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Bulletin 227

February. 1930

Soybeans for Silage
and for Hay

by T. E. ODLAND

Soybeans and Sudan Grass on a Farm
in Harrison County

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY

F. D. FROMME, Director

MORGANTOWN

SUMMARY

Corn and so3^beans were grown both alone and in various combi-
nations for silage. Soybeans were also grown alone at various rates
and dates of planting- for hay and in combination with Sudan grass,
sorghum, and millet.

Soybeans grown with corn for silage did not increase the total
yield per acre over corn grown alone at the same rate of planting.

The soybeans when grown with corn reduced the yield of shelled
corn 6 to 8 bushels per acre.

The soybeans made up from 9.3 to 15.4 percent of the total green
weight in the various corn and soybean mixtures.

The percentage of protein in the silage was increased when soy-
beans were grown with the corn.

The yield of protein per acre was increased when soybeans were
grown with the corn.

Thie yield of total nutrients per acre was not increased when soy-
beans were groAvn with the corn.

The increase in protein per acre due to the growing of soybeans
with corn was not large enough to compensate for the extra work-
necessary in growing the combination.

Soybeans grown alone gave practically the same yield whether
grown in cultivated rows or seeded solid.

The soybeans grown alone in cultivated roAVS produced a crop
with a higher protein content than did the soybeans seeded in solid
plots.

Soybeans grown with corn did not increase the percentage of
protein in the corn; neither did the corn have any influence on the
protein content of the soybeans.

Soybeans planted at the rate of 6 and 8 pecks per acre produced
a finer quality of hay which was more nearly free from weeds than
the seeding of 4 or 5 pecks per acre. There was not much difference
in yields.

Soybeans seeded May 20 and later produced hay more nearly free
from weeds than when planting was done as early as May 5. Plant-
ing as late as June 25 made the crop so late that curing the hay be-
came more difficult.

Soybeans and Sudan grass made the best combination for hay.

Cultural Experiments With Soybeans
for Silage and for Hay' .

by T. E. ODLANDt

NO FARM crup inlruduced into West Virginia has become of
sucli importance in so short a time as have soybeans. In the last
ten years the estimated acreage has increased between 'iwo. and six.
times.

As this crop ha.-^ increased in importance and its use has become
more general o\ er the state, a number of incjuiries in regard to its
culture and utilization have, from time to time, been received by the
State Agricultural Experiment Station. The purpose of this bulletin
is to present the results of experiments conducted under West Vir-
ginia conditions and hence applicable to certain of these inquiries.
These experiments include a test in which corn and soybeans w'ere
grown alone in various ways and m various combinations for silage
purposes. In another experiment soybeans -were grown alone and in
combination with various other crops for hay. The experiments also
include tests in which soybeans were sown at various rates and at dif-
ferent dates for hay.

One of the reasons why the soybean has met with much favor
over the entire state is its adaptability to a wide range of climatic con-
ditions. No other legume commonly gro\\'n in the state is adapted
to so wide a range of soil conditions. It wall thrive well on any corn
soil and dties better than most other common legumes on thin, acid
soils.

The feeding value of soybean hay has been demonstrated in
manv feeding trials.^ When cut at the proper stage and properly
cured, soybean hay has about the same feeding value as alfalfa. When
mixed with corn, soybeans increase the feeding value of the silage
produced on account of their high protein content. The extent of this
increase depends upon the proportion of soybeans in the combination.

♦Submitted for publicntion July, 102';

tResignecl February, 1929.

^W. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta, Bui. 181.

^;n...^._ ^-

Whether or not it is advisable to grow soybeans and corn togetlier
for silage is one of the questions considered in the present report.

Soybeans also make excellent supplementary feed for sheep or
hogs when fattened on corn. For this reason soybeans are often
planted with corn for hogging down or for pasturing with sheep.

Crop Known for Soil Improvement Qualities

As a soil-improvement crop soybeans are not equal to red clover
or alfalfa when the entire crop is removed. This circumstance may
be credited in part at least to their less extensive root system. How-
ever, if the crop is plowed under or if the hay is fed and the manure
is returned to the land, soybeans make an excellent soil-improvement ^
crop. This ability of soybeans to restore fertility has won for the
crop a place on the rotation systems of more and more farms.

Soybeans rank as one of the most dependable crops grown in tiie
state. If good seed is sown and the season is an average one, a grow-
er has fair assurance of a good crop. Soybeans are often used as a
substitute crop for red clover or alfalfa that has failed to come
through the winter satisfactorily. Red clover has been an uncertain
crop in recent years and soybeans are finding increasing favor as a
substitute for this crop.

Another important characteristic of the soybean is^ its seed-
producing ability. The seed crop is more certain and satisfactory
than that of any other legume commonly grower in the state." A yield
of 15 to 20 bushels per acre is commonly obtained. Yields as high as
40 bushels per acre have been obtained in very favorable seasons in
some of the experiments conducted at this Station. The seed crop
also is handled more easily than most forage crops. No special ma-
chinery is needed and the seed is easily cleaned.

On many farms the practice of planting soybeans with corn for
silage is followed regularly. The combination often is used also for
hogging down and for sheep pasture. The argument in favor of
growing the combination for silage is that a silage containing a higher
percentage of protein is produced and thus the amount of concen-
trates that it will be necessary to buy will be lessened. This scheme is
desirable if the total yield is high enough to repay one for the extra
work and inconvenience in growing the combination.

The results of experiments in growing soybeans and corn to-
gether for silage have varied considerably. Some investigators have
reported in favor of the combination while others have made unfavor-
able reports.

HISTORICAL REVIEW

At the Connecticut Ai^Ticiiltural Kxi)criincnt Station- an average
increase of one ton of silai^e and 120 pounds of protein per acre was
obtained when growings tlie combination over corn grown alone. The
authors concluded that this amount of increase would justify the
planting of soybeans and corn together for silage only under certain
favorable conditions.

At the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station"* no increase in
green material per acre was obtained with the combination over corn
grown alone. Two varieties of corn were grown. At the University
Farm at Columbus, Ohio, the combination ga\e a slightly higher yield
than corn alone.

The Penns}l\ ania .Station^ did not obtain any increase in total
yield of green material per acre from the combination over corn
grown alone. In their experiments the authors state that the amount
of soybeans in the mixture was not enough appreciably to aftect the
composition of the silage in four of the six years of the trial.

Stemple'' in a test covering a period f)f one year (1915) at the
West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station found that a com-
bination of corn and soybeans produced an increase of 1.19 tons of
green material per acre over corn alone.

METHODS USED IN WEST VIRGINIA EXPERIMENTS

Experiments with corn and soybeans grown separately and in
combination for silage, reported in the present publication, were
started in the spring of 1*^21 and continued over a period of five years.
The experiments were conducted at the Agronomy Farm near Mor-
gantown.* In all experiments Leaming corn and Wilson soybeans
were used. These were chosen as representative varieties of the two
crops for this state.

The corn both alone and when in combination with soybeans
was planted in plots consisting of four rows, each 8 rods in length
and spaced V/i feet apart. Only the two central rows of each plot
were harvested for yield. Both the corn and soybeans when grown
in combination and the corn when grown alone were planted more
thickly than the desired stand and then later thinned to the various
stands. The sovbeans grown alone in rows were planted in plots

=Conn. AgT. Exp. Sta. Bui. 1.33.

sQhio AgT. Exp. Sta. Month. Bui. XTI: Nos. 5 and *;, 1322.

♦Ppnn. Ag-r. Exp. Sta. Bui. 1S7.

=W. Va. Ag-r. Exp. Sta. Bui. 172.

consisting of 4 rows spaced 30 inches apart and 8 rods in length. The
two central rows were used for yield determination.

Where soybeans were seeded solid at the rate of six pecks per
acre the plots were one drill-width wide, or a little more than 8 feet,
and the same length as the other plots. In this case the two outer
drill rows on each side of the plot were cut and discarded before har-
vesting the rest of the plot in order to eliminate border eli'ect as much

Corn and Soybeans grown together for Silage on the Agronomy Farm

as possible. All plots were repeated three times, making four plots
of each crop, combination, or method of planting each year.

All plots were harvested at the same time and when the corn
had reached the glazed stage. At that time the soybeans had w^ell-
developed seeds and some of the leaves were beginning to fall, —
somewhat past the best stage to cut soybeans for hay. At harvest
time the soybeans were cut and weighed immediately. In the com-
bination crops the corn and soybeans were cut and weighed separate-
ly. A sample of about 15 pounds was taken from each plot at the
time of cutting in order to determine the moisture content. Chemical
analyses* of these samples were made for the years 1923, 1924, and
1925. The sample was weighed at the time it was taken and again
after drying. It was dried artificially to a constant weight and then
allowed to hang in a shed until it had regained equilibrium with the
moisture content of the air. From the weight obtained after such
treatment, the air-dry yields per plot were calculated.

*It is recognized that the type of soil win nece-^^sarily have much influence on
the results obtained in experiments of tlv's natur'^. The type of soil on which
the Agronomy Farm is located is classified as Dekalb silt loam, of medium pro-
ductivity. This soil type is representative of much of the farm land in AVest A'ir-
g-inia and therefore the results are applicable to a considerable area of the state.

After the weii^iil of [he ^ret'ii material had been obtained the corn
was ])ul in shocks and later hnsked in order to obtain the A'ield of
shelled corn i)er acre. When the c:irn was husked a sample was taken
on Avhich the moisture content was determined. All grain yields are
reported on the basis of 14 percent moisture.

Althoui^'h the corn when harx'ested was not as mature as when
ordinarily cut for i^rain. it was all taken at the same time. Conse-
([uently the yields may be considered comparable. The yields of
shelled corn per acre would i)robably be somewhat higher if the corn
had been left until more fully mature.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

The data obtained for the various combinations, and for each of
the cro]>s groAAU alone, include the total yield per acre of green ma-
terial, air-dry material, shelled corn, protein, and total nutrients. The
percentage of soybeans in the various combinations also -was deter-
mined.

Yield of Green and Air-dry Material per Acre

The yields obtained both in green and air-dry material per acre
are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

The data in these tables show that when corn was grown alone
at the rate of 2 stalks per hill the average yield was 7.36 tons of green
material per acre; when the corn was growni at the rate of 3 stalks
per hill the yield was 8.63 tons or an increase of 1.27 tons per acre in
favor of the thicker planting. On the air-dry basis the yield was 0.42
tons per acre in fa^'or of the thicker planting. While this difference
in yield was not large, th.e increase in yield was consistent for every
year of the test.

In determining whether dififerences in average yields between
various plots were large enough to be of significance from a mathe-
matical point of view. .Student's" method was used in comparing the
yields of various plots. According to this method the odds are 1,392
to 1 that the difference in air-dr}' yields obtained betw^een these two
rates of planting is significant. Under the conditions of this experi-
ment, therefore, a stand of 3 stalks per hill may be expected to out-
yield corn planted at the rate of 2 stalks per hill.

*The author is indebted to T. J. Coclirane, formerly of the ag-ricultural chem-
istry department, for making- the chemical analyses.

"Student. "Probable error of a mean." Bioiiiclrilca 6 :l-25. 190S,

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The yields m both green and air-dry material per acre where 3
and where 2 stalks per hill were grown correspond \ery closely with
the yields obtained on the plots where corn was planted in drills and
spaced, respectively, 21 and 14 inches apart in the row. On the air-
dry basis the yield of the 2-stalk plots is nearly identical with the
average yield of the corn drilled 21 inches apart; the average of the
v^-stalk plots is almost identical with the 14-inch planting. The num-
ber of stalks per acre is the same when 2 stalks per hill are used as
when the corn is drilled at the rate of 1 stalk every 21 inches in the
row. The same is true whether 3 stalks per hill are used or whether
spacing 14 inches in drilled rows is employed. From these results it
apparently makes no difference whether the corii is planted in drills
or in hills as long as there are the same number of stalks per acre.

Where the corn was drilled at the rate of 1 stalk every 7 inches
in the row the green yield was 10.02 tons and the air-dry yield 2.99
tons per acre. This is an increase over the 14-inch planting of 1.22
tons of green material or 0.28 tons of air-dry material per acre. Al-
though this thicker planting resulted in a higher yield per acre both
on the green and on the air-dry basis, the stalks were small and the
proportion of grain was very much less than in the thinner plantings.

Corn and Soybeans in Combination

Each year in three series of plots soybeans were planted with the
corn in various proportions. In one series corn and soybeans were
planted thickly in drilled rows and thinned to a stalk of corn every
7 inches of row with one soybean plant between each two stalks of
corn. The average yield for this method of planting was 10.12 tons
of green material per acre or 3.05 tons on the air-dry basis, or very
nearly the same average yields as for the corn grown alone at the
same rate. There was only 0.1 ton difference in average yield per acre
on the green basis and 0.06 ton difference on the air-dry basis. The
growing of soybeans with the corn at this rate therefore neither in-
creased nor decreased the total yield of silage per acre.

In the plots where one soybean plant was grown in each hill with
two stalks of corn the average yield of green material was 7.25 tons
per acre; on the air-dry basis the yield was 2.25 tons, or very nearly
the same on either basis as when corn was grown alone at the rate
of 2 stalks per hill. Where 2 soybean plants were grown in each hill
with the corn the yields were 7.65 and 2.35 tons per acre on the green
and on the air-dry basis respectively. Here again there is obviously'

no difference in total yield per acre whether corn is grown alone or
in combination with soybeans.

In all three sets of plots, therefore, where soybeans were grown
with corn at various rates, there was neither a signineant increase nor
decrease in total yield of the combination as compared with corn
alone when grown at the same rate as in the combination. If there-
fore there is any advantage in growing soybeans with corn for silage
purposes it must be found in the higher feeding value which might
be expected from the combination.

Soybeans Grown Alone

Soybeans were grown alone with two methods of planting. One
set of plots was planted in cultivated rows 30 inches apart; the other
set was drilled solid at the rate of 6 pecks per acre. The data show
that over the 5-year period the average yield for the two methods of
seeding was exactly the same on the green-material basis and almost
so on the air-dry basis. Similar results were obtained in a single test
in 1918 by Stemple." The yield on both the green and the air-dry
basis is only a little less than the yield of corn grown at the rate of 2
stalks per hill, or corn grown at this rate in combination with soy-
beans.

Although there was no difference m yields between the two
methods of growing the soybeans there was considerable difference
in the crop produced. Where the soybeans were drilled solid the
stems were finer than when grown in rows. However, there was
always a considerable proportion of weeds in the solid-sown plots,
while in the soybeans grown in cultivated rows the weeds were kept
out. More seed also was produced in the cultivated rows. The chem-
ical analyses showed that the soybeans grown in rows had the higher
protein content.

Proportion of Soybeans to Corn in the Combination Plots

In the plots where the corn and soybeans were grown in combi-
nation, each crop was cut and weighed separately in order to find the
percentage by weight of each. Table 3 gives the average percentage
of soybeans in each of the various mixtures for each year in which
they were grown. The figures in this table are based on the green
weights. On an air-dry basis the proportion was practically the same.

■^W. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bal. 172.

The data in this lahlc show ihal. in ihe ])luis where soybean^;
were planted with (.-(irn that had been drilled and thinned so as to
have a stalk e\ery 7 inches in the r^nv. the percentage of soybeans in
the combined crop ranged from 12.3 percent in 1921 to 23.2 percent
in 1923, with an average of 15.4 percent for the 5-year period.

Where one soybean plant was grown in each hill of corn, the per-
centage of soybeans in the mixtnre varied from 6.7 percent in 1924
to 11.5 percent in 1921, with an average of 9.3 percent for the period
of the experiment.

Table 3. — Percentage by Weight (Green) of Soybeans in the Various Combina-
tions of Corn and Soybeans

Coniliiiiiition :i]i<l lt:ite

l*erfentase of Soyliean.s in

31ixtuve for tilt' Years

1921 to liiZr,

Averjijare

I'ereentjiK'e

of SovbeaiLK

tU2l

X!)22 1!»2S 1024 1«25

in 3Iixtiire

Corn and soybeans, drilled 7"--

Corn 2, soybeans ], psr hill

Corn 2, soybeans 2, per hill

12.3
11.5
17.7

15.0 23.2 14.0 12.4

7.7 11.3 6.7 9.2

13.0 IS. 7 12.0 13.6

15.4

9.3

15.0

In the plots where 2 soybeari plants were grown in each hill the
percentage of soybeans in the mixture varied from 12.0 percent in
1924 to 18.7 percent in 1923, with an average of 15 percent.

As these figures indicate, the proportion of soybeans in the mix-
ture varied consideraljly from year to year. In the two mixtures
where soybeans were planted so that there were approximately equal
numbers of corn and soybean plants, the soybeans made up approxi-
mately 15 percent of the mixture in each case. Where only one soy-
bean plant was used per hill, the proportion of soybeans in the mix-
ture was considerablv less.

Yield of Shelled Corn Grown Alone

When soybeans are grown with corn and the corn is cut and
husked, there is amost always a reduction in the yield of corn as com-
pared with corn grown alone at the same rate. A number of experi-
ment stations have reported restilts on such tests. At the Missouri
Station** a reduction in yield of from 4 to 8 bushels per acre was ob-
tained when soybeans \vere growai with corn in varying combinations.
At the Tennessee Station'' both cowpeas and soybeans when planted
with corn reduced the yield of corn considerably.

In the experiments conducted at the West Virginia Station the
yield of shelled corn for each plot was determined both where corn

8Mo. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 220.
»Tenn. Agrr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 137.

^as grown alone and where soybeans were grown with the corn. The
yields obtained on the various plots are given in Table 4.

The average yield of shelled corn on the plots where corn was
grown alone with 2 stalks per hill was 40.5 bushels per acre. Where
3 stalks per hill were grown the yield was 43.5 bushels per acre, or
an increase of 3 bushels per acre over the 2-stalk plots. The odds are
16 to 1 that this difference is large enough to be considered significant.

Where the corn was planted in drills and thinned to one stalk
every 14 inches the yield was 41.5 bushels per acre; where the stalks
were spaced 21 inches the yield was 41.6 bushels. These yields are
almost identical. They are one bushel per acre more than was ob-
tained from the 2-stalk plots and 2 bushels per acre less than the
3-stalk plots produced.

Little difference was noted among yields of shelled corn per acre
whether the seed was planted in hills at the rate of 2 stalks per acre
or 3 stalks per acre; or whether it was planted in drilled rows, spaced
14 inches apart or 21 inches apart. There w^as no apparent difference
in size or quality of ears from any of these plots.

Where the corn was drilled and thinned to a stand of one stalk
every 7 inches the yield averaged only 29 bushels per acre. The ears
were small, with many nubbins. This rate of planting evidently was
much too thick for producing a good yield of shelled corn.

Yield of Shelled Corn in Combination with Soybeans

Where one soybean plant was grown with each hill of corn the
average yield was 33.4 bushels per acre, or 8.1 bushels less than when
corn was planted at the same rate alone. Where two soybean plants
were grown in each hill the average yield was 33.1 bushels per acre,
or a reduction of 8.4 bushels compared with the plots wherein corn
was grown alone. In each case the reduction was approximately 20
percent.

Where the soybeans were drilled with corn at the thickest rate
used, or one stalk of corn every 7 inches and a soybean plant alter-
nating with each stalk of corn, the average yield was 23 bushels per
acre. This was 6 bushels less per acre than where the corn alone was
drilled at this rate. Where the corn was planted as thickly as 7 inches
apart there was considerable variation in the yield of shelled corn
from year to year whether it was grown alone or in combination with
soybeans. In one year the combination yielded more than did corn
alone drilled at the same rate.

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Because of the considerable fluctuation in results from these
thickly planted plots, not as much confidence can be placed in the
relative difference between the corn-alone and the combination plots
as can be placed in the results where a more nearly normal rate of
planting was used. When corn was spaced only 7 inches apart,
whether grown alone or with soybeans, so much corn was lodged
some years and the growth was generally so short that relatively
few good ears developed.

Composition of Silage

Since soybeans are high in protein it would be expected that
where soybeans are grown with corn, the combination crop would
have a higher protein content and hence the feeding value of the sil-
age would be higher than when the corn is grown alone. Some investi-
gators have reported a considerably higher protein content from the
combination over corn alone, while others have found only slight
increases due to the small percentage of soybeans in the combination.

In order to obtain data on the composition of the silage obtained,
chemical analyses were made of the samples taken from the various
plots in the years 1923, 1924, and 1925. Where corn and soybeans
were grown in combination, separate analyses were made of each
crop. The composition of the combination crop was then computed
by taking into account the proportion of the total yield made up by
each of the two crops. The results obtained are shown in Table 5.

The data in this table show that in the plots where corn was
grown alone, the percentage of protein varied from 1.47 percent where
the corn was spaced 7 inches apart in the row, to 2.03 percent where
the corn was planted at the rate of 2 stalks per hill. The soybeans
drilled solid averaged 3.27 percent protein, while those planted in
cultivated rows averaged 4.24 percent. In the combination crops the
percentage of protein ranged from 1.95 percent in the plots where the
corn and soybeans were drilled 7 inches in the row, to 2.32 percent
where 2 stalks of corn and 2 soybean plants were grown in each hill.

Protein Content of Silage in the Various Methods Compared

In comparing the average composition of the plots where corn
was grown alone at the rate of two stalks per hill, with the plots
where corn was planted at the same rate but with one soybean plant
in each hill, it was shown that the composition of protein was in-

creased from 2.0.^ to 2.14 perccnl hy the soybeans. This was an in-
crease only o£ approximately 0.1 percent. When two soybean plants
were grown with the corn the jjrotein content was raised to 2.32 per-
cent, or an increase of approximately 0.3 percent. When only one
so)bean plant was grown per hill the increase in protein content of
the mixture over corn alone was very small, while the increase when
2 plants per hill were grown with the corn was somewhat higher and
may be enough to account for a definite increase in the feeding value
of the silage.

jiiiirtiiirwtirrt***^

May 5 seeding of Soybeans on right; May 20, center: later seedings at left

When corn was grown alone and spaced 7 inches in the row the
protein content of silage was 1.47 percent, or very much less than
where corn was j^lanted more nearly at the usual rates. This result
might be expected from the low proportion of grain in the silage.
When soybeans were grown with corn planted at this rate, the pro-
tein content was increased to 1.95 percent. In this case there was a
very material increase in the protein content because of the soybeans
in the mixture. The protein content of this combination, however,
was only slightly higher than that of the plots where corn alone was
drilled either 14 or 21 inches apart in the row. It was slightly less
than the average protein percentage of the corn grown alone in
2-stalk hills, and the same as that of the corn in the 3-stalk hills.

The results obtained in these tests therefore show that where one
soybean plant per hill was grown with corn at the normal rate of
planting corn in hills, practically no increase in protein content over
corn grown alone restilted from the combination ; where two stalks
were grown a small increase resulted ; and where the crops were drill-
ed thicklv a considerable increase was obtained.

Where the soybeans were grown in cultivated rows there was a
very marked increase in average protein content over those plots
where they were sown solid. This difference in protein was approx-
imately the same each year.

This higher protein content in the soybeans grown in cultivated
rows may be due to several causes. Under cultivation the soil usually
has a higher nitrate content than where it is not worked. This culti-
vation would tend to increase the protein content of the crop grown.
The absence of weeds in the soybeans in the cultivated rows and the
larger percentage of seed in these plots would also tend to produce
a hay with a higher protein content than that from the solid-seeded
plots. The soybeans in the solid-seeded plots also were usually a
little more mature when cut than those in the cultivated rows. This
difference would tend to reduce the protein content of these as com-
pared to the soybeans from the cultivated plots.

In considering the other constituents for which the samples were
analyzed, little difference is seen between the various plots in dry
matter or carbohydrate content. In ash, fat, and liber the soybeans are
somewhat higher than the corn when grown alone, while the com-
bination usually ranges between these.

Yield of Protein and of Total Nutrients per Acre

Another question in the present discussion is whether the protein
yield per acre is increased by growing the combination. Data are
available for the years 1923, 1924, and 1925. The results obtained
are given in Table 6. Here also is shown the yield of total nutrients
per acre for the various plots.

The average yields of protein for the corn grown alone at the rate
of 2 stalks per hill, or spaced 7, 14, or 21 inches apart in drilled rows,
did not vary significantly from each other. Although the protein
content in some of these was higher than in others, differences in
yield of green material per acre tended to balance this.

Where 3 stalks of corn were grown per hill there was an aver-
age increase of 38 pounds of protein per acre over the 2-stalk plots.
One soybean plant per hill increased it by only 9 pounds per acre.
Where 2 soybean plants were grown in each hill of corn the increase
was 46 pounds per acre. The protein per acre therefore was not ap-
preciably increased by growing one soybean plant per hill ; but a sig-
nificant increase resulted when 2 plants per hill were grown.

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The highest yield of protein per acre resulted where corn and
soybeans were grown at the rate of corn spaced 7 inches apart in drill-
ed rows with a soybean plant between each 2 stalks of corn. An
average increase of 117 pounds of protein per acre was obtained over
the plots where corn was grown alone at the same rate.

The soybeans grown in cultivated rows produced 147 pounds
more protein per acre than did the soybeans grown in the plots drilled
solid.

When the average yield of total nutrients per acre is considered,
the data show that this yield was approximately the same for the
plots where corn was grown alone at the rate of 2 stalks per hill or
21 inches apart in the row; where one or 2 soybean plants were grown
in each hill of corn ; and where soybeans were grown alone either m
cultivated rows or drilled solid. The plots where 3 stalks of corn
per hill were grown or where the stalks were spaced 14 inches apart
in the row showed an increase in yield of total nutrients over the
2-stalk plots in about the same proportion as the increase in yield of
green material.

The yield of total nutrients per acre was highest in the plot where
soybeans were planted with corn and the corn spaced 7 inches apart
in the row. Although this combination produced the highest yield
of total nutrients as well as the highest yield of protein per acre, this
method of planting resulted in much lodged material that was diffi-
cult to harvest.

Composition of Corn and Soybeans Alone and in Combination

What effect, if any, does the growing of corn and soybeans in
combination have upon the composition of each of these crops? Is
the protein content of the corn increased?

Lyon^° at the New York (Cornell) Experiment Station found
that the protein content of several non-legumes when grown in com-
bination with red clover and alfalfa was increased. The Pennsylvania
Station^^ did not find any increase in the protein content of corn when
grown with soybeans.

The results obtained in the experiments reported in the present
bulletin are presented in Table 7.

In getting the average protein content of corn grown alone, the
average percent was used of the plots where corn was grown in 2- and
3-stalk hills and also where it was spaced 14 and 21 inches apart in

"•N. Y. fCorneU) A^r. Exp. Sta. Bui. 447.
"Penna. Asr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 167.

flrilled rows. 'I'he corn c^rown alone in drilled rows and spaced 7
inches apart was not included in this average since it was much lower
than the others. J'Vjr the protein content of the corn grown in combi-
nation, those plots are averaged where one and two soybean plants
per hill were grown Avith the corn.

The average i)rotein content of the C(n-n grown alone was 1.91
percent and of the corn grown in combination wdth soybeans was
1.92 percent. Obviously the growing of soyl'^eans with the corn in
this case had no influence on the protein content of the corn. Corn
grown alone and spaced 7 inches apart in the row averaged 1.47 per-
cent, and when soN'beans were grown with the corn the protein con-
tent of the corn was 1..^4 percent. Again no api^reciable increase in
the protein content of the corn was noted as a result of growing soy-
l)eans with it.

Jn order to determine what effect the growdng of the combination
had upon the composition of soybeans, the composition of the legume
grown alone in drill rows w'as compared with the average of the soy-
beans growm with corn at the rates of one and of two plants per hill.
This is probably the best comparison that can be made among the
various combinations in this test. The protein content of the soy-
beans grown alone was 4.24 percent and where grown in combination
with corn, 4.44 percent. This diflerence is small and probably of no
significance. It w^ould seem from these results that the growing of
the combined crops did not have any influence on the protein content
of either the corn or the soybeans.

DISCUSSION

The growing of corn and soybeans together for silage would
hardly seem a justifiable practice from the results obtained in these
experiments. Growing the combination did not increase the total
yield per acre of silage wdiile the protein content of the combined crop
was only a little higher than where corn was grown alone. This re-
sult was due largely to the small proportion of soybeans in the com-
bination. The yield of protein per acre was increased only to a small
extent, while the yield of total nutrients per acre was not increased.
The proportion of soybeans in the corn varied considerably from year
to year even under these controlled conditions. In actual practice it
would therefore be difficult to estimate to wdiat extent the composition
of the silage would be affected by growdng the two crops together.

The growing of the combination involves extra work in planting, cul-
ture, and harvesting. The increases obtained do not justify this addi-
tional work.

Under the conditions of this experiment, where soybeans grown
alone produced practically the same tonnage per acre as the corn
grown alone it would seem a much more desirable practice to grow
the two crops separately and then mix them in the desired proportion
when falling the silo. In this way the composition of the silage can
be much more satisfactorily controlled.

The results obtained indicate that for silage the corn grown alone
should be planted at the rate of about 3 stalks per hill or spaced
about 14 inches apart in drilled rows. The planting of the corn at
the rate of 2 stalks per hill or spaced 21 inches apart in the row did
not produce as good yields as the heavier planting. Where the corn
was grown at the rate of 1 stalk every 7 inches in the drilled row, more
tonnage was obtained per acre, but the feeding value was consider-
ably less per unit of weight because of the low proportion of grain
produced.

Where weeds are troublesome it will probably be advisable to
grow the soybeans in cultivated rows for silage. Although a coarser
growth results than where the crop is drilled solid, this is not an im-
portant factor if the beans are to be used for silage.

SOYBEANS FOR HAY

Soybeans are more extensively used in West Virginia for hay
than for any other purpose. As a hay crop soybeans compare very
favorably with both red clover and alfalfa. Feeding trials conducted
by the department of dairy husbandry at this Station^- gave results
indicating that, properly handled, soybean hay is equal in feeding
value to a good grade of alfalfa hay. The yields of soybeans also com-
pare very favorably with other forage crops commonly grown. Soy-
beans are also the most dependable legume grown in the state. Good
yields are often obtained on land where it is difficult, if not impossible,
to get a good stand of either red clover or alfalfa.

Several questions often arise with respect to the best methods of
growing soybeans when they are to be used for hay. Among these
are: What is the proper rate of planting the crop? When is the pro-
per time to plant, and are there some crops which may be grown to
advantage in combination with the soybeans for hay? In an endeavor

"TV. Va. AgT. Exp. Sta. Bui. ISl.

to answer these questiuiis tlie fullowing experiments were started.
In an earlier test conducied at this Station, '■■ results were obtained
over periods of one and two years which gave some indications of
what might be expected.

METHODS USED IN EXPERIMENTS

In the experiments where the soybeans were planted at various
rates of seeding per acre and also where different dates of planting
were used, the plots were planted in solidly drilled plots one drill-
width wide and eight rods in length, making a plot approximately
1/40 acre in size. The two outside drill rows of each plot were cut
and discarded before harvest each year to eliminate border effect as
far as possible.

In the date.-of-planting experiment the plots were planted at a
uniform rate of 8 pecks per acre.

Where soybeans were grown in combination wath various other
crops the soybeans v/ere planted in drill rows spaced 28 inches apart.
At the first cultivation or when the soybeans were about 3 inches in
height, the other crops were planted between the row^s of soybeans.
The millet \vas sown broadcast while the sorghum and Sudan grass
were seeded with a garden seeder. Only the two center rows of each
plot and the corresponding interplanted crops were used for yield de-
termination.

Four plots of each rate and date of planting, as well as of differ-
ent combinations of crops, were grown each year. The yields were
determined by weighing the hay in the field when it Avas considered
properly cured. A sample was taken at this time in order to deter-
mine the moisture content. In drying, this sample was handled in
the same manner as has been described for the silage samples. All
yields were reported on an air-dry basis. Had these yields been re-
ported as field-cured hay they would have averaged about 15 percent
higher.

Wilson soybeans were used in all experiments.

Rate of Planting

The yields obtained in the rate-of-planting experiment are given
in Table 8.

The data in Table 8 show that there was little difference in yield
between the various rates of planting. The yields ranged from 2.12

aw. V«. Asr. 'Exp. Sta.. Bui. 172.

tons of air-dry hay per acre for the 5-peck seeding to 2.23 tons for the
8-peck seeding. The increase of the 8-peck seeding Avas only about
one-tenth ton of air-dry hay per acre over the 4- and 5-peck seedings.
The 6-peck seeding was intermediate between the 8-peck and the
thinner seedings.

Although little difference was noted in the yields obtained from

Table 8. — Yield in Tons per Acre of Air-dry Hay from. Soybeans Planted at
Various Rates

Rate of Planting
in Pecks per Acre

Yield in T«ns per Acre of

Air-dry Kay for the

Year.« ]J)21 to 1J)35

Average Yield
per Acre 1921-25

11121 1923 1923 1924 1925

4 pecks - -

2.49 1.99 2.15 1.65 2.40
2.36 2.18 2.08 1.57 2.40

2.50 2.25 2.15 1.63 2.36
2.53 2.36 2.14 1.69 2.45

2.14'

5 pecks

6 pecks

2.12
2.18

S pecks

2.23

the plots planted at various rates, there was a very striking difference
between them in the quality of the hay produced and in the amount
of weeds in the hay. Where only 4 or 5 pecks were seeded the hay
produced was considerably coarser than when 8 pecks per acre were
seeded. With the 6-peck seeding the hay was intermediate in this
respect. The most marked difference, however, was found in the
amount of weeds in the hay. Where only 4 or 5 pecks were seeded
the hay generally consisted of a considerable proportion of weeds.
Although there were some weeds in the hay when 8 pecks per acre
were seeded, the proportion was very much less. In this respect also
the 6-peck seeding was intermediate between the thinner rates of
seeding and the 8-peck seeding.

The best rate of planting for soybeans will depend somewhat on
the variety and the condition of the land. With large-seeded varieties
like Mammoth Yellow it is necessary to plant at a heavier rate than
with a small-seeded variety like the Peking. On land that is inclined
to be weedy the soybeans should be planted more thickly than where
the land is comparatively free from weeds.

With the Wilson soybean, a medium-size bean, it would seem
advisable to plant from 6 to 8 pecks per acre. Where the land is in-
clined to be weedy the heavier planting should be used.

Time of Planting

The results obtained when the soybeans were planted at different
dates are given in Table 9.

The yields in air-dry hay ranged from 1.93 tons per acre for the

Table 9. — Yield in Tons per Acre of Air-dry Hay from Soybeans Planted on
Various Dates _^

Unto of iMaiitlns

May 5 —
May 20 _-
June 1 _--
June 10 _-
June 25 _.
July 10 —

Avt'rase Diite
llnrvested

Aug. 25
Sept. 2
Sept. 8
Sept. 12
Sept. 20
Oct. 2

I'lehl in Tons per Acto

<>!' -\ir-<lry H:\y I'or Hie

\o:irs i»::r. to 1»27

i»2«:

ii>a7

1.S8
1.72
1.79
l.!)3
1.79
1..32

2.3fi

2.79
2.66
2.] 6
2.27
2.43

2.82
2.37
1.92
2.21
1.77
2.03

.\\ornKe VIeld
per \.Te 1»a5-27

2.35
2.29
2.12
2.10
1.95
1.93

Table 10. — Yield in Tons per Acre of Air-dry Hay from Soybeans Grown Alone
and in Various Combinations

Crop or <'oiiil>iii:i1ion

Soybeans alone

Soybeans and millet

Soybeans and Siulan grass.

Soybeans and .«orghum

Itelil ill 'l'on.>< per Aere of

Air-tlry Hay for the

Years 1021 to 1!)2.'»

1!>21 1S>23 ]!)2.1 1024 1925

3.15 2.60 1.84 1.45 1.88

3.03 2.28 1.95 2.50 1.79

3.12 2.n 1.93 1.28 2.23

2.89 2.01 l.SO 1.35 2.32

AverjiKO Yield
per A ore 1021-2r;

2.18
2.11
2.18

2.07

July 10 seeding to 2.35 tons when seeded May 5. The yields fluctuat-
ed somewhat from year to year, depending on the season. Although
the difference in actual yield is not great between the different dates,
there were marked differences in the quality of the hay produced.
A^'hen the soybeans were planted as early as May 5 there was a much
higher percentage of weeds in the hay each year than when they were
planted at a later date. The soybean does not make a vigorous
growth until the soil is thoroughly warmed. Planting earlier gives
many weeds an opportunity to become established before the soy-
beans can furnish sufBcient competition.

Planted as late as July 10 the beans were so late in maturing sufti-
ciently to cut for hay that considerable difficulty was encountered
in curing them. The same was true to a lesser extent when they were
planted June 25.

From these experiments it would seem that for best results under
West Virginia conditions, soybeans should be planted sometime be-
tween the middle of May and the middle of June. In earlier plantings
weeds are likely to cause difficulty, while planting later than the
middle of June makes the beans so late in maturing that the curing
of the hay gives considerable trouble.

Soybeans in Combination for Hay

Soybeans are more difficult to cure than the ordinary hay crops.
For that reason it is sometimes desired to grow some other crops with

them in order to facilitate curing". If a satisfactory crop can be found
to grow with the soybeans the combined crop would also be easier
to cut and handle, since the companion crop would tend to keep the
soybeans from lodging. Among crops that are often suggested as
suitable for growing with soybeans for hay are Sudan grass, sorghum,
and millet. In order to test out the value of these crops when grown
in combination with soybeans for hay, each one was grown with soy-
beans, and the yields determined. The results obtained are shown in
Table 10.

As the data in this table show, there was little difference m yield
between soybeans grown alone and any of the various combinations.
The yields ranged from 2.07 tons of air-dry hay per acre for the com-
bination of soybeans and sorghum to 2.18 tons when soybeans were
grown, alone.

Of these combinations the Sudan grass and soybeans made the
most desirable mixture. Millet was not satisfactory, largely because
it reached maturity much earlier than the soybeans. Even when
planted after the soybeans were 3 or 4 inches high it was ready to cut
10 days before the soybeans had matured sufficiently for hay. Sorg-
hum, although maturing more nearly with the soybeans, was too
coarse for hay. This combination also cured very slowl3^ On ac-
count of its coarseness and the difficulty in curing, this combination
cannot be recommended.

While the Sudan grass and soybean combination did not produce
a heavier yield than soybeans grown alone, the com1:)ination proved
to be more easily cured and was handled more easily than soybeans
grown alone. This combination has done remarkably well in some
trials in other parts of the state, especially where the soil is rich. On
thin soils there is probably not much to be gained by growing the
combination over soybeans alone. On bottom soils of high fertility
the combination makes an excellent crop for hay.

Soybeans with Millet (right), Sudan grass (center), and Sorghum (left)

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