Social psychology; questions and readings in social psychology

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SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

BOGARDUS

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

QUESTIONS AND READINGS IN
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

BY
EMORY S. BOGARDUS, PH.D.

PROFESSOR OF SOCIOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA PRESS
Los ANGELES, CALIFORNIA

Copyright 1917
By E. S. BOGARDUS

CONTENTS

I. Introduction

(1) The field.

(2) Methods to be pursued.

(3) The literature of the subject.

II. Psychological Bases of Social Psychology

(1) Instinctive bases.

(2) Habitual bases.

(3) Conscious bases (affective, cognitive, volitional).

III. The Social Characteristics of the Individual

(1) The social instincts (gregarious, sex and parental,

curiosity, combative, acquisitive).

(2) Sympathy, the sentiments, language, play.

(3) Laughter.

(4) The social self, the looking-glass self.

IV. The Social Characteristics of the Individual (cont.)

(1) Suggestion

(2) Imitation.

V. The Social Operation of Suggestion and Imitation

(1) Contemporary and fashion imitation.

(2) Custom imitation.

(3) Rational imitation.

VI. The Psychology of the Group

(1) Types of groups.

(2) Group conflicts.

(3) The psychology of the crowd.

VII. The Psychology of Leadership

(1) Types of leadership

(2) Qualities of leadership

VIII. The Psychology of Social Control and of Social Progress

(1) Group coercion.

(2) Individual ascendency versus social ascendency.

(3) A theory of social progress.

965696

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

There are few scientific studies which are more practical than
is the study of social psychology. No data are closer at hand or
more continually used. There is no one who in performing the
daily work of life, does not continually make use of the data of
social psychology, or who is not subject to the operation of these
forces.

1. The field of the subject is indicated by the table of con-
tents. 2. The methods to be used in this study are the scientific
ones of observation, collection of facts, analysis, and the working
out of laws. 3. The literature of the field is vast, and growing.
A selected list of books is given at the close of this monograph.

1. What do you think of when the term "social psychology " is

mentioned ?

2. Distinguish between individual psychology and social psy-

chology.

3. Distinguish between structural psychology and functional

psychology.

4. What aims may one have in studying social psychology?

5. Explain : * * The older psychology was individualistic in its

interpretations. "

6. Would you expect that the study of social psychology would

make you more dependent upon others, or more inde-
pendent ?

7. What meaning do you see in the terms "social ascendency"

and "individual ascendency?"

8. Why has the American been primarily an individualist?

READINGS

(Introductory)

Angell, J. R., Chapters from Modern Psychology, Ch. VI.
Baldwin, J. M., The Story of the Mind, Ch. IX.

The Individual and Society, Ch. I. .

Blackmar and Gillin, Outlines of Sociology, Pt. Ill, Chs. IV-VI.
Bogardus, E. S., Introduction to Sociology, Ch. XIII.

Cooley, C. H., Social Organization, Ch. I. .

Dealey, J. Q., Sociology, Chs. IV, XV.

Ell wood, C. A., Sociology in its Psychological Aspects, Ch. VI. -

Introduction to Social Psychology, Ch. I.
Gault, R. H., ''Psychology in Social Relations," Amer. Jour, of

Sociol, XXII :734-48.
Hall, G. S., "Social Phases of Psychology," Amer. Jour, of Sociol.,

XVIII :613-21.

Hayes, E. C., Introduction to the Study of Sociology, Ch. XVII.

Hobhouse, L. T., Mind in Evolution, Ch. I.

Leuba, J. H., "Psychology and Sociology," Amer. Jour, of Sociol.,

XIX '323-42

McDougall, Wm., Psychology, Ch. VIII.

Nearing, S., Social Sanity, pp. 11-42.

Ross, E. A., Social Psychology, Ch. I.

Smith, W. R., An Introduction to Educational Sociology., Ch. II.

Tosti, G., "Social Psychology and Sociology," Psychological Rev.,

V:347-81.
Wallas, G., The Great Society, Ch. II.

CHAPTER II
PSYCHOLOGICAL BASES OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

The study of social psychology is based primarily on a knowl-
edge of psychological principles. These principles may be divided
into two classes, structural and functional, or those describing the
states of consciousness and those describing the mind in action. It
is with the latter group of principles that we are here concerned.

The actions and reactions of the mind may be divided into
three types: (1) instinctive, (2) habitual, and (3) conscious. The
last mentioned type, namely conscious reactions, has three phases:
(a) affective, (b) cognitive, and (c) volitional.

Instinctive Reactions

1. Define instincts biologically.

2. Define instincts psychologically.

3. Define instincts sociologically.

4. Give three illustrations of the statement : Social institutions

rest upon the basis of instincts.

5. Why are instincts common to people of every race ?

6. Why can instincts never be eradicated from the mental con-

stitution of the individual ?

7. Give the most striking example of purely instinctive action

that has come to your attention.

Habitual Reactions

1. Criticize: He instinctively closed the door after he entered

the room.

2. Explain the origin of habits.

3. What is the underlying purpose of habits?

4. Explain: (a) This process of building up new habits is the

method by which the individual grows, (b) It is also the
method by which society progresses.

5. Illustrate : One 's strength of character is due to habit.

6. Illustrate: " Habit is the bank into which consciousness puts

its deposits. "

7. Illustrate : Habit is a time-saver.

8. What is the habit. of greatest usefulness that one can form?

9. Explain : Habit is not second nature.

10. Explain: "The population of London would be starved in a

week if the flywheel of Habit were removed. ' '

11. Is it true that whatever is worth doing at all, is worth doing

well? Why?

Conscious Reactions
(General)

1. When is a person most conscious ?

2. When does consciousness appear in the experience of the in-

dividual ?

3. Qualitatively, which is a higher act: writing or walking;

thinking or writing; deciding "no" or deciding "yes"?
Why, in each case?

(Affective)

1. Define a feeling?

2. What does a pleasant feeling signify?

3. Why are human beings remarkably the same in respect to their

feelings ?

4. Why is it difficult to argue against the feelings ?

5. What is an emotion?

6. Is anger a good guide to action? Is national anger a good

guide to national action ?

7. Why are children afraid of the dark?

8. Describe the physical expression of (a) a happy face, (b) a

sad face, (c) an angry face; and explain the relation of
the given facial expression to the given emotion.

(Cognitive)

1. Why do you think ?

2. Why are you thinking now ?

3. When do you do the least amount of thinking?

4. When do you do your highest grade of thinking ?

5. Illustrate: Cognition plays the decisive role in adapting the

organism to its environment.

6. What is reason ?

7. What is the supreme function of reason ?

8. What do you do when you remember?

9. Is the average person of today less able to remember than the

average person of three centuries ago ?

10. ' ' Why does a squirrel need to be more intellectual than a fish ? ' '

11. "Why does an architect need to be more intellectual than a

mason ? ' '

12. "What kind of acts can you perform best when not thinking

of them?" Why?

8

13. Explain: "No two individuals can ever think alike, whilst

any number can feel alike."

14. Bring to the class an advertisement which appeals to the intel-

lect. To the feelings.

15. Give an illustration of ancient feats of remembering. Of cur-

rent remembering.

16. Which tends to act the quicker, the feeling side or the cognitive

side of consciousness?

17. Explain: "The tap-root of selfishness is weakness of imagi-

nation. ' '

(Volitional)

1. Explain : Thought is motor; also, ideas are dynamic ; also, the

motor character of an idea.

2. Define volition.

3. "Do men base their decisions upon evidence or seek evidence

to justify their decisions ? ' '

READINGS

(Instinctive Reactions)

Angell, J. R., Psychology, Ch. XV.

Baldwin, J. M., Social and Ethical Interpretations, Ch. VI.

Colvin and Bagley, Human Behavior, Chs. IX, X.

Ellwood, C. A., Sociology in its Psychological Aspects, Ch. IX.

Introduction to Social Psychology, Ch. IX.
Hobhouse, L. F., Mind in Evolution, Ch. IV.
Holmes, A., Principles of Character Making, Ch. V.
James, Wm., Psychology (briefer course), Ch. XXV.
Kirkpatrick, E. A., Fundamentals of Child Study, Chs. Ill, IV.
McDougall, Wm., Introduction to Social Psychology, Ch. II.

(Habitual Reactions)

Baldwin, J. M., Mental Development, Ch. XVI.
Holmes, A., Principles of Character Making, Ch. VI.
James, Wm., \Psychology (briefer course), Ch. X.
Scott, W. D., The Psychology of Advertising, Ch. IX.

Increasing Human Efficiency in Business, Ch. XIII.
Wallas, G., The Great Society, Ch. V.

(Conscious Reactions)

Angell, J. R,, Psychology, Chs. XIII, XXII.

Baldwin, J. M., Social and Ethical Interpretations, Ch. VII.

Mental Development, Ch. XIII.
Ellwood, C. A., Sociology in its Psychological Aspects, Chs. X, XII.

Introduction to Social Psychology, Ch. IX.

9

Home, H. H., Psychological Principles of Education, Pts. II, III,

IV.

James, Win., Psychology (briefer course), Ch. XVIII.
McDougall, Wm., Introduction to Social [Psychology, Ch. IX.
Miller, I. E., Psychology of Thinking.
Pillsbury, W. B., Essentials of Psychology, Ch. XI.
Royce, J., Outlines of Psychology, Chs. VIII, XV.
Wallas, G., The Great Society, Ch. X.

10

CHAPTER III
'HE SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INDIVIDUAL

The instinctive reactions of an individual may be classified as
individual and as social. It is with the latter group that social
psychology is primarily concerned. The leading social instincts
which will be discussed here are (a) gregarious, (b) the sex and
parental, (c) the curiosity, (d) the combative, and (e) the acquisi-
tive. In addition to the social instincts, there are certain other fun-
damental characteristics of the individual that operate socially, such
as sympathy, the sentiments, language, play, laughter, the social
self, the looking-glass self.

(The Social Instincts)

1. What is meant by the gregarious instinct?

2. Why do the working classes on holidays rush to the places

where the crowds are ?

3. Why is the country considered dull by so many people ?

4. What kind of excitement sets off the curiosity instinct ?

5. Do you think there is a connection between the curiosity in-

stinct and scientific tendencies?

6. Has the operation of the acquisitive instinct led to social or

anti-social results?

7. Are the fighting impulses to be ruled out entirely, or to be

directed along higher lines ?

8. Is the fighting instinct necessary to social progress?

What has rendered unnecessary the bodily combat of individ-
uals in order to settle disputes?

(Sympathy, the Sentiments, Language, Play)

1 * In what way does sympathy break down as a factor in social
control ? ' '

"Why is it not enough for a man (business) to be a sympa-
thetic husband, parent, and neighbor?"

Explain: Every citizen should indulge now and then "in a
debauch of capricious and sympathetic giving, simply to
keep alive in himself the springs of divine and spontaneous
charity. "

11

4. How would you define the sentiment of love ?

5. What is the social value of love ?

6. "What is the social value of hate ?

7. Define jealousy.

8. What is meant by language ?

9. Is the origin of language individual or social ?

10. What is mimetic language? pantomimic language? vocal lan-

guage?

11. Explain : A gesture is a syncopated act.

12. What is play? Its social influence?

13. "Why is a mason piling up brick, working, and a child piling

up blocks, playing ? ' '

(Laughter)

1. Is laughter a topic important enough for serious discussion?

Why?

2. Is it worth while to develop the habit of seeing the humorous

side of life ?

3. Why do people laugh ?

4. What are the physical expressions of a hearty laugh?

5. What is Shakespeare's meaning when he speaks of being

" stabbed " with laughter?

6. What does Milton mean when he writes of "laughter holding

both his sides. ' '

7. What are the earliest causes of laughter in the child ?

8. Why do we laugh at incongruous or degrading experiences

of others? Why shouldn't we feel grieved?

9. Why does a group of school children released from the class

room burst forth into boisterous laughter?

10. What are the psychological effects of a good laugh ?

11. Why is a city dude in the country a mirth-producing object?

12. Why is a "hayseed" in the city the subject of laughter?

13. Is man more afraid of social ridicule than of actual severe

punishment ?

14. Explain : ' ' Laughter can kill innovations. ' '

15. Explain: "The true hero is one who can ignore social

laughter. "

16. Why do people laugh at stories involving stuttering ?

17. Why is the walking of a drunken man considered laughable

by many persons ?

18. Why does a wry face (without pain) cause laughter?

(The Social Self, the Looking-glass Self)

1. Distinguish between the individual self and the social self.

2. Give an original illustration of the looking-glass self.

12

READINGS

(Social Instincts)

Kirkpatrick, E. A., Fundamentals of Child Study, Chs. VII, IX.
McDougall, Wm., An Introduction to Social Psychology, Sect. II.
Eibot, Th., The Psychology of the Emotions, Pt. II, Ch. VI.

(Sympathy, the Sentiments, Language, Play)

Kirkpatrick, E. A., Fundamentals of Child Study, Ch. IX.
McDougall, Wm., An Introduction to Social Psychology, Chs. IV,

V, XV.
Eibot, Th., The Psychology of the Emotions, Pt. II, Ch. IV.

(Laughter)

Bergson, H. L., Laughter

Sidis, B., The Psychology of Laughter.

Sully, J., An Essay on Laughter.

(The Social Self, the Looking-glass Self)

Baldwin, J. M., Social and Ethical Interpretation, Ch. II.
Cooley, C. H., Human Nature and the Social Order, Chs. V, VI.
Hobhouse, L. T., Mind in Evolution, Ch. XVII.
McDougall, Wm., An Introduction to Social Psychology, Chs. VII,
VIII.

CHAPTER IV

THE SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INDIVIDUAL

(CONTINUED)

Other characteristics of the individual which are distinctly
social, are suggestion and imitation. Suggestion and imitation,
different names for different parts of the same process, operate so
powerfully in the daily affairs of life as to merit considerable
analysis as characteristics of the individual.

1. "What difference does it make whether clerks ask, "Shall we

send the package?" or "Shall we send the package, or
will you take it with you f '

2. Is every normal mind suggestible ?

3. Compare in openness of countenance primary and high school

pupils.

4. What is the relation of the motor character of ideas to sug-

gestibility ?

5. What is meant by "muscle-reading?"

6. What is the difference between impulses and suggestions ?

7. Distinguish between direct and indirect suggestion.

8. What is meant by "slantwise suggestion?"

9. What is the suggestion involved in the politician's slogan:

"Pass Prosperity Around?"

10. Give an original illustration of indirect suggestion, of direct
suggestion.

12. Distinguish between normal and abnormal suggestibility.

13. What is the psychological meaning of the popular statement :

"It is a great thing to have a smile in your voice ' ' ?

14. Give an original illustration of auto-suggestion.

15. Give an original illustration of imitation.

16. Distinguish between unconscious and conscious imitation.

17. Is imitation a conserving factor in society? Illustrate.

18. Does imitation make for social progress? Illustrate.

19. Give an original illustration showing how suggestibility varies

according to species, to prestige, to fatigue, to races.

20. Why are the French or Italians more subject to suggestion

than the English or Germans?

21. Are women more suggestible than men?

14

22. Illustrate: "Almost everywhere propriety and conventional-

ity press more mercilessly on woman than on man, thereby
lessening her range of choice and dwarfing her will. ' '

23. Find in Shakespeare an example of indirect suggestion.

24. Is an underfed person more suggestible than a well-fed person?

25. ' ' Explain the deadliness of the innuendo. ' '

26. Why is faint praise often more damaging than downright

depreciation ?

27. "Account for the fact that the best way sometimes to get the

offer of a coveted position is not to be anxious for it. ' '

28. "Why is it safer on meeting a formidable animal to stand

than run?"

29. What is the point of the saying : * ' He doth protest too much. ' '

30. ' ' Explain the good moral influence of certain teachers and the

utter lack of influence of other teachers. ' '

31. "Distinguish between open-mindedness and suggestibility."

32. Distinguish between suggestibility and sociality.

33. "Compare business with industry in its effect on one's power

to resist suggestion."

34. Illustrate: "We are most imitative in the things that are

not the object of conscious attention."

35. Is "sentiment more elective than opinion?"

36. Is an ideal a better religious nucleus than a dogma ?

37. Why is the moral responsibility of the novelist great ?

38. Who is more dangerous to society — the disseminator of wrong

ideals or the disseminator of wrong opinions ?

39. Explain psychologically : Nothing succeeds like success.

40. Explain : ' ' The vortical suction of our civilization is stronger

than ever before. ' '

41. Does Art need censorship more than Science ?

42. "Why does your throat ache after listening to a speaker who

forms his voice badly ? "

43. "Does progress in stability and security lessen the hero value

of the leader, and exalt his directive capacity?"

44. "What are the arguments against talks on sex hygiene before

the segregated pupils of the public schools ? ' '

READINGS

Baldwin, J. M., Mental Development, Chs. VI, IX, XII.
Carver, T. N., Sociology and Social Progress, Ch. XXI.
Cooley, C. H., Human Nature and the Social Order, Ch. II.
Davis, M. M., Psychological Interpretations of Society, Chs. IX, X.
Ellwood, C. A., Sociology in its Sociological Aspects, Ch. XIII.

Introduction to Social Psychology, Ch. X.
Gowin, E. B., The Executive and His Control of Men, Ch. XII.
Keatinge, M. W., Suggestion in Education.

15

McDougall, Wm., Introduction to Social Psychology, pp. 96-107,

325-45.

Miinsterberg, H., On the Witness Stand, pp. 173-99.
Tarde, G., The Laws of Imitation.
Social Laws.

16

CHAPTER V

THE SOCIAL OPERATION OF SUGGESTION AND
IMITATION

In group life, suggestion and imitation operate in various ways.
The classification that is used here, is that of contemporary imita-
tion, custom-imitation and merit (or rational) imitation. Merit,
or rational imitation, refers to both contemporary imitation and
custom-imitation, but in a varying degree. Only a small propor-
tion of contemporary imitation is rational, while a relatively large
proportion of custom-imitation is meritorious. Contemporary imi-
tation is of two types : competitive and non-competitive — the first
form is generally referred to as fashion-imitation.

1. Who are the more subject to the present-day fashion changes,

persons guided chiefly by their feelings or by their reason ?
Why?

2. Define fashion.

3. Define a " style. "

4. Distinguish between fashion and progress.

5. Distinguish between contemporary imitation and fashion imi-

tation.

6. Explain : ' * The telegraph and the cash register are universal

but not fashionable. "

7. Illustrate how fashion is based in part on the desire for self-

individualization.

8. Explain: "Nothing is fashionable till it be deformed. "

9. Explain and illustrate: The fashion process has two move-

ments: (a) imitation and (b) differentiation.

10. Explain: "Fashion is based on novelty/'

11. Explain: "Fashion is based on reputability. "

12. What does Professor Ross mean by "social racing." (Social

Psychology, Ch. VI).

13. Do fashions change more rapidly than formerly ?

14. Why is the high gloss of a gentleman's high hat considered

more beautiful than a similar high gloss on a thread-bare
sleeve ?

15. Why is a given fashion often considered beautiful when in

style, and unsightly as soon as out of style ?

16. "Why do fashions tend to the extreme?"

17

17. * * Who are more responsible for fashion absurdities, the women

who wear them or the men who are pleased by them ? ' '

18. "Do the fashions refine one's taste or debase them?"

19. "Why is rivalry in consumption less pronounced among

farmers than among people of corresponding means in the
city?"

20. "Is a religious leader to be commended for requiring his fol-

lowers to renounce the extravagancies of fashion and to
dress simply ? ' '

21. Why has the dress suit for men remained more or less the

same the world over?

22. What is a craze ? Illustrate.

23. What is a fad? Illustrate.

24. What are the leading fads (five) in this community at the

present time ?

25. "Compare in susceptibility to craze a hopeful, prosperous

people with a hopeless, miserable people."

26. How does the study of hygiene, psychology, and sociology help

one to become crank-proof?

27. How does reading the "sensational" newspaper affect one's

susceptibility to craze and fad ?

28. ' ' How does the experience of responsibility affect one 's respon-

siveness to mental contagion ? ' '

29. Give an illustration of the strength and persistence of customs.

30. Why do we ridicule the customs of other people while oblivious

to the weaknesses of our own ?

31. "Is more attention usually given to culture in old or new

countries ? ' '

32. "What countries have most influenced the customs of the

United States?"

33. Are all languages based on custom? Does the study of lan-

guages develop the habjt of conformity to custom and
usage ?

34. Explain: "Majorities do not necessarily stand for truth and

justice. They stand for the customs and convictions of
the past."

35. Why do English-speaking women criticize Chinese women for

compressing their feet longitudinally when they them-
selves try to escape the stigma of having normal feet by
* ' a formidable degree of lateral compression ? ' '

36. Is a dynamic society more craze-ridden than one moving along

the ruts of custom?

37. "Show that the proverbial individualism of the farmer is not

necessarily the same as individuality. ' '

38 How does the mastery of the classics affect one 's social stability ?
39. How does ownership of property affect one's social stability?

18

40. Why should the foundation of true culture be laid in the

classics ?

41. " Compare manual training with literary studies as a developer

of objectivity and self-control."

42. Whence did the idea arise that "manual labor is degrading?"

43. Why do so many people believe that pecuniary success is the

only success?

44. Are things beautiful in proportion as they are costly ?

45. Why are we blind to the extent of our indebtedness to society

and "therefore apt to imagine our individuality much
more pronounced than it actually is ? "

46. ' ' Why is it that such generally admired beauties of person or

costume as the bandaged foot, the high heel, the wasp-
waist, the full skirt and the long train are such as incapaci-
tate from all useful work ? ' '

47. "Why does the standard of living rise so rapidly with every

increase in prosperity that there is scarcely any let-up in
the economic strain ?' '

48. Why is it easier to save money in the country than in the city ?

49. What is meant by the aristocracy of achieving?

50. Is it possible for a Federal constitution, no matter how well

adapted to conditions when written, to become in time an
incubus ?

51. "Does wider knowledge of the diverse traditions and customs

of other peoples make you more cautious in your attitude
toward your own beliefs and customs ? ' '

52. Where custom rules are young men or old men in charge ?

53. Explain : The neophobia of the old.

54. Can the ultra-conservatism of old age be avoided?

55. Why are generals retired at about 62 years of age?

56. Why are popes and judges generally appointed when past

middle age ?

57. Do you agree : The law library is the laboratory of the law

student.

58. Illustrate : Physical isolation favors the sway of custom.

59. Explain: Social isolation favors customs.

60. Who has the wider outlook and the freer mind, the average

teacher or the average parent ?

61. Illustrate : "One of the greatest pains to human nature is the

pain of a new idea. ' '

62. "Contrast the laboratory method with the text-book method

in forming the open, interrogative mind."

63. Does manner of living or manner of work change the more

rapidly? Why?

64. Why is custom so powerful in matters of feeling?

19

65. Explain : ' * Everything in which men must move together, is

liable to fall behind the times. ' '

66. ''Why do woman's legal rights lag behind her generally

acknowledged moral rights ? ' '

67. If you were trying to induce "Jews and Christians, Orange-

men and Catholics, Germans and Slavs, Poles and Lithua-
nians " to sink their enmities, how would you proceed?

68. Under what conditions do new ideas try to appear old?

69. When do old ideas try to appear new ?

70. What is meant by rational imitation ? What per cent of cus-

tom-imitation is rational? Of fashion-imitation?

71. In what sections of our lives does custom-imitation prevail?

Fashion-imitation ? Rational-imitation ?

72. In what sense is rational imitation radical? In what sense

conservative ?

73. "Which is better, easy amendment or spurious interpretation

as a means of making a written constitution elastic ? ' '

74. Is it irrational to follow authority ?

75. "Contrast the unbridled spirit of innovation and social experi-

ment with the scientific attitude toward institutions and
property. ' '

76. "What is the rational way of ascertaining woman's sphere?"

77. What are the most difficult foes of new and worthy ideas and

methods ?

78. Explain: "Most of us jump into our beliefs with both feet

and stand there/'

READINGS

( Fashion-imitation )

Ross, E. A., Social Psychology, Chs. VI, XI.

"Asquisitive Mimicry," Amer. Jour, of Sociol., XXI:433-45.

"The Principle of Anticipation," Amer. Jour, of Sociol.,

XXI -.577-600.
Veblen, Th., The Theory of the Leisure Class, Chs. Ill, IV, VII.

( Custom-imitation)

Baldwin, J. M., Social and Ethical Interpretation, Ch. X.
Cooley, C. H., Social Organization, Chs. XVIII, XX.
Ross, E. A., Social Psychology, Chs. XII, XV.

Social Control, Ch. XV.
Sumner, W. G., Folkways.
Veblen, Th., The Theory of the Leisure Class, Chs. IX, XI.

( Rational-imitation )

Ross, E. A., Social Psychology, Ch. XVI.

20

CHAPTER VI
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE GROUP

The human group conducts itself according to psychological
laws. Further, conflicts between groups take place upon the plane
of psychic struggle. Then, there are various types of human group-
ing in society — some of a permanent character, others of a purely
temporary nature. Of those in the latter group, the crowd has
attracted considerable scientific attention. In what ways does an
individual act differently when a member of a crowd than when
alone? For what reasons does he act differently? Thus, the
psychology of the group involves far-reaching considerations.

1. Define a " group. "

2. What are the leading psychic characteristics of group-life ?

3. Illustrate the conflict between groups.

4. Distinguish between a permanent group and a temporary

group.

5. Define a " crowd."

6. Distinguish between a homogeneous and a heterogeneous crowd.

7. Why does the crowd generally have a leader ?

8. If a crowd does not have a leader, what does it do ?

9. Why is one's individuality "wilted in a dense throng?"

10. Why do feelings run through a crowd more readily than ideas ?

11. In order to unify men, why is it necessary to touch the chord

of feeling ?

12. Why is the crowd-self irrational?

13. Explain: "In a psychological crowd, people are out of them-

selves. ' '

14. Explain : The crowd is recidivistic.

15. Does a crowd tolerate freedom of speech ? Why ?

16. Why is the crowd-self ephemeral ?

17. Distinguish between a mob and a crowd.

18. What is the meaning of the word, mob ?

19. Is a holiday jam in a railroad station a mob ?

20. What is the relation of Roberts' Rules of Order to the impulses

of the crowd ?

21. Explain : "The squeeze of the crowd tends to depress the self-

sense. ' '

22. Is a jury a crowd, or a mere group of individuals ?

21

23. Discuss: "A great deal of so-called patriotism is but the

crowd-emotion of the nation."

24. Define an assembly.

25. Define a "public."

26. Explain : This is an era of publics.

27. "Should the capital of a commonweath be its chief city, or

some centrally located town?"

READINGS

Con way, M., The Crowd in Peace and War.

Cooley, C. H., Social Organization, Ch. XIV.

Galsworthy, J., The Mob.

Gardner, C. S., "Assemblies," Amer. Jour, of Social, XIX:531-55.

Howard, G. E., "Social Psychology of the Spectator," Amer. Jour.

of Social, XVIII : 33-50.
Le Bon, G., The Crowd.

The Psychology of Revolution.

The Psychology of the Great War.
Boss, E. A., Social Psychology, Ch. III.

Foundations of Sociology, Chs. V, VI.

"The Organization of Will," Amer. Jour, of Sociol, XXII:
145-58.

"Class and Caste," Amer. Jour of Sociol, XXII:461-76, 594-

608, 749-60.
Wallas, G., The Great Society, Ch. VIII.

CHAPTER VII
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF LEADERSHIP

One of the main factors in group progress is the leader, the
inventor, the discoverer, the prophet, the seer, the executive, the
genius of whatever type. Progress seems to start with the indi-
vidual who "particularizes" upon the social fund of feelings,
beliefs, and actions, and produces a new way of feeling, thinking,
and acting. Further, every individual who imitates, always invents.
Nothing is imitated exactly, but always with some variation, depend-
ent upon the individual equation. Thus, through a few outstand-
ing psychic variations and many small psychic variations the group
progresses.

1. How would you define leadership ?

2. What is meant by "individual ascendency" as opposed to

"social ascendency?"

3. What is the relation of physique to leadership ?

4. Of energy to leadership ?

5. Explain : A leader represents a focalization of psychic energy.

6. Explain : It is a leader's work "to pull triggers in the minds

of his followers."

7. Explain : ' * The successful shepherd thinks like his sheep. ' '

8. Distinguish between the intellectual and the executive type of

leadership.

9. Should a leader draw or drive people ?

10. Distinguish between a crowd-compeller and a crowd-exponent.

11. Explain: Leadership assumes maximum importance in times

of transition.

12. What special qualities are needed by the leader who is a public

speaker ?

13. Explain: "Invention is as natural as imitation."

14. Distinguish between leadership, invention, and discovery.

15. What is meant by the aristocracy of achieving?

READINGS

Baldwin, J. M., Social and Ethical Interpretations, Ch. V.

The Individual and Society, Chs. I, V.
Bruce, H. A., Psychology and Parenthood, Ch. III.

23

Cooley, C. H., Human Nature and the Social Order, Ch. IX.

Social Organization, Chs. XXIII, XXIV.

Davis, Jr., M. M., Psychological Interpretations of Society, Ch. XV.
Le Bon, G., The Crowd, Ch. III.

Mumford, E., Amer. Jour, of Social., Vol. XII:216-240, 367-397,
500-531.

CHAPTER VIII

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SOCIAL CONTROL AND OF SOCIAL

PROGRESS

The variations and inventions of individuals are so numerous
and in such opposing directions that the group — for survival pur-
poses— finds it necessary to exercise a constant control over these
variations. The variations which seem to be in line with the con-
tinuance of group welfare are encouraged and those variations
which appear to be opposed to or destructive of group unity and
continuity are suppressed. How much control shall the group
exercise over its members? and what shall be the nature of this
control? in order that the maximum group progress may result,
are two vital problems.

As the individual ' ' particularizes' ' the social inheritance, society
11 generalizes ' ' the invention of the individual. That is to say, the
individual upon the basis of the ways of thinking and doing which
he finds available makes an invention ; in £iirn, society absorbs this
new invention and it becomes a part of the social fund of ways of
thinking and doing. Then another individual upon the basis of the
increased social inheritance makes a new particularization, or inven-
tion, and thus the process continues, and thus the group progresses
(see Baldwin, The Individual and Society, Ch. V).

1. * ' Which binds its members more closely by custom, a religious

organization or a business organization? "Why?"

2. Do we accept the reigning values of our own class or of the

class to which we aspire?

3. Meaning of social control?

4. Is more social control needed in a dense or in a sparse popu-

lation ?

5. In a homogeneous or heterogeneous population ?

6. In time of war or of peace?

7. In a society stratified by classes or not ?

8. Is more or less social control needed in the United States now ?

9. What are the dangers of too little social control ?

10. What are the dangers of too much social control ?

11. On what kinds of occasions does public opinion arise ?

12. What are the advantages of public opinion as a means of social

control ?

25

13. What are the disadvantages of public opinion in this regard?

14. What are the advantages of law as a means of social control?

15. What are the disadvantages of law in this particular?

16. What are the advantages of customs as a means of social con-

trol?

17. What are the disadvantages of customs in this connection ?

18. What is meant by the protective philosophy of a group ?

19. Why are opprobious epithets applied to refractory members

of a group ?

20. How do personal beliefs operate as a means of social control?

21. How generally are individuals aware of being under social

control ?

22. What is meant by a natural social order? (Ross, Social Con-

trol, Ch. VI). Give an illustration.

23. Wherein lies the need for social control? (Ibid. Ch. VII).

24. What are some of the earliest signs of collective pressure?

(Ibid.)

25. Why are 9/10ths of the cases in a criminal court impossible

in a new country? (Ibid.)

26. Explain and illustrate: The state is more rapacious than it

allows its citizens to be.

27. Who are the professionals whose business it is to keep up the

social order? (Ibid., Ch. 27).

28. What is meant by class control? (Ibid. Ch. 28).

29. Best way to gauge the volume of social control at any time in

a given society? (Ibid. Ch. 29).

30. What would be the effects of no social control on progress?

Reasons.

31. Is there any reason to believe that in years to come social con-

trol will be less necessary than now? (Ibid., Ch. 33).

32. Is persecution a good method of securing control ?

33. Are there more places for authority in settling public questions

than in settling private questions?

34. ''Ought a conflict between types of water filtration or armor

plate be referred to the voters ? ' '

35. "What class of public questions should be settled by the

voters ? ' '

36. Is it wrong to punish those who persist in folly that hurts only

themselves or merely inexpedient ?

37. Why is discussion able to l i hurry conflicts to a conclusion' ' ?

38. When is discussion profitless ?

39. What are the leading foes of new ideas?

40. "Why is it that almost invariably truth or wisdom is found

to be with neither extremist in a controversy ? ' '

41. "Is it better to assail a false dogma or to undermine it by

marshalling and interpreting the adverse facts?"

26

42. ' ' What should be the chief basis of religious fellowship — agree-

ment in belief or agreement in ideal ? ' '

43. Is there any reason for thinking that the progress of Western

culture narrows one's options in believing and judging,
but encourages one's opportunities for doing and enjoying?

44. Why does the morality of diplomacy and war lag behind the

morality of individuals ?

45. Illustrate: "There never has been a society which did not

tolerate or approve some conduct that was bad for it. ' '

46. "Compare the big university with the small college in power

to form and refine the student. ' '

47. In what ways is there too much social control in the United

States from the standpoint of securing progress?

48. In what connections would you suggest more social control in

this country with reference to accelerating progress?

49. Are the needs of the individual always in line with group

progress ?

50. Are the needs of the nation always in line with international

progress?

51. Why is it unwise to be either an "individualist" or a "social-

ist"— as these terms are commonly used — in matters in-
volving humanity- wide progress?

READINGS

(Social Control)

Blackmar and Gillin, Outlines of Sociology, Pts. Ill, IV.
Cooley, C. H., Social Organization.

Davis, Jr., M. M., Psychological Interpretations of Society, Ch. XIV.
Ellwood, C. A., Sociology in its Psychological Aspects, Chs. VIII,

IX, XVII.

Introduction to Social Psychology, Ch. XII.
Hayes, E. C., Introduction to the Study of Sociology, Pt. IV.
Maclver, R. M., Community, Bk. III.
Patten, S. N., The New Basis of Civilization, Ch. VII.
Ross, E. A., Social Control.

Social Psychology, Ch. XXII.
Shepard, W. J., "Public Opinion," Amer. Jour, of Social., XV:

32-60.
Smith, W. R., An Introduction to Educational Sociology, Chs. Ill,

XIII.
Vincent, G. L., "The Rivalry of Social Groups," Amer. Jour, of

Sociol, XV :469-84.
Woolston, H. B., "The Urban Habit of Mind," Amer. Jour, of

Sociol, XVIII :602-14.
Yarros, V. G., "The Press and Public Opinion," Amer. Jour, of

Sociol., V :372-82.

27

(Social Progress)

Bogardus, E. S., Introduction to Sociology, Ch. XVI.

Bosanquet, B., "The Psychology of Social Progress," Intern. Jour.

of Ethics, VII :265-80.

Ellwood, C. A., Introduction to Social Psychology, Ch. XIII.
Hayes, E. C., Introduction to the Study of Sociology, Pt. III.
Keller, A. G., Social Evolution.

Urwick, E. J., A Philosophy of Social Progress, Chs. IX, X.
Ward, L. F., Pure Sociology, Ch. XX.
Yarros, V. S., "Human Progress: The Idea and the Reality/'

Amer. Jour, of Sociol., XXI :15-29.

28

REFERENCES

Angell, J. R., Chapters in Modern Psychology.
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The Individual and Society.

Mental Development.
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Blackmar and Gillin, Outlines of Sociology.
Boas, F., The Mind of Primitive Man.
Branford, V., Interpretations and Forecasts.
Brent, C. H., Leadership.
Brinton, D. S., The Basis of Social Relations.
Bruce, H. A., Psychology and Parenthood.
Butler, N. M., The International Mind.
Conway, M., The Crowd in Peace and War.
Cooley, C. H., Human Nature and the Social Order.

Social Organization.
Cutten, G. B., The Psychological Phenomena of Christianity.

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Davis, Jr., M. M., Psychological Interpretations of Society.
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Finot, J., Race Prejudice.
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Esquiesse Psychologie des Peuples Europeens.
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Gross, H., Criminal Psychology.
Hayes, E. C., Introduction to the Study of Sociology.
Hobhouse, L. T., Mind in Evolution.

Evolution in Morals.
LeBon, G., The Crowd.

The Psychology of Socialism.

The Psychology of Revolution.

The Psychology of the Great War.
Leopold, L., Prestige.

McComas, H. C., The Psychology of Religious Sects.
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Miinsterberg, H. Psychology, General and Applied.

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Paulham, F., Psychologic de limitation.
Ribot, Th., The Psychology of the Emotions.
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Social Control.

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Scott, W. D., Psychology of Public Speaking.

Psychology of Advertising.
Seashore, C. E., Psychology in Daily Life.
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Psychology of Laughter.
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La Foule Criminelle.
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Social Laws.

Thomas, W. I., Source-Book for Social Origins, Pt. II.
Trotter, W., Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War.
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The Instinct of Workmanship.
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Applied Sociology.
Wundt, W., Elements of Folk Psychology (tr. by Schaub)

30

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