Perryan, Noel. Fl. seventeenth, century, 

Colon. 
Persiiis Flaccias, A.UIU.S. 34-62. 

The Ligurian Sage. 
Persons, Ro"foert. 1546 161O. 

-A. Proteus. 
Peter of Cliig-ny. 1093-1156. 

The Venerable. 
Peter I. of Russia. 1672-1725. 

The Great. 

The Northern Star. 
Peter III. of Arag-on. 1239-1285. 

The Great. 
Peter IV". of Aragron. 1319-1387. 

The Ceremonious. 
Peter. Vid, also PEDRO. 
Petrarcli, Francesco. 1304:-1374. 

The Prince of Italian Poets. 

The Tuscan Imp of Fame. 
Petronrus, Cains. -66 B.C. 

A. Roman Beau Brummel. 
Petty, Sir William. 1623-1687. 

The Universal G-enius. 
Pezza, Micliele. 1760-1806. 

Fra Diavolo. 
Philip I. of Spain. 1478-1506. 

The Handsome. 
PMlip II. of Spain. 1527-1598. 

liadirohanes. 
Pttilip V, of Spain. 1683-1746. 

A Bigot. 
PMlippe, 13-u.c d^OrZ^aiis. 1674-1723. 

The Boaster of Crimes. 

A G-odless Keg^ent. 
Pltilippe, Due d.*Or!6ans. 1747-1793. 



pp 

Th 



he Amorous. 
Ftdlippe II. of France. 1165-1223. 

Augustus. 

The Oift of G-od. 

The Magnaninaous. 
PMlippe III. of France, 1245-1285. 

Le BCardi. 
PMlippe IV. of France. 1268-1314. 

Le Bel. 

The Fair. 

A Malignant Plant. 

The Modern Pilate 



PHI 450 PIP 

Philippe V. of France. 1293-1322. 

The Long-. 
PMlippe VI. of France. 1293-1350. 

Le Bien Fortune. 
PMlips, Jolin. 1676-1708. 

Pomona's Bard. 
PMlips, Catherine. 1631-1664. 

The Matchless Orinda. 
Pliilipps, Morg-an. -1577. 

The Sophister. 
PliiUips, Ambrose. 1675-1749. 

Macer. 

Namby-Pamby. 
PMllips, Wendell. 1811-. 

The Patrick Henry of 3STew England. 
Pnilo JudsQias. Fl. first century. 

The Jewish Plato. 
PMlopoemen. 253-183 B.C. 

The Last of the Greeks. 
Pnipps, Sir Constantino. -1723. 

The Impudent. 
Picart, Stephen. 1631-1721. 

Le Komain. 
Piccinino, Jacopo. -1465. 

The Thunderbolt of War. 
Pic&egru., Charles. 1761-1804. 

The Savior of His Country. 
Picken, Andrew. 1788-1833. 

Dominie Legacy Picken. 
Pickierm^, "V^illiam. -1854. 

JDiscipulus Aldi. 
Pierce, Franklin. 1804r-1869. 

Purse. 
Pig-alle, Jean Baptiste. 1714-1785. 

The French Phidias. 
Pillow, Oeneral G-id.eon J. 1806-1878. 

The Liberator of Missouri. 
Pilon, G-ermain. 1515-1590. 

The Father of French Sculpture. 
Pindar. 518-439 B.C. 

The Dircsean Swan. 

The Great Thehan. 

The Prince of Lyric Poets. 

The Theban Bard. 
Pindemonte, Ippolito. 1753-1828. 

The Italian G-ray. 
Pineau, Oaferiel dn. 1573-1644. 

The Father of the People. 
Pinto, Ferdinand Mendez. Fl. sixteenth century. 

The Prince of Liars. 
Pint-uricchio, Bernardo. 1454-1513. 

An Umbrian Gozzoli. 
Piozzi, Hester Lyncn. 1740-1821. 

An Idle Grossip. 

Matilda. 
Pippi, Giulio. 1492-1546. 

Homano. 



PIT 451 FOP 

Pitslig-o, Lord. Vid. FOUBES. 
Pitt, William. 1708-1788. 

JEolus. 

An Atlas. 

The Bottomless Pit. 

The British Cicero. 

'The Distressed Statesman. 

The Great Commoner. 

Jowler. 

The Loggerhead of London. 

The Young Marshal. 
Pius VI. 1717-1798. 

The G-reat Harlot. 

The Last of Monsters. 
Pix6r6court, Rene de. 1775-1844. 

The Corneille of the Boulevards. 
Pizarro, Francisco. 1475-1541. 

The Conqueror. 
Plantin, Cliristoplier. 1514-1589. 

The Cellini of Printing. 
Plati&re, Roland. de la. 1524-1567. 

The Just. 
Platner, Ernst. 1744-1818. 

The ISTestor of German Philosophy. 
Plato. 429-328 B.C. 

The Athenian Bee. 

The Bee-Lipped Oracle. 

Daemon. 

Deum Philosophormn. 

The God of All Philosophers. 

The Moses of Athens. 

The Philosopher of the Christians. 

The Prince of Philosophers. 

The Rapt Sage. 
Player, Sir Tnomas. Fl. 1680-1700. 

Rabsheka. 
Plutarcn. 50-120? 

The Cheronean Sage. 
Pocanontas. 1595-1617. 

Virginia's Tutelary Saint. 
Poe, Edg-ar Allan. 1811-1849. 

The American Richard Savage. 
Poliziano, Ang-elo. 1454-1494. 

The Ruler of the Ausonian Lyre. 
Polls, James Kl. 1795-1849. 

Young Hickory. 
Polysenns, Julius. Fl. second century. 

The Macedonian. 
Polyg-notus of Tliaos- Fl. fifth century B.C. 

The Father of Historic Painting. 
Pom"bal, Marquis de. Vid. CARVALHO. 
Pomponazzi, Pietro. 1462-1524. 

Peretto. 
Poniatowskii, Joseph. 1763-1814. 

The Polish Bayard. 
Pope, General Jonn. 1823-. 

Saddle-Bag John. 



POP 452 PKU 

Pope, Alexander. 1688-1744. 

An Ape. 

An Apothecary. 

The Bard of Twickenham . 

The Best Poet of England. 

The Empty Flask. 

G-unxoowder Percy. 

A Little Druid-wight. 

A Little Liar. 

The Little Man of Twickenham. 

The Little Nightingale. 

A Lurking, W ay-Laying Coward. 

The Most Faultless of Poets. 

The Nightingale of Twickenham. 

Paper-Sparing Pope. 

Poet Pug. 

The Portentous Cub. 

Sawney. 

The Sweet Swan of Thames. 

That True Beacon of the Craft. 

The Wasp of Twickenham. 
Pordagre, Samuel. Fl. seventeenth century. 

Mephibosheth . 
Porphyry. 233-305. 

The Philosopher. 
Person, Hdcnard.. 1759-1808. 

That Coryphaeus of Learning. 

The Norfolk Boy. 
Portsmo-atn, D-acliess of. 1652-1734. 

Bathsheba. 
Pot, Philippe. 1428-1494. 

La Bouche de Cice'ron. 
Potier; A-ug'ustin. -1650. 

The Mitred Ass. 
Potter, Bishop. -1642. 

The Puritanical Bishop. 
Po-ussin, Nicholas, 1594-1665. 

The Intellectual Artist. 
Prid.e, Colonel. Fl. seventeenth century. 

The Purging Colonel. 

Yeasty Pride. 
Priestley, Joseph. 1733-1804. 

Proteus Priestley. 
Prince, Jonn Critcnley. 1808-1866. 

The Bard of Hyde. 
Pring:le, Tnonaas. 1789-1839. 

The Lamb. 
Prior, Matthew. 1664-1721. 

Plenipo Rummer. 

The Solomon of Bards. 

A State Proteus. 
Procter, Bryan Waller. 1790-1874. 

Baby Cornwall. 

Euphues. 

A Moral Byron. 
Pr-ud-entrus, Aurelms Clemens. 348-. 

The Virgil and Horace of the Christians. 



PRY 453 

Prynne, William. 1600-1669. 

Brave Jersey Muse. 

The Cato of the Age. 

The Homer of the Isle. 

Marginal Prynne. 

Voluminous Prynne. 

"William the Conqueror. 
Ptolemy I. 367-285 B.C. 

Soter. 
Ptolemy V. 210-181 B.C. 

The Illustrious. 
Pugret, Pierre. 1G23-1694. 

The Michael Angelo of Sculptors. 
Pulteney, William, Earl of Batli. 1682-1764. 

That Weather-Cook. 
Puschkin, Alexander. 1799-1837. 

The Russian Byron. 
Putnam, Israel. 1718-1790. 

Old Put. 
Pym, Jolm. 1584L-1643. 

King' Pym. 
Pyne, Jonn. FL circa 1660. 

The King of the West. 
Pyricus. Fl. fourth century B.C. 

The Ryparographer. 
Pytnag-oras of Samos. Fl. sixth century B.C. 

The Sage of Crotona. 

The Sainian Sage. 

QUABLES, FRANCIS. 1592-1644. 
Those Blockheads of Renown. 
The Darling of Our Plebeian Judgments. 
The Leveller in Poetry. 
Queenslberry, William, Duke of. -1695. 

The Protp-Rebel. 
Qozerno, Camillo. -1528. 

The Antichrist of "Wit. 
Quillinan, Edward. 1791-1851. 

The Heavy Horseman. 
Quin, James. 1693-1706. 
A Stage Leviathan . 
Quintana, Manuel. 1772-1857. 
The Spanish Tyrtaeus. 

RABELAIS, FKAN90IS. 1483-1553, 
Le Cure de Meudon. 

The Father of Ridicule. 

The Idol of the Age. 

The Lucian of France. 

Mad Man. 

The Phoenix of Wit. 

The Socrates of the French Renaissance. 
Racan, Honorat de Bueil. 1589-1670. 

A Heretic in Verse. 

Saluste. 
Racine, Jean. 1639-1699. 

Acante. 



BAC 454 BET 

Racine, Jean (continued'), 

L'Historien Trop Paye. 

L'Hypocrite Rimeur. 
Badcliffe, Mrs. Anne. 1764-1823. 

The Queen of Horror* 

The Shakespeare of Romance Writers. 
Badcliffe, John. 1(550-1714. 

_,3Esculapius. 
BalilDecls:, Knud Lyne. 1760-1830. 

The Maecenas of Danish Letters. 
Baleig-n, Sir "Walter. 1552-1618. 

Our English Milo. 

The Shepherd of the Ocean. 

Timias. 
fcameau, Jean Philippe. 1683-1764. 

The 3STe\vtoii of Harmony . 
Bamler, Charles William. 1725-1798. 

The German Horace. 
Bamsay, Allan. 1685-1758. 

The Scottish Theocritus. 
Bane, Artnur. 1831-. 

Bock. 
Bandolpn, Jonn. 1773-1833. 

Lord of Koanoke. 
Bang-er, Morris. -1883. 

The INapoleon of Liverpool Finance. 
Baplaael, Sanzio. 1483-1520. 

II Divino. 
Batcliffe, Richard. -1485. 

The Bat. 
Bawlinson, Thomas. 1681-1725. 

The Leviathan of .Book-Collectors. 

Tom Folio. 
Baymond, Henry J. 1820-1869. 

The Little Villain. 

B^aizs:. Vid. TAI.I.JSMANT I>ES REAITX. 
Recamier, Mme. Jeanne Frangoise. 1777-1849. 

A Second Helen. 
Be eve, Clara. 

Euphrasia. 
Beg^nien. Matliurin. 1573-1613. 

The Father of French Satire. 
Beinnart, Charles Stanley. 1844-. 

Velveteen. 
Bemi, Philippe de. -1296. 

The French Justinian. 
Benan, Ernest. 1823-. 

L^olin. 
Bene of Anjon. 1408-1480. 

Le Bon Boi B^ne 1 . 
Bene of Haples. -1452. 

The Good. 
Bennie, Jonn. 1761-1821. 

Archimedes. 
Betz, Cardinal de. 1614-1679. 

Catiline Betz. 

Monsieur le Coadjuteur. 



KEY 455 BIS 

Reynolds, Sir Joslma. 1723-1792. 

The Bachelor Painter. 

The Raphael of England. 
Ribera, Jose. 1588-1656. 

The Little Spaniard. 

Spagnoletto. 
Ricasoli, Bettino. 1809-. 

The Baron. 
Bice, Thomas D. 1808-1860. 

Jim Crow Rice. 
Rick, Cttaristopfcer. -1714. 

Divito. 
Ricn, Jolin. 1690-1761. 

Lun. 
Ricliard II., Due de ISTormandie. -1026. 

The Good. 
Ricliard I. of England. 1157-1199. 

Coeur de Lion. 
Rictiard II. of England. 1367-1400. 

The Coxcomb. 

Le Jeune Damoisel Richart. 
Ricliard III. of Eng-land. 1452-1485. 

The Boar. 

The Hogge. 

Prince Ramiro. 
Ricliard of Cirencester. -1402. 

The Monk of ^Westminster. 
Richardson, G-abriel. 1759-1820. 

Brewer Gabriel. 
Ricnelieu., Aripaand Jean dia Plessis de. 1585-1642. 

The Cardinal of Atheists. 

The Cardinal of La Kochelle. 

The Cardinal of the Huguenots. 

The Cautious Tyrant. 

A Colossus. 

L' Eminence Rouge. 

The Great Cardinal, 

The King of the King. 

The Mayor of the Palace. 

The New Lutlier. 

The Pontiff of Calvinists. 

The Pope of the Huguenots. 
Ricnelieu, Louis I>u Plessis de. 1696-1788. 

The Lovelace of His Time. 
Ricnter, Jean Paial Friedricn. 1763-1825. 

Der Einzige. 

Jean Paul. 
Riddell, Robert. -1724. 

Glenriddell. 
Rienzi, Cola di. 1313-1354. 

The Last of the Romans. 

The Last of the Tribunes. 
Riq.-u.etti, Boniface. Vid. MIRABEATJ. 
Ris, Clement, Comte de. 1750-1827. 

Le Comte de G-ondreville. 



BIT 456 KGB 

Ritcliie, David, -1811. 

The Black Dwarf. 
Ritcliie, Tb-omas. 1778-1854. 

The Father of Democracy in Virginia. 
Ritson, Joseph. 1752-1803. 

The Antiquary of Poetry. 

The Learned Cabbage-Eater. 

Sycorax. 

The "Word- Catcher. 
Hive, Jean Josepb.. 1730-1791. 

An Ajax Flagellifer. 

The Bull-Dog of La Valliere. 

The French Ritson. 

Rivers, Lord.. Vid. ANTHONY "WOCXDVILL-E. 
Rot>ert I. of Cala~bria. 1015-1085. 

The Cunning, 

Gruiscard. 
Robert of Normandy. -1035. 

Le Diable. 

The M-agnifLcent. 

Robert the Devil. 
Robert II. of Scotland.. 1326-1390. 

Blear- JBye. 
Robert Capet. 971-1031. 

The Pious. 
Rooespierre, Francois. 1758-1794. 

The Living Sophism. 

The People's Friend. 
Ro"binson, Frederick. 1782-1859. 

Ooosey Ooderich. 

Prosperity [Robinson. 
Robinson, Mrs. Mary. 1758-1800. 

The English Sappho. 

The Fair Perdita. 

Laura. 
RoTDinson, or K,o"bertson, Patricls:. 1794-1855. 

Diminutive Peter. 

Peter o* the Painch. 
Ro"binson, Rev. William. 1803. 

Keverend Billy. 
Rotinson, Sir Tnomas. Fl. eighteenth century. 

Long Sir Thomas. 
Rolmsti, Jacopo. 1512-1594. 

II Furioso. 

The Thunderbolt of Painting. 

Tintoretto. 
Roclie, Jaznes. 1770-1853. 

The Boscoe of Cork. 
Rochester, Jonn "NATilnaot, Earl of. 1647-1680. 

Bessus. 

I>primant. 

Virgin Modesty. 
Rochester, La^wrence Hyde, Earl of. 1635-1711. 

ECushai. 
Rode, Pierre. 1774-1830. 

The Correggio of the Violin. 



HOB 457 EOU 

Roderick:. -711. 

The Last of the Goths. 
Boemers, Anna. 1584^-1651. 

A Dutch Sappho. 
Bog-er of Sicily. 1031-1101. 

The Great Count. 
Rogers, Samuel. 1763-1855. 

The Bard of Memory. 

The Last English Maecenas. 

The ISTestor of English Authors. 
Bonan, Prince de. 1734-1803. 

The Hero of the Necklace. 
Roland., Manon Jeanne. 1754-1793* 

The Circe of the Revolution. 
Bolle, Bicnard. 1200-1349. 

The Hermit of Hampole. 
Bollin, Cnarles. 1661-1741. 

The Bee of France. 

Thucydides. 
Bolls, Colonel. FL seventeenth century. 

Hud i bras. 
Bomanus IV. -1071. 

Diogenes. 
Bomilly, Sir Samuel. 1757-1818. 

The Law's Expounder. 

The State's Corrector. 
Bonsard., Pierre de. 1524-1585. 

L'Apollon de la Source des Mouses. 

The First Lyrist of France. 

The French Chaucer. 

The Horace of France. 

The King- of Poets. 

The Petrarch of France. 

The Pindar of France. 

The Poet of the Future. 

Le Poete des Rois. 

The Prince of the Ode. 
Boomen, Adrian van. 1561-1615. 

Romanus. 
Boscius, Q-uintu.s. -62 B.C. 

The Jewel. 
Boscoe, William. 1753-1831. 

The Gillyflower of Liverpool. 
Bosecrans, G-eneral William S. 1819-. 

Old Rosey. 

Rosey. 
Bossetti, r>ante Gra"briel. 1828-. 

Harnlin. 
Bossini, G-iovaccnino. 1792-1868. 

The Swan of Pesaro. 
Botron, Jean de. 1609-1650. 

The Founder of the French Theatre. 
Bo-ioomac, Louis Francois. 1695-17G2. 

The Little Sculptor. 
Bo-uq-aette, ATobe d.e. Fl. circa 1660. 

Tartuffe. 



BOU 458 ST. B 

Tfcous, Francis. 1579-1659. 

Another Proteus. 

That Old Jew of Eton. 
Rousseau, Jean Jacques. 1712-1777. 

The Father of Sentiment. 

The Melancholy Jacques. 

Roussille. Vid. SCORAILLE DE ROUSSILLE. 
Rowe, Nicholas. 1673-1718. 

Bayes the Younger. 
Rudolf II. of Germany. 1552-1612. 

The Hermes Trismegistxis of Germany. 

The Prince of Alchemy. 
Rumford, Count. Vid. THOMPSON. 
Rupert, Prince. 1619-1682. 

The Brilliant. 

The Mad Cavalier. 

The Mirror of Chivalry. 

The Prince-Robber. 
Ruprecht of Germany. 1352-1410. 

The Straitened. 
Russell, Earl John. 1792-1878. 

Finality John. 

The Lycurgus of the [Lower House. 
Russell, Rev. Jolm. 1740-1817. 

Black Russell. 
Russell, "William Howard.. 1821-. 

Brill Bun Russell. 
Ruystoroels:, Jean de. 1294-1381. 

The Divine Doctor. 

Doctor Ecstaticus. 
Ryxner, Thomas. 1639-1714. 

Shakespeare's Critic. 

CJACHEVERELL, DR. BCBNRY. 1672-1724. 
O The High-Church Trumpet. 

A Pulpit-Physician. 

The Zealoxis Doctor. 
Sacheverell, Lucy. Fl. seventeenth century. 

1/ucasta. 
Sachs, Hans. 1494-1578. 

The Princ^ of Satirists. 
Sackiville, G-eneral Georg-e Ed.-ward. Fl. 1680. 

Beiiaiah. 
Sadi, Sheik Moslehedin. Fl. thirteenth century. 

The Nightingale of a Thousand Songs. 

The Oriental Homer. 
St. Aug-ustine. Fl. sixth century. 

The Apostle of the English. 

The Hammer of Heresies. 
St. Basil. FL fourth century. 

The Great. 
St. Bernard.. 1091-1153. 

Doctor Mellinuus. 

The Last of the Fathers. 

The Oracle of the Church. 

The Kiver of Paradise. 

The Thaumaturgus of the "West. 



SAI 459 ST. P 

Saint e-Beuve, Charles Augustin. 1804-1869. 

Another Proteus. 

The Don Juan of Literature. 
St. Bonaventura. 1221-1274:. 

Doctor Seraphicus. 
St. Boniface. 680-755. 

The Apostle of Germany. 
St. Columtoa. 521-597. 

The Apostle of the Highlanders. 
St. Cyril. -868. 

The Apostle of the Slavs. 
St. Denis. Fl. third century. 

The Apostle of the French. 
Saint-Evremond, Charles de. 1613-1703. 

The Old Satyr. 
St. Francis d'Assisi. 1182-1226. 

The Seraphic Saint. 

St. Hilaire, Comte de. Vid. LE BLOND. 
St. Hilary. -368. 

Malleus Arianorum. 

The Bhoiie of Christian Eloquence. 
St. Hubert. -727. 

The Apostle of Ardennes. 
St. Irenseus. Fl. second century. 

The Apostle of the Gauls. 

The Gem of Asia. 
St. James. Fl. first century. 

The Lesser. 
St. John, Henry, Lord Viscount Bolin^broke. 1672-1751. 

High-Mettled Harry. 

Proud Bolingbroke. 
St. John, Oliver. 1598-1673. 

The Dark-Lantern Man. 
St. John Chrysostom. 354-^t07. 

The Glorious Preacher. 

The Golden-Mouthed. 

John the Almoner. 

The Thirteenth Apostle. 
St. Mark the Evangelist. -68 A.D. 

KoAo/3o<5dKTuAo 
St. Martin, Bishop of Tours. 316-397. 

The Apostle of Gaul. 
Saint-Martin, Louis Claude de. 1743-1803. 

The Philosopher of the Unknown. 
St. Maure, Claude de, Due de Montausier. 1610-1690. 

Alceste. 
St. Nicholas. Fl. fourth century. 

The Boy Bishop. 
St. Ninian. Fl. fifth century. 

The Apostle of the Picts. 
St. Patrick. Fl. fifth century. 

The Apostle of Ireland. 
St. Peter of Ravenna. Fl. fifth century, 

Chrysologos. 

The Golden-Tongued. 



ST. P 460 SCH 



St. Pourcain. Vid. 

St. Vincent cLe Paul. 1576-1060. 

Le Pere de la Patrie. 
St. Willitorod. (557-738. 

The Apostle of the Frisians. 
Salisbury, Lord. 1830-. 

Caicilius. 
Sallo, IDenis die. 1026-1669. 

The New Aristarchus. 
Sall-ast, Cains Crispu.s. 86-35 B.C. 

The .Roman Thucydides. 

Cla,uc3.iia.s. 1588-1653. 



.va. 

The Great Kill-CoTT of Christ endom, 
The Grrcat i^an. 
The Prince of Letters. 
Sancroft, William. 1616-1693. 



. 
Sand-ford., Sara-ael. Fl. seventeenth century. 

The Spagnulet of the Theatre. 
Sand jar. 1117-1158. 

The Persian Alexander. 
Sand-wich, Jolin, Earl of. 1718-1792. 

Jemmy Tvvitcher. 
Santerre, .A_ntome Josepli. 1752-1809. 

The Frothy General. 
Sarpi, Pietro. 1552-1G22, 

Father Paul. 

Paul of Venice. 
Sa-u-rin, Jacques. 1677-1731. 

The Bossuet of the Protestant Pulpit* 
Sa-aval, HIeriri. 1620-1670. 

The Stowe of France. 
Savile, Georg-e, Miara^is of Halifax. 1630-1691. 

Jotham. 

The Trimmer. 
Savile, Sir Henry. 1549-1622. 

The Lay Bishop. 
Saxe, Maurice, Co-ant de. 1696-1750. 

A. Homeric Ajax. 

The Turenne of Louis XV. 
Scarlett, Sir James, Lord. Afeing-er. 1769-1844, 

The Brlareus of the King's Bench. 

Ex-Officio Jemmy. 
Scarron, Pa-ul. 1610-1660. 

The Father of French Burlesque. 

The Invalid Lituireate. 
Sctkiller, Fried.ricli von. 1759-1805. 

The Poet of Liberty. 

The Shakespeare of Germany. 
Scnonemann, .Anna Klizaoetn. 1758-. 

Lili. 
ScliopenliarLer, Artli-ar. 1786-1860. 

The Philosopher of Disenchantment. 



SCH 461 . SCO 

Schumann, Mme. Robert, nee Clara Josephine Wieck. 1819-. 

Cecilia. 

Chiara. 

Zilia. 
Schunke, Jonathan. -1834. 

Jonathan. 
Schurman, Anna Maria von. 1607-1678. 

The Torch of Wisdom. 
Schwerin, Count von. 16S4r-1757. 

The Little Marlborough. 
Scioppius, G-aspar. 1576-1649. 

The Attila of Authors. 

The Grammatical Cynic. 
Scoraille de Roussille, Marie Ang-elique de. 1661-1681. 

Brilliant Fontanges. 
Scot, Alexander. 1530-1570. 

The Anacreon of Ancient Scottish Poetry. 

The Scottish Anacreon. 
Scott, Adam. -1529. 

The King of the Border. 

Scott, Anne. Vid. DUCHESS OF PORTSMOUTH. 
Scott, Daniel. -1806. 

Conacher. 
Scott, John. 1730-1783. 

The Quaker Poet. 
Scott, John, Lord Bldon. 1751-1838. 

Old Bags. 
Scott, Michael. 1789-1835. 

The Salvator Bosa of the Sea. 
Scott, Sir Walter. 1771-1832. 

Alan Fairford. 

The Ariosto of the North. 

A Bard of Martial Lay. 

The Black Hussar of Literature. 

The Border Minstrel. 

A Borderer Between Two Ages. 

The Caledonian Comet. 

The Charmer of the World. 

Colonel Grogg. 

The Duke of Darnick. 

Duns Scotus. 

The Great Border Minstrel. 

The Great Magician. 

The Great Minstrel. 

The Great Unknown. 

A Homer of a Poet. 

The Mighty Minstrel. 

The Minstrel of the Border. 

Our Northern Homer. 

Old Peveril. 

Peveril of the Peak. 

The Proudest Boast of the Caledonian Muse. 

Sir Tristram. 

The Superlative of My Comparative. 

The Wizard of the North. 
Scott, "Walter. 1729-1799. 

Alexander Fairford. 



SCO 462 SHA 

Scott, General Winfield. 1786-1866. 

Old Chapul tepee. 
Scotus, Johannes Duns. -877. 

Doctor Subtilis. 

The "Wise. 
Sears, Isaac. 1729-1785. 

King- Sears. 
Sebastian of Port-ag-al. 1554-1578. 

The Madman. 
Sed^wicfc, William. 1609-. 

The Apostle of the Isle of Ely. 

Doomsday Sedgwiek. 
Sedley, Catherine. -1692. 

Dorinda. 
Sedley, Sir Charles. 1637-1701. 

Lisideius. 
Selden, John. 1584-1654. 

The Champion of Human Law. 

The Learned Selden. 

Monarch of Letters- 

The Walking Library of Our Nation. 
Semmes, Raphael. 1810-1877. 

Old Beeswax. 
Serment, Louise Anastasie de. 1642-1692. 

The Philosopher. 
Settle, Elfeanan. 1648-1724. 

The City Laureate. 

Codrus. 

Doeg. 
Senme, Johann Gottfried. 1763-1810. 

Der Spazierganger nach Syrakus. 
Sewall, Sam-ael. 1652-1730. 

A Puritan Pepys- 
Seward, Anna. 1747-1809. 

The Swan of Lichfield. 



Seymour, Cnarles, Dufee of Somerset. -1748. 

The Proud Duke. 
Seymour, Sir Edward. -1707. 

Amiel. 
Sforza, James. 1369-1424. 

The Great. 
Sforza, Lodovico. 1451-1510. 

II Moro. 
Sliad-well, Tnomas. 1640-1692. 

Great Prophet of Tautology. 

Mac Flecknoe. 

Og. 

Toni the First. 

Our Young Ascanius. 
Snaftes"bTiry, Earl of. Vicl. COOPER, 
Sna&espeare, William. 1564-1616. 



The Bard of Avon. 
The Divine. 
Doron. 
Dmsus. 



SHA 463 SHE 

Shakespeare, William (continued). 

The English Terence. 

Fancy's Child. 

The Glory of the English Stage. 

The Glory of the Human Intellect. 

The God of Our Idolatry. 

Great Heir of Fame. 

Honie-Tongued. 

Incomparable. 

Johannes Factotum. 

The Lord of the British Pandemonium. 

Malevole. 

The Matchless. 

A Mimicke. 

The Mirror-Upholder of His Age. 

Mullidor. 

That Nimble Mercury. 

Planet. 

Poor Poet Ape. 

Post-Haste. 

The Protagonist. 

Rufus. 

Bufus Laberius Crispuras. 

Shake-scene. 

The Swan of Avon. 

An Upstart Crow. 

The Young Apollo. 
Sharp, Richard. 1759-1835. 

Conversation Sharp. 
Sharp, Dr. Samuel. -1778. 

Mundungus. 
Sharpe, Charles Kirkpatrick. 1781-1851. 

The Scottish Walpole. 

Sheffield, John, Duke of Buckinghamshire and Earl of Miil- 
grave. 1649-1721. 

Lord All-Pride. 
Shelburne, Lord. 1737-1805. 

Malagrida. 
Shelley, Percy Bysshe. 1792-1822. 

Ariel. 

The Atheist. 

Glowry Scythrop. 

The Poet of Poets. 

The Snake. 
Shenstone, William. 1714-1763. 

Columella. 

Lord of Leasowes. 
Sheridan, General Philip H. 1831-. 

Jack of Clubs. 

Little Phil. 
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley. 1751-1816. 

A Young Hercules. 
Sheridan, Mrs. B. B., ne'e Miss Linley. -1792. 

The Maid of Bath. 
Sheridan, Thomas. -1817. 

Tom Sparkle. 



SHE 464 SIK 

Slierman, William T. 1818-. 

Old Tecxmiseh. 
Snirley, James. 1594-1666. 

The Last Minstrel of the English Stage. 
Snrewst>-ury, Co-ant ess of. Fl. seventeenth century. 

The Lost Mistress. 

Slirewsibury, Dulse of. Vid. TAI-BOT. 
SITD"bes, Dr. Bicliard. 1577-1635. 

Humble and Heavenly-Minded. 
Sidmouth, Lord. Viet. ALDINGTON. 
Sidney, Alg-ernon. 1622-1683. 

The British Cassius. 
Sidney, Sir Ptiilip. 1554-1586. 

Astrophel. 

The Blazing-Starre of England's Glory. 

The British Bayard. 

Calidore. 

The Chevalier Bayard of Our History. 

The English Petrarch. 

The Flower of Chivalry. 

Illustrious Philip. 

The Marcellus of the English Nation. 

The Miracle of Our Age. 

Philisides. 

A Phoenix of the "World. 

The Plume of "War. 

The Poet of Kissing. 

Pyrocles. 

Our Rarest Poet. 

The Syren of This Latter Age. 

The "Warbler of Poetic Prose. 

The Zutphen Hero. 
Sidonius Apollinaris. 431-482. 

The Sydney Smith of the Gallic Church. 
Sig-el, G-eneral Franz. 1824-. 

Dutchy. 
SIgfusson, Ssemond. Fl. eleventh century. 

The Sage. 
Siglsmund of Austria. 1427-1496. 

The Simple. 
Sigism-und of Germany. 1367-1437. 

The Balaam of Modern History. 

The Light of the World. 

Super G-rammaticam. 
Sig-ism-und II. of Poland. 1520-1572. 

Augustus. 

The Great. 
Sig-ourney, Lydia BE. 1791-1865. 

The Hemans of America. 
Simon, Bicliard. 1638-1712. 

The Father of the G-erman Exegesis. 
Simonides. 554-469 B.C. 

The Cean Poet. 

The Samian Poet. 
Siri, Victor. 1613-1683. 

The Procopius of France. 



SKE 465 SOC 

Skelton, Jonn. 1460-1529. 

The Inventive Skelton. 

The Poet-Laureate of Oxford. 

The Vicar of Hell. 
S&ippon, General Pnilip. Fl. seventeenth century. 

The Pious. 
Sfeobeleff , Michael. 1845-1832. 

The Poet of the Sword. 
Sleidan, Jolin. 1506-1556. 

The Protestant Livy. 
Slodtz, Rene Micliel. 1705-1764. 

The Michael Angelo of Sculptors. 
Smart, Anna Maria. Fl. circa 1770. 

The Lass with the Golden Locks. 
Smith, Adam. 1723-1790. 

Father Adam. 
Smitn, Ed.mu.ndL 1668-1710. 

Captain Rag. 

Rag Smith. 
Smitn, Henry. 1560-1591. 

Si 1 ver-Tongued. 
Smitn, John Thomas. 1766-1833. 

Rainy-Day Smith. 
Smitn, Joseph. -1878. 

The Sheep-Maker. 
Smitn, Dr. Robert. 1689-1768. 

Black Smith of Trinity. 
Smitn, Mrs. Spencer. Fl. circa 1800. 

Fair Florence. 
Smitn, Sydney. 1771-1845. 

Peter Pith. 
Smitn, Sir Tnomas. 1514-1577. 

The Glory of the Muses. 
Smitn, Dr. Tnomas. 1638-1710. 

X>octor Roguery. 

Rabbi Smith. 

Tograi Smith. 
Smitn, William. 1769-1839. 

The Father of English Geology. 
Smitn, William. 1797-1887. 

Extra Billy. 
Smitz, Gaspar. -1689. 

Magdalen Smitz. 
Smollett, ToToias George. 1721-1771. 

Smelfimgus. 

A Vagabond Scot. 
Smytn, Jonn. -1610. 

The Father of English General Baptists. 
Smythe, George Sydney. Fl. nineteenth century. 

Lionel Averanche. 
SoMeski, Jonn. 1624-1696, 

The Wizard. 
Socrates. 470-402 B.C. 

The Athenian Sage. 

The Bearded Master. 

The Midwife of Men's Thoughts. 



SOC 466 SPE 

Socrates (continued). 

Plato's Master, 

The Wisest Man of Greece. 
Solari, Andrea. Fl. fifteenth century. 

Del Gobbo. 

The Humpback. 
Solario, Antonio de. 1382-1455. 

II Zingaro. 
Soleyman Tchelibi. -1410. 

The Noble. 
Soleyman II. 1496-1566. 

Canuni. 

The Conqueror. 

The Law-Giver. 

The Magnificent. 

Somerset, Duke and Marquis of, Vid. SEYMOUR and WOKCESTEK. 
Somerville, William. 1(592-1742. 

The Poet of the Chase. 
Sophocles. 496-406 B.C. 

The Attic Bee. 

The Bee of Athens. 
Sorel, Agnes. 1410-1450. 

La Dame de Beaute'. 
Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu, Marshal. 1769-1851. 

Old Fox. 
South, Eobert. 1633-1716. 

The Scourge of Fanaticism. 
Southcote, Johanna. 1750-1814. 

The Spiritual Mother. 
Southey, Robert. 1774-1843. 

The Ballad-Monger. 

The Bard of the Bay. 

The Blackbird. 

My Enic Benegade. 

The First Man of Letters in Europe. 

Illustrious Conqueror of Common-Sense. 

Mouthy. 

The Poet of Greta Hall. 

Turncoat. 
Southwell, Robert. 1560-1595. 

Our Second Ciceronian. 
Spence, Joseph. 1698-1768. 

Phesoj Enceps. 
Spencer, Robert, Second Earl of Sunderland. 1642-1702. 

President Bob. 
Spenser, Edmund. 1553-1598. 

Anglicorum poetarum nostri seculi facile princeps. 

The Bard of Mulla's Silver Stream. 

The Child of Fancy. 

The Child of the Ausonian Muse. 

Colin Clout. 

The Fairy Singer. 

The Father of the Poets. 

King of Poets. 

The Mighty Minstrel of Old Mole* 
Mother Hubbard. 



SPE 467 STE 

Spenser, Edmund (continued). 

The Poet's Poet. 

The Prince of Poets. 

The Rubens of English Poetry. 

The Sage and Serious. 

Signor Immerito. 
Spenser, John. -1609. 

Rich Spenser. 
Spira, Francis. -1548. 

Philologus. 
Spotswood, Alexander. 1676-1740. 

The Tubal Cain of America. 
Spreull, John. 1657-1722. 

Bass John. 
Spurzheim, Jonn Gaspar. 176G-1S32. 

Douster-Swivel. 
Sqiiarcialupo, Ignazio. Fl. sixteenth century. 

Griff arosto. 
Stael-Holstein, Anne Louise Germaine de. 1766-1817. 

Oorinne. 

An Orestes of Exile. 
Standish, Jonn. -1556. 

Doctor Inkpot. 
Standisn, Miles. 1584-1656. 

The Puritan Captain. 
Stanhope, Philip, Lord Chesterfield. 1694-1773. 

Our English Rochefoucault. 

The Maecenas and Petronius of His Age. 

The Prince of "Wits. 

Sir John Chester. 

A Tea-Table Scoundrel. 
Steedman, General James B. 1820-1883. 

Old Chicamauga. 

Old Steady. 
Steele, Sir Richard. 1671-1729. 

The First of the British Periodical Essayists. 

Jay. 

Little Dicky. 

A Twopenny Author. 
Steevens, George. 1736-1800. 

The Puck of Commentators. 
Stephen II. of Hungary. -1131. 

Thunder and Lightning. 
Stephens, Alexander H. 1812-1883. 

The Little Pale Star from Georgia. 

The Nestor of the Confederacy. 
Sterling-, Edward. 1773-1847, 

Captain "Whirlwind. 

The Magus of The Times. 

The Thunderer of The Times. 
Sterne, Laurence. 1713-1768. 

The Brahmin. 

The English Rabelais. 

Yorick. 
Stesichoros. 632-552 B.C. 

The Father of Choral Epode. 



STE 468 STU 

Stevens, Thaddeus. 1793-1868. 

Old Thacl. 
Stevenson, Joan Hall. 1718-1785. 

Eugenius. 

The Lord of Crazy Castle. 
Stewart, John. -1822. 

"Walking Stewart. 
Stilling 1 , Johann Heinrich. 1740-1817. 

Tlie German Dominie Sampson. 
Stoddard, Sir John. 1773-1856. 

Doctor Slop. 
Stone, Henry- -1653. 

Old Stone. 
Stothard, Thomas. 1755-1834. 

Our Domestic Haffaele. 

The English Raphael. 
Stow, John. 1525-1605. 

Trudger and Trencher. 
Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of. 1593-1641. 

The Crown Martyr. 
Strode, Ralph. ?1370-. 

The Phllosophicall. 
Strunek, Nicolaus Adam. 1640-1700. 

Archdiavolo. 
Stuart, Charles Edward. 1720-1788. 

The Bonnie Chevalier. 

Father Buonaventura. 

The Highland Laddie. 

The Warming-pan Child. 

The Young Cavalier. 

The Young Pretender. 
Stuart, Gilbert. 1742-1786. 

Zoilus. 
Stuart, Gilbert Charles. 1756-1828. 

The American Stuart. 
Stuart, BCenry Benedict. 1725-1807. 

The Last of the Stxiarts. 
Stuart, James, First Earl of Moray. 1533-1570 ? 

The G-ood Regent. 
Stuart, James, Second Earl of Moray. -1592. 

The Bonny Earl. 
Stuart, Janaes Francis Edward. 1688-1765. 

Le Chevalier de St. George. 

The Old Pretender. 
Stuart, Mary. 1542-1587. 

The Mermaid. 

The White Queen. 
Stu"b"bs, Philip. Fl. sixteenth century. 

The Pryrme of His Day. 
Stucley, Thomas. 1520-1578. 

Lusty Stucley. 
Sturlason, Snorro. 1179-1241. 

The [Northern Herodotus. 
Sturm, Johann. 1507-1589. 

The German Cicero. 
Sturm, Johann Christoph. 1635-1703. 

The [Restorer of Science in Germany. 



STU 469 TAM 

Stuyvesant, Peter. 1602-1682. 

Hardkoppig Piet. 

Peter the Headstrong. 
Suett, Richard. -1805. 

Cherub Dicky. 

The Robin Good-Fellow of the Stage. . 
Suffolk, Lady Harriet Howard. 16S8-1767. 

Chloe. 
Sugar, Abb6 of St. Denis. 1092-1152. 

The Father of His Country. 
Suleyman. "Vid. SOLEYMAN. 
Sully, Maximilien de Bethune, Due de. 1560-1641, 

Duplessis-Mornay. 

The Iron Duke. 
Sumpter, Thomas. 1734-1832. 

The Carolina Game-Cock. 
Sunderland, Earl of. Vid. SPENCER. 
Surrey, Earl of. Vid, HOWABD. 
Sutherland, Elizabeth, Countess of. 1765-1839. 

Banzu-Mohr-ar-Chat. 
Swain, Charles. 1803-1874. 

The Manchester Poet. 
Swift, Jonathan. 1667-1745. 

Cadenus. 

Mr. Dean. 

The English Eabelais. 

This Impious Buffoon. 

Presto. 

The Kabelais of Good Society. 
Swinburne, Algernon Charles. 1837-. 

Dennistown 
Sydenham, Thomas. 1624-1689. 

The Father of Modern Practice in Medicine. 
Sykes, General George. 1824-1880. 

Syksey. 
Sykes, Sir Mark. 1721-1823. 

Lorenzo. 
Sylvester, Joshua. 1563-1618. 

Silver-Tongued. 

A True Nathaniel. 
Sym, Robert. 1750-1844. 

Timothy Tickler. 
Syrus, Ephraem. -378. 

The Prophet of the Syrians. 

npACITUS COBNELIUS. 54-117. 
JL The Still. 
Talbot, Charles, Duke of Shrewsbury. -1718. 

The King of Hearts. 
Talbot, Frances Jennings, Duchess of Tyrconnel. 1649-1730. 

The White-Milliner. 
Tallemant des R6aux, G6deon. 1619-1692. 

The Calomniographe of His Age. 
Tallien, Madame. 1774-1831. 

Our Lady of Mercy. 
Tamerlane. 1335-1405. 

The Prince of Destruction, 



TAO 470 THE 

Tao-Tse. Fl. sixth century B.C. 

The Epicurus of China. 
Tarauin II. -496 B.C. 

The Proud. 

Superbus. 
Tasso, Torqiiato. 1544-1595. 

The Bard of Chivalry. 

The Father of Tuscan Poetry. 
Tattersall, John Cecil. 1788-1812. 

Davus. 
Tauler, Johann. 1294-1361. 

Doctor Illuminatus. 
Taylor, Jeremy. 1613-1667. 

The Poet-Bishop. 

The Shakespeare of Divines. 
Taylor, John. 1580-1654. 

The Chanticleere. 

The Scullor. 

The "Water-Poet. 
Taylor, Chevalier Jolin. Fl. 1750. 

Liar Taylor. 
Taylor, Thomas. 1758-1835. 

The Platonist. 
Taylor, Zachary. 1784-1850. 

Old Buena Vista. 

Old Bough-and-Beady. 

Old Zach. 

Bough and Beady. 
Telrulie. -1200. 

The Aristotle of China. 

The Prince of Science. 
Temple, Lord. Vid. GEENVILLE. 
Temple, Mr. -1740. 

Philander. 
Temple, Mrs. I31iza"betti. -1736. 

Narcissa. 
Temple, Henry Jotm., Lord Pa^lmerston. 1784-1865. 

Pam. 
Tennyson, Alfred.. 1809-. 

The Bard of Arthurian Bomance. 

Schoolxniss Alfred. 
Terpander of Lesbos. Fl. seventh century B.C. 

The Father of Greek Music. 
Terrail, Pierre d-u. 147C-1524. 

Le Chevalier sans Peur. 

The Flower of Chivalry. 
Tetzel, John. -1519. 

A Holy Autolycus. 

Texitor, Katharina Ejlizatjeth. Vid. G-OETHE, MME. 
Thelwall, John. 1764-1834. 

Citizen Thelwall. 
Theobald, LeT^ris. 1688-1744. 

The King of Dunces. 

KingTibbald. 

Margites. 
Theocritus. Fl. third century B.C. 

The Allan Bamsay of Sicily. 



THE 471 THT 

Tkeodoric, 455-526. 

The Great. 
Th-eodosrus I. 345-395. 

The Great. 
Tliespis. Fl. sixth century B.C. 

The Father of the Greek Drama. 

The Father of Tragedy. 

The Richardson of Athens, 
Tfcdard., Pontiis de. 1521-1605. 

The French Anacreon. 
Thibaorb IV. 1201-1253. 

The Father of French Poetry. 
Tni"ba-ult, Comte de Cnampagiae. 1210-1253. 

The French Fitz-Osbert. 
Tb.om, "William. 1799-184:8. 

The Weaver Poet. 
Tnomas, Mrs. EllizaToetn. 1675-1730. 

Corinna. 
Th.oro.as, General G-eorg-e H. 1816-1870. 

Old Reliable. 

Pa Thomas. 

The Rock of Chicamauga. 

Slow Trot. 
Tkomas, Isaian. 1749-1831. 

The Didot of America. 
Tkomasrus, Christian. 1675-1728. 

The Apostle of Enlightenment. 
Thompson, Benjamin, Count Rmnford. 1753-1814. 

King of Fire. 

The Man of Stove. 
Thompson, Captain F. J. -1883. 

Skikari Thompson. 
Tb.om.pson, Jonn. 1757-184=3. 

Corner Memory Thompson. 

Memory Thompson. 
Thomson, Alexander. 1744-1817. 

Old Stay-Maker. 

The Stay-Maker. 
Thomson, Charles. 1729-1824. 

Truth-Teller. 
Thoreaiz, Henry David. 1817-1862. 

The Poet Naturalist. 
Thorn'boroug'n, Bisnop. -1641. 

Denarius Philosophorum. 
Tnroc3s:morton, Blizabetn. 1570-1647. 

The Lovely Bessie. 
Tnrocfemorton, Jonn Courtney. 1753-1819. 

Benevolus. 
Tnroop, Enos T. 1784-. 

Small-Light Throop. 
Ttrarlow, EcL-ward., Lord.* 1732-1806. 

The Tiger. 
Tnynne, Tnomas. FL seventeentn century. 

Issachar. 
Tliynne, William. -1546. 

Aulicus. 



TIB 472 TUB 

Tibaldi, Pelleg-rino. 1527-1598. 

The Reformed Michael Angelo. 
Tiberius Claudius Nero. B.C. 42-A.D. 37. 

The Imperial Macliiayelli. 

The Prince of Hypocrites. 
Tilden, Samuel J. 1814-1886. 

The Gray stone Sage. 
Tiraqueau, Andre. 1480-1588. 

Judge Bridlegoose. 
Titus. 40-81. 

The Delight of Mankind. 
Toland, Jonn. 1669-1722. 

The 3STew Heresiarch. 
Tompion, Thomas. 1638-1713. 

The Father of Clock-Making. 
Tonson, Jacob. 1656-1736. 

Old Jacob. 
Tonti, Henri de. -1704. 

The Iron Hand. 
Tooke, Jonn Home. 1736-1812. 

The Philosopher of Wimbledon. 
Topliam, Thomas. 1710-1753 ? 

The British Samson. 

The Strong Man. 
Tosi, Carlo. 1538-1584. 

Cardinal Borromeo. 
Toussain, Jacqiies. 1547-. 

A. Living Library. 
Townsliend, Lord. Fl. eighteenth century. 

Lockit. 
Traill, Robert. 1642-1716. 

The Venomous Preacher. 
Treadwell, Daniel. 1791-1872. 

The Theologian. 
Tremblay, Francois Leclerc diz. 1577-1638. 

Alter Ego of Richelieu. 

The Cardinal's Right Arm.. 

L'JSminence Grise. 

Father Joseph.. 

A Lackey. 

A Nero. 

Patelin. 
Trissino, G-mlio. Fl. sixteenth century. 

Agrilupo. 
Tristan PBrmite. 1405-1493. 

The Gossip. 
Trou.sse, Marq.-u.is de la. -1648. 

Alcidas. 
Tr-u.mb-u.il, Jonatnan. 1710-1785. 

Brother Jonathan. 
Turner, Mrs. Anne. -1615. 

Dame Ursula. 

Ursley Suddlechop. 
Turner, Francis. -1700. 

Mr. Smirk. 
Turner, Joseph. M. W. 1775-1851. 

The Blackbirdy. 



TUB 473 VAN" 

Turner, Bicliard. -1733. 

Plum Turner. 
Turner, Samuel. 71759-1802. 

The Ambassador. 
Tusser, Tliomas. 1515-1580. 

The Husbandman. 
Twining', Rev. Th.om.as. 1734-1804. 

The Country Clergyman of the Eighteenth Century. 
Tyrconnel, Ducness of. Vid. TALBOT. 
Tyrtseus. Fl. seventh century B.C. 

The Hobbler. 
Tyrtamos. 390-286 B.C. 

The Divine Speaker. 

Theophrastos. 
Tyson, Dr. 1649-1708. 

Slow Cams. 
Tytler, James. 1747-1804. 

Balloon Tytler. 

T"THLANr>, JOBANH LTJDWIG-. 1787-1862. 
LJ The Genre Poet of Germany. 
TJlfLlas or UpMlas. 311-381. 

The Apostle of the Goths. 
Underbill, Edward.. FL 1550. 

The Hot Gospeller. 
TTpcott, William. 1779-1845. 

The Old Mortality in JHis Line. 
Urcfanart, David. 1805-1877. 

The Kussophoblst. 

-Y~T"ALDES, JUAN MELENDEZ. 1754-1817. 

V The Restorer of Parnassus. 
Valerius, Marcus. Fl. first century. 

Corvus. 
Valette, Louis de Nog-aret d.e la. 1593-1639. 

Le Valet du Cardinal. 
Vallot, Antoine. 1594-1671. 

Tomes. 
VanTsrugrn, Sir Jonn. 1666-1726. 

Van. 
Van Buren, Jonn. 1810-1866. 

The Jove of Jolly Fellows. 

The Jupiter Tonans of Mis Party. 

Prince John. 
Van Biaren, Martin. 1782-3862. 

The Follower in the Footsteps. 

King Martin the First. 

The Little Magician. 

The Northern Man with Southern. Principles. 

The Political Grimalkin. 

The Sweet Little Fellow. 

The Weazel. 

"Whiskey Van. 
Vander bilt, William EC. 1821-1886. 

The. Kail way King. 
Vane, Anne. 1710-1736. 

Vanella. 



VAN" 474 vrD 

Vane, Henry. 1589-1654. 

JPulteney's Toad-Eater. 
Vane, Sir Henry, tlie IToizng-er. 1612-1G63. 

Brother Heron. 
Vane, Lady. JF1. 1750. 

The Lady of Quality. 
Vanfromrigrn, Estlier. -1723. 

Vanessa. , . 

Van Thriller, Walter. Fl. seventeenth century. 

"Walter the r>OTibter. 
Varro, Marcus Terentrixs. 116-27 B.C. 

The Most Erudite of the Romans. 
Varro, Willlara. Fl. thirteenth century. 

Doctor Furidatus. 
Vaiag-lian, BCenry. 1G21-1695. 

The Silurist. 
Va-ag-lian, Tlioraas. 1621-1665. 

.Anthroposophus. 

IS Tig emus Philalethes. 
Vaug-nan, Tnomas. Fl. eighteenth century. 

Dangle. 

The Dapper. 

Edwin. 
Veg-a, G-arcilasso d.e la. 15O3-1536. 

The Prince of Castilian Poets. 
Veg-a, Lope die. 1562-1635. 

The Father of the Spanish Drama. 

The Monster of ISTature. 
Veldig 1 , Henry of. Fl. twelfth century. 

The Father of German Minstrelsy. 
Verdi, G-iiaseppe. 1814. 

The Euripides of Italian Opera. 
Vereli-us, Olaozs. 1618-1682. 

The Coryphaeus of Northern Lore. 
Vernon, Eld-ward.. 1684-1757. 

Old G-rog 1 . 
Vertue, G-eorge. 1684-1756, 

The Old Mortality of Pictures. 
Vestris, Eliza. 1797-1856. 

The Tenth of the Muses. 
Vestvali, Felicrta. 1839-. 

The Magnificent Vestvali- 
Via-u., Th.6oplnle de. 1590-1623. 

The CoryphEens of BCis Day. 
Victiard., Cesar, 1639-1692. 

The Sallust of France. 
Victor Amadeu.s II. of Sardinia. 1666-1732. 

_A_ G-enins. 

USTed the Chimney-Sweeper. 
Victor Emmanuel II. 1820-1878. 

The Gallant King. 

Guaff. 

King Honest-Man. 

He Galantuomo. 
Vida, Marco Oirolamo. 1490-1566. 

The Christian] Virgil. 

Virgilins Hedivivu.s. 



VIL 475 WAI 

VilletLardomn, G-eoffroi de. -1213. 

The Father of French History. 

The Father of French Prose. 

The Xenophon of His Own History. 
Villiers, G-eorg-e, Dizfee of Bucfeingiiam. 1627-1688. 

The Alcibiades of His Time. 

Steenie. 

Zimri. 
Vinci, Leonardo da. 1452-1519. 

The Diviner. 

The Father of Modern Painting. 

The Wizard of the Italian Renaissance. 
Virgil. 70-29 B.C. 

The Great Shepherd of the Mantuan Plains. 

The Mantuan Bard. 

The Prince of Koman Poets. 

The Swan of Mantua. 
Visconti, Galeazzo. 1320-1370. 

The Maecenas of His Time. 
Visconti, Matteo, of Milan. 1250-1322. 

The Great. 
Vitellrus. 15 B . C .-69 A.D . 

The Flatterer. 
Vladimir of Russia. -1014. 

The Great. 
Voiture, Vincent. 1598-1648. 

The Great Letter- Writer. 
Voltaire, Francois Marie A.roixet de. 1694-1778. 

The Ape of Genius. 

The Apostle of Infidelity. 

The Audacious Gaul. 

The Coryphaeus of Deism. 

The Devil's Missionary. 

The Dictator of "Letters. 

Don Gabriel Triaquero. 

The Eye of Modern Illumination. 

The French Virgil. 

Le G-rand Pan. 

The Lord of Irony. 

The Modern Baillet. 

The Patriarch of Ferney. 

The Philosopher of Ferney. 

The Prince of Scoffers. 

The Proteus of These Their Talents. 
Volterre, Daniel da. 1509-1566. 

The Breeches-Maker, 
Vondel, Joost van den. 1587-1659. 

Shakespeare de la Hollande. 
Voraig-ne, Jacobus de. 1230-1298. 

James of the Sink-Hole. 



AKSTWRIGHT, THOMAS GRIFFITHS. -1852. 

W Gabriel Varney. 

The Poisoner. 

Wait, Simeon. Fl. seventeenth century. 
Magnano. 



WAK 476 WAR 

Wakfeld, Robert. -1537. 

Polypus. 

Wald"br*CLhl. Vid. ZTTCCALMAGMO. 
Waldemar I. of Denmark. 1131-1182, 

The Great. 
Wales, Henry Ware. 1819-1856. 

A Youth of Quiet Ways. 
Walker, Helen. -1791. 

Jennie Deans. 
Walker, Jolin. 1732-1807. 

Elocution Walker. 
Wallace, General Lew. 1S29-. 

Louisa. 
"Waller, Edmond. 1605-1681. 

The Father of English Numbers. 

The Inimitable. 

The Master of the Feast. 

^Nature's Darling. 

The Parent of English Verse. 
"Waller, Lady Sopnia. Fl. seventeenth century. 

Amoret. 
Waller, Sir William. 1597-1668. 

Arod. 

William the Conqueror. 
Wallon, Jean. -1882. 

Colline. 
Walpole, Horace. 1717-1797. 

The Autocrat of Strawberry Hill. 

The Frenchified Coxcomb. 

Lying Old Fox. 

A Parasite of Genius. 

The Puck in Literature. 

Triner in Great Things. 

Tydeus. 

Ultimus Romanorum. 
Walpole, Horatio. 1678-1757. 

Old Horace. 
Walpole, Sir Robert. 1676-1745. 

Flimnap. 

The Grand Corrupter. 

The Leviathan. 

The Norfolk Gamester. 

Kobin Bluestring. 

Sir Bob. 

Sir Sidrophel. 

The Triumphant Exciseman. 
Walsli, William. 1663-1707. 

The Muses' Judge and Friend. 
Walsing-liam, Sir F. -1590. 

Amyntas. 
Walton, Izaac. 1593-1683. 

The Father of Angling. 

Meek "Walton. 
Warbecls:, Perkin. -1499. 

The White R-ose of England. 
WarTDurton, William. 1698-1779. 

A Blazing Star. 



WAK 477 WEL 

Warburton, William (continued). 

A Colossus of Literature. 

The Great Preserver of Pope and Shakespeare. 

The Literary Bull-dog. 

A Literary Revolutionist. 

The Modern Stagirite. 

The Most Impudent Man Living. 

A Mountebank in Criticism. 

The Poet's Parasite. 

A Quack in Commentatorship. 

The Scaliger of the Age. 

A Universal Piece-Broker. 
Ward, Dr. Joshua. PL eighteenth century. 

Spot Ward. 
Ward. Sam. -1884. 

King of the Lobby. 
Warner, -William. 1558-1608. 

Our English Homer. 
Warring-ton, Earl of. Vid. BOOTH. 
Warton, Thomas. 1728-1790. 

Honest Tom. 

Menander. 

Warwick, Earl of. Vid. NEVILLE and BBAUCHAMP. 
"Washing-ton, Georg-e. 1732-1799. 

The American. Fabius. 

The Atlas of America. 

The Cincinnatus of the West. 

The Deliverer of America. 

The Father of His Country. 

The Flower of the Forest. 

The Lovely Georgius. 
Watson, James. -1820. 

The Doctor. 
Wayne, Anthony. 1745-1796. 

Mad Anthony. 

The Tanner. 

The "Warrior-Drover. 
Webster, Daniel. 1782-1852. 

The Expounder of the Constitution. 

A Traitor to Freedom. 
"Webster, Noah. 1758-1843. 

The School-Master of the Republic. 
Wedderlburne, Alexander, Lord Loug-hborougli. 1738-1805. 

A Pert, Prim Prater of the Northern Race. 

Proudest of the Proud. 
Wedell, C. H. 1712-1782. 

Leonidas Wedell. 
Wedgwood, Josiah. 1730-1795. 

The Father of English Pottery. 
Welby, Henry. 1554-1638. 

The Hermit of Grab Street. 
Wellesley, Arthur, Duke of Wellington. 1769-1852. 

The Achilles of England. 

The Best of Cut-throats. 

The Duke of Waterloo. 

Europe's Liberator. 

The Great Duke. 



478 

Wellesley, Artlrur, rmfee of "Welling-ton (continued), 

The Iron Duke. 

Old Dcruro. 

Savior of the Nations. 
Wenceslaus of Bonemia. 13571419. 

The Nero of Germany. 

The Sardanapalus of G-ermany. 

The "Worthless. 
Werg-eland, Henrils: Arnold. 1808-1845. 

The Betrayer of the Fatherland. 

The Hoi berg of Norway. 
West, Rictiard. 1716-1742. 

Favonins. 
"W"estmor eland., Earl of. 1665. 

Sir Paridel. 
"Western, Josepn. Fl. circa 1800. 

Execrable Erostratus. 
Weyde, Rog'er van der. 1455-1529. 

Roger of Bruges- 
W&ately, Bicliard.. 1787-18G3. 

The "White Bear. 
Wmttoread, Samuel. 1758-1815. 

The Brewer. 
White, John. 1590-1645. 

Century "White. 
Wttite, Rev. John. 1574-1648. 

Patriarch AVhite. 
"V^riiitefield., G-eorg-e. 1714-1770. 

Doctor Squintum. 
"Wmtelooke, Bulstroa.e. 1605-1676. 

The Temporizing Statesman. 
V^mtraan, ElizalDetti. 1752-1788. 

The Coquette. 

Eliza Wharton. 
-WMtman, "Walt. 1819-. 

The Good Gray Poet. 
Wnittier, Jonn G-. 1808-. 

The Quaker Poet. 
"WtLyteforde, Ricnard.. Fl. sixteenth century* 

The Wretch of Sion. 
\Viclif. Vid. WYcmp. 
"WiecTs, Clara. Vid. MME. SCHUMANN. 
Wiecki, Friedricn. 1785-1873. 

Ma>ster Karo. 
TWi eland, Oliristopli IMartin. 1733-1813. 

The German Voltaire. 
Wiltoerforce, Samuel. 1805-1873. 

Soapy Sain. 
WilToerforce, William. 1759-1833, 

The Man o Black Renown. 

Mora*! Washington of Africa. 

Wilbratiam, Rog-er. 1743-1829. 

Sempronius. 
"Wild, Henry. 1G84-1734. 

The Learned Tailor. 
Wild.e, BoTDert. Fl. seventeenth century* 

The Withers of the City. 



WIL 479 WIL 

Willie, Sir David. 1785-1841. 

The Raphael of Domestic Art. 

The Scottish Terriers. 
WilMe, 'William. 1721-1772. 

The Scottish Homer. 
Wilkinson, Henry. -1690. 

Dean Harry. 
Wilkinson, Henry, Jr. Fl. 1650. 

Lon^ Harry. 
Willamow, Joliann. 1736-1777. 

The Prussian Pindar. 
William, Duke of C-urnberland.. 1721-1765. 

Billy the Butcher. 
William of Apulia. Fl. eleventh century. 

The Iron Arm. 
William of Austria. -1406. 

The Delightful. 
"William I. of England.. 1027-1087. 

The Conqueror. 
William II. of England. 1056-1100. 

Itufus. 
William III. of England.. 1650-1702. 

The Gallic Bully. 

Old Glorious. 
William IV. of England. 1765-1837. 

The Sailor King. 
William I., Emperor of Germany. 1797-. 

KLartatschenprinz. 
William of Normandy. -94:3. 

Long-Sword. 
William of Occam. -1347. 

Doctor Singularis, 

The Venerable Initiator. 
William I. of Orang-e. 1533-1584. 

The Silent. 
William of Scotland. 1143-1214, 

The Lion. 
William I. of Sicily. 1120-1166. 

The Bad. 
William II. of Sicily. 1152-1189. 

The Good. 
Williams, Jolin. 1582-1650. 

The Statesman-Bishop. 
Williams, Jonn. 1644-1729. 

The Redeemed Captive. 
Williams, Jonn. -1818. 

Tony Pasquixi. 
Willis, Browne. 1682-1760. 

Old "Wrinkle-Boots. 
Willis, Jonn. 1616-1703. 

The Suh-Scribe. 
Willis, Natnaniel P. 1806-1867. 

ISfamby-Pamby "Willis. 

Penciller Willis. 

The Pink of the Press. 
Wilmot. Vid. ROCHESTER. 



WIL 480 WOO 

Wilson, Rev. Benjamin. -1764. 

The Rev. Dr. Primrose. 

The Vicar of Wakeiield. 
Wilson, James. 1795-1856. 

The Stork. 
Wilson, John. 1750-1821. 

"Wee Johnny. 
Wilson, John. -1839. 

Doctor Hornbook. 
Wilson, John. 1785-1854. 

The Admiral of the Lake. 

The Blackbird of Buchanan Lodge. 
Wilson, John. 1774-1855. 

Old Jock. 
Wilson, Richard. 1714-1782. 

The English Claude. 
Winchcomb, John. Fl. circa 1500. 

Jack of Kewbury. 
Winder, J. S. Fl. seventeenth century. 

Old Hewson. 
Wingfteld, John. -1811. 

Alpnzo. 
Wiseheart, George. 1514-1546. 

Sophocardus. 
Wither, Georg-e. 1588-1667. 

Chronomastix. 

The English Juvenal. 
Wolff, Wilhelm. 1816-1887. 

Der Thier-Wolff. 
Wollstonecraft, Mary. 1759-1797. 

Marguerite. 
Wolsey, Cardinal Thomas. 1471-1530. 

The Boy-Baccalaur, 

The Butcher's Dog. 

Hough-no. 

The Mastiff Cur. 

The Vicar of Hell. 
Wood, Anthony. 1632-1695. 

The Ostacle of Literary History. 
Wood, John B. -1884. 

Doc. Wood. 

The Great American Condenser. 
Wood, Sir Matthew. 1768-1848. 

The Absolute Wisdom. 
Woodfall, William. 1745-1803. 

Memory Woodfall. 
Woodhull, Michael. 1740-1816. 

Orlando. 

"Woodstock, Thomas, Duke of Gloucester. Fl. fourteenth cen- 
tury. 

Cignus de Corde Benignus. 
Woodville, Anthony, Lord Rivers. 1442-1483. 

Le Wellington des Joueurs. 
Woodward, Henry. 1717-1777. 

Great Master in the Science of Grimace. 
Woodward, Dr. John. 1665-1728. 

Fossile. 



WOO 481 ZEN 

Wood-worth, Samuel. 1785-184:2. 

The American Goldsmith. 
Worcester, Edward Somerset, Marquis of. 1G01-1667. 

Bezaliel. 
Wordsworth, "William. 1770-1850. 

The Bard of Rydal Mount. 

The Blockhead. 

The Clownish Sycophant. 

The Converted Jacobin. 

The Cumberland Poet. 

The Farmer of a Lay. 

The Great G-od Pan. 

The Great Laker. 

The Little Boatman. 

The Lost Leader. 

Old Ponder. 

The Poet of Nature. 

The Poet of the Excursion. 

Poet Wordy. 

This Poetical Charlatan. 

This Political Parasite. 

That Wmdemere Treasure. 
Wotton, William. 1666-1726. 

The Boy Bachelor. 
Wrangel, Friedricn, Baron von. 1784-1877. 

Papa Wrangel. 
Wren, Christ oplier. 1632-1723. 

Nestor. 
Wyclierly, -William. 1640-1715. 

The Plain Dealer. 
Wyolif , John. -138-4. 

Doctor Evangelicus. 

The Father of English Prose. 

The Morning Star of the Reformation. 
Wyndh.am, Sir William. 1687-1740. 

"Wildfire. 

~^T"BNOPHO]Sr. 7445-354 B.C. 
The Attic Muse. 
The Muse of Greece. 

BMOUTH, COUNTESS OF. Fl. eighteenth century. 
JL "Walmoden. 
Yong-Tchin^. -1736. 

The Immortal. 
Yorke, Philip, First Earl of Hardwicke. 1690-1764. 

Judge G-ripus. 
Young-, Edward. 1084-1765. 

The Hoary Bard ol Night. 
Young 1 , Miss. Vid. MRS. CAMPBELL. 
Young-, Rev. William. -1757. 

Parson Abraham Adams. 



IBN MUHAMMED. 1200-1283. 
j The Pliny of the East. 
Zenobia of Palmyra. Fl. third century. 
The Queen of the East. 



ZIN 



482 



ZWI 



Zinzendorf, JSTicliolas Louis, Comrfc. 1700-1760. 

The Moses of Our Age. 
Zisca, Jolm. 1360-1424. 

The One-Eyed. 
Zoffani, Jotm. 1723-1810. 

The Butch Hogartli. 
Zoroaster. Fl. 2500 B.C. 

The Bactrian Sage. 
Zuccalmag-lio-Waldbriihl, ^Willielin von. 1805-1860. 

Gottschalk Wedel. 

TJlricli. 1484-1531. 

The Martin Luther of Switzerland. 



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