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SOUNDNESS    AND    AGE 
OF  HOESES. 


Webster  Farr 
Cummings 


Nc, 


SOUNDNESS 


AND 


AGE     OF    HORSES 


A   Veterinary  and  Legal  Gtiide  to  the  Examinatioft 
of  Horses  for  Soundness. 


BY 


M.  HOEACE  HAYES,  m.r.c.v.s., 

LATE   QAPTAIN   "THE   BUFFS." 

AUTHOR   OF   "VETEKINART   NOTES   FOR   HORSE-OWNEES,"    "BIDING   ON    THE   FLAT 

AND  ACKOSS  COUNTRY,"   "  TRAINING  AND  HORSE-MANAGEMENT 

IN  INDIA,"  ETC. 


ONE    HUNDRED    ILLUSTRATIONS. 


LONDON: 
W.  THACKER  &  CO.,  87,  NEWGATE  STREET. 

Calcutta:   THACKER,  SPINK  &  CO. 
Bombay:    THACKER    &    CO.,    Limited. 

1887. 


7^~>^K./\     f    I  .»_/ 


BY    THE    SAME    AUTHOR. 


RIDING  :     On    the    Flat    and    Across    Country. 

A  Guide  to  Practical  Horsemanship.     Second  Edition. 
Illustrated  by  Sturgess.     Square  8vo.     lOs.  Qd. 
The  Standard. — "  A  master  of  his  subject." 


VETERINARY     NOTES      FOR      HORSE- 
OWNERS.     A  Popular  Manual  of  Veterinary  Surgery 
and  Medicine.     Third  Edition.      Illustrated.     Crown 
8vo.     10s.  6d. 
The  Field. — "  Of  the  many  popular  veterinary  books  which  have 
come  under  our  notice,  this  is  certainly  one  of  the  most  scientific  and 
reliable."  

TRAINING    AND    HORSE-MANAGEMENT 

IN  INDIA.     Fourth  Edition.     Crown  8vo.     7s.  6d. 
The  Veterinary  Journal. — "No  better  guide  conld  be  placed  in  the 
hands  of  either  amattur  horseman  or  veterinary  surgeon," 


INDIAN    RACING    REMINISCENCES.    Illus- 
trated by  J.  Knox-Ferguson.     Crown  Svo.     8s.  6d. 
The  Field. — "  The  last  page  comes  all  too  soon." 


THE  STUDENTS'  MANUAL  OF  TACTICS. 

Crown  8vo.     6s. 
The  Times. — "  Captain  Hayes's  book  deals  exclusively  with  tactics, 
and  is  a  well-considered  treatise  on  that  branch  of  the  art  of  war, 
giving  not  merely  rules,  but,  also,  principles  and  reasons." 


TO 


PKOFESSOR    G.    T.    BROWN,     O.B., 

CHIKF  OF  THE  AGRTCULTURAI,  DEPARTMENT  OF   THE  PKIVr  COUNCIL, 

AND  LECTURER  ON  CATTLE  PATHOLOGY  AT  THE 

ROTAL  VETERINARY   COLLEGE, 

IN  ADMIRATION  OF  HIS  LABOURS  FOR 

THE  ADVANCEMENT  OF  VETERINARY  SCIENCE  IN  CONNECTION 

WITH  AGRICULTURAL  INTERESTS. 


PREFACE 


My  intention  in  writing  this  book,  has  been :  (1)  To 
define^  from  a  strictly  legal  point  of  view,  what  is  meant 
by  the  term,  "  Soundness."  (2)  To  furnish  a  guide,  as 
to  procedure  and  detail,  to  the  examination  of  horses  for 
soundness.  (3)  To  supply,  as  far  as  possible,  references 
to  decisions  in  court,  on  the  subject,  with  appropriate 
quotations.  (4)  To  separate  those  diseases,  alterations 
of  structure,  and  other  defects  that  might  be  considered, 
in  themselves,  absolute  unsoundness,  from  those  which, 
from  their  position,  or  degree,  may,  or  may  not  be  un- 
soundness. In  this,  I  have  accepted  judicial  rulings  in 
all  instances  to  which  I  have  found  them  apply  :  failing 
such  authoritative  dicta,  I  have  taken  the  weight  of 
veterinary  opinion  on  the  particular  points.  (5)  I  have 
classified  under  one  heading,  those  diseases  to  which  the 
law  of  heredity  specially  applies.  (6)  As  an  examination 
for  soundness  by  a  veterinary  surgeon,  always,  includes 
the  "  ageing  "  of  the  animal,  I  have  added  a  somewhat 
comprehensive   chapter   on  the   dentition  of  the  horse. 


VI  PEEFACE. 

which  I  compiled  and   illustrated  from   MM.  Goubaiix 
and  Barrier's  admirable  work  on  L'exterieur  du  clieval. 

My  chief  hope  in  offering  this  work  to  the  favourable 
consideration  of  the  public,  is,  that  it  may  help  to 
reconcile,  to  some  extent,  the  unfortunate  diversity  of 
opinion  that  exists,  even  among  veterinary  surgeons, 
on  abstract  questions  of  soundness.  The  difficulties 
which  beset  the  subject  will,  I  trust,  be  remembered, 
when  judging  my  efforts  to  inculcate  uniformity  of  ideas 
in  this  direction. 

I  am  glad  to  have  this  opportunity  of  thanking  my 
friends,  Mr.  G.  A.  Banham,  F.K.C.V.S.,  and  Mr.  Fred 
Smith,  F.E.C.V.S.,  for  their  advice  and  friendly  criticisms, 
when  the  proofs  were  going  through  the  press.  In  saying 
this,  I,  in  no  way,  wish  to  shift,  on  them,  the  responsibility 
of  any  views  I  have  advanced. 

M.  H.  Hayes. 

Junior  Army  and  Navy  Club, 

St.  James'  St.,  S.W. 

Awjust  1,  1887. 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I. 

PAGE 

Soundness         .........        1 

Differences  of  opinion  as  to  soundness — Definition  of  unsound- 
ness —  Practical  soundness  —  Modi  fying  circumstances  — 
Duties  of  veterinary  surgeons  when  examining  horses — ■ 
Certificates — Price — Special  warranty — Vices — Blemishes. 

CHAPTER  II, 
Defkcts  which  are  Absolute  Unsoundness        ...       13 

CHAPTER  Iir. 
Defects  which  are  not  necessarily  Unsoundness     .         .       30 

CHAPTER  IV. 
Hereditary  Unsoundness  ......       49 

CHAPTER  V. 

Method  of  Examination  .......       54 


Vlll  CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

PACK 
P^XAMINATION   OF    THE    MoUTH    FOR   AgE  .  .  .  .74 

Means  of  ascertaining  a  horse's  age — Different  kinds  of  teeth — 
Form  of  the  teeth — Structure  of  the  teeth — Changes  under- 
gone by  the  teeth  with  age — Dates  of  teething — Causes 
which  may  hasten  or  retard  the  appearance  of  the  permanent 
teeth — Dates  from  which  horses  are  aged — Plates  showing 
the  different  ages  by  the  incisors. 


CHAPTER  Vn. 

Irregularities  of  the  Teeth  .....       95 

Teeth  which  retain  the  mark  and  central  enamel  beyond  the 
ordinary  time — Irregularities  in  the  respective  size  of  the 
upper  and  lower  jaws — Irregularities  in  the  number  of  the 
incisor  teeth — Irregularities  in  the  form  of  the  incisors — 
Irregularities  in  the  length  of  the  crown  of  the  incisors — 
Abnormal  wear  of  the  teeth  from  crib-biting — Bishoping. 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

Plates  Illustrative  of  the  Dentition  of  the  Horse. 

1,  At  birth  ;  2,  One  month  ;  3,  Five  months ;  4,  One  year ;  5, 
Sixteen  months ;  6,  Two  years  ;  7,  Rising  three  ;  8,  Three 
off;  9,  Rising  four;  10,  Four  years;  11,  Four  off;  12, 
Rising  five;  13,  Five  years  ;  14,  Six  years;  15,  Seven  years; 
16,  Eight  years  ;  17,  Nine  years  ;  18,  Ten  years  ;  19,  Eleven 
years ;  20,  Thirteen  years ;  21,  Fifteen  years  ;  22,  Seventeen 
years  ;  23,  Twenty-one  years  ;  24,  Thirty  years ;  25,  Nine 
years,  abnormal ;  26,  Fourteen  years,  abnormal ;  27,  Bishoped 
mouth. 


SOUNDNESS  IN  HOKSES. 


CHAPTER  L 

SOUNDNESS. 

Differences  of  opinion  as  to  soundness — Definition  of  unsoundness — 
Practical  soundness — Modifying  circumstances — Duties  of  vete- 
rinary surgeons  when  examining  horses— Certificates — Price — 
Special  warranty — Vices — Blemishes. 

Differences  of  opinion  as  to  soundness. — The  want  of 
unanimity  of  opinion,  even  among  members  of  the 
veterinary  profession,  as  to  what  constitutes  and  what 
vitiates  soundness,  has  always  been  a  fertile  cause  of 
dispute  in  horse  cases.  Some  practitioners  refuse  to 
give  a  certificate  to  that  effect,  unless  the  animal  is 
absolutely  free  from  any  physical  ailment ;  and,  conse- 
quently, they  rarely,  if  ever,  find  one  that  comes  up  to 
their  ideal  standard  of  perfection;  while  others  " pass " 
horses  which  are  useful  of  their  kind,  but  which  possess 
^ome  defect  or  other  that  has  been  decided,  over  and  over 
again,  in  court,  to  be  a  breach  of  warranty  of  soundness. 

B 


2  SOUNDNESS  IN   HORSES. 

AVhen  an  owner  submits  a  horse  for  examination,  he  has  a 
right  to  expect  that  the  veterinary  surgeon,  when  giving 
his  opinion,  will  be  guided  by  the  principles  that  are 
recognised  by  legal  tribunals ;  for  it  would  be  intolerable 
that  any  private  individual  should  attempt  to  constitute 
himself  a  legislator,  on  a  subject  of  such  widespread 
importance  as  this  is.  However  much  we  may  desire  to 
eliminate  causes  of  dispute  as  to  soundness,  we  can  do  so 
only  in  the  matter  of  laying  down  principles  ;  for  the 
existence  of  defects,  and  their  influence  on  the  usefulness 
of  an  animal,  are  questions  which,  at  times,  cannot  fail  to 
give  rise  to  diversity  of  opinion.  The  fact  that  it  is 
impossible  to  define  unsoundness  or  soundness  so  accu- 
rately as  to  exclude  all  chance  of  cavil,  is  of  but  little 
practical  importance,  so  long  as  we  can  obtain  a  good 
"  working "  definition  which  shall  meet  our  everyday 
requirements.  I  may  mention  that  a  similar  objection 
might  be  made  to  hundreds  of  universally-adopted 
definitions,  which  thoroughly  fulfil  their  purpose,  al- 
though, from  their  nature,  they  are  not  entirely  compre- 
hensive. . 

Having  agreed  as  to  what  unsoundness  is,  we  may 
endeavour  to  classify  the  various  diseases  and  structural 
defects,  under  two  heads,  namely  :  those  which  constitute 
absolute  uu  soundness,  and  about  which,  on  that  account, 
there  can  be  no  dispute ;  and  those  which  cause  unsound- 
ness, only,  according  to  circumstances.     I  may  mention, 


DEFINITION   OF   UNSOUNDNESS.  3 

that,  in  English  law,  there  is  no  such  thing  as  a  legal 
unsoundness ;  the  province  of  the  law,  in  this  case,  being 
limited  to  the  establishment  of  the  principles  by  which 
cases  have  to  be  decided.  Certain  defects,  however,  have 
been  so  frequently  ruled  to  be  unsoundness,  and  are  so 
universally  regarded  as  such,  that  no  doubt  need  be 
entertained  respecting  the  fact,  that  the  possession  of  any 
of  them  by  an  animal,  would  render  it  unsound. 

Definition  of  unsoundness. — If  a  horse  has  any  disease 
or  alteration  of  structure  which  diminishes,  or  is  likely  to 
diminish,  his  usefulness  from  a  working  point  of  view,  or 
if  he  has  any  malformation  which  renders  him  less  than 
reasonably  fit  for  present  work,  such  a  horse  is  unsound. 

We  may  see  from  the  foregoing,  that  soundness  is  a 
question  not  of  disease,  but  of  usefulness  ;  a  fact  which  is 
in  accordance  with  the  following  ruling  by  Mr.  Baron 
Parke  in  Kiddell  v.  Burnard* — "  If,  indeed,  the  disease 
were  not  of  a  nature  to  impede  the  natural  usefulness  of 
the  animal  for  the  purpose  for  which  he  is  used,  as  for 
instance,  if  a  horse  had  a  slight  pimple  on  his  skin,  it 
would  not  amount  to  an  unsoundness  :  but  if  such  a  thins: 
as  a  pimple  were  on  some  part  of  the  body  where  it  might 
have  that  effect,  as  for  instance,  on  a  part  which  would 
prevent  the  putting  a  saddle  or  bridle  on  the  animal, 
it  would  be  different." 

The  first  part  of  the  definition  which  I  have  adopted,  is 

*  Mi-eson  &  Welsby's  Eeports,  vol.  9,  p.  670. 

B   2 


4  SOUNDNESS  IN  HORSES. 

founded  on  that  of  unsoundness  by  Baron  Parke  (Coates 
V.  Stejyhens,  IStli  Aug.,  1838),*  which  is  as  follows: — "If 
at  the  time  of  sale  the  horse  has  any  disease  which  either 
actually  does  diminish  the  natural  usefulness  of  the 
animal,  so  as  to  make  him  less  capable  of  work  of  any  de- 
scription ;  or  which,  in  its  ordinary  progress,  will  diminish 
the  natural  usefulness  of  the  animal ;  or  if  the  horse  has, 
either  from  disease  or  accident,  undergone  any  alteration 
of  structure,  that  either  actually  does  at  the  time,  or  in  its 
ordinary  effects  will  diminish  the  natural  usefulness  of 
the  horse,  such  a  horse  is  unsound." 

A  fault  of  conformation — *'  curby  hocks,"  "  turned-out 
toes,"  for  instance — which  does  not  unfit  a  horse  for 
present  work,  however  much  calculated  it  may  be  to 
do  so  in  the  future,  is  not  unsoundness.  If,  on  the 
contrary,  it  interferes  with  its  present  usefulness,  it  is 
unsoundness.  The  following  rulings  will  explain  the 
point.  '*  A  defect  in  the  form  of  the  horse,  which  had 
not  occasioned  lameness  at  the  time  of  sale,  although  it 
might  render  the  animal  more  liable  to  become  lame 
at  some  future  time,  was  not  a  breach  of  the  warranty  " 
(Lord  Chief  Baron  Abinger  in  Brown  v.  Elkington).^, 
"The  horse  could  not  be  considered  unsound  in  law 
merely  from  badness  of  shape.  As  long  as  he  was 
uninjured,  he  must   be  considered   sound.      When   the 

*  Moody  &  Robinson's  Reports,  vol.  2,  p.  158. 
t  Meeson  &  Welsby's  Reports,  vol.  8,  p.  132. 


DEFINITION   OF   UNSOUNDNESS.  5 

injury  is  produced  by  the  badness  of  his  action,  that 
injury  constitutes  unsoundness "  (Mr.  Baron  Alderson, 
Dickenson  v.  Follet).  *  Eespecting  the  case  of  Holy  day 
V.  Morgan,-\  (2nd  Nov.,  1858),  which  was  an  action  for 
breach  of  warranty  of  the  soundness  of  a  horse  that  had 
the  habit  of  shying  on  account  of  excessive  convexity  of 
the  cornea,  Lord  Campbell,  C.  J.,  ruled  as  follows : — "  I 
am  of  opinion  that  the  direction  of  the  learned  Common 
Serjeant  was  wholly  unexceptionable,  being  in  effect  that 
if  the  shying  arose  from  malformation  of  the  eye,  that 
was  unsoundness,  although  the  defect  was  congenital. 
Although  in  the  authorities  cited,  the  cases  of  super- 
vening disease  and  accident  are  not  alone  mentioned,  yet 
it  is  not  from  thence  to  be  assumed  that  the  learned  judges 
would  have  said  that  if  a  congenital  defect  had  been  found 
to  exist,  there  would  not  have  been  a  breach  of  the  war- 
ranty of  soundness,  the  defect  being  such  as  to  prevent  the 
animal  from  performing  that  which  might  be  reasonably 
expected  from  him.  Suppose  a  horse  to  be  born  blind 
or  with  a  contracted  foot,  surely  that  would  be  a  breach 
of  warranty  of  soundness,  although  the  deficiency  or 
defect  existed  before  the  animal  was  foaled."  %  Wight- 
man,  J. :  "  If  the  congenital  defect  had  merely  a  ten- 
dency to  produce  unsoundness  so  as  not  to  render  the 

*  Moody  &  Eobinson's  Eeports,  vol.  1,  p.  299. 
t  Law  Journal,  vol.  28,  Part  2,  p.  9,*New  Series. 
:j:  I  may  remark  that,  when  using  the  expression  "  contracted  foot,"  his 
lordship,  evidently  referred  to  a  foot  so  malformed,  as  to  cause  lameness. 


6  SOUNDNESS  IN   HOKSES. 

animal  unfit  for  present  reasonable  use,  tlie  dicta  cited 
might  apply  ;  but  here  the  congenital  defect  had  actually 
rendered  the  horse  unfit  for  the  reasonable  use  for  which 
a  horse  may  be  employed.  An  actual  defect  is  not  the 
less  unsoundness  that  it  has  existed  from  the  birth." 
Erie,  J.  :  "I  think  the  direction  perfectly  right.  The 
animal  had  a  defect  of  vision  which  diminished  his 
natural  usefulness  at  the  time  of  sale ;  that,  I  am  of 
opinion,  was  a  breach  of  warranty ;  and  I  dissent  from 
the  proposition  that  no  congenital  defect  can  come 
within  the  definition  of  unsoundness."  Hill,  J. :  "  The 
true  test  is,  whether  the  defect  complained  of  renders 
the  horse  less  than  reasonably  fit  for  present  use ;  and  it 
is  immaterial,  if  there  be  such  a  defect,  whether  it  be 
congenital  or  of  more  recent  occurrence."  "  I  have 
always  considered  that  a  man  who  buys  a  horse  warranted 
sound,  must  be  taken  as  buying  for  immediate  use,  and 
has  a  right  to  expect  one  capable  of  that  use,  and  of 
being  immediately  put  to  any  fair  work  the  owner 
chooses."     (Mr.  Baron  Parke  in  Coates  v.  Stephens.)  * 

Practical  soundness. — The  term,  "practically  sound,*' 
although  it  has  no  legal  significance,  may,  for  convenience 
sake,  be  applied  to  a  horse  which  is  capable  of  doing  a 
fair  amount  of  work,  although  he  possesses  one  or  more 
defects  which  might  constitute  a  breach  of  warranty,  if 
a  warranty  of  soundness  had  been  given.     The  defects 

*  Moody  &  Eobinson's  Eeport?,  vol.  2,  p.  158. 


PRACTICAL   SOUNDNESS.  7 

in  question  may  be  absolute  unsoundnesses  in  themselves, 
or  may  be  open  to  opinion  on  that  point.  Thus,  if  a 
veterinary  surgeon  on  examining  a  horse,  found  that  he 
had  a  thrush  or  curb,  or  had  both  of  these  ailments  at 
the  same  time,  or  had  a  slightly  enlarged  fetlock  joint, 
he  might,  very  reasonably,  state  in  his  certificate,  after 
mentioninsr  the  defects  which  he  had  found,  that  the 
horse  was  *' practically  sound;"  supposing,  that  the 
thrush  was  not  an  aggravated  one;  that  neither  the 
back  of  the  hock,  nor  the  fetlock-joint,  exhibited  any 
symptoms  of  recent  inflammation  ;  and  that  the  animal's 
action  was  unimpaired.  This  expression  is,  as  we  may 
see,  a  very  elastic  one ;  is  entirely  a  matter  of  individual 
opinion ;  and,  when  applied  to  a  horse,  means  that  he  is 
actually  unsound,  although  to  a  modified  extent.  A 
few  veterinary  surgeons,  who,  I  am  glad  to  say,  form  an 
insignificantly  small  minority  in  the  profession,  use  it 
to  save  themselves,  even  if  the  horse  they  are  examining 
fulfils  all  the  usual  requirements ;  lest,  perchance,  he 
might  reflect  discredit  on  them  by  developing,  in  the 
future,  some  form  of  unsoundness  which  they,  at  the 
time,  were  unable  to  discern.  I  need  hardly  say,  that  if 
a  man  can  find  nothing  in  a  horse  that  interferes,  or  is 
likely  to  interfere,  with  its  usefulness,  he  is  conscien- 
tiously bound  to  pass  the  animal  sound,  without  making 
any  selfish  reservation ;  and  that,  if  he  shirks  the  respon- 
sibility of  his  position,  he  does  not  do  the  correct  thing 


8  SOUNDNESS  IN   HORSES. 

in  taking  a  fee  for  work  he  has  not  faithfully  performed. 
As  a  rule,  the  more  experience  a  practitioner  has  had, 
the  broader  view  will  he  take  about  soundness  in  horses, 
few  of  which  are  free  from  some  trivial  defect  or  the 
other,  with  which,  a  person  inclined  to  be  hypercritical, 
might  not  fin^d  serious  fault. 

Modifying  circumstances. — In  deciding  on  the  import- 
ance of  any  defect,  apart  from  its  own  gravity,  we  should 
take  into  consideration  the  purpose  for  which  the  animal 
is  intended ;  the  work  he  has  been  doing ;  his  age ;  and 
any  signs  of  former  treatment  which  he  may  show. 
Thus,  a  splint,  in  the  case  of  a  four-year-old  which  had 
evidently  been  idle  for  some  time,  and  which  was  intended 
for  fast  harness  work,  should  be  regarded  far  more 
seriously  than  a  similar  one  on  the  leg  of  an  aged,  heavy 
cart-horse'Which  had  been,  up  to  the  date  of  examination, 
in  constant  employment  between  the  shafts. 

x\gain,  when  examining  a  horse,  if  we  found  his  feet 
somewhat  flat,  and  the  frogs  unusually  large  ;  the  fact  of 
the  hoofs  having  been  carefully  filed,  with  the  probable 
view  of  making  them  appear  smooth  and  upright,  might 
fairly  influence  us  in  rejecting  the  animal,  on  account 
of  his  presumed  liability  to  fever  in  the  feet.  If  we 
also  observed  that  he  had  been  bled  from  the  coronet, 
or  jugular  vein,  our  doubt  would  be  still  further 
strengthened.  I  may  add,  that  roughness  of  the  hair 
over   the   back   tendons    and    suspensory   ligament,   as 


CERTIFICATES.  9 

indicating  the  application,  on  some  previous  occasion,  of 
a  blister,  ought  to  redouble  our  attention  to  the  state  of 
the  underlying  structures. 

Duties  of  veterinary  surgeons  when  examining  horses. — A 
veterinary  surgeon,  when  examining  a  horse,  should 
confine  himself  to  his  own  province,  and  should  be 
careful  to  refrain  from  volunteering  his  opinion  as  to 
conformation,  action,  suitability  to  the  purpose  required, 
or  any  other  matter,  about  which  he  is  not  professionally 
concerned.  The  position  is,  of  course,  altered,  if  the 
employer  seeks  the  practitioner's  advice  on  any 
particular  point,  or  puts  himself  entirely  in  his  hands. 
I  think,  however,  the  veterinary  surgeon  might,  with 
propriety,  mention  to  his  client  any  vices  which  the 
horse  showed,  while  the  examination  was  being  conducted  ; 
although  he  would  notice  in  his  certificate,  only  those 
that  might  affect  the  animal's  soundness.  He  would,  of 
course,  have  nothing  to  say  to  such  vices,  as  buck- 
jumping,  jibbing,  and  rearing,  for  instance. 

Certificates. — A  certificate  should  clearly  describe  the 
horse  which  has  been  examined ;  should  state  his  age, 
and  all  defects  which  he  possesses,  and  which  might  be 
unsoundness;  and  should  finally  express  the  writer's 
opinion.     It  might,  for  instance,  run  as  follows : 

Address 


Date 


"I   have   examined    to-day,   at   the    request   of    Mr. 


10  SOUNDNESS  IN   HOESES. 

Blank,  a  brown  cart  mare,  five  years  old,  called  Nancy, 
tlie  property  of  Mr.  Dash,  of  the  Greyhound  Hotel, 
Banktown,  Brookshire.  She  is  fifteen  hands  three  inches 
high ;  has  a  small  star  on  her  forehead ;  and  white  girth- 
marks  on  her  near  side. 

"She  has  capped  hocks;  and  has  a  splint  on  her 
near  fore. 

"  In  my  opinion  she  is  sound. 

"A.  B.  Case,  M.K.C.V.S." 

If  the  animal  possesses  some  defect  which,  of  itself, 
constitutes  unsoundness,  this  fact  might  be  remarked  upon, 
and  the  last  two  paragraphs  might  be  merged  into  one, 
which  might  run  as  follows  : 

"  She  is  five  years  old  ;  has  capped  hocks  ;  and  has  a 
spavin  on  her  off  hind.     She  is  therefore  unsound." 

Price. — Some  practitioners,  erroneously,  think  that  they 
ought  to  be  stricter  about  giving  a  certificate  of  soundness 
for  a  horse  that,  if  passed,  would  be  sold  for  a  high  figure, 
than  for  one  of  lesser  value.  They  have,  on  the  contrary, 
nothing  to  do  with  the  animal's  price.  In  this  view, 
I  am  borne  out  by  the  opinion  expressed  to  me,  by 
Dr.  Fleming.  On  this  j)oint,  I  may  quote  the  remarks 
made  by  Holt,  on  Broennenburgh  v.  Haycoch  :  *  "  It  was 
formerly,  indeed,  a  current  opinion,  that  a  sound  price 
was  ^er  se  an  implication  of  warranty.  In  other  words, 
that  a  sound  price  given  for  a  horse  was  tantamount  to  a 
*  Holt's  Reports  of  Cases  at  Nisi  Prius,  vol.  1,  p.  632. 


SPECIAL  WAEEANTY.  11 

warranty  of  soundness.  But,  when  this  notion  came  to 
be  judicially  examined,  it  was  found  to  be  so  loose  and 
unsatisfactory,  and  so  much  at  variance  with  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  English  law  in  contracts  of  buying  and 
selling,  that  Lord  Mansfield  (in  Stuart  v.  Wilhins  *)  re- 
jected it  as  a  popular  error ;  and  said,  that  there  must 
either  be  an  express  warranty  of  soundness,  or  fraud  in 
the  seller,  in  order  to  maintain  the  action."  See,  also, 
Parkinson  v.  Lee.'\  If,  then,  price  has  nothing  to  do 
with  soundness,  the  veterinary  surgeon  who  is  concerned, 
only,  with  the  question  of  soundness,  should,  we  may 
feel  assured,  allow  no  consideration  of  price  to  influence 
him  in  his  decision,  as  to  the  soundness  or  unsoundness 
of  the  animal  he  is  examining. 

Special  warranty. — "  It  is  considered  that  horses  with 
curbs  may  be  passed  as  sound,  on  a  special  warranty 
being  given,  that,  should  the  curb  cause  lameness  within 
reasonable  time  (which  time  should  be  fixed),  the  seller 
should  be  responsible"  (Oliphant's  Laiu  of  Horses).  With 
respect  to  the  foregoing  extract,  I  must  say,  that  I  cannot 
understand  how  the  fact  of  the  seller  giving  a  special 
warranty  can,  with  any  show  of  reason,  influence  the 
examiner,  who  has  nothing  to  do  with  any  assertions 
made  by  the  seller,  or  with  any  arrangement  entered 
into  between  him  and  the  buyer.     In  such  a  case,  if  it 

*  Douglas's  Eeports  by  Frere,  vol.  1,  p.  18. 
t  East's  Reports  of  Cases,  vol.  2,  p.  314. 


12  SOUNDNESS  IN   HOKSES. 

admitted  of  so  doing,  I  venture  to  think  that  the  better 
plan  would  be,  for  the  veterinary  surgeon  to  state,  if  so 
required,  in  his  certificate,  that  the  animal  was  unsound, 
solely  on  account  of  the  defect  in  question.  If  the 
intending  purchaser  was  then  willing  to  take  the  horse, 
provided  that  he  was  guarded  against  any  ill  consequences 
resulting  from  this  particular  defect,  he  might  accept  a 
special  warranty,  to  that  effect,  from  the  owner. 

Vices,  even  those  injurious  to  health,  such  as,  crib- 
biting  and  wind-sucking,  are  held  in  law  to  be  no  breach 
of  a  warranty  of  soundness;  unless  they  have  actually 
produced  in  the  animal  in  question,  disease,  or  alteration 
of  structure  (see  Baron  Parke's  ruling  in  Scliolejield  v. 
Bobl,  p.  85). 

Blemishes  are  not  unsoundness ;  unless  they  diminish, 
or  are  likely  to  diminish,  the  animal's  usefulness,  from  a 
working  point  of  view. 


(     13     ) 


CHAPTEK    11. 

DEFECTS  WHICH  ARE  ABSOLUTE  UNSOUNDNESS. 

I  VENTURE  to  put  for^vard  the  following  list  of  the  best- 
marked  and  most  common  defects,  the  possession  of  any- 
one of  which,  independently  of  any  modifying  circum- 
stance, would  render  a  horse  unsound.  I  have  compiled 
it  with  due  regard  to  legal  precedent,  and  to  the  general 
opinion  of  the  veterinary  profession,  and  have  purposely 
omitted  the  mention  of  several  diseases — inflammation  of 
the  brain,  anthrax,  lock  jaw,  influenza,  for  instance — 
which  would,  evidently,  unfit  the  animal  for  work. 

Asthma. 

Blindness,  complete,  or  partial. 

Bog-spavin. — Oliphant,  in  Laiv  of  Horses,  states  that 
Bog-spavin  is  an  unsoundness.  In  the  case  of  Argyll 
and  Bute  Lunacy  Board  v.  Hugh  Crawford  (see  Veteri- 
narian for  1876,  page  58),  the  same  view  was  taken. 
Hence,  I  think  we  should  class  this  ailment  as  an 
absolute  unsoundness ;  although,  personally,  I  would  be 
inclined  to  disregard,  in  an  aged  horse,  a  small  bog- 


14  SOUNDNESS  IN  HORSES. 

spavin  that  was  soft ;  free  from  any  symptom  of  inflam- 
mation ;  did  not  increase  in  size,  after  exercise ;  and 
did  not  appear  to  injuriously  affect,  in  any  way,  the 
animal's  action,  even  when  he  had  cooled  down  after 
severe  work. 

As  remarked  by  Professor  Fearnley,  a  bog  spavin 
appears  larger  in  a  bent  hock,  than  in  a  straight  one. 

Bone-spavin. — See  "  Spavin,  bone." 

Breakdown. — This  term  is  applied  by  veterinary 
surgeons,  to  rupture  of  one  or  both  branches  of  the  sus- 
pensory ligament,  an  accident  which  causes  more  or  less 
descent  of  the  fetlock-joint.  It  is,  however,  popularly 
used  to  denote  any  violent  sprain  of  the  suspensory 
ligament,  or  back  tendons. 

Brohen-wind. 

Bursatee. — This  is  not  an  uncommon  skin  disease  in 
India,  and  is  probably  due  to  a  vegetable  parasite. 

Canker, 

Capped  elbow. — I  would,  in  all  cases,  consider  this  an 
unsoundness ;  for  however  trivial  it  might  be  in  itself, 
the  enlargement  would  always  be  liable  to  become 
aggravated  by  the  pressure  of  the  heel,  when  the  horse 
is  lying  down.  The  blemish  left  after  the  removal  of  a 
capped  elbow,  would  not,  necessarily,  be  an  unsoundness. 

Capped  hock,  stjnovial. — This  somewhat  unusual  form 
of  capped  hock,  is  due  to  enlargement  of  the  synovial 
bursa  which  lies  between  the  point  of  the  hock  and  the 


ABSOLUTE   UNSOUNDNESS.  15 

tendon  that  is  attached  to  it.  "It  aj)pears  as  a  tense 
fluctuating  swelling,  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  point 
of  the  hock.  It  is  an  unsoundness,  causing  lameness, 
and  sometimes  the  formation  of  abscesses  from  caries  of 
the  summit  of  the  os  calcis  "  (Williams). 

Caioped  knee. — Any  swelling  about  this  important 
joint,  could  hardly  fail  to  injuriously  affect  the  animal's 
usefulness. 

Cataract  (Higgs  v.  Thrale).*  The  slightest  opacity  in 
either  the  lens  or  capsule  is  an  unsoundness ;  as  it  is  not 
alone  calculated  to  interfere  with  the  sight,  but  is  always 
liable  to  spread. 

Cord,  Scirrlious. 

Cornea,  undue  convexity  of,  so  as  to  cause  shying  [see 
page  5). 

Corns. 

Cough. — As  a  "  cough,"  invariably,  diminishes  the 
natural  usefulness  of  a  horse  at  the  time,  it  must,  in 
all  cases,  be  regarded  as  an  unsoundness  (Coates  y. 
StcjjJiens).  t  It  is,  also,  liable  to  be  followed  by  per- 
manent impairment  of  the  animal's  "wind."  A  cough 
is  not  a  disease  in  itself,  but  is  a  symptom  of  the 
existence  of  some  irritation  to  the  air-passages,  or 
to  the  nerves  which  supply  them.  If  the  irritation 
is   of  such    a   temporary   character,   as   to   be   entirely 

*  Cited  by  Oliphant  in  Lcnu  of  Horses. 

t  Moody  &  Piobiiison's  Reports,  vol.  2,  p.  158. 


16  SOUNDNESS  IN  HORSES. 

removed  then  and  there  by  the  act  of  coughing,  as,  for 
instance,  in  the  case  of  a  particle  of  dust  going  "the 
wrong  way,"  this  act  of  coughing  should  be  regarded 
as  the  performance  of  a  natural  function,  and  not  as 
an  unsoundness.  But,  if  the  irritation  remains  to  an 
extent  sufficient  to  cause  the  animal  to  cough,  more  or 
less  continuously,  such  a  horse  would  be  unsound;  the 
persistence  of  the  irritation  being  the  cause  of  the 
unsoundness.  Although  the  irritation,  as  in  teething, 
may  be  a  symptom  of  a  healthy  and  natural  process,  it 
is  not  the  less,  on  that  account,  detrimental  to  the 
animal's  usefulness. 

Curb. — This  is  an  unsoundness,  whether  or  not  it  causes 
lameness.  Practically  speaking,  its  existence,  after  the 
inflammation  has  entirely  subsided,  is,  generally,  of  but 
little  moment ;  except  in  animals  which,  like  troop- 
horses,  are  "  put  on  their  haunches,"  a  great  deal. 

Eye,  diseases  of  the. — For  instance,  amaurosis,  glaucoma, 
ophthalmia  (simple  and  periodic),  cataract,  and  others. 

Docking,  wound  hy. — A  horse  recently  docked  should 
not  be  passed  sound  until  the  wound  has  healed;  for 
tetanus  is  liable  to  follow  this  operation. 

Elephantiasis. — This  is  a  result  of  lymphangitis. 

False  quarter. 

Farcy. 

Fistula  of  the  parotid  gland. 

Fistulous  withers. 


ABSOLUTE   UNSOUNDNESS.  17 

Founder. — This  is  a  common  name  for  laminitis. 

Glanders, 

Grapes. — This  is  an  aggravated  form  of  "  grease." 

Grease, — Pustular  eczema  of  the  skin  at  the  back  of  the 
pastern.  "  It  may  be  defined  to  be  an  inflammation  of 
the  skin  at  the  back  of  the  heels  and  fetlocks,  where 
vesicles  and  pustules  form,  yielding  a  foetid  discharge  " 
{Williams). 

Grogginess. — This  is  a  common  expression  for  navicular 
diseases. 

Hernia, 

Horn  tumours  (Keratoma). 

Immohilite. 

Jaundice. 

Jugular  vein,  inflammation  of,  or  hloeJdng-uj)  of  the. 

Keratoma. 

Kumree. — A  form  of  paralysis  of  the  loins,  met  with  in 
India. 

Lameness. — The  most  temporary  kind  of  lameness  is 
unsoundness,  as  long  as  it  lasts. 

Laminitis. — Any  existing  inflammation  in  the  sensi- 
tive laminae,  whether  recent  or  of  long  standing,  would 
naturally,  be  unsoundness.  As  a  previous  attack  not 
alone  causes  weakness  of  the  foot,  but  also  renders  it 
more  liable  ta  another  attack,  any  alteration  in  the 
structure  of  the  foot  which  would  indicate  that  the  horse 
had  suffered   from  this  disease,  should  be  regarded  as 

c 


18  SOUNDNESS  IN   HORSES. 

sufficient  cause  for  considering  him  unsound.  The  chief 
distinguishing  signs  of  a  previous  attack  of  laminitis, 
woukl  be  :  a  convex  condition  of  the  sole  ;  the  existence  of 
a  h\rge  mass  of  imperfectly-formed  horn  at  the  toe ;  and 
the  presence  of  the  characteristic  irregular  rings  round 
the  wall  of  the  hoof. 

Lateral  cartilages,  Ossification  of  the. — See  "  Side-bones." 

Lympliangitis. — Owing  to  the  recurrent  nature  of  this 
disease,  a  horse  which  is  known  to  have  had  it,  or  which 
shows  any  signs  of  having  had  it,  should  not  be  passed 
sound.  ' 

MaUenders. 

Mange,  ixirasitic. 

Melanosis. 

Moon-llindness. — See  "  Ophthalmia,  periodic." 

Nasal  gleet. 

Navicular  disease. 

Neurotoiny,  effect  of. —  Chief  Justice  Best  {Best  v. 
Oshorne)*  ruled,  with  respect  to  an  animal  on  which  this 
operation  had  been  performed,  that  "  a  horse  deprived  of 
a  useful  nerve  was  imperfect,  and  had  not  that  capacity 
of  service  which  is  stipulated  for  in  a  warranty." 

Ophthalmia,  periodic. — This    is    a    recurrent    disease, 

which,  in  its  ordinary  course,  terminates  in  blindness. 

A  horse  is,  therefore,  unsound  if  he  is  suffering  from  an 

acute  attack  of  this  disease,  or  if  he  shows  signs  of  having 

*  Ryan  &  Moody's  Reports,  p.  296. 


ABSOLUTE   UNSOUNDNESS.  19 

done  so.  During  an  intermission,  the  eye  appears  smaller 
than  natural,  and  looks  dull,  weak  and  watery.  The 
pupil  is,  generally,  more  contracted  than  usual,  owing  to 
intolerance  of  light.  In  confirmed  cases,  the  haw  is 
prominent ;  the  cornea  more  or  less  opaque  ;  and  the  iris 
changed  in  colour.  Professor  Williams  justly  calls 
attention  to  the  peculiar  wrinkled  appearance  which  the 
upper  lid  and  eyebrow  assume. 

Paralysis  of  the  lips. 

Paralysis  of  the  loins. 

Paralysis  of  the  tongue. 

Poll  evil. 

Pumiced  feet  (convexity  of  the  sole).  This  is  a  result 
of  laminitis. 

Quidcling  is  a  symptom  of  some  unsoundness  which 
interferes  with  the  swallowing  of  the  food ;  either  from 
inability  to  swallow,  as  in  sore  throat ;  or  from  want  of 
masticating  power,  as  in  disease  of  the  teeth.  In  the 
case  of  McQuaid  v.  Farley  *  (Armagh  Spring  Assizes, 
9th  March,  1819),  it  was  ruled  by  Chief  Baron  Pigot — on 
appeal — that  the  fact  of  the  horse  turning  out  a  quidder, 
on  account  of  a  broken  molar  tooth,  was  a  breach  of 
warranty  of  soundness. 

Quittor. 

Rheumatism. — If  a   horse   has  rheumatism,  he  would 
undoubtedly  be  unsound.     But,  except,  perhaps,  in  some 
*  Veterinarian  for  1849,  p.  234. 

c  2 


20  SOUNDNESS  IN  HORSES. 

cases  of  rheumatic  disease  of  the  hock-joint,  it  is  difficult 
to  prove  its  existence  ;  for  its  presence  in  the  horse  is 
not  characterised  by  any  very  distinctive  symptoms.  In 
doubtful  cases,  we  might,  as  a  rule,  ascribe  the  un- 
soundness, simply,  to  lameness. 

Binghone. — This  consists  of  a  bony  formation  which 
involves  either  the  pastern-joint,  the  coffin-joint,  or  both 
articulations.  The  term  ^^  false  ringbone  "  is  applied  to  a 
bony  deposit  on  the  long  pastern  bone,  provided,  that  it 
does  not  interfere  with  either  joint.  *'  AYhen  very  large, 
it  may  cause  lameness.  As  a  rule,  however,  it  never 
gives  inconvenience  to  the  animal,  and  is  not  always  to 
be  looked  upon  as  a  cause  of  unsoundness.  It  may  be 
compared  to  a  splint  thrown  out  for  some  beneficial 
purpose"  {Williams).  Such  a  bony  formation  should,  I 
venture  to  say,  be  regarded  with  grave  suspicion ;  for,  in 
the  majority  of  cases,  it  must,  necessarily,  be  in  dangerous 
proximity  to  either  joint,  tendon,  or  ligament. 
Bingivorm,  ijarasitic. 

Roaring. — "  In  practice,  roaring  is  always  very  properly 
considered  an  unsoundness  "  (01ii:)hant's  Law  of  Horses), 
I,  here,  assume,  without  the  slightest  fear  of  contradiction, 
that  the  disease,  or  alteration  of  structure,  whatever  it 
may  be,  of  which  this  noise  is  a  symptom,  is  an  un- 
soundness. The  following  cases  bear  on  this  subject 
Bassett  v.  Collis*  (14th  Dec.  1810).— "Lord  Ellen- 
*  CampLell's  Eeports  of  Cases  at  Nisi  Piius,  vol.  2,  p.  523. 


ABSOLUTE   UNSOUNDNESS.  21 

borough. — It  has  boen  held  by  very  high  authority  [Sir 
James  Mansfield,  C.J.]  that  roaring  is  not  necessarily  un- 
soundness ;  and  I  entirely  concur  in  that  opinion.  If  the 
horse  emits  a  loud  noise,  which  is  offensive  to  the  ear, 
merely  from  a  bad  habit  which  he  has  contracted,  or  from 
any  cause  which  does  not  interfere  with  his  general  health 
or  muscular  powers,  he  is  still  to  be  considered  a  sound 
horse.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the  roaring  proceeds  from 
any  disease  or  organic  infirmity  which  renders  him  in- 
capable of  performing  the  usual  functions  of  a  horse,  then 
it  does  constitute  unsoundness."  Practically  speaking, 
the  distinction  made  by  His  Lordship,  is  of  no  im- 
portance ;  for  what  is  understood  as  roaring,  or  whistling, 
is  not  due  to  any  bad  habit,  and  does,  in  all  cases, 
interfere  with  the  animaFs  muscular  powers  ;  and,  very 
frequently,  with  his  general  health. 

Onslow  V.  Eames  *  (23rd  May,  1817).—"  Lord  Ellen- 
borough. — If  a  horse  be  affected  by  any  malady  which 
renders  him  less  serviceable  for  a  permanency,  I  have 
no  doubt  that  it  is  an  unsoundness.  I  do  not  go  by  the 
noise,  but  by  the  disorder." 

Batty  V.  8eal\  (Hartlepool  County  Court,  2nd  Nov. 
1877,  before  E.  J.  Meynell,  Esq.,  Judge).— The  plaintiff 
sued  the  defendant  for  the  balance  of  the  price  of  a  horse, 
which   was   sold   as  sound   in  wind  and  limb.     Subse- 

*  Starkie's  Eeports  of  Cases  at  Nisi  Prius,  vol.  2,  p.  81. 
t   Veterinarian  for  1877,  p.  881. 


22  SOUNDNESS  IN  HOESES. 

quently,  the  animal  was  found  to  be  a  roarer,  "  but  a  good 
worker."  He  also  had  stringhalt,  which  the  defendant 
was  supposed  to  have  seen  at  the  time  of  sale.  ^' His 
Honour  said  that  roaring  would  not  affect  a  warranty, 
unless  it  affected  a  horse's  pulling  powers,  and  the 
stringhalt  was  palpable;  he  therefore  found  for  the 
amount  claimed,  less  the  sum  paid  into  Court."  The 
losing  side,  here,  seems  to  have  been  strangely  negligent 
in  not  proving  that,  although  the  roarer  was  a  good 
worker,  he  would  have  been  a  still  better  puller  than  he 
was,  had  he  been  free  from  the  defect  in  question. 

Thomas  v.  Young* — In  this  case,  roaring  was  held  to 
1)0  an  unsoundness,  and  the  jury  immediately  found  for 
the  plaintiff,  who  had,  on  a  warranty  of  soundness,  bought 
a  horse  that  he,  subsequently,  found  out  was  a  roarer. 

In  Vallance  v.  Brook  t  (Windsor  County  Court,  Dec. 
1850),  the  Judge,  in  summing  up,  stated  that  "  roaring 
was  an  unsoundness  in  law." 

Sallenders, 

Sandcrack. — "If  a  horse  without  any  indication  of 
having  previously  had  the  disease,  throw  out  a  sandcrack 
immediately  after  sale,  it  is  no  breach  of  warranty " 
(Oliphant's  Law  of  Horses),  I  believe  I  am  correct  in 
saying  that,  as  a  rule,  a  sandcrack  occurs  only  in  horn 
which  has  been  secreted  under  conditions  of  malnutrition, 

*     Veieriiim^ian  for  1877,  p.  G68. 
t  Do.  for  1851,  p.  82. 


ABSOLUTE   UNSOUNDNESS.  23 

and  which  is,  consequently,  abnormally  liable  to  injury 
from  force  impressed  on  it.  Although,  in  this  case,  tlie 
weakening  process  would  have  extended  over  a  more  or 
less  prolonged  period ;  still,  the  fact  that  a  perfectly 
sound  hoof  may,  at  any  time,  "  spring  "  a  sandcrack  by 
some  excessive  strain  being  applied  to  it,  shows  that 
the  opinion  just  quoted  is  thoroughly  reasonable.  I 
may  mention  that  some  horses  have,  naturally,  such 
weak  feet,  that  they  are  very  liable  to  throw  out  sand- 
cracks,  even  under  every  favourable  condition  of  health 
and  work. 

Scirrhous  cord. 

Seedy -toe. — I  think  that  seedy-toe,  whether,  or  not,  it 
indicated  a  previous  attack  of  lam  iritis,  should  be 
regarded  as  an  unsoundness. 

Sesamoiditis. 

Short  sight. — So  as  to  produce  shying  (see  page  5) ;  or 
to  interfere  with  the  proper  performance  of  the  animal's 
work. 

Shoulders,  ivasted. — "  Some  dealers  have  no  objection  to 
horses  with  wasted  shoulders  if  they  go  sound,  as  it 
is  well  known  that  they  will  perform  their  work  well 
enough  if  not  put  to  the  plough.  Notwithstanding  this, 
I  hold  that  it  is  an  unsoundness  in  law,  and  that  it  always 
depreciates  the  animal's  value.  I  have  seen  many  young 
carriage-horses  suffer  from  this  form  of  unsoundness, 
resulting   from  working   in  the  plough;    but   I   cannot 


24  SOUNDNESS  IN   HORSES. 

recollect  one  instance  where  they  were  rendered  per- 
manently unfit  for  carriage  work  "  (  Williams).  Animals 
thus  affected,  if  free  from  lameness,  might  be  certified  as 
"  practically  sound." 

Side-hones. — This  disease  (in  Simpson  v.  Potts*)  has 
been  decided  to  be  an  unsoundness  ;  but  I  must  add  that 
the  mare  in  question  was  actually  lame  on  that  account. 
In  Hussey  v.  Coleman]  (Salisbury  County  Court,  23rd 
Feb.,  1859),  which  was  for  breach  of  warranty  given  with 
a  mare  that  was,  subsequently,  found  to  have  side-bones, 
His  Honour,  when  putting  the  case  before  the  jury,  said  : 
"  If  at  the  time  of  sale  there  were  the  seeds  of  disease  in 
this  mare — if  the  membranes  were  affected — if  the 
cartilage  was  partly  ossified,  even  though  it  could  not  be 
seen,  it  would  be  enough  for  the  plaintiffs  case,  and 
would  be  a  breach  of  warranty  on  the  part  of  tlie  de- 
fendant." The  jury  returned  a  verdict  for  the  plaintiff. 
Professor  Williams,  as  we  may  see  from  the  following 
extract  from  his  Veterinary  Surgery,  is  of  opinion  that  it 
should  not  always  be  regarded  as  unsoundness.  "  Side- 
bones  are  a  cause  of  unsoundness,  but  all  liorses  so 
affected  should  not  be  condemned  on  this  account ;  and  it 
may  be  laid  down  as  a  general  rule,  that  if  the  feet  are 
strong,  open,  and  well-developed,  the  horse  showing  no 
lameness  should  not  be  condemned  for  side-bones.     But, 

*  Oliphant's  Law  of  Horses. 
t    Veterinarian  for  1859,  p.  291. 


ABSOLUTE   UNSOUNDNESS.  25 

if  he  is  stilty  in  his  action,  even  without  actual  lameness, 
or  if  the  feet  be  contracted,  altered  in  form,  weak  in  the 
heels,  flat  or  convex  in  the  sole,  there  should  be  no 
hesitation  in  pronouncing  him  unsound  ....  It  will  be 
useful  to  bear  in  mind  that  when  these  cartilages  are 
ossified,  the  horse's  gait  will  lose  that  elasticity  which  is 
so  essential  to  good  action.  In  the  cart-horse  this  is  not 
of  much  consequence,  but  in  the  horse  required  for  other 
paces  than  the  walk,  it  is  of  the  greatest  importance,  not 
only  as  a  question  of  soundness  or  unsoundness,  but  of  the 
usefulness  of  the  horse  and  safety  of  the  rider  or  driver." 
With  all  due  deference  to  the  great  authority  whom  I  have 
just  quoted,  I  venture  to  think,  that  the  fact  of  this  disease 
injuriously  affecting  "that  elasticity  which  is  so  essential 
to  good  action,"  would  always  have  the  effect  of  rendering 
it  an  unsoundness  in  the  eyes  of  the  law.  A  cart-horse 
suffering  from  it  might  be  passed  as  "  practically  sound," 
provided,  he  was  not  lame.  I  may  remark  that  side- 
bones,  being  a  consequence  of  concussion,  are  much  less 
serious  w^hen  in  the  hind  feet,  than  when  in  the  fore. 

Sole,  iveah. — When  this  condition  is  a  result  of  dis- 
ease, it  is  an  unsoundness ;  but  when  it  is  a  congenital 
defect,  not  causing  lameness,  it  is  not  so.  "Mere 
defective  formation,  however,  not  producing  lameness 
at  the  time  of  sale,  is  not,  in  my  opinion,  unsoundness." 
{Mr.  Justice  Cresswell  in  Bailey  v.  Forrest*) 

*  Carrington  and  Kii'wan's  Eeports,  vol.  2,  p.  131. 


26  SOUNDNESS   IN   HORSES. 

Spavin,  hone. — The  fact  that  it  is  impossible  to  draw  a 
sharp  line  of  demarcation  between  a  "  coarse  hock  "  and 
one  with  a  spavin,  renders  the  subject  of  spavin  a  fertile 
cause  of  dispute.  Following  the  opinion  held  by  such 
eminent  authorities  as  Dick,  Percivall,  Williams,  and 
Barlow,  among  others,  I  think  I  may  safely  say  that,  if 
both  hocks  are  alike ;  the  action  perfect ;  and  the  power 
of  bending  the  joints  unimpaired,  a  horse  with  coarse 
hocks  should  be  passed  as  sound.  "  Amongst  the  variety 
of  hocks  that  a  veterinary  surgeon  examines,  what  is 
termed  a  '  coarse  hock '  is  often  seen.  By  this  term  is 
meant  a  hock  with  well-developed  cuneiform  bones, 
giving  a  prominence  to  the  articulation,  very  much 
resembling  spavin;  and  it  is  generally  borne  out  by 
experience  that  such  hocks  are  superior  to  those  of  a 
finer  description,  standing  more  wear  and  tear,  and 
remaining  sound.  It  was  laid  down  as  a  rule  by  the  late 
Mr.  Barlow,  that  if  both  hocks  were  alike,  and  the  action 
good,  joints  coarsely  formed  should  not  be  condemned  as 
unsound,  more  particularly  if  the  enlargements  were 
situated  towards  their  posterior  aspect  "  ( Williams).  I  may 
mention  that  spavin  lameness  is  far  more  intractable  in 
old  horses,  than  in  young  ones.  A  bone  spavin  ( Watson  v. 
Denton*)  is  always  an  unsoundness ;  although  the  fact  of 
its  existence  may,  very  naturally,  be  a  subject  of  dispute. 

Sprain  of  the  hach  tendons,  suspensorij  ligament,  or  check 
*  Carrington  and  Payne's  Reports,  vol.  7,  p.  85. 


ABSOLUTE   UNSOUNDNESS.  27 

ligament;  or  alteration  of  structure  in  these  parts  due  to 
sprain. — The  alteration,  in  almost  all  these  cases,  will  be 
manifested  by  thickening,  lengthening,  or  shortening  of 
the  affected  part.  No  distinction  should  be  made  as 
regards  the  question  of  soundness,  between  sprain  of  a 
tendon,  and  sprain  of  its  sheath. 

Strlnghalt. — This  is  an  unsoundness  (Thompson  v. 
Patteson*),  on  account  of  its  always  giving  rise  to  lame- 
ness. In  Anderton  v.  Wright^  (Wigan  County  Court, 
1871),  "His  Honour  said  that  it  was  perfectly  clear 
that  stringhalt  constituted  unsoundness."  Stringhalt, 
generally,  tends  to  get  worse  with  age. 

Thick  wind. — [Atkinson  v.  Rorridge.X) 

Thoroughpin. — Thoroughpin  is  a  distended  condition 
of  the  synovial  sheath  of  the  tendon  of  the  flexor  pedis 
perforans  muscle  of  one  of  the  hind  limbs.  It  may  be 
due  to  disease  or  injury  of  the  tendon,  in  which  case  it 
would  be  a  grave  defect ;  or  to  a  very  abundant  supply 
of  synovia,  without  any  signs  of  inflammatory  action 
having  taken  place.  In  the  latter  instance,  a  thorough- 
pin might  be  regarded  as  of  little  consequence,  provided 
that  it  was  small,  did  not  in  any  way  affect  the  action, 
and  that  the  horse  was  at  least  seven  years  old.  If  the 
hocks  have  been  subjected  to  a  good  deal  of  work,  it  is 

*  Olipliant's  Laiv  of  Horses. 
t    Veterinarian  for  1871,  p.  522. 
X  Oliph ant's  Law  of  Horses. 


28  SOUNDNESS  IN   HORSES. 

only  reasonable  to  expect  tliat  the  synovial  sheathes  will 
have  secreted  a  large  supply  of  lubricating  fluid  ;  and  that, 
if  the  OS  calcis  is  short,  any  fulness  of  the  sheath  of  the 
perforans  tendon  will  become  all  the  more  apparent.  A 
large  bog-spavin  may  give  rise  to  the  appearance  of 
thoroughpin,  by  the  fact  of  its  pushing  the  synovial 
bursa  of  the  tendon  up  out  of  its  place.  In  this  case, 
the  bog-spavin,  and  not  the  thoroughpin,  should  be 
judged  as  to  the  probable  effect  on  the  animal's  useful- 
ness. Young  horses,  from  weakness  of  the  joints,  often 
show  bog-spavins  and  thoroughpins  which  may  go 
away  in  time.  The  existence  of  such  ailments,  in  their 
case,  should,  I  think,  be  regarded  with  suspicion ;  for 
joints  thus  affected  cannot  be  considered  to  be  capable 
of  a  reasonable  amount  of  immediate  work.  If,  however, 
the  animal  is  too  young  for  saddle  or  harness,  his  defects 
should,  naturally,  be  estimated  on  the  same  footing  as  if 
he  had  been  broken  in.  We  may  take  the  foregoing 
remarks  on  thoroughpin  in  conjunction  with  those 
made  on  bog-spavin  (see  page  13) ;  as  both  affections 
are  of  the  same  nature,  and  are  closely  connected  with 
each  other. 

Thrush. — In  Barrett  v.  Preece*  (Shrewsbury  County 
Court),  it  was  decided  that  the  fact  of  a  horse  which  was 
warranted  sound,  having  thrush,  was  a  breach  of  the 
warranty. 

*    Veterinarian  for  1858,  p.  235. 


ABSOLUTE   UXSOUXDXESS.  29 

Unnerving. — See  "Neurotomy." 

Villitis. 

Weed. — See  "  Lymphangitis." 

Whistling,  or  other  abnormal  sounds,  which  indicate 
diminution  of  the  calibre  of  the  air  passages. 

Windstroke. — (Paralysis  of  the  loins). 

Withers,  fistulous. 

Worm  in  the  etje. — This  disease  is  usually  met  with, 
only,  in  India.  After  the  removal  by  operation,  or 
disappearance  of  the  "  worm,"  the  eye  may  recover 
its  soundness ;  provided,  if  the  cornea  has  been 
punctured,  that  the  resulting  scar  does  not  interfere  with 
the  sight. 


30  SOUNDNESS   IN   HOKSES. 


CHAPTER  III. 

DEFECTS   WHICH   AEE    NOT   NECESSAEILY   UNSOUNDNESS. 

The  following  defects,  unless  where  specially  excepted, 
may,  or  may  not  be  unsoundness,  according  to  circum- 
stances ;  such  as :  their  nature  and  position,  the  age 
of  the  animal,  and  the  nature  of  the  work  demanded 
of  it. 

Anterior  iliac  spine,  fracture  of. — See  "  Dropped  Hip," 
page  39. 

Broken  hiees. — This  term  is  applied  to  any  mark  left 
by  a  wound  on  the  front  of  the  knee.  From  a  legal 
point  of  view,  this  accident,  after  the  w^ound  has  healed, 
is,  or  is  not  an  unsoundness,  according  to  the  degree  of 
injury  inflicted.  Although  the  slightest  mark  on  the 
knee,  as  a  rule,  seriously  detracts  from  a  horse's  market 
value ;  still  the  accident  may  not  affect  in  any  way  his 
usefulness.  If  this  be  so,  the  exigencies  of  the  case  will 
be  fully  met,  by  the  fact  of  the  blemish  being  mentioned 
in  the  certificate.  As  regards  the  question  of  soundness, 
it   does    not   matter   a   great   deal   how   the   horse   got 


RELATIVE   UNSOUXDXESS.  31 

"  marked ; "  for  it  is  quite  possible  for  an  animal  to  fall 
down  in  the  middle  of  a  road,  from  no  fault  of  his  own. 
If  we  had  positive  proof  that  the  injury  was  not  caused 
by  a  fall,  we  might  regard  it  with  less  suspicion,  than  we 
might  otherwise  do ;  for  it  is  incontestable  that  a  horse 
which  has  once  been  "  down,"  is  more  liable  to  stumble, 
than  one  whose  knees  have  never  come  in  contact  with 
the  hard  road.  Although  it  would  be  idle  to  attempt  to 
gainsay  the  fact,  that  a  blow  inflicted  on  an  important 
joint,  like  the  knee,  has  a  great  tendency  to  be  followed 
by  weakness  of  the  structures  of  the  part  ;  still,  if  after  an 
exhaustive  trial,  we  can  detect  no  indication  of  the  exis- 
tence of  such  weakness,  or  of  any  other  inability,  it  would 
be  manifestly  unfair  to  reject  a  horse  that  had  suffered 
from  an  injury  which  might  have  had,  but  which  did  not 
have,  an  injurious  result.  I  need  hardly  say,  that  a 
veterinary  surgeon  can  scarcely  be  too  careful  about 
giving  a  certificate  of  soundness  for  a  horse  with  broken 
knees :  at  the  same  time,  he  should  not  attempt  to  shield 
himself,  at  the  expense  of  the  owner,  from  the  possibility 
of  making  a  mistake.  Practically  speaking,  we  shall 
find  that  only  the  slighter  cases  of  "  broken  knees " 
should  be  passed.  Both  Dr.  Fleming  and  Professor 
Williams  ao:ree  that  the  mere  fact  of  a  horse  havins: 
blemished  knees,  is  not  suf&cient  to  have  him  condemned 
as  unsound. 

Brushing. — See  "  Cutting." 


32  SOUNDNESS  IN   HORSES. 

Capped  lioch. — The  form  of  capped  liock  wliicli  con- 
sists of  a  serous  sac  at  the  point  of  the  hock,  "is  not 
an  unsoundness,  if  not  causing  lameness,  and  arises 
generally  from  the  horse  striking  the  point  of  his  hock 
against  some  hard  substance.  It  very  often  indicates  a 
kicker,  either  in  harness  or  in  the  stable,  is  unsightly 
when  large,  and  depreciates  the  value  of  the  animal " 
(Williams).  I  would  add,  that  the  enlargement,  so  as 
not  to  be  an  unsoundness,  should  be  small,  and  should 
present  no  symptons,  whatsoever,  of  inflammation.  Such 
a  capped  hock  never  interferes  with  the  usefulness  of  a 
horse. 

Chapped  heels. — See  "  Cracked  heels." 
Contraction  of  the  foot — The  term,  "  contracted  foot,"  is 
applied  to  a  hoof  which  is  narrower  than  natural,  from 
side  to  side,  in  comparison  to  its  length.  If  the  con- 
traction is  at  the  heels,  the  horse  is  said  to  have 
"  contracted  heels."  If  the  foot  is  of  the  proper  form, 
but  is  smaller  than  its  fellow,  the  animal  has  what  is, 
usually,  called  "  odd  "  feet.  If  both  feet  are  smaller  than 
what  is  usual  to  meet  with  in  horses  of  the  size  of  the 
animal  in  question,  the  term  "  small,"  instead  of  "  con- 
tracted," should  be  used  with  reference  to  them.  A  horse 
may  have  naturally  narrow  feet — like  those  of  a  mule — 
which  should  not  be  regarded  as  a  sign  of  unsound- 
ness ;  provided  always,  that  the  animal  goes  true  and 
level,  and  shows  no  signs  of  disease.     The  same  remark 


EELATIVE  UNSOUNDNESS.  33 

will  apply  to  naturally  small  feet  which  are  of  the  same 
size.  If  one  foot  be,  from  birth,  smaller  than  its  fellow, 
or  if  it  has  become  so  from  disuse  during  early  youth, 
the  animal,  notwithstanding  this  defect,  will  be  sound, 
if  the  defect  in  question  neither  diminishes  his  useful- 
ness, nor  is  likely  to  diminish  his  usefulness.  This 
point  will,  of  course,  have  to  be  determined  by  careful 
trial  and  observation.  Contraction  of  the  foot,  as  a 
diseased  condition,  is  usually  the  result  of  navicular 
disease,  which,  almost  always,  causes  the  horse  to  go 
"  upon  his  toe,"  and,  consequently,  throws  the  structures 
in  rear  more  or  less  out  of  work.  Formerly,  contrac- 
tion was  erroneously  looked  upon  as  a  cause,  and  not  as 
result,  of  unsoundness.  "  Contracted  heels  "  are,  chiefly, 
brought  on  by  the  horse  going  on  his  toe  ;  by  allow- 
ing the  heels  to  grow  too  long ;  by  improper  shoeing ; 
and  by  the  practice  of  cutting  away  the  bars  and 
frog.  We  find  thrush  frequently  associated  with  con- 
tracted heels.  I  need  hardly  say,  that  the  veterinary 
surgeon  would  be  extremely  chary  of  giving  a  certificate 
of  soundness  to  an  animal  with  "  odd "  or  contracted 
feet. 

Cornea,  specks  on  the. — The  cornea  is  not  very  un- 
frequently  wounded  by  accident.  The  scar  is  at  first  of 
a  bluish  colour,  but  subsequently  turns  white ;  a  fact 
which  may  afford  some  clue  to  the  length  of  time  that 
has    elapsed    since   the   wound    was    inflicted.     I   may 

D 


34  SOUNDNESS  IN  HORSES. 

mention  that  the  cornea  has  to  be  punctured  in  the 
operation  for  "  worm  in  the  eye."  "  The  opacities  are, 
only  when  sufficiently  large,  or  when  so  situated  as  to 
interfere  Avith  sight,  to  be  regarded  as  causes  of  un- 
soundness."    (  Williams.) 

Cracked  heels  (chronic  erythema). — As  regards  the 
question  of  soundness,  it  matters  little  that  we  are  unable 
to  draw  a  sharp  line  of  distinction  between  this  disease, 
and  "  grease ; "  for  any  case  of  the  former  which  might 
be  classed  as  one  of  the  latter,  would  be  an  undoubted 
unsoundness.  Although  a  slight  roughness,  or  a  few 
scabs  at  the  back  of  the  pastern  or  pasterns,  as  the  case 
may  be,  might  be  passed  over;  still,  if  the  general 
surface  of  the  skin  of  the  part  be  inflamed,  even  without 
being  broken,  the  horse  should  be  regarded  as  unsound  ; 
for  such  a  condition  is  often  difficult  to  remove,  and  may 
give  rise  to  a  great  deal  of  inconvenience  to  the  affected 
animal.  In  old-standing  cases,  the  fissures  in  the  skin 
may,  apparently,  heal  up  all  right ;  but  as  long  as  any 
thickening  of  the  part,  or  inflammation  in  it,  remains, 
the  skin  will  be  apt  to  become  sore  again  on  very  slight 
provocation.  If  the  skin  be  at  all  tender,  or  if  there 
exist  in  it  any  scars  from  previous  attacks  of  this  in- 
flammation, the  quicker  the  work,  the  more  liable  will 
the  ailment  be  to  assume  an  aggravated  form,  or  to 
commence  anew,  as  the  case  may  be ;  on  account  of  the 
skin  of  the  part  being  subjected  to  a  greater  amount  of 


RELATIVE  UNSOUNDNESS.  35 

bending,  and  being  more  exposed  to  chill,  than  when  the 
work  was  slow.  The  fibrous  tissue  which  forms  the 
white  mark  left  by  a  scar,  does  not  possess  the  same 
degree  of  elasticity  and  supj)leness  as  the  uninjured 
skin.  Besides  this,  when  the  skin  is  inflamed,  it  is  but 
poorly  supplied  with  lubricating  fluid  from  the  oil-glands, 
and  is,  then,  ill  calculated  to  resist  the  effects  of  severe 
and  continued  bending. 

Crib-hiting. — This  habit  is  regarded,  from  a  legal  point 
of  view,  as  a  vice  and  not  as  an  unsoundness  ;  as  we  may 
see  from  the  case  of  Scholefield  v.  Rohh*  which  was,  "  on 
the  warranty  of  a  horse  *  that  it  was  sound  and  free  from 
vice'  .  .  .  The  horse  was  bought  to  be  delivered  at  a 
future  day,  and  the  case  of  the  plaintiff  was,  that  the 
horse  was  a  crib-biter  and  wind-sucker. 

"Parke,  B.,  told  the  jury,  that  if  they  thought  the 
horse,  at  the  time  of  its  being  sold,  and  of  the  warranty 
being  given,  was  not  a  crib-biter,  their  verdict  on  both 
the  last  issues  must  be  for  the  defendant ;  but,  even  if 
the  evidence  of  the  plaintiff  satisfied  them  that  the 
horse  was  a  crib-biter  at  the  time  of  the  warranty,  such 
evidence  would  not,  in  his  opinion,  support  the  allega- 
tion that  it  was  then  unsound,  so  as  to  entitle  the 
plaintiff  to  a  verdict  on  the  second  plea.  To  constitute 
unsoundness  there  must  either  be  some  alteration  in  the 
structure  of  the  animal,  whereby  it  is  rendered  less  able 
*  Moody  and  Robinson's  Reports,  vol.  1,  j).  210. 

D   2 


36  SOUNDNESS  IN  HOESES. 

to  perform  its  work,  or  else  there  must  be  some  disease. 
But  neither  of  these  facts  had  been  shown.  If,  however, 
the  jury  thought  that  at  the  time  of  the  warranty  the 
horse  had  contracted  the  habit  of  crib-biting,  he  thought 
that  was  a  *vice,'  and  that  the  plaintiff  would  be  entitled 
to  a  verdict  on  the  third  plea.  The  habit  complained 
might  not,  indeed,  like  some  others  (for  instance,  that  of 
kicking),  show  vice  in  the  temper  of  the  animal ;  but 
it  was  proved  to  be  a  habit  decidedly  injurious  to  its 
health,  and  tending  to  impair  its  usefulness,  and  came, 
therefore,  in  his  Lordship's  opinion,  within  the  meaning 
of  the  term,  *vice,*  as  used  on  such  occasions  as  the 
present."  I  may  mention  that  this  is  the  accepted 
ruling  on  "vice." 

In  the  case  of  Broennenburgli  v.  Haycoch  *  (West- 
minster, 1817),  it  was,  also,  ruled  that  crib-biting  was  not 
unsoundness. 

Crib-biting  may  give  rise  to  disease  (indigestion,  for 
instance),  and  to  excessive  wear  of  the  teeth,  which,  in 
either  case,  might  be  regarded  as  unsoundness.  Looked 
upon  from  a  practical,  though  not  from  a  legal  point  of 
view,  it  ought,  in  all  instances,  be  deemed  unsoundness ; 
as  it  diminishes  the  usefulness  of  the  animal,  with  whom 
special  precautions  have  to  be  observed,  both  to  prevent 
him  practising  this  habit,  and  teaching  it  to  other  horses, 
who,  according  to  my  experience,  readily  learn  it  by 
*  Holt's  Reports  of  Cases  in  Nisi  Prius,  vol.  1,  p.  630. 


EELATIVE   UNSOUNDNESS.  37 

imitation.  A  healthy  horse  may  undoubtedly  acquire 
the  habit,  and  thereby  get  his  digestion  impaired ;  but  I 
cannot  say — although  it  is  very  commonly  considered — 
that  indigestion  is  a  cause  of  cribbing.  The  fact  of  a 
horse  being  a  cribber  should  always  be  mentioned  in  the 
certificate. 

Cutting, — Under  this  heading,  we  may  include  speedy- 
cutting,  brushing,  tread,  interfering,  and  over-reaching. 
Cutting  is,  generally,  due  to  malformation;  weakness, 
either  natural,  or  brought  on  by  fatigue;  faults  of 
shoeing ;  over-taxation  of  strength ;  nature  of  the  ground 
on  which  the  animal  travels ;  and  awkwardness  of  gait 
occasioned  by  disease,  or  by  alteration  of  structure.  The 
case  of  Biddnson  v.  Follett  *  (Exeter,  25th  July,  1833) 
is  the  only  one  I  can  find  on  this  point,  and  is  as 
follows :  "  The  warranty  was  admitted.  The  horse  had 
been  kept  and  used  by  the  plaintiff  as  a  carriage  horse 
(for  which  purpose  he  was  bought)  about  a  month,  and 
was  then  tendered  to  be  returned  as  unsound.  It  was 
admitted  that  the  horse  was  unsound  at  that  time,  but 
there  was  conflicting  evidence  whether  the  unsoundness 
existed  at  the  time  of  the  sale,  or  whether  it  arose  from 
some  subsequent  cause;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  a 
veterinary  surgeon,  called  for  the  defendant,  after  giving 
his  opinion  that  the  lameness  arose  from  a  recent  injury, 
stated  also,  that  the  horse  was  so  ill-formed,  from 
*  Moody  and  Eobinsou's  Eeports,  vol.  2,  p.  209. 


38  SOUNDNESS   IN   HOKSES. 

turning  out  one  of  his  fore  legs,  as  to  be  incapable  of 
work  to  any  extent  without  cutting,  so  as  to  produce 
lameness. 

"  Follett,  in  his  reply,  contended,  that  at  all  events  the 
horse  was  unsound  from  this  malformation ;  that  a  horse 
so  ill-formed  as  to  be  incapable  of  the  ordinary  use- 
fulness of  a  horse  was  unsound. 

"Alderson,  J.,  on  summing  up,  said,  that  the  horse 
could  not  be  unsound  in  law,  merely  from  badness  of 
shape.  As  long  as  he  was  uninjured,  he  must  be  con- 
sidered sound.  When  the  injury  is  produced  by  the 
badness  of  his  action,  that  injury  constitutes  the  un- 
soundness. His  lordship  then  put  the  other  parts  of  the 
case  to  the  jury,  who  found  a  yerdict  for  the  defendant." 

Although  the  foregoing  dictum  appears  to  settle  the 
subject  of  "■  cutting  "  in  a  very  definite  manner ;  still,  if 
we  also  take  into  consideration  the  more  recent  rulings 
on  Holy  day  v.  Morgan  (see  page  5)  and  Coates  v.  Stephens 
{see  page  6),  we  must  admit  that  a  horse  should  be 
regarded  as  unsound,  if  he  is  less  than  reasonably  fit  for 
immediate  use,  for  instance,  by  reason  of  his  habit  of 
cutting.  This  would,  especially,  apply  to  horses  required 
for  cross-country  work,  at  which,  animals  given  to  the 
fault  in  question  might  be  most  dangerous  to  ride. 
Besides  this,  I  hardly  think  that  a  horse  which  required 
the  employment  of  special  precautions,  such  as  a  peculiar 
method  of  shoeing,  or  the  wearing  of  "  boots,"  to  prevent 


RELATIVE   UNSOUNDNESS.  39 

him  from  cutting  himself,  could  be  deemed  sound.  I 
would,  therefore,  as  a  veterinary  surgeon,  pass,  as  sound, 
a  horse  that  had  marks  of  cutting,  only,  after  finding 
that  he  did  not  do  so,  during  a  searching  trial,  such  as  a 
day's  hunting,  or  a  fairly  long  day's  journey. 

Dropjyed  liip  (Fracture  of  anterior  iliac  spine). — The 
consequences  of  this  accident  are  lameness  and  the 
formation  of  abscesses  near  the  seat  of  injury.  Kepair, 
however,  may  take  place  by  the  formation  of  a  false 
joint,  and  the  action  of  the  horse  may  remain  unaffected  ; 
in  which  case,  he  may  be  passed  as  sound ;  although  the 
fact  of  the  existence  of  the  blemish  should  always  be 
mentioned  in  the  certificate.  I  have  the  authority  of 
Dr.  Fleming  for  saying  that  he  agrees  with  me  on 
this  point. 

Eczema. — See  "  Skin  Diseases." 

Feet,  hrittle. — See  remarks  on  ''  Sole,  w^eak,"  page  25. 

Filled  legs  from  luork. — If  a  horse  was  aged,  I  do  not 
think  that  the  fact  of  his  legs  being  slightly  ''  filled,"  or 
a  little  "  worn,"  should  be  sufficient  to  cause  him  to  be 
rejected  on  the  score  of  unsoundness;  provided,  that  it 
did  not,  in  any  way,  diminish  his  usefulness.  To  fulfil 
this  requirement,  the  structures  of  the  limb  should  show 
no  unnatural  heat  or  tenderness ;  the  integrity  of  the 
tendons  and  ligaments  should  be  thoroughly  assured; 
and  any  slight  fulness  that  may  be  present,  should  have 
no   appearance   of    having    been   caused    by   any   con- 


40  SOUNDNESS  IN  HOESES. 

stitutional  disease  or  weakness.  When  a  young  horse 
shows  signs  of  work,  the  case  is,  however,  very  different. 
All  such  questions  of  soundness  as  those  of  filled  or  worn 
legs  can,  naturally,  be  decided  only  by  the  examining 
veterinary  surgeon. 

Firing,  marks  of. — Some  owners,  as  a  preservative 
measure,  make  a  practice  of  firing  the  hocks  of  their 
young  horses,  in  the  event  of  their  considering  that 
these  joints  show  signs  of  weakness.  The  Arabs  and 
other  Eastern  nations  employ  the  hot  iron  in  a  rather 
indiscriminate  manner,  as  a  remedy  for  various  ailments, 
some  of  which,  such  as  colic,  may  be  but  of  a  temporary 
nature.  In  all  cases  where  we  find  marks  of  the  actual 
cautery,  we  should  redouble  our  efforts  to  discover  if 
there  exist,  in  the  part,  anything  which  might  militate 
ao-ainst  the  soundness  of  the  animal;  but  if  we  are 
unsuccessful  in  our  search,  we  should  not  reject  the 
horse  because  of  the  existing  blemish,  which  in  itself 
does  not  come  under  the  definition  of  unsoundness. 

Galls,  harness  and  saddle. — See  remarks  by  Mr.  Baron 
Parke,  page  3. 

Grunting. — '*  If  a  horse,  when  struck  at  or  suddenly 
moved,  emits  during  respiration  a  grunting  sound,  it  is 
called  a  *  grunter.'  Such  a  sound  may  or  may  not  have 
any  connection  with  disease  of  the  larynx.  A  horse  will 
grunt  with  pain  when  suffering  from  pleurisy,  pleuro- 
dynia, and  other  diseases.     Some  horses  habitually  grunt 


KELATIVE   UNSOUNDNESS.  41 

when  struck  at  or  moved  suddenly.  A  great  number  of 
cart-horses  are  so  affected,  and  big  horses  of  all  breeds 
are  very  apt  to  be  grunters,  whilst  they  may  be  quite 
sound  in  their  wind.  Horses  with  heavy  jaws  and  ill-set- 
on  necks  often  emit  this  sound  ;  and  again  any  horse  may 
do  it  if  it  has  been  fed  for  a  time  with  bulky  food.  The 
sound  is  always  to  be  regarded  with  suspicion,  and  the 
animal  further  tried  for  its  wind,  as  it  generally  ac- 
companies roaring  and  whistling.  If  the  grunter,  how- 
ever, stands  the  tests  used  to  detect  roaring  without 
making  any  noise  in  its  breathing,  it  may  be  considered 
sound  "  (Williams).  The  fact  of  a  horse  being  a  grunter, 
even  if  he  does  not  "  make  a  noise  "  during  movement, 
indicates,  in  the  majority  of  cases,  a  strong  tendency  to 
roaring ;  and  should  always  be  mentioned  in  the  cer- 
tificate. I  make  bold  to  aflSrm  that  if  a  young  horse,  say 
four  years  old  or  under,  is  found  to  be  a  grunter,  and  it 
is  known  that  one  or  both  of  his  parents  were  roarers  or 
whistlers,  he  should  be  looked  upon  as  unsound  in  his 
wind ;  for,  if  he  is  not  so  already,  he  will  almost  in- 
fallibly become  so,  later  on. 

Herpes. — See  "  Skin  Diseases." 

Rip,  dropped, — See  "  Dropped  Hip." 

Hoof,  spilit. 

Hoof,  tveah. — See  remarks  on  "  Sole,  weak,"  page  25. 

Ischium,  fracture  of  tuberosity  of — In  popular  language, 
we    may   term    this,   "  fracture   of    the    point   of    the 


42  SOUNDNESS   IN  HORSES. 

buttock."  This  accident  causes  flatness  of  tlie  bony 
prominence  which,  may  be  seen,  on  either  side,  behind, 
and  a  little  below  the  root  of  the  tail.  When  repair  takes 
place  and  any  resulting  lameness  disappears,  the  animal 
may  be  regarded  as  sound ;  although  the  fact  of  the 
existence  of  the  blemish  should  be  noted. 

Knees,  broken. — See  "  Broken  knees,"  page  30. 

Legs,  filled,  or  luorn. — See  "  Filled  legs,"  page  39. 

Mud  fever. — See  *' Skin  Diseases." 

Nettle-rash. — See  "  Skin  Diseases." 

Odd  Feet.—8ee  "  Contraction  of  the  Foot,"  page  32. 

Parrot-mouth. — This  would,  naturally,  be  an  unsound- 
ness, or  not,  according  to  its  degree. 

Prurigo. — See  "  Skin  Diseases." 

Bat  tails. — See  "  Skin  Diseases." 

Bing  worm,  non-parasitic, 

Sitfasts. — As  the  presence  of  the  sitfast  generally 
interferes  with  the  putting  on  of  the  gear,  it  should,  in 
most  cases,  be  regarded  as  an  unsoundness.  See  ^'  Skin 
Diseases  and  Wounds." 

Shin  Diseases  and  Wounds. — Cases  under  this  heading 
should  be  decided  according  to  the  principle  laid  down 
by  Mr.  Baron  Parke.     See  page  3. 

Sole,  weaJc. — See  "  Sole,  weak,"  page  25. 
Sore-shins. — This  form  of  bony  deposit,  unless  when 
very  exaggerated,  seldom  interferes  with  the    animal's 
usefulness,  after  the  inflammation  has  subsided. 


KELATIVE  UNSOUNDNESS.  43 

Speedy  cutting. — See  "  Cutting,"  page  37. 

Splint. — A  splint  is  a  bony  formation  on  the  side  or 
back  of  the  cannon  bone  of  either  the  fore,  or  hind  limb. 
If  it  be  on  the  back  of  the  bone,  it  will,  almost  certainly, 
also  appear  on  both  sides.  Some  authorities  consider 
that  splint  is  due  to  ossification  of  the  ligament 
which  connects  the  splint  bone,  on  either  side,  to  the 
cannon  bone ;  and  that  this  term  should,  therefore,  be 
limited  to  bony  formations  which  involve  both  the  splint 
and  cannon  bone  ;  while  others  employ  it  independently 
of  any  connection  it  may  have  with  the  ligament  in 
question.  This  difference  of  opinion  is  of  no  practical 
importance,  as  far  as  our  subject  is  concerned.  No 
distinguishing  name  is  given  to  bony  formations  on 
the  cannon  bone  which  do  not  come  under  the  term  of 
splint  or  sore  shins ;  although,  like  the  two  last  men- 
tioned, they  would  be  classed  under  the  general  heading 
of  "  Exostoses." 

Almost  all  veterinary  surgeons  will  agree  that  a  splint 
which  is  well  away  from  the  knee,  does  not  interfere  with 
the  working  of  the  tendons  or  suspensory  ligament,  nor 
with  the  action  of  the  other  leg,  is  not  an  unsoundness  ; 
provided,  that  it  does  not  cause  lameness,  and  that  the 
horse  is  at  least  six  years  old.  The  qualification  of  age 
might,  in  some  cases,  be  dispensed  with.  If  the  animal  is 
young,  and,  especially,  if  he  has  not  done  much  work,  the 
fact  of  his  having  a  splint,  would  indicate  that  the  leg 


44  SOUNDNESS  IN  HOESES. 

is  not  of  the  proper  kind  to  stand  much  ''knocking 
about."  A  splint  on  the  outside  of  the  leg  is  more  apt 
to  cause  lameness,  than  one  on  the  inside.  A  splint, 
other  things  being  equal,  has  a  greater  tendency  to 
injuriously  affect  the  usefulness  of  an  animal  that  has  to 
do  its  work  at  a  trot  on  roads,  than  that  of  those  which 
are  confined  to  a  walk,  or  to  work  in  the  field.  The 
forms  of  splint  which  are  generally  regarded  as  un- 
doubted unsoundness  are :  (1.)  Two  splints ;  one  on  the 
outer,  the  other  on  the  inner  side  of  the  leg,  and  on 
the  same  level ;  their  relative  position  being  almost  a 
certain  indication  that  they  are  connected  together  by  a 
bony  deposit  which  can  hardly  fail  to  interfere  with 
the  action  of  the  suspensory  ligament.  (2.)  A  splint 
close  to  the  knee,  or  suspensory  ligament.  (3.)  Two 
splints,  one  above  the  other,  and  on  the  same  side  of  the 
leg.  This  form  shows  considerable  weakness  of  the  bone, 
and  almost  always  causes  lameness,  especially,  when  the 
two  splints  are  united  by  a  bony  ridge. 

From  Margetson  v.  Wright*  (11th  May,  1832),  it 
appears  that  a  horse  with  a  splint  can  be  passed  sound, 
if  the  bony  deposit,  from  its  size  and  position,  would 
not  be  liable  to  cause  lameness;  leaving  out  of  con- 
sideration what  its  results  might  be,  were  it  to  increase 
in  size,  or  invade  other  structures.  Lord  Chief  Justice 
Tindal's  judgment  on  this  case  was  as  follows  : — "  This 

*  Moore  and  Scott's  Cases  in  Common  Pleas,  etc.,  vol.  1,  p.  622. 


EELATIVE   UNSOUNDNESS.  45 

was  an  action  upon  a  warranty,  in  which  the  defendant 
warranted  the  horse  to  be  sound  in  wind  and  limb  *  at 
the  time/  that  is,  at  the  time  of  the  warranty  made. 
The  jury  at  the  trial  found  a  verdict  for  the  plaintiff; 
the  learned  Judge  requesting  them  to  tell  him  distinctly 
whether  in  their  judgment  the  horse  was  sound ;  or,  if 
they  believed  him  to  be  unsound,  whether  that  un- 
soundness arose  from  the  splint  of  which  evidence  had 
been  given.  In  answer  to  which  inquiry,  the  jury  said, 
'that,  although  the  horse  exhibited  no  symptoms  of 
lameness  at  the  time  when  the  contract  was  made,  he 
had  then  upon  him  the  seeds  of  unsoundness  arising 
from  the  splint.' 

"  The  question  upon  this  application  for  a  new  trial, 
is,  whether  this  finding  of  the  jury  sanctions  the  verdict 
for  the  plaintiff  or  not ;  that  is,  whether  the  Court  can 
see  with  sufficient  clearness  that  the  jury  thought  that 
the  horse  was  unsound  at  the  time  of  the  contract,  and, 
consequently,  that  the  warranty  was  broken.  It  appears 
that  the  evidence  before  the  jury  was,  in  substance,  that 
the  splint  might  or  might  not  be  the  efficient  cause  of 
lameness,  according  to  the  position  which  it  occupied, 
and  its  size  and  extent ;  that  this  splint  was  in  a  very 
bad  situation,  as  it  pressed  upon  one  of  the  sinews,  and 
would  naturally  produce,  when  the  horse  was  worked, 
inflammation  of  the  sinew,  and  consequent  lameness.  The 
jury,  therefore,  drawing  their  attention  to  this  particular 


46  SOUNDNESS  IN  HOESES. 

splint  to  which  the  evidence  related,  appear  to  us  to 
have  intended  that  this  individual  splint,  though  it  did 
not  at  the  moment  produce  lameness,  was,  at  the  time  of 
contract,  of  that  sort,  and  in  that  situation,  as  to  contain, 
in  their  language,  the  seeds  of  unsoundness,  that  is, 
the  efficient  cause  of  the  subsequent  lameness.  If  the 
lameness  complained  of  had  proceeded  from  a  new  or 
different  splint,  or  from  the  old  splint  taking  a  new 
direction  in  its  growth,  so  as  to  affect  a  sinew,  not 
having  been  on  one  before,  such  a  lameness  would  not 
have  been  within  the  warranty  ;  for  it  would  not  have 
constituted  a  present  unsoundness  at  the  time  of  the 
warranty  made.  But  the  jury  find  that  the  very  splint 
in  question  is  the  efficient  cause  of  lameness. 

"  On  the  former  motion,  our  attention  was  not  called 
to  any  evidence,  if  any  such  was  given,  as  to  the 
different  nature  and  consequences  of  splints,  which  the 
learned  Judge  reports  to  have  been  given  upon  the 
present  occasion ;  but  it  now  appears  that  some  splints 
cause  lameness,  and  others  do  not,  and  that  the  con- 
sequences of  a  splint  cannot  be  apparent  at  the  time, 
like  those  of  the  loss  of  an  eye,  or  any  other  blemish  or 
defect  visible  to  a  common  observer.  We,  therefore, 
think  that,  by  the  terms  of  their  written  warranty,  the 
parties  meant  that  there  was  not  at  that  time,  a  splint 
which  would  be  the  cause  of  future  lameness,  and  that 
the  jury  have   found  that  it  was. 


RELATIVE   UNSOUNDNESS.  47 

''  We  therefore  think  that  the  warranty  was  broken." 

In  Smith  V.  O'Brijan*  (3rd  Nov.  1864)  the  horse 
which  was  warranted  sound,  had  a  splint,  that,  at  the 
time  of  sale,  did  not  cause  lameness.  The  fact  of  the 
animal,  subsequently,  becoming  lame,  on  account  of  this 
splint,  was  held  to  be  a  breach  of  warranty. 

Split-hoof. — Under  this  heading,  we  may  class  those 
divisions  of  the  horn  of  the  hoof  which  do  not  take  the 
characteristic  form  of  "  sand-crack."  They  may  or  may 
not  be  unsoundness,  according  as  they  affect  the  animal's 
usefulness. 

Surfeit. — See  "  Skin  Diseases." 

Tetter,  dry. — See  "  Skin  Diseases." 

Tetter,  humid. — See  '•  Skin  Diseases." 

Tread. — See  "  Cutting,"  page  37. 

Warhles. — See  remarks  by  Mr.  Baron  Parke,  page  3. 

Warts. — See  "  Skin  Diseases." 

Weaving. — This  is  a  vice,  and  not  an  unsoundness. 
See  page  35. 

Windfalls. — If  a  windgall  is  soft  and  fluctuating  to 
the  touch ;  shows  no  sign  of  inflammatory  action ;  does 
not  injuriously  affect  the  horse's  movements  in  any  way, 
and  does  not  become  heated  after  work;  its  presence 
may  be  regarded  as  no  detriment  to  the  animal's 
soundness,  especially,  if  the  horse  is  aged. 

Wind-suching. — This  habit,  as  well  as  crib-biting,  is 
*   'flie  Law  Times,  vol.  11,  New  Series,  p.  346. 


48  SOUNDNESS   IN   HORSES. 

looked  upon,  from  a  legal  point  of  view,  as  a  vice,  and 
not  as  an  unsoundness  (see  page  35).  It  should  always 
be  regarded  as  a  very  grave  defect;  for  it  seriously 
interferes  with  the  animal's  usefulness.  It  is  a  more 
injurious  habit  than  crib-biting. 

Worn  Legs. — See  "  Filled  Legs,"  page  39. 


(     49     ) 


CHAPTEE  IV. 

HEEEDITARY    UNSOUNDNESS. 

As  it  is  impossible,  with  our  present  state  of  knowledge, 
to  define,  even  with  approximate  accuracy,  the  limits  of 
the  influence  of  hereditary  predisposition  in  the  trans- 
mission of  disease,  deformity,  or  proneness  to  alterations 
of  structure  ;  I  shall  here  content  myself  with  regarding 
the  subject  from  a  purely  practical  standpoint ;  and  shall, 
accordingly,  enumerate  only  those  defects  which  show 
a  marked  tendency  to  be  transmitted  from  parents  to 
offspring.  Any  form  of  unsoundness  to  which  an  animal 
might  have  been  predisposed,  on  account  of  faulty  con- 
formation, should  be  looked  upon,  in  stud  animals,  with 
considerable  suspicion ;  for  "  like  "  has  always  a  strong 
tendency  to  produce  "like."  No  objection  could  be 
made  to  a  horse  or  mare  for  breeding  purposes,  because 
he  or  she  had  lost  an  eye  by  accident;  although  the 
case  would  be  very  different,  with  a  strained  back  tendon 
or  suspensory  ligament.  This,  however,  would  be  a 
question  which  could  be  decided  only  after  a  personal 


50  SOUNDNESS  IN  HOKSES. 

inspection.     I  may  remark  that  the  following  list   has 
special  reference  only  to  stud  animals. 

Amaurosis, 

Asthma, 

Bent  fore-legs. — Under  this  term  we  may  include  the 
condition  shown  by  some  horses,  of  "  standing  over " 
at  the  knees,  and,  also,  that  of  knuckling  over  at  the 
fetlocks.  xil though  that  good  authority,  Mr.  W. 
Hunting,  F.R.C.V.S.,  considers  that  bent  fore-legs  are 
always  the  result  of  previously  existing  pain  in  the 
limb;  I  venture  to  say  that  the  weight  of  opinion  in 
the  veterinary  profession,  is  in  favour  of  the  idea  that 
this  condition  is,  in  many  cases,  due  to  hereditary 
predisposition.  The  large  majority  of  breeders  are,  also, 
prejudiced  against  using,  for  stud  purposes,  animals 
which  show  this  peculiarity.  At  the  same  time,  it  is 
quite  certain  that  work  alone  will  induce  it,  and  that 
it  may,  also,  be  caused  by  neglect  in  the  management 
of  the  feet.  However  brought  on,  it  ought,  I  think,  to  be 
looked  upon  as  a  grave  defect,  in  the  present  connection. 

Bog-sjMvin. — If  the  hocks  are  well  formed,  this 
affection  (as  well  as  thoroughpin),  when  it  exists  to 
but  a  slight  degree,  may  be  overlooked.  Its  presence, 
however,  in  aged  animals,  unless  when  caused  by  some 
accidental  sprain,  is,  as  a  rule,  indicative  of  faulty 
conformation  of  the  part.  Among  heavy  cart-horses, 
especially,   we   find    the   influence    of   hereditary   pre- 


HEREDITAEY   UNSOUNDNESS.  51 

disposition  strongly  marked,  in  the  case  of  bog-spavins 
and  thorouglipins,  the  possession  of  either  of  which 
aifections,  if  they  were  well  developed,  should  be  suffi- 
cient cause  for  the  immediate  rejection  of  an  animal 
for  breeding.  Heavy  entires,  even  with  the  best  of 
hocks,  are,  often,  apt  to  get  them  puffy,  on  account  of 
straining  them  when  covering. 

Bojie-sjMvin. — This  should  always  be  a  disqualification, 
unless,  perhaps,  in  the  somewhat  rare  case  of  its  having 
been  caused  by  external  injury. 

Broken  ivind. 

Cataract. 

Contraction  of  the  foot  (see  page  32). — The  fact  of  one 
foot  being  smaller  than  its  fellow,  especially,  in  the  fore 
limb,  and  if  the  difference  of  size  be  at  all  marked, 
would  be  sufficient  cause  for  the  immediate  rejection 
of  an  animal  for  stud  purposes.  It  goes  without  saying, 
that  any  deformity  of  the  part  should  be  regarded  in 
the  same  light. 

Cu7'h. — The  possession  of  a  curb  would  always  be  of 
serious  detriment  to  the  value  of  a  stud  animal,  and, 
especially,  for  breeding  hunters,  steeple-chasers,  and 
chargers.  It  might,  however,  be  overlooked  in  a  race- 
.  horse  of  exceptional  speed  and  stamina,  like,  for  instance, 
St.  Simon,  who  is  faulty  in  this  respect ;  for,  considering 
the  early  age  at  which  race-horses  are  put  to  work,  we 
Ought  to  be  more  lenient  with  them,  than  with  animals 

E  2 


52  SOUNDNESS  IN   HORSES. 

that  are  given  more  time  to  mature.  Besides  tliis,  they 
are  not  put  so  much  on  their  haunches,  as  are  cross- 
country horses  and  troopers. 

Fever  in  the  feet,  and  its  effects. 

Glaucoma. 

Hoof,  defects  of  the. — No  defects  of  the  hoof,  which  are 
congenital,  or  caused  by  laminitis,  and  which  might 
render  it  unduly  weak  or  brittle,  should  be  passed  over 
in  stud  animals. 

Laminitis,  and  its  effects. 

Navicular  disease.  ,   . 

Ophthalmia,  'periodic. 

Ossification  of  the  lateral  cartilages  ("  side  bones  "). 

Pasterns  twisted. — Here  the  toes  are  turned  either  in  or 
out. 

Bingbone. — True  ringbone  is  one  of  the  most  objection- 
able defects  in  a  stud  animal ;  while  even  the  false  kind, 
which  is  a  bony  deposit  on  one  of  the  pastern  bones,  and 
does  not  implicate  any  of  the  joints  of  the  foot,  should 
not  be  lightly  passed  over. 

Roaring. 

Side  hones. 

Sight,  congenital  defects  of ;  supposing,  that  they  affect 
the  animal's  usefulness. 

Spavin,  hog. — See  "  Bog-spavin,"  page  50. 

Spavin,  hone. — See  "Bone-spavin,"  page  51. 

Splints. — Splints  should  be  viewed  with  great  suspicion 


HEREDITARY   UNSOUNDNESS.  53 

in  mares  and  horses  that  are  reserved  for  breeding 
purposes  ;  for  the  law  of  heredity  is  well  marked  in  the 
tendency,  possessed  by  some  animals,  to  throw  out  bony 
deposits  on  the  limbs,  at,  and  below,  the  knees  and 
hocks. 

Thick  wind, 

Thorouglipin. — See  "  Bog-spavin,"  page  50. 

Wliistling. 


54  SOUNDNESS  IN   HORSES. 


CHAPTEK  Y. 

METHOD   OF    EXAMINATION. 

FiEST  Stage. 

Look  at  the  liorse  while  he  is  standing  quietly  in  his 
stall,  so  as  to  observe  if  he  points  with  either  fore  foot ; 
stands  in  any  constrained  attitude ;  or  shows  signs  of 
cribbing,  wind-sucking,  or  weaving.  We  should  also  see 
if  there  is  anything  peculiar  in  his  stable  management, 
which  might  indicate  vice  or  infirmity.  For  instance, 
the  side  of  the  manger  may  be  covered  over  with  iron 
net-work,  or  some  strong-smelling  or  bitter  compound  to 
prevent  crib- biting.  The  horse  may  have  on  a  side-stick 
or  cradle  to  prevent  him  tearing  his  clothing,  &c. ;  a 
crib-biting  muzzle,  or  a  strap  round  his  neck  to  stop  him 
from  cribbing  or  wind-sucking ;  or  hobbles,  or  a  log,  if 
he  is  inclined  to  kick,  or  to  injure  himself  by  continually 
pawing  the  ground  with  a  fore  foot;  or  he  may  have 
marks  on  his  neck  of  a  crib-biting  strap.  Bales  of  one 
kind  or  the  other  are  sometimes  used  to  prevent  a  horse, 
which  is  that  way  inclined,  from  kicking  his  stall  or 


METHOD   OF   EXAMIXITION.  55 

himself  "  to  pieces  '*  during  the  night.  Arrangements 
for  pulling  the  horse  round,  without  getting  in  reach  of 
his  teeth  or  heels,  will  be  sufficient  to  put  the  most 
careless  observer  on  guard.  I  need  hardly  say,  that,  for 
this  important  portion  of  the  examination  to  be  effective, 
the  horse  must  be  perfectly  tranquil  and  cooled  down 
from  the  effects  of  recent  work,  and  must  not  have  under- 
gone the  process  of  being  "  warmed  up." 

Second  Stage. 

We  may  now  make  the  animal  move  over  from  one 
side  of  his  stall  to  the  other,  to  see  how  he  bends  his 
hind  limbs ;  for  symptoms  of  spavin  or  stringhalt  are  often 
best  observed  at  this  time.  We  must,  however,  guard 
against  being  deceived  by  any  exaggerated  hind  action, 
due  to  the  horse  being  accustomed  to  stand  in  deep  straw 
bedding. 

Third  Stage. 

Get  an  assistant  to  put  on  the  horse  a  plain  snaffle 
bridle  ;  have  him  turned  round  in  his  stall ;  and  examine 
his  eyes,  nostrils,  and  mouth. 

Examination  of  the  eyes.—ln  order  to  ascertain  that  the 
haw  and  conjunctiva  (the  membrane  which  lines  the 
eyelids  and  covers  the  eyes)  are  in  a  healthy  condition, 
we  may  open  the  eye  in  the  following  manner:  After 
having  "  made  much  "  of  the  horse,  place  a  hand  on  his 


56 


SOUNDNESS  IN  HORSES, 


nose  to  prevent  him  from  going  forward,  or  catch  hold 
of  the  lower  lip  if  he  wants  to  depress  his  head  too 
much.  Then,  by  means  of  the  forefinger  and  thumb 
of  the  other  hand,  open  the  eyelids  by  pressing  the  ball 


Fig.  1. 


of  the  eye  into  its  socket  (see  Figs.  1  and  2).  This 
causes  the  haw  and  a  large  amount  of  the  inside  of  the 
eyelids  to  be  shown. 


METHOD   OF  EXAMINATION. 


57 


To  examine  the  eyes  themselves,  we  may,  first  of  all, 
look  at  them  with  a  full  stream  of  daylight  coming  in  on 
them.  They  should  then  appear  prominent,  soft,  clear, 
and  free  from  tears  and  other  signs  of  inflammation  or 


Fig.  2. 


irritation.  They  should  show  no  intolerance  of  light,  as- 
might  be  indicated  by  their  being  deep-sunken ;  by  the 
more  or  less  closed  condition  of  the  eyelids ;  and  by  the 
haw  projecting  more  than  usual  over  their  surface.  The 
eyelids  should  be  devoid  of  any  unnatural  fulness,  and 


58  SOUNDNESS  IN   HORSES. 

should  not  present  that  peculiar  wrinkled  condition  which 
is  symptomatic  of  periodic  ophthalmia.  I  may  mention 
that,  when  an  eye  has  suffered  from  an  attack  of  this 
not  very  common  disease,  it  looks  dim,  weak,  and  smaller 
than  natural.  A  representation  of  a  healthy  eye  is  given 
in  Fig.  3.  Both  eyes  should  be  of  the  same  size.  Any 
excessive  convexity  or  flatness  of  the  cornea  should  be 
noted,  with  the  view  of  ascertaining  how  it  may  affect 


Fig.  3. 

the  sight.  We  may  try  the  sight  of  one  eye  by  shading 
the  other,  and  by  gently  moving  the  fingers  of  the  dis- 
engaged hand  close  to  the  uncovered  eye,  taking  care 
not  to  touch  the  eyelashes,  nor  to  produce  a  current  of 
air,  which,  by  affecting  the  nerves  of  the  part,  might 
make  the  animal  blink,  and  might  thus  convey  a  wrong 
impression  to  our  mind. 

The  eyes  may  now  be  examined  by  m.eans  of  a  candle. 


METHOD   OF   EXAMINATION.  59 

or  small  lamp,  in  a  place  from  which  all  other  light  is 
excluded ;  the  object  being  to  allow  the  pupil  to  dilate  as 
much  as  possible,  so  as  to  expose,  to  the  utmost  extent, 
the  interior  of  the  eye.  If  this  is  not  practicable,  light 
coming  from  one  direction  only,  such  as  from  a  top 
window  or  skylight,  should  be  employed.  Light  reflected 
from  white  objects,  such  as  whitewashed  walls,  a  white 
waistcoat  or  shirt  front,  should  be  carefully  excluded ; 
for  it  would  be  apt  to  cause  the  production,  in  the  eye,  of 
white  images,  the  appearance  of  which  might  interfere 
with  the  accuracy  of  the  observer's  scrutiny.  The  plan 
of  examining  the  sight  in  the  open  air,  while  shielding 
the  eye  with  the  top  of  a  black  hat  from  the  reflection 
of  white  objects,  is  far  too  rough  a  procedure  by  which 
to  arrive  at  correct  results.  While  covering  one  eye 
with  the  hand,  and  bringing  the  light  close  to  the  other 
eye,  and  then  drawing  it  away,  we  should  see  if  the 
pupil  of  the  eye  which  is  being  examined,  contracts  and 
dilates  in  a  natural  manner ;  that  no  part  of  the  iris  is 
adherent  to  the  lens ;  and  that  the  power  of  contraction 
and  dilation  is  the  same  in  both  eyes.  Each  eye  should 
be  examined  separately  ;  for  one  may  be  completely  blind 
from  amaurosis,  and  yet  its  pupil  will  obey  the  stimulus 
of  light  applied  to  the  sound  eye,  although  it  will  be 
insensible  to  that  falling  on  its  own  retina.  While 
making  this  experiment,  we  may  see  if  the  corj^ora  nigra 
(the   small   brownish-black   balls   that  are   to   be   seen. 


60  .   SOUNDNESS  IN  HORSES. 

principally,  on  the  upper  margin  of  the  pupil)  are  regular ; 
for  it  sometimes  happens  that  one  or  more  of  them  be- 
come torn  away  from  the  iris,  and  may,  consequently, 
affect  the  vision.  The  cornea  should  be  carefully  ex- 
amined, to  see  if  there  are  any  scars  or  opacities  on  it ; 
and,  while  holding  the  candle  or  lamp  a  little  to  one 
side,  and  raised  or  depressed,  as  the  case  may  require,  we 
should  look  through  the  pupil,  and  try  to  detect  any 
speck  on  the  lens  or  its  capsule,  the  fact  of  the  existence 
of  which  should  be  sufficient  to  cause  the  rejection  of  the 
horse  for  cataract.  We  may  also  regard  the  eye  from 
one  side,  while  holding  the  taper  to  the  front.  To  further 
test  the  condition  of  the  lens,  we  may  hold  the  light  a 
little  to  one  side  of  the  eye,  and  look  for  the  three 
images  of  the  flame  that  are^to  be  seen  in  a  healthy  eye; 
the  first  and  brightest  being  reflected  from  the  cornea ; 
the  second  and  largest  from  the  front  surface  of  the  lens ; 
and  the  third,  which  is  small,  dim,  and  placed  upside- 
down,  from  the  back  of  the  lens.  If  the  flame  be  slowly 
moved  from  one  side  to  the  other,  the  first  two  images 
will  follow  the  direction  of  the  candle,  while  the  third 
and  reversed  one  will  go  the  opposite  way.  If  a  cataract 
be  present  and  complete,  the  third  image  will  be  absent. 
If  it  be  only  partial,  the  view  of  the  third  image  will  be 
found  to  be  obstructed  when  the  light  falls  on  the 
opacity.  The  ophthalmoscope  might  frequently  be  used 
with  benefit  in  the  examination  of  the  eyes  of  the  horse. 


METHOD   OF   EXAMINATION.  61 

As  its  description,  however,  is  beyond  the  limits  of  this 
work,  and  as  it  requires  practical  instruction  to  attain 
facility  in  its  use,  I  need  not  further  allude  to  it  here. 
In  cases  of  doubt  as  to  the  condition  of  the  lens,  we  may 
employ  a  magnifying  glass.  If  it  is  necessary  to  dilate 
the  pupil,  w^e  may  use,  for  that  purpose,  a  drop  or  two  of 
liquor  atrojn^  sulphatis, 

Examinatioyi  of  the  nostrils. — We  require  to  open  each 
nostril,  in  order  to  examine  the  passage  itself,  and  to 
see  that  the  mucous  membrane  shows  the  pink  hue  of 
health.  No  mistake  should  be  made  about  the  accidental 
presence  of  dust  in  the  nostrils.  The  nostrils  should  be 
examined  for  ulcers  ;  scars ;  polypi ;  irregularity  in  the 
calibre  of  the  passages ;  and  for  the  existence  of  any 
discharge.  To  open,  say,  the  off  one,  hold  the  lower  lip 
with  the  left  hand,  place  the  thumb  and  forefinger  inside 
the  nostril,  as  shown  in  Fig.  4,  and  enlarge  the  opening 
by  drawing  them  apart.  The  orifice  of  the  lachrymal 
canal  should  be  in  a  natural  condition.  It  is  found  on 
the  lower  part  of  the  nostril  "  near  the  point  where  there 
is  a  line  of  demarcation  between  the  dark  colour  of  the 
skin,  and  the  rosy  tint  of  the  mucous  membrane " 
{Lecoq).  The  false  nostrils  should  be  thin,  pliable,  and 
free  from  any  thickening,  injury,  or  results  of  injuries. 

Examination  of  the  mouth. — Open  the  horse's  mouth 
and  ascertain  his  age  (see  Chapter  VI.).  Observe  that 
his   teeth  are   regular;    his   tongue   and   lips,   in   good 


62 


SOUNDNESS  IN  HORSES. 


working  order ;  the  raucous  membrane  of  the  mouth,  in 
a  healthy  state;  and  the  breath,  sweet  smelling.  The 
following  is  the  method  described  by  MM.  Goubaux  and 
Barrier  for  opening  the  mouth  : — The  examiner  having 


Fig.    4. 


placed  himself  on  the  near  side  and  out  of  the  line  of 
action  of  the  near  fore,  in  order  to  avoid  being  hit,  seizes, 
with  the  left  hand,  the  lower  lip  (see  Fig.  5),  or  places 
this  hand  on  the  front  of  the  nose,  to  prevent  the  animal 


METHOD   OF  EXAMIXATIOX. 


63 


from  going  forward.  He,  then,  takes  the  tongue  with  the 
right  hand,  by  introducing  the  first  two  fingers  between 
the  lips,  at  the  "  bars  "  (the  part  of  the  gum  that  is  free 
from  teeth).  These  fingers  catch  the  tongue,  and  hold 
it  between  the  thumb  and  ring-finger,  so  as  to  prevent  it 
from  slipping.     It  is  then  drawn  out. 


Fig.  5. 


Fourth  Stage. 

Direct  an  assistant  to  trot  the  horse  slowly  with  a 
long  rein  and  smooth  snaffle,  on  smooth,  hard  ground, 
to   see   if  he   is   lame.     The   animal   may   be    trotted. 


64  SOUNDNESS  IN   HORSES. 

backwards  and  forwards,  thirty  or  forty  yards,  and 
turned  quietly,  and,  also,  sharply,  to  the  right-about, 
and  to  the  left-about.  When  observing  him  in  move- 
ment, the  examiner  might  stand,  successively,  behind 
the  horse,  in  front  of  him,  on  the  near  side,  and  on 
the  off;  taking  care  to  be  sufficiently  far  away  from 
the  animal,  so  as  to  get  a  good  view.  The  horse  will, 
naturally,  put  more  weight,  and  "  dwell "  longer  on  the 
sound  limb,  than  on  the  lame  one.  He  will,  also,  work 
the  joints  of  the  former,  freer  than  those  of  the  latter. 
If  he  be  equally  lame  on  both  fore-legs,  he  will  go 
"  short,"  "  stiff,"  and  "  tender  "  ;  and  will  have  an  in- 
clination to  roll  his  body  from  side  to  side,  so  as  to  take 
the  weight  off,  as  much  as  possible,  when  the  foot  comes 
to  the  ground.  He  will,  also,  show  marked  improvement 
in  his  style  of  going,  if  he  is  taken  on  to  soft  ground. 

"  Some  horses,  from  bad  riding  or  driving,  acquire  a 
sort  of  hitch  or  lift  in  their  trot "  (Fercivall). 

I  have  extracted  the  following  remarks  from  my 
Veterinary  Notes  for  IIorse-Ow7iers : — 

Certain  obscure  cases  of  lameness  can  be  detected 
only  during  the  first  few  steps  the  animal  takes  on 
quitting  his  stable ;  for  he  may,  subsequently,  "  work  " 
sound. 

If  a  sound  horse  when  trotting,  has  his  head  turned 
tow  ards  the  man  who  leads  him,  going  in  a  sort  of  "  left 
shoulder  in  "  fashion,  he  may  appear  to  be  lame  on  the 


METHOD   OF  EXAMINATION  65 

near  fore-leg;  on  account  of  stepping  shorter  with  it, 
than  with  the  off  fore. 

If  we  suspect  the  existence  of  spavin,  we  may  take  up 
the  foot  and  bend  the  hock,  retaining  it  in  that  position, 
for  about  a  minute.  If,  after  that,  the  animal  trots  quite 
sound,  we  may  consider  that  the  joint  is  all  right. 

Before  putting  the  horse  in,  we  should  try  if  he  backs 
with  freedom  and  regularity  of  gait. 

If  no  lameness  be  noticed,  we  may  send  him  back  to 
his  stable,  and,  as  a  final  test,  may  allow  him  to  stand 
for  a  few  hours,  and,  after  he  has  thoroughly  cooled 
down,  try  him  again.  If  he  passes  satisfactorily  through 
this  second  ordeal,  we  may,  as  a  rule,  regard  him  to  be 
sound  in  limb. 

In  obscure  cases  of  lameness,  we  may  suspect  bone 
disease — such  as  incipient  ringbone — as  the  cause,  if 
the  horse  stands  level  in  his  stall,  but  trots  very  lame 
on  hard  ground. 

Lameness  improves  with  exercise,  exce^Dt^  as  a  rule, 
in  cases  of  splints,  ringbones,  side-bones,  sore  shins, 
corns,  chronic  laminitis,  villitis,  and  sprains. 

When  the  animal  is  lame  behind,  the  disease  is, 
generally,  in  the  hock ;  when  in  front,  in  the  feet  of  cart- 
horses, or  in  the  suspensory  ligaments  of  gallopers. 

By  the  suggestion  of  my  friend  Mr.  G-.  A.  Banham, 
F.K.C.y.S.,  I  have  advised  that  the  horse  should  be 
tested  for  lameness,  before  "  looking  him  over ;  "  lest  the 

F 


66  SOUNDNESS  IN   HOESES. 

observation  of  any  defect  might  bias  our  judgment  as  to 
the  evenness  of  the  animal's  action. 

Fifth  Stage. 

Have  the  horse  pkced  on  level  ground  with  the 
attendant  standing  in  front  of  him,  and  holding  him 
straight  with  a  rein  in  each  hand.  The  examiner  should 
then  walk  round,  and  look  the  animal  carefully  over. 
The  following  are  the  chief  points  which  should  be 
noted  : — (1.)  That  the  horse  stands  in  a  sound,  healthy 
attitude.  (2.)  'Ihat  his  legs  are  properly  shaped,  and 
do  not  show  *'  wear  "  sufficient  to  constitute  unsoundness. 
(3.)  That  he  has  got  neither  odd,  nor  unduly  small  feet. 
(4.)  That  the  look  of  his  coat  and  his  general  appear- 
ance indicate  good  health.  (5.)  That  the  movements 
of  the  flanks  are  natural,  and  do  not  give  the  impres- 
sion that  there  is  anything  wrong  with  the  "  wind." 
(6.)  That  the  hips,  or  buttocks  are  not  "  down  ;  "  no  other 
portions  of  the  pelvis  displaced ;  and  the  vertebra3  of  the 
tail  uninjured.  (7.)  That  the  animal  is  free  from  sore 
shins,  curb,  and  any  "  bow "  about  the  back  tendons. 
(8.)  That  both  sides  of  the  body  are  symmetrical ;  and 
that  there  is  no  deformity,  other  than  I  have  mentioned. 

Sixth  Stage. 

Having  previously  examined  the  eyes,  nostrils,  and 
mouth,  we  should  look  over  the  face  to  see  if  there  is  any 


METHOD   OF   EXAMINATION.  67 

peculiarity  on  it,  either  from  injury  or  disease.  The 
"  chin-groove,"  which  is  the  smooth  portion  of  the  lower 
jaw,  on  which  the  curb-chain  (when  used)  should  rest, 
and  the  branches  of  the  lower  jaw,  a  little  above  this 
groove,  should  be  examined  for  signs  of  recent  injury, 
or  from  bony  deposits  resulting  from  an  improper  use 
of  the  curb.  Although  the  fault  may  lie  with  the  rider 
or  driver,  still  we  may  reasonably  infer  that  a  horse 
whose  mouth  has  been  pulled  about  a  good  deal,  will  not 
be  a  pleasant  "conveyance."  Feel  the  space  between 
the  lower  jaws  for  swollen  glands,  and  observe  if  the 
skin  over  the  larynx  has  a  swollen  appearance,  and  if 
there  be  any  mark  left  from  tracheotomy  having  been 
performed.  Feel  the  poll  for  poll-evil,  and  the  space 
between  the  ears  and  the  angle  of  the  lower  jaw,  for 
enlarged  glands.  Examine  the  ears,  find  out  that  they 
are  all  right.  Eun  the  hand  along  the  crest  to  the 
withers,  and  see  that  they  are  free  from  wounds,  soreness 
or  old  scars.  If  the  mane  hangs  to  the  near  side,  it 
should  be  put  over,  to  see  that  it  does  not  conceal  any 
wound  on  the  neck.  Examine  the  course  of  the  jugular 
vein  down  the  near  side  of  the  neck,  for  marks  of 
"  bleeding,"  and  try  if  the  flow  of  blood  through  it  is 
unimpeded.  See  that  the  near  shoulder  is  free  from 
"wasting,"  and  harness-galls.  If  there  be  doubt  as  to 
the  state  of  the  muscles,  the  two  shoulders  should  be 
compared  with  each  other.     We  should  observe  that  the 

F  2 


68  SOUNDNESS  IN  HORSES. 

near  elbow  is  not  "capped";  that  the  horse  is  free  from 
girth-galls,  and  is  not  otherwise  chafed.  The  amount  of 
*'  wear  "  shown  by  the  near  leg  ;  any  "  standing  over  "  at 
the  knee ;  or  undue  uprightness  or  unusual  obliquity  of 
the  pastern,  should  be  carefully  considered.  The  knee 
should  be  examined  for  signs  of  injury ;  the  front  of  the 
cannon  bone,  for  sore  shins ;  the  fetlock,  for  any 
swelling  or  undue  roundness ;  the  pastern,  for  ringbone 
or  split-pastern  ;  and  the  front  of  the  coronet,  for  disease 
of  the  pyramidal  process  of  the  coffin  bone,  or  for  a 
diseased  state  of  the  coronet  itself.  Going  to  the  back 
of  the  leg,  we  may  see  if  the  animal  is  free  from 
mallenders ;  injury  of  the  check  ligaments,  back  tendons 
and  suspensory  ligament ;  splints;  marks  of  " unnerving," 
speedy-cutting,  or  of  the  use  of  a  speedy-cutting  boot ; 
windgalls,  a  puffy  condition  of  the  fetlock ;  marks  of 
"  brushing  ";  thoroughpin  of  the  fetlock  ;  sessamoiditis ; 
sprain  of  the  ligaments  at  the  back  of  the  pastern ;  over- 
reaches on  the  back  tendons  or  heels ;  side-bones ; 
cracked  heels  and  grease.  We  may  now  examine  the 
coronet  for  quittor ;  carbuncle  of  the  coronet ;  marks  of 
bleeding  and  firing ;  villitis ;  recently  *'  sprung  "  sand- 
crack  ;  tread ;  and  false-quarter.  If  marks  of  firing  be 
present,  they  will  also  be,  as  a  rule,  on  the  pastern. 
We  may  now  feel  the  coronet  and  hoof  to  see  that  there 
is  no  unnatural  heat  in  them,  and  that  no  throbbing  or 
unusual  fulness  in  the  blood-vessels  of  the  former,  can  be 


METHOD   OF  EXAMINATION.  69 

perceived.  In  case  of  doubt,  the  state  of  these  parts 
should  be  considered  with  reference  to  that  of  those  of 
the  off  fore.  We  should  compare  both  feet,  to  see  that 
they  are  of  the  same  size  and  shape.  The  wall  of  the 
hoof  should  be  looked  at  for  sio'ns  of  inflammation  of  the 
feet,  sand-crack,  false-quarter,  villitis,  horn  tumours, 
seedy-toe,  and  for  fissures  of  various  kinds.  The  horn 
should  be  sound  and  strong.  Having  picked  up  the 
foot,  we  should  see  that  the  heels  are  not  contracted ; 
the  frog  free  from  thrush,  and  well  developed ;  the 
sole  concave ;  and  the  ground  surface  of  the  foot 
healthy,  free  from  wounds  and  signs  of  canker.  We 
may  note  if  the  animal  has  had  the  "seat  of  corn" 
recently  pared  out;  if  he  is  shod  in  any  particular 
manner  which  might  indicate  unsoundness  or  defective 
action;  and  if  his  hoofs  have  been  filed  with  the 
object  of  concealing  malformation  or  disease.  If  we 
suspect  seedy-toe,  we  may  endeavour  to  test  our  sup- 
position by  tapping  the  outside  of  the  hoof  with  a 
hammer.  The  practice  of  comparing  one  J  eg  with 
another,  should  be  followed  in  the  majority  of  doubtful 
cases,  especially,  as  regards  the  existence  of  sprain, 
"  standing  over  at  the  knees,"  and  size  of  the  feet.  I 
have  here  purposely  omitted  the  subject  of  navicular 
disease ;  for,  as  far  as  I  know,  it  presents  no  distinctive 
symptoms,  its  presence  being  generally  characterised  by 
*'  pointing,"  lameness,  and  contraction  of  the  heels,  all  of 


70  SOUNDNESS   IN  HORSES. 

which  may  be  observed  in  other  diseases.  We  may, 
however,  strongly  suspect  that  the  horse  has  been  treated 
for  this  very  serious  ailment  (whether  or  not  it  had 
existed),  if  we  perceive  the  mark  left  by  a  frog  seton. 

We  may  now  run  our  hand  over  the  back,  to  find  if 
there  are  any  warbles  or  sitfasts  present.  The  ribs  may 
be  examined  for  fracture ;  the  belly,  for  umbilical  and 
ventral  hernia;  and  the  scrotum,  for  inguinal  hernia, 
and  for  scirrhous  cord  in  the  case  of  geldings,  and  of 
rigs  which  have  had  one  testicle  removed.  If  the  animal 
is  a  horse,  we  should  note  whether  he  is  an  entire,  or  a  rig. 
We  should  try  the  points  of  the  hips  to  see  that  they  are 
not  broken  ;  and  should  look  at  the  croup,  pelvis  and 
tail  for  signs  of  fracture.  I  may  mention  that  weakness 
of  the  muscles  which  raise  the  tail,  often  indicates  injury 
or  disease  of  the  spinal  cord.  An  open  and  flaccid  con- 
dition of  the  anus,  generally,  points  to  serious  digestive 
derangement.  The  fact  of  the  horse  having  been 
recently  docked,  should  be  noted ;  as  tetanus  (lockjaw) 
may  be  brought  on  by  this  operation. 

We  should  look  at  the  stifle  for  signs  of  treatment  for 
luxation  of  the  patella,  and  should  examine  the  inside  of 
the  leg,  between  the  stifle  and  hock,  where  the  bone  is 
but  thinly  covered,  for  wounds  and  bruises.  We  may 
then  look  for  capped  hocks,  curb,  thoroughpin,  bog- 
spavin,  sallenders,  bone-spavin,  bony  deposits  on  the 
outside  of  the  hock,  and  the  various  ailments  to  which  I 


METHOD   OF   EXAMINATION.  71 

have  alluded,  when  describing  the  examination  of  the 
fore  limb.  When  examining  the  near  hind,  we  should 
not  forget  to  compare  it,  when  necessary,  with  the  off 
hind,  especially,  in  cases  of  suspected  spavin.  Having 
finished  with  the  near  hind,  we  may  proceed  to  the  off 
hind,  and  then,  working  forwards,  finish  at  the  head. 

In  making  the  foregoing  observations,  I  have  omitted 
many  obvious  points  which  the  examiner  could  not  fail 
to  see,  when  going  over  the  horse. 

Feeling  the  fore-legs. — The  following  neat  method  is 
taught  by  Professor  Williams  to  his  students  at  the  New 
Veterinary  College,  Edinburgh  : — To  feel  the  near  fore,  for 
instance,  the  examiner,  while  keeping  his  knees  straight, 
should  run  his  right  hand  down  the  front  of  the  leg  with 
a  light  and  moderately  rapid  touch.  Then,  turning 
round  to  the  right,  he  should  pass  his  left  hand,  in  like 
manner,  over  the  structures  at  the  back  of  the  leg.  The 
suspensory  ligament  which  is,  more  or  less,  in  the  centre 
of  the  leg,  as  viewed  sideways,  will  be  felt  in  both 
operations.  If  only  one  hand  be  used,  the  impressions 
from  the  touch  will  not  be  conveyed  to  the  mind,  as 
distinctly  as  they  would  be,  were  both  hands  employed. 
If  too  much  pressure  be  applied,  or  the  hand  be  allowed 
to  dwell  too  long  in  its  course,  an  incorrect  impression 
may,  very  possibly,  be  formed.  It  is  a  slovenly  an  [ 
somewhat  ridiculous  procedure  to  squat  down  and  feel  a 
leg  with  both  hands,  one  to  the  front,  the  other  to  the 


72  SOUNDNESS  IN   HOESES. 

rear,  at  the  same  time.  When  feeling  the  off  fore,  the 
left  hand  should  go  down  the  front  of  the  leg ;  and  the 
right,  the  back  of  the  limb. 

Seventh  Stage. 

Test  the  wind  by  galloping,  or  by  making  the  horse 

exert  his  full  powers   in   draught,  until  his   lungs  are 

brought  into  full  action.     For  the  former,  a  soft  piece  of 

ground   should   be   chosen ;    for   the   latter,  if  a  heavy 

load  be  not  available,  the  hind  wheels  of  the  cart  may 

be  locked,  by  a  stout  pole  being  passed  between  their 

spokes.     If  there  be  no  opportunity  for  either  galloping 

or  putting  the  horse  in  harness,  the  examiner  may  try 

to   make   him   "grunt."     This   is  done  by  placing  the 

horse  with  his  off  side  close  to  a  wall,  catching  him,  by 

the  bridle,  close  up  to  the  head  with  the  left  hand,  and, 

then,  suddenly  threatening  to  strike  him  under  the  belly 

with  a  stick  or  whip  carried  in  the  right.     In  sale-yards, 

where  horses  are  frequently  "  grunted,"  it  is  well  to  have, 

as  at  Tattersall's,  a  large   sheet  of  vulcanized  rubber 

attached  to  the  wall,  so  that  the  animal  may  not  injure 

himself  by  coming  against  it.    A  certificate  of  soundness, 

as  far  as  "  wind  "  is  concerned,  should  not  be  given  to  a 

horse,  from   the   mere  fact   of  his   going   through  the 

grunting  test  successfully. 


method  of  examination.  73 

Eighth  Stage. 

Kemove  the  shoes,  and  examine  for  corns,  seedy-toe, 
bruises  of  the  sole,  and  other  ailments  of  the  feet. 
Test  the  rigidity  of  the  sole,  and  apply  the  pincers  all 
round,  to  see  that  there  is  no  soreness. 


74  AGE   OF   HORSES. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

EXAMINATION   OF   THE   MOUTH   FOE   AGE. 

Means  of  ascertaining  a  horse's  age — Different  kinds  of  teeth — Form 
of  the  teeth — Structure  of  the  teeth — Changes  undergone  by  the 
teeth  with  age — Dates  of  teething — Causes  which  may  hasten  or 
retard  the  appearance  of  the  permanent  teeth — Dates  from  which 
horses  are  aged — Plates  showing  the  different  ages  by  the  incisors. 

Means  of  ascertaining  a  horses  age. — I  propose,  in  this 
chapter,  to  limit  the  consideration  of  the  animal's  age  to 
the  indications  furnished  by  his  teeth.  We  may  determine 
whether  a  horse  is  old  or  young,  by  his  general  appear- 
ance ;  by  the  fact  that  the  bones  on  each  side  of  his  nose 
"  fal]  in,"  on  account  of  the  descent  of  the  back  teeth,  as 
he  gets  older  ;  and,  in  the  case  of  a  grey  or  roan,  by  the 
whitening  of  his  coat.  Almost  all  horses  when  well 
stricken  in  years,  show  white  hairs,  especially,  about  the 
temples.  The  depth  of  the  hollows  above  the  eyes  are, 
to  a  certain  extent,  a  guide  to  the  age  of  the  animal ; 
although  they  may  be  prematurely  deep  in  the  stock 
of  old  parents,  and,  possibly,  in  young  horses  that  have 
suffered   for  a  considerable   time   from   debility.      The 


EXAMINATION   OF   THE   MOUTH  FOR   AGE.  7  0 

curly  condition  of  the  tail  seen  in  yearlings,  will  clearly 
prove  their  youthfulness.  These  indications  are,  how- 
ever, too  vague  to  be  of  any  practical  use  ;  unless,  indeed, 
we  are  unable  to  examine  the  mouth. 

Different  hinds  of  teeth. — A  horse  with  a  "full  mouth" 
has  forty-two  permanent  teeth ;  namely,  twelve  incisors 
(front  teeth,  or  "  nippers  "),  six  in  each  jaw  ;  four  tushes,  or 
canine  teeth  ;  and  twenty -four  back  teeth,  or  molars.  In 
the  mare,  the  tushes  are  either  absent,  or  are  in  a  rudi- 
mentary condition.  In  some  cases,  the  horse  has  what 
are  called  ^^  wolfs  teeth,'^  which  have  single  fangs,  and 
resemble,  in  this  respect,  tushes  and  incisors.  When  they 
exist,  they  are  placed  in  front  of  the  back  teeth.  "  They 
are  found  more  frequently  in  the  upper  than  in  the 
lower  jaw  ;  they  are  rarely  met  with  in  both  "  (Gouhaux 
and  Barrier).  We  may  see  in  Fig.  6  the  arrangement 
of  the  teeth.  The  two  front  incisors  are  called  the 
front  or  centre;  the  next  pair,  the  middle  or  lateral; 
and  the  two  furthest  back,  the  corner  incisors.  The 
molars  are  numbered  1,  2,  3,  4,  5  and  6,  from  the  front, 
backwards. 

The  first  set  of  incisors  which  the  horse  has,  are 
temporary,  or  "  milk  "  teeth,  which  are  in  time  replaced 
by  'perma7ient  ones.  The  tushes  and  wolf's  teeth  are 
permanent,  not  being  preceded  by  temporary  ones.  The 
first  three  molars  on  each  side  of  each  jaw  are,  at  first, 
temporary,  being,  in  due  course,  replaced  by  permanent 


AGE   OF   HORSES. 


EXAMINATION   OF   THE   MOUTH  FOR  AGE. 


77 


ones ;  the  last  three  are  permanent,  not  being  preceded 
by  milk  teeth.  The  milk  incisors  may  be  distinguished 
from  the  permanent  ones  by  their  being  shorter  and 
whiter ;  having  a  better  defined  "  neck "  (the  part  of 
the  tooth  immediately  above  the  gum)  ;  having  their 
exterior  surface  smooth,  while  that  of  the  other  has, 
generally,  a  slight  vertical  groove;  and  from  the  fact 
that  the  milk  incisors  gradually  become  shorter  and 
shorter,  as  soon  as  they  come  into  wear;  while  the 
opposite  is  the  case  with  the  permanent  ones.  With 
the  object  of  comparing  their  respective  lengths  and 
shapes,  we  may  refer  to  Figs.  7  and  8. 


Fig.  7. — A  milk  front  incisor.    A,  roar  view.    B,  front  view.    C,  profile. 

I  may  mention  that  we  may  frequently  find  in  the 
mouths  of  foals,  very  small,  pointed  teeth,  where  the 
tushes  subsequently  appear.  Some  writers  look  upon 
them  as  rudimentary  milk  tushes.  They  are,  however, 
so  insignificant  in  size  that  we  may,  practically  speaking. 


78 


AGE   OF   HOESES. 


even  while  conceding  this  point,  regard  the  canines  as 
permanent  teeth.     ]MM,  Goubaux  and  Barrier  cite  a  case 


Fig.   8. — A  2^yrminent  lower  front   incisor.     A,    front    view. 
B,    rear  view.     C,  profile. 

of  double  tushes  which  they  have   met  with  in  an   ass 
(see  Fig.  9). 


Fig.  9. — A  case,  in  the  ass,  of  double  tushes. 

Form  of  the  teeth.— We  may  see  the  form  of  the  milk 
nippers   from   Fig.    7.      The    permanent    incisors    (see 


EXAMINATION   OF  THE   MOUTH   FOE   AGE.  79 

Fig.  8)  taper  gradually  down  to  the  end  of  the  fang 
(the  part  of  the  tooth  below  the  gum),  when  viewed 
from  the  front,  or  from  behind ;  looking  at  them  in 
profile,  they  are,  if  anything,  thicker  away  from  the 
croivn  (the  portion  of  the  tooth  above  the  gum),  than  on 
it.  Hence,  the  cutting  surface,  or  table,  which  at  first 
is  broad  from  side  to  side,  and  narrow  from  front  to  rear, 
becomes  in  time,  as  it  gets  worn  down,  narrower  and 
narrower  from  side  to  side,  and  broader  and  broader  from 
front  to  rear.  This  is  well  shown  by  Fig.  10,  and  by  the 
plates  of  the  teeth  at  different  ages. 

Structure  of  the  teeth. — The  body  of  a  tooth  (see 
Fig.  11)  is  composed  of  an  ivory-like  substance  called 
dentine,  and  has  a  hollow  (the  iml^-cavity)  extending 
from  its  base  up  its  centre,  in  which  cavity  the  blood 
vessels,  nerves,  the  tooth  imlp,  consisting  of  secreting 
cells,  etc.,  that  are  concerned  in  the  nourishment  of  the 
tooth,  are  lodged.  The  dentine  is  more  or  less  covered  by 
a  layer  of  white  and  very  hard  material  termed  enamel, 
which  furnishes  the  cutting  or  grinding  surface  with 
which  the  animal  masticates  his  forage.  In  the  milk 
incisors  (see  Fig.  7),  the  enamel  does  not  extend  below 
the  crown.  In  all  the  permanent  teeth,  the  enamel 
covers  the  greater  part  of  the  fang.  Over  the  whole 
surface  of  each  unused  tooth,  there  is  an  envelope  of 
cement,  which  is  nearly  similar  in  structure  to  bone.  On 
the  upper  surface  of   the   incisors  the   enamel   forms  a 


80 


AGE   OF   HOKSES. 


Fig.  10. — A  series  of  transverse  sections  on  the  lower  right  incisors 
of  a  five-year-old  horse.  A,  narrow  from  front  to  rear.  B,  oval. 
C,  rounded.     D,  triangular.     E,  Elongated  from  front  to  rear. 


EXAMINATION  OF  THE  MOUTH  FOR  AGE,     81 


Fig.  11. —  Longitudinal  section,  from  front  to  rear,  of  a  penuautnt  front 
incisor  of  the  lower  jaw.  FA,  anterior  face.  FP,  jjosterior  lUce. 
C,  cement.     E,  enamel.     I,  ivory  or  dentine. 

G 


82  AGE   OF   HORSES. 

depression  that  is  more  or  less  filled  with  cement,  which 
soon  becomes  discoloured  by  the  food  the  animal  eats. 
The  hole  thus  made  in  the  tooth  is  called  the  "  marlcr 
As  this  layer  of  cement  varies  from  one-tenth  to 
one-half  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  the  "  mark "  wears 
nut  in  the  teeth  of  some  horses,  much  quicker  than 
it    does   in   tliose  of  others.     The   outer  enamel  which 


Fig.  12. — A  transverse  section  of  a  lower  right  front  incisor,  showing 
the  different  layers  of  the  tooth,  with  their  relative  thickness 
(enlarged).  A,  front  face.  B,  rear  face.  C,  cement.  E,  outer 
enamel.  E',  central  enamel.  I,  external  dentine.  I',  internal  and 
darker  coloured  dentine. 

surrounds  the  crowns  of  the  teeth  is,  in  the  first  instance, 
covered  with  a  very  thin  layer  of  cement,  which  is  soon 
rubbed  off.  After  an  incisor  has  been  a  short  time 
in  use,  its  table  (cutting  surface)  presents  two,  more 
or   less,  irregular   rings   of  enamel  (see   Fig.  12) :    the 


EXAMIXATIOX  OF  THE  MOUTH  FOR  AGE.     83 

outer,  let  us  call  the  outer  enamel;  the  inner,  the 
central  enamel.  In  the  upper  back  teeth,  the  central 
enamel  forms  two  "  marks,"  which  are  circumscribed 
by  an  irregular  ring  of  outer  enamel  (see  Fig.  13). 
Although  the  enamel  of  the  back  teeth  of  the  lower  jaw 
does  not  form  hollow^s  on  the  cutting,  or,  rather,  grinding 
surfaces ;  "  marks  "  are,  however,  made  by  the  doubling 
in  of  the  interior  face  of  the  enamel  (see  Fig.  14). 

The  pulp-cavity  in  tlie  incisors  extends,  at  first,  above 
the  bottom  of  the  "  mark,"  and  betAveen  this  depression 
and  the  outer  enamel  of  the  tooth  (see  Fig.  11),  After 
the  tooth  has  made  its  appearance,  the  tooth-pulp 
commences  and  continues  to  secrete  a  new  supply  of 
dentine,  which  is  of  a  yellow  colour  and  is  darker  in 
hue  than  the  original  dentine.  As  soon  as  the  tooth 
becomes  somewhat  worn  down,  the  new  dentine  becomes 
exposed;  the  stain  thus  made  on  the  cutting  surface 
of  the  incisor,  being  called  the  dental  star. 

Changes  undergone  hj  the  teeth  ivith  age. — The  chief 
changes  are  as  follows  : 

1.  Owing  to  the  pulp-cavity  being  continually  filled 
from  behind  by  new  dentine,  the  teeth  are  gradually, 
though  slowly,  forced  out  of  their  sockets.  I  may 
remark,  that  our  own  teeth  remain  stationarv  in  leno-th, 
after  they  have  attained  their  full  size. 

2.  The  milk-teeth  become  gradually  worn  down,  and 
are  replaced   by  permanent  ones.     The  permanent  in- 

G  2 


[-4 


AGE   OF   HORSES. 


Fig.  lo.  — View  oj  the  upper  right 
molar  arch  of  a  horse,  six  or  seven 
years  old  (ilie  first  luoLir  is  at 
the  top  uf  the  figure). 


Fig.  It. 


EXAMI\ATION   OF   THE   MOUTH   FOR   AGE. 


8.> 


cisors  (see  Fig.  15)  push  out,  from  behind,  the  milk 
ones,  the  fangs  of  which,  being  squeezed  between  tlui 
jaw  and  the  new  teeth,  waste  away ;  so  that  the  milk- 
teeth,  usually,  readily  drop  out.     They  may,  however, 


Fig.    15. — Longitudinal    section    of    the  jaws,   showing    the    respective 
position  of  the  milk  incisors,  and  of  tlie  permanent  ones. 

remain   as   a   second   row   in  front,  and  should,  in  this 
case,  be  removed  by  some  suitable  instrument. 

3.  The  teeth  show  wear.  The  tables  of  the  permanent 
incisors,  as  they  become  rubbed  down,  change  their  form 
in  the  manner  alluded  to  on  page  79,  and  as  illustrated 


8() 


AGE   OF  IIOESES. 


Fig.  1 6. — Lovffitudinal  ."eciions.J'rom  front  to  rear,  of  lovmr  fr&nt  incisois  of  Jiorses  of 
3,  5,  7,  9,  ]'J,  15,  20,  and  25  years  od;  showing:  1st,  Growth  of  the  tooth  from  its 
root ;  2nd,  I'rogrpssive  wear  of  the  tables  ;  3rd,  Length  and  obliquity  according  lo  ago  ; 
-ith.  Obliteration  ot  their  pulp  cavity ;  5th,  Deposit  of  cement  aboiit  the  roots  of  the 
teeth. 


EXAMINATION   OF   TflE   MOUTH  FOK   AGE. 


87 


Ly  Fig.  10  and  by  the  plates  giving  the  different  ages. 
As  a  rule,  the  tushes  become  shorter  with  age  ;  although 
we  sometimes  find  them  very  long,  and  even  with  their 
rearmost  edge  sharp,  in  old  horses.  I  cannot  satis- 
factorily explain  how  it  is  that  these  teeth  usually  wear 
down  so  fast.  Apparently,  they  are  subjected  to  only  a 
slight  amount  of  friction. 


Fig.    17. — The    arches    of    the    incisor    teeth    exposed,   to    show   tlieir 
progressively  increasing  obliquity. 

4.  The    permanent    incisors    grow    more    and    more 

oblique  (see  Figs.  16  and  17),  owing  to  their  shape,  and 

position  in  the  jaws.     Their  crowns  increase  in  length, 

on  account  of  their  wear  not  keeping  pace  with  the  rate 

at  which  the  tooth  is  pushed  out  of  its  socket. 


8<S 


AGE   OF  HOESES. 


Fig.  is.— Front  view  of  the  incisors  of  both  jaws,  showing  the  manner 
in  which  the  teeth  radiate  outwards. 


EXAMINATION  OF  THE  MOUTH  FOE  AGE. 


89 


5.  The  arch  formed  by  the  incisors  in  each  jaw 
becomes  gradually  flatter  and  flatter.  At  first,  when  a 
horse  has  a  "  full  mouth,"  the  tables  of  the  incisors  are 
so  broad  from  side  to  side,  that  the  resulting  arch  be- 
comes as  round  as  practicable,  in  order  to  afford  room 


Fig.  19. — An  old  mouth,  sliowiiig  the  deposition  of  cement  round  tlie 
stumps  of  the  teeth. 

for  the  teeth,  which,  then,  more  or  less  radiate  outwards 
(see  Fig.  18).  As  the  teeth  wear  down  (see  Fig.  19), 
they  obtain  more  and  more  room,  on  account  of  their 
becoming  narrower  from  side  to  side  ;  and  the  jaw,  con- 
sequently, *'  falls  in." 

6.  Owing  to  the  irritation  set  up,  by  the  movement  of 


90 


AGE   OF   HOESES. 


the  incisor  teeth  in  their  sockets,  when  they  become  short 
with  age,  the  lining  membrane  {j[>eriosteu7n)  of  the  sockets 
secretes,  around  the  stumps,  bone,  in  the  form  of  cement, 
which  serves  to  keep  these  stumps  in  their  place,  and 
to  increase  the  area  of  their  cutting  surface  (see  Fig.  19). 
Bates  of  ieetliing. — I  may  mention  that,  as  a  rule,  the 
incisors  of  the  upper  jaw  make  their  appearance  sooner 
than  those  in  the  lower  jaw.  At  birth,  the  front  milk 
incisors  show  themselves  under  the  gum  (see  PL  I.). 


Incisors. 


Date  of  eruption  through  gum. 


Front  milk    .      . 
Middle    „      .      . 
Corner    „ 
Front  permanent 
M.ddle       „ 
Corner       „ 


About  a  week  after  birth 
SOto^Odaj-s      „       „ 
8  to  10  mouths  „        „ 
2h  years  alter  birth     . 

'^■i   J)      j>     jj 

^■2  5J  i1  J5  • 


See  Plate  I. 
„  II. 
„  IV. 
„  VII. 
„  IX. 
„    XL 


The  time  at  which  the  tuahes  make  their  appearance 
varies  considerably.  It  may,  however,  be  approximately 
fixed  at  four  years  old. 

As  there  is  some  divergence  of  opinion  among 
authorities,  as  regards  the  dentition  of  the  molars,  I  shall 
give,  in  the  following  table,  the  views  respectively  held 
by  MM.  Chauveau  and  Lecellier.  According  to  the 
latter,  the  milk  molars  of  the  lower  jaw  always  fall  out 
before  their  fellows  of  the  upper  jaw.  I  may  mention 
that  at,  or  shortly  after  birth,  the  foal  has  twelve  milk 


EXAMINATION   OF   THE   MOUTH  FOR   AGE. 


91 


back  teeth;  namely,  three  on  each  side  of  each  jaw. 
These  teeth  take  up  the  positions  that  are  subsequently 
occupied  by  the  1st,  2nd,  and  3rd  permanent  molars. 


Permanent 

Dates  according 

Lower 

Upper 

Dates  according 

Molars. 

to  Chauveau. 

Molars. 

Molars. 

to  Lecellier. 

4tll 

10  to  12  months 

4th 

4th 

10  to  12  months 

5  th 

2  to  2^  years 

5th 

5th 

20  to  24      „ 

1st  &  2nd 

2i  years 

1st  &  2nd 

1st 

30  tu  36      „ 

3rd 

oi  years 

6th 

6th 

32  to  36      „ 

6th 

4  to  5  years 

3rd 

2nd 
3rd 

40  to  42      „ 
44  to  48      „ 

Causes  ivliich  may  hasten  or  retard  the  appearance  of  the 
permanent  teeth. — It  is  generally  considered,  that  thorough- 
bred horses,  and  those  which  are  fed  from  an  early  age 
on  "  hard  food,"  shed  their  milk-teeth  sooner  than  under- 
bred animals  and  those  that  are  brought  up  on  green 
fodder.  MM.  Toussaint,  Goubaux  and  Barrier  are  of 
opinion  that  neither  breed  nor  food  has  any  influence 
in  this  respect.  If  this  be  the  case,  horses  differ  therein 
from  horned  cattle ;  for  a  two-year-old  Shorthorn  which 
has  been  highly  fed,  shows,  as  a  rule,  the  same  "  mouth" 
as  an  ordinary  ox  of  two-and-a-half  years.  As  the  chief 
function  of  the  incisor  teeth  is  the  prehension  and 
division  of  food  that  offers  a  certain  amount  of  resistance 
to  its  removal  from  the  place  it  occuj^ies,  or  to  its 
entrance  into  the  mouth,  it  is  reasonable  to  conclude  that 
horses  which  have  to  graze  on  grass  of  a  dry  nature,  or  to 


92  AGE   OF  HORSES. 

consume  forage  that  requires  a  good  deal  of  cutting,  will 
wear  out  their  incisors,  especially  their  front  and  middle 
ones,  quicker  than  animals  that  are  fed,  principally,  on 
corn  and  "  chop,"  which  demand  but  little  aid  from  the 
incisor  teeth  for  their  prehension  and  mastication.  This 
conforms  to  what  I  have  been  told  concerning  the  rapid 
wear  of  the  incisors  of  horses  that  are  fed,  in  some  districts 
of  America,  on  sugar-cane  as  a  part  of  their  fodder.  M. 
Bizard  and  Herr  Traeger  have  remarked  that  the  fact  of 
mares  which  have  milk-teeth,  being  in  foal,  considerably 
delays  the  fall  of  these  teeth  and  the  appearance  of  the 
permanent  ones.  This  period  of  retardation  may  extend 
to  a  year,  or  even  eighteen  months. 

The  fraudulent  practice  of  extracting  certain  of  the 
milk  incisors,  in  order  to  hasten  the  appearance  of  the 
permanent  ones,  may  be  successful  in  its  object  to  an 
extent  of  two  or  three  months,  at  the  farthest.  It 
appears  that  if  the  operation  be  performed  too  long,  say, 
more  than  six  months,  before  the  usual  fall  of  the 
temporary  teeth,  the  result  is  not  "advanced"  in  any 
way ;  for  the  resulting  wound  soon  closes  up,  and  leaves 
a  hard  cicatrix.  To  be  effectual,  it  should  not  be  done 
more  than  three  months  before  the  natural  fall  of  the 
teeth.  In  England,  we  frequently  see  that  it  has  been 
performed  on  four-and-a-half-year-old  mouths,  in  order 
to  make  them  appear  as  those  of  five-year-old  animals. 
The  fraud  is  easily  recognised,  from  the  fact  that  the 


EXAMINATION  OF  THE  MOUTH  FOK  AGE.     93 

front  or  middle  permanent  incisors,  as  the  case  may  be,  do 
not  show  wear  commensurate  with  the  fact  of  the  absence 
of  the  milk-teeth^  that  have  been  removed.  Also,  the 
extent  of  the  eruption  of  the  replacing  teeth  is,  often,  not 
sufficient  to  account  for  the  fall  of  the  milk-teeth  which 
preceded  them.  Many  copers  being  ignorant  that,  as  a 
great  rule,  the  upper  milk  incisors  fall  out  earlier  than 
the  lower  ones,  remove  some  of  the  latter  only,  and  thus 
perpetrate  a  most  transparent  fraud. 

Dates  from  icliich  horses  are  aged. — In  England, 
thoroughbreds  take  their  age  from  1st  January.  Thus, 
an  animal  of  Stud-Book  parentage  dropped  any  time, 
say,  in  the  year  1887,  would  remain  a  foal  till  the  31st 
December,  1887;  would  be  a  yearling  on  the  following 
day,  and  would  remain  so  up  to  the  31st  December,  1888  ; 
and  he  will  be  a  two-year-old  from  the  1st  January, 
1889,  to  the  31st  December,  1889.  Horses  that  are  not 
thoroughbred,  take  their  ages,  in  England,  usually  from 
the  1st  May.  In  Australia,  Tasmania,  New  Zealand,  and 
South  Africa,  horses  are  aged  from  the  1st  August.  For 
instance,  a  colt  born,  say,  in  September,  1886,  or  in 
March,  1887,  will  be  a  two-year-old  on  the  1st  August, 
1888.  If  we  want  to  age  a  young  horse,  the  actual  date  of 
whose  birth  is  unknown  to  us,  we  should,  in  case  of  doubt, 
assign  to  him  the  younger  of  the  two  ages,  if  his  "class 
birthday  "  be  near  at  hand  ;  the  older  of  the  two,  if  it  be 
recently  past.     Thus,  suppose  an  Australian  horse  had  a 


94  AGE   OF   HOESES. 

"  full  moutli "  (all  his  incisors  permanent)  in  June,  but 
his  corner  incisors  showed  little  or  no  wear,  he  should,  of 
course,  be  then  aged  as  a  four-year-old,  who,  two  months 
later,  would  become  a  five-year-old.  At  the  worst,  we 
could,  here,  be  only  a  couple  of  months  out.  But  if  we 
put  him  down  as  five,  we  should  be  adding  on,  at  least, 
nine  or  ten  months  to  his  age.  If  a  colonial  animal  in, 
say,  September  showed  the  condition  of  mouth  just 
described,  we  should  age  him  as  five  years  old  ;  for  if  we 
put  him  down  as  four,  we  should  be  giving  our  sanction 
to  an  animal  at  least  four  years  and  nine  months,  remaining 
a  four-year-old  for  another  eleven  months  !  In  India, 
Arabs  and  country breds  are  aged  from  the  1st  January. 
Here,  again,  if  we  had  to  age  in,  say,  September,  an 
Arab  which  had  his  corner  and  middle  milk  incisors,  it 
would  be  right  to  age  him  as  a  three-year-old  if  there 
was  a  doubt  as  to  his  retaining  the  latter  until  the  1st 
of  the  following  January. 

I  may  mention  that  the  term  rising  is,  as  a  rule, 
applied  to  a  horse's  age,  when  it  is  less  than  that  which 
is  stated ;  and  off,  when  it  is  more.  The  former  is  used 
when  the  birthday  is  comparatively  near  at  hand  ;  the 
latter,  when  it  has  recently  past.  Thus,  a  horse  "  rising- 
five  "  is  a  four-year-old  which  is  nearer  five,  than  four. 
An  animal  "four  off,"  is  a  four-year-old  that  is  nearer 
four,  than  five. 


(     95     ) 


CHAPTER  YII. 

lEKEGULARITIES  OF   THE   TEETH. 

Teeth  which  retain  the  mark  and  central  enamel  beyond  the  ordinary 
time — Irregularities  in  the  respective  size  of  the  upper  and  lower 
jaws — Irregulaiities  in  the  namber  of  the  incisor  teeth — Irregu- 
larities in  the  form  of  the  incisors — Irregularities  in  the  length 
of  the  crown  of  the  incisors — Abnormal  wear  of  the  teeth  from 
crib-  biting — Bishoping. 

Teeth  ivMch  retain  the  marh  and  central  enamel  beyond 
the  ordinary  time. — The  depth  of  the  dental  cavity  on 
the  tables  of  the  incisor  teeth,  varies  considerably  in 
different  horses,  and,  even,  in  particular  pairs  of  teeth,  in 
the  same  mouth.  The  thickness  of  the  layer  of  cement 
lining  these  cavities,  is,  also,  as  we  have  seen  on  page 
82,  subject  to  much  variation.  Hence,  it  is  not  at  all 
uncommon  to  meet  with  mouths,  the  "  marks  "  in  which 
indicate  that  the  animal  is  "  younger  "  than  he  really  is  ; 
that  he  is  "  younger  "  on  one  side  of  his  mouth  than  on 
the  other;  or,  that  one  or  more  teeth  retain  these 
cavities  to  an  unusually  late  period.  The  varying 
hardness  of  the  teeth  themselves,  and  that  of  the  forage, 
naturally  contribute   to   irregularity  in   the  amount  of 


96  SOUNDNESS  IN   HOKSES. 

wear.  In  less  frequent  cases,  the  marks  disappear  earlier 
than  the  generally  accepted  time.  It  is  not  a  very  rare 
occurrence  to  observe  that  the  mark  has  disappeared  out 
of  the  lateral  lower  incisors  in  a  six-year-old  animal. 
These  considerations  render  the  "  mark,"  of  itself,  any- 
thing but  a  safe  guide  to  the  determination  of  a  horse's 
age.  In  Plate  XXV.,  we  may  see  the  mouth  of  a  nine- 
year-old  horse,  whose  teeth  have  retained  all  their 
"  marks."  The  roundness  of  the  tables  of  the  lower  front 
incisors,  and,  to  a  less  degree,  of  the  side  ones ;  the  oval 
appearance  of  the  tables  of  the  corner  incisors;  the 
shortness  and  central  position  of  the  dental  star;  the 
smallness  of  the  central  enamel  of  the  lower  front  teeth, 
and  its  closeness  to  the  posterior  edge  of  the  table ;  the 
obliquity  of  the  teeth,  as  viewed  in  profile ;  and  the 
flatness  of  the  dental  arches,  will  afford  unerring  proofs 
that  the  animal  ought  to  be  "  beyond  mark  of  mouth," 
namely,  over  eight  years. 

Ketention,  for  an  unduly  long  period,  of  the  apex  of 
the  cone  of  the  central  enamel  of  the  j)ermanent  incisors, 
gives  a  false  appearance  of  comparative  youth  to  the 
mouths  of  some  horses,  as  may  be  seen  from  Plate  XXYI. 
This,  of  course,  occurs  only  after  the  cavity  (or  "  mark  ") 
has  disappeared ;  and  is  due  to  the  fact  of  the  solid  apex 
of  the  cone  of  enamel  being  deeper  than  usual ;  to  the 
hardness  of  the  teeth  themselves ;  or,  to  some  extent,  to 
the  soft  nature  of  the  food.     The  form  and  degree  of 


IKREGULAEITIES   OF   THE   TEETH.  97 

obliquity  of  the  incisors,  and  the  position  and  extent  of 
the  dental  star,  will  serve  as  guides  from  which  to  draw 
correct  deductions  as  to  the  age.  Judging  only  from  the 
appearance  of  the  central  enamel,  the  mouth  represented 
in  Plate  XXYI.  would  not  be  more  than  one  of  ten 
years. 

Irregularities  in  the  respective  size  of  the  upi^er  and  lower 
jaws, — It  is  not  a  very  rare  occurrence  to  find  the  lower 
jaw  slightly  in  advance  of  the  upper  one.  MM. 
Goubaux  and  Barrier  mention  the  case  of  a  five-year-old 
cart-horse  which  was  thus  "  under-hung "  to  an  extent 
of  more  than  two-fifths  of  an  inch.  I  have  seen  in  a 
mule,  and,  also,  in  a  horse,  this  peculiarity  existing  to 
such  an  extent,  that  the  lower  centre  incisors  almost 
completely  hid  from  view  the  upper  front  nippers.  The 
posterior  aspect  of  the  former  were,  naturally,  a  good 
deal  worn  away,  by  friction  with  the  anterior  face  of  the 
latter.  This,  and  the  opposite  peculiarity,  render  diffi- 
cult an  exact  determination  of  the  age. 

In  some  instances,  the  arch  of  the  upper  jaw,  being 
greater  than  that  of  the  lower  one,  overlaps  it  all  round. 
In  a  "parrot-mouth''' — a  condition  which  we  shall 
consider  later  on — the  difference  is  chiefly  marked  by 
the  fact  of  the  upper  front  incisors  being  in  advance  of 
the  lower  ones.  The  upper  incisors  far  more  frequently 
project  beyond  the  lower  ones,  than  vice  versa. 

Irregularities  in  tlie  number  of  the  incisor  teeth. — We 

H 


98 


SOUNDNESS  IN  HOKSES. 


sometimes  find,  especially  in  the  upper  jaw,  an  abnormally 
large  number  of  permanent  incisor  teeth  in  the  same 
mouth.  In  such  cases,  they  form  a  more  or  less  complete 
second  row  to  the  ordinary  teeth,  and  follow  the  same 
method  of  dentition,  being  either  front,  middle,  or  corner 
incisors.  They  are  entirely  different  from  the  stumps 
of  milk-teeth  that  are  sometimes  retained.  They  are 
inserted,  more  or  less,  firmly  in  the  jaw,  and  interfere,  to 
a  greater  or  less  degree,  with  the  ordinary  teeth.  The 
existence  of  complete  double  rows  of  permanent  incisors 
in  both  jaws — making  twenty-four  in  all — have  been 
noted  in  two  or  three  instances. 

In  Fig.  20,  we  have  both  front  incisors,  and  one  middle 
incisor,  double. 


Fig.  20. — Supernumerary  incisors. — aa,  two  front,    h,  one  middle. 


IKEEaULARITIES  OF  THE   TEETH. 

In  Fig.  21,  both  middle  incisors  are  double. 


99 


Fig.  21. 


In  Fior,  22,  we  have  a  front  and  back  view  of  a  mouth 
with  a  middle  permanent  supernumerary  incisor,  lying 
across  the  jaw. 


Fig.  22. 


H  2 


100 


SOUNDNESS  IN  HOESES. 


Irregularities  in  the  form  of  the  incisor  teeth. — In  some 
rare  cases,  "  the  incisors  of  the  lower  jaw  have  a  well- 
marked  triangular  form,  nearly  the  same  as  may  be 
observed  at  the  age  of  fourteen  or  fifteen.  The  presence 
of  the  central  enamel  in  all  the  lower  incisors,  will 
guard  us  from  being  deceived  by  this  extraordinary 
triangularity  of  shape  "  {M.  Girard). 


^  / 


Fig.  23. 


Fig.  23  shows  a  double  upper  middle  incisor  united  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  give  the  appearance  of  a  single 
tooth.  The  size  of  the  tooth,  the  existence  of  a  longi- 
tudinal ridge  that  marks  the  line  of  union,  and  the 
presence  of  two  complete  and  separate  dental  cavities, 
show  that  it  is  double. 

In  Fig.  24,  as  is  not  very  uncommon,  some  of  the 
incisors  are  fissured. 


IRREGULAKITIES  OF  THE  TEETH. 


101 


Two  of  the  incisors  in  Fig.  25  have  two  dental  cavities 
each. 

Irregularities  in  the  length  of  the  croims  of  the  incisor 
teeth. — M.  G-irard  states  that,  as  a  rule,  the  crowns  of  the 


Fig.  24. 


front  incisors,  measuring  from  the  gum  to  the  table,  are 
about  -70  inches  long;  the  middle  ones,  '59  inches;  and 
the  corner,  •  51  inches.    Pessina  {Sul  moclo  di  conoscere  dai 


102 


SOUNDNESS  IN  HOKSES. 


denti  letd  dei  cavelli)  asserts  that  the  annual  wear  of  the 
incisors  of  common-bred  horses  is  about  *  17  inches ;  that 
of  thoroughbreds,  *  12  inches. 

In  some  horses,  the  incisors  of  different  sides  of  each 
jaw  are,  respectively,  of  different  lengths.  Thus,  the 
lower  left  incisors  may  be  longer  than  their  fellows  on 


Fig.  25. 


the  right  side  of  the  mouth.  In  this  case,  the  upper  left 
incisors  will  be  shorter  than  the  right  ones  of  the  same 
jaw.     The  lower  incisors  will,  therefore,  make  the  animal 


IRREGULAKITIES  OF   THE   TEETH. 


103 


104  SOUNDNESS  IN  HOESES. 

appear  younger  on  the  near  side  than  he  really  is,  and 
older  on  the  off  side.  In  such  instances  we  should  take 
the  mean  of  the  ages  shown. 

The  incisors  of  some  animals  are  abnormally  long  in 
both  jaws.  In  such  cases,  the  teeth  meet  at  an  unusually 
acute  angle,  and  have  a  marked  outward  divergence.  In 
order  to  arrive  at  a  close  approximation  of  the  age,  which 
is  here  somewhat  difficult,  we  should  imagine  the  teeth 
to  be  cut  down  to  their  normal  length.  It  would  gener- 
ally be  judicious,  on  the  part  of  the  owner,  to  have  this 
actually  done  to  such  teeth. 

Although  we  see,  as  a  rule,  "parrot-mouth'^  only  in  old 
horses,  still  it  is  common  enough  to  observe,  in  five-  or 
six-year-old  animals,  that  the  upper  front  incisors  project 
a  little  beyond  the  lower  ones,  while  the  posterior  edges 
of  the  teeth  are  in  juxtaposition.  It  is  possible  that 
animals  possessing  this  peculiarity  become,  finally,  parrot- 
mouthed  with  advancing  age.  In  this  aggravated  con- 
dition (see  Fig.  26),  the  upper  front  incisors  overlap  their 
fellows  in  the  lower  jaw,  considerably  more  than  do  the 
other  teeth ;  the  upper  corner  ones,  least  of  all. 

Surgical  interference  is  almost  always  called  for  in 
well-marked  cases  of  parrot-mouth;  as  this  condition 
greatly  affects  the  animal's  power  of  grasping  and  cutting 
his  food. 

Abnormal  wear  of  the  teeth  from  crib-liting. — Many 
horses,  from  irritability  on  being  handled,  though  free 


IRREGULAEITIES  OF  THE   TEETH. 
A  B 


105 


Fig.  27. 


106 


SOUNDNESS   IN   HOESES. 


Fig.  28. 


IKKEGULABITIES  OF  THE  TEETH. 
A 


107 


Fig.  29. 


108  SOUNDNESS  IN  HOESES. 

from  cribbing,  wear  their  teeth,  to   some   extent,  like 
animals  possessed  of  that  vice. 

The  chief  varieties  of  wear  of  the  teeth  from  cribbing 
are  as  follows  : — 

1.  Bevelling  of  the  anterior  edges  of  the  incisors, 
varieties  of  which  may  be  seen  in  Fig.  27.  Here 
the  wear  is  chiefly  confined  to  the  front  and  middle 
teeth. 

2.  Bevelling  of  the  posterior  edges  of  the  incisors. 
See  A,  B,  and  C,  Fig.  28. 

3.  Bevelling  of  the  anterior  and,  at  the  same  time,  of 
the  posterior  edges  of  the  incisors.  See  D,  Fig.  28,  and 
A,  Fig.  29. 

4.  Wear,  causing  shortening,  without  bevelling,  of  the 
incisors.  Those  of  one,  or  other,  or  of  both  jaws  may  be 
affected.  See  B,  C,  and  D,  Fig.  29.  As  a  great  rule,  in 
these  cases,  only  the  front  and  middle  incisors  are  worn. 
Hence,  the  observer  may  readily  recognise  the  irregularity, 
by  noting  that  these  teeth  are  not  on  a  level  with  the 
corner  ones,  when  both  jaws  are  brought  together  and  a 
front  view  taken. 

5.  Vertical  grooving  of  the  incisors.  See  Fig.  30. 
This  wear  is  generally  effected  by  friction  against  the 
rack  chain.  When  the  horse  wears  a  groove  between 
one  pair  of  incisors,  so  deep  as  to  hurt  his  gum,  in  the 
event  of  his  practising  his  favourite  vice  in  it,  he  tries 
another  pair  of  incisors  ;  and  so  on. 


I 


IRREGULARITIES   OF   THE   TEETH. 


109 


It  is  almost  needless  to  say  that  all  these  forms  of  wear 
greatly  complicate  the  question  of  age. 

"  Bishopingr — The  *'  artistic  "  method  of  performing 
this  fraudulent  operation,  which  has  for  its  object  the 
giving  of  a  false  appearance  of  youth  to  an  old  horse 
(See  PI.  XXYII.),  is  described  as  follows  by  MM.  Goubaux 
and  Barrier  : — "  The  horse  is  attached  by  a  strong  rope,  or 
chain,  fixed  on  a  level  with  the  ground.  The  jaws  are 
kept  apart  by  a  thick  billet  of  wood.     Sometimes,  on 


Fig.  30. 

commencing,  the  tables  of  both  the  upper  and  lower 
incisors  are  filed  flat.  A  small  transverse  cavity  is  then 
made  with  a  fine  gouge  in  the  lower  side  and  corner 
incisors,  but  not  in  those  of  the  upper  jaw.  The  ex- 
cavations, so  as  to  give  the  appearance  of  the  '  mark,' 
are  coloured  black,  generally,  with  nitrate  of  silver. 
On  some  occasions,  the  tushes  are  touched  up  with 
the  file,  so  as  to  render  them  more  pointed,  and  to 
give  them  back  the  sharp  inside  edge  which  they  had 
lost." 


110  SOUNDNESS  IN  HORSES. 

The  fact  of  an  animal's  teeth  having  been  bishoped, 
may  be  recognised  by  the  following  means : — 

1.  When  the  jaws  are  brought  together,  and  the 
incisors  are  viewed  from  the  front,  these  teeth  may  not 
all  be  on  the  same  level. 

2.  Traces  of  the  file  may  be  left  on  the  teeth. 

3.  The  form  of  the  cavities  will  not  correspond  with 
that  of  the  tables. 

4.  The  artificial  cavity  will  not  be  surrounded  by 
central  enamel,  which,  by  reason  of  its  being  harder  than 
the  dentine,  will,  in  the  natural  tooth,  stand  up  in  relief 
on  its  table. 

A  fraudulent  seller,  when  showing  a  bishoped  mouth, 
will  generally  endeavour  to  have  the  incisors  covered  by 
a  plentiful  supply  of  saliva. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

PLATES   ILLUSTRATIVE   OF   THE   DENTITION   OF   THE 
HORSE. 


Plate  I.— AT  BIRTH. 


r 


1 


..„rf^mfX^^ 


J^' 


^f^i^iiiiiiSmMS^ 


The  front  milk  incisors  can  be  clearly  seen  under  the  mucous 
membrane  ;  the  middle  ones,  less  plainly. 


Plate  II.— ONE  MONTH. 


The  front  milk  incisors  are,  now,  well  through  the  gum  ;  those 
of  the  upper  jaw  being  in  contact  with  those  of  the  lower.  The 
middle  incisors  are  making  their  appearance. 


Plate  III.— FIVE  MONTHS. 


FIVE  MONTHS. 


The  upper  and  lower  middle  incisors  are  in  contact.  The 
corner  incisors  may  be  felt  under  the  mucous  membrane,  ready  to 
come  through. 


I 


Plate  IV.— ONE  YEAR. 


ONE  YEAR. 


The  corner  incisors  which  made  their  appearance  at  about  nine 
months,  do  not,  yet,  touch  each  other.  The  anterior  edge  of  the 
tables  of  the  front  and  middle  incisors,  usually,  show  the  dental 
star,  in  the  form  of  a  long,  yellow,  transverse  line.  As  a  rule,  the 
posterior  edges  of  these  teeth,  in  the  upper  jaw,  show  but  little 
wear. 


I 


Plate  V.— SIXTEEN  ^lONTHS. 


SIXTEEN  MONTHS. 


The  incisors  of  both  jaws  are  in  contact.  On  the  tables  of  the 
front  incisors,  the  central  enamel  forms  a  complete  ring.  The 
corner  incisors  have  come,  slightly,  into  wear. 


.i 


Plate  VI.— TWO  YEARS. 


TWO  YEARS. 


The  above  is  the  mouth  of  an  underbred  two-year-old  which  has 
been  fed  on  soft  food,  and  whose  teeth  are,  consequently,  not  much 
worn.  The  central  enamel  in  the  middle  incisors  of  the  upper 
jaw,  now  forms  a  complete  ring.  It,  also,  as  a  rule,  does  so  in 
those  of  the  lower  jaw.  These  rings  of  enamel  may  be  seen 
■complete  in  the  front  and  middle  incisors  of  advanced  animals  of  not 
more  than  twenty  months  old  ;  but,  in  their  case,  the  front  incisors 
will  not  be  "  started  "  by  their  replacing  teeth,  as  may  be  seen  in  a 
two-year-old  mouth. 

ABOUT  TWO  AND  A  HALF  YEARS. 

The  front  milk  incisors — commencing,  usually,  in  the  upper  jaw — 
fall  out,  one  by  one,  and  are  replaced  by  permanent  teeth  ;  the 
period  occupied  in  this  process,  varies  from  six  weeks  to  two 
months. 


Plate  VII.— RISING  THREE. 


RISING  THREE. 


\  'j|gg|fc,.,iJli.f;}l  J    I   i 


7!7Z^^^'i^^i^4/.!      ^^^ 


The  front  permanent  incisors  are  through  the  gum  ;  but  they 
do  not  touch  each  other.  The  upper  front  incisors  show  wear, 
especially,  on  their  anterior  border ;  on  account  of  their  having 
been  in  contact  with  the  lower  front  milk-teeth,  for  some  months, 
before  the  latter  fell  out.  They  are  nearly  on  a  level  with  the 
middle  milk  incisors  of  the  same  jaw.  The  external  border  of  the 
corner  milk  incisors  is  well  in  wear. 


THREE  YEARS. 
The  four  permanent  incisors  are,  nearly,  on  a  level  with  each 
other. 


Plate  VIII.— THREE  OFF. 


THREE  OFF. 


Although  the  front  permanent  incisors  are  in  wear,  the  cavities 
on  their  tables  are  not,  yet,  completely  surrounded  by  central 
enamel ;  nor  are  their  tables,  as  viewed  from  the  front,  quite  on  a 
level  with  each  other.  The  hold  on  the  gum  of  the  middle  milk 
incisor  is  much  loosened.  Sometimes,  one  of  these  teeth  is  ready 
to  fall  out. 


Plate  IX.— RISING  FOUR. 


RISING  FOUR. 


The  middle  milk-teeth  fall  out  and  are  replaced  by  permanent 
ones,  which,  not  being,  yet,  on  a  level  with  the  front  ones,  are  quite 
unworn.  The  tables  of  the  front  incisors,  especially  those  of  the 
upper  jaw,  are  well  in  wear  ;  and  their  cavities  are  completely 
surrounded  by  central  enamel.  The  corner  milk-teeth  are  a  good 
deal  loosened  at  their  bases. 


Plate  X.— FOUR  YEARS 


FOUR  YEARS. 


The  eight  peimanent  incisor  teeth  are,  now,  all  in  contact, 
respectively,  with  their  fellows,  and  are  on  the  same  level.  The 
middle  incisors  are  well  in  wear  ;  although  the  cavity  on  their 
tables  is  not  always  completely  surrounded  by  the  central  enamel. 
Often,  the  cavity  has  disappeared  out  of  the  tables  on  the  lower 
front  incisors,  especially,  in  the  case  of  thoroughbreds.  The 
corner  milk-teeth  are  well  worn  down  ;  the  upper  ones  being  ready 
to  be  pushed  out.  The  tushes,  as  a  rule,  begin  to  show  through 
the  gum. 


^ 


Plate  XL— FOUR  OFF 


FOUR  OFF 


At  this  age,  we  have  the  successive  fall  of  the  corner  milk-teeth, 
which,  if  they  do  remain  in,  appear  as  small  stumps  ready  to  drop 
out.  In  this  particular  case,  the  corner  milk  incisors  of  the  near 
side  have  fallen  out ;  while  those  of  the  off  side,  especially  the 
upper  one,  will  soon  follow  their  example.  This  would  be  a  mouth 
of  about  four  years  and  two  months.  The  corner  permanent 
incisors  of  the  near  side  do  not  touch.  Viewed  from  the  front,  the 
front  and  middle  incisors  are  all  on  a  level  with  each  other.  The 
central  enamel  is  isolated  on  the  tables  of  the  upper  front  incisors, 
and,  nearly  so,  in  those  of  the  lower  jaw.  *'  At  this  period,  we  may 
frequently  mark  anomalies  in  the  eruption  of  the  teeth.  In  fact,  it 
is  not  rare  to  see  the  side  and  corner  teeth  come  out  at  the  same 
time.  The  animal  is,  then,  four  and  a  half,  or,  even,  only  four  years 
old,  although  he  looks  like  five  "  (M.  Yvon,  V.S.  Bayeux). 


Plate  XII.— RISING  FIVE. 


RISING  FIVE 


Although  the  corner  milk-teeth  have  fallen  out,  the  permanent 
ones  are  not,  yet,  on  a  level  with  the  front  and  side  incisors,  and, 
consequently,  show  no  wear.  The  rings  of  central  enamel  are 
isolated  in  the  tables  of  the  front  and  middle  incisors  of  the  upper 
jaw,  and,  nearly  so,  in  the  lower  middle  incisors,  which  are,  now, 
well  in  wear. 


Plate  XIII.— FIVE  YEARS. 

''irti'''"tfiMiiiiiiiiti||iiiiii       i 


FIVE  YEARS. 


The  horse  has,  now,  a  "  full  mouth."  The  incisors  are  all  on  a 
level  with  each  other ;  although  the  posterior  edges  of  the  corner 
ones  have  not  yet  come  into  use.  The  anterior  edges  of  these 
teeth  are  slightly  worn.  The  central  enamel  of  the  front  and 
middle  incisors  forms  complete  rings.  The  tushes  are  through  the 
gum.  The  arches  formed  by  the  incisors  of  both  jaws  are  nearly 
semi-circular. 


Plate  XIV.— SIX  YEARS. 


SIX  YEARS. 


The  cutting  surface  of  the  posterior  border  ot  the  corner  incisors 
is  worn  flat  with  the  remainder  of  the  tooth  ;  its  central  enamel, 
forming  a  complete  ring.  The  tables  of  the  front  incisors  tend  to 
assume  an  oval  form.  Those  of  the  lower  front  incisors  are,  as  a 
rule,  worn  level ;  the  dental  cavity  having  disappeared  out  of 
them  ;  and,  in  some  cases,  out  of  the  lower  middle  incisors.  The 
front  incisors,  viewed  from  the  front,  are  slightly  whiter  than  at 
five  years  old,  on  account  of  their  beginning  to  lose  their  coating  of 
cement.  In  this  example,  the  upper  corner  incisors  are  irregularly 
formed,  being  fissured  on  their  inner  side. 


I 


Flate  XV.— seven  years. 


SEVEN  YEARS. 


The  cavity  is  worn  out  of  the  lower  front  and  middle  incisors, 
and  is  shallow  in  the  corner  ones.  Viewed  in  profile,  the  posterior 
edge  of  the  lower  corner  incisor  is  well  in  advance  of  that  of  the 
upper  jaw  ;  a  fact  which,  generally,  gives  to  the  latter  a  hook-like 
prominence,  from  unequal  wear.  This  downward  projection  is, 
often,  filed  level,  in  order  to  give  the  animal  a  false  appearance  of 
youth.     The  corner  incisors,  in  this  example,  are  fissured. 


Plate  XVI.— EIGHT  YEARS. 


'^      1   'Mi|« 


EIGHT  YEARS. 


Looked  at  in  profile,  the  lower  incisors  have,  now,  an  obliqie 
direction,  as  regards  the  jaw  in  which  they  are  lodged.  The 
cavities  have  disappeared  out  of  all  the  lower  incisors.  The  dental 
star  is  to  be  seen  as  a  yellow  transverse  line,  well  marked  in  the 
front,  but  less  plainly  so  in  the  others.  The  front  incisors  are 
beginning  to  assume  a  rounded  form  ;  the  middle  ones  are  more  cr 
less  oval  ;  and  the  corner  ones  are  tending  to  become  oval.  The 
outer  edges  of  the  two  front  incisors  in  each  jaw,  are  nearly  in  a 
straight  line  with  each  other. 


Plate  XVII.— NINE  YEARS. 


NINE  YEARS. 


The  "mark"  has,  generally,  left  the  upper  front  incisors.  The 
table  of  the  lower  front  incisors  is  nearly  round  ;  its  central  enamel 
is  triangular  in  form  ;  and  its  dental  star  is  well  defined  and  placed 
in  its  centre.  Before  this  age,  the  central  enamel  was  broad,  from 
side  to  side  ;  and  narrow,  from  front  to  rear.  The  tables  of  the 
lower  middle  incisors  tend  to  become  triangular  in  shape  ;  while 
those  of  the  corner  ones  are  more  or  less  oval. 


Plate  XVIII.— TEN  YEARS. 


f  mm 


TEN  YEARS. 


Viewed  in  profile,  the  teeth  meet  at  a  less  angle  than  before. 
The  tables  of  the  front  and  middle  incisors  of  the  lower  jaw  assume 
a  round,  rather  than  an  oval  appearance ;  and  their  central  enamel 
has  a  triangular  shape.  Looked  at  from  the  front,  the  front 
incisors  have  a  more  or  less  rectangular  appearance  ;  they  being  a 
good  deal  longer  than  they  are  broad. 


Plate  XIX.— ELEVEN  YEARS. 


ELEVEN  YEARS. 


The  central  enamel  of  the  lower  incisors  is  small,  round,  and 
close  to  the  posterior  edges  of  the  tables.  The  tables  of  the  lower 
incisors  are  more  or  less  round.  The  lower  corner  incisors  come 
out  square  from  the  gum  ;  and  are  about  as  broad  at  their  bases,  as 
at  their  tables.  The  upper  corner  incisor  is  more  obliquely  placed, 
than  is  the  middle  one  adjoining  it.  In  the  IcJwer  jaw,  the  dental 
star  is  found  in  the  middle  of  the  tables. 


Plate  XX.— THIRTEEN  YEARS. 


THIRTEEN  YEARS. 


The  central  enamel  of  the  upper  incisors  is  of  a  round  shape. 
It  has,  almost  entirely,  disappeared  out  of  the  lower  incisors,  in  the 
centre  of  which,  the  dental  star  may  be  seen.  The  tables  of  the 
lower  incisors  are,  more  or  less,  triangular. 


Plate  XXI.— FIFTEEN  YEARS. 


FIFTEEN  YEARS. 


The  upper  and  lower  corner  incisors  are  about  the  same  length. 
On  the  tables  of  the  lower  incisors,  the  dental  star  appears  distinct, 
and,  more  or  less,  round.  The  tables  of  the  front  incisors  are  nearly 
triangular ;  those  of  the  middle  ones  are  becoming  so. 


Plate  XXII.— SEVENTEEN  YEARS. 


SEVENTEEN  YEARS. 


iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiyiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiii 


The  upper  and  lower  tables  of  the  front  and  middle  incisors 
have  a  triangular  form.  The  dental  star  in  those  of  the  lower  jaw, 
is  round  and  centrally  placed.  The  middle  incisors,  viewed  from 
above  downwards,  incline  slightly  outwards,  from  each  other,  in  a 
forward  description.  Viewed  from  the  front,  the  upper  comer 
incisors  seem  to  converge  in  a  forward  direction.  The  teeth  meet 
at  such  an  acute  angle,  that,  in  order  to  examine  easily  the  tables  of 
the  lower  incisors,  it  is  necessary  to  raise,  the  animal's  head  up 
considerably. 


Plate  XXIII.— TWENTY-ONE  YEARS. 


TWENTY-ONE  YEARS. 


The  front  and  middle  incisors  are  broader  lengthways  than  across ; 
and,  viewed  from  above  downwards,  appear  to  diverge  outwards 
from  each  other,  in  a  marked  manner.  Owing  to  the  lower  corner 
teeth  becoming  nearly  horizontal,  the  hook-like  projection  which 
was,  previously,  to  be  seen  on  the  posterior  edge  of  the  upper  corner 
teeth,  has,  now,  disappeared.  Viewed  from  the  front,  the  middle 
and  corner  incisors  of  the  upper  jaw  appear  to  converge  inwards. 


Plate  XXIV.— THIRTY  YEARS. 


THIRTY  YEARS. 


Plate  XXV.— NINE  YEARS  OLD,  ABNORMAL. 


NINE  YEARS  OLD,  ABNORMAL. 


This  is  a  nine-year-old  mouth  which  has,  abnormally,  retained 
all  its  "  marks." 


Plate  XXVL— FOURTEEN  YEARS  OLD,  ABNORMAL. 


FOURTEEN  YEARS  OLD,  ABNORMAL. 


This  plate   represents   a  fourteen-year-old  mouth,  the  teeth  of 
which  have,  abnormally,  retained  the  central  enamel  of  their  tables. 


Plate  XXVII.-BISHOPED  MOUTH. 


BISHOPED  MOUTH. 


This  plate  represents  a  "  bishoped  "  mouth. 


1887 


SELECTED   LIST 


OF 


Illustrated  and  General  Publications 


THACKER,  SPINK  &   CO.,   CALCUTTA. 


W.  THACKER  &  CO.,  87,  NEWGATE  ST.,  LONDON. 


Thacherj  Spink  Sf  Co.,  Calcutta. 


The  Tribes  on  My  Frontier :  an  Indian  ^Naturalist's 
Foreign  Policy.  By  Eha.  With  50  Illustrations  by 
F.  C.  Mackae.  In  Imperial  16nio.  Uniform  with  "Lays 
of  Ind,"  "Kiding,"  "Hindu  Mythology,"  &c.  Third 
Edition,     Es.  5-8  (8s.  6d.) 

This  remarkaLly  clever  work  most  graphically  and  humorously 
describes  the  surroundings  of  a  country  bungalow.  The  twenty 
chapters  embrace  a  year's  experiences,  and  provide  endless 
sources  of  amusement  and  suggestion.  The  numerous  able  illus- 
trations add  very  greatly  to  the  interest  of  the  volume,  which 
will  find  a  place  on  every  table. 


I. — A  Durbar. 
II.— The  Rats. 
III. — The  Mosquitos. 
IV. — The  Lizards, 
v.— The  Ants. 
VI. — The  Crows. 
VII. — The  Bats. 

VIII. — Bees,   Wasps,  et   hoc    genus 
omne. 
IX. — The  Spiders. 
X.— The      Butterfly  :       Hunting 
Him. 


XI. — The     Butterfly  :      Contem- 
plating Him. 
XII. — The  Frogs. 
XIII. — The  Bugs. 
XIV. — The  Birds  of  the  Garden. 
XV.— The   Birds   at    the    Mango 

Tope. 
XVI. — The  Birds  at  the  Tank. 
XVII. — The  Poultry  Yard. 
XVIII.— The  White  Ants. 
XIX. — The  Hypodermatikosyringo- 
phoroi, 
XX. — Etcetera. 

"  It  is  a  very  clever  record  of  a  year's  observations  round  the  bungalow 

in  '  Dustypore.'     .     .     .     .     It  is  by  no  means  a  mere  travesty 

The  writer  is  always  amusing,  and  never  dull." — Field. 

"  The  book  is  cleverly  illustrated  by  Mr.  F.  C.  Macrae.  We  have  only 
to  thank  our  Anglo-Indian  naturalist  for  the  delightful  book  which  he  has 
sent  home  to  his  countrymen  in  Britain.  May  he  live  to  give  us  another 
such." — Chambers'  Journal. 

"  A  most  charming  series  of  sprightly  and  entertaining  essays  on  what 

may  be  termed  the  fauna  of  the  Indian  bungalow We  have 

no  doubt  that  this  amusing  book  will  find  its  way  into  every  Anglo-Indian's 
library." — Allen's  Indian  Mail. 

"  This  is  a  delightful  book,  irresistibly  fuimy  in  description  and  illustra- 
tion, but  full  of  genuine  science  too There  is  not  a  dull  or 

uninstructive  page  in  the  whole  book." — Knowledge, 

"It  is  a  pleasantly-written  book  about  the  insects  and  other  torments  of 
India  which  make  Anglo-Indian  life  unpleasant,  and  which  can  be  read 
with  pleasure  even  by  those  beyond  the  reach  of  the  tormenting  things 
*  Eha '  describes." — Graphic. 

"  The  volume  is  full  of  accurate  and  unfamiliar  observation,  and  the 
illustrations  prove  to  be  by  no  means  without  their  value." — Saturday 
Review, 


W.   Thacher  Sf  Co.,  London. 


A  Natural  History  of  the  Mammalia  of  India, 

Burmali  and  Ceylon.  By  E.  A.  Steexdale,  F.E.Gt.S., 
r.Z.S.,  &c.,  Author  of  ^' Seonee,"  "The  Denizens  of  the 
Jungle,"  "The  Afghan  Knife,"  &c.  With  170  Illustrations 
by  the  Author  and  Others.  In  Imperial  16mo.  Uniform 
with  "Eiding,"  "  Hindu  Mythology,"  and  "  Indian  Ferns." 
Es,  10.     (12s.  6d.) 

"  It  is  the  very  model  of  what  a  popular  natural  history  should  be." 
— Knowledge. 

'"An  amusing  work  with  good  illustrations." — Nature. 

"  Full  of  accurate  observation,  brightly  told." — Saturday  Review. 

"  The  results  of  a  close  and  sympathetic  observation." — Athenceum. 

"  It  has  the  brevity  which  is  the  soul  of  wit,  and  a  delicacy  of  allusion 
which  charms  the  literary  critic." — Academy. 

"  The  notices  of  each  animal  are,  as  a  rule,  short,  though  on  some  of  the 
larger  mammals— the  lion,  tiger,  pard,  boar,  &c. — ample  and  interesting 
details  are  given,  including  occasional  anecdotes  of  adventure.  The  book 
will,  no  doubt,  be  specially  useful  to  the  sportsman,  and,  indeed,  has  been 
extended  so  as  to  include  all  territories  likely  to  be  reached  by  the  sports- 
man from  India.  .  .  .  Those  who  desire  to  obtain  some  general  infor- 
mation, popularly  conveyed,  on  the  subject  with  which  the  book  deals,  will, 
we  believe,  find  it  useful." — The  Times. 

"  Has  contrived  to  hit  a  happy  mean  between  the  stiflf  scientific  treatise 
and  the  bosh  of  what  may  be  called  anecdotal  zoology." — The  Daily  News. 

Handbook  to  the  Ferns  of  India,  Ceylon,  and 

the  Malay  Peninsula.  By  Colonel  E.  H.  Beddome,  Author 
of  the  "  Ferns  of  British  Lidia,"  "  The  Ferns  of  Southern 
India."  Three  hundred  Illustrations  by  the  Author. 
Uniform  with  "Lays  of  Ind,"  "Hindu  Mythology," 
"Eiding,"  "^^atural  History  of  the  Mammalia  of  India," 
&c.     Imperial  16mo.     Rs.  10.     (12s.  6d.) 

"  The  great  amount  of  care  observed  in  its  compilation  makes  it  a  most 
valuable  work  of  reference,  especially  to  non  scientific  readers  ;  for,  in  pre- 
paring it,  as  many  of  the  technicalities  as  could  be  safely  dispensed  with  are 
left  aside A  magnificent  volume  of  nearly  500  pages,  illus- 
trated with  300  admirable  woodcuts." — Garden. 

"  It  is  the  first  special  book  of  portable  size  and  moderate  price  which 
has  been  devoted  to  Indian  Ferns,  and  is  in  every  way  deserving  of  the  ex- 
tensive circulation  it  is  sure  to  obtain." — Nature. 

"  Will  prove  vastly  interesting,  not  only  to  the  Indian  people,  but  to  the 
botanists  of  this  country." — Indian  Daily  Neics. 

'•'  This  is  a  good  book,  being  of  a  useful  and  trustworthy  character.  The 
species  are  familiarly  described,  and  most  of  them  illustrated  by  small 
figures." — Gardeners^  Chronicle. 

"  Those  interested  in  botany  will  do  well  to  procure  a  new  work  on  the 
'  Ferns  of  British  India.'  The  work  will  prove  a  first-class  text-book." — 
Free  Press. 

a  2 


iv  Tliacker,  Spink  ^  Co.y  Calcutta. 

Lays  of  Ind.  By  Aliph  Cheem.  Comic,  Satirical,  and 
Descriptive  Poems  illustrative  of  Anglo-Indian  Life. 
Seventh  Edition.  Enlarged.  With  70  Illustrations. 
Cloth  elegant,  gilt  edges.     Es.  7  (10s.  6d.) 

"Aliph  Cheem  presents  us  in  this  volume  with  some  highly  amusing 
ballads  and  songs,  which  have  already  in  a  former  edition  warmed  the 
hearts  and  cheered  the  lonely  hours  of  many  an  Anglo-Indian,  the  pictures 
being  chiefly  those  of  Indian  life.  There  is  no  mistaking  the  humour,  and 
at  times,  indeed,  the  fun  is  both  '  fast  and  furious.'  One  can  readily 
imagine  the  merriment  created  round  the  camp  fire  by  the  recitation  of 
'  The  Two  Thumpers,'  which  is  irresistibly  droll.  .  .  .  The  edition 
before  us  is  enlarged,  and  contains  illustrations  by  the  author,  in  addition 
to  which  it  is  beautifully  printed  and  handsomely  got  up,  all  which  recom- 
mendations are  sure  to  make  the  name  of  Aliph  Cheem  more  popular  in 
India  than  ever.*' — Liverpool  Mercury. 

*'  The  *  Lays  '  are  not  only  Anglo-Indian  in  origin,  but  out-and-out 
Anglo-Indian  in  subject  and  colour.  To  one  who  knows  something  of 
life  at  an  Indian  *  station '  they  will  be  especially  amusing.  Their 
exuberant  fun  at  the  same  time  may  well  attract  the  attention  of  the  ill- 
defined  individual  known  as  the  '  general  reader.'  " — Scotsman. 

"  This  is  a  remarkably  bright  little  book.  •  Aliph  Cheem,  supposed  to 
be  the  nom  de  plume  of  an  ofl&cer  in  the  18th  Hussars,  is,  after  his 
fashion,  an  Indian  Bon  Gaultier.  In  a  few  of  the  poems  the  jokes, 
turning  on  local  names  and  customs,  are  somewhat  esoteric ;  but  taken 
throughout,  the  verses  are  characterised  by  high  animal  spirits,  great 
cleverness,  and  most  excellent  fooling." — World. 

"  To  many  Anglo-Indians  the  lively  verses  of  '  Aliph  Cheem  '  must  be 
very  well  known  ;  while  to  those  who  have  not  yet  become  acquainted 
with  them  we  can  only  say,  read  them  on  the  first  opportunity.  To  those 
not  familiar  with  Indian  life  they  may  be  specially  commended  for  the 
picture  which  they  give  of  many  of  its  lighter  incidents  and  conditions, 
and  of  several  of  its  ordinary  personages." — Bath  Chronicle. 

"  Satire  of  the  most  amusing  and  inoffensive  kind,  humour  the  most 
genuine,   and    pathos   the   most   touching  pervade   these  'Lays  of   Ind.' 

.  .  .  From  Indian  friends  we  have  heard  of  the  popularity  these 
'  Lays '  have  obtained  in  the  land  where  they  were  written,  and  we 
predict  for  them  a  popularity  equally  great  at  home." — Monthly  Hom(&o- 
'paihic  Review. 

"Former  editions  of  this  entertaining  book  having  been  received  with 
great  favour  by  the  public  and  by  the  press,  a  new  edition  has  been  issued 
in  elegant  type  and  binding.  The  Author,  although  assuming  a  nom  de 
plume,  is  recognised  as  a  distinguished  cavalry  ofiacer,  possessed  of  a  vivid 
imagination  and  a  sense  of  humour  amounting  sometimes  to  rollicking  and 
contagious  fun." — Capital  and  Lalour. 


W.  TJiacTcer  <&  Co.,  London. 


Riding  :  On  the  Flat  and  Across  Country.  A  Guide 
to  Practical  Horsemanship.  By  Capt.  M.  H.  Hayes. 
Hlustrated  by  Sturgess.  Second  Edition.  Eevised  and 
Enlarged.     Imperial  16mo.     Es.  7  (10s.  6d.) 

*'  The  book  is  one  that  no  man  who  has  ever  sat  in  a  saddle  can  fail  to 
read  with  interest." — Illustrated  Sporting  and  Dramatic  Neios. 

"  An  excellent  book  on  riding." — Truth. 

*'  Mr.  Hayes  has  supplemented  his  own  experience  on  race-riding  by 
resorting  to  Tom  Cannon,  Fordham,  and  other  well-kno\vn  jockeys  for 
illustration.  '  The  Guide  '  is,  on  the  whole,  thoroughly  reliable  ;  and  both 
the  illustrations  and  the  printing  do  credit  to  the  publishers." — Field. 

"  It  has,  however,  been  reserved  for  Captain  Hayes  to  write  what  in  our 
opinion  will  be  generally  accepted  as  the  most  comprehensive,  enlightened, 
and  '  all  round  '  work  on  riding,  bringing  to  bear  as  he  does  not  only  his 
own  great  experience,  but  the  advice  and  practice  of  many  of  the  best 
recognised  horsemen  of  the  period." — Sporting  Life. 

"  Captain  Hayes  is  not  only  a  master  of  his  subject,  but  he  knows 
how  to  aid  others  in  gaining  such  a  mastery  as  may  be  obtained  by  the 
study  of  a  book," — The  Standard. 

Companion  Volume  to  the  Above. 

Riding  for  Ladies,  with  Hints   on  the  Stable. 

A  Lady's  Horse  Book.  By  Mrs.  Power  O'Donoghue. 
Author  of  "  A  Beggar  on  Horseljack,"  "  Ladies  on  Horse- 
back," "  Unfairly  Won,"  &c.  With  91  Hlustrations,  b 
A.  Chantrey  Corbould,  and  portrait  of  the  Author. 
Elegantly  printed  and  bonnd.  Imperial  16mo.  Es.  10. 
(12s.  6d.) 


I.— Ought  Children  to  Kide  ? 

II. — *'  For  Mothers  and  Children." 
III. — First  Hints  to  a  Learner. 
IV. — Selecting  a  Mount. 

v.,  VI. — The  Lady's  Dress. 
VII. — Bitting.     VIII. — Saddling. 
IX. — Sit,  Walk,  Canter,  and  Trot. 

X. — Reins,  Voice,  and  Whip. 
XI. — Riding  on  the  Road. 
XII. — Paces,  Vices,  and  Faults. 


XIII. — A  Lesson  in  Leaping. 
XIV. — Managing  Refusers. 
XV. — Falling. 

XVI.— Hunting  Outfit  Considered. 
XVII. — Economy  in  Riding  Dress. 
XVIII. — Hacks  and  Hunters. 
XIX. — In  the  Hunting  Field. 
XX. — Shoeing,     xxi. — Feeding. 
XXII. — Stabling,  xxiii. — Doctoring 
XXIV. — Breeding.       xxv. — "Tips," 


"  Mrs.  Power  O'Donoghue  (more  power  to  her — not  that  she  wants  it) 
shows  no  sign  of  'falling  ofif.'  Indeed,  she  shows  her  readers  how  to 
become  riders,  and  to  stick  on  gracefully.  She  sketches  her  pupils  '  in 
their  habits  as  they  ride, '  and  gives  them  a  bit  of  her  mind  about  bits,  and 
teUs  them  about  spurs  on  the  spur  of  a  moment." — Punch. 

"Mrs.  O'Donoghue  is  great  on  the  subject  of  a  lady's  riding-dress,  and 

lays  down  some  useful  information  which  should  not  be  forgotten 

From  fiist  to  last  she  never  errs  on  the  side  of  anything  approaching  to 
bad  taste,  which  is  more  than  can  be  said  for  some  equestriennes." — Field. 

"  It  is  characteristic  of  her  book,  as  of  all  books  of  any  value,  that  it  has 
a  distinctive  character.  Sound  common  sense,  and  a  thoroughly  practical 
way  of  communicating  instruction,  are  its  leading  traits." — Daily  News. 


VI 


Thacker^  Spink  cj*  Co.,  Calcutta. 


Splendidly  Illustrated  book  of  Sport.     In  Demy  4to  ;  Rs.  25  ;  elegantly 
bound.     (£2  2s.) 

Large    Game    Shooting    in  Thibet,    the   Hima- 
layas, and  Northern  India.     Ey  Colonel  Alexander  A.  Kin- 
loch.     Containing  descriptions  of  the  country  and  of  the 
various  animals  to  be  found  ;  together  with  extracts  from  a 
journal  of  several  years'  standing.     With  thirty  illustrations 
and  map  of  the  district. 
"An  attractive  volume,  full  of  sporting  adventures  in  the  valleys  and 
forest  hills  extending  along  the  foot  of  the  Himalayas.      Its  pages  are  also 
interesting  for  the  graphic  description  they  give  of  the  beasts  of  the  field, 
the  cunning  instinct  which  they  show  in  guarding  their  safety,  the  places 
w  hich  they  choose  for  their  lair,  and  the  way  in  which  they  show  their 
anger   when  at  bay.     Colonel  Kinloch  writes  on  all  these  subjects  in  a 
genuine  and  straightforward  style,  aiming  at  giving  a  complete  description 
of  the  habits  and  movements  of  the  game." — British  Mail. 

"  If  Carlyle  had  ever  condescended  to  notice  sport  and  sportsmen  he  might 
probably  have  invented  some  curious  and  expressive  phrase  for  the  author 
of  this  book.  It  is  the  work  of  a  genuine  shikari  .  .  .  The  heads  have 
been  admirably  reproduced  by  the  photograph.  The  spiral  or  curved  horns, 
the  silky  hair,  the  fierce  glance,  the  massive  jaws,  the  thick  neck  of  deer, 
antelope,  yak  or  bison,  are  realistic  and  superior  to  anything  that  we  can 
remember  in  any  bool^ shelf  full  of  Indian  sport." — Saturday  llevieio. 

"  The  splendidly  illustrated  record  of  sport.  The  photo-gravures,  es- 
pecially the  heads  of  the  various  antelopes,  are  lifelike  ;  and  the  letterpress 
is  very  pleasant  reading." — Grapliic. 

Denizens  of  the  Jungles  ;  a  series  of  Sketches  of  Wild 
Animals,  illustrating  their  form  and  natural  attitude.  With 
letterpress  description  of  each  plate.  By  R  A.  Sterndale, 
r.K.G.S.,  F.Z.S.  Author  of  "Natural  History  of  the  Mam- 
malia of  India,"  "  Seonee,"  &c.    Oblong  folio.  Es.  10.   (16s.) 


T. — Denizens     of     the     Jungles. 
Aborigines  —  Deer  —  Mon- 
keys. 
II.—"  On  the  Watch."     Tiger. 
III. — "  Nut   so  Fast  Asleep  as  he 
Looks."    Panther — Mon- 
keys. 
IV. — "  Waiting  for  Father."  Black 

Bears  of  the  Plains. 
V. — "  Rival     Monarchs."      Tiger 

and  Elephant. 
VI. — "Hors  de  Combat."      Indian 
Wild  Boar  and  Tiger. 


IX.- 


XI.- 
XII.- 


A  Race  for  Life."  Blue 
Bull  and  Wild  Dogs. 

Meaning  Mischief."  The 
Gaur — Indian  Bison. 

More  than  His  Match." 
Buffalo  and  Rhinoceros. 

'A  Critical  Moment." 
Spotted  Deer  and  Leo- 
pard. 

•  Hard  Hit."     1'he  Sambur. 

'Mountain  Monarchs." 
Marco  Polo's  Sheej). 


Useful  Hints  to  Young*  Shikaris  on  the  Gun  and 
Rifle.  By  "The  Little  Old  Eear."  Keprinted  from 
the  Asian.     Crown  8vo.     Es.  2-8. 


W.   Tliacher  4-  Co.,  London.  vii 

Third  Edition,  revised,  enlarged,  and  newly  Illustrated. 
Crown  8vo.     Rs.  7.     (10s.  6d.) 

Veterinary  Notes  for  Horse -Owners. — An  everyday 
Horse  Book.  By  Captain  M.  Horace  Hayes,  M.E.C.Y.S. 
Opinions  op  the  Press 

"  The  work  is  written  in  a  clear  and  practical  way." — Saturday  Revieio. 

"  Of  the  many  popular  veterinary  books  which  have  come  under  our 
notice,  this  is  certainly  one  of  the  most  scientific  and  reliable.  .  .  . 
Some  notice  is  accorded  to  nearly  all  the  diseases  which  are  cormnon  to 
horses  in  this  country,  and  the  writer  takes  advantage  of  his  Indian  experi- 
ence to  touch  upon  several  maladies  of  horses  in  that  country,  where 
veterinary  surgeons  are  few  and  far  between.  The  description  of  symptoms 
and  the  directions  for  the  application  of  remedies  are  given  in  perfectly 
plain  terms,  which  the  tyro  will  find  no  difficulty  in  comprehending  :  and, 
for  the  purpose  of  further  smoothing  his  path,  a  chapter  is  given  on  veterin- 
ary medicines,  their  actions,  uses,  and  doses." — The  Field. 

"Simplicity  is  one  of  the  most  commendable  features  in  the  book. 
What  Captain  Hayes  has  to  sa}''  he  says  in  plain  terms,  and  the  book  is  a 
very  useful  one  for  everybody  who  is  concerned  with  horses." — Illustrated 
Sporting  and  Dramatic  News. 

"  We  heartily  welcome  the  second  edition  of  this  exceedingly  useful 
book.  The  first  edition  was  brought  out  about  two  years  since,  but  the 
work  now  under  notice  is  fully  double  the  size  of  its  predecessor,  and,  as  a 
matter  of  course,  contains  more  information.  Captain  Hayes,  the  author, 
is  not  only  a  practical  man  in  all  things  connected  with  the  horse,  but  has 
also  studied  his  subject  from  a  scientific  point  of  view." — The  Sportinr/  Life. 

"  Captain  Hayes,  in  the  new  edition  of  '  Veterinary  Notes,'  has  added 
considerably  to  its  value  by  including  matter  which  was  omitted  in  the 
former  editions,  and  rendered  the  book,  if  larger,  at  any  rate  more  useful 
to  those  non-professional  people  who  may  be  inclined  or  compelled  to  treat 
their  own  horses  when  sick  or  injured.  So  far  as  we  are  able  to  judge,  the 
book  leaves  nothing  to  be  desired  on  the  score  of  lucidity  and  comprehen- 
siveness,"—  Veterinary  Journal. 

"  Captain  Hayes  has  succeeded  in  disposing  of  two  editions  of  his  manual 
since  it  was  issued  in  1877 — a  sufficient  proof  of  its  usefulness  to  horse- 
owners.  The  present  edition  is  nearly  double  the  size  of  the  first  one,  and 
the  additional  articles  are  well  and  clearly  written,  and  much  increase  the 
value  of  the  work.  We  do  not  think  that  horse-owners  in  general  are 
likely  to  find  a  more  reliable  and  useful  book  for  guidance  in  an  emergency." 
—The  Field.  New  Edition,  Eevised. 

Training  and  Horse  Management  in  India.    By 

Captain  M.  Horace  Hayes,  author  of  "  Veterinary  Notes 
for  Horse  Owners,"  -'Kiding,"  &c.  Third  Edition.  Crown 
8vo.     Rs.  5.     (8s.  6d.) 

"  No  better  guide  could  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  either  amateur  horse- 
man or  veterinary  surgeon." — The  Veterinary  Journal. 

*'  A  useful  guide  in  regard  to  horses  anywhere Concise, 

practical,  and  portable." — Saturday  Review. 


Tliacker,  SjnnJc  Sf  Co.,  Calcutta. 


Indian  Notes  about  Dogs  :  their  Diseases  and  Treat- 
ment.   By  Major  C .    Third  Edition,  Ee vised.      Fcap. 

8vo.,  cloth.     Ee.  1-8. 

Indian  Racing  Reminiscences.  Being  Entertaining 
Narratives  and  Anecdotes  of  Men,  Horses,  and  Sport. 
By  Captain  M.  Horace  Hayes,  Author  of  "  Veterinary 
!N^otes,"  "  Training  and  Horse  Management,"  (fee.  Hlustrated 
with  22  Portraits  and  20  Engravings.  Imperial  16mo. 
Es.  5-12.     (8s.  6d.) 

"  Captain  Hayes  lias  done  w  isely  in  publishing  these  lively  sketches  of 
life  in  India.     The  book  is  full  of  racy  anecdote." — BelVs  Life. 

"All  sportsmen  who  can  appreciate  a  book  on  racing,  written  in  a 
cha.tty  style,  and  full  of  anecdote,  will  like  Captain  Hayes's  latest  work." — 
Field. 

"It  is  a  safe  prediction  that  this  work  is  certain  to  have  a  wide  circle 
of  readers." — Broad  Arrow. 

"  The  book  is  valuable  from  the  fact  that  many  hints  on  the  treatment  of 
horses  are  included,  and  the  accuracy  and  extent  of  Captain  Hayes's  veter- 
inary skill  and  knowledge  are  well  known  to  experts." — Illustrated  Sporting 
and  Dramatic  News. 

"  Many  a  racing  anecdote  and  many  a  curious  character  our  readers  will 
find  in  the  book,  which  is  very  well  got  up,  and  embellished  with  many 
portraits. " — Baily's  Magazine. 

Hindu  Mythology :  Vedic  and  Puranic.  By  Eev. 
W.  J.  WiLKiNS,  of  the  London  Missionary  Society,  Cal- 
cutta. Illustrated  by  very  numerous  Engravings  from 
Drawings  by  Native  Artists.  Uniform  with  "  Lays  of 
Ind,"  "  Eiding,"  &c.     Es.  7.  (10s.  6d.) 

"  His  aim  has  been  to  give  a  faithful  account  of  the  Hindu  deities  such 
as  an  intelligent  native  would  himself  give,  and  he  has  endeavoured,  in 
order  to  achieve  his  purpose,  to  keep  his  mind  free  from  prejudice  or 
thf^ological  bias.  To  help  to  completeness  he  has  included  a  number  of 
drawings  of  the  principal  deities,  executed  by  native  artists.  The  author 
has  attempted  a  work  of  no  little  ambition  and  has  succeeded  in  his 
attempt,  the  volume  being  one  of  great  interest  and  usefulness ;  and  not 
the  less  so  because  he  has  strictly  refrained  from  diluting  his  facts  with 
comments  of  his  own.     It  has  numerous  illustrations." — Home  News. 

"  Mr.  Wilkins  has  done  his  work  well,  with  an  honest  desire  to  state 
facts  apart  from  all  theological  prepossession,  and  his  volume  is  likely  U^ 
be  a  useful  book  of  reference." — Guardian. 

"  In  Mr.  Wilkins's  book  we  have  an  illustrated  manual,  the  study  of 
which  will  lay  a  solid  foundation  for  more  advanced  knowledge,  while  it 
will  furnish  those  who  may  have  the  desire  without  having  the  time  or 
opportunity  to  go  further  into  the  subject,  with  a  really  extensive  stock  of 
accurate  information." — Indian  Daily  News. 


W.  Thacker  ^  Co.,  London. 


IX 


Modern  Hinduism  :  Being  an  Account  of  the  Eeligion 
and  Life  of  the  Hindus  in  Northern  India,  By  W.  J. 
WiLKiNS,  of  the  London  Missionary  Society,  Author  of 
"Hindu  Mythology,  Yedic  and  Puranic."  Demy  8vo. 
Price  Es.  8. 


INTRODUCTIOV. 

IV.- 

—Worship. 

I.— Early  Life, 

1. 

Private  Worship. 

1.  Birth  and  its  Ceremonies. 

2. 

Temple  Worship. 

2.  The  Hindu  Home. 

3. 

Religious  Festivals. 

3.  The  Guru  and  Initiation  into 

4. 

Pilgrimages  :  Benares. 

Hinduism. 

5. 

Ditto.        Kali  Ghat,  Ganga 

II.— Hindu  Sects. 

6. 

Saga,  Gaya. 
Ditto.         Puri. 

1.  General  Changes  of  Hinduism. 

7. 

Ditto.         Bhuvaenshwara. 

2.  General  Remarks  on  the  Hindu 

8. 

Worship.     How  sustained  and 

Sects. 

objects  sought  by  it. 

3.  Vedantism  or  Orthodox   Hin- 

9. 

Religious  ideas  common  to  all 

duism. 

Sects  expressed  in  worship. 

4.  Sects  existing  in  the  14th  Cent. 
A.D. 

V- 

-Woman. 

5.  The  Vishnava  Sects. 

1. 

Position  of  Woman  as  taught 

6.  The  Saivite  Sects. 

in  the  Hindu  Scriptures.  ^ 

7.  The  Saktas,  &c. 

2. 

Present     position.       Marriage 

8.  Miscellaneous  Sects. 

Ceremonies,  &c. 

9.  The  Modern  Deistic  Sects. 

3. 

Widows. 

III.— Caste. 

4. 

Sati. 

1.  General  Remarks  on  Caste. 

VI.- 

—Morals. 

2.  Caste  Distinctions  as  taught  in 

1. 

The  Hindus  generally. 

the  Scriptures. 

2. 

The  Criminal  Classes. 

3.  History  of  the  Growth  of  the 

Caste  system. 

4.  Struggles      for      Supremacy 

VII 

—Death,  Shradh  and  Future 
Judgment. 

amongst  the  Castes. 

1. 

Death  and  its  Ceremonies. 

5.  Caste  as  it  exists  at  the  present 

2. 

The  Shradha  or  Religious  Cere- 

time. 

monies  on  behalf  of  the  de- 

6. Proportion  of  People  included 

parted. 

in  the  chief  Castes. 

3. 

Judgment  after  death ;  Reward 

7.  Kulinism. 

and  Punishments^ 

Indian  Horse  Notes :  an  Epitome  of  useful  Information 
arranged  for  ready  reference  on  Emergencies,  and  specially 
adapted  for  Officers  and  Mofussil  Eesidents.  All  Technical 
Terms  explained  and  Simplest    Eemedies  selected.       By 

Major  C ,  Author  of  "Indian  Notes    about    Dogs;" 

Second  Edition,  Kevised  and  considerably  Enlarged.    Fcap. 
8vo.,  cloth.     Es.  2. 


TJiacker,  Spink  ^'  Co.,  Calcutta. 


Eighth  Edition.     Crown  8vo.     Es.  7.     (10s.  6d.) 

The  Management   and    Medical   Treatment  of 

Children  in  India.  By  Edward  A.  Birch,  M.D.,  Surgeon 
Major  Bengal  Establishment.  •  Second  Edition,  Revised. 
Being  the  Eighth  Edition  of  "Goodeve's  Hints  for  the 
Management  of  Children  in  India." 

Dr.  Goodeve. — "  I  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  the  present  edition 
is  for  many  reasons  superior  to  its  predecessors.  It  is  written  very  care- 
fully, and  with  much  knowledge  and  experience  on  the  author's  part, 
whilst  it  possesses  the  great  advantage  of  binnging  up  the  subject  to  the 
present  level  of  Medical  Science." 

The  Medical  Times  and  Gazette,  in  an  article  upon  this  work  and 
Moore's  "Eamily  Medicine  for  India,"  says: — The  two  works  before 
us  are  in  themselves  probably  about  the  best  examples  of  medical 
works  written  for  non-professional  readers.  The  style  of  each  is  simple, 
and  as  free  as  possible  from  technical  expressions.  The  modes  of  treat- 
ment recommended  are  generally  those  most  likely  to  yield  good  results  in 
the  hands  of  laymen  ;  and  throughout  each  volume  the  important  fact  is 
kept  constantly,  before  the  mind  of  the  reader,  that  the  volume  he  is  using 
is  but  a  poor  substitute  for  personal  professional  advice,  for  which  it 
must  be  discarded  whenever  there  is  the  opportunity. 

A  Tea  Planter's  Life  in  Assam.  By  George  M. 
Barker.  With  Seventy-five  Illustrations  by  the  Author. 
Crown  8vo.     Rs.  5.     (7s.  6d.) 

"  Mr.  Barker  has  supplied  us  with  a  very  good  and  readable  description, 
accompanied  by  numerous  illustrations  drawn  by  himself.  What  may  be 
called  the  business  parts  of  the  book  are  of  most  value." — Contemporary 
Review. 

"  Cheery,  well-written  little  book." — Graphic. 

"  A  very  interesting  and  amusing  book,  artistically  illustrated  from 
sketches  drawn  by  the  Author." — Mark  Lane  Express. 

A  Complete  List  of  Indian  Tea  Gardens,  Indigo 

Concerns,     Silk     Filatures,     Sugar     Factories,     Cinchona 
Concerns,    and     Coffee     Estates.      With    their     Capital, 
Directors,  Proprietors,  Agents,  Managers,  Assistants,  &c., 
and    their  Factory  Marks   by  which  the    chests   may  be 
identified  in  the  market.     5  s. 
"  The  strong  point  of  the  book  is  the  reproduction  of  the  factory  marks, 
which  are  presented  side  by  side  with  the  letterpress.     To  buyers  of  tea 
and  other  Indian  products  on  this  side,  the  work  needs  no  recommenda- 
tion."— British  Trade  Journal. 

The  Tea  Estates  of  Ceylon,  their  Acreage  and 
Proprietors.  Is.  Cd.,  or  with  the  "  Indian  Tea 
Gardens,"  6s. 


W.   Thacker  ^-  Co.,  London.  xi 

Merces'  Indian  and  English  Exchange   Tables 

from  Is.  4d.  to  Is.  8d.  per  JKupee.  Kew  Edition.  In  this 
Edition  the  rate  rises  by  32nds  of  a  penny,  to  meet  the 
requirements  of  Financiers.  The  progression  of  the  numbers 
is  by  units  ;  thus,  in  most  instances,  saving  a  line  of 
calculation.  Accuracy,  facihty  of  reference,  and  perfectly 
clear  printing,  render  it  the  most  perfect  work  in  existence. 
Demy  8vo.  Ks.  10.  (15s.) 
Supplement  containing  1/5  to  1/5|4-.  Es.  3-8.  (5s.) 
ditto  1/4  to  l/4|i.     Es.  3-8.  (5s.) 

"  In  this  new  edition  of  Mr.  Merces'  useful  work,  the  calculations  have 
been  extended  to  thirty-seconds  of  a  penny,  and  all  sums  from  £1  to  £100, 
and  from  1  to  100  rupees,  are  made  to  advance  by  units." — Economist. 

"We  heartily  recommend  these  tables,  both  for  their  reliability  and 
for  the  great  saving  in  time  that  will  be  gained  by  their  employment." — 
Financier. 

Our  Administration  of  India  :''',being  a  ^  complete 
Account  of  the  Eevenue  and  CoUectorate  Administration 
in  all  Departments,  with  special  reference  to  the  Work 
and  Duties  of  a  District  Officer  in  Bengal.  By  H.  A.  D. 
Phillips.     Es.  4-4.     (6s.) 

"  In  eleven  chapters  Mr.  Phillips  give^  a  complete  epitome  of  the  civil, 
in  distinction  from  the  criminal,  duties  of  an  Indian  Collector.  The 
information  is  all  derived  from  personal  experience.  A  polemical  interest 
runs  through  the  book,  but  this  does  not  detract  from  the  value  of  the 
very  complete  collections  of  facts  and  statistics  given." — London  Q.uarterly 
Review. 

"  It  contains  much  information  in  a  convenient  form  for  English  readers 
who  wish  to  study  the  working  of  our  system  in  the  country  districts  of 
India." — Westminster  Review. 

"  A  very  handy  and  useful  book  of  information  upon  a  very  momentous 
subject,  about  which  Englishmen  know  very  little," — Pall  Mall  Gazette. 

The    Beconnoitrer's    Guide    and    Field    Book, 

adapted  for  India.     By  Lieut. -Col.  M.  J.  King-Harman, 

B.S.C.     Second  Edition,  Eevised  and  Enlarged.     In  roan. 

Es.  3. 

It  contains  all  that  is  required  for  the  guidance  of  the  Military 

Eeconnoitrer  in  India  :  it  can  be  used  as  an  ordinary  Pocket  Note 

Book,  or  as  a  Field  Message  Book;  the  pages  are  ruled  as  a 

Field    Book,     and    in    sections,    for    written     description    or 

sketch. 

"  To  officers  serving  in  India  this  guide  will  be  invaluable." — Broad 
Arroio. 


xii  Thacker,  Sjnnk  ^  Co.,  Calcutta. 

Tales  from  Indian  History :  being  the  Annals  of 
India  retold  in  Narratives.  By  J.  Talboys  Wheeler. 
Crown  8vo.,  cloth  gilt.     Es.  3-4.     (5s.) 

"  No  young  reader  who  revolts  at  the  ordinary  history  presented  to  him 
in  his  school  books  will  hesitate  to  take  up  this.  No  one  can  read  a  volunre 
such  as  this  without  being  deeply  interested." — Scotsman. 

"  While  the  work  has  been  written  for  them  (natives),  it  has  also  been 
written  for  the  people  of  England,  who  will  find  in  the  volume,  perhaps  for 
the  first  time,  the  history  of  our  great  dependency  made  extremely  attractive 
reading.  Mr.  Wheeler's  narrative  is  written  in  a  most  careful  style  ; 
indeed,  he  is  master  of  the  English  language.  He  does  not  confine  himself 
to  the  mere  dry  details  of  history,  but  tells  the  adventures  of  Indian  heroes 
and  heroines  in  legends  of  love  and  war ;  describes  the  village  communities 
of  India,  their  organization  and  self-government  ;  delineates  the  results  of 
caste,  infant  marriage,  and  other  Hindu  institutions  and  usages  as  seen  in 
the  family  and  social  life  of  the  people  in  villages  and  towns,  as  well  as  in 
courts  and  palaces.  .  .  .  The  work  also  contains  valuable  observations 
on  the  foreign  relations  of  the  Indian  Empire  with  Persia,  Russia,  Turkey, 
and  China.     Altogether  this  is  a  work  of  rare  merit." — Broad  Arrow. 

"  In  going  through  an  interesting  book,  the  reader  will  be  furnished  with 
a  good  general  notion  of  Indian  history,  and  learn  besides  something  about 
Indian  modes  of  life." — Queen. 

' '  Will  absorb  the  attention  of  all  who  delight  in  thrilling  records  of 
adventure  and  daring.  It  is  no  mere  compilation,  but  an  earnest  and 
brightly- written  book." — Daily  Chronicle. 

"  This  little  volume  contains  a  history  of  India  in  the  form  of  tales  and 
narratives,  intended  by  the  author  for  the  people  of  India  as  well  as  for 
those  of  the  British  Isles." — Army  and  Navy  Gazette. 

The    Student's  Manual  of  Tactics.    By  Capt.    M 
Horace  Hayes.  Specially  written  for  the  use  of  candidates 
preparing  for  the  Militia,  Military  Competitive  Examina- 
tions, and  for  promotion.     Crown  8vo.     Es.  4-4.     (6s.) 
Definitions.  viii.  Advanced  Guards. 

I.  Composition  of  an  Army. 
II.  Infantry. 

III.  Artillery. 

IV.  Cavalry. 
V.  Formations  :  Time  and  Space. 

VI.  Outposts. 
VII.  Screening  and  Reconnoitring. 


IX.  Rear  Guards. 
X.  Marches. 
XI.  The  Attack. 

XII.  The  Defence. 

XIII.  Villages. 

XIV.  Woods. 

XV.  Machine  Guns. 


There  is  no  better  Manual  on  Tactics  than  the  one  which  Captaii' 
Hayes  has  written." — Naval  and  Military  Gazette. 

"  *  The  Student's  Manual  of  Tactics  '  is  an  excellent  book.  Principles  are 
reasoned  out,  and  details  explained  in  such  a  way  that  the  student  cannot 
fail  to  get  a  good  grasp  of  the  subject.  Having  served  in  both  the  artillery 
and  infantry,  and  being  a  practical  writer,  as  well  as  '  a  coach,'  the  author 
of  this  manual  had  exceptional  qualifications  for  the  task  he  has  accom- 
plished."—5?-oacZ  Arrow. 


W.   Thaclcer  ^  Co.,  London.  xiii 

Under  Patronage  of  the  Secretary  op  State. 
In  Royal  8vo.     Rs.  22.     (31s.  6d,) 

Statistics  of  Hydraulic  Works,  and  Hydrology 

of  England,    Canada,  Egypt,   and  India.       Collected  and 
reduced  by  Lowis  D'A.  Jackson,  C.E.,  Autlior  of  "Canal 
and    Culvert   Tables,"     "  Hydraulic    Manual,"     "  Aid  to 
Engineering  Solution,"  &c. 
"...  The  intention  of  the  author  being  apparently  to  bring  together  in  a 
compact  and  easily  accessible  form  a  mass  of  information,  which  is  for  the 
most  part  at  present  buried  in  official  archives,    or  not  readily  attainable 
even  to  professional  men.     Though  apparently  compiled  primarily  for  the 
benefit  of  the  India  Public  Works'  Department,  the  book  contains  much  in- 
formation which  is  not  generally  known  in  England  even  amongst  engineers, 
especially  as  regards  the  gigantic   scale  on   which   hydraulic  works  are 
carried  out  in  foreign  countries.     Mr.   Jackson's  book  concludes  with  a 
short  account  of  the  works  carried  out  in  Ceylon." — The  Builder. 

"  In  this  work  a  successful  attempt  has  been  made  to  collect  and  arrange 
in  a  systematic  order  facts  and  data.  .  .  .  The  order  in  which  the 
subjects  are  arranged  being  river  basins  :  their  area  in  square  mUes, 
geology  and  rainfall,  canals  and  navigation,  storage  works,  irrigation  with 
sewage,  analysis  of  water  and  of  factory  effluents,  &c.  The  statistics 
relating  to  canals  have  been  compiled  with  much  care.  Irrigation  with 
sewage  is  a  full  and  complete  chapter.  The  analysis  of  water  will  be 
welcomed  as  a  very  useful  summary.  The  hydrology  of  Canada,  Egypt, 
and  India,  especially  the  latter,  is  very  carefully  tabulated.  The  latter 
portion  of  Mr.  Jackson's  laborious  work  will  be  of  considerable  value  to 
engineers  of  the  Indian  Public  Works'  Department." — Building  Neivs. 

A  Manual  of  Surveying  for  India,  detailing  the 
mode  of  operations  on  the  Trigonometrical,  Topographical 
and  Eevenue  Surveys  of  India.     Compiled  by  Sir  H.  L. 
Thuillier,  K.C.S.I.,  and  Lieut. -Col.  E.  Smyth.    Prepared 
for  the  use  of  the  Survey  Department,  and  published  under 
the  authority  of  the  Government  of  India.     Eoyal  8vo 
Es.  16.     (30s.) 
The  Hindoos  as  they  are  :  a  description  of  the  Manners 
Customs,    and   Inner   Life  of  Hindoo   Society.      Bengal. 
By    Shib   Chunder   Bose.      Second   Edition.      Eevised. 
Crown  8vo.     Es.  5. 
"  Lifts  the  veil  from  the  inner  domestic  life  of  his  countrymen." —  West- 
minster Revieio. 

A  Memoir  of  the  late  Justice  Onoocool  Chunder 
Mookerjee.    By  M.  Mookerjee.  Third  Edition.    12mo. 
Ee.  1.  (2s.  6d.) 
The  Biography  of  a  Native  Judge,  by  a  native,  forming  a  most 
interesting  and  amusing  illustration  of  Indian  English. 

"  The  reader  is  earnestly  advised  to  procure  the  life  of  this  gentleman, 
written  by  his  nephew,  and  read  it." — The  Tribes  on  my  Frontier. 


Tliacker,  Spink  ^'  Co.,  Calcutta. 


Hints  on  the  Study  of  English.  By  F.  J.  Kowe, 
M.A.,  and  W.  T.  Webb^  M.A.,  Professors  of  English  Litera- 
tnre,  Presidency  College,  Calcutta,  j^ew  Edition,  Eevised, 
Crown  8vo.,  cloth.     Rs.  2-8.  1887. 

This  Edition  has  been  carefullyrevised  throughout, and  contains 
a  large  amount  of  new  matter,  specially  adapted  to  the  requirements 
of  Native  Students  and  Candidates  for  University  Examination. 

"  Messrs.  Rowe  and  Webb  have  thoroughly  grasped  not  only  the  rela- 
tions between  the  EngU-h  tongue  and  other  tongues,  but  the  fact  that 
there  is  an  English  tongue.  .  .  .  We  are  thoroughly  glad  to  see  native 
Indian  students  of  English  taught  the  history  and  nature  of  our  language 
in  a  way  in  which,  only  a  few  years  back,  no  one  would  have  been  taught 
at  home." — Saturday  Review. 

"In  the  work  before  us,  Messrs,  Howe  and  Webb  have  produced  what, 
for  the  special  purpose  for  which  it  is  intended,  viz. — the  instruction  of 
native  and  Eurasian  students — is  by  far  the  best  manual  of  the  English 
languagewe  have  yet  seen." — Englishman. 

"  So  far  as  it  goes,  this  is  one  of  the  most  satisfactory  books  of  the  kind 
that  we  have  seen.  No  point  tonched  upon  is  slurred  over  ;  a  great  deal 
of  matter  is  condensed  into  a  small  compass,  and  at  the  same  time  expressed 
in  a  simple,  easy  style.  .  .  .  Taking  it  as  a  whole,  this  is  a  scholarly  little 
work;  and,  as  such,  its  usefulness  will  not  be  limited  to  one  small  class  of 
students." — Times  of  India. 

"  I  wish  to  say  that  the  book  shows  wonderful  toil  and  care,  and  is  above 
the  average  even  for  purely  English  readers :  for  the  particiilar  purpose,  it 
is,  I  should  suppose,  admirable." — Extract  from  a  letter  from  the  Rev.  W.  W. 
SJceat,  M.A.,  Professor  of  Anglo-Saxon  in  the  University  of  Cambridge. 

A  Companion  Reader  to  "Hints  on  the  Study  of  English." 
(Eighteenth  Thousand.)     Demy  8vo.     Price  Es.  1-4. 

"  The  passages  selected  are,  in  most  cases,  admirably  adapted  for  the 
purpose  in  view,  and  the  notes  generally  give  the  student  neither  less  than 
he  ought  to  expect,  nor  more  than  he  ought  to  get." — Englishman. 

"  We  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  Messrs.  Kowe  and  Webb  have 
rendered  excellent  service  to  the  cause  of  education  in  their  selections  and 
their  method  of  treatingthem  forthe  purpose  intended," — Indian  Daily  Neivs. 

"  The  authors  of  the  '  Hints  '  have  rendered  an  additional  service  to  the 
cause  of  English  education,  by  supplying  a  '  Companion  Eeader,'  of  whose 
merits  it  woidd  not  be  easy  to  speak  too  highly.  ...  It  is  not  merely  a 
Reader,  but  a  most  suggestive  and  judicious  giiide  to  teachers  and  students." 
— Friend  of  India.  Crown  8 vo.  Us.  4,  (7s.  6d.) 

Indian  Lyrics.  By  W.  Teego  Webb,  M.A.,  Bengal 
Education  Service.     Square  8vo,,  cloth  gilt.     Rs.  4. 

"  He  presents  the  various  sorts  and  conditions  of  humanity  that  comprise 

the  round  of  life  in  Bengal  in  a  series  of  vivid  vignettes He 

writes  with  scholarly  directness  and  finish," — Saturday  Review. 

"A  pleasant  book  to  read," — Suffolk  Chronicle. 

"The  style  is  pretty  pleasant,  and  the  verses  run  smooth  and  melodious," — 
Indian  Mail. 


W.   Thacker  ^  Co.,  London.  xv 

Landholding ;  and  the  Relation  of  Landlord  and 

Tenant  in  Various  Countries   of  the  World.      By   C.  D. 
Field,  M.A.,  LL.D.     8vo.,  cloth.     Es.  17-12.  (36s.) 

"  The  latter  half  of  this  bulky  volume  is  devoted  to  an  exhaustive  de- 
scription and  examination  of  the  various  systems  of  Land  Tenure  that  have 
existed  or  which  now  exist  in  British  India.  .  .  .  We  may  take  it 
that  as  regards  Indian  laws  and  customs  Mr  Field  shows  himself  to  be 
at  once  an  able  and  skilled  authority.  In  order,  however,  to  render  his 
work  more  complete,  he  has  compiled,  chiefly  from  Blue-books  and  similar 
public  sources,  a  mass  of  information  having  reference  to  the  land  laws  of 
most  European  countries,  of  the  United  States  of  America,  and  our 
Australasian  colonies.  .  .  .  The  points  of  comparison  between  the 
systems  of  land  tenure  existing  up  till  recently  in  Ireland,  and  the  system 
of  land  tenure  introduced  into  India  by  the  English  under  a  mistaken 
impression  as  tothe  relative  position  of  ryots  and  zemindars,  are  well  brought 
out  by  Mr.  Field.  He  indicates  clearly  the  imminence  of  a  Land  Question 
of  immense  magnitude  in  India,  and  indicates  pretty  plainly  his  belief  that 
a  system  of  tenancy  ba^ed  on  contract  is  unsuited  to  the  habits  of  the 
Indian  population,  and  that  it  must  be  abolished  in  favour  of  a  system  the 
main  features  of  which  would  be  fixty  of  tenure  and  judicial  rents." — Field. 

"  A  work  such  as  this  was  urgently  required  at  the  present  junction  of 
discussion  upon  the  landowning  question.  Mi\  Justice  Field  has  treated 
his  subject  with  judicial  impartiality,  and  his  style  of  writing  is  power- 
ful and  perspicuous." — Notes  and  Queines. 

"  Mr.  Justice  Field's  new  work  on  '  Landholding,  and  the  Eelation 
OF  Landloed  and  Tenant  in  Vaeious  Countries,'  supplies  a  want 
much  felt  by  the  leading  public  men  in  Bengal.  .  .  .  He  gives 
a  complete  account  of  the  agrarian  question  in  Ireland  up  to  the  present 
day,  which  is  the  best  thing  on  the  subject  we  have  hitherto 
seen.  Then  he  has  chapters  as  to  the  Roman  law,  the  Feudal 
system,  English  law,  Prussian,  French,  German,  Belgium,  Dutch,  Danish 
Swedish,  Swiss,  Austrian,  Italian,  Greek,  Spanish,  Portuguese,  Russian 
and  Turkish  land  laws,  which  .  .  .  will  enable  controversialists  to 
appear  omniscient.  On  the  Indian  law  he  tells  us  all  that  is  known  in 
Bengal  or  applicable  in  this  province." — Friend  of  India  and  Statesman. 

Bantings  in  India,  with  some  Remarks  on  Diet 

and  Things  in  General.     By  Surgeon-Major  Joshua  Duke. 
Third  Edition.     Cloth.     Ke.  1-8. 

Queries  at  a  Mess  Table.    What  shall  we  Eat  ? 

What  shall  we  Drink  %  By  Surgeon- Major  Joshua  Duke. 
Fcap.  8vo.,  cloth,  gilt.  Es.  2-4. 
Culinary  Jottings.  A  Treatise  in  Thirty  Chapters,  on 
Reformed  Cookery  for  Anglo-Indian  Exiles.  Based  upon 
Modern  English  and  Continental  principles.  AVith  thirty 
Menus  of  Little  Dinners  worked  out  in  detail,  and  an 
Essay  on  our  kitchens  in  India.  By  "Wyvern."  8vo., 
cloth.     Es.  5-8. 


xvi  Thacher,  Spink  ^  Co.,  Calcutta, 

A  Text-Book  of  Indian  Botany,  Morphological, 

Physiological,  and  Systematic.  Profusely  Illustrated.  By 
W.  H.  Gregg,  B.M.S.,  Lecturer  on  Botany  at  the  HugH 
Government  College,    Cr.  8vo.    Es.  5  ;  interleaved,  Es.  5-8. 

Manual  of  Agriculture  for  India.    By  Lt.  Frederick 

PoGsoN.     Illustrated.       Crown  8vo.,  cloth,  gilt.       Es.   5 

(7s.  6d.) 

Contents. — Origin    and  general    character    of    soils — Ploughing    and 

Preparing  the  ground  for  sowing  seed — Manures  and  Composts — Wheat 

cultivation  —  Barley  —  Oats  —  Rye  —  Pice  —  Maize  —  Sugar  -  producing 

Sorghums — Common,  or  non-sugar-producing  Sorghums — Sugar-cane  Crops 

— Oil-seed  Crops — Field  Pea,  Japan  Pea,  and  Bean  Crops — Dall,  or  Pulse 

Crops — Root  Crops — Cold  Spice  Crops — Fodder  Plants — Water-nut  Crops 

— Ground-nut  Crops — The  Rush-nut,  vel  Chufas — Cotton  Crops — Tobacoo 

Crops — Mensuration — Appendix. 

Roxburgh's  Flora  Indica ;    or,  Description   of 

Indian  Plants.  Eeprinted  literatim  from  Gary's  Edition. 
8vo.,  cloth.     Es.  5  (10s.  6d.) 

The  Future  of  the  Date  Palm  in  India.  (Phoenix 
Dactylifera.)  By  E.  Bonavia,  M.D.,  Brigade-Surgeon, 
Indian  Medical  Department.     Crown  8vo.,  cloth.     Es.  2-8. 

Kashgaria    (Eastern    or    Chinese     Turkestan), 

Historical,  Geographical,  Military,  and  Industrial.  By  Col. 
KuBOPATKiN,  Eussian  Army.  Translated  by  Major  Gowan, 
H.M's.  Indian  Army.  8vo.  Es.  6-8.  (10s.  6d.) 
Mandalay  to  Momien :  a  Narrative  of  the  Two  Expedi- 
tions to  Western  China  of  1868  and  1875,  under  Cols. 
E.  B.  Sladen  and  H.  Browne.  Three  Maps,  numerous 
Views  and  Wood-cuts.  By  John  M.  D.  Anderson. 
Thick  demy  8vo.,  cloth.     Es.  5.  [1876. 

British  Burma  and  its  People :  being  Sketches  of 
Native  Manners,  Customs,  and  Eeligion.  By  Capt. 
C.  J.  F.  S.  EoRBES.     8vo.,  cloth.     Es.  4-2.  [1878. 

Myam-Ma:    The    Home    of  the    Burman.      By 

TsAYA  (Eev.  H.  Powell).  Crown  8vo.  Es.  2.    [May,  1886. 

A  Critical  Exposition  of  the  Popular   ''  Jihad," 

showing  that  all  the  Wars  of  Mohammad  were  defensive, 
and  that  Aggressive  War  or  Compulsory  Conversion  is  not 
allowed  in  the  Koran,  &c.  By  Moulavi  Cheragh  Ali, 
Author  of  "  Eeforms  under  Moslem  Eule,''  "  Hyderabad 
under  Sir  Salar  Jung."     8vo.     Es.  6. 


W.   Thacker  Sf  Co.,  London.  xvii 


Ancient  India  as  described  by  Ptolemy :  Being  a 
Translation  of  tlie  Chapters  on  India  and  on  Central  and 
Eastern  Asia  in  the  Treatise  on  Geography  by  Klauclios 
Ptolemaios,  the  celebrated  Astronomer  :  with  Introduction, 
Commentary,  Map  of  India  according  to  Ptolemy,  and 
a  very  copious  Index.  By  J.  W.  McCkindle,  M.A.  8vo., 
cloth,  lettered.     Ks.  4-4. 

The  Life  of  H.M.  Glueeii  Victoria,  Empress  of 
India.  By  John  J.  Pool,  Editor,  "Indian  Missionary." 
With  an  Original  Portrait  from  a  Wax  Medallion  by  Signor 
C.  Moscatti,  Assistant  Engraver,  Her  Majesty's  Mint,  Cal- 
cutta.    Crown  8vo.     Paper,  Ee.  1.     Cloth,  Re.  1-4. 

From  the  City  of  Palaces  to  Ultima  Thule. 
By  H.  K.  Gordon,  with  a  Map. 

Poppied  Sleep.  By  Mrs.  H.  A.  Eletcher,  Author  of 
"  Here's  Rue  for  You." 

The  Bengal  Medical  Service,  April,  1886.     Com- 
piled by  G.  E.  A.  Harris,  Surgeon,  Bengal  Medical  Service. 
Royal  8vo.     Rs.  2. 
A  Gradation  List  giving  Medical  and  Surgical  Degrees  and 

Diplomas,    and    Universities,    Colleges,    Hospitals,    and    War 

Services,  etc.,  etc. 

Ague ;  or  Intermittent  Fever.  By  M.  D.  O'Connell, 
M.D.     8vo.,  sewed.     Rs.  2. 

Book  of  Indian  Eras. — With  Tables  for  calculating 
Indian  Dates.  By  Alexander  Cunningham,  C.S.L,  CLE  , 
Major-GenL,  R.E.,  Bengal.     Royal  8vo.,  cloth.     Rs.  12. 

Protestant  Missions. — The  Eourth  Decennial  statistical 
Tables  of  Protestant  Missions  in  India,  Ceylon,  and  Burmah. 
Prepared,  on  information  collected  at  the  close  of  1881,  by 
the  Rev.  J.  Hector,  M. A.,  Eree  Church  of  Scotland ;  the 
Rev.  H.  P.  Parker,  M.A.,  Church  Missionary  Society,  and 
the  Rev.  J.  E.  Payne,  London  Missionary  Society,  at  the 
request  of  the  Calcutta  Missionary  Conference,  and  with 
the  concurrence  of  the  Madras  and  Bombay  Missionary 
Conferences.     Super-Royal  8vo.     Rs.  2-8. 

A  Map  of  the  Civil  Divisions  in  India,  including 
Governments,  Divisions,  and  Districts,  Political  Agencies  and 
Native  States.     Folded.     Rs.  1. 


XVlll 


Thackei\  Sxnnk  ^  Co.,  Calcutta. 


The  Laws  of  Wealth.    By  Horace  Bell.    Third  Edition.       ^ 

Fcap.  8vo.     8  Ans. 
Calcutta   to  Liverpool   by    China,   Japan,   and 

America,  in  1877.     By  Lieut.-General  Sir  Henry  Norman. 
Second  Edition.     Ecap.  8vo.,  cloth.     Es.  2-8.     (3s.  6d.) 
The  only  book   published  on  this  interesting  route  between 
India  and  England. 

Guide  to  Masuri,  Landaur,  Dehra  Dun,  and  the 

Hills  North  of  Dehra;  including  Routes  to  the  Snows 
and  other  places  of  note ;  with  Chapters  on  Garhwal 
(Tehri),  Hardwar,  Rurki,  and  Chakrata.  By  John 
NORTHAM.      Es.  2-8. 

A  Handbook  for  Visitors  to  Agra  and  its  Neigh- 
bourhood. By  H.  G.  Keene,  C.S.  Eourth  Edition. 
Revised.     Maps,  Plans,  &c.     Fcap.  8vo.,  cloth.     Es.  2-8. 

A  Handbook  for  Visitors  to  Delhi  and  its  Neigh- 
bourhood. ByH.  G.  Keene,  C.S.  Third  Edition.  Maps. 
Ecap.  8vo.,  cloth.     Es.  2-8. 

A  Handbook  for  Visitors  to  Allahabad,  Cawn- 

pore,  and  Lucknow.  By  H.  G.  Keene,  C.S.  Second 
Edition,  re-written  and  enlarged.     Ecap.  8vo.     Es.  2-8. 

Hills  beyond  Simla.  Three  Months'  Tour  from  Simla, 
through  Bussahir,  Kunowar,  and  Spiti,  to  LahouL  ("In 
the  Eootsteps  of  the  'FQ^Y.'')  By  Mrs.  J.  C.  Murray- 
Aynsley.     Crown  8vo,  cloth.     Es.  3. 

Son    Gruel ;    or,   What  he  met  i'  the  Mofussil   (after  two  ' 
Noble  Lords).     Cantos  I  and  II.     Ecap.  8vo.     Ee.  1  each. 

An  Historical  Account  of  the  Calcutta  CoUec- 

torate.  Erom  the  days  of  the  Zemindars  to  the  present  time. 
By  E.  C.  Sterndale,  author  of  "Municipal  Work  in  India." 
8vo.,  cloth.     Es.  2. 

Departmental    Ditties    and    other    Verses.     By 

EuDYARD    Kepling.      Sccoud  Edition.     With  additional 
Yerses.     Imp.  8vo.     Ee.  1-8. 
Life :    An   Explanation   of    it.       By    W.    Sedgwick,    Major, 
E.E.     Crown  8vo.,  cloth.     Es.  2. 

Elementary  Statics  and  Dynamics.     By  W.   :N'. 

Boutflower,  B.A.^  late  Scholar  of  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  and  Professor  of  Mathematics,  Muir  Central 
CoUege,  Allahabad.     Crown  8vo.     Es.  3-8. 


TF,  Timelier  ^'  Co,,  London,  xix 

The    Landmarks  of   Snake  Poison  Literature. 

By  YiNCENT  EiCHAEDS,  F.E.C.S.  Crown  8vo.  Second 
Edition.     Es.  2-8. 

A  Key  to  the  Entrance  Course,  1888.  Palgrave's 
Student's  Lyrics  and  a  A  Book  of  Worthies.  As  Selected 
for  the  Calcutta  University  Entrance  Examination,  1888. 
By  F.  J.  EowE,  M.A.,  Professor,  Presidency  College. 
Ecap.  8vo.,  314  pp.     Es.  2-4  ;  post  free,  Es.  2-6 

Indian -English  and  Indian  Character.    By  Ellis 

Underwood.     Ecap  8vo.     Es.  1. 
The  Trial  of  Maharaja  Nanda  Kumar.    A  :N^arrative 

of  a  Judicial   Murder.     By   H.    Beveridge,    C.S.     8vo., 

cloth.     Es.  10. 
Cherry  Blossoms :    A  Yoiume  of    Poetry.      By  Greece 

Ch.  Dutt.     Crown  8vo,,  6s. 

The  Indian  Tribute  and  the  Loss  by  Exchange. 

An  Essay  on  the  Depreciation  of  Indian  Commodities  in 
England,  &c.,  and  the  utter  failure  of  Bimetallism  as  a 
remedy  for  India's  growing  burden.  By  Thomas  Inwood 
Pollard,  author  of  ^'  Gold  and  Silver  Weighed  in  the 
Balance."     Crown  8yo.,  cloth.     Es.  2-8. 

Gold    and    Silver  weighed  in    the  Balance:    A 

measure  of  their  value  ;  an  essay  on  wealth  and  its  distribu- 
tions during  fluctuations  in  the  value  of  Gold  and  Silver. 
By  Thomas  Inwood  Pollard,  author  of  "The  Indian 
Tribute,  &c."     Crown  8vo.,  cloth.     Es.  2-8. 

Seonee  :  or,  Camp  Life  on  the  Satpura  Eange.  A  Tale  of 
Indian  Adventure.  By  E.  A.  Sterndale,  Author  of 
"Mammalia  of  India,"  "Denizens  of  the  Jungles."  Illus- 
trated by  the  Author.  With  an  Appendix  containing  an 
account  of  the  District  of  Seonee  in  the  Central  Provinces 
of  India.  Second  and  cheaper  edition,  post  8vo.  Es.  6. 
(8s.  6d.) 

Soundness  and  Age  of  Horses.     With  one  hundred 

illustrations.  A  Complete  Guide  to  all  those  features 
which  require  attention  when  purchasing  Horses,  distin- 
guishing mere  defects  from  the  symptoms  of  unsound- 
ness, with  explicit  instructions  how  to  conduct  an  exa- 
mination of  the  various  parts.  By  Capt.  M.  H.  Hates. 
Post  8vo.     Es.  6  (8s.  6d.) 


XX  Thacker^  Spink  ^  Co.,  Calcutta. 

WORKS  IN  THE  PRESS. 
On  Horse  Breaking.   By  Capt.  M.  H.  Hayes.   Numerous 
Illustrations  by  J.  H.  Oswald  Beown.     Square. 

1.    Theory   of    Horse   Breaking.      2.    Principles   of   Mounting. 

3.  Horse  Control.     4.  Rendering  Docile.     5.  Giving  Good  Mouths. 

6.  Teaching  to  Jump.     7.  Mount  for  First  Time.     8.  Breaking  for 

Ladies'  Riding.     9.     Breaking  to  Harness.     10.  Faults  of  Mouth. 

11.    Nervousness   and   Impatience.      12.    Jibbing.      13.    Jumping 

Faults.     14.  Faults  in  Harness.     15.  Aggressiveness.     16.  Riding 

and  Driving  Newly-Broken  Horse.     17.  Stable  Vices. 

The  Points  of  the  Horse.    A  Familiar  Treatise  on  Equine 

Conformation.     By  Capt.  M.  H.  Hayes.     Illustrated  by 

J.  H.  Oswald  Brown.     Describing  the  points  in  which  the 

perfection  of  each  class  of  horses  consists;  illustrated  by  very 

numerous  reproductions  of  Photographs  of  Living  Typical 

Animals:  forming  an  invaluable  guide  to  owners  of  horses. 

Echoes  from  Old  Calcutta :  being  chiefly  Reminiscences 

of  the  days  of  Warren  Hastings,  Francis,  and  Impey.     By 

H.  E.  BusTEED.     Second  Edition.     Illustrated. 

"  Dr.  Busteed  has  made  an  eminently  readable,  entertaining,  and  by  no 

means  uninstructive  volume  ;  there  is  not  a  dull  page  in  the  whole  book." 

— Saturday  Revieio. 

"The  book  will  be  read  by  all  interested  in  India." — Army  and  Navy 
Magazine. 

Hand-Book  to  the  Drill  in  "  Extended  Order." 

Part  III.     Field  Exercise.     1884.     With  Plates. 
The  Culture  and  Manufacture  of  Indigo,  with  a 
Description  of  a  Planter's  Life  and  Resources.     By  Walter 
Maclagan  Reid.    Crown  8vo.    With  twenty  full-page  Illus- 
trations. 
•'  It  is  proposed  in  the  following  Sketches  of  Indigo  Life  in  Tirhoot  and 
Lower  Bengal  to  give  those  who  have  never  witnessed  the  manufacture  of 
Indigo,  or  seen  an  Indigo  Factory  in  this  country,  an  idea  of  how  the  finished 
marketable  article  is  produced  :  together  with  other  phases  and  incidents 
of  an  Indigo  Planter's  life,  such  as  may  be  interesting  and  amusing  to 
friends  at  home." — Introduction. 

Firminger^s    Manual   of  Gardening  for    India. 

A  New  Edition,  thoroughly  Revised  and  Re-written.     With 

many  Illustrations.      By  J.   H.   Jackson,  Editor,  Indian 

Agriculturist. 
Ince's  Guide  to  Kashmir.    Revised  and  Re-written.    By 

Surgeon-Major  Joshua  Duke. 
Game,  Shore,  and  Water  Birds  of  India.    By  Col. 

A.  Le  Messurier,  R.E.,  with  111  Illustrations.     Avade 

mecum  for  Sportsmen. 


W.  Thacker  <&  Co.,  London.  xxi 


LAW    PUBLICATIONS. 

Maaual  of  Revenue  and  CoUeetorate  Law :  with 
Important  Eulings  and  Annotations.  By  H.  A.  D. 
Phillips,  Bengal  Civil  Service.  Crown  8vo.  cloth. 
Es.  10.     (21s.) 

Contents  : — Alluvion  and  Diluvion,  Certificate,  Cesses,  Koad  and 
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Stamps,  Survey,  and  Wards. 

The  Negotiable  Instruments  Act,  1881 :  being  an 
Act  to  define  and  amend  the  Law  relating  to  Promissory 
Notes,  Bills  of  Exchange  and  Cheques.  Edited  by  M.  D. 
Chalmers,  M.A.,  Barrister-at-Law,  Author  of  "  A  Digest 
of  the  Law  of  Bills  of  Exchange,''  &c.,  and  Editor  of 
Wilson's  "Judicature  Acts."    8vo.,  cloth.    Es.  7.   (lOs.  6d.) 

A  Commentary  on  Hindu  Law  of  Inheritance, 

Succession,  Partition,  Adoption,  Marriage,   Stridhan,   and 

Testamentary  Disposition.      By  Pundit   Jogendro   Nath 

Bhattacharji  Smarta  SiROiL^Ni,  M.A.,  D.L.     Demy  8vo. 

Price  Rs.  12,  cloth,  gilt. 

"  All  the  important  questions  of  Hindu  Law  are  discussed  in  this  work  in 

accordance  with  those  rules  and  principles  which  are  recognized  among 

Hindu  jurists  as  beyond  dispute.     By  going  through  the  work  the  reader 

will  become   familiar  with   the   Hindu   lawyers'  modes  of   thought  and 

reasoning,  and  will  be  prepared  to  argue  or  discuss  any  point  of  Hindu  Law. 

"  Babu  Bhattacharji  is  the  greatest  name  in  the  recent  history  of  the 

University.      He   has   already   made  his   mark,  having  written  a  really 

original  work  on  Hindu  Law,  which  must  assert  itself  against  the  crude 

compilations  and  false  views   of   European   writers." — Reis  and  Rayyat, 

December  26th,  1885. 

The  Indian  Limitation  Act;  Act  XV.  of  1877.    (As 

amended  by  Act  XIL  of  1879,  and  subsequent  enact- 
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A  Ohaukidari  Manual ;  being  Act  VL  (B.C.)  of  1870,  as 
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Rules,  Government  Orders,  and  Inspection  Notes.  By  G. 
ToYNBEE,  CS,  Magistrate  of  Hooghly.  Crown  8vo. cloth.  R,  1, 


xxii  Thaclcer,  Spink  cj-  Co.,  Calcutta. 

Manual  of  the  Revenue  Sale  Law  and  Certificate 

Procedure  of  Lower  Eengal,  being  Act  XI.  of  1859;  Act 
VII.  (B.C.)  of  1868;  cancl  Act  Yll.  (B.C.)  of  1880  :  The 
Public  Demands  Eecovery  Act,  including  Selections  from 
the  Kules  and  Circular  Orders  of  the  Board  of  Kevenue. 
With  Notes.  By  W.  H.  Grimley,  B.A,,  C.S.  8vo. 
Es.  5-8  ;  interleaved,  Es.  6. 

The  Horth- Western  Provinces'  Rent  Act,  being 
Act  XII.  of  1881,  as  amended  by  Act.  XIV.  of  1886, 
With  Notes,  &c.  By  H.  W.  Eeykolds,  C,S,  Demy  8vo., 
cloth,     Es.  7. 

The  Bengal  Tenancy  Act.  Being  Act  VIII.  of  1885. 
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Eules  framed  by  the  Local  Government  and  the  High  Court 
under  the  Act.  For  the  guidance  of  Eevenue  Officers  and 
the  Civil  Courts.  By  M.  Finucane,  M.A.,  C.S.,  Director 
of  the  Agricultural  Department,  Government  of  Bengal,  and 
E.  P.  Eampini,  M.A.,  C.S.,  Barrister-at-Law,  District  and 
Session  Judge.     Second  Edition.  [In  the  Press. 

The  Inland  Emigration  Act  ;  with  Orders  by  the 
Lieutenant-Governor  of  Bengal ;  Forms  by  Government  of 
Bengal ;  Eesolution  of  the  Government  of  India ;  Eesolu- 
tion  of  the  Government  of  Assam  ;  Eules  made  by  the 
Chief  Commissioner  of  Assam,  and  Orders  by  the  Lieutenant- 
Governor,  N.  AV.  P.  Interpaged  with  blank  pages  for  notes. 
CroAvn  8vo.     Es.  2-4. 

The  Hindu  Law  of  Inheritance,  Partition,  and 
Adoption  according  to  the  Smritis.  By  Dr.  Julius  Jolly, 
Tagore  Law  Lecturer,  1883.     Es.  10. 

The  Bengal  Local  Self- Government  Act  (B.C, 
Act  III  of  1885),  and  the  general  Eules  framed  thereunder. 
With  Critical  and  Explanatory  Notes,  Hints  regarding 
Procedure,  and  reference  to  the  Leading  Cases  on  the  Law 
relating  to  Local  Authorities.  To  which  is  added  an 
Appendix  containing  the  principal  Acts  referred  to,  &c,, 
&c. ;  and  a  Full  Index.  By  F.  E,  Stanlry  Collier, 
B.C.S.,  Editor  of  "  The  Bengal  Municipal  Act."  Crown 
8vo.     Es.  4. 

An  Income  Tax  Manual,  being  Act  II.  of  1886,  The 
Eules,  Eulings  and  Precedents,  &c.,  and  Notes,  By  W.  H. 
Grimley,  B.A.,  C.S.,  Commissioner  of  Income  Tax,  Bengal. 
Eoyal  8vo.     Es.  3-8 ;  interleaved,  Es.  4, 


W.  Thacker  ^'  Go.  ^  London.  xxiii 

The  Pocket  Penal,  Criminal  Procedure  and  Police 

Codes;  also  the  Whipping  Act  and  the  Eailway  Servants' 
Act.     With  General  Index.      1  Yol.     Ks.  4. 

The  Pocket  Civil  Procedure  Code,  with  Court  Fee, 
Indian  Evidence,  Specific  Eelief,  Indian  Eegistration, 
Limitation,  and  Stamp  Acts.  With  General  Index. 
1  Yol.     Rs.  4. 

The  Indian  Penal  Code  and  other  Laws  and  Acts 

of  Parliament  relating  to  the  Criminal  Courts  of  India. 
With  Notes.  By  J.  O'Kinealy,  Judge  of  the  High  Court, 
Calcutta.     Third  Edition.     Royal  8vo.     Rs.  12. 

Legislative  Acts  of  the  Governor  General  of  India  in 
Council ;  published  annually  with  Index.  Royal  8vo., 
cloth.  1872,  Rs.  10;  1873,  1874,  and  1875,  Rs.  5  each; 
1876,  Rs.  6;  1877,  Rs.  10;  1878,  Rs.  5  ;  1879,  Rs.  5; 
1880,  Rs.  4  ;  1881,  Rs.  8  ;  1882,  Rs.  15-8  ;  1883,  Rs.  5 ; 
1884,  Rs.  5;  1885,  Rs.  5. ;  1886,  Rs.  5s. 

Indian  Case-Law  on  Torts.— By  R.  D,  Alexander, 

Bengal  Civil  Service.     Crown  8vo.,  cloth.     Es.  4. 

Introduction  to  the  Regulations  of  the  Bengal 

Code,  By.  C.  D.  Field,  MA.,  LL.D.  (siDecially  reprinted  for  the 
use  of  students,  etc.).     In  crown  8vo.,  cloth.     Es.  3. 

The  Law  of  Evidence  in  British  India.    By  c.  D. 

Field,  MA.,  LL.D,  Judge  of  the  High  Court,  Calcutta.  Fourth 
Edition     Es.  18. 

The  Indian  Limitation  Act  XV.  of  1887.    Edited 

with  Notes  of  Cases,  by  E.  D.  Alexander,  C.S.,  Judge,  Allahabad. 
Crown  8vo.     Es.  2-4. 

The  Indian  Contract  Act  No.  IX.  of  1872.    To- 

getlier  with  an  Introduction  and  Explanatory  Notes,  Table  of 
Contents,  Appendix,  &c.  By  H.  S.  Cunningham,  M.A.,  one  of  the 
Judges  of  H.M.'s  High  Court  of  Judicature,  Calcutta;  and  H.  H. 
Shephakd,  M.A.,  Barrister-at'Law.     Fifth  Edition. 

The  Practice  of  the  Presidency  Court  of  Small 

Causes  of  Calcutta,  The  Presidency  Small  Cause  Courts  Act 
(XV.  of  1882),  with  Copious  Notes;  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure, 
with  Notes  and  Eeferences;  the  Eules  of  Practice,  Institution,  and 
Court  Fees;  and  a  complete  Ii.dex.  By  E.  S.  T.  MacEwen, 
Barrister-at-Law,  one  of  the  Judges  of  the  Presidency  Court  of  Small 
Causes  of  Calcutta.     Thick  8vo.     Es.  11.     Cash  10. 


xxiv  Thacher,  Sjnnk  ^  Co,,  Culcutta. 

The  Code  of  Criminal   Procedure.     Together  with 

Kulings,  Circular  Orders,  Notifications,  &c.,  of  all  the  High  Courts  in 
India,  and  Notifications  and  Orders  of  the  Government  of  India  and 
the  Local  Governments.  Edited,  with  Copious  Notes  and  full  Index, 
by  W.  F.  Agnew,  and  Gilbert  S.  Henderson,  M.A.,  Barristers-at- 
Law.     Second  Edition.     Koyal  8vo.,  cloth,     Rs.  18. 

The  Law  of  Specific  Relief  in  India;  being  a  Com- 
mentary on  Act  I.  of  1877.  By  Charles  Collett,  late  of  the  Madras 
Civil  Service,  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  Barrister-at-Law,  and  formerly  a  Judge 
of  the  High  Court  at  Madras.     Demy  8vo.     Rs.  10.     Cash  9.     (14s.) 

The  Law  of  Intestate  and  Testamentary  Suc- 
cession in  India ;  including  the  Indian  Succession  Act,  &c.,  with  a 
Commentary.  With  Notes  and  Cross  References.  By  Gilbert  S. 
Henderson,  M.A.,  Barrister-at-Law.     Royal  8vo.     Rs,  16, 

Manual  of  Indian  Criminal  Law :  being  the  Penal 
Code,  Criminal  Procedure  Code,  Evidence,  Whipping, 
General  Clauses,  Police,  &c.,  Acts,  with  Penal  Clauses 
of  Legal  Practitioners'  Act,  Eegistration,  Arms,  Stamp, 
&c..  Acts.  Fully  Annotated,  and  containing  all  applicable 
Rulings  of  all  High  Courts  arranged  under  the  appropriate 
Sections  up  to  date.  By  H.  A.  D.  Phillips.  Thick 
crown  8vo.     JSTew  Edition.     Es.  10. 

The  Stamp  Law  of  British  India,  as  constituted  by 
the  Indian  Stamp  Act  (I.  of  1879).  Rulings  and  Circular 
Orders  of  the  four  High  Courts;  Notifications;  Resolutions; 
Rules ;  and  Orders  of  the  Government  of  India  and  of  the 
various  Local  Governments  ;  together  with  Schedules  of  all 
the  stamp  duties  chargeable  on  Instruments  in  India  from 
the  earliest  times.  Edited,  with  IsTotes  and  Index,  by 
Walter  R.  Donogh,  M.  A.,  of  the  Inner  Temple,  Barrister- 
at-Law.     Demy  8vo.     Rs.  8. 

Code  of  Civil  Procedure  (Act  XIV.  of  1882).  With 
Notes,  &c.  By  J.  O'Kinealy,  C.S.,  Judge  of  the  High 
Court,  Calcutta.     Second  Edition,  Royal  8vo.    Rs.  16. 

La'w  of  Intestate  and  Testamentary  Succession 
in  India,  including  the  Indian  Succession  Act  (x.  of  1865), 
with  a  Commentary,  and  the  Parsee  Succession  Act, 
Hindu  Wills  Act,  Probate  and  Administration  Act,  Dis- 
trict Delegates  Act,  Acts  xii.  and  xiii.  of  1855,  Regimental 
Debts  Acts,  Acts  relating  to  the  Administrator-General 
Certificate  Act,  and  Oudli  Estates  Act,  with  ISTotes  and 
Cross  References  and  a  General  Index.  By  Gilbert  S. 
Henderson,  M.A.,  Barrister-at-Law.     Rs.  16. 


W.  Tliadcer  ^  Co.,  London.  xxv 

Comparative    Criminal    Jurisprudence,    being    a 
synopsis  of   the   law,  procedure,   and   case   law   of    other 
countries,  arranged  as  far  as  possible  under  the  correspond- 
ing sections  of  the  Indian  Codes.     By  H.  A.  D.  Phillips. 
Vol.  I. .  Crimes  and  Punishments.     Vol.  II.  Procedure  and  Police. 
This  work  will  include  extracts  from  the  Penal  and  Criminal  Procedure 
Codes  of  the  State  of  New  York,  of  Louisiana,  of  France,  Belgium,  and 
Germany,  the  English  statute-law  and  case-law  (up  to  date),  as  well  as  the 
most  important  decisions  of  the  Courts  of  various  American  States,  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  and  the  Court  of  Cassation  in  Paris  ; 
also  extracts  from  the  best  works  on  criminal  law  and  jurisprudence. 

\_In  the  Press. 

The    Indian    Law    Examination    Manual.  —  By 

Fendall  CuRRiE,  Esq.,  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  Barrister-at-Law. 
Third  Edition.     Demy  8yo.     Es.  5. 

Contents  : — Introduction — Hindoo  Law  —  Mahomedan  Law — Indian 
Penal  Code — Code  of  Civil  Procedure — Evidence  Act — Limitation  Act — 
Sxiccession  Act — Contract — Registration  Act — Stamp  Acts  and  Court  Fees 
— Mortgage — Code  of  Criminal  Procedure — The  Easement  Act — The 
Trust  Act — The  Transfer  of  Property  Act — The  Negotiable  Instruments 
Act. 

The  Bengal  Municipal  Manual,  containing  the  Muni- 
cipal Act  (B.  C.  Act  III.  of  1884)  and  other  Laws  relating 
to  Municipalities  in  Bengal,  with  the  Rules  and  Circulars 
issued  by  the  Local  Government,  and  Xotes.  Second 
Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged.  By  E.  R.  Stanley 
Collier,  B.C.S.     Crown  8vo.,  cloth.     Rs.  5. 

The  Law  of  Mortgage  in  India,  including  the  Transfer 
of  Property,  with  ^N'otes  of  Decided  Cases.  The  Second 
Edition  of  the  Tagore  Law  Lectures,  1876.  Revised  and 
partly  rewritten.     By  Rashbehary  Ghose,  M.A.,  D.L. 

{In  the  Press. 


xxvi  Thacker,  Spink  (h  Co.,  Calcutta. 


TAGORE  LAW  LECTURES. 

The  Hindu  Law ;  being  a  Treatise  on  the  Law  administered 
exclusively  to  Hindus  by  the  British  Courts  in  India. 
(1870  and  1871.)  By  Herbert  Cowell.  Royal  8vo., 
2  vols.,  cloth,  each  Rs.  8. 

History    and    Constitution   of  the   Courts   and 

Legislative  Authorities.     (1872.)     By  Herbert   Cowell. 
New  Edition.    (1884).    Demy  8vo.     Ks.  6. 

Mahomed  an  La'W.     By  Shama  Churn  Sircar. 

Digest  of  Laws  according  to  Sunni  Code.    Rs.  9.     (1873.) 
Sunni  Code  in  part  and  Imamyah  Code.     Rs.  9.       (1874.) 

The  La"w  relating  to  the  Land  Tenures  of  Low^er 

Bengal.     (1875.)     By  Arthur  Phillips.     Rs.  10. 

The  Law  relating  to  Mortgage  in  India.  (1876.) 
By  Rash  Behari  Ghose. 

The  Law  relating  to  Minors  in  Bengal.    (1877.) 

By  E.  J.  Trevelyan.     Royal  8vo.,  cloth.     Rs.  10. 

The  Hindu  Law  of  Marriage  and  Stridhana. 

(1878.)    By  GooRoo  Doss  Banerjee.    Royal  8vo.    Rs.  10. 

The  Law  relating  to  the  Hindu  Widow.     By 

Trailokyanath  Mittra,  M.A.,  D.L.     Rs.  10.     (1879.) 

The  Principles  of  the  Hindu  Law  of  Inheritance. 

By  Rajcoomar  Sarvadhicari,  B.L.     Rs.  16.     (1880.) 

The  Law  of  Trusts  in  British  India.    By  W.  F. 

Agnew,  Esq.     Rs.  12.     (1881). 

The  Law   of   Limitation    and  Prescription  in 

British  India.     By  Opendra  Nath  Mitter.     (1882.) 

The  Hindu  Law  of  Inheritance,  Partition,  and 

Adoption,  according  to  the  Smritis.    By  Dr.  Julius  Jolly 
(1883.)     Rs.  10. 

The  Law  relating  to  Gifts,  Trusts,  and  Testa- 
mentary Dispositions  among  the  Mahomedans.  By  Syed 
Ameer  All     (1884.)     Rs.  12. 


W.  Thacker  4'  Co.,  London.  xxvii 


THE    INDIAN    MEDICAL    GAZETTE. 

A  Eecord  of  Medicine,  Surgery,  and  Public  Health,  and  of 
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stitutes itself  a  record  of  permanent  value  for  reference,  and  a 
journal  which  ought  to  be  in  the  library  of  every  medical  man 
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The  Gazette  covers  altogether  different  ground  from  The 
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xxviii  Thacker,  Spinh  Sf  Co.,  Calcutta. 

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endless  sources  of  amusement  and  suggestion. 

Lays  of  Ind.  By  Aliph  Gheem.  Comic,  Satirical,  and 
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W.  ThacJcer  ^  Co.,  London. 


XXIX 


INDEX  TO  LAW 

BOOKS. 

Bengal  Code,  Regulations         

Field     

PAGE 

23 

Bengal  Local  Self-Government 

ColUer 

22 

Criminal  Jurisprudence,  Comparative... 

PhiUips 

25 

Criminal  Law 

do 

24 

Criminal  Procedure  and  Penal  Codes   ("The 

Pocket") 

("Pocket")      ... 

23 

CivU Procedure,  Evidence,  &c.  ("The  Pocket 

")                 do. 

23 

Civil  Procedure 

O'Kinealy 

24 

Contract  Act       ...                     

Cunningham  and  Shephard 

I  23 

Criminal  Procedure       

. . .  Agnew  and  Henderson 

24 

Courts  and  Legislative  Authorities     . . . 

Cowell 

26 

Chaukidari  Manual       

Toynbee 

21 

Emigration  Act,  Inland 



22 

Evidence,  Law  in  British  India 

Field     '.*.'. 

23 

Examination  Manual 

Currie 

25 

Gifts,  Trusts  and  Testamentary,  Mahomedan 

Ameer  Ali 

26 

Hindu  Law          

Cowell 

26 

Hindu  Widows 

Mittra 

26 

Inheritance,  &c.,  Hindu            

Siromani 

21 

Inheritance,  &c.       „      

JoDy      

22 

Inheritance,  &c.       „      

Sarvadhicari    ... 

26 

Intestate  and  Succession           

Henderson 

24 

Income  Tax  Manual      

Grimley 

22 

T/and  Tenures,  Bengal               

Phillips 

26 

Legislative  Acts              

"Annual" 

23 

Limitation  and  Prescription     ... 

Mitter 

26 

Limitation  Act 

Alexander 

23 

Limitation           

Rivaz    

2% 

Municipal  Act,  Bengal 

CoUier 

25 

Mahomedan  Law           . ,           

Sircar    

26 

Minors 

Trevelyan 

26 

Marriage  and  Stridhana            

Baner  jee 

26 

Mortgage            

Chose 

25 

Negotiable  Instruments 

Chalmers 

21 

Penal  Code  ("  The  Pocket  ") 

"Pocket" 

23 

Penal  Code          

O'Kinealy 

23 

Rent  Act  (N.W.P.)       

Reynolds 

22 

Revenue  and  Collectorate  Law 

Phillips 

21 

Revenue  Sale  and  Certificate 

Grimley 

22 

Stamp  Law         

Donogh 

24 

Small  Cause  Court  Act,  Presidency   . . . 

McEwen 

23 

Specific  Relief 

Collett 

24 

Tenancy  Act,  Bengal 

...    Finucane  and  Rampini 

22 

Torts        

Alexander 

23 

Trusts       

Agnew 

26 

Tagore  Law  Lectures     

Various 

26 

PAGE 


XXX  Thaclici\  Spink  (t  Co.,  Calcutta. 

INDEX  TO   GENERAL   PUBLICATIONS, 

AH,  Critical  Exposition  of  •' Jihad  " 16 

Aliph  Cheem,  Lays  of  Ind           4 

Anderson,  Mandalay  to  Momien           .  16 

Barker,  Tea  Planter's  Life  in  Assam  ...           10 

Beddome,  Ferns  of  India,  Ceylon,  &c. . . .            3 

Bell,  Laws  of  Wealth 18 

Beveridg-e,  Trial  of  Nand a  Kumar       ...  19 

Birch,  Management  of  Children  in  India        10 

Bonavia,  Date  Palm  in  India    ...          ...          ...          ...          ..           ■•  16 

Bose,  The  Hindoos  as  they  are ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  13 

Boutflower,  Statics  and  Dynamics        ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  18 

Busteed,  Echoes  from  old  Calcutta      ...          ...         ...                      ...  20 

C ,  Major,  Indian  Horse  Notes      ...       •  . . .         ...          ...         ...  9 

C ,  Major,  Indian  Notes  about  Dogs         8 

Ceylon  Tea  Estates         10 

Cunningham,  Indian  Eras          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  17 

Drill  in  Extended  Order  (Handbook) 20 

Duke,  Banting  in  India              15 

Duke,  Queries  at  a  Mess  Table             15 

Dutt,  Greece  Chimder,  Cherry  Blossoms         19 

Eha,  Tribes  on  my  Frontier      2 

Field,  Landholding         15 

Firminger,  Gardening  for  India            ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  20 

Fletcher,  Poppied  Sleep 17 

Forbes,  British  Burma  ...         ...          ...          ...         ...          ...          ...  16 

Gordon's  City  of  Palaces            17 

Gregg,  Text-Book  of  Indian  Botany .           16 

Harris,  Bengal  Medical  Service             17 

Hayes,  Riding  on  the  Flat  and  Acro.ss  Country         ...           ..          ...  5 

Hayes,  Veterinary  Notes  for  Horse  Owners 7 

Hayes,  Indian  Racing  Eeminiscences ..          ...  8 

Hayes,  Training  and  Horse  Management       7 

Hayes,  On  Tactics           ... 11 

Hayes,  Soundness  in  Horses      ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  19 

Hayes,  Points  of  the  Horse       20 

Hayes,  On  Horse  Breaking        20 

Ince,  Guide  to  Kashmir             ^        20 

Indian  Tea  Gardens,  &c.,  A  Complete  List 10 

Jackson,  Statistics  of  Hydraulic  Works,  &c 13 

Keene,  Handbook  to  Agra        18 

Keene,  Handbook  to  Allahabad            18 

Keene,  Handbook  to  Delhi        18 

Kepling,  Departmental  Ditties...  ^       18 

King-Harman,  Reconnoitrer's  Guide  Book    ...         ...         ..           ..  11 


W.  Thacher  <&  Co.,  London.  xxxi 

Index  to  General  Publications — continued. 

PAGE 

Kinloch,  Large  Game  Shooting..,          ...         ...         ...  ...  ..  6 

Kuropatkin,  (Go wan)  Kasho^aria           ...          ...          ...  ...  ..  16 

Lays  of  Ind,  by  Aliph  Cheem   ...         ...         ...         ...  ...  ...  4 

Le  Messiirier,  Game,  Shore  and  Water  Birds  of  India  ...  ...  12 

Map  of  Civil  Divisions  of  India            ...          ...          ...  ...  ...  17 

McCrindle,  Ancient  India         ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  ...  17 

Merces,  Indian  and  English  Exchange  Tables            ...  ...  ...  11 

Mookerjee,  Memoir  of  Onoocool  Chunder  Mookerjee  ...  ...  13 

Murray-Aynsley,  Hills  beyond  Simla .. .          ...         ...  ...  ...  18 

Norman,  Calcutta  to  Liverpool...          ...         ...         ...  ...  ...  18 

Northam,  Guide  to  Masuri,  &c...         ...         ...         ...  ...  ...  18 

O'Connell,  Ague 17 

O'Donoghue,  Eiding  for  Ladies            ...         ...         ...  ...  ..  5 

Phillips,  Our  Administration  of  India .. .          ...         ...  ...  ...  10 

Pogson,  Agriculture  for  India  ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  ...  16 

Pollard,  Indian  Tribute  and  the  Loss  by  Exchange  ..,  ...  19 

Pollard,  Gold  and  Silver  weighed  in  the  Balance      ...  ...  ...  19 

Pool,  Queen  Victoria      ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  ...  17 

Protestant  Missions        ...         ...         ...         ...         ...  ...  ...  17 

Reid,  Indigo  Culture  and  Manufacture           ...          ...  ...  ...  20 

Eichards,  Landmarks  of  Snake  Poison  Literature     ...  ..  ...  19 

Eowe,  Key  to  Entrance  Course,  1888  ...          ...          ..  ...  ...  19 

Eowe  and  Webb,  Hints  on  the  Study  of  English      ,..  ...  ...  14 

Eowe  and  Webb,  Companion  Eeader  to  the  Study  of  English  ...  14 

Eoxburgh's  Flora  Indica            ...         ...          ...         ...  ...  ...  16 

Sedgwick,  Life     ...          ...         ...         ...         ...         ...  ...  ...  18 

Son  Gruel 18 

Sterndale,  Mammalia  of  India  ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  ...  3 

Sterndale,  Denizens  of  the  Jungles       ..           ...          ...  ...  ..  6 

Sterndale,  Seonee...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  ...  19 

Sterndale,  Calcutta  Collectorate            ...         ...          ...  ."..  ...  18 

Thacker's  Indian  Directory          ..         ...         ...         ...  ...  .  32 

Thuillier,  Manual  of  Surveying  for  India        ...          ..  ...  ...  13 

Tribes  on  my  Frontier    ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...  ...  2 

Tsaya  (Powell)  Myam-Ma         16 

Underwood,  Indian-English  and  Indian  character      ...  ...  ..  19 

Useful  Hints  to  Young  Shikaris           ...         ...         ...  ...  ...  Q 

Webb,  Indian  Lyrics      ...          ...         ...         ...         ...  ...  ...  14 

Webb,  Key  to  Entrance  Course,  1887 18 

Wheeler,  Tales  from  Indian  History    ...          ...          ...  ...  ...  12 

Wilkins,  Hindu  Mythology        ,  8 

Wilkins,  Modern  Hinduism      ...          ...          ...          ..  ...  ...  9 

Wyvern,  Culinary  Jottings        ...         ...         ...         ...  ...  ...  15 


xxxii  Tliacke)\  Bpinlt  ^  Co.^  Calcutta. 

PUBLISHED  IN  CALCUTTA  ANNUALLY. 
Super  Royal  8vo.     Leather  backs,  36s. 

THACKER'S   INDIAN    DIRECTORY, 

Embracing  the  whole  Eiii]->ire  governed  by  the  Viceroy  of 
India  and  also  the  Native  States;  with  complete  and  detailed 
information  of  the  Cities  of  Calcutta,  Bombay  and  Madras. 
With  Almanac,  Army  List,  and  general  information. 

From  the  Calcutta  "  Englishman,"  ll^A  March,  1886. 

"  There  is  no  occasion  to  apologize  for  classing  '  Thacker's  Indian 
Directory '  with  books  for  review.  It  represents  more  labour  and  thought 
than  many  a  solid  contribution  to  literature,  and  although  it  is  merely  a 
compilation,  no  small  degree  of  industry  and  method  have  been  bestowed 
upon  it.  Every  year  sees  the  Directory  grow  in  size,  and  advance  in 
utility.  This  year  we  have  a  portly  volume  which  suggests  the  possibility 
of  its  shortly  emulating  its  unwieldy  prototype,  Kelly's  London  Directory. 
Be  ore  everything,  the  volume  before  us  is  in  reality  what  it  professes  to 
be — a  Directory  for  India.  Besides  an  enormous  mass  of  information  of 
the  purely  Directory  kind,  which  must  have  taken  a  world  of  labour  to 
collect  and  collate,  the  volume  comprises  complete  Army  Lists  for  Bengal, 
Madras,  and  Bombay,  including  the  volunteers  ;  lists  of  officers  in  the 
various  Government  Departments  ;  lists  of  the  Tea,  Indigo,  Coffee,  and 
other  estates  in  the  country  ;  and  much  valuable  information  regarding 
the  Telegraphs,  Postal  Kules,  Law  Courts,  Charities,  and  a  host  of  other  sub- 
jects. Nothing  more  strikingly  represents  the  change  that  has  come  over 
India  in  recent  years  than  this  great  Directory.  Here  is  seen  at  a  glance 
the  vast  development  of  our  industries,  the  growth  of  the  white  population, 
the  increased  pressure  of  competition,  and  all  the  manifold  interests  which 
go  to  make  up  the  complex  fabric  of  Anglo-Indian  life  in  these  days." 

"  The  work  now  '  includes  in  the  Mof ussil  Directory  an  acccount  of  every 
district  and  principal  town  in  British  and  Foreign  India  and  every  native 
State,'  thus  forming  a  complete  guide  to  the  whole  of  our  possessions  in  the 
East.  The  value  of  such  a  work,  if  it  is  accurate  and  trustworthy,  is 
obvious  and  almost  goes  without  saying  ;  and,  after  putting  its  pages  to  the 
test  of  a  careful  scrutiny  where  our  personal  experience  enables  us  to  do  so, 
we  are  able  to  pronounce  it  apparently  deserving  of  all  commendation.  .  .  , 
The  alphabetical  list  of  residents  throughout  India  in  the  three  great 
provinces,  with  their  addresses,  must  be  of  great  service  to  those  who  have 
business  with  our  Eastern  Empire." — The  Times  (London). 

'•  Aims,  at  being  a  directory  to  the  whole  of  India.  It  contains  separate 
classified  and  street  directories  of  each  of  the  cities  of  Calcutta,  Bombay, 
and  Madras,  a  remarkably  comprehensive  and  detailed  Mofussil  directory, 
and  a  vast  amount  of  general  information  relating  to  India,  its  government, 
commerce,  postal  arrangements,  festivals,  and  official  establishments.  .  .  . 
The  expansion  of  the  work  will  be  welcomed  as  a  response  to  the  growing 
requirements  of  commerce  with  India." — Manchester  Ouardian. 


W.  I.  Hichardson,  Printer,  4  .ind  5,  Great  Queen  Street,  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  W.C. 

1000  1  9  1  87 


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