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THE

SOLECISMS OF THE APOCALYPSE

BY

T. COWDEN LAUGHLIN

A DISSERTATION
PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
1902

PRINCETON, N. Jd.
©. 8. ROBINSON ἃ CO., UNIVERSITY PRINTERS

THE SOLECISMS OF THE APOCALYPSE

᾿ BIBLIOGRAPHY

The leading works consulted in the preparation of this disserta-
tion are the following :

Buass, ‘‘Grammatik des neutestamentlichen Griechisch.’’ Gottingen, 1896.

Bovsset, ‘‘ Die Offenbarung Johannis.” 5 Aufl. Gottingen, 1896.

Burron, ‘‘ Syntax of the Moods and Tenses in New Testament Greek.’’ Chi-
eago, 1893.

Cueyrne & Buiack, “ Encyclopaedia Biblica.’’ New York, 1899-1903.

Exsrarp, ‘‘ Das Evangelium Johannis.’’ Ztiruch, 1845.

Esrarp, ‘‘ Wissenschaftliche Kritik der evangelischen Geschichte.’’ Dritte
Aufl. Frankfurt a. M., 1868.

Evsrstius, “ Ecclesiasticae Historiae ’’—Mtanx, ‘‘ Patrologia Graeca.”’

Ewatp, ‘‘Commentarius in Apocalypsin Johannis Exegeticus et Criticus.’’
Lipsiae, 1828.

Ewa.p, ‘‘Grammatik der hebriischen Sprache des A. T.” Zweite Aufl.
Leipzig, 1835.

Ewatp, ‘‘ Die Johanneischen Schriften tibersetz und erklart.’’ Gottingen,
1861-1862.

. Green, “Α Grammar of the Hebrew Language.”’ New York, 1889.
GUILLEMARD, “Ἢ Hebraisms in the Greek Testament.’? Cambridge, 1879.
Harnack, Article on Word “ Revelation ”’ in “ Encyel. Brit.,”’ Vol. XX.
Hastines, ‘‘ Dictionary of the Bible.’’ New York, 1898-1902.

Haren, ‘ Essays in Biblical Greek.’’ Oxford, 1889.

Lieutroor, ‘‘St. Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians.” London and New
York, 1900.

Ltcxz, ‘ Versuch einer Vollstandigen Einleitung in die Offenbarung Johannis
und in die gesammte apokalyptische Litteratur.”” Bonn, 1852.

MILLIGAN, “ Discussions on the Apocalypse.’? London, 1893.

Movutton & Gupen, “Δ Concordance to the Greek Testament.’’ 2d Edition,
New York, 1900.

Satmon, ‘A Historical Introduction to the Study of the Books of the New
Testament.’’ 9th Edition, London, 1899.

Spirta, ‘‘ Die Offenbarung des Johannes.”’ Halle, 1889.

Swere, ‘‘An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek.’’ Cambridge, 1900.

Swere, ‘* The Old Testament in Greek according to the Septuagint.’”’ 3 vols.
Cambridge, 1887-1894.

THAYER, ‘‘Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament.’’ New York, 1887.

TISCHENDORF, “ Novum Testamentum Graece.’’ Lipsiae, 1872.

Toy, ‘‘ Quotations in the New Testament.’? New York, 1884.

VITEAU, * Etude sur le Gree du Nouveau Testament.” Paris, 1893-6.

Westcott, ‘“ The Gospel According to St. John.’’ London, 1894.

Westcott & Hort, ‘The New Testament in the Original Greek.’’ London
and Cambridge, 1885. (The references in this dissertation are to this text.)

Wiver, “(Δ Grammar of the Idiom of the New Testament.’’ Thayer’s
Edition, Andover, 1874.

239329

4 The Solecisms of the Apocalypse.

THE SOLECISMS OF THE APOCALYPSE.

The Greek of the Apocalypse is marked by a series of most
striking peculiarities which, as has long been recognized, are due
in large part to the influence of the Hebrew idiom. They appear
in passages imitating the style of the Hebrew Prophets’ (with
whose writings the Apocalyptist was so familiar’) or in sentences
or phrases transferred directly from the Hebrew of the Old
Testament or from its Greek translation—the LXX.* The fol-
lowing pages present the evidence of this Hebrew influence in
sufficient volume and with sufficient discussion of detail to make,
it is hoped, a complete demonstration.* The solecisms will be
considered under three heads. |

1 Ebrard, in speaking of the more glaring solecisms of the Apocalypse, says,
that ‘dieselben nicht unwillkihrlich, sondern in halbabsichtlicher Nachahmung
des Colorits der a. t. Sprache ohtstanden sind. Der Autor der Apokalypse wollte
offenbar hebraisirend schreiben ; die Sprache und der Stil der a. t. Propheten war
es, die ihm allein in ihrer pebee irs Sehlichtheit genigte, das Ungeheure wieder-
zugeben, was er geschaut hat.’’ (‘* Wissenschaftliche Kritik der evangelischen
Geschichte.’’ Dritte Aufl. Frankfurt a. M. 1868, S. 1106.)

2 Ewald, ‘‘ Die Johanneischen Schriften.’’ Bd, IT., 5. 52.

3 The LXX translation is more Hebraic than the N. T. and does not Bete.
a type of Greek established and in actual currency at the time it was made, but “ its
distinctive character is due rather to the translators’ exaggerated deference to the
Hebrew sacred text and their mechanical reproduction of 10.) (Thayer on ‘ Lan-
guage of the New Testament’’ in Hasting’s ‘ Dictionary of the Bible,” Vol. IIT,
p. 40.) It is not surprising, then, that solecisms are found in the LXX nor in the
writings of those who quoted or made use of that translation.

* There are no less than 460 O. T. passages made use of in the Apocalypse.
Westcott and Hort give a list of these in their ‘‘ N. T. Greek,’ pp. 612 ff. and
under the heading ‘‘ Quotaticns from the O. T.’’; but the Apocalypse contains no
quotations proper, although a great part of its lnoeeaes is taken from the O, Τὶ,
(Toy, “‘ Quotations in the N. T.,” p. 253, Cp. Swete, “An Introduction to the
O. T. in Greek,’’ pp, 392 and 404.)

The Solecisms of the Apocalypse. 5
I.
PECULIAR WORDS.’

1. Sov." It is often followed by a Nominative without verb.

The LXX of the Old Testament prophecies invariably
uses ἐδού (1) as a translation of the Hebrew word {JF (behold,
lo). Thus, for example, in such passages as Gen. 12:19 FF

NW, the LXX. of which is καὶ viv ἐδοὺ ἡ γυνή σου (ἐναντίον
σου). Gen. 16:6 NADY AIM wk DION, the LXX of
which is εἶπεν δὲ ᾿Αβρὰμ πρὸς Σάραν Ἰδοὺ ἡ παιδίσκη cov
(ἐναντίον σου). Gen. 18:9 bees mam LXX ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς
εἶπεν Ἰδοὺ ἐν τῇ σκηνῃι. Gen. 19:2 ΠΝ FIT WOR
LXX is καὶ εἶπεν Ἰδοὺ, κύριοι, ἐκκλίνατε πρὸς τὸν οἶκον, Ke.
Ῥρ.184:1 ΠΤ ὩΝ ADD MM LXX Ἰδοὺ δὴ εὐλογεῖτε τὸν
κύριον. (2) Ἰδοὺ is the LXX translation also of the Hebrew word
JN (behold), which is from the Chaldaic, in such passages as
Dan. 7:5, 6, 7 and 13. It is the translation (3) of the Hebrew
soe (behold), which is also from the Chaldaic, in Dan. 2:31,
for example. The LXX translation of each of these three words
(37, YN and yy) is always ἐδού.

(a) Many passages in the Apocalypse contain ἐδού direct
from the LXX as, for example: Rev. 1.7 ἐδοὺ ἔρχεται μετὰ τῶν
νεφελῶν. This follows Dan. (LXX) 7:13 καὶ ἐδοὺ ἐπὶ τῶν
νεφελῶν, Which follows the Aramaic original (Toy) and the Heb.
ΟΣ ΠῺΣ PN. Rev. 14:14 καὶ εἶδον, καὶ ἰδοὺ
(νεφέλη λευκή) καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν νεφέλην καθήμενον ὅμοιον υἱὸν ἀνθρώπου.
This follows the LXX of Dan. 7:13 καὶ ἐδοὺ ἐπὶ τῶν νεφελῶν
τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ws vids ἀνθρώπου, the Hebrew of which is

WIS WD NY WIY"DY Ms

1 These can scarcely be called solecisms in strictest sense, yet they are peculiar
especially to the Apocalypse, whose author quotes them from the LXX.

2 Ebrard, in refuting Hitzig, who regards the Gospel of Mark and the Apoca-
lypse as written by the same author, speaks of ἰδού in the Apocalypse as ‘‘ Nachah-
mung des Prophetenstiles..... wer mochte da das oftmalige ἐδού c. pte. fiir ein
unwillkubrliches, zufalliges halten”’? (‘‘ Evangelium Johannis,’’ S. 166.)

6 The Solecisms of the Apocalypse.

and the LXX of Dan. 10:16 καὶ ἐδοὺ ὡς ὁμοίωσις χειρὸς
ἀνθρώπου, the Hebrew of which is ὉΠ 2 MWD AIT
(Cp. also Rey. 21:3 2800 ἡ σκηνὴ τοῦ θεοῦ which follows Ezek.
87:57). Rev. 12:3 καὶ ἰδοὺ dpaxov..... ἔχων κεφαλὰς ἑπτὰ
καὶ κέρατα δέκα, which follows direct the Hebrew δ of Dan.
1: and ἐδοὺ of the LXX of Dan. 7: 8.

(b) Many other passages in the Apocalypse are imitations of
the LXX usage. Rev. 6:2, 5 and 8 καὶ εἶδον, καὶ ἰδοὺ ἵππος
DEVKOS Scns ἵππος πυρρός. .... καὶ ἰδοὺ ἵππος μέλας .....
καὶ ἰδοὺ ἵππος χλωρός, which are from the LXX of Zech. 1:8
καὶ ἰδοὺ ἀνὴρ ἐπιβεβηκὼς ἐπὶ ἵππον πυρρόν &c., to which pas-
sages the Apocalyptist here refers.'

2. Ilavtoxpatowp.” The influence of the LXX explains
the use of this word. It is found in the following Apocalyptic
passages. Rev. 1:8 κύριος ὁ θεὸς, (ὁ dv καὶ ὁ ἣν καὶ ἐρχόμενος),
ὁ παντοκράτωρ. Rev. 4.8 ἅγιος ἅγιος ἅγιος κύριος, ὁ θεὸς
ὁ παντκράτωρ (ὁ ἣν καὶ ὁ dv καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος). Rev. 11:17
κύριε, ὁ θεός, ὁ παντοκράτωρ (ὁ ὧν καὶ ὁ ἣν). Rey. 15:3
(Μεγάλα καὶ θαυμαστὰ τὰ ἔργα cov), κύριε, ὁ θεός, ὁ παντο-
κράτωρ. Rey. 16:7 (ναί) κύριε, ὁ θεός, ὁ παντοκράτωρ.
Rev. 16:14 (ἡμέρας τῆς μεγάλης) τοῦ θεοῦ παντοκράτωρ.
Rev. 19:6 ᾿Αλληλουιά, ὅτι ἐβασίλευσεν κύριος, ὁ θεός, ὁ παν-
τοκράτωρ. Rev. 19:15 τῆς ὀργῆς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ TavToKpa-
τορος. Rev. 21: 22 (καὶ ναὸν οὐκ εἶδον ἐν αὐτῇ) ὁ γὰρ κύριος, ὁ
θεός, ὁ παντοκράτωρ ναός αὐτῆς ἐστίν. Cp., also, 2 Cor. 6:18.

In every one of the passages just specified, the expression
ὁ κύριος, ὁ θεός, 6 παντοκράτωρ is direct from the LXX of

1 In other books of the New Testament, and especially in the Gospels, ἐδού is
found in quotations from the LXX. of the Old Testament as, Matt. 1:28 i600 ἡ
παρθένος ἐν γαστρὶ ἕξει καὶ τέξεται υἱόν, καὶ καλέσουσιν τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ᾿Εμμανουήλ. This is
the LXX from Isaiah 7:14 (Cp. Matt. 12:18; 21:5; Matt. 11:10 ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ
ἀποστέλλω τὸν ἄγγελόν μου, &c., which is the LXX for Mal. 3:1. Cp. Mk. 1:2;
Lk. 7:27; Jno. 12:15; Rom. 9:38; Heb. 2:18; Heb. 8:8; Heb. 10:7, 9:
1 Pet. 2: 6.)

2 Παντοκράτωρ is not found in John’s Gospel and only once elsewhere in the
New Testament, ἡ. 6.) 2 Cor. 6:18, where it occurs in a quotation from the LXX.

The Solecisms of the Apocalypse. 7

Amos 4:13 κύριος ὁ θεός, ὁ παντοκράτωρ (ὄνομα αὐτῷ), which, in
turn, is the translation of the Hebrew of the same passage, 7. 6.,
Amos 4:13 (1%) MNIYTHN AN

3. In the Apocalypse, we always find the word “ Jerusalem ”
written Ἰερουσαλήμ (indeclinable), but in the Gospel (and
Acts, &c., where quoted) it invariably has the form Ἱεροσόλυμα.
(Cp. Thayer’s Winer, p. 68.) But this difference is easily ac-
counted for when we note that the writing of the word in the
Apocalypse is the same as that of the LXX (from the Hebrew

ob) from which the Apocalyptist so often quotes. The
Apocalyptic passages in which the word appears and the LXX.
passages from which they are quoted follow: Rev. 21:2 καὶ τὴν
πόλιν τὴν ἁγίαν Ἱερουσαλὴμ καινὴν εἶδον. This is quoted from
Isa. 52:1 καὶ σὺ ἔνδυσαι τὴν δόξαν σου, Ἱερουσαλήμ, πόλις ἡ
ayia. Rey. 21:10 καὶ ἔδειξέν μοι τὴν πόλιν τὴν ἁγίαν "lepovca-
λήμ, &e., which follows the LXX of Isa. 52:1 καὶ σὺ ἔνδυσαι τὴν
δόξαν cov, Ἱερουσαλήμ, πόλις ἡ ἁγία. Rev. 3:12 καὶ γράψω
rare 16,» TO ὄνομα τῆς πόλεως TOD θεοῦ μου, τῆς καινῆς ἹἸερουσαλήμ'᾽
Cp. Ezek. 48:35.2. Thus we have:—Jno. 1:19 οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι ἐξ
Ἰεροσολύμων. Jno. 2:18 καὶ ἀνέβη cis Ἱεροσόλυμα ὁ
Ἰησοῦς. Jno. 2:23 ‘Os δὲ ἣν ἐν τοῖς Ἱεροσολύμοις. Jno.
4:20 καὶ ὑμεῖς λέγετε ὅτι ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις ἐστὶν ὁ τόπος. All
the other instances in John’s Gospel show the declinable
Ιεροσόλυμα. If John wrote the Apocalypse, direct and conscious
use of the LXX form is the only possible explanation of the vari-
ation of this word.

4 ‘AXAnAovLa. In Rey. 19:1. 3, 4 and 6 we have the
word ‘AAAnAovsa. This word is taken from the LXX of Pass.
BUG 1s E4620 E4721 3>- 148.383 14913. 150: 3 ‘and. 6.
‘ArXAnAOVLE is the Greek translation of the Hebrew mab b=

1 For examples of ᾿Ιερουσαλήμ in the LXX, ep. Zech. 3:2; 9:9; Josh. 10:1;
Ezek. 1:2; 2:8; 2 Chron. 12:2, 9, 18; 19:1, 4, 8; 20:18, 27, 28, 81; 21:5;
18:20; 22:1, 2; 28:2 et al.

* In view of the possible common authorship of the Apocalypse and John’s
Gospel, it may be noted that in the Gospel the word is always written in its declin-
able form ᾿Ιεροσόλυμα.

8 The Solecisms of the Apocalypse.

5. In Rev. 12: 5 we have καὶ ἔτικεν υἱόν, ἄρσεν, ὅς μέλλει
ποιμαίνειν mavra τὰ ἔθνη. Op. Isa. 66:7. Here υἱόν is mascu-
line and ἄρσεν is neuter. The word for “male” is either
ὁ ἄρσην (masc.) or τὸ ἄρσεν (neut.) (Cp. Thayer’s Greek
Lex.) In this verse, the writer uses the neuter form while in vs.
13 of the same chapter he employed the mase. (i. e., ἐδίωξεν τὴν
γυναῖκα ἥτις ἔτικεν τὸν ἄρσενα). Since he did not use the
neuter form in both sentences, we should rather expect the mas-
culine in the first instance in connection with the mase. υἱόν, of
which it is an appositive (although an appositive need only agree
in case). But as Ewald suggests, “υἱόν, ἄρσεν," (7. 6., the
masc. and the neut. together) is “bloss Nachahmung von
"DT 12 ein Sohn ein minnliches.” (‘ Die Joh. Schriften.” Bd. IL

S. 53).*
ΤΙ.
PECULIAR PHRASES.

1. In Rev. 15:5, (Cp. Acts 7:44), occurs the phrase “ τῆς
σκηνῆς Tov μαρτυρίου," or more fully, “o ναὸς τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ
μαρτυρίου ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ." This is ἃ very striking statement, but
it is simply the Greek translation of “10758 in such passages
as Ex, 40:34, the Hebrew of which is ΩΝ YM OD
ἽΝ; the LXX for this is, καὶ ἐκάλυψεν ἡ νεφέλη THY σκηνὴν
τοῦ μαρτυρίου and Rey. 15:5 quotesit. Cp., also, Lev. 24:3
(LXX) ἐν τῇ σκηνῇ τοῦ μαρτυρίου; Num. (LXX) 17:7 and 8
ἐν TH σκηνῇ τοῦ μαρτυρίου; Ex. (LXX) 27: 21 is ἐν τῇ σκηνῇ τοῦ
μαρτυρίου; Ex. 40:22; 40:24 and Num. 17: 49.

It is also the LXX translation of AMYA-wr in such
passages as Num. 1: 50 (LXX) ἐπὶ τὴν σκηνὴν τοῦ μαρτυ-
piov. Num. 1:53 (LXX) κύκλῳ τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυ-
ρίου. Num. 10:11 (LXX) ἡ νεφέλη ἀπὸ τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ

* [NotE.—Another interesting word is χαλκολίβανον (Rev. 1:15 and 2: 18). It
is a compound word coined by the author, who here follows the Hebrew of Dan.

10:6. (Cp. Toy, ‘ Quotations in the N. T., p. 254.) Notice, also, the compound
words ποταμοφόρητος (Rev. 12: 15) and μεσουρανήμα (Rev. 8:13; 14:6; 19:17)].

The Solecisms of the Apocalypse. 9

μαρτυρίου. Ex. 38:21 (LXX) ἡ σύνταξις τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ
μαρτυρίου.

It is further the LXX translation of παρ παν: ΓΝ in Num.
18: 2 (LXX) ἀπέναντι τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου. 2 Chron.
24:6 (LXX) εἰς τὴν σκηνὴν τοῦ μαρτυρίου.

2. Strings of Genitives. Strings of genitives hanging on one
noun or on one another are frequent in the Apocalypse. Rev.
19:15 τὴν ληνὸν τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ THs ὀργῆς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ παντο-
κράτερος. Rev. 14:10 καὶ αὐτὸς πιέται ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ
θεοῦ τοῦ ..... ἐν τῷ ποτηρίῳ τῆς ὀργῆς αὐτοῦ. Rev. 16:19 τὸ
ποτήριον τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς ὀργῆς αὐτοῦ. Rev. 14:8 ἣ ἐκ τοῦ
οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας. Rev. 18:3 ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ
θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς, &c. (Cp., also, Rev. 22:19 ἀπὸ τῶν
λόγων τοῦ βιβλίου τῆς προφητείας ταύτης. Cp. Rev. 21:6.)

The passages above are not only imitations of the LXX, but
are all more or less directly quoted from the LXX of Jer. 25:15
which is, τὸ ποτήριον Tod οἴνου τοῦ ἀκράτοσ τούτου. Cp. Isa. 51:17.

8: Repetition of Prepositions before a series of nouns, as in
Rey. 16:13 καὶ εἶδον ἐκ τοῦ στόματος τοῦ δράκοντος καὶ ἐκ τοῦ
στόματος τοῦ θηρίου καὶ ἐκ τοῦ στόματος τοῦ ψευδοπροφήτου. Rev.
21:13 ἀπὸ ἀνατολῆς πυλῶνες τρεῖς, καὶ ἀπὸ βορρᾶ πυλῶνες τρεῖς,
καὶ ἀ πὸ νότου πυλῶνες τρεῖς, καὶ ἀπ ὁ δυσμῶν πυλῶνες τρεῖς. Rev.
17:6 καὶ εἶδον τὴν γυναῖκα μεθύουσαν ἐκ τοῦ αἵματος τῶν ἁγίων
καὶ ἐκ τοῦ αἵματος τῶν μαρτύρων Ἰησοῦ. (Cp. Rev. 9:21.) Rev.
7:1 ἵνα μὴ πνέῃ ἄνεμος ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς μήτε ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάσσης μήτε
ἐπὶ πᾶν δέδρον. Rev. 3:5 καὶ ὁμολογήσω τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐνώπιον
τοῦ πατρός μου καὶ ἐνώπιον τῶν ἀγγέλων αὐτοῦ Rev. 7:9
ἑστῶτης ἐνώπιον τοῦ θρόνου καὶ ἐνώπιον τοῦ apviov. (Op.
4:5 and 4: 10, &.) Here is displayed not only a repetition of
prepositions, but, in the last two examples, an unusual preposition.’

1The preposition ἐνώπιον is very common in the LXX and is the Greek
translation of the Hebrew words "3 and 35°. Thus, for example, the word
ἐνώπιον in Rev. 3:9 occurs in the LXX of Isa. 66:23 7. 6., ἕξει πᾶσα σὰρξ τοῦ
προσκυνῆσαι ἐνώπιον ἐμοῦ ἐν ᾿Τερουσαλήμ, from which it is quoted, ἐνώπιον being the
LXX of °339 from the phrase MP WX 72 5 mNNwnd ὝΦ3- 2 NID of Isa. 66 : 28.
Cp. Isa. 49:23; 60:14.) (Op. ἐνώπιον ἴῃ Rev. 15:4, which is quoted from Ps.

86:9). Wherever this word occurs in the Apocalypse (and it occurs thirty-one
times) it is the LXX translation direct, or in imitation of the Hebrew word 29}.

10 The Solecisms of the Apocalypse.

This repetition of prepositions is in imitation of the LXX usage
which shows it constantly. Note, for example, Zech. 6:10 Λάβε
τὰ ἐκ τῆς αἰχμαλωσίας παρὰ τῶν ἀρχόντων Kal Tapa τῶν χρη-
σίμων αὐτῆς καὶ παρὰ τῶν ἐπεγνωκότων αὐτήν. Zech. 1:4
᾿Αποστρέψατε ἀπὸ τῶν ὁδῶν ὑμῶν τῶν πονηρῶν καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν
ἐπιτηδευμάτων ὑμῶν τῶν πονηρῶν. Zech. 8:7 τάδε λέγει κύριος
παντοκράτωρ ᾿Ιδοὺ ἐγὼ σώξω τὸν λαόν μου ἀπὸ γῆς ἀνατολῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ γῆς δυσμῶν. (Op. 188. 48 : 86.) Zech. 1: 6 καθὼς παρατέτακται
κύριος παντοκράτωρ τοῦ ποιῆσαι ἡμῶν κατὰ τὰς ὁδοὺς ἡμῶν καὶ
κατὰ τὰ ἐπιτηδεύματα ἡμῶν.

4. Repetition of Other Words. Not only are prepositions re-
peated in the Apocalypse, but other words as well. The follow-
ing examples may be given: Rev. 19:18 ἵνα φάγητε σάρκας
βασιλέων καὶ σάρκας χιλιάρχων καὶ σάρκας... ... καὶ σάρκας
ERO καὶ σάρκας. (Cp. Ezek. 39:17, 18.) Rev. 16:13 καὶ
εἶδον ἐκ τοῦ OTOMATOS ..... καὶ EK στόματος ..... καὶ ἐκ
τοῦ στόματος. Rev. 8:12 καὶ ἐπλήγη τὸ τρίτον..... τὸ
πο σον sa ais τὸ Tplrov..... TO νον το τὸ τρίτον
Pai τὸ τρίτον. (Cp. Rev. 8:9.) Rev. 18:2 «at.....Kat

ἀν REE et wiles καὶ. Rey. 14:1 ἔχουσαι τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ
καὶ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ.

This recurrence of special words is “ preéminently character-
istic of Oriental expression” (Thayer’s Winer, p. 606). In the
Apocalyptic passages just quoted, it is due to the influence of the
LXX which again reproduces the Hebrew original. Cp. Zech.
6:14 6 δὲ στέφανος ἔσται τοῖς ὑπομένουσιν καὶ τοῖς χρησίμοις αὐτῆς
καὶ τοῖς ἐπεγνωκόσιν. (Cp. Zech.6:10.) Zech. 8:12 ἡ ἄμπελος
δώσει τὸν καρπὸν αὐτῆς, καὶ ἡ γῆ δώσει τὰ γενήματα αὐτῆς, καὶ
ὁ οὐρανὸς δώσει τὴν δρόσον αὐτοῦ. Zech. 8:19 λέγει κύριος
παντοκράτωρ νηστεία ἡ τετρὰς καὶ νηστεία ἡ πέμπτη καὶ
νηστεία ἡ ἐβδόμη καὶ νηστεία ἡ δεκάτη ἔσονται τῷ οἴκῳ "lovda.

ὅ. Another anomalous phrase is found in Rev. 12 : 14 καιρὸν
καὶ καιροὺς καὶ ἥμιου καιροῦ. Liicke’ speaks of this phrase as

1 εἰ Hinleitung in die Offenbarung des Johanes,’”’ Bd. II, 85. 455. (Cp. Toy,
‘Quotations in N. T.,” p. 264.)

The Solecisms of the Apocalypse. 11

“vollig eigenthtimlich und anomalisch. Hier ist καιροὺς so viel als
zwei Zeitriume, Jahre, aber dies ist der technische apokalyptische
Sprachgebrauch aus Daniel 7:25; 12:7 genommen, wo die
LXX psy durch καιροὺς tibersetzt.”

ΠῚ.
PECULIAR GONSTRUCTIONS.

1. In Rev. 2: 14 occurs the expression ὃς ἐδίδασκεν τῷ Barak
in which the word “teach” is followed by a Dative of person in

imitation of the Hebrew » “25. (Cp. Thayer’s Lexicon on the

word διδάσκω; also Job 21:22, 7. ¢, AY WS Sxdm and
Ewald, “ gr. Hebr.,” p. 588.)

2. The Preposition ἀπὸ with the Nominative. Rev. 1:4 ἀπὸ ὁ
ὧν καὶ ὁ ἣν καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος. This solecism is striking in the
highest degree.‘ Some authors have tried to soften the expres-
sion by inserting the article τοῦ after ἀπό. But this would not
explain the anomaly here, ‘“ quod scriptor omnino praepositiones
cum nominativo jungere soleat.”” The phrase ὁ ὧν καὶ ὁ ἦν καὶ
ἐρχόμενενος ὃ is the Greek equivalent for the Hebrew name

1 Guillemard speaks of this as ‘‘ an anomalous construction clearly traceable to
absence of inflexion in Hebrew nouns which made such a violation of grammar less
startling to a Jew writing Greek.’ (‘* Hebraisms in the Greek Testament, p. 116.)

2 Ewald, ‘‘ Com. in Apoc.,’’ p. 46.

8 Ebrard regards this phrase as intentional on the part of the writer, saying of
it, “ die absichtliche Behandlung der ganzen Formel ὁ ὧν καὶ ὁ ἦν καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος als
unveranderlichen nom. propr. wo das erste 6 sowie das zweite und dritte als integ-
rirender Theil des Namens betrachtet wird, liegt hier gar zu klar am Tage’’
(‘Evangelium Johannis,’’ S. 165-166) and Harnack, in speaking of the same
phrase, says, ‘‘ the gross violations of Greek grammar are not to be explained from
ignorance.’”?* (‘'Encycl. Brit.’’ on word “ Revelation.’’)

* The proper construction of ἀπό with the Genitive occurs in the same verse (4. 6., 1: 4),

ἀπὸ τῶν ἕπτα πνευμάτων, proving that the author did not use ἀπὸ with the Nominative
through ignorance.

12 The Solecisms of the Apocalypse.

Jehovah. Liicke regards it “ als ein Begriff anzusehen, wodurch
nach Rabbinscher Deutung des Namens Jehova der ewige Gott
bezeichnet wird.’” ‘O ὧν is directly quoted from the LXX of
Ex. 3:14 καὶ εἶπεν ὁ θεὸς pos Μωυσῆν λέγων "Eye εἰμι ὁ ὦν.
Καὶ εἶπεν Οὕτως ἐρεῖς τοῖς υἱοῖς Ἰσραήλ ὁ ὧν ἀπέσταλκέν με πρὸς
ὑμᾶς, the phrase ὁ ὧν being the translation of WWN PIN
moms? Thus the Apocalyptist used the expression ὁ ὦν directly
from the LX X* and does not change the form to the Genitive
after ἀπό. Naturally the other words or parts of the phrase,
namely, ὁ ἣν καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος, are in the same construction as ὁ ὧν
“da es kein Particip des Praeteritums von εἶναι giebt, so ist
schwer einzusehen, wie der Verfasser das ὁ ἦν (der war) anders
hatte ausdriicken sollen.” *

3. The Genitive and Accusative joined by καὶ, instead of two
Genitives, after a Word of Fullness. The use of the accusative after
the idea of fullness is a Hebrew idiom. Thus, Rev. 17: 46
ἔχουσα ποτήριον χρυσοῦν ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτῆς γέμον βδελυγμά-
TOV καὶ τὰ ἀκάθαρτα τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς. (Cp. Jer. 51: 7).
τὰ ἀκάθαρτα instead οἵ τῶν ἀκαθάρτων, imitates the Hebrew. A
capital illustration of this usage is found in 2 Sam. 23: 7

min yy) Sma ΟΣ ona yp ge
Even the LXX translation of this passage has followed the
Hebrew entirely, namely, καὶ πλῆρες σιδήρου καὶ ξύλον
δόρατος. Again, the LXX of Ezek. 39:20 has the accusative
after the word “filled,” thus: καὶ ἐμπλησθήσεσθε(ἐπὶ τῆς πραπέζης
pov) ἵππον καὶ ἀναβάτην καὶ γίγαντα. The same thing is
found in Ex. 1:7 OWN vANM Noy), the LXX of which has
πλήθυνεν δὲ ἡ γῆ αὐτούς. The accusative is the usual con-
struction after a word of fullness in Hebrew. ‘“ Worter wie ΝΟ
gewohnlich mit dem Accusative..... sich verbinden.” (Ewald,
“Die Joh. Schriften,” 5. 53.) In further proof of this, ep.

1 « Hinleitung in die Offenbarung des Johannes,” 5. 462.

2 Op. Isa. 41:4 SIN IS DINAN) PUR MD IR.

3 Cp. Thayer’s Winer, p. 68.

* Licke, ‘‘ Hinleitung in die Offenbarung des Johannes,’”’ 2 Aufl., 5. 462.

The Solecisms of the Apocalypse. 13

Gesenius’ “Hebrew and Eng. Lex.” on the word dn, Ρ. 473.
Also Liicke, “ Einleitung u. s. w.” 5. 461. Rev. 17:46, then,
(the passage in question) is a mixture of Greek and Hebrew
constructions, the Genitive βδελυγμάτων after γέμον being a
Greek construction while the accusative τὰ ἀκάθαρτα is
Hebrew.

4. A Double-Gender. The word ληνός (wine-press) is given a
double gender in Rev. 14:19 and 20. Thus, καὶ ἔβαλεν eis τὴν
ληνὸν τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ τὸν μέγαν [the great wine-press] καὶ
ἐπατήθη ἡ ληνὸς ἐξωθεν τῆς πόλεως ; the feminine τὴν ληνὸν
and then the masculine τὸν μέγαν [ληνόν]. This construction
is found in Isa. 63:3, from which this verse is suggested; thus

PND ODN) CMN--. IND NDI AND
Here &)5 is feminine and OS" is masculine. Thayer re-
marks that this is-a variation in gender which can hardly be
matched in Greek though not rare in Hebrew."

5. Disagreement in Gender. Feminine nouns are frequently
followed by an adjective or participle in the masculine. Rev. 4:1
καὶ ἡ φωνὴ ἡ πρώτη ἣν NKOVoA..... λέγων; φωνὴ is followed
by the masculine participle λέγων. Rev. 9:13 and 14 καὶ
ἤκουσα φωνὴν μίαν ἐκ τῶν κεράτων.... .. λέγοντα τῷ ἕκτῶ ἀγγέλῳ ;
λέγοντα instead of λέγουσαν. Rev. 11:4 αἱ δύω ἐλαῖαι... ..
ἐνώπιον τοῦ κυρίου τῆς γῆς ἑστῶτες; ἑστῶτες instead οἵ ἑστῶσαι
follows the feminine noun ἐλαῖαι. Rev. 11:15 καὶ ἐγένοντο φωναὶ
μεγάλαι ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ, λέγοντες ; λέγοντες following φωναί. Rev.
17:3 καὶ εἶδον γυναῖκα καθημένην ἐπὶ θηρίον κόκκινον, γέμοντα
ὀνόματα βλασφημίας. Rev. 17:3 καὶ εἶδον γυναῖκα καθημένην
πος γέμοντα ὀνόματα... .. ἔχοντα κεφαλὰς ἑπτὰ καὶ κέρατα
δέκα. (Cp. Dan.7:7.) Such neglect of agreement in gender, as
above described, follows the Hebrew structure. On this Green
remarks: ‘“ Masculines are often used in Hebrew when females
are spoken of or when the nouns to which they refer are femi-
nine, from a neglect to note the gender where no stress is laid

1 Greek Eng. Lex. of N. Τ᾿.) p. 377; Op., also, Green’s ‘‘ Heb. Gram.’’,
p. 359.

14 The Solecisms of the Apocalypse.

upon it.” (“ Heb. Gram.,” p. 359.)' The Apocalyptist imi-
tates this Hebrew construction in the passages just given. His
defiance of grammar in those instances was intentional. He
knew, for example, that the feminine adjective should agree with
the feminine noun, as a number of texts show. ‘This is seen
in Rev. 6: 9 and 10, where there is a feminine noun followed by a
masculine participle and also a feminine noun followed by a
feminine adjective, namely, φωνῇ μεγάλῃ. The same expression
occurs also in Rev. 7:2; 14:7 and 18. Cp. 16:1, 8, 17;
18:2, 4, &. The disagreement in gender is clearly due to
Hebrew influence and Liicke in speaking of such constructions
says, ‘Diese Anomalien lésen sich groésstentheils durch die
Annahme einer constructio ad sensum, wie sie auch den besten
Schriftstellern nicht fremd ist.’”

6. Disagreement in Case. (1) A Nominative replaced by an
Accusative. Rev. 7:9 ἑστῶτες ἐνώπιον τοῦ θρόνου καὶ ἐνώπιον
τοῦ apviov, περιβεβλημένους στολὰς λευκάς. Again Rey.
11:3 καὶ προφητεύσουσιν (they) ἡμέρας χιλίας... .. περιβεβ-
λημένους. Rev. 10:8 καὶ ἡ φωνή..... λαλοῦσαν μετ᾽ ἐμοῦ
καὶ λέγουσαν.

(2) An Accusative replaced by a Nominative. Rev. 5.6 καὶ
eldov.....apviov.... -ἔχων κέρατα érta..... Rev. 14:

1 Neglect of gender is very frequent (a) in pronouns referring to females. Thus
Ruth 1:8 “Wy) DAYN-DyY ὉΠ» WRI TON DoDy MT Hwy’. The word Donny
(masc.) is used although the reference is to Ruth and Orpah; also DIVWy (masc.),
reference still being to Ruth and Orpah. This is illustrated again in Exodus 1: 21.
ons ond wy ondxn-ns ΠΎ ΟΣ wy > Mm, the word ΠΎ ΤΊ being feminine
and om> masculine. Cp., also, Ex. 2:17; Num. 86:6; Jud. 11:84; 19:24;
1Sam. 6:7; 2Sam 6: 22; Jud. 21: 12,

(b) Neglect of gender is most frequent in pronouns (masc.) referring to feminine
nouns, as Ex. 11:6 79D)....- WWD WR... τ 71 Mpyy mmm. Here the word
MPYS is feminine and W13 (referring to NPY¥) is masculine. Levit. 27:9
wp MM? DD 7 ὝΦΙ 3...... m073-ON). Here the word M072 is femi-
nine and 1371) is masculine.*

2 εἰ Kinleitung in die Offenbarung des Johannes,’’ 5. 463.

*Cp. for similar disagreement in gender, the Hebrew of Ex. 22:25; Lev. 6:8; 27:9;
Num. 3: 27, 33; Deut. 27:5; 1 Sam. 10:18: Isa. 34:17, &c., and for further lack of agreement

in adjectives and participles, cp. 1 Kings 22:13; Ps. 119: 187 and 2 Chron. 8:11. Cp. Green’s
‘* Heb. Gram.,’’ pp. 357-359.

The Solecisms of the Apocalypse. 15

6 and 7a καὶ εἶδον ἄλλον Gyyerov..... Néyov..... Rey.
19:14 καὶ τὰ στρατεύματα. .... ἠκολούθει αὐτῷ. ..... ἐνδε-

δυ μένοι βύσσινον λευκὸν καθαρόν. Ο., also, Rev. 13:1; 14:14;
17:3 and 20:4. This neglect of agreement in case is common
enough in Hebrew. Especially when clauses intervened, accurate
constructions were thus neglected.’

7. Anomalous Use of Apposition. The well-known rule that
an appositive agrees with its noun in case, is broken many times
by the language of the Apocalypse.

(1) Nominative in Apposition with Genitive. Rev.1:5 καὶ ἀπὸ
Ἰησοῦ χριστοῦ, 6 μάρτυς ὁ πιστός. The phrase ὁ μάρτυς 6 πιστός
is directly quoted from the LXX of Ps. 89:37. (Cp. Prov. 14:5).
Ebrard says of this, ‘“‘das scheint mir beabsichtigt, scheint mir
Manier zu sein,” and Liicke (speaking of this and similar anom-
alies) says, “sie scheinen ihren Grund..... in dem rhetorischen
charakter der Apokalypse zu haben.’

This occurs again in Rev. 3:12 τὸ ὄνομα τῆς πόλεως τοῦ
θεοῦ μου, τῆς καινῆς ᾿Ιερουσαλήμ, ἡ καταβαίνουσα ἐκ Tod ovpavod;
ἡ καταβαίνουσα, instead of a Genitive, in apposition with τῆς
καινῆς ᾿Ιερουσαλήμ. Another instance of this is found in Rev.
14:12 ὧδε ἡ ὑπομονὴ τῶν ἁγίων ἐστίν, οἱ τηροῦντες τὰς ἐντολὰς, &C.,
οἱ τηροῦντες where we should expect τῶν τηρούντων in ap-
position with τῶν ἁγίων.

(2) Nominative in Apposition with Dative. Rev. 9:14 λέγοντα
τῷ ἕκτῳ ἀγγέλῳ, ὁ ἔχων THY σάλπιγγα.

(3) Nominative in Apposition with Accusative. Rev. 2:20
ἀλλὰ ἔχω κατὰ σου ὅτι ἀφεῖς τὴν γυναῖκα ᾿Ιέζαβελ, ἡ λέγουσα
ἑαυτὴν προφῆτιν. Rev. 20:2 καὶ ἐκράτησεν τὸν δράκοντα, ὁ ὄφις
ὁ ἀρχαῖος. ;

(4) Nominative in Apposition with Vocative. Rev. 16:7 Ναέ,
κύριε, ὁ θεός, ὁ παντοκράτωρ. (Cp. Rev. 16:5). Rev. 11:7. Ev-

1Cp. Green’s ‘- Hebrew Gram..’’ p. 357. Cp., also, Ewald, ‘‘Die Joh,
Schriften,’’? Bd. II., 5. 58.

2 « Evangelium Johannis,’’ S. 165.

8 ἐς Hinleitung in die Offenbarung des Johannes,” Bd. II, 2 Aufl., 5. 459. Op.
Toy’s ‘‘ Quotation in the N, T.,’’ p. 253.

16 The Solecisms of the Apocalypse.

χαριστοῦμέν σοι, κύριε, ὁ θεός, 0 παντοκράτωρ. Rev. 15:3 κύριε, ὁ
θεός, ὁ παντοκράτωρ, as in the LXX of Zech, 3:8 ἄκουε δή, Ἰησοῦς
ὁ ἱεροὺς ὁ μέγας, σὺ καὶ, ἄς. In the above examples, we find the
Nominative in apposition with every single oblique case. In each
of these examples (except Nominative in apposition with Vocative),
the connection between the preceding substantive and the adjec-
tive clause describing it, is a loose one. This is especially true
of the first two examples under (1) and the second, under (8).
Of these constructions Ewald writes, “ Cujus dictionis causa licet
in hebraismo casus non distinguente quaerenda sit.”* In regard
to the examples under (4), we may say that the name Jehovah
appears in the Nominative as in apposition to the Vocative κύριε
perhaps because it is a direct translation of a Hebrew proper
name, the author having in mind the appositive construction of
the Hebrew, where a more extended use is made of it than in
occidental languages ;? or, again, this construction may have been
used because the Greek article has no form for the Vocative case.
This is Ewald’s view who says “denn da die Hebrier keine
Interjection fiir den Vokativ haben, so steht das Nomen in
Anredeton ganz ungedndert;”* or, further, the writer in these
two instances may have had in mind the Aramaic construction
which has no case endings.*

8. The Absolute Use of the Participle XNéyov. Rev. 11:1 καὶ

ἐδόθη μοι κάλαμος... .. λέγων, ἔγειρε καὶ μέτρησον κ. τ. rA. Rey.
19: 6 καὶ ἤκουσα ὡς φωνὴν... .. καὶ ὡς φωνὴν βροντῶν ἰσχυρῶν

λέγοντες κι τ. λ. This is LXX usage, corresponding to Ὧν ;
as the following examples show: Gen. 15:1 μετὰ δὲ τὰ ῥήματα
ταῦτα ἐγενήθη ῥῆμα κυρίου πρὸς ᾿Αβραὰμ ἐν opauatt ANéyav, Ke.
Gen. 22:20 καὶ ἀνηγγέλη τῷ ᾿Αβραὰμ λέγοντες κι τ. λ. Gen.
38:13 καὶ ἀπηγγέλη θάμαρ.. ... λέγοντες xk. τ. A Gen. 40:16

1 «¢Commentarius in Apocalypsin,”’ p. 44.

2 Cp. Green, ‘‘ Heb. Gram.,’’ p. 281.

3 «Gram. d. heb. Sprache,’’ 5, 568. Cp. Zech. 3: 8.
4 Cp. Salmon, ‘‘ Introd, to N. T.,’’ p. 240.

5 Cp. Thayer’s Winer, p. 536.

The Solecisms of the Apocalypse. 17

καὶ διεβοήθη ἡ φωνὴ εἰς τὸν οἶκον Φαραὼ λέγοντες κ. T.r. Gen.
48:2 ἀπηγγέλη δὲ τῷ Ἰακὼβ λέγοντες κ. τ. r. Josh. 10:17
καὶ ἀπηγγέλη τῷ Ἰησοῦ λέγοντες k. τ. X. Judges 16:2 καὶ
ἀνηγγέλη τοῖς Γαζαίοις λέγοντες κι τ. Χ. 1 Sam. 15:12 καὶ
ἀπηγγέλη τῷ Σαοὺλ λέγοντες κ. τ. λ.

9. In Hebrew, very often the emphasized word stands at the
beginning of a sentence without any grammatical connection
with any word in that sentence. The accustomed order is re-
stored by a demonstrative pronoun placed later in the sen-
tence. Examples of this are nunferous, as in
Gen. 47:21 JINX ayn OYA-NN
Jer. 25:31 AIA-DNI DAN? DIN Oywan.

Gen. 2:17 1300 Son Nd »ῈῪ DID NyIN yyy.

1 Sam. 25:29 yopm 9D INI AIYIP’ PIN WHINY?
The Apocalypse reproduces this peculiarity of structure: Rev.
2:26 καὶ ὁ νικῶν καὶ ὁ τηρῶν ἄχρι τέλους τὰ ἔργα pov, δώσω
αὐτῷ κ. τ.λ. Ἐν. 8:12 ὁ νικῶν ποιήσω αὐτὸν στύλον κ. τ. Δ.
Rey. 3:21 ὁ νικῶν δώσω αὐτῷ καθίσαι κ. τ. rX.Rev. 6:8 καὶ ὁ
καθήμενος ἐπάνω (αὐτοῦ) ὄνομα αὐτῷ [ὁ] θάνατος.

10. Sentences Joined by καί. Rev. 11:3 καὶ δώσω τοῖς δυσὶν
μάρτυσίν μου καὶ προφητεύσουσιν. (Op. Rev. 20:4; 9:4, 5.)
Rey. 3:9 has the same kind of a sentence, but with fva' and a
καὶ following. Thus, ἐδοὺ ποιήσω αὐτοὺς ἵν a ἥξουσιν καὶ προσκυ-
νήσουσιν ἐνώπιον τῶν ποδῶν cov. This follows the Hebrew of

Isaiah 44:14 which is OHM? “Poy We "pow Dy?

11. «ai (Hebrew }) in the Apodosis.* It is similar to the
German “so.” The following examples may be given: Rev.
10:7 ἀλλ᾽ ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τῆς φωνῆς τοῦ ἑβδόμου ἀγγέλου, ὄταν

1 A similar example of the use οὗ ἕνα is found in Rev. 18 : 12 καὶ ποιεῖ τὴν γὴν
καὶ τοὺς ἐν αὐτῇ κατοικοῦντας ἵνα προσκυνήσουσιν τὸ θηρίον τὸ πρῶτον. Also,
Rev. 13:16 καὶ ποιεῖ πάντας, τοὺς μικροὺς καὶ τοὺς μεγάλους... .. ἵνα δώσει αὐτοῖς
χάραγμαι. (Cp. Rey. 22:14.) ὃ

5 Cp. Isa. 49 : 28 and 60:14; Toy, ““ Quotations in the N. T.’’, p. 257.

3 Cp. Thayer’s ‘‘ Greek Eng. Lex.’’, p. 316° f.

* Cp. Ewald, “ Die Joh. Schriften,”’ Bd. II, 5. 53.

18 The Solecisms of the Apocalypse.

μέλλῃ σαλπίζειν, καὶ ἐτελέσθη TO μυστήριον Tod θεοῦ. Rev. 14:
9 and 10 εἴ τις προσκυνεῖ τὸ Onpiov..... καὶ αὐτὸς πιέται ἐκ τοῦ
οἴνου κ- τ. λ. Rev. 8:20 ἐάν τίς ἀκούσῃ τῆς φωνῆς μου... .. καὶ
εἰσελεύσομαι πρὸς αὐτὸν. .... This use of καὶ in the apodosis
is exactly similar to ἢ in such Hebrew passages as Gen. 3:5,
DVN OVID OOK yR 3 Ory mppn wyp
Ps. 78:34 WAT DIINO’ Judges 4:8 DID AON WINN
“DOM ὯΝ DINO’

12. The Demonstrative αὐτός Redundantly Used in Relative
Sentences. The Hebrew relative pronoun, which always stands at
the beginning of its clause, has only the one simple form—\wWwR-
which admits of no inflection to represent case. Consequently,
when this relative “is governed by a verb, noun or preposition,
this is shown by appending an appropriate pronominal suffix to

the governing word”’,’ as for example, wow Ws or YW AWS
This use in Hebrew may be seen in the following examples:

Isa. 41:8 7W% AY ay DP AME TIN. ἼΩΝ

ΠΝ OAIIN YH PNA ba. 41:9 popinn Wwe. A
splendid illustration is found in Amos 9:12 WN API "We

omy The LX X follows the Hebrew exactly here, namely, καὶ
πάντα τὰ ἔθνη ἐφ᾽ οὕς ἐπικέκληται TO ὄνομά μου ἐπ᾽ αὐτούς."
This Hebraism very often occurs* in the LXX.*

Examples of this redundant use of αὐτός in relative sen-
tences are found in the following Apocalyptic passages: Rev.
3:8 ἣν οὐδεὶς δύναται κλεῖσαι αὐτήν. Rev. 7:2 οἷς ἐδόθη αὐτοις
ἀδικῆσαι τὴν γὴν κι τ. λ. Rev. 7:9 ὃν ἀριθμῆσαι αὐτὸν οὐδεὶς

1 Green, ‘Heb. Gram.’’, p. 867; Cp. p. 106.

2 This LXX passage is directly quoted in Acts 15: 17, thus proving that the
writer of Acts employed Hebraisms when quoting from the LXX.

8 Cp. Thayer’s “Grk. Eng. Lex.’’, p. 86 (5); Bousset, ‘‘ Offenbarung Johan-
nis,’ 5. 184. Cp. Ewald, “gr. hebr.’’, ss, 647-648; Green, ‘ Hebrew Gram.’’,
p. 368.

4Cp., for example, Ex. 3:5; Eccl. 10:17; Deut. 4:7, 8, 19, 82; Deut
14:9; 19:17; Josh. 2: 10.

The Solecisms of the Apocalypse... °° = —-19

ἐδύνατο. Rey. 13:8 οὗ od γέγραπται τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ
βιβλίῳ. Rev. 13:12 οὗ ἐθεραπεύθη ἡ πληγὴ τοῦ θανάτου αὐτοῦ.
Rey. 20:8 ὧν ὁ ἀριθμὸς αὐτῶν ὡς ἡ ἄμμος τῆς θαλάσσης. Cp.
Rev. 17:9.

13. Pleonastic ἐκεῖ. Where a preceding adverb (or relative
pronoun) has “ already attracted the verb, ἐκ εἴ is added to this
verb pleonastically.””* Examples of this in Hebrew may be found

in Deut. 4:5 ΠΣ 0 MDW OND ΓΝ WR, the LXX

translation of which is eis ἣν ὑμεῖς eis πορεύεσθε ἐκεῖ κληρονο-

peiv αὐτήν. Deut. 4:14 ΖΦ» Row ὩΣ 2" ONS AWN, the
LXX of which has εἰς ἣν ὑμεῖς εἰσπορεύεσθε ἐκεῖ κληρονομεῖν
αὐτήν. Deut. 4:26 NW) ΠΩ ΩΝ O92 DAS ὧδ
and the LXX is εἰς ἣν ὑμεῖς διαβαίνετε τὸν Ἰορδάνην ἐκεῖ κληρ-
ονομῆσαι αὐτήν.

Examples of this Hebraism in the Apocalypse are: Rev.
12:6 καὶ ἡ γυνὴ ἔφυγεν εἰς τὴν ἔρημον, ὅπου ἔχει ἐκεῖ τόπον
ἡτοιμασμένον ἀπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ. Rey. 12:14 εἰς τὸν τόπον αὐτῆς, ὅπου
τρέφεται ἐκεῖ κ. τ. λ. (Cp. Rev. 17:9.)

14. The Present Tense Passes into the Future. The present
and future tenses are found codrdinately in the same clause or
sentence where, according to the usage of the language, we should
expect the future of both verbs. Rev. 1:7 ἰδοὺ ἔρχεται μετὰ
τῶν νεφελῶν, Kal ὄψεται αὐτὸν πᾶς ὀφθαλμός. Ewald remarks
“‘oratio continuata in futurum tempus abit, ut ἐδοὺ ἔρχεται καὶ

ὄψεται prorsus hebraeum AN) sn pgm.” ? Rev. 2:5 εἰ δὲ μή,
ἔρχομαι σοι, καὶ κινήσω THY λυχνίαν σου ἐκ τοῦ τόπου αὐτῆς.
Rey. 2:16 εἰ δὲ μή, ἔρχομαί σοι ταχύ, Kol πολεμήσω μετ᾽
αὐτῶν κ- T.r Rey. 2:22 ἰδοὺ βάλλω αὐτὴν εἰς κλίνην......
καὶ τὰ τέκνα αὐτῆς ἀποκτενῶ ἐν θανάτῳ. Cp. Rev. 85:9; 117:18--
14. Examples of this breach of grammar in LXX passages are:

Zech. 2:9 διότι ἐδοὺ ἐγὼ ἐπιφέρω τὴν χεῖρά μου ἐπ᾽ αὐτούς, καὶ

1 Thayer, ‘Greek Eng. Lex.’’, p. 194; Bousset, ““ Offenbarung Johannis,”’
S. 184.

2 «« Commentarius in Apocalypsin,’’ p. 39.

20 . The Solecisms of the Apocalypse.

ἔσονται σκῦλα τοῖς δουλεύουσιν αὐτοῖς. Zech. 2:10 διότι ἰδοὺ
ἐγὼ ἔρχομαι καὶ κατασκηνώσω ἐν μέσῳ σου.

15. Neuter Plural Subject with Plural Verb. In the Apoca-
lypse, neuter plural nouns are very frequently followed by plural
verbs. Rev. 4:5 ἅ εἰσιν ta ἑπτὰ πνεύματα τοῦ θεοῦ. Rev. 4:8
καὶ Ta τεσσεραζῴα..... γέμουσιν ὀφθαλμῶν. Rev. 4:9
καὶ ὅταν δώσουσιν Ta ἕῷα κ. τ. λ. Ἔν. 5:14 καὶ τὰ τέσσερα
Coa ἔλεγον ᾿Αμήν. Rev. 9:20 ἅ οὔτε βλέπειν δύνανται κ. τ. Δ.
Rev. 11:13 καὶ ἀπεκτάνθησαν ..... ὀνόματα kK. τ. λ. Rey.
18:28 ἐπλανήθησαν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη. Rev. 16:20 καὶ ὄρη
οὐχ εὑρέθησαν. Rev. 20:12 καὶ βιβλία ἠνοίχθησαν
(quoted from Dan. 7:10 (Hebrew)). Cp. Rev. 8:2, 4; 11:2;
16:14; 17:12; 17:15; 21:4, ἄς. The neuter pleural with
plural verb is also LX X usage, as may be seen in Zech. 2:11 καὶ
καταφεύξονται ἔθνη πολλὰ ἐπὶ τὸν κύριον ἐν TH ἡμέρᾳ
ἐκείνῃ. Zech. 10:} καὶ τὰ τέκνα αὐτῶν ὄψονται καὶ εὐφραν-
θήσονται. Hzek. 89:7 καὶ γνώσονται τὰ ἔθνη ὅτι ἐγώ
εἶμι κύριος. Nahum 8:10 καὶ τὰ νήπια αὐτῆς ἐδαφιοῦσεν.
Op., also, LXX passages quoted by Justin Martyr in “Πρὸς
Τρύφωνα Ἰουδαίον Arddoyos.” (Otto’s Edition, Vol. I,
pp. 408, 426, 434, 444, 480, &c.) But what is of special interest
here, is the fact that this anomaly often occurs in passages quoted
directly from the LXX. This is true of the following: Rey.
15:4 ὅτι πάντα τὰ ἔθνη ἕξουσιν καὶ προσκυνήσουσιν ἐνώπιόν
σου. καὶ τὰ δικαιώματά σου ἐφανερώθησ αν---ἃ direct quo-
tation from the LXX of Ps. 86:9 τάντα τὰ ἔθνη (ὅσα ἐποίησας)
ἥξουσιν καὶ προσκυνήσουσιν ἐνώπιόν cov. (Cp. Isa. 66:23.)
Rev. 18:3 πέπτωκαν (or πέπωκαν) πάντα τὰ ἔθνη. This is
LXX of Jer. 51:7 (28:7) ἀπὸ τοῦ οἴνου αὐτῆς ἐπίοσαν ἔθνη
διὰ τοῦτο ἐσαλεύθησαν. Rev. 21:24 καὶ περιπατήσουσιν τὰ
ἔθνη διὰ τοῦ φωτὸς αὐτῆς. This is from the LXX of Isa. 00:8
καὶ πορεύσονται βασιλεῖς τῷ φωτί cov, καὶ ἔθνη TH Nap-
πρότητί cov. Rev.11:18 καὶ τὰ ἔθνη ὠργίσθησαν. The

1 The neuter plural is often found, however, with singular verbs, as in Rey.
Rev. 2:27; 8:8; 18:14; 14:18; 16:14; 18:14; 19:14; 20: 8, 5, 7,12; 21:12.

The Solecisms of the Apocalypse. 21

LXX of Ps. 46 (45):6 is ἐταράχθησαν ἔθνη, ἔκλιναν
βασιλεῖαι. Cp. Ps. (LXX) 2:1, ἢ 4.,ὄ τ ἐφρύαξαν ἔθνη. Rev.
19:21 καὶ πάντα ὄρνεα ἐχορτάθησαν ἐξ τῶν σαρκῶν αὐτῶν. This is
from the ΤΙ ΧΧ of Ezek. 39:17-21, 7. 6., εἶπον παντὶ ὀρνέῳ πετεινῷ
καὶ πρὸς πάντα τὰ θηριά τοῦ πεδίου ἄχθητε καὶ ἔρχεσθε... ....
φάγεσθε... .. πίεσθε... ... ἐμπλησθήσεσθε ..... Such pas-
sages show conclusively the influence of the LX X upon the writer.

This completes our examination of the Solecisms of the Apoca-
lypse,' which, as we have shown, are clearly due to the influence
which the prophetic writings of the Old Testament, either in their
Hebrew form or in that of their translation into Greek—the
Septuagint—exerted upon the Author.

1See Corollaries on next page.

22 The Solecisms of the Apocalypse.

COROLLARIES.

We present the following corollaries which grow out of the
preceding discussions:

1. Since the solecisms of the Apocalypse are to be accounted
for in the manner just described, they form no argument in favor
of the “ Karly Date”? for the composition of the Apocalypse as
maintained by Westcott,? Lightfoot * and Salmon.*

2. The Solecisms of the Apocalypse do not invalidate the
testimony of Irenaeus® as to the composition ® of the Apocalypse.

3. Those writers? who hold that John’s Gospel and the
Apocalypse were written by the same author, need not infer that
an interval of from twenty to thirty years intervened between the two ~
compositions.

4. Viewing the evidence as a whole, the impression is strong
that the author of the Apocalypse onde use of the LXX and
Hebrew idiom in a conscious effort to reproduce the manner and
spirit of the ancient Prophets; it was not through ignorance of
correct Greek usage.

Notre.—The difference between the language of John’s Gospel
and the Apocalypse, due mainly to the solecisms of the latter, has

1 About the year 68 A. Ὁ.

2 “The Gospel According to St, John,’’ p, 1xxxvi of the Introduction.

3 «St. Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians,’’ Sixth Edition, p. 363,

4 (‘A Historical Introduction to the Study of the Books of the New Testament,”
Edition 1889, pp. 241-242.

5 Op. his treatise entitled “’EXéyxov καὶ ἀνατρόπης τῆς ψευδωνύμου γνώσεως," (the
more familiar title of which is, ‘* Contra Haereses’’), where he says, ‘‘ Ei γὰρ ἔδει
ἀναφανδὸν TE νῦν καιρῷ κηρύττεσθαι Torvoua αὐτοῦ, BC ἐκείνου ἂν ἐῤῥέθη τοῦ καὶ τὴν ᾿Απο-
κάλυψιν ἑωρακότος. Ovde γὰρ πρὸ πολλοῦ χρόνου ἑωράθη, ἀλλὰ σχεδὸν ἐπὶ τῆς ἡμετέρας
γενεᾶς, πρὸς τῷ τέλει τῆς Δομιτιανοῦ ἀρχῆς." Lib. V. 80, 8.

6 The Irenaean date (about 96 A. D ) is usually spoken of as the ‘ Late Date”
for the composition of the Apocalypse.

7 Referred to in corollary 1.

The Solecisms of the Apocalypse. 23

led to very different opinions as to the Authorship! of the two
writings. Thus besides Dionysius’ of the third century A. D.,
the following writers, Schleiermacher, Credner, De Wette,
Neander (David Mendel), Liicke, Bleek, Ewald and Diisterdieck,
hold that the Apostle John wrote the Gospel, but not the Apoc-
alypse; other writers, such as Kostlin, Zeller, Schwegler, Baur,
Davidson and Hilgenfeld, maintain that the Apostle wrote the
Apocalypse but not the Gospel.*

1 The Authorship of the Apocalypse is discussed at length by Bousset in ‘ Die
Offenbarung Johannis,’’ SS. 33-51 and by Milligan in his ‘‘ Discussions on the
Apoealypse,”’ pp. 148-179.

2 Eusebius, ‘* Eccl. Hist.’’, Lib, VII. 25.

8 Still other writers, for a different reason, or reasons, such as Keim, Volkmar,
Scholten, Lipsius, Harnack, Pfleiderer, Weizsacker and Bousset, regard the Apostle
John as the author of neither the Gospel nor the Apocalypse. *

* Cp., for example, Bousset, in ‘‘ Die Offenbarung Johannis,”’ 8S, 33-51.

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