Solutions in ten lessons; a manual for use in training schools for nurses

SOLUTIONS

IN TEN LESSONS
A TEXT BOOK FOR NURSEI

ELSIE M. SMITH

SECOND EDITION

1/5

Moshy Co, Py3)Jishers
St. Le«is

GIFT OF
Mary M, Pickering

BIOLOGY
LIBRARY

SOLUTIONS

SOLUTIONS

IN TEN LESSONS

A MANUAL FOR USE IN TRAINING
SCHOOLS FOR NURSES

BY
ELSIE M. SMITH, E.N.

>/

Superintendent of Nurses, Fresno County Hospital, Fresno,

Calif. Graduate of Milwaukee County Hospital, Wau-

watosa, Wise., 1907. Formerly Superintendent of

Centerville Hospital, Centerville, Iowa ; Super-

intendent of Nurses, Park Ave. Hospital,

Denver, Colo. ; Instructor, Provident

Hospital, Chicago; Children's Hos-

pital, San Francisco; Queen's

Hospital, Honolulu, Ha-

waii; Burnett Sani-

tarium, Fresno,

Calif.

SECOND REVISED EDITION

ST. LOUIS

C. V. MOSBY COMPANY
1922

UBRAEY
D

BIOLOGY
LIBRARY

COPYRIGHT, 1919, 1922, BY C. V. MOSBY COMPANY

(Printed in U. S. A.)

Press of

C. V. Mosby Company
St. Louis

DEDICATED

TO MY PUPILS

WHEREVER THEY MAY BE

816072

PREFACE

This little volume is the result of
many years of study, on the part of one
who found it her duty to teach the sub-
ject of solutions in training schools for
nurses without a text book to guide her.

The first outline was arranged with
bits of suggestion from various sources;
new rules have been formulated, and
old rules revised and simplified, until
every possible phase of solutions for ex-
ternal or internal use has been antici-
pated.

The author is an advocate of the Met-
ric System because of its accuracy and
simplicity, and firmly expects to see it
in general use before many years.

The author hereby acknowledges as-
sistance from Dr. Blaumgarten, Amanda
Beck, and Julia Stimson, all of whom
have helped to straighten out tangled

10 PREFACE

ideas on the subject of making solutions.
It is the sincere wish of the author
that this little volume may reach all
those who feel its need.

E. M. S.

PEEFACE TO SECOND EDITION

That this little text book has taken well
enough to make a second edition necessary
in so short a time, proves that it was much
needed, and the author appreciates the re-
ception it has received.

The subject matter is not altered in this
edition, except in the order of presentation
in chapters III, IV, and V; the object being
to precede the various propositions by ex-
planations pertaining thereto.

The author wishes to dedicate this edition
to her fellow instructors, and would gladly
assist by further teaching hints if such be
possible.

E. M. S.

CONTENTS

PAGE

LESSON I.— HYPODERMIC MEDICATION .... 13

To Give a Part of a Tablet 13

When the Drug Is in Solution 16

LESSON II. — THE Two SYSTEMS: APPROXIMATE

EQUIVALENTS: SATURATION ...... 18

The Common System 18

Apothecaries' Tables 18

The Metric System 19

Approximate Equivalents 22

Saturation 23

LESSON III 25

To Point off in Multiplication of Decimals . 25

What are the "Pure Drugs V 25

To make Percentage Solutions from a "Pure

Drug" 25

LESSON IV 29

To Point off in Division of Decimals ... 29

To Find the Eatio 29

Key to Dilutions 30

What is a Stock Solution? 30

To Make Percentage Solutions from a Stock
Solution, When the Ratio is a Whole Num-
ber 31

LESSON V 33

To Make Percentage Solutions from a Stock

Solution When the Ratio Is Fractional . . 34

11

12 CONTENTS

PAGE

LESSON VI 38

To Calculate Percentage of a Solution When

Made from a Pure Drug 38

When Made from Stock Solution 39

What Does Per Cent Mean? 39

What Does Proportion Mean? 40

LESSON VII 42

To Make Dilutions from a Stock Solution

When Expressed in Proportion 42

LESSON VIII 45

Percentage Solution to Give Grains .... 45

LESSON IX 49

To Give a Fraction of a Drop 49

LESSON X. — MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS ... 51

SOLUTIONS

LESSON I

HYPODEKMIC MEDICATION

(Fractional Dosage)

Proposition 1. — To Give a Part of a
Tablet

Rule. — Put what you have over what
you ivant to give.

Seduce to lower terms if necessary.

The fraction thus obtained, tells what
part of your original tablet you are to
give.

Do not use less than eight (8) drops
of water in which to dissolve the tablet.

Dissolve in number of drops indi-
cated by the denominator.

Give number of drops indicated by
the numerator.

13

14 SOLUTIONS

Example 1. — Given tablets Morphine
gr. %, to give gr. %.

8 (what you have)

9 (what you want to give)

Dissolve in 9 drops of water, and give 8
drops. You are thus giving % of the
whole tablet.

Example 2. — Given Strychnine gr.
Mo, to give gr. %0.

30 (what you have)

40 (what you want to give)

8%o equals %. Since it is not reasonable
to dissolve a tablet in only 4 drops of
water, we multiply each term of the frac-
tion by the same number, which does
not alter the value of the fraction.
Thus:

Dissolve in 12 drops and give 9.

SOLUTIONS 15

Example 3.— Given Atropine gr. %oo,
to give gr. %5o-

200 (what you have)

150 (what you want to give)

20%5o equals 2%s equals 1-% which tells
us that it will take more than one tablet.

Hence, %oo equals Koo then
100/i5o equals 10/i5

Dissolve 2 tablets in 15 drops of
water and give 10 drops.

4. — Given Strychnine gr. %o, to give

gr. y75.

5. — Given Pilocarpine gr. %, to give
gr. Vs.

6. — Given Morphine gr. %, to give gr.

%*

7. — Given Nitroglycerine gr. %5, to
give gr. %oo.

8. — Given Atropine gr. K5o, to give
gr. Koo.

9. — Given Digitalin gr. Koo, to give
gr. %o.

16 SOLUTIONS

10. — Given Strychnine gr. %2, to give
gr. Ho-

11. — Given Heroin gr. %4, to give gr.
Vic.

Proposition 2. — When the Drug is in a
Solution

Rule. — Form a fraction as before, and
reduce to convenient terms.

Example 1. — Given a solution of
Strychnine in which 10 drops equals gr.
Ho, to give gr. %0.

3%o equals % which tells us that we
are to use % of 10 drops.

Since 10 is not evenly divisible by 4,
we take ten drops and add to ft 2 drops
of water, thus giving us,

12 drops equal gr. Ho then
% of 12 equal 3 and
% of 12 equal 9 drops, therefore
9 drops contain gr. %o.

Example 2.— If gtt. x equal gr. Ho,
how would you prepare to give gr.

SOLUTIONS 17

Example 3. — Given solution in which
gtt. x equal gr. %, to give gr. %.

% of 10 equal 4 drops.

LESSON II

THE TWO SYSTEMS: APPBOX-

IMATE EQUIVALENTS:

SATUEATION

The Common System

By the Common System we mean the
system of weights and measures in com-
mon use in the United States. For the
purpose of solutions we use the tables
used by druggists.

APOTHECARIES' TABLE OF WEIGHTS
20 grains (gr.) make one scruple (®).

3 scruples make one dram (3).

8 drams make one ounce (§).
12 ounces make one pound (lb.).

APOTHECARIES' TABLE OF MEASURE OR

CAPACITY

60 drops (gtt.) make one fluidram (f3).
8 fluidrams make one fluidounce

18

SOLUTIONS 19

16 fluidounces make one pint (0).
32 fluidounces make one quart (Oij).
4 quarts make one gallon (C).
From the tables it can readily be
seen that in the common system the
unit of weight is 1 grain; and the unit
of measure is 1 drop. In calculating
new solutions or making dilutions, the
chemical and solution must always be
expressed in "similar terms" — similar
in system as well as measure. Drams
and ounces in weight can be used with
drams and ounces in measure, but diffi-
culties are apt to arise, and the author
does not advise it.

Unit of Weight — 1 Grain.
Unit of Measure — 1 Drop.

The Metric System

The Metric System is a decimal sys-
tem throughout, and very much simpler
than the Common. It can readily be
transposed if desired, after the required
quantity has been computed. All lab-

20 SOLUTIONS

oratories and scientific institutions in
the United States are now using the
Metric System because of its accuracy
and simplicity.

Unit of Length — 1 meter (m.), 39.37
inches.

Unit of Weight — 1 gram (gm.), 15.4
grains.

Unit of Measure — 1 cubic centimeter,
(c.c.), 15.4 drops.

In the Common System the terms are
written first and followed by quantity
in Eoman numerals, e.g., gtt. xv.

In the Metric System the terms are
preceded by the quantity written in
Arabic numerals, e.g., 5 gm.

One Cubic Centimeter of distilled
water at 4 degrees centigrade weighs
one gram, — hence we can say, that in
substances having approximately the
same density as water, one centimeter
and one gram are the same. In solid or
viscid substances, it is not true, because
of their greater density.

SOLUTIONS 21

TO BEAD—
1000 gm., (Weight of 1000 c.c. of

water) one kilogram.
1 gm., One gram.
.1 gm., (One-tenth of a gram)

one decigram.
.01 gm., (One one-hundredth of a

gram) one centigram.
.001 gm., (One one-thousandth of

a gram) one milligram.
1000 c.c., (Measure of 1000 gm. of

water) one liter.
1 c.c., (One one-thousandth of a

liter) one milliliter.
.1 c.c., (One-tenth of a cubic cen-
timeter) .

In actual practice, we seldom use
terms other than the cubic centimeter
to designate measure.

The minim belongs to the Metric Sys-
tem, and is the approximate equivalent
of one drop.

22

Approximate Equivalents in the two
Systems :

Common Metric

1 drop (gtt.i) equals 1 minim.

15 drops (gtt.xv)
1 fluidram (fSi)
1 fluidounce (f^i
1 pint (Oi)
1 quart (Oii)
1 grain (gr.i)

1 c.c.

4 c.e.

30 c.c.

500 c.c.

1000 c.c.

.065 gm.

( Sixty-five milligrams )
15 grains (gr.xv) equals 1 gm.
1 dram weight " 4 gm.

1 ounce weight " 30 gm.

(NOTE: If one cubic centimeter of
water weighs one gram, is there any rea-
son why 30 c.c. of water should not
weigh 30 grams? Or 500 c.c. weigh 500
grams?)

Give oral practice in transposing from
one System to the other.

Oral

Give metric equivalents —
15 drops 15 grains

4 fluidrams 1 grain

1 fluidounce 1 dram wgt.

30 drops 1 pound

SOLUTION'S 23

3 fluidounces ^ grain

15 drops 30 grains

16 ounces 60 grains
6 fluidrams 45 drops

8 fluidounces 6 ounces wgt.

45 grains

Eeduce to "simpler terms:"

1. 3 pints to drams.

2. 4 quarts to cubic centimeters.

3. 2 ounces to drops.

4. 3 drams weight to grains.

5. 20 fluid ounces to cubic centime-
ters.

6. 3 cubic centimeters to drops.

7. iy2 pints to drams.

8. 2 quarts to ounces; to drams; to cu-
bic centimeters.

9. 30 grams to grains; to drams
(weight).

10. 8 fluidounces to cubic centimeters.

Saturation

A solution is said to be saturated,
when no more of the substance in ques-

24 SOLUTIONS

tion can be dissolved, and remain in so-
lution when cold.

SATURATED STRENGTHS

Boric Solution .04

Carbolic Solution .07

Tr. Iodine .07

Spirits of Camphor .10

Camphor Water .008

Salt (Stock Sol.) .20

Formalin .40

Bichloride of Mercury 1-16 (.0625)

Potassium Permanganate 1-16 (.0625)

Potassium Iodide (K. I.) 100%

Normal Salt Solution is .0085 per cent,
and hence requires 8.5 grams of salt to
each 1000 c.c. of solution.

(Give oral practice in transposing
from one system to the other; also in re-
ducing large terms of the common sys-
tem to simpler terms.)

LESSON III

To Point Off in Multiplication of

Decimals

Rule. — Point off as many places in the
product as there are decimal places in
both terms of the problem.

What Are the "Pure Drugs"?

Anything in a powder or crystal (un-
adulterated), hence 100%. Lysol, Car-
bolic, Cresol or Creolin, and Alcohol are
considered as 100%.

Proposition 3. — To Make Percentage So-
lutions From a Pure Drug

Rule — Multiply the quantity required
by the percentage desired, and the prod-
uct will be the amount of "pure drug"
to be taken.

The "quantity required" should al-
ways be expressed in simple terms.

25

26 SOLUTIONS

One quart may be expressed as 1000
c.c. or it may be reduced to ounces,
drams, or drops. Whatever terms the
quantity is expressed in, so the answer
will be, and it is more comprehensible
to say 12 drams than to say 1.5 ounces.

Example 1.— Make 1 qt. of 5% Car-
bolic solution.

1 qt. equals 32 oz. equals 256 drams.
256 drams
.05

12.80 drams of pure carbolic plus wa-
ter enough to make 1 quart, makes 1
quart of 5% solution.

Or, 1000 c.c.
.05

50.00 c.c. of pure carbolic, plus
water enough to make 1 quart, makes 1
quart of 5% solution.

Example 2.— Make 20 oz. of 2% Lysol
solution.

20 oz. equals 160 drams
.02

3.20 drams of ly-

27

sol, plus water enough to make 20
ounces, makes 20 ounces of 2% solution.
Or, 20 oz. equals 600 c.c.

600 c.c.

.02

12.00 c.c. of pure lysol, plus water
enough to make 600 c.c., makes 600 c.c.
of 2% solution.

Example 3. — Make 2% quarts of % of
\% Silver Nitrate solution.

2l/2 qt. equals 80 oz. equals 640 drams.
640 drams
.005

3.200 drams, weight, equal 192 grains.
Or,

2500 c.c.
.005

12.500 grams by weight of Silver Ni-
trate in 2l/2 quarts of water, will make
2y2 quarts of .005 solution.

Why grams? Because one gram is
the unit of weight in the metric system,

28 SOLUTIONS

and when considering a solid substance
it must be weighed.

(Compare 192 grains and 12.5 grams).

4. — Normal Salt Solution being .0085
(%), how much salt will it take to make
5 quarts?

(Work in metric and reduce to
grains.)

5. — How much Milk Sugar will it take
to make 12 ounces of 2% solution?

6. — How many drams of Potassium
Permanganate will it take to make 3
pints of a Saturated Solution?

7. — How much Oxalic Acid will it
take to make 2 quarts of a 2% solution?
(Express in gm., gr., and drams.)

8.— Tell how to make 500 c.c. of 2V2%
Creolin.

9. — Make 8 ounces of Saturated Boric.

10. — Tell how to make 3 ounces of Tr.
Iodine.

(What is a tincture?)

LESSON IV

To Point Off in Division of Decimals

Rule. — 1st. There must be as many

decimal places in the dividend as there

are in the divisor. If necessary, supply

the required number by adding cyphers.

2nd. Point off as many places in the
quotient as those in the dividend exceed
those in the divisor.

To Find the Ratio

Rule. — Divide the larger number by
the smaller.

If the strength of the solutions in
question is expressed in proportion, use
only the second numbers, e.g., — Find the
ratio between 1-20 and 1-500.

20)500

25 equals the ratio, i.e., 1-2Q is 25
times as strong as 1-500.

30 SOLUTIONS

If the strength of the solution in ques-
tion is expressed in percentage, the
process is the same, careful attention be-
ing given to the rule for pointing off in
division of decimals, e.g., Find the ratio
between .05 and .005.

.005). 05 0

10. equals the ratio, i.e., .05 is
10 times as strong as .005.

Key to Dilutions

Rule. — Multiplying the quantity, di-
vides the strength in the same ratio.
E.g., Take 1 oz. of 4% Boric Solution,
and add to it 1 oz. of water. You will
then have 2 oz. of 2% solution. The
quantity has been multiplied by two, and
the strength has been divided by two.

What is a Stock Solution?

Any preparation in high percentage
or saturate strength, kept on hand for
convenience ; or any strength above that
desired for use, such as 5% Carbolic,

SOLUTIONS 31

1-500 Bichloride of Mercury, 40% Argy-
rol, 25% Silver Nitrate, 1-1000 Adren-
alin.

Proposition 4. — To Make Percentage

Solutions From a Stock Solution,
When the Ratio Is a Whole
Number

Rule. — When the ratio is a whole num-
ber, divide the quantity required by the
ratio. The quotient is the number of
measures of Stock Solution to be taken.

NOTE : If a very small quantity is re-
quired, reduce to drops before dividing.

Example 1. — From 25% Argyrol make
1 oz. of 5%.

Common System —

25 divided by 5 equals 5 (ratio).
1 oz. equals 8 drams.
8 drams equals 480 drops.
480 divided by 5 (ratio) equals 96 gtt.
Take 96 drops of 25% and add to it
sterile water enough to make 1 ounce.

32 SOLUTIONS

Or

Metric System — 30 c.c. divided by 5
(ratio) equals 6 c.c. Take 6 c.c. of 25%,
and add to it sterile water enough to
make 30 c.c., or one ounce.

(Compare 96 drops and 6 c.c.)

Example 2.— Given 20% Silver Ni-
trate solution to make 4 drams of. 2%.

Common System —

20 divided by 2 equals 10 (ratio).
4 drams equal 240 gtt.

240 divided by 10 (ratio) equals 24
gtt.

Take 24 gtt. of 20% solution and add
to it water enough to make 4 drams.

Metric System —
4 drams equal 16 c.c.

16 c.c. divided by 10 (ratio) equal 1.6
c.c.

Take 1.6 c.c. (which is 24 drops) of
20% solution and add to it water enough
to make 16 c.c.

SOLUTIONS 33

Example 3.— Prepare 1 quart of .005
Formalin solution for preserving a speci-
men.

(Formalin is 40%.)
40 divided by % is 80 (ratio).
1 quart equals 1000 c.c.

1000 divided by 80 equals 12.5 c.c.

Take 12.5 c.c. of Formalin and add to
it water enough to make 1000 c.c., or one
quart.

4. — Given 5% Carbolic solution, make
2 qt. of .005.

5. — From 10% Silver Nitrate solution
make enough 1% for a baby's eyes.

6. — Having 15% Argyrol, make 2
drams of 5%.

7.— Given Lysol 5%, make 2 qt. of .025.

8. — From Tr. Iodine, make 2 oz. of
.035.

LESSON V

Proposition 5.— To Make Percentage So-
lutions From a Stock Solution When
the Ratio is Fractional

Rule. — Divide the quantity required
by the strength you have, then multiply
the quotient by the strength desired.
The result represents the number of
measures of stock solution to be taken.

Example 1. — Given 10 % Glucose so-
lution to make 2 oz. of 4%.

2 oz. equals 60 c.c. (the quantity re-
quired).

60 c.c. divided by 10 (the strength de-
sired).

.10)60.00(600 then 600 x. 04 equals
24.00 c.c.

Take 24 c.c. of 10% Glucose, plus wa-
ter or salt solution, enough to make 60
c.c.

NOTE. — The Stock Solutions are only
a fractional part as strong as the "pure

34

SOLUTIONS 35

drug," hence the necessity of multiply-
ing by the strength desired. In this
case it is %oo as strong, consequently
take %oo times as much.

Example 2.— From Tr. Iodine make 5
ounces of 3%.

5 oz. equals 40 drams
40 divided by .07

.07)40.00(571. then 571 multiplied by

35 .03 equals 17.13 drams.

50 Take 17 drams of Tr.

49 Iodine, plus alcohol

~^[Q" enough to make 40

7 drams.

T

Or,

5 oz. equals 150 c.c.

150 divided by 7% equals

.07)150.00(2143. then 2143 multiplied

14 by .03 equals 64.29

10 c.c. Take 64 c.c. of

7 Tr. Iodine, plus alco-

— gQ hoi enough to make

28 150 c.c.

36 SOLUTIONS

Example 3.— From 95% Alcohol,
make 1 pint of 70%.

500 c.c. divided by 95% equals
.95)500.00(526.
475
250
190
600
570

then 526 multiplied by 70% equals
526

.70

368.60 c.c.

Take 368 c.c. of Alcohol and add water
enough to make 500 c.c.

4. — From 15% Argyrol, make 2 drams
of 2%.

5. — Given 30% Silver Nitrate solution,
make 3 oz. of £%.

6. — From Formalin, make 100 c.c. of
25%.

7. — Having Carbolic solution 5%, pre-
pare 2 qt. of 2%.

SOLUTIONS 37

8. — From Cocain solution 10%, make
1 dram of 4%.

9. — Given Argyrol 25%, make 1 oz. of
10%.

10. — Having Silver Nitrate solution,
40%, make 8 oz. of

LESSON VI

Proposition 6— To Calculate Percentage
of a Solution

(a) When made from a "pure drug."

(b) When made from a stock solu-
tion.

(a) When made from a "pure drug."
— Divide ike amount of chemical taken,
by the amount of solution made. The
quotient is the percentage.

Example 1.— 10% drams of pure Lysol
in 2 qt. of water, make what percent-
age?

2 qt. equal 64 oz. equal 512 drams.

512)10.50(.02
1024

Ten and one-half drams of Lysol in 2
quarts of solution makes approximately
2%.

38

SOLUTIONS 39

(6) When made from a stock solu-
tion.— Proceed as in (a), then multiply
the quotient by the percentage of the
stock solution.

Example 2.— If 10% drains of .05 Car-
bolic solution be added to water enough
to make 2 qts., what percentage would it
be?

Dividing as before, we would get 2%.

Then .02
.05

.001 the strength of the new so-
lution, because what we started with
was only %0o as strong as a "pure
drug."
What Does Per Cent Mean?

Per cent always refers to 100. Just
as .06 (6 per cent) interest on money
means that some one pays 6 cents on
each dollar, or one hundred cents, so
does 6% solution mean that in each 100
drops of solution, there are 6 drops of a
liquid chemical.

40 SOLUTIONS

If the chemical happens to be a pow-
der or crystal, which has to be weighed
rather than measured, then it is 6 grains
of chemical in each 100 drops of solu-
tion.

Since the drop is the unit of measure
and the grain the unit of weight, they
are complementary terms in the Com-
mon System.

In speaking of percentage in terms of
the Metric System, we use the unit of
measure, which is the c.c., and the unit
of weight, which is the gram, and then
say — 6% means 6 c.c. of liquid chemical
in each 100 c.c. of solution, or 6 grams of
dry chemical (powder or crystal) in
each 100 c.c. of solution.

What Does Proportion Mean?

Our percentages could all be written
as proportion, and still mean the same
thing: e.g., since 5% means, in terms of
the Common System, 5 drops of a liquid
chemical in 100 drops of solution, we

SOLUTIONS 41

can write it 5-100. As any proportion,
it may be reduced to simpler form with-
out changing the value.

Thus, 5)5-100
1-20

Applying our rule as given in Propo-
sition 6, we can divide 1 by 20 and get
again our 5%.

In terms of the Metric System 5-100
means 5 grams of a dry substance, or 5
c.c. of a liquid substance in each 100 c.c.
of solution.

Oral Problems. —

1. Give meaning of the following pro-
portions first in terms of the Common
System, then in terms of the Metric Sys-
tem, using both liquid and dry chemical.

1-100: 1-1000: 1-16: 1-40: 1-4000:
1-200: 1-500: 1-2500: 1-10,000: 1-5.

2. Simplify the following proposi-
tions :

20-500: 40-1200: 6-1800: 25-400.

3. Transfer the above proportions
into percentage.

LESSON VII

Proposition 7. — To Make Dilutions from

a Stock Solution When Expressed

in Proportion

Rule. — Divide the amount required by
the ratio. The quotient will be the
amount of stock solution to be taken.

Example 1.— Given 1-32 Bichloride
solution to make 2 quarts of 1-8000.
Find the ratio thus:

32)8000(250
64
160
160

Then, 250)2000 c.c.(8 c.c.
2000

Take 8 c.c. of 1-32 solution and add
to it water enough to make 2000 c.c.

42

SOLUTIONS 43

Example 2.— Given 1-8 Silver Nitrate
solution to make 3 pints of 1-4000.

Find the ratio thus :
8)4000(500
40

00

Then 500)1500 c.c.(3 c.c.
1500

Take 3 c.c. of 1-8 solution and add to
it water enough to make 1500 c.c.

3. — Given 1-16 Potassium Permanga-
nate solution to make 500 c.c. of 1-8000.

4. — From Bichloride solution 1-500
make 3 qt. of 1-6000.

5. — From a 4% Silver Nitrate solu-
tion prepare 1 qt. of 1-1000.

6. — From Adrenalin 1-1000 make 1
c.c. of 1-3000.

7. — From Formalin prepare 2 qt. of
1-1000.

8. — From Silver Nitrate solution
make 1% qt. of 1-300.

44 SOLUTIONS

9. — From a 1-20 solution of Carbolic,
make 2500 c.c. of .005 (% of 1%).

10.— From Bichloride 1-500 make 8
oz. of 1-3000.

LESSON VIII

Proposition 8 — Percentage Solutions to
Give Grains

NOTE:

\% means 1 grain in 100 drops, 1-100.

5% means 5 grains in 100 drops, 5-100.

20% means 20 grains in 100 drops,
20-100.

50% means 50 grains in 100 drops,
50-100.

Since both terms of a proportion can
be either multiplied or divided by the
same number, and the value of the frac-
tion is not changed —

We can simplify the above propor-
tions thus:

5-100 equals 1-20
20-100 equals 1-5
50-100 equals 1-2

45

46 SOLUTIONS

Hence, in a 1-20 solution there is 1
grain of the chemical in each 20 drops:
or 1 gram of the chemical in each 20 c.c.

Rule. — Write percentage as a propor-
tion and simplify:

Compute the number of drops neces-
sary to give the dose ordered.

Example 1. — Given a solution of Cam-
phor in oil 20%, to give 5 grains.

Since 20-100 equals 1-5, each 5 drops
contain 1 grain. Multiplying both terms
of the proportion by same number we
have,
1-5
5

5-25. In each 25 drops there will be 5
grains.

Example 2.— Given a 10% solution of
Ammonium Chloride, to give 3 grains.

Since 10-100 equals 1-10, there is 1
grain in each 10 drops, or 1 gram in each
10 c.c.

SOLUTIONS 47

Multiplying both terms of the propor-
tion by the same number, we have

1-10
3

3-30. In each 30 drops there are 3 gr.
of Ammonium Chloride.

3. — From a 40% solution of Sodium
Bromide give 10 grains.

20)40-100
2)2-5

1-2.5

Hence in each 2% drops there is 1
grain of the chemical.

Multiplying both terms of the propor-
tion by the same number,

1- 2.5
10^

10-25.0. In each 25 drops of solution
there are 10 grains of Sodium Bromide.

4. — From Tincture Camphor 10%,
give 2 grains.

5. — Given a 5% solution of Potassium

48 SOLUTIONS

Permanganate, how would you prepare
a dose of 4 grains?

6. — Potassium Iodide being saturated
at 100 per cent, how many drops would
it take of such a solution to make 40
grains ? *

7. — From a 2Q% solution of Silver Ni-
trate, prepare a 3 oz. gargle containing
3 grains.

8. — From a 10% solution of Sodium
Bromide prepare to give 30 grains.

LESSON IX

Proposition 9 — To Give a Fraction of a
Drop

Beview Key to Dilutions
(See Lesson IV)

Rule. — To one drop of the solution,
add X drops of water to equal the de-
nominator of your desired fraction, then
use one drop of the new solution.

Example 1. — To give % of a drop.

To one drop of the solution, add 2
drops of water: by so doing you have
multiplied your quantity by three;
hence each drop of the new solution
now contains % of the original chemical,
and by giving 1 drop of the new solu-
tion, you are giving % of the original
drop.

49

50 SOLUTIONS

Example 2.— If gtt. 1 equals gr. 1
how would you give gr. % ?

Take 1 drop of the solution, and add
to it 3 drops of water. Then, 4 drops
contain gr. 1.

Give 1 drop of the new solution.

Example 3. — From a saturated solu-
tion of KI prepare for an infant H gr.

KI is saturated at 100% which means
100 grains in 100 drops, hence, 1 grain
in each drop.

Take 1 drop of the solution, add 3
drops of water, and give 1 drop of the
new solution.

4. — From Tincture Digitalis 40% give
% of a drop.

5. — From any 50% solution, prepare
% grain dose.

6. — Given a 100% solution, prepare a
dose of % grain.

LESSON X

MISCELLANEOUS PEOBLEMS

1. — Make 16 ounces of 3% soda solu-
tion. (Give answer in grains.)

2. — What percentage will you get by
adding 1 ounce of 20% Silver Nitrate so-
lution to enough water to make 1 quart ?

3. — From two Bichloride tablets, each
containing 7% grains, make some 1-1000
solution. How much water will be re-
quired ?

4. — From 20% Argyrol solution make
two drams of 3%.

5. — From a solution of Sodium Bro-
mide 40% give 30 grains.

6. — What percentage is 1-500?

7. — From stock solution of Potas-
sium Permanganate 1-16 make 2% qt. of
1-8000.

51

52 SOLUTIONS

8. — From 20% Silver Nitrate solution
make 2 qt. of 1-2000.

9. — From one tablet containing one-
half gram, prepare some 1-1000 solution.
How much water is required!

10. — From two Bichloride tablets
each containing 7% grains, make some
1-4000. How much water is required?

11. — From a Bichloride tablet con-
taining 60 grains, make 1-2000 solution.
How much water is required?

12. — How much Oxalic Acid will it
take to make 3 pints of a 1-50 solution?

(Give answer in three ways — grams,
grains, drams.)

13.— Make 4 quarts of % of 1% Cre-
olin solution.

14. — Given a Bichloride tablet con-
taining 15 grains, how much water
would be required to make 1-10000?

15. — Given tablets of Digitalin gr. %0,
how would you give gr.

SOLUTIONS 53

16. — Given tablets gr. %5, to give gr.
Mot

17. — From tablets gr. %o give gr. %o-

18. — From Carbolic solution 5% make
3 quarts of 2%.

19. — How much Boric powder would
be required to make 3 quarts of 3% so-
lution f

20. — From Tr. Iodine, make 2 ounces
of 2%.

21. — From a 50% solution of Potas-
sium Bromide give 20 grains.

22. — How many 7% grain tablets will
it take to make 2% quarts of 1-1000 solu-
tion?

23. — How much Formalin will be re-
quired to make 4 quarts of a % of 1%
solution ?

24.— Make 2 quarts of 1-4000 Bichlo-
ride from a 1-32.

25. — Tell how to make 2 ounces of 2%
Silver Nitrate solution from 15%.

26. — Given 25% Argyrol, tell how to
make about an ounce of 2V2%.

54 SOLUTIONS

27. — Given .05 solution to make 1
quart of .005.

28. — If 10 drops equal gr. %o, how
would you give gr. %5o?

29. — Given a solution in which 10
drops equal gr. %, to give gr. %.

30. — What percentage solution would
you get by dissolving 30 grains of Ox-
alic Acid crystals in 1 quart of water?

31. — What percentage would you get
by adding 20 drams of Lysol to water
enough to make 2 quarts.

32. — What percentage solution would
you get by adding 52 drams of 5% Car-
bolic to water enough to make 2 quarts?

33. — From Formalin make 2 quarts of
1% solution.

34. — From tablets of Digitalin gr. Ko
give gr. %o.

35. — From 80% Sodium Bromide so-
lution, give 12 grains.

36. — If 5 drams of Oxalic Acid crys-
tals are used to make 4 quarts of solu-
tion, what percentage will it be?

SOLUTIONS 55

37.— Make 60 c.c. of Olive Oil
Carbolic.

38. — Make 3 ounces of Alcohol 5%
Menthol.

39. — Make 1 quart of Glucose 4% and
Sodium Bicarbonate 2%.

40. — Make 1 ounce of glycerine
Phenol.

Per cent

Proportion

i/io of 1%

(.001) equals

1-1000

% of 1%

(.002)

1-500

% of 1%

(.005)

1-200

1%

(.01)

1-100

2%

(.02)

1-50

2y2%

(.025) "

1-40

3%

(.03)

1-33 (3-100)

4%

(.04)

1-25

5%

(.05)

1-20

10%

(.10)

1-10

20%

(.20)

1-5

25%

(.25)

1-4

50%

(.50)

1-2

95% 1

-LOO7^ "Pure Drug""

1-1

56 SOLUTIONS

One Level Teaspoonful. .. .Weighs

Compound Licorice powder 30 gr.

Milk Sugar 48 "

Boric Acid (Crystals) 50 "

Boric Acid (Powder) 44 "

Borax 52 "

Sodium Bicarbonate 55 "

Magnesium Sulphate 79 "

Sodium Chloride 90 "

Cane Sugar 66 "

Bismuth Subnitrate 50 "

Powdered Alum (burnt) 44 "

Sulphur 40 "

ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS

Lesson I, p. 13.

12 3 3

4.— 5. — • 6. — plus a few drops of
15 8 16

6 9 15 10

water. 7. -or-. 8. - 2 tablets. 9. -

15 8 16

or — 2 tablets. 10. — 2 tablets. 11. —

18 15 ^ 0

3 tablets.

Lesson II, p. 18.

1. 384. 2. 4000. 3. 960. 4. 180. 5.
600. 6. 45. 7. 192. 8. 64 ounces, 512
drams, 2000 cubic centimeters. 9. 450 grains or
11A drams, or 480 grains, 8 drams. 10. 250.

Lesson III, p. 25.

4. 637.5. 5. 7.2 gm. 6. 24 drams. 7.
40 gm., 600 grains, 10 drams. 8. Use 12.5 c.c.
of creolin. 9. 10 gm. 10. 6.3 gm. in alcohol.

Lesson IV, p. 29.

4. 200 c.c. 5. 1 drop plus 9 drops water. 6.
40 drops. 7. Equal parts. 8. Equal parts.

Lesson V, p. 34.

4. 16 drops. 5. 192 drops or 12 c.c. 6. 62.5
c.c. 7. 800 c.c. 8. 24 drops. 9. 12 c.c.
10. 18.75 c.c., or 4.8 drams.

57

58 SOLUTIONS

Lesson VI, p. 38.
3. .04, .03 M, .003 K, .0625.
Lesson VII, p. 42.

3. 1 c.c. 4. 250 c.c. 5. 25 c.c. 6. 5
drops. 7. 5 c.c. 8. 50 c.c. 9. 250 c.c.
10. 40 c.c*

Lesson VIII, p. 45.

4. 20 drops. 5. 80 drops. 6. 40 drops.
7. 15 drops. 8. 20 c.c.

Lesson IX, p. 49.

4. 1 drop Tr. plus 7 drops water. 5. 1 drop
solution plus 1 drop water. 6. 1 drop plus 4 drops
water; give 1 drop.

Lesson X, p. 51.

1. 225 grains. 2. .006. 3. 1 qt. or 1000
c.c. 4. 1.2 c.c., or 18 drops. 5. 75 drops.
6. .002. 7. 5 c.c. 8. 5 c.c. 9. 500 c.c.
10. 4000 c.c. 11. 8000 c.c. 12. 30 gm., 450
grains, 7J^ drams. 13. 20 c.c. 14. 10,000

c.c. 15. 1 tablet — . 16. Dissolve two tablets
1 5

in 20 drops and give 15 drops. 17. 2 tablets —

15

18. 1200 c.c. 19. 90 gm. 20. 17+ c.c. 21.
40 drops. 22. 5 tablets. 23. 50 c.c. 24.
16 c.c. 25. 8 c.c. 26. 1 dram 25% plus 9
drams water. 27. 100 c. c.of 5%. 28. 2 drops

SOLUTIONS 59

equal — gr. 29. 4 drops equal — gr. 30.
150 5

.002. 31. .04. 32. .005+. 33. Take 50

10

c.c, of formalin. 34. — . 35. Give 15 drops.
1 £

36. .005. 37. 0.3 c.c. or 4J^ drops of pure car-
bolic in olive oil. 38. 4.5 gm. menthol in alcohol.
39. 40 gm. of glucose and 20 gm. of sodium bicar-
bonate in 1 quart water. 40. 3 gm. phenol in 1
ounce glycerine.

BIOLOGY UBfUAT