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PHILOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 


SOME  GREEK:  ETYMOLOGIES 

BY 

S.  R.  THARTON. 


IKV: 


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V  . 


PHILOLOGICAL  SOCIETY, 


SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES. 

«, 


BY 


E.  R.     HARTON. 


UNIVERSITY  of  CALIFORNIA 

AT 

LOS  ANGELES 
LIBRARY 


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SOME    GEEEK    ETYMOLOGIES. 

17-; 

By  E.  R.   WHARTON. 

(1)  The  modern  theory  that  the  'prothetic,'  or,  as  the  Greek 
grammarians  called  it  (Curtius,  Grundziige,5  720),  'prosthetic,' 
vowel  is  in  most  cases  really  the  first  vowel  of  an  originally 
bi-vocalic  root  can  scarcely  be  rejected  (#)  where  other  languages 
besides  Greek  have  a  similar  vowel,  as  in  e/>e/3o?  epev^oju.ai  o'Ao0v? 
besides  Armenian  erek  orcam  o\l  (Persson,  "Wurzelerweiterung, 
p.  246,  n.),  or  (5)  where  two  forms  can  be  best  explained  by 
starting  from  a  bi-vocalic  root,  e.g.  avgia  Sk.  vaksh-  from  aveks- 
in  a(F}e^w,  avpa l  Sk.  vd-  from  ave-  in  a( /")»//«,  Lat.  unguis 
Sk.  nakhds  from  onokhv-  in  owj; :  though  why  one  language 
dropt  the  second  vowel  and  another  the  first  we  do  not  in  the 
least  know.  But  in  some  cases  such  an  explanation  is  impossible, 
and  the  word  must  be  regarded  as  a  compound. 

A.  Latin  in-cunus  in-clutus  in-columis  and  I  think  in-vltus  are 
but  emphatic  forms  of  cunus  clutm  columis  and  *  vitus  '  forced ' : 
'  in  enim  saepe  augendi  causa  adicimus,'  says  Festus.  This  in- 
may  be  identified  with  the  Preposition  in  meaning  '  upon '  (quite 
a  different  word  from  in  meaning  '  in,'  which  goes  with  eV),  Greek 
ava  in  ava  a/oJTnpiv  (=in  sceptro).  The  original  meaning  was 
'  up '  and  so  '  upon '  (cf .  German  auf  in  both  these  senses),  while 
in  the  Latin  Adjectives  given  above  and  the  Greek  Adjectives 
to  be  given  below  we  have  a  transition  of  signification  from 
'  up  '  to  '  in  a  high  degree,  quite.'  The  form  in  the  TJrsprache 
would  be  n,  represented  in  Latin  by  in-,  in  Greek  by  av-  before 
a  vowel,2  a-  before  a  consonant,  as  in  the  following  words : 

«-/3A)/%/ao'?  '.weak,  gentle,'  beside  /3A//X/30'5-  The  termination, 
which  appears  also  in  f)de\v-xpds  /teAt-x/so?  irevi-xpds,  must  go 

1  In  the  only  place  in  which  it  occurs  in  Homer,  Od.  5.  469,  aSpy  means  the 
morning  breeze,  i)ia9i  irp6 ;  and  with  it  in  this  sense  Buttmann  rightly  connects 
aijptov  'in  the  morning,  to-morrow.'      So  in  my  'Etyma  Grseca '  I  have  ex- 
plained Homer's  i]a>s,  Lesbian  avovs,  as  from  avo-,  an  Ablaut  of  ave-  in  &ijfu  :  to 
a  people  dwelling  near  the  Mediterranean  the  morning  breeze  would  be   the 
natural  herald  of  dawn.     The  Attic  form  etas  takes  its  aspiration  and  accent 
from  ?i\ios. 

2  In  some  dialects  before  a  consonant  also,  Horn,  av  '  up,'  Theocr.  o/j.-ni/jiva- 
ffKo/j.evtf  (in  which  the  vocalism  shows  the  presence  of  a  sonant). 


1 


179829 


Z  SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES. 

with  xpotd  x/><i>s  '  surface,  skin,  colour,'  so  that  /3\i/-x/»o*  means 
'  weak-looking,  weakly '  :  the  root  is  mle-  (not  mla-,  since  /3X?/- 
Xpo?  occurs  in  Doric),  Sk.  mid-  'to  wither,'  with  Ablaut  mlo- 
in  Irish  Uuith  'smooth,  soft,'  and  mele-  in  /te'.Xeos  'useless.' — 
Quite  a  different  word  is  f3\ag  '  slack,'  in  which  the  a  must 
be  due  to  contraction  (Kretschmer  K.Z.  31,  295),  or  we  should 
have  */3\j/f :  as  vea%  or  veijg  comes  from  i/e'os,  so  I  would  explain 
ft\at~  as  for  *[3\aFdlj  or  *j3\af yg,  from  a  simpler  form  */3\afd<;, 
mlvos,  Lat.  mollis  for  *molvis.  The  root  appears  in  Gothic 
ga-mahjan  '  to  crush,'  and  Eng.  mellow. 

a-0e'ff0aTos  '  marvellous,'  beside  0e'<r0aTos  '  divine '  :  literally 
'  struck  (i.e.  made)  by  a  god,'  cf.  Trpoa-Qmos  '  made  in  addition, 
new,'  and  £/-0aTos  (Hesychius)  £<-0a<rtos  '  made  double.'  The 
root  of  this  -0aTo*  is  ghvn-,  ghven-,  in  delvw l  '  strike,'  /«u\/y- 
0arot  '  struck  by  the  millstone,'  and,  with  a  transfer  of  meaning, 
0oVos  '  slaughter,'  A/3//i-0aros  '  slain  in  battle.' — The  first  element 
of  0e'<r-0aTos  appears  with  a  '  determinative '  0  (Brugmann, 
Grundriss,  2.  60)  in  Beds,  i.e.  *0eaos :  which,  however,  can  hardly 
go  (as  Fick  thinks  it  may,  Worterbuch4  1.  469)  with  Lithuanian 
dwases  'spirit,'  Middle  High  German  ge-twus  'ghost,'  for  the 
Greek  gods  were  by  no  means  spiritual  beings. 

So  we  have  a-[iavp6<s  '  dim,"  beside  fiavpd?  (Photiusj ;   and  in 

II.    24.   753   the  two   readings   a/jn^da\oeaaav  and  fi.ixOa\6eaaavt  a 

word  of  unknown  derivation  (the  connexion  with  o^fxe'io,  Hoffmann, 
Bezz.  Beitr.  15.  84,  is  absurd).  So  I  would  explain  the  o-  as 
intensive  in 

a-'ye/jw^09?  *yepa,-oxos  '  holding  privileges.' 

a-(F}i]ffu\o<}  '  wicked,'  beside  Sk.  vdtulas  '  mad.'  On  this 
dialectic  change  of  TV  to  av  see  Classical  Review  6.  259 :  I 
connect  a\o-ffvcvrj  '  goddess  of  the  sea  wave '  with  Irish  tond 
'  wave,'  a<ri;0/yXos-  (below)  with  Tw0\o's,  <n;xi>o9  '  long,  numerous ' 
with  Tvyuv  '  ordinary,'  as  a  Litotes  for  '  considerable.'  Thus  alone 
can  we  fairly  explain  caavs  and  Lat.  densus  (i.e.  *dent-tos)  beside 
Albanian  dent  '  to  make  thick.' 

a-*y>os  '  at  the  top '  (it  never  means  '  sharp,'  and  therefore 
cannot  go  with  «*.-/9,  Lat.  acud],  beside  0oXa-xy>o't  '  white-headed'2 

1  As  Lat.  ferio  means  both  'strike'  and  'cheat.'  and  icpoCa-iy  both  'striking' 
and  'cheating'  (Ar.  Xub.  317),  so  with  Beivta  I  would  connect  <pfv&£  'cheat':  a 
Doric  word,  like  K<50oAos  '  rogue,'  as  the  o,  for  ij,  shows,  with  a  dialectic  <f>  for  8 
as  in  <f>eo's  for  0t6s  (G.  Meyer,  Griech.  Gramm.2  211). 

2  The  first  element  is  bhl-n-,  cf.  bhl-n-  in  <f>a\\6s  '  white '  (Hesychius)  and 
Lat.  fullo  '  clothes-cleaner.'  c 


SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES.  O 

(Schulze,  Quaestiones  Epicae  464),  from  a  by-form  of  icdpa.  On 
these  by-forms  see  Danielsson's  Grammatische  iind  Etymologische 
Studien  pp.  1-56,  Johansson  K.Z.  30.  347-350,  Johannes  Schmidt's 
Pluralbildungen  der  Indogermanischen  Xeutra  pp.  363-379.  From 
the  same  root  as  icdpd  we  may  deduce  («)  Kaipo?  (i.e.  */ca'/>/os) 
'thrum,'  end  or  top  of  the  thread;  (i)  *ra/>Tos  Kpdros  'headship, 
power,'  quite  a  different  word  from  Kparai'-\ewv  'rooky,'  Gothic 
hardus  'hard'  (with  which  we  may  put  Kep-rofia  'hard  words'); 
(c)  K\?ipo<3  'lot,'  a  Dissimilation  for  *Kpapos,  cf.  Arcadian  Kpapiw-rat 
and  Rhodian  'H.\o-Kpdp>j<!  (^leister,  Griechischen  Dialekte  2.  104, 
G.  Meyer  160),  the  word  thus  meaning  'head'  as  sign  of  in- 
dividuality, going  with  i/av-A.-\?y/jos  vav-Kpapo?  'householder'  (what- 
ever the  first  element  of  these  words  may  be)  and  Hesychius' 
icpalpa  'head1';  (</)  Kpanrd\ij  'headache,'  for  *Kpaffi-ira\rj  '  a  fight 
in  one's  head,'  the  first  element  being  Locative  of  *K-/>as,  while 
from  another  form  *Kpd-Trd\rj  is  borrowed  Lat.  crapula  : 

d-fiei'vwv  '  better,'  from  /mevo-s  '  strength  : ' 

d-ffKijO)')?  '  safe,'  quasi  '  supported,  cared  for '  (cf.  with  Active 
meaning,  aice6p6<i  'careful');  a  Dissimilation  for  *a-axi}di^,  from 
the  root  of  o-^?yy«a,  e^o)  (in  a-^edelv  the  x  i8  retained  through  the 
analogy  of  <TX^V}  '• 

e's  '  hastily,'  from  aTrepx^  '  hasten  ' : 

'stiff,'  from  a  root  meaning  'to  be  hard,'  whence  also 
a?e/u.(fiv\a  '  pressed  grapes,'  Sk.  stambh-  'to  restrain,  hold  fast ' : 

a-<rw0//Xo9  (with  Aeolic  accent)  '  insulting,'  *rv0j;\os  (see  above 
on  ayo-i/Xos)  going  with  Ty0Xo's  '  blind,'  TU0w^//s  '  dull,'  rt)0os 
'  conceit ' : 

d-Tap-rrjpds    'baneful,'    *Taprrj   a    Subst.    from   *rapro9   Part,    of 
to  distress  '  : 
'  strained,'  Lat.  tn-tentus,  from  retVw  : 

'  swelling,'  Lat.  turgidus,  from  a  root  tver-g-  (Frohde 
B.B.  14.  107),  an  extension  of  the  root  tver-  (see  on  aavpta^p 
sec.  5,  and,  on  the  pv,  pv^w,  p.  11) : 

d-va-raXeo-i  'squalid,'  Od.  19.  327,  cf.  Sk.  $ush-  '  to  dry,' Lat. 
SU-dtlS  '  dry '  ;  from  *d-ffvara\eo9  as  avirvo^  from  *ciavTrvos. 

So,  with  dv-  for  n-  before  a  vowel,  I  would  explain  dv-de&vo's 
'quite  dowerless,'  dv-de\Tno<i  'quite  unlocked  for,'  and  Hesiod's 
dv-aTrvevaTO'i  '  quite  breathless,'  Suidas'  dv-d^ivuxnos  dv-aTnaicnos 
(J.  Schmidt  K.Z.  23.  273). 

B.  The  same  intensive  particle  appears  in  several  Yerbs : 
Lat.  incito  infrinyo  ingemino  innovo  intremo  etc.  beside  cito  frango 


4  SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES. 

etc.,  Greek  aaicapi^w  dtnrai'piv  'palpitate  '  beside  oxapi^u  a-n-alpw, 
afffapayeu}  '  clank '  (Theocr.  17.  94)  beside  o-^a/str/eo/iat  'burst,' 
and  a-Kovw  '  hear  '  beside  «ro(/:)ew  '  perceive.'  So 

a{F}eicw  'sing'  beside  o'ca  :  i.e.  uailia  used  absolutely  means 
'  make  my  meaning  known,'  used  with  an  Ace.  '  make  known, 
celebrate.'  In  the  original  signification  'know'  we  have  (Hoffmann 
B.B.  15.  62)  Cyprian  ueice  'hear'  and  the  common  word  aladdvofiai 
(i.e.  *d-fic-0dvofiai)  'perceive':  for  the  transition  of  meaning 
from  '  know  '  to  '  make  known  '  cf.  ia-ropta  '  knowledge  '  (TO  eiSevai] 
or  '  narrative '  (TO  elcevai  7roie1v\  and  ^I'jviLaKui  '  know  '  beside 
ryvwpl^w  '  make  known  ' : 

a-\e"(u)  '  heed  '  beside  Lat.  *lego  in  diligo  intellign  neglego  (quite 
a  different  word,  as  the  Perfects  show,  from  lego  '  gather ').  From 
a  Neuter  Subst.  *a/\67o?  comes  aXeryeti/o?  '  demanding  caution, 
troublesome  ' ;  which,  with  Ablaut,  and  without  the  intensive  a-, 
appears  in  Hesychius'  \a^eivd'  Seivd.  From  this  ^aXe'/os  come 
further  (a]  ^va-ij\e^i'^  'cruelly  troublesome,'  Homeric  epithet 
of  war  and  death ;  (b}  -rav-t)\e^rj^  '  intensely  troublesome,'  used 
of  death,  with  the  derived  sense  of  -ravvta  '  stretch,'  as  in  the 
Homeric  use  with  epica,  fidxyv,  TTOVOV,  '  to  intensify '  the  strife, 
etc.  ;  (c)  ajr-j/Xe'/ews  '  most  carefully,'  the  «-o-  heightening  the 
meaning : 

a-\ei(f)w  '  smear,'  cf.  Lat.  de-libutus  '  besmeared  ' : 

d-XvKrafw  a-\vffaia  '  am  in  distress,'  going  with  \vaaa  (i.e. 
*\VK-JO),  which  in  Homer  means  '  martial  rage,'  the  spirit  of 
a  wolf,  \VKOI:  in  II.  16.  156  and  352  warriors  are  compared 
to  wolves,  and  Theocr.  4.  11  Trelaai  rot  M/Xwv  KO.I  TU>?  Av*-o?  avrlut 
\vaa>)v.  shows  that  the  Greeks  themselves  connected  \vaaa  with 
\vKo<t.  With  these  words  go  fiopfio-\imeff0ai  '  to  madden  as  a 
hobgoblin,  u.opfiw,1  would,'  and  pop/no  \vKeiov  'bugbear,'  literally 
'  hobgoblin  wolf  ' : 

a-[jLa\£vvto  '  destroy,'  from  */j.a\cv<s,  Sk.  mrdus  '  soft.' 

a/ue\~/u},  cf.  Lat.  mulgeo. 

C.  In  three  other  Verbs  we  have  the  '  copulative '  a-  of  ddpdo? 

a.Tra.9  a/r\o'o9,  tlialectically   a-    in  aceX0oV    U.KOI-IS   dicdXovdo?   uXo^oi 

aTaXaj/Tos ;  representing  sm-,  'dfi-a,  Lat.  simul,  Sk.  sam  '  with'  (as  a 
Preposition)  or,  in  compounds,  '  together.'  This  appears  as  a-  in 

1  With  poppet!  go  ft,6pf,Loi  '  panics '  (Hesycbius)  and  I  think  /u/p^pos  '  mis- 
chievous,"  fj.ep/j.ripa  '  trouble,'  and  /j.opfj.vp<av  in  II.  18.  402  p&os  'flKeavo'io  a.(pp<f 
(topfivpcav,  rightly  explained  by  Hesychius  as  rapdatTtav  '  making  an  uproar '  :  it 
has  nothing  to  do  with  Lat.  murmur,  which  would  give  far  too  weak  a  meaning. 


SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES.  0 

(a}  a-fi.apia.vta  'fail'  (the  root,  on  -which  see  Neisser  B.B.  19.  120  sq., 
may  perhaps  be  found  in  Lat.  mora),  with  which  cf.  Hesychius' 

aft.ape.1v'   duapidveiv   and   Homer's   rj[i(3pOTOv  ;     as    a-   in  (i)    a-fieifita 

'  exchange '  beside  Lat.  mlgrd  '  remove  '  and  Old  Slavonic  miglivu. 
'mobile,'  and  (c)  d-jievouai  '  surpass'  ('change  places  with')  beside 
Lat.  moved.  In  these  Verbs  the  copulative  prefix,  like  the  (of 
course  unrelated)  Lat.  com-  in  commaculo  comminuo  concito  convello 
etc.,  merely  '  gives  intensity  to  the  signification  of  the  simple 
word,'  Lewis  and  Short  s.v.  cum.  With  the  same  force  it  appears 
in  a-«o\709,  which  Eustathius  says  was  'Achaean'  for  aK/a,i'j  'prime' 
(as  Hesiod  Op.  588  uses  d/.io\~{aitj  of  a  '  prime '  cake,  pa£a) :  I 
would  connect  the  word  with  mlg-  in  Lettish  milst  '  to  swell,' 
Lat.  multm  for  *mulctus  (Wiedemann  B.B.  13.  303  sq.},  so  that  it 
will  mean  '  swelling,  climax,'  and  WKTOS  ap.o\~/iv  will  be  Cicero's 
Multu  node  '  late  at  night.' 

A  copulative,  though  not  an  intensive,  a-  seems  to  appear  in 
a-oaai]-ri]p  '  helper,'  which  I  would  explain  as  '  one  who  hears  a 
divine  voice  (Foaaa,  as  oaaa  may  everywhere  be  read  in  Homer, 
L.  ICeyer  K.Z.  28.  90  :  the  root  appears  in  Lat.  voco],  and  in 
obedience  to  it  goes  to  help  his  comrades.'  Hesychius  has  also  the 
form  offarjTijpa,  referring,  according  to  Moriz  Schmidt,  to  II.  15.  254 
io1ov  101  (S)oaaift^pa  ¥ipovitov  eff^&ijt  rpoeifftf  in  which  case  the 
word  must  necessarily  have  had  a  digamma : 

a-<7/JoXo?  '  soot,'  quasi  '  thrown  together,  collected,'  from  (3d\\w. 
The  aft  is  the  same  dialectic  representative  of  gv  which  Fick 
B.B.  17.  323  finds  in  0e/}e'-<r/3<os  'life-giving'  and  aftewv^i 
'quench-'  (Goth,  qistjan  'to  destroy'):  and  which  I  find,  before 
other  vowels  than  e  or  i,  in  («)  afuffil-aftaiva.  '  a  serpent  that  can 
go  either  way'  and  a«0t-o-/3//Te'w  'dispute,'  both  from  fiatvta ; 
and  (b)  0\o?o-/3o5  '  din,'  the  clash  produced  by  the  impact  of  one 
heavy  body  on  another,  from  a  root  bhleigv-,  cf.  0\//3w  0\if3w 
'rub,'  ~La.t.fllgo  'strike,'  Welsh  blif'  catapult.' — Another  dialectic 
representative  of  gv  was  £",  Eur.  Phoen.  45  e7regdpei  =  e7re£idpei, 
Hesychius  £VXX««i»  gepcffpa  £eivafi£V=/3ah.\et»  fidpaOpa  ajBevvvpev. 
So  I  think  in  (a)  ^"a\^  '  spray '  from  f$d\\w  ;  (b)  fa\o?  '  jealousy  '  * 
beside  Lith.  geld  'pain,'  Old  High  German  quula  'torment'; 
(c]  %dty  'sea,'  and  Homer's  eV<-^a0e\o5  'stormy,'  from  fid-mtv, 
the  sea  '  dipping '  the  ships,  cf.  Eur.  Orest.  706  vaui  .  .  .  eftatyei/ 


1  The  a  here  is  Ablaut  of  e  as  in  itapds  beside  Lat.  cera,  /J.O.KUV  beside  Old 
High  German  mayo,  see  Job.ans.son  B.B.  15.  306  *q. 


SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES. 


'  the  ship  sank,'  Old  Norse  kaf  '  a  dive,  the  deep  '  ;  (d)  %uiv  gww 
quasi  '  walk,'  and  $*£<7AMU  tyrew  quasi  'go  about,'  all  from  fiaivw  : 
(<?)  /5o?£o9  'whistling'  beside  /5o?/J-gos  (for  the  termination  cf. 


D.  Beside  the  copulative  sin-,  Greek  a-  or  «-,  there  appears  a 
parallel  form  so-,   Sk.  sa-,  Greek   o-.     We  have  it  in  Hesychius' 

o^fda-rtiyp  o^yye?  odpoo?  o%v\ov  (Schulze  495),  Homer's  o—a-Tpo1}  and 

II.  2.  765  o7/j<x;as  oiereas  (the  latter,  despite  Schulze,  a  miswriting 
for  *oweTeos,  *  e.  *o-^"eVeas)  ;  and  I  think  in  o-cov?,  Armenian 
a-tamn,  each  a  Singular  formed  out  of  a  Plural  signifying  '  the 
united  teeth,  the  rows  of  teeth,'  as  perhaps  aa-i'jp  ua-rpov  Arm.  ast\ 
are  Singulars  formed  out  of  Plurals  signifying  'the  whole  body 
of  stars,'  the  initial  vowel  in  each  word  being  a  copulative  prefix. 

E.  In  two  important  words  the  initial  e-  or  t-  seems  reduplica- 
tive, standing  for  se-  : 

eV0Xo9  '  brave,  good  '  =*a-e-oT\o'?,  from  the  root  of  ore'XXw  '  set 
in  order,'  the  meaning  thus  being  'ready,  settled,  steadfast.'  The 
Greeks  found  a  difficulty  in  pronouncing  the  combination  orX,  which 
occurs  in  no  old  word  (0-7X677/9  '  scraper  '  appears  first  in  Hippo- 
crates, offr\i*jl-  '  curl  '  in  Attic)  :  they  preferred  either  (  1  )  to 
aspirate  the  T,  Attic  vavad\6ia  '  convey  by  sea  '  beside  vav(no\ewt 
Horn.  lfiaaO\rj  '  whip  '  with  the  same  termination  as  e'^eVX^,  Att. 
fidffd\rj<s  '  leather  '  from  the  same  root  as  ^da-rt^  '  whip,'  and  so,  I 
think,  eV#Xo's  ;  or  (2)  to  drop  the  s,  7X677/9  —  or  the  T,  Sappho 
yiiao-Xj/s  '  leather,'  Doric  and  Lesbian  eVXo?  and  Arcadian  eo-XoV 
(which  last  must  represent  *eorXo's,  not  *eo-0Xo9,  or  it  would  have  a 
smooth  breathing)  —  or  both  letters,  Att.  vau\ov  '  fare  '  beside 
Hesychius'  vavaO\ov  ;  or  (3)  to  change  the  X  to  p,  0-7/9677/9  ;  or 
(4)  to  insert  a  vowel,  oa-rd\i^  (as  M.  Schmidt  reads  oo~d\att;  in 
Hesychius),  (776X677/9.  —  The  same  ore'XXw  appears,  I  would  suggest, 
in  o00aX//,ds  from  *o7r-o-TaX-/A09  'arrangement  for  seeing,'  the  first 
element  going  with  ofifia  otrunra  6'Y^s  :  *o^-a\/<o'<?  became  ocfiOaX/uds 
as  *ei^T09,  the  proper  Participle  of  fyw,  became  e00o's  : 

effTt'a  '  hearth,  altar  '  (in  Homer  only  in  the  compounds  aj/e'<rno9 
e'060T«o9)  =*o-e-<T7/a  from  a  root  sti-  '  stone,'  whence  a-rlov  'pebble  ' 
and  I  think  vepl  a-na  '  lustration  of  the  Ecclesia  '  by  carrying  a 
victim  round  the  altar,  and,  with  Ablaut,  Goth,  stains  '  stone  ' 
and  Old  Slavonic  stena  '  stone  wall.'  On  the  parallel  form  ia-rir] 
see  next  section. 


SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES.  7 

(2)  The  greatest  difficulties  in  Greek  vocalism  are  connected  with 
the  occasional  appearance  of  <  where  we  should  have  expected  e 
(G.  Meyer  57-60,  29;  Kretschmer  K.Z.  31.  375  *?.),  and  of  v  where 
we  should  have  expected  o  (G.  Meyer  61,  62  ;  Schulze  p.  495  sq.). 

A.  (o)  Some  of  the  instances  quoted  of  i  for  e  rest  on  doubtful 
or  impossible  etymologies  : 

ai~ft'\i\fs,  epithet  of  Tre-prj  in  Homer  and  Aeschylus  (Suppl.  794), 
is  of  unknown  meaning  (Monro),  and  can  have  nothing  to  do 
with  AeVas  '  rock.'  Hesychius'  Xty'  ^~pa  a0'  rj?  vttap  ff-rdgei  may 

go  with  \eifiw. 

i'-/'/  1  a-  ef?  and  tYroj/'  eV,  quoted  by  Hesychius  as  Cretan,  are 
too  obscure  to  be  deduced  from  a  root  sem-  :  M.  Schmidt  suspects 
both  glosses. 

*'XXa<?  'rope,'  t'XXo's  'squinting,'  A-Xw  or  ei'XXw  'wrap  up,'  l'\\o/u.ai 
'  move  to  and  fro  '  can  hardly  have  anything  to  do  with  Lat.  volvo. 

i—7rof  cannot  go  with  Lat.  equus,  Sk.  dgvas  :  the  aspiration  is 
quite  abnormal,  and  the  Homeric  form  ought  at  least  to  be  *IKKO<I, 
cf.  7re\eKKov  from  *-e\eK-Fov.  The  form  t'/c/co?  in  the  Etymologicum 
Magnum  may  be  Lat.  equm  borrowed  (with  i  from  TTTTTOS),  as 
aKKi-)/ffio<!  in  Athenaeus  is  Lat.  aquipensis  borrowed. 

A.-«r<7o's  'ivy'  cannot  go  with  Lat.  hedera  from  a  root  ghvedh.-, 
or  we  should  have  *x«r<rds. 

X<*r/3/0/s  'sideways,'  with  a  strange  termination,  goes  with  Lat. 
licinus  '  with  upturned  horns  '  and  obllquus  (i.e.  *ob-l!c-vos) 
'crooked';  not  with  Xe'^/^o?,  which  stands  for  *\eg-p-io?  and 
goes  with  Xo^o's  (De  Saussure,  Mem.  Soc.  Ling.  7.  91,  n.). 

X#<£"o's  is  not  directly  from  x^e's,  i.e.  ghjes,  but  from  an 
Ablaut  ghjz  with  sonant  sibilant,  Thurneysen  K.Z.  30.  352  ; 
the  termination  is  djo-,  cognate  with  Lat.  dies. 

(/3)  In  ryi/i/jy  i^w  i'dpis  iff-rl))  the  initial  vowel  is  reduplicative, 
as  in  /A.--/S  (cr/Seo?)  i^Ov's  (Arm.  jukn)  arra/uu  (•jreTo/uai')  laOi  (Zend 
zdl  'be  thou')  as  opposed  to  e^^e?  e^/vwica  eoTrjica:  in  such  cases 
it  would  be  absurd  to  talk  of  a  change  from  e  to  i.  So  in  viaaofiai 
TI'KTW  the  i  is  reduplicative,  as  in  ndi'jvt]  clcw/j.1  -rnvaKeaOai  beside 
tvrttvo9  ceCuiKo.  TCTVKeaOai.  Thus 

'  hollow  of  the  knee  '  is  reduplicated  from  the  root  of 


tgu}l=*i-<rc-jw  from  the  '  reduced  '  root  of  efo/iat,  ecos,  Lat.  sedeo  ; 
and  so  ify&ta  (the  <  is  short)  =.*i-ac-p-vw  : 

1  i'crro's,  properly  Participle  of  tfa  '  set  up,'  is  used  as  a  subst.,  '  mast,  loom.' 


8  SOME    GREEK!    ETYMOLOGIES. 

i6pi<i'  07ra£u)v  and  edpiy'  rofiias  ( so  M.  Schmidt  reads  for  ra\uiat] 
in  Hesychius  may  both  go  with  Opi'^ta  '  cut  off  ' : 

i-ffrfi)  is  the  Homeric  form  of  eor/d,  see  above.  The  Homeric 
compounds  of  e<rria,  and  the  evidence  of  Boeotian,  Cretan,  Hera- 
clean,  Locrian,  and  Sicilian  inscriptions  (Meister  1.  46),  prove  that 
neither  form  ever  had  an  initial  F  '•  the  Arcadian  proper  name 
Vistias  can  have  nothing  to  do  with  torn/,  and  is  as  obscure  as 
the  name  Kd/3ew<7os  in  the  same  inscription  (^Meister  2.  103). 

vlaaofJLai=*vi-va-Jo/JLai,  from  the  reduced  root  of  i/e(o-)o^tat,  voff-os  '. 

T-I'KTW  =*?i'-TK-Ttv,  from  the  reduced  root  of  re/ceiv,  cf.  /caovs 
'  brother '  from  *-K-n-n s. 

(7)  We  have  i  as  Ablaut  of  je  in  Sk.  vie-  vidh-  beside  vyac-  '  to 
extend'  vyadh-  'to  pierce,'  and  so  I  think  in  vTrep-ncrai'vovTo  'they 
sped  on '  (Od.  23.  3)  beside  Sk.  pra-ydk&li-  '  to  press  on.'  The 
relation  of  "m-epos  '  jaundice '  (for  the  termination  Ha  vet,  Mem. 
Soc.  Ling.  4.  230,  compares  va-repa,  ^aa-^p)  to  jekv-,  Lak/MMr, 
is  not  quite  clear :  we  should  have  expected  *tWe/>os. 

(2)  Homer's  Kipvy/Ai  rtrvrffu  rf\vafuu  (<r)*r/^fo/iiat  beside  Kepaaaa 
TreTaaaa  ireXaaaa  criceBaffa  (e/ceJatrtra),  Pindar's  fpifuriffu l  trlwH 

beside    Kpe/^aaav    7re?oiffai,    Attic    opi'fvdouat    beside     ope^oiiat,    OW6 

their  «  to  the  analogy  of  reduplicated  Verbs,  they  are  formed 
after  r^t^fvofuu  pu-furwf  as  Homer's  aKip-raw  (root  sker-,  cf. 
aicaipw}  is  formed  after  W-KTW.  So  Pedersen  Idg.  Forschungen 
2.  293  says  '  the  i  of  aKi^vrjfii  is  due  to  the  influence  of  i<mjfii 

TJfhffU   •7Tl/U.7T\T]fll  etC.' 

Homer's  iri'crvpes  beside  Lesbian  Treavpe^  must  owe  its  i  to  the 
preceding  numeral,  vpla  rpis  T/MTOS.  So  (Baunack  K.Z.  25.  225  sq., 
Brugmann  Grundriss  2.  165  sq.}  oK-a-  in  compounds  owes  its 
-«-  to  eTTTa-,  Heraclean  OKTU>  and  Elean  omw  draw  from  eTna 
their  breathing  and  labial  respectively,  efySoos  borrows  its  consonants 
from  eficofios. 

(e)  There  is  no  clear  proof  of  any  confusion  in  the  Ionic- Attic 
dialect  between  e  and  i :  the  Old- Attic  forms  Aivcu-rai — Ahiarai, 
AvXearai — A.v\ia-rai  only  show  different  ways  of  resolving  the 
diphthong  ei  before  a  vowel,  Delian  0-7X177/9  is  an  Assimilation  (see 
J.  Schmidt  K.Z.  32.  321  sq.}  for  0-7X677/5,  M<i'c«/wi/  is  a  very  late 
form  for  the  earlier  Mevdai'iav  on  the  coins  of  Alende  in  Pallene. 


1  In  the  MSS.  almost  always  written  Kp-fi/j.vriiJ.1  (Kretschmer  K.Z.  31.  375),  see 
Aesch.  Theb.  229,  Eur.  Here.  Fur.  520. 

2  Homer's  irtpvr)/j.i  kept  its  €  through  the  influence  of  its  cognates  irepdu  '  sell ' 
and  irfpfjv,  II.  24.  751  Trepvcurx',  ovnv"  (\f<rict,  itfpi}v  a\6s. 


SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES. 

But  in  the  non-Ionic  dialects  the  letters  interchange  so  often  that 
we  can  only  explain  the  instances  by  supposing  that  in  those 
dialects  e  was  pronounced  '  close,'  half-way  to  an  'open  '  i,  and  so 
might  be  represented  by  either  letter.  Before  a  consonant  we  have 
this  variation  in 

Arcadian  lv  beside  lv,  even  in  consecutive  lines  of  the  same 
inscription  (Meister  2.  90) :  cf.  Hesychius  i'^Kpof'  e'ry/ce'0aX,os, 
Iff^epw'  ef/ys  (i.e,  ev  a-^epw]  : 

Cyprian  lv  beside  (Hesychius)  evavov  eV0es,  l'(v]de  beside  e(v}0dSe 
(Meister  2.  210) :  cf.  Hesych.  Tn\vdv'  <paidv  (=  Att.  ?re\\oV) : 

Cretan  lv  and  eV  in  the  same  inscription  (G.  Meyer  58)  : 

Locrian  <y/i/os  (Havet,  Mem.  Soc.  Ling.  2.  168). 

So  the  Sicyonians  themselves  called  their  city  2e/cvwi>  (Meister 
2.  89) :  Hesychius  has  Xe/c/W  and  \iKpol '  antlers '  without  designa- 
tion of  dialect.  Before  a  vowel  (Solmsen  K.Z.  32.  513  sq.) 
we  find  this  variation  in  Cyprian,  Lesbian,  Boeotian,  Thessalian 
(excluding  Larisa),  and  Doric  : 

Cyprian  Oidv  and  dew,  /u.1  and  /*e  (Meister  2.  211)  : 

Lesbian  ^pva-i'ia  and  ^pvaeia  : 

Boeotian  Oids  and  deois,  doiciei  but  KaXe'oi/Tt  : 

Thessalian  Klovta  and 

Laconian  aias  and 

Heraclean  Ti/uoKpaTio?  but  /"e'reos  : 

Cretan  6109  and  6>eo's,  ajiiwv  and  afidwv,  l&ftev  and 

We  must  therefore  conclude  that,  however  it  was  written,  e  was 
always  pronounced  '  close  '  in  Aeolic,  Doric,  Locrian,  and  Cyprian  ; 
and,  at  least  when  it  stood  before  a  consonant,  in  Arcadian  also. 

B.  («)  The  derivation  of  the  following  words  is  unknown, 
and  we  cannot  say  that  the  v  stands  for  o : 

irpvXees  '  champions '  (Horn.),  cf.  Cyprian  7rpv\is  '  war-dance ' 
(Hoffmann  B.B.  15.  89). 

TrpvfiVT)  '  stern,'  7rpvpvo<s  'hindmost':  not  from  Trpd,  which  would 
give  just  the  wrong  sense. 

irpv-ravi<i  '  president ' :  Attic  also  Trpo-ravei'a  TTpofaveina  (Meister- 
hans,  Grammatik  der  Attischen  Inschriften,  p.  19),  Lesbian 
both  7rpinavi<i  and  Trpdravi^,  the  words  being  popularly  connected 
with  Trpd. 

7rv\r)  'gate':  not  from  veXw  'move,'  which  gives  too  indefinite 
a  meaning. 

TriyiaTos  'last':  Sk.  pu-nar  'back'  (Bugge  B.B.  14.  68)  has 
little  resemblance  of  meaning. 


10  SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES. 


'stercus'  (Hippocrates),  cf.  Att. 

ls  or  er0iyn9  '  basket  '  :  Lat.  sporta  goes  rather  with  a-rrap-rov 
'rope.' 

vg  '  new  wine  '  :  Eng.  dregs  cannot  be  connected. 

'awl'  (Herodotus)  :  Att.  oirrj-nov  may  take  its  o-  from  OTTT'/ 
'hole.' 

So  7\i50w  'carve'  goes  with  Lat.  glabo  'peel,'  Ags.  cleofan 
'split,'  not  with  ^\a<pw  'scrape.'  In  u/W/os  'army,'  vppat- 
'pell-mell'  (Schulze  495),  the  first  element  is  a  dialectic  form 
of  avv  ,  not  a  '  copulative  '  o-. 

(ft)  In  the  following  words  the  v  is  formative,  a  stem-ending 
(Brugmann  Grr.  2.  104,  cf.  91,  n.)  : 

aiyiyws    'gathering'    (a*(wv),    ojifavfiis,     Travrj'/vpis,     Att.     ayvpTT}9 

'beggar':  from  a  stem  071;-,  as  ayopd  a^elpw  from  a  stem  070- 
(«76-),  all  cognate  with  u^w  '  drive.' 

alffvfwrjT^y  '  umpire  '  :  stem  alav-,  cf.  aia{F}a,  see  on  aTtr^o?, 
sec.  4. 

a/uvdi?  '  together  '  (the  accent,  as  opposed  to  that  of  dfioipySi?, 
is  from  owa)=  stem  ujiv-  (on  the  breathing  see  sec.  3),  as  ajia 
from  a  stem  afto-. 

Siairpvfftos  '  passing  through  '  :  stem  vpv-,  from  the  root  of 
Trepaw,  see  Trpdfffftv,  S6C.  4. 

SpvTnw  '  I  tear  '  :  stem  $pv-  (Sepw),  as  SpeTrw  '  pluck  '  from 
a  stem  fye-. 

eiraaffvrepot  '  one  after  the  other,'  of  obscure  formation  :  if  it 
went  with  the  Homeric  aaaorepta  (by-form  of  aaaov)  it  would 

be  *e7raffff07epoi. 

KpoicvSei\os  'lizard,'  Hipponax  119:  stem  KPOKV-,  as  KpoKo8ei\os 
from  KpoKo-,  sec.  4. 

[idpwpo?  Horn.,  fidprup  Find,  and  Att.  :  stem  fiap-rv-,  root  mr-, 
as  in  fipa-ftevs  'umpire  '  (Kretschmer  K.Z.  31.  392). 

vwvvfios  Horn.,  vwwfivo-s  Horn.  Pind.,  fo-wwjio?  ITT-  oft-  Horn. 

Pind.  Att.,  6V-  TTO\V-  Hes.    Pind.  Att.,  £t-   aw-   ifsevS-   7raTpivvv[iio<} 

Att.:  not  'compounds  of  oi/o/ia,'  as  Kretschmer  K.Z.  31.  377 
makes  them,  or  they  would  end  in  -fiwv  :  they  are  from  a  stem 
uivv-  (for  the  ending  cf.  eVy/to?  ijBv/u.os),  as  ovofia  is  from  a  stem 
ovo-  (Bartholomae  B.B.  17.  132).1 

1  On  ovofna  and  its  cognates  —  among  which  Lat.  nomen  must  not  be  reckoned, 
it  cannot  be  separated  from  co-gnomen  and  Old  Slavonic  zname  '  sign  '  —  see 
further  J.  Schmidt  K.Z.  23.  267  sq.  ;  Thumb  K.Z.  32.  130  sq.  ;  Bezzenberger 
B.B.  10.  72  ;  R.  Schmidt  Idg.  Forsch.  1.  77  ;  Audouin  Mem.  Soc.  Ling. 


SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES.  11 

'  quail ' :  stems  op-rvy-  and  oprvic-,  cf .,  with  other  stems 
from  the  same  root,  Sk.  vartakas  vdrtika  vartlras,  all  meaning 
'  quail.' 

po$ew  'swallow'  (Ionic):  stem  sru-,  cf.,  with  the  same  'deter- 
minative '  bh,  sro-  in  Att.  poff^eta  (Ablauts  sre-  Lithuanian  sriebiu, 
sr-  Lat.  sorled],  and,  with  a  different  determinative,  sr-  in  Old 
Slavonic  srukati. 

vTrd/Spvxa  '  under  water  ' :  stem  mru-,  cf .  Lat.  mare  (Hirt  Idg. 
Forsch.  1.  475). 

(7)  In  pv£w  'growl'  beside  pd£w  po-^Oew,  and  pv/u/3o?  'bull- 
roarer'1  beside  pojufio?,  we  have  different  Ablauts  :  the  pv-  repre- 
sents vr-  (Frohde  B.B.  14.  107),  the  po-  represents  vro-.  It 
seems  that  in  one  dialect  of  the  Ursprache  vr  (vl)  became  m  (In), 
in  another  the  sonant  took  the  same  form  as  in  other  combina- 
tions :  we  have  Sk.  rue-  '  shine'  rudh-  '  grow  '  lubh-  '  be  lustful ' 
beside  v areas  '  light '  vardh-  '  grow  '  valbh-  '  enjoy '  respectively, 
opvaaw  'dig'  and  (nasalised)  pv~/xos  'snout'  but  Sk.  vrh-  'to 
tear,'  Av/cos  Lat.  lupus  but  Lith.  wilkas,  see  on  aavpunrfp  sec.  5. 

(e)  In  the  following  cases  the  v  — like  the  u  in  Sk.  dhur-  ush- 
hur-  beside  dhvar-  '  injure  '  vas-  '  shine  '  hvar-  '  be  crooked  ' 
respectively — is  Ablaut  of  vo  or  ve : 

7yj/'/>  g"1111-)2  beside  gven-,  Goth,  qino,  Old  Irish  ben,  Old 
Slavonic  zena,  Sk.  Jam's,  and  Elean  fieveoi  (jaia^ono  -ry  ^waiKi, 
Meister  2.  22). 

£7ri-aKvviov  '  skin  over  the  eyes,'  skim-,  beside  skven-to-,  Old 
]S"orse  skinn. 


7.  61  ;  G.  Meyer  Gr.  Gr.2  77  and  Albanesische  Studien  3.  69 ;  Brngmann  Grr. 
1.  219  fin.  and  2.  340 ;  Schulze  201  sq. ;  Persson  227.  The  forms  in  Celtic 
(Irish  ainmm  or  oiiim,  Welsh  tine)  and  Old  Slavonic  (imf)  have  not  yet  heen 
satisfactorily  explained.  The  root  may  appear  in  6vo/j.at  '  blame,  disparage,'  i.e. 
'name,'  in  our  parliamentary  sense,  stigmatize.  Arcadian  K\f(ov6/j.ca,  Laconian 
Trarpoy6/j.ov,  seem  to  owe  their  third  vowel  o  (for  u)  to  a  false  connexion  with 
v6/jios. 

1  i.e.  (Andrew  Lang,  Custom  and  Myth,  p.  39),  a  fish-shaped  piece  of  wood 
making  a  hideous  noise  when  whirled 'round  by  means  of  a  piece  of  string.     The 
Greeks  themselves  seem  to  have  compared  the  shape  of  the  bullroarer  to  that  of 
the  wryneck,  5firy|,  with  its  long  snake-like  neck :    '  the  mad  bird,  the  variegated 
wryneck  of  the  four  spokes,  bound  to  an  endless  wheel,'  which  Aphrodite  in 
Pindar  (Pyth.  4.  381)  brings  to  Jason  to  help  him  in  gaining  the  love  of  Medea, 
can  hardly  have  been  a  real  wryneck,  but  a  bullroarer  spun  round  by  means  of  a 
wheel.    From  the  noise  which  this  would  make,  not  from  the  bird  itself,  which 
has  not  a  loud  cry,  came  the  Homeric  ivfa  '  roar ' ;  and,  from  the  use  of  the  bull- 
roarer  in  magical  ceremonies,  the  meaning  of  lvy£  as  'charm,  spell'   (Pind. 
Xem.  4.  56)  or  'yearning  produced  by  a  spell '  (Aesch.  Pers.  989). 

2  A  Velar  after  or  before  v  becomes  Palatal,  not  Labial  (De  Saussure,  Mem. 
Soc.  Ling.  6.  161  .5/7. ). 


12  SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES. 

Ovpa,  dhur-,  Lit.  d&rys,  Arm.  durn,  Sk.  dur-,  beside  dhvor-, 
Zend  dvara. 

KVK\O<S  'wheel,'  ku'kvlos,  beside  kvekvlos  Ags.  hveohl,1 
kvekvlos  Ags.  hveogel,  Sk.  cakrds,  and  kvokvl-  Lat.  Copies  (an 
Oscan  form,  for  *quocles,  as  poplna  is  the  Oscan  form  of  coquina] 
'ham  of  the  knee'  as  being  rounded  (Bugge  B.B.  14.  64,  65). 

KV\I£  'cup,'  kul-,  beside  kvel-  weXif  (Cratinus,  Meineke 
2.  64),  and  kvol-  Sk.  kalagas. 

ff-vpat;  '  spike  at  the  butt-end  of  a  spear,'  (s)tur-,  beside 
(s)tver-,  see  on  cravpwTJjp,  sec.  5. 

vcicp,  ud-  Sk.  udan-,  beside  vod-  Goth,  vato,  Old  Slavonic  voda. 

vTTi/os,  su.pn.os,  Old  Slavonic  siinu,  Ann.  khun,  beside  svepnos 
Ags.  scefn,  and  svo'pnos  Lith.  sapnas  (Lat.  somnus  and  Sk.  svdpnas 
may  represent  either  svep-  or  svop-). 

iriavpe?  Treffvpe?  (see  pp.  8  and  2),  kvetnr-,  Lith.  keturl, 
beside  kvetver-  Lith.  ketweri,  Old  Slavonic  cetcerii,  Irish  cethir, 
and  kvetvor-  Dor.  -re-opes. 

So  apparently  in 

fiv\i),  mul-,  beside  mvel-  Irish  melim,  Old  Slavonic  melja, 
Sk.  mar-,  and  mvol-  Goth,  malan,  Lith.  tnalu,  Arm.  malem  (Lat. 
mola  mold  may  be  either  mvol-  or  mvl-,  see  below) : 

vvtl,  nukvt-,  beside  nvoktv-  Lat.  nox,  Irish  nocht,  Goth,  nahts, 
Lit.  naktis,  Old  Slavonic  nosti,  Sk.  ndktis : 

<J>v\\ov,  bhul-jom,  beside  bhvcd-jom  Lat.  folium. 

I.e.,  though  no  extant  language  has  initial  mv,  nv,  or  bhv, 
the  Greek  forms  here  show  that  such  combinations  existed  in 
the  TJrsprache.  So  (Brugmann  Grr.  166.  170.  184)  v  is  lost 
after  initial  bh  in  vTrep-fa'aXos,  Lat  fis,  Old  Slavonic  be  '  he  was ' ; 
and  after  medial  n  in  Att.  ^ova-ra  fei/o?  (frdavw,  and  Old  Slavonic 
tlnlka  '  thin.' 

In  five  of  these  words  we  have  a  further  Ablaut,  the  final  liquid 
of  the  root  becomes  sonant : 

ffwrj :  gvn.-,  Dor.  <yaf«,  Boeotian  /3ai>a* 

Qvpd:  dhvr-,  Lat.  foris,  Old  Slavonic  dcW.3 

1  So,  I  think,  irerXos  '  robe '  as  being  circular  when  spread  out  flat  on  the 
ground ;  whence  in  Latin  it  was  called  cyclas. 

3  Also,  I  think,  Ionic  (not  '  borrowed  into  Attic  from  Boeotian '  as  J.  Adam 
says  of  /Savoucros,  Classical  Review  7.  102) :  fidvava-os  'mechanical' — Herodotus 
2.  165  opposes  &ava,v<rir)  to  rb  fidxifiov —  =  *&avB.-avT-jos  (for  similar  shortenings 
in  compounds  see  on  «7XfA.i/s,  sec.  4)  '  quite  womanish,'  the  second  element  being 
from  ain6s  in  the  sense  of  Homer's  afrnas  'merely,  simply.' 

3  But  not  Ocupos,  which  was  the  pivot  of  a  gate,  TU\OJ  (II.  12.  459),  not  of  a 
door. 


SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES.  13 

:  kvl-,  *K(i\i^,  a  form  from  which  Lat.  calix  was  borrowed. 
:  kvetvr-,  lon.-Att.  -reaaape?,  Hdt.  -reffffepei  (ep  repre- 
senting r,  sec.  3  C,  as  in  epar/v  beside  Att.  uparjv],  Boeot.  ire-napes, 
Osc&n  petor.  (So  Aeolic  avpice<s  may  be  from  turk-,  while  Att. 
ffdpKe?  is  from  tvrk- :  the  root  is  unknown.) 

fivXij :  mvj-,  /nd\rj  '  armpit,'  cf.  fiv\q  in  the  sense  of  '  kneepan ' : 
both  parts  of  the  body  were  named  from  their  shape,  the  armpit 
concave  like  the  upper  millstone,  the  kneepan  convex  like  the 
lower. 

Why  all  these  forms  of  Ablaut  were  used  it  is  hard  to  see  : 
plainly  it  had  nothing  to  do  with  accent,  whether  of  pitch  or  of 
stress.  My  own  theory  on  the  subject,  Etyma  Latina  p.  xxx.,  has 
as  yet  escaped  notice. 

(e)  In  owl;  from  onokhv-  (p.  1)  the  second  vowel  is  due  to 
Dissimilation,  the  dislike  to  having  the  same  sound  in  two  con- 
secutive syllables  :  cf.  with  '  regressive '  Dissimilation,  the  dialectic 
Attic  Aj//0u/3os  (Kretschmer  K.Z.  29.  412).  In  onokhv-  the 
second  vowel  was  a  genuine  0,  not  one  interchangeable  with  e  : 
every  other  kind  of  o  remains  in  Ionic-Attic  in  such  a  position, 
whether  the  preceding  vowel  be  o,  oro/Jos  ororol  (both  onoma- 
topoeic), o/3oXo's  o\o0tt>to9  opoftfta  opo<fiy  beside  o/3eXo's  eXe^alpofiat 
opefta  epefoo  respectively,  oQofuu  oXoo's  beside  oOfieu  6\eKiv,  ovofut 
from  a  stem  ono-  (see  p.  10), — or  w,  Horn.  7re^7rwfto\ov  Att. 

a«0a-/3oXos  7piwftoi\oi>,  Archil.  Att.  aTr-w/u-OTOS  Att.    eV-   trvv-f  Hom. 

Att.  vTTwpdcfiio? :  with  the  exception  of  Trevrwpv/a  in  an  Attic 
inscription  of  330  B.C.  (Boeckh,  Staatshaushaltung  3.  412),  Stwpv^a 
etc.  in  Xenophon,  Cynegeticus  2.  5,  which  owe  their  v  to  the 
analogy  of  eVuW/to<?  etc.,  (see  p.  10  fin.),  since  they  stood  to 
opd-jVLa  (Ar.  Fragm.  6611)  as  eTrwwfia  etc.  seemed  to  stand  to  ovofia. 

But  in  the  non-Ionic  dialects  an  o  in  such  a  position  was  pro- 
nounced 'close,'  inclining  to  an  'open'  v,  and  might  be  written 
either  o  or  v :  whether  the  preceding  vowel  were  o,  owfia  in 
Lesbian,  Boeotian  (as  oviovfia),  Thessalian,  Phocian,  and  Doric 
(Kretschmer  K.Z.  31.  377,  Meister  1.  56),  and  o/.ivav  (apparently 
for  ofioae,  Bezzenberger  B.B.  5.  327)  in  Pamphylian, — or  w, 
Epidaurian  W7ra-/3v0/a9  beside  o/>o0a  (Kretschmer  K.Z.  378). 

(£")  Even  apart  from  Dissimilation,  in  the  non-Ionic  dialects 
every  un-stressed  o  seems  to  have  been  pronounced  '  close  '  and 
written  indifferently  o  or  v.  Thus 

1  Find.  Pyth.4.  228  6p6yviav,  and  Sappho  98  firropoyvwi,  are  mere  conjectures. 


14  SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES. 

(a)  in  the   article,   which   like   our    '  the '    was  doubtless  un- 
stressed, Pamphylian  v  but  Arcadian  o  : 

(b)  at  the  end  of  a  word,  Lesbian  CLTTV  and  a/ro  (the  Grammarians 
give  Zevpv  as  the  Aeolic  form,  Sappho  has  ceupo).  Arcadian  inrv 
tea.™1  aXXi/2  but  e\vfftrro,  Cyprian  Inrv  ryevoiTu  wplaeTu  (never  -TO), 
Pamphylian  ef3ia\do€Tv  eVnJXocu  Ka-epepgoSv.       So  before  a  final 
consonant,   Cyprian    Kepdfiiv?   Nom.   Sing,    (in  other  words  -o?), 
Pamphylian   (3iv\i)[iei>v9  and  in  the  same  inscription  KCKpa^evos, 
'EtrrJ-ecitvs  Nom.  and  Kovpaffi'wws  Gen. : 

(c)  in  the  first  element  of  a  compound,  whether  a  monosyllabic 
Preposition,  Cyprian  vv-edrjKe  and   ov-eOrjice,   both  from  n-,   Att. 
av- ;  or  at  the  end  of  a  disyllabic  Preposition,  Lesbian  airv-  and 
OTTO-,  Larisaean  OTTV-,  Arcadian  am-  KUTV-  ;    or  at  the  end  of  a 
stem,  Rhodian  'A^aOu-fifipd-rov  and  Tifio-ppdcov,  Pamphylian  FOIKV- 
TroXts  and  Ne'yo-TToXets. 

Pitch-accent  seems  to  have  had  nothing  to  do  with  this  pro- 
nunciation of  o,  we  have  v  in  the  oxytone  syllable  in  FoiKviro\i<i 
and  may  suppose  it  in  *A~/a0vfifipoTo<t.3  On  the  other  hand,  except 
in  the  later  Lesbian  dialect,  on  which  see  below,  this  peculiar 
v  seems  to  appear  only  in  the  unstressed  syllable.4 

In  some  sub-dialects  o  before  t,  whether  stressed  or  not,  seems 
to  have  been  pronounced  'close':  the  instances  (G.  Meyer  116; 
J.  Schmidt  K.Z.  32.  394  sq.)  are — Ionic  (at  Abu  Simbel)  vh, 
Cretan  vT  and  OTTVI,  Euboean  /teTwt/cos. 

(17)  In  the  later  Lesbian  dialect — that  of  Theocritus  in  his  three 
'  Aeolic '  poems,  and  of  the  poetess  Balbilla,  not  that  of  Sappho 
and  Alcaeus  or  of  any  early  inscription — even  radical  o  seems  to 
have  been  pronounced  somewhat  '  close.'  The  Greek  grammarians, 
who  say  that  the  '  Aeolians,'  i.e.  the  Lesbians,  'turn  o  into  v,' 

give  fiv*/is  %vavov  a-rvfia  Tine  ty<0aXo9  \nrioOa  i'-pvis  as  the  proper 
Aeolic  forms,  though  Pittacus  (in  Bergk)  has  <ndfia,  a  Lesbian 
inscription  ore,  Alcaeus  o/>i/ts ;  so  that  we  cannot  be  sure  that 


1  For  *Karb,  which  is  to  K<XT&  as  virb  to  uira-  (Sappho). 

2  Homer's  &\\vSis  owes  its  v  to  &pv8is. 

3  So  in  Cyprian  Kwinricrna  (Hesychius)  '  wine  made  from  the  refuse  of  pressed 
grapes,'  if  Meister  2.  220  is  right  in  making  this=*Keo^d-7ri(r/io,  from  KUVOS 
'  resin'  -\-wffm  :  but  M.  Schmidt  suggests  Kvw-irlfff/j.a  ('juice  pressed  out'). 

4  Cyprian  SoFfvcu  and  SvFdvoi  seem  to  contain  the  same  root  in  two  forms, 
(I)   dou-  from   'dou-    (Wiedemann,    Litauisches  Praeteritum,  41  sq.),   cf.    Old 
Slavonic  davati,  and  (2)  du-,  cf.  Lat.  daim,  with  F  developt  before  a  vowel,  as  in 
Chalcidian  rapvF6rns,  Boeotian  EvFdyopos,  cf.  Epirotic  Eti&avSpos.     Cf.  respec- 
tively (1)  do(u)-  in  Cyprian  Scaicoi,  and  (2)  du-  in  ivetvice  (Meister  2.  220). 


SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES.  15 

the  various  readings  Swei  and  vacwv  in  Sappho  40  and  4  are 
genuine.  In  a  late  inscription  we  have  tyto/wv,  in  Balbilla 
(Meister  1.  53)  vfiot,  in  Theocritus  vfioiov  vfidp-rr),  in  Hesychius 
ef  v/nd\\wv'  eg  ofioitav,  while  Theocritus  has  <nvf.ia,  Hesychius 
fivp/uvpwv.  These  facts  seem  to  show  (1)  that  the  'close'  pro- 
nunciation of  radical  o  was  confined  to  the  later  Lesbian  dialect, 
and  (2)  that  even  in  this  later  dialect  the  radical  o  was  pronounced 
only  slightly  '  close,'  since  in  all  instances  but  those  just  given 
it  is  spelt  o  and  not  v. 

(0}  As  the  Romance  languages,  descended  from  the  dialect  of 
the  Roman  lower  class,  make  every  Latin  u  into  o,  so  the  dialects 
of  Western  Cyprus  (Hoffmann  B.B.  15.  49  sq.)  seem  to  have 
made  every  v  into  o  :  the  town-name  So'Xot  (in  Cyprus)  is  in 
Plutarch  2vAo<  (Master  2.  220),  we  have  IdoviKrj  in  an  inscription 
from  Paphos  (Deecke  B.B.  6.  71),  Hesychius  quotes  dopdva? 
/uo^oi  aodva  (beside  Ovpa  /uv^ds  gv>]\i'j}  as  Paphian,  and  his 

flop/Hat;  tTnoKuaev  iVK<i(f)6~cve  KOf.ifto's  Kpd<na\\os  Xo0j//s  Tre.Troaft.ai 
fff.io'/ep6v  (beside  fivp^itjg  e—vicuaev  e^[KaTa<pv-reve  Ariyi/3o9  icpva-ra\\o<} 
Xi^jn's  —eTrvff/iiai  eTrtff/u.vfepws')  may  belong  to  the  same  family. 
So  also  in  some  Boeotian  dialect  (G.  Meyer  90),  'A/toWa?  6oairj<i ; 
but  Boeotian  Ei>0/?o<7oV«i/  20^00/w,  Attic  "O\o/u.7ro9.  Laconian 
Kovoovpeu.'v,  may  be  due  to  Assimilation  (Kretschmer  K.Z.  29. 
412),  while  Strabo's  'Opfii'va  for  'Yp^rj  (in  Elis,  II.  2.  616, 
see  Meister  2.  31)  seems  to  show  the  influence  of  0/3/105  '  roadstead.' 


(3)  Leskien's  principle  of  '  Ausnahmslosigkeit,'  that  a  phonetic 
law  has  no  exceptions,  is  doubtless  true  within  each  dialect ; 
but  in  Greek  there  were  as  many  dialects  as  there  are  in 
English,  and  every  poet  and  each  of  his  hearers  or  readers  must 
have  been  familiar  with  several.  So  ovis  and  Ids,  words  common 
enough,  were  loanwords  in  Latin  (Havet,  Mem.  Soc.  Ling. 
6.  17  sq.\  the  proper  Roman  forms  would  be  *avis  and  *vos : 
the  Romans  said  '  sedeo  in  solio,'  though  the  I  in  the  last 
word  was  Oscan.  In  '  the  skipper  met  the  shipper  in  a  well- 
equipt  skifE '  we  have  four  different  dialects :  in  the  Windhill 
dialect  of  Yorkshire  the  forms  misen,  misel,  miseln  (myself)  are 
used  without  distinction,  and  '  probably  due  to  importation  from 
neighbouring  dialects'  (Prof.  Joseph  Wright,  Dialect  of  Wind- 
hill,  p.  122). 


16  SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES. 

A.  Whether   an   initial   vowel   should   preserve    its    aspiration 
or  not  must  have  depended  on  dialect  in   Greek,  just  as  it  did 
in  Latin  and  does  in  English:   the  lower  orders  at  Rome,   the 
linguistic    progenitors    of    the    Romance    languages,    must    have 
dropt   all   their  h's,    and   in   England  it    is    only   the    educated 
classes  that  keep  theirs. 

ijcvs  and  ijco<i  go  together:  the  latter  in  II.  11.  318  yfiewv  ?}£o« 
'  satisfaction  from  us '  has  an  ironical  sense,  which  I  detect  also 
in  cognate  words  with  short  vowel,  viz.  («)  a£o?  II.  11.  88 
(where  it  seems  to  have  a  digamma),  and  uSy  or  aty  (in  Homer 
only  in  Ace.),  'satiety';  (b)  acivd*  or  acivo?  'to  repletion'; 
and  (c)  the  post-Homeric  acpds  '  thick,  large,'  quasi  '  sufficient.' 
— In  II.  5.  203  acqv,  also  written  u&Bqv,  may  be  a  contraction 
of  *a-aFa%i)v  'without  satisfying  oneself  (Schulze  p.  452  sq.}  ; 
and  so  I  would  explain  «£e'u>  in  Homer's  ucyaeie  a^/coVev,  both 
also  written  aBS-,  as  for  *a-aFacew,  '  am  dissatisfied,  displeased '  : 

0/>o//«oi>  '  prelude,'  beside  Trpo-otpuov,  must  come  from  *oi'utov, 
as  (frpovpos  comes  from  7rpd-\-*6pd?  '  watcher '  (o/aaw),  and  <j)pot>cos 
from  *<£>pov&ou,  i.e.  -rrpo  oSov,  '  ahead  on  the  way,'  II.  4.  382. 
Homer's  otfiij  '  song '  will  then  be  dialectic  for  *oi'/j.rj,  perhaps 
meaning  'connection,'  arrangement  of  words,  from  a  root  soi-, 
Sk.  setus  'binding,'  si-,  'to  bind,'  /-/tas  'band.'  (Lat.  saeculum 
then  must  be  from  some  other  root.) 

B.  In  Lesbian  we  have  tW/>  t'x^os  for  virep  v^-os  (G.  Meyer  91), 
in  Larisaean  'nrep  (Aleister  1.   224),  in  Megarian  ataipi>7tTa<;  for 
alffvfii'ijTr'l'i  (Kretschmer  K.Z.  29.  412  sq.},   in  Hippocrates  both 
<npi(f)v os   and    <7T/>i;0i/o9    '  hard.'      So   I   would    explain    c/rcu&ot 
'  wanton '  as  for  *Kvvai8o<i,  i.e.  KVVO<S  aldu>  e^wv,   '  with  as  much 
modesty  as  a  dog,'  the  dialectic  form  being  employed  to  disguise 
the  meaning. 

C.  The   Lesbian   representative  of   r  was   po   (G.  Meyer  27), 
e.g.   ppo^ew^   0poffeu>9   ffTpd-ra'/os,   Homer's    rjufiporov  beside  Att. 
ifl/jiap7ov  :  so  /3/joT09  (cf.  Sk.  mrtds  'dead')  must  have  been  Aeolic, 
the  true  Ionic  word  being  dvr)-r6<s,  Dor.  dva-rd<s.    So  n  is  represented 
by  vo  in  Alcaeus'  <^vd(f)a\\ov  beside  Att.  /nW^aXAoc : l  the  root, 
as  the  varying  initial  proves,2  was  originally  bi-aspirate,  ghn-bh-, 

1  On  va  for  n  in  Ionic- Attic  see  Osthoff ,  Morphologische  Untersuchungen  v. , 
preface:    he  quotes  yvddos,  vain   (i.e.   *vour-jia),   and,  for  /xa  from  m,   partvca 
beside  ^era\\d(ii. 

2  Cf.   Hesych.    a.Ka66v   aja66v,   i.e.   the  original   form   was  *a-xa06^,   from 
'  intensive '  a-  (see  sec.  1)  +  a  root  ghadh-,  Ablaut  ghadh-  in  Goth,  gods  '  good.' 


SOME    GKEEK    ETYMOLOGIES.  17 


cf.  ghne-bh-  in  Att.  -/^c-ipaXXoi/,  and  with  Metathesis  (as  in 
o^aXo?  beside  Ags.  nafela]  ghem-bh,-,  Old  Slavonic  zeba  'I  tear 
in  pieces'  (wool  being  carded  for  use). 

One  dialect  seems  to  have  used  e-,  not  a-,  to  represent  the 
nasal  sonant  :  Hesychius  has  eoaarjrrjp'  uoaarj^p,  and  eypvirvei' 
d~(pv-ve?,  the  first  vowel  in  each  being  the  '  copulative  '  prefix, 
originally  sm-,  sec.  1,  c.  (In  a-^p-vTrvet,  literally  '  is  chasing 
sleep,'1  and  in  u-~/pa  '  chace,'  d-^pew  'seize,'  gw-d-ypia  'reward 
for  saving  life,'  the  a-  must  be  a  prefix,  the  root  gr-,  ger-,  as  in 
Horn,  gw-'fpei  'take  alive,'  and  Hesych.  e^prjvrcu-  ?;/5/;i/T«t.)  So 
r=e/3  in  Homer's  dpi-  and  Qepalr^  beside  apt-  and  dupao^,  Hesych. 
£epe0pa  and  /u.ep~jt£e  '  gobble  '  beside  fidpadpa  and  fidp'/o?  ;  and 
l  =  eX  in  Hesych.  £e\\etv  pe\epov  beside  (3d\\eiv  paXepov.  Again, 
with  the  consonant  coming  first  (as  in  fiarevu)  <yi/a0o9  xpaSi-ij 
TrXaTu?),  we  have  ni=«6  in  Hesych.  fiea-ra^  for  jidfnag,  and 
r=/je  in  Lesbian  /c/>6Tos  for  icpdro^  (G.  Meyer  6),  Hesych.  ^6/t0oe 
for  /ja/«0o9  '  beak,'  Boeotian  -rpe-irecda?  beside  (in  another  inscription) 

T/JOTre'dca?  (B.B.   17.  336,  n.). 

D.  Homer's    oZjiif  =  Att.    ooyuy,    as  vA5/t^T09  =  Att.   vA«r/tj/T09 
(Kretschmer  K.Z.    29.   420)  ;     so  Pindar's   Keica£/uei>o<}   (  furnished 
with'    =Att.    KeKdfffievo?,    perhaps    meaning    'bound   with,'    and 
going  with   the   post-Homeric   *rjyco9    '  connexion    by   marriage  ' 
—  quite  a  different  word  from  the  Homeric  AT/^O?  '  care,  mourn- 
ing.'    Homer's  Kaiw^ai  '  surpass,'  Perf.  KeKaa/aai,  cannot  be  for 
*KaSi^vfiai   or    go   with    /ce/ca^/te'j'09,   for   Dental  -\-v  would   remain 
unchanged,    as    in    d\orrvci>r)    TT^VW    edvos    (G.    Meyer   280)  :     I 
would  explain  it  as  for  ^Kaawfim  (cf.  eivvfii  for  *eavvfii},  from 
a   root  kns-,  Sk.  gans-  '  to   praise,'  so   that   Kaiw^ai  will  mean 
'  am    praised  '    for     something,    Od.    4.    725     TravToi'y?     aperrjat, 
*:6«:«ffyii€J'O9   eV   Aavaoiffi. 

E.  Herodotus  (Ehys,   P  and  Q,  Groups,  p.  16),  uses  *>  for  TT- 
in    words   derived   from   the    Relative    stem,    e.g.    tcote   KOU    KW?  : 
thus  his  irpoKci  'forthwith'  may  stand  for  *-p6  ira,  i.e.  irpd-\-the 
Instrumental   (Brugmann   Grr.    2.    274)    of   kvo-.      Thus   7r/>oV« 
will   be   identical   with    Lat.  prope  '  near,'  an    Oscan   form   (see 
p.  12  init.  on  poples)  for  *proque  from  *proqua  (Brugmann  Grr.  1. 
973).  —  The     -Ka     in     av~iKa    must     be     differently    explained, 
apparently  as  kn,  Ablaut  of  Kev  '  then  '  (see  Persson  Idg.  Fors- 


1  Havet's  (and  Benfey's)  connexion  of  &ypvirvos  with  eyelpw,  Mem.  Soc.  Lin 
6.  Ill,  is  rightly  controverted  by  Breal,  do.  17.!. 


18  M)ME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES. 

chungen  2.  228):  the  first  element  is  *avrt,  Location  of  avs 
'  ipse  '  (Hesychius),  while  avro's  is  from  the  stem  of  avs-j-a 
'determinative'  o  (see  on  0e'<r0aT05,  p.  1). 

F.  Before  e  or  <  a  Velar  ought  in  Greek  to  appear  as  a  Dental 
(Bezzenberger  B.B.  16.  254  sq.,  Bechtel  Hauptprobleme  p.  356 
sq.)  :  the  rule-right  forms  of  /3/os  and  fiia,  beside  Sk.  jlv-  and 
j'yd-  respectively,  would  be  *c/os  and  *c/a.  The  former  appears  in 
Siepo<;  'living'  (Fick  B.B.  16.  287),  and  I  think  in  £/e/iat  '  hasten, 
am  quick '  ;  of  which  the  Perfect  Active  would  be  *Be£iw>ca  (as 
that  of  a0n//«  is  a0eWa,  G.  Meyer  559),  whence  was  formed  a 
Present  BIWKW  '  set  in  motion '  (G.  Meyer  45).  The  form  *c/a  I 
detect  in 

(a)  Sia-Kovos  '  servant,'  quasi  /3/a  KOVWV,  '  compelled  to  work ' : 
the  second  element,  as  in  Hesychius'  Kovelv'  lirel^eaOai,  Homer's 
e^Koveta  '  hasten,'  Att.  O.KOVI-II  '  without  trouble  '  (Schulze  353,  n.), 
is  from  ken-,  a  parallel  form  of  kven-  in  Trove?*,  as  kel-  in  /ce'XXw, 
Kefy?,  Lat.  celer,  is   a  parallel   form  of  kvel-  in  Tre'Xw  '  move,' 
Lat.  cold  : 

(b)  cia-veicr)*   'continuous,'  quasi  /3m  evexOct?,   'brought  on  by 
force,  not  to  be  stopt ' :    the  second  element  being  an  unnasalised 
form  (as  in  Lat.  nactus]  of  the  root  of  tVe7Ke2V  and  Lat.  nanciscor. 


(4)  It  is  often  difficult  to  decide  whether  a  word  is  a  compound 
or  a  derivative,  or  of  what  elements  an  admittedly  compound  word 
is  made  up. 

afi/x'/9  "*  Homer  always  connotes  sound  :  it  is  used  of  the  cries 
of  pain,  of  a  tumult,  of  the  bleating  of  sheep,  and  of  noisy  eating 
and  drinking.  I  would  therefore  explain  it  as  '  dry-sounding,' 
from  *o£"o's,  Adj.  of  u^tj  '  dryness,'  +  iyx°9  'noise,'  comparing 
II.  12.  160,  KopvOei  £'a/i0'  avov  atnew,  of  a  '  harsh,  grating  sound  ' 
(Monro),  and  Verg.  Georg.  1.  357  aridus  .  .  fragor  'a  jarring  noise.' 
Hesychius'  a£ax[e'a]  then  will  be  the  Doric  form ;  his  afex/}s  is  a 
different  word,  cnro  TOU  u^tjv  e-^eiv,  as  the  Scholiast  on  II.  15.  25 
gives  the  derivation  of  a^xy?  (which  Apollonius  Rhodius  uses 
as  =  afaXe'o9  'dry,'  Wackernagel  K.Z.  33.  51). 

a?ffx°9  '  disgrace '=  *« To- <r^- o?,  from  ais-  in  Goth,  aistan'to 
observe,'  Old  High  German  era  '  honour,'  a/(<r)-£u>9  '  shame,  respect ' 
(Bezzenberger  B.B.  4.  313), !  and  a7a-(F}a  '  apportioning,' giving 

1  The  8  is  probably  terminational,  not  from  5i'5o>/ii. 


SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES.  19 

each  his  due  share  of  honour.  The  second  element  of  oTo-^o? 
is  the  '  reduced  '  root  of  e^w,  so  that  the  whole  word  means  'having 
observation,'  getting  oneself  observed.  So  7ra<r^oi  =  *7ra0 
have  suffering,  I  suffer,'  from  wa#os,  -n-adelv.  Hesychius' 
shows  that  the  Greeks  themselves  considered  Traa-^-  the  root. 
There  is  no  proof  that  *Trdd-aKw,  with  an  Inceptive  ending,  could 
give  anything  but  TTUITKU)  (which  is  the  Elean  form,  G.  Meyer  269)  : 
fiia'ita  is  not  for  *fjn'"/-fficw,  but  shows  the  same  stem,  fua^-  as  in 
Homer's  ^ia^-d^Keia  'meeting  of  glens,'  i.e.  fiiy-ff-<^-,  the  root  of 
fii~j-vvfj.t  increased  by  s,  and  with  the  same  termination  (Brugmann 
Grr.  2.  91)  as  ai-^rf  beside  ai-wrrcua  'look  silent'  (Kretschmer 
KZ.  31.  471). 

avw^a  'command'  means  'lead  up'  (Lat.  m-duco,  see  sec.  1, 
A),  cause  to  do  a  thing :  *w-/a  is  an  unreduplicated  Perfect, 
like  o?ca,  from  the  strong  form  (as  in  07- 0^7-09)  of  the  root 
of  u^fia.  So  oifttorfl  'wailing,'  from  oi'/u,ot-\-*u}^^  :  for  the  sense 
cf.  KTVTTOV  u"fetv  '  make  a  noise,'  yeXwra  a/yet*/  '  raise  a  laugh.' l 
So  I  would  explain  -n-paaata  as  *7rpa-dy-Tj'w,  '  make  progress,' 
whence  its  Homeric  use  with  a  '  local '  Genitive,  e.g.  II.  24. 
264  iva  Trptja-ffdufiev  o£oio  '  advance  on  our  way,'  and  so  nywyos 
'  business  '  =*7rpa-a~(-o<}  :  the  first  element  is  *7rpa  '  progress,' 
a  Subst.  formed  like  x/"/  an(l  ofio-K\t'f  (Brugmann  Grr.  2.  896), 
and  standing  to  Tropos  Trepdw  much  as  dpa-  in  ^pafia  &pdu)  stands 
to  Lith.  darau  '  I  do.' 

a/37«Xeo5  '  difficult '  (the  a-  must  be  long,  as  it  is  in  Att. 
0/370?  '  idle,'  from  *a- pep-jo's)  means  '  impracticable,  not  to  be 
done,'  from  o-  negative-^/^e/^oj/.  For  the  contraction  cf. 
O.KWV  from  *a-F^Kwv. 

appmo-s  '  unchangeable  '  (Plato)  =  *u-Fpa-ro9,  d-  negative  + 
*fparo9  Participle  from  vr-  'to  turn,'  whence  also  (a),  with  a 
termination  -mo-,  pdfio?  'worm'  (see  sec.  3,  C),  Lat.  vermis  (from 
*vormis),  Goth,  vaurms  '  serpent' ;  with  -inn,  Lat.  vermina  'colic,' 
and  (£)  with  a  '  determinative  '  t,  Lat.  vortd-,  Sk.  vart-  '  to  turn,' 
Elean  fipcndva  '  stirring-ladle  '  (Hesychius),  and  oprvt;  '  quail ' 
quasi  '  dancing,  turning  round.' 

&i(j)depa  '  dressed  hide  '  (Thuc.  2.  75  ceppei?  ical  SKfiOepas  '  skins 

1  "With  the  literal  sense  of  '  raise '  we  find  &y<a  in  d/cr^j  '  raised  land,  coast, 
river-bank,'  cf.  Soph.  Oed.  Rex.  183  PV/J.IOV  O.KTO.V  '  the  raised  altar  ' ;  so  in 
&X<)os  'weight,  what  one  can  lift,'  cf.  Soph.  El.  119  &yeiv  ou/teVi  acaKia  AUJTTJS 
uvTippotrov  &xQ°si  an(^  the  Attic  use  &yeiv  ^.vav  'to  weigh  a  pound,  be  able  to 
lift  it.' 


20  SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES. 

undressed  or  dressed  ')  means  '  twice  spoilt,'  os--j-00e//w,  diverted 
from  its  natural  use  as  a  covering  for  the  beast,  first  torn  off 
(Seppis  from  £epw,  with  a  termination  -/us  as  in  uicpis  OK/H?,  Brug- 
mann  Grr.  2.  98)  and  then  tanned.  Hesychius  has  a  dialectic 
form  Zt^dpa,  which  goes  with  his  tyei'pef  (ftdee'pei  (G.  Meyer 
209  fin.). 

ffyxe\v9  '  eel  '  =  *e7xv-xe\u9,  '  snake  with  the  mouth  of  a 
tortoise,'  %€\V9:  *€v<y^us  exactly=Lat.  anguis,  since  eng-  becomes 
in  Latin  any-,  franco  is  for  *freng5,  cf.  Goth,  brikan.  —  On  similar 
shortenings  in  compounds,  where  the  two  middle  syllables  have 
the  same  consonant  or  two  similar  vowels  concur,  see  G.  Meyer 
302  and  Schulze  427  :  Aeschylus  Eum.  52  has  fiZeXvK-rpoTro?  for 
*pBe\vK7o-7poiro<!,  and  so  I  would  explain  (a)  7r«\a/ti/a<o?  '  suppliant 

not  yet  purified'  as  for  *7ra\a/to  -fiv  atos  (as   na\a/<;yc)/s  =  *naXa/«o- 

/<?}e/;9,  Fick  K.Z.  22.  99),  '  with  a  deed  of  violence,  ira\afirj,  in 
his  memory,'  fivrjfir]  ;  (1}  oTo-/ia/»705  '  loquacious  '  as  for  *<nofia- 
nap<*(o<i  '  mad  of  mouth';  and  (0)  virep,vrjfivice,  II.  22.  491,  of  an 
orphan  boy,  as  for  *i//r-e-/«'//->}/<yfc-e  '  is  bowed  down  in  mind  ' 
(quasi  *vTrij^.vice  ftcfunffuvo*)  :  though  for  rj^tvia  '  bow  down  '  I 
cannot  suggest  any  etymology. 

e!5a0o<f  'foundation'  is  marked  by  Brugmann,  Grr.  2.  p.  204, 
as  the  only  Neuter  word  with  the  termination  -bho-  :  I  therefore 
take  it  as  a  compound  of  e£os+a0y  aTnofiai,  l  touching  the  seat' 
or  bottom,  a  Dissimilation  of  breathing  for  *e£a0os. 

eroi/j.09  'ready'  may  mean  'striving  after  the  way,'  0710?; 
the  first  element  being  (as  Prellwitz  Etym.  "Worterbuch  der 
Griech.  Sprache  suggests)  jet-,  Sk.  yat-  '  seek  to  reach  '  (Middle). 
In  the  Active  Sk.  yat-  means  '  to  marshal,  put  in  order  '  ;  and 
with  this  we  may  connect  eVeo'?,  ervfios,  and  (with  the  root  in 
its  long  form  reduplicated)  erlj-rvfios  '  true,'  quasi  '  regular.' 
On  the  difference  of  breathing  see  sec.  3,  A. 

evpv<t  must  be  a  compound,  or  we  should  have  *e//jws,1  as  we 
have  El\ei'9via  beside  'E  \evOw  :  it  seems  a  contraction  of  *ev-vpi'«s 
'full  wide'  (Sk.  urus).  So  ev0v?  'straight'  may  be  from  ev--\-Ovw, 
1  rushing  well,'  going  in  a  straight  line.  The  first  element  appears 
in  three  different  forms:  (1)  esu-,  ev-,  eV>s  'brave,'  with  metrical 
lengthening  (Schulze  33  sq.}  rjv?  ;  (2)  8U-,  the  reduced  form, 
Sk.  su-  '  well,'  Greek  v-  in  vfipi?  beside  ftpiapds,  vyiTj?  beside 


1  The  only  non-compound  word  in  Greek  with  v  in  both  syllables  is  y\vici>s, 
apparently  a  by  form  of  the  *y\vic6s  which  appears  in  Hesychius'  y\vKij-  &o-rdrt) 


SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES.  21 

Lith.  gyjti  '  I  get  well  (De  Saussure  Mem  Soc.  Ling.  7.  89, 
Zubaty  K.Z.  31.  52  «?.);  (3)  su-,  Sk.  su-  'well,'  and  I  think 
Greek  *v-  in  *v0v<!,  whence  by  Dissimilation  (Osthoff  Morph. 
Unters.  4.  190  sq.,  though  his  explanation  is  very  different)  rOvs, 
the  second  element  being  0vw.  As  Zubaty  points  out,  the 
parallelism  of 

Sk.  sit-  '  well '  and  dusk-  '  ill,' 
Zend  hu-  and  dusk-, 
Arm.  h-  and  t-, 
Irish.  SM-  and  du-, 

makes  it  difficult  to  separate  ev-,  as  the  correlative  of  £va-, 
from  Sk.  su-,  and  put  it  with  either  Sk.  at/us  'alive'  or  dvas 
'favour.' — With  ev  I  would  put  («)  eine  'when'  or  'as,'  in 
the  latter  meaning  also  ijine,  with  metrical  lengthening :  the  -re 
being  superflous,  as  in  av-re,  os  re,  added  on  the  analogy  of 
clauses  in  which  it  really  meant  '  and.'  Thus  II.  23.  62-65 
ev-re  rov  VTTVO<S  UpMfnrre  .  .  .  i/\0e  6'  eVt  Y^X')'  literally  'well 
was  sleep  seizing  him  :  the  ghost  appeared,'  came  to  mean  '  when 
sleep  was  seizing  him,  the  ghost  appeared;'  II.  3.  1C— 13  evr' 
opco?  Kopi>(f»fffi  \oVo9  Kare^evei'  6fii'x\i]i'  .  .  .  ws  upa  rwv  VTTO 
Troffffi  Kovt'ffa\ov  tL-pw-i  aeXX?}?  means  '  well  does  the  south  wind 
bring  fog:  so  rose  the  dust,'  i.e.  'as  the  south  wind  brings  fog,  so 
rose  the  dust  '  ;  and  II.  4.  277  j.ie\dv7epov,  ijvre  Triaaa,  (fiai'veTai 
'  it  looks  blacker,  quite  pitchy  ' :  ( b}  evxopai  '  boast,  vow,  pray,' 
literally  '  use  only  lona  verba '  about  myself  or  the  gods,  the 
same  termination  appearing  in  vyx™  ff^7)Xw  o'^vu-^ta  rpvx^  ty>'ixw> 
a-ov axi),  cicax'i  (this  from  the  same  root  as  ci'jta  '  I  will  find,'  Zend 
da-  '  to  know  '). 

tX0o£o7reu>  'quarrel,'  II.  1.  518,  means  'organise  hostilities,' 
from  the  root  of  e*x0o9  e'xfyo's  +  dekv-  Old  High  German  gi-zeltm 
'to  arrange,'  with  which  Brugmann  Grr.  1.  p.  332  puts  Sei-irvov 
'dinner,'  quasi  *cc-n-v-jov. — Eng.  hatred,  literally  'arrangement 
(Ags.  raed)  of  hate,'  is  a  somewhat  similar  compound. 

Kl>oicdcei\o9  '  lizard,'  an  Ionic  word  (Hdt.  2.  69),  =  '  yellow 
coward,'  AT/JO /cos  '  saffron '  +  cetXoV,  from  the  colour  and  shyness  of 
the  animal.  The  application  of  the  word  to  the  crocodile  must 
have  been  a  Litotes,  or  joke. 

Xa^ti/09,  properly  used  of  an  ox  (Ar.  Pax.  925),  =  '  with  a  fine 
hide,'  p~ii>d<i.  The  first  element  is  the  intensive  prefix  Xo-,  as  in 
\aicaraTrihftaVj  XaKardpaTos,  Af7y««xo>J>  representing  *X«e-  i.e.  *Xocre-, 


22  SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES. 


as  the  similar  prefix  \at-  in  Xa/wa/j'yo?  Aa«r7ro£/a9  represents  *Xa<r«-  :  * 
both  are  from  a  root  las-,  Sk.  fos-  'to  be  lively,'  reduplicated  in 

\i\atofnai  '  I  desire,'  i.e.  *\i-\ua-jofJLai.2 

[j&votvaw  'desire  eagerly  '=*fiei>o-Fotviiw  (for  the  shortening 
of  a  compound  see  p.  20  on  eiyxeXv?)  'am  drunk  -with  desire,' 
[iei>ei  otvwfiai  :  cf  .  the  Attic  use  of  peOveiv  '  to  be  drunk  with 
passion.'  In  II.  12.  59  fievoiveov  is  wrong  both  in  form  (for 
fievoivaov]  and  meaning  ('were  anxious'):  Goebel,  Homerische 
Blatter,  p.  15  sq.  proposes  to  read  fievoiev  av. 

vrjfycneos,  the  Homeric  epithet  of  ^nwv  and  Kpi'fiefivov,  may 
mean  '  such  as  never  was,'  ofo?  OUTTW  e^/evero  (as  I  think  the 
post-Homeric  aTrXero?  'immense'  meant  ofo?  OUTTW  eVXeTo),  vrj- 
negative  +  a  Participial  form  from  ^i~(i>ouat.  So  Lat.  ing  ens 
'  huge  '  means  '  quod  nondum  genitum  est.' 

Trai^viij  'sport'  (Hdt.)  and  Tral^viov  'toy'  (Att.)  are  from 
an  Adj.  *7ra<-<yi/o's  for  *w«u$-<y»»o'8,  formed  after  veo-yvos,  the 
second  element  going  with  "fi-/vo^ai.  But  the  forms  Trat^/fioavvr) 
•jrat^oufiai  TreiraiKa  owe  their  guttural  to  a  mistaken  explanation 
of  irai^w  (i.e.  *irai£-j<a)  as  for  *Trai^-jw,  since  the  -fw  in  most 
Yerbs  arose  from  -tfto  :  Curtius,  Yerbum  1.  317,  gives  thirty 
instances  of  -£w  from  -pjju>,  as  against  nineteen  of  -guy  from  -£ju>. 

TTwfiaXa  'not  at  all'  (Att.)  is  a  negative  which  was  originally 
an  interrogative  :  TTU>  /j.a\a  '  how,  very  much  how  '  ?  The  two 
words  were  pronounced  and  accented  as  one,  to  show  that  the 
fia\a  qualified  the  preceding  word  and  not  anything  that  might 
follow.  So  TTW  in  Aesch.  Again.  1507  is  a  negation  under 
the  guise  of  a  question  :  Sidgwick  rightly  translates  it  '  nay.' 
In  meaning  it  differs  from  z-w?  '  how  ?  '  no  more  than  ovrw 
differs  from  ovrws  :  in  each  case  euphony  alone  determined  which 
form  should  be  employed.  So  OUTTW  and  ovwios,  fiijTrw  and  //jyTrojy, 
are  used  interchangeably  :  in 

II.  2.  419  ovS"  upa  TTUJ  ol  eTretcpataive  Kpovc'ivv  (see  Fasi), 

II.    3.    306    OV7TW  T\r/ffO/J,', 

II.  14.  143  ffoi  &'  ovTTta  fia\a  fd*fj(V  0eol  fj.u.Knp£<s  Koreovaiv, 
Od.  2.  118  icep^ea  $'  ot'  OIJTTW  TIV>  uKovofiev  ovce  7ra\.atu>v, 

1  For  the  difference  in  the  final  vowel  cf.  dpx€'-'7roA-'5  apxi-TtKrtav  (G.  Meyer 
81.). 

*  AfXiTjjUfVor  '  eager  '  is  not  from  AiXdbpoi  but  from  *\id.o/.iat  '  I  am  much  set 
on  a  thins:,'  cognate  with  \iS.v  \iijv  '  very  much  '  ;  which  itself  seems  to  stand 
for  *\iF-av,t'  smoothly,  easily,'  beside  \e?f)os  'smooth,'  with  the  same  termina- 
tion as  irA-oV  •n-A.-^f  'except,'  literally  'turning  from'  (e.g.  ir\^t>  auToD='away 
from  him  '),  from  the  root  of  WAo>  '  move.' 


SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES.  23 

Soph.  Oed.  Rex  105  ov  <yap  eiaeiSdv  <ye  TTW, 

and  again  \ 

II.  4.  234  fi7j7T(v  TI  fieOt'ere  OovpiSos  dX/dJ?, 

Od.  9.  102  ftijTTuj  T<9  \WTOIO  (fta^fwv  voatoio  \d0>jTat, 

Eur.  Hec.  1278  fiyjTrut  fiavelij  TvvSapis  -roffdvSe  Trats, 

we  might  just  as  well  have  had  ovtrw-}  (fiijirta^}.  In  many 
passages  OVTTW  (fiTjiria)  may  conveniently  be  translated  '  not  yet  '  : 
but  in  each  it  is  the  Verb  that  gives  the  connotation  of  time, 
the  particle  denotes  only  manner  ('  not  at  all  '). 

<ro\oiK09  'foreign'  (=/3dp/3apo<i,  Herodian)  must  be  a  comic 
formation  from  0-0X0?  'ball  of  iron'+the  termination  of  a-romo* 
cVot/cos  fie-roiKo^  avvoncos,  quasi  '  lumpish  dweller,'  heavy  citizen. 

<r0o£pws  'violently'  (Od.  12.  124:  <r0o'o/aa  and  ff<fio8p6s  are 
post-Homeric)  =  '  acting  for  oneself,'  from  the  roots  of  <r0o's  'their, 
his  '  and  Spdtv,  as  in  o\i^ocpave'wv  '  doing  little,  feeble.'  So  I 
would  deduce  afalavvv  '  eagerly  '  (II.,  in  the  phrases  eVero 
afa&avov,  (KpeSavov  ev067re,  'he  followed  on  his  own  way')  from 
the  stem  of  a<pe-repo<s-\-\h.Q  termination  -Bavo-,  fiyicedavos,  a  by  -form 
of  -£vo-  in  a\<nracv6<3  ffoeSvd?  fuucefvot  o\o0u£i'os  TreXiSvos  "fy-ecvos, 

as  the  termination   -7ai>d-,   eTi-tjeravd'i,    is  a   by-form   of   -rvd-   in 


vTrddpa,  in  the  Homeric  phrase  vTrdSpa  Ictav  '  looking  fiercely  at 
him,'  can  have  nothing  to  do  with  depKo/u,ai,  which  would  be  giving 
the  same  idea  twice  over,  and  in  which  case  the  word  ought  to  be 
vTroBpd^,  as  the  Alexandrians  rightly  had  it.  I  therefore  (Etyma 
Latina  s.v.  odium]  take  v-dcpa  as  Instrumental  (for  the  accent  cf. 
o-0o'<5/>o  from  <70ofy>o's)  of  an  Adj.  *vir-o8-pds  '  with  covert  hatred,' 
from  the  root  of  ocvofiai  (Schulze  341)  'am  angry,"  Lat.  odium, 
Arm.  ateam  '  I  hate,'  Old  Norse  otul  '  fierce  '  (e.g.  6'tul  augu 
'fierce  eyes').  With  odium  goes  atrox  'fierce'  (Lat.  Consonant 
Laws  22,  see  Thurneysen  K.Z.  32.  562)  ;  so  that,  if  I  may  coin 
the  Latin  word,  w7ro'8/3a  =  *subatrociter. 

wxpo?  (apparently  Neuter)  '  paleness  '  is  in  Homer  the  colour 
of  fear,  II.  3.  35  w^po?  re  fiiv  et\e  Trapeid's,  Od.  11.  529 
wxpyvavra  XP°a>  °^  a  coward  :  it  may  mean  '  egg-colour,'  as 
yellow  as  the  yolk  of  an  egg,  TO  w^pov  TOV  wou  (Aristotle). 
The  first  element  is  the  root  of  w(f}dv  (a  post-Homeric  word), 
Lat.  ovum,  Old  Slavonic  aje  (which  last  proves  the  root  to  be 
6-,  not  6v-)  ;  the  second  is  a  by-form  of  xpw?  '  colour.'  From 
oi^/jos  was  later  (first  in  Hippocrates)  formed  an  Adj. 
'  pale,  yellow.' 


21  SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES. 

(5)  Some  other  words  may  best  be  given  in  alphabetical  order, 
'eagle'  (=*alf:eT-o9,  as  Pergaean  a/'/^erds  shows),  Aratus' 
ds,1  may  mean  '  mighty  one,'  going  with  afyros,  epithet  of 
Hephaistos  in  II.  18.  410,  aia  'land'  (the  'mighty'  earth), 
and  aiavJ/9  'everlasting.'  The  two  last  words  Johansson,  B.B. 
18.  4,  puts  with  ate/,  altav,  and  Sk.  uyus  'living':  the  common 
idea  then  will  be  '  full  of  life,  strong.' 

atVds  '  terrible '  may  originally  have  meant  '  bitter,  cruel,'  *ufi-jd^ 
(cf.  fiaivw  from  *fidfi-ju>,  Goth,  giman],  m-  Ablaut  to  om-,  Lat. 
amarus  'bitter'  (on  the  first  vowel  see  Latin  Vocalism  5),  uyids 
'  raw,  cruel.' 

U.KWV  'javelin'  may  go  with  UKV\O<S  'acorn  '  and  mean  '  made  of 
oak.'  So  Schrader  K.Z.  30.  461  connects  ai^avey  'spear' with 
Eng.  oak. 

aWy>oTJyTa  '  manhood,'  occurring  three  times  in  the  Iliad,  is  of 
course  unmetrical:  it  may  be  corrected  in  several  ways.  (1)  The 
most  impossible  of  all  is  Clemm's,  who  reads  *c/>oT/yTa  from  *vfpo- 
T>/Ta  (a-vfipd-i)  i  this  in  two  places  gives  an  un-Homeric  caesura 
Kara  T6T«/>Toj/  ipoyjaiov  (Monro,  Homeric  Grammar,2  367.  2), 
\nrovaa  *fy>OT?yra  icat  T)ft>]i')  and  in  the  third,  II.  24.  6  TroOetav 

ijru  7€  Kai  yttej/09,  will  not  even  scan.  (2)  The  idea  that 
jra  could  be  a  '  reduction '  of  *av£f>o-rij?a  lacks  support : 
is  epithet  of  vv%  in  II.  14.  78,  and  ap/Spo-os  in  Od.  11.  330, 
but  the  sense  is  different,  d^pdrrj  (like  ufu^iftpu-rj,  G.  Meyer,  179) 
is  '  neu  componiert '  from  /S/JOTOS,  to  mean  '  void  of  men,  unpeopled,' 

(*ra#*     r)v     ftporol    firf    (j)on£)aiv    Schol.,     eV    ?J    fiporo's    ov    Trpoeiaiv 

Eustathius),  and  so  in  Aesch.  Prom.  2  ufipo^v  eh  eprjpiav  (as 
Dindorf  rightly  reads  for  uftarov  :  Hesychius  has  dfiporov'  cnrdvOpu}- 
Troi/).2  (3)  I  would  therefore  read  *apor>/Ta,  as  a  parallel  form 
to  cipeTt)i>,  the  up-  in  each  case  representing  nr-  (beside  a-vyp).  In 
II.  2.  651  'EwaXiia  av&pei(j>ovTr)  we  may  read  *upe<J)dvrtj,  with  the 
same  stem  as  dpe-rrj. 

dwaKaio?  '  sturgeon'  was  a  Scythian  word,  Hclt.  4.  53  :  if  this 
means  Slavonic  I  would  connect  the  word  with  ant-  in  av-ri 
'  against,'  Lith.  ant  '  up  to,'  and  akv-  in  Lat.  aqua  (the  TJr- 
Slavisch  form  would  be  *aka),  and  explain  it  as  '  going  up 


1  For  the  varying  quantity  of  the  second  vowel  cf.  dp-yen 
(Schulze  473  n.). 


2  From  afrp6-rn  Goebel,  Homerische  Blatter,  p.  1  sq.,  derives  aftpordfa  in 
II.  10.  65  /u^  irtas  d)3poTa|oju6)/  a.\\r]\ouv,  '  walk  by  nijrht  to  each  other's  hurt  '  : 
Hesychius  has  aftporfijai  '  to  meet  by  night.' 


SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES.  25 

stream,'  since  according  to  Pliny  (Hist.  Nat.  9.  60)  the  sturgeon 
swims  with  its  scales  turned  forward.  Lat.  aquipensis  may  mean 
the  same  thing,  though  I  cannot  explain  the  second  element. — 
Another  Scythian  word,  ua-^y  '  hazelsap,'  Hdt.  4.  23,  may  go 
with  Polish  oskola  '  birchsap,'  from  a  stem  askhv-. 

av-rpov  'cave'  may  mean  '  cul  de  sac,'  and  go  with  Sk.  dntas 
'  end,'  Goth,  andeis. 

av\at;  'furrow,'  av\i'j  '  court '  (within  a  high  fence,  Homer's 
/3«0e//9  avXi/9),  awXds  '  flute,'  av\u)v  '  hollow  way  '  or  '  windpipe,' 
may  all  go  together,  the  common  idea  being  '  hollow.'  The  stem 
then  is  au-l-n-  from  ave-l-n-,  p.  1,  whence  also  ve-l-n-  in  Lat. 
vail  is  (Persson  230  :  i.e.  *velnos,  with  '  pretonic  '  a),  Sk.  vdnl 
'  reed  '  and  vands  '  arrow  made  of  reed.' : 

/fye'009  '  babe '  stands  to  Ppaxvs  '  small '  much  as  eXafoo?,  see 
note  p.  11,  stands  to  e\aj(V9  :  the  root  of  /3/>e'0o9  must  be  mreghv-, 
as  that  of  fipax.v<i  is  mrghv-,  Goth,  ga-maurgjan  '  to  shorten ' 
(Johansson  K.Z.  30.  442  «#•)•  I  detect  a  third  form,  mfghv-,  in 
/uufxfivo?,  II.  24.  316,  'the  little  one,'  according  to  Pliny  (Hist. 
Nat.  10.  7)  the  smallest  but  one  (the  /leXaj/aeros)  of  the  six  kinds 
of  eagle. 

£6\ea/j  'bait,'  Laconian  /3X/y/>  (Alcman  130),  must  mean  'dropt' 
into  the  water,  from  /3«XXw  (not,  as  Meister  2.  204  says,  from  a 
root  gvel-  meaning  'to  split,  tear').  In  Od.  12.  252  the  gram- 
marian Callistratus  read  l^Ovai  TO?S  oX/yoto-t  £oXoi>  KOTO,  SeiXcna 
('  bait')  ySaXXwi/,  for  efcara  (Schulze  102). 

^e<77roT^9  and  Sk.jaspatis  '  master  of  the  house  '  owe  their  t  to  a 
popular  connexion  with  the  words  for  '  lord,'  iroai^  ('  husband  ') 
and  pat  is  :  the  proper  form,  as  Old  Slavonic  gospodl  'lord'  shows, 
was  gvgspod-,  the  -£-  perhaps  appearing  in  £eo-7roi>.  The  further 
derivation  is  obscure  :  the  word  indeed  may  be  un-Aryan. 

ce-^ofjLiu  in  Homer  and  Att.,  beside  Seicofiai  in  Sappho  Pindar 
Hdt.  and  -COK-  in  compounds  in  all  dialects,  owes  its  %  to  e^w, 
a  word  of  cognate  meaning  :  i.e.,  to  use  Tick's  convenient 
expression,  ce^o^ai  '  rhymes  '  with  e-^ofiai  (iliddle). — With 

fuK-   may   go    Co^^o?    (i.e.,    *^o/c--ff-/«09,   as  TrXo^/io?  is  for  *TT\OK-(T- 

/to'?,  De  Saussure,  Mem.  Soc.  Ling.  7.  912)  'aslant,'  a  metaphor 
from  a  beast  turning   to   'receive'   the  hunter,   II.    12.    147   (of 

1  These  must  be  quite  different  -words  from  Sk.  vanl  '  music,  tone '  and  vands 
'  music,  hundred- stringed  harp,'  with  which  Johansson,  Idg.  Forsch.  2.  55  n., 
puts  av\6$ 

2  Cf.  pa>xM<k  '  cleft,'  II.  23.  420,  for  *^u}y-a--fj.6s,  from  frjiyvvnt. 


26  SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES. 

boars  at  bay)  avSpwv  rffie  KVVWV   de-^a-rai  Ko\o<rvprov  iovra. 
aiaaovre  irepl  trtpicriv  u^finnov  v\rjv. 

dtjpts  '  contest '  may  mean  '  spear-work,'  from  *£i)pFi<i,  derv- 
Ablaut  to  dorv-,  doru,  Sk.  dam  '  piece  of  wood ' :  cf.,  with 
short  vowel,  derv-  Lith.  derwd  '  pinewood,'  dorv-  bovpma,  doru 
dopv  ( spear.'  This  *dijpFi<i  then  became  *O}/>/K?,  e///j<9,  though 
by  ordinary  Greek  laws  it  should  have  become  *£epFi<it  *£eDpi<s- 
much  as  *firjvffo<i  became  ^jujvvoi  (Lesbian  /^yi/vos),  fiyvos,  though 
by  ordinary  Greek  laws  it  should  have  become  *fi£vao<$,  */teio-os. 
In  other  words,  the  law  that  rv  became  />/>  was  earlier  in 
operation  than  the  law  that  erv-  became  cpF,  as  the  law  that 
ns  became  w  was  earlier  in  operation  (Brugmann  GIT.  1.  611) 
than  the  law  that  ens  became  ei/y. 

eiKrj  '  at  random  '  seems  a  Litotes  for  eiKo-rivs  '  as  we  should 
have  expected,  simply,  naturally,'  Soph.  Oed.  Rex  979  eiKtj 
Kpariffrov  %i}v,  oTTWi  Zvvano  -its.  It  is  then  Instrumental  of  an 
Adj.  *€t«:o»,  seen  in  eiKo-fto\eif  '  to  aim  at  random,'  cognate  with 
eoiice  '  it  seems.' 

eiireiv  '  to  say '  may  mean  '  to  clear  up,'  veikv-,  cf.  Sk.  vic- 
'  to  sift,  separate,  examine.' 

€7ri-ffrafiai  'know'  seems  formed  from  the  Adj.  lirnnijfiuiv 
(Od.  16.  374)  'knowing,'  literally  'setting  oneself  to  a  thing.' 
The  Subst.  eTrnntjfii}  '  knowledge  '  appears  first  in  Hippocrates. 

ep[LT)vev<i  '  interpreter '  must  be  formed  from  'Epfiijv  (Ace.  of 
'E/j/t/ys),  taken  as  a  stem:  Hermes  was  the  god  of  speech,  \dyto9 
(Lucian).  So  Ziyi/,  Ace.  of  Zeus  (II.  8.  206),  being  taken  as  a 
stem  produced  in  the  Tragedians  the  forms  Zijva  Z/;i/o's  Zijvi. 

yrpov  'abdomen'  ('wind'  in  our  pugilistic  sense)  stands  to 
Old  Slavonic  vetrft  '  wind  '  as  Lat.  venter  (see  Etyma  Latina) 
stands  to  ventus :  rppov  is  from  (a)ve-,  aypi,  with  a  termination 
-trom,  as  venter,  stem  ventri-,  is  from  vent-  (a  Participial  form 
from  the  same  root,  Brugmann  Grr.  1.  612),  with  a  termination  -ri-. 

Ka\\aia  '  a  cock's  wattles'  may  mean  '  beauties,'  **raA,Xa«os  Adj. 
from  *KO\\TI  by-form  of  *:aX\o9  (as  euxv  °^  et'xos)- 

*cXoto?  /cXtt-o's  '  wooden  collar,'  i.e.  *K\u}f-i-rJv,  shows  the  same 
stem  klv-  as  Lat.  cldva  '  wooden  club.' 

Kw\6w  '  hinder '  is  a  Dissimilation  for  *KV\VU>  (as  KWKVW  '  howl ' 
for  *KVKUW,  Lith.  kukiu)  :  with  a  short  vowel  the  root  appears  in 
Kv\\6u)  '  cripple,'  and  Sk.  kit n is  '  crippled  in  the  arm '  (Fortunatov 
B.B.  6.  216). 

Xao?  ought  in  Ionic  to  be  X?/o's,  as  it  is  in  Hipponax,  and  perhaps 


SOME    GREEK   ETYMOLOGIES.  27 

once  was  in  Homer  (Monro,  Horn.  Gramm.2  p.  390).  From  X^o?  I 
would  deduce  (a)  \ijtov  '  crop,'  the  produce  of  '  common '  land,  and 
(i)  AY/S  \tjir)  Xeia  '  booty,'  public  property  before  it  was  divided 
among  the  combatants,  cf.  Aei'a?  a£a<rra  Soph.  Aj.  54. 

/ncndw  'linger'  (II.)  and  parr)  'folly'  (Tragg.)  are  from  nm-tos 
Part  of  fievu,  with  the  same  transition  of  meaning  as  appears  in 
Eng.  dwell  and  dull. 

pei'wv '  less,'  for  *fii'j-jwv  (G.  Meyer  391),  goes  with  Sk.  ma-  'to 
measure,'  and  so  means  '  more  measured,'  perpiwrepos,  not  so 
immense. 

/Liri-vvw,  Dor.  /u.a-vvw  'make  known,'  is  from  inn-  Ablaut  of  mn- 
in  Lat.  metis,  Sk.  matis  '  thought.'  For  the  transfer  of  meaning 
from  '  think  '  to  '  declare  '  see  on  aei'cw,  p.  4. 

/to'/oo-To'/co?,  epithet  of  Eileithyia  in  Homer,  of  Artemis  in 
Theocritus,  cannot  mean,  as  Brugmann  Grr.  1.  204  makes  it, 
'causing  pangs,'  from  ^efyoi/s  Ace.  Plur.  of  poyo? :  -riic-na  is  not 
used  metaphorically  in  Homer,  and  such  a  use  would  be  peculiarly 
inappropriate  in  connexion  with  the  occasion.  Liddell  and  Scott 
rightly  translate  it  'helping  women  in  hard  childbirth,'  protectress 
TWV  [to'yis  veKovauiv :  the  first  element  is  an  Adverb  */to'<y-os  (with 
the  same  termination  as  irdp-o^)  from  a  stem  ^107-,  whence  with 
Locative  ending,  and  the  same  9  as  in  &/10/-9,  we  get  ^0749  '  with 
difficulty'  (accented  like  the  Subst.),  and,  with  a  determinative 
-o-  (see  on  0e'0-0aT09,  p.  2),  ^0709  '  labour.' 

[Lvwfy-  'gadfly,  goad'  means  '  flylike,'  stinging  as  a  fly  does: 
from  fiva,  the  Attic  form  of  /nvia  (Theophrastus,  Hist.  Plant.  5.  77, 
where  Liddell  and  Scott  wrongly  make  it  the  name  of  a  plant), 
-t-  wTra.  Prellwitz  derives  it  from  fivia  in  the  sense  of  '  buzzing '  ; 
but  this  will  not  suit  the  meaning  '  goad.' 

j/eaX/y?  '  fresh  '  is  not  a  compound  of  aXifftcojuai,  but  a  by-form  of 

*f6aXo?   (as  <5ay<-iX'*ys  is   of    OatyiXos,    aXovp7/y?  of    aXoiy^/ds),  from  a 

Subst.  *vea  '  youth,'  whence  also  veavi^,  i/eat/tas.  For  the  termi- 
nation cf.  a7raT^Xo9,  ffi<yij\O9. 

vouao<s=*v6a-Fo<i  (Kretschmer  K.Z.  31.  471),  which  I  would 
connect  with  ve(<r}ofiai  'come':  thus  Od.  9.  411  vova-os  A<09 
means  'the  visitation  of  Zeus,'  and  Soph.  Ant.  421  Oeia  1/00-09,  of  a 
whirlwind,  '  the  visitation  of  heaven.' 

7ra0Xa£e<j/  '  to  foam  '  must  be  from  an  Adj.  *7ra0Xo9  (or  *wa0Xa9, 
cf.  ffvpuna  beside  ^vfivoi^,  from  the  same  root  as  7r6//u0<f  roytt0oXv£f 
'  bubble.'  It  cannot  be,  as  Prellwitz  makes  it,  a  Reduplication 
from  e(fi\a£ov  '  they  burst,'  which  would  give  *7rat(£>\d%ei.v  (Brug- 


28  SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES. 


mann  Grr.  2.  p.  1084)  :  Tranfailvw  '  shine  '  must  be  formed  on  an 
Adj.  *7Tfl/t-0a»///9  '  all  shining,'  whence  also  Trapfavowv,  while 
Tra.Tna.ivu>  '  look  round  '  must  be  from  a  root  kvnkvth-  (or  whatever 
the  last  letter  may  be),  kvenkvth-,  whence,  without  the  nasal,  Sk. 
caksh-  'to  see  '  (Fick  B.B.  18.  134).  —  So  rerpe^acvw  must  be  from 
au  Adj.  *Te-T-pe[iavd?,  not  straight  from  Tpeftw,  or  we  should  have 
*-n-rpe[iaivw,  like  -n-raivw  ;  and  -re-rpalvw  'pierce'  from  an  Adj. 
*Te-T/)ai/o9,  or  we  should  have  mpaivw  (the  form  used  by  Theo- 
phrastus). 

TT€.TTvvfjievo<i  '  wise,'  voov  TreTTvvaOai  '  to  have  understanding  ' 
Od.  10.  495  (see  Goebel,  Homerische  Blatter,  p.  24),  go  with 
ironrvvw  '  am  busy,'  the  common  idea  being  that  of  strength  : 
the  root  is  kvneu-,  Old  High  German  pi-hniutan  'to  glorify,' 
TTVV%  '  meeting-place  of  the  Ecclesia,'  quasi  '  enclosure,  strong- 
hold.' Thus  Trveiv  '  blow  '  must  originally  have  been  used  of 
the  wind  blowing  strong,  and  then  transferred  to  the  breathing 
of  human  beings. 

TreTnrjws'    Si'   uaOeveiav    KOI    ceiXiav    7re7nwKW9,    says   HesychlUS  : 

in  Homer  the  word  always  means  'fallen,'  e.g.  Od.  14.  474 
VTTO  Tev^effi  TreTTTij&Tes  Ket'fieda  '  we  lay  on  the  ground,  with 
our  shields  over  us,'  and  II.  2.  312  (of  young  sparrows)  7reT«'\o«9 
v7ro7re7rrt]WT€'i  '  at  the  bottom  of  the  nest,  under  the  leaves.' 
It  has  no  more  to  do  with  Tni/ffau)  'crouch'  than  has  K(na.Tn!fn]v 
in  II.  8.  136,  of  horses  falling  under  the  car:  horses  do  not 
crouch  down  when  they  are  frightened,  but  struggle  to  get  away. 

jn/77/  '  fountain  '  must  go  with  jn^ds  '  big,'  the*  Homeric 
epithet  of  horses  and  waves,  and  Sk.  pajrds  '  strong  '  :  it  means 
a  place  where  the  water  is  strong  enough  to  force  its  way  out. 

7ri0rjKo<s  iriOwv  '  ape  '  must  go  with  7rt'0o9  '  jar,'  and  means 
'rotund,  pot-bellied.' 

Trpoxw  means  '  wholly  '  in  Homer,  as  it  is  allowed  to  mean 
in  Apollonius  Ehodius:  it  has  nothing  to  do  with  701/1;  (which 
would  not  account  for  the  x),1  in  II.  9.  570  Trpo-^w  KuOe^o^iev^ 
means  '  sitting  right  down,'  not  '  sitting  on  her  knees,'  which 
would  be  an  impossible  feat.  I  would  deduce  the  word  from 
*7rpo^,  formed  from  irpo  as  Trepi^  is  formed  from  Trepi,  and,  I 
think  aTraf  from  *aV«  Instrumental  of  *inr6<s,  i.e.  smkvos,  from 
sm-  '  together'  (see  1,  C)  :  for  the  sense  cf.  Lat.  pronus  '  utterly,' 


1  Sk.  prnjntis,  quoted  by  Fick,  Worterbuch4  1.  432,  is  unauthenticated,  and 
at  best  only  means  '  bandy-legged.' 


SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES.  29 

from  pro.  The  second  element  is  the  -EU  which  appears  in 
Cyprian  ow  'this,'  Arcadian  -raw  'these  things,'  Goth,  thannu 
1  so  then,'  and  I  think  TTO.VV  '  altogether  '  (i.e.  irn-w,  the  first 
element  going  with  Lat.  pen-itus,  Sabler  K.Z.  31.  371),  see 
Persson  Idg.  Forsch.  2.  251  :  *Trp6^-w  became  •n-po'xyv  by  De 
Saussure's  law,  Mem.  Soc.  Ling.  7.  90,  as  *Aw|r-j>os  (cf.  Zend 
raokhshna  'shining')  became  Xw^os. 

pi)*lo?  '  rug  '  (Horn.),  ^'709  (Anacreon),  pegto  '  dye'  (Epicharmus), 
and  a\o-vp~i  //9  '  dyed  with  sea  purple  '  (Att.,  see  Schulze  498,  w.), 
must  go  with  pi/ffffw  'beat  the  ground'  (II.  18.  571),  cloth  being 
stamped  on  to  make  the  dye  penetrate  :  so  German  walken  '  to 
clean  cloth  '  is  the  same  word  as  Eng.  walk.  The  root  must  be 
vreg-,  Ablaut  vrg-  in  pdaaw  '  push  '  :  Sk.  raj-  '  to  be  red  '  cannot 
be  connected,  if  only  because  the  meaning  would  be  too  narrow. 

fftiTivt)  '  chariot  '  may  be  a  Persian  word,  standing  for  *g(nivr) 
(as  acnpcnrii<s  stands  for  *garpa.7rt)<?,  Old  Persian  khshatrapuvan- 
1  viceroy  '),  and  going  with  Sk.  Icshat-tdr-  '  charioteer.' 

ffavpwTi'ip  'spike  at  the  butt-end  of  a  spear'  must  mean  'twirler,' 
from  a  Verb  *aavp6w,  itself  from  a  Subst.  aavpo?,  originally,  I 
would  suggest,  meaning  '  a  stirring-stick,'  and  hence  coming  to 
mean  '  a  lizard,'  which  when  motionless  looks  like  a  piece  of  wood. 
This  aaupo<i=*TFap-Fo<s,  from  a  root  tvr-,  whence  also  Lat.  trua 
'  stirring-ladle'  (on  the  ru  see  p.  11  med.),  orpvvw  '  urge,'  orpa\ew^ 
'quickly'  ;  Ablauts  (1)  tur-  in  -ropvvrj  'ladle,'1  a  Dissimilation  for 
*-rvpvvrj,  as  KOK>CV%  is  for  *KVKKV!;,  Lat.  cuculm;  (2)  tvor-  in  Old 
Norse  thvara  '  stirring-stick  '  ;  (3)  tver-  in  Ags.  thviril  '  churn- 
handle,'  Eng.  twirl,  Old  High  German  dweran  'to  mix  up,'  Sk. 
tvar-  '  to  hasten.'  From  a  by-form  stver-,  stur-  (see  Schrijnen, 
Phenomene  de  1'  S  Mobile)  comes  (nvpag,  p.  12. 

o-aym,  which  in  Homer  always  means  '  dead  body,  carcase,' 
may  go  with  aui«s  '  safe,'  and  mean  '  remnant,  what  has  escaped  being 
eaten  by  dogs  or  birds  '  :  II.  3.  23  iaa-re.  \eiav  e^opy  /u.€^a\w  eVJ 


'  being,'   eV<ToWa<<?    '  finding  '    (both  in  Pindar),   seem 
to  point  to  an  Aeolic  Yerb  *Toaa~ifju  '  I  do  so  much,'  from  ToWo?. 

0y\«|r  '  guardian  '  may  originally  have  meant  '  the  man  in 
the  house,'  oj/cerj/?,  bhu-1-  being  Ablaut  of  bhou-1-  in  Old  Norse 
bol  'lair'  (Wiedemann  Lit.  Praet.  p.  137,  despite  Kluge 


1  Pick,   "Worterbuch4,   1.   499,   adds  rvp6s  'cheese';   but  this  is  not  made 
by  stirring,  though  butter  is. 


30  SOME    GREEK    ETYMOLOGIES. 

K.Z.  26.  97),  bh5-l-  in  0w\evw  'lurk,'  0wXa9  'in  his  den'  (of 
a  bear).  So  0w\//  'tribe'  may  originally  have  meant  'house' 
in  the  sense  of  Lat.  gens, 

*Xe/sj/9,  used  by  Homer  in  the  forms  x^/"7a)  Xe//"/4'  X6'/"7e?>  must 
go  with  \eip  an(l  niean  '  belonging  to  a  handicraftsman,'  xW'fa 
as  opposed  to  a  warrior.  Thus  it  is  used  contemptuously,  II.  1.  80 
/3a<7tAet>?  ore  yjuas-rai  avSpi  X6V7/f  (' a  ^ow  fellow'),  Od.  15.  324 
old  re  TCUS  a<yadoifft  Trapadpwtuffi  ^e/jj^es ;  and  so  in  the  Neuter, 
II.  14.  382  effd\a  fiev  eV0\o9  e8we,  x^/"/a  ('those  fit  for  an 
artisan')  £e  -^eipovi  Boiricev.  In  Od.  14.  176  oim  xe7"7a  waT/oo's, 
'not  like  a  handicraftsman  beside  his  father,'  we  have  a  Genitive- 
Ablative  of  comparison,  such  as  Brugmann  Griech.  Gramm.2 
183  finds  in  Thucydides'  roXeyttov  6fio\offttnarov  -rSiv  Trpo^efyevij- 
fievwv  '  most  notable  in  comparison  with  those  before.'  The 
Comparative  of  *X^/MJ»  is  xePe'wv  or  Xe'pwv  '  niore  fit  for  an 
artisan,'  or,  as  in  II.  14.  382  above,  '  more  like  an  artisan.'  But 
in  another  view  battle  was  called  '  handwork,'  xapfirf  (with  the 
'  reduced  '  root  xj-)  5  aQd  with  this  1  would  put  xePf-^lov  ' a  stone 
used  in  battle  as  a  missile.' 


179829 


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