Full text of "Spanish colonial literature in South America"

See other formats

Google

This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on Hbrary shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project

to make the world's books discoverable online.

It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject

to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books

are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover.

Marks, notations and other maiginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the

publisher to a library and finally to you.

Usage guidelines

Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the
public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing this resource, we liave taken steps to
prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.
We also ask that you:

+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for
personal, non-commercial purposes.

+ Refrain fivm automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine
translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the
use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.

+ Maintain attributionTht GoogXt "watermark" you see on each file is essential for informing people about this project and helping them find
additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.

+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just
because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other
countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of
any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner
anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liabili^ can be quite severe.

About Google Book Search

Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers
discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web

at|http : //books . google . com/|

IC SOCIETY

hogic

IMERICAN SERIES

(

HISPANIC

NOTES & MONOGRAPHS

ESSAYS, STUDIES, AND BRIEF
BIOGRAPHIES ISSUED BY THE
HISPANIC SOQETY OF AMERICA

HISPANIC AMERICAN SERIES

Dcinzedoy Google

OTHER BOOKS BY THE SAME
AUTHOR ON THE COLONIAL
PERIOD IN SOUTH AMERICA

The Establishment of Spanish Rule

in America.
The Spanish Dependencies in South

America, a vols.
Spain's Declining Power in South

America.
South America on the Eve of

Emancipation.

Dcinzedoy Google

SPANISH
[COLON lAL
I LITERATURE

South America

SRNARD ^OSbS. Ptk U^ LL.U..

The Hispanic S(x-ifty ol Amrrica

LONDON :: NEW YOKK

1922

M V: ■
G48243

.....Google

PREFACE

No intelligent person is likely to deny the
importance of official documents as the
basis of a nation's history; but these docu-
ments do not tell the whole story. There
are social activities, currents of national
thought, and waves of popular sentiment,
which are not fully described either in laws
or governmental proclamations. Tradi-
tion sometimes conveys a knowledge of
these aspects of society, but tradition
undergoes such modifications in the course
of time that it does not render the same
account to all later generations or centuries.

Each century writes the literature it
reads. This is especially true of historical
literature. It is also true that each cen-
tury, in the various forms of its literature,
writesitsownhistory;anditis to this litera-
ture, not to the later critical writings that
one must refer, who would know how any

HISPANIC NOTES

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

given period of the past appeared to those
then living. It was once said of a. distin-
guished modem historian of Rome that he
knew more about the affairs of Rome than
the Romans themselves knew; which was to
say, that his works presented a view of
Rome such as no Roman ever had. The
critical history of the society of any given
period of the past is so completely an arti-
ficial creation that it would hardly be recog-
nized by a member of that society. It
takes its character, in a considerable part,
from knowledge, ideas, and emotions that
were foreign to him. Therefore, in order to
know a nation's life as known at any given
epoch, or to visualise the worldly show that
passed before the thoughtful contemporary
mind, one should refer, not to the artificial
creation of the modem historian, with its
twentieth-century atmosphere, but to what
men wrote of their own times or times near
their own. Our ancestors' vision of the
world and the reaction which the world pro-
duced in their minds are revealed in the
various forms of their literature.
The material for an intellectual recon-

HISPANIC NOTES

Dcinzedoy Google

PREFACE

{ stitDtian oi the \-iew of titax society eaber-
I taioed by the Spanisfa caAaoGts of Soath
America is mudi less abondant than that
.wtodi tbe nrenty-third-centuiy htstorian
wiB have for reprodudiig oar \-iew ol o*u
tioKS. Tbesc were in tlie l^nnisfa cnlonies
no <^Fy*«»<>"»l or paiUamoiiaiy debates,
DO |Ni|wlar osatois dcs<3&ii^ social coodi-
tkws and settii^ fonh eoooonuc and politi-
cal doctrines, no discussioa of social pro-
granunes, and, more sigiiifi<ant than aD
tfae, DO periodical press recording from day <
to day and from mootfa the events and
ideas of the period in question. Bm in tbe
books, the reports, and tlie relaciraies tbere
is a larger mass of written evidence than
the companitively mde staie of coloaial
society would lead one to expect; and it is
tbe purpose of this boob to point out the
piinc^ttl documents ol this colonial litera-
ture, and to introduce the readex to tbe
men of letters in the colonies who wrote
nodcr tbe inspiration of their experieikce in
tbe Sew World, whether their contribo-

C^ in the realm oi poetry, history,
:al descriptiim, or ecclesiastical |

AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

discussion. All this is brought together
under a general title in which the tenn
" literature " is consciously expanded from
its narrower meaning to cover whatever
was written on any of these general sub-
jects; and by helping the reader to a know-
ledge of this literature it is believed that
through it he will be enabled to acquire a
more or less distinct view of the coloniali
society as it appeared in any period to men
of that period.

It is presumed that copies of this booki
will fall into the hands of persons not com-
pletely versed in the Spanish language, and
for this reason a somewhat broad view of
Spanish accentuation has been carried out
as an assistance in the pronunciation of
such Spanish words and titles as it has been
found advisable to introduce. It will,
moreover, be noted that all titles and quo-j
tations from the texts of early coloniali
writers are given in modernized Spanish.

The portraits here presented help to show
that the intellectual life of the colonies was
not limited to a single class, but embraced
friars, parish priests, and bishops; private

HISPANIC NOTES

Dcinzedoy Google

r PREFACE

' sddicTs and officers of the anuy; governors,
judges, and i-iceroj-s.

It is not to be expected that a book
covering the number and wide range of
fcicts here included will be without errors;
but there are fewer errors In this volume
than would have appeared but for the valu-
able editorial assistance of Mr, A. H.
Wykeham-George. who su^ested and
fcmned the Appendix, directed the prepara-
tion of the illustrations, and supervised the
passing of the whole through the press.
For that assistance I take this occasion to
express my cordial appreciation; and at the
same lime I would gratefuLy acknowledge
the important contribution to the under-

Jtny, Lecturer in Spanish at King's Col-
It^, and the ver>- friendly and helpftil
attention given by the authorities of the
British Museum, particularly by Dr. Henty
Tbomasj Assistant Keeper of Printed Books.
Bernard Moses.
Paris, June 3rd, 192a.

AND MONOGRAPHS

^^^^WWW^

nzeaoy Google

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

! Introduction Page i

; CHAPTER II

i Early Writers of Tierra Firme

I. Bartolome de Las Casas. II. Gonzalo Fer*
ndndez de Oviedo y Vald^s. III. Pascual de
Andagoya. Page 28

Chapter III
Contemporary Accounts of the Conquest of
Peru
I. Francisco de Xeres. II. Pedro Sancho. III.
Tomds de San Martin ; Benito Peiialosa Mondrag6n.
IV. Pedro Pizarro ; Crist6bal de Molina, V.
Alonso Enriquez de Guzmdn ; Diego Femindez,
VI, Agustin de Zdrate, VII, Pedro Cieza de Le6n.
VIII, Girolamo Benzoni ; Juan Fem&ndez.

P^e 59

HISPANIC NOTES

Dcinzedoy Google

xii SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

CHAPTER IV
Peruvian and Chilean Historians, 1550-1600
I. Jos6 de Acosta. II. Garcilaso de la Vega.
III. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa ; Polo de Onde-
gardo. IV .Cristobal de Molina ; Cabello de Bal-
boa, V. Pedro de Valdivia. VI. Alonso de G6ngora
Marmolejo. VII. Pedro Marino de Lovera,
I Page 102 !

CHAPTER V j

' Alonso de Ercilla y Zi3niga : La Araucana ]

Page 158 I

1 CHAPTER VI

Ercilla's Imitators
I. Pedro de Ona, 11. Juan de Mendoza Montea-
j gudo. III. Fernando Alvarez de Toledo. IV. Die-
go de Santistevan Osorio. Page 189 j

CHAPTER VII I

i Juan de Castellanos Page an |

\ CHAPTER VIII i

MARTiN DEL Barco Centenera : La Argentina
\ Page 222

i HISPANIC NOTES

Dcinzedoy Google

CHAPTER IX

Writers on Chilean History, 1600-1650

I. Atonso Gonzalez de Najera. II. Francisco

Nilfiez de Pineda Bascunan. HI. Cato de Torres.

IV. Melchor Xufre del Aguila. V. .\lonso de

Ovalle. VI. Miguel de Aguirre. VII. Francisco

Ponce de Leon. VIII. Diego de Rosales. IX.

itiago de Tesiilo. Page 343

CHAPTER X

Writers of Peru and New Granada, 1600-1650
I. Juan Bautista Aguilar. II. Francisco V4squez ;
Toribio de Ortiguera. III. Crist6bal de Acuiia.
IV. Diego de Torres Bollo. V'. Antonio de la
Calancha. VI. Bemabe Cobo. VII. Aionso Me-
sla Venegas. VIII. Pedro Sim6n. IX. Rodriguez
Fresle ; Aionso Garz6n de Tahuste. X. Pedro
Fernandez de Quiros ; Gobeo de Victoria ; Fer-
nando Montesinos. Page 288

Hp'

CHAPTER XI

'he Last Half of the Seventeenth Century

I, Juande Barrenecheay Albis; Luis de Oviedo y

Herrera ; Juan del Valle y Caviedes. II. Ignacio

AND MONOGRAPHS

3dv SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

de Arbieto ; Jacinto Banrasa ; ]osi de Buendia.
III. Jerdnimo de Quiroga; ,Anello Oliva; Diego
Ojeda Gallinato ; Martin Velasco. IV. Lucas Fer-
nandez de Piedrahita. V, Pedro Claver; Juan F16rez
de Ocdriz. VI. Anales del Cuzco. VII. Manuel
Rodriguez ; Samuel Fritz. Page 330

CHAPTER XII

The Early Years of the Eighteenth Century

I. Jorge Juan y Santacilla and Antonio de Ulloa.

II. Alonso de Zamora ; Jose de Oviedo y fiaiios.

III. Joseph Luis Qsneros and Francisca Josefa de
Castillo y Guevara. IV. Pedro Jos^ de Peralta
Bamuevo ; Juan de Mira. V. Juan Rivero ; Jose
Cassani ; Jos6 Gumllla. VI. Some minor eccle-
siastical writers. Page 360

CHAPTER XIII

On Paraguay

I. AlvarNuiiezCabezade Vaca ; Uirich Schmidel. \

II. Early Sources of Information about Par^uay ; ,

Nicolds de Techo. III. Pedro Lozano. IV. Jos6 j

Guevara. V, Dobrizhofler ; Pauker ; Falkner ; ]

HISPANIC NOTES 1

Dcinzedoy Google

Orosz ; Cardiel, Quirop;a, Jolis, Peramds, Muriel,
Judrez, SAnchez Labrador. VI. Juan Patricio Fer- |
nAndez ; Matias de Angles. Page 395 ,'

CHAPTER XIV

Some Ecclesiastics and their Religious Books

I. Bishop Lizdrraga. 11. Bisihop Luis Jer6nimo

le Ore. III. Bishop Caspar de Villarroel. I

Minor religious writers. Page .

CHAPTER XV

Government and Law

I. Melchor Calderiin ; Francisco Falcon ; Fran-
dsco CarrascodelSaz. II. Nicolas Polanco deSanti- [
liana; Juan Matienzo ; Juan de Sol6rzano Pereira ; !
Caspar de Escalona y .\guero. III. The brothers 1
Antonio, Diego, and Juan de Leon Pinelo ;
Juan del Corral Calvo de la Torre ; IV. Jorge Es-
cobedo y Alarcon ; Jose Rezabal y Ugarte. V. ,
nso de la Peiia Montenegro, Page 460

AND MONOGRAPHS

TTiHoWc

xvi SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

CHAPTER XVI

Late Eighteenth Century Historians

I. Jose Eusebio Llano y Zapata. II. Miguel de

Olivares; Pedro de Cordoba y Figueroa. III. Jos^

P^rez Garcia ; Vicente Carvailo y Goyeneche. IV,

Gec^raphical Description ; Molina and Vidaurre.

V. Dionisio and Antonio Alcedo ; Zamacola ;
Segurola; Martinez y Vela. VI. Concolorcorvo.

Page 491

CHAPTER XVII

Outlook towards Emancipation

I. The intellectual movement after the expulsion

of the Jesuits. II. Political Reformers. III. Poets.

IV. Literary periodicals: Mercurio Peruana, Gaceta

de Lima. V. Contributors to Mercurio Peruaiw.

VI. El TeUgraJo MercanUl. VII. Tadeo Haenke.
VIII. El Volador. Page 531 !

APPENDIX

A Catalogue, under Authors' Names, of t he Books

mentioned in the text. Page 585

GENERAL INDEX Page 651

HISPANIC NOTES '

Dcinzedoy Google

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

IAlonso de Ercilla y ZOniga . Frontispiece

L Map of South America . Page xx

{ Page fbom first book to be prikted in ''*mm

South America 6

HBlasco NCnez de Vela , . . ii

I Vanuel Ohhs de Santa Pai*. marques de

Casteldoshius i6

I Bartoloue de las Casas ■ ■ - 33
Title Page of " Suma de Geoghafi'a " . 54

Francisco Pizarro 59

Pace from MS. of Sarmiento de Gamboa's

" Historia General " . . . 129

L Francisco de Toledo .... 144
IPedro de Valdivia .147

IJeronimo de Alderete . .151

■FRANasco DE Villagra .... 154
[^TLE Page of the First Edition of " La

Abaucana " ..... 158

|Face from the First Edition of " La

Araucana " - .... 165

l&IATUE OF CaUPOLICAN . . . .173

AND MONOGRAPHS

saoyGoOgIc

xviii SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

GARCfA HURTADO DE MeNDOZA, HARQUiS

deCanete

Pedro de Ona

Juan de Castellanos ....
Tmx Page op the First Edition of " La

Argentina "

ANDRis Hurtado de Mendoza, marques

deCanete ...
Diego Fernandez de CdRDOBA, uarqu^s

DE GuadalcAzar

Antonio de Mendoza, uarquiIs de Mond*-

jar

Santa Rosa ; from ist Edition of Oviedo

Herrera's "Vida de Sta Rosa"
Antonio de Ulloa ....

Jorge Juan y Santacilla
Title Page or the Latin Translation or

Schuidbl's " Wabhafftige Historien "
Caspar de Villarroel ....
Title Pace of Sol6hzano's " De Indiakuh

jure"

Juan de Sol6rzano Pereira .
Ambrosio O'Higcins, harquIes de Osorno
Juan IcNAao Molina ....
Francisco Gil de Taboada y Leitos

HISPANIC NOTES

nzeaoy Google

Dcinzedoy Google

SPANISH COUWIAL LITERATURE

WriliI■g^ nar environment. Great writers of Italy
in verse j,^ made terse a preferred fonn of litera-
ture in the sixteenth century, and there b
Ro doubt that, in addition to their exain[rie,
the exaltation of spirit maintained by the
U tir>accu<tomed adventures of early colonial
^^' life contributed powerfully to the extendve
adoption of this form of utterance. It was
undoubtedly the new and inspiring scenes
; and eienls attending the campaigns against
I the Araucanians that moved Ercilla to give
a poetic record of his experience, in Zji
Araucana. When Barco Centenera under
similar influences undertook to write an ac-
count of theSpanish occupation uf the south
eastern part of the continent, the result was
an '' historical poem " called La Argentina;
and Peralta Bamuevo's extended history of
the eariydevelopment of Spanish society in
Peru assumed the metrical form in Lima
fundada. The form of Castellanos' chron-
icle was practically determined by the suc-
cess of Ercilla 's verses. And after these
came a troop of chroniclers, whose verses
were the product of imitarion ratlier than
the result of original inspiration.

HISPANIC NOTES

TT>nn

IN SOrrif AMERICA

Mud) dut ns wrhten in the colmies bis ^
Dot been pfinted, somMimes because the < ^
■nwmscript WKS not approved br the censor, j
souKtiiues bec&iise the funds oecded to
cove- tbe cost verenot availBUe, and seme- 1
tunes because the tnamiscnpt wts lost.
The UabiUt}- to loss was especnllf gieu
during most of tfae coionni period, smcc '
maaoscnpts dcs^ned for prmtioe had to be .
9aitto£uni|)e,Hid were exposed todai^en '
; faom shipwRck. the attacks of pintet, and '
the neglect of the persons to wbcuR ibef .
mjK entrusted. It was oaly tUe thai
presses weTceAabtkbedintbedependcncits,
of South' Amcika; and even alter they
were provided, the quality oi the work done
was poor and the expense hi^. Printing
was in tnxhiced into Mexico cariier than into
South America, aad it was fiona Mexico thai
'Peru recei\'ed iti fiist printer. This was
Antonio Ricardo, who had been a printer in '
Mexico lor ten yeais. He decided to re-
move to Peru in 1579, but encountered seri-
ous obstadies to his proposed emigimtkm,
paidy due to the fact Uiat he was not a ,
nati\'eof ^>ain. HeencamiteredodKrob-|

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Ricsrdo
printer
in Peru

stacles in seeking pemission to undertake

the business of printing in Peru after his
arrival in that country. Finally, when the
catechism prepared by the Jesuits at the re-
quest of the ecclesiastical council was com-
pleted, the audiencia,on February the thirt-
eenth, 1584, decreed that Ricardo might be
permitted to print it. But the work was
interrupted in order to print instructions
concerning corrections in the calendar,
under the title Pragmdtica sobre los dies dias
del alio. The authorization of this publica-
tion was gi\en by the audiencia oil the
fourteenth of July, 1584, and this first pro-
duct of the South American press appeared
a little later. The catechism became the
second publication.^

After this beginning the business of print-
ing grew rapidly, in spite of the high cost of
paper, recei\ing its principal impulse from
a strong demand for primary books for
schools and little manuals of devotion.
News-sheets followed, issued at irregular in-
tervals, and after twenty-five years, it be-

HISPANIC NOTES

1UTKCIIK0«|RTSI.

cn cl , T icioilic ecu liiaa y:
' tuBii. rtnif nirfwi

'licpar , am-
hiun, tciui-

Fin del CstccitmomaTB:

from the First Honk, tttbi
South .\in«ri«»

saoy Google

IN SOUTH AMERICA j ^

oae OHamatT tn EHoe tht^ «■ tbe annal ' Ccwm-
■B wSax JtraoiBO de f ■—*■■■", who bad pn^ter

aTot

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

itself without essential change of character
until 1779.
Printing I Early printing elsewhere in South Amer-
Iwuits I '^^ "^ almost exclusively the work of the
Jesuits. They had a press at the mission
station of Ju!i near Lake Titicaca, in the
I second decade of the seventeenth century,
I hut it was only after about a hundred years
that a press was set up in any other part of
South America, in the missions of Para-
guay the first book printed by the Jesuits
appeared in 1705. This was entitled De la
diferencia e»lre Jo lemporaly etemo^yVaArt
Juan Eusehio Nieremberg, translated into
Guarani by Joseph Serrano.'

The Jesuits established a printing press
at Cordoba in connexion with the college of
iserral, but after the expulsion of the
order from South America the press was
transferred to Buenos Aires in 1780. About
eight years later the authorities of the col-

T rublica

_,, jJ^M.,..

by^h'^Ii Yapusuay,

a isu«J in tit ml-siod!

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA I

Ifege felt the need of the press that had been 1
removed, and sent Manuel Antonio Tala-
vera to Buenos Aires to request that it
might be replaced by another. The nego-
tiations ended, however, without any imme-
diate result.

Id 1741 Alejandro Coronado, a resident J
of Quito, petitioned the Council of the '
Indies for permission to establish a printing
pressin that city, wherepreviously no facili-
ties forprinting had existed. This petition
was granted, arfd by a subsequent act of the
Council this privilege was extended to his
heirs, in case of Coronado's death before the
projected press had been set up. Corona-
do's plan was not carried out, and nearly
twenty years later the Jesuits, who had a|
press in Ambato, removed it to Quito at the |
beginning of 1760. The first printing in
Quito was done on that press in the early
part of that year.^

The beginning of printing in Bogot
assigned to various dates. According to
Vergara, the press was established there ii

AND 51 0 N O G R A P H S

saoy Google

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

1740, but other statements maintain that
there was no printing in BogotA until 1 789.*

The development of hterature in the
Spanish dependencies of South America
was hindered, not only by the very imper-
fect facilities for printing, but also by the
extremely rigid restrictions on the publica-
tion and importation of books. These re-
strictions were, however, an after-thought
of Spanish legislation. A law of 1480, re-
lating to the introduction ol hooks into
Spain, provided that ''no duties whatsoever
shall be paid For the importation of foreign 1
books into these kingdoms; considering how :
profitable and honourable it is that hooks
from other countries should be brought to |
Uiese kingdoms, in order that by them men
men may become learned".*

I:*ut this wise and liberal law remained
valid for only a few years. It was sup-
planted by legislation conceived in fear of
foreign influences that might threaten the
traditions of the nation and the accepted

KG. La BUa imldaliial m la Amtttca

HISPANIC NOTES

,jOOglC

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

print, hold, or sell them, under [Knalty
of 200,000 maravedis and the loss of

his printing office." Moreover, the send-
ing of manuscripts to Spain to be exa-
mined by the Council of the Indies was at-
tended with \'ery great risks; and when an
American author had secured the printing
of his book in Spain or in any other Euro-
pean country, great difficulties were en-
countered in his attempts to have copies of
it returned to America; for it was provided
by law that no printed book treating of
American subjects, whether issued in Spain
or in a foreign country, could be taken to
the Indies until it had been examined and
approved by the Council of the Indies,*

The inconvenience of sending manu-
scripts to Spain to be examined and ap-
proved or disapproved by the Council of
the Indiesisillustrated by Bishop VUlarroel's
experience. He sent the manuscript of El
gobiemo eclesidslico pacifieo to Spain, but'
the vessel carrying it was wrecked, and only
by great good fortune was the manuscript
saved. He sent another work in four vol-

(6) RfcapilaciAn lU Itya de ioi rtynn At \a nlj

HISPANIC NOTES

^ L\ SOITH AMERICA | 13

nmes to ilxdnd. and »diciitd pennissionto
poblish it. The issuing of the licaice was
ddayed three years, and in the meantime
the manuscript «^ lost. The 1^ ob-
stacles and the practical difficulties in the
way ol obtaining permission to print help to
explain wfay many manuscripts, written in
America or about America, remained un-
published until after the overthrow of
Spanish rule in the Indies. Ev-rii after the
establishment of presses in America, the
great cost of paper fumisiied an obstacle to
their extensive use, and except in Mexico
and Lima there were few printing presses
until late in the colonial period.

While the Inquisition tended to destroy
free intellectual activity in the Spanish
colonies, the Church in other ways contri-
buted lo a certain cultivation along lines
appro\-ed by itself. Il helped to preserve
old-world traditions in some departments
of life. By the study of the Indian lan-
guages, which It encouraged, and the forma-
tion and the publication of grammars, it
made public and preserved a knowledge of
these languages. It, moreover, founded

Obna-

cIm to

AND MONOGRAPHS

saoy Google

■

^^^^^^H

SPANISH COLONIAL UTERATURE

The

range of
leamiDg

and supported schools, that maintained the
light of learning, though a feeble and fluctu-
ating light, within a narrow ecclesiastical
horizon. But all efforts in favour of libera!
enlightenment were counteracted by gov-
ernmental measures in opposition to the im-
portation of books, particularly secular
books of all kinds.

But the range of learning was limited.
Until near the end of the colonial period in-
struction in the colleges and universities re-
tamed its mediaeval character. The curri-
culum of studies embraced little, if any-
thing, besides Latin, philosophy, and theo-
logy. Having attained proficiency in Latin
the student was admitted to the courses on
philosophy under the faculty of arts. After
three years with this faculty he passed to
the study of theology, which was continued
for four, and later for five, years. The first
enlargement of this curriculum was eSected
by the addition of jurisprudence, or Roman
law. This change was notmade until near
the end of the eighteenth century.'

(7)Sm the auUior'a Spanii* Uiptxdwda, in SouM
Amiriea. chaps, ix and xm.

HISPANIC NOTES

TTwi

saoy Google

Thev
regal
academy

SPANISH COLONIAL LITER-WURE

Santiago de Giile, and Caracas, the officials

of the administration formed another su-
perior element in the population. Lima^
as the viceroy's residence, was the social
capital of the dependencies. The powers
of the viceroy were practically those of
autocratic ruler, during the period of hia
incumbency, and there were brought to
Lima from Spain many of the forms and
ceremonies of the Spanish court. The
roy appeared in public with much of the
state affected by European monarchs of the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Sometimes he used the influence of his high
position to encourage learning and literary
acti\'ity. The viceregal palace^ in the reign
of the viceroy Casteldosrius, was the meet-
ing-place of a society where authors assem-
bled every Monday to present their writ-
ings and discuss subjects of interest to
men of letters. Dr. Pedro Peralta Bar-
nucvo, the author of Lima/undada, was a
member of this academy. But the "high
society" of Lima had a lower conception of
literature and literary men than the learned
viceroy, and expressed regret that the

HISPANIC NOTES

.^^

p/^^.^^%

Dcinzeaoy Google

saoyGoOgIc

IN SOUTH AMERICA

I ancient customs and dignity of the vice-
I legui office had been violated by the partici-
I pation of the head of the state in the pro-
1 ceedings of a literary society. The victory
of the French under \'endome over the
Austrians under Starhemberg was cele-
brated at the palace by the production of
Bamuevo's comedy called Triunfos de amor
y poder; and there were more regrets by the
aristocracy that the palace of the viceroy
; had been turned into a theatre,
; Lima at this lime, the beginning of the
j eighteenth century, had about seventy
I thousand inhabitants, Europeans, mestizos,
I Indians, and negro slaves. Gold and silver
flowed into the city from the mines, and the
buildings that were constructed after the
earthquake of 168; were superior to those
which had been destroyed; they gave Lima
I an appearance of prosperity; tliey suggest-
1 ed a degree of luxury that had not been evi-
ident eariier. The Creoles, always fond of
.display, sought to avoid the simplicity and
' rudeness of the smaller towns. They made
' their wealth conspicuous by their possession
, of paintings from Italy and Spain, by their

AND MONOGRAPHS

saoy Google

Linmand
tho other
capitals

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

extravagant dress, and by their abundant
ornaments of gold, pearls, diamonds, and
other precious stones; and it is said that the
nobles of Lima exceeded in luxury the aris-
tocracy of Spain. The Peruvian capital
was enlivened not only by the presence of
the fifteen hundred students of the Univer-
sity of San Marcos, but also by a large ni
ber of convents or monasteries, in which the
conflicts attending the elections of their
ofKcers often ran so high that large sections
of the population became involved, and the
secular authorities were called upon force-
fully to interfere.

BogotS, Caracas, Ouito, Santiago, Asuih
ci6n, and Buenos Aires were capitals, like
Lima, but on a smaller scale. Common hut-
damental characteristics prevailed in all,
except as these were modified by the differ-
ent material interests and opportunities of
the several cities. In the very small towns
and in the country the Indians and the a
tizos predominated, suggesting barbarism
rather than civilization.

The colonial society of Spanish South
America had no norion of social or political

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

equality like that entertained by the British
colonists in North America, and conse-
quently rect^nized marked class distinc-
tions as a phase of the normal social order.
The authorities in Spain, charged with the
goverrunent of the colonies, maintained the
tradidonal view of social inequality, and en-
couraged its practical development by
creating a titled nobility and conferring
apon encomenderoc a status of superiority
over their dependents not greatly tmlilcc
the rdation of superior and inferior that
prevaied during the period of European
fendaiisni. Under this wcia] ofder tlu: wb-
donl itufwuit became an dcnmU, fwitiiwify
a nbontuate dement, in the omnpaHte «»-
ctetjr of the colonies, instead of dftftn^ ioto
nnsndahle hostility to Evrapeaai, at
fcfpcneti in &itidi North America.

Aa unlfniaf Spaaidi Golonu] fodeqr in
Sootfe Amenca woold leveal a body tt

■he ncoBTs, Ike jadps «rf tfae

AMD ■OKOGKAPBS

^^ '^mS

ao 1 SPANISH COLONL\L LITERATURE Jl

Groups

and

classes

the royal treasurers, and the corregidoreSf
or governors of small districts. Hardly less
important than the civil officials were the
ecclesiastics, who were sent to the colonies
by the authorities in Spain, and paid out of
the royal revenues of the colonies. These
members ol the clergy became teachers,
missionaries, and parish priests, many of
whom were friars belonging to the various

posed of soldiers, who were sent from Spain
for a period of four or five years, and a more
or less extensive body of militia. This mili^:
tary force was employed in putting down
insurrections, defending the frontiers and
extending the dominion of the Spaniards.
And it was in this group that a number o(
the most noteworthy writers of South
America appeared.

Some of the officials, in the exercise of
their practically irresponsible authority^
often made illegitimate appropriations from
the public funds that passed under their
control; and the parish priests, in many,
cases, and the petty governors almost uni-
versally, extorted wJiatever was to be had

HISPANIC NOTES

' -r Jl

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Creoles and mestizos fonned a new society
which increased in numbers and self-
confidence with the passing decades. Fin-
ally, these two classes, merged into one and
supported by the civilized Indians, asserted
their detennination to abolish Spanish dom-
ination and be independent. But through-
out the two centuries and a half of colonial
existence, under the influence of Spanish
conservatism, the colonies remained, to a
very great extent, in a state of social stag-
nation until near the end of the eighteenth
century.

The industrial and commercial life of the
colonies suffered under restrictions quite
effective as those that burdened the cause
of letters. Importation to the dependen-
cies of South America was limited by posi-
tive laws, and the exportation of certain
products was made practically impossible,
because they could not successfully com-
pete with similar commodities produced
elsewhere, on account of the greater
of transportation from the western ports (^
South America. Agriculture was limited
by the prohibitory cost of transporting its

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

products, and by the fact that the small
population offered only a restricted demand
for them, a demand that was insufficient to
bring into cultivation the available fertile
land or to employ the available labourers.
This limited domestic demand and the im-
possibility of exporting the products con-
stituted an effective restriction on agricul-
tural progress; and this restriction was in-
tensified by arbitrary governmental prohi-
bition affecting certain brandies of cultiva-
tion, notably wine and sugar. But mining
for gold and silver was free from all restric-
tions, and the fact that the crown received
one-fifth of the products was a reason for
governmental encouragement of the indus-
try. This freedom in the development of
mining and the hindrances encountered by
other forms of industry caused the popula-
tion and the appliances of civilization to in-
crease more rapidly in the mining regions,
in the inhospitable high lands of Upper
Peru, than in the fertile valleys of Chile or
on the rich Argentine plains. Potosi, for
instance, became a bustling city of 150,000
inhabitants before Buenos Aires and the

Restric-

AND MONOGRAPHS I

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Circnm-
staoces
favour-

iTtfrarv

count of two important facts bearing on
this subject. "So the first place, there was
in the Spanish colonies a very large number
of men, soldiers and priests, who derived
their support from the state, and were
thus relieved from the necessity of acquir-
ing a livelihood by their personal efforts or
by expending mental energy in forming
plans, and in executing them by ^the em-
ployment of their time and force, '^a the
second place, a relatively large number of
men in the Spanish colonies were celibates,
and consequently their dme,their thoughts,
and iheir energies were not absorbed in pro-
viding for the current wants of families, or
in accumulating property to be passed as an
inheritance to a succeeding generation. In
the British colonies there was practically no
subsidized class; and every man was inter-
ested in providing for a family and in ac-
cumulating property for the benefit of his
heirs. Tliis was the absorbing thought of
the British colonists as they pressed back
the aborigines and advanced upon die wil-
derness. They, moreover, conceived the
affairs of the colonies as their own affairs

HISPANIC NOTES

^ 1

the)H»W^i,«

That w^aa^r^Kj a^fidd

AND MONOGRAPHS

■ «(%HiMdsa

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

CHAPTER II

EARLY WRITERS OF TIERRA FIRME

I. Bartolofhi de las Casus. II. Gontalo
Femdndez de Oviedo y Valdis. III. Pascual
de Andagoya.

I
The letters and reports of the adventur-
ers, the discoverers, and the early settleis,

I during the period of exploration and con-
quest, constitute a noteworthy introduc-

' tion to the literary history of the Spanish
colonies in America; and the intellectual

I vigour of some of these writers was quite
in keeping with the practiral energy and

, daring displayed by their Spanish
temporaries in exploring and subduing the

I wilderness.

' The extension of the Spanish occupati
from Santo Domingo, as an early seat of the
administration , to the South American

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

mainland, belonjis to the first decades of the
sixteenth century. During this period the
Spaniards founded Santa Maria and Carta-
genaj explored and occupied the Isthmus:
and Andagoya established his brief auth-
ority on the Pacific coast south of Panama.
It was in this period, moreover, that the
Spanish government granted to the German
company of the Welsers a charter to an ex-
tensive region of Tierra Finne. where the
agents of this company devoted their acti-
vity, almost exclusively to hunting Indians
for the slave-market. On a part of the nor-
thern coast of South America Bartolome de
las Casas proposed to plant a proletariat
colonial administration as the beginning
of a practical reform of Spain's colonial
policy. When this enterprise was wrecked
by its internal weakness. Las Casas turned
to the business of the Church and to un- '
sparing criricism of the Spanish govern-,
ment. On its practical side the conduct of
the government doubtless required modifi- i
cation, but the plan to introduce Spanish
labourers and negroes to perform all the|
of the colony, if it had been thoroughly I

AND MONOGRAPHS

"I^^^OOT^

British
Spanish

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

and successtuliy carried out, would indeed
have lifted the burden of labour from the
Indians, but it would also have made it im-
possible for the Indians to have a place in
new society. The performance of a
certain amount of work was an essential
condition of the Indian's existence in regions
occupied by the Spaniards. He had to
work or disappear, as he disappeared before
the British settlers in North America, who
made no provision for incorporating him
the communities which they organized.
The Spaniards had a very different plan for
the social development of their American
colonies. They proposed to form comm
ties with important mediaeval features; they
agnized distinct classes and feudal su-
periority and dependence. This method of
social organization provided a place for the
Indians, although a subordinate place,
nevertheless a place where their continued
existence would be assured on condition of
performing a certain amount of labour.
But when Las Casas faced the question of
reforming the Spanish policy, he appears to
have advocated, if not the worst possible

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOtTH AMERICA

[

^^Mntion, at least a project that could have
had DO happy outcome for the Indians.
I The facts of Las Casas' life hardly need
to be recited here. His prodigious defence
' of the Indian's right to liberty has made
' hiin widdy known and gifen him an exalted
position in the estimation of those in sym-
[ pathy with his purposes. He was bom '
1 Seville about eighteen years before the dis-
I covery of America: the date of his birth is
usually set down as 1474. His studies, be-
gun in his nati\"e city, were continued at
Salamanca, where he was graduated as
"licendado ". His first knowlet^ of the
ladians appears to liave been obtained
tlax>ugfa one who had been brought from
; America to Spain by his father, and was
'. attached to Bartolome at the University in
' die capacity of a ser^-ant. Las Casas went
to tfae West Indies with Nicolas deObando,
governor of Santo Domingo. This was in
150*. In 1510 he became a priest, and a
year later he accompanied Governor VeUs-
qoez to Cuba. In these nine years he wit-
nessed certain acts of barbarity by the
Spaniards, which seemed lo presage the

AND MONOGRAPHS

I SPANISH COLONIAL LITER-^TURE

I diminution oi the native peculation, and
' intensified his sympathy for the oppressed
'race.

In the islands, on the mainland, or as
Bishop of Chiapas, one dominating purpose
controlled his actions, it was to ameliontte
the condition of the Indians, and, in plan-
ning for their welfare, the welfare of no
other race mattered. Las Casas' ideal of
the Indians, which helped to inspire his zeal
for their liberty is set forth in this passage
, Irom the Brnisimz relacion .

" All the territory that has been discover-
ed down to the year forty-one is full of
people, like a hive of bees, so that it seems
as though God had placed all. or the greater
I part, of the entire human race, in these
countries. God has created all these num-
berless peoples to be the simplest, without
malice or duplicity, the most obedient, the
most faithful to their natural Lords, and to
, the ChrisUans, whom they serve, the most
humble and patient, the most peaceful and
I calm, without strife or tumults, nor wrang-
|ling or querulous, as free from rancour,
i hate, and desire for revenge as any in the

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AilERICA |

woHd. They are likewise the mosl delicate
people, weak and of feeble constitution, and
they are less able than any other to beari
fatigue, and they succumb readily to what- 1
ever disease attacks them, so that not even
the sons of our princes or nobles, brouglit up j
in luxury and effeminate ways, are weaker I
than they; although there are among them I
some who belong to the class of labourers.
They are also very poor people, who have
tew worldly goods, nor ii-ish to possess
them."

It was beings answering to this ideal that
fascinated Las Casas, and a large part of the
civilized world has been disposed to honour
him for his marvellous service in the inter-
est of an oppressed and outraged people; j
but when his eulogists announce him as the |
champion of universal human liberty, they
make too large a claim. A champion of the
liberty of the Indians he surely was, a cham-
pion of rare devotion and unflagging zeal,
but with little concern as to the social cost
of securing that liberty by his method. He
was, moreover, so thoroughly absorbed in
his own ideas and plans that he had no mind

AND MONOGRAPHS

rerM

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

to consider the ideas and plans o! others, oi
to deliberate with other persons in an atti-
tude of possible compromise. He did not
hesitate to seek with unslacking energy the
I execution of his plan, even when he was
I aware that it involved extending negro
I slavery, with all the horrors of the trans-
I oceanic shipment of slaves.
I Las Casas' project to introduce Spaniards
into America to undertake the coramon
I work which the Indians were required to
j perform, or to throw the burden upon
I groes, necessarily ran counter to the vi
I of those Spaniards to whom Indians had
been assigned by the government in Spain,
and who depended upon the labour of the
Indians to cultivate tlie lands t!iat had been
granted to them, to work their mines, and to
carry on their manufacturing enterprises.
The encomenderos had come to regard
themselves as the foundation of the econo-
mic system of the colonies, and they natur-
ally considered the government under obli-
gation to defend them against attacks
designed to destroy that system. ButLaa
Casas had enthusiastic partisans, who prais-

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

I ed extravagantly his deiotion to the Indian
I and were apparently blind to the conse-
quences of extending negro sla\ ery witli re-
spect to the de\tlopment of society in
America. The intense hostility displayed
1 towards Las Casas m the obnies did not
proceed solely from his proposed interfer-
j ence with the interests ol the encomen-
deros, but was in i lurge measure provoked
, by his reckless denuncia ion of opponents.
The views set forth m Brnnsima relacion
I de la deslrucaoti de las Indtas found an en-
thusiastic reception, particularly in Eng-
'land, promoted by the political friction
existing between that country and Spain,
■ and by the rage of militant Protestantism,
I which found in Las Casas' denunciation at
t least a partial expression of its own detesta-
' tion of Catholicism and of all measures fav-
oured by the Pope. The titles given to
I translations of the Brevisima relacion are
evidence of the force of that sentiment.^

tia al derffchome la i^Usia y Iw fi'incipgj erislianat
niUra los ii^tfltt. ]. Una diijiuM ttUri d iida
y n dviar Ci-t/t ifc Scpulvala. 4. Vh Iralaia . . .

AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Vareas
Mactauca

This pamphlet was published in 1553,
and aroused in the minds of some of the
Spaniards an opposition only a little less
marked than the favour with which it was
received by the English. Bernardo de Var-
gas Machuca was one of those who rose to
combat the views presented by Las Casas.
His refutation appeared in Apohgias y dis-
cuTSos de las conquislas oecidenlales. On
the title-page of this pamphlet the author

to the treatise on the ruin of the Indies." •

iobrt la malrria dt l<a india gue ic kan Htc'io . . . fUluna.
J. Rimalios . . . tor la rtftrmaciiiitili lot indtai.

The lollowliiK art litl« of IraDSlslion in pointt Titi of
Iki Indians: being an Historical and true Accnunl ol tlw
Cruel Mas,cr« and Slsuehwra of abovt Twenty UilUon

lilands of Hispaiiiali, Cuba. Jamaica, etc. As also, In the
Continent ol Mexico, Peru and other Places of the Weit-

■D Spanish by Caiaiia, an Ej* witness of those iMnga.

Massacres, Butcheries, and all manner o( Cruellies, that Hell
and Malice could invent, commitled hy the Popish SpanHh
Parlv on the Inhahitaats ol West-India. Together with

and Sword, (or Ihe Space ol Forty and Two Vtan, from the

London. 1684.

and a number of other docnmeuts by Las Caus^ Id Fabit^

HISPANIC NOTES

Dcinzedoy Google

IN' SOUTH AMERICA

The question concerning the servitude or Oppo-
the freedom of the Indians raised by Las ' "^"^3 of
Casas was discussed by a professor in the
University of Cordoba, who wrote Fasli
novi orbis under the naraeof Cyriacus Mo-
relli. His book was published in Venice in
1776. Dr. Juan Gines de Sepiilveda, a dis-
tinguished Spanish theologian and jurist,
I opposed vigorously the ideas presented by
I Las Casas, and argued in support ol the
[ Spanish policy regarding the Indians. A
similar attitude was assumed by Gonzalo
Fernandez de Oviedo, whose education at
the Spanish court, and whose later service
under appointment by the king naturally
disposed him to justify the conduct of the
government. This subject continued to
engage the attention of writers as long as
the Spanish regime lasted. A work by
Giovanni Nuix translated from the Italian
by Pedro Vare!ayUlloa,entitledmSpanish
Reflexiones imparciaUs sohre la kamariidad

Vidt y acrilas de Don Frav Barlalan/ dtlas Casas. vaL it.
VnTKVt Mui-buca's bofl]
llkdiid In 1399. Tbri

^ MiFicia

AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Casus'

Historia

general

de los esptmoUs m las Indias, amlra los pre-
lendidos filosofos y politicos, was published
in Madrid in 178a. The writer character-
ized the views of Las Casas as false or ex-
a^erated, and defended the thesis that the
conquests made by the Spaniards in Amer-
ica were just, or at least as just as those
made by other nations; and he attributed
whatever covetousness or cruelty was dis-
played by the Spaniards to the great dis-
tance of the colonies from the supremeauth-
ority, under which local officers served in
the colonies without adequate supervision.
He distinguished clearly, moreover,
tween the benevolent designs of the crown
and the unjust and cruel acts of govern-
mental subordinates and irresponsible
private persons.

Besides the Brcmsinia retacian a num-
ber of other pamphlets were printed in 1553
and 1553, hut the more important of Las
Casas' writings remained in manuscript
until long after the author's death. These
are the Historia general de las Indias and
Historia apologitim de las Indtas, appar-
ently designed in the beginning to consti-

HISPAN IC NOTES

:;oogTt

IN SOUTH AMERICA

tute a single work: but in the process of
their composition, the character of each
became more and more distinct, and they
finally appeared in print as separate pro-
ductions. The former is an account of the
occupation of the West Indies and the
mainland during the early years of Spanish
rule, describing the condition of the native
inhabitants, their mental state and their
customs, with special emphasis on the
treatment they received under the Spanish
adn^inistration; tlie latter, the Hisloria
apologitica de las indias, treats of the char-
acter of soil and climate of the occupied
lands, of the natural and social position of
the inhabitants, but does not contain a nar-
rative of the events incident to the estab-
lishment and progress of Spanish settle-
ments. Like other writers of his time, and
even of later times. Las Casas faced the prob-
lem of the relation of the different races to
one another, and of the capacity of the less
developed race to rise to the highest form of
civilization, and, like most of his country-
men, he regarded the fundamental difler-
ence between the races as consisting in the

HUloria
apologi-

AND MONOGRAPHS

Jh^

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

fact that the Spaniards were Christians,
[while the Indians were pagans, and that
' the conversion and baptism of the Indians
necessarily removed the main feature of
difierence, and transferred tlie Indian from
the status of barbarism to civilization.
But one-remedy reformers have not beea
found merely among Spanish missionaries!
When the government of the United States
conferred tiie right of suffrage upon the
I emancipated negro slaves, this action was
supported by the extravagant expectation
that the possession of this right would exer-
cise a transforming influence on the quality
of the subject. This hopeful view of the
missionary's work was doubtless the prin-
! cipal source of Las Casas' inspiration; it was
also the source of his intolerance.

The King and the Council of the Indies, in
granting lands to Spaniards establishing
themselves in America, and distributing
Indians among them to become labourers
on these lands, had as one of their purposes
an end not greatly different from the object
of the missionary's striving. They hoped
that by gathering the Indians on these

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

estates to make them immediately subject
to Christians who would be required to pro-
vide opportunities and facilities for the
Indians to acquire a knowledge of Christian
doctrine. Thus one of the features of the
calonial organization against which Las
Casas directed his vehement eloquence was
in some part the product of a design formed
to further the conversion of the Indians.
If it did not attain its high aim or respond
to the exalted purpose of Las Casas, it fail-
ed for the same reason that some of Las
Casas' plans had failed: it was conceived in
imperfect knowledge of American condi-
tions, and was entrusted for execution to
selfish, in other words, human agents.

II
An attempt less radical than that of Las
Casas to improve Spain's colonial adminis- r, , ■
tration was made by Gonzalo Fernandez de ' early life
Oviedo y V'aldes, author of the Historia
general y natural de las Indias. Although
Oviedo's posthumous fame rests almost ex-
clusively on his writings, his reputation
during his lifetime was based chieflyon his

AND MONOGRAPHS

I SPANISH rOLONIAL LITERATURE

practical activity. A contemporary of Las
Casas, he was bom in Madrid in 1478, and
very early entered the service of Don Alfon-
so de Aragon, the second duke of Villaher-
mosa, a nephew of King Ferdinand. Here
his early years were spent under the influ-
ence of persons interested in literary culti-
vation, and where the circumstances tend-
ed to stimulate his natural intelligence. At
the age of thirteen he became attached tO
the court of the Catholic Kings as a page.
Two years later the sovereigns entered upoa
the campaign against Granada, and Gon'
zalo followed the Court to Santa Fe. Theie
as a youth he saw some i f Spain's most dia*
tinguished men of the time. He saw Col-
umbus, whose distinction was yet to be
won, and who appeared asking assistance
to enable him to find a new world.

Afterthedeath of Prince Juan, on October
the fourth, i^q;, Oviedo visited Italy, where
the art and literature of that country exert-
ed a powerful influence on his intellectual
development. In 1500, after three years of
varied service, he appeared at Rome, claim'
ing the jubilee indulgence granted to

HISPANIC NOTES

^^^^WTT

IN SOUTH AMERICA

hful by th(; Pope. Subsequently he|
sred the service of the King of Naples.!
in 1501 he left Naples in the trflin ofj
jen Juana for Palenno, and in May,
2, he left Palermo for Valencia, where he
k leave of the Queen's service and wer
tladrid. In Madrid he married Marg;
ideVergara, who died ten months later.
jer the impression of this loss, he turned
iervice in the army, but he soon aband-
d his plans for a mihtary career, and be-
le again attached to the court. Shortl
;r OWedo's return to the court, prepara
IS were made for the expedition of Fed-
as Da Vila to Castilla de Uro, and he was j
loihted to inspect the production of gold
rierra Firme. I

'he fleet sailed from San Lucar on April '
1514, and arrived at Santa Marta on,
folloivinfi T2th of June, At the end of:
le the company reached the gulf ofi
.ba, and proceeded to Santa Maria del'
igua, where they found the colony over-
ilmed in misfortune, now rendered more
ressing by the tyranny and cruelty of
rarias. Oviedo, out of favour with the

fcjfD J

D MONOGRAPHS

i?lc

■44

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Las

Casas

and

Oviedo

(otmers

authorities, returned to Spain to seek a
remedy for the state of things he had ob-
served. After years of waiting to have his
memorial considered by the court, he en-
countered at Barcelona Bartolome de \aa
Casas,who was present on a somewhat simi-
lar mission. They both sought reform in tlie
Indies, but with divergent views. Oviedo
contemplated a reform in Darien through
the efforts of a wise and just governor and
a bishop devoid of covetousness, who would
aim effectively at holding the clergy under
proper regulations. Las Casas, on the other
hand, a religious anarchist, advocated re-
moving the governors, the cap tains, and the
soldiers from the Indies, agreeing to main-
tain the territory of Cumand in the power
of the crown without other instrumentali-
ties than a few hundred simpie labourers
and fifty knights of the cross.

In April, 1520, Oviedo embarked at
Seville on his second voyage to America.
Learning at Santo Domingo that Lope de
Sosa, who had been appointed through his
influence to supersede Pedrarias, had died
on the outward voyage, Oviedo had little

HISPANIC NOTES

nzeaoy Google

IN SOUTH AMERICA I 45

reason to expect that friendly relations
would be established between himself and
Pedrarias, and. in spile of the courteous re-
ception extended to him, he discovered very
early that his anticipations were realized.
In fact, the governor's hostility appears to
have been ore of the influences that led
Oviedo to abandon .\ntigua for Panama
and to induce the colonists to remove to the
new capital. Pedrarias' hostility and his
desire to compromise and ruin the prestige
of Oviedo. moreover, led the governor to
appoint him to be his lieutenant or deputy.
The efforts of Oviedo to abate the evils of
the colony only intensified the hostility of
the governor and his supporters and led him
to withdraw the deputy's appointment.
Oviedo then, in 1523, returned to Spain to
call the king's attention to the scandalous
conduct of Pedrarias. The part of his voy-
age between Santo Domingo and the Penin-
sula was made in company with Diego
Columbus. The charges presented speci-
fied with much detail the abuses and crimes
of the governor; they were made not for the
redress of personal wrongs Oviedo had

Oviedo '3
return to
Spain

AND MONOGRAPHS

l_ A.

r'.:-^...i .A

HHtt^lC

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

suffered, but to preserve the colony fron
utter comiption and destruction; and,
spite of the vigorous attempt made to repiy
to them, Pedrarias was superseded by Pedro
tdc los Rios as governor of Gistilla de Oro,
Oviedo, not content to leave his proposed
I reform half accomplished, offered I
vices to the new governor, and embarked
I with him for America on the 30th of April,
1 1526. It was in this year, 1526, that he
I published by order of the emperor at Toleda
'0 his Sumario de la natural hislorta de laa
Indian, a work quite distinct from the larga
work issued later under a similar title.
Oviedo arrived at Nombre de Dio;
loth of July. After lour years of varyiflg
fortune in Castilla de Oro, Nicaraguaf and
Santo Domingo he returned again to Spaid
in 1530. Wishing to be relieved of I
duties of his office as inspector of- gold-
smelting, he presented his resignatioi
petitioned thai his son might be appointee
to succeed him. Not only was the petitioi
granted, but the emperor appointed h"
General Chronicler of the Indies.
After his experience in the warmer regiona

HISPANIC NOTES

of America, he no longer found tfie climate
jof Spain agreeable, and in the autumn of
1532 he returned to the New World, estab-
1 fishing liimself in the city of Santo Domingo.
I Here the citizens showed their appreciation
(of his decision ,and on thedeathof Francisco
; de Tapia, the alcaide, or governor of the for-
tress of the city, petitioned for the appoint-
j ment of Oviedo to the vacant post. This
'petition was granted, and the appointment
iwas confirmed by a decree dated October
'25- 1533-

] In 1534 Oviedo went to Spain, published
■ the first part oi his Hisloria general y nalural
\de las Indias, the printing of which was com-
ipleted on September 30, 1535- In the fol-
j lowing January he was once more in Santo
\ Domingo. From this time forward the
'1 practical affairs of his office as alcaide en-
Igaged much of his attention. The fort had
I fallen into decay through neglect, and the
i increasing danger of pirates and the

i'wars into which Spain was plunged induced
Oviedo to solicit from the King and the
Council of the Indies more effective artillery
(Snd other means for making the defence

AND MONOGRAPHS

Historia
several y

FtnM r
Spain

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

more complete. At the same time storiei
Pizarro's exploits began to arrive from
Peru, and the affairs of the island were
thrown into confusion by emigration to that
country. The tales of great wealth acquir-
ed by the invaders had the effect of b
from newly disco\'ered gold mines.
As O\'i(rdo approached the end of life, he
rned to Spain as his final residence, in
spite of his lively interest in the New World.
He therefore resigned his office of alcaide,
retaining the post of honorary regidoi
Santo Domingo. In June. 1556, he look
final le«vc of America, where he had resided
ihirty-lour years, and during this period
had crossed the Atlantic at least tweliH
times.

During these last years his efforts wen
directed chiefly to giving to the wotM 1
complete and corrected edition of bis 0^
stwiageteratv natunU Je Ias Indits.
printing was begun, but before it was finisb-
ed the author succumbed to an acute fevei
at ibe age of se\-mty-nine. The ui

was interrupted, and it was only a
MMriy three hundred years that the c

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

plete work appeared in print. The whole
work was originally divided into three parts
comprising fifty books. The first part pub-
lished during his lifetime consisted of nine-
teen or nineteen and a half books. In 1557
the twentieth book was printed separately
in Valladolid, but the rest of it remained in
manuscript until the publication of the!
complete edition issued by the Academy of
History in the middle of the nineteenth cen-
tury. Oviedo wrote as the authorized
chronicler of the Indies, and in this capacity
he had access to official documents. His
other works deal chiefly with the affairs of
the Peninsula. Harrisse reports the exist-
ence of two collections of Oviedo's letters
and diaries, and suggests the desirability of
their publication. In referring to this
principal work of Oviedo I^s Casas mani-
fests his ruling passion in affirming that
Oviedo should have written at the top of
his history : '' This book was written by a
conqueror, robber, and murderer of the
Indians, whole populations of whom he con-
signed to the mines, where they perished."*

AND MONOGRAPHS

Oviedt]
SshiDg

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

The first chapter of the Swnario presents
a description of the navigation between
Sev-ille and America. A number of the fol-
lowing cliapters are devoted to the Indians
of the islands and Tierra Fiime. and these
are followed by a series of chapters enumer-
ating and describing the animals, birds,
reptiles, trees, and other living things, suc-
ceeded by an acruunt of mines and peari-
fishing. Of this latter business Oviedo;
gives a brief account :

" It i^ off Cubagua and Cumana that
pearl fishin/,' is chiefly carried on, as I have
been fully informed fiy Indians and Chris-
tians, who say that many Indians go from
the island of C'ul>agua. These belong to
crews in the ser\ice of pri\'ate persons, resi-
dents of Santo Ttomingo and San Juan.
They go out in a boat or harge in the morn-
ing, in companies of four, five, six or more,

Vmyal KvaAm

"Lihi il»^nil"voI
/Hili'M. UBdrM, :

ao's Hisuria
a.-, JlibluUa

HISPANIC NOTES

^^^^^■^^^^^^^""TTnTTOTP

m SOUTH AMERICA

and when it seems to them, or they knowj
already, that there are pearls at the point
they have reached, they stop there, and the
' Indians dive into the water and swim until!
.they reach the bottom; one remains in the!
boat, which he holds in place as well as he|
can, waiting for those in the water to ap-
pear, and after the Indian has been down a
long time, he comes to the surface and is
taken into the boat, presenting and putting
into it the oysters which he has brou|^ht up,
for in the oysters are found the valuable
pearls. He rests a little, eats a mouthful,
and then enters the water again, and stays
as long as he is able, and again comes up
with the oysters which he has found this
time and does as before, and in this manner
all the rest proceed who are divers in thi^l
operation. And when night comes, and it
appears to be time to rest, they go home
the island, and turn over the oysters to the
major dorao of the proprietor, who has
charge of the Indians, and who gives them
their supper, and places the oysters in i
ceptacle, and when he has a large number of
(hem, he causes them to be opened, and

AND MONOGRAPHS

Miiid

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

them are found pearls of two, three, four,
five, six or more grains, as nature has placed
them there."

This quotation from Ov-edo's Sumario
offers a. glimpse of an occupation, which
sooner or later proved fatal to immense
numbers of the Indians forced into it.
Many of those engaged in pearl-fishing were
compelled to re-enter the water before they
recovered their normal condition after
a previous descent, and either never return-
ed to the surface alive, or returned hopeless-
ly exhausted. But in connexion with this
account our author makes no mention of
the perilous and destructive character of
work, through which the population of
the islands and the neighbouring coast was
greatly depleted. Doubtless O vied o wished
to reform abuses in the colonies, but his re-
lation to the court and his part in the public
administration naturally rendered him re-
luctant to make conspicuous in his writings
the abuses that were brought to his atten-
tion. The presence of these abuses produced
in his mind a very different reaction from
that observed in the fiery spirit of Las Casas.

HISPANIC NOTES

.....Google

^^^^^^H

IN SOUTH AMERICA

he reference, in the Brevisima relacion
he pearl fishing described by Oviedo re-
Is the contrast between Las Casas' lively
ipathy with the Indians and Oviedo's
onccrn and official indiSerence :
The tyranny exercised by the Spaniard
n the Indians in fishing pearls is as cruel
damnable a thing as can be found in the
Id. On land there is no life so desper-
and infernal in this century that may be
ipared with it. although that of digging
1 in the mines is in its kind exceedingly
;re and difficult. They iet the Indians
'n into the sea, three and four and five
loms deep, from the morning till sunset,
ire they are swimming under water
lout respite, gathering the oysters in
ch the pearls grow; they come up to
ithe, bringing up little nets full of
Lers. There is a very cruel Spaniard in
>at, and if they linger resting, he beats
n with his fists, and, taking them by thv
■, throws them into the water to go on
ing. . . . Their food is fish, and the
that contain the pearls, and a little ca-
,, or maize bread, which are kinds of

Las

on pearl
fishing

AND MONOGRAPHS

"'■

Google

I IN SOUTH AMERICA

igeogr^^a; Eenaleazar, who became governor
1 of Popaydn; Hernando de Soto; and Pascual

I de Andagoya, whose varied experience
I the events associated with Pedrarias form
' the matter of a document which has been
translated into English by Sir Qements R.
Markham. The title of Markham's trans-
lation is Narrative oj the proceedings of Ped-
rarias Davila in the provinces of TierraFirme,
Of Costilla del Oro, and of what happened in
the discovery of ike South Sea, and the coasts
of Peru and Nicaragua*

Andagoya, the author of this narrative,
was bom in the valley of Cuartango in the
province of Alava. The account of his life
as narrated by himself begins with his de-
parture from Spain. On the Isthmus and
in regions lying north and south of Pan-
:ama, he was engaged in various exploring
I expeditions, during which by observa
I he appears to have acquired much know-
ledge of the manners and customs of the
Indians. A weaker and less positive c
' acter than Oviedo, he was consequently less

U) Rtl^ion ir In mcaoi di P.D. mlas prminc

^^B AND

MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

doytis

disposed than Oviedo to revolt against the
r^ime of Pedrarias; in fact, he went with
j him to Panama, and received from him an
[encomienda, and became one of the first
regidores of Panama, after that settlement
had been declared a city. In 1521 and
1522 he was inspector-general of the Indians
on the Isthmus. He was the first to rec
information concerning the Inca Kingdom
of Peru, but, lacking the health, perhaps
also the initiati\-e, to become the leader of
an expedition against it, he communicated
his knowledge to Pizarro and his partners.
" In this province (Uirti) I received ac-
counts both Irom chiefs and from mer-
chants and interpreters, concerning all the
coast, and everything that has since been
discovered, as far as Cuzco, especially with
regard to the inhabitants of each province,
for in their trading these people extend their
wanderings over many lands. Taking 0
interpreters, and the principal chief of tl
land, who wished of his own accord to
with mc, and show me other provinces of
, the coast that obeyed him, I descended to
I the sea. The ships followed the coast a1

HISPANIC NOTES

-IN SOUTH AMERICA

some iittie distance from the land, while I
went close in, in a canoe, discovering the
ports. While thus employed, I fell into
the water, and if it had not been for the
chief, who took me in his arms and pulled
me on to the canoe, I should have been
drowned. I remained in this position until
a ship came to succour me, and while they
were helping the others, I remained for
'more than two hours wet through. What
I with the cold air and the quantity of water
! I had drunk, I was laid up next day, unable
j to turn. Seeing that I could not now con-
(duct this discovery along the coast in per-
son, and that the expedition would thus 1
|come loan end, I resolved to return to Pan- ^
lama with the chief and interpreters whol ]
I accompanied me, and report the knowledge
I had acquired of ail that land.
\ " The land had never been discovered
I either by Castilla de Oro, or by way of the
'gulf of San Miguel, and the province v
called Pini, because one of the letters
Bini has been corrupted, and so we call it
Pinj, but in reality there is no country of
that name.

AND MONOGRAPHS

IN SOUTH AMERICA

CHAPTER III

CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTS OF THE

CONQUEST OF PERU

1, Francisco dt Xeris. II. Pedro San-
che. 111. Tomds dt San Martin: Benito
Penalosa Mondragon. IV. Pedro Pizarro;
CrisUbal de Molina. V. Alonso Enriquez
deGusmdn: Diego Fernandez. VI. Agustin
de Zaraie. VII. Pedro Ciesa de Leon.
VIII. Giroiamo Btnaini: fua» Fernandez.
I

The especially important event in South
I America, in the lirst half of the sixteenth
century was the conquest of Peru. If the
story as it has been frequently told has ex-
laggerated somewhat the magnificence of the
ikingdom destroyed, this presentati
only perpetuated the impression made on
the Spanish mind by contemporary

AND MONOGRAPHS

Eflect
of dis-

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

ours and reports. These reports and rum-
ours inspired and kept alive lor many
decades the hope of finding other kingdoi
equally wealthy, by the spoils of which the
conquerors might be enriched.

Until the discovery of the Pacific and the
voyage along the western coast, knowledge !
of America had been only very slowly ii
creased, and in this process no especially
startling statements had been received in
Europe. But reports that an empire had
been discovered, that the emperor had been
captured, and that his subjects had offered
untold amounts of gold and silver as his
ransom, fired the imagination of the Spar
ards and appealed to their cupidity. Aftet
this the business of exploration and con^
quest moved with greater rapidity. The
number of persons in Spain wishing to emi-
grate or to join expeditions bound for the |
New World increased, and the settlements
already established in the islands lost a '
large part of their inhabitants, carried away I
to Peru by the desire for adventure and the
wealth to be obtained; and the eagerness to
get information from America was greatly

AND MONOGRAPHS

■^^^rTTT^Bi

IN SOUTH .UlERICA

intensified. Reports and letters sent from
Peru to satisfy this demand tended to aug-
ment the popular excitement, and in so far!
as they have been preserved they constitute'
an important part of the historical record |
of Pizarro's enterprise in Peru. Those that 1
were directed to the King or the Council of I
the Indies concerning the events of the con-
quest were usually deposited in the archives, '
and only a part of them have come to light. ;
Among documents of this class belong some
of the contemporary accounts ol the con-i
quest oi Peru. Francisco de Xeres, thel

er of such a document, was Pizarro'sl
secretary, who left Spain in January, 1530.'
His account was written in Peru at the re-,
quest or by the order of Pizarro. lie re-
turned to Spain in July, 1534, and his report
was printed in Seville in that year. Three
years later a second edition was printed in
Salamanca. The edition most frequently
referred to is that of 1749. Xeres was an

r in, or a witness of, the remarkable
events which he describes, and his narra-
tive has the freshness and vividness of a
story by one writing of what he saw. The

Fran-

AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITER-\TURE

Hafcluyt Society included a translation of
it into English iiJ a volume entitled Reports
on the Discovery of Peru. This volume ci
tains also a translation of ilemando Fizar-
ro's letter to the audiencia of Santo Domin-
go. This letter gives a summary of the
events of the conquest prior to November,
1 1533, There is given here, moreover, a
I translation of Mifjuel de Astete's report o
I Hernando Fizarro's expedition to Pacha-
'camac.^

The paragraph describing the capture of
lAtahualpa may serve as an illustration of
Xeres' style of narration :

" Then the Governor put on a jacket of
cotton, took his sword and dagger, e
with the Spaniards who were with him,
entered amongst the Indians most valliant-
ly, and, with only four men who were able
|to follow him, he came to the litter where
I Atahualpa was, and fearlessly seized him by
tthe arm, crying out 'Santiago.' Then the
guns were fired ofi, the trumpets 1
sounded, and the troops, both horse s

HISPANIC NOTES

rBrrflJ

IN SOUTH AMERICA

I foot, sallied forth. On seeing the horses
! charge many of the Indians who were in the
jopen space fled, and such was the force
'' with which they ran that they broke down
{part of the wall surrounding it and n
1 fell over one another. The horsemen rode
I them down, killing and wounding and fol-
I lowing them in pursuit. The infantry made
|so good an assault upon those who remain-
led that in a short time most of them were
|put to the swiird. The governor still held
lAtahualpa by the arm, not being able to
Ipull him out of the htter because he was
I raised so high. Then the Spaniards made
■ such a slaughter among those who carried
the litter that they fell to the ground, and,
if the governor had not protected Atahual-
pa, that proud man would there have paid
for all the cruelties he had committed.
The governor, in protecting Atahualpa re-
ceived a slight wound in the hand. During
tfie whole lime no Indian raised his a
against a Spaniard, So great was the
terror of the Indians at seeing the governor
force his way through them, at hearing the
fire of the artillery and beholding the charg-

I fire of the a

AND MONOGRAPHS

; 64 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE .

ing of the horses, a thing never before beard '
of, that they thought more of flying to 5ave|
their lives than of fighting. All those who|
bore the litter of Atahualpa appeared to be'
principal chiefs. They were all killed, asl
well as those who were carried in the other>
litters and hammocks. One of them was a'
page of Atahualpa and a great lord, and the .
others were lords of many vassals and his.
counsellors. The chief of Caxamalca wasi
also killed, and others; but, the number,
being very great, no account was taken ol
them, for all who came in attendance on
Atahualpa were great lords. The governor]
went to his lodging with his prisoner Ata-;
hualpa despoiled of his robes, which the.
I Spaniards had torn off in pulling him out of '
; the litter. It was a very wonderful thingj
I I to see so great a lord taken prisoner in so,

! short a time, who came in such power." j

; ! II i

jSanclio'ii In his Relacion de la conqutsta del Peru\

Retacidn | Pedro Sancho presented another contempo-

I ;rary account of the occupation of Peru.]

I By reason of the writer's relation to Pizar-i

I I 11 1 S P A N I C N 0 T E S

nzeaoy Google

IN SOUTH AMERICA

ro the sarrative acquired a partisan bias;
was expected to contribute to restoring tlie
governor to the emperor's favour. It i
translated into Itahan, and appeared
Ramusio'sKia^^i, published in Venice about
1550. An edition in Spanish by Icazbal-
ceta was issued in Mexico in 1849. A part
jof Sancho's document is included in
I aJready mentioned volume called Reporli
ifhe Discovery of Peru. Sancho gives the
[following account of Pi zarro'sdistributi'
Ithegold and silver collected; "He caused all
the gold which had been collected to be mel-
ted, which was in small pieces, an operation
quickly performed by Indians skilled in the
process. And when the sum total was
weighed, it was found to contain five hun-
dred and eight thousand, two hundred odd
pounds of gold. The fifth for H.M. was
taken out, and it was one hundred and six-
teen thousand and seventy odd pesos of good
gold. And the same smelting was perform-
ed for the silver, which was found to contain
two hundred and fifteen thousand marks, a
little more or less, and of them one hundred
and seventy thousand or so were fine silver

AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

~\~

in vessels and plates, pure and good, and the
rest was not so, because it was in plates and
pieces mixed with other metals, from which
the silver was extracted. And from all this,
likewise, was taken the fifth for H.M. Truly
it was a worthy thing to be seen, this house
where the melting took place, all full of so
, much gold in plates of eight and ten pounds
I each, and in vessels and vases and pieces of
I various forms with which the lords of thai
I land were served, and among other very
sightly things were four llamas in fine gold
and very large, and ten or twelve figures of
I women of the size of the women of that land
, all of fine gold and as beautiful and well-
'made as if they were alive. . , .
I were, besides, other silver objects of li
I form. The seeing of great vases and pieces]
I of burnished silver was certainly a matter
I great satisfaction. The governor divided
I and distributed all this treasure among all
I the Spaniards who were at Cuzco and thos
, who remained in the city of Jauja, giving
I each one as much good silver, and as mud
impure, together with as much gold [as '
deserved], and to each man who had a hoi

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

he gave according to the man's merit and
that of the horse and in accordance with
the services he had done; and to the peons
he did the same according to what was post-
ed up to his credit in the book of distribu-
tions, which was kept," *

III

An inquiry into the jusrice of the gains
made by the conquistadores was undertaken
by TomSs de San Martin, a Dominican, who
played a conspicuous rfile in Peru during
the troubled period covering the last years
of Pizarro's rule, the introduction of the
New Laws, the overthrow of the first vice-
roy, and the administration of President
Casca. While not much has come to light
about the birth and parentage of San Mai^

(i| TUi qaoUtion i> team Uians' tramUIian, A<i AcamnI
(/(*.Cw.4H.ilo/P[ni.TbeCortosSoiJety,No» York, 1917,
ia8-i30. The Sl^uilih litis Is fidacKh. d* {. nnnuta aJ
Pirt, Bcriu por PkIid Suncho. KcreUrio de ham y

t4 P«n. «. W« *™«ro d> rabiUos d, Lim<^ trtlled by

Dfe. kia. Mpf. 4a Pint vol. ti.; S» .lio Mackham'i S.-
pom en Iht Diifcviry af Pmi. 131-14^. Oviedn, ffurl. gn,
t nu. d, ha IndiMi, Lib. «i.v., cap. iir-xxli; Bli. if aul.
HA. VOL xl>, 4OT-aoi; ZUrale, Hisl. dil Ptrii, in Bib. ii aid.
w>.. vol. xnj, «4-4<ta.

Tomis
<ie San
Mirlia

L AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATITRE

tin, it is known that he took orders ii
monastery of San Pabloin Cordoba in Spaia;
that he became a lecturer on arts and theo-
logy at Seville, in the college of Santo Tom3,a;
and that he arrived very early i
island of Santo Domingo, where he
laboured as a missionary among th«
Indians, exercising whatever influence h8
possessed to protect them from those who
would reduce them to slavery. In thiS
undertaking San Martin co-operated wit
Las Casas. Having returned to Spain, h
was appointed by the king to be a member
of the audiencia established at Santo Do^
mingo. This post he later icnounced, aoA
joined a company of ecclesiastics going to
Peru with Francisco Pizarro, He assistet
at the founding of Piura and remained there,
while Pizarro went on to Cajamarca, ba(
iter the murder of Atahualpa he rejoined
Pizarro and went with him to Jauja. Ia
he was sent to the province of Charcas,
Charcas and thus became one of the first to preach
Christianity in that region.

On the creation of the Dominican pro-
vince in Peru SanMartin became the Provin-

HISPANIC NOTES

..Cooi^

IN SOUTH AMERICA

cial, and from this time until he left America
with President Gasca in 1550, he had part
in the affairs of Lima. He was in the town
when Pizarro was assassinated, June 26,
1541, was named hy Cristobal Vaca de
Castro, who succeeded Pizairo, as a mem-
ber of a commission appointed by Castro to
take charge of the affairs of justice and ad-
ministration in Lima, and was instrumental
in the pacification ot Peru, which was the
object of Gasca's mission. His part in this
work and his known interest in the affairs of
the colonies assured for him an especially
favourable reception by the king, and pre-
sentation in 1552 as thefirstbishop of Char-
cas. He returned to Lima two years later
anddied therein March, 1554. A memorial
in wliich he discussed the acquisitions of the
Lonquistadores was published in Madrid.*
Among San Martin's writings we find also
an account of the sacrifices made by the
andent Peruvians to their gods at seed-
timeand harvest, as well as on the occasion
of undertaking public works.

;«&», vol. V,., 3,a-3fi..

K AND MONOGRAPHS

Pedro
book

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Like Los Casas and San Martin, other
persons questioned the pretended right of
the Spaniards to rob and destroy the Inca
kingdom, and when these views were
pressed they naturally provoked a reply.
Such a reply was undertaken by Benito
Peiialosa Mondragon, a Benedictine monk,
in a book entitled Libra de las cinco exeel-
encias del espanol (1629). One of h's argu-
ments consisted in showing that great riches
were acquired by the Spaniards from the
colonial possessions, from the mines of gold
and silver and mercury, and from various
other sources; but it is not conceived that
men like Las Casas and San Martin would
be greatly moved by Peiialosa's views.

IV
Another account of the conquest of
is that by Pedro Pizarro, who went 1
America as a page to Francisco Pizarro i
1530, and remained with him until the goi
emor's assassination. He afterwards ae
tied in Arequipa, and, in 1571, complete
his Relacion del descubrimiento
de los reinos del Peru. This work has beei

frnfl

IN SOUTH AMERICA ] 71

I chararterized as " the narration of a rough

half-educated soldier, and occupies much 1

the same place in the history of the conquest |

of Peru as the work of Bernal Diaz does in '

that of Mexico," * 1

I Cristobal de Molina's narrative of the con- 1

I quest long remained in manuscript, and the |

' writer was confounded with another author

of the same name. They are now distin-'

guished by calling this one Molina of San- j

tiago and the other Molina of Cuzco. I

Mohna of Santiago was bom in Spain,; Molina

travelled in that country, Italy, and 1 °} ..
r-. 1 i . ■ . r Santiago

Flanders, and went to America at the age of

I forty-one. The circumstances of his educa-
tion and entry upon the religious life are un- 1
known ; but we are informed that he was in |
I Santo Domingo in 1532 and at Panama in j
I April of the following year. While at Pan- j
I ama he joined an expedition designed to
! take reinforcements to Pizarro, but by ill ■
I fortune the expedition was obUged to halt
I at the river San Juan, whence after a period j
I of forty days the members returned to Pan- i

^K AND

Li/. iDHf Mcli 0/ E«rlqii,: dr GuB

AND MONOGRAPHS

Molina'!
Con-

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATlTtE

ama. Molina went to Santo Domingo and
later to Spain to carry news of Pizarro's dis-
coveries. He remained only a short time
in the Peninsula, and in 1535 he was a
in America, where, in July of that year, ho
joined Almagro at the battle of Salinas.
Molina went from Cuzco to Lima, and from
Che latter city he wrote to the king, ot
twelfth of June, 1539, setting forth the
dangers he had encountered and the losses
he had suffered in the royal service. Twelve
years afterwards he took part in the Chilean
campaigns of Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza.
Later he became attached to the cathedral
at Charcas, lived in Lima, and finally r
turned to Chile, where he died as a prie
in Santiago.

Molina's Ctmquisia y poblacion del Peril
was written in Lima. It was printed fot
the first time in 1873 in Sud-Amfrica, of
Santiago: it appeared later in Medina's
Coleceiofi de docutnenlos inidilos para la hi'
sloria de Chile (vol. vii, 428). Besides hii
narrative of the conquest and settlement o
Peru, Molina wrote a Diario of Almagro'l
expedition to Chile, in which he conderrihed

HISPANIC NOTES

T^^TW

I\ SOUTH AMERICA

the inhuman conduct of the conquistadores
towards the Indians. He died in 1578 at
the age of eighty-four, having many years
before ceased to perform the duties of his
priestly office on account of the failure of his
mental faculties.

With respect to its style, the Conguisia y
pobladon del Peru is superior to most of the
writings of its time, and historians have
found it sufficiently important tp be care-
fully considered among their sources of in-
formation.

A part of the personal narrative of Alonso
Enriquez de Guzman belongs to the list of
contemporary accounts of the conquest of
Peru. Sections thirty-five to fifty-four
treat of Guzmfin's journey to Peru, which
fellin the last part of 1533. He was absent
from Spain between September, 1533, and
the twenty-sixth of June, 1540, the date of
his return to Madrid; and he was thus in
Peru during the conflict between Pizarro
and Almagro. The rest of the narrative
record of his experience in Spain, chiefly

dc
Guzmic

^^^AND

MONOGRAPHS

Guz-

SPANISH COLONIAL LITORATURE

in the Emperor's service in the islands oi
Uajorca and Ivija. After his retam be
sent to the emperor an account of his obser-
vations during his absence from Spain,
giving prominence to the conflicts between
the two conquistadores.*

A glimpse of Guzmiin's spirit may be had
from the following statement at the end of
his narrative :

" In the year of our Lord, 1533, during
Lent,I confessed and received the most holy
sacrament, as every faithful Christisn
ought to do. Amongst other things which
I then did, was to declare, as I now declare,
that many things in this book, both to im-
prove the style, and to give an appetite to
him who reads it, are not related exactly as
they happened, though the substance is
true: I therefore desire that each reader may
believe as much as he ought to beheve, so
that neither his conscience nor mine may
be hurt." '

The part of Guzmin's narrative that re-
lates to America may be accepted as true; in

(j) For this letter tee Tlu Lift Bxd A cU of Den A
16) Ibid. ?B. '

HISPANIC NOTES

Dcinzedoy Google

IN SOUTH AMERICA 75

fact, as has been suggested, " Guzmin as an j
eyewitness may be considered as the most ,
original authority for all events in Peruvian |
history from the commmcement of the siege
of Cuzco in 1534 to the execution of Alma-
groin 1538."

Diego Femdndez, on the titie-page of his DJego
Primera y segunda parte de la historia del Femdn-
.Peru, identifies himself as "vecino de !a ''^^
ciudaddePalencia." He took part in the
I campaign against Francisco Girfin in 1554,
] and the subject of his narrative was Peru in
the most stormy period of its early history,
i the period of the introduction of the New
Laws, the rebellion of Gonzalo Pizarro, the
mission of President Gasca, and the labours
of the Viceroy Hurtado de Mendoza (1555-
1561) to bring order out of the social chaos.
This volume was published in Seville in|
1571, but its sale was prohibited for a time |
because it contained certain ideas and state- !
ments which it was desired should not be \
circulated in America. On questions re-i
lating to the civil wars and the conflicts
growing out of the introduction of the New ,
Idws, the population of Peru was still divid-

^^L AND \

AND MONOGRAPHS I

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

ed in 1571, and any discussion of these
events by a person who had had an active
part in them would inevitably have pro-
1 voked antagonism and kept alive the bosti-

' lity of the two parties,''

I VI

' To the later part of the period of the
, Pizarros belongs the account given by
: Agustin de Zarate, who was sent to Peru to
take charge of the accounts of the " king-
j doms and pro^'inces of Peru," at the timt

HISPANIC NOTES

.....Google

IN SOUTH AMERICA

that Blasco Niinez Vela was commissioned
to become the first viceroy of the Spanish
possessions in South America. Zarate had
part in the conflicts occasioned by the arri-
val of Mnez Vela and the rebeUion of Gon^
zaio Pizarro. He was one of the two com-
missioners sent by the oidores to order
Pizarro to disband his army, which he held
at Jauja, and enter Lima with only a small
escort. Pizarro, however, sent out CaptMn
Villegas, who met Zarate on the way, arrest-
ed him, took away his commission, confis-
cated his provisions, and imprisoned him at
Huarochiri. Released after some days, he
was persuaded to return to lima, and it was
suggested that in consideration of his re-
lease he shoultLurge the andienria to leave
the govenunent to Gonzalo Pizarro. What-
ever may have t^een tit« in&aeoce of Zarate
in this matter, Vhano not long aftcrtranb
approached the capital and amimed the
reins of govenmient.

Having played his part in tfab tnrbaknt
period, a part ngai^ag wiaA wntcn ven-
ture a variety ol opmaos, ZiaaU retained
to Spain, and, using notes made m Anwika,

AguBtIn
deZira-

Ziiatc'*
Hidoria

^Land uoxogsaphs

Pizarro
pays

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

wrote the Historia del deseuirimiento y am-
quista de la provincia del Peru. His final
plan for this work was to treat of the dis-
covery and occupation of the country, and
. to narrate the principal events in the history

■ of the colony until the pacification that fol-
. lowed the intervention of Pedro de la Gasca.
, The author is said to have intended that his
I work should remain in manuscript until
; after his death, but that under the persua-

■ sion, perhaps the orders, of Prince Phihp, to
j whom he had presented it, he caused it to be
j printed in Antwerp in 1555."

; His style is less clear than that of sonte
I of his contemporaries, but his opportunitiet
j for gaining information enabled him to pre-
[ sent abundant details of events within the
! period of his narrative. The following
I illustrative extract is from the thirteenth
chapter of the second book. The person
referred to as governor was, of course, Fran-
Pizarro : " Diego de Almagro and

Ntcholu WIS iuiKd in Li

HISPANIC NOTES

ovGooglc

IN SOUTH AMERICA

I Pedro de Alvarado' having arrived at Pa-
I chacamac, the governor, who had come
I there from Jauja, received them good-
humoiiredly, and paid to Don Pedro the
I one hundred thousand pesos which he had
[ agreed to give him for his military equip-
j ment, although by many persons he was
I advised not to pay that sum, affirming that
the equipment was not worth fifty thous-
I and, and that Don Diego had made that
1 agreement under the constraint of fear of
j breaking with Don Pedro, for whom it was
very advantageous, and that it would be
better to send him a prisoner to liis Majesty;
and although the governor might have done
that very easily and without danger, he
wished to cany out the promise of Don
Diego de Almagro, his colleague, and he
paid him freely the one hundred thousand
I pesos in good coins which he allowed him
: to take with hJm to his territory of Guate-
I mala, and Pizarro remained in Peru estab-

hid bwi gOYbrnoT of Gualemala; went SDUtb ward witbfivB
i daOlde af Piuira's tomtory; [ound Alcnagra in posso^ian

AND MONOGRAPHS

^^Land ]

Almagro
goes to

compact

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

lishing the dty of Lima, transferring thither
the population that had been settled at
Jauja, for the new site appeared to him
more suitable and better adapted to all
kinds of business, as it was a seaport.
From there Don Diego went to Cuzca with
agreat number of persons, and the governor
went down to Tnijiilo to reorganise the
town and distribute the land. And therft
tie learned that Don Diego de Atmagro h
wished to lead tlie city of Ciiico to revolt,
for he had become aware that his majesty,
with the news brought by Hernando Pizar-
o him, had granted him a hundred
leagues more of territory beyond the limit*
of Francisco Pizarro's territory, which it
said did not extend quite to the city oif
CO. Against this view Juan Pizarro
and Gonzalo Pizarro, brothers of the gover-i

with a large number of others i
joined them, protested, and every day theyi

in conflict with Don Diego and v "
Captain Soto, who was one of his adherents^
but at last he was not able to go out w
him, for the majority of the cabildo took
the side of the governor and his brothers.

HISPANIC NOTES

Bff

IN SOUTH AMERICA

And when the governor was infonned of the
state of affairs he went immediately to
Cuzco, and by his presence quieted every-
thing, and pardoned Don Diego, who was
greatly moved by what he had done with-
out having either title or provision for it,
save that they had told him it had been
conceded to him. And they formed a new
agreement and company in this manner,
that Don Diego de Almagro should go on an
expedition of discovery by land towards the
south, and that if he should find a good
country, he might ask the territory of His
Majesty lor himself, and, not succeeding in
this, they should divide the territory of Don
Francisco between them; and after this
they swore on the conserrated Host not to
oppose one another. And some say that
Almagro swore to abandon all interest in
Cuzco and in the region for a hundred and
twenty leagues farther south although his
Majesty might concede it to him, and he
took a solemn oath,saying, 'If I shall break
this oath, may it please thee, 0 Lord, to
curse me body and soul.' Having made
this agreement and taken this oath, Don

Almagro
goes to
Chile

AND MONOGRAPHS

Cieza de

Lain in
the rush

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Diego made bis preparations and started
on his expedition with more than five hun-
dred men who followed him, and the gover-
nor returned to Lima."

VII

In the third and fourth decades of the
sixteenth rentury the desire for adventure
in the New World mo\'ed many persons to
emigrate from Spain. Well-founded re-^
ports that had been made public awakened
a profound interest in America, and when
to these reports there were added wildly
extravagant talesof rich principal! ties thert
that might be plundered, a wave of excite
ment swept members of all classes towar
the port of departure. Men of birth a
cultivation were in the race with ignorant
and rough adventurers, Diego de Alvar-
ado, Garcilaso de la Vega, and Lorenzo d
Aldana represented thefirst of these d
but the majority of the other class were, i
many cases, men of disappointed ambidoB
orsuchpersonsasusuallyyield to the allure
ments of newly disco\-ered mines of gold
Among the emigrants of this tim

IT I S P A N It; NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

za de Leon, a boy of thirteen or fourteen
Its of age. Like many others of his time,
left no record of his origin, save that he
5 born in the town of Llerena in Estrema-
■a. Even the fleet with which he sailed
lot positively known; but it is probable
,t he went with Rodrigo Duran, who left
liz in IS34> and entered the bay of Carta-
la in November of that year. Three
krs later Cieza de Leon was at the town
jan Sebastian on the gulf of Darien. In
i year 1538, now nineteen years old, he
s a private soldier in the force of four
idred Spaniards organized by Pedro
dillo for the campaign up the valley of

■ Atrato. (

fuan de Vadillo, who led this expedition, 1
s a member of the audiencia of Santo J
mingo. He had been sent to San Sebas-
1 to inquire into the conduct of Gover-

■ Heredia, and after the dismissal of that
cer, lie departed for the interior. This
apaign, like many others of that time,
J attended by serious obstacles: by the
k of food, by the loss of men by disease,
1 by the unrelenting hostility of the In-

ND MONOGRAPHS

Cieza de
Cartago

SPANISH COLONIAI, LITERATURE

dians. In view of the hardships they en-
countered the men were disposed to revolt,
and asked to be led back to San Sebastian,
but the determination of the leader t
vance finally persuaded the soldiers to
follow ; but on arriving at Cali they refused
to proceed further, and Vadillo went on
Popayan without them. From that point
he went to Panama, where he was arrested
and taken to Spiain by way of Cartagena.

The soldiers of VadiUo, who had been
a year in the wilderness, now established
themselves in the Cauca valley, where Rob-
ledo, under Benalc&zar, had founded settle^
ments. For about six years, urdinarilf
supposed to be critical years of a youth's
education, Cieza de Leon had been
America, sharing the hardships, the dangers,
and the demoralizing influences of expatri-
ated soldiers and settlers in an inhospitable
climate and in the presence of unfriendly
Indians, lie settled at Cartago, and re-
mained in the valley five or six years. Here
he gathered and set down important infor-
mation concerning the Indians; he also dt
scribed the progress of Vadillo 's expedition

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

across the "forest-covered plains," over the
mountains, and along the Cauca river. In
the dedication of one of his works to the
king he thus made reference to his zeal:
"Oftentimes when the other soldiers were
reposing, I was tiring myself by writing.
Neither fatigue nor the ruggedness of the
country, nor the mountains and rivers, nor
intolerable hunger and suffering, have ever
been sufficient to obstruct my two duties,
namely^ writing and following my flag and
iriy captain without fault."

President Gasca's call for loyal troops to
assist in suppressing the rebellion led by
Gonzalo Pizarro, offered to Cieza de Leon
an opportunity for new adventures. The
boy had grown to be a mature man of
thirty.whosephysical and intellectual facul-
ties had been developed under the tuition of
sixteen years of rough life. With other
loyal soldiers he responded to the call, and
marched from Popayan by way of Pasto,
Quito, and Riobamba to the sea, and
along the shore to Lima. From Lima he
crossed the first ridge of the Andes tojauja,
thence proceeded southward through Gua-

Cieia de

LeSii
joins
Gasca's
troops

AND MONOGRAPHS

Cieza dc

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

manga to the valley of Andahuaylas, n
the Apurimac, where the troop of which
he was a member was taken into Gasca'i
army.

On this journey Cieza de Le6n had an.
opportunity to see the Ecuadorian plateau,
the western side of the Andes ,and the sandy
region of the coast, as well as some of the
more important ruins of Inca buildings, the
ancient roads, and the system of canals de^
signed for irrigation under the Inca regime.
moreover witnessed the overthrow at
Gonzalo Pizarro and was present at the exe-
cution of both Pizarro and Carbajaf. Latof
he went to Cuzco. At this time Inca Gar-^
cifaso de la Vega, then eleven years of age,
was at school in that city, and the two per-
sons who were destined to become pre^
eminent among the early historians of Peril
r here either completing or beginning
their training for the literary undertakings
that were before them. Cieza de Leon ha^
prepared himself for his work in the camp,
and in extensive journeys over the country
he was to describe. Garcilaso de la Veg4
Wis receiving such tuition as the Church o

HISPANIC NOTES

--^ r. ^^

IN SOUTH AllERICA 87

bis day was accustomed to sanction. He
was then studying Latin under the instruc-
tion of Canon Cuellar. In 1549 Cieza de
Leon visited the province of Charcas, and
in the ninety-fiith chapter of his Travels he'
wrote; " I went to see the cities in that region 1
for which purpose the President Gasca gave
me letters of introduction to the corregi-l
doreSjthat I might learn all that was worthy 1
of notice." '0

He passed along the eastern shore of Lake
Titicaca, and visited the mines of Porco and |
Potosi. From Potosi he went to Arequipa^
and thence by way of the coast to Lima.
At Lima he completed the notes of his jour-
ney in September, 1550. From his obser-
vations hegives the following account of the
fair of Potosi:

" In all parts of this kingdom of Peru wei "^^^ ^
who have travelled over it know that there
aregieat fairs or markets, where the natives!
make their bargains. Among these thel
greatest and richest was formerly in the city 1
of Cuzco, tor even in the time of the Spani-

duyl Sodtty.

:.ciadcl.«io'sCnJ-|

AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

ards its greatness was caused by the gold
which was brought and sold there, and by
the other things of all kinds that were sent
into the city. But this market or
Cuzco did not equal the superb one at Po-
tosi where the traffic was so great that,
among the Indians alone, without including
Christians, twenty-five or thirty thousand
golden pesos exchanged hands daily. This
is wonderful, and I believe that no fair is
the world can be compared to it If
this fair several times, and it is held i
plain near the town. In one place there
were baskets of coca, the most valuable p
duct in these parts. In another place ttiere
were bales of cloth and fine rich shirtings.
Here were heaps of maize, dried potatoes,
and other provisions, there great quantities
of the best meat in the country. The fail
continued from early morning until dusl^
and as those Indians got silver every day,
and are fond of eating and treating, especi-
ally those who have intercourse with Spani-
ards, ihey all spent what they got, so that
people assembled from all parts with pravi
siwis and other necessaries for their siii

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

port. Many Spaniards became rich in this
settlement of PotosI by merely employing
two or three Indian women to traffic in the
fair. GreatnumbersofYanaconas,whoare
free Indians with the right of serving whom
they please, flocked to the fair, and the
prettiest girls from Cuzco and all parts of
the kingdom were to be met with there.

" I observed that many frauds were com-
mitted, and that there was little truth
spoken. The value of articles was not
great,andcloths,linens, and Hollands were
sold almost as cheap as in Spain. Indeed,
I saw things sold for so small a price that
they would have been considered cheap in
Seville." "

Geza de Leon returned to Spain altera
sojourn of seventeen years in America.

The first fruit of the experience and
studies of these seventeen years was Parte
primera de la cronica del Peru, which
treats, according to the sub-title, " of the
demarcation of the provinces, the descrip-
tion of them, the foundation of the new
dties, the rites and customs of the Indians,

(iiiaeiadeLeSn. LaCfrtnitaidPsFTl, ejp. no.

Ctitiica
del PsrA

L AND MONOGRAPHS

^^^^WWW?

SPANISH COLONIAl, LITERATURE

Preacott

and other strange things worthy of being
known." This work was first published at
Seville in 1553. The writer found interest
in almost every phase of the country and its
people, and scholars have accepted his views
iind conclusions as generally worthy of cre-
dence. Through the excellence of its style
the book has proved to be one of the n
attractive accounts of early Peru, and of
the western part of the territory now claim
ed by the republic of Colombia.

Mr. Prescott refers to Cieza de Le6n a
" an author worthy of particular note. Hi
Cromca del Peru should more properly be
styled an itinerary, or rather geography ol
Peru. It gives a minute topographicd
view of the country at the time of the coc-
quest; of its provinces and towns, both In-
dian and Spanish; its flourishing sea-coasts;
its forests, valleys, and interminable ranges
of mountains in the interior, with many in-
teresting particulars of the existing populw
tion — while scattered here and there n
be found notices of their early history and
social policy. It is, in short, a lively pictun
of the country in its physical and moral re>

HISPANIC NOTES

-encl

IN SOUTH AMERICA { 91

lations, as it met the eye at the time of the
ctraquest,andinthat transition period when
it was first subjected to European influ- j

The second part of the Cronica del Pern Second
was written, either completely or partially, * third
before Cieza de Le6n left Peru. In the j^e
prologue of his work the author announces Cr6niea
the plan of this Part. He proposed to treat
of the government of the IncaSjOf their great
deeds and policy; to " describe the superb ■
and magnificent temples which they built,
the roads of wonderful size which they
made, and other great things that were
found in this kingdoci. I shall also give an
account in this book of what the Indians
say concerning the deluge, and how the 1
Incas magnify the grandeur of their origin." [
The subject of the third Part was the dis-
covery and conquest of Peru by Pizarro,
and the rebellion of the Indians; the fourth
Part treats of the civil wars of Peru. Only
certain sections of the third and fourth
Parts have been printed.

The second Part remained in manuscript

{ill CoKqtira of PiTv, vo! II, igj.

^K AND

AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

until 1873, when it was printed by the Peru*
vian scholar, Dr. Manuel Gonzilez de Is
Rosa. In 1880 it was edited by Marcos
Jimenez de la Espada, and printed a
drid. Three years later an English trans-
lation of it, by Sir Qements R. Markham,
was issued by the Hakluyt Society. In
collecting the information on which thu
Part is based, Cieza de Leon sought frofll
the Indians what they knew concerning tl
inhabitants of Peru before the period of tin

After setting forth in this second Pari
what he was able to find out concerning th
Indians before the period of the Inca
Cieza de Leon devotes his pages especiall]
to the institutions and ceremonies 1
monarchy, and to the history of the Ina
in the line of their succession down to Ats
hualpa. The following passage from th
twelfth chapter presents an account of tl
method employed to preserve the history 0
the kingdom, and also an illustration of tf
author's writing:

" Some of the most learned of the peOfJl
were chosen to make known the lives 0

HISPANIC NOTES

r'WnT

Dcinzedoy Google

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

all that are born. Know that the events
which occurred in the days of thy fathers
are these.' Then in the narration, they
stood in great humility, with eyes cast on'
the ground and hands lowered . They could
very well do this for there were among them
some men with very good memories, sound
judgments, and subtle genius, and full of
reasoning power, as we bear witness, who
have heard them even in these our days.

"As soon as the king understood what
was related to him, he caused other aged
men to be called, and charged them With
the duty of learning the songs which were
handed down from memory, and to prepare
others touching the events which might
occur in his own reign."

Besides these works dealing with his
travels and the history and institutions o£
the Inca kingdom, Cieza de Le6n wn
history of the conquest and the civil w£

I Peru. Only a part of this work has been
published, the first part of the Guerra de
Quito, edited by Jimenez de la Espada^
This was printed in Madrid in 1877. ~"

I fate of the rest of the manuscript is

HISPANIC NOTES

^c>W

¥^

IN SOUTH AMERICA

known. The part here published is the
third book of the Civil Wars of Peru, and
gives an account of the conflict between
Gonzalo Pizarro and Blasco Nunez Vela
near the city of Quito. It opens with the
departure of Blasco Nutiez Vela from Sao
Lucar in Spain to assume his duties as the
first viceroy of Peru. It describes the jour-
ney of the \'iceroy and his arrival in Peru,
the eSect of the introduction of the New
Laws, the appeal to Gonzalo Pizarro to
become the leader of the revolt against the
viceroy, the reception of Niiiiez Vela at
Lima, and the course of the rebellion until
a short time before the triumph of Gonzalo
Pizarro and the death of the viceroy i
Ouito.>«

Cieza's work was designed to consist of I cieia de
four parts: i. Geography and description of
Peru; 2. History of the Incas and of the
ancient civilization of Peru; 3. Discovery
and conquest o( Peru; 4. The civil wars of

AND MONOGRAPHS

^ 1

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Girolamo
BenzoDi

Benzom

the conquistadores of Peru. In his Ohrai

complelas (viii, 143-150) Barros Arana dis-
cusses the question as to what extent this
programme was carried out by the author.

VIII
Girolamo Benzoni, the author of La His-

of Cieza de Ledn, He was born at Milan
about 1519, and at the age of twenty-one
he undertook a voyage to America, moved
by the marvellous stories of adventure and
of quickly acquired wealth that were cir-
culated in Europe. His route to the port of
departure led him to Medina del Campo,
thence to Seville and down the Guadal-
quivir to San Lucar. At this port he em-
barked for the Canary Islands, fearing that
as a foreigner he would not be permitted to
take passage directly from Spain to the
Indies. After two months spent in the
islands, he set out for America, and in the
course of time we find him involved in the
unfortunate enterprises of Governor Ortai
in Venezuela, attracted by the governor's
promise of riches. More fortunate, how-

HISPANIC NOTES

7-^

IN SOUTH AMERICA

ever, than many of the governor's followers,
he escaped alive, although desperately ill.
That he did not suffer a worse fate was due
in a large measure to the care taken of him
by Antonio de Castiglioni, a priest, who ac-
companied him to the island of Margarita.
Later he embarked lor Porto Rico, and sail-
ed thence to Santo Domingo, where he was
in 1544, and where he remained for eleven
months. In the course of his subsequent
wanderings he visited Cuba, Tierra Firme,
Nombre de Dios, Panama, Cartagena, Ni-
caragua, Guatemala, and Peru. During
some parts of these journeys, he suffered ex-
tremely from hunger, particularly in Nicar-
agua. Of his last years in America and his
return to Italy, he gives the following ac-
count:

"Three years after my arrival in Peru, I
found myself possessed of some thousands
of ducats, and quite tired of remaining in

had ordered all foreigners to quit the coun-
try, in consequence of its having been re-
ported to him by some Spaniards that the
Levantines, that is that we, were false and

Leaves
Gasca's

AND MONOGRAPHS

i- i

L..I ,::):,:■

SPANISH COLONIAL LITER.\TURE

cruel, and had caused the death of some of
them. Therefore, when I was at Guaya-
quil, I availed myself of a large boat that
arrived there laden with merchandise from
Panama, to return to my own country.
Accordingly, as soon as the master of it (
ready, I embarked on the 8lli of May, 15
We sailed, and in the port of Zaiaga
found President Gasca, who was going to
Panama to cross over to Spain, He ordered
our master to sail Jn company with him, iat
otherwise he was going alone. But as the
bark had to take in a cargo of maize, the
master requested to be left behind 0
account of business. The President start-
ed, and wt remained until the vessel was
loaded. Sailing soon after this, we arrived
at Manta,where the vessel struck a rock and
sank, all the passengers and crew, however, j
were saved, with the greater part of their
gold and silver.

" The bark being wrecked, as here de-
scribed, it became necessary to wait for
another passage; and at the end of Sfly
days, a vessel arriving from Lima, we start-
ed on her and soon arrived at Panama.

HISPANIC NOTES

ve start-
'anama.

IN SOUTH AMERICA

1 Hearing there that the president had sailed
from Nombre de Dios for Spain with all the

ships, I went to Nicaragua. There I had a
long and severe disease, so that at the end
of four years, being then in Guatemala, and
ships arriving from Spain, I went to Puerto
de los Caballos, whence I sailed; but after r
navigating a few days, when we were near]
the island of Cuba, there arose a very severe I
storm, which drove the ship on shore, and
almost all the specie on board was lost; j
scarcely could the crew be saved. After!
thirty-four days of hard labour and great
dangers, we entered the port of Ha\-ana,
expecting to find the fleet there; but it had
sailed eight days before for Spain.

" I remained at Havana very discontent-
ed on two accounts: firstly, from having lost
part of my small property in the wreck
already mentioned; and, secondly, because
we found that the fleet had sailed; but on
hearing how it had been lost, 1 praised God
for his divine grace that preserved me from
it, and did not permit me to embark, for
otherwise I should undoubtedly have been
lost with the others. Ten months after

AND MONOGRAPHS

^juylJ

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE |

these events the Indian fleet arrived at Ha- 1
vana, consisting altogether of fourteen
vessels, large and small. We soon sailed,
with the help of Providence, and in thirty-
nine days, though undergoing a frightful
storm on the voyage, we reached a Portu-
guese island, commonly called Madera.

" Having taken on board there bread and
wine and other provisions, we again set sail.
At the end of eight days, on the 13th of
September, 1556, we entered the port of San
Lucar dc Barameda, and thence proceeded
to Seville. As soon as I was cleared, I went
to Cadiz, and having embarked in an urea,
at the end of two months I reached Genoa,
where I rejoiced exceedingly ,and soon after-
wards arrived at Milan; always praising the
Majesty of God, His power, and that of our
Saviour, for having granted me the grace to
see so many strange things, and so much of
the world, and so many foreign countries;
and for having liberated me out of so many
serious trials. When I reflect, it seems to
me impossible that a human body could
have undergone so much— cA« un corpo kit-
tnano habbia potuto sitpporlar tatUo."

HISPANIC NOTES

L :i

1 : ...1 A.CHigIC

r ..

IN SOUTH AWERtCA

.0.

Juan Fernandez's Rdadon, dealing with

FemAn-

the social disturbances of Peru, after the

dez"s.

death of Viceroy AntoniodeMendoza{i55i-

1552) and the causes from which they pro-

ceeded is a clearly written and trustworthy

'\'

document, which remained unpublished

until 1865. It is especially valuable as a

critical investigation of the principal causes

andevents of Giron's rebellion." Itsauthor

was the fiscal of the audiencia of Lima, and

arrived id Peru either with Pedro de la

Gasca or with Viceroy AntoniodeMendoza,

probably with the latter.

(■4) The title o( Ihii work is- Rtladdn ... if los

Ptrmlnda, [I was publbhfd by 3. F. Pacheco in his

vol. .11, p. «6.

, g

AND MONOGRAPHS

102 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

CHAPTER IV

PERUVIAN AND CHILEAN

HISTORIANS,

1550-1600.

I. JosfdeAcosta. 11. GareilasodelaVega.
111. Pedro SarmienlodeGamboa; PohdeOn-
■ degardo. IV. Cristobal de Molina; Cabello de
! Balboa. V. Pedro de Valdivia. VI. Alottso
• deGoftgora Marmolejo. VII. Pedro de Ma-
\rino de Lovera.

At the beginning oJ the second half of the
sixteenth century a temporary calm brood-
ed over the allairs of Peni. President
Gasca had allayed the factional disturb-
ances, but his administration, if it had pro-
duced peace, had nevertheless brought little
satisfaction to the contending parties. A
new attempt was now made to set up a vice-
roy. In the meantime the audiencia con-

HISPANIC NOTES

Dcinzedoy Google

IN SOUTH AMERICA

103

trolled public afiaire, but in 1551 Antonio
de Mendoza arrived in lima as the viceroy
of Peru. With the prestige of his long reign
in Mexico, he undertook the taik of estab-
lishing order in the unorganized colony, but
he died the following year, leaving the gov-
ernmental authority again jn the hands of
the audi encia. In 1555 Andres Hurtadode
Mendoza accepted the vacant office, and a
line oi more or less distinguished successors

the end of the century.'

During thdse decades the Peruvian gov-
ernment acquired its normal and stable
character, largely through the legislative
uctivity of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo.
Lima gradually increased in population and
acquired many of tiie institutions which
later characterized its social life, such as the
university, the tribunal of the Crusada, the
inquisition, and various monasteries. In
the meantime the mines of Upper Peru,

(i) .^ndr^ Hurtado de Mendoia, uj^-ijei; Diego Ldpci
diZiSflIgs y ViUsco, 1)61-1504; Lope Gaicla do Caatro,
1564-1569; FrancisTO de Toludo, 1569-158'; Martin Erui
outs, 1561-15S3: Fernando do TomH y Pottugal, jjas-
luo; ducii Hmudo de Mendota, 1590-1596; Luis du
VdnKO. 159T-1604.

Antonio

de Men-
doza&

AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

particularly those of PotosI, continued to
pour out their riches, making Lima the mar-
ket at which the precious metals were ex-
changed for imported European wares,
The increasing wealth was attended by a
more elaborate style of living, by the growth
of more formal and refined manners, by tha
multiplication of religious ceremonies, and
by the rapid acquisition of property by the
Church. At the same time, as the Creoles
in the population increased in numbers,
they became conspicuous for their ostenta-
tion, and, by departing from the severe
manners and customs of the Spaniards,
added a certain lightness and freedom to
social intercourse.

But in spite of the persistent call of these
circumstances to practical aSairs, a numba
of persons appeared in the colony during
this period, who by their writings indicated
that not all the world was absorbed in i
templating the output of the mines, the
gains of trade, or in rivaUing one another
the display of newly-acquired wealth.
Some of these by their oiEce in the Church
were expected to stand aloof, and did stanil

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

105

aloof, from the ordinary economic activity
of the communityi in fact, this period and
the half-century following were especially
noteworthy for their literary production,
both in Peru and in Chile.

In Peru Jose de Acosta, Garcilaso de la
Vega, and Pedro Sarmiento became especi-
ally prominent. These men were better
equipped by education than most of the
writers who had described the events of
the conquest from personal observation.
Acosta was a professor of theology in Lima,
and the Church espected to have its influ-
ence extended by his eloquence as a
preacher. His principal work is entitled
Historia naturaly moral de las Indias. The
first book deals chiefly with Peruvian
affairs, but the fifth, sixth and seventh
books refer extensively to conditions and
institutions in Mexico. The author was
bom in Spain in r54o, and his boyhood was
passed with his parents in the town of Me-
dina del Campo. He became a Jesuit in
1553 and went to America in 1570. The
intervening years had been spent in study,
so that when he set out for the Indies he had

Acosta

AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

already acquired a vast amount of know-
ledge. He landed at Cartagena, went to
Nombrc de Dios and thence across the Isth-
mus to Panama. From Panama he pro-
ceeded to Peru, and arrived at Callai
1571. Peru was then under the vigorous
rule of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo (1569-
1581J, who at this time was absent from
Lima, engaged in making an inspection ot
the viceroyalty. Acosta was ordered to
join the viceroy's other assistants, particu-
larly Polo de Ondegardoand Juan'Matiennt.
He accompanied Toledo, and was a member

j of the expedition directed against the Chirir

Iguana Indians,

After his return tu Lima he resumed Ihs
duties as professor of theology, and retained
this post until the middle of 1575, when he
became rector of the Colegio Maximo de Saa
PahJo. The next year he was promoted ta
the oftite of pro\incial of the Jesuit pro-
vince of Peru, succeeding the 5rst provin-
cial, Ponillo. Acosta's term as provincial
expired in 1580. He resided for some y
at the missionary station ot Juli, near LalctI
Tidcaca, and during this period his tiin

HISPANIC NOTES

-enJ

IN SOUTH AMERICA

' was divided between missionary work and
writing. The Jesuits had established
college at Juli to facilitate the study of tli
native languages. Kolguin had resided
there, and his Quichua grammar is n
portaat contribution to knowledge of that
laDguage. Bertonio, also sometime i
dent there, performed a similar servi
his Aymara dictionary.

Acosta removed from Upper Peru to Lima
near tiie end of Toledo's reign. The
roy's administration, through tiis prolifii
and generally wise legislative activity, con-
tributed greatly to the orderly establish-
ment of the viceroyalty, but by his unjust
condemnation and execution of the Inca
he incurred the displeasure of Lheking, and
died in disgrace. Under Martin Enrfq]
{1581-1586) Toledo's successor, was held
the third ecclesiastical Council of Lima,
the last sitting Acosta delivered what has
been characterized as " an elegant and
learned oration "; he also wrote the history
of the council. At this council he was theo-
logical ad%'iser, and was appointed to edit
the acts of the council.

AND MONOGRAPHS

io8 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

A little later Acosta went to MejdcOj where

after a short sojourn, covering the year
1586, he returned to Spain in 1587 taking
with him for publication various manu-
scripts written by him during the fifteen
years of his residence in America. He was
in Madrid in 1588, and in this year he began
the publication of the work on which his re-
putation as a writer chiefly rests, his ffir-
ioTta natural y moral de las Indias. The
complete work under this title was, how-
ever, not published until 1590, the date of
the Seville edition.*

The first four books treat of the natund
history of the Indies. Of these the first and
second were written in Latin, while Acosta
was in Peru, and were translated

' Historia
natural
y moral

Madrid, is9i; CdhoIjuh li

Mddrid, ijiji; Delemporibut tw^iaima, Lynna,

HISPANIC NOTES

-^^nrP

IN SOUTH AMERICA

109

Spanish by him after his return to Spain^
where ail the rest of the work was written.
The fifth, sixth and seventh books contain
what the author calls the moral history of
the Indies, embracing such subjects as are
involved in the organization and develop-
ment of society.

The numerous editions of this work indi-
cate somewhat the strength of the early de-
mand for information regarding America.
Large numbers of persons were solicitous
to know about the climate and its fitness
for securing human health; the metals,
plants, andanimals; the rites and ceremonies
of the inhabitants; the laws and govern-
ment; and the wars with the Indians. The
nature of the contents of the work suggest-
ed the designation of the author as the Pliny
of the New World.

After an extensive discussion of the views
held by ancient writers, sacred and profane,
concerning the geography and the natural
phenomena of the Indies, Acosta touches
on the project of cutting a canal across the
Isthmus. He wrote:

" Some have discoursed and propounded

-AND MONOGRAPHS

i_ _^

■

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

to cut through this passage of seven teagueSj
and to joyne one sea to the other, to make
the passage from Peru more commodious
and easie, for that those eighteen leagues o(
land betwixt Nombre de Dios and PanamS
is more patnhjll and chargeable than two
thousand and three hundred by sea, where''
upon some would say it were a means to
drowne the land, one sea being lower than
another. As in times past we finde it writ
ten, that for the same consideration they
gave over the enterprise to win the Re(
Sea with the Nile, in the time of King Sesoj
stris, and since, in the Empire of the Otto
mans. But for my part, I hold such dis
courses and propositions for vaine, althougl
this inconvenient should not happen
which I will not hold for assured, I believ«
there is no humane power able to beat ami
breake downe those strong and impenetrable
mountains, which God hath placed betwix(
the two seas, and hath made them moat
hard rockes, to withstand the furie of twc^
seas. And although it were possible
men, yet in my opinion they should feai*
punishment from heaven in seeking to C

HISPANIC NOTES -

. Cu'

IN SOUTH AMERICA

rect the workes which the Creator by his
great providence hath Ordained and dis-
posed in the forming of this universal!

Among the food-products described
Acosta makes mention of the potato, sasnng
that '■ The Indians use another kinde of
roote, wliich they call Papas. These rootes
are like the ground nuttes; they are small
rootes that cast out many leaves. They
gather the Papas, and dry it well in the
Sunne,th en beating it they make that which
they call Chunu, which keeps many dales,
and serves for bread. In this realme there
j is great traflicke of Chunu, the which they
■•| carry to the mines of Potosi; they likewise
eat of these Papas boyled or roasted. There
is one sweete kinde wtiich grows in hot
places, whereof they do make certain
sauces and minced meats which they call
LocTO."*

In writing of coca, Acosta calls attention
to an article, the use of which under the

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

IndiaD regime was subject to severe restric-
tions, enforced by a religious sanction, but
since then these restrictions have been re-
moved, with many of the evil consequences
that were doubtless feared by the paternal
government of the Incas:

"The Indians esteerae it much, and
time of their Kings Yncas it was not lawful!
for any of the common people to use this
coca without licence from the governor.
Their use is to carry it in their mouthes,
chawing it and sucking out the Joyce, but
they swallow it not. They say it gives
them great courage, and is very pleasing
unto them. Many grave men holde this
as a superstition and a mere imagination;
for my part, and to speak the truth, I per-
swade notmy selfe that it is an imaginatioD
but contrariwise, 1 thinke it works and gives
force and courage to the Indians; for wt
the effects which cannot be attributed to
imagination, as to go some daies without
meat, but only a handfull of coca, and other
like effects." ^

|j) n. Book IV, chap. mil. A; to Ihe traffic In cocai
ths ilnila Oily ol Potcnl, out antliar maks [he tolUnrin

HISPANIC NOTES

-enrl

IN SOUTH AMERICA

II
By his ancestry GarcUaso de la Vega was
connected with some of the most distin-
guished families of Sp>ain, the families of
Mendoza and Vargas. His father was the
son o£ Alonso de Hinestrosa de Vargas,
whose wife was Blanca Suarez de Fi-
gueroa, a descendant of that Garcila^o
de la Vega on whom the name was
iriginally conferred for his famous duel
with the gigantic Moor on the Vega of
Granada. This name was adopted by the
historian's father as that of a maternal an-
cestor. The son of Hinestrosa de Vargas
thns became Garcilaso de la Vega. This
Garcilaso de la Vega was bom in the city of
Badajoz in Estremadura in 1506. At the
Bge of twenty-five, in 1531, be went to
America as a c^tain of infantry, at the
time of Pedro de Alvarado's return to re-
sume the government of Guatemala. He \
became a member of Alvarado's ill-fated

bcbC -nc baSc g< n^^Ritiai dotkndjr ^saal

AND HONOGKAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Parents expedition to Quito, that landed at Cam-
ques in March, 1534. After .Mvarado's
surrender to Almagro, Garcilaso de la Vega
entered the service of Pizarro, and was sent
to subdue the natives about the port ol
Buenaventura. Owing to the difficulties ol
the march and the loss of a large part of his
men he was obliged to abandon the under^
taking. He then went to Lima, where b
found Pizarro besieged by the IndiansJ
His next service was in the campaignfoT
relief of Cuzco, that appeared to be il)
danger of falling into the hands of the irf
suigent natives.

During the conflict between Pizarro and
Almagro that resulted in the death of Alni*l
gro, Garcilaso de la Vega was established a"
Cuzro. Chimpa OcUo, a young Indiaij
princess, baptized as Dona Isabel, ^
at Cuzco at that time. She was a grand
daughter of Tnca Tupac Vupanqui.
father was a brother of the d'
king, Huayna Capac, the twelfth ir
as given by Cieza de Leon. She was thus J
cousin of the unfortunate Atahualpa.
1540 she gave birth to a child who i

HISPANIC NOTES

Lm ^

IN SOUTH AMERICA

came the historian, and whose father was
Garcitaso de la Vega. The chUdhood
and youth of the younger Garcilaso
was spent in Cuzco, the capital from
which members of his mother's family had
ruled the famous Indian kingdom. During
these early years his father was engt^cd in
the civil wars that afflicted the unhappy
country; at first on the side of Pizarro, and
later taking part in the rebellion led by Gon-
zalo Pizarro against the first viceroy of
Peru, Blasco Nunez de Vela. One of the
eariiest recollections of the historian was
the triumphal entry of the forces into Cuzco
after Gonzalo Pizarro had put down his

Garcilaso de la Vega, the elder, once more
changed his allegiance; he deserted the cause
of Gonzalo Pizarro, and fled from Cuzco to
Lima. But the party of the viceroy, which
he had hoped to join was overthrown, and
the viceroy had departed.

Although pardoned by Gonzalo Pizarro,
Garcilaso de la Vega went over to the forces
of Gasca at the battle of Jaquijaguana in
1548. Between this event and the rebel-

Garci-
laso the
elder

AND MONOGRAPHS

Gaici-
I laso the
' younger

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

lion of Giron in 1553 he resided at Cuzco,
and after the failure of this rebellion be nai
appuinted corregidor and governor of that
city and province. As the principal figure
in the civil administration of the province,
his house became the centre of the social
activity of the city. Thus in the turmoil
and rebellions and the quieter life that fol>
lowed, the younger Garcilaso de la Vega,
was in a more favourable position than any
otlier iiistorian had occupied for acquiring
a correct view of the history and institu^
tions of the two races here in conflict.

A suggestion of tlie opportunities '
young Garcilaso de la Vega enjoyed ftw
acquiring knowledge of the institutions anci
spirit of hi^i mother's people is found in hit
statement that while she lived in Cuzco, b
native town, " almost every week some of
the male and female relations, who escaped
the cruelty and tyranny of AtahualpA,
came to visit her. On the occasion oft!
visits their usual conversation was on
subject of the origin of the Vncas, of t
majesty, of the grandeur of their empire, (4
their greatness, of their mode of government

HISPANIC NOTES

-«^

IN SOUTH AMERICA

117

in peace and war, and of the laws which
they ordained for the good of their subjects.
In short, they omitted nothing relating to
the flourishing period of their history in the
course of these conversations." ■

As Garciiaso de la Vega advanced toward
maturity, he became his father's agent in
superintending his estates and acquired
much information about Peru through jour-
neys. After his father's death he deter-
mined to go to Spain. Here he was received
with kindness by his father's relatives, and
such generosity by others as might be ac-
corded to one bom in America. He entered
the army of PhiUp II as a captain, and took
part in the campaign against the Moriscos
under Don Juan de Austria. On his retire-
ment from active military sen'ice, he be-
came a resident of Cordoba, where he was
compelled by his poverty to adopt a very
modest style of living. He was not only in
debt when he left the army, but under a
certain cloud of public disfavour by reason
of his father's connexion with Gonzalo

Garcilaso
in Spain

AND MONOGRAPHS

i. -I-

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Pizarro's Febellion. It is quite possible
that his consciousness ol this prejudice
deepKned his piety for his native land and
the kingly race from which he was descended
and persuaded him to set forth their virtues
and the nobler qualities of their rule,

o omit the wrongs they had suffered at
the hands of the Spaniards.

Garcilaso de la Vega's principal work is
Los comenlarios rcales. This was based not
only on information acquired during
early life at Cuzco, but also on later contn<
butions made by his former associates it
Peru; tor as soon as he decided to write thil
history, he communicated with his
schoolfellows and asked them to help
by sending accounts of the particular co
quests which the Incas had made in the pi
vinces of their families. They took up I
project and caused to be brought out '
the archives the accounts which their
lives possessed, and sent them to him;
was thus, he said, " that I obtained the i
cords of the deeds and conquests of
Inca." '

17) Sayni Cammmlarin, Mlrkham'. UanstaUOO, vc

HISPANIC NOTES

■ir^

IN SOUTH AMERICA

119

The first part of Los comentarios reales
del Peril was published at Lisbon in 1609,
and the second part was first published at
C6rdoba in 1617. The author died in 1617
and was buried in the cathedral of C6rdoba.
A second edition was published at Madrid
in l^^i, and a third edition at the same
place in 1829.*

An earher work by Garcilaso de la Vega,
La Florida del Inca, khloria del adelantado
Hernando de Solo, gobernador y capttdn-
general del reino de la Florida, y de otros
heroicos cabalhros espafioles e indios, was
published in Lisbon in 1605. Written in an
agreeable style, it was received with great
favour, and for it the writer would have
been accorded distinction, even if he had
not later produced a more important book.
Much of the consideration enjoyed by Gar-
cilaso and ibe popularity of his writings

K* imi, monMvt.. abl< lu mike ust pi ailia wrilingi
loeli as IbovDf Cieu de LMd. Ziia». Ldpci d? G«nw*. and
A«u. and atoool Ihtfupm ot One mmiQMTT, Blu Vafcra.

Cadiz by the £n(l>DL

/.a Flo-
nda del
inca

AND MONOGRAPHS

Matk-

ijo SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

were due to the fact that he revealed to
Europeans of his day a hitherto unknown
kingdom, and set it before them idealized
by the piety and patriotic emotions of an

Sir Cements R. Markham, in his intro-
duction to the Narratives of the Rites and
Laws of the Yncas, makes this interesting
note concerning Garcilaso's memory and
the accuracy of his statements;

" Garcilaso wrote from memory, forty
years after he had left Peru, with the aid of
letters from correspondents. His main ob-
ject was to publish a commentary, correct-
ing the errors of Spanish authors who pro-
fessed to give ahistory of the Yncas without
being acquainted with their language,
doing this, he added much precious infor-
mation from the store-house of his o^
memory, and the more his work is sifted
and examined, the more clearly does it
appear that he was scrupulously truthful.

(9) Ban™ Arana, El li
Ibrat campUat, vol. viir. J
Jnilid Slata. ed. 1834, t

.ancroft, Hilary p/J

Society of AoLcHu,

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

and [hat, allowing for the disadvantage
under which he laboured, his statements are
wonderfully accurate. Perhaps the excel-
lence of the Ynca's memory is best shown
the topographical details. He gives the
nquests of each successive Ynca, men-
tioning the places through which the con-
querors marched in the gradual acquisition
of their vast empire. He enumerates three
hundred and twenty places in PerUj yet,
describing the marches, he does not make a
sii^le mistake, nor give one of these places
out of its order, or in the wrong position.
When Garcilaso's routes of each of the con-
quering Yncas are placed on a map, they
present convincing proofs of the remarkable
accuracy of the author."

Another phase of Garcilaso's writing is
presented by Prescott {Conquest of Peru, I.
469-473), where he affirms that Garcilasc
de la Vega " wrote to effect a particular ob-
jfct. He stood forth as counsel for his
fortunate countrymen .pleading the caus
that degraded race before the tribunal of
posterity. The exaggerated tone of pane-
gyric consequent on this becomes apparent

Prescott
Garcilaso

AND MONOGRAPHS

— 1

132

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE 1

in every page of the work. He pictures 1
forth a state of society^ such as an Utopian 1
philosopher wouldhardly venture todepict." ■
His work " is addressed to the inaagination M
more than to sober reason. We are dazzled M
by the gorgeous spectacle it perpetually ex-
hibits, and delighted by the variety of amus-
ing details and animated gossip sprinkled
over its pages. The story of the action Js
perpetually varied by discussions on topics
illustrating its progress, so as to break up
the monotony of the narrative, and afford
an agreeable relief to the reader. This is
true of the first part of his great work. In
the second there was no longer room for
such discussion. But he has supplied the
place by garrulous reminiscences, personal
anecdotes,incidental adventures, anda float
of trivial details— trivial in the eyes of the pe-
dant—whichhistori ans have been too willing
to discard as below the dignity of history."

Referring to the edifices constructed ^
Cuzco by the Indians under the Incas, Gar-
cilaso de la Vega gives expression to the
astonishment which many persons since his
day have experienced:

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

■• The Yneas, kings of Peru, built wonder-
ful edifices, whether fortresses, temples,
gardens, palaces, store-houses, roads, or
other works. All excited admiration, as
may still be seen by their ruins.though these
remains give but an inadequate idea of the
complete edifice.

" The grandest and most superb work
that they ordered to be built, to show their
power and majesty, was the fortress of
Cuzco. Its magnificence would be incred-
ible to those who have not seen it, and even
those who have gazed upon it with atten-
tion are induced to imagine, and even to be-
lieve, that such works must have been com-
pleted by enchantment, and that they were
made by demons rather than by men.
For the multitude of stones, so many and of
such size, that are placed on the three cir-
cling lines (being more like rocks than
stones), excite astonisiiment and wonder,
as to how they could have been cut from
the quarries whence they were brought.
For these Indians had neither iron nor steel
for cutting and working the stones.

" It is an equal wonder how the stones

Ancient

buildings

L AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

conld have been brought from the quarry;
for the Indians had neither bullocks nor
carts. Besides, no cart could bear the
weight of such stones, neither could any
bullocks draw them. They were drawn by
the force of men's hands, hauling at stout
I cables passed round them." '"

On a later page GarciJaso de la Vega ex-
presses regret that the Spaniards did not
preserve the fortress as they found it:

" The Spaniards should have preserved
the fortress, and even repaired it at their
own cost, that future ages might see how
great had been the valour of those who took
it, of which it would have been an eternal
memorial. But not only have they not
maintained it; they have themselves dis-
mantled it to build the private houses they
have now in Cuzco. In order to save the
cost, delay, and trouble which the Indians
expended on preparing dressed stones
building, the Spaniards pulled down all the
masonry walls within the circle of the for-
tress, and there is not a house in the city

(lo) Tkt XeyiU CommnUirit; Haklu^ Soctslr, LoadODi

HISPANIC NOTES

TrI

ia6 I SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

in Peru, then under the rule of Viceroy An-

drfs Hurlado de Mendoza, Marques de
Canete, who had made his solemn entry
into Lima on June 39, 1556.

The rebellions of Gonzalo Pizarro and
Gir6n had been put down, but the spirit of
discontent and hostility to the go\'emment
was manifest in many quarters. The
judges of the audienda were leaders of op-
posing factions; the corregidores were sup-
porting practically independent military
forces, and their unlawful acts .imposed
intolerable burdens on persons subject to
their authority. Everywhere there
smouldering embers of sedition. The vice-
roy faced this condition of affairs with a
gjim determination to bring peace to the
troubled society. lie gathered and held
subject to his order the arms and munitions
that were scattered among the corregidores.
The prominent disturbers of the peace he
disarmed and sent into exile. He caused
Tomds Vasquez. the lieutenant of Gir6n, to
be executed, and ordered the corregidore*
to impose the same punishment upon tUT'
bulent and dangerous persons within their

HISPANIC NOTES

..OCli^lC

IN SOUTH AMERICA

districts. And to furnish a vent to the
restlessness of adventurers, he encouraged
the organization of exploring expeditions,
of which the most notorious was that of
Pedro de Ursua, that finally fell under the
control of the brutal Lope de Aguirre. '

Another phase of the viceroy's activity 1
was the setting up of the viceregal estab- '
lishment, where the vice-queen presided,
and introduced much of the ceremonious hfe
of a European Court. At this rime the ques-
tion of the aims and ambitions of the In-
carial family began to excite inquiry if not
alarm, and the prominence of this subject
induced Sarmiento to study seriously the
history of the Incas. This subject claimed
his attention for a number of years after his
arrival in Lima. But during his residence
at the capital he was persecuted by the In-
quisition. The charges against him were ^
trivia!, and for one alleged offence he was t
condemned to the absurd punishment of i
hearing mass in the cathedral at Lima,
divested of his clothing and holding a
candle in his hand, In addition to this
penalty, it was ordered that he should be

MONOGRAPHS

r^BA-^i^

\ cguniMphv

?ro3KTifcnctl
11.1 riijct.f vnbic.l'b qljf ;'.|
l»j'iiuio.icp 6l iT v.*S ;i r

ral&loG nwncJGdrpini
wri.ivD7c6irio&la calj
ll'ial^ altiltacopii (br
l^dGip^Gnincnto,^

Page 2 of the MS. of Pedro Siir

IN SOUTH AMERICA

129

the region of Cuzco, the subsequent wars
with other tribes, the reigns of Tupac Yu-
panqui and Huayna Capac, and the civil
wars between Huascar and Atahualpa, of
which the Spaniards took advantage on
their arrival in Peru. Sarraicnto fixes the
beginning of the Inca dynasty at the year
565, thus making its continuance a little
less than a thousand years."

In 1573 the Inquisition renewed its per-
secution of Sarmiento; it considered trivial
charges brought against him; and finally re-
affirmed its former sentence of banishment.
The execution of this sentence was not then
practicable, for Sarmiento was at that time
engaged in a campaign against the Chiri-
guanos, eastward of the Andes, and after
his return the civil authorities persuaded
the inquisitors that the sentence should be
revoked. But two years later they con-
sidered other equally trivia! charges, and

SiflHula Mrlr di U M,lma ft'ural Ua-wda tiHU^ la ijual
Strmin^ i. Gam*™. S« rrprodurlion of lad tillt pa«t

Continu-
ed perae
cution

AND MONOGRAPHS

1- J

L..I ...S..,.v

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

this time he was found guilty, imprisoned
and sentenced again to be banished. At
this time the viceroy, Francisco de Toledo
(1569-1591), interfered, ordered that Sar-
miento should be released, held him ii
service of the government, and took him
under his special protection. In 1579,
when Drake appeared in Peruvian waters,
Samiiento led an expedition in pursuit of
him, but failed to overtake him. On his
return, be received the viceroy's orders to
proceed to the Strait of Magellan, in order
toinlerceptDraltethereonhis voyage bati
to England, At the same time he
under orders to fortify the strait so as to
prevent the passage of explorers or pirates
who might undertake to follow Drake.
Other na\-igators had entered the strait
before Sarmiento — Magellan in 1520, Lo-
aystt and Cano in 1526, Alcazava in 1535^
and Drake in 1578; but Sarmiento's account
of his voyage virtually superseded alt r&
ports made by previous explorers. I^
moreover, persuaded the king of Spain to
fit out an extensive fleet for the purpose ol
transporting a considerable body of colon*

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

ists, men with their families, to the inhos-
pitable shores of the strait. Sarmiento
was appointed to be the governor of the
colony, but the command of the fleet w
entrusted to the incompetent Diego Flor
de Valdes, and his incompetence rather
than the storms encountered caused the
ruin of the enterprise. Sttrmiento's narra-
tives of his voyages, translated into English ]
by Uarkham, have been issued as a volume
of the Hakluyt Society's publications.
This collection consists of five documents.
The first is called Voyage to the Strait of
Magellan, and gives an account of Sar-
miento'a passage through the strait, with
such accuracy of detail as to elicit the com-
mendation of later navigators and ;
vcyors. The second document was w
ten in Rio de Janeiro in 1583, It refers
to the passage through the strait, the
voyage to Spain, the preparation of the
&eet under Flores de Valdes, and gives some
account of what happened to the fleet.
Hie third document enumerates the ships
and their olhcers, while the fourth is a n
mive of the equipment of the fleet, the

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

disasters it encountered, the disgraceful
conduct of the officers, the settlements in
the strait, and the captivity of Sarmiento.
The last document gives some account
of the tragic fate of the settlers, who
waited in vain for the return of ships
with provisions, and who distributed
themselves along the shore, in order to sup-
port themselves with shell-fish picked up on
the beach; but the supply was inadequate,
and one after another they died of starva-
tion and exposure. The appearance of the
ships of Thomas Cavendish was the last
hope of the survivors, and when these ships
sailed away, taking only
the remnant of the colony went speedily to
its tragic end.

I quote Sarmiento's account of the "
manner in which Atahualpa was informed
of the arrival of the Spaniards:

" Atahualpa was at Iluamachuco cele-
brating great festivals for his victories, and
he wished to proceed to Cuzco and
the fringe"in theHouse oftheSun,whBi

(.11 Wheuoncwas
o[ Fringe, wa> placed

overeigdlnca, IheJI

HISPANIC NOTES

.cuffjii

IN SOUTH AMERICA

133

all former Incas had received it. When he
was about to set out there carae to him two
TaUanas Indians, sent by the Curacas—
local governors under the Incas — of Payta
and Tiiinbez, to report to him that there
hadarrivedbysea, which they call 'cocha,'
a people with different clothing and with
beards, and that they brought animals like
large sheep. The chief of them was be-
lieved to be Viracocha, which means the
god of these people,andhe brought with him
many Viracochas, which is as much as to
say ' gods.' They said this of the Gover-
nor Don Francisco Pizarro, who had arrived
with one hundred and eighty men and some
horses which they called sheep,

■' When this became known to Atahualpa
he rejoiced greatly, believing it to be the
Viracocha coming as he had promised when
he departed, and as is recounted in the be-
ginning of this history. Atahualpa gave
thanks that he should have came in bis time,
and he sent back the messengers with

wrirt IbB ckapann ra bracelcl.— See Maikham, Tht Inca':

Span-
iards

to Ata-
hualpa

AND MONOGRAPHS

1 . ^

134

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Incas in
Conflict

thanks to the Caracas for sending the news^
and ordering them to keep him informed of
what might happen. He resolved not to
go to Cuzco until he had seen what this
arrival was, and what the Viracochas in^
tended to do."" 1
In a subsequent chapter Sarmiento refeis
to Pizarro's project to inquire into the dis^
pute between Huascar and Atahualpa:
" Don Francisco Pizarro knew of the dis-
putes there had been between Atahualpa
and Huascar, and that Huascar was a
prisoner in the hands of the captains
of AUhualpa, and he urged Atahualpa
to have his brother brought as quickly
as possible. Huascar was being brought
to Caxamarca by Atahuaipa's order, as
has already been said. Chalco Chima,
obeying this order, set out with Huascar
and the captains and relations who had
escaped the butchery of Cusi Yupanqui:
Ataliualpa asked Don Francisco Pizarro
why he wanted to see his brother. Pizai-
ro replied that he had been informed that

London, 190;, chap, xviii.

HISPANIC NOTES

1 „ ,...1 ..'..v.nyiv.

IN SOUTH AMERICA

Huascar was the elder and principal lord of
that land, and for that reason he wished to
see him,and he desired that he should come.
Atahualpa feared that if Huascar came
alive, the Governor Don Francisco Pizarro
would be informed of what had taken place,
that Huascar would he made lord, and that
he would lose his state. Being sagacious, he
agreed to comply with Pizarro's demand,
but sent off a messenger to the captain who
was bringing Huascar with an order to kill
him and all the prisoners. The messenger
started and found Huascar at A tarn area,
near Yana-mayu. He gave his message to
the captain of the guard who was bringing
Huascar as a prisoner.

" Directly the captain heard the order of
Atahualpa he complied with it. He killed
Huascar, cut the isody up and threw it into
the river Yana-mayu. He also killed the
rest of the brothers, relations, and captains
who were with him as prisoners, in the year
^533 ' '^

A noted contemporary of Sarmiento, the
Licenciado Polo de Ondegardo, also became

AND MONOGRAPHS

1 1

136

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Polo de

Oade-

gardo

interested in the history of Peru and the
ancient institutions of the country, and,
at the suggestion of the viceroy, wrote two
accounts, or "relaciones," on the revenues
and tributes, or, in general, the financial ad-
ministration of the Inca kingdom.

The time and place of Ondegardo'a birth
are not known. It has been ascertained,
however, that he was in Peru during the
period of the civil war?. By Gasca he was
appointed governor of Charcas, and he held
for a number of years a similar ofEce at
Cuzco, to which he was appointed by the
Marques de Caiietc as viceroy. Under
Francisco de Toledo, Ondegardo was a con*
fidential adviser of the \'iceToy, and assisted
him in drawing up the ordinances lor com-
pleting the organization of the viceroyalty.

Prescott, who had copies of Ondegardo'S
narratives, affirms that while he gives his
conclusions rvith an air of modesty, it iS
evident that he feels conscious of having
derived his information through the mosk
authentic channels. He rejects the fabul^
ous with disdain; decides on the probab
ility of such facts as he relates, and candidlj

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

exposes deficiency of evidence. Far from
displaying the simple enthusiasm of the
well-meaning but credulous missionary, he
proceeds with the cool and cautious step of
a lawyer, accustomed to the conflict of tes-
timony and the uncertainty of oral tradi-
tion. This circumspect manner of pro-
ceeding and the temperate character of his
judgments entitle Ondegardo to much
higher consideration as an authority than
most of his countrymen who have treated of
Indian antiquities. But his part in the
intellectual life of Peru was not limited to
his inquiries into Indian antiquities; liis
considerable contribution to Toledo's ex-
tensive legislation entitles him to a place
among the writers on law and government,
although no formal political treatise by
him has appeared in print.

These papers remained long in m;
script, but a translation of one of them was
printed in the Hakluyt Society's volume
narratives of the rites and laws of the
Incas. The following brief extract is from
Ondegardo's account of the origin of the
Inca kingdom:

AND MONOGRAPHS

Prescott
on Onde-

Onde-
gardo
quoted

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

" It is enough to understand that these
Vncas at first extended their conquests by
violence and war. There was no general
opposition to their advance, for each pro-
vince merely defended its land without aid
from any other, so that the only difficulty
encountered by the Yncas was in the
nexation of the districts forming Cuzco.
Afterwards the conquered people joi"
thenij so that they always had a vastly
superior force as well as more cunning in
the art of war." "

A little farther on in his report, Onde-
gardo describes the organization of the dis-
tricts within the limits of the Inca's juris-
diction:

" As soon as the Yncas had made them-
selves lords of a jjrovince, they caused the
natives, who had previously been widely
scattered, to hve in communities, with oa
officeroverten,anotherover every hundred,
another over every thousand, another i
every ten thousand, and an Ynca governor-
over all, who reported upon the administra.'-

(i6J Maikbam, .Vnirjlinu of Iki Rita ani L»i aftM
Ynat. p. iji. Hakloyl Soddy, London, i8?3.

HISPANIC NOTES

^.-j.Cuil

IN SOUTH AMERICA

139

tion every year, recording the births and
the deaths that had occurred among men
and flocks, the yield of the crops, and all
other details, with great minuteness.
They left Cuzco every year, and returned
in February to make their report, before
the festival of Kaymi began, bringing with
them the tribute of the whole empire.
This system was advantageous and good,
and it was most important in maintaining
the authority of the Yncas. Every gov-
ernor, how great lord soever he might be,
entered Cuzco with a burden on his back.
This was a ceremony that was never dis-
pensed with, as it ga\'e great authority to
the Yncas." "

IV
In the first volume of the Cokccion de
libros y documenios rtferenUs a la historia
del Peru, Carlos A. Romero has caused to
be published the Rdacion de las fabulas y
ritos de les incas by Cristobal de Molina, one
oJ the two writers of that name who flour-
ished in the sixteenth century. The author

Rome-
Colcccidti

AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

of this Eeiacion is known as Cristobal de
Molina of Cuzco; the other as Cristobal de
Molina,the almagrist, or Molinaof Santiago.
Their similar professions and similar intel-
lectual interests and the little knowledge of
them that had come to light made discrim-
ination between them difficult, and caused
the writings of both to be thought of as the
work of one person. The first suggestion
that this name applied to two persons, con-
temporaries in the south-western part of
South America, was made by the Chilean
bibiiographer Tomds Thayer Ojeda in
1913 in the Revista ckilena de historia y
geografia. The distinct individuality of
the two persons has been clearly set forth
by Cailos A. Romero in an essay prefixed to
the Relaciun already referred to. Little light
has been thrown on the origin of Crist6bal
de Molina of Cuzco. Romero has, howevw
ventured the opinion that he was a mestizo
born in Cuzco, where he spent the greater
part of his life, and that his father
Francisco de Molina, who, having made]
extensive journeys about the count
finally settled in Lima and there

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

141

ecclesiasttcal orders between 1545 and 1550.
His thorough knowledge of the Quichna
language is referred to as supporting the
suggestion that this was the language of his
mother. He became a priest of the parish
of Nuestra Senora de los Remedios del Hos-
pital de los Naturales in Cuzco, and for his
preaching to the Indians he received an
annual salary of one hundred and fifty
pesos, under a grant by Viceroy Toledo.^*

By a decree issued at Badajoz, Sep-
tember 23, 1580, the king ordered the
viceroy to collect information concerning
the usage and customs of the Indians before
the Spanish conquest. Under this order a
considerable body of data was gathered,
and on the basis of this Molina wrote his
Retacion, but the date of the composition
cannot be established; it must, however,
have been late in 1 57a or subsequent to that
year, since certain events of 1572 are men-
tioned in the document itself.

It was first published by the Hakluyt
Society in 1873, translated from the manu-

(18) See the viceroys decree in Colrtcidn ii libros y iocti-
maOa tefatiaa a la kislfia del PerA, voJ. i, 193-19J.

Indian
ways

AND MONOGRAPHS

:44 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

fuel and straw for them. Thus the agree-
ment was made, and he took the girl for his
wife; and because the Ynca had given her,
it was considered that she was taken until
death, and she was received on this under-
standing, and never deserted,"

Under the title of Hislohe du Pirou M.
Temaux-Cotnpans published at Paris
i84oatranslationof apartof the writings of
Cabello de Balboa. The author had been
a soldier before he became an ecclesiastic.
He went from Spain to America in 1566.
For a certain period he lived in Bogoti,, but
later went to Quito, where in 1576, under
the protection of Pedro de la Peria, the
bishop, he began the composition of his
Misceldnea austral, which, according to a
statement at the end of the work, he com-
pleted on July the ninth, 1586. Balboa, like
many other chroniclers of his time, thought
it desirable to begin his narrative with the
creation of the world, and in the first two
of the three parts into which it is divided he
makes no mention of America whatsoever.
In the third part he deals with the history
of Peru, but at the same time makes fre-

HISPANIC NOTES

..Odi^lC

nzeaoy Google

doyGOOglC

IN SOUTH -\-MERlCA

quent reference to events that have no rela-
tion to the historj- of America.

V
The development in the southern part of
the continent was slower than in Peru. In
Chile at the beginning of the ha]£-century
in question, a number of garrisoned posts
had been established on the southern
frontier, where the inhabitants lived in the
presence of the hostile Araucanians. Some
of these posts grew into towns, but the re-
sidents, whether soldiers or civilians, had
always before them the spectre of an
Indian War; and it was this war that fur-
nished the epic theme of their earhest litera-
ture. After the establishment of Valdivia
and his colonists in Chile, that country
formeda new prov-ince, anew centre of local
government, within the viceroyalty that
had Lima as its capital. The European
advance towards the south encountered the
stout resistance of the Araucanians, and
the experience gained in this conflict ap-
pears to have furnished a moti ve for wri tbg,
and awakened a desire to transmit to pos-

Frootiet
o£ Chile

ASD MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

terity accounts of the events they had ob-
served and of enterprises in which they had
participated.

Pedro de Valdivia is not thought of as a
writer, yet tiis letters deserve recogni-
tion, whether regarded as stories of great
adventure or as sources of the early history
of Chile. Warriors are less often given to
writing than priests, but when they under-
take the task tlieir productions sometimes
have a quality not attained by the literary
efforts of ecclesiastics. Valdivia wrote as
a warrior might be expected to write: he
discussed his tasks of military organization,
the extreme want he had to face in effecting
his settlement and domination in Chile, hii
labours in the service of the king, and the
exasperating conduct of his enemies. His
superior spirit as a man appears in the
clearness of his language, in his lack of pre-
tension, in his energy, and in an unwearying
consciousness of his own fiigti purpose.
In writing he evidently set down the word
that came first to his mind, that seemed to
him to be the word for the idea, and made
little or no effort to polish his phrases after

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

]

the manner of the schools. His Carlos,
therefore, constitute a work that, of its
kind, as Medina has observed, has not been
surpassed in Chile.^^

Two other writers of this southern pro-
vince were Marmolejo and Lovera, They
had little literary training, and were appar-
ently not moved by ambition for literary
distinction, but simply by the thought that
they ought to communicate to their coun-
trymen their first-hand knowledge of
strange natural phenomena and unfamiliar
j social movements, as well as their experi-
ence as soldiers.

Alonso de G6ngora Marmolejo's Hisloria
del reino de Chile is an important early nar-
rative of Chilean warfare and adventure.
The author went from Peru in a body of
auxiliaries, taken by Pedro de Valdivia for
service in his campaign for the conquest of

<si) Uuraliua uIoahI dt Cliilt, vol. ii. Five of ttaese
ColtaUa ie kiHariadorii di ChiU, i. ThB dales of liieBO are

VTja/ 9. 'S*9, "Id anoUier 10 FEmandQ PiHira. SEpKm-
b«r4, ij«, an printed in Binm Arnii, Praciso di ycdra dc

Marmo ■
lejo

AND MONOGRAPHS

a_ ^

148

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

HUM-ia

Chile, where, for a period of forty yeais,
after 1547, he accumulated honours, but
saw his wealth gradually decrease. Then,
under the affliction of poverty and disap-
pointment, he undertook to set down and
leave to posterity an account of the eventSj
in which he had had part, and of the acton
who had been his companions. Halted in
the performance of this task by discourage-
ment and the fear of criticism, he neverthe-
less worked on to the last sentence, which
announced the fact that his work was com-
pleted in the city of Santiago, in the king-
dom of Chile, on the i6th of December,
1575. During the brief period of his life
that remained after this date, little is
known of him, except that he was clikrged
by Rodrigo de Quiroga, noted for liis super-
stition, fanaticism, and intolerance, to tra-
verse the country occupied by the Indiana^
and to find out and punish severely thoat
guilty of the crime of witchcraft. But m
Quitoga appointed Pedro de Lfsperguer tt
the same office on January 33, 1576, i
is interred that Marmolejo's incumbeat^
was short.

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

149

But Mannolejo's fears of the critics were
not realized. They have found his narra-
tive animated, without the digressions that
appealed to the taste of his time, free from
tiresome repetitions and never departing
from the course of events to picture imag-
inary customs of the Indians, In spite of
distance and time he makes one turn back
and live with a remote generation, causing
one to experience the impressions the scenes
narrated must have made on the eye-wit-
ness. His style partakes somewhat of the
rudeness of the primitive conquistadores,
but is always fresh and spontaneous.^"

Among the motives that induced Marmo-
lejo to write, according to his own state-
ment, were his sense of the large number of
happenings in Chile that should be recorded
and that the only written account of them
was found in Ercilla's Araucana, " not so
full as would be necessary in order to treat
properly of all of the affairs of the king-
dom." **

(m) Medina, HiUoria dt In liliralura colonial it CMt, 11,
ijl Buns A»iu, Hill. J( »•!>. .t, 437; £•»<««> ii
tSrilora i, C *«*,!, .*,

(jj) Hodini. Lit. col. i, ChiU n. 14.

AND MONOGRAPHS

ISO

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Arana
on Mar-
mo lejo

Historia-

dotes dc
Chile

Without denying the directness and
vividness of Marmolejo's narrative Barros
Arana points out the technical defects of
the composition, the absence of literary art
in the presentation of facts, and the lack of
due emphasis on the most notableincidents.
Marmolejo wrote almost exclusively of
events of which he had personal knowledge,
whence his chronicle is confined almost en-
tirely to military affairs. He gave little
information of any other class of events and
left his chronology defective. Writing a
personal narrative, he was not careful to fix
adequately his dates, thus obliging future
historians to have recourse to other
sources of knowledge, if tliey would make
a complete history of the period covered
by the author's experience.''*

Marmolejo's narrative, in printed form,
occupies two hundred and twelve pages of
the Coleccion de hisloriadorts de Chile, and
deals with the events of Cfiilean history
during the forty years prior to 1575. No
single extract is likely to reveal much of the ,
author's quality, particularly when thejfl

(.4) Barros Atana, HiH. i. C*ife, vdl. u. 436, aote. ■

HISPANIC NOTES 1

- Jll

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

should succeed him. With this order
Afderete left England; on entering France
he was overtaken by a messenger, sent by
Eraso, secretary to the king, who informed
him that by letters the king had learned
that Valdivia was dead, and it appeared to
Alderete tfiat he ought to return and take
up his negotiations. . . Having received
this news, Alderete returned to London,
where the king was; on account of the good
mediators whom he had, and by the good
opinion which the king held of him, the king
showed him the favour of giving him the
government of Chile, as Valdivia had had it,
and also conferred upon him the order of
Santiago and the title of adelantado.
Having received these favours, he left
Spain for Chile. After he reached Panama,
which is, and has been, the cemetery of
Christians, he fell very seriously ill with a
fever, and died,"*^

VII

Another Chilean soldier who turned to

literary work after a stormy life in the anny

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH A41ERICA

J 53

was Pedro Marino de Lovera, His Croni-
ca del reino de Chile was the product of his
later years. He was born in Pontevedra,
in Galicia, where his father, Herran Rodri-
guez de Lovera, was a life member of the
municipal council. Having served for a
period in the army, he yielded to the desire
for a voyage to the Indies, which he under-
took in 1545. From Nombre de Dios he
determined to return to Spain, but at Hav-
ana he met Pedro de la Gasca, then on his
outward voyage to assume the presidency
of Peru. The result of this interview was
the sending of Lovera with an important
charge to Antonio de Mendoza, the viceroy
of Mexico. This service was performed so
satisfactorily that when Mendoza was trans-
ferred to the viceroyalty of Peru, in 1551,
Lovera accompanied him to Lima. Here
he appears to have intended to establish
himself, but his restless spirit urged him on
to Chile, then presenting, in the Araucanian
wars, abundant opportunities for adven-
ture. After his sojourn in Chile, he re-
turned to Lima. He was in Lima in 1594,
and it was in this later period that he

Lovera
Escobar

AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

gathered up his notes and wrote his chron-
icle of Chile,

In the Jesuit Bartolome de Escobar
Lovera found a person who was able to
supplement his work where his literary de-
ficiencies were most evident. In some
places Escobar wrote in his own name, o
the first person. While smoothing the
rough places in the soldier's composition,
he added as adornments of style references
to Biblical history and to the history of the
Greeks and the Romans. The simple cred-
y ulity of Lovera, moreover, led him to accept
as miracles many events presented in talei
by imposters or by persons of exaggerated
faith. Santiago mounted on a white horse
and fighting for the Spaniards on the plains '
of Chile, as one of the stock visions, had
naturally to be introduced; perhaps also the
view of the Virgin taking up a handful of
dust from the ground and throwing it into
the faces of the Indians to blind them dur-
ing the combat. But there were certain
rare inventions that also found place in
Lovera's pages^ as when to the members of
the war council of the Indians there ap-

HISPANIC NOTES

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

temiption causing great damage, demol-
ishing roofs and walls, with such fright of
the people, that they were terrified and be-
side themselves at seeing an event so extra-
ordinary. It is not possible to paint or de-
scribe the manner of the furious tempest,
hich seemed to be the end of the world.
Its onrush was such that it gave no oppor-
tunity to many persons to leave their
houses, and, therefore, they perished buried
alive, the wreckage of the buildings falling
upon them. It was an event to make one's
hair stand on end, and make men grow palt
Be the earth in such convulsions and
moving with such fury that not only edi-
fices fell, but persons also were unable to
stand, and some lay down in order to clutch
the ground. After this, while the earth
continued to quake for the space of a
quarter of an hour, there was seen in t
great river, where ships were accustomed
ride in safety, a very remarkable happen-
ing, which was that in a certain place
river the water was divided, one part of it
running towards the sea, and the other part
up the river, revealing the bottom at that

}

HISPANIC NOTES

Kin s

IN SOUTH AMERICA

n such a way that the stones might
leen as Don Pedro de Lovera saw them,
a whom I got this account, and who
7ns that he saw it with his own eyes,
er this the sea left its limits and bounds,
ning with as great velocity upon the
las the swiftest river in the world. And
;reat was the furj- and force of the wattr
t it extended three leagon inland,
sc it left a great quantity of fishes dead,
■ wliicfa there were lands nevo- before

imttMOGKAfBi

Dcinzedoy Google

1 , IN SOUTH AMERICA

'59

de Aguiire and Francisco de Villagra in this
order might claim the succession. At the
time of Valdi\'ia's death Alderete was in
Europe, Aguirre in Tucuman, where he had
been the governor of the province for a year
and a half, and Villagra was in Chile. In
the absence of Alderete both Aguirre and
Villagra were urged by their respective
friends to assume the duties of the vacant
office. The death of Alderete at Panama
left Aguirre as the legitimate claimant, but
Villagra's presence in Chile gave him a prac-
tical advantage in the contest. This dis-
pute and a natural desire to promote the
interests of his family induced Andres
Hurtado de Mendoza, the viceroy of Peru,
to set aside the pretensions of both Aguirre
and Villagra, and to appoint iiis son, Garcia
Hurtado de Mendoza, to be the governor of
Chile.

Alonso de Ercilla y Zuiiiga was a member
of the expedition sent by the viceroy to
establish Garcia de Mendoza in his office,
and to carry on the war against the Arau-
' canian Indians. He was born in Madrid on
August 7, 1533. He was the youngest of

Contest
for

governor
of Chile

Ercilla's
lamily

K AND MONOGRAPHS

,ij,GuuylL

i6o SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

the children of Dr. Fortiin Garcia de Ercilla
and his wife Leonor de Ziifiiga. His father
a famous jurisconsult, whose writings
were read and commented upon in all the
schools of Europe.'

He became regent of Navarre and a
member of the Council of Castille, and tutor
of Prince Philip, who was later Philip II.
He died at the age of forty in 1534, the year
after the birth of the poet. It was a
rent tradition of the sixteenth century that
the mother of Alonso de Ercilla wa
scended from the kings of Navarre. If tbii
radition represented a fact, there might bt
claimed for Don Alonso an aristocrat
well as an intellectual heritage. The
seigniory of Bobadillaj which had be-
longed to his mother, was reunited to liie
vn, and the seignior became attached
he court of Charles V^ where her young
was educated, subjected, doubtless.

(■)D

II, jM

dina:— La AraucaiuL . . , Edsdim i

biblUjgr^ftEtii y una biogri^ia de

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

161

the same system of instruction as that
under which Prince Philip had grown up.
it is probable that Alonso de Ercilla knew
the Latin of Virgil and Lucian, but that his
knowledge of Dante, Petrarch, and Ariosto
was derived through translations. He
entered the service of PhiUp in i548,and ac-
companied that prince to Flanders on the
occasion of Philip's taking possession of the
duchy of Brabant. The route of this jour-
ney was through Saragossa, Barcelona,
Genoa, and Luxembourg, and the return
was by the same way. A little later he
went to Bohemia with, his mother, who
was in the suite of the Infanta Maria and
her husband, tlie Archduke Maximilian.
The young Ercilla undertook a third jour-
ney in 1554, accompanying Philip when
that prince went to wed Mary Tudor, the
Queen of England.

While in England Ercilla learned that
the Araucanians were in revolt, and that
Hemandez Giron was leading a rebellion
ipnnst the legitimate government in Peru.
Tke state into which affairs in Pern had
Uko dniing the rebellion rendered the post

ErdUa'B
journeys

AND MONOGRAPHS

^i.HK.ilr

l62

IN SOUTH AMERICA

of viceroy especially unattractive. Two
' persons to whom the king had offered it de-
I clined the honour. It waSj however, ac-
Alderete accepted by Andres Hurtado de Mendoza,
"'I Marques de Canete. Alderete, who had
I been in America, was in England wil
j Philip's escort. From him Ercilla got ii
I formation that awakened hjs adventurous
I spirit, and he left Europe for America with
the fleet that carried Alder^te and Viceroy
Mendoza. He arrived in Peru on July 6,
1556. Here he joined the expeditioii -^ent
by the viceroy against the insurgent Arau'
canians. This expedition was commanded
by the viceroy's son, Garcia Hurtado de
Mendoza, a youth of twenty-one, who had
been appointed governor of Chile.

On his arrival in Chile Garcia de Men-
doza arrested both Aguirre and Villagta
and sent them to Lima. Thus freed froiQ
^^_ the embarrassing presence of the two rival

^^^k claimants, he entered upon his campaign

^^H against the Araucanians, and on this c

^^^B paign Ercilla acquired his first experienc

^^^1 in warlare with the Indians. To descr

^^^1 the events of the war and his part in it v

~ ■ oogic

H 1-5 PANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

■63

the primary purpose in writing La Arau-

In Chile Ercilla found himself under con-
ditions sharply in contrast with those of his
lile in Spain. A site had been selected for
the town of Santiago, and plots had been
assigned to soldier-colonists; but fourteen
years after the arrival of Valdivia the
Spanish occupation was represented only
by a number of garrisoned posts confront-
ing a region in possession of vigorous and
hostile Indians. Ercilla had exchanged the
circumstances of the artificial life of the
Spanish court for warfare with a barbarous

To a Spaniard of the sixteenth century an
excursion beyond the limits of civilization,
into the realm of savage life, was a stranger
event than a similar experience would
appear to a representative of these later
generations. In the unfamiliar presence of
primitive man and the primeval forest
Ercilla was moved to set down his impres-
sions of the life in which he had part, and of
the nature that constituted his strange en-

ErciUa
in Chile

AND MONOGRAPHS

■

^f- " ■'

■•""■"■'5"^

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Ercilla's relation to the conmander of
the expedition had its unpleasant episodes.
On the occasion of a dispute between him
and Juan de Pineda^ the supporters of each
of the two parties drew their swords, when
Garcia de Mendoza interpreted the mo
ment as the beginning of a mutiriy,and a
demned the two opponents to be beheaded.
The activity of their friends, ho we ver,caused
these ill-advised sentences to be commuted
to imprisonment." After his blieration .
from prison ErcUla continued his exploring
expeditions and his participation in c
paigns against the Araucanians, but he
finally returned toiSpain in 1562. Shortly
after his arrival, having made a report t
the king concerning his service in Chile, h
went to Austria, where hi? mother held the
position of a maid of honour at the imperial
court. Returning from this journey i)
1564, he remained a number of years ii
Madrid and published there the first part of
La Arauiana in 1569. The next year he
married Dona Maria de Bazan, and in 1571

IN SOUTH AMERICA

the king bestowed upon him the order of
Santiago.

Determined to seek further service, he
went to Italy in 1574, to join the fleet, com-
manded by Don John of Austria, designed to
proceed to the relief of Tunis, but before he
arrived in Naples, Tunis had fallen into the
bands of the Turks. At Rome he met one
of his relatives, Juan de Ziiiiiga, then
Spanish ambassador near the papal court.
On a fourth journey to Austria he was
graciously received by Emperor Maximilian
and by the empress, Maria; also by his god-
father, Rudolph, who had become king of
Hungary. Ercilla returned to Spain in
1577. This was the last of his journeys
into foreign countries. In 1578 he pub-
lished at Madrid the second part of La
Araucana.

The argument of the poem is stated in the
first two octaves:

No las daraas, amor, no gentilezas

IDe caballeros canto enamorados;
iJi las muestras, regalos, y temezas
De amorosos afectos y cuidados :
[ AI

AND MONOGRAPHS

i66 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Mas e] valor, los hechos, las proeuis
De.aquellos espanoles esforzados.
Que a la cerviz de Araiico, no domada,
Pusieron duro yugo por la espada.

Cosas dire tambien harto notables
De gente que a ningun rey obedecen,
Temerarias empresas memorables
Que celebrarse con razon merecen;
Raras industrias, t^rminos loables
Que mds los espanoles engrandecen;
Pues no es el vencedor mas estimado
I De aquello en que el vencidoes reputado,'

Soon after this publication the king sent
Erdlla to Saragossa to confer there with
the Duke of Brunswick and to persuade
him to postpone his visit to Madrid.
the same time the question of the succes-
sion to the Portuguese crown seemed to

(Jl 1 i

Its, noT the plcd^

exploits, the pnmeai ot Ibcee in
be»WDHLp^ced the heavy yok«Dj

■ode'hdcXw

HISPANIC NOTES

^^^^^Wfl

IN SOUTH AMERICA

I portend war, and Ercllla looked forward to
1 playing a. conspicuous rfile in the projected
campaign, and to celebrating once more in
verse the glory of Spanish arms. But the
opposition to Spain's pretensions collapsed,
and Portugal was annexed to Spain without
exploits worthy of heroic song. The poet
turned from literary work to religious de-
( votion and prayer, and his tendency to mel-
I ancholy was intensified in his last years by
the loss of his brother, Juan, who was ac-
companying Philip II. to Portugal, and by
the death of his only son, Diego. Some-
what of this attitude of mind finds expres-
sion in the last octave of his poem :

Y yo que tan sin rienda al mundo he dado
^I^El tiempo de mi vida mas florido,
^H^ siempre por camino despeiiado
^^Hbs vanas esperanzas he seguido;
^^^Visto ya el poco fnito que he sacado,

Y lo mucho que a Dios tengo ofendido,
Conodendo mi error, de aqui adelante
SerA raz6n que llore y que no cante*

(I) And 1, who luvc Eivea lo tbe miiid wilbont idat
bt iKflt yean ot lay lit?, and Always by a beuUone coune
«ve puisued ai^ vain Iwpe, bBviog vea bow UtOt advu'
■ge 1 havF denvrd. how mucb I have oBended God. aid.

AND MONOGRAPHS

Portugal

i68 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

This mental depression had also a causf
in the withdrawal of the king's favour as
well as in the loss of relatives and friends
and the fact that the poet faced old age
without descendants.

In 1589 Ercilla published the third part
of La Araucana. Some years later a
edition was issued, with two additional
cantos, making the whole number thirty-
seven.* He died in the city of Madrid on
the agth of November, 1594. The state-
ment sometimes made that he died in ex-
treme poverty does not appear to be sup-
ported by the fact that at the time of his

]s lii^slrfftidit n'ii. Mediuff priutb a complele table i
ml; aDd additions. It IS siKidficuit of the nmtea
rv popiilatftyot tbcpneiD thatttwasBctUBlly (be ib
±1 {ot ooe or Qiore porta) to b& pjintbj Id Spain tr U
srlsnds. Itsbouldbciialedtliat tbewi'eDlKnthedilu

es fcrty-«i^ht ediCloiu

.!W™

HISPANIC NOTES

.^Cui

IN SOUTH AMERICA

169

1
1

th he had a. household establishment
sisting of twelve persons, to whom he
ueathed considerable sums, but with
statement that these sums were moder-
since all of these persons were expected
wnain in the service of his widow, and
ve advantage from her liljerality.
ong other bequests were five thousand
Its to his nieces and nephews, and ten
jsand ducats as a contribution for the
struction of a monastery, where his
Y and that of his widow might be burled,
ame part of La Araucana was written
d the scenes, and in connexion with the
its, described. In his Prologo Ercilla
stated that he wrote at hours stolen
a the occupations of war in Chile, and
etimes on pieces of leather or of hides
want of paper, or on fragments of
srs often only large enough to hold six
s; and it often required much effort and
ible to arrange these fragments in their
jer order. This method of writing, as
author confesses, gave to his poem in
e respects the qu^ty of a journal in
le. This was especially true of those

The
of the

AND MONOGRAPHS

^ ■

'-'

"■^'-■■■'"""■"■■'c

170

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

parts that were written during the cam-
paign against the Araucanians, dealing with
what he saw or wHth the events in which be'
participated: and these parts may be ac-
, ceptcd as having the historical authorit)- oi ■
la contemporary chronide. This quality
I may be more particularly ascribed I
Tbeeariy, first fifteen cantos, the fiist paUisfaied a.
the author's return to Spain. And t
cantos, during the st
author's arriva] in Eun^x and tl
' cation, underwent estensivr ■
' and daboraliaD. It does not, J
I appear probahle that i
sccood pan was wrkm a i
that tbeai

lOCli^lC

IN SOUTH AMERICA 171

Ua's return to Spain the events of the
an wars and the spirit of the contend-

parties gradually became indistinct in
Tiind. He departed from liis original I
pose ■' not to sing of love and the gallan- ,
)f enamoured knights," and, under the
ence of Italian models, introduced
nted tales of romantic ad\'entute.
ing the poem, in some sense, a mecbani-

mixture of historical narrative and
mtic episodes.

le Araucanian war presented no leader
ather side whose" prominence entitled |
to be treated as the prominent hero of '
conflict. For this reason Ercilla is |
;ed to allow one figure alter another to
py the centre of the stage. Although grcillo
;)urpose was to glorify Spanish arms, wanted
leroes who have appealed most strong- |
^en to the inhabitants of Chile are
icanian chiefs. In the struggle
ncipation from Spain the Chileans w
cially incited to action by the heroism
iupolic&n, Lautaro, Tucapel, Colocolo,
Galvarino. Parents named their chil-

after these heroes, and the name of

Ri}I) M

D MONOGRAPHS

Tlie mag

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Lautaro was applied to the patriotic asso-
ciation of the early advocates ol Spanish-
American independence. Thus the inspir-
ing figures in the narrative of the war a
not the Spanish but the Indian leaders.
is quite possible that Ercilla's resentment
at the treatment he received at the hands
of Garcia de Mendoza prevented the com-
mander's figure from assuming greater im-
portance in the poem.

Lautaro is described as a young n
medium height, solidly formed, with stmq
limbs and strong shoulders, and endtn
with moral qualities not less advanta
than his physical qualities; audacious a
unafraid, prompt to act, resourceful a
heroic under critical circumstances; wt
the circumstances allowed him leisure, ^
knew how to prepare slowly and careAl
lor a difficult enterprise, to take t
soldiers even the most reckless and v
ous of the Araucanians. to subject tho
an iron discipline, and to inspire in t
love and admiration for a chief who pia
ed implacably with death the slightest 9
fraction of his orders; yet in the story of tl

HISPANIC NOTES

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE I

cious savage, always ready for any adveo-il

ture, for a fight with the Spaniards or withljl
the chiefs of his own race, unwilling to rt
cognise any authority from any source,!!
opposed to all arguments and to the tradi-9
tions of his people; endowed with the physitl
tal qualities of a Hercules; turbulent, wilfulij|
impious, and boastful of his ability to con-r
quer the world single-handed. Recallingl
the heroic character of Milton's Satan, theV
Araucanian heroes are presented by Ercilla ''
in such a form as to excife admiration,
although they appear as the determined
enemies of Europeans and of European

But these great chiefs have become less
widely known than the less noteworthy
R Colocolo, whom Voltaire celebrates in his
Essay on Epic Poetry, by quoting the
speech to the caciques and by comparing
Erciila's Colocolo with Homer's Nestor.
Colocolo addresses the chiefs, or caciques,
who are contending among themselves for
pre-eminence and leadership, and he seeks
for a solution of the contest that will pre-
serve the moral equality of the chiefs:

HISPANIC NOTES

-«HrP

IN SOUTH AMERICA

175

" Caciques, del estado defensores,
Codicia de mandar no me coin-ida
A pesarme de veros pretensores
De cosa que a mi tanto era debida;
Potque, segun mi edad^ ya veis, senores,
Que estoy al otro mundo de parti da;
Mas el amor que sicmpre os he mostrado
A bien aconsejaros me ha indtado.

"^Porque eargos honrosos pretendemos

Y ser en opinion grande tenidos,
Pucs que negar al mundo no podemos
Haber sido sujetos y venddos?

Y en esto averiguarnos no queremos,
Estando afin de espaiioles oprimidos:
Mejor fuera esa furia ejecntalla
Contra el fiero enemigo en la batalla,

'■' jQue furor es el vuestro job Araucanos!
Que a perdicldn os lleva sin sentillo?
Contra vuestras entrafias teneis manos,

Y no contra el tirano en resistillo?
(Teniendo tan a golpe a los cristianos
Vol veis contra vosotros e! cuchiUo?
Si gana de morir os ha movido,

No sea en tan bajo estado y abatido.

AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

" Volved las annas y animo furioso
A los pechas de aquellos que os han puesto
En dura sujeciun, con afrentoso
Partido, a todo el mundo manifiesto;
Lanzad de vos el yugo vergonzoso;
Mostrad vuestro valor y fuerza en esto:
No deirameis la sangre del Estado
Que para redimimos ha quedado.

" No me pesa de ver la lozania
De vuestro corazon, antes me esfuerza;
Mas temo que esta vuestra valentia
Por mal gobierno el buen camino tuerza:
Que, vuelta entre nosolros la porfia,
Degollais vuestra patria con su fuerza:
Cortad, pues, si ha de ser desa manera
Esta vieja garganta la primera:

" Que esta flaca persona, atormentada
De golpes de fortuna, no procura
Sino el agudo filo de una espada,
Pues no la acaba tanta desventura.
Aquella vida es bien afortunada
Que la temprana muerte la asegura;
Pero, a nuestro bien publico atendiendo, '
Quiero decir en esto lo que entiendo.

HISPANIC NOTES

C( hI

IN SOUTH AMERICA

" Pares sois en valor y fortaleza;
El delo OS iguaW en el nacimiento;
De linaje, de estado y de riqueza
Hizo a todos igual repartimiento;
Y en singular por animo y grandeza
Podeis tener del miindo el regimiento:
Que este gracioso don, no agradecido,
Nos ha al presente terminO traido.

" En la virtud dc vuestro brazo espero
Que puede en breve tiempo remediarse,
Mas ha de haber un capilAn primero
Que todos por el quieran gobemarse:
Este sera quien mds un gran madero
Sustentare en el hombro sjn pararse;
Y pues que sois iguales en la suerte,
Procure cada cuai de ser mas fuerte,"
Canto II., Oct. 28, et seq. '

" Why do WE pietrnd tn honaarable ofBco and to bo heid
in high tsteem. mra we canuol dmy to (be world Ihat ws
have bPoi ^bdupd aqd conqnervd? And bcio^ sCiJI op-
prqeedby Etae SpuUrds we do miL wiib taluqaire Into this

AND MONOGRAPHS

178 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Garci.

Mendoza

The prominent Spaniards are sketched
less clearly than the Indians, appealing ap-
parently less powerfully to the poet's imag-
ination. Vet the sketch of Garda de Men-
doza, the youthful commander of the expe-
dition, appears exaggerated when it f

irour kDowiog It, b citiyiBB you on lopn'ition? Why
you turnio^ yva bands Bgaiuat jour itUcwb find Dot us
(beta in mistuice agaliul Ehc tyranlP Tbo CJuiAtiaua
At your Ritd, und you are tumiiig tZi« ^word against ya

^ncagsd niiitds ■gainst tbe bm

those who have plmu^ed

cled you to an ignaadpa:

vid. TtuDW oH Irojn youi neck Ih

r itreDgtb. Pour m

It zrieve me to otncrve the ardfl
iDvlKmatea me; but J tear that yi
I mty depart from tlit right patf
jms back nmood ia, jnni may di

eoted by the I

oldtbcial.

feebjea ooay lo

the sharp tdge . ^

I DvertakeD il. That life ii Indeed bstoB
lied by ao each death. But, consIdedBg a
mtinn, 1 vab hero to utter my updikv.
0 equal in vatouiand ttiragtli; Hcsvea liWI

id of lichet; andH

Tliil prKJoui gBt, not nn^i

., , biDUiihl yautDthl*prssnt«llu8tion.

" 1 bapa tli«t the stmgtli of your aim may soon brio)
rflOedy. There must be a fupreme chief by whom all la
coatent lo be govemed; this ihall be the one who shall
able to LiosroD his shoulder a great log the longest witbotf

_- ... . _._». -_ -_, i. »....- ■._ ■5tfgn^y|_'-

HISPANIC NOTES

rpubl
•Vou

__.-dedl( ,. ..

3U3] partition of Uoeage, i
you, IndlvlduaUy by hi
mifbl govern the world.

IN SOUTH AMERICA

remembered that he was a youth of twenty-
one and that some of his actions showed a
wisdom not beyond his years. But among
the characters that appear in the poem, not
the least conspicuous is Ercilla himself.
The references to his journeys and explora-
tions throw an important side-light on the
early history of Chiie. These references,
moreover, show him as a champion of the
more admirable features of civilization.
He opposes the useless cruelty of his com-
patriots; he is humane towards the van-
quished; proud to repel the indignities offer-
ed by the commander; rehgious but not fan-
atical; a knight of the Middle Ages, animat-
ed by a certain pride in enduring the|
hardships and facing the dangers presented \
by a barbarous enemy in an unexplored
region; a chivalrous hero, but too sober-
minded to be drawn into quixotic enter-
prises.'

rr>a wTQlQ ia IS96 Ibat Jircilla

loet had been dead two" yean'
ean afut Cuvanus' deatb no
publiih^ The Gi^t odq woi

CosliMMa Mosquera de Fi
] Cnii, bnt al ilal time II
I biagraphy of bim had b<

AND MONOGRAPHS

limited

philo-

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Ercilla presents the Araucanian heroes<
speaking to their countrymen as Spaniards
might have spoken under similar circum-
stances. Evidently his knowledge of them
was too superficial to enable him t
forth their psychological peculiaritieSj but
he makes their individuality distinct by de-,
scriptions of their dress. His lack of inti-
mate knowledge of the Indian mind may be
indicated by the fact that apart from geo-.
graphical terms he uses few words of a locd
origin or meaning, or that might not have
been understood in Spain before the dis-
covery of America. It is not merely de-
scriptions of dress or of persons that ci
critics have found admirable, but descrip^
tions of events, of ijattles, as well,
sidering this quality, however, there has ex-
isted a wide divergence of judgments, :
the extreme unevenness of the poem s
gests that some feature of it may be foil
to justify each view. The courj
narrative is here and there interrupted b

HISPANIC NOTES

"T^oi

IN SOXjTH AMERICA

i8i

the introduction of rhetorical speeches, and
by reflections that seem to embody a phil-
osophy or \'iews of life, and these views
indicate an uncheerful, if not a pessimistic,
philosophy. In the fourth octave of the
second canto he announces that "the most
assured benefit of fortune is not to have ever
had it"; andin the first octave of the twenty-
sixth canto he finds that " the comingof one
good after another is very doubtful, while
one evil after another is always certain.
The time of prosperity was never lasting,
and the time of misery has never ceased."
This mournful note recurs frequently
throughout the poem until the final lamen-
tation of the last octave.

But in certain passages there are antici-
pations of the doctrine that prevailed in
France two hundred years later, the doc-
trine of the uncorrupted virtue of uncivil-
ized society This octave, the thirteenth of
the thirty-sixth canto, is an indication:

La sincera bondad y la caricia
Ue la sencilla gente de estas tierras
Daban bien a entender que la codicia

Bar-

AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Adn no habia peaetrado aquellas sierras
Ni la tnaldad, el robo y la injusticia
(Alimento ordinario de las guerras)
Entrada en esta parte habian hallado
Ni la ley natural inficionado. '"

Jhe marked attention given to Orlando
Furioso in Spain in the sixteenth century
made inevitable its influence on Ercilla.
This poem was twice translated into
Spanish verse in the year 1549-1550,
Jer6nimo de Urrea and Hernando de Alco-
cer, and later a prose translation was made
by Vizquez dc Contreras.

Seven editions of Urrea's translatioc
were issued before 1564, and Ariosto ap-
pears to have been a principal source ja
Ercilla's inspiration, but the vigorous aAi
positive spirit of the Spaniard was not abt
to acquire the Italian's gifts of facility
grace, and fancy. ^^

A criticism of the style of La Arqucanai

(10) "TbesLDcerc ^oodnen an J the ciprcsioa of a

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

»83

hardly involved in the purpose of the pre-
sent writing. Concerning this subject re-
liance must be placed on the judgment of
Spanish critics, by whom one will find
the excellences and defects of Ercilla's
verses sufficiently emphasized. There are
stretches of dull and loose narration, but
here and there arc spirited verses, and oc-
taves as fine as any found elsewhere in the
Spanish language; but in this age of rapid
movement, in these days of social impati-
ence, three hundred and forty years after
its publication, the reading of the poem is
likely to be confined to persons who on ac-
count of their nationality or for other
reasons have a special interest in the ro-
mantic history of the Spanish conquest in
Chile. It is on its quality as history that
stress must be laid, "Ercilla," to quote
a French critic, " n'etait qu'un historien
fourvoye dans la poesie. ... II man-
quait surtout de sensibilite, de tendresse,
pour mieux dire, et c'est selon nous,
la g5ande cause de son inferiority. 11 ne
parait avoir ressenti vivement que I'ivrease
brutale des combats. 11 quitte la patrie

A view

of Ercilla

AND MONOGRAPHS

184

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Popular-
ity of
the poem

sans un soupir, il la retrouve sans un
transport. Il n'a fait parier ni I'amour
paternei. ni I'amour filial. Les amants
etles epoux qu'ii met en sctee sont des
raisoimeurs froids.seiitentieuxet subtils, et
s'il leur echappe par hasard un cri pas-
si onne nous y percevons I'echo d'une
plainte antique." '^

In his Retofica poitica, Barros Arana
affirms that Ercilla "describes with ardour"
the combats and naturally and correctly
the localities, sketches regularly the charac-
ters, and puts beautiful speeches into the
mouth of his heroes, but his work lacks the
plan and the necessary unity of an epic to
such a degree that Instead of a poem it ap-
pears as a poetical history of the war it cele-
brates. ** \

But in spite of its shortcomings there att
few books that have been oftener printed
and, like the other great modern historica
poems, it has enjoyed a \^vy noteworthj
popularity. Even in recent times new taa,
popular editions have appeared, and in thi

(u) Jean Ducamin, L'Araactmt, luxv, lxxivi.
(13) Obrai complilai, iii, ^09.

HISPANIC NOTES

^ J

IN SOUTH AMERICA

last ball of the nineteenth century Alexan*!
dre Nicolas translated it into French prose,
published at Paris in two volumes in 1869.
It had already been translated into German
by C. M. Winterling thirty-eight years
earlier. An abridged translation into
French, by Gilibert de Merlhiac, appeared in
1834. The metrical transladan of parts of
the poem into English, published in the
translation of Molina's Historia de Chile
(Middletown, Conn., 180S) hardly merits
comment. The most striking success of
the poem was achieved in Chile, where the
people, ignorant of all the favourable and
unfavourable contentions of the critics,
have regarded it as their Iliad, celebrating
the beginning of their national life.

Ercilla's apparent determination to
little the achievements of the Governor of
Chile called forth the Hechos de Don Carina
HuTlado de Mendosa, el Marquis de Canete,
by Sudrez de Figueroa, who, although not
a Chilean, was induced to write on a Chilean
topic. His work was an attempt to a
take and smother an advanced damaging
report. Don Garcia, when in command of

AND MONOGRAPHS

Hechos
Garcia

Cbar-
Fign-

SPANISH C01X)NIAL LITERATURE

the expedition against the Araucanians, as
already suggested, condemned Ercilla t»
death, a sentence later modified under tha
protests of persons who comprehended its
injustice. After this incident Don Garda
did not find either his leadership or his char-
acter glorified in La Araueana. This was ft
source of regret not only to himself but a
to his family. He died in obscurity, an<J
after this event his relatives sought to rft-'
habilitate his memory for posterity. The^
approached Dr. Crist6bal Suarez de Figuc!
roa, proposing that he should undertake ti
task, should become the eulogist of a pert
son on whom an unfavourable verdict had
already been pronounced. He accepted
the proposal, and of the seven books into
which his work was divided the first three
treat of Don Garda's campaigns in Chilej
the others deal with his government as vice"
roy of Peru, Mendaiia's expedition to tbi
Solomon Islands, and the inglorious years d"
disgrace. In view of the judgments of his*
tory, Figueroa's extravagant panegyric ^
pears absurd. It may be said in favour ol
the book that it presents papers or doaf

HISPANIC NOTES

-ent^

IN SOUTH AMERICA

ments given to the author by the Mendoza
family, which fumish details of the vice-
roy's life not otherwise known. But, on
the other hand, it deals with a country
which Figueroa had not visited, and with
conditions of which he was almost entirely
ignorant, thus making inevitable an ab-
normal perspective and false emphasis.
The book is, however, written in '' flowing
and elegant language that is only rarely
found in the historians of America; an "
order to add interest to the work the author
introduced rhetorical descriptions of a coun-
try he had not seen and of battles that were
scarcely referred to in the documents."

4) FigUBK
,__1iBhedinll

deCbiicieet

ZoUicidHiiliisloriadiirisiUCIiiit, Sactias
« baiTOB Arana'B iDlroducHon lo Ihc liftl
ilectiDD, aiso Obrai compieJas, viii. 210.
bora in VallBdolid in lifS. la his boo

of hu parents his detflnninaliaD not ta return to Spain
irtdk they lived. He studied at Bologna and was there
ffnmted aa academic degree. From the ^vernor of Milan
be obtained the post of auditor ol a hody oJ troops operating

AND MONOGRAPHS

IN SOUTH AMERICA

189

CHAPTER VI '

ERCiLLA's Imitators

! I. PedtodeOna. U. fuande Mendosa

Mmteagudo. 111. Mware^ de Toledo. IV.

Diego At Satjtislevan Osorio.

1 The model set by Ercilla in La Araucatia

Ofia and

was fdlowed by later writers. Pedro de

Ercilla

Ona acknowledged that he was an imitator

of Ercilia, and in Araueo domado he wrote

of essentially the same series of events.

events of the Araucanian war; but the two

writers emphasized different phases of their

sabject. Ercilla celebrated the heroism of

the Indians, and devoted little attention to

the Spanish governor, who was at the same

time the commander of the expedition

l^ainst the Araucanians: Ona's hero, on the

other hand, was Garcia Hurtado de Men-

doza, the governor of Chile, who had bc-

AND MONOGRAPHS

- ' *

'■.:-^...l ..»-

.t-KttJlC

90 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE }

come viceroy of Peru. Garcia de Uen-
doza's admitiistration of Chile had fallen in
the most critical period of the province.
In the beginning of 1560 he was recalled
from Chile by Philip II, and returned to
Spain, where he apparently outlived the
disfavour of the crown; for in 1590 he was
sent back to America as viceroy of Peru,
He was accompanied by his brilliant
Doiia Teresa de Castro, who took fifty
women with her to the capital. This year
Ofia took up his residence at the University
of San Marcos,' and his youthful and inex-
perienced mind was profoundly impressed
hy the glories of the viceregal court,
was gready moved by the contrast it pre-

d by Ptus V, July J3,
rithoullhe order, and 1

,"i5

thi name ol San M
wu csUbUBhcid at its picseat ;
acquired jurisUctloQ over the int
whetfaBT aludaoti or naccn, In
FrimB relating to [he tlnlvcnlty, and

Stent to bring tJie acadeiuiD commua
It befote the univBisity had attained .
the colonial miDd became paralysed by
vilyQf the [nquUitioii, which had been
by the decree of January 15, 1)69.

HISPANIC NOTES

FN SOUTH AMERICA

sented to the circumstances of his boyhood Ofia in
on the Chilean frontier, where the Indians ^^^j^"
I were not counted as heroes but as savages Uma
I against whom one had constantly to be de-
j fended. At Lima, the centre of Spanish
life in South America, recalling the un-
pleasant circumstances of his early youth,
it was natural that the dominant note of his
p^m should be a glorification of the Span*
ish leader, then occupying the exalted poai- ,
I tion o! viceroy.

I Pedro de Ona was the first native Chilean
I to achieve distinction in the literature of his
j country. He was born in the town of Val-
j divia, when it was merely a frontier post,
garrisoned by about forty soldiers. He
I was the eldest son of Captain Gregorio de
Oiia, who was a member of the garrison.
The exact date of his birth is not known,
I but it belongs to the decade between 1560
and 1570. There appears to be no record
stating the place where his childhood and
youth were passed, or what were the cir-
cumstances of his early education. But on
August 8, 1590, he was matriculated in the
university of San Marcos in Lima. He must

AND MONOGRAPHS

..:J.....GUUylJ

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

have had elsewhere preparatory instruc-
tion, for the entry in the university books b
that he was rnatriculated for the ■' Primer
de ArteSj'' took the oath of obedience l<
rector, and presented certificates of exam-
ination. The next year he matriculated '
for the second course, and in 1592 for the
third course. In the absence of any
later matriculation in the arts it is presumed
thai he left the university with the d^rei
of bachelor. He then appears among thf
troops sent to put down an insurrecdot
that had broken out in Quito. After lul
return from this expedition he was matricsi
lated in 1593 for the first course in theology,
but it is not known how far he pursued his
theological studies. Three years later, ii
1596, he published in Lima the Prinurt
parte del Arauco domado, and on the ti6e
page he sets himself down as " Licendado.^
This was two years after Ercilla's death.

The writer of Arauco domado, like Erdlb
nut only narrated real events in the bistoi;
of the conquest, but also introduced epi-
sodes that were the products of his imagiafr
tion, and all were presented with a notfr'

HISPANIC NOTES

""^Ho

IN SOUTH AMERICA

193

worthy facility of versification. I3ut the
real events of which Ona was able to treat
did not in his time justify the term" " doma-
do " in his title. The historian Olivares
affirms that Arauco may be said to be do-
mado only in desire, since neither in Oiia's
time, nor for two hundred years later had
all the power of Spain been able to effect
the subjugation.* And Oiia's treatment of
the events in the process of this war of sub-
jaga.tioa was cut short at the close of the
first part of his poem, for the armounced
second part never appeared.^

05a shared the religious \'iews of the bulk
of his countrymen; in fact, the only persons
who showed a disposition to break with the
Church were the encomenderos, when they
found the priests inter\'ening to modify
their treatment of the Indians. But Oiia's
devoutness was only such as conformed to
the current sentiments of the more or less
cultivated colonists. It was a phase of

(jj Htfi. it la Co«/w9/a di JaUi t~ Chil/, cap. viii, f i.

M An KlabonlesnalyEU aad mUcUm of Arauio iamido.

bT'T'looiHe Clu^no, ii prinlcd in Eyugulnc's H.^ia it

Mental
attitude
of Ofia

AND MONOGRAPHS

194

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

to the English heretics. It presumed also
that those who fell in conflict with ths
Enslish,' whatever may have been the real
origin of the combat, fell in a holy cause.
Another item in the mental furniture oi
Ofia and those like liim was " the dogma of
royal niajesty," which involved attach'
ment and devotion to the king of Spain, and
ascribed to him all the virtues, and especi-
ally love for his subjects, in spite of his men-
tal and moral incapacity and his subjection
to corrupt favourites. It involved devor
tion, service, and sacrifice to an ideal that
became farther and farther removed from
the reality as one Spanish monarch succeed-
ed another throughout the last half of the
sixteenth and the whole of the seventeenth
century. Proceeding from an author in
this attitude of mind, the poem naturally
became a very serious production, not de-
filed by any breath of humour.

A later work of Pedro de Oiia which has
come to light appeared in connexion with
the celebration of the designation of th«
Blessed Francisco Solano as patron of the
city of Santiago. It is entitled Rio Lima d

■

HISPANIC NOTES

i(^^^^^^^ ,-, H

Df SOUTH AMERICA

*95

rio Titre. This poem was printed in the

Diego de Cordoba's I'lda, virtudes v
mOagros dd Afwlal dd Pffu, d V. A
Fray Francisco Solano, which was pub-
lished in Madrid in 1643. It is based on
the account of Francisco Solano set forth
in Cordoba's Vida, and other material
drawn from the early history of the western
coast of South America. Medina indicated
his appreciation of it by printing it in
the text of his Historia de la literatura
eoUmidl de Chile, aiul designating it as tht
most interesting of the author's poems.
And the poet himself he characterized as
" without doubt the greatest Chilean poet
of the colonial period." At the end of his
elaborate account he pronounces a general
judgment of the man and his work :
" As a man, the remembrance of his
kindness, his simple and honourabk char-
acter, his love of his country and family
cannot but awaken profound sympathy;
and as a poet the verses of Arauco domado
are destined to be remembered under their
doubleaspectof history and of literature."*

LtMa
al Tie
Tibre

AND MONOGRAPHS

Ignacio

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

After a long period, during which the
lame of Oiia had passed from public notice,
there appeared in Seville in 1639 a poem by
entitled El Ignacio de Canlabra, cele-
brating the founder of the JesuitSj and set-
ting forth the supernatural events which
the poet's fancy associated with the spiri-
tual life of his hero. At the same time the
author gives some account of the miracles
that justified Ignacio's designation as a
saint, and presents certain theological dis-
sertations. The action of the poem is
clogged by the numerous descriptions of
icio's spiritual views and torments, and
the poem itself is overloaded with the nar-
ation of events that involve supernatural
leings. This later work indicates that
^ith advancing years religious ideas bee
gradually the prepossession of Oiia's mind.
It shows, moreover, that he had effected
radical change in his system of versification.
The verses of his first work ran without dif-
ficulty and without apparent eflort, but in
the last the writer weighed every phrase,

(4| HitlnriadelaUltralKra colonial diClnlt, i, 338:31
Jdivb KuDwug Gana. ProducaiM iitlAalval it CkiU
(Blbl. do eKiilore de Chile). Sanllago de Chile, igjo.

HISPANIC NOTES

-^^^ \ C( ui

IN SOUTH AMERICA

ght for transpositions however violent
y might be, parodied the poetic style,
I polished his stanzas for fifteen years.*
! poem appears not to have had a second
tion, but it is said to have contributed
ch to enhance and confirni the poet's re-
ation in Europe.

II
n the course of his investigations in the
tionat library in Madrid Barros Arana
ugfat to light a poem in manuscript, be'
gimg to the dass of historical narrative
ms already considered. There is in the
aaBcnpt no indication pf the name of the
ter, but it has been ascribed to Juan de
ndosi Ifonteagudo, The poem i;
ed into ekven cantos, containing a total
nbant e^t thousand lines. It deals
b tie events and the period treated by
3h, tix oais between the Spaniards
[ tfce Anacaiiians ; it is written in
B of Tcne oscd in Ia Arattauta.
fase » the author's amuMmcenunt of his
fKX:

D MONOGRAPHS

Qudity
otEl

tgnacio

T^^W^It

198

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Men-
doza's
1 subject

La guerra envejecida y larga canto,
Tan gravp, tan proltja y tan pesada
Que a un reino poderoso y rico tan to
Le tiene la cerviz ya quebrantada.

Y en el discurso de ella tAmbien cuanto
Han hecho memorable por la espada
Aquellos que a despecho del estado

EI gran valor de Arauco han sustentado.

En el discurso desto acontecidos

Entre los espanoles no cansados

Y los rebeJdes indios invencidos.'

The expedition from Spain to America,
commanded by General Diego Flores de
Valdes, left San Lucar on September 35,
1580, It was organized to conduct Cover-

able dce<l5 those have ^rlormedby the sword who, la ipIU

•■ I hpre shall sing the moil noted events IhM have'hq^
pened between tbe unwearied Spsniaids and the UDCfo-

by Jd4 Toritio fieJina at Santiago de CSik, 1S8B, under
the title Lai Gumas d, Chilr, potma tisUrua par d uutBOa

HISPANIC NOTES

.....Google

199

Toledo

Soto-
mayor's

IN SOUTH AMERICA

KUonso de Sotomayor to Chile. It con-
;d of twenty-three vessels, which carried
ut six hundred soldiers and a large num-
of prospective settlers. Among the
sengers was Alvarez de Toledo, who was
tined to hold a conspicuous place among
colonists, and to add El Purifi indomito
the literature of the Araucanian wars,
edo was bom in Andalucia, Before he
led this expedition he had visited Nor-
r and had been a soldier in Flanders, and
experience had in a measure hardened
1 against the barbarities of Indian war-

n spite of a threatening storm the fleet

to sea at the time announced. When

storm had passed three vessels had dis-
leared, and nearly all of their crews and
sengers were lost. The damage suffer-
■yy the remaining vessels caused them to
im to Cadiz for repairs. Of these only
en teen were foupd fit to continue the
■age. These finally left Cadiz on Nov-
aer 30. By desertion and disease tlie
nber of soldiers was reduced to five hun-
dandtwenty. Among these were officers

La-ND MOiN'OGRAPHS I ^H

1
I

Igic

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

who bad won distinction in the campaigns
in Flanders: Luis de Sotomayor, brother ol
the Governor, Francisco del Campo, and
Alonso Garcia Ramon. After they had
suffered storms and equally CKasperating
calms for many long months, the surviving
vessels reached the island of Santa Catalina
where they halted for recuperation. These
were only eleven; six had paid the toll of the
ocean. With eight vessels Diego Flores de
Valdes determined to carry out the plan of
reaching Chile by way of the straits. Soto-
mayor determined, however, with the three
other vessels to take his soldiers to the Rlo
de la Plata, and thence to cross the plains
and go over the Andes to Chile. He lost i
of his vessels in the Rio de la Plata, together
with a quantity of clothing and other stores,
but all persons on board were saved,

Buenos Aires, at the time ot Sotomayor'i
landing, had the appearance of a temporary
camp. A settlement had been made at
that point in 1535, but lack of food and the
hostility of the Indians caused it to bf
abandoned in 1538, for the site of the pres-
ent city of Asuncion. Forty-two years

HISPANIC NOTES

'' IN SOUTH AMERICA

1^^ 1580, the abandoned site was re-
ipied under the Jeadershtp of Juan de
ay, and this new town had entered upon
third year of its existence when Soto-
'or and his troops arrived. The horses
; had been abandoned there nearly fifty
rs earlier had multiplied rapidly, and
■ furnished the animals needed for the
across the continent. Wishing to as-
le the government of Chile as early as
iible, Sotomayor, accompanied by eight
ions, set out in advance of his troops,
' were left to follow under the command
lis brother Luis. He arrived at San
n, in the province of Cuyo, on April iz,
3, and on the 29th of the same month he
Jied the city of Mcndoza. In this pro-
:e, then within the jurisdiction of Chile,
was received as governor. The moun-
pass was already closed with snow, and
jmayor was obliged to remain in Cuyo
il September, In the meantime, the
ips, those who had not been induced to
;rt, about four hundred, were en route
iss the pampas, where they suffered
it privation from lack of food and

ND MONOGRAPHS

^ND

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

through ignorance of the way. They ar-
rived in Mendoza on August 15. "They
came without shoes and so nearly naked,"
as Sotomayor wiote to the king, "that it
broke my heart to see them." '

From Mendoza Sotomayor sent two mes-
sengers over the Andes in July, the mid-
winter of the South, with confidential com-
munications for the cabildo of Santiago.
The mission was designed to set aside the
internal confusion and conflicts that had
arisen concerning the encomendero's right
to the labour of the Indians. It carried to
Chile the governor's appointment of five
persons to take over the government of the
province and conduct it until Sotomayor's
arrival at Santiago. Then, without waiti]^
for the snow to disappear from the pass, he
crossed the mountains in the last days of
September, and immediately on arriving at
Santiago he sent Pedro de Lisperguer to
Lima with an order from the king, requiring
the audiencia, in the absence of the viceroy,
to send assistance to the impoverished and
distressed colony.

(71 Quoted by Bai™ Atana, Hiil. ii dOi, tn, 17.

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

.fter his arrival in Cliile Toledo's time
sodistributed that war, agriculture
try each claimed a share. He became
alcalde of Chilian, acquired exter
5s stocked with sheep and cattle, and at
t on one occasion he suffered the not
unon experience of having his estate
idered, his cattle driven ofT, and his
Ismen and shepherds captured. This
naturally inflamed his desire to see
campaigns against the Indians carried
»ith energy, and added zeal to his
ticipation. In one attack he was felled
I blow on the head that caused him
mconscious for an hour, and to remain
» period without any recollection of the
Its of the conflict. Later he was
id in the battle of Yumbel, a detailed
)unt of which he has given in
lings.

oldinjT the rank of captain, Alvare
ido had part in numerous encounters
I the Indians. He appeared also in the
lict between Cavendish's men and the
liards on the coast of Chile. In passing
lUgh the strait of Magellan Cavendish

AND MONOGRAPHS

^^■;3. -sn TOE- IE -Dace iHE- ^i :!»

^■--■■r-. -* ~-^rsr :; mce- .1 -iii JO.
* .=.; -T n--^ trM "lUCa -K ML

!,•-— ' or -Kttnu met jil ais

■j-ar.-- ;: t--, .:, J-inanuD cl ■:aaa ism &

'-*-WiUSJi ; msi T^K Ullt: ■xr t^iit rrtijg-

AT-j; "'.■.a.z.lirr.ar.iiii ».i£ jejiijsipnaunEC
".•I '.(K'T.i-'; ."ji.i use; iii^iatisi js i u^uoo-

Dcinzedoy Google

IN SOUTH AMERICA

rty, has celebrated the event in his

ernor Alonso de Sotomayor appoint-
edo high constable in 1590. In this
the tranquility of the Spanish settlers
eatly disturbed by renewed hostilities
part of the Araucanians, whose raids
X tended into regions that had been
ed by towns and villages of Euro-
Toledo was alcalde of Chilian when
ty was plundered and destroyed by
;ique Quilacdn in 1599. On this
Toledo was absent, and to this fact
lably due the preservation of his life,
r he had recovered from the shock
by the news of this disaster, he has-
to ChilUn and joined a force that
a pursuit of the Indians, under the
ind of Toinas de Olaverrfa, and was
ngaged in other campaigns. In 1600
z de Toledo married Jeronima de
. At that time he was living as an
endero, or the proprietor, of an estate
country near San Juan de la Fron-

and the
Indians

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

tera, where he died on August 3, 1633, leav^
ing bis estancia stocked with goats, she^
and cattle. Otlier items of his propertj
were three slaves and a vineyard inherit
froni his ancestors.

Of Toledo's poem Araueana only sra
fragments hav-e been preser\-ed, and t
writer's reputation rests chiefly on t
twenty-four cantos of El Putin indotniio,
writteD at least in part during the author's
military service. It lacks most of the esses
tial qualities of a poem but is important a
an historical document.'"

Medina characterizes Alvarez de Toled
as simply a soldier who wrote verses will
great facility, and who, without any pretei)
don to divine inspiration, sets forth in a:
agreeable manner the conflict of a
which he himself had figured, or of which b
had recei\'ed minute information from th
accounts of his companions, narrated i

DomingQ Amua^tcfiui Solar, I

1 fernanJo Aiwa

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

it around camp fires. He did not pro-
: to present poetic inventions, episodes
le imagination, but to recount only real
accredited facts.^^ His purpose was to
e a chronicle in verse, and the product
lis labour lacks the chief characteris-
of an epic. In his fifteen thousand
i the scene changes from Chile to Peru,
n Santiago to Concepcion, from the
ks of rivers to the sombre depths of the
sts of Arauco, and from the strand of
open sea to the narrow valleys of the
intains; and throughout the narrative
e is abundant evidence of the writer's
nory of details, of the naraes of persons,
be exact time of events, and even of the
lur of horses. Some of his octaves are
iposed almost entirely of names, and are
■efore, practically unreadable, particu-
Y when these names are of Araucanian
ions or objects."

he Araucana of Alvarez de Toledo is
ipted as a credible historical narrative,
equal credibility isattributed toitscon-

)ll>id.

ND MONOGRAPHS

bND

207 ^H

PuriK ^^H

-^^W^lc

308 SPANISH COLONIAL LrTER.\TURE

tinuation under the title of Purin itutomim,
IV
It was Ercilla's fate to be imitated na|
only by writers of talent, but also by l{
istupid writer who essaved to continue or tQ
complete his epic. This was Di^o t
Santistev-an Osoriu, who undertook a wori^
that n-as designed to be written tn the si
of Ercilla's poem and to continue the stoi]
of the Indian wai and Ercilla's part 'n
It was called the fourth and fifth paits a
La ArtMiaMmJ* But in eveiy lespect i
falls far bciow its forerunner,
characterizes it as tbe productioa of a ja^
eiule bntn nodcnd cothasiastk b^n
log a BoastnpMcc written by chk »«*— Mt>
iatcnsted ia his subject."
, BugnpUtal knowlc^sc ol Swuistew
OsQCW is iiBiued to a ie« tacts: dat be «l
bom in Leon in Spain; liiat he fMtA*
his pnacipal wtxk m 1597 ; and diat I

S&-£,tC

HISPANIC NOTKS

~T>Wo

IN SOUTH AMERICA

ihed another work on the wars of the
itsof Malta, and the capture of Rhodes,
e continuation of La Araueana is com-
1 of two partSj the first part embracing
:en cantoSj and the'second part twenty.
if the noteworthy features of Santiste-
work is the reckless mingling of the
a Mary and the characters of pagan
ology. Then out of the depths of hi
nation the author calls forth a being
1 he designates Caupohcin the Second;
n the course of the narrative one en-
£TS Zoroaster, Dido, Semiramis and
Dia, not to mention less conspicuous
nents of ancient history and myth-
; and these are all jumbled together in
re confusion. The independence, the
im and bravery that Ercilla found
lemy do not appear in the Indians
ited by Santistevan Osorio. He
ire timid, shrinking, and brought into
; only by the employment of various
Lives. The moral reflections with
I the author introduces the several
s ate vapid dissertations on the in-
ity of fortune. The strength and the

D MONOGRAPHS

^D M

Char-
acter o(

aio SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

ive heroes to action :
r author as mistakes of

passion which
to appear to
creation.

These early " historical poems " coit
tinued to impress their style upon latet
writers both in Spain and America, and to
call American affairs to the attention of the
people of Europe. Gabriel Lasso de la Vega

e La Mexicana, published first in 1588
under the title of Cortis valeroso. The
theme of the poem on Chilean affairs was
taken up by the stage in Spain. Alguiua
hasanas de las muchas de Don Garcia
Hurtado de Mendoza was a mediocre worlc ,

. number of authors. Arauco domada,
by Lope de Vega, had Ercilla as one of its '
characters ; he appeared on the stage beat- 1
ing a drum. Other dramas dealing with the [
same general subject were Gobemadoi
Prudenie, by Caspar de Avila, and EspOr
Holes en Chile, by Francisco Gonzdlez
Bustos. In the drama by Bustos the
baptism of a prominent Indian chief, the
empaJement of Caupolicdn, and the greab
ness of the family of Mendoza are presentM
as three of Spain's claims to distinction,

HISPANIC NOTES

-euS

— 1

IN SOUTH AMERICA

...

CHAPTER VII

JUAN DE CASTELLANOS

Besides Ercilla and his imitators, already
mentioned, a number of other writers in
verse appeared among the early chroniclers
of South American affairs. The most note-
worthy of these were Juan de Castellanos,
of Tierra Firme, Martin del Barco Centen-
era, of Tucumdn and Paraguay, and Pedro
Peralta Bamuevo, of Peru. The position
of Castellanos in relation to the literary his-
tory of New Granada, or Colombia, may be
compared with that of Ercilla with respect
to Chile; but the name of Castellanos in the
New Granadan catalogue is preceded by
that of Jimenez de Quesada, the discoverer
of the territory of the Chihchas and the
founder of Bogoti. Quesada was bom in
C6rdoba,buthis boyhood was spent in Gran-
ada, where his father, Luis Jimenez de Que-

Castel-

AND MONOGRAPHS

L..I ,::).,:■

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

sada, was a judge. He studied law, and
was graduated with the title of liceDciado.
Under Governor Lugo he was the chief judi-
cial officer of the colony of Santa Marta,
and from this post he was advanced to tl
leadership of the expedition sent to explore
the interior of the country. Having estabi
lishedasettlementonthepjateau, August 1^
1538, he returned to Europe in 1539. Hia
account of this expedition was called Comi
pendio kisiorial. Lucas Femdndez de 1
drahita (1624-1688) affirms, in the Prologa
of his Historia general de las conquistat
del nuevoreitiode Granada, iha.t the manu;
script of the Compendia kisiorial was si
to Spain, where he saw it in one of 1
libraries of Madrid. It is also reported
that for many years it was in the p
sion of the national library at BogotAj
and that the historian Antonio Plaza
took it from the library about 1848, and
used it in writing his history of
Granada; moreover, that it was los
among Plaza's papers after that 1
death, which occurred in 1854, Parts of i
are preserved in the quotations made froi

HISPANIC NOTES

""^Son

IN SOUTH AMERICA

2'3

y Plaza and Zamora. A few of these
acts have been reprinted by Ver-
1 y Vergara in his Htstoriade !a Hteratura
'uevaGranada. The Epilomede la con-
la del Nuevo Reino, by Quesada, recent-
ublished by M. Jim6nez de la Espada, is
id to be different, at least in part, from
original Compendia hislorial.
he events of Quesada's march from the
to the table-land, the coming of Benalci-
romthesouth,the appearance of Feder-
m making his way through the wilder-
i from Venezuela, the meeting of the
^e captains, and the ceremonies attend-
the announcement and confirmation of
in's claim to the land furnished themes
or romances framed after the model of
Cid. The most noteworthy writer who
le use of this material and presented it
■erse was Juan de Castellanos; but his
k, written in his old age, is rather a his-
■ than a romance; it is a metrical chron-
of the early history of New Granada.*

WUk Quaada's account has been l«t, th. I oi Fcder-
hai iMen preserved. It appeared und« Ibe following

Que-
sada a

script

AND MONOGRAPHS

^ 4

»,le

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Castellanos was bom in the little town ol
Alanjs in the province of Seville March 9
}. His father was Cristibal SSnchez
Castellanos, He left Spain as a soldier,
^an his military career in Porto Rico, a
s later at Paria and in the islands of Trin-
idad and Cubagua, He was transferred
to the island of Margarita after the earth*
quake which caused all of the colonists 0
Cubagua to remove to Margarita. In 1550
he was living at Cabo de la Vela, and a litd«
later he is known to have been at Santa
Marta, where he remained until 1552. He
was at Cartagena when that town 1
taken by pirates in 1559. While there,
after his long experience as a soldier, he be-
came a priest, at thirty-nine or forty yean
of age, and was appointed to be the ti
urer of the cathedral, but he refused to a
cept this office, and removed from the dio
eese. Finally, in 1561, he was establish(
at Tunja as the parish priest. This pos

MflTi gftlum kill 'und was ikm aUda Ml DegBgn^ bin a

gant luitig titttrm, KagpoBW. 1)37. A Spaidab trwuJaU
was published by P. M. Arcaya, Caracas, igiC, Scfl ■
C Kluniiogrr: AnUiiiliUr Dtulsciaiai,ilaEiiLttelam!i

HISPANIC NOTES

""Wo?

IN SOUTH AMERICA

1 he held for forty-five years, and during
i period at least a part of his means of
■port was drawn from well-stocked
zing lands. At Tunja he wrote his
gias de varones iiuslres de las Indtas, his
in-songj as he described it at the bcgin-
g of his first canto:

BLrantos elegfacos levanto
HXoQ d^biles acentos voz anciana,
K> Bien como bianco cisne que con canto

Su muerte solemniza ya cercana,

The time of his death is not known, but
was living in 1588, since in his writings
refers to events which occurred in that
,r, and his holographic will bears the date
i6c6, when the author was eighty-four
irs old.*

I The bDowtiiK bCbli(i(n{4deil note reft

»M^ Colmd Jsa^ JouiiiD. article in ihe third immbei
B^trioMiaMMa, Kadcid, iM-

■ibMb Bukl Cms kuUnco-trlHtB it (tlir^itfi
-- '- "-— -, tSTI.

te« artkls IB Ibe Ktptnorio

D MONOGRAPHS

Castel-

Historia

3i6 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

The manu-^cript of the Htstoria dtl
nueva teino de Granada by Castellaaos,
published for the first time by Antooio Paz
y Melia in Madrid in i836, was held by the
monastery of Poblet for a considerable part
of the seventeenth century. Fiedratiita
used it as well as Quesada's Compendia
kistarial de las conquistas del fiuevo rtitie
de Granada ; ' in fact, some part ofl
Piedrahita's work appears as the verse oij
Castellanos reduced to prose. Castellanos'
effective literary activity covers the twenty-
two years between 1570 and 1592. During
this period at the end of which be
seventy years old, he composed the foiU
parts of his chronicle, containing more thi
50,000 lines, and another poem on the lil
death, and miracles of San Diego de AlcaU

Madrid, iaS6. Intim

Espada, Hirxs. /ui- .. . — ,

■o rriio dc GraiaJa. Uadiid, iSSg.
Sdtmaicber. Ijbifubiid, m Han^vrgiakt FtsUtlrift ■

HISPANIC NOTES

fiogle

IN SOUTH AMERICA

now apparently lost. Although Castellanos
announced, in the preface ot liis Htstoria,
his intention to write a fifth part, this design
appears not to ha\e been carried out.

The parts in print until recently were
three parts of the Elegias de varones ituslres
de Jftdias and the Hisloria. The first part
treats of the discovery of the New World,
together with the conquest of certain is-
lands and a part of Tierra Firme. The
second part has for its subject events con-
necterf with the exploration of Venezuela
and ibe settlement of Cabo de la Vela and
Santm Haita; while the third part narrates
tikefa^ipenn^inthe provinces of Popaydn
sod Caitagcna from their discovery to the
tine of lite aotfaor's writing. The fourth
paix is Ac instocy of New Granada from the
tune witco the ^taniards first set foot on
dK KsL Is detennining the fonn, in so
far a* Ae vases are arranged into rhymed
iliac appears to be no donbt that,
■f Erdlla exerted a powerfid
ior IB the preface to the /Hi-
rcfan to tbe penomi
of tbe sweetness of tlie

AKC MONOGRAPBS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

verse with which Don Alonso de Ercilli
celebrated the Chilean wars, wished those
of the north might be sung in the sanw
measure." Castellanos' determination U
act in accordance with these wishes was un-
fortunate. The verses are, indeed, in some
cases felicitous, but the author was clearlj
competent to write well in prose, and, if this
form of expression had been employed, he
would have given a more satisfactory con-
tribution to historical knowledge: it is
affirmed, in fact, that he first composed
his work in prose, and spent ten years u
turning it into verse. If the purpose in
this undertaking was to rival successfully
Ercilla's literary effort, this also was unfoT
tunate, for neither the excellence nor t
fame of the Elegias ever attained the st&Oi
dard of La Araucana,
i The opinion of the enthusiastic Colom
bian historian, Vergara y Vergara, does ni
coincide with this view; he was disposed '
think of Castellanos as " a great poet," ai
to regard him as superior to Ercilla, Thi)
is, however, the view of an indulgent an(
patriotic critic. Moreover, Acosta, also 1

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

219

Colombian, found that no other chronicler
exceeded him " in descriptions of the coun-
try, or of skirmishes and encounters with
the Indians, and particularly in picturing
the impressions which traversing the land
and going among the people they had to
subdue made on the hardy and courageous
conquistadores." *

Menendez y Pelayo, referring to the plan
of Castellanos' work,affirmed that " it is not
really a poem, not even a chronicle, but a
vast collection of rhymed chronicles, in
which one may distinguish as many poems
as there are personages; but whoever has
the time and the courage to enter into this
forest, will not count his severe labour a loss
when he comes upon episodes such as the
shipwreck of Licenciado Zuazo, or the
dreadful stjory of Lope de Aguirre (Elegia
xiv) or the charming description of the
island of Margarita."^ The poetic quahty
of the several parts of the work differs
greatly, the first part being superior to the

Acosta

and

Menen-

de.y

Pelayo

AND MONOGRAPHS

^^1 330

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

rest. The poetic fire of the author burned
lower with his advancing years.

The last part of Casteilanos' writings to
appear in print is the so-called Dtscursodtl
Capitdn Francisco Draque, cut out of the
third part of Ehgias de varones ilusires di
Indias, and now, in 1921, published at Ma-
drid by the Instituto ValendadeDon Juan.
This third part of the Eltgias deals with the
history of Cartagena, and the pages ex-
tracted from the original manuscript con-
tain a narrative of the events associated
with Drake's capture of the city in 1586.
They present as an introduction to the m£un
theme some account ot Drake's earlier ad-
ventures, particularly of hts voyage around
the world, 1577-1580. The motive for ex-
tracting these pages and making of them a
separate document, and the complete his-
tory of its vicissitudes are unknown. Per-
haps the censor was solicitous to keep from
the public an attractive account of an
enemy who had wrought such disaster in
the Spanish Colonies. But whatever may
have been the cause of its long obscurity,
its final public appearance in two hundred

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

93 1

twenty-seven clean pages is a source of
: satisfaction to persons interested in
■arly literature of Spanish America.

AND MONOGRAPHS

Dci.-^aoy Google

Voyage

America

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

CHAPTER VIII

LA ARGENTINA

Centenera's "historical poem" called Li
Argentina deals with the events relating to
Spanish colonization in the south-eastern
part of the continent. The first edition
published in Lisbon in 1602, Martin
del Barco Centenera was born at Logrosid
in Estremadura in 1535. It is reported, 01
it is a tradition, that he studied at Sala-
manca, but no positive record of the fad
has been found at the university. Whi
Juan Ortiz de ZSrate was preparing 1
American venture, Centenera joined t ^^
expedition, and obtained through the Coun
cil of the Indies the title of archdeacon d
the Church b Paraguay. The five vessel
of Zdrate's expedition sailed from Spain i
October, 1572, and on the 7lh of the fc '"
ing January from the Cape Verde Island

HISPANIC NOTES

IN 901TH AMERICA

By a EtanB one of tfac vessels ns driven
into tlK faBf of Kio Janfiro. and at a oon-
fcfamof tlK captains of the otbei vesacfe
witb Mme of the leadeis of tfac ocpeditko
h was decided to halt at Santa Catalina.
On leaiii^ Santa Catatina near the end of
October 1573 it was discovered thai the ot-
pcditiaa bad lost one hundred and twenty
of its members by desenion and disease.
Hawii^artEred the Rio de !a Plata, tbe col-
onists remained for some months on the
island of Uaitin Garda and afterwards
establidwd a settlement called Zaratina de
San Salvador. From this place Centenera
passed to Asund6n, where be arri^'ed on the
8th of Febrnary, 1575. He began his eccle-

and preaching to the Spaniards; his labour
with the Guaninis had to be postponed on
account of his inability to use their lan-
guage. The language of the Indians was
more generally adopted by the Spaniards in
Paraguay than in other colonies.

Centenera joined the expedition against
the Indians undertalten in 1579 by Juan de
Garay, who at this time was e.yercising the

Ccn-

with
Garay

AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

functions of lieutenant-governor and cap-
tain-general, with authority delegated bji
Juan Torres de Vera y Aragon, the legiti-«
mate successor of Zarate. The twentieth
canto of La Argentina contains an account
of this expedition. Early in 1580 Garay
returned to Asuncion and prepared for the
execution oE his plan to re-establish Buenoq
Aires, and before his departure from Asun-
ci6n he appointed Centenera protector of
the Indians. At the same time he petitioit-
ed the king to provide an appropriate
salary for the office. The province of Rio
de la Plata during these years gave evidence
of the turbulent spirit that characterized
it later. Opposition to Garay appeared
both in Asuncion and in Santa Fe, based on
the fact that the viceroy of Peru had not
recognized Garay 's authority.

A little later Centenera obtained penni»-
sion to go to Peru for two years. After h
arrival at Chuquisaca the audiencia api
pointed him its chaplain. lie held thispost^
however, for only a few months, and the
next year he appeared occupying the posi-r
tion of vicar at Porco. In August, 1581^

HISPANIC NOTES

""^^^O?

IN SOUTH AMERICA

325

Archbishop Toribio de Mogrovejo called his
suffragan bishops to a council to be held in
Lima, and appointed Centenera one of the
secretaries. The clergy of Cuzco had
brought charges against their bishop, Sebas-
tian de Lartain, who wished to have the
case considered by the council, but the
archbishop decided to send it to Rome.
Centenera took the side of Lartain, and by
this act incurred the displeasure of Mogro-
vejo, with the consequent loss of his means
of support. While under this embairass-
ment the Bishop of Charcas appointed him
his vicar, and the Inquisition constituted
him its commissary for tlie district of Co-
chabamba.

While in possession of this office Juan
Ruiz del Prado, the inspector of the Inquisi-
tion, appointed by Philip 11, arrived at
Lima, and in August, 1590, Centenera, in
consequence of Prado's investigation, was
removed from office and subjected to a fine
of two hundred pesos. In this year Alonso
Guerra, who had arrived in Asuncion as
Bishop of Paraguay in 1585, was arrested
and despatched to Buenos Aires as a pris-

Bishop
of Para-
guay
arrested

AND MONOGRAPHS

Dg. «Sj,.v

-'^'"S'^

336 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

oner. The bishop's oSence appears to have
been a too rigorous pursuit of funds for the
Church and threatening to excommunicate
the inhabitants of Asuncion for delay In
paying the tithes. From Buenos Aires
Bishop Guerra went to Charcas, where the
audiencia rehabilitated him. Later the
i(ing appointed him Bishop of Michoacdn,
where he died in 1594-

The sentence removing Centenera from
his position as commissary of the Inquisi-
tion made his further residence in Peru un-
desirable, and thus, after an absence of nine
years he returned to Asuncion, where he
arrived shortly after the popular uprising
against Bishop Guerra. As the bishop
I had been expelled and the dean was dead,
I Archdeacon Centenera found liimself the
j highest ecclesiastical dignitary in the pro*
j vince, and hebecame governor of the bisliap-
' ric, the see being vacant. The date of his
I departure from Paraguay has not become
i known and investigation has as yet thrown
little linht on the last years of his life. Ri-
I cardo Palma accepts as a fact that he died
Portugal in 1605, having returned M |

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

Europe after twenty-four years spent in
America,

Not much is known concerning the liter-
ary attainments of Centenera. As a priest
he must have known the Latin of the Brevi-
ary, but there seems to be no evidence of
an extensive knowledge of that language,
" since in all of his poem there is no indica-
tion of the least influence of the classical
' Latin poets, either h the conception, ir
'figures, or in the expressions. Even
I locution of the poem, wanting in nobility
and elegance, proves that the author w
not familiar either with the good society
the good poets of his nation, although
one of the passages of his poem he manifests
' (Canto XXIV) the highest respect tor the
author of La Araucana." ^ He had, how-
ever, a certain knowledge of Tasao and
' Petrarch.'

I In the archives of the Indies there
I letter, without signature or date, ascribed
ibyTrelles to Centenera, in which the writer,
addressing the king, says, " I have a corn-
er) SupplRmml to La NtuMn, Bwenoi Afrvs, Jan t, 19417,
, fi] J. M, GuU^n^i ia pdiiion of poem published in tl»e
. Bibliriuta ic la JuHla lit Hularia y Numiimdtiea, v, 160.

AND MONOGRAPHS

Cen-

,«^

The edi-
tions of
La Ar-
gentina

SPANISH rOLONl.\L LITERATURE'

plete history which, with the favour of y
Majesty, will be published; in it there il
given an account of Rio de la Plata and o
Peru." This reference is set down as th<
first mention of La Argentina. The write(
affirms that this letter was written fiftec
years after he left Spain; if, therefore, Ca
i the author of the letter it wt
written in 1587. Fifteen years later th
first edition of La Argentina appeared i
Lisbon (1602). The second edition ■
published in 1 749 by Gonzalez de Barda t^
his Hisloriadores primitivos, Vol. Ill ; 1"
third is contained in Angelis' CoUceihi
de obras y docuinmU>s,eU.. Madrid, ]
fourth appeared in the third volume of tbe
reprint of Diaz de Guzman's Historit
argenlina, Buenos Aires, 1854 ; the fifth i
in the reprint of igoo of Angelis' CoUcciok
In 1912 two separate facsimile reprints B
the Lisbon Edition of 1602 were published
in Buenos Aires, one in the Bihlioteca de A
Junta deHisloTiayNumi'sfndlica America
the other in the series Fuentes de I
historia argentine; the former has
bibliographical notes by Enrique Peiia ai

HISPANIC NOTES

"^^^ontpf

IN" SOUTH AMERICA

139

a critical study of the poem hy J. M.
Gutierrez.thelatternotes by Carlos Navarro
y Lamarca.

Centenera presented no great characters,
like those immortalized hy Ercilla. But
Ercilla was rot an ecclesiastic. Centenera
had entered the N'ew World to contribute
whatever power he possessed to the de-
struction of paganism, and any especially
strong characters presenting themselves
amoD^ the Indians naturally appeared to
him as exaggerated manifestations of the
evil he was commissioned to combat. His
mission was to transform pagan heroic
qualities into Christian virtues, and not to
make them live in the admiration of later
generations. What appealed to Ercilla,
the knight, as noble and worthy of honour,
appeared to the archdeacon as something
to be eliminated and forgotten.

The expedition of Ortiz de Zarate or the
voyage from San Lijcar to Santa Catalina
is described in the eighth canto. It was
carried in two small and three larger
vessels. In receiving his appointment as
governor of Paraguay Zirate had agreed to

Cente-
spirit

AND MONOGRAPHS

b,r„j..Guu;

230

SPANISH rOLOSl.U. LITERATURE

I voyage

who

Story of introduce into the colony a number of li
' iraurers as colonists, a quantity of arms,
and also a large number of horses, cows,
sheep and goats within a period of three
I years. The greater part of the animali
were to be brought from the ranges r

■ Charcas and Tarija. The little fleet halted
'at Gomera, the Cape Verde Islands, and

■ Santa Catalina; and on this passage from
! Santa Lucar and during the stay at Santa
I Catalina the expedition lost three hundred

persons. Among the survivors wa
Franciscan missionary, Luis Bolanos
was the first to apply grammatical rulei
to the Guarani language, and the first d
tionary of the language is attributed to hiia.
In spite of storms,tlie voyage was fortunr
ate until the \'essels passed into the c
( and heat of the tropics, where all suffered ti
'such a degree that they would gladly havi
returned to Spain. But their suffering!
e greatly intensiiied after they reached
the island of Santa Catalina, where score
of Spaniards died of starvation. The ntntH
canto sets forth the horrors of this episode^
and it is dedicated to " las damas.''

HISPANIC NOTES

T IN soxrr

I El canto vuestro

IN SOXTTH AMERICA 231

£1 canto vuestro es, pues que contiene
I De dainas y galanes la caida:

iCentenera exposes the details of the famine,
pointing out that every animal and reptile,
however repugnant at first, was at last
found to be as savoury as the flesh of a kid,
for

La gran hambre prestaba salmorejo.

The extremes to which men were driven
by hunger are narrated at length, the crimes
committed to obtain food, and the unusual
punishments meted out to the criminals
who were detected. But many escaped de-
tection. Some persons encountered a dog
alone. They killed him immediately, and
without waiting to have him well cooked

Famine
at Santa
Catalina

roasted, devoured him, in order

being recognized as the offenders by the
arrival of the owner. Another person,!
! having stealthily entered an inn kept by
two women, was apprehended by them;
I then without pity they cut off his ears, and
nailed them up on the house, either for de-
coration or as a warning to other thieves.

AND MONOGRAPHS

l.gr.d..vGUUjJ

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Recognizing that they had acted without
justice, and that they ran a risk of being
punished, they returned the ears to their
owner accompanied by a quantity of food
sent " to shut up his mouth."

Zarate, having determined to proceed to
Rio de la Plata, sought from every source
food to serve for the voyage, and in this
search the Indians were deprived of what-
jCver they possessed. By this their gc
|will was completely alienated. The i
'dents of the voyage and the landing consti-
Uute the theme of the tenth canto. The
company had apparently not learned by
their e?tperience to view with calmness thn
varying phases of the sea, and when the
sparkling waves rose to the stars , the women
wept and the men uttered great cries, all
assured that they were to he buried in the
ocean. And after the storm had subsided,
and they had approached the port of San
Gabriel, a furious south wind arose, wrought
havoc in the rigging of the vessels, and
drove one of them upon the shore, Thnt
after a day of joy the passengers were ovw-
whelmed tngriefand agony(Can to X, Oct. 14):

HISPANIC NOTES

~^^^riuf

' IN SOUTH AMERICA

233

Pitotos y inaestres, marineros,
Gnimetes, pajes, frailes y soldados,
Mujeres y muchachos, pasajeros,
Andaban dando voces muy turbados.

Having landed, after the storm, they
found themselves among the Charmas, who
seemed to Centenera to possess qualities
thai entitled them to be ranked with the
Araucaniatis (Canto x, Oct. 27).

La gente que aqui habita en esta parte
Charniahas se dicen, de gran brio,
A quien ha repartido el fiero Marte
Su fuerza, su valor y poderio. . . .

Es gente muy crecida y ammosa,
Empero sin labranza v sementera
En gueiras y batallas, behrosa,
Osada y atrevida en gran manera

The Charrtias occupied the region be-
tween Maldonado and the Uruguay. They
had met with hostility the earlier explorers
of the Rio de la Plata, and they continued
in hostile relations with the Europeans
unta they were finally exterminated in 1831 .

Among

the

Charruas

AND MONOGRAPHS

L ^— ^

Char-
La At-

SPANISH COLONIAL LITER.\TURE

ii an encounter between the forces of the
chief Zapic^n and Zarate's soldiers, all bot
a few of the Spaniards were either killed
captured by the Indians. Centenera pre-
sents an abundance of details concei
this encounter, and refers to the action >
Zapicdn's forces tn the following spirit)
lines (Canto xi, Oct. i8):
El zapicano ejercito venia
Con trompas y bocinas resonando ;
Al sol la polvareda obscureda.
La tierra del tropel est& temblando;
De sangre el suelo todo se cubria,
Y el zapicano ejercito gritando,
Cantaba la iictoria lastimosa
Contra la gente triste y dolorosa.'

La Argentina must be viewed in its twi
aspects, as poetry and history, and
passages illustrating these two phases
widely different in spirit, even when th(
unlike passages are both founded on a

Is) The army ol Zapidan tame «ilh Irumpel- i
soiindipjj bugles : Ihe doit obscured Ihe sun. thi
trembled unflVr the tramping of many t«t; jl! the s

HISPANIC NOTES

r 1

IN SOUTH AMERICA 1 235

of facts. But in tJie poetic figures there i

. are fewer references to the fancies of pagan [

1 literature and mythology than may be'

1 found in the other poems with which Cen- '

[ tenera's work may be compared. Now and

then the writer's lamenutions, raised to

heaven because of the want and misery of .

the company, reveal the ecclesiastic and

suggest passages of the Psalms.

Volved con piedad, Seiior, la mano,

Doleos de los triste.'; afligidos.

Doleos de los nifios inooentes,

Que gritan con sus ojos hechos fnentes,

Doleos de las trisfes afligidas

Que quedan sin abrigo y compaiiia:

1 Tambien de las doncellas doloridas

Que pierden a sus padres y alegria.^

From battles with the Indians in the region

of Rio de la Plata, the founding of Buenos

Aires by Juan de Garay, and the insurrec-

tion of the mesti/.os at Santa Fe, Centenera, i

U) SmiCh 01.1 thy han.1, 0 Lord, i«lh mercv; pity tllDEf
wHo an utl and aflicud; pity the innount cliildnn, who

air sad and afflicted, who are wlUunil protcctiDfi and ieUo*
ship; a^'lhc sorrowing maldem wkDhave Iwi IhiHr (aihcre
Mii!)of. Cantoxi, Oct. 3C.

AND MONOGRAPHS

,uuyi^

SPA.MSIT COLONIAL LITERATURE

Topics in his later cantos, turned to happenings of
of later j,is time on the western coast, to the ex-
I ploits of Francis Drake, the earthquake of
Arequipa, and the council at Lima i^led by
] Archbishop Mogrovejo. This change of
I subject appears to have been due to the
I writer's removal from the south
'province to Peru. Drake had appeared
I about five years before this event, whence
I it may be presumed the very favourable
opinion of him expressed in La Argentina
was that entertained by at least a part o
contemporary Peruvian society. Centene-
ra found ''this English and noble cavalier,
; given to the art of the sea, a skilful pilot and
I sailor, a good soldier, astute, sagacious, dis-
crete, coiu'teous, well-bred, bra\'e,
imous, and a good friend, but wanting ia
the greater and more necessary quality, qM
'.es elamor a Jesucristo." Centenera, as a
ecclesiastic, was ohlised by the spirit of the
Spanish Church in the sixteenth centurj
to make this limitation on the chaiactei
of a Protestant. It is noteworthy, I;

that he was able to discov«
Luch excellence in a subject of t

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH .UIERICA

■237

"Babylonian woman"; still this is partially
accounted for when it is recalled that the

mities, whether brought about by an Eng-
lish corsair or an earthquake, as a divinely
directed punishment for their shortcomings,
and in this view the piratical agent of God
might appear to stand nearer the throne of
heaven than those who suffered the inflic-
tjon. But they feared the invader not
merely for his direct influence, but as well
for the influence he might have in awaken-
ing the spirit of re\olt among the Indians.
In the b^iiming of the twenty-third
canto Centenera expresses his wish to write
of what he saw in Peru during the meetings
of the council called by Archbishop Mogro-
vejo. This was the council that met on
August 13, 15S2, and held its last sessiun on
October 18, 1583. Its purpose was to re-
form the discipline of the Church and to
correct the manners and customs of this
part of the continent, but it was brought
near to disruption through the introduc-
don of a question in dispute between the
Bishop and Canons of Cuzco.

Spani-
ards'
views of
their
cala-

AND MONOGRAPHS | I

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

But the council acquired a difficult task
when it undertook to reform the dress of the
n of Lima. It was the fashion for the
> appear in the streets, ii
churches, and in other public places with
their faces completely concealed by the n
I bozo. While protected by this veil it was
impossible for their identity to be observed
or detected, whence arose numerous abuses
and scandals. Centenera refers to their
conduct; " In the streets and the square,
they place themselves at the windows,
where it is a pleasure to see them, with their
I rich and very gay dresses, and whoever
■ wishes may speak with them; they do not
1 appear shy or severe, and listen to whoroso-
r wishes to flirt with them, and under
I their rebozos they utter their little nothings,
I with which they sometimes fool little boo*
hies." A proposition in relation to thecon-
I duct of the women and their manner oil
dressing was brought before the council,
,' which threatened with e.xcommunicatioii
those who persisted in wearing the reboza
to conceal the face. Women should i
main in their houses, or, if they appeared iS

HISPANIC NOTES

■^"^^on!

IN SOUTH AMERICA

^39

public places, it should be with their faces
uncovered. For the time being the major-
ity of the women preferred to remain in
their houses, but a few of the rich, not ob-
jecting to the regulation, appeared in public
unveiled, for it gave them an opportunity
to display their jewels. The resolution of
the council was, however, ineffective; the
use of the rebozo as a veil was continued.
But about forty years later the Marques de
Guadalcazar as viceroy (1622-1629) issued
a roya! ordinance, providing that " no
woman of whatever state, quality, or con-
dition she may be, may be veiled with a
i manto or in any other manner while going
on the streets of this city, or the alameda or
other public places, whether on foot or in a
carriage or a sedan cfiair, or in balconies or
windows, but that all shall be obliged to go
with their faces uncovered, to the end that
they may be seen and known, and the iden-
tity of each be recognized."*

The real character of La Argentina is that
of a contemporary chronicle, and consider-
ing the breadth of his experience, the

(51 Merdlhiiru, ^/.k«i« M^^ias dil Pml, p. 78.

Decree
of church

AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

writer's serious mistake was that he adopts
ed the form of verse instead of prose fat
communicating his experience and his ob-
servations. But in his dedication to the
governor of Portugal, then united with
Spain, Centenera affirms that he has written

,_ in verse, although " poco polido y m
liraado," in order that theMarqu6s de Castd
Rodrigo, burdened with the grave affairs o
the government, might read it with greatei
facility than the long and prolix historiei
he was accustomed to receive. The fact
that it is written in verse is perhaps the
principal reason for including it in e
with La Araucana; moreover, like La Arau-
cana, it deals with a colonial undertaking,
the privations incident to a voyage froin
Spain, and conflicts with the Indiana.
Juan Maria Gutierrez finds its indisputaUc
merit in the frank sincerity with which tl
author communicates what he saw and
what he felt, and in this manner presented
important data for the early history of Rio
de la Plata.

If one conceives of poetry not as the writ-

' ten metrical lines merely, but as these lines

HISPANIC NOTES

C( )3

IN SOUTH AMERICA

241

uttered orally, he will have no difficulty in
answenng the question critics have raised
regarding the nature of the foregoing metri-
cal compositions. In this view, the words
written in measured lines may be compared
with printed musical notes. These nates
are not music, but only directions for the
production of vocal or instrumental sounds,

music. In like manner, the verses that
stand on the printed page are indications o(
tone, accent, and rhythm, and poetry is the
utterance of these verses in accordance with
their proper indications. Endowed with
a certain form and degree of cultivation,
one may derive sensations akin to those en-
joyed in Ustening to music, by reading the
printed musical notes; and in the same
way by passing the eye silently over the
printed verses one may experience some of
the emotions poetry is designed to awaken:
but in neither case are the emotions ex-
perienced more than a faint shadow of those
aroused by the voice of the skilful reader or
by the violinist or the orchestra. Poetrj'
thus conceived is not the utterance of any

Poetry
and

AND MONOGRAPHS

r -u

JMce with tftv nle^ tni dE
■Kir of dte msn m qosdon, as «<
mwr oAa vase^ bvt ahen tfae
*tfiM of £« Arantmrnm cr .Jmw*
ftrc pfonotnsced m tiMir soDottias
torus there is no doubt that ire have
sof poetrr.

H ISPAMC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

243

CHAPTER IX

WRITERS ON CHILEAN HISTORY
1600-1650.

I. Alonso GoHsdlez dt Ndjera. II. Fratt-
cisco Nuiiea de Pineda Baseman. III.
Caro de Torres. IV, Melchor Xufri del
Aguila. V. Alonso de Ovalle. VI. Miguel
de Aguirre. VTI. Francisco Ponce de Leon .
VIII. Diego de Rosales. IX. Santiago de
Tesilh.

At the beginning of the seventeenth cen-
tury, sixty or seventy years after the occu-
pation of Peru, New Granada and theregion
of the Rio de ia Plata and its tributaries,
the Spanish colonies of South j\iflerica had
acquired their early form of organization.
Peru was under the government of a vice-
roy, whose jurisdiction was nominally co-

Spaniah
South

otganisec

AND MONOGRAPHS

I- —

1 . ,...1 . -.

! SPANISH COEJOXLVL LiTERATURE

c wicfa Spam's possessions in South
I America; bat in Ne« Granada, Chile and
' tfce txntb-atstem pnnrinces other central-
liml govcnnums had been established,
snbordiiiated to tke vxBoy in certain
tjcolan and ifimrtiT dqiendent on the king
in other respects. The head of each gl
these subordinate -ovenunents was known
as governor, captain-geacral , or president
one or another of bis principal hinctions
was consider«d.
I As governor he was bead ol the civil ad^
I ministration, as captain -general he was
I cfaidof thearmyor themitida, and his titlQ
of president indicated liis relation to the
audiencia, a body that performed both
ministrative and judicial functions and in
anry in the govenior's office
exercised the chief executive power ir
dependency. At that time, moreover, a
j number oi towns had acquited sufficient
I importance to ha\ e local governments con-
sisting of a cabildo, or council, composed of
iregidores and two alcaldes, the alcaldo
j serving as justices of the peace and local ex*
lecutives. The occupation of the sever^

HISPANIC NOTES

"^^^Sinf

IS' SOUTH AMERICA

245

districts by the Spaniards was at first a| Common
i military occupation, a large number of the ; '.^^^ °^
settlers were primarily soldiers, and their' colonies
t settlements were largely garrisoned posts.
j Irt this respect the beginning of the Spanish
colonies in America presents a strong con-
, trast with the British colonies, in which the
I ccdonists were almost all civilians.

Thepolitical relations that existed among
I the ^anish colonies and the common de- 1
I pendence of the colonies on Spain presumed
i their possession of common ideas and pur-
poses; and the writers who appeared in the
difTerent provinces generally observed
affairs from a common point of view. The
question of the time of their appearance de-
serves rather to he considered than the
place of their residence. This is, of course,
pre-eminently true of writers who were
ecclesiastics. The Jesuits of Peru, New
Granada, or Chile, for instance, wrote
rather as Jesuits than as citizens of one
vince or another. The case of the soldier
in this respect was not greatly different
from that of the ecclesiastic, and in the first
and middle period of the colonial history

AND MONOGRAPHS

j..vGui"

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

the larger part of the writers who were not
ecclesiastics were soldiers.

The long interx'als between the sailings of
vessels from Spain to America, or from
America to Spain, made it extremely
difficult for the king and the Council of the
Indies to have correct information concern"
ing the affairs of the Spanish dependencies.
If the colonists wished an unworthy official
removed or legislation reformed, it was
necessary to send an agent to Madrid to en-
lighten the king and to persuade him to
order the desired change. The difEculdcs
of securing reforms by this method
very great; the long waiting for the depar-
ture of a ship, the weary weeks of the voy-
age from Chile around Cape Horn or over
the Andes, across the Argentine plains, and
by ship from Buenos Aires, or by way of
Peru and the Isthmus, the interminable de-
lays in obtaining an audience with the king
or the Council of the Indies, the years some
times spent by the authorities in reaching
a decision regarding the proposition, and
then the similar waiting and delays
securing the transmission of the decreo

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

247

America, in case the question was found to
be of sufficient importance to warrant
action by the supreme government.
Priests were often found available for mis-
sions of this kind, for various reasons: they
were presumed to be educated persons com-
petent to present a case before the high
authorities; they were supposed to have the
confidence of the king; aod it was assumed,
in keeping with the rules of their profession,
that they were not encumbered with fami-
Ues, and thus freer from bonds holding
them to any given place than most secular
persons. In the early part of the seven-
teenth century the Chileans departed from
this practice, and selected a soldier, Alonso
Gonzalez de Najera, to represent them be-
fore the king,

Gonzalez de Ndjera arrived in Chile in
1601, and passed almost immediately into
service on the frontier, to a fort constructed
on the Bio-Bio. He remained five years in
this service, and during this period acquired
extensive information concerning the most
vital aSairs of the province. In Madrid he
rendered to the authorities an account of

to Spain

AND MONOGRAPHS

0 I SPANiai COLONIAL LfTER-iTLTlK

hb ofawmtions and expenence, and ii

laaatKr stt fortfa tbe conditions o( sodetf

K4|«n's and tbe govcnunait in Chile. From Spain

^'i^^"' he w«a sent to It«ly where he completed hi»

tfrfmro w«lc caOed £7 destngaic y rtpcra de i

^ '" gmtrra id reino it Chile. Regarding this

ff^ ifg work he affirms that he has not written a

CkiU history as a consecutive narrative, but

reasoned opinions and discourses on tl

points most essential for the support of tl

conquest in the Jdngdom of Chile.'

The title given by N'ajera to his writing
indicates his opinion that the directors (4
' Chilean affairs had been deceived, and thai
he would undertake to show them t
error. He presents a review of the state
the war, and proposes the means that a
, pear to him most suitable for terminating it.
In inquiring into these means he finds it
especially important that the decree pro-
viding for the ensla\ement of the ,
1 ians should be maintained in force. N
' jera's work was finally published in Madri
! in i866, in the Volume XLVIII of UieCaft

HISPANIC NOTES

lOOglC

IN SOUTH AMERICA

249

don de documentos itUdilos para la historia
de Espana*

II
Among the soldiers of the early part of
Ithe seventeenth century who became
I writers, Francisco Nunez de Pineda y Bas-
cufi&n, d native of Chile, acquired a position
of distinction. He was bom in 1607. His
father was a soldier, who for more than
: forty years was engaged in military cam-
' paigns on the frontier. Francisco's school
1 years prior to the age of sixteen were passed
' in the house of the Jesuits at Arauco.
During these years he received instruction
1 in Latin and such elements of philosophy as
I were then given in the schools. At the age
of sixteen he left the school and was given a
place in a company of Spanish infantry.
In a battle with the Indians he was severely
wounded and captured. During the seven
months of his captivity his amiability and
his friendly intercourse with the Indians
immediately in charge of him saved him
from the machinations of those who wished

(I) Medimi, tiWfl/«« «lo«iaJ dt Chili, ii, 3.8-11.

Pineda y

Bas-

cuQin

AND MONOGRAPHS

b„„j..Guu|

Cauli-

ftiit

SPANISH COLONIAL LITER.\TURE

to take his life. He returned to the troops
and was later promoted to the rank of
maestre de campo. After his long mihtaiy
service he found himseU in extreme poverty
in the last years of his life. Finally he re-
ceived (rom the viceroy an appointment ai
corregidor in Peru, where he died in
before he had derived any advantage fioia
the ofifice that had been conferred upon him.
The anxieties of his old age in poverty
appear to have been relieved by his recollec-
tion of the kindness he had received at the
hands of his captors, and in this p>eriod hfl
wrote of the adventures of his youth, and
of his reflexions on the Spanish military
system as apphed in Chile. These were the
general topics of his book called Cauliveru
feliz y rason de las guerras dilaladas de Chile.
This book was " one of the works most ex-
tensively read in Chile and even in Peru
during the colonial period."' It contains a

irk ai diauH. coouBoapIae*,

akH oa an aiicrf iimple aaimat
elails of doqiatic life or daci

Jql hiilory of

rotmln localitiQ; nod iu

Impoitanl place iu the

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERIC\

251

record of the honourable service of a valiaat
and faithful soldier, and was rendered espe-
cially attractive by the story of the author's
captivity. But, in keeping with the spirit
of his time, he departed from the plan of a
simple narrative and undertook to impart
moral and rehgious instruction and to make
a display of erudition. This defect is recog-
nized by Medina, who affirms that if the
author had limited himself simply to relat-
ing in liis admirably simple and true style
the story of his adventures among the In-
dians of Arauco, his work would have merit-
ed a place in the literature of any of the
most cultivated nations of any time.* Still
he has been able to give a dramatic interest
to his narrative by keeping alive in the
reader's mind the inquiry whether Maulican
who promised to secure his escape, or the
caciques who proposed to kill him, will be
successful. One of the objects of the au-
thor in writing this book was to set forth
the manner in which the war was conducted
in Chile and the fate of those who became

oolnoiai literatnre." Inlroduclion toCaWiKTio/dKinCel*
cida ii hiiMiadva dc Cliilc, i]..

(fl Hcdiru. LiUralvn colonml lU Cilc. ii, m-

flin's
book

AND MONOGRAPHS

. ^

SPAMSn COLONIAL LITERATURE

vicrims of the injustice committed ii
WBT, and at the same time to show the
that made tbe Araucaniar

In this part of the work he
made use of his own eicperience, revealing
by his narrative the repeated abuses and
instances of neglect that contributed M
keep the Indians on a war footing. ThiS
feature of thenarrative throws an especially
important side light on the Spanish admia^
istration of Chilean afiairs.

Throughout the Cautiverio felis thereare
various passages in veree, some of which ai
translations from the poetical books of tl:
Bible,or from Virgil, Horace, Ovid, or othi
poets, or are original verses written by Ba
cundn. Eyzaguirre calls attention to tt
fact that while in .some of these orifind
verses there are " elevated ideas and a si
blime conception," in "almost noneof tl
does the author sustain the elevation 0
thought totheend,"and cites as an ins tanc*
the sonnet to the Virgin on his release fronl
captivity. "At the first glance/'hewritt
"one recognizes the notable difference h
tween the last part, ordinary and commcd

HISPANIC NOTES

iCXIi^lC

IN SOUTH AMERICA

"53

place in its conceptions as well as disagree-
able in its rhythm and the rest of the com-
position which is certainly beautiful and
majestic."* The following is the sonnet in
question (Discurso V, cap. xiv):

^Quien hay, Seiiora, que valerse quiera
De vuestro santo nomhre, que nu alcance
Con lagrimas orando a] primer lance
Lo que imposible al tiempo pareciera ?

^Quienhayqueen vuestrasmanossepusiera,
Virgen sagrada, en peligroso trance,
Que en el mayor trabajo no descanse,
Y su esperanza fin dichoso adquiera ?

Bien manifiesto estd en mi larga suerte,
Pues que entre tantos barbaros contrastes
Quisisteis libertarme tie la muerte.

Gracias os doy ya fuera de debates,
Estimando el favor, y si se advierte,
Jamas imaginado entre re scales.
LAUS DEO.
(si Hi^u. d. a,iu. ,, ,.,>.

Illustra-
tive

AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONUL LITERATURE

Torres I When Caro de Torres undertook

on Soto- ^ Retacion de los servicios de Don Almu9

de SotomayoT, he had the advantage of a fuB
knowledge of his subject. He had long
stood in intimate friendly relations w'
governor, and their similarity of inclinv
tions and tastes had established I
them bonds of respect and sympathy]
Torres was born in Seville about the middle
of the sixteenth century. His early studies
made in his native city, whence b
passed to the University of SalainanCB>
From the university, which he left pre-
maturely owing to a quarrel with other
students, he entered the army, served in
Italy under the Marques de Santa Cruz,and
in 1583 under the same ieader played &
gallant part in the campaign of the
Azores. Two years later he was in Sevilley
where Viceroy Torres was preparing to
depart to assume the duties of his office in
Peru. Caro de Torres' adventurous s
induced him to join the expedition,
arrived at Lima on the 30th of November.

HISPANIC NOTES

lOOt^lC

IN SOUTH AMERICA

^55

1586. During the period of his military

ledge of Spain's colonial enterprise in the
Indies. The next year Thomas Cavendish
iq)peared in the Pacific, and Caro de
Torres was a member of the expedition that
was sent against him. A few months later
commissioners from Aionso de Sotomayor,
the governor of Chile, arrived in Lima, re-
questing reinforcements for the defence of
the Chilean coast and for proposed cam-
paigns against the Araucanians. Respond-
ing to this request, the viceroy sent two
comparues of five hundred soldiers each,
under Luis de Carvajal and Fernando de
C6rdova. Caro de Torres, with the rank of
captain, was the second in command of one
of these companies, and during this cam-
paign began the long continued friendship
between him and the governor Sotomayor.
But shortly after this the soldier of many
adventures entered the order of St, Augus-
tine. The success of Sotomayor's military
enterprises secured his appointment to the
post of governor, captain-general, and pre-
sident of the royal audicncia of Panama,

Soldiers
from
Lima to
Chile

AND MONOGRAPHS

..Guuyk

a'-iNBH tTOLONXVL LXTEAATTSE

Times, ^ul das i

I fr"^T^I h(5 itw™i mtt. itw Any of

yriiraliMigaact ^jriii^

wiiiii iiiiiiiif ihi ibiiiii
Unng tn SaauuKyoc^s pofekal caiwkz, Gu^
lie Tones «»»(& bis Btliirwm ie Us stnuift
it Dmn Mama Jt Sttmmr^.

TIb i|iiifti of the «ock Is irJrty i

e oj the sobfect, in tfai
dMt it Hmiscs in its miative a bi^ i

thnc ptuacs af Sotuna^roc's life; fais a
beittte be became govonor, his adminH
don in Chile, and hb acDxHty as govcE
geoeral at Panama, togetfaei with his le
1 in ^uin, but aU with a miaimni

IN SOUTH AMERICA

"57

literary skill and method. About half o£
the bulk of the book consists of documents
introduced into the text. These docu-
menu, while they interrupt the narrative,
give a, certain importance to the work. In
1639, nine years after the appearance of the
Relacion, Caro de Torres published in Ma-
drid an imposing folio on the Hisloria de las
ordenes militares de Santiago, Calalrava y
AlcdtUofa, dtsde su (widaciun hasia el reydon
Felipe segundo, administrador perpituo de
eUas. In spite of the fact that this book
would not seem to appeal to many persons,
it met a noteworthy approval in its day,
and added to the reputation of its author.'

IV
In Chile the Araucanian Indians continu-
ed yet many decades to menace the security
of Spanish settlers, and the campaigns
against them continued to furnish a theme
for writers. A product of this state of
aSairs was Melchor Xufre del Aguila's Cotn-

(7) Carode Tons' RiSaiiin di las trrvicioi di Don AUmn
CIhU, v. 11 occupia ibout eighty large oclavo pags ot

that VOllDM.

Torres

tary
orders

AND MONOGRAPHS

...CuuylL

SP-VS'ISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Aguila's I pendio kiitorial del descubrimienlo,
Compen- , ^,-j^ y gj^f^ del reino df Chile. Aguila
ipanied at his own expense the expe-
dition lo Peru led by Garcia Htjrtado de
Mendoza, after that officer had been ap-
pointed to the post of viceroy. On their
arrival in America the members of the e;
pedition were discouraged by the bad news
i-ed concerning the attitude assumed
by the Indians, Aguila joined the troops
that were sent to Chile. He entered upon
the campaign under an agreement with the
viceroy that he would pay his own expenses,
and that he might withdraw and return to
Peru whenever he desired. Later, how-
ever, he sought from the king a certain
remuneration for his services, preferably ire
the shapie of a governmental office or the
position of a corregidor. He had not only
rendered military services but, at his o
expense, had caused supplies to be inuth
duced into Concepci6n to avert unp<
famine.

At the lime of his withdrawal from tl
campaign against the rebdlious IndiatiE hi
had b«*n wounded ie\-eral times, and had

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

259

had one of his legs broken. In his retire-
ment he began to write of the events in
which he had had part and those that had
happened under his observation.

In i6ia he was elected an alcalde in the
municipal council of Santiago, and later,
enjoying the confidenceof Governor Ribera,
he was entrusted with various public com-
missions. In March of the same year, i6r2
a new policy respecting the Indians was
proclaimed. It provided that the govern-
ment should adopt a plan of defence, in-

Araucanian territory, and the river Biobio
should be the boundary line between the
territory of the Spaniards and that of the
Indians. The Spaniards were to maintain
their forces armed and equipped, but they
were to be used only for defensive opera-
tions. Aguila, now an encomendero at
Santiago, was the most vigorous opponent
of this policy; and the Jesuit Valdivia^ the
most prominent advocate of it, complained
of Aguila's opposition in his memorial to
the king.

In the years subsequent to his military

Chilean
defensivt
policy

AND MONOGRAPHS

36o SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

activity there is little known of the events
of Aguila's life, but, after forty years ti
Qiile, he published in 1630 at Lima hit'
Cotnpendio hislorial del descubrimiento,
quiita y guerra del reina de Chile.

Alonso de Ovalle became more widd;
known ihan most o( the early colonial hi»
torians, partly from the fact that his Hm^^
lorica relacion del reino de Chile was oneol
the first Chilean books of whicli 1
tions were published in Europe. The att-
thor was a son of Francisco Rodriguez d
Manzano de Ovalle, who was the holder q{
an entailed estate in Salamanca, and »
went to Chile in command of certain troopj
that had been equipped at Lisbon, On tbi
expedition he was accompanied by 1
cousin, Diego Valdez de la Vanda, who h
been appointed governor of Buenos Airdf
In Santiago Rodriguez del Manzano <
Ovalle married Maria Pastene, a daughta
of Juan Bautista Pastene, recognized f
his services under Valdivia. Two sons (I
this marriage, Alonso and Jer6nimo, 1

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

in the beginningof the seventeenth century,
received instruction in the Jesuits' school.
By reason of their wealth as compared with
the majority of Santiago's primitive society
they were conspicuous figures in the town.
They were noteworthy for their fine horses
with rich trappings, their ostentatious dress
and the richness of their jewelry. The
gentleness and docility of Alonso, his in-
dinatton to religious rejection and his
wealth naturally suggested to his Jesuit
instructors the desirability of attracting
him to enter the order. Their zeal in this
matter was stimulated by the knowledge
that Alonso's father was making arrange-
ments to send him to Spain to take posses-
sion of the estate in Salamanca. The ne-
cessary steps for his initiation were hastily
taken, and without the knowledge of his
parents he took the vows and assumed the
obligations of the Jesuits.

When the father learned of the son's act,
he used every means to induce Alonso to
withdraw from the order, and to persuade
the provincial, Pedro de Oiiate, to surrender
him, but all without any result that was

Ovalle
becomes
a Jesuit

AND MONOGRAPHS

..GuuglJ

a6i

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Oyalle as

satisfactory to the family. The Jesuit
authorities, moreover, in order to avoid any
attempt that might be made to rescue the
novicBj determined to send him to C6rdoba,
in the province of Tucumin. This project
came to the knowledge of Alonso's Tela*
tives, who proposed to kidnap him on the
journey over the Andes. But the Jesuit*
and their charges completely eluded the
armed men sent to the mountain pass to
intercept them, At Cordoba Alonso con-
tinued his studies, and at the end of his
novitiate he was ordered to return to San-
tiago. Soon after his arrival in Chile he
was ordained priest, and entered witb
zeal upon the work of his ministry. He
undertook the moral and religious instruc-
tion of the negroes, and on Sundays prcacli*
ed in the public square of the town. Hi
abo went as a missionary to the Indians in
various parts of Chile, and had unrealized
projects of more extensive work, when th4
authorities of his order directed him to tah
up the duties of a professor of philosophy
A little later he was appointed rector ^
the Seminario at Santiago. i

HISPANIC NOTES

^^«-- Jr...<

IN SOUTH AMERICA

263

His reputation for learning and religious
devotion increased, and when a few years
later it became necessary to treat with the
general of the Society concerning questions
relating to the \-ice-province of Chile, the
members of the order in Chile resolved
unanimously to send Alonso de Ovalle to
Rome. He undertook the journey by way
of Lima and Panama. At Lima he found
that his reputation as a preacher and an
orator had preceded him, and the people
pressed with gratification to hear him. His
presence later in Rome awakened a desire,
even in the higher classes, to see him and
to listen to his preacliing. Towards the
propositions of the Chilean Jesuits the
general assumed a favourable attitude, and
the business of the mission was accom-
plished without opposition. From Italy
Ovalle went to Madrid, where he was re-
ceived by the monarch. While in Spain
he published two minor productions. One
of these was called Relacion de las paces,
which was later embodied in his history of
Chile. Another was Memorial y carta, de-
signed to attract priests to the missionary

Ovalle
in Rome

Relacidn

dBias

pacn

AND MONOGRAPHS

j,,GuuglL'

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

field of Chile. A serious difficulty encoun-
tered in this enterprise was the profound
ignorance that prevailed in all classes in
Spain concerning Chile. At this time,
lighty or ninety years after the settlement
of the colony, Chile occupied an insignifi-
cant place in Spanish affairs; there were
great patches of the population where even
name of Chile was unknown. It may,
perhaps, be assumed that the Hislorica re-
lacion was written to abate this ignorance.
The manuscript was submitted for publica-
tion on the occasion of Ovalle's second visit
to Rome.

The author writes as if addressing readi
who were entirely ignorant of his subjectj
He treats extensively of the natural feal
ures of the country, the soil, the rivers, th
lakes, and the mountains. He preseni
statistics of agricultural products, of th
output of the mines, of the plants, fishes,
and birds.

A striking characteristic of the Hislorii
relacion is the indication it furnishes of tl
author's superstition, his credulity
ceming the reported miracles wrought

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

the image of the Virgin, and by divine in-
terference and predestination J where later
generations have seen merely a physical or
worldly cause. The extreme to which he
is led in this direction, and the large num-
ber of miracles he discovers in the course of
events detract greatly from the historical
character of his work. This quality per-
suaded the English translator to conclude
his translation with the death of Caupoli-
cin; "for in the course of the narrative so
many superstitious notions are inculcated,
so many improbable miracles are set forth
as the basis of great undertakingSj and the
entire work is so thoroughly permeated by
a monkish spirit, that it would rather con-
demn than recommend a project for its
publication."*

In spite of these defects the translator
finds the work ' so admirably performed,
that it mav be a model for most relation's of
that kind '. The author's plan of his work
is set forth in his preface, where he an-
nounces the principal topics ot the several
books; " the first and second books will

AND MONOGRAPHS

Contents
of the
Histdrica

..GuugIC'

!« SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

show the natural state of the kingdom of
Chile, both as to its climate and products;
the third will describe the qualities of its
first inhabitants; the fourth and fifth will
describe the first entrance of the Spani
I into it, and the conquest of it by them; the
(sixth will contain the various events of the
j war] the seventh will show the first loeans
of peace attempted by Father Lewis de
Valdivia; the last, the first means of plant-
ing the Christian faith and Its propagation
among the Indians."

But Ovalle's experience in the mountains
that look down upon the agreeable valley of
Central Chile called him back from his
visions of a fictitious spiritual world, and
inspired him to present views of nature in
its most imposing forms. Passing along
narrow trails, on the edge of horrible pre-
cipices, descending into the shadows of deep
wooded canyons, in the presence of roaring
mountain torrents throwing clouds of mi*
into the clear air, his mysticism was for
moment clarified Into a soberer conceptioil
of the universal Creator. But ordinarily
he was so profoundly impressed by tlw

HISPANIC NOTES

•enrwfi'

IN SOUTH AMERICA

267

wonderful and incomprehensible in nature
and the course of events that he found it
apparently impossible to carry on his nar-
rative without interrupting it here and there
to tell the story of some miraculous mani-
festation. Montalvo affirms that " he did
not know how to treat of the earth without
introducing into his narrative the events of
heaven."'

The excellence of Ovalle's style doubtless
suggested the fitness of his work for trans-
lation; it also persuaded the Royal Spanish
Academy to place it in the list of works
quoted for illustration in the Academy's
Diccitmario de la lengua castellana.

In 1646 Ovalle was in Rome, attending
the sixth general congregation of the
Jesuits, in his capacity as procurador of the
vice-province of Chile. This year he pub-
lished his Hislorica relacion, which the same
year appeared in an Italian translation.
The English translation was first printed in

From Rome Ovalle returned to Spain,
where he assembled the siittera priests who

OvalU'f
laatyean

ANP MONOGRAPHS

^^^^w

Ruin of

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

were to accompany him to America. Four
years after the publication of his llistoriea
relaeion, in 1650, he embarked for Chile by
way of Panama. At Paita, not meeting
there the ship he expected to take him
Callao, he set out overland for Lima, over
an almost trackless region and across the
sandy wastes of the desert-like coast lands,
with little preparation for meeting his need
of food and water. He arrived in Lima
suSering under a violent fever, from whicli
he died a few days later,

Ovalle's fantastic interpretations of tha
Scriptures, as witnessed, among many in-
stances, by his notion that the gold rf
Ophir was brought from Peru and Chile by
Solomon's fleet, did not prevent him from
writing clearly and rationally about the
events of Chilean history. In the follow-
ing paragraph he describes the destnictioa
of Concepcion by Lautaro and his Aral
canians:

" Misfortunes seldom come alone; and soil
happened to this afflicted city, wfiich,
stead of receiving comfort from the .
proaching day, no sooner did it appear,

HISPANIC NOTES

IN" SOUTH AMERICA

269

when the noise of drums and trumpets gave
a warm alarm of the enemy being at hand.
Here the confusion inereased: for now the

for every one's own safety, the danger
threatening them so immediately. There
was nothing but disorder, no counsel nor
resolution being to be found in the wisest.
They could not defend themselves, because
they were overpowered in numbers by the
enemy; and the retreat, though necessary,
was difficult, because of the approach of the
Indians. In this hard conflict at last the
resolution that prevailed was to abandon
the city without pretending to save any
thing but their lives. They leave the city
then, and all the gold they had got together
in such quantities; they go out in long files,
the mothers helping their little children
along; the way that they undertook was to
the city of St. lago, a long one, in which
many ri\'eri were to be crossed, and hard
passes to be gone tlirough: this labour was
accompanied with the perpetual fright of
the'enemy's pursuing them. Who can re-
late the hardships of hunger and other

Con-
cepci6n
aban-
doned

AND MONOGRAPHS

Guuylu

J70 SPANISH COLONL\L LITERATURE

uifiaiugs dvDogh so long a tract of moua-
ains, desnO, and uninhabited countries ?
How tbe WDOKQ, the children, the old men
Donld bear tbe faitigue, we must leave to
imagination to represent the true idea of
these niisfortunes! Let us, therefore, re-
to the Indians. The Spaniards had
hardly made an end of abandoning the city
when the Indians entered it; and not being
aWe to execute their rage upon the inhabi-
tants, they did it upon the houses, to which
they set fire, and consumed them to the
very foundation, kUling even the very
animals which the Spaniards left behind
them. Thus was lost the city most abound'
ing in gold and situated in the most papur
lous part of the Indian country; for it is said
there were not less than a hundred thousand
Indians with their families, who wen
employed in gathering gold for the Spani-
ards, whom they enriciied to that degree
that Pedro de Valdivia, if he had lived,
would have had fifty thousand crowns a
gold a year, and others twenty and thirty
thousand." '"

lalioD Id Cburchill. Vayagis and Tnniti. in,

HISPANIC NOTES

-c<hI

IN SOUTH AMERICA

VI
About the middle of the seventeenth cen-
tury a friar of the Augustinian order, Miguel
de Aguirre, became conspicuous at Lima
not only as the author of the Poblacion de
Valdivia, but also as a devotee of the Virgin
of Copacabana. He was bom at Chuquis-
aca, and took his religious vows very early.
In 1 64 1 he appeared at Lima, and entered
the monastery of his order in that city, and
became there professor of arts and theology.
The distinction achieved by his lectures
caused him to be appointed to a professor-
ship in the University of San Marcos. He
became also censor of the Inquisition.
Pedro de Toledo y LeJva, Marques de
Mancera (1639-1648) was then the viceroy
of Peru. In order to provide defence
against the threatened invasion of the
Dutch, he imposed various taxes and called
upon certain institutions to make contribu-
tions. Aguirre was present at a meeting of
the University of San Marcos on October
10, 1641, called to reply to the viceroy's
letter. Mancera's plans comprehended the

I AND

AND MONOGRAPHS

P.,bla-
Valdivia

b,r„J..GUI,l

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

building of a wall about Lima, and equip-
ping a number o£ warships to be sent to the
coast of Chile. The defence appeared
especially necessary in view of the fact that
the Dutch had taken possession of Vaidivia
and intended to establish themselves within
the limits of Chilean territory. The vice-
roy fitted out a squadron of twelve vessels,
carrying eighteen hundred men and one
hundred and eighty-eight guns. These
^^ UUI.-.U vessels set sail on December 31, 1644, and

^^L arrived at their destination on the 6th of

^^M February, 1645, but before their arrival the

^^M enemy had departed. The minute knowr

^^M ledge of the enterprise displayed by Agui

^^M in his Poblacion de Valdivia (Lima, 164.7),

^^1 has suggested that, with other ecclesiastics,'

^^1 he was a member of the expeditii

^^1 his known advisory relation to the vicen

^^1 has given a certain support to the opinii

^H that he occupied an ofhcial position,

^^H For three years longer, until the end 1

^^1 Mancera's term in 1648, Aguirre contiDUf

^^^ to perform his professorial duties at d

^^P university, and when he resigned in

^^1 year, it was probably in anticipation of

HISPANIC -NOTES

fact
;roy

IN SOUTH AMERICA

273

accompanying the viceroy to Spain; for in
1650 Mancera left Lima for Madrid, Uking
Aguirre with him as his confessor, Aguirre
for his religious consolation and in order to
be fortified against possible ill fortune on
the voyage, took with him an image of
Nuestra Senora de Copacabana. He pro-
posed, moreover, to establish in Europe the
cult of Our Lady of Copacabana, in which
the Indians about Lake Titicaca had ap-
peared to find a large measure of religious
satisfaction,^^

Soon after Aguirre arrived in Madrid
Monsenor Gaetano, the apostolical nuncio
in Spain, appointed him his confessor, and
the Supreme Tribunal of the Inquisition
nominated him to be one of its members.
From Madrid Aguirre went to Rome in 1655
as general procurador of the province of
Peru, and in spite of all of his other cares
and occupations he kept in mind his pur-
pose to propagate devotion to the Virgin of
Copacabana, and the '■American Virgin"
was set up with an elaborate ceremony in

(r.)F<aBi«M.l<..yDf.hccqUotNo«trsS<^ilDradtCopa-

The
Virgin of

Aguirre
in Spain
and Italy

AND MONOGRAPHS

..GuuglJ

m "^

374

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Purpose

Pobta-

cidndt

ValdUia

the Augustinian hospicio of San Ildefotisof
one part of this ceremony was an inaugural
mass. Before he left Rome the image of
the "American Virgin" and her cult had
been established at several places in the

year and died in Madrid in 1664.

Although an advocate of devotion to the
Virgin of Copacabana, he was in reality
more than this, he was a writer to whom hij
contemporaries attributed great erudidon
It is said, however, that his extensive read-
ing in the classics and the Latin ecclesiasti-
cal writings had caused him to dislike the
Spanish language, and even limited Ml
power to use it in its most approved fonni
His work called Poblacion de Vaidivia wa^
far removed from subjects that engross*
his attention during the greater part of U
active years. It sets forth the dangers t
which the sou them coast of Chile was a
posed from foreign invasion; narrates tl
history of the various Dutch and Engtii
expeditions during the preceding centus
gives an account of the preparations for d
fence made by the different governors; u

HISPANIC NOTES

1^ 1

1 : ^.-.OOglC

IN SOUTH AMERICA

tells the story of the town of Valdivia, its
conflicts with the Indians, and the negotia-
tions had with them. But the method of
treatment and the entire lack of literary
skill displayed in the composition have
rendered an attractive subject devoid of all
interest.

VII
Another friar who wrote on Chile and
Chilean affairs in the middle of the seven-
teenth century was Francisco Ponce de
Leon. His descent from the noble houses
of Arcos and Medina Sidonia gave him
special consideration, and in the official
service of his order (the Order of Mercy), he
had an opportunity to visit various parts of
South America. The most noteworthy of
his expeditions was his missionary journey
into the valley of the Maraiion, where with-
out stipend of any sort he spent three years
preaching to various tribes of Indians. He
performed important official functions as a
member of his order and as a commissary
of the Inquisition. Later by the favour of
the viceroy, Diego Fernandez de Cordoba,

AND MONOGRAPHS

..j..vGu'

r^; 5i>_s":f= oajOXUL literati

■WMi apzi-,'^tC ^330X1 rtiapUin of tllC

art- t^z ziiTzL ianxs. and semd fa
y^a^ z^ -j-ls capaaiy in Ctulc His p
' l/cu 'd-xzixrprMaaioa vas Destnpei
tfite St OaU. de lus pnerias, caktas,'
at I'aJdhis. mHch was published in M
:rii^. UfCTOte also CoMquiitasy I
citmes etl MiuaKOH, but he was not al
secure its publication.

ATiother descriptive worlc on QuU
called Mapa de Chile, and was attiibal
a Franciscan friar named Grt^rio de '.
It is said to have been printed, but no
fication of this statement is at hand
the same class as the forgoing ar
anonymous Descripcionycosasnotabi
reino de Chile and Miguel dc Olava
Informe sobre el reino de Chile, sus m

s guerras.^^ This last mentioned ]
covers three topics, presenting a de
tion of the cities, the characteristic!
condition of the Indians, and finally a
account of the history of Chile an
governors. Two other historical

HISPANIC NOTES

Dcinzedoy Google

IN SOUTH AMERICA

277

ments belonging to this period may be
noted, a Relacion, written circa 1607 and
stili in MS., by Tomds de Olaverria, and
DiscuTsos sobre la centirtela del reino de
Chile, by Andrfis Mendez; the latter was
published in Lima in 1641.

The policy of the European inhabitants
of Chile respecting the Indians, before the
end of the sixteenth century, was simply to
subdue them. With the beginning of
the seventeenth centu(-y it became neces-
sary to review this policy. The Indians
had not been conquered; in fact, many of
the towns and military p6sts established by
the Spaniards had been swept away; the
settlers had either (led or been destroyed;
and whatever property they had accumu-
lated had been lost. Two main questions

persist b the war for conquest? and what
should be the treatment of the Indians cap-
tured or under Spanish domination? The
encomenderos were in favour of holding
them as slaves, but another party advocat-
ed a more humane policy and the adoption
of an attitude of military defence. Opin-

Olavar-
ria and
Mendez

Indian
policy

AND MONOGRAPHS

178

SP.\XISH COLONIAL L1TER.\TURE

Defence
or Con-
quest

Pro-
gramme

ions and discussions on these quesdons de-
lennined the political atmosphere of Chik
in the first half of the seventeenth century,
There were formed certain definite propo-
sitions: that the Indians should be released
from personal servitude, or slavery, but
that the existing relation should be main-
tained for two years, a period to be used in
collecting voluntary labourers; that durinjf
this period all work in the mines should be
suspended, and there should be paid to the
IndiaJis elsewhere engaged a daily wa^
fixed beforehand, for their labour; that S
new rule respecting tribute should be pubi
lished; that the Indian prisoners held sd
slaves should be liberated, but that th«
three hundred held in Lima should remain
there until the end of the war; and that ne-
gotiations should be undertaken with tbi
view of introducing negroes to replace th»
Indians.^'

Although tliese recommendations re-
ceived the enthusiastic approval of th»
viceroy, it was found to be impossible to
carry them out in Chile. Many of the

HISPANIC NOTES

^^^

^^^^^^L

(..(Xli^lC

IN SOUTH AMERICA

Indians, if left free, were averse to labour of
any kind under any conditions; the encom-
enderos resisted every attempt to liberate
them; still the audiencia of Chile, when it
was established in 1609, was instructed to
abolish the personal service of the Indians.
This order, however, brought a reaction
against the movement for emancipation,
and this reaction found a vigorous sup-
porter in Francisco Lazo de la Vega, when
he became governor of Chile in 1629. He
was an old soldier, who saw a remedy for
the vmfortunate condition of afiairs only in
the exercise of a sufficient amount of force
to bring the Indians into subjection, and
consequently repudiated the plan of a de-
fensive war."

<i4)H»iycif IhemiDoiChlluawilIsiiof thcHventHntli
and th« aarly part nf Ibe cighlHiitli centuiy dsult vilh thii
AQHtion: Pedro Cortds, InhnwiUin it Ja gutrra dt Chile ;
Jorw de Ejufs y Lumbe. UUimo rframgailo ds la smwa is
cult ; [temiiiKO de Eroso, Riladin y adtitlaiciai, and ialvr
aMiMorul In support of active hu on the Indwu: Fr. Ped-
ro de Son, Memoriatdflptlierotoetlado ajiiriliialy timpo-
raldtlinKOdrChiU: Fr-Aifustlii Can-Ula.AdoDiAi lU lai pJoa
Qfrtcidmt por los indioi rA^da Ad reino de ChiU; Juan Jasi
ds SanU y aivn. El mmyar rigaeija m Ckiit part m
■MtbrAJB y ttpuHiiia postedons dt il; JcrAnuoo Pi«Ia?,
Jmfirmi al rty lohv Iii Hvria woi di imUia «< pwAlan
■llvnfana mhcoiu; Monln de Recabamn, Infonw aS rey

ue; iaAQi\tga, IHHadn paraauxiliar yfommUra los
Jt In »iH« da Peri y CMili.

AND MONOGRAPHS

.d..vGuii

i8o SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Proposed

The practical discussion of the rdadon of
the Spaniards to the Indians awakened a
interest in the Indian languages, and pro-
moted a study of their grammar. The
principal investigators in this field were the
Jesuit priests. Among these, Luis de Val-
diiia was the most prominent in the afiairs
of Chile. He was a member of the commis-
sion that framed the regulations providing
for the abolition of personal service. He
had, moreover, advocated the reduction ol
military operations to a war of defence, in
which troops should be ma ntained, armed
and equipped, in such force as might be
necessary; and the Jesuits were charged to
carry instruction in Christian doctrine t
the Indians. The Jesuit, Luis de Vaidivia,
as visitador- general of the province of Chil^
was commissioned to act with the gi
in an effort to carry out the new policy,

Luis de Valdivia arrived in Chile ii
with Gabriel de Vega, Fernando Aguilera,
Baltasar de Pinas and others, who consti-
tuted the first group of Jesuits to visit tJ
province. In 1623 he returned to Spaiiu
During the period of his retirement I

HISPANIC NOTES

-^%rTcl

IN SOUTH AMERICA

281

wrote,inaddition to other things, a^i'jtom
de la provincia caslellana de la Sociedad de
Jesus, and Varones ilvsires de la Sociedad;
later, a. grammar and a dictionary of the
lengua AUentiac, and composed a treatise
in that language on Christian doctrine.^*

VIII
The Marques de Baides (1639-1646)
sought to establish peaceful relations with
the Indians by friendly conferences and
treaties. In these conferences (parlamen-
los) Padre Diego de Resales rendered the
governor noteworthy assistance. This
priest of the Society of Jesus won marked
distinction not merely for his untiring mis-
sionary labours among the Indians of the
frontier, but also for the excellence of his
HisCoria general del reim de Chile. Con-
sidering the absorbing character of his

in contributing to the execution of the gov-

ia iSoG; a MHiDd nilCiQD appeared in EeviUi! in Hit. For

Diego de
Kosales

HUloria
de Chile

AND MONOGRAPHS

»Guii

aSi SP.\XISH COLONIAL LITER.\TURE

Indian policy, one has ground for
surprise that the author found time for the
production of a work that indicates a
tensive use of documents, particularly in
the first of its two volumes. This volume
treats of the d\-il or secular events, and is
divided into ten books, of which the first is
devoted to the primitive inhabitafits of
Chile and to the early period of Spanish
settlement. The second book presents ik
greater detail the history of the different
expeditions to the coast of Chile made by
Spanish seamen and by foreign adven-
turers, giving an account also of the natural
products of the territory whether of value
in industry or serviceable in medicine^
The attention given to the geography of the
country was apparently encouraged by the
decree issued in Madrid on December 30,
1633, requiring the governors to make mi
of the several provinces, showing tl;
temples, fruits, mines, herds and fortifies'
tions, and indicating clearly and briefly
Indians and Spaniards in each. From
third to the tenth book inclusive Rosalea
presents an account of the political even!

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

.83

of Chile down to the administration of Gov-
ernor Antonio de Acuna y Cabrera (1648-
1656), In treating of events prior to his
own tinae, he says, "' he escrito muchas
cosas por noticias de papeles y relaciones "
but "en adelante escribire lo que he vistoy
tocado con las majios." " Near the end of
this part the manuscript shows lack of a
careful final revision and closes as abruptly
as if pages had been torn ofT.

The second volume is entitled Conquista
espiritual de Chile. Its subject is not the
general history of Chile, not even a general
account of the spread of Christian doctrine,
but a collection of biographical sketches of
the Jesuits who had flourished in Chile prior
to the date of the author's writing, "a
theme in itself much less interesting, and in-
finitely poorer in execution than the general
history of the kingdom," and it is rendered
obscure '■' by the interminable narration of
extraordinary and unheard-of marvels at-
tributed by the Jesuit padre to his associ-
ates in the mission or in the cloister, and
clothed in language without distinction,

(lE) Quottd by Medina, Lit. cat. ic Chile. II, :3i.

Conqui-
ila espi-
ritual
de Chile

AND MONOGRAPHS

,j..Gui,i

284 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

often low, almost always trivial." " And
this volume, like the first, is incomplete;
but, in spite of its general views respecting
Chilean affairs, it illustrates to a certain
tent the native manners and customs by its
account of the circumstances of the mission-
aries on their peregrinations among the
Indians.

The events o£ Resales' life were not great-
ly unlike the events in the lives of other per-
sons subject to the regime of the Jesuits in
America. He was bom in the beginning of
the seventeenth century, entered the So-
ciety in i6jo, was sent to Peru, and subse-
quently to Chile. He became rector of the
college at Concepcion; as procurador of the
■province of Chile he was sent to Rome
and Madrid, .\fter his return to Chile bs
was chained with the affairs of the vita*
province from 1662 to 1665. He became
vice-provincial in 1670,**

HISPANIC NOTES

■-^wsp

IN SOUTH AMERICA

285

IX
There is only a limited known record of
facts concerning the life of Santiago de Tes-
illo. In 1624 he appeared in Peru as a sol-
dier, a member of the garrison of Callao,
and it devolved upon the company to which
he belonged to repel the Dutch, who that
year proposed to lard on the coast. Four
years later he was promoted to be a sergeant
and sent to Chile. After his arrival in
Chile he attained the rank of captain, and
for somewhat more than two years he was
associated with his chief in the capacity of
secretary. Later Governor Francisco de
Meneses entrusted him with the confidential
task of writing his defence in reply to
charges against him that had been present-
ed to the government at Lima. This ap-
peared under the title Restouracion del
estado de Arauco,y otros progresos militares
conseguidos par las armas de S. M. (Lima,
1665}, But the friendly relation between
the governor and Tesillo was ultimately
changed to one of hostility, and Tesillo
was banished to a frontier fort. In 1670 he

Santiago

TesiUo

Rtstau-

AND MONOGRAPHS

■

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

was living at Concepcion, and he is suppos-
ed to have died three or four years later at
the age of about seventy.

His principal work, Guerra de Chile,
causas de su duration, medios para sufin,
was completed in 1641, and published in
Madrid in 1647. 1^^ ^^^^ suggests that the
author proposed to treat his theme philo-
sophically, and thus initiate a departura
from the chronicle -like writings of liis
predecessors. Medina finds in the book
certain observations that reveal an elevated
spirit, a judicial character, judgments on
men and affairs, and views more or lesi
developed concerning military operations,
described from year to year from the
beginning of Lazo de la Vega's adminis-
tration to the arrival of his successor.^
In spite o£ its title, the characteristics
of a chronicle are thus seen to be distinctive
features of some part of the work, and,
like most of the chronicles of the colonies,
it fails to maintain a just perspective
of the subject, extensive accounts being
sometimes given of unimportant eventS)

IN SOUTH AMERICA

"87

while events of greater importance suffer
comparative neglect. Still Tesillo is not
merely a writer of chronicles; he set torth
the causes o£ movements, reasons for the
continuation of the war, the interests of the
two belligerents, their conflicts; their
methods of warfare, the marching of the
troops, the astuteness of the Indians, and
all this is done with striking impartiality.™

(.0) Ibtd. II, 119, In his Inlrodnclion loGMnra dt Ckilc

BiTTOa Araru wrilM that TmHIo ■' campmed a bdok of
picMntum tcinn, heavy and dlSoilt Is read: uevcrUieltB,

of Quit muct Ddt b»il>w to nulie ■ Ihoraugh study q(
Tesillo'a book. In il Uiey urtll find nal onjy ovenis n-

U«u of a man ol Inlellimnce and eipcrifnce," Bui, ai
Ttsillo enjoyed tbe fpedal proleclion of Govunor Uio

tbe DUTiiIlve iRBtt of the decade bum i6ig 10 ifijg.

AND MONOGRAPHS

..GuuglJ

■■P.V.VI5H iJQLONI.U. LTTEaAxrax

CHAPTER X

■.v3,rrEas of pesc a>t> sew

GRAS.iDA, 1600-1650.
I. '-Mill JiiiMi^'ia Aqnilar. LL FrioKisa
"';j',!«; utd r-n^.bia de Ortiguera. HI.
.'.nidi'iu it .Ilham. IV. Diego lU Tmra
'3tdo. '■ .buanta de la Calantha. VL. Ber-
luiir .'.«'». 'vZL. Alanso Mesia Venegas.'
'"-. 7'aw ii:nun. tX. Rodrigues Fredt
am •iimiii Ittrxin Jt Tuhusle. X. Ptdro
.'-r'lunai- in ?:uros, Oabea de I'ii^iona.
am y.'-iuniiu Ji in.'tsinus.

t ".Vr.rsr; :i J-m izii Kew Granada in the
dri: -'.iiJ :i -.'zt ia-v-ntsMith century had no
sHLiic t^*;r-:irs "uxi-;, such ai the Aiau-
^aniia war cr;"Mieii :or the Chileans,
r^eir a::eE;i':c wai .irtncted by the abuses
which the Ir.iiiani junered under hard mas-
ter), t'r.i: '.-^pv.riti'rn of the Amazon, thede-
velofjnittic 'A the religious orders, and the

! HISPANIC NOTES

DcinzedoyGoOgIC

IN SOUTH AMERICA

.a.

various phases of progress in the colonies.
Juan Bautista Aguilar was one of those who
appeared as defenders of the Indians.
Their need of defence grew partly out of the
fact that n Peru the Indians were less war-
like than the Araucanians of Chile; they had
been cowed by the rule of the Int-as, the
encomenderos, and the corregidores; and, in
many cases, e\'en the clergy and their con-
cubines, taking advantage of a gentle-
spirited people, imposed grievous burdens
upon them Aguilar was archdeacon of the
cathedral of Arequipa, and in 1615 publish-
ed, in folio, the Restauracicm y refaro del
Peru. In this work and in a report which
he sent to the king eight years later, he set
forth the unfortunate state of the Indians,
their needs, and the scandalous treatment
of them by the corregidores, who enriched
themselves by defrauding the Indians of
their property, and by employing them as
labourer . with little or no compensation.
This report was later sent from Spain to
Peru, and Aguilar caused it to be printed
together with communications from many
prelates commending itr But the Spanish

Aguilar
defender
of the
Indians

ReUaa-
racidny

del Pini

AND MONOGRAPHS

»Gu"

290 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

government in America, maintaining a cer-
tain esprit de corps, tolerated the notorious
extortions of the corregidores, and remain-
ed generally unmoved by appeals for a
humane treatment of the natives.

The most notorious events associated
with the discovery and exploration of tl
Amazon were those connected with the ex-
pedition of Ursija in 1560, embracing tl
conspiracy and revolt of Lope de Aguirre,
the projected creation of an independent
I under the nominal headship of Fer-
nando de Guzmdn, the tyrannical domina-
tion of the expedition by Aguirre after the
murder of Ursiia and other members of the
company, and the riotous pillaging of Vene-
zuelan towns A reliable narration of these
events is the ReJaaon verdadera de todo h que
sucedio en la Jornada de Omagua y Dorado^
written by El Bachiller Francisco V&sque^
who was a soldier of the expedition, but
who refused to take the oath of allegiance
to Fernando de Guzm&n, or alienate
self from the kingdom of Castile, o

HISPANIC NOTES

CiioulJ

IN SOUTH AMERICA

noiuiKe his loyalty to the king. Having
served in this company until his escape
from it at Margarita, Vasquez wrote with
personal knowledge of the events he de-
scribes. His title of bachiller and the form
of his narrative indicate that, although a
private soldier, he possessed a degree of cul-
tivation superior to that acquired by the
majority of his comrades His account was
still in manuscript when BoUaert translated
Sini6n's Sixta nolicia historial, which con-
tained the history of Ursua's expedition.
From it Simon derived the principal part of
his information on the subject in question,
and he did not hesitate to copy considerable
parts of it and present them as his own in
his Conquistas de Tierra Firme?-

Another account of Urstja's expedition is
found in Toribio de Ortiguera's Jornada del

III Vinno's RAaciiu ii printed by M. Serrano y Sanz
in NiunQ MtiaUca di aulaa apatnia, iv {Hisloriaiara
dtlar Inimi. n), 433-4S4.

TIm lull lille i$ Kilaait tirdaiira dn lodo qui uucdv,
m !• jmaJa it Onnpiav y flwarfD, fui li Gabmadar Ptdn
' OmMJiU 4 rfffKjiftrir par poderts y C(j ■ ■
Vtmih de CatirU dade el Pi

j..vGuil

SPANISH COLONr.\L LITERATURE

This is more extensive lhail|
Visqpez's nanati^'c, and two of its chapters
deal with the expedition of Gonzalo Pizar-
ro and Orellana. Like the □airati^'e by
Vasqofz, it remained many years in manu-
script, but is now readily accessible in the
NitetHt biblioteca de aulffres espanoUs.*
Other narratives of Ursua's expedition are
found in Casteilanos' Eltgias de varonts
ilusttfi de las Indias (Part I, Elegia Xl\),.
ai^inPiediMts'sHislorta general del nue-'
vo reino de Granada.

The following paragraph is Francisco
V&squez's description of Lope de Aguirre;

"The tyrant Lope de Aguirre was a man
about fifty years old, small of stature and of
an insignificant presence: ugly, with a
small and emaciated face; eyes, which, if he
looked fixedly, were restless in their sockets
especially when he was offended. He had
a keen and acli\e mind for an unlettered
person. He was a Biscayan, and, accord-
ing to his statement, was bom at Oiiate in

•mm

HISPANIC NOTES

-enr^

IN SOUTH AMERICA

=93

the province of Guipuzcoa, He was, how-
ever, unable to find out who his parents
were, more definitely than what he com-
municated in a letter which he wrote to
king Philip, in which he affirmed that he
was an hidalgo; but judging him by his acts,
he appears so cruel and perverse that there
was not found or could be observed in him
any goodness or virtue. He was turbulent
and determined, particularly with his fol-
lowers. He was a great sufferer (rom cer-
tain difficulties, especially as to sleeping,
so that during all the time of his tyrannical
rule he was seldom seen to sleep; except
during a brief period in the day, he was
always found awake. He walked much,
and always burdened with considerable
weight; he carried continually many arros
on his back; went about often wearing two
heavy coats of mail, with a sword.a dagger,
and steel helmet, and carrying an arque-
bast or a lance in his hand. At other times
he wore a breastplate. He was naturally
an enemy of the good and virtuous, and
thus all virtuous and saintly acts appeared
to him as bad. He was a friend and com-

Char-
acter of
Aguirre

AND MONOGRAPHS

b,r„J..GUl.l

294 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

panian of low and vile men, and if one was

thief, or had a bad character, or was cruel,

he was all the more Aguirre's friend. He

was always cautious, inconstant, false, and

deceiver; he was seldom known to tell tl
truth, and never, or very seldom, kept h
word. He was vicious, lustful, gluttonoul
with all and often overcome w

Christian, a Lutheran heretic oi
for he did and said the things we have
told in this narrative, the killing of priests,
friars, women, and innocent persons for o
fault, and without giving them an opportn*
nity to confess, although they requested r^
and preparations had been made. He bsc'
inding his soul an
body to the devil, mentioning his head, h

and all members. He ne^W
spoke a word without blasphemy and curs-
ing God and Ilis saints. lie neither knew
to speak well nor spolce well of any-
body, not even of his friends; he was a d^
famer of everything;and, finally there was no
that wasnot represented in hisperson."'

llniial. tl). .

tulotes rspa fairs.

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

"95

III
Eighty years after Ursiia's expedition
Padre Cristibal de Acuiia made the journey
of the Amazon, and recorded the results of
his observations and inquiries. Immedi-
ately before undertaking this voyage Padre
Acuna was the rector of the Jesuits' college
at Cuenca. The occasion ot this journey
was offered by the appearance in Quito ot
the officers of the expedition organized by
Governor Noronha, of Pari. The com-
mander of the expedition was Pedro de
Texeira, who arrived in Quito in 1638. He
remained in that city eleven months, while
the bulk of the personnel of the expedition
continued in camp near Avila. The vice-
roy finally ofiered the needed suppHes, and
ordered Texeira and his followers to go
back to Pard by the way they came. He
also ordered two Jesuits, on their way to
Spain, to accompany the expedition as far
as Pari. These were Cristobal de Acuiia
and Andres Artieda. EL nuevo descubri-
mienlo del gran tio de las Amazonas was
written by Acuiia under orders he had re-

Criatfi-
balde
Acufla

AND MONOGRAPHS

^^^

296 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

ceived to make careful observations, to set
down the names of the Indian tribes, to give

ccount of their manners and customs^
to note the rivers flowing into the Amazon,

to describe the natural products of the
country bordering on the river. The infor-

"on gathered he was required to report
to the Council of the Indies, and it was con-
tained in a volume published in Madrid in
1641. When this voyage was undertaken,
Portugal was still united to Spain, but
before the book was issued this conni
had been dissolved. Referring to this bu1>'
ject Sir Clements R, Markham, following
the French translator, says, " The wretched
government of Philip IV, terrified lest tl
Portuguese should take advantage of any
information contained in Acuna's book, and
forgetting that Texeira and all his officers
knew quite as much about the Amazons as
the Spanish priest, ordered every copy of
the work to be immediately and effectuallj^
destroyed, It has consequently becomi
exceedingly scarce."*

U) Bzetdaion inliHH VaUry "f"" ^^'kudiii, ijj
iC^g. TisislaUd uid edited by Clemran R. Hi
London, Halduyt Socioly, iSis, xxiv. Ttie Frou

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

Acuna was born at Burgos in 1597. In
1612, at the age of fifteen, he entered the
order of the Jesuits, and later was sent to
America. Shortly after his arrival in
South America he became rector of th^
Jesuits' college at Cuenca de Quito. He
was called from this position for the journey
from Quito to Para, which lasted about
eleven months, from January 16, 1639, to
December 12 following. While waiting at
Fard, for a ship to take him to Spain, he
wrote his Nuevo descubrimienlo, and after
its publication in Madrid in 1641 we find
him at Rome as provincial of the Jesuits.
Later he returned to America, where he was
appointed calificador, or censor, for the In-
quisition. He was living in Lima in 1675,
and died there in that year.

In writing this account of the great river
of the Amazons Acuna recognized that he
was not the first to make this journey. He
was aware that Orellana and Lope de
Aguirre had preceded him. He referred
also to various other attempts that had

LilioD was publiihed la Pute, tbSi. Id 169S an English

AND MONOGRAPHS

SP^IMSH COLCBiUL LITERATURE

■di graoDded iniiiiiili irf ph j-sical tn
dRSMB IS diej ddiAtleas appeand tobii
Aeaotbor ai Hie sane time Aows an ti
'*—**"' to accept as tme the marrellM
tries tftat «cn told him. His miDd reed v
ed ealn^ ifae slocy of " a nadon ofdwaris
as SBnQ as &tt)e cbSdren,' and anothef
sbory irf a " peofde who all have their feet
taned the wro^ way, so that a person who
Sd Dot know tbem, in foUowisg their foot'
stcfB, would always walk away from them."*
He finds, moico^-er, "the proofs of theexist-
of the province of the Amazons on this
ri^'M^ are so numerous, and so strong, that
it would be a want of common faith not to
give them credit."'*

" There is no saying more common than
that these women inhabit a province on the
river, and it is not credible that a He could
have been spread throughout so many lan-
guages, and so many nations, with such an
appearance of truth.' The Amazon

HISPANIC NOTES

..(.XIi^lC

IN SOUTH AMERICA

299

women are of great valour, and they have
always preserved themselves without the
ordinary intercourse with men; and even
when these, by agreement, come every year
to their land, they receive them with arms
in their hands, such as bows and arrows,
which they brandish about for some time,
until they are satisfied that the Indians
come with peaceful intentions. They then
drop their arms and go down to the canoes
of their guests, where each one chooses the
hammock that is nearest at hand (these
being the beds in which they sleep); they
then take them to their houses, and, hang-
ing them in a place where their owners
know them, they receive the Indians as
guests for a few days. After this the In-
dians return to their own country, repeat-
ing these visits every year at the same
season. The daughters who are bom from
this intercourse are preserved and brought
up by the Amazons themselves, as they are
destined to inherit their valour, and the
customs of the nation, but it is not so cer-
tain what they do with the sons." ^

Perpetu-
the race

AND MONOGRAPHS

,J..Gui,l :

I DANISH COLOSIAL LITERATURE

Tones Botto and ralai-ha were two ini:-
pixtBitt wiitds iriw dealt extensively with
the progress of the religious orders.

Dic^ de Tones BoUo's known achiev
meat in reorganizing and administering

I Jesuit afiairs in America contributed to the
popularity of his Historia del Peru. The

I most stiiking feature of his practical actir

! «ty was the creation of three Jesuit pro-
vinces out of the hitherto existing single

, province of Peru. The last third of the six-
teenth century and the first third of the
seventeenth century were his eSective
years. Hewas bom in 1550,81 Villalpando,
in old Castile. He studied at Salam
and was later sent to Madnd to enter aptsa
a mercantile career, for which he seemed to

I hnd himself unfitted. He therefore with-
drew from this undertaking, and was ad-
mitted to the order of the Jesuits in 1573,
In 15S1 he went to Peru. At that time he
had already become a priest; and the next

Ql lurta as Lbe seood volume ol IheCotaadi. ittiiM,
oeuriosas, ^m Iratm ii AmirteiL, Uadhd. 1B91.

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

301

year he was appointed superior of the Jesuit
establishment at Juli. Earlier that insti-
tution had been held to be only a mission,
but Torres caused it to be transformed into
a permanent residence of the order. He
remained in Juli about three years, and was
afterwards appointed rector of the college
at Quito, On his arrival at Quito he found
the inhabitants in revolt as a protest against
taxes imposed by Viceroy Garcfa Hurtado
de Mendoza. Torres' service in allaying
the disturbance was recognized by the king
in a decree dated August i8, 1593. His re-
sidence in Quito was, however, short, for he
was called to the college of Potosi, and held
there the post of rector until 1599. In that
year he was appointed to accompany the
visitador, or inspector, of the province on
his tour of inspection. The next year he
was elected by the provincial congregation
at Lima to the office of procurador, and
proceeded to Rome and Madrid. At Ma-
drid he received the favour of the king and
of the Duque de Lerma. Taking advantage
of this favourable reception, he used his in-
fluence to secure certain reforms in Ameri-

Torres
BoUo's
offices

AND MONOGRAPHS

3oa SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Torres
BoUoiJ
New

guay

can affairs: the abolition of the decree which
forbade the planting of %ines in America
and ordered the destruction of those that

I had already been planted; the establish-
ment of a college for the sons of cadques in

, each bishopric of the Indies; the foundation

' of a college at Salamanca for the education
Granada QJ5QQS pj American nobles; and also the
Paj^, I creation of the Jesuit provinces of NuevR
Granada and Paraguay.

Returning from Spain, he arrived at
Lima on the 22nd of Novembefj 1604, ac-
companied by fifty Jesuits, to be distribut-
ed among the three provinces. The in-
spector Pdez, with whom Torres had been
associated, had been appointed provincial,
and Torres was now sent to New Granada
to organize the newly created province,
On this journey he visited the religious

] house at Cartagena, which he had founded
in returning from Europe, and at BogotS he
created the establishment called SanU
Clara. After three years spent in New
Granada, visiting \'arious parts of the coun-
try, he returned to Lima in 1607, and then
went to the region of the south-east to oi*

HISPANIC NOTES

.^™^

■

IN SOUTH AMERICA

303

ganize the province of Paraguay. This
province was made to embrace Chile besides
Tucumdn and the region about the great
rivers that flow into the Rio de la Plata, but
Chile soon acquired a measure of independ-
ence as a vice-province. He continued his
labours as provincial until 1618, when he
retired to Buenos Aires. Later he was call-
ed to Chuquisaca. and died there August 8,

.638.

Tones' practical achievements estab-
lished his reputation during his hfetime,
and his writings have contributed to main-
tain the memory of his distinction in later
generalions. His principal work was Comtn-
, larios del Peru; breve relacion del frulo que se
1 reeoge de lot itidios. which appeared first in
1 Italian (Rome, 1603) and immediately after-
1 wards in Spanish, Latin, French, and Ger-
k man. He is sometimes referred to as having
1 also written a Hisloria del Peru y de los
U.icontecimienlos notablti acaecidos efi los
Uulltmos alios, but this is really the same
Hwork as the one quoted above. His other
^^ri tings, though less well known, are
^Lnportant as historical sources.

Torres
Bollo's
principal
works

^ AND MONOGRAPHS

^^M

304 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Antonio

dela

Calaachs

-\inong the historians of the first part of
the seventL-enth rentury, who wrote on the
affairs of Peru, Antonio de la Calancha oc«
cupies a place of special prominence. Hs
was bnm in 1584 in Chuquisaca. His
father was Captain Francisco de la Calan-
cha, a Spanard; his mother was a Creole.
At the age of fourteen he became a member
of the Augustinian order in his native cit^.
About the same time Miguel de A^iixe, th^
author of Poblacion de Valdivia, was bora
in Chuquisaca, and also adopted the habilt
of the Augustinians, From the monasterj^
Calancha went to the Augustinian college of
San Ildefonso in Lima. Throughout bit
life the monastery, either in Lima or e
where, remained the principal centre of his
activity, from which he went out aloiost
daily to preach and to confess nuns,
was prior in TrujiUo when that city was
ruined by the earthquake of February i^
1619. Later he held a similar office il
Lima.

Calancha's prindpat and most wideljt

HISPANIC NOTES

^^™,Tf^

IN SOUTH AMERICA

305

known work is the first volume of the Cro-

Crdnica

nica moralizada del orden de S. Aguslin en

morali-

el Peril. It vi'as published in Barcelona in

zada

1639. A second volume was completed

about 1653, and the next year the author

died suddenly at the age of seventy.'

Under the title of Histotre du Pirou, a

French translation of the first volume ap-

peared in Toulouse in 1653."*

Calancha's first volume embraces the his-

Topics of

tory of the Augustinian order in South

Calan-
cha's

America during nearly a hundred years fol-

CrSnica

lowing 1551; the founding of monasteries of

the order in Peru, Ecuador, New Granada,

and Chile; the succession of priors, and the

monks and nuns who were distinguished by

wrtllen by Padre Torres, aod Peralta Bamuoir) joins tb*

nsiDM o( Ihc Iwo writETB in Ihe (oUowlnJ lines;

Qu» nir. piu«=s cscriliiendo atrellas,
flar4n que tea para cada ejempLo

CiKla fctra un altar, cada boja an Ifraplo,

Limafuttdi^, Canlo vii. Octave 144.

(.0) A wmk enlttlod HiUariae PiriMM* oriinii EremiU-
rumSaKliAi.s<alinilibnoctaiecim,aiHliiriJi<aciimoBriAlia,

IS Slid u> be axenlf a Uantlatlon ol Calancba'i Cranial.

Among other works ascribed (o Calanclia are Di fai •mma

and ol the Prado. and in Morm4 ai mrey id FcrH. s<Jir,

Ol M3to-H fHi 11 UUH iiiii CflHflO a CMl.

AND MONOGRAPHS

n^^^

L..|-..:S..v

^'""S'^

study
of astro-
logy

306 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

their labours or their virtues. It deals,
moreover, with the topography and Datural
products of the country; with the antiqui'

md traditions of tlae Inca empire; w " '
the events of the conquest and the internal
conflicts of the invaders. The history 0
the Augustinians in Peru begins with t.
landing of twelve friars at Callao near t

id of May, 1551. A month later thes
friars were installed in a house purchased
with funds from the royal treasury.

Besides his inquiries in ecclesiastical his-
tory Calancha was attracted to the Study d
astrology, from which he presumed to indi-
cate the forces determining the genenl
character of different aggregations of in-
habitants within his horizon. Here is I
diagnosis of the inhabitants of Potosl:

In Potosl the signs of Libra and Venus
predominate, and thus most of those who
live there incline to be covetous, friends ol
music and festiviries, zealous in the puisuh
of riches, and somewhat given to lust; thd
planets are Jupiter and Mercury; the lattd
inclines them to be wise, prudent and intd
ligent in their trade and exchanges, and ti]

HISPANIC NOTES

"^^^UU^fU

IN SOUTH AMERICA

Jupiter to be magnanimous and of liberal
minds." "

The delusions of his age were naturally
shared by Calancha. His faith, his super-
stitions,and his disposition to see the law of
nature set aside in a miracle at any moment
seem to men of ttus more critical century
incompatible with his evident learning and
intellectual ability. Yet with aU these
qualities that seem to indicate a certain
mental simplidty, he wrote a great nana-
tive. The mne bandied and twenty-two
dotiUe-cnItnnn J«bo pages of tbe fint vd-
ome, bwrringthciBcoadottfaeddiaioniaaJ
sopentitkau of bs dmes, do aoC JOgDnt
at

AND M^%<QGS.Af»S

3o8 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

ber of books. The fourteen books of the
first part deal with the universe in general,
the geography of Peru, the animal king-
dom, plants, fishes, birds, insects, r^tiles,
and quadrupeds; the animals and plants in-
troduced by the Spaniards and their in-
crease; the nature, condition, and customi
of the Indians, particularly the Indians ol
Peru, The second part, in fifteen booksj
contains an account of the discovery
occupation of the provinces of Peru; Hn
governors, the viceroys, the rule of ths
Spaniards, and the conduct of the govern*
ment with respect to the Indians; a descrip*
tion of Peru and a description of Amerioi
outside of Peru. The third part deab
chiefly with Mexico; the conquest and the
general character of the country; the gi
nors; the foundation of the city of Mexico;
and the dependent islands as far as the Phil-
ippines.

The Hisloria del nuevo mundo, edited by
Marcos Jimene;i de la Espada, was publish^
t'd in four volumes {1890-1891;) at Seville,
Extracts from it had already been prini
in Madrid and in Lima. These were a D*<i

HISPANIC NOTES

^^.H,J

IN SOUTH AMERICA

seripcion del Peru, edited by Antonio Jose
CavaniUes in the Anales de hisioria natural
that was issued at Madrid between 1799 and
1S04, and Hisioria de Lima, edited by Man-
uel Gonziiez de la Rosa, in the first volume
of (he Coleccion de historiadores del Peru.

Cobo had prepared himself for his some-
what ambitious undertaking by his studies
at the Jesuit college at Lima, by keeping in
ntind his plan for many years, and by per-
sistent and systematic observations and in-
quiries during his many and extensive jour-
neys. He was born in Lopero, a town of
Ja6n in Spain, in 1582, He left Spain for
America in 1596. He was carried away on
the current of emigration, moved by the
desire for adventure and wealth that set
strongly towards Peru in the last half of the
sixteenth century. He visited the Antilles
and Venezuela, and arrived at Lima in the
beginning of 1599. Through the influence
of a Jesuit whom he met on the voyage
from Panama to Callao, he obtained a
scholarship, and entered the college of San
Martin. Fifteen years later, in 1615, hav-
ing been admitted to the Society, he was

AND MONOGRAPHS

GuuylJ

Coboin
Pem &

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

sent to Juli, and for three years was engag-
ed in missionary work at Potosi, Cocbabam-
ba and La Paz. From 1618 to 1621 he was
rector of tlie college at Arequipa, and aiter-
wards, for five years, resided at the house of
the Jesuits in Pisco. From 1627 to 1630 be
was the rector of the college at Callao; but
at the end of this service he was sent to
Mexico, where he remained for twenty
years. At a date not known with certainty
he returned to Lima, and died there on the
9th of October, 1657, at the age of seventy
five. During the sixty-one years of his re-
sidence in America he gathered the detailed
information that was embodied in his HUt9-
ria, which, with the exception of the frag-
ments already mentioned, remained )
manuscript two hundred and fifty years."

In the seventh chapter of the Historia il
Lima Cobo gives a glimpse of the valley ai
the Rimac as it appeared to him about a
hundred years after the conquest:

"The river of Lima is the larger, the othc
is called Caraguayllo, and rises in the pr

(ij) For the HtRona it Ltma ue aba La raialB . .
II. J6S.4>}, 1.99, 6oi: 111, 6i, III lis. 106, jM, 44I,Jj

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

vince of Canta, in the general cordQleia,
about twenty leagues from the sea, into
which it empties two leagues from the
mouth of the river of Lima. The irrigating
ditches that lead out from these two rivers
are innumerable; they are distributed
throughout the valley; some are so big at
their beginnings that they appear to be
rivers of considerable volume^ which draw
their water from the river of Lima; we call
them ditches of Surco, because they lead to
a town of that name, the lands of which
they irrigate, as well as those of three other
towns, and altogether more than forty
estates, or ranches, of Spaniards, residents
of this city, and there is among them an
estate comprising two leagues of land.

"Through the efficiency of these canals,
or ditches, which develop and fertilize the
country, it is at all times green, pleasant,
and delightful, offering to the view a fresh
and serene spring; and all the country
estates have houses whither the residents
of Lima were accustomed to go for recrea-
tion (without misgivings lest rain might dis-
turb their fiestas and pleasures, for it never

VaUeyof
the

The fair
prospect
of the
Riraac
valley

AND MONOGRAPHS

^^^^^

■ 1

31a

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE 11

Classes
of Jesuit
writings

rains); they add greatly to the beauty of thell
valley; especially are very marked thelH
freshness and verdure, which the olive trees, 1
the plantains, and the cane fields give to it. fl
The innumerable gardens of fruit trees, 1
such as orange, quince, pomegranate and
fig; vineyards and orchards with all kinds of
the fruits of the country and of Spain; the
palms from afar seem to dominate the other
trees; and the alfalfa fields with their per-
petual and luxuriant freshness beautify all
the environs of the city. They are so ex-
tensive that they occupy a good part of this
level region, for the alfalfa is the common
fodder of the horses and other work animals
of the city and country, so that this city baa
very agreeable surroundings on all sides."

VII
The most numerous of the Jesuit writinp
were the Cartas anms, or reports from the
several districts concerning the work of the
Jesuits and the most important general
events of the period covered; the Vidas it
varones ilustres, or the lives of distinguished
Jesuits; and Cartas de edificacion. Padn

HISPANIC NOTES

-A

^^^^fl

^^^m

I^^^^^^^^^^^^I^P

oogic

IN SOUTH AMERICA

313

Alonso Mcsia Venegas' Hisloria de los var-
ones insignes de la provmcia del Peru de la
Compania de Jesus is a conspicuous instance
of the writings of the second class. The
author was bom in Seville in 1557; went to
Peru with the family of Count Villar, the
viceroy, in 1585; was educated under Jesuit
influence and entered the order; became the
procurador of Peru; and subsequently was
appointed the rector of the college in Cukco.
In the execution of his duties as procurador
he went to Rome and Madrid and on his re-
turn to America served as rector of the col-
lege at Potosi. It was Venegas who carried
to Europe samples of quina, which had
aheady been administered with beneficial
results to the Condesa de Chinch6n, wife
of the viceroy.

For a period of three years, from 1637 to
1640, Venegas was established at the college
of San Pablo. Viceroy Mancera suspected
him of being the author of certain reports
sent to Spain, describing acts of the viceroy
sa arbitrary and unjust, and expelled him
from Peru. A year later, the really guilty
person having been discovered, the order of

Carlos
ilusiras

Veneeas

AND MONOGRAPHS

^^.^^

3U SPAXISH COLONLU. LITERATURE

I *— !"*"«■ was revoked. Vencgas tfaen r

[ tnnied to the coO^e of Son Pablo, where h
t died Octoba 17, 1649.
Jnn de I Anotber tcacfaer and initcr of lim^
"''"*" whose death oconred ai Porto Bdk
twenty yeais later than that of V'ei
was Joan de Uiqtnze. Re had been c
I gaged foe tweoty-foar years in the collqpi
of Luna, and daring tbb period he t
TraOatut itpnftmdisiima snencia and E
hiam dt U fiandaeiim it la real oudietuk
dtl Cusco. The second of these doc
was published in Madrid in 1795.^

VIII
An instance of long-delayed pubUcatiait
is offered by that part of Pedio Sim6ii^
work which now forms the second, third;
fourth and fifth volumes of his Noticias h
toriales de las conquistas de T terra Firme M
las Indias oaidentales, written in the fiB
half of the seventeenth century and prinW
in the last decade of the nineteenth centui]^
Simon was bom at Parrilla, near Cuenca, il

(i|)SoDM DOIiooafUKeileacof Ihei
JamU in Pna mav be obliincd from 1
AnHtva Jauilat ill Pcrii, Ubia, iSSi

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

315

Spain, in 1574, and began writing in 1623-
at the age of forty-nine. He was educa-
ted in the monastery of San Francisco de
Cartagena in Spain, and was sent to South
America in 1604 to teach theology and
the arts. The early part of Sim6n's career
in New Granada thus fell in the long in-
cumbency of President Juan de Borja
{1605-16 26}, whom he accompanied in the
campaign against the Pijaos Indians. The
first part of his Noticias historiales dealt
with the history of the early explorations of
the territory now claimed by Venezuela,
and is based largely on information gather-
ed on a journey through that region, Em-
barking at Coro, he visited the Antilles, and
returned to Bogotd. Among other places
reached in his travels were Anrioquia, Car-
tagena, and Santa Marta. During these
journeys he collected much of the material
for his harrative directly from persons who
participated in the events in question, or
who had lived near enough to them to hear
and remember the current tales about them.
Other sources were the writings of Castel-
lanos and a manuscript of Bachiller Fran-

Life of

his
journeys

AND MONOGRAPHS

,.j..Gui.|

Lope de
Aguirre

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

CISCO Visquez. " Indeed page after page
Sim6n is transcribed word for word from
the manuscript of VSsquez." ^^ Still an-
other source of information from which
Simon may have drawn was Ortiguera'
manuscript account of the '' Expedition
down the Maranon " which does not di9er
essentially from that of Vdsquez. The nar-
ration of the events of this expedition con-
stitutes the most noteworthy section of the
first part of Sim6n's work. The four vol-
umes more recently published treat of th«
discoveries made through the valley of tho
Magdalena, together with the discoveries,
explorations, andearly history of the regions
about CartE^ena, Popaydn. Aotioquia, and
Chocii."
Simin's account of the death of

(ijl Mirkham's Inli
DBrt of Simon's work.

PulTO it Cfiia anl Lopt it Again

mitd QiKMgUA in 1561, LoadoD, Hakluyt £ociaty,'il
Vis(iueiwua»ldiiiri-'--' — "- * — = '-

(16) The first parto
printed volumo at Ci
Wall in iSSi.andt

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

bloodthirsty Lope de Aguirre furnishes an
indication of the general characteristics of
OUT author's style and a suggestion of the
voluminous details of his narratives:"

"The maestre del campo, seeing that he
had the victory in his own hands, despatch-
ed a mounted messenger to inform the gov-
ernor and others as to the satisfactory state
of afiairs, and then marched straight on
Aguirre 's quarters.

"The traitor, on seeing that he had been
abandoned by all except Llamoso, asked
him why he had not gone with the rest, and
taken advantage of the king's pardon?
Llamoso replied that he and Aguirre had
been friends in hfe, and that he would live
or die with him. Aguirre made no reply;
he was crestfallen and lost; he went into an
apartment where his daughter was (who
was now a woman) in company with another
female, named Tarralva, of Molina de
Ara^^n in Castile, who had come from
Peru in company with the traitors. She

il^) N^icias kiilonaUi delai cori^istas if Tirrra Firme,
primm purU, uitm nolicia, cap. li. A translalinn of thb
pfctUi*, bj Clements R. UatldLam, \s printed ia Hakluyt
Society PubUcaliosJ, Londun, iSEi.

AND MONOGRAPHS

V 1

3^8

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Aguiire
marders

his
daughter

cannot have been of great age, for in i6i
I saw her (she was then \'ery young) in tin
city of Barquisimeto. The devil instigate
Aguirre to kili his daughter, so as to crow
all his cruel acts with this most bloody an
unnatural one, that of the destruction of hi
own flesh and blood. He said to heq
'Commend thyself to God, my daughteii
for I am about to kill thee,that thou mayea
not be pointed at with scorn, nor be in th
power of anyone who may call thee th
daughter of a traitor.' Torralva tried t|
save the girl, and even managed to take tl
loaded arquebuse from the hajids or th
father, which he was about to fire at h
victim; but Aguirre had a poniard, and witi
it he took her life. Having done this, h
rashed to the door of the apartoient; be
when he perceived that the king's forccj
were upon him, liis very hands lost th
power of firing off his arquebuse at them, M
as to sell his life dearly; and, in the mostds
jected manner, he threw all his arms on th
ground, and went and leant upon a misw
able barbacoa or bed place, that was in H
room (opposite that in which he had kille

HISPANIC NOTES

^^^^^

■k

^^^^^^^^^H

IN SOUTH AMERICA

319

his daughter). One of the first to enter
(before the maestre del campo), was one
Ledesme, a sword-cutler and inhabitant of
Tucuyo,whowhenhesawGardadeParedes
enter, thinking to make himself of import-
ance, said, ' Here I have .\guirre as my
prisoner.' The traitor replied, ' I do not
give myself up to such a villain as you,'
and perceiving Paredes. said, ' Senor mae-
stre del campo, I beg ihat you, who are a
cabaliero, will respect my rank, and listen,
for I have many important things to say,
for the good of the king's service.'

"Gard^deParedesreplied that he should
be respected; but some of Aguirre's former
soldiers, fearing if he were allowed to live it
might go hard with them — for he might re-
veal what they had done during the expedi-
tion—persuaded the maestre del cajnpo
that the best, safest, and most honourable
course was to cut off his head at once, and
before the governor's arrival. This view of
the case was not displeasing to the meastre
del campo, and so he told Aguirre to pre-
pare himself for death, and commanded two
of his own Marafiones to shoot him down

Ledesme
scorned
by the

AND MONOGRAPHS

^^^^^

320

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Rodri-

with their arquebuses. This they did at
once and the traitor fell dead at their feet.
.... A soldier named Custodio Hemin-
dcz now fell upon the dead body, and, by
order of the maestre del campo, cut the
head off and taking hold of the hair, which
was very long, he brought it out to show it
to the governor, who was just arriving
thinking to do him honour."

A striking little book of this period, but
published later, is Conquista y descubri-
mienlo del nuevo reino de Granada by Rod-
riguez Fresle, sometimes referred to as E(
Camera. It was written in the first half of
the seventeenth century between April,
1636 ,and June, 163S, but it was not printed
until 1859. The author was bom in Bogoti
April 35, 1566. His father was one of the
conquistadores of the country. For a time
he was in the service of Alonso PIrez de
Salazar, a judge of the audiencia of hb
native city, and he accompanied him to
Spain when he was promoted to be fiscal
of the Council of the Indies. His patn«

HISPANIC NOTES

^^^^^^

I^H^^H^

ruoogic

IN SOUTH AMERICA

321

however, six months after his appoint-

Fresle's

:, and Rodriguez Fresle was left, as he

book

"como hijo de oidor muerto." He

eft in poverty, and remained six years

lain. After his return to New Granada

'as engaged in agriculture, but there

ars to be little information extant con-

ng the success of his undertakings in

field, or, in fact, concerning the later

3 of his life, and the date of his death is

lown. For a brief period of his later

beginning the day he completed his

atieth year, he was occupied in writ-

his chronicle. Vergara refers to the

or's style as "natural y correcto.

ladisimo a las veces"; no writer of

Ime excelled him in the local flavour

h he knew) kow to give to his lively

itive. '*

»o works by Alonso Garz6n de Tahuste,

Garaia

iging property to this period, were lost

de
Tahuste

ie; RodrlEUCI de Ocampo'a Destnpcidn del riiaa ii
nasimu^ by Muccsjim^neide la Espada (Madrid,

iw it las laiias, having remained in inaniscript

1630. The Council of tie Indira bad pronounced

ortby of pnblicalion.

hAND MONOGRAPHS

^ ^^^

,glc

324 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

But they found the natives to be "peace-
ful Christians who brought fowls and pig?
at two or three reals a piece together with
palro wine, by drinking which some o
talked various languages; also many cocoa
nuts, plantains, sweet canes, papayas, roots,
water in bamboo joints, and fuel. They
took in exchange reals, knives, and glass
beads, which they value more than silver.
During these days and nights the galley fire
was never put out, nor was there any cessa-
tion of kneading and cooking, or of eating
the boiled of one and the roast of another,
so that they were eating day and night. . .
The sick, being so httle accustomed to abun-
dance of food, and eating without modera-
tion, did themselves serious harm; three ot
four even died of it. "^^ In fact, fifty died on
the voyage fromSanta Cruz to Manila, where
the vessel arri\'ed on the nth of February,
1596.

Quiros was by birth a Portuguese and was
bom in Evorain 1565. He was brought up
in Lisbon, and at the age of twenty-four, in
1589, he married Ana Chacdn, of Madrid.

HISPANIC NOTES

lOOglC

Antonio de Mendoza, ad Viceroy of Peni
■551-1552

..i,..Go!lgle

Dcinzedoy Google

IN SOUTH AMERICA

3^5

Six years later he accepted the post of chief
pilot in the ship destined by Alvaro de Men-
daiia to take a colony to the Solomon Is-
lands, The prospects for a peaceful voyage
were not favourable. Mendafia's wife and
her two brothers and a quarrelsome old
soldier as camp master offered adequate
material for misunderstandings and hos-
tility. The death of Mendaiia and his
brother-in-law Lorenzo Barreto, seemed to
diminish somewhat the elements of con-
flict, but the arbitrary and unreasonable
conduct of the widow in command, and the
lack of discipline kept the ship's company
in turmoil and sometimes carried it to the
verge of mutiny.

Out of the experience of this voyage there
came to Quiros the vision of a great antarc-
tic continent stretching across the southern
part of the earth from America to Asia.
By proving to the world the existence of
this continent he hoped to obtain for him-
self a place with Columbus and Da Gama in
the list of the great discoverers. To ac-
quire the means that would enable him to
carry out his proposed undertaking he visit-

Quiros
and his
great
vision

AND MONOGRAPHS

^B.

"uuuIl

'■ "■■' ■■ ^

326 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

ed the viceroy in Lima, presented his pro-
ject to the pope at Rome, and from Qement
VIII and the duke Sesa he received letters
recommending him to the Spanish govern-
ment. In spite of the demoralization of the
the court and the rapid decline of the gov-
ernment towards bankruptcy there remain-
ed still the hope of adding to the glory that
Columbus had conferred upon the na
and through the council of State the king
issued an order to the viceroy of Peru in-
structing him to fit out two ships at Callao
to enable Quiros to undertake a voyage for
the discovery of the antarctic continent.
The inevitable delays followed. Finally
two ships were prepared, and in December,
1605, Quiros was ready to set sail to realize
the object of his vision. A narrative of this
voyage is found in the Historia edited by
Zaragoza.^

Quiros' return, his disappointment, the
poverty of his later years, and his many vain

(II) BiWiDleta hispatm-allramarina. Madrid, 187*

ducummts nrlBling to Quiics and his vovage, HoiUiaa^
InlKxlucIion and Zaiagou'i Prilaga coataio criUcal nolo

HISPANIC NOTES

■"^^^^o?

IN SOUTH AMERICA

337

ap>peals to the king for further assistance
are incidents in the melancholy ending of a
great visionary.

The Naufragioy viaje en las castas del Peru,
by Padre Pedrc Gobeo de Victoria, was one
of the more widely circulated narratives of
personal adventure. The author,whose ex-
perience furnished abundant material for
his storj-, was born in Seville in 1560. He
went to America at the age of thirteen and
during his journeys was at various times
engaged in combats with pirates, suffered
shipwreck, and encountered about all the
Other perils known to land or sea. After
many years of a troubled existence, he
entered the order of the Jesuits at Lima in
1597. For thirteen years he enjoyed a
comparatively peaceful existence. He re-
turned to Spain in 1610. He died at Seville
at the age of seventy. His book has been
translated into various languages. A I.atin
translation was published in 1647, o' which
a new edition was issued in 1688. The
first edition in Spanish appeared in i6io.»=

(j3)Tbt(ulHille«Rrf«i*.«M»^i^VPr'<p.-«*«"
dt Pldla Gubro it VuJarm en las coitus iri Piril, mjo V

Pedro
Gobeo dl
Victoria

AND MONOGRAPHS

.:i..Cuui^iK'

1 1

^P 33C SFASlffl CDUISUL UTEKATUKE J

CHAPTER XI
IHE l-iST HALF OF THE SEVEN-
TEENTH CENTTRY

t JwtmitBtoTtntdeayAUns; Ltiisit
Outdm y J7«rr«. Jmtm id VaiUy Caviedes.
n. lg»aa» it At^itia; Jaattlo Barrosa;

JwOtOKM,- l>u^ Ojtia GcUinabt; Mai^
rd*w». IV. LMfA$ Femdndt^ Je Piedra-
tau. V. Pflfrw Ctmer; Juan Flares it
Odrh. XlAnaltiddCusco. VU. Mamid
Rtiripte:; Sammet Frits.

I
The (oJonial writers of the second half of
the wi-enteenth century and the early de-
cades of the eighteenth century continocd
to find their principal subjects in the mili-
lary and civil affairs of the colonies. In
Chile the chief topic was the interminable

Ki ■

HISPANIC NOTES

k^ i 1

IN SOUTH AMERia\

Indian wars. The Cauliverio feliz, by
Nunez de Pineda y Bascunan, was so far
successful that it served in some sense
model for writers who wished to depart
from a strictly statistical treatment of their
subjects; for, while treating of the common
theme. Pineda y Bascuiian gave indications
of a certain degree of imagination, and his
work appealed to a permanent human in-
terest by presenting the elements of a good
story, by its discussion and criticism of
public affairs, and by its exposition of
abuses and demands for correction.

The manuscript entitled Restauracion de
la Imperial y conversion de almas infieles,
by Juan de Barrenechea y Albis, some-
times rises to a plane of a general interest.
The author evidently set out to write an
heroic novel, in which should figure elevat-
ed sentiments and an intense patriotism,
the whole to be drawn on a background of
Chilean history; the part of the history that
was especially presented was an account of
the campaigns of Governor .\lonsQ de Soto-
mayor. But from this general theme Bar-
renchea sometimes turned aside to discuss

PONOGRAPHS

ComH-

Juand.
necbeai

Coof^lc

33"

' ResUm
racOndt
■,talm-

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

, its objects, and the i

' which it had been carried on in Chile.
spite of the more or less dramatic action of
the characters, the author shows that he is

^^H still dealing with realities by citing govern-

^^^1 mental decrees, by treating of the c

^^^H of the Indians and by raising inquiries a.

^^^1 the most efficacious method of restoring

^^^1 the churches in the destroyed towns.

^^H the author, as a pious friar, could not be es-

^^H pected to leave his work merely as a story

^^1 with a number of reflections on worldly

^^H a0airs, and thus throughout the writing

^^H runs the conventional babble of his class,

^^H that here on earth all is misery, and that

^^H only beyond this life there will be no tean

^^H and no sorrow. There are introduced into

^^H each of these books more or less extensive

^^H passages in verse, on account of which the

^^^ authors are regarded not only as prose

^^H writers but also as poets.
^^H Juan Barrenechea was bom in Concep-

^^^^ ci6n in 1669; was sent to Lima to study

^^^B theology in the University of San Marcos,

^^^B and after his return to Santiago became 9

^^H lecturer on philosophy and theology ii

lb:

HISPANIC NOTES

™.(UK

IN SOUTH AMERICA

333

Order of Mercy, to which he belonged.
Later he was promoted to be the provincial
of his orderj and, having returned to Lima,
wrote there the work already referred to.
The metrical form of certain writings, as
already indicated, does not necessarily ex-
clude them from the realm of historical
literature. Thus the "poema heroico" by
Luis Antonio de Oviedo y Herrera, Conde
de la Granja, on La vida de Santa Rosa de
Sanla Maria is a bit of history, although in
verse. The young woman who is celebrat-
ed in Oviedo's verses was bom in Lima in
1586 and died there in 1617, Her father,
Caspar Flores, was a member of the vice-
regal guard under the viceroy, the Marques
de Caiiete. Her mother, a native of Lima,
was a daughter of Francisco de Oliva, who
was aJso bom in Peru. She was baptized as
Isabel, but her mother was accustomed to
call her Rosa on account of her beauty.
She was generally known by this name dur-
ing her life, and when she was canonized
she became Santa Rosa de Santa Maria.
Her devotion to the Church and her religi-
ous zeal, manifesting itself sometimes in a

Oviedo's

Santa

Rosa

AND MONOGRAPHS

\_ _^

■

334

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

The

theme
of the

state of nervous exaltation akin to hysteria,
made a deep impression on persons who
knew of her, and induced the ecclesiastical
authorities to proceed to her beatification
and canonization. E\'idence of the depth
of this impression is seen in the fact that
Oviedo, Conde de !a Granja, an officer
of the army, and governor of Potosi, made
her the subject of one of his principal poems,
m the first octave of which he states hii
theme;

No canto las hazaiias, las victorias
De var6n tnmortal, campe6n guerrero,
Ni de la fama. celebres memorias,
Que en bronce y mSrmol, esculpid el acero;.
De sagrada heroina canto glorias.
Que nad6 Rosa para ser lucero,
Y con homildo corazon profundo,
Triuntd de Lucifer, de si. del mundo.

Ovicdo's poem on Santa Rosa consists of
twelve cantos, and was published in Ma«,
drid in 1711. The form is sufficiently ittt
dicated by the foregoing stanza. Thl
author describes the city of Lima and th|

HISPANIC NOTES

_ ^^J

■

iB^M^-"JW

«ogR

IN SOUTH AMERICA

335

grandeur of its position in the valley of the
Rumac; he presents many events in the con-
quests of Peru; the idolatry of the Indians;
the birth and youth of Santa Rosa; and
enumerates her virtues with an extrava-
gance of expression supposed to be consist-
ent with the poetic form. In other cantos
the author writes of the city of Quito, the
kingdom of the Incas, the expeditions of
Drake, Hawkins, and Spilberg, and the
means of defence organized by the Peru-
vians. Among Oviedo's other writings re-
ference is made to a long poem on the
passion of Christ (Lima, 1717) which sets
forth various evil passions in society, such
as envy, ingratitude, and the spirit of adu-
lation,'

In the middle of the nineteenth century
Odriozola published a collection of verses
written by Juan del VaUe y Caviedes in the
last part of the seventeenth century. The
author was born in Lima, and was the son
of a rich Spanish merchant. At the age of
twenty he went to Spain, where he remain-

(1) Noteworthy anionB Cbe iMounlt ofthe Peruvisn Mint
taRoBcmiSfis.

Juan del
VaUey
Caviedes

AND MONOGRAPHS

L^ H*

336 SPANISH COLONTjVL LITERATURE

ed three years, and at the expiration of tii
period the death of his father obliged him I
return to Lima. Finding himself in pc
I session of a considerable fortune, he enter
I iqjon a career of vidous and extravaga
1 expenditure, wasting a large part of his n
I beritance and greatly impairing his heald
I After a severe illness he determined to n
form his mode of hfe, married, and, ir
to preserve the remainder of his propertj
he opened a shop for the sale of a thousan
and OTie coramon and cheap articles.
I death of his wife made him feel the need i
I consolation, and he sought it in altxthoB
drink, by which he found oblivion of b
sorrow in death in 1692, before he had con
pleted his forrieth year.
VaUey ' His poems, extenavely circulated i
Caviedes manuscript during his life, made him widd
'^^^ jknown.but in the course of the century ai
a half following his death he passed va
largely out of the public memory. The ti
collections of these poems published \
Odriozola were called Dienle del Pama
and Poesias strias y joeosas. In an JSO
duction to these poems as published) f

HISPANIC NOTES

CtTff

IN SOUTH AMERICA

»Palma wrote: "Caviedes was a most
iftunate poet. Many times I have
itered his verses in periodicals of Peru
f foreign countries, either anonymous
igned by some vagabond, but n
( I found under them the signature of
true author. In Ufe Caviedes was
m of quacks; and in death the victim of
ary pirates."
le low state of medical science in Peru
le last half of the seventeenth century
d forth from Caviedes numerous criti-
,nd satirical references to the ignorance
lamentable practice of Peruvian physi-
5. Viceroy Lifidn y Cisneros (1679-
), in his account of the state of the vice-
Ity, made for his successor, the duke 0:
ta, refers to the miserable state of
ical science and practice in Peru, the
of revenue and the consequent aband-
int of instruction in medicine, and the
sure of the health of the population to
nercy of pretentious ignorance, Guti-
wrote of Caviedes that he " had no
ictions acquired by study hostile to
he science of medicine.

AND MONOGRAPHS

caJ
in Peru

rcjinxijii insEiirai

I: SDCV. c: Tit-, wcslo: vincc ifae Jiw
" ~TiL "a- ttonTC JSU' •*rr*'T hmut of dcj
:. ui- jEjoms- were poor »-.liiesewHiB«4|
'jcr— ^. . OK siunr o^ tne»e imiid h di&crit'

: J1V :j-e- si-ia> spa ac ^oncaTinn » itg

'Ji:i'.iii'-ijT. II uii imeis ol ^tt saze or ^'

Hi.S?ANIC NOTES

saoy Google

IN SOUTH AMERICA

irch. Some of them with the viceroy'
iroval joined religious orders. Ignacio
\rbieto is an instance of one who became
5suit,

le was bom in Madrid in 1585. At Lima
itudied in the college o£ San Pablo, later
ght Latin in the same institution, be-
le professor of philosophy at Quito, was
isf erred to the college in Arequipa.
!re he became rector of the institution,
irned to the college of San Pablo in Lima
professor of theology, was appointed
;or of the college at Chuquisaca, and
sequently took up his duties as rector of

college of San Martin in Lima. After
; ser\-ice as professor and rector of vari-

colleges of the Society, he died in Lima
August 7, 1676. During his last years
served as counsellor of the provincial.

at the same time was occupied in writ-

his Historia del Peru y de las Junda-
les que ha kecko en il la Campania de
is. A Suma de las obras leologica:
Francisco Sudrez is attributed to Padre

'he failure of Arbieto's work to rec

Arbieto's
writings

«^lc

340

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Arbieto'a

Bar-

Historia

delas

funda-

the approval of the General of the Society-
led to the demand that another person
should be charged with writing the history
of the Jesuit foundations. By vote of the
provincial congregation of 1674 Padre Ja-
cinto Barrasa was appointed to undertake
the task, which he completed in a manu-
script volume of 1350 pages to the satisfac-
tion of the authorities; but this appears not
to ha^-e been published. The book was more
exclusively devoted to the affairs of the
Jesuits than were most of the writings of
the Jesuit historians. He treated neither
of the political history of the country nor
of its geography, affirming that tliese
phases of the subject had been sufficiently
presented by Calancfaa in his Cronica mor-
alisada. Ilis course with respect to the
second subject was altogether unusual, for
from the beginning even to the present
geographical description has been a con-
spicuous feature of South American writ-
ings. The real theme of Barrasa's book
is sufficiently set forth in its titler Historia
de las Jundaciones de los cotegios y casas de
la frovincia del Ptru de la Compania de

HISPANIC NOTES

^^^^^^^B^^k.

IN SOUTH AJfERICA

341

Jesus, con la nolicia de las vidas y vinudes
religiosas de algunos varones ilustres que
en ella trabajaron.

The fame acquired by Barrasa during his
hfe rested chiefly on his work as a professor
and as a preacher. Two \'olLimes of his
sermons were published in Madrid in 1678,
and another volume in Lima in 1678.

Padre Barrasa died at the college of San
Pablo in Lima on November 22, 1704.

Padre Jose de Buendia, as historian,
sacred orator, and philosopher, is called
" one o£ the literary glories of Peru in the
seventeenth century." His especially note-
worthy Vida del venerable padre Francisco
delCastillo de la Companiade Jesus, natural
de Lima, 1615-1673, (Madrid, 1693), be-
came more widely known than his other
works. Its value consists not merely in its
account of the life of Castillo but also in its
references to the history of Peru, and to the
lives of many other Jesuits of the province.
It contains, moreover, an account of tbe
earthquake of 1787. This part was pub-
lished by Odriozola at Lima in 1863.

La estrella de Lima was issued under the

Josdde
Buendia,
the dis-
tinguish-
ed Jesuit
of Lima

AND MONOGRAPHS

r^wwwflc

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

La esinl-
la dt

name of Francisco de Echave y Assu, buttj
it is affirmed by Saldamando that its authoFJil
was Buendia.^ But whatever may be the! I
decision on this point, the book itself has &{J
recognized value for the history of Peru.lj
It contains an account of the ceremoniesU
attending the beatification of Archbishc^tl
Tori bio Alfonso Mogrobejo, later Son to H
Toribio; biographies of Mogrobejo and i^l
■ceeding archbishops; important refer-W
ences to bishops, inquisitors, councillors, j]
judges, viceroys, and other persons whose
illustrious lives contributed to the glory of
Lima. It describes, moreover, the metro-
Ipolitan church and cites an abundance of
I facts of historic interest. Buendia acquir-
ed distinction also by his i
" funeral orations."

Padre Jose de Buendia was born in Lima
in 1644, left the college of San Martin in
1665, taught philosophy in the college ofSan
Pablo and at Cuzco, and died May 4, 1
His life, apart from his writings has left
no conspicuous record.

(S) /tMMaj Jtl Pa^. ijo, MmdibLra Mm, "Di«H
BMdIa i. Lima.'' (Die. *ii(, bitg, ii, 91.)

HISPANIC NOTES

"^rfrrn^

IN SOUTH AMERICA

III

In 1643 rumours ran through the western
colonies that the Dutch were preparing to
I invade Chile. The prospect ol this inva-
I sion induced the viceroy of Peru to send a
body of three hundred soldiers to streng-
then the military forces already in the
southern colony. Jeronimo de Quiroga,
then a youth of eighteen, was a member of
this company, and arrived in Chile n
I the end of the year. He apparently
mained there in the service, for a few years
I later, at the age of thirty-three, he married
I a young woman of a prominent family of
I Santiago, and not long afterwards he was
I advanced to the rank of captain of cavalry.
I During the next thirty-live or forty years
I he rendered important services to the state
I in both mibtary and civil undertakings
' One of his military commissions was th
, takingofthree thousand arms from Mendoza
over the Andes to Concepci6n. He was a life
member of the ayuntamiento of Santiago
1 by royal confirmation. He had general
I charge of the construction of the cathedral

Jerfi-
Quiroga

AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

for a period, and contributed largely to-
wards the work from his own funds,
directed the fortification of Valparaiso and
Concepcion, and repaired the more oi
ruined fortifications of the southern fron-
tier.* He held various military commands,
particularly that of chief of the militia of
Chile for a period of seventeen years, i
the governor turned to him for a method of
reducing the Indians of the frontier to d
ization. At the close of his military cai
during which, especially in the later years,
be encountered opposirion and intrigue, at
the age of seventy he turned to the task ol
writing the history of his country down ta
the events of his own time. His life ia
Chile had covered a considerable part d
this period, and for this reason his book wa
, properly called Memoria de las cosas i
Chile. Medina reports that only an extrad
of the first part has been preserved, )
that this was published in the twenty-thitd
volume of the Semanario erudilo oi Madrid

:788. This extract was called (
pendio kistoTtco delosmdsprincipalessu

Medina, Ul. col. ii Ckilc, ii, 130.

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERia-\

345

de la amquisla y guerras del reino de Chile
kasta el ano de 1636. The critical judgment
respecting Quiroga's style— his rapidity of
narration, conciseness of- expression, and
the harmony and facility of his phrases —
indicates the degree of loss sufiered in the
disappearance of the complete work."

Of Padre Aneilo Oliva httle appears to be
known aside from the fact that he was born
in Naples and became a member of the
Society of Jesus. His principal work is en-
titled Vidas de varones ilustres de la Cam-
pania de Jesus de la pravincia del Peru.
The sub-title describes the contents more
fully, announcing that the first of the four
books treats of the kingdom and provinces
of Peruj the Incas, the discovery and con-
quest by the Spaniards; and that the three
other books describe the lives o£ the Jesuits
written, as one critic informs us, solely with
the object of preser\'ing the memory of the
Jesuits the most distinguished in the virtues
and in the observation of the rules of the
Society, in order that they might serve as
examples to their successors; but ofiering no

(J) Miididfl, Lil. col. rf< Ckil^. ii. 137.

Quiroga's
hisldrico

Anello
OUva's
VaroMs
ilustres

AND MONOGHAPHS

346

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Hisloirc
duPirou

interest to the historian, since they are
limited, for the most part, to referring to
the manner in which these distinguished
Jesuits succeeded" in reaching a high degree
of perfection, and to eulogizing the merit
which they attained."

In 1857 M. Temaux Compans published
the first book of Oliva's Vidas in a French
translation made from the unpublished
manuscript, under the title, HisloiTt dn
Pirou. This book of Oliva's work fonns in
some sense an introduction to the lives of
illustrious men. The persons whose bio-
graphies made up the body of the work were
Ruiz Portillo, Jose Acosta, Baltazan
Pinas, Juan Sebastian, Rodrigo de Cahievo,
Juan de Alienza, Estevan PSez, Juan de '
Frias Herran, Gonzalo de Lyra, and Juan 1
Romero. The first book was printed in
Lima from the original Spanish manuscript
in 1895.

Long and dull years of isolation in the
dependencies and ignorance of the condi- 1
tions of the older countries led the colonists 1

HISPANIC NOTES

-«™gi

IN SOUTH AMERICA

to exaggerate or overestimate what they
saw in the cities of South America. If they
celebrated the accession of a king of Spain,
it seemed to them that nowhere else had
there been seen such magnificence,
ivriting, therefore, of the capital of Peru,
Diego Ojeda Gallinato very naturally en-
titled his book Grandezas de Lima. This i
book, Mendiburu says, is extremely rare '
even in Spain, and that he had not been
able to obtain a copy of it. But other
I writers who had used it give some notioi
Ojeda' s opinions, particularly of the inhabi-
taiits of Peru, who appeared to him, especi-
ally those descended from Spanish am
tors, discreet, liberal, energetic, and p
sessed of most active minds; and what most
excited admiration was to see how early ii
telligence dawned in the children.'

The grandiloquent style that prevailed in
Spanish literature and in Spanish preaching
incited the Franciscan friar Martin Velasco,
to write his treatise on Rhetoric under
title, Arte de sermones, printed in Cadiz In
1675. Little is known of Velasco's life be-

I AND

AND MONOGRAPHS

dezPie-

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

yond the fact that he was born in Bi^otj^
and lived in the Franciscan monastery a
that city. The key to his doctrine appeal
I be contained in these two sentence
Words are smoke and noise which do a
go beyond their sense: and in serving d
what they are, it is not tliey but the truti
they utter that produces the effect. On
should try, therefore, to utter much tnit
few words after the manner of the Lacoi
ians, and not many words and little siiE
stance."* li the teaching of the incon
spicuous friar had had its merited influeno
much good might have come to Spanish
speech even out of America.

IV
In the last half of the seventeenth c
tury an historian of considerable merit 8|
peared in the person of Bishop Lucas f
nAndez Piedrahila, who was bom in B
on March 6, 1624. Through his mother,!
Catalina CoUantes, he held by birth a
or less distant relationship to a memberl
if the family of the Incas in Peru. He:

(S) Quolrd by Vergnra. Lilatlur* tn iVuna Grana4a, ii:.

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

studied in the Jesuit college of San Barto-
lomf, and received the degree of doctor
from the University of Santo Tomas. The
literary ambition of his youth manifested
itself in the writing of a number of dramas
that are not known to exist. He was ap-
pointed treasurer ol the cathedral of Popa-
yin, biit before he entered upon the duties
sf that office he was made a prebendary of
the metropolitan church in ifis-i. He was
subsequently promoted to various ofBces
in that church and after tfie death of Arch-
I bishop Torres he was elected vicar general
' and governor of the archbishopric; and he
continued to hold the office of vicar general
' after the arrival of Arguinao, in 1661, the
I successor of Archbishop Torres. Piedra-
hita f>ecame the favourite preacher of the
city, and through his influence and friendly
relation with the president Dionisio Perez
Manrique, harmony was established be-
tween the ecclesiastical and civil officials.
But the arrival of Comejo as visitador in-
troduced an element of discord Into the
community. Soon after the accession of
Arguinao, Piedrahita was called to Spain to

AND MONOGRAPHS

35°

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Historia
de

Bishop
of Santa
Marta
and of
Panama

defend himself before the Council of the
Indies against charges preferred by the
visitador. His defence was so complete
that the Council not only absolved him
from fault, but also ofiered him the office of
bishop of Santa Marta, and this appoint.
ment was immediately confirmed by th?
Pope. He remained six years in Spain,
from 1663 to 1669, and during this peiioi
he wrote hi.s Hisloria general del niMn
reino de Granada.

In 1669 Piedrahita returned to AmeiicB,
and after his consecration entered upog
the exercise of his functions as bishop 0
Santa Marta. Here he displayed many a
the virtues of the primitive Chrisdai
teacher, visited and taught the Indian^
distributed his income among the poor an
lived in poverty. His charitable gifts le
him hardly means for decent clothing, i
1676 he waspromoted to the see of Panama
but before he left Santa Marta the town vm
taken by pirates, who, seeing the meanne
of the bishop's dress, concluded that by h
apparently miserly habits he must hav
large accumulations concealed. The pb

HISPANIC NOTES

_-. J

1 . , ^-..vnyii^

IN SOUTH AMERICA

351

ates, therefore, took the bishop and tortur
ed him in order to make him reveal the
hiding-place of his treasures unsuccessful
in this, they carried him oil and brought
him before the distmguished and courteous
pirate Morgan, who received him with
marked consideration, ga\e him a ponti-
fical robe stolen at Panama, and caused him
to be conducted to his new diocese. Here
Bishop Piedrahita continued for twelve
years the devoted life he had led in Santa
Marta, and died at the age of sixty-four.
The first part of his Historia was published
in Amsterdam the year of his death, 1688.
According to Vergara, the second part was
lost after the death of the author, since
there was no one to care for its publication."
With respect to his style, Piedrahita re-
presents a considerable advance over the
prose writers of South America who pre-
ceded him. He wrote clearly in what
might not improperly be called modem
Spanish. He had not, however, freed him-
self from the custom of his time, or the
practice of writing long and irrelevant in-

(9) LilBntura m la Nueva Gramuia. 1 18.

Piedra-

hita'a

style

AND MONOGRAPHS

k. p.

354

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Le6D y
Bcierra

family connexion between persons td
similar names, who lived in widely separ-
ated ages and in different parts of the
world. But the introduction which takes
up about half of the first volume contain*
important information on the local history
of New Granada. .\n incentive to genea-
logical inquiry was furnished by the ambi^
tion of many Creoles to magnify the soda
importance of their families. Two volume
of this work were published in Madrid ifl
1674-76; a third remains unpublished.

A contemporary account of the events*
Panama at the time of Morgan's invasioi
(1670) was written by Bishop Antonio dl
Le6n y Bczerra, who, ha\-ing refused thi
office of Bishop of Panama three times
finally accepted it in 1672. The following
year, after the death of the conde de Lemos
the audiencia of Lima appointed Bishop
Le6n Kovemor and captain-general oi J

sumed the duties of that ofhce. In 1676^!
he was promoted to the post of Bishop <^H
Tnijillo, and a little later was transferred t^|
the bishopric of Arequipa. Hediedin jyoft^^

■

HISPANIC NOTES jH

IN SOUTH AMERICA

355

An important source of detailed informa-
tion concerning Peruvian history, parti-
cularly the history of Cuzco, is the anony-
mous chronicle entitled Anales del Cuzco
constituting four hundred and thirty-four
pages of a volume edited by Ricardo Palma,
and published in Lima in 1901. It covers
a period of one hundred and fifty years,
from 1600 to 1750. Although lacking the
attractive style of Calancha and some of the
other early writers, it nevertheless throws
much light on many obscure points of local
history. Ricardo Palma attributes to the
writer "a certain independence of character
and a standard of criticism not usual at that
time," and cites as an illustration the au-
thor's condemnation of the extraordinary
means employed hy the preachers to terrify
the Indians, such as frightful pictures of the
devil and graphic representations of the
sufferings of tlie damned in hell.^*

The numerous paragraphs relating to ec-
clesiastical affairs point to the conspicuous

(13) Sw^nabiifeJCurM, So.glmci ptdimiKUa, p. \i\\
alio the teit 195-^7.

Anaies

Palma's
criticism

AND MONOGRAPHS

fc^ ^

37°

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATUREi

UUoa's
public
career

inally published in Madrid in 1748. It ha
been reprinted many times, and traosla
tions of it have appeared in various langi
ages. ,\n English translation was issuedi
London in 1758, entitled A Voyage to Sm
America. A small volume by Ulloa c&ll«
Entretefumitnlos (1772) treats of the geo
graphy and productions of Peni and Ecal
dor, the antiquities of these countries, 4
customs, language, and religion of the li
dians, with suggestions as to the means 1
increasing the population of America.

In the course of his public career Ullfl
rose to the rank of lieutenant-general. I
was bom in Seville in 1716. His studS
prepared him for the position of an offic
in the navy, and when Phihp V granta) t
request of Louis XV to be permitted to«
a body of scientists to measure an arcof.l
meridian under the equator in Ecnad
Antonio de Uiloa and Jorge Juan wmbi
pointed to join the commission. UV
gained distinction by his scientific iavei
gations, and became a member ol t
scientific societies of London, Paris, Berlui^n
and Stockholm. From time to time he was ,

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

charged with various official duties by the
government of Spain, and in 1763, when
Louisiana was ceded to Spain, Ulloa was
appointed to take possession of the country
and organize its administration, thus be-
coming its first Spanish governor.

The Relacion kistorica is an excellent ac-
count of Spanish South America as it was
near the middle of the eighteenth century,
by two men who, although special com-
missioners appointed by the king, were
apparently more disposed to tell the truth
than to please their royal master. Design-
ed for the general public, this work is less
severe in tone than the Nolidas secrelas,
which was written for the instruction of the
king and his ministers. Here is a descrip-
of the fair at Porto Bello from the
Relacion hislorica.

" The town of Porto Bello, so thinly
inhabited, by reason of its noxious air, the
scarcity of provisions, and the barrenness o£
[the soil, becomes, at the time of the gaile-
of the most populous places in all
iouth America. Its situation on the isth-
lus, betwixt the south and the north sea,

AND MONOGRAPHS

djv Google

The ia.ii
of Porto
BeUo

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

the goodness of its haxbouFj and its smaB
distance from Panama have given it the
preference for the rendezvous of the joint
commerce of Spain and Peru, at its fair.

" On advice being received at Carthagena,
that the Peru fleet had unloaded at Panama,
the galleons made the best of their way to
Porto Belloj in order to avoid the distem-
pers which have their source from idleness.
The concourse of people, on this occasion,
such, as to raise the rent of lodging to
cessive degree; a middling chamber, with
closet, lets, during the fair, for a thou;
crowns, and some large houses, for foi
five or six thousand.

" The ships arc no sooner moored i
harbour tiian the first work is to erect,
the square, a tent made of the ship's sails,
for receiving the cargo; at which the pro-
prietors of the goods are present, in order to
find their fjales, by the marks which dislia-
guish them. These bales are drawn
siedges to their respective places, by
crews of every ship, and the money giv(
them is proportionally divided.

'■ Whilst the seamen and Eui

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

373

traders are thus employed, the land is
covered with droves of mules from Panama,
each drove consisting of above an hundred,
loaded with chests of gold and silver, on ac-
count of the merchants of Peru. Some un-
load them at the exchange, others in the
middle of the square; yet amidst the hurry
and confusion of such crowds, no theft, loss,
or disturbance is ever known. He who has
seen this place during the tiempo mucrto, or
dead time, solitary, poor, and a perpetual
silence reigning everywhere, the harbour
quite empty, and everyplace wearing a mel-
ancholy aspect, must be filled with aston-
ishment at the sudden change, to see the
bustling multitudes, every house crowded,
the square and the streets encumbered with
bales and chests of gold, and silver of al!
kinds; the harbour full of ships and vessels,
some bringing by way of Rio de Chape, the
goods of Peru, as cacao, quinquina, or
Jesuit's bark, vicuiia wool, and bezoar
stones; others coming from Carthagena,
loaded ivith provisions; and thus a spot, at
all other times detested for its deleterious
qualities becomes the staple of the riches of

Arrival
of gold
from
Peni

AND MONOGRAPHS

: 37=

the jr.M..ln.-

(■ui..'.M.v -.:ter.\~vu

The fair

■■' ■r.-'hti scene of oa

of Porto
Bello

pri-lVriTHi

; ■■ ■■ i: -ranches of coie-

'S;,.. . .. .. wtdfu. .ind the mer-

'■■Omi<?.:

:>i,, .;L7'.vicii the president

Ui;\t (lii'Ti!

-.-.c -air comes under

the K'lll'-:-

r ;nis purpose the

I'nrt.i i;.."

: . . , :... parties, repair OD

,UT.s«i;-'.

... .Ti of the galleons,

Tlu 1-

.■l.,.«l.' ■ .

The commodore, and

.:uma, the former is

. . ..^ns. and thelatter.of

. i.riLes of the sei-eral

ic are settled; and ill

... ^ adjusted in three or four

.:.iacts are signed, and

.. even.-one may confonn

.:: the sale of his efiecti.

■ .retluded. The purchases

Kcwise the exchanges of

...Nwied by brokers, embark-'

^..- .;money,and those of Pera,

.:e ^Mods they have purdus-,

, ^ed chatas and bongos, op.

^:i. and thus the fair of Poiw;

Hng. tr. 1, loi.)

ji'AXIC NOTES

DcinzedoyGoOgIC

H IN

IN SOUTH AMERICA

lOQSo dc Zamora is conspicuous among
hilturians who wrote in the early part
ihc eighteenth century. His Historia
a provinria de San Anlonino del nuevo
tt dt Granada del orden de Predtcadores
rcelona, 1701) is called a first volume,

Uiere is no adequate evidence that a
ind volume was ever written. The
lor was bom in Bogota in 1660. He
■red the Dominican order in his native
, studied at the University of St.
mas, and subsequently undertook the
k of a missionary. His fame as a theo-
an and as a writer and preacher doubts
contributedto hisappointment,in 1690,
hronicler of his order. He was especir
commissioned to write a general history
ht ecclesiastical province, then under

direction of the provincial Antonio
iiJie. At this time Quesada's Campen-
historial was still in existence, and Za-
a used it as a source of information. In
S he completed his manuscript and sent
I Spain for publication. In view of the

AND MONOGRAPHS

Land }

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

circumstances under which Zamora wrote
and the nature of his subject, one might
very well expect that his book would be a
panegyric on the history and character oJ
his order; and the book justifies such an ex-
pectation. The author magnified the in-
fluences and services of ecclesiastics in pro-
moting civilization in America, which secu-
lar opinion had tended to belittle. In his
style and the arrangement of his material
he falls short of the excellence attained by
Piedrahila.'
y A higher standard was reached by Jos
de Oviedo y Baiios in his Historia de I
eonquisla y poblacion de la pfovincia i
Venezutla, This author was bom in Bo
gota in 1674, but spent the greater part of
his life in Venezuela, and died at Caracas,
where his Historia was written. The first
volume was printed in Madrid in 1713.
The complete work was issued ic
Biblioteca de los americanistas (Madrid,
1885), in two volumes, preceded by an in-
troduction by Cesireo Fernandez Duro, in
which he says that this narration was made

(i) VrTgan, Hid. dc la lit. ni N. Granada. 163-16?.

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

377

with the impartiality and the high critical
spirit of the true historian and forms a
source from which those who study the his-
tory of Caracas are compelled to draw,
Diego, a brother of Jose de Oviedo, was an
Older in Guatemala, then promoted to the
audiencia of Mexico, and later was a mem-
ber of the Council of the Indies. He wrote
a commentary in two volumes on the Re-
capilacion casullana.

Diego de Baiios y Sotomayor, an uncle of
the historian, became bishop of Caracas.
Educated in Bogota, he was instrumental
in bringing some rays of intellectual hght
into Caracas after decades of obscurity.
He founded the Colegio Seminario de Santa
Rosa, and left as evidence of his Hterary
activity the ConsUtuciones sinodales del
obispado de Venezuela, published at Ma-
drid in 1698. Another writer bearing the
name Oviedo, but of a family distinct from
the foregoing, has left a long list of volumes
on ecclesiastical subjects. This was Vi-
cente de Oviedo. He studied at the college
of San Bartolome in Bogota, and for more
than forty years was parish priest in various

Con-

de Vene-
zuela

The
Caracas

Vicente

Oviedo

AND MONOGRAPHS

378 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Medra-

towns of the viceroyalty of New Granada.
Efforts lo secure the publication of his enqf-
lopedicwork in eleven, volumes met >viththe
insurmountable opposition of the Spanish
government, the grounds of this opposition
being utterances unfa^'ourabie to the dig-
nity of the monarchy.'

To the period embracing the end of the
seventeenth century and the beginning o(
the eighteenth century belongs the Hisloria
del nuevo reino de Granada, by Francisco
de Medrano, of the Franciscan order,
these were unfruitful years in the literary
history of New Granada. The principi^
literary products were chiefly such as wer
especially demanded hy readers in the co^
onies, sermons and lives of saints.*

(![,^:ui

mpadrtsCoIaiiill
re Jiiwph Oasodc

nimadtl Eipirilit Simla) P^b]o dcVil
Madri Franeiica Jd NiAa Icniil.a]

eifin y prodigiosa renot<aciin pot si m

HISPANIC NOTES

^c^ffo

IN SOUTH AMERICA

379

III
The publisher of the "collectionot rare
and curious books treating of America "
issued in 1912, as the twenty-first volume
of the collection, Joseph Luis Cisneros' Des-
cripcion exacta dt la provincia de Venezuela.
The editor of this reprmt sets forth his
conclusions concerning the author, which
he holds were justified by the text of the
work itself. These are that Cisneros was
born in Venezuela some time between 1710
and 1715; that he was a trader and, as an
agent of the Royal Guipuzcoa Company, for
a period of twenty-five years traversed and
retraversed the province of Venezuela, buy-
ing and selhng a great variety of commodi-
ties; that he made a number of visits to the
island of Curafao, the province of Mara-
caybo and Santa Marta in New Granada;
that he made three trips on the Orinoco to
the Dutch towns of Essequibo and Surinam ;
and that bis book was published at Valen-
cia in Venezuela, in spite of the opinion ol
Aristides Rojas that the Valencia announc-
ed on the title-page as the place of publica-

Cisneros
of Vene-
zuela

AND MONOGRAPHS

fl.d.Guui^lfc

380 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

tion was the VaJencia of Spain, not the
Venezuelan city.

The author displays, as he might be ex-
pected to do considering his occupation,
extensive and detailed information con-
cerning the state and the products of the
country, the markets, and the prices, and
tliis feature of his little hook constitutes it
contemporary contribution to the economic
history of the province of Venezuela under
Spanish rule. Moreover, the simplicity of
of the style and the presence of terms espe-
cially in use among traders would seem to
oiler furtlier evidence of the writer's prac-
tical experience in commercial affairs.

The following reference to the foreign
trade of the province, taken in connection
with his remarks on the internal commerce,
indicate a practical familiarity with Venez-
uela's economic conditions.

'' The city of Caracas has apopulation of
than twenly-six thousand,
in which there are many illustrious families
known in Europe; it carries on comn:
with the Royal Guipuzcoa Company, which
takes the products of the province in

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

381

change for clothing and lood-stufis, which
it brings from Spain; it has also trade with
Mexico, comprising a large amount of cacao
carried from the port of La Guayra to Vera
Cruz, bringing back tbe greater part of its
compensation in silver bullion, and the rest
in copper, flour, and various products ol
that country. At present there are four-
teen ships engaged in this trade.

"The city or province has also commerce
with the Canary Islands, which, in the same
manner, receive cacao, loading their ships
with it for the return voyage; they are also
desirous of getting silver pesos, of which
they carry away large quantities given to
them in exchange for the products of their
country, which are fine wines, grapes and
certain liquors, with all kinds of dried fruit.
They also introduce great quantities of taf-
feta, stockings, and all kinds of silk, a ship
arriving once a year. Caracas has, more-
over, trade with the Windward Islands,
Havana, Santo Domingo, Puerto Rico,
Margarita, and Cumani. The Venezuelans
carry on this commerce by sending out cer-
tain amounts of cacao, hides, tallow, and

Caracas
and the
Islands

AND MONOGRAPHS

k .M

38.

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

ca Josef a
de Cas-
tillo

various other products of the province not
desired by the Royal company, and bring-
ing back in return silver bullion and pro-
ducts of those islands." (p. 59.)

The lai^ majority of the men who have
hitherto figured in the Ijterary history of
New Granada have either been members of
the religious orders or functionaries of the
Church in some other relation. In the
person of Francisca Josefa de Castillo y ■
Guevara a nun appears, who, according to
Henendez y Palayo, " wrote in prose worthy j
of Sanu Teresa." She was bom in Bogoti
on October 8, 1671, entered the convent of
Santa Clara at Tunja in 16S9, and died
there in 1741. She was afflicted with
rickets, ajid was an invalid from her child-
hood. In the convent she was encouraged
by her confessor to write her sentiments
and reflections on her life. Her papers sent
to her confessor in obedience to his sug-
gestion gradually accumulated, and were
later published in two more or less indepeod-
ent works. These were Vida de la tint-
Table madre Francisca Josefa de le Consef-
don, escriia por ella . and Sentimientos tspiri-

HISPANIC NOTES

^. -^^^^^

TS-

IN SOUTH AMERICA

383

iuales de la V. M. Francisco Jose/a. Fran-
cisca's early reading is said to have been
largely plays, but in the convent she read
the writings of Santa Teresa. Confined by
her parents and by those persons who con-
trolled her activity to the limited education
that was thought to be becoming a woman
in the Spanish colonies, her native intelli-
gence enabled her to obtain a profound in-
sight into certain phases of life, and to ac-
quire a style of writing that persuaded the
Colombian critic, Vergara, to declare that
" Madrc Castillo is the most notable writer
whom we possess; her style and her langu-
age place her by the side of Santa Teresa."*

IV
In the ■■poema heroico" called Lima/un-
dada o ronquisia del Peru, we have an echo
of the earlier historical narratives in verse.
The author, Pedro Jose de Peralta Bar-
nuevo Rocha y Benavides, was bora in
Lima in 1663, and during a great part of a
long life he was a member of the University
of San Marcos, at first as professor of ma-

{,) HiUaria dc It lil/^alura ^n N. Granada. 194.

Lima
/undada

AND MONOGRAPHS

1 — 1

384

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATI

Peralta's
writings

tbemadcs. He was rector of the in
sity for the years 1715, 17 16 and 1717.
served as cosmographer from 1708 to
He was a lawyer, directed an acai
which he had founded, was for many;
engineer-in-chief of Peru, and in this 1
dty planned and directed important i
at the port of Callao. For his greal
varied learning Peralta's contempoi
appear to have held him in high esteem
later opinion has confinned their
The statement in Mendiburu's Diceie
hislorico'biogrdfico del Peru is that P<
"was a master of six languages, and \
most of them he wrote poetry coirectl!
in good taste; he was well veiaed in si
and profane histoiy, was a profound nt
matician, chemist, botanist, and stud(
medicine; and his studies in jurispnu
and canonical and theological raatui
carried as far as the first professors i
time." (VI, 265.) Thelonglistofhisi
moreover, suggests unusual capacity
attainments.*

(]) Time are tbe dllisDl mseof Pnralta's wriUnl
mHiaUMeiKi: Lima thun/aMi: Imatn paHtiea, o i

HISPANIC NOTES

Igic

INSOCTH AMSltKA

ima Jtmdttia, in ten csniot vmttMPtn(
lewhat more than W» ihwimittl Hum,
itsoftheconqucstof Prni Irmii l'i<Htlii'<
ision to the overtlinm of AIiiiiihxi. II'
er that the thought mny *»t^m Ui m<v*
m exalted plane, anfl thp tlHfi/Ht .llir*»
autbenuelvufr'>m nfiliiinfy (.f<..>., Mr"
s (rf fart ar* '.(c .

r 1

IN SOUTH AMERICA

387

ing of the gold for Atahualpa's ransom;

al mstante

Chasquis despacha el inca a diferen-

Gather-

tes
ParteSj para quel oro rutilante

ing the

Traigan con brevedad todas sus

gentes:

No hay noble, no hay cacique, no

hay infante,

No hay ninos, no hay mujeres.no hay

sirvientes

Que asi como las providas hormigas

No traigan a la sala sus espigas,*

Among the Indians o£ the Llanos the

Jesuits undertook to carry out a plan

of missionary effort similar to that carried

(7} ■■ 1 sing of arms and the military pron«s of valiant
Catholic Spaniards, who, over unknown and ragiBg 6eaa
weat to dominate distant peoples, placing tha Eternal

the hHthm^TacIes '[Z^'^iert) we^ the «mc°'™tho
lodian."

eat paiU of the kinedom, in order that all people mieht
bmw quickly tha sMning gold; and there «as no noble, no
chiet no KHi of a chief, no child, no woman, no Krvaats,
who Ihoa. like tha provident ant, did not carry hia grain to

AND MONOGRAPHS

TT^

lip

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

for social betterment, he was a single-lore*
reformer.

Other writers took up the subject th^
had engaged the attention of Rivero and
wrote of the region of the Orinoco. Padn
Jose Cassani, writing of the mission
Rivera's manuscript extensively, making it
the basis of his work, Cassani's HisiorU
de la Provincia de laCompaniadeJes&s <£
Nuevo Rei'w de Granada is uncritical an
disfigured by marvellous credulity. It wi
published in i74r. Gumilla's El Orinoa
iluslrado was also published in 1741, and a
second edition was issued in 1745. On the
title-page of his book Gumilla describes
himself as a " member of the Society of
Jesus, missionary, superior of the e "
of the Orinoco, Meta,and Casanare, cali&
rador and consul lor of the Holy Tribunal ol
the Inquisition of Cartagena of the Indies
synodal examiner of the bishopric of Cartsi
gena, some time provincial of the provinc
of New Granada, and actual procurador a
the missions and the provinces." ~"
title-page furnishes, moreover, a suSicieq
account of the contents of the

HISPANIC NOTES

-enr^

IN SOUTH AMERICA

f atural J civD, and geographical history of
i great river, and of its abundant tribu-
ies ; government, uses, and customs of the
lians, with new and useful accounts of
mals, trees, fruits, oils,resins, herbs, and
dical roots."

VI
i^ach of the religious orders had its chron-
;r, whose writings necessarily involved
re or less extensive accounts of the secu-
events of the societies in which they were
ablished. Bernardo Torres, an Augus-
ian, secretary of the province of Lima,
or of the monastery of Chuquisaca, and
netimeprofessorin the University of San
rcos, wrote the Cronica de la pTovincia
uana, in eight books, which was pub-
led in Lima in 1657. A continuation of
i work in two volumes, extending to the
ir 1721, was written by Padre Juan Teo-
■o Vdsquez. The Dominican Antonio
Aguiar wrote the history of the Domini-
Ls. Domingo Marin, in his Eslado de los
•tones en Chile, undertook to defend the
uits against their detractors. The Do-
lican, Melendez, set forth the achieve.

AND MONOGRAPHS

Torres'
Crdnica
de la pro-

l?k

■

39a

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Ttsoros
Indian

Nicolds

dela

Rosa

ments of his order in Tesoros verdaderos de
las Indias. The Franciscan, Francisco
Javier Ramirez, foL owing a suggestion
from Aguiar, magnified the services o{ the
Franciscans in the Cronicon sacro-imperitU
de Chile. The Floresla de la santa igUiia
Caledral de Santa Maria, by Ensign Jose
Nicolas de la Rosa, derives its historical data
from the writings of Piedrahita,Sim6n, and
Zamora and certain documents from the ca-
thedral. In addition to the topics suggested
by the title, it contains items of information
concerning the Indians inhabiting the region
about Santa Marta. In spite of its in-
different literary quality and "pesimogusto
litcrario," it has been twice printed, once il
1756 and again in 1833. After 1767 ecdesi
astical writers in the colonies lacked both
the breadth ol vision and the literary attain-
ments ot their predecessors.^"

Antonio Juliin is hardly less widely
known than Cassani and GumiUa. H(
lived for many years in New Granada
chiefly at Santa Marta. He travelled ex.
tensivety in the province, but left Ameiia

HISPANIC NOTES

■

^^^

lOglC

IN SOUTH AMERICA

393

the place nor the date of his birth is known.
In his enforced retirement from his mis-
sionary labours he wrote a number of works
concerning the part of the Indies with
which he had become especially familiar.
Of these the most frequently referred to is
Li Perla de Amirica, Proi'incia de Sanla-

discursos hislaricos. It was published at
Madrid in 1787. Of the others, not printed,
perhaps the most noteworthy is Hisloria
geogrdfica del rio Magdalena, y de todas las
provincias que le tribulan de una banda y
oira sus rios.

Few Jesuits who had entered the Ameri-
can field were withdrawn before 1767.
Juan Bautista Sdnchez shared in the en-
forced migration under the decree of ex-
pulsion. He was born in Peru, and entered
the Society in 1729 at the age of fifteen. In
Peru he acquired distinction, serving as
rector of the Jesuit colleges of Cuzco and
Lima. Hediedin 1774 afteraresidence of
seven years in Europe. The list of his
writings seems to indicate that his official

Antonio
Juliin

lo Ptrla

de Ami-

Bautista
Sinchez

AND MONOGRAPHS

394

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

duties did not encroach lai^ely upOQ his
time for writing."

C< ja nlwdivi i«»u,' la otni ^ tu mil d<u,- HiHorw^ k
glricia yitrmona morula.

HISPANIC NOTES

Dcinzedoy Google

IN SOUTH AMERICA

CHAPTER XIII

ON PARAGUAY

. Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca ; Ulrich
midel. II. Early sources of in/ormalion
ut Paraguay; Nicolas de Tecko. Ill,
Wo Losano. IV. Jasi Guevara. V. Do-
■.hoffer; Pauke; Falkner; Orosi; Cardiel;
iroga; Jolts; Peramds; Muriel; Judrez;
tchez Labrador. VI. Juan Patricio Fer-
ides; Matias de AngUs.

1
'he earliest important book on the south
era part of Spanish South -America,
iwn as Paraguay, is La relacion y
ienlarios of Alvar Niinez Cabeza de
It was published at Valladolid
It treats of the appointment of
ar Niinez de Cabeza de Vaca to be the
emor of the colony planted by Mendi
that region; of the fitting out of the

AND MONOGRAPHS

de Vaca

riU^le

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

vessels, the voyage, and the landing at
Santa Catalina; of the departure of the
main body of the men overland; the send-
ing of the women and children to the Rfo
de la Plata by sea and the arrival at
Asuncion; of the events at Asunddn, the re-
turn of Irala from an exploring expedition,
the revolt of Irala and his followers, and the
imprisonment and expulsion of the gover^
nor. Nicolas de Techo, in his Historia Prih
vincix ParaguariiE Sodetatisjesu, gives the
following account of Alvar Nunez and i
promotion tothe governorship of Paraguay;
" Emperor Charles the Fifth, having m
ceived the news of the death of James Moi-
doza, and the ill success of affairs at the
river of Plate, and being of a spirit that tva
struggled against adversity, he resolved t
send thilher another governor, with a si
ply of planters. Several aspiring to t
command, Alvar Nunez Cabeca de Vac
carried it, on account of the great merits ti_
his ancestors. For his grandfather, Peta
de Vera, had subdued the Canary islac
for King Ferdinand, and governed theni|
in which employment he behaved himsdf^^

HISPANIC NOTES

""^m

IN SOUTH AMERICA ' 397

1 such integrity, that hanng spent his
1 estate, he whs reduced to such distress.
t he gave his twosons in pawn to a Moor,
a sum of money to support his dignity
maintain his government, and the king
Twards redeemed them. One of these
father to Mvar we now speak of; who
Tg in his youth educated in his father's
grandfather's virtues, going over into
rida under Pamphilo de Narvaez, to be
king's treasurer there, was shipwrecked
the coast of America, and fell into the
ds of the Indians; and authors of the
rank tell us, he was so virtuous, that
mg his ten years captivity among the
lie, he wrought several miracles, invok-
the blessed trinity. This man being
ointed governor, embarked seven hun-
d men besides women and children upon
ships, and sailing from Cadiz with a fair
d, when he came to twenty-eight de-
s of south latitude, landed in that part
\merica with five hundred men, and
ling the women and children with the
by sea,travelled himself by land, ahnost
same way Alexius Garcia had gone be-

TechooQ
N4fie«
Cabeia
d«Vac»

AND MONOGRAPHS

■ m

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

fore, for three hundred leagues, discovering
the country and, in the year 1541, happily
arrived at the city of Asuncion, and what it
most remarkable^ he lost not one soul In all
that voyage and journey by sea and land,"'

It is noteworthy that some of the most
striking accounts of exploration in Spanish
America were written by common soldiers;
Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Cieza de Leon, a
Ulrich Schmidel are instances. They ir
preted the thoughts and sentiments of ti
subordinate class, and help one to see ho
the private soldier or the common i
viewed the enterprises in which he was ea-
gaged. The position of men of this c
made a sharp contrast between their writ
ings and the writings of leaders. Schmt
del's narrative of his twenty years in Amep

was written in German, but i
Spanish translation it has been naturalized

the region of which he wrote, and i
which he spent the effective years of b
life.'

lurchlJ], Voyages and Travds, iv, 64s.
ichiDid«]^ aconjDt of hJ& jaiimov has the curloufl til
<giia kxJ UibticJu BitdBtOmtif ttUclur fAnwi
liiclm LsKilsckamcn tiid /ruubn, tit wnn^t
Claonichm gulack. and rriUich in ir SdUffi^ in

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

399

The family of Schmidel has been known
in Bavaria since 1364, and is said to have
been ennobled. The author's father, Wolf-
gang Schmidel, was held in high esteem by
his townsmen, and was three times burger-
meister of Straubing. He died in 1511,
leaving three sons, of whom the youngest,
Ulrich, was bom in the first decade of the
sixteenth century. Little or nothing is

was firsl prinlrf m .367 ,t Fnpkhirl an, Main =t lh= cnfl
of a book Dt travels issued by SdunideJ with Ihe Ulle Nctaur
WtU: Dot ia wal^rliaffiia Bisckrcibungi. tic.. He. This book

in the Mmc year ai the setood part ol a Book of ttavrU

1M7 ia Theodor de Bryi, CoUectioo oi voyages (Amaua.
vn, ThaU) and a Ijtin translation by Gothaid Artus
m Issufi in 1399 in tbe LatiD yusion of de Bry's
CoUeclion (Aimricat P»i VII,. In this ye^r Levinus
Huiuui ia tiis colktlion of voyages issued a revised and
somewhat ahridfed vssion of ScEmidei-s narrative under
(he titie wJW/flie. HHtoin. ohs- umnd^lartn Schtgi'l
uA*. VbUk Scl^id^ . ..in Amaiam . . . fM..,,, and,
aliD in i;9g, a LaUn version of Uu sane revised text ( Vera

been made and pubiished in 1731 by Gabriel Cirdenaa

(u I«dia> accylnlalfs. The text used is Uiat of Huisius.
This versk« was mpdnled with some corrections by Pedro de

kiucria anlipia vmaJmia Ji iai Proamvis da Rio di la
PUOa in 1^6. The (irat edition in French was that pub-
Ushed by Tsnaui-CoiDpans.

Ulrich
Schmidel

AND MONOGRAPHS

Meo-

SPANISH COLONIAL LITER.\TURE

known of his boyhood or youth. Hi;
ralive indicates only a moderate d^ree of
education. In 1534 he was at Antwerpj
probably sent thi ther as a commercial agent
dependant, and in that year he enlisted
as a soldier for service in the New World,
At that time he was probably about twenty-
five years of age. The same year he 1
ed at Cadiz, and departed for America with
Meodoza's expedition, destined for the R!o
de la Plata, that had been discovered by
Solis and explored by Cabot. Mendoza's
fleet consisted of fourteen ships, having on
board about two thousand five hundred
persons; of these one hundred and fifty were
soldiers. Two years after landing at the
site of Buenos Aires a review of the colony
showed five hundred and sixty survivors;
the greater part had died of hunger,
Schmidel witnessed the ravages of faminCf
the abandonment of the settlement
Buenos Aires, the founding of Asundoi^
was with Irala in the expedition towards
Peru; served under Cabeza de Vaca, whom
he characterized as an adventurer and unfit
for the enterprise in which they were en-

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH .\MERICA

gaged; and took part in the rebeUion of
. A letter from his brother Thomas;
who had held the inheritance from his
father, requested his return to Germany.
His petition for a discharge was at first re-
fused, but was finally granted with favour-
able commendation for the service he had
rendered.'

It has been denied that Schmidel was a
soldier, but that view appears hardly ten-
able in the face of his clear designation of
himself as a soldier. He was loyal to Irala,
and took part in the revolt against the gov-
ernor. His relatiop to this undertaking
sufficiently explains his opinion of Nuiiez,
and prepares one to find in hia book a par-
tisan account of events in Paraguay during
these troubled years. The following is
Schraidel's reference to Alvar Niifiez Ca-
beza de Vaca's arrival in Asuncidn after the
overland journey from the Atlantic coi

This commander was eight whole

(3) MoodKbeiii, J., Sclimidtls Rrisc
dot Jakftn 1531-1554. SlraubinB, ^803; aJao Bartolom^
Hitn In Anaia dtl Mtiuo dt In PUUa, Buokk Aim, 1890,
vol. 1; Tlu CmruB otf^- "-- "■-■- ■-->-- -■--
HaUuyt Society, Engl

AND MONOGRAPHS

affairs of
Para-
guay

oINiiflez
de Vaca

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

months on his way, for the distance is reck-
oned to be five hundred miles from
cion to the place or harbour of Santa Cata-
lina.

" He also brought with him from Spain
his commission from If. I. Majesty, and re-
quired that Domingo Martinez de Irala
should yield up the whole govei
him, and that all the men should be obedi-
ent to him in every respect: The com-
mander, Martinez de Irala, and all I
people declared they were ready to obey,
but with this understanding, that he, Ca-
beza de Vaca, should before show and lay
before them documents to prove that he
had received from His Imperial Majesty
such powers and authority.

" But this the whole assembly could not
obtain from him; only the priests and t'
or three of the captains affirmed it, that
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca ruled and
commanded; but we shall see hereafter boH
things went with him.

" Now, this said Alvar Nunez Cabexa di
Vaca passed all the people in review, and
found that there were eight hundred men.

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

403

At the same time he made friendship with
Martinez de Irak, and they became sworn
brothers, so that he, Martinez de Irak, was
no less than before commander of the
people. '■*

In another place Schmidel gives an ac-
count of the arrest and expulsion of Gover-
nor Nuiiez Cabeza de Vaca:

" Thereupon it was resolved by all, noble-
man and commoner, to meet in council,
with a view to take prisoner the chief
commander, Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca,
and to send him to H.I. Majesty, and to re-
port to His Majesty about his nice virtue,
and how he had behaved towards us, and
how, according to his reason, he had govern-
ed; and other things besides.

"According to the resolution come to,
these three gentlemen, namely, the treas-
urer, or judge, the clerk, or master of the
toll or custom, and the secretary ordered by
H.I. Majesty, whose names were Alonso
Cabrera,FranciscodeMendoza,GardaVan-
egas, and Felipe Cdceres, taking with them

Gover-
expulaion

AND MONOGRAPHS

^^rrSnn^

w ^

404

SPANISH COLONrAL LITERATURE

Irala's
election

two hundred soldiers, went to his lodging,
and arrested our commander-in-chief, Al-
var Niiiiez Cabeza de Vaca, when he least
expected it. And this happened on St,
Mark's Day, 1543. They held prisoner the
said Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca for a
whole yeafj until a ship called a caravel,
provided with victuals and a crew had been
prepared. And on board this ship the
often-mentioned Cabeza de Vaca, witij two
other officers on behalf of H.I. Majesty were
conveyed to Spain.

" After that we had to elect another wha
should rule and govern the country untfl
H.I. Majesty had time to designate one him"
self. AJid we held it for good, as it was the
meaning and the will of the community, tfl
nominate as chief Martinez de Irala, not
only because he had formerly governed IfaB
country, but especially because most of tint
soldiers were satisfied with him."*

Knowledge of the early experience of tiw
Jesuits in Paraguay was communicated to

HISPANIC NOTES j

. 1

IN SOUTH AMERICA

Europeans exclusively by the Jesuits them-
selves; and the history of the beginning of
missions was written by persons who
had been actually engi^ed in them, or on
the basis of reports made by the mission-
aries. It waSj therefore, to be expected
that historical accounts framed under these
conditions would show a strong partisan
bias. The very flattering picture which
they presented of the redemption of the
Indians from the life of savage nomads
iturally excited enthusiasm on the part of
persons who knew little or nothing of the
labours, difficulties, and discouragements ol
missionaries in the wilderness. The
first information concerning these labours
that reached Europeans was derived from
the letters of Padre Manuel de Ortega,
Padre Jose de Catoldino, Padre Ruiz de
Montoya, and Padre Roque Gonzalez that
were scattered about Europe. The anuas
were another source of inf ormarion. These
were the product of a regulation that re-
quired every Jesuit house or college to mfllK
a report on the work of its members Iw
every period of four months. Thet«

AND MONOGR AFHfc

405

ledge of

in Para-
guay

Irouitlif

DcillizedDy Google

4o6 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Bollo's
relacidn

ports, sent to other provinces or centres of
missionary activity, were expected to servo
as a stimolus for increasing the zeal of other
members of the order. They increased in
number to such an extent that it was found
difficult to circulate them; it became neces-
sary to make summaries of them to be
printed. Sometimes individual anuas were
given special prominence. Those of 1626
and 1627, written by order of Padre Nicol&s
Durin and signed at Tucuman on the 12th
of November 1628, were translated into
latin and printed at Antwerp in 1636.
They were issued under the title LitUrti
annua: ProvinciiE Paraquarire. From timfl
to time others were given equal distinctionj
some by Padre Scliirmbeclt were published
at Munich in 1649 as Messis paraquariensisi
Additional information was derived frorf
books written by missionaries. Padre Diego
de Torres Bollo's Breve relacion delfrulv qui
se reeoge en las Jndias del Peru was a book of
this kind. The author had been sent to til*
New World as procurador for the province
of Peru. At this time little or no mis;
ary work had been done among the IndiaiH

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

407

of Paraguay; the Jesuit province of Para-
guay had not then been organized; this
region and the pampas were still embraced
in the province of Peni. Torres' book was
early translated into Italian, French, Ger-
man, and Polish.

A second book and of greater importance
was that by Padre Antonio Ruiz de Mon-
toya called Conquisla espiritual kecha par los
religiosos de la Campania de Jesus en laspra-
vincias del Paraguay, Parana, Uruguay y
Tape. It was a volume of two hundred
quarto pages, and was published in Madrid
in 1639. Montoya, as if defending himself
against criticism beforehand, on account of
bis style and lack of proper arrangement of
his material, confesses his rusticity imposed
by long residence among savages; and that
he wrote from memory and without the
documents that ought to have guided his
pen, so that the result was a mass of infor-
mation thrown together without system or
order.

The project of writing a complete general
history of the province of Paraguay had
been variously considered when it was

Ruiz de
Montoya

AND MONOGRAPHS

^ _^

L..I ...J.-V

408

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Techo's
HislorJa

Gist of

Techo's
book

taken up energetically by Padre Juan Pas'
tor, who had long been a missionary is
Paraguay. He completed it in two folio
volumes in manuscript, but, when he died
in 1658, the work had not been published;
and after Techo had made large use of the
manuscript in his history of the province of
Paraguay, the project to publish it was
dropped, Nicolas de Techo was a native ol
France, bom in Lille. His name was Nico-
las de Toict, and his history bore the title
Historitt Provincics Paraquaris Soeietata
Jesu. It is divided into fourteen books,
and makes a folio volume of four hundred
pages, beginning with a geographical de-
scription of the La Plata region. Entering
upon his main subject the author gives an
account of the mission of the first Jfesuitl
from Peru and froni Brazil in 1586. Thett
follows an account in chronological order d
the events within his field until 1645,
Techo probably intended to write another
volume, but his plan was apparently not
carried out.

An English translation of this book was
published in Churchill's Collection of Yey-

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

ages and Travels (IV, 638-749). The
author, a Jesuit, was naturally especially
interested in the history of his order's mis-
sionary activity among the Indians, the
foundation and growth of the Paraguayan
missions. The translatoFj referring to the
" abundance of miracles and other pious
matters " with which the author had over-
loaded his book, announces that he has
taken care to eliminate these things in his
effort to make his translation " acceptable
to the reader." But in the account of the
dreadful famine during the first settlement
at Buenos Aires he seems to find no reason
to expunge the story of the lioness, which
Techo relates in all sobriety:

" The proMsions they brought bei
sf>ent, there followed such a terrible fami
that many fed upon man's flesh, and thi
not to be mentioned. . . . The cruelty of
the barbarous people, the fear of wild
beasts, and the severity of the commanders
suffered none to go out of the works. Yet
there was a woman, who weighing the
naisery of famine, chose rather to expose
herself to the inhumanity of the Indians

AND MONOGRAPHS

llCllUglJ

410

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Story of
the

Andr^
de Le6n

and wild beasts, than to suffer the torturt
of hunger; and therefore stealing out, she
wandered a long time about the fields, t^
at night she went into a cave, where finding
a honess ready to whelp, she renewed h«
ancient experience and had the boldness ttf
play the midwife, much to her own advant-
age, for the lioness laying aside her fierce-
ness, fairly divided her prey among ha
young ones and her midwife, til! the lattei
fell into the hands of the barbarians; anc
being after manyaccidents redeemied by the
Spaniards, was brought again to the fort
Being then condemned for her rashness ani
disobedience, she was exposed without thi
works, to be devoured by wild beasts, whert
she must have perished, had not God in Hi
providence 30 ordered it, that the liones
she helped to whelp, came up to her first,
and defended her innocent midwife against
the rest."'

An early sketch of the south-eastem part
of the Spanish possessions was written by
Andres de Le6n y Garabito, who was boiB

(.1 Cburchill, yayaga and TrtvA. London, iw, W,
643.

HISPANIC NOTES

- — ^

IN SOUTH AMERICA

411

in Lima, became judge of the audiencia
of Panama, and, in 1643, judge of the aud-
encia of Charcas. Subsequently he was ap-
pointed governor of Paraguay, This posi-
tion he held until 1651, when he went to
Buenos Aires as inspector of the royal
treasury in that province. He wrote of the
origin, the defence, the organization, and
other particulars of that region.

Ill
But the most prolific as well as the most
trustworthy of the Jesuit historians of
Paraguay was the famous Pedro Lozano.
It has been possible to fix definite dates to
but few events of his life. Very good
reasons, however, have been advanced to
show that his boyhood was spent in Madrid,
and that he carried on his early studies
there. As a youth, he became a Jesuit,
and arrived in America in the second de-
cade of the eighteenth century. In the
New World he resided habitually at Cor-
doba, in the Colegio Maximo and at the
hacienda Santa Catalina; but he visited
Buenos Aires, the pampas, and the Andes;

Pedro
Lozano

AND MONOGRAPHS

^^^WWflP

4ia

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Disrtip-
cvindeS
Gran
C)uKo

Para-
guay

he examined the archives at Santiago dH
Estero, TucumAn, and Salta; and tho
amount and quality of his writings indicate
that he could not have been much diverted
from his literary activity. Neither tho
date nor the place of his death has beat
established beyond a question, but the evw
dence available points somewhat clearly to
the year 1752.

Lozano's interest comprehended not
merely the events in the history of his order,
of which he was the official historian, but
also the marvels of nature among which his
life was cast, as well as the languages, the
manners, the customs, and the religion of
the natives. More than any of his prede-
cessors he appreciated the importance of
official documents, in the search for which
he displayed remarkable zeal and energy.
His disposition to consider the forms and
events of nature found expression in hisl
Descripcion corogrdjica . . . del Gran Chaco.

In fiis Hisloria de la conquista del Para-'
guay, Rio de la Platay Tucumdn he brouglit|
together a vast amount of important mate-
rial relating to the history of South Am*-;

HISPANIC NOTES ,

1 ^

1 . ,...1 ..^^^|y'^\^

IN SOUTH AMERICA

413

rica, and the documents which he either
refers to or prints constitute a sound basis
on which historians are able to build. This
was edited by Lamas, and published in
Buenos Aires in 1873. Lozano's Historia
■ de la Compania de Jesus en la Provincia del
! Paraguay was published in Madrid in 1754.
' It consists of two folio volumes, yet it
covers only the first twenty-eight years of
the province, and ends with 1614.* Padre
Pablo Pastells refers to the reliability of its
information, the justice of its criticism,
and the character of demonstration given
to its statements, and affirms that for these
qualities Lozano stands above all others who
have written on the history of Paraguay.

Lozano's Historia de las revoluciortes de la
provincia del Paraguay is the history of the
conflict between the supporters and the
antagonists of the Jesuits in Paraguay, a
conflict in which Antequera was the most
conspicuous figure. It appears thus from
one point of view as a part of the history of
the Jesuitsj from another point of view it is

i-i^,. Madrid. .9.,r,.xxi.'' '^

dela
paHia

Las Re-
volu-

AND MONOGRAPHS

R^SwH'rt'P

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

the history of the rebellion of the Comuil*
eros against the viceregal authority.
zano's relation to one of the parties made
it practically impossible for him to be en-
tirely impartial in his account of it; still tl
large number of official documents intro-
duced into the text of the narrative help!
the reader to avoid the possibility ol shariof
the author's prejudice.

,l<x^.m

cripci^ corogrdfica dd ts

Copy of a IMlcr wnlton by a Jrai
JuMi J. Rico, i7*o, 4I0, pp. S9-

Vida ill P. Jiduln lU L\tarii. P
— \1\ KprlntPd, Madrid^ 1B39; new

747, atDtaining an acxiHint cpI Ehv earthquake

Caita al Pairt ]va it AUoia stibri lot Cttara.

Mataaiiotus labrt la tiida ^ nu
Titten ia Jtaliaa by Padre Fabio
raiaiated bj Ijjiano. Madrid, ij<

Hutona de la ei
'araguay. Madrid
■ Sji.

Hittcria de la cangwXn dd Paraguay, Rio lit Id

1: Madrid, 1776 & 17S8; \

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

415

IV
Padre Jos6 Guevara succeeded Lozano as
the official historian of the province of Para-
guay, He was a native of Spain, bom at
Recas in the archbishopric of Toledo on
March 19, 1719. On December 31, 1732,
he became a. novice in the Society of Jesus,
and two years later, April 25, 1734, he arriv-
ed at Buenos Aires. Almost immediately
thereafter he entered upon his studies at

by Padie Carlos Ambiceio CataDsa, tianslatal by Lozano,

DiariB d. ux vUjt a U Costa dt la va, M<vatt^ica m
1745. Buenos Alia. 1836. Aba publlalied [m Latin) in
CharlBVoil, Jjutsjfc iu Paraguay and in Pi^v»L, Hislaiii

Vanous docuniEnts CDmnninicaled lo Charlevoit trx
Padre Muriel. Fasti nmi Oflm.

Diaicmatio hiaSriaiijidicii. sii volnmis.

rf«tJM> i> u«a ca>a ditigiia ,1 P. Luii Tavara. Cfirdoba,
Jnns n, ]?39.

Letter™ tithes, 1711.

QWnha, Mirchii, i75MMS.lnth=librarTatIi™), '

^ Paratmy. ™ the same subject as the prtceding,
BucoiM Aires. April 39, 17SI.

(I7JI-173J). Bumos Airs. .903.

Padre

AND MONOGRAPHS

pV jjl

Dcinzedoy Google

4i8 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

historian to whom he owed everything.
But admitting that this severe judgment i^
well founded, emphasis may be laid on the
the fact that Guevara's style represents
' considerable advance over that of his pr
decessors in the same field. If it may be
regarded as consciously laboured, it
I lainly has the great merit of clearness. The
1 author does not give any indication of great
I learning, or as in possession of an extensiye
I variety of knowledge, but, as Groussac sug-
' gests, he had nevertheless "sufficient attain-
ments for the satisfactory accomplishment
ofhis task."^

One of the consequences of the removal
of the Jesuits from Rfo de la Plata was to
deprive the world of much information
concerning the early events of that region.
Some manuscripts were lost and others were
never written that would have been written
if the members of the Society had been per-
mitted to continue their work undisturbed.
Still a small number of the exiles maintiun'

HISPANIC NOTES

"TtWH

Vienna he wrote a History of the Abipones,
which was published in Latin in 1784. A
German translation was published in 1783-4
and in 1822 an abridged translation in Eng-
lish was published in London. Florian
Pauke went to Paraguay with Martin
Dobrizbofferini748. He was a missionary
in the Chaco for fifteen years. An extract
from his writings was published in Vienna
in 1829, called Padre Florian Paukes Reise.
In 1870 practically the whole of his manu-
script was published with the title of Padre
Florian Pauke, tin Jesuit in Paraguay.

Although Thomas Falkner was neither
Creole nor a Spaniard, his long residence of
thirty-eight years in South America entitles
his Description of Patagonia and adjoining
parts of South America to a place among the

AND MONOGRAPHS

rn^

Descrip-

Pala-

Gist of
Falknet's

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

writings of cotDTiial origin. He was an
Englishman, bom in Manchester in 1707.
He was a surgeon, and embarked for Soutb
America on a slave ship belonging to the
South Sea Company. At Buenos Aires be
fell dangerously ill, and was cared for by
Jesuits, who embraced the opportunity to
bring about his conversion. He entered
the Society of Jesus, and took his place as a
missionary among the Indians in the r^on
between the Strait of Magellan and the Rfo
de la Plata. He relumed to England in
i;68, after the expulsion of the Jesuits.
Six years later, in 1774, his Dtscriplion oj
Patagonia, edited by William Combe, was
published. It does not appear from the
book itself what changes Combe made in
Falkner's papers, hut the style suggests
more experience and skill in writing than
Falkner miiy be supposed to have had after
nearly forty years among the Indians and
other persons, where no opportunity pre-
sented itself for the use of the English lan-
guage. The six chapters treat of the stal
and products; describe the Indian country
and the great river system of the south-east;

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

421

Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands;

the religion, the government, the policy,
and the customs of the Moluches and the
Puelches, with some account of the Moluche
language.

Another member of this group was Ladis-
laus Orosz, an Hungarian. In 1727, at the
age of thirty, he went to Rio de la Plata,
taught philosophy and theologj' in Cordoba,
and after his expulsion from America re-
turned to his native province of Tymau,
where he died in 1773. Two principal
manuscripts are ascribed to him. The first
was Decades quaiuor virorum illuslrium
Paraquarire. This \vas printed in Tymau
in 1759, and made a folio volume of five
hundred and fifty-two pages. The other
work was called Decades qualuor aliee mro-
r»OT illuslrium Para^uariae, and was
apparently printed but never circulated.

There were many others who went into
exile from the region of the Riode la Plata
and Paraguay, The more conspicuous
among them were Jose Cardiel, Jose
Quiroga, Jose Jolis. Jose Manuel PeramAs,

Orosz's
writings

Other

expelled

Jesuits

AND MONOGRAPHS

h- ^

SPANISH COLONIAL UTERATURE

Donungo Muriel, Caspar Juarez, and Jost
Sincbez Labrador.* Cudiel's litenry
contributions indude Declaracion dt la
verdad and Breve relatioH de las inisiwui
Guaranies. Quiroga became known far
his attainments in mathemaucs; was a
professor of mathematics in the col-
lege of San Ignacio in Buenos .'Ures; and
I made a large number of maps of the soutit-
. em ptart of Soutfi America and, ajnoi^
, others, a map of the viceroyalty of Buenos
Aires. He left also a treatise called Obset-
tronomicas para delerminar «f
Paraguay. J olis was a Catalan,
bom in 1728. lie was a missionary in the
Gran Chaco for ten years. His most noted
literary production was Saggio sulla sUria
naluralt delta provincta del Gran Chaco.
Jose Manuel Peramis wrote Vidas de varo-
ilustres and Annus patiens, the latter
consisting of a diary of the journey of the
exiles from Cordoba, Domingo Muriel
(sometimes in Latin as Cyriacus Morelli}

1 1 Sh Pablo K.
ino ill )• Hi

iiiiidnd. 19M.

B-31J. in CcltaioH it taint J
b histvin de Amfrica, vot Tib

HISPANIC NOTES

,jOOglc

IN SOUTH AMEKICA

left Fasti rutvi orbis and a continuation of
Charlevoix's Paraguay under the title of
Historia del Paraguay desde iy4y kasia iy6y
Caspar Juarez was bom in Santiago de! Es-
tero in 1731, became a Jesuit in 1748, and
died at Rome in 1804. His principal works

Historia ecdesiastica del virreinato dc
Buenos Aires and Historia natural, treat-
ing of the same region.*

In 1910 there was published at Buenos
Aires a part of the writings of Padre Jose
S^chez Labrador. He was bom at Guanda
in the diocese of Toledo on September ig,

. At the age of fourteen he entered
the Society of Jesus, October 5, 1731, and
about the middle of the century went to
America. Established as a professor of
philosophy and theology at Cordoba, he

,iT&7--

at nurtW iex aaardatan Para^

a Ibi title Coslum
^ appeared in a FrEocJ

AND MONOGRAPHS

JOB^

Sdnchcz
Labrador

4*4 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATL'^RE

diadnction and the high regard of his
contemporaries, but the call from the wilds
appealed to him, and, abandoning his pro-
fessorship, he entered upon the life of a mis-
sionary to the Indians, with all of its
privations and dangers. In the midst of
this service he was overtaken by the decree
of expulsion (1767). With hundreds of
others affected by this act, he was t
ferred to Italy, where thirty-two years later
(1799) he died at Ravenna.

During his travels and residence among
the Indians Sanchez Labrador acquired
considerable knowledge of their language,
translated the catechism into the speech ol
the Mbayas, and began to compile
tidhary of that language, carrying his work
to the letter P in a fair degree of complete*

The rest of his extensive \
treated of either the natural history e
I Paraguay under the title Paraguay natvn
iluslrado, or the progress of the missions ill
that region, this part of the work bearing
the title El Paraguay calolico.

The first of these divisions comprehen
infonnation on the nature of the country,

HISPANIC NOTES

^^^"^^^iWW

IN SOUTH AMERICA

the soil, the climate, the water, and the most I
I prevalent diseases; the plants, the fields, I
I and the forests with various kinds of trees; ,
i the animals, the birds, the fishes, the rep- 1
! tiles, and the insects. The two \'-olumes en-
: titled El Paraguay cawlico, printed in
Buenos Aires in iqio, contain a great part
of the important work left by Padre S4n-
I chez Labrador concerning the Indians of |
I Paraguay and its provinces, as well as ac- 1
counts of his extensive journeys, his obser- j
vations, and his reflections. I

' VI

The Relacion hislorial de las
los litdios que tlaman Ckiquitos, attributed
to Padre Juan Patricio Fernandez, was firSt
published in Spanish in Madrid in 1726, It
was republished in the Coteccion de libros
qife tralan de Ainirica raros 0 curiosos, in
1895. It treats briefly of the beginning
and progress of missionary work in the pro-
; vince of Chiquitos; the geography of the
province and the customs and character of
the natives; the invasion and depredations
by the Mamelucos; the removal of the settle-

AND MONOGRAPHS

K^SWWW?

^ n

4»6

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Matias
de

meots; and events in the lives of some of tb
leading missionaries.

The preface to the Buenos Aires editioi
of Pedro Lozano's Historia de las reotM
donts de la prmincia del Paraguay afHrm
that Lozano translated this work from tla
Italian original, by Padre Bandier, whi<±
appears under the name of Padre Patricio
Fernandez. A mild controversy has arisen
about the authorship of this book, into
which it is not necessary lo enter. Th<
latest utterance observed takes issue witi
Ixizano, and supports the claim of Ttio&Xi
dez.

The report made by General Matias di
Angles y Gortari, commissioned by Vicini
Castel-Fuerte to inquire into the causes a
the conflict between the Paraguay cornuB;
eros and the misiones, is a document of coB
siderable importance for the history of thi
Jesuit missions in Paraguay and the rebet
lion led by Antequera. After the rebellion
had run a certain course, and Autequen
had been imprisoned in Lima, Angles, who
was the corregidor of Potosi, visited Asun-
cion and undertook, in the capacity of judge,

HISPANIC NOTES

_ ^ 1

IN SOUTH AMERICA

437

by personal investigation to gather infor-
mation needed to fix the responsibility for
the state of war that had existed in the pro-
vince. He entered upon his inquiry with a
mind measurably free from any partisan
bias; he had never visited Paraguay before;
he had no acquaintances amon'g the inhabi' :
tants; and carried only a note of introduc-
tion from the viceroy to Bishop Jose de
Palos. This introducrion, on account of the
Bishop's partisanship, made it difhcuk for
Angles to maintain his proposed impartia- :
lity. But observing the evident partisan >
characterofsomeoftheevidence presented, I

ought to correct it by testimony from | Anglfa'
other sources. Whether he was entirely | informe
successful or not in reaching an impmrtiai ,
conclusion, the Informc remains a valuable I
:ontemporary view of a serious provincial
WOT. It was completed at Potosij in May, |

:, after the author's return from Para- ]
guay. Thirty-eight years later, in 1769, it I

published in Madrid. |

AND MONOGRAPHS

DcillizedDy Google

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

CHAPTER XIV

SOME ECCLESIASTICS AND '
RELIGIOUS BOOKS

[. Bishop Licdrraga. II. Bishop Litik
Jeronimo de Ori. IIL Bishop Caspar
Villarroel. IV. Minor religious writers.

-^he mediaeval tradition that the Chur
was the supreme patron of learning w
generally recognized in Latin Americ
throughout the greater part of the colonii
period^/ Men of scholarly tastes and ai
pirations found their greatest opportunitilt
in ea:lesiastical office, or as members o.'
religious order, and many of those n
attained the dignity of a bishop I
noteworthy also for their writings. OneO
the early names in this list was that ft
Bishop Lizarraga, whose family name vU

HISPANIC NOTES

03IC

IN SOUTH AMERICA

429

Baltazar de Obando. When he assumed
the habit of the order of Santo Dom-
ingo in 1560, he became Fray Reginaldo
Lizarra^a. He went from Spain to Lima
with his parents; thence to Quito among
the first European settlers; and finally he
returned to Lima. He was living in Chu-
quisaca when Viceroy Francisco de Toledo
(1569-1581), committed the crime of taking
the life of Tupac Amaru and of furthering
the extermination of the other members of
the Inca family.

From the post of prior he was appointed
provincial of the newly-created province in
Chile. After LizArraga's service as provin-
cial, he was for a brief period a missionary
in the valley of Jauja, and while there he
received notice of his presentation as bishop
of Imperial. This office had come to him
through Viceroy Garcia Hurtado de Men-
doza's (1590-1596) recommendation to
Philip II. The king's letter of appoint-
ment was written on June 7, 1597, and on
June 12 one year later, Lizarraga replied,
accepting the offered dignity. His conse-
cration was delayed until October 24, 1599.

Bisbop
Lizar-
raga

AND MONOGRAPHS

■

430 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

ratureH

lorgaiuzj

This was not an auspicious momeoM^i
looking towards southern CHle a
of residence. The .\raucanian !
assumed an unfavourable aspect^ C
Loyola was dead; the Indians had org
a genera] insurrection, and had laid siege to
the towns in the diocese of Imperial, Thi
destruction wrought in this uprising a
various other considerations induced th
bishop to hesitate to take up his episcopi
duties. In May, 1602, he was still in Lina
but he arrived in Chile in December t
that year, or in January, 1603, thus bi
tween five and six years after his appoint
ment. The ruined condition of Imperii
led to the removal of the see to Concepcidi
and, in view of the discouraging prospeci
the bishop, a few weeks after his aniva'
sent his resignation to the king, with tl
request tliat it might be forwarded to dl
Pope. For this act the king wrote to bin
a severe rebuke, calling upon him to r^an
his obligations, to remain with his churd^
to mend the state of his diocese, to preserw
it for the Church, and to ofEer his consok-
tion to his subjects. The number of Euro-

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

431

peans within the limits of the bishop's juris*
diction was small, and these for the greater
part were poor and discouraged. The
bishop was about as poor as the others, and
was obliged to live in a cell ofiered him in
the Franciscan monastery. Yet he showed
zeal and wisdom in the management of the
diocesan affairs; more wisdom and zeal, it is
said, than one had reason to expect, con-
sidering the indifference, hesitation, and
timidity he had displayed in Lima. Never-
theless, he was discontented in his office,
and, with its annual revenue of only three
hundred dollars, he was able to maintain
neither his church nor himself. His recom-
mendation, therefore, appears reasonable,
that his diocese should be united with that
of Santiago, and he be permitted to return
to the monastery of his order. This plan
was, however, not carried out, and in 1608
he was presented by the king for the bishop-
ric of Paraguay, to succeed Martin Ignacio
de Loyola, who was promoted to be arch-
bishop of Charcas. At the end of 1607, or
at the beginning of 1608 he took final leave
o£ Chile.

Lizdr-
[nOiile

AND MONOGRAPHS

DcillizedDy Google

^^1

432

SPANISH rOLONIAL LITERATURBf

Desc/ip-

ciiny

India,

The greater part of his writings deal wH
religious subjects. There was a volume g
the Pentateuch, two volumes on plaa
mentioned in the Scriptures, a volume 1
sermons, a treatise on the life and emine)
services of Jer6nimo Loayza, the first ardi
bishop of Lima. These and most, if m
all, of his religious productions, have K
mained unpublished.

Lizdrraga's most important work W4
rather secular than religious. It was caDe
Descripcion y pobla^ion de lis India
Doubt has arisen as to where this book w4
written, whether, as indicated in the tea*
in " the valleyot Jauja," or in Chile. Ma
dina has discussed the question, and hi
reached the conclusion that it was writtd
inChile.during the second sojourn of Lizil
raga in that country, and from the numbi
of known copies of it, he infers that it mM
have enjoyed a. certain popularity, if thi
may be said of a manuscript necessari
confined to a few readers.*

Among the topics treated in this book n
the geography of Chile and Peru, the vi»

|i) Medino, Lilaalitra tohmitl ii CUh, n. ji-Jy

HISPANIC NOTES

■

^^L^

l..(X"H^IC

IN SOUTH .\MER1CA

roys and the governors, the bishops and the
provincials, the territory of Cuyo, and the
road over the cordillera. One notes in this
part of it the imposing effect of these
mountains with their grand panorarnas
and their majestic summits of eternal
Lizarraga, hke many other writers^
moved by the grandeur of nature here
displayed. At the same time some of his
views suggest the crude faith of his genera-
tion. For instance the appearance of the
comet of 1577 he mterpreted as an
nouncement that God was about to punish
the people for their sins, and that Drake
the same year was sent to inflict the
punishmeot.

As bishop of Paraguay, like the great
majority of the priests who attained episco-
pal rank in America, Lizarraga led a life of
virtue and devotion. He died at the age of
eighty, and the time of his death accorded
with his own prophetic announcement: " a
las seis de la tarde ire a dar cuenta a Dios."

In the last half of the sixteenth century,
while the New World was displaying to
Europeans its magnificent scenery and its

AND MONOGRAPHS

gaUo del

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

untold wealth, there were persons, parties!
larly among the clergy, who, in the midst a
the general hopefulness, assumed to be d"
illusioned respecting earthly affairs. Jul
ian Martel's reflections of this charact
were set down in a book entitled Desengait
del tiiundo. He was bom in Granada, a
went from Spain to Peru as a member of tl
secular clergy, but he became an Augu4
tinian friar, and later rector of the collq
of his order and prior at Lima. E
esteemed for his austere life and for hxf
learning, particularly for his knowledge ol
Latin and of the writings of the Fathers a
the Church.'

II
Two especially prominent writers among

to have beta eitensively UBcd by Padre Jiun UeUoda

J^deE waa a Dominican i>WD ja LiEoa, After hotdiiig V3
□ufloffii^DsiD bia order h« wo&seat oa a mj»ion toSpi
and left Callio SspleiiitKr i, i6?3. Ks htou also a cLr
iciB of his order [n Peru, and Dtscripciin dc Iv/iestia be

KlabtalificatiiHiliSanta Rosa. Hevrasthebaltoaiiia

Uacrifain brim itlodtla lurrn dt! PtrH, rUwiiAi, J
ii (a Plalm y dilt is piinled in Kunia bMitiaa Ji aula
espaAiiti, IV IftisWiBjorwrfs /wfwi, ii). 4SS-661. S
also Eyiapiiire, Hiitorta de Chile, V^paraiao, lajo,

HISPANIC NOTES

:ToogTc

IN SOUTH AMERICA

the ecclesiastics of the first half of the seven-
teenth century were Luis Jeronimo de Ore
and Caspar de Villarroel. Ore was the suc-
cessor of bishop Lizdrraga in the diocese of
Imperial. During the first period of his
active life he was a zealous missionary
among the Indians; later he was in Spain
and Italy, where he appears as a writer; and
this activity was followed by a period of de-
votion to his duties as bishop of Imperial.
Fie was bom in Guamanga, Peru, in 1554,
and was the third of the four sons of Antonio
de Ore, who, besides these sons, was blessed
with three daughters. He entered the order
of the Franciscans at Lima, and here won
distinction through his studies. His work
called Simbolo catdlico indiano was pub-
lished at Lima in 159S. It contains the
matter of two distinct books, the first treat-
ing of the mysteries of the Catholic faith,
"a philosophico-theological treatise on God
and his attributes," in a word, "the dogmas
of the Catholic church;" the second being
a description of the New World and its na-
tive inhabitants. Like certain later writers
Oih would have the name of the continent

AND MONOGRAPHS

.sKVMSlI eOLOXLU. LITERAlTt

ii. iiJiiio Lo send two dozen monks <"''

,.. v*iiii liicm. to the Jdn^om of FloiitU =■

ritii' II iiic Kospel m these nnnie;. It*

I", uiu-rimiitu whether he would no^

ill iitutik^, or lemm. having daf^''^

ii.i' . i it- requested me to ei« him tan

1.11; >i: iin iiisLury of Florida, which tins-

i.).j;i.iuf iiiicin take with them forthart

..rji.i.iiiirii,oin.t:rnincthepm-vin«5andti!

.....ijiii Ml uic inhabitaiiti, I gave )iic

1 ..-1. i.(.ok';iijretwereoftheFtor»^-«:

1,1: ....11 1.1 yur tDm«Ua"Dj. Jor whichlB

■ . :iii\M^r.,p;ri iiijiiseli greatly obliged. ' _

.■!..r j> . ifiuni irom Cadiz 10 Midnc.

»:i ! 'iir.iiiut.-'.! Jii.- religion.- cr mysW*

.iL,:., . Iwi: ui iiis books ol this (*"-

■ ,ii 1- A't.atii/ti di la via''- y fi^'^

■ i I ■ I luiiii.'io Soiiuw and ( onwi*"

: ...n. -....li I irjirii Mane. Tne religW"-"

,1 IP ill n'ritincs had donWte

-■ „j1.u.i,. . J), tausinj: him !<■ bevn-

.■■. -.-j: ii.i l.i>iiy|jrii. of imperial iiUJi''!'

:',.:. Ill' appuintmcn', by Philip ^

..Google

IN SOUTH AMERICA

confirmed by Paul V, and near the end
620, or in the beginning of 1621, the new
Lop arrived in Lima. Ore's return to his
:ve country, clothed with literary and
esiaslical honours, was naturally a
rce of supreme satisfaction to his rela-
s and friends, with whom he spent near-
wo years; and finally, in (622, he took
tession of his church at Concepcion, and
;red upon the exercise of his episcopal
:tions. He continued to discharge the
ies of his high office for a period of five
rs, and spent a year of this time among
untamed inhabitants of Chiloe and the
icent islands, whom he found less docile
1 had formerly appeared to him the
ians of Peru. He died in 1627.*

ray Caspar de Villarroej, another writer
Eidy referred to, was bom in Quito about

IB Onl's

mily, red

iofffi del Ptni ie la Orden de Fv'-I'. San

> por Fr. Diega is driaba Salinoi ILLina,

Impend' it' cliii. I

ApotUAet iel Per A,

Prooincijt is los

,MD MONOGRAPHS

442

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Appre-
by the

contained an abundance of extracts froW
the Scriptures and from the Fathers of the
Church.

These publications gave evidence of his
spirit and his learning; they made an im-
pression on influential persons at the courtj
and Garcia de Haro. after he had heard him
preachj became his enthusiastic champioB/
Moreover, the court and other persons ol
distinction conceived an especially favotipJ

called to preach before the king and thtl
Council of the Indies; the fashionable ap-
plauded him; and the poetasters wrota
verses in his honour. The practical resul
of all this for Villarroel was his presentatio
in 1637, after a residence of eight years i
Madrid, as the bishop of Santiago. He W8

in Lima.

In its isolation the limited society of Saip
tiago, hke other colonial communities, wil
aflUicted with social antagonisms. Tiarf
was rivalrj' between the civil and ecclesiaf
ticaJ officials, and the task that devolvrf
upon Bishop Villarroel was to establish and

HISPANIC NOTES

|^^,_J

r^xiipc

IN SOUTH AMERICA

443

preserve a. just balance between the con-
flicting parties. This task he appears to
have perfonned with marked success.
HeiTera, the historian of Ecuadorian htera-
ture, affirms that "he made hinaself not only
notable among the bishops of America for
his wisdom, but also for his eminent virtues
and for his indefatigable zeal in the exercise
of his pastoral funcdons." ^

Villarroers benevolence and charity
found ample opportunity for exercise in the
afflicted community of Santiago after the
earthquake of May 13, 1647, when the earth
is said to have trembled and fluctuated like
the sea. The shock caused a terrifying
noise, threw down the houses and churchesj
and killed six hundred persons in the ruins.

Gobienw ecltsidstico padfico, Villarroel's
most important work, was written during
his incumbency as bishop of Santiago, It
was originally published in 1656-7, and in
1 737 Padre Francisco Vasquez de Sandoval
caused a new edition to be issued. This
book treats of the prerogatives and duties
of holders of ecclesiasrical and ci\Tl office.

17) ETOayo loir/ ia historic dela liUrilvu aualotiiam. 37.

Villat-

roel-s

Gobitmo
ectestd-

pactfUo

AND MONOGRAPHS

444 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

In it the author makes manifest his desiR
for harmony and conciliation, and shows
that no opposition exists between the Inti-
mate designs of the church and the state.
It is not possible to descrihs this irea
terms applicable to a modern work on gov-
ernment. It has the character of a volunt-
inous mediiEval book, containing much that
is relevant to the general subject and mudi
more that from the modem point of view
is irrelevant. It is interspersed with nu-
merous and e.stensive quotations, and it
crowded with references to both pagan ai
f'hfistian authors. According to tradition;
these two massive volumes were writtMl
within a period of six months, but they
were not published until ten years later
than the date assigned as that of their a
pletion, and there are various reasons f«
believing that the work of compositioil
occupied at least some part of these ii
vening years.*

Historias sagradas y eclesidsticas morala
was aJso written in the years during whid
Bishop Villarroel was a resident of £"

(S) EyMioim, Hisloria it CkiU, i, 46J-

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

445

tiago. It was divided into fifteen cor-
onas, each corona into itwencortsideraciones,
and each of the latter into hisiorias. The
mystical significance and religious use of
these divisions are pointed out by the
author, but neither the explanation nor
the book itself makes any effective appeal
to modem thinking; in fact, only the
Gobiemo eclesidslico pacifico retains a place
among books at present useful, Villarroel's
other works are important chiefly as illus-
trating the mental attitude of a distin-
guished ecclesiastic of South America in the
seventeenth century.

In spite of the esteem in which he was
held by the inhabitants of Santiago. Villar-
roel felt himself an e.xile in Chile. His
thoughts always turned with longing to-
wards Lima, the scene of his youth and
early manhood, and of the development of
his religious life.' " Tengo a Lima en el co-
raz6n" was often the refrain of his conver-
sation. But in spite of absence the Spanish
court had kept his memory green in Spain,
and in 1651 he was promoted to the bishop-
ric of Arequipa, where he enjoyed a larger

VUlar-
roel;
"Tengo
a Lima
en el
coranSn "

AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

income and a more benigiiant climate, and
where, by his control of more extensiva
means, he was able to expand the field o
his charity. Even his library he distribute
ed among various monasteries, and shortl)
after his transfer to Las Charcas, as arc!
bishop, he died leaving no earthly posse
sions, and he was buried at the expense a
his chaplain.

Bemado Torres, chronicler of the Augu*
tinians, asked him for data concerning hH
life, and received this answer:

" Naci en Quito en una casa pobre
lener mi madre on paiial en que envolvenne;
porqtie se habia ido a Espana mi padre
treme fraile. y nunca entro en mi la fr{ul^
porteme vano, y aunque estudie iducl:
supe menos delo quede mi juzgaban olros."'

DDL tiavini swaddling cloIhFS In which lo wtap me; a*
father hao gone (o Spain, 1 became a iiiar, wlthinxt la.\
the spinl of a fnar; I became vain, and aithougll I lUH

■ludli

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

IV
Books like the Setnana espiritual con me-
dilaciones del principio yjin del kombre para
coda dia, y documenlos de oracion, by
Juan Gonzalez Gutierrez (Madrid, 1656)
and the numerous religious works of the
friar Andres de San Nicolas have little sig-
nificance except to illustrate the prolific in-
dustry of certain ecclesiastical writers in
the realm of mysticism. San Nicolis' His-
toria general de los Agustinos Descahos de
la Congregation de Espana e Iiidias (tomo
I, Jludrid, 1664), is, however, accorded
value as an account of the establishments
of his order in Europe and Asia, but it
treats only briefly of the history of the order
in America. In spite of his voluminous
writings San Nicolas appears to have been
little known in New Granada, and Vergara

. Arrobispa

Voleuzuda, pubLiflhed ia L

laboured ia the .

EpUomt <U la vi.

Smlifidt BogM, by Pedio de So

AND MONOGRAPHS

MrJ

448 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

naively remarks that he has considered th
forgetfulness as a punishment inflicted b
posterity for the author's lack of love b
his coiintrj-.'"

Another voluminous ecclesiastical writc|
of Bogota was Juan liautista de Tom
The most important of his works is the bjj
volume called El secular religioso. pubKshfl
1 in Madrid in 1721, and repubhshed there "
, 1778. A feature of the work which the his
torian is bound to consider is its denunci*'
tion of the injustice and greed of the corre-
r gidores and the inhumanity of their treat-
I ment of the Indians In an article onCurw-
' sidades tilerari'as, Miguel Antonio Caro, in
Repertorio eolonibiam, calls atti
the fact that Toro wrote a natural, ^nifA
and harmonious style ai the time who
" Gongorism with the authority of the pen
insular writers had passed to the Indies am
perverted completely the literary taste,"'
The fact is also noted that in spite of Toro^
constant eulogy of the Jesuits, and hiS'
getic condemnation of the conduct oi £

(.1! /W.. iBMi.

HISPANIC NOTES

■"t^W

IN SOUTH AMERICA

449

>ffidals in America, a second edition of
book was issued from the royal press of
rles 111.1=

1 the seventeenth century mystical
ings encountered fewer obstacles to
r publication, and were more extensive-
ead in the Spanish colonies than were
(S treating of purely secular subjects,
works of Padre Juan de Alloza were
fiy of this kind. His El breve oficio del
bre de Maria was reprinted many times.
El cielo estrelladode Maria and his other
<s of a similar character found numer-
devoted readers. This was assured by
^reat reputation acquired by the author
is hfetime. In gaining this reputation
lad the advantage of membership in an
lent colonial family. One of his bro-
s. who was a priest at the cathedral, be-
e rector of the University of San Mar-
and died as bishop-elect of Santiago de
e. Another brother in 1651 and in
! was also rector of the University, and
mcle, Gregorio de Loaysa, was vicar-
:ral of the archbishopric.

) Vcrgaia, Hisl. dt la HI. « .V. Gratiada, iM q.

Juan de
Alloza

AND MONOGRAPHS

Igic

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Juan de Alloza studied at the Ji
school in Lima, passed to the university
entered the Society of Jesus, and becai
the most forceful preacher of his time,
a sermon delivered on the occasion of th!
festival of St. Paul, he commented on the
bad example set by the viceroy's speech antf
acts. For this he was reprimanded by the
superior ecclesiastical authorities, and lus
right to preach was withdrawn. The vice
roy, informed of this action, ordered that
Alloza should be permitted to continue lus
preaching. " If Alloza,'' he said, " does ni*
tell us the truth, who will tell us what espe
dally concerns us? Let him continue "
the pulpit, and let the first sermon which
pronounces be preached in my pali
Acting on the suggestion of this episode,
preacher of another order undertook to f
ercise a similar freedom of criticism, but
was called to account, and the viceroy,
imposing the merited punishment, bade h
remember " que no todos eran Alloza." '

in tic nih-- • ■ - -■ ■ '-- - ■ —

uuH rf> 5n JiHt, and Emt-
ia FlrmtD de Idsun, VidaitAl
hist. btog. drl Pert.

HISPANIC NOTES

""^^o?

■

IN SOUTH AMERICA

451

adre Jos6 Silva's life falls principally in
first half of the eighteenth century,
was born in Lima in 1703, became a
Liit in 1720, and died two years after the
:t of expulsion. He served many years
1 professor of philosophy, part of tlie
e in the University of Cuzco. Besides
eatise on the civil law in two volumes,
wrote extensively on ecclesiastical sub-
s; on the evils of Calvinism; on the ne-
ity and the existence of a divine revela-
; and on the eucharist.
rancisco de la Cruz, a Dominican, was
less prolific than Alloza as a writer on
fious questions. He was bom in Gran-
, studied in Lima, made his profession
aith in the monastery of his order in
CO in 1616, and became a professor in
University of San Marcos. Entrusted
1 various important ecclesiastical offices
inally attained the dignity of a bisfaop,
was charged with relieving the Indians
'otosi from the burdens imposed upon
n by the miners. In executing this
mission he aroused the hostility of the
niards, whose interests were affected.

J0S6
Silva

Fraacig-
CO dela
Cruz

AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

The mystical character of his writings ii
sufficiently indicated by some of the titles
of his books, such as De la cancepdi
Maria (Lima, 1653), Historia del rosario'it
coros (AlcalS, 1652), and Eljardin de Marit
(Salamanca, 1655).

In the vast mass of unpublished writinf^
by ecclesiastics are comprised the numcp
ous manuscripts by Juan Cajica, an Augn*
tinian who arrived in Peni in 1573. ~^
extensive knowledge of the native lan-
guages greatly facilitated his missionar
labours, and his diligence and persistence in
writingare made abundantly evident by tht
statement that he produced thirty-tfl
umes. Twelve of these were designee
printed in folio, and twenty in quarto, all SI
Spanish. They were, however, never print*
ed, because, according to Calancha, th«
publication of them would have cost 0
hundred thousand pesos, and no fund 0
that amount was available. They treated
extensively of religious instruction and tf
the doctrines requisite for a knowledge ol
the Catholic faith.

Few writers of Peru achieved greater di*-

HISPANIC NOTES

IS SOITH AMERICA *»

tinction while liviiig than Padre Juao Peret
de Menacbo, who was born in Lima in the
last half of the sixteenth «ntur^-. He
stadied in the schools of his native city, and
entered the Society of Jesus, He w»s
called to a professorship of philosophy in
the University of San Marcos in 1601, and
served in that office for twenty years.
Many statements were current during his
hfe concerning fiis marvellous memory and
profound knowledge, among others that he
knew by heart the works of Thomas Aquin-
as; and these statements were heard not
merely in America, but also in Europe,
where, referring to him, it was affirmed
that the mind of St. Thomas was in Peru.
In later centuries he passed to a certain ex-
tent out of public knowledge, largely be-
cause the bulk of his works were never pub-
Ushed."

Ill) Some oi Mfludio'i woriu an: Summt UiKle/ttt

two volnms: Tradalu! mpratplit ecSatar. Privlli/toi ii lu
CamftLUa dc Jiiii: PrivtUfioi it lat Indlti^ Kmlai lOfl

iD Uw M^cvria Am™.!X"lirby J«»4 (Mi'J°B'ob(j Ml

Vi^ dc AUnH, by IVIrc liHarri; In Di unui Ml* dlvinm.

Mena-
clio'»
wrltltig!)

AND M0S0GRAPH8

Elper-

con/BSor

Fenian -

Vergtra

SPANISH COLONIAL LITEILATURE

Elperfecto eonfesory cura dt altitas was fl
purely religious book of the middle of the
seventeenth century that had a certaj"
vogue in its day. It was written by Jus
Machado de Chavez, who was born in QuitOj
and who was educated in Lima and ii
native city. He held various offices in the
Church, and was appointed bishop of PopS"
ySn in 1651, but died two years later, before
assuming the duties of hts episcopal office.
El per/ecto confesor was published in Bar-
celona in two folio volumes about 1641.
i66r Francisco Apolinar published in Ma*
drid a summary of Dr. Machado's works.

Fernando de Vergara Azcirate
his brother Jose de Vergara Azcarate, added
materially to the mass of ecclesiastia^
writings of the first hilf of the ei^
eenth century. They were both natives a
Bogoti. Fernando de Vergara was t
near the end of the seventeenth centurj
studied at the college of San Bartolom6 cu

1 di Sarao Totiliio, by L**i ran
iKdo. by MonUlvo; in Uie Eilrdi
i£5u; in the Crdnica fnmdtaamm

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

455

entered the order of the Jesuits. He be-
came the rector of the Jesuits' college at
Cartagena, and, after his return to Bogotii,
he became the rector of the Jesuits' college
in that city, where he died on October J2,
17G1. Jose de Vergara was bom on Janu-
ary 32, 1684. He inherited from his father
the encotnienda of Serrezuela, which had
been held by his grandfather. In 1703 he
left the college of San Bartolome. and was
appointed to the office of corregidor. After
the death of his wife and of all of his numer-
ous children but one son, within a period of
two months,!^ he became a priest. He re-
ceived the degree of Doctor of Theology at
the University of Santo Tomas, became the
cura of Topaga in 1726 and was transferred
later to Socorro, where he died in 1746.
His surviving son conducted the negotia-
tions at Socorro with the rebellious com-
muneros. The works of these writers are
noteworthy now chiefly as indicating what
subjects claimed the attention of colonial
ecclesiastics of superior education and
standing."

dS) Verraia sajs, ■■ la mucite de diei y ocbo hljos y de
su espoM."— Hiilofia dt IiimUura n N. GramvU. jS3.

JosS

deVer-

gara

AND MONOGRAPHS

DcinzedoyGoOglc

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Another Jesuit whose name is set dowa
in the list of the mystics was Domingo An-
tomas. From his birthplace, Carcar ii>
Navarre, he went to Chile, and in 1742 was
assigned to the projected missions
island of Juan Femdndez, where he
ed a year. After his return to Santiago h6
was charged with the direction of the n
teries of Carmen and Rosas. While
island he wrote his little hook called Arte ii
perseverancia final en gracia. Jose Torra
wrote on the privileges and prerogatii
the Spouse of the Mother of God.
most striking of the works under considera?
tionisManuel 'La.cnaza.'sLavenida delMf
Has en gloria y majeslad, which Vicuna
Mackenna describes as "an indedpherat"
myth, of which all speak as if it were one

[16) Ttie lollowing an tome of the works ot Penundo
V<T|fara' Rttotacionrs morala, a expticucidm dm Un nn^tt
en mmiin y en taMKuturi Citationa cimdnieat; S^mona

tongrcf"^ ^ A'lKilra StHon dd Saawo: DiMmmHUt
ditviadenunlroptidrtSan I p^ado lU Loyola; Nupumiti
AtuiliH, iacUr dt la Igtesia. Ttae lollowing ai« UM
W dc Vergara's »ork<: El aariMi ••crinU); Httltnl
Ua capilhmiai fundadai par laicei y rditiatat m aum
bitpada; Sermana montUi y dodriiuUix; HvtoriaAtC^
EUjt y ta casta Suaana; Dr lis tili^iai y nauracUK It
sunlDs; CHmiDnci iJd cottUo it SaMafi; Ripam iifiuii

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

the nation's titles to glory, without having
opened the volume." '■' As the title indi-
cates, the book deals with the second c
ingof the Messiah, the millennium, the Last
Judgment, presenting pictures of the imag-
ination that suggest the visions of Milton.

Lacunza was bom in Santiago in 1731
entered the Society of Jesus at the age of
sixteen. After his expatriation, in 1767, he
lived at Imola, in Italy, until his voluntary
withdrawal from the order, when he retired
to the suburbs of the city, and lived there
for more than twenty years the life of a
anchorite, preparing his own food and pei
mitting no one to enter his habitation. H
died there in 1801.

The influences of colonial life generally
stimulated practical activity rather than
philosophical or religious reflection, but
now and then minds appeared so predis-
posed to mysticism that they could not be
awakened out of their dreams even by the
uproar of the frontier. Among such per-
sons, Medina mentions Ignacio Garcia, Do-
mingo Antomas, Jose Torres, Pedro de

^L AND

AND MONOGRAPHS

br„h,QuV

flgft

458 j SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE 1

Ignacio

Garcia

Desen-

gafio

jero

Tula Bazan and Manuel Lacunza. Garc^
was bom in Galicia in 1696, studied at Cor-
una, entered the order of the Jesuits, am)
completed his academic career at Sala*
manca. His request for service in AmeriM
having been grajited, he sailed from Cadill
for Buenos Aires, and made the joumev <rf
nearly a thousand miles from that town
across the plains and over the Andes into
Chile. The first field of his mission was
Coquimbti. From this place he was trans-
ferred to Santiago, but in 1730 he was in
Concepci6n, where he gave instruction in
philosophy. This was the year that wit-
nessed the destruction of Concepcion by on
earthquake, and after that event Garda re>
turned to Santiago, where he performed thB
duties of a professor of theology. He died
in that city in 1754 as rector of the Colegio
M^imo. His work entitled Desengana
ctmsejero was published in Lima the year
of his death. In this he emphasized espfr

this by citations from the Scriptures, and
proposing exercises for meditation in re-
tirement. Another work of a similar char-

HISPANIC NOTES

. -1

1 V..(HH^IC

IN SOUTH AMERICA

459

acter was called Respiracion del alma en
afectos pios, which set forth the exercises
needed to keep alive the spirit, as respira-
tion keeps alive the body. In view of ap-
proaching death he requested Padre Javier
Zevallos to present to bishop Alday the
manuscript of a volume entitled CuUivo de
las virtudes en el paraiso del alma (Barce-
lona, 1759}.

Respira-
ddndet
alma

AND MONOGRAPHS

Dcinzedoy Google

Spanish

SPAXISH COLONIAL LITERATLTtE

CHAPTER XV

GO\T.RXMENT ASD LAW

I. Mtlehor Calderon. Francisco FalcAt
and Frandsco Carrasco 4r Sat. IT. Nieoldi
Polanco dtSantillana,Juan MatierKO,jM
de SoUrzano Pereira, and Caspar de Esct'
lona y Agiiero. IIL The brolhers Antonio,
Diego, and Juan de Leon Pinelo and Jm
del Corral Caho de la Torre. IV. Jorgi
Escabedo y Alarcon and Josi Rezabal j
Ugarte. V. Alonso de la Pena MonUntgrt,

I
The autocratic government under v
the Spanish colonists in America lived exr
erctsed a notable influence on the opinioiu
and theories held by colonial writers on poli-
tics in the seventeenth and the early part of
the eighteenth centuiy; but in the later de-
cades of the eighteenth century the
Creole-mestizo society, or party, revolted

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

461

against the hitherto current politit:al pliil-
osophy and accepted doctrines that had
found expression particularly in the United
States and in France. While the govern-
ment of the Spanish-American dependen-
cies was in process of development, many
persons very naturally became interested
in the new laws and the gradual growth of
the system. As new phases of the organi-
zation appeared, new questions arose that
attracted attention. In the British col-
onies, where provision was made for a large
measure of popular local control, interest in
governmental affairs found expression in
addresses, projects of law, and debates in
popular meetings and legislative assem-
blies, and through the still more popular
exponent of opinion furnished by the pub-
lic press. In the enjoyment of these facih-
ties, there was almost no incentive to write
or publish formal treatises on political sub-
jects. The Spanish colonies, on the other
hand, presented a very different state of
affairs. The people had no voice in the
colonial government; the popular orator,
except in the pulpit, did not exist; there

British

and

Spanish

AND MONOGRAPHS

•m

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

were no legislative assemblies; the viceroy
the governors, the judges of the audienda
and the corregidores were appointed by tl
king or by the Council of the Indies actii
for the king; only the niunicipaJ coimcl
when not dominated by a superior autb
ority, stood as a feeble representative of
people. The laws under which the <
onists were governed were framed and is
ed by the king and the Council, who rule
autocratically through ofhcials rendere
practically absolute by their distajice froi
the supreme head of the state and by tb
difficulties and the infrequency of the coo]
munication. Any discussion of current p>
litical or governmental questions
therefore, to take the form of a
report, or a petition to the king o
cil of the Indies. During the greater pi
of the colonial period no facilities for puUi
cation existed except in Lima, the dty B
Mexico, and Spain; for no printing pressa
existed in Spanish America, except in thed
two capitals and certain Jesuit housQ
until the last part of the eighteenth cen
tury; and until the last decade of th«

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

century there was no periodical in the
South American dependencies through
which public questions might be discussed.
The question as to what disposition
should be made of Chilean Indians cap-
tured in war with the Spaniards was raised
very early and continued under discussion
for many decades. This was the subject of
a treatise' by Melchor Calder6n, who went
from Spain to Chile in 1555, and who be-
came a canon and the treasurer of the
cathedral of Santiago de Chile, later a
missary of the Inquisition and \
general of the bishopric. In 1579 he
appointed a member of the cabildo of San-
tiago. His book, published late in his life,
in 1607, was designed to bring to the atten-
tion of the viceroy the views of the more
competent colonists concerning the advisa-
bility of enslaving the rebelhous Arau-
canians. CaJderon's argument was that
since the conquerors were able to kill the
Indians, it would be carrying out a more
humane policy to enslave them.

{1} TfaJada iU la importancia y ulilidixd qu4 hay en dot par
ttcusa a la indios febtladra de CkHe.

AND MONOGRAPHS

-1

Diver-

Falcdn

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

There was a wide diversity of opiniom
concerning the treatment the Indians ought
to receive at the hands of the government
The severe policy, supported by the c
comenderos and the bulk of the secular
authorities, was generally opposed by the
members of the clergy; but now and then n
secular writer appeared as the vigorous ad-
vocate of a just and righteous treatment it
the Indians. Sucii an advocate was Fran-
cisco Falc6n. who was a lawyer in Lieu
during the last part of tlie sixteenth C
tury. At the ecclesiastical council of Lima,
of 1582, Falcon set out with great forceand
freedom verified instances of injustice, op-
pression, and robbery by the Spaniards. an^
urged the council to take remedial measuitl
and to suppress with a firm hand '
detestable excesses." He raised the que*
tion of the right of conquest, and denial
that the Spaniards had any such right. «
any reason to make war on the natives.
He declared that the encomiendas had been
awarded only for such a period a
peror might wish to have them continue«t
and that whatever these kingdoms produc

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

465

for the king should be spent for the Indians
themselves, since there was no law allowing
the removal of the revenues from these
kingdoms to supply the needs of other coun-
tries, and before all the king should satisfy
the needs of those by whom the production
is effected. Falcon maintained, moreover,
that no more towns of Spaniards should
have been founded than were necessary " to
support and furnish a backing for the
preachers of the gospel." He condemned
the establishment of towns in regions
already cultivated by the Indians. He op-
posed the e.vaction of a tribute from the
Indians greater than that which they had
paid to the Incas; at tlie same time he em-
phasized the fact that the revenues collect-
ed by the Incas were expended in the
kingdom, and not sent to a foreign coun-
try.*

Another phase of the Indian problem was
taken up by Dr. Francisco Carrasco de Saz.^
He discussed extensively the payment of

(a) Mmdiburu, Pic. hiH. btag. dri Ptra. m, Si-S^.

(3l Tiro ol Catrasco's works aro 1 liter jrrlalio ad ali^uas

aailm, C«™. (Madrid, 1630).

CriUcaJ
view of
policy

AND MONOGRAPHS

L..|. „J..VV

466

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Fran-
Carrasco

tithes by the Indians, and reached the con-
clusion that they should make this payment-
For the legal aspects of this question he was
fitted by his broad knowledge of law. Id
the practice of his profession in Lima he ac-
quired the reputation of being one of the
ablest and most distinguished lawyers of
his time. He was rector of the University
of San Marcos in 1613, and became fiscal of
the royal tribunal called the Crusada. Later
he went to Panama as oidor, or judige, of
the audiencia, 1

The judges, or oidores, of the audiencia
were usually men of legal knowledge. Ni-
colas Polanco de Santillana was a member
of the audiencia of Chile about the middle
of the seventeenth century. He was in
Santiago at the time of the earthquake of
i647j* and, prompted by the questions that
arose concerning the attitude the govern-
ment should assume in the presence of such
a disaster, he wrote De las obUgaciones dl

It) Od Ihis earthquake set Barrels Arana, HiOtrit A

HISPANIC NOTES

^^.^^mI

HogR

IN SOUTH AMERICA

los jueces y gobemadores en los casos foriu-
itos, banning and completing his book
while the city stil! lay in ruins about
him. Polanco de Santillana is accredited
also with Comentario a las leyes del litulo
primero del libra primero de la recopiladon:
but both of these works appear to have
been lost. A colleague and contemporary
of Polanco de SantOlana, Machado de
ChaveZj wrote Diseurso politicos y reforina-
don delderecko, andthisalsohasdisappeared.
Three especially important works on po-
litics in the colonies are Matienzo's Gobiemo
del Peru, Solorzano's Polilica indiana, and
'EscaHo-aa.'sGazqfi.laciorealdel reino delPeru.
These are treatises on government and law,
deahng with the institutions and offices
through which the administration of the de-
pendencies was carried on, and describing
the powers and processes of the civil and
military organization. Matienzo's book is
the earliest of these; it was written prior to
1573, while the author was a judge of the
audiencia of Charcas, The two patf s of the
manuscript constituting this volume found
their way into the British Museum^ and re-

AND MONOGRAPHS

468 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

mained unpublished until 1910, when they
appeared in print under the auspices of the
Faculty of Philosophy and Letters of Bu-
enos Aires. The volume was edited by Dr.
Jose Nicolds Matienzo, & descendant of the
author. It forms an important addition to
the printed sources of knowledge relating
to the early history and organization of the
Spanish dependencies in South America.
The first part treats almost exclusively of
the Indians under the Incas and in their
subsequent relation to the Spaniards; while
the second part treats of the Spaniards and
of the governmental institutions establish-
ed by them in America.

Matienzo affirms the justice of the Span-
ish conquest, and some of the grounds of
his opinion are, that the Spaniards hadirt^
received a concession from the pope; thai
they found America not occupied by any
civilized power; that the Indians did not
wish to receive the Catholic faith; and ths
by this act the Indians were relieved froi
the tyranny of the Incas. This poii
having been settled to the apparent sad!
faction of the author, he passed to the coi

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AifERICA

sideration of the various classes of the In-
dians, classes indicated by the relation they
are made to hold to the Spaniards, and by
the tribute they are required to pay.

justification of the position of the encomen-
deros, who became the notorious oppressors
of the Indians, it is asserted that when In-
dians, were assigned to encomenderos the
principal purpose was that " they might,
with greater facility, be taught our holy
Catholic faith " (Cap. xiv).

After a detailed statement of the sti
of the Indians under the Laws of the Indies
Matienzo devotes the second half of his
volume to an extensive examination of the
organization and operations of the gov
ment established by the Spaniards in Peru,
thus giving to the whole treatise the char-
acter of a legal and historical exposition, of
importance not merely for its analysis of
the laws and customs prevailing in
Spanish colonies of South America in

ienth century, but also for its presenta-
tion of the views entertained by a judge of
the audiencia, and, presumably, of other
high secular officials.

AND MONOGRAPHS

■?ed

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

The audencia was not only a supreme
, but also a high administrative body.
In the vacancy of the viceregal office the
audiencia conducted the government in the
interim. To increase the efficiency o£ the
administration, audiencias were established
provincial capitals. In the fully
developed colonial organization, there w

South America, audiencias in Panama,
Quito, Lima, Charcas, Caracas,
Buenos Aires, and Santiago de ChiJe. Con-
cerning the creation of the audiencia, of
which he was a member, Matienzo wri

" There are very important reasor
founding the audiencia of Charcas, in addi-
tion to the one that had been established
in the city of Lima; for the Indians
from the mountainous regions cOming
to Lima become ill and many die from
the effects of the climatic change; and,
moreover, tor ihe Spaniards it is a great
grievance to be obliged to go three hun-
dred leagues from those mountair
Lima, and five hundred leagues from Tucu-
m^ and other places; and crimes ordinarily
without punishment, because of the

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

471

distance from the court; and since the re-
gion of Charcas adjoins the Chiriguanos,
Indians hostile to the Spaniard in neigh-
bouring places, who have a great desire, il
they were able to do so, to return to Peru;
and if the leaders were badly treated, they
might begin a war, and do a great amount
of damage in the country. The audiencia is
there to resist them, and it is a great wal!
and defence."

The second of the three important works
mentioned is entitled PoUtiea Indiana, by
Juan de SolArzano Pereira. He was a stud-
ent, and later an instructor, at Salamanca.
In i6og Philip HI sent him to Lima as a
member of the audiencia in that city. Sub-
sequently he became governor of Huanca-
velica and inspector of quicksilver mining.
After his return to Spain and service in
various offices, he was finally promoted, in
1629, to membership in the Council of the
Indies. In the dedication of his work to
Pliilip IV he affirms that he was ordered to
write, at his discretion, on the subjects of
law and government; moreover, that on his
return to Spain he caused to be printed two

Soidr-
Pereita

AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

volumes in Latin entitled De Indiarum jwt

el gubernalione, and that he was ^ven to
understand that the king would be pleased
and served if those books were translated
into Spanisbj in order that they might be
used by those persons who did not under-
stand Latin; and many persons by letter
had expressed their desire for such a trans-
lation. But on account of certain difficul-,
attending the making and using a
literal translation, he decided not to bind
himself to the letter of the Latin text, but
to improve it by adding to it in many places
and by abbreviating it in others. In this
waywas formed the text oiPoUtica indiana.
In this form it treats of the discovery, ac-
quisition and retention of the Indies; of the
natural features of the continent; of the
government; of the Indians, their services
under the Spaniards, and the tribute paid
by them; of the tithes and encomiendas; of
the royal patronage; of the Church, the vari-
ous classes of ecclesiastical orders and their
officers; and of the secular magistrates: ths
viceroys, the presidents, the audiendUi
and the various councils and committees,

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

The work thus- appears as a digest of the
laws and decrees issued with application to
the Indies prior to the last quarter of the
seventeenth century. While the bulk of
the references are to the Recopiiacion de los
leyes de las indias, other writings, such as
those of Matienzo,Acosta,andTorquemada,
are frequently cited, and, in keeping with
the fashion of the times, there is embodied
a profusion of citarions from classical auth-
ors. With all its superfluous display of
learning Polilica indiana srill holds and will
continue to hold a conspicuous place among
the books of the first order for students of
the laws and government of the Spanish
colonies in South America.

The third member of this group is Caspar
de Escalona y Agiiero. It is not positively
known where he was bom. Three cities
have contended for the honour of being re-
cognized as the place of his origin. Alcedo,
the author of the geographical and histori-
cal dictionary, and the historian Cevallos
affirm that he was bom in Ecuador, but
other evidence points to Lima as lua native
town. Wherever the honour may rest, it

AND MONOGRAPHS

Oaapai
de Eso*

, Co of^lc

474 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

phila-

PtTMbi-

was in the schools of Lima.and theUni
sity of San Marcos that he was educated
He held a number of public offices: he w
corregidor of Jauja, governor of Castrth
vireyna, procurador-general of the aty t
Cuzco, and oidor, or judge, of the audiendi
of Chile. His principal work, entitle
Gasophilalium regiitm Pentbicum,
printed in Madrid in 1647; the first pari ii
Latin, and the second part in Spanish.
treats particularly of matters of justice, (
questions concerning the civil admir
tion and the treasury, and of the affairs c
the array. Its analyses and descriptiu
present minute details both of the oigan
zation and the functions of the pobS
offices.

These writers were not reformers afll
the manner of persons who aim to supplan
the estabhshed government by a new fold
of adnunistration; they were loyal to til
system which they served, but this ]<^alt
did not withhold them from criticising dl
practical execution of the existing lam
they condemned with severity the crimiiil
exactions of the rorregidores of Indian^

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

and other abuses due to the dishonesty of
ofScials and their remoteness from the
centre of superior authority.

Matienzo's exposition presents the state
of public affairs only thirty or forty years
after the conquest of Peru, and is the ear-
liest attempt to set forth systematically the
immature polidcal organization and the
social state of this part of the Spanish do-
minions. The author's undertaking was
comparatively simple, and he carried it out
simply; but sixty or seventy years later,
when Solorzano wrote, the colonial system
had become more fully developed; the vol-
ume of laws had been greatly increased; and
new institutions had been created. In the
presence of this more complex state of
society, Sol6rzano undertook to present the
substance of these laws, to describe the in-
stitutions, and to make use of earlier writ-
ings in forming an organzied body of know-
ledge relating to the colonies. Escalona
Agijero, in his GazopkUatium regium Peru-
bicum {Gazo/Uacio real del Peru), supple-
ments both the Gobierno del Peru and the
Politica Indiana. He describes the colonial

The
three
works

AND MONOGRAPHS

Co o<^lc

476 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

institutions and deals extensively with tho
officials, indicating the qualities they are re-
quired to possess; gives minute directions
for official action; specifies the salaries at-
tached to the various offices; presents aq
elaborate description of official accounts^
the method of keeping them, and of the tiii
bunal of accounts; discusses the mines anc
the manner of distributing their products
and describes the system of taxation, witU
special emphasis laid on the AUabdla, ot
tax on the price of articles when soldi
This book, printed in Madrid in 1647, eon*
sists of three parts; the first part of one hun*
dred and ninety-nine folio, double-coluniil
pages is printed in Latin; the second p
has three hundred and two pages in Spanish
In this work the author has exanained nol
only the laws and regulations referrii^ tl
what are ordinarily known as govemmenti
affairs, but also those relating to economl<
affairs.

Ill

A more voluminous writer on politii
than any of the foregoing appeared in tht

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

477

person of Antonio de Le6n Pinelo, who
dealt with the legal and governmental
affairs of the Spanish dependencies. The
circumstances of his early life are still ob-
scure. An article on him in the Mercurio
feruano throws no light on the date or the
place of his birth, and other available
sources offer very little definite informa-
tion; but it is inferred from statements in
his life of Santo Toribio that his childhood
and youth were passed in Lima, and that,
with his younger brothers, Juan and Diego,
he studied at the University of San Marcos.
Having completed his studies at the univer-
sity, he went to Spain; there his talents and
learning were recognized, and he was ap-
pointed Relator of the Council of the Indies,
In 1624 he published a discourse on the
importance, the form, and the arrange-
ment of a collection of the laws of the Indies,
and under the authority of the Council
of the Indies he compiled two volumes of
these laws. In accomplishing this task he
encountered the notorious confusion and
contradictions prevailing in the body of
laws and decrees issued for the govem-

dcLefin
Pindo

AND MONOGRAPHS

\ ^1

478 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

mcnt of Spain's possessions in America.

The project to publish these two volumes
met apparently insurmountable obstacles,
but, in accordance with a previous plan,
the compiler formed an abridgement of
their contents, which was called Polilica de
las Indias. Three other works appear to
have been drawn largely from the original
compilation. These were Bttlario indiai,
Tralado de las conjirmaciones recdes, and
Historia del supreino concejo de las Indias.'
Pinelo's bibliography of authors who had
written on the Indies was entitled Biblio-
teca oriental y aecidental, and was published
in Madrid in 1629. It was reprinted in three
folio volumes in 1737 under the directioa
ofthe minister Andres Gonzales de ^rda.*

Antonio de Le6n Pinelo mentions C
eire Vel&squez Altamirano, whowasapi

(4) Otb=r murks by Pindo are : Prtnled : ,
Aittoru . . . dtia Ciudai dt lot Encs. Lima, Oc., Madiii
1631, /W<flog<uiifa/«««rfl,**£., Madrid, i6m. Apm*
poiUiadilailndtxixctAniltla.itc., MBdiid. i6]i. jf^^^
dil . . . D. Taibio Alfonso Moemejo, Ut£b, D.
A HlifS, aaurdos y dtcrttas d/d. . . nal anvm dr lax SnA
Madrid, iA]S. HSS. : El paaisa m d Niutc Mm

If Miulrid. huM tl m

I Euiatler dr Its Indim

HISPANIC NOTES

-■*^~

IN SOUTH AMERICA

479

feasor of law in the University of San Mar-
cos while Pinelo was a student there. Later
AJtamirano was appointed oJdor of the audi-
encia of Guatemala, but died in Madrid
before assuming the duties of his office.
As a native of Lima, and as a student of
law, he very naturally became interested in
the government of the colonies, and wrote
a work entitled Del oficio y potestad del vi-
carta del principe, y gobierno universal de
las Indias, which was apparently never
published.

Antonio's brother, Diego de Le6n Pinelo,
became a professor in the University of San
Marcos and rector of that institution for the
years 1656 and 1657. He was appointed
Protector of the Indians, and later fiscal of
the audiencia of Lima. His extensive
knowledge of legal and ecclesiastical
matters was generally recognized, and
many of his writings on juridical subjects
were made public. In 1660 the Ctmncil of
the Indies sent Padilla's letter to the vice-
roy, the letter treating of the grievances,
frauds, and acts of injustice under which
the Indians suSered. At the same time

Del

oficio y
poteslad

DiMO

deLein

Pinelo

AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

comentos y exposiciones de \a£ leyes de Us'
Indias, teniendo ya acabados dos tomos, y
;1 primero remitido a Lima, y para enviar el
segundo; y habiendose visto en mi consejc
de las Indias, con lo expuesto por 3U fiscal^,
se ha considerado que la aprobadon que
pedis de esta obra, coma el que sea su im-
presion de cuenta de mi real hacienda, se
debe suspender por ahora hasta taut
se vea y reconozca, en cuyo caso, y siendi^
digna de darse a la prensa, se podri ej«^
cutar en Espana, para cuyo efecto la podrei)
ir remiliendo en las ocasiones que se ofrft
cieren. De Madrid a 25 de mayo de lyafi
Yo el Rey."

A subject similar to Escalona's is treats
in an anonymous publication of ninety-t
I folio pages entitled Estado politico del rein
del PfTU; but the treatment is of t
different character, and it is written with
very different purpose. Escalona aim
to set forth a comprehensive and imparti
view of the political structure, and to d
scribe it as it was defined by law, Ti
Estado politico, on the other hand, is d
signedly critical, as may be inferred (roi

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

483

certain phrases from the long sub-title,
such as "government without laws, officials
without industry, treasures without pov-
erty, fertility without cultivation, wisdom
without esteem, militia without honour,
cities without patriotism, and justice with-
out a temple." After these and other sim-
ilar phrases, the author ends his title-page
with the remark that " these attributes
constitute a grave detriment to this king-
dom, and as a remedy two expedients are
proposed to his Majesty by a loyal vassal
who writes them, solely moved by a true
love of his prince and natural Lord, and for
the greater good of the kingdom of Peru
and of his Pattia Lima." The first of these
expedients was a reform in the militia, or
the military affairs of the kingdom; the
second was a reform in the commercial
affairs.'

The formal treaties on government and
law are supplemented by a number of pub-
lic documents that have bAn printed. Im-
portant among these are the Uemorias and

(?| The datf of this book u given at tb> end ol Ihe dBdica-
tion is Madrid, April jd, 1747.

TheAfB-

by the
viceroys

AND MONOGRAPHS

484 SPANISH COLONIAL LITER.\TURE

Relaciottfs delivered by the viceroys to thdr
successors. They present contemporaiy
accounts of public affairs, the actual stal
of the government, recent changes,
projects for future modifications.'

A large number of the colonial writers
law and government were at the same lii
practical administrators. This has cont
buted to make their literary productions :
liable and worthy of confidence as soured
of information concerning the political aP
fairs of the dependencies. In the last half
of the eighteenth century Jot^e Escobedt
y Alarciln appeared in this double capacity.
He was appointed a judge of the audietidl
of Charcas in 1776; he held an impoi

Some ol tha more noMworlhir me: Metmriai A

..!.. r,_, ,855,6 vols, ed. by U. A. FmU

'-iB72{}val*.cd. bySetnsfiiDLm
ieiPwi.Mvqiiit it AviUt,tJat».i

nana Rnmerol; R^aciima it tos sir'

rmo ill Gnmadt («d. by Guda), tten ViMt,
ri dc mania (Bihl. dr H^t. Nadonal, vin], Bi

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

48s

post in the government of Potosi; he was
the superintendent of the mint, the mines,
the bank, and the royal treasury of that
city. He participated in the defence of
Potosi against the insurgents of 1780, and
thus helped to make that town an asylum
for the threatened inhabitants of the neigh-
bouring region during the rebellion of
Tupac Amaru. He was promoted to the
position of a judge of the audiencia of Lima,
and in 1782 Charles III appointed him
visitador -general of the courts of justice
and of the royal treasury of the viceroyalties
of Peru and Rio de la Plata. He became
political governor and intendant of the pro-
vince of Lima, and in this capacity he was
president of the municipal council for the
years 1785 and 1787; and at the same time
he presided over the superior council of the
treasury, which he created, and his admin-
istration of these offices was signalized by
important reforms. ;^d during these
active years of his life he wrote on the devel-
opment and exploitation of the mines, on
the former repartimientos of the corregi-
dores, and on the means of aiding the In-

bedo's
official

A N D M 0 N 0 G R A P II S

L>C|..;eJDV

486

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Rezabal
y Ugarte

dians without imposing upon them tin

burdens which that system entailed. These
and some of his other writings were pub
lished in Lima in 1784. After the conclit'
sion of his work in America, Escobedo rei
tired to Spain, and in 1S05 he was presidffl
of the second division of the Coimcil of th
Indies.

Josf Rezabal y Ugarte was one of the late
writers on legal and political questioni
Although a native of Spain, the greater
part of his life was spent in America. H
studied at Salamanca, and in 1777 he wa
appointed judge of the audiencia of OiilB
In 1780 he was transferred to Lima, and D
1787 he became a member of the audiend
of Cuzco. In 1791 the king appointed bin
regent of the audiencia of Chile. Tti
career naturally fixed his attention part£
cularly on affairs of administration, am
while oidor in Chile he prepared instrtw
tions for inferior municipal officials, com*
piling for this purpose a large number «
ordinances bearing on this subject. H*
compiled also two thousand royal orden
designed for the government of AmmOi

HISPANIC NOTES

^^■^hI

«ogR

IN SOITH AUEIilCA

publication of the Rtit>piia.i(^n it hw »#>w

de las Indias. He discusswi. moroiver. llin

king's rights in the matter of sonilwr iiinlUii

anatas, and the obligationji <>( wx\Wv imiluf

certain Castilian titles. Thi* rrimrt who

published in i792.» AmoiiK <A\m wrllldgii

were a dissertation on the vnrlima Uitwa iil

money referred to in the Imw* 'it ilia iniMMt,

a treatise on the mu-niuiti/m ot iwantvi

into America, um) vanuu« mtiiyn^ MffUm. '

to their otility and (tj«*^/VM/i«j«w<i-«/Jw i^'-^-'

work dealing wjtii U* 9»*tys -A l*i^.*>^4 ^ ^t^jj,^.

aodienciu m AawW*^ St«f 'fMwW6W Hi .ta^ '

WtBmmmait»9m»mwl»m^\

loiVBd M Ar iMT^lMMrMlU^^^^

—a «»lMai«Niiif> >•(!$$■ AmM'I

AdaifitilieteritoP-

'^^^5S®»^f««»

^■r-

; *«ii. ijw>««i;#/^^

^ ^^

I^^H

^^^^^^^^

^'""S'^

488 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

dela
1 MontP-

lidcal questions, or governmental problem!
involving the Church. An instance of this
is found in Villarroel's Gobierno eclesidslico
paeifico.

Moreoi'er, it is to Bishop Alonso de la
Peiia Montenegro that we are indebted £m
an important treatise of this character, pre-
senting what may properly be called the
const! tutionat position of the Church a
part of the colonial organization, as deter-
mined by decrees, rules, and regulations,
particularly those aSecting the doctrineros
de Indies. We lia\e here in great detail
the provisions elaborated and approved by
superior authority for fixing the duties of
priests and missionaries in the exerdse rf
their functions in America, as well as the
obligations of al! persons within the sphen
of their ministerial infiuence. Althougll
the reciprocal obUgations here defined may
not in all cases have been observed,
these provisions make clear the theory and
expectation of the superior authorities w' "
respect to the ecclesiastical part of the so
dal organism. It is true that the inquiries
of Juan and Ulloa regarding this subject

HISPANIC NOTES

OOglC

IN SOUTH AMERICA

48»

which have been set down in iheii Notidas
secrelas dt Amirica, throw much light on
the departure of many priests from the
rules and regulations by civil or ecclesias-
tical authority, nevertheless the law standi
although it may be sometimes violated.

The author describes the parish and the
parish priest, discusses the manner ol elect-
ing the doctrineros dc Indios, nr mmion- 1 '"'J^*''*''-
aries to the Indians, and shows the parttci-'
pation of the civil authority in ecclesiaft-
dcal afiaira by pomtinf; out the fact that
" DO archbtsbop, bishop, prebend tA mny
catbedial, doctrtnero de Indios, or pari^
. priest in a pariah ai SpaAiards may be a^
' poiated widiout first bavinec been pfesentett
I by his Majesty, or parsons empowered fty

In tba crcadse other subjects of vita] Tfiptcso*
lia^wnaace were considered, mch as the' ™»

'sqjpOTrtraenc of inpmbfrs of ihe regular'"^*
cittgy to the position of missinnary Or'
parish priest; the mortal sin of aceptin j a-l
miaaoa without knowini; the lanfuage df
I ihe fadians; instruction in Christian doe- 1
I time; questions cortcCTtiinff rex^nnes and'

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

alms; preaching to the heathen and their
conversion; the functions o£ the priests re-
specting the wills, or last testaments, of the
Indians; the tribute, idolatry, witchcraft,
and drunkenness of the Indians; projects
for extending the dominion of the Church;
the relation of the Indians to mining and
work in manufacturing establishments;
provisions regarding discipline and the
ritual; and the vast array of problems that
had arisen in the process of organizing the
church and adapting its ministrations to
people who had no share in the heritage of
Christian traditions.'*'

lohfld in Madndin j6
■ Ji6, 1737, 171,.

u maitrias tfutf partiaitHt
I oilMtnulraciilH. It w*t pulr-
i; Lrcmi, 1678: Aolmip, leA

HISPANIC NOTES

ToogTc

IN SOUTH AMERICA

49>

CHAPTER XVI

LATE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY
HISTORIANS

I. Josi Euseiyio Uano y Zapata. H.
Migud de OUvara md Pedro de Cmd(^ y
Figueroa. III. Joi^ Pirfs Gareia and Vi-

phiad descftptum; Mdtna <md Vidourre.
V. Dionisio Md Ani^ma AUedo. Z<m»-
fola, SegitTfda. caui Manifufs y Vela. VI.
CemctAorcargo.

I
A ootahle figure of Peru in the eifrhtcendi
century was Jose Eusehio Llano y Zapata.
He waa bom in Lima, where his father held
the office of alcalde in 1690 and again in
1708, He appeared as the most precocious
nrind of his time in Peni. At the age of
mnetjeen he had published papers on vari-

Llafloy

ASD MONOGRAPHS

■

L ^^

iMmi

492

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Zapata's ous topics in medicine, physics, and litera-
precocityj tyre; and before he was twenty-five he had
I added to these, among other writings, a
panegyric on Marcellos, bishop of Cusco,
, the true method of preserving health, the
nature and origin of comets, a discussion on
the books of Judith and Isaiah, and the
moral philosophy of Seneca. He possessed
an extensive knowledge of languages, and,
as evidence of his interest in this branch <A
study, he founded at Lima a public school
for instruction in Greek. In pursuit <rf
knowledge of natural history he made ex-
tensive journeys throughout South America
during a period of five years, and afterward!
went to Spain, where he completed his most
important book: Memorias hi'slorieo-fisuai-
eritieas-apologitieas de iaA mdrica meridional,
in four volumes. The first volume (Reif.
ntral) was printed, the MSS, of others have
disappeared. In tiie second, the author k
known to ha\e ireated of the legetabU
kingdom, " from the most magnificent tre|
o tiie most humble plant ": in the third, Ol
he animal kingdom, from the h^hest totlM
lowest; in the fourth, the author described

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOiTH ,«iEIUC\

49$

certain geograjAical features oi Sooth
America, particnlarij- tbt great rivers, and
in all parts attention is given lo the histori-
cal phases of the subject. A little \olume
published at Cadii in 1750 contains the pre-
liminary discourse of the first volume of the
MejTioTias and a number of Zapata's letters,
A more extensive collection of Zapata's
letters began to be published at Cadiz in
1 764. They present important details of a
great variety of subjects in the history ol
South America during the two tenluries of
Spanish rule then completed.

designs and spirit of Spain's government of
America. He praised the ical of tlie '-gn-
quistadoreSj excused in some measure tlieir
^Its, excesses.andavarice. He denounc-
ed the writings of Las Casas as false and exag-
gerated, and condemned them as utterances
unworthy of a Spaniard. At die same time
he showed an appreciation of the Indians,
maintaining that under a proper system of
instruction they would have manifested in
the course of time "las fuerzas del espiritu y
la elicada de la raztin." '

TheCft.
dii vqI-
amo and

iBttBTS Ol

iCapata

iab
systan

AND MONOGRAPHS

-enr|

494 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

The Historia mililar, civil y sagrada de !o
acaecido en la conquista y pacificadon dA
de Chile by the Jesuit Miguel de
Olivares is one of the more important works
of the eighteenth century on Chilean his-
tory. The author was bom in Chilli
Chile, in 1674. It is believed that he went
to Spain, and was there ordained priest; but
in whatever manner he may have pfssed
the early years of his life, there appears to
be conclusive evidence that in 1700 he was
in Chile, engaged as a missionary in the
region between the Maipo and the Maule.
A little later he was a missionary 1
valley of Quillota, and still later he was
preaching in Valparaiso. Between 1706
and 1720 be was continuing his missionary
labours in various fields. In 1722 he was
living in Santiago, and in 1730 at COncep-
cidn. Through his journeys he acquired
much knowledge of Chile, of its geography,
of its inhabitants and of the conditions

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

495

under which rude settlements were growing
into civilized communities. In 1736 he
was in Santiago, gathering and putting into
order the sources of information that fur-
nished the basis of his Breve nolicia de la

a. work not designed at that time for pubh-
cation, but only as material which a future
historian might use.*

From this task he turned again to his
missionary labours at first in the province
of Cuyo and later, from 1744 to 1758, in
Araucania. During this period he added
extensively to his knowledge of the country
as well as of the language and customs of
the Indians.

Olivares was apparently induced to
undertake his Historia militar, civil y sa~

other Jesuits who had seen his manuscript
on the Jesuits in Chile. This larger work
was begun at Chilian in 1758, continued in
Santiago, and a dean copy of it made in
Concepci6n in 1767. Thus, after nine years
of work, it was completed the year in which

(2| Medina, Lil. col, H Chile, ii, v>v.

Breve

nolicia

dela

Com-

pa'lia

dejestis

AND MONOGRAPHS

^^^^^^^^wrtj

496

SPANISH COLONIAI, LITERATURE

Historia

mililar,

sagrada

Fate of
Olrvares

iicript

the author, together with the other mem-
bers of his order, was expelled from the col-
onies. Olivares at that time was ninety-
two years of age ; but his great age did not
prevent his inclusion with the others under
the decree of expulsion. The first stage
of his journey to Europe was from Chile to
Peru. He remained two months in Lima.
Here, by order of the viceroy, Manuel de
Amat y Juniet, his manuscripts were,
taken from him, but by the intercession of
Jose Perfecto Salas, who had lived in Chile,,'
Olivares recovered the first part of his His-\
Imia. But on his departure from Callao he
was obliged to leave the second part in the
hands of Peruvian officials. His company
ions in exile at Imola wished to spread inf
Italy a knowledge of the history and social'
affairs of Chile, and for this purpose they
desired to make use of Olivares' manuscript
and very naturally raised the question of
procuring the second part. In 1 788 OKva-
res caused the first part of his manuscript
to be presented to the king of Spain through
the Spanish ambassador at Rome, and at
the same time communicated to the king

HISPANIC NOTES

^^^^d

ooglc

IN SOUTH AMERICA

497

the fact that the second part was in Peru,
and expressed his desire to obtain it in order
to complete it and to add to it his final cor-
rections. But this was a wish not to be ful-
filled. The second part was, indeed, found
and sent to Madrid in 1790, but the author
had already fallen under the weight of more
than a hundred years.

The manuscript sent to the king of Spain
in 1788 is the part of Olivares' work which
has determined his place in the literature of
the colonies. It is not known what was the
fate of the second part sent from Chile to
Madrid in 1790 by Governor Ambrosio
O'Higgins. In writing his Historia mililar,
civil y sagrada, Olivares used the works of
Antonio de Herrera, Ovalle, Ercilla, Xufrii
del Aguila, Tesillo, and BascuMn , as well as
the Voyage of Frezier, the writings of Juan
and UUoa, the chronicle of Techo, the de-
scription of the bishopric ot Santiago by
Jose Femdndez de Campino, and the manu-
script history by Cordoba y Figueroa,
which, according to Medina, " served as bis
principal guide." Documents in the ar-
chives were not accessible to bim, and this

OUvarea

AND MONOGRAPHS

K^^

498 I SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

limitation of his sources made certain ertoi
.inevitable; but his experience and observa-
j tioDS enabled him to present especially valu-
able descriptions o£ the country and the
of the Indians. In his pagesj
, one may find independent judg^
ments regarding the defensive militaiy
operations, and on the extent of success
achieved by the missionaries in their effort*
to convert the Indians. Compared with
his work on the Jesuits in Chile, the histoiy
written later shows a more marked matur-
ity of judgment and a greater degree at
originality. " But anyone who may wish
to examine the book on the Jesuits will find
in it not only a mass of facts most useful for
a knowledge of tlie history of the Jesuits in
Chile, but also for a complete understand-
ing of the political and civil history." *

The Chileans of the eighteenth centuiy,
who wrote on the history of their country,
show a somewhat dearer conception of the
proper nature of history than their predft
cessors. One of the books of this time
Apunles de h acaecido en la conquisia it

()) Medina. Lit. col. ic Ckili, ii, 415; s» ilaa pp. jot-in

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

Chile, desde sus principios fuuM tt cit* J»
l6y2, by Jose Basilio de Rojus y Fu(>ntei,
of whose life too few facts are knowti to
I constitute the basis of a biography. 0(
Pedro C6rdoba y Figueroa, llic aiitlwr uf a
Historia de Chile, much more b kniWfl,
He was a descendant of one of tlie eaMy
coaquistadores, and wu bom in ('«rfw-*ft--
cioo in 1693. Havu^; psMMgr] under llw ift^
stnictioD pven by tlw Jesoit? m fc*!* iwfi*#
town, he embcKnl d^ '^Mmr 'tf s ^^/Ml^tj j
acquired f^ficid noslt im #;^, i'>t<';«^M #1

AraEKaanaaa,- fajntiw5>B««lJ m' *p l^fnW i1^rt5#
pailjiawnKJKv w .yM»feiipn»p*>ti,, iHifH' tlifr A*'

■TteftBaciUB!li«l«-m''T'i ■ ' ■ ■■<-^'

■ Ama^ rtite jiwttwfi t.w: ■ ■ , ■

n^psOb ttlM'- ttMO- " f'

Swlife Qttiins [l.i- .
&i» Sisttwir^. Jir^f^
CttifeaniiiiMbft- « w-

BnnBi, audi ,-CT(fti(, in^ii-,....- ,, .„ „fi

^'»^m*fx9(S\l^fi^f¥^

■
1

JOO

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Ptrez
Garcia

His work, the product of these studies, has
been commended as showing patient inves-
tigation and judicious criticism. He was,
however, afflicted with a common infirmity
of this time, the desire to show his erudi-
tion respecting subjects quite foreign to the
history of Chile, in the field of Latin classics
and the writings of the Fathers of the
Church.

Ill
Two writers on Chilean history dariifl
the last years of the colonial period wer^
Jose Perez Garcia and Vicente Carvallo y
Goyeneche. Perez Garcia was bom in
I7ai,at Colindres.a little town in Sp^nneaf
Santander. His parents are described id
their letters patent of nobility as "caballeros
nobles, hijodalgos de sangre y naluraleta."
He acquired only the limited education o^
dinarily obtained by young persons whoiii'
tended to devote themselves to commen*
At the age of twenty he left Spain for Ame-
rica in company with an older brother, whs
made a considerable fortune in Upper Peni,

HISPANIC NOTES

■.

■ IN SOUTH AMERICA

SOI

Buenos Aires. For ten years Perez Garcia
remained in that city engaged in mercantile
' pursuits. Here he laid the basis of the for-
tune that later insured his independence.
About the middle of the century he went to
Chile, and continued his activity in mercan-
tile affairs in Santiago. Here his recog-
nized honesty and bis wealth acquired for
him an honourable position in the com-
munity, and his marriage with Maria del
Rosario Salas y Ramirez, the daughter of a
rich Spanish merchant, added to his for-
tune, and fixed bis intimate relations with
the most conspicuous elements of Chilean
society. After his withdrawal from active
business he continued to live in Santiago.
In his retirement he sought unsuccessfully
from Che king the rank and title of lieuten-
ant-colonel, not with a view of esercising
the functions of command, but for the sake
of the social distinction this title would con-
fer. One of the characteristic features of
this colonial society is seen in the import-
ance attached to titles and distincrive rank.
For six years in the first decade of the
nineteenth century Perez Garcia was en-

Garcla'i

social

position

AND MONOGRAPHS

■

^^ ,^B

Dc,i:.Z6doy Google

503

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Contents
oi

book
Lack of

gaged in writing h\sHistoria general, naturid
y mililar, civil y sagrada del reino de Chile,
completed, as he announced on the last
sheet of his manuscript, March 19, 1808.
The first part of this book is taken up with
references to the Virgin as the "discovererj
conqueror, and colonizer of the kingdom of
Chile"; with a discussion of the origin of the
Americans, with an inquiry as to the prob-
able population of this continent before the
Noachian flood, and with the question as to
the presence of the Apostle Thomas on this
continent. This part has neither interest
nor historical value. And, considering the
author's lack of literary training, one ought
not to be disappointed in finding the writing

incorrect. " But the real merit of Pirei
Garcia's manuscript," according to Barros
Arana's judgment, "resides in the historical
narrative which constitutes about three-
quarters of the whole work. This writer
has prepared himself with a profound study
of the chronicles, those in manuscript a>
well as those in print, and of the documents
that came to his hands, and although with

HISPANIC NOTES

^^^^ll

«ogR

IN SOUTH AMERICA

503

complete neglect of literary forms, he was
able to make a book which has a true value
and which may be consulted with profit
now, after many documents have been dis-
covered, and after the history of the con-
quest and colonization have begun to be re-
written with the new light which they fur-
nish. The reason of the superiority of the
history of Perez Garcia over those that pre-
ceded it is found in the fact that the author
has not always accepted as unquestionable
truth what he found written by other
authors; that he has attempted to verify
the statements for himself and by means of
comparing those narratives with the docu-
ments; and that finally he has corrected in
many points numerous errors, and has set
down facts from his own investigations that
are not found in the other chronicles." *

The work by Carvallo was entitled De-
scripcion historico-geogrdfica del reino de
Chile. On account of the extensive inves-
tigations on which it is based and its inde-
pendent spirit it may be properly classed
with the writings of P^rez Garcia. Both of

(5) Rmllfl c*ife-.". 1.

Ground

Garcla's

rity

Carva-

llo'swork

AND MONOGRAPHS

L .-^

^^^luuxi*.

504 ' SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Carvalio

afid

O'Hig-

these authors were, moreover, distineuished
from many of their predecessors by their
secular status. Garcia was a merchant and
Carvalio was a soldier. .\s a soldier Car-
vaJlo was subordinated to Ambrosio O'Hig-
gins while that officer was in general com-
mand of the southern frontier, and after-
wards when he had become governor and
captain-general of Chile. The friendly re-
lation tliat at first existed between them
was later changed to hatred and hostility,
by which O'Higgins was moved to use his
influence to obstruct the execution of Car-
vallo's plans. This is seen in the failure q!
Carvalio to obtain the office of corregidor ui
Peru for which he had applied, and also in
the objections raised by O'Higgins to
granting Carvalio leave to go to Santiago to
consult authorities for his proposed history .,
of Chile, as well as in his later refusal W ]
grant his request for permission to go 10
Madrid to secure its publication. When
Carvalio proposed to abandon his military
career and enter a monastery, he requested
that in tiis ecclesiastical position his mili-
tary salary might continue to be paid to

HISPANIC NOTES

>glc

IN SOUTH AMERICA

\ him. This O'Higgins firmly and definitely
refused. But by persistence and a subse-
;quent petition he succeeded in obtaining
,0'Higgirs' permission to go to Santiago;
and directly from the government in Spain
: he obtained leave to go to Madrid,

The life of Car\-allo was that of a vigorous
, and restless spirit in re\'olt against the nar-
i rowness and monotony of Chilean social
conditions in the last half of the eighteenth
I century. He was born in Valdivia in 1743,
' the son of the governor of the district, and
the youngest of three brothers. Until his
twentieth year he was under the instruction
of Jesuits; he then entered the military ser-
vice, in which he continued for many years
I in his native city, where he married and
became the head of a numerous family.
The dull routine of garrison duties in a stag-
nant colonial town irked him. Hoping to
find an open field for his ambition, he
sought and secured his transfer to the fron-
tier. At this time the project of President
j Guill y Gonzaga to establish towns or forts
: on territory not previously occupied by the
I Spaniards pro\'oked the opposition and hos-

AND MONOGRAPHS

-^ i

So6

Carva-
jectto''

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

tility of the Indians. It would be difficult
to imagine a more complete contrast to Car
vallo's life at Valdivia than that presented
by his experience on the frontier; but the
freer life of the frontier had its compensa-
tions; he found there abundant material
the diary which he kept throughout i
whole period of his military career. 1
writing of this diary is said to have suggf
ed to him the project to write a history at
Chile. Moreover, daily contact with ttu
Indians for more than thirty years gave
him a secure basis of judgment concerning
the long conflict which furnishes the main
theme of Chilean history; he acquired suffi-
ciently the Indians' viewpoint to enaMe
him to discern the unjust features
Spanish policy respecting them, and by his
spirit of impartiality he was led to oppose
the governors and to pobt out their abuses
and unworthy conduct.

When Carvallo finally obtained
mission directly from the government
Spain to visit Madrid, O'Higgins sent
Buenos Aires an order for his arrest, b
the order arrived too late to prevent Cf

HISPANIC NOTES

..(Xli^lC

IN SOUTH AMERICA

S07

vallo's departure, and he was consequently
able to pass a number of years in the Span-
ish capital, where he completed his History
of Chile in 1796.

At Madrid Carvallo was able to command
influence sufficient not only to defeat the
efforts of those who wished to excite hos-
tility to him at the court, but also to secure
the favour of the king and incorporation in
the araiy at Buenos Aires. It is not defin-
itely known how long he remained at Ma-
drid, long enough, however, as already indi-
cated, to complete his manuscript, the nar-
rative of which extends to rjSS, to the end
of the interm government of TomSs Alva-
rez de Acevedo. He was not able to secure
its publication, but before it was printed it
was extensively used as a source by later
writers. Two of the volumes of Gay's His-
toriafisica y polilua de Chile, as pointed out
by Amunitegui, "are a simple transcription
of some of the books of Carvallo's work."

Early in the nineteenth century he enter-
ed upon his duties as captain in the army at
Buenos Aires; the date of this event is some-
times given as rSoj. When the famous

Carvallo
Madnd

AND MONOGRAPHS

5o8 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

junta gobemativa was formed, May 35,,
1810, Carvallo took up the cause of the re-
volution with great enthusiasm, but his fail- ',
ing health prevented him from rendering
the efficient service he had desired to give.
He died in 1816. Some time after his
death Juan Arias, his son-in-law and sole
heir, appeared at Buenos Aires to receive
his meagre inheritance. The following is
Arias' report of his conversation with the
officer in charge of Carvallo's aSairs:

" My friend, your father-in-law is dead."
" I am already awareof that misfortune."!
" He declared that you were his sole heir.''^
" I have read the will, and I wish you 1

would please to order that the poor articlesj J

of his property may be given to me.
" These articles were reduced to his clotfa-||

ing in use and a few silver spoons."
" Where shall I he able to get them? "
" My friend, as you were not here, I gavel]

the clotliing to some Chilean immigrants, 7

who were in want.''
" But the spoons? "
" I sold them and used the proceeds 11

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOtJTH AMERICA 1 S°9

causing masses to be said for the eternal re-
pose of Carvallo."

'' Besides the clothing and the spoons, I
am especially interested in the manuscript
of a History of Chile, which my father-in-
law had written. Please let me know where
that bundle of papers is."

'■ I sold it for two hundred pesos on ac-
count of masses for the departed Carvallo.""

IV
Throughout the coSonial period geogra-
phical description held a prominent place
among the writings of Spanish Americans.
Deseripdon de Chile, by Ponce de Leon,
Poblacion de Valdma, by Miguel de Aguirre
and Explica£\6n de la plaza y puerto, by
Pedro de Moreno, are among eariy works of
this kind. Ponce de Le6n and Aguirre
wrote in the seventeenth century, while Mo-
reno's Explicacion was published in 1731.
A little later Pedro Usauro Martinez de

16) CarviUio's work waspubli^rf (,87J» aboulsi.ty yais
aftcihH death in the Cotettdn tckiiUnadnrafdocumnlBi
it cm,, with as mtaducdon on the life of Carvallo by

Some
geogra-
phical
descrip-

AND MONOGRAPHS

'-■'''"='-■■

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Ciudad
cncanta
da. de los

Bemabe wrote an account of the presidi*
and city of Valdivia. This author arrived
in Chile very young, and at the age of seven-
teen,in 1749, he was already under military
training. For many years later he was in
service as a member of the garrison of Val-
divia, and through his long service in this
region he became familiar with the natural
peculiarities and the state of aflairs i
southern part of Chile. The extent arid ac-
curacy of his observations, and his ability
to attain general views based on these ob-
servations give his writings a certain superi-
ority over many of the works in this field.
Belief in the tradition of the " Qudad ea-
cantada de los C6sares" was rife in Mar-
tinez's time, and, having had some part
an investigation designed to make dear the
grounds of the popular belief, he wrote Rf-
flextones criticas polilico-historicas sabre its
nominados Cisares. He had also in mind
to free his countrymen from their illusion;
for at Valdivia he liad knowledge of those
who had faith in the tradition, and of the
expeditions organized to discover the fan^
ous city of the Cesares,

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

This tradition was exploited by Ignacio
Pinuer, who conducted an expedition or-
ganized to search for the famous city. Pi-
nuer was bom in Valdivia, and this tradition
interested him from his boyhood. In his
mature years he was brought into frequent
communication with the Indians, and from
them he sought confirmation or explanation
of it.'' His expedition was naturally fruit-
less, but his Relacion sobre unaciudadgrande
de espanoUs situada enlre los indios (1774),
has kept alive the memory of his under-
taking. A part of this Relacion is contain-
ed in Pedro de Angelis' Coleccion de docu-
mentos, reproduced from the Semanario eru-
dilo of Madrid. Another document relat-
ing to this expedition Is Benito Delgado's
Diano. Delgado was the chaplain of the
expedition, and his account was addressed
to Governor Joaquin de Espinosa. Gay,
the historian, printed it in Historia de Chile
(Docuvientos, 1,431-485). But even when
this tradition was gradually losing its hold
00 the minds of Chileans, the court of Spain
was still influenced by it, and commissioned

in Vicufla Mackenni, Rd^i«Ha /.i^ldrica,, ,o.

Pi-

nuer-3

RelaciOn

AND MONOGRAPHS

Dcinzedoy Google

IN SOUTH AMERICA

pt, and that he was in constant expecta-
1 of receiving from Peru the second vol-
E, but that this volume, on which he had
fidently relied, he had never received,
I in consequence he had been compelled
leek from various other sources th
nation which it would have furnished,
bough Molina lived long in Chile, and
te the geographical, natural, and civil
ory of that country, his work was orig-
ly published in Italian. The first part,
.ting of natural history, was issued in
Cigna in 1782. A Spanish translation
eared in Madrid in 1788. The second
:, treating of the civil history, appeared
iral years later. Like Olivares and the
;r JesuitSj he was ejqielled from America
767.

nother contemporary writer who suffer-
he same fate was Feiipe G6mez de Vi-
rre. As in the case of Molina, Bologna
ime Vidaurre's residence in exile, and
■ he wrote his Hisloria geogrdfica, valural
vil del retno de Chile, the imperfection
'hich is in a large measure due to the
that he wrote at a distance from the

AND MONOGRAPHS

5^4

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Dioni-
sio de
Alcedo
y Her-
rera

scenes he described, and without the docti-
mentary and other requisite authorities.
Vidaurre's work is divided into elei-eO
books, the first relates to geography, the
second, third, and fourth to natural history,
and the others treat of political events,
Critics appear to have found this hook not
without merit, but not equaJ in merit to the
writings of Olivares and Molina.

Dionisio de Alcedo, although less widdjl
known than his son, nevertheless played afl
important r61e in the affairs of the coloniesj
and made certain contributions to the pub
lished information concerning the Indict
He was born in Madrid, and, in 1706, he \dl
Spain for Peru. In 1708, while retumin]
to Europe, he was taken prisoner by tht
English, Having been liberated and sert
to Quito, he arrived there in time to accoia
pany Bishop Diego Ladr6n de Guevara U
Lima, where provision had been made fa
Guevara's succession to the viceregal o&a
after Castelldosrius, During the succeed'
ing years Alcedo was charged with import

HISPANIC NOTES

^^^h|

«ogR

IN SOUTH AMERICA

515

ant offices and commissions until he was
finally appointed, in 1728, president of the
province of Quito. This post he held until
1737. He was thus at the head of the gov-
ernment of Quito when the French commis-
sioners with Juan and Ulloa began their ol>-
servations and measurements under the
equator. Subsequently, having returned
to Spain, he was appointed president and
commanding general of Panama. He serv-
ed in this capacity from 1743 to 1749. He
retired from this office in consequence of
charges presented by the judges of the
audiencia, which proved, however, to be
entirely unfounded. He retired to Spain
in 1752, and died there in 1777 at the age of
eighty-seven. Two works by Dionisio de
Alcedo y Herrera were published in Madrid.
The first was Aviso historico politico geogrd-
fico con noticias particulares de la Amirica

kislorico de la provincia, partidos, dudad,
astiUero, rios, y puerto de Guayaijuil (1741).
Antonio de Alcedo, a son of Dionisio de
Alcedo, bom in Quito in 1735, availed him-
self of material presented by his father and

Dioni-
sio de
Alcedo-s

AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

by various writers on America, and com-
piled the well-known Diceionario geogrdfia
de las Indias, which was published in five
volumes at Madrid in tbe years 1 786 to 1789
This was later translated into English, with
various additions and corrections,
translation thus becoming more valuable
than the original. It was designed to em-
brace descriptions of the provinces, the
cities, and the most striking natural feat-
ures of the whole of America, but the parti
devoted to British America, as might very
well be expected, are less important than
those trearing of Latin America.

The activity of Juan Domingo de Zama^
cola, a priest of Arequipa, appears to have
been divided between building and writing,
He made considerable and important addi-
tions to church edifices in Arequipa, and
his written work deals extensively with tha
affairs of Peru. In a descriptive itinerary
from Buenos j\ires to Arequipa he gave an
account of the towns and the roads on the
way. Another work contained an account
oE the events of the revolutions in the pro-
vinces of Pern between 1780 and 1785.

HISPANIC NOTES

ToogTc

IN SOUTH AMERICA

also wrote a "narrative of the earth-
ke at Arequipa of May 14,1784," also
ary of the visit of Bishop Pedro Chavez
la Rosa to the provinces of Tarapaca,
na, and Moquegua, containing an abund-
e of statistical information. Of a similar
racter was his work on the history and
graphy of Arequipa, and that on the
idation of the town of San Fernando in
valley of Socaboya. In a lighter vein
e his satirical papers against idleness,
inst "the women who smoke," against
iry, and against the use of colours on

n enlightening account of one phase of
war known as the rebellion of Tupac
aru is found in the Diano de los sucesos
:erco de la ciudad de La Pas en lySl. It
written by Sebastian de Segurola, a
adier in the royal army, in command of
forces in La Paz during the siege, and
printed in the first volume of the Archi-
'oliviano (Paris, 1872). It recounts in
:ries of daily entries the flight of the
niards to La Paz from the neighbouring
ns, the fortification of a certain part of

AND MONOGRAPHS

5"S

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Career of
Seguiola

the city, the gathering about the city of
great bodies of Indians, the gradual diminu-
tion of food within the city, the consump-
tion of the bulk of the horses and moles,
and even the utilizing of rawfiide trunks as
food; until finally, after facing famine for
months, the besieged saw loyal troops on
the heights around the city and were assur-
ed of reUef,

The author of this diary was a Spaniard
bom in the province of Guipuzcoa on Jam
uary 27, 1740. He joined the army at th*
age of eighteen, and after eighteen years oi
service left Spain for America in the force
commanded by Zeballos, when that officer,
as viceroy of the newly created viceroyalty
of Rio de la Plata, went to defend the
Spanish settlements against the encroach'
ments of the Portuguese. Segurola had
been decorated with the cross of Calatravs
and appointed corregidor of tlie province of
Larecaja; and after the conclusion of Zeba-
llos' campaign he entered upon the duties af
his provincial office, taking up his residence
at the town of Sorata. later destroyed by
the Indians in the rebeUion. While st

HISPANIC NOTES

^^^^^

..ooglc

IN SOUTH AMERICA

519

Sorata he learned of the outbreak of hos-
tilities, and on January i, 1781, he took
command of the forces at La Paz and in the
neighbouring provinces, as directed by the
president of the audiencia of Charcas. After
the rebellion Segurola remained at La Paz
in the office of governor and intendant that
had been provided for in the reformed or-
ganization of the vice royalty. He was
married in 1 786, but his wife died two years
later at the birth of a second daughter.
His death occurred the following year. In
recognition of his loyalty and his distin-
guished services, he was admitted to the
order of Santiago, appointed field -marshal,
and president of the audiencia of Charcas,
but the notification of these honours reach-
ed La Paz a few days after his death.

In this first volume of the Archive boli-
viano appears also an important document
relating to the marvellous history of the
city of Potosi, a city that had been called
into existence by the rich mines of Upper
Peru. This document is entitled Anales de
la Villa Imperial de Potosi, and was written
by Bartolome Martinez y Vela, a resident

Atiales
de Potosi

AND MONOGRAPHS

^W..v-.^n>yit

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

of Potost. It is one of the principal histori-
cal sources of Vicente G, Quesada's Croni-
cos polosinas: costumbres de la edad mediaeval
hispano-amtricana, and of the author':
chapter called a Mining Town in Upper
Peru}

The Diario of Segurola contains tjie story
of a critical event in the Indian insurrectio
of 1780 and 1781, namely, the siege of I
Paz. The position of that city at the hot*
torn of a great ravine in the inter- Andeaa
plateau gave a certain theatrical setting to
the event. From the rim of the canon the
Indians could look down into the city, and
the inhabitants from the fortified part of
the town could watch the movement 0!
the enemy from day to day. The diary is
an account of the flight of Spaniards from
neighbouring towns to La Paz as a place of
refugejof theforraationof alineof intrench-
ments enclosing the densely populated area
of the city, and of an exhausting defence
continued for many months. Some idea of
the character of the narrative may be de-
le) See Tin Spamsh llipcmUvcia in Saulk Amer'

HISPANIC NOTES

ogTc

IN SOUTH AMERICA

5=1

rived from the following translations of
daily entries;

"March27,i78i.— This day the Indians
atUcked with great force aU parts of the
city, setting fire to the houses that were
outside of the trenches, assaulting these and
the wall, from which they were repulsed
with great vigour. This engagement lasted
from 11 o'clock in the morning till + in the
evenmg. At this hour the rebels retired
with much loss, which was given at more
than one hundred and fifty killed, without
a loss on our part.

" March 2&. — It was recognized to-day
that the number of Indians who approach-
ed was considerably increased. At 8 o'clock
in the morning they attacked all parts of
the city, aided by some guns which they
fired, and at the same time they went on
burning the houses outside of the fortifica-
tions, and we resisted them with great val-
our. The attack lasted until five o'clock in
the afternoon, when the enemy retired with
more than three hundred and fifty dead,
according to our calculation, and on our
side we had only two.

March

and 29.
1 781

AND MONOGRAPHS

WBmm

Martinez
y Vela
on DoAa
Clara

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

" March 29.— The Indians have been
coming down from all sides since daybreak,
and at ten o'clock assaulted the city with
desperation, and this attack, repulsed by
us, lasted tit! half-past five in the afternoon,
at which hour they retired with a to
more than one hundred and fifty men, and
we had the misfortune, by the bursting
cannon in one of the forts, to have three
killed and several severely wounded, and
among the killed was Captain Jose de

In the troubled hfe of Potosf, Martinez y
Vela found an abundance of incidents
enabled him to give his Anales a piquant
flavour not usually discovered in chronicles,
The following is his entry for the year 1690.

" This year died in PotosI, that famoui
Seiiora, Doiia Clara, commonly called Amal-
tea, or Achacosa, who was at first a great
sinner, extremely rich, vain, and proud, and
later very poor, humble, and virtuous. At
the age of twelve she became very well
known not only in Polosi and everywhere in
Peru, but her fame extended also to Spain.
She was, moreo\-er. beautiful, very discreet,

HISPANIC NOTES

lOOf^lC

IN SOUTH AMERICA

523

lively, and agreeable; nature had bestowed
upon her aU its gifts; she sang sweetly, play-
ed and danced gracefully. She exercised a
very great influence, since besides her great
patrimony as a woman of excellent standing
she acquired at the cost of her \'irtue im-
mense wealth in gold, silver, jewels, precious
stones, pearls, and rich ornaments. She
controlled everything, even the wills of her
associates, and was vain in the extreme; the
various rooms and patios in her house were
sprinlded every day with scented water.
The neatness of her stables was such that
one never saw in them even a straw. Con-
tinually every day perfumed water was kept
boiling in theporch and reception rooms,in
apple-shaped receptacles of sih'er, and there
were braseros of the same metal. ■ She had
as many chemises of fine linen from Holland
and Carabray as there are days in the year,
and she put on a fresh one every night.
She had four rich bedsteads of wood and
bronze with feather-beds and draperies of
beautiful cloths, and she changed from one
to another every three months. In a word,
she was the most affluent woman in Potosi,

The ele-
gance of
Dona
Clara

AND MONOGRAPHS

L ^

Dofia
Clara in

poverty

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

but these goods were acquired by a viola^
tion of the will o£ God, and in the end
pleasures of the world are such that even
before they pass their retribution appears;
thus it happened to this famous woman; for
in a short time, by means it would be long
to relate, sbe saw herself without gold, sil-
ver, jewels, pearls, servants, and omameuts
and what was more, without even ai
dress to bide her nakedness, and even mon
lamentable still, her poverty was so great
that she had not even a crust to eat, and
lived by charity, she whose weekly expenses
in her house amounted to two thousand
pesos in daily banquets and other worldly
pleasure. She received from charity a skirt
and an old chemise, cast-ofT finery, which
was no longer of use. She washed 1
clothes of strangers, because they gave hei
food, she who had been disgusted on seeing
a little spot on her dress. She worked fo<
the humblest for a piece of bread, shs
who had had white servants and man^
black female slaves, such an abundance <»
servants, that two of them were employed
solely in wiping up with towels the spittl*

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

5^5

with which those who came to visit her had
soiled the floor. Finally she expiated in
this life the disorders of her past, and suffer-
ed with admirable patience her labours,
giving by her experience a lesson to the
proud, the rich, and the avaricious, and
thus she died very poor in materia! goods,
but rich in virtues. She was buried by the
charity of her noble and pious neighbours.
I present this case to undeceive and correct
those who believe themselves secure in the
possession of their temporal goods,"

VI
El lazarilla de ciegos caminantes is
rather an elaborate guide-book than a
history. It treats of the route from Bue-
nos Aires to Santiago de Chile, but its prin-
cipal subject is the south-eastern part of
Spanish South America, the region between
Buenos Aires and Lima. It indicates the
various lines of communication, describes
the towns, the roads, the resources, the
maimers and customs of the country tra-
versed, and the difficulties, privations, and
dangers of a journey over this route. The

El lala-
tillo de
ciegos
catni-
nanles

AND MONOGRAPHS

T^td

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

style is plain and direct, the writer's potBl
of view is often humorous, and his referenc*

now and then vulgar; but the clea
of his descriptions and the picturesqueoa
at the lighter parts make the book eminent
ly readable. As a contemporary accottt
of the Peruv-ian cities in the last half of tl
eighteenth century it has no successful riva

By the title-page of the original editie
one is informed that the book was writte
by Don Calixto Bustamante Inca, alit
Concolorcorvo, and that it was printed il
Gij6n in 1773. But, in spite of this refe(
ence to Gi)6n it is held that it was printed!
Lima. A new and excellent edition v
issued by the historical and numismatie
society of Buenos Aires in 190S.

The author was bom in Cuzco.
youth he visited Lima, and soon afterward
set out for Spain, where he afRrmed he hai
an uncle who was an Indian of the ro}4
Inca family; but learning of the death 0
this unnamed uncle, he went on this
sion only as far as Buenos Aires,
he undertook the voyage to the Peninsuh
and returned from Coruna to Montevideo ii

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

ship " El TucumaQ." From Buenos
ss to Lima he accompanied the visitador
nso Catridn de Lavandera, to whom he
[uently makes reference in describing

journey, and who figures in certain
sages in a dialogue with the author.
ri6n had been commissioned by the king
irrange the affairs of the postal service
jaratory to its passing from private
ds to the crown. Bustamante, who as-
;d Carri6n, took this occasion to gather
sast a part of the information set down
is description of the country tra\'ersed,

much of this information refers to the
ting postal service and the special need
t at certain points.*
he following extract gives some indica-
1 of the author's manner.

I promised to write a description of

Among the QGtes made by General Mjtre in his copy

tSB MONOGRAPHS

rtgic

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

IJma, but the visitador told me that w
'' undertaking, inwhichmanymen of superiw
talents had not been able to succeed, and
that it would be ridiculous for a pigmy to
undertake it. But, Senor Inspector, is it
possible that I must conclude such a detml-
ed itinerary without saying anything about
Lima? Certainly, Senor Inca, for this
great city does not concern you, is not youi
afiair, and here ends my commission,
ores Jorge Juan, Antonio Ulloa, he added,
and the principal cosraographer of the
kingdom, Dr. Cosme Bueno, wrote with a
swan's quiilofall the most important thii^
in this capital, and you cannot add any-
thing material with yours which is the quill
of a goose. Nevertheless, I replied, please
tell me what is the difference between this
great city and that of my birth. I supptose
Seiior Inca, he answered me, that you are
prejudiced in favour of Cuzco, your native
town, and would wish me to say that it is
superior in every respect to Lima, but yott
are greatly mistaken; for, leaving aside the
situation and the parks, you ought to Ob-
serve that in this great capital the king

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

ntains a viceroy with great magnific-
; and with an allowance equal to the
.! revenue of all the great estates of
CO. It has also three bodies of guards
ported by the king, one of cavalry, well
inted and paid, others of infantry and
jardiers, which serve not only for cere-
ly and ostentationj but also for the pro-
ion of the persons and the peace of this
Lt town. There may be added, more-
r, the audiencia, the superior tribunals
ccounts, the inquisition, the university,
theatre, and the public promenades near
dty, which are not found at Cuzco, or
iny other city of the kingdom.
Lima maintains two hundred and fifty
lie carriages and more than a thousand
sas, which are distinguished from the
iages by the fact that they have two
■els and are drawn by a mule, and
e readily upset. There is nothing of
kind in your great city. In the matter
ress, one is as crazy as the other, with a
;rence of tastes, and in the extent oi fa-
es and commerce Lima greatly exceeds
CO. In this city there are many i

AND MONOGRAPHS

53°

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

quises and countSj and a much greater num-
ber of persons who have been decorated
with the orders of Santiago and Calatrava,
who with rare exceptions have sufficient in-
comes to maintain themselves in splendour,
and to whom may be added persons having
entailed estates and gentlemen who are
supported by their lands and other proper
kinds of business, so that they may live in a
manner to give brilliancy to the society of
the city. There is no doubt that in your
native city, as in others of the vast vice-
royalty, there are illustrious families, but
the number of them is not comparable with
those of this city " (Chap. xxvi).

■

HISPANIC NOTES

^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^HBH

,jOOglC

IN SOUTH AMERICA

CHAPTER XVII

OUTLOOK TOWARDS
EMANCIPATION

I. The inUllechial mmiement after thf
-.pulsion of the Jesuilt. II, Polilieal
formers. III. Poeli. IV, Literary peri-
Mads: Mercurio Peruana ; (iaceia de lArna.
. Contributors to Merewio firtumo,
I, El Teligra/o .\fercMlil. VII. Tadta
aenke. Vlli. Bl V^ador.

The exptiUioa of Ifae Jomw in »7^ pTf.- R»«nrt-
iced an immediaW derJine ni hf«r»ry a' li- !l^ "*
ty in the Spanish coImms. It hMi, twit^
■er, a (ar-read»Big iaAwacc on tli« n
instfnrtion- it ddwd ffce
bods, and lilamd dMM f«nMM wA*
«bt haw cMKiNHrf •» «p«

AND »0»0&Kj»rff»

— 1

53Z

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Signs ol

teUectual
life

noteworthy salvage from the wreck was thi
collection of books and manuscripts that
were gathered up from the Jesuits' colleges
In Bogotd some of these books and papers
placed in charge of a librarian and made ae
cessible in the building of the ancient Jesd
college, formed what was then known as tb
Royal Library. It was foimally opened til
the public January 9, 1777. and at tha
time contained 13,800 volumes. Anothi
act tending to stimulate the intellectui
life of New Granada was the organizatio
of the Botanical Expedition, or bureau t
scientific investigation, under the directiffl
of Jose Celestino Mutis. A little later liter-

mation of literary societies, or "circles,"
and the founding of periodicals. The ne
intellectual movement appealed particular
ly to the rising generation of Creoles, i
phase of it was seen in the attention give
to political questions and the enthusiastll
patriotism manifested by Antonio Nariii
and his associates. But this movemea
did not close abruptly the period of medie
valism in the colonies. Writers, like Man

HISPANIC NOTES

^^^^M

,oogk

IN SOUTH AMERICA

; Caycedo Ladrdn de Guevara (Bogo-
fi8-i78i)j continued to produce vol-
ous works which made clear only the
ir's ecclesiastical erudition. But in
of the approaching revolution in the
ih colonies and in France, more men
1 to think in terms of worldly things;
id of exercising their imaginations in
ing a heavenly state, they began to
forward to a new earthly state. The
ideahsm, imposed upon men by the
; spirit of revolution, contained a force
etent to transform the world,
writer who may be said to have
led the gulf between the old and the
irder of things was Felipe de Vergara y
;do, who was bom in Bogotdon May ao,
He was educated in the college of
rio, received there the degree of Doctor,
ited a professorship of theology, and
i holding this position gave instruction
in mathematics. He visited Spain,
ing letters from the viceroy, the audi-
, and the archbishop. He returned as
idor of Panama, and later he became
idor of the Royal Tribunal of Accounts

AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

in Bogota. After the Revolution of i8io
he was a member of the Assembly and
the electoral college of Cundinamaxca, a
later was secretary and counsellor of state
to President Nariiio. He died December
i8, tSiS. The long list of his work is evid-
ence not only of his vast erudition but also
of his indefatigable industry.^

Bogota as the centre of the intellectual
I movement in New Granada was already
provided with institutions competent to
further this movement. The University
of Santa Fe was under the direction of the
Dominicans in the Dominican monaster}'.
The college and seminary of San Bartolome
had been for a century and a half under the
control ot the Jesuits, but after the expul-
sion of the Society it was placed in charge of
the archbishop. The college of Rosario,
like that o£ San Bartolomej was by royal de-
cree made equal in privileges to the Univer-
sity of Salamanca, the type of the Spamsd
university. In these institutions the early
curriculum, limited to Latin, theology and

IS printed by Vecgan ia
v» Grmada, 134, —

HISPANIC NOTES

..OOi^ Ic

IN SOUTH AMERICA

535

philosophy, was increased by the addition
of courses of instruction in jurisprudence,
medicine and mathematics.

Throughout the greater part of the col-
onial period the religious orders had in
many instances been true to their mission
as advocates of the Christian faith. Many
of the members had led lives of devotion
and heroism in their efforts to impart to the
Indians a new and higher conception of life.
But in the course of time the zeal of their
militancy declined. With the contribu-
tions of the faithful they built imposing edi-
fices and filled them with books and works
of art. A few still became writer.H, and all,
in virtue of the history of their insritutions,
continued to hold a high place in the esteem
of the public, even when many of them had
fallen into indolence and were leading more
or less useless lives.

The monasteries, however, in the courw
of time ceased even to be centres of histori-
cal study, The Dominicans had pToducerl
Zamora, the Frandscana SimAn, and the

develq>ed no mccessors to these writ««;

Change
in the

orUere

AND MONOGRAPHS

—

fTTrl

Dg. .^S...

536

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Reaction
and Pro-
gress

rather, in the presence of the btellectual
awakening, they assumed an attitude of
protest and denial. They disputed the aifi^
nmtions of Galileo and the conclusions of
other scientiiic investigators; and thus, wi*
the progress of the inquiries instituted by
Mutis and carried on by his pupils and f*
lowers, there appeared a widening breadi
beiween the monasteries, representing mft
diffivalisra, and the investigators of natur^
presaging a new day.

It was clear to some minds that in onks
to make continuous the forces of intelleo
tufi\ progress it was necessary to reorganize
riie schools of the country and to bring
them into harmony with the npw views ^
knowledge. Insympathywiththisthought
Viceroy Guirior commissioned Ftancisa
Antonio Moreno to form a new plan of ia
struction_, that would provide not only foi
a new curriculum, but also for the establish
ment of a school wherever one had beffl
dosed by the expulsion of the Jesuits. Hi
the judgment of the persons most eminent
in the affairs of New Granada Moreno ap
peared admirably fitted for tfiis undertafc

HISPANIC NOTES

^^^^ll

.oogk

IN SOUTH AMERICA

537

ing. He was bom in Mariquita on October
25, 1736, and was educated at Bogota, his
studies taking a somewhat wider range than
that provided by the conventiona! curricu-
lum. He held in succession various high
offices in the viceregal government, to which
he was promoted with the spontaneous sup-
port of the viceroy, the secular cabildo, the
university, the archbishop, and the audien-
cia. Towards the end of his career he was
appointed an oidor, or judge, of the audien-
cia at Lima; a little later he was transferred
to Chile as regent, and died at Santiago on
February 24, 1792."

Moreno's plan received the enthusiastic
support of the viceroy and men of liberal

and promised to introduce an enlightened
revolution in the field of education, but
when it was brought to the attention of the
crown it was disapproved by the Council of
the Indies. The Council held rigorously to
the old plan of instruction, but two years
were spent in making the application for

Fran-

Antanio
Moreno

AND MONOGRAPHS

T**»rl

5j8 SPAXISH COLOSIAL LITERATURE

af^roval and in receiving the reply, and in
this period important steps were akea in
the execution of Moreno's proposed refonn:
And finally, when the order of the
arrived. Viceroy Guirior had been succeeded
by Fi6nz, and Fldrez had been shored intfl
the background by \lsitador Pioeres.
TheB came the rei-olt of the Comuneros ol
1 78 1 , and the governmental authorities
a mind for no other phase of internal aSi
In this period, when the go\-eTOment
paialvsed. the 2d\-ocates of the new
succeeded in carrying oat manr of its f(
mes; other persons were oonverted to its .
voocy, and Zea pafalishe<i in the Pap4
perUdue an airicle entitled Bet^ila, a
v^orons argnment against the old -arlifin^
(rf studies.*

The new intdlectnal
ed itself not only tn the Rsearcfaes
by Vlntis bat aho in the fonnatkiQ and actt
vity of Ittetary unioas, or "dnks." id
the Boeetii^ of these dtdes a greu vuiegr

HISPANIC NOTES

(..OOi^lC

IN SOUTH AMERICA

S39

of scientific subjects were discussed.
Two persons especially conspicuous in the
decade between 1790 and 1800 were An-
tonio Narino and Francisco Antonio Zea.
Nariiio was born in Bogota in 1765, studied
philosophy and jurisprudence in the college
of San Bartolome, and was appointed trea-
surer of tithes. Provided with an adequate
income and moved by his zeal for instruc-
tion, he collected in his house an extensive
library of books imported from Europe, and
the facilities which they offered for acquir-
ing information attracted about the owner
the serious youths of the city. By dili-
gent use of modem European works Nariiio
not only acquired a knowledge of several
modem languages, but was also able to cor-
rect the instmction he had received in the
college as it was conducted under iu medi-
aeval regime; he also acquired the progtet-
sive ideas of Europe and the Britiih col-
onies then putting into operation the inde-
pendent government of the United 9tat«,
Jiupired by these ideas, he became a v^of-

Antonio
Nariiio

AND VOXOGRAPBS

^^m^

SPANISH COLONL\L LITERATURE

him from attaining the object of his early
ambition. For printing a Spanish transla-
tion of Les droits de I'homme he was arrest-
ed and condemned to imprisonment in
Africa. At Cadiz he escaped, fled to Ma-
drid, visited France and England, and fin-
ally returned to Bogota. In spite of the
good offices of friends, he was again arrest
ed, and kept in confinement until the re-
volution of 1810 set him free.

Antonio Zea was sent to Spain as
prisoner with Nariiio and the others who at
that time had fallen under the condemna-
tion of the colonial authorities. He was
five years younger than Narino, having
f)eenbominMedellinini77o. He received
his early instruction in the seminar}- of Pt
payan, and passed from that institution I
the college of San Bartolome, in Bogota
where he studied theology and civil law.
Through his association with Mutis, he
introduced to the study of the inductive
sciences. On the withdrawal of Valwi-
zuela from the botanical expedition, Zea
was appointed to the position thus made
vacant, with a salary of fi\'e hundred doilais

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

S4I

a year. Zea was then nineteen years old.,
and for a person so young he had extraor-
dinary attainments. It was after two
years in this service that he was arrested,
in 1794, for conspiracy and sent to Spain.
In the long trial to which he was subjected
with the other political offenders, the
charges were not sustained. The next
three years he spent in Paris on a scientific
mission, receiving a stipend of twelve hun-
dred dollars a year, the Spanish government
being apparently solicitous that he should
not go back to New Granada; for when he
sought permission to return to America, his
request was refused and he was appointed
adjunct, and later director, of the botanical
collections in Madrid. In 1805 he was ap-
pointed professor of Botany. His residence
in Madrid extended over the years from
1804 to 1807, and during this period he was
elected to membership in various scientific
societies, and wrote a number of memoirs
embodying the results of his observations
and studies in New Granada. His scienti-
fic studies were interrupted in 1807, when
he was drawn into the revolution of Aran-

Zea in
Spain

AND MONOGRAPHS

diicordia

SPANISH COLONIAL UTERATURE

juKE. He belonged to the "afrancesados",
the j>arty in sympathy with French ideas
and planS; and believed that the triumph of
this parly would be followed by the eman-
cipation of his country. During the fol-
lowing years he was in the service of the
government, now as director of one of the
sections of the Department of the Interior,
and subsequently as prefect of Malaga.
He was occupying this latter post when the
Spanish colonies in America struck for in*
dependence.

The opposition to various provisions rt
the Spanish government, which found ex-
pression in revolts and rebellions in the
eighteenth century, wcasionaliy appeared
also in writings of that rime. The pam-
phlet called Concordia en discordia. by
Atonso de la Cueva Ponce de Leon, was a-
document of this class. It criticized pre-
vailing doctrines, attacked the royal prenh
gauves, and ai^ed against many of the
recc^nized rights of the crown. The author
was a narive of Lima, became an ecclesias-
tic, was appointed vicar-general of I
bishopric of Panama, was attorney lor the

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

543

Inquisition of Cartagena, and became the

historian of the arth bishopric of Peru. His

criticism of political affairs aroused hosti-

lity and, in consequence of this, as one

writer has expressed it, he was "pulveri-

zado" by the distinguished jurist Pedro

Jose Bravo de Lagunas y Castilla, who.

about the middle of the eighteenth century

was a judge of the audieacia of Lima, and

in 1761 published in that city a number of

Lacunas'

pamphlets under the general title of Colec-

Cohccidn

cion legal*

le^al

III

Besides the group of political reformers

associated with Nariiio there was a society

of young men of letters who formed a

literary union called " EutropeHca." At

the head of this company stood Manuel S.

Rodriguez. Among the other members

were Jos6 Maria Vald6s, Francisco Antonio

Rodrfguez and Jose Maria Gruesso. As a

Jose

young man Gruesso prepared himself for the

Maria
Gruesso

practice of law. He had finished his Segal

studies, when the sudden death of the

(,) For ™m= acmunt ol Bravo-s writings s« LavaUe in

AND MONOGRAPHS

L ..^

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

young woman whom he was about to marry
caused him to change completely his plan
of life. Under the influence of this shock
he turned from the legal profession to the
Church. He entered the college of San
Bartolome, and began at once his ecclesi-
astical studies. Two years later he return-
ed to Popaydn as a priest, and lived there,
it is said, "triste hasta la muerte." During
this period, and while in this state of mind,
he wrote Las twches de Geussor in imitation
of Young's Night Thoughts. The plwi erf
this work provided for thirty cantos, o(
nights, but whatever may have been the
number written, only three have been pre-
served. These are entitled La soledad, Lit
noche, and El remordimienio.

Another group of writers formed a
dety known as " Buen Gusto," These wri-
ters were accustomed to meet at the house
of Dona Manuela Sanatamaria de Manriqu^
who was esteemed not only for her attain-
ments in literature, but also for her knovp
ledge of nature. The members of this group
were chiefly poets, bom in New Granada^
and educated in either the college of Rosario

HISPANIC NOTES

,,OOgk

IN SOUTH AMERICA

545

orthecollegeofSanBartolome. They wrote,
among other things, certain plays that were
presented in the theatre of Bogota. Two
of these were the Sacrificio de Idomeneo and
El Zagal de Bogota. Perhaps the most
widely known of the poets of the Buen
Gusto was Dr. Jos6 Fernandez de Madrid,
whose studies had given him the title of
Doctor of Laws as well as that of Doctor of
Medicine, -^'hether in prose or verse, the
writingsofthepersons who were thus drawn
together in these associations are rather
indications of beginnings in literature than
of a culmination of literary progress.
They are not reminiscent of colonial de-
pendence but premonitory of an emanci-
pated populationy

The poems of Juan Bautista .-Vguirre are
found chiefly in a manuscript collection
called Versos castellanos, abras juveniles,
misceldneas. The author was bom in
Guayaquil, and as a youth was sent to
Quito by his parents to prepare for his
career as a man of Setters. The university
was then under the control of the Jesuits,
and Aguirre accepted membership in the

Femdn-

dezde

Madrid

The

poems ol
Aguirre

AND MONOGRAPHS

^ _

'■ "■■' ■■ ^

546 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

btiiiffi V
eatda de
Lutbet

Society. It is, inoreo%'er, reported that he
became a lecturer or philosophy in the
versit}'. An elegy on the death of Philip
V and an account of the earthquake of
1746 suggest that he was writing before the
middle of the century. In 1 767 he was
volved in the general expulsion of th<
Jesuits from South America. Later he
lived in Rome. His lectures on philosophy,
whether in Quito or Rome, apparently did
not turn his mind from his inclination
write verses, and some part of his writings
indicate that they were produced when re-
ligious thoughts and the image of the BiUe
were uppermost in his mind. In the Ctu^-
cepcion de Nuesira Sewra he is lost in
found mysticism, and in La rebflion y eaidt
de Luzbtl y sus seataces he is seeded by the
subject which Milton evidently found the
most inspiring in his great theme, the pride
and ambition ol Satan to rule the universe:

Falsear hare con ita fulminante
Del alto delo en un vaiven niidoso.
La azul muralla y subire triunbnte
A ser Seiior del leino luminoso: j

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

547

Si son estorbo a mi impetu arrogante
Aire, mar, tierra o firmamento hermoso,
Har^ que sJentan mi furor violento
El mar, la tierra, el aire, el firmamento.

When Aguirre sang of "amores profanos"
he may be thought to have gone beyond the
limits of his proper field as a priest, but he
took the precaution, as Gutierrez remarks,
to indicate in a note that if he wrote erotic
verses it was purely for diversion and exer-
cise, and that they should be considered like
the innocent love-talk of Don Quijote with
the impalpable Dulcinea.^

An opinion of the quality of Aguirre's
lighter poems may be derived from his son-
net A una tortola quejosa, which a distin-
guished critic affirms embodies the style
and sentiment of Petrarch:

Por que, T6rtola, en citara doliente
Haces que el aire gima con tu canto ?
Si alivios buscas en ajeno llanto
Mi dolor te !o ofrece; aqui detente.

it) Eaudicsbiaerdficsiycrlilcos.in:.

A una

Idrlola
quejosa

AND MONOGRAPHS

DcillizedDy Google

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Al verte sola de tu amanle ausente
Publicas triste en ayes tu quebranto;
Yo tambien jay dolor! suspiro tanto
Pot no poder gozar mi bien presente.

Pera cese ya joh Tortola! el gemido,
Que aunque es inmenso tu infeliz desvelo
Mayor sin duda mi tormento ha sido:

Pues tii perdiste un terrena! consuelo
En tu consorte; pero yo he perdido
En mi adorado bien la luz del cielo.

The Chilean poets of the later decades ol
the colonial period lacked the inspiration
that the writers o£ the sixteenth centucy
received from the events of the conquest.
They had no longer the spirit that moved
Erdl'a to attempt to weave the circum-
stances and happenings of the Araucanian
war into an epic. The Cauteverio felts, bj
Francisco Niifiez de Pineda y Bascuiian, the
Reslauracion de la Imperial, by Juan de
Barrenechea y .\lbis. and Tucapelina, by a
writer who assumed the name of Fancha
Millaleuba, Te\eal a less exalted vision

HISPANIC NOTES

. Cuil

IN SOUTH AMERICA

purpose than the earlier writers, less seri-
ousness of thought and a less eSective use
of the Spanish language. They drifted
towards the expression of subjective moodSj
and into giving their verses a distinctly sa-
tirical tone, " The muse of Bascundn, with
philosophico-moral tendencies in sentiment,
was not long in becoming entirely mysti-
cal." • The verses of Juan de Barrenechea
y Albis are passed over by the Chilean critic
'in reality without animation or senti-
ment," leaving the writer with no higher
rank than that of a rhymer.^ The writer
of Tucapelina calls his work an " heroic
poem." It consists of ten divisions called
dtcadas, and aims, among other objects, to
represent the changes that had come over
the Araucanian country in the period be-
tween the time of Ercilla and the last half
of the eighteenth century, when the inhabi-
tants had ceased to be rebellious and the
caciques were taking advantage of
facilities for education proiided by the
Spanish government. The critic suggests

AND MONOGRAPHS

550

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Padre
his kind

that the ekment of burlesque-aiid satire in
the poem may have been one of the reasons
why the author wished to conceal his iden-
tity under an assumed name.

Among other verse-makers who obtained
a certain local celebrity Padre Lopez was
especially noted. He was a Dominican
friar, and was knonii as a wit and an im-
pro%-isator, but very naturally, having
gained this reputation, many saj-ings were
attributed to him for which he was not
answerable; yet an attempt has been made
to attach to him the designation of the
Chilean Quevedo. Most of his productions
that have survived are occasional satirical
pieces; in fact, the serious things of life
seem not to have come within the field of
his \-ision. He was a pronounced enemy of
the Jesuits but a welcome participant in
meetings per\'aded by a spirit of revelry.
Another ecclesiastic. Padre Escudero, a
Franciscan, wrote much in the same vein as
Padre L6pez, and showed no more inclina-
tion than L6pez to abide by the regulations
that are supposed to control the conduct of
monks.

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

5SI

In the last quarter of the eighteenth cen-
tury appeared a number of poems narrating
events that had made an impression on the
public mind. Those narrating in metrical
form the tale ot thieves asphyxiated
in their attempt to carry off the treasures o£
amine, the death of Bishop Alday, and the
destructive flood of the Mapocho in 1780
are chiefly noteworthy by reason of having
been remembered by the people, thus mag-
nifying and immortalizing their subjects.
There is also manifest at this time a tend-
ency to invent new forms of verse in which
to express commonplace thoughts. To
these late years of the century belong also
the satirical verses of Fernandez Ortelano,
issued under the title; Evsalada poiticajoco-

With the spiritual awakening and the ex-
tension of education among the Creoles it
was to be expected that many persons
would essay poetic flights; still the most im-

(81 The lol o( Ihe lille is as (ol)ows; en J«( se rtfttrt It
•ueimuMa, aiana y ptincipala kiduii diS cMAtc Jon

ipiciiBUidilaiciitiaidPviaKquiiamdiliaii-bUoasiU
menu, y ..b. -^-«. a,gi ^p™. «i fl .« /Bl,**.,

Minor
poets

AND MONOGRAPHS

SS'

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Ecuado-
rian

portant intellectual tendencies were along
political, not poetical, lines. Whatever
ideas came from other nations, from Nortli
America or from France, tended to arouse
the people to practical action rather than
to stimulate their poetic fancies. The
poets were distinctly minor poets: Jeroni-
mo Hurtado de Mendoza, Antonio Cam-
pusano.

Jose Orozco is probably the most widely
known of the Ecuadorian poets. He was
bom in Riobamba in 1733. His principal
literary product was the "epic poem" called
La Conquisia de Menorca. At nearly the
same time there was bom in Ibarra a writer,
Ramfin Viescas. who as a lyric poet held
a place comparable with that held hy Or-
ozco as an epic poet. Two other poets,
Ambrosio and Joaquin Lartea, bom about
the middle of the eighteenth century, be-
came residents of Italy and in their later
writings made use of the Italian language.
Although Juan de Velasco is especially
known for his Historia del reino de Quito,
he left certain mediocre writings in verse.
He was bom in Riobamba in 1727. The .

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

553

minor poets are, like the poor, always with
us, and among these in Ecuador in the
eighteenth century may be classed Juan
Ullauri, Manuel Orozco, Jose Gorrido and
Nicole Crespo."

The name of Juan Manuel Lavarden had
passed almost completely out of memory in
Buenos Aires, when it was recalled by the
publication of the Oda al Parand in El
TeUgrafo mercantil. Later researches have
revealed very little concerning tJie youth
and early education of the author. He was
known in Buenos Aires as a licenciado, hon-
orary oidor of the audiencia of La Plata, and
auditor de guerra. The title of auditor de
guerra was created by Philip V (1738), and
first held by Florencio Antonio Mereiras.
It passed to Juan ^lanuel Lavarden, a law-
yer of distinction, under the approval of the
king dated April 30, 1761, Lavarden's
title to a place in the literary history of his
country rests on a Sdtira, the drama of
Siripo, and the Oda al Parand.

It is through various persons that Lavar-

(9) A diffuse discussion of the earlj' Ecuadorian poeta is

Manuel
Lavar-
den

AND MONOGRAPHS

W„j,..Guil

IN SOUTH AMERICA

555

Sebastidn Hurtado. These pacified sav-
ages traitorously get possession of the fort
in the absence of Hurtado. Lucia remains
the captive of Siripoon thetakingand burn-
ing of the fort, but Hurtado returns and is
persuaded that Lucia still lives. He goes
in pursuit of her and gives himself over to
the cadques, with whom he finds Lucia.
The previous appearance on the scene of
Miranda, the father of Lucia, with a sugges-
tion that Siripo shall become a Christian on
condition of receiving the hand of Lucia,
although, aside from the main story, is too
grim a proposition to be thought of as fur-
nishing the comedy element of the play.
Hurtado and Lucfa are unable to conceal
their mutual affection^ and the savage jeal-
ousy of Siripo is aroused. The drama was
played at several towns in Argentina, but
only a fragment of it has been preserved.
The text of a few scenes have been printed
by Gutierrez." The following lines, a part
of the twelfth scene of the second act,
will give a sufficient idea of Lavarden's
verses:

The gist
alSinpo

AND MONOGRAPHS

=56 SPiSKH OQUKUL LTTERATl-RE

l±?-.-C.

* dd forar has abortadol

HISPANIC SOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

SS7

Mis amargo, mi bien, hace este gozo
De nuestra desventura el triste plazo.
Me perdiste y te pierdo. Ya el cacique
Quien soy, sabe.

Lucia.
Mi Diosl Mas cuando te hallo
Constante y amoroso, esposo mfo,
EI morir junto a ti serA regalo.

HUBTADO.

Ello hemos de morir de alguna suerte,
V, ya que es fuerza, con honor muramos.
Lucia, mi Lucia, rauestra el cielo
Que ha tornado nuestra honra porsu cargo.
Me mand6 a confortarte. Ten presentes
Tu patria y religi6n, y cudnto te amo.

LucfA.
Qufi, ya no me conoces ? Tu me animas ?
Dudas que alegre morir6 a tu lado?

Whatever influences had been exerted in
South America by the ancient classic forms
and spirit was subdued by the French liter-
ary spirit during and after the reign of
Philip V; and the drama of Siripo, as Guti-
errez suggests, was cast in the classical

French
influence

AND MONOGRAPHS

"b"

558

Glide
Taboada

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

mould o£ the French schoolj in so far as the
subject and the condition of some of the
characters permitted it."

The Oda a! Parana, offering an opportutt
ity to set forth the riches of unspoiled na-
ture in the New World, was Lavarden'a
most noteworthy literary achievement. It
became the model for later poetic efforts u
glorify the country, like Vicente Lopez's
Triunfo argenlino.

Viceroy Gil de Taboada Lemus (1790-:
1796) stimulated literary activity in Lima
fay extending his friendly patronage to mai
of letters. He gathered about the vicereL "
court persons of talent, who were interested
in the spread of knowledge, and whose spe-
cial attainments fitted them to become in-
strumental in the development of cultiva-
tion. These persons decided to co-operate
in issuing a literary and historical periodi-
cal, and their plan was approved by the
viceroy. He offered to furnish from the
archives and the records of public offices
such data or material as might be useful

In] GMirvcz Eslvdim biopdiiaa y crllim, ».

HISPANIC NOTES

doy Google

IN SOUTH AMERICA

559

executing the project. In^ this way the
famous Mereurio peruana came into exist-
ence. The entire lack of freedom of print-
established relation to the viceroy indis-
pensable, and thus under his sanction there
was organized a private literary association
designed, by the co-operation of its mem-
bers, to provide the articles required for the
pages of the proposed periodical. The
viceroy was a member of this association,
and held the title of Protector, and the asso-
ciation itself assumed the title of " Aman-
tes del pais."

Prior to the founding of the Mercurio
peruana there had existed a periodical for
the presentation of economic and commer-
cial subjects called Diario erudito, which
ceased publication at the end of its second
year. The first number of the Mercurio
appeared on the first of January, 1791,
under the editorial direction of Jacin de
Calero y Moreyra. The periodical itself
was designed to treat of scientific, political
commercial, historical, and statisUc-al sub-
jects, in a manner hitherto quite unknown

peruana

AND MONOGRAPHS

P^^^ ijl

56o SPANISH COLONIAL LirERATLTlE

in tbe colonies. It was continued unt3
eleven voIuhks had been completed by the
association; and on the failure of funds n
meet farther expenses of puUication, Padn
Cisneros. who had succeeded the forms
secretaxy of tbe society caused a twelftk
vfdume to be printed at his own espensCi
In this year. 1791, there was formed^ n
over .a new society called "Tertuliapoetica,''
which held frequent meetings for the e:
ination of articles or poems presented, s
<rf which were published in the Mercurit

In 1793 the \iceroy decided to publish
Gtutta de Lima. revi\-ing a title that ha
been i^«d in the middle of the cent

in mder that the inhabitants of the v
royalty might have a properly a
)onmal that would inform them regardiq)
the excesses of the French RevoludMi, 1
which various rumours wi
ears. For this purpose the '
duded that it would be better to have ii
independent journal rather than to give U
the Mercuno pmtano an official charactc
The number of the persons associated wili

HISPANIC NOTES

. Cu"

IN SOUTH AMERICA

561

the Mtrcurio would make it practically im-
possible to prevent their intervention in the
determination of what should be published.
These persons, for the greater part, were
men of high ideals and not in sympathy
with all of the views and practices of the
government, and the viceroy had doubtless
reason to believe that their interference
would furnish a source of embarrassment,
for he evidently did not propose, in the
gazette, to present the unvarnished truth,
but, on the other hand, through its pages,
to carry on a propaganda against revolu-
tionary doctrines, free criticism of the
Church,and repubUcan attacks on theabso-
lute state. The tiacela was continued until
1821; and it made public only such facts or
documents as the government wished to
have known, in other words, falsified and
garbled information.

V
Some of the ablest writers of the transi-
tion period were interested in the Mercurio
peruana as contributors. Dr. Hip61ito Una-
nue was of this class. He was a native of

Gaceta

Anti-

tionary
propa-
ganda

Hipolito
Uninue

AND MONOGRAPHS

S6a

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Feni.bomin Aiic&in 1755. He completed
his studies for an ecclesiastical career, but
was persuaded by his uncle, Padre Pedro
Pabon, to abandon his plan to en
Church and to direct his attention to scieih
tific studies. Under thisadvice he turned tC
the study of medicine, and at the same tt
he became known for his attainments iii
mathematics, phj'sics, and natural histoiy.
Between 1783 and i797he»TOteapohtic^
ecclesiastical and statistical account of tl
%TceroyaIty of Peru. He held a profes
ship of anatomy in Lima, and exerted a
affective influence in increasing facilities fof
anatomical study in that dty.

Under the name of "Aiistio" he <
Amaoies. for the Mercurio peruana, and wi
^•* P*** ber of the society of "Amantes del p^,''
wtiich consisted of thirty members, twenty
one of whom were residents of Lima,
order to acquire membership one had
ofier two discourses; these ha\-ing be
fotmd acceptable, the case was presented tl
the vic«itiy for his approval. On the o<
3 of bis inauguration the new membd
i required to dehver an address.

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

563

committee of " censors " examined produc-
tions presented to decide as to their fitness
for publication.

AJnong Unanue's writings, his Observa-
ciones sobre el clima de Lima y sus injitiencias
en los seres organisados; en especial el hom-
bre, attracted much attention; it was pub-
lished at Lima in 1806 and at Madrid in
1815. It is divided into three sections.
The first section treats of the history of
the cliraate of Peru; the second of the
influence of climate on organized beings;
the third of the influence of climate in re-
lation to health and disease. This section
contains an extensive review of the means
essential to the preservation of health under
different climatic conditions, particularly
under the climatic conditions prevailing in
Peru.i*

The bulk of the writings of Hipolito Un-
Anue belong to a period subsequent to that
here under consideration."

(.3) Ad available cm-y is found in Ihe siilh voliuM o(

Manuel de Odhoiola, Uoia. 1874-

(14) A biographical tssn-y on Dr. Hlpdllto Vaiam is
pnnted in Udnoiola-s DocumtnUa lUtririos itl i-ml, vl,
S3i-Jia. Thil volume contalua many of his discourses.

Uni-

El dima
<Ui Lima

AND MONOGRAPHS

IN SOUTH AMERICA

Trujillo, and later accountant of the cus-
I toms at Lima. His articles dealt with geo-
I graphical questions, agriculture, industry
and commerce. He wrote also on matters
I of politics and administration. In the
^Mercurio he published an account of the
: vagrants in Lima and of the meansproposed
I for employing them. He affirmed that in
Lima two-thirds of the inhabitants sup-
I ported the rest, and that this state of vaga-
[ bondage was due to the freedom with which
the inhabitants, the foreigners as well as
' other classes, acceded to requests for char-
ity, in this way developing in large numbers
of persons an unwillingness to work. The
sons of artisans, as well as many persons of
other classes, refused to take up the careers
of their fathers. The women refused to work
1 preferring to attach themselves to families
' where they might obtain mere subsistence,
or to acquire a livelihood in some other
way. The existence of distinct classes
added to the social confusion; the whites
and the mestizos refused to treat as their
equals the negroes and the mulatloes, while
these in turn refused to undertake domestic

I AND MONOGRAPHS

■^

566

SPANISH COLOMAL LITERATURE

Chin-

chona

sendee or labour in the fields, and attempted
to imita te the members of the d ominant class.
This peridoical contained also notable
articles on quina. These appeared in the
eighth and twelfth volumes. Juan L6pez
Canizares is said to have been the first

cated to him by an Indian. In 1630, know*
ing that the wife of the viceroy, the Con-
desa de Chinchon, was ill with an exhausting
intermittent fe\-er. Lopez sent a quantig
of quina to the \-iceroy, and this was ai
ministered to the countess by Dr. Juan dl
Vega, with eminently satisfactory results
This incident induced Limiaeus to give th(
plant the name of Chinchona. Some of tb(
bark in the form of a powder was taken G(
Madrid, where it was examined by physJ*
cians and rejected as a medicine. It wal
nevertheless used, and noteworthy curej
were effected. Here it was known If
■'pulvosdelacondesa." It was later takCB
to Rome by Jesuits, and became known in
Italy, France, and Germany as Jesuits'
powder.

HISPANIC NOTES

(

^^^■1

IN SOUTH AMERICA

567

Some light is thrown on the spirit of the
seventeenth century by its reception gener-
ally in Europe. Persons who observed its
effects could not deny its efBcacy, but they
attributed these efiects to a, pact which the
Peruvians had made with the devil. It
was discredited in France and Germany;
the English prohibited its use; and the
learned men of Salamanca maintained that
it was an unpardonable sin for a physician
to prescribe it. Late in the eighteenth
century, in spite of the fact that Charles
III tried to encourage the extraction of
chinchona bark, certain physicians in Spain
continued to speak of it as a remedy that
was worse than the disease; but its proper-
ties had already attracted the attention,
and called forth the commendation of Dr.
Jose Celestino Mutis, the distinguished
botanist of New Granada.^'

Dr. Gabriel Moreno, a distinguished phy-
sician, who was bom in Peru in 1735, occu-
pied a prominent place among the scientific

(15) A irealisa on (uim, by Sehastiin Bado, was pub-
iHhed in Gonoa to .663. enliUed .^MiMiii coflwii Peru.

Opposi-
tion to
use of
quina

Gabriel

Moreno

AND MONOGRAPHS

568

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

men of South Amerinca during the last half
of the eighteenth century. His s[
field of research was Botany. The M«f
eurio peruana contains an article on coc^
by him. He published other papers an^
a series of biographies of distin^ishej
Peruvians: Francisco Ruiz Lozano,
fessor of mathematics; Dr. Juan RamM
Koenig, the first cosmographer of Peru; and
Dr. Cosme Bueno, a physician of note il
Lima. Dombey, who went to Peru witl
the botanical expedition of 1778, dedicated
a plant, which he discovered to Dr. Morenq
calling it M^ena peruana.

Politics and literature, as well as th!
sciences of nature, claimed some part of thi
attention of contributors to the MereuriH,
Dr. Jose Ignacio Moreno, a professor in ti
University of San Marcos, bom in Gua}«i
qui], published here certain of his discoursi
arious subjects: one of these was 0
freedom of worehip; another treated of th
supremacy of the pope; a third was a report
concerning the creation of the bishopric al^^
Junin. Dr. Uoreno lived on beyond the
limit of the colonial period , and, as a f

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

569

ber of a patriotic society created in 1822,
his discourses concerning a form of govern-
ment for Peru produced great popular dis-
satisfaction; for he spoke in opposition to
the general sentiment of Spanish America,
: which accepted the principles of democratic
rule. He died in 1841.

On one occasion at least the Amantes del
pais got into embarrassment through the
' freedom of their criticism. The Franciscan
! Antonio Olavarrieta, writing in the Sema-
\nano, undertook to treat of the public
amusements, the dress, the balls, promen-
ades, and receptions of Lima. Writers in
the Mer curio analysed Olavarrieta's article,
and made certain satirical allusions to the
subjects treated, and their observations
displeased many persons, who appear to
have had influence with the authorities; for
the number of the periodical for June 23,
1791, was suppressed. It was, however,
replaced by another number of the same
date.

Merctiria
suppress-

AND MONOGRAPHS

570

SP.WISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

TOigrafo

The vol-
umes of
the Telt-
erafo

The noteworthy success achieved by the
Mercurio peruana was one of the induce-
ments leading to the establishment of El
tellgrajo mercantil at Buenos Aires in j8oi.
The founder and editor was Francisco An-

founding this periodical was to advance
science and the arts, to create a school ol
philosophy that would banish the barbai^
ous forms of scholasticism, to extend the
knowledge of agriculture, and to infonn the
readers of the progress and new discoveries
in history, archasology, literature and other
departments of human learning. The first ■
number was issued on April r, i8oi, and it
appeared thereafter during its continuance
generally twice a week. The first volume
of thirty-five numbers covered the months
of April. May, June and July; the second
volume, September, October, November,
and December; the third volume, January,
February, March and .\pril. of iSoz; the
fourth volume, Jlay, June, July, and
August; but the fifth and last volume was

HISPANIC NOTES

^ ^ 1

IN SOUTH AMERICA

571

never completed. It's fourth number, the
last issued, appeared on October 17, 1802;
it contained an article which the public
found extremely objectionable. In this
article the editor wrote that there existed
no place under the sun more effective than
Rio de la Plata for encouragmg the idleness
of foreigners, on account of the abundance
of food and of the superabundance of un-
married women, lovers of society and of
luxury. And in order to remedy this evil
this article further proposed that towns
should be built on the coast of PaUgonia;
that all Spanish bachelors in the country
should be arrested and induced to marry;
and afterwards sent to the new Patagoniaji
towns under penalty of a forced return to
Spain of all those who would not accept
the hand of some poor young woman of
Buenos Aires, and who would not be willing
to establish themselves either at the bay ol
San Julian or the bay of San Matias.

This article put an end to the Tdigrafo
mercantil ; the viceroy, in justice to those
who had been ofiended, ordered the publi-
cation to be suspended. The Argentine

The end
and char-
acter of
the Ttli-
grafo

AND MONOGRAPHS

K^SWWW?

574

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Tadeo
Haenke

that Tadeo Haenke, one of its members^
remained to be a permanent resident ol
Upper Peru, and became a contributor to
the intellectual activity of that part of the
continent. Haenke was bom in Treibitz,
Bohemia, near the Saxon frontier, on
October 5, 1761. He studied at Prague,
and was promoted to the degree of Doctw
in 1782. Four years later he removed to

alogy under Profesor Ignacius Bom and
botany under Professor Nicolas Jacquin.
His relation to these men was also that of a
collaborator. Under the initiative of the
latter he made a botanical exploration o{
the Alps. He was also charged with the
preparation of the eighth edition of Lin-
n«us' Genera plantarum.

At this tihie, 17S8, the Spanish govern-
ment was preparing the scientific expedi-
tion to be commanded by Malaspina, and
asked Professors Bom and Jacquin to de-
signate a person who might join the expedi-
tion in the capacity of naturalist. With-
out hesitation they nominated Tadeo
Haenke, who, although only twenty-seven

HISPANIC NOTES

^^^^^

doyCOOglC

IN SOUTH AMERICA

575

years old, had already given evidence of
remarkable knowledge and ability. Their
suggestion was accepted, and Haenke en-
tered upon the journey from Vienna to
Cadiz; but by a miscalculation of the time
required for it, and by delays in Paris and
Madrid, he arrived at the port shortly after
the " Descubierta" and the "Atrevida" had
sailed. He followed by the first merchant
ship available. This was wrecked at the
mouth of the Rio de la Plata, and through
this misfortune Haenke lost most of his
books, papers and instruments. He arriv-
ed at Montevideo eight days after Malas-
pina had departed for the Strait and the
Pacific. Aided by the government of
Buenos Aires, Haenke now undertook the
overland journey across the pampas and
over the Andes. When he arrived at San-
tiago, April 10, 1790, Malaspina's ships had
already anchored at Valparaiso.

The expedition sailed northward along
the coast, and the most important halt was
in the port of Callao. The ships were left
under the necessary guard, and the mem-
bers of the company established themselves

Haenke
joins th<
expedi-
tion

AND MONOGRAPHS

^^WWWW?

ruRE ™

\oyage

SPANISH COLONIAL UTERATURE

for four months in the lalley oi the Rtmac
The viceroy Francisco de Gil y Lemus re-
ceived the officers and the scientists, but
the festivities of the viceregal court did not
prevent somewhat elaborate investigatioas
in Peru. Haenke accompanied by the
botanist Tafalla and the draughtsman
Pulgar, went over the .\ndes to Tanna and
visited Uuanucn and the mines of Cerro dtd
Pasco. Tafatla and Puigar had been
dated with the botanical expedition under
Ruiz and Pavon, and after its i
Spain, they remained under orders from the
government to continue their botanical "
vestigations in Peru, and to make
tiuns to replace those that had been lost at
Macora.

Towards the end of 1790 Malospi

u^tdand P^**"" continued its northward voyagej
'to the halting at Guayaquil, Panama, Acapulco,
Far East ^j advancing to the Strait of Fuca obA
I into the Behring Sea. In the beginning of
1 1791 it entered upon the voyage across
' Pacific, to the Philippine Islands and Aus-
tralia, and, returning, arrived at Callao
This long voyage wu

IN SOUTH AMERICA.

57J

for Haenke a period of fatiguing and profit-
less idleness; and when the expedition

started on its homeward voyage from Peru
it was determined by Malaspina and ap-
proved by the v-iceroy that Haenke should
be temporarily separated from the ships
and go to Buenos Aires by way of Huanca-
velica, Cuzco and Polosi, for the puqjose of
continuing his investigations in botany and
zotJogy. Luis Nee, another member of the
scientific staff, was permitted to leave the
" Atrevida" at Concepcion in Chile, and
proceed by land to Buenos Aires and meet
the ships at Montevideo. But Haenke, on
account of the great extent of his proposed
journey, had permission to delay his arrival
in Buenos Aires until October or November

quirements, rejoined the expedition at
Montevideo, and returned to Spain.
Haenke, on the other hand, failed to carry
out the conditions under which he was per-
mitted to cross the continent. Letters
from him received by his companions at
Montevideo announced that on account of
the extent of his explorations, reaching to

Haenke

leaves

thee«peh

dition

AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Gnussai

the territory of the Mojos and Cbiquitos. be|
would be delayed beyond the time speciliedl
for his arrival in liuenos Aires, but that he;
believed he would be in Montevideo andi
embark for Europe in the early part of tbe|
following year.

Put this belief was not well founded; hei
:ver left America, lie was rrranteit a!
pension by the vicerov. established himself I
at Cochabatnba, and continued his scienti-i
fie researches. The principal product of|
his inquiries was his Historia natural de Co- >
chabaniba. This was written in 1798. To,
the same period belong his Memoria sobrt\

■ios navegahtes que fiuyen at Marai
and Descripcion del Peru. Numerous
ments of these works were published in
TeUgrafo tnercantil but without his

Paul Groussac, who caused the Natunil
Uistory of Cochabamba to be published
the first volume of the AnaUs de la bibli
leca characterized its style, in the prelim!
ary essay on the life of Haenke, as "that
descriptive science, simple and positi^
and as far from the incorrect creole verbfrj
as from the elegant precision of

HISPANIC NOTES

IN SOUTH AMERICA

French travellers. Of Haenke he affirms
"We find ourselves in the presence of a sav-
ant of high quality, worthy by his own ideas
as well as by his vast and varied knowledge
to take his place, if destiny had not decreed
otherwise, in that illustrious galaxy near
the end of the last century, in which Priest-
ly, Scheele, and Lavoisier shine as stats of
the first magnitude." '^

But his marvellous zeal for exploration
and investigation gradually waned; isola-
tion, lack of the results attained hy other
investigators, the spiritual inertia of fron-
tier cond-dons, and a relaxing climate
wrought, in the couree of lime, thai deadly
wotk, dulling tfae acuteness of his mind, and
destroying his energy. And the end, it is
reported, was hastened by the caretessncsa
of a ser\'ant, who, in his illness at fail
hacienda, admimstered by mistake a dose
of poison in place of the beneficent medi-
He died in 1817.

de»tb

AND MONOGRAPHS

m ^^

580

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Santiago
Cirdenai,

Volador

VllI
Perhaps to these indications of an intel-
lectual awakening in Spanish South Amer-
ica one ought to add a reference to a fore-
runner of modem aviation, who achieveii
fame to such an extent that he became
known as E! Volador This was Santiagft
Cardenas, who was bom in Callao about
1726. Here he hved with his parents, who
were extremely poor, until they secured for
him, while he was still very young, a posi-
tion on a vessel trading between CaLao and
and the coast of Chile. The tidal wave
that succeeded the earthquake of 1746
threw the vessel, to which he was attached,
upon the shore. This event deprived the
seafaring life of some of its attractions for
him, and he left his service and went to
Lima. Here he devoted himself to work in
practical mechanics. Having acquired
noteworthy skill in this field, he became
ambitious to invent a machine for flying,
and petitioned Viceroy Amat for support
to enable him to carry out his project
The inhabitants of Lima did not receive

HISPANIC NOTES

_ _l

■ ■ 0

IN SOUTH AMERICA

58.

with favour his proposal to fly from the hill
San Cristobal to the great square of the
city, and on his appearance on the streets
they hooted at him and stoned him. The
government, however, intervened, and set
aside the proposed attempt. Thereafter
El Volador's efiorts were directed to writ-
ing a book on flying, which he called Nuevo
sislema de navegar par les aires.

In i860 the manuscript of this book was
in the library of the school of medicine; it
was afterwards transferred to the national
library at Lima, but some pages at the end
had been lost, as also some of the rude pen
drawings. But in 1878 Ricardo Palnia had
the manuscript copied and printed at Val-
paraiso in a little volume of one hundred
and thirty pages. In the introduction
he set down certain curious facts regarding
Cardenas. The next year Pedro Ruiz
published a pamphlet in which he dis-
cussed the art of flying. Mendiburu, from
whose notice of the Volador these facts are
taken, refers to a manuscript in the Hbrary
of Lima entitled Vtaje at globo de la luna,
gi^■i^g some account of Santiago El Vola-

On art ot
lying

AND MONOGRAPHS

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

dor. In the course of time the popt
recovered from its aversion to ( ardenar
projeit, and it is reported that he bad
seek asylum in a churth to escape from the
crowd that wished to compel him to tulGt
his promise to fly.

Although this general survey of the i*
leilectual activity in Spanish South Amer'
ica in the last decades of the colonial period
brings to light no epoch-making achieve-
ments, there is revealed, howevi
creasing interest in the real worid. in the
sciences that deal with natural phenomena,
in literature that is worldly in its tone and
subjects, and in the spread of enlighten-
ment through the press that might lead to,
the formation of a reasonable public opin-i
ion. In many quarters there were siga*
that the new generation was arousing itsdf'
tooveriome the dulness of the middle yearsi
of the eighteenth century. The creolesand
the mestizos had been drawn together, ^^'
through their union a new society had roii'
into existence. The young Creoles in Ne*
Crania gathered about Mutis as his dis-
ciples and co-workers in the field of sdenti"

HISPANIC NOTES

Ci n uTr ■

IN SOUTH AMERICA

583

fie investigation, and, with Narino as their
leader, announced their adherence to the
doctrine of political liberty. Everywhere
they displayed a spirit of revolt against
the institutions through which Spanish
absolutism had found expression, and they
resented with increasing vigour and deter-
mination their exclusion from participa-
tion in the direction of public affairs that
vitally concerned their welfare.

THE END

Mutis

and
Narifto ;

AND MONOGRAPHS

)oy Google

Dcinzedoy Google

SPANISH COLONIAL LiraRATURE 585

A Catalogue, luider Authors' Names,
of the Books mentioned in the Text

Whetevet possible the dates and placis 0/ pHbltcatiou 0/
first editions have bten given ; modrm working edilioui art
also ittciuded, where they enlist, tf a given edilioH 11 ; '
found in the British Museum, t he tetter L. is printed, in M
brackets, immediately after the date. The English alfmtM
has been foltowed. The spelling of Ike Spanish niimit at '
iitits has been modernized tlwoughoiit. The chapter re/e
ence at the end of an entry indicates where in the te*l «m
account of the author will be found.

Elegias de uarones ilusttes de Indiai, torn pue Stat
pot Juan de CasUltanns. Sliotl ArtitJe printed in
AttUtdfla apa«iiU. Vol. Ill, f.c. Cw Vll-

A«)sta(Jo56de). De nalura noLi orbis et de ptontulgalionii
tvangelii apud barbaros. stve deprocuTanda Indiiruin
saiute. Salamanca, 1589. [L] The D* promulgationt
wa publubed Kpanlaly. silauuars, iM*-]X-\

— De vera Scriptuiae ixterprelandaji mtuine. ai. i§
CkriOo in Scriptum revelalis. Rome. 1590. [LJ

— Hislar%a natural y motai de las Indiat. Seville, 1590.
JVl

1597. IL]
Uibm Biiiiwl t«*t maaA Mil dt Waltnclu iniun, Mt. Tnat. by
J. Rvygbea vau Liotrbauu. Kaulom, isgK. [L.J
The naturall and moraii hioorie of the Eaa and Wut

DcillizedDy Google

S86 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

[Acosta (J036 de) : conl.]

- L»tin Tmih. Irom tha Dulih in T. de Bry's ^mows, tun i
Fnnkturl a. U., 1601. [L]

— Svmario dtt concitio provincial, qtte se celebrd «■
Ciadad de los Reyts, el aHo 1567- Ma.drid. IS9I-
CoHcitium limense celcbraUtm anno 15S3, Ascribed
Aeuta, Madild, 1391. S« Unliiu (J. T.), Bib. hap, mmtr., VoL

De temporibus ncniisHmis. Lyons, 1592, Cap. IV,
AcuDa (Crist6b»I de). El nuetio tUsi^ubrimienlo iel grt
rio de las Amatonas. Madrid. 164I. [L]

— Pnntol in Coiioi^m dt lififrv sut triuait dir A mtrit* rmtia o nru>
Vol U, ,.^.

— ReleUion de la riviire des Amaxones. Transl. by M. (
GomberWUp. To which ia addR] Jovtnai rfu voyage gu'onl tut i
Bjro J. GriOil a F. Btclamd ii U Cie. di lOiu. dOHS b Caiwu, Ti
rf«. 4 ™ls. PmB, .6ai, [L]

iv«m Discovery of the Great River of the Amanm

Tmu. uid ed. by Sir demcols MatUum In £ir^ttiDiil into I
l-riaoi 0/ Itf rfauoM. fl.r. C»p.X.i

Aglliar (Antonio), Raafn de las nolicias de la provina
de Sati Lorerao Mdrtir de Chile, etc. MS. (1742).

Cap,)UI,

Aguilar del Kio (Juan Bautiata). Ristauracidn y repm
del Peri. 1615.

[A report, dated 1623, to the King on the misfortuni
and needs of the Indians. Later printed. S4
Mendlburu. Die. kitl. frio;. id Ptri.-\ Ctp. X,l

lire (Juan Bautista) Concepcidn de Nuetira " ' -
and LarebelidnycaidadeLHtbely sitssequacis.

concalned in Verm wWIIawi, abrai jwuntkn, hikcUhhi. um
Kript in PDSsnAion of q cdLleclor in GiuyHquiL 5« Guti^nri (Jn
M«ila). EHudioitiiViftonycrUiou.p. 13;;. C^, XVII,1

Aguirre (Mieuel de). Poblacidn de Valdivia. lima, 164
Cap. IX, vi. Cap. XVI.I

Alcedo (Antonio de). Dicctonario geogrdjico-histfyico de (
Itidiai occidenlales, 3 vols., Madrid, 1786-1789. [1

— The Geographical and Historical Dictionary o/Aauri
and the West Indies. Translation with large additla
by G. A. ThompKn, j voli. Loddoo, 1813-15. [!■] Clp.XVI,

Alcedo y Herrera (Dionisio de). Aviso kisUSrico-geogr^
con nolicias particularcs de la America tneridioai
Madrid. 1741. [LI

IN SOUTH AMERICA 587

[Alcedo y Herrera (Dionisio de) : conl.]

— Compendio histdrico de la prouincia, partidos, ciudad.
aslillero, ribs, y pvetto de Cuayaquil, Madrid, 17*1.
[L] Cap.x\!r.».

Alcocer (Hernando de). Orlando fitrioso . . . nuevamente
tToducida. . . . por H.de A. Toledo, 1550. [L] Cap. V.

Aleaio (Adriin de). Vida de Santo Tomds de Aquino e
qvinlillas. Madrid.

— £(<lMg^iieo(Apoeminpraiseof St. Thomas Aquinas).
Murda, i6ts, [LJ

— [Said to have written Del amor de Dios.']
Sm AnCoaio (N.), BMiotlncii Kispana khu, and Mesdibtmj. Die.

kia. iiog. id Piri, article, " MHiaeho." Cap XIV, Iv.

Algunas haiaHas de las muchas de Don Garcia Hurlado de
Mendoia. Madrid, l6z2. A comedy composed by
tevoral aulhora IMira de Amtscna, etc.).

— — Prldtsl in Catecdlln di aid. ap.. Vol. XX, g.u. Cap. VI. 11

Alioza (Jnaa de). El breve oficio del nombre de Maria.

— El cielo eslrellado de Maria. Madrid, 1654.

S» McDdibuiu, Die. till. biog. dd Fsri. Cap, XJV. i\

Alvarez de Toledo (Fernando). El Purin inddmilo. Publ.i:

•■«.p.v.

Amador de los Kios (JosA). Vida y escrilos de Gonzalo
Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdis. Prefixed to Span.

Cap.'li, i.

AmunAtegui (Gifegorio Victor). Fernando Alvarei dt

Toledo. Article publ. in Anales de la Univeriidad di

CMU. VoL XXVTII. (March. igU) q.v.

AmunAtegui Solar (Domingo), Las encotaiendas de i
dfgenas en Chile. 2 vols. Santiago de Cliile, roog-i
[LJ J

— Don Fernando Alvares de Toledo. Santiago de Chile,
1S9S. Cap. vi.iii.

Aimles de kistoria natural. Edited by C. Heirgen. L, J.

Pioost, D. Feraindel and .\. J. Cavanilte. Madrid. i?9q-i8o;. " '

Anales de ciencias naiurales. Madrid, 1S01-1804. [L]
Anales de la Bibliolei^a (Biblioteca Nacional de Buen
Aim) Buenns Air«, .flon, ric. [l;

588 SPANISH COLOSIAL LITERATURE

|if>i«bi ie la VmiPtrsidaJ it ChiU. Santiago de (

I Maann m^a^tx, — iting the n* te >»«)-4«. -*«. -w. -si. ~

I Bhitma. Santiago de Cfaik. 1856. {L.}

\Anaitt da Ctueo. Sec Palnu (Kkaido).
Andagoya (I^acsal de). Btiatidm ie lot nuesos de I
rial Ddtila en las ptoatHciaf dt Tierrm Fin

' (n>n»Ml...UH(loj:F,VoLril.V(. "^^

I — Narratitf 0/ the proteedings 0/ Pedtantu Dduila t_^

the frositues 0/ Tuna Finae. Tranid. and eitttedl
j br Sb Qb»i -—■■"•----- ■ — - - I

Andrsde (Aloe

! "T*"- Jp»^aB , _-

Angelis (Pedro). Coletdon de ebrai y dotaairtUes n
a la kiiktria amtigtu v Ktoderaa de lat pnrrin
I Rb de la Plata. 6 \iib. 1836-37. ;!.]

lAn^fe y Gortari (.Uatus dr). Lot Jeanlas en el I^ng
I C^pia del informt . . icbte An fnailx>s fat
\ lido lausa de las diseotdias sutedidas m la cti^d de d
I AsKneidn. Madrid. i;«9. :L] Cap. XIll.

jfnKofri dea royagrs. de la gfogmftkie el de I'Aistoirt ;
loHeclion des soyofft momneaax . . . Iradttils de tat
les langues europiemus. etc. Pnbl. by M. Ualte-Brini.p

Antequera v Castro (Jose de). Caeia primera que estriJiff
el SeHor Doctor Don J. de .1. y C. a Fravjosi d« Pal
Obupo del Paraguay. Luna. 1 726. Printed by Jes
MiisiDn in Publo dc a Fi. X»™r. Piiacvkf. 173?. Car

Antologia espaHola. Ed bv C. Mmgen, L. J. Proust. I

FOurxIs. ind A. J. CavinOIS. ILulnd. iSfS. (Lt

Amomas (Doiningo). Arte de persecerantta Anal en grae

Lima, 1766. Cap. XIV,.

Aotooio (NicoUs). Bibltotkeca ktspana nora. Madai

1783, [L]
— Bibliolheca laspana velits. Madrid, 1788. [L]

IN SOUTH AMERICA

Apcilinar (Francisco). Suma moral y rtmmen lirevisimo di
toias las obrai del Doctor Mackado. Aladrid, 1&61,

Cap.xrv.fv.
Artiieto (Ignacio del- Historia ie la Ptovmcia del Peri.

US. wu in tlw ArdiivEl □( Lima, but is lOKt.

— ShWii ie los obras Uol6gicas del F. Fr. Sudrez.

Ser Bit. dc h Cit. Hi JtsMt. Pt I. Cap. XI, ■!.

Arckivo boliviatio. See BalliviAn y Rojas (V,).

Astete (Miguel tie). See Estete (Miguel de).

"1 (Caspar de). Gobeniador prudetite. Printed in
Primen parli ii amudiiu acacidai, Vof. XXI. 4.T. Cap, VI, iv.

Aicufinaga (Domingo de), [Fabtes. Published in Teligrafo
vnantit, BucddsAuh. iSdi-iI. SeeHcdiiu l\:i.\Laimprnlain
lamas Ava. Cap. XVII, vi.

Bado (Sebastian). See Baldi (Sebastiaoo).

Baldi (SebastiaD(i). Anaslasis corlicis peruviana* seu
cinriae de/ensio. 2 Parts, Genoa, 1663, [L]

Cap. XVII. V.

Ballivi&n (Manuel Vicente) and Kramer (Pedro). Tadeo
Haenks. Eseritos. precedidos de algunos apunles. para
Sit biografia y acompadados de varioi documenfos
ilttslralivos. La Paz. 1898. [L]

Balliviln y Rojas (Vicente de). Ed. Arckivo boliviano.
Colecddn de doctnnetUos retalivos a la hisloria da
Bolivia durante la ipoca colonial, con un catdiogo de
obras impresas y de manuscritos que tralan d» esa
parte ie la Atnirica meridional. Paris. Leipzig, 1872.

Bafios y Sotomayor (Diegu). Constituciones sinodales del
abispado de Venezuela. Madrid, 1698, Reprinted.
Zaraca-., 1S4S. [Lj Cap. XII. iL

Baquijano y Carrillo ( Josede). Elogio del excettniisimo seHor
don Aguslitt de Jiuregui y Aldecoa . . . virrey, gober-
nador. y capildn general de los reinos del Perii, Chile,
etc. Lima, 1781.

ReUclio extemporanea a4 fxflanationem legls Pam-
pMiloXXXtX. D.delegatisetfidei . . . commissi s III
. . . 1788. Lima, 1788. [L]

Alegato que en la oposici^ a la catedra de prima de
leyes de la Universidad de San Marcos de Lima dijo el

Dr. [.de B.yC 21) de Abril de 1788 iUtna.. 178B).

[L] Cap. XVII, vL

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

[BustamaDte Carlos (Calixto) aliaa Concoloicorvo: conl.

Lima, ale. Uma, 1773. ]L] (Title page gives Gijdnas
pU« of publicalion, but il was apparently (Hinted secnliT ia LimiJ

- New editlDp pubU by the Junta dt HistorU 7 NpmEsmatha Anvil
cwu. BiKors jUrs. 1906. [L] Cap. XVI, n

Cabellii de Balboa {Miguel). Misccldnia ausltal. MS^
CompLeled in ipSb. PuL publtshtd as (
COEppuu (H.) ID his Voyoff*. r/iMivnt, ... ...

Cajica (Juan). [Numerous MSS. not printed.] See Meodi-

buru, Die. loss. bioe. ill Pthi. Cap. XIV, i*.

Calancha (Antonio de I3), Crdtiica moralizada drl arden ia

S. Aguslinenel Peni. ist vol.. Barcelona, 1638. [L]

iDd vol., Lima, I«S3. [L]

.—Vol. II was airanrad fa

(Berovdo de) ; alio Medina, Lm . .

- FtBoch team. (Eitoct, with addilions by traiulatsi). Tooli

- Latin tian*. (ntnot) by J. Brulio. See Bnilio.
— De los varones iluslres de la orden de S. Augusti*

De Imtnactilalae Virginis Marias Conceptiorte. Li

tinued the chmoide. See Tor

Injorme al uirtey del Peril sobre los

caian desde Callao a Chile. Lima, 1642, Cap. X, v.
Calder6n (Melcbor). Tralado de la importancia y utilid

que hay en dar par esclavos a los indios rebelados

Chile. Madrid, l607(?). Cap. XV

Calvete de Estrella {Juan Crist6bal). De rebus indtcis

— AcadmUa de la Hiatoria, Madrid- Cap. lll,i

pp. 4IS-6. Vol. 1, B...1

Carayon (Auguste). Documents irUdits

Compagnie de Jisvs. aj vols. Poitiers, 1863-86. [L] I
C4rdenas (SaotiagD). , El Volador. Nuevo sisttma de navegm\
'3s aires. Publ. by Ricardo Pabna, Valparaii
Cap. XVll. V
Cdcdenas Z, ^ano (Gabriel de). pseudonym. See Goaik'

de Barcia Carballido y Zii&iga (Andrfe),
Cardiel (Jos^). Dedaraci^ de la verdad, F>ublished t
""-- -- del Paraguay- Repdnled Bu

IN SOUTH AMERICA

ano (P.l

esguaranies. Latin original

ix title Cos/umbra dt tos pianmia,
na dtl Paragtmy in Ctftse^t^ i' '"
t. Vol. XIX, g.v.

::aro (Miguel Antonio). [Three articles on Juan de Caste-
ila.n{i3 in the Repettorio colombiano. Bo gotd, 1879-80,]

— Cttriosidades titsrarias, an article in Reperlorio

Zaro de Torres (Francisco) . Relaciiin de los servicins de Don
Alonso de Sotomayor. Madrid. 1620. fL]

— — Bcprfntod in Cot. ic t^ilcriadara di CMt. VoL V. ^,d,

— Histofia de las ihdenes militares de Santiago, Calattava
V AUdnSara, elc. Madrid, 1629. [L] Cap. IX, iii

:aiTasco del Saz (Francisco). Interptetatio ad aiiqua
leges ricopitalionis regni CasleUae. Seville, 1620,

— Tractatus de casibus C-nriae. Madrid, 1630. Cap. XV. i
Zarrillo de Ojeda (Agustfn), RelaciiSn de las paces o/rectdas

por los indios rebeldes del reino de Chile, MS. (164S).

Cap. IX, vil.

"arias de I-ndias, A collection of letters written froin

Colmobus, Amerigo Ve&pucd, Bart^omc de Us C^as, BotiaI Diu
del CasCUlo, Cristobal Vaca de Castto, Pedrn de la Gasca, Vlo
Prfllntn ajid otLen. It contains iriDEraphical iK>tes, facsi.
aignatores. and lepiadgctions of four old maps, one of whicl
coDsutted by Sir Walter Raleigh as indlcotijiB the position
Doriiio. Publiabed by tbe Miuisterio de Fomenlo. Madrid, 1S77. [L]

^arvallo y Goyeneche (Vicente). Descripcidyi hisiirico-
geogtdfica del reino de Chile, Printed in Colecciiti de
Itiitoriaiora dc CliiU, Vols. VIII, IX, X, q.v. Cap. XVI, UL

Zasas (Bartoliimg de las), Bievisima relacidn de la des-
tfucci^n de las Indios. Seville, 1553. [L]

— The Spanish Colonie, or Briefe Chronicle of the Acts
andGesles of the Spaniardes in the West Indies, etc,
London, 1583.

— A briefe narration of the deslruiUon of the Indies,
in Piircluu kit Pil/rimts. Part 4. London, 162;, f,v.

— The Tears 0/ the Indians, etc. London, 1656. [L]

— Tyrannies et cmatUis des Espagnols aux Indes Occi-
denlales. Antwerp. 1579. [L]

596 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Churchill (Awnsham) and (Johnl. A colUclioti o) voyastl

! and travels, etc., 5 vols. London, 1704-32. IL]

'Cieia de Lc6n (Pedrn de). Frimerapartt de la ctSticai

I Perti que ttata la demarcacitftt de sus protiindtu;

deicripciin de ellas ; las fiindaeiones de las mwi

ciudades; los rilos y coslumbres de los indii

olras cosas exiraHas y dignas de ser sabidas,

— — hiatBiin Dii.dtaMl.ap.VolXXVl.g.i:.

\ — La prima parte deW istorie del Peru, dove si trt
I'ordine dalle provinde, delle citIA nuove in quel pt

I idificale. i riti e coilHmi degli Indiani, emi malte i

I natabili, etc. Venice, 1556. [L]

■'— TAe icventetn years travels of Peter de Cieta thro

^ the Kingdom of Peru and the Provinces of Cartkag
and Potayan in 5dmIA AtHerica. etc, Transl. bjr Ji
Stevens, Laa6fm, iTog, [Lj

— The Travels of Pedro de Cieia de Ledn, a.d. 1532-
conUined JD the &nt put oi Uf CkrviitU 1?/ Pirn. Tons, br 3ib
MuUmm. HBkluyt Society. London, i86«, [L]

— Seganda parte de la erdnica del Peru que Irata i
seHorio de los tncas yupanquis y de sus gremdes AmI
y gobemaciifn. Published by M. Jira^oez de la Espal
in BiUuiltca Mmfaiui-uilraimirina. MiiriJ, iSSo [L]

NoTC. — Thewcoad part had been previoudy puUicfaed jn iS^3 in EdjobH
■ "miileiifc la Ros* (M).

Second Pari of the Chromcle of Peru. Trona. 1
air I.. Mukbam. HakJuyt Society, London, 1883. [L]
Guerrai civiles del PerA. I, Gturra de las Saliiu
II. Guerrade Chupas. Fiist published in ColtcciS*
itaimir*at itUditei port In tiiOoria it EspaHi. Voli. LJCVID I
LXXVl, f.t.

Terc-ero libra de las guerras civiles del Perii. el euai
llama la guerradeOuilo. Printed in Bibltoteca hi
HilRPMivu, Madrid. 1I177. f.v.

-~ Printed «n tVuni bib. id aiU. ap. Vol, XV. (rfi'iliiiiii[niil
Indias. Vol tl,) f.v.

— Printed in Coltavln it iocamtntot utMUin para Is tHUmis
£i«rl4. Vol. LXVIII, q.v.

Ctvil H'arsof Peru.. -the War of Chupas. TranBl.M
ed. by Sir aemsoti Mukbam. Hakluyt Sodely, Loudon, igl3. |
Theviarof Quito. . .and IncaDotumtrOt. Transl.al
ed, by Sir aemeiits Maikham. Haklnyt Society. London, i;!]. j
Cap.rn.»

'in:

saoy Google

CLanerr^s

Dcinzedoy Google

598 SPANISH COLONIAL UTERATURE

CeUcddm it hhros y iacmmtmlos rajCmniu a ta kisiaria A

Ani. Lima. 1916. etc [L]
C«t*ed6ii Jt los MfforH <n*»j gspatolts. 60 vols. I^ii^l '

\Colefei*K MS eirai 7 dermmnUos rtiatirvt « la itstoril

Sa Aaa^B (Pain*.
jCofacoAi d( oiros, rforwwftij 7 wflJirias. inldilas o pace
I evsOTi^M. ^«nt arvxr ■ la Auitwia fisUa. politKa y

titarana id Rio it ta PUl». piOtUada bajo la direcciin
, ii AmirU Lamas. Batiaas Aires, 1878. etc. [L]
^ Cohtdit it potmas Ipitas ttiabna m Chile o tzailos par

eliiltuet imrmiitt tt ptrloio cofowo/. Sautiaeo de Chile,

IColBMi^a it .ti^es y iettubrimitnlos . . . del sight XV.,
I BAbalbTPaiiiiidaikXaruMclM.1 s>i>i>- Hidrid, itiljT- !I-1|

CobMttfn mspano americaua. Mxltid. 1913. etc.
Concolorcorvo. See Bostamaate Carlos (CalixtoJ. |

Con/tiKmario pawa loi turns ie iadu)s. Con la imstTiice%4it\
amtra sus ntos y extortaiidn para ayudar a tua Monrl
. . . computslo y Iraiuciio «• loi Unguas fmdm* y
aimara . . .Lima. t^Ss. — ^Reprinted Seville. 1G03.

Cvmadimititlo (El) ie Un tumpas. Epkemerides iel alto it

173S — 1796 COH caltHdana ie las fitslat

LiBu. i7J»-9*. W
rai&—TlKBntiibMiBnnietBimin*nI.waDtiii«tbeMlDinn(TCB_. ,

1740-49. -JJ, -iS-61, -«t -6t. -M, -«. -7S, -8i-»4. -IS. -t^ -)ft . 1

-91^ -95. ukd same ln«is nr 3730. -j«, -61, -70
Cdrdoba Salinas (Dieso de), CrSnita de la T^igtosis\ma

pworincta de los dote apdslotes del Peri, ie ta Ordta it

S.PS. Fraticiscoielat^ularobsemmda. Lima, 1651,

Rtlad6m ie la funiaetin dt la sania provinda ie lot

ioa apistaUs del Pertl. MS

Viia. virh^s y milagros del Apistol iel PerU el V.

P. Framisco Solano, ftc. Lima. 1630.
— SKsnd vlitian uemmlnl by Akoai HtndiMii and bob

~ ' ' OAi't JHs Urn* tlRh Tttrc. Hwlnd, 164). [L]

. TU<d«illIiiBwiIIiautlli

, i*?6. [LI

c»p. xrv, a.

saoy Google

IN SOUTH AMERICA

C6rdoba y Figueroa (Pedro), HisCoria da Chilt. (Unfin-
'-'--■■ — -■-— — jj. fUi'ibtiaXfAiaColtcci-hidthUI/iriadO'ttitChiU
C.p.XVI,U

Corral Calvo de la Torre (Juan del). Erfiositin an expla-
nalio omniHtit legum. Recop. Ind. MS, 3 V'tl», Set
MHlina, Hill, it la 111. csi, dc CkiH. Cap. XV, Ui.

Cortes (Pedro). Informaciifii de iaguerra dt Chile, fie. MS,,
(ijge.) Sh Medina, Lil. co!. ii Oiilt, Appndil. Cap. tX., vU.

Cruz (Francisco de la). De la conception de Maria. LiniA.
1653.

Op-XVIl.tU
Coeva Ponce de l^n (Alonso del), Cmtcordta de la dt»-

cordia. sabre un punto grave de imnunidad getetidtliea.

Lima, n,v. For acajunt nt it, set MerUna (J. TJ. tji «n/«(Ma A

LwM. VoL II, p. 4", Cp. XVII, H,

Delgadc (Benito). Diario del R. P. . . . capelldn de la txpt-

dictdn que se kiio para el detciibrimierUo de tot Citarei.

Pub]. bjCOayia Ukikwmm. Vol. I. f .1. XVI, Ir.

DescripciOH y cosas nolablet del rctmt de Chile . . , 011 gl

aHe de 1655. MS. Bib. UaU Madrid. Cap IX. v«.
Diana de Linui. curiosn, erudito, efondmico y t»metc*at.

IjBtt. iT^a-ini. C^XVII,t>.

tXaz de GanDia (Ray), HtOoria argtntina del deunbH'

mienia, pobiati6n y cortqiaaa de lai provimeiat Jtt

Rio de la Plata. Eicnla en el oAo de 1612. 3 « '

Bnraa Aina. lin. tL> BaoKa Aim. iHi. [U

- PriUcdbrP. de.A^s iaC^I<iu<-^ «)»■... m.ii to *tf

id Rio dt I* Pl^e. VoL I. u,
Diaz del Castillo (Bernai), Hvlana vtrimitrm 4t la MM-

nutd de U NwM Bspa*a. Uadnd. f«3z.
■^-" ^ -" o^ v<*. xxn.f.-

«oo SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

[Dftbrufaofler (Martin) : cowi.]

beUicosague Paraouariae natitme. etc. 3 Pts. Viena

— Cesclmlile iei Abiponer . . . ant dem lalnmiscAi
(i&irsetU. 3 Pts. Vienna, 1783-84. [L]

— Am BMVMHi of tht Abiponas. elc. London. 1822. [LI

CvlXIII.1
Doetrina crisliana y calecismo para inslrticct^ de los it
. . . eon itn eott/tsiimario. y olriu casus necesarias p^
lot que doctrinaH . . . y . . . Itaducida en los das lengiii
gemerales de este reino. qvichuay aima'a. J^ Ciudad d
In Seya (Unu), 15^ (X-J
Nan.— Thk wms Ott fint book to bt piinlfl) In South Aaetiix. bsl tl

DomJueilei Camargo (Hernando). Poema heroia
Ignacto. Publ. incomplete. MAdrid. 1666. fL]

Cap.X,b

Dncajnin (Jean). L'.iiancane. Morccaux chotsis prieUi
d'utu itude biographique tl HtUraire. Paris, 1900. [U
Sec EreUla v Zihiie* (V. d*). ^^^

Dnr&n (Nicolds). See Jesuits.

Echave y Assu (Francisco). La eslrella de Linut , ,
deuripddH iagro-poUlica de las gtandaas de la etui
di Lima, y compendia Ktskirico-edesidsticfi de
Santa Iglesia Melropolilana . Antwerp, 1688. [L]

Egufa y Lumbe (Jo^e de). Ultimo dtsengaHo it la gti
de ChiU. Madrid. I664(?) [Lj Cap. IX. vi

Enciso. See Femindez de Enciso (M.).

Enijquez de Guzman (Alonso). Libra de la vida de Do.
Alonso Enriouex dr Gutmdn. MS. in Bib. Nac
Mjidrid.

— Life and Ads of Don A. E. de G. etc. Trans, and ed. . .
I by Sic CISMoli HatUum. ttiMnyt Swirti. Lmdcn. 1S61. [L'

Cf. 111.1
Eraso (Domingo de|. Belaci&n y advertenetas . . . sobn . .
to paeiJieaciOn del dicho teino Ide Ckile). Madrid It]
itoSp).

— Mmorial, etc. No date or place. ,
S« Hediu Lit. al. it CSOt. Cap. IX. if

saoyGoOgIc

Di SOUTH AMERICA

enjrancais

EscaJona Aguero (Gaqnr dej. Aiau Ltmtnas Gaiopkila-\
timH regiiHK Pembiaim : (i) AimtmubaHdiim, ^)
Calculandtim, (iiil CouktvoiiAhii. [GoBfjUscao no/dcti
reriw rfe/ PeTA—OTdma-nzas geturaiti]. Madrid I&t7(?). 1
[L>. BcDk I |H- 1 znd Bocdi 1 1 in 5^9Bb>. 1

- RnitBd and ilicbtiv itfidpil BSicE- IbAid. I7?v IL!CqLXVl

Escobedci y Alarcoc Ijorgej, Imtritccuht para aprttid^]
de matricuias y cjbratua <le Iributoi, tte. Lima. 1784-.
InstriccU>H it rei-isilas o malHtuiai, etc. linn. 1784.
Prayteto que mbre la extincidn de repatlos. y mode]
de venJUar Ua piadosoi tocorroi. que la gemerma bom- 1
dad del rey . . . qmete se franqtteen a lot imdioi. dc
LtlM. 1764-

DiscttTto sobfe tl trabajo de mtHos. benefiaa de m^ates
y medtoi de fotttenlarlo. Mmticiied by Mradibonj aS:
pgbL in Unu, ntt- Sa Dit. tu. biat- ^ P-nL

lobrt el goblcnw 1

Peri. Uma, i786(T)

«UT.)

Estada poUliio del te

M. al. ii C**, Vol I, p,)!?-

Cap.XVn,li
del Peril. Uadrid. 1747. JL]

Estete {M'gocI dej. La reladSn del viajt qtu kUo et se*c
capiidn HematuLi Pteatro . . . deide d fittjila dt
Caxamatca a Paicama. y de alii a Jaitjt. Embodied ii
laeoKitiUt, id Peri, bv FnucBcn de Jon, f.r. Cv~in,i

603 SPANISH COLONIAL LTTERATiriE

Exflotalionf made m the ValUyeft^SiatrMM
Ij49~t86$. Pnblidied for Oe r

V.yzaKainr iloiilg/aaoVicuii). "-^— '-'-^" jai

Fab<«(AiituiiH>Mu4). Kitb y otrilM A A>>
I mi Je te< Cam. Pnnted la Cdtexafc *4

Au^ti ik i< Jtfi

•'•-"- 1571- [1-1

to ta C^Ma * ^ ta. M fta*. VW. W

Qmm. n^ dd P i^sim Oarer.

(Ib»- ffriirif- ni— r j^rr-rff fni

I . . . par «l HcoiCM^ /«m Fm-\

CelttttM A itittimmlas inWIillr-

■ *iirfw. «tf. m. F. 1*6. f>- (^lll,iB.<

(J^B PxmcKJt. Btlmtiim HOoriMt dt i

■A.CXIi^lc

ES SSKTTH JkHEXlCil

SMli^^ it CkUr US. (l;44)- Ca|k. XVL, ii^.

Fnniiidez de Entso lUxnfai- S«m* it MW<i4m~ S*Vtl|%.

r * Ch*. .»„. [^' ^ '^ ' r« 1^

FernADdrz de Madrid (J"^) t""«"r"' «"wi'<>«i' "*«• h
Halura/cia, causas y aitan4a. - . 4t It* ii
atnanlla de Amirwa. eU. Habuia, iSai M
-Uemotia iobte el coButcut lUI lahaco At nM iiln (CnMIi

mHujo titt i/inui d» lit HnttHM.

»-J

Ebbanii, iSi^

Poeslas |2nd ediUun). Ijindon, tSjB. iLI

L-*p KVJl. W.
Fern&ndez de Navaiietc (Manln) . S«e Cofoceidn !*»<(««»««■

fas itUdilospara la latlana dt Etpa^a aiicl CohttUt

de majes y de scubrimuHloi ■ - . del tlglo XV'
Femdndez de Oviedo y \aXAia (GoiimIhj fit l»miitw»

hittoria dt lot Indiai. '('<ilrdi>, 15^0, [L]
NoiE.— ThB wodc H alum trt'nai u b)- lU tub-UUi, Jvawu M i* MMti

X efmtmi kittatia 4£ lot Ittdioi, 4f .
— Piintsd in O*, M itil. mi.. Vol. XlCll. «.>.

/■Aw. Vcjl I. «... '-•P 0,?.

TAe hystoTjt «/ lA/ If/i/ /ndu«. ItuJudcil Ui TM
Ovate afikt Km WirUi. A., br I'M* Mwiyr of Ai«l(ri4- ?(»»-
lUnJ nlo Eaeliali by KicliKde4«. Lundw. 1})}. iJ.]
Bxirorli 0} O I- dt O kts ^ummani and linufm
HiOoTu oflhc Jndui Pnnttd m ]'unli>nJii» filnrilMt,

La^'i^avT-.a gfiervl A- («i India* F<- ( (B.>Jts I-I?),
and i:i6fii li/dm-. rfc /''i i«;..Mii«iu« y trnv/fuf^e, Mt.
loan at ituak iu U'jiii I-' }■ ^i.ilk. ijj). tl.l

..OOt^lC

I 604 SPAMSH COLONLU, LITERATURE

[Fonaodez de On«ki y Valdrs [Gon^o): eamt.}

ynflUn del Xneib' JT^w dr Otmnmiti. (st [an. A

FenifBdez de Quiids (Pedro). Hisiaria rfcf i^MiiN imum
it iu rtninwi muAuIes. Pobli^lied by Josto Zan
^ : -nJ.i8v«-ta.

4f i« rtninwi <

^ T** mygtt 0/ Ptire Frraduiri it Qui

TepbL br i» C R. Hstk^ Haktrri Sodcn. 1 9IH- ;.>-i

— [Sevaal dwrt Mrmcriaics, by or on P. P. de

iFcniADdeiEJiiCDO (Joee Uarial. Cmrsa Jni>drno-<nllu» 1

ItlemMramftatota. Sei-iOe. 1871. (L]
FeraiadeiOTtebBoCMainiel). EnurJUa p«iiua ^
I de. U-S FdB wuDBBt gi>-ei: br Mnliiia in ILij. pri.,

FcotOte (Lewis). Jommal dr> vlaxrMtiMu p*yi^
■(^dWnXifwi tt tdauifuti, fmUs . . . nr J*s (dl
orintfalM dr rjna^rifMr i^ihowafe. «f i«*i Us Imi

»!*. Nn. riM- P-1

— 9eeabaFtfniT(A.>.) O^XU
Frenenn (P. Cdnk4>a y). See CAntoba v Figoeroa (P.J,
Fkoriaa (Bermwl Cabnell- LMciedKtta^alilt ptraCtm

is U Cemfmgnit it ]isia. Ftois, 1751. 18301, Utl

— Tktlift»Jtit r*». i^aiifr CidMT. FTnm the Fteadt <

BjGJ,»™<Mrt IB l^ka IF. W.>. ri> 5a>«<i ni Si i« ■■ «/0.

UndcB. 0(7. (k. :i.i C^XI,

' Flora il« OcAriz (JcaiiV i^iu gmeatog{as it! Kutvo Reu

it Grmmmdt. Vols. I and II. Hadnil. 1674 aad t&j

i iji4,tic. Paris. 1716. ry

■v Google

IN SOUTH AMERICA

pteaer (Am6<J*e Franfoia) : cont,]

Ptrel JisMUs ions Us Imln i'Ei/sifKt.
ft-l

Pvaguay, Loodoiit 1717- [L]
Retacioti del vtaje por el mat del sur a las castas de
Chile y el Peni durante ios alios de iji3, IJ13 y 1714,
Trans, frnm 1st French edition by M. NknUs Pola, SaoliMO do Oiile,
190J. IL] Cap. XII, •

Fiitz (Samuel). El gran rio Marandn n Amaiunas eof I,
misiifn de la CompaSia de Jesiis gsogrdficmntuti
delincado etc. Engraved by P. Juan de ^Jarviei

mm.— The title of th

Ibamojwis y atrai

nnknown.
Fuentes [Manuel Atanasio) Ed. Memorias de Ios ._ .

<fue han gobernado el Peru durante el liempo del cataniaje

espafl'il. 6 vols. Lima, 1850. [L]
Sk aiso Mtrcurio ptriumo-
Gaceta de Lima. Lima. 1744 — '7<i7. See lacsimile

issue and aocmuit of others puhl. Jdin Ciittet Bnum Lilirarv, Btown

Univenity, Piovidenoo, Rhode Iiknd. JL) See alio MrdiM IJ. T.) L*

!ution.°Ltaa, ijgj-qs. Cap.XVlI,

Garrfa (iRnadol. Desenga^o consejtro. Lima, 1754.

— Respiracidn del alma en afeclos pios. Limn, 1755.

— CiiStivodelasvirttidsstnelpataisodel alma. Barcelona.
I7S9. Cap. XIV, ■

Garcfa Sanz (MonseQor). Historta eeUsidiliea.
■— [A tampendium of Joj^ de Bncndia's VUa M V. P. FniHisea
Caaiao.] See Biiendia (J- de). See also Medina, BMieliet *>!/>.

6o6 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Goxcla y Garcia l]osi Antonio). See Rtlacxonts dc I

virreyts del Nuevo Rtino de Granada.
Garcilaso de la Vega, el Inca, Los comentarioi realtt
H.I. Uitboo. lEog. (L]. Pt.a. OSrdc^i, i6i;. n.]
■ — Printed in CaiuaiK lU kiaviadeta gldiitoi iil PtrA. Vols. I il B
Uma, i9i8eK. [Voh. 1-V in L.]

- — PtiaXi:AUIlMiitiiLielaeiKifiuUdiifliitaMui%io,q.a,

- The Royal Commtnlartes of Peru, in two parts, «lc.
Rendend into Enalilli by Sic P. Rycaat, Unidaa. i63a. (L{

- Observations of Things most remarkable, eoltieled oi
of the first part of the Commentaries RoyaU, turittt..
by the Inca G. de la Vega. etc. The Supptemtnt of tk
History <•/ <*< rw». briifiv ctUeOal iml 0/ Iki atdlmr't xcoM fM
PnW. In Pvrchai Mi PilgriiHa, PI. IV, i/.v.

- The Roval Contmentanes of the Yncas of Peru. Part
Trans, mil ed. bjr Sir C. Mukhain. Hakluyl Society, j *ok. Ln ""
igftg. [L] Estract Iran Part II also Irani, by Sir C, M, •ml
in EtpKliluuti ifilo It' Vallry Bf IIk A nonHU. g.v.

- Le commentaire royal ou Vhistoire des Yncas. Roys
Pirou, etc. Trans, by Jean Bautlouin (rom Pt. 1 oi '

'-..■^1

including a IranslatiaD by J.

rviwd and aiustmled njiilca

Baudnuin ol L« FIoriAl iW /nai. ivols ,_,

Histoire des guerres civiles des Espagnols dans fcJ
Indes. Trans, by Jean Baudouin from Pt. II of the
ComntariBi reala. Paris. i6;o. '

— Revised edition puhlislied in Amiterdani, 1706. jT,)
La Florida del Inca ; historia del adtlanlaao Henonin
de Soto, gobernador y capitdn-getieral del reino it la
Florida, y de otros heroicos caballeros espaltoUs e indiot.
-V [L]

aitcdbyGibrt-

lining G. de Ct Emayn crmoMgia part I
fUriJa. Madrid. 1723. [L]
Histoire de la Floride. ou relation de ce qut s'est pasUi
au tmvagt deF.de Soto. etc. Translated by P. RicheleL
ipu, ^aria. 1670. {LI

Geschiehte der Eroberung von Florida. Trans, (rom ihf
Prench veninn by H. L. Karx, L^ptig, 1753. Cap. IV. ii.

Garziin de Tahuste (Alonso). Siicaiitfin de prelados y jHtas
seeviares del Nueiio Reinode Granada. MS.
Historia attiigna de los Chibchas. M.S.
Doth MSS. Slid 10 boliBl. Set VecHua y Vergara. HitLdilmUL a>i
Nufm (i'Htrfa. Cap. X. it I

Google

IN SOXTTH AMERICA

, 1844-54. [L!

Atlas. 2 vols. "Paris. 1851. ILl Cap. XVI, iii.

Gayangos (Pascnal de). Memorial histifrico-aspaHoI. 4 vols. I

Madrid. 1860-63. ]

Gin&de Sepiilveda (Juan). See Casas (B, delas). Cap.II.Li

Gobeo de Victoria (Pedro). RelacidH del naufragio y\

'is castas del Pen- ; uiajfs y rissgoi

:us compaHeros. Seville, 1610.

Cap. X, .. '

Gomez de Vidaurre (Felipe). Historia geogrdfica. natural y

- il. del reino de Chili- Published bv J- T. Medina, a

. Santiago dE Cliilf, 18S9. (LI CapLXVI.Ir.

G6ngora Marmolejo (Alonso de), Histoiia dti reimt d«

Chile , . - hasta el alia de IS75- First printed by Pascual

de Gayaag« in Si^nutriai lasldHco-fabaHoi, Vol. IV, gji. ,

- Reprinted by Bairos Araoa to OaexidK it kiaoriadiirB it CUU.
Vol li, j.B. Cap. IV, rt.,

Gonz^ez de Acufla (Antonio). Compendium vilae admira-
bilis el pretiosae mortis B. Rosae de S. Maria litnensis \
peruanae. . . . Ex proHxiore vHa a P. Leonardo Hansen '
anno superiore edita conlractum. Rome. 1665, '

La vie de la biettheurease ipouse de Jisvs Christ,
Soeur Rose de Sainle Marie, etc. Trans, from the
Latin by J. B. FeulUet. Paris. 1668. [L].
Rosa m{sliea. Vida y muerte de Santa Rosa de S.
Maria Virgen. Rome. 1671. I

Life of St. Rase of Lima. Trans, from French of J. ]
Pmillet. Pubt. by F. W. Faber in Tk, Sainii and SmtiU e/ Gt
Lonitoo. 1847. [LI Cap. XI,

Gonzilez de Agiieros (Pedro). Desoipdtin histortatde Chile.
Madrid, 179"- [U Cap. XVI, tt.

Gonz&lez de Barcia Carballido y ZdOiga (Andi^) Ed.
Hisloriadores primitivos de las Indias occidental's, 3
vols. Madrid, 1749. [LI

(Under pseudonym of Gabriel de Cirdenas). Ensayo
cronoldgico para la historia general de la Florida . . .
desde el a^ 15T2 . . . hasta el de 1733. Printed witb
G.deB.'aEdJtkmolGamlasodelaVFga-sLarkridid'irnai. U' "
1711. (L],

— — FriaWd in J/ts(oru dt la coK^ula dd f/ntBt MhbIo, a. a.
- i3ao SdimUi^, (U.)

fioS SP.1NISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

I
I
1

o). Los tspaiioles em CUIt,
VaL XXXVt. ft. '

GoDzdilei de N&jem (Alonso). £/ desen^aiitr y repute tiUt
guerra del reino de Chile Published br 1. T. Media
SaoUagD'frClute. 1889. x:

— PrinUd m Cdeccitm 4t iaaamaiiat laMwa fm» la huvta
£ipwti, VdL XLVIIl, fji. Cap. IX,

Gontilez Guti^nez (Joan), SrMaHa «i/<trii<ia/ tcM meda
cionei del princifno V fin del hombie para f4tda di«.
documentoi de oraadn. Madrid. 1656. Cap. XIV, it

Goni&lei Holguln (DicRo). Grawdtice y arte wtmni Ai U
lengua general de lodo rl Perii. Ilamada leiigiui fmtim
0 lengia dtl Inca. Qudad de los Reyes (tima}, 1607

— Ripub. in CTHodsl rfJUoB. Ccooi. igjj:. [LI cip. IV.l
GoQzilez LagDiia (Fisncisco) . Celo ioterdolat para

niltos no-Hocidas. Lima. 1781.

Neeendadde la historianaitirtil eietUffica, Pablishedil

0 (179+).

titmpo de lata
OriKkl pabL in L

1890.

Gorrido (Josil. See Mera (Juan Le6n). Ojeada kisUria
eritica sobn la pcrsia tcttatotiana . Cap. XVII. it

Gntassac (I^nl). Ed. Pubhcaciihi de documentos nUHat
ai Rio it U Plata Published in .1 fio^J <£r /a hMiMt

Khm r»Mii, Oil k _ _

Gnevara {}aat). Hutona M F^rapuav. Rid de la PImIk
Ttuumaw. Printed in Analrs dt fa BiUioleca (Buenc
AiMk Van. V Md n. (.>.

— FMitidbTP. AHElBlBCW«iite*Olru...i*. ■ fatal.!
M«b*li>Mir««LU,t;K Cip.XUI,i

— PtterfbTtt. nu<kCiiiHteiB£MHrHV*HlM«. VoL).«

IN SOUTH AMERICA

unuUa(Jos4), El Orinoco ilwstrado. Madrid, 1741. [L]
utiirrei (Juan Maria). Estttdios biogrdficos y crilicos.

BuHKsAirM,rgfis. IL]

[aenke (Thaddeus). Introduccidn a la kutoria naturai
de la pTovincia de Cochabamba y circunvecitias, etc.
(wriltm in iTgaj. MS. in Real Acad, de U Hist., Uadrid.

- Memoria sobre los rios navigables queflttyen al Muraftdn,
etc. (Written in 1799.)

- Descripeidtt geogrdfica, fisica e histdrica de las manlaikis
liabitadas de la nacidn de indios yuracarSes, etc.

on. — The above thiee woiks wm finC publisfaed idlfstally by P. Gn
ia A«ahi Ji la biiUdm, IBaatrB Abn). Vol, I, f.v.

- On the navigable rivers which flow into the Mat
etc. Printed in Explorations made in the valley c

- Descripcidn del PerA, First published by the Biblioteca

iret put

Was . . . qui fluytH

DescrificiiSn del reino de Chile.

Observaciones sobre el volcdn de Arequipa.

Esludios de las aguas lermales de Yura.

Artlculos sobre el vwlle y sobre u« arbasto alcanfarado.

Itinerario de Oruro a Jujtii.

Pianos de Chulamani y Omaiuyos. MS, in British

Reliquiae Haenheanae seu descriptionts ,
plantarutn, guas in America Meridionali et Boreali,
in insviis Phillipinis et Marianis callegit "

I. II.

-'830. [L]

Fqscicui™. Prague, ]
an |M. V.) iDd Krane

;■ [l;

), Tadn Haatka, Exriloi, at
Cap. XVII. vi
ilakluyt (Richard). The principall navigations, voiages and

discover%es of the English nation, etc. London, 1589.

p.) 3 vDb. London. ,)9S-.(™, [L] I. vols., Glasgow, ign^^

[L] Cap. VI. Hi

Hanson (Leanardus). Vxla mirabilis et mors pretiosa

venerabilis Sororis Kosae de S. Maria limensis, '

Sonw. 1664. See bIu fionidlei de Acufla (A.l
Harrisse (Henry). Bibliolheca americ

ttiptiatt ot worka Tdatin^ La America ;

614 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Las Casas. See Casas [Bartoiom^ de las).

Laijso de la Vega (Gabriel). See Lobo Lasso de la Vega [G.ft

Lasso de la Vega (Garcia) El Inca. See Garcilaso de iT

Vega. cL iDHl.

Lavarden (Juan Manuel de). Invocaci<fti a! Parand. FicV
printed m the TtUgrafo numiaiit^ Nqm. J. Bnmoa Aiiea, -"" -"
Sdiira. Printed in account of Lavardeu's
wHtldgi. See GuEJIbnn <J. H.), Eaudiai biagriificot.
Siripo (ft drama). Acted lor the first time
Second «M prt»etv«land printed by J. M. GotifaiEi, io I _
IwjT^rcH, Q.V. Cap. XVII, 11

Lecuanda ( Jos£ Ignacio) , Discurso sobre ci deslino que di
darse a la gettte vaga de Lima. A series of artidesj
publ- in M^purio p^vatK. VOL X. q.v. Ot&Fr artida, nunv of Lbeia
lopocraphical. in Vols. Vlll-Xll. Cap.XVII.v.l

Le6n (Gregorio de). Mapa de Chile. Said to have been,
printed, but oa caplea kBuara la eilEt, Sec Medina. LiL col. d> CliS
Vol. II, p. 170. Cap. IX, V

Le6n Piaelo (Antonio de). Diseurso sobre la importatie
forma y diiposici6n de la tecopilacidn de leyes de k
Indias. Madrid, 1624.

— PolUica de las grandiias y gobteffio del supremo y «
eonsejo de las Indias. Madrid, 1625, [Lj

— Epitome de la biblioteca orie«lal y oeeidetUal, 1
ygeogrdfica. Madrid. 1629. [L]

_ _ New edition publ. by Goniilei de Barcla. Madrid, i73?-3«. [LI i

— — FaaimlleteliiBl. BuenosAina, 1919. [L] "

— Tratado de Eonfinnaciones reales de
oficios y casos en que fe riquteren para las Indi
Madrid. 1630. [L]

— Didlogos de la piniura, etc, Madrid. 1633.

— Vida del ilustrisimo y reuerendisimo don Toribie
Al/oiiso Mogrovejo, arzobispo de, etc. Lima, litodrid

16S3. [LI

— Aparato poMtico de loi Indias oecidenlales.
1633.

— Autos, atuerdos y decretos del gobiemo dt . _
real eonsejo de las Indias. Madrid, 1658. [L]

— Rico cerro de Potosi. hislatia de su imperial villa. MS.

— Bulario indico. MS.

— Anales de la insigne y corotuida villa dt Madrid. MS.

saoyGoOgIc

Dcinzedoy Google

6i6 SPANISH COLONIAL UTERATURE

Mil

Llano y Zapata (Jose Eusebio de). Memorias hisldriBO'^
fisicas-criticas-apologSlicas de La Amirica Meriiioiial}
KS. in Bib. NacKmd ii Mairid. and a cdpy in Bib. Naaaul ii,
Lima. FinI pubt. by Ibc Bib. Nic de Lima, Skntiago <te Cbilc; 1904.
|L]. Only Ul VOL crtanl.
[A VDali wqrk contuoini; pnUatoiaiY discfluru to above* aiH unol
letlare. Cadiz, 17S9.)

- CaMa. o diario, que escribe D. J. E. de LI. y Z. .
que le da cuenfii de todo lo acaccido en ista capita i
Peru desde el 18 de Oct. de 1646 . . . con el gratt '
moirimimlo de liena . , . kasta el li de Feb. de 1747. e

lima, 1747. Madiid, 1718. IL]
— Friplsd by Odriofola in TemKAoi, q.v.
Relacidn del a%Uo particular de Fe. qve el Sanio Ofid
de la InquisiciiSn telebnS . . . el dia ig de Oct. de x?^
y breve noticia de la ruina y eslrago, que padecieron %
capilla y casas del Sto Tributial el dia »S de Oct. 174
eon el grande ierreinolo. eU. Lima. 173a,
— — Prinl«) by Odriojola In Doc. lit. M Peri. Vol. Vil. q.v.

Iiec pulJkaCioiu in M<!dina j^ impinila n Lima, see aL . -^
11. Die. hU. biag. tM Pert. Op. XVI,

Lobo LasBO de la Vega (Gabriel). PritHfra parte de C
valeroso. y Alejicana, Madrid. 1588. [L)

- — Reviled edition with Ibirleen additional Cantos. Madrid, 1
See Mendibuin, Die. tat. biog. 4ct PtnL Cap. VI. iv ; Co. X\

L6pez (El Padre). [Satirical verses. Printed in Bom
JustArico it ^ ptMia ekiUua. by .^dolfa Valdeinimai Qiap. 1
Appmdix - ■

X liedi>
LApez de Gdmara (Fi

l>l. col. it C\ilt. Vol. I ■
Cap.XVn,
1). La htstorxa de las IndiM
Pts. Saragossa,

^nlwrp, IJi*. ELI

eJ Campo, i^^j- ^-,- -- — -— ,, -,.^- ^-,
Printed In 0i6lM((O di aiitora upuMiB, Vol. XXII,
HiUoire ghUral des Indes occidenla/es. etc.
ofPt.iolLaliiiariii ■ ■ ■ ■ -- ■ -■ ■.—.-

Upez de ZlUUga (Francisco). Marques de Baides.

RelofMs lurilaUra it las paai . eU.
L6pez y Planes (Vicente). El Iriunjo areentino. Buei

Mia, 180S.

Printed by Medina in La imfimla en Bnaut Aires, pp. 19J-:

IN SOUTH AMERICA

Lorente (Sebastidn). Histona anligua del Pat^ 4 vola,
1S60-1S6J. lL]

Lozano (Pedro). Descripcidn corogrdfica

Hos. drboles, y ammales de las dilatadisimas />roiila«t(H
dtl Gran Chaco. etc. Cordoba. 1733. [L]
Vida del P. Julidn de Liiardi. Salamaaca.
Hidiid. till.
Relacicfn del te
Odhoiola ia Tmim
Diario de an viajt a la cosia de la mar ynagiMdnit*
desde Buenos Aires hasta el Estrecho. formado sobr*
observaciones de tos P. P. Cardiel y Qairog«, pot tl
P. L. en 1745, Printed by P. AngeUs in Catttei^ 4t
obTas.-.ra.alalHMl dtl RiadilaPlaU,i'oL !- fx.

— Historia de la CompaHia de JesHs en la Provin

Paraguay, z vols. Madrid, I75^-I755- [LJ. Mudrlcl.

jrruimf a Lima, Printed by

Carta al P. Juan Rico (1740).

Carta al P. Sruno Morales, etc. (dated Urn.

1747 (?) [L]

Carta al P. Bruno Morales, (CArdobo, March lit,

■■ - ■ ■ - ■ , riijieatila. Vol, XV, p. jqi. *nd In CvM

tmaMa, 1

Represerilaei&n hecha por la provincia jifuttiea
del Paraguay at seHor virrey del Ptri a propdsila
del tralado con Portugal sobre . . . las miaones d*l
Uruguay. (C6rdoba, 1751.) (MS. in library at lima.)
Carta al P. Juan de AUola, sobre los Cisares. Printed
by P. Angeia in Cotecci^ df ob*ai y ixHme
Diccionarto kisl<irico indico. 6 v
Reprtsentacidn que hace al Rey . . . ll provincial de la
compaAia de Jestis en . . . Paraguay, dated BueaoB
■' I.MS.

6i8 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Machodo de Ch&vez (Juan). El perfecio c«nftsor y c

de aimas. 2 vols. Barcelona, 1641.
~r See also ApoUoar (Pr,). Cap.

Hochado de Chavez (Pedro), Discursos politico! y 1

ci6n del dtrtcho. MS,. 1644 (?) Probably lost.

ManuaU ad usum palrum Societalii Jesu. Printed by tiie
jBuit Minion in Puiguay. 1731. Cap. L

Muin (Domingo). EUado dt las tnisionts eti Chile. MS.
Sec Medina. Ltl. Col. ii CkOi. Cap. XII, vIL

Marifio de Lovera (Pcdio). Crdtiica del reino de Chile
redvcida a nuevo milodo y eslilo por el P. BarloionU
de Escobar. Printed in Coleecidn de historiadores de
CkiU, Vijl. VI. t-v. Cap. IV, liL

Uarkham (Sir Clements Robert). K.C.B. Expeditions itOo
the Valley of the Amatons. . . . Trans, aad ed. by Sir
C R. M, Haliluyl Sodfty, London, 1859. [L] >—

— Reports on the Discovery 0/ Peru. Trans

SicCK.M. Hakiuyt Society, London, I8?J. I'LJ

— Narratives of the Rites and Laws of the Yncas. Tra
Md *d. bv Sir C R, M, Hakluyt Society, 1873. W

— The Conquest 0/ New Granada. London. 1912. [L]

— Early Spanish Voyages to the Slrail of Mag^laia
Trans, and ed. by Sir C. R. M. Haltlayl Society, Lonil~ "■

— The tncas of Peru. London, 1910. [L]

— See ateo . AomU U- dn), ABdaeoya [P. de), CiMi dt

Enrlqutt de Guzmin (A.), Gorcilaso ,'-■-"-- r^' '-

into do G

:«a. El laca,
■ H (P.|,

). IV, No, J. Cap, XVII, I.

Martel (Julian). DesengaHos del mundo. See Mendiburu

Die. iiH. bite. <'<' P"^ C>P- XiV, L

Matieazo (Juan^), Gobienio del Perii. First publ, Buenos

Aitca, igio, [L]. MS, in BiiUab Muieum in loUo. 3 pti. Cap XV, <L
Martinez de Eternabi (Pedro Usauto). Refieriones crilicas

poUtico-hUtivicas sobre los nomittados Cisares (178a).

&s,

— La verdad en c,

tipaHa; relaci6n Mstirica de la p

jvGooglc

IN SOUTH AMERICA

pWarttaez de Bernab* (Pedra Usauro) ; cont,]

Puerto y presidio de Valdivia, etc. MS. (1782]

Sh Medina, Lit, at. ii Ckilc. tip. XVI, iv.

Martinez y Vela (Bartolomi). Anales de la villa imperial de
Potosi. Printed in Archivo boliviano, vol. I, g.v.,
wher? the cODtrjctiOD Mq«i is wiomrly taken to represent MufleE.
Cap. XVI, V.

Medina (Jos^ Toribio). Historia de la literatura colonial de
Chile. 3 vols. Santiago de Chile, 187S. [L]
Coieccidn de documentos inidilos para la historia de
Chile. Santiago do Chile, 1 888-1902. [L]
Diccianario biogrdfico colonial de Chile. Santiago de
Chile, 1906. [L]

Historia y bibliografia de la imprenta en Amirica
espaiiota. Pabl. in Anales del Maseo de la Plata,
Stcddn de historia americana. La Plata, 1892. [L]
Biblioleca hispano-americana. 7 vols. Santiago de
Chile, iSgS-iqor. [L]
Biblioteca hispano-
■S9T-99- [!■!
La imprenta en Lima.

(L|

Nolas bibliogrdficas sabre la imprenta en Aregutpa,
El Cuico, Trujillo. Caracas, Cartagena de las Indias.
Mirida de Yucatdn, Oaxaca, Quito, Vera Cnn, y la
imtrenla del Bji cilo rsalisla. Santiago de Chile, 1904.

La imprenta en Buenos Aires. La Plata, 1892. Con-
tained in Hiiteria y bibliopaliii dt la imprtnla tn Amirica npittola.
La imprenta en Quito. In Nolas bibliogrdficas, etc., v.s.
La Araucana, edicidn del cenlenario. See Ereilla y

■chilena. 3 vols. Santiago de Chile,
vols. Santiago de Chile, 1904.

Enctio [M.l.
See a]» Meni

".AJ-.;

I OvaUe {.\.

Medrano fPrancisco de). Historia 'del Nueva Reino de
Granada. MS. See LeAn Pinelo (A.), Epitomt ' '-
bidliotfea orierOal y occidental, tic. Cap

Met£ndez (Juan). Tesoros verdaderos de las India:

oy Google

IN SOUTH AMERICA

^esia Venegas (Alonsn) : cont.]

. book. Dut net Urduia. fiiA. Iiie. tmv.
Dl aWi{i.ai JauiUidd Peril.

Millaleubu (Pancho) (pseudonym). La Tucapettm.

cadas hetoicas sobre la reslauracidn de su misiiSn y
estteno dt sm Iglesia. (1766). MS. quated at length by
J.T. Medinjitiiil. «(. *iCliili. vol I, pp. 3M-33J. Cap. XVII, lil

Hira Montes Suasota {Juan de). Armas anidrlicas. MS. in
BiUioltea NtciOKOi de Madrid- Analyilfl of the poem and coploiu

Sioimions in (our •rticlrs mtiilcd Tra ponMi M cclmitj'^ by Feli*
C Zsgaira, la Hrviua poTuma. ya\. Ill, f.D. Cap. \II. Iv.

Molina (Crist6bal de) (deCuzco). RiiactSn de tas fabulas y
tilos de las incas. Fiist printed in the Revista chitena
U kiauria y parrafia, vol. V. No. 9. Santiago de Chile. 1913.
' — Ijxfabl.iaCalaciiSitditi»rosydociaKrnUar^a-mltsahliiili>riiiiU

■rt?S'

T/ie Fables and Riles of the Vncas. Trans, from the
<iri«liuil SHiiish MS, by Sir C. K. Markham, aid Included ia Narralivr
0/ Ac Siia and Lavi nf On Vnru, f.c. Cap. IV, iv

Molina (Cristobal de) {de Santiago). Relacidn dt la congutsUt
y pobtacidn del Ferd. First printed in Sud-Amirica,

SantiatiO de Chile, iB^-^-

— Piinted in CoitaulH di dnciimrraai inUiloi para la hiiWia di Chilt

vol. vn, i.D.

~ Printed In ColtuMt it libros v dacuairWos rrfaeaUs a la tiislcria .
Pcni. vnl. I, «.i.

Diario de la expedici6n de Almagro. Cap. Ill, i

Molina (Joan Ignacio). Compendia della storia geografica,
naturale, e civile del regno dt Chili. Bologna, 1776.

Saggio suUa storia naturale del Ckih. Bologna, ivSi.

Saggio sullasloria civile del Chile, etc. Bologna. 1787.
Compendia de la historia civil del reino dt Chtlr. etc.
I'art 11. Trans, inlo Spaoilh with additional notn by NiuUi de la

Compendia de la historia geogrdfica. natural y civil
del reino de Chile, etc. Part I. Trans, into Spanish by
DmnioeD Joeeph de Arquellada y Meniloia. ktadrid, 1788. '

— Another translatiao by Narciu Cueto publ. ia CtUaiiH dt kola
dara dc Ckilc. Vol. XI, 4.1.
The geographical, natural and civil Mslory 0/ ChiK:

"" ' B. IVO , 1 . (,j^_ j(yj_ 1^

6zi SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

-K

Mondschein (Johaoites). Ulrich Schmidtl's Reisc nack\
SUi-AniBrika in den Jahre i 1534-'5S4- Stranbing-,

1893. [Li

Montalvo (Francisco Antonio de). El sol del nuevo m%mio
tie. Home. 1683. [L] Cap. IX. v.

Muntalvo (Jasi Miguel). El Zagal de Bogold. Play pra-
ditnd bv^njnv of igtb ctml. Bogtitd. See VEigan v Vergaja./ftA
4iUlil.ai nriAB Oatiaja. Cap. XVll, ilL

Montesinos (Fernando). Ofir de EspaSa. Memorial iisto-
riales y polilicas de! Piru. ValictKios de ju descvbri-
ttiUnlo V canversidn 4or ios reyes caltHicos. etc. Fiiat
[inlig i books. MS. loeC

as antigvas hiilufiales y poHHcas de Penk. __
luu uuua of tbove pobl. by H. Jimteci de la Espiula in CeticaiH

— idimoires kistoriques sur I'aneien Firmt, The aboi
mcDtlonFd tnd book Uhds. bio Prrncti and publishnl by H. Temai
Ctunpuis [d Vnaga. 'tiffiftOiu. etc. Vol. XvII, ^-t-

— Aula de la Ft itlebrado an Lima a 23 de enero de 16:
MiidHd. iSto. IL1 Cap. if

Morclli (Cyriacus). See Munel (Domingol.

Moreno (Gabriel). Atmaniupie perttano y guia de /oraslerotj

— tWrntd also larMtnuHo mutmi. See Headihiuu. Die. hia. bua. Al

P4H] Cap. xvn,^

Mi^reno (Joaft Ignacici). Exhorlaciin a la sumisidn «
concordia qua kiio a susfeligreses en el dia 10 de Mayol
. . . J, I, M. a consequetKia de la proclama del .
virrty del Perii. tic. (With the proclamation). I41

— Rtfutaciin al papel tilutado abuso del fodtr e<
Hbertadti de la iglesia. Escrita pot un ottdai
calHieo. Lima, 1831. [L]

— Emsayo sobn la stipretnacia del Papa. Ljma(^), 1836!
5« Uedbu, L* imfrilM m Lim* : al» Meodibuiii. Die. kjl. Hag. df

Pni! iluVmim/wiwiK, Vol. V'lll, P.180, C3t>. XVU.«

Moreno (Itcn6). Bolivia y Perii : Nolas htsldrifos y bi"''

grdficas. and eilition. Santiago de Chile. 1905.
Murenu y Escanddn (Francisco Aatooio). Historia <

S'uivo HaiiK. MS. lost. Cap. XVII. 1

Moreno y F£rei (Pedro de). EMpluaadndelapltuaypi
■ ^- I. (1731). See Medina j;. T.) T

irono y P
da Vol,

UC*iUi

a ijL ctL A cau.

saoyGoOgIc

JiM-i. <« V^Mx^ t71^ WtM. maaa *• MM

's^~— "*— ^'^ — 3^

"ll •Jill n^Mlll If !■ llllMlll £hriM«MjM*lM'

na«le{H r.iiitriii ih) " lliililii ' "- -~-

<f F»d»t Jxmf^ S^wmm ^. . m book pHKMl M.

»mI' 'Lii'a'MVlrtYSti. U _

634 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

NmmelUi annaUs des voyages. See Atmt^s dts voyi^ts,
Nooitima rempiladdn de las leyet ie Espa^a- 6 t

Madrid. 1*05-19. tL] C<

NtMva bibttoleca dt awiorvi espaHoIes. Ed. M. Men^ndei

P^To and othws- Madrid, 190Q, Me. fLI
Nueva colscctdn de documevios inidilos para la hisloria

Espatia y de nu iKdias, Edited by Frandsco de

- ibilhuiu (ud }ott Sancho Hajlio. 6 vob, Madrid. iS«-iS96. [L]

I'M

%dt ■

oation if CtliaidK it dammtmUt in

Kuix (Giovanni). ReJIexiones imparcialts sobre la

dad de los espaHoUs en las Indias, conira los pretendtdoi
fMsofoi y politicos. Trans, from the Italian, by Pedro
VinJa y UllM. Madrid. 1781. |L] Cap.n.L

Nlinei Cabeza de Vaca (Alvar). La relacitfn que di6 Ahan
Niiflfi Cabeia de Vaca de lo acaecido en las Indias en
itt armada dcndi iba pot gobertiadct PdnJUo
Natvdet.desde el ailo dt vcinte y stela hasta el sA
treinta y seis, etc. Zamon, 1542. [L] First edition

ObemMdar

f«U».L .__

— — Prinlal in Bib. it titl. lip. Vol. Sfxil, j.e.

— — Pdnlrd in CnfauMdn dr lihnt y iacummiia rtjai

— — PliDled by tiontdle

lie Kcond eiliticn uvp^atedaaZd rtiari6*i y comnttfriot dtl

U Imdiai. Valladalid. 1555. IL} ^H

in Bit. it ml. op. Vol. Xxtl, t.t. <^H

n CufiuMdn dr liim y JacummKa rifBrtOa a U kMarim 4|^H

by boniiia it Bsrcia In HttlahtJaa prim^aBt ^^^M

ue o( the noik aj^eaiBl in Purtliai his Pilpima, m.] ^^M
mentaries 0/ A. Nutet Cabesa de Vaca. Frori^H

Spanish edition, iij5. Trans, with noEn. Etc. by Loi^H
HZ, PubL Id TMi CmfMal of Uu Rivtr Piatr. Hakh^^H

idon, 1891. o-i ^^m

_. ,-_. ..'11 Cn^HOl 0/ M< »i

Societr. London^ ifigi. ^I

Commenlaiies d'Alvar Nuitet Cabefa de Vaca

rtdigis par P. Hemandei. Publ, by Temaux-Compaits

— Relatione di do che itilervenne nelle Indie alia i^jHala
della quale era gavemator Pampkilo Narvae*, tte-
TiaDslatloD pubr. by C. B. Ramuski in NamgaHoHi el viaai. VoL IQ,
?.«. C^i,XIIl,i.

Nfifiei de Pineda y Bascufiin [Francisco). CauHverio ftUt

Sraidn de lasguerras diJaladae de Chile. First publ. by
. Bucm Aiana in his Ct^taidn it kiOvitiota it Cktie. VaL IQ.
»*- Cap. IX, ii. Cap. XI, L Cap. XVII, T

saoyGoOgIc

IN SOUTil AMERICA

625 i

Odriozola (Manuel de). Docununlos liliratios del Perti.i

ID vols. Lima, IB63-7?, [L] I

— Dccumentos histSncos del Ftri en las ipocas del]
ailoniaje desfmis de la conquista y de la dependencia]
kasia el ptesente. ; vols. Lima, 1863-4. l^-] '

— Tertetnoloi : Coleecidn de las relaciones de los
notable! que ha sufrido esla capital y que la hai:
arruittaio. Lima. 1863. |L]

Ojeda Gallinato (Diago). Grandetas dt Lima. Quoted by
Diegnu Andits Rocha in Origin dc Idi indioi del Peru, Oc. {(.ir,). Sec

— Fiestas de la Ciudad de los lieyes al nacitniento del
principe, D. Felipe Andrls Prispero. Lima, 1639,

Cap. XI. iii.
lOlavarrfa (Tomis de). Relacidn. etc. (1607). MS.
' Op. IX, «li.

'Olavairia (Miguet de). Injorme sobre el reino de Chile, si
indios y gtterras (i5g4). Printed in Claudio Gay's

jOlavaTrieCa (Antonio), Ed. Setnanano erilico. Lima, 1791
{ (cic ?). S« Medina, La inptmln ea Lima, uid Moidibuiu, Die. Ma.

Mffff. dji Feni; see alao Mercvtw pgrtiana: attninal number for
I June 3i, i7gi. inunedialely suppreued owiog to a violent Attdck dd

I OUiva.-riela wblch it contaLn^

Note. —The BdUdi Muwum mpy of the Mncvrio Aerumu amUlia (VoL
I II, p, iMl this ortginsl number. Cp. XVn.v.

OlivH (Anello de ta), Vtdas de los varimes ilustres de la
'ompaHia de Jesiis de la Frovincia del Peni. 4 Books,
leBhUibMuHurahu an autograph MS, ot Book f |£.ibc Bnnuni y
\tfodtiect6n a Iv vidas etc.) with the EUta/a y tataiogo it algunes
m uBUidtd dt la [mntteia id fir* dt la Campti»fa dt
i lit lis i-Uoi fvr vm mrUtt n alia euatra Mna it la

iSu

Caidlpgo de algtinos varones iluslres en sanlidad e
Provinda del Peri de la Compafiia de Jestis,
Seville, 1631.

- Libra primero de! manuscrilo originai del R. P. Anello
Olivti. S.J. : Histaria del reifio y proaincias del P*nl,
de SMS Tncas reves. descitbrimiento y conquista po.
espaRolis de la Cotona de CasHlla. etc. Published by J.

F. Pu« Vaiela and L. Vaitia y Ortieiiaufiao ■ MS. in the li'

a( Dr. D, F. VanU r Valhr. ol Lima. Limn, lAti. JL].
Sec Tocrea Satdanundo, Las oMinta JtaaUoi id PcrA, Medju,
kiip. antr.. and fiiNMUfiw dt ta Compagaii it //lu.

T^rM

626 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

[Oliva (Aaello de la) : ceml.]

— Hiiloire du Pirou. tfoduite de I'espagnal sur le
scrit inldit par H. Temaux-Compans. Based 1:
in Bdtiib Huieum. Paiii. 18;^- [L]. C^. XJ, lii ; Cap. .__

Oil vares (Miguel de) . Hisbma miHtar, civil y sagrada dt to
aeaecido «« la canquisia y paciftcacidri del reino '
Chile. Pt. I. (Pt. II lost.)- Pub!, by Barros Arana
ColicMii ie Irist. di Cliilr. VuL IV.-^.v.

— Breve noticia de la provincia de la Compama de JesiU
de Chile, Publ. by Barros Arana in Coleccidn de hist,
it CkiU. Vol. VII, q.v. Cap. XVI, a.

Olmos {Jnan de). La vida de ia Madre Jer6iiittus del
Espiritii Santo.
SeeVergiia y Vergsra, Hin. diLilil.cn Ntmia Granada. Cap, XII, iL

Ondegatdo (Juaa Polo de). See Polo de Ondegardo (J.).

Ofia (Pedro de). Cancidn real . . . en que se racogen las
exceleneias del Santo (FTandsco Solano), Rio Lima ai
rio Tibre. First printed in A. Mendieta'a ediljon of
D. di Citdaht-i lilt of San fraxcisco SoUno. «.c. Also quoted in full
by J. T. Medina, la Hisl. di la HI. cnl, Ji Chilr. \aL 1, p. mB. ft.

AraMco iamado. PiirneTa parte, Lima. 1596. Madrid,

160J. [L], Valpafaian. iBfg. [L]

— Edici6n critica de la Acadetaia Chiletia . . . OHOIada
par JoU Toribio Medina. Santiago de Chile, 1917.
Ei Ignacio da Canlabria. Pritnera parte. Seville. 1639.

[LI Cap, VI, k

Or£ (Luis Jer6niino de). Simbolo eatdlieo indiano etc. lima,!
■59a, (L] '

Relacidn ds los mdriires que ha hdbido en la Florid^.

Printfd 160,-1613. (?),

RUuaU sen manuale peruanuitt etc. Naph

[Ll
" tacion a

andsco

— Corona de la sacratiiima Virgen Maria. Madrid, 1
Cap. XIV, U,

Orosz (Ladislaus). Decades qualuor virorum i^^MxtHMMj
Paraquariae, Tyrnau, 1759,

— Decades qualuor aliae . . . virorutn illuslriam Paro'
qvariae. Printed but not circulated. Cap. XIII. '

IN SOUTH AMERICA

(our cantos of the poem ire pilnlnl. Cap. XVlt. bi,

Oroico (Manuel). [XVIII Cent. Ecuadorian poet. See

Kan U. L.), Ojr«Ja . . . Mtir/LipoiiiaiqaalBnaiu.] Cap. XVII, ill.
Ortega Texada y Contreras (Josfi de). Mitodo para

auxiliar y fotnentat a los indios de los reifios del P«nJ

y Chile. Cadiz. 1789, Cap. IX., vii.

Ortiguem (Toribio de], Jornada del rio MaraHiin con todo h

acaecido en ella, y otras cosas notables dignai de St*

sabidas, acaecidas en las Indias OccidentaUs. Printed

in A'Btia bib. di aul. tip. Val XV. [Hiaariadara ii lKdia> II.) b.h.
Cap. X, li.
Ortii de Morales (J036), Coronas dc oro del patriarca San

Josi.dedncidasy sacadasdecuanlo dijeron los evange-

iistas y doclores de la fglesia. 1713. Cap. XJI, ii
Ossorio de Paz (Jos61. Quimiuertio sacra, las cincv patabra-

dit ^piUol San Paila encinco instrvmnlas ii Dmid. — ■'■'-

dt las ilagis de Crista, Stior Nuatro, f^^iadat tn tm*^ Hrmvnrj

mbri laa taingelias di loi aairo domixias it la ciaresma y di U

domCnka dt pasiiin, lie., lie. Madrid, 1712. Cap.Xil.li.

Ovalle (Alonao de). Hisldrica relacidn del reino dt Chih,

y de las tnisiones y minislerias que ejercita en SI la

CompaMa de JesHs. Rome, 1646. [L]
n. — The British Musemn copy has a sel ot porlraia no

iUuitris, etc., aeveral other eugnvinn, and two tets of large

nionbcT^d i-^ and 1-12 respectivDiy.
— Reprinted nlth a biograptiial wuoduDtlmi by J. T. Medioa. i

vo^ SaotiaBo de Chile, iS97.{>]

Hislorica relatione del regno de Cile, etc. Rome, 1646.

P-J

An historical relation 0} the kingdom of Chile. Trans.

fiom the Spanish and publ. by ChurchO) [A.) and (J.), in A CaOtdian

0/ foyapu Bid Travili. He. Vol. Ill, q.c.

Selaeidn verdadeta de las paces que capituli con el

araucano rebelado el marquis de Baides, etc. Madrid.

16*1. (A tonlinualion of the HiMnai rdacidn).

— Memorial y carta en que el padre A. del Valle . . ,
representa , . . la neeesidad que sus misionts fietWN de
sujetcs, etc. Seville, 1643. Cap. IX, v.

I 6tB SPAKISH rOLOKIAL LITER.\TURE

[Ovicdo (Basilio Vicente de). Aiuonimoj y Hoii
' uHiidaddeaiTat. ii vols. MS, SeeVergaiav
'. Hm. i€ la III. to Aiun GimKad* C

Oviedo {Cknualo), See Femiadez de Oviedo y Vali

.Ofti-in Herrera y Rneda (l.uis Aotoma de), Coode de t|
j Cranja. Vida it Sla Hota dt Santa Maria . . .

keroUo. Madrid. 1711, [L]. Lima. 1867. ]!,]

— Foema taero de ia Pasiin de N.S. Jesu Crista.

I '717. Cap. XI. B

jOvirdo de liaium y SaVittmyi'i (Diego "■-■ "*' ■

ippouIK In iwo TOriirao lo " — -— ' -"

iwu» and a atntU or cau* .

BXfi&vtin oai^isii wftb npldOaliH

tUOiM, 1;

I- [U,

l^lfd w BIbliaUta dt IM oivww^^lai. Vob. lit, IV. f.n

Cap. XII, I
Padilla y Paalrana (Juan de). Memorial dti Pcni. I

ibna. Cap.XV.a

~ Sac *ho Lc^in (■Imlo (Diego Or).

Palma (Manuel Rjcardo) Ed. Analts del dtrco. iSoo-ija
linu, ijoi. [L] C^ ■" -"

Poff/ periodiio de la Ciudad de Sanlafi de Bogotd.

,79'-J»?

PavtellD (Pablo). Hisloria de la CotnpaHia de Jesiis e:
provincia del Paraguay segAx los docuinenlos origine
del Archivo General de Indias.eU. Madrid, igia. fL] ""

Pastrana (Antonio Jos*). Jardin ameno de San Josi'
Umu, (666(1).

— EtnptHos del poder y amor a Dws en la admirable L
prodigtosa vida del Sanlisimo Patriarea JosepS
espuso de la Madre de Dios. Madrid. 1696.

PftUke (Florian). Padre Florian Pauhe't Reise
Miuionen naeh Paraguay, etc. Vienna. 1829.

— Padre Florian Baucke (sic) eiu Jesuit in Paraguay.
Koxsnibuiii, 1870. Cap. XIII, V.

Fenafiel (Loonardo). DisffUtalionum llieologicarum,
primam partem Diti Thomae, Tomus primus ■
Deo Uno. Lyons, 1663.

saoyGoOgIc

IN SOUTH AMERICA

6>9

[Feflafiel (Leonardo) : cohC]

Dispalatioitts scholaslicae el morales de virlute Jidei
divinat, deque inJiiUlilaU, haeresi.elpoDHis haereiicortnu.

Traclatus de incarnatione Verbi divini. . , . Primi
edilio. Lyons, 167S. Included in O^eru, v. infra.
Opera. Vols. I-IV. Lyons. 1678. [L]. Vol. Ii:

coBtains DisptiUUiima lelmlaslicat, Ac. Vol, Sv conUlnl TnuUltii i
ineanaliBHi Vcrlti Divini bm ptlnled (or lint tjms. Cap. XIV,, Iv
Pe&aJosa Mondra.gAn (Benito). Libra de las cineo excelen-
' IS del espaHol, etc. Pamplona. 1619, [L]

C*p. 111. L

Pefia Montenegro {Alonso de la). Itinerarin para pdrrou
de Jndios, en que ie ttatan las niaterias mas partUutares

Peraltii Bamuevo I^cba y Beoavides (Pedru
Desvios de la naluralcm y origen de los u
1695. [L]

Cup. XV.

' de).

— 4- [Ll-

OhservatioHes aslTonomicae, habilae Limae. Lima, 1717
El Jupiter olimpico (ascribedto Peralta). Lima, ijaof?)
El lempla de la fama.uindicado. Lima, i7ao{?). [L]
El lealro heroico. Lima, 1710.
JiiMas de Lima y fiestas regies, etc. Lima, 1723.
Lima fundada, a oonquisla del Perti. Potma keroice,
etc. 2 pts. Lima, 1723. [L] i

~ Printed by OclriaiDla ia Coliaiiti di Aicumaitrii tiUraritu M Ptm, t
Vol. 1. f.v. I

Hisloria de Espaiia vindieada. Lima, 1730, [L]
PasiSn y ttiunfo de Crista. I.ima. 1738,
Ed. El conoeimiento de los tietnpas (?.ti.) ior, with

n.—Foc ID acTUiiiil at other works sbb Medina, La impmla «■ Lima'
and Uendibuni, Die. (Hit. Atof. del Pmt. Cap. Xll, iv.,

Peramds (Jos£ Mauuell- De vita et moribus sex sacerdotwn
paraffuaycorum, Faenza, 1791. [Lj
De inta el maribus Iredecit* viromm paraeuaycotum.
F«n-m, mi. [L]

^:^..J..GUJ

630 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

a (Jos* Manuel) :

Annus patiins, etc. MS.

L'anno di palimenli ossia diario in cui si racconla
viaggio del P.P.. etc. Publ. by J. BoSro in Menolog
MU Campafma ii Gau, Appudii. VoL II. Rome, iBjg.
Journal du P. Joseph Piramas contenant U rieit d
chosBS arrivits aux Jssuiles dit Paraguay en l'an*i
ie Icur expulsion. Printed by A. Carayon in Documentt
iCimpagKic Ai /AiK.^Vof. xyi.j.

indufP.). Bla

I. [L]

asOitlUcdtlaPlatx

PSrcE de Menacho (Juan). Prima sumr,
Sancti Thomat. 5 vols.
Thtotogiac moralii tractalus. z vols.
Ttaetatus de praecaptis ecclesiae.
Privilegios de la CompaHia de Jesus. 2
Privit^ios de los Indios.
Bentas eclesidsticas.

Preeminencias de las iglesias catedrates ti
sufragdneas.

See'MeB'Ubani, Die. iia. iiii. drl PrrA. Cap.XIV.lv,

Pirez Garcia \jos6). Hisloria general, natural y mililar,
ivit y iagrada del riino de Chile, etc. Published witi a
ioeraphical naticB by J. T. Mnllaa. a vols. SuntiaffD tie Chi\e. igoo.
J] Cap. XVI, IH.

Pietas (Jerdntmo). Informe al rey sobre las diversas raxas 4»
que pueblan el terrttario araucano, etc, (1729^

Uedlaa, IM, at. it CkiU.

Cap. tX,

M iHVa'Ja kislaria ie Eipata. VoL V,

MOgJc

Dcinzedoy Google

632 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

Posada (Bduardo), See Btblioleca de kisioria nacional ai
and Ib&fiez (Pedro M.| £il Precursor Ooemm

Pragntdtica sobre ios die! dias del aHo. Lima. La Cindad d
ku Reyu, 1581. Finl publicaliim la be phntal in 5- AnKTica.
— For faolmOe reproduction s«e La primera mtuarta iipgaifiet
salbfai it lot prmtsJtla And'iai dd or , , , con m tr<w erdletvA
/. T. Midma. Suitisgo de Chile, igiiS. [l; C^. Li

Prafmdlieas (Las) del teino ; recopilacidn de algtmas tnilas\
. . . con lodas las pragmdlicas, y algunas leyas, keehai

Safa la buimn gobfrnacidH del reitio. eU. Seville, i&ig

Prescott (William Hickling). History of Ike Conqtust 4
Mexico. 3 vols, Ijsndon, 1843. [L]

— Hiiloria de la con^ista de Mijtcn. Transl. by ]
Navarro. 3 -nrfi. Maio.. i84,-j6. [l;

— History of the Conquest 0} Pent. 2 vols. LODdtm. iSjjn
III '

— Hsstonadelaci
Icavbalceta and am.

Primera parte de comedias escogidas de Ios rmjans t

EspaHa. Madrid. 4S pts,. i63*-i704. [L]
Purchas (Samuel), the Elder. Purchas his Pilgrim

fiVEl

!. TL]

-To thk collKlim is luoallv a
of P<mlkMi Mil Pilffimate. London. 1616. [L]
Hakluytus Posihttmtis. or Purchas his Pilgrim
vote. Glisgow, 1903-0?- [LI ,

Quesada (Vicente G,). La vida inUlectval en la Amhitm
espaltola duranU Ios sighs XVI. XVII. y XVIIl.

— Crdnicas potosinas : costumiyres de la eiad metlmtml'
htspano-americana. 1 vol*!. Paris. 1890. {L]

QDii)ai)a(&Ianael Jos£|. Vidas de etpaioles eilebtts. i yoti.\

lUdrid, lBo?-31. Il)

— — PriDtwJiDCofe™*..(<lM ■■«. juI. np. VoLXXXlV «.»
Qniroga (Jer6iiimo de), Memoria de las eesas 4t CU(.{

Bitnct from iit put publfab«l tn tf

U.V.), imdH titlt CamfitmAt (WVkv •.»•■_• fi.i_.f_v u

B, Vol xxm I

■A.CXIi^ic

'm \V iV

(■ ii lll"^W> * J>f V-

634 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

it. IbJJln in BMiclxa ds la

Cap. X .
Relaeioties geogrdficas dg tndias. Ed. by M. Jimenez de It

Emails, and pnbL by the Mmatai) d*! Fomi-'- — '- ■■---■

iBa.-,8,J, [Li

Repertorio colombiano Vols. I-XI. Bogotd. 1878-79. ^V'
Revista chilena. Edited by M. L. Amuaitegui and DjM

. 1873--'

[L)

Bcinsta chiltna de hisloria y geografia. Santiago de Chik^

ReviUa d» la Univetadad. Buenos Aires, 189I

Revista de Quito. Quito. 189S

Revista peruana. Founded by Mariano Felipe Pai Soldifl

Rezairaiy Ugarte"(Josf]. Tratado del real drrrcHo de U
medial anatas lecutares y del seratcto de lantaj a 71
estdn obligados los liltilos de Costilla. Madrid, 1792.
Biblioleca de los escritores que hari sido indwidnos 4t
loi sei< colegios mayores, etc. Madrid, 180^. [X,]

Cap.5CV,W.

RibadcDcira (Pedro de}. Bibliotheca scrtpiarum Sacielatis

fssu. Rome, 1676. [L! Cap. XIV. iv.

Rivero (Juan). Hisloria de las miiiones de los llanos it

Casanare y los r{os Orinoco y Meta. Bogoti. 16S3.

Gip-XH-r.
Rocba (Diego Andr^). Ortgin de los itidios del Peri,
Mijico, Sania Fe y Chile. Lima. 1681
— RDpriDlnt in CoJxciAi de librot raros 0 tvriotoi

i. Ill ai

r IV, f .1

Rodriguez (Francisco Antonio). [Poems, one of whicll
entitted Felidtaciin al seftor oidor doctor NicoUt
Prielo y Ddvila is given in foil by J. M, Vergaia y

Vamia iq Hill, il la til. ut Nutru Cr«u4i, pp. 377-a8j.]

cap.xvii, a
Rodriguez (Manuel). £1 MaraHdn y Amaionas ', historis

' ' ' ■ - - ' ' y reduecidn d

a espiriluales et

d.y Google

IN SOUTH AMERICA

63s

|[RodrJgiiez(H>iliieI): csml.]

dilaladas manlatlat y mayeres rib* ie la Amirica, tic.
I Madrid. i«R4. fLI Cap.XI.vlL

iRodiiguei (Hanuel del Bocctto). Historia 4ic ta fiindacidtl

de la enseikanat. MS,

— pianv manuiciipt poems in the BiUioteca Nacional
ir Bo^dU ud Btfaer CBUorlJoa. Tlva niBat from Docillhnel
poFBB. EJMHifbM ^^fij/inm. <|iiB>rf by J. M. Va(in y t'^igm

— Ed. GiKctadt Satd^i. Bo^ta. 1785.

— Ed- Papd peridaUn d^ Samiafi de Bogotd. q.v.

— Ed- El ndaclor americano. Bogota. 1806.

— Ed- CoBrfilMcirfn /(Jir. Bogoti. iBio. Cap. XVII,
Hodriguez de LetSn (Juan) See LeAo Pinelo (Ji

de).

del e.

de Quito. . . . AHo de 16^0. Phcteil in Relaciontt
gfioffoficin i*. IndiMs. Vol- III Apfinuiiit l.v-^' ^ap. X, is.

BodrlKuez Presle (Joan). (Also knnwa as £1 Canicro
de Bogoti). CotiqHista y descubrimienSo del Nueoo
Reino de Granada de las Indias occidetitaUi del mar
ocfymo. y /Htidacufn de la Ciudad de Sanla Fs de
Bogoti, eU. Pnbl. by F. P^rez, as part of S«m<Mfa

litiririatiiia

. ■8»- r

JRojaa {Arlatides|. HiOona palria ; Esiudios kistdricos-
' Origenes venetoianos. Caracas, rSgi, etc. [L]

— Historia palria : Legetidas hisli^cai de Venezuela.
a Srna. Cuaias, 1390^1. (LI

— Capilulos de la hislona colonial de Venetuela. Madrid,
">'•). [L]

Rojas y Fuentcs (Jos* Basilio de). Apuntes de lo acaecido
en la conquisla de Chile, desde svs princtpios hasta tl
alio de 1672. Printed in Co/eccirfn de hisloriadoret de
CMf. Vol, XI- J-.. 0.p.XVI.fl.

Somaoa y Herrera (Felipe), Traetalus de poetiitenHa.
(CollHlroo oi oral leiBioi givm In 173? by doo Antonio Jo»ph d«
G-aaaiD in Uis Calegio del Rourla of BoeoLi). See Vcnara y VHian,
Hiu. dt la iil. in f/una Gtanaiia. Cap. XII, U.

T^3i

636 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

tllosa (Jose Kicotis de la). Fkrresta <le la SanUi I^
' Cattdral de Sanla Matla. SeviUe, ij^b (Dcdic

, pralHr. mt). ad cditiM. VbIsicu dd Cid, iBjj. Cap. XTI.

[Rosaks (Diego de). Hiilvna gcitetal del rei'xo de CkUt,
Flandei indiano. Edited by B. Vicufia MaCkeoaa.
3 nil. Valpanin. iHn^n. ^Lj
\-— Historia general del reinv de Chile, dtsde la ij
aborigen haila la gian tebelidn del tigti/ XVII. Pul
IbIkI by H. VicnOa Hacknuia, VilpmKi. i«77- [L]
Conquista espiritual de Chile. MS. ^P- I^.

' I(uiz(Pcdrci), {A pamphlet on the art iif flying. Lima.
" MtwUbuiB. Die. Aiu. hiof. M Piru.] Cxp. XVI .

de Montoya (Antoiuo). ConquUla tspirilu^ k
par los retigiosos de la Compania de JesHs en 1
■ jDJHeioj del ParofHav. Parand. Uruguay v T-
' A. \hy,. 3-1
de laUngua ^larani. Cimtaiaiag 3iSQ Vocabu
de la lennu" guaranti Ttsfro de la lengtta g

ipU. Madrirt, i6}fl. it!

^^ Arle de la lengua guarani . . . con los escoHos, m
dones del F. Paulo Sestivo. etc. (Wltbont Vocabu
■od Tserv). Jamt UiatimB. S. Mub la tUjta. Pangna;. 171^.

— Vecabulario de la lengua guarani. Publ. separatdy b
p. Rativo, jRoil Uiisicini. S. Matta b Maynr. Paraguay. 17x1.

Cap. I. Cap.xm,fl

Ruii LApez iHip6lito|, Quinologia. o Iratado del drbol i

la quina a castaritla. coii su descriptidn y la de otft

eipeciei de ifuinoi •tuevamerite descubiertas tn el Pert

etc. Madfid. 1792. [L]

— Memona de lai inriudes y asm de la rail de la plan
Uttmada yatlhoy en el Peru. Madrid. 1805. [L]

— Memoir on the oirtne and iis*s 0/ the plant c
Yallhoy in Pent. Published by Lambert (A. ~

.^ndUulraliaiiifHie'KUlCHllcllaiu.llc, LonddB. ISII. fL]

~- Memoria sobre la legiUma calagttala y otroi &fs t\
que coK el mismo nombie noi inenen de la Am
meridional. Madrid, 1S05. [L]

— Memoir on the eeauins Calaguala, etc. Published l|

lS«.

ii CkHKkou. d

d^yGooglc

IN SOUTH AMERICA

£RQiz L6pez (ffipfilito) and Pavdn (Jos*) : conl.]

dtscHbiartas en el Peni por Don Juan Tafaila, etc.
Hadiid. iSoi. [L]

Flora peruviana, el chilensis, etc. 3 vols. Madrid,
i7«8-i3d3. [LI. (ThE copy in Ihc Bttlish MuKum canulns Si p1it«
boa Vol. IV, the leil nf which was nol published.) Cap, XVll, V.

lazar (Juse Marlaj, Sacrificio de Idotneneo.
Soliloquio de Entas.

J VcFgara, ma. dim. m ffurva Graiaia. Cap. XVII, li.

Sanchez 0"^° Bauti.sta). Curso de filoso/ia antigua y

modetna.

Hisloria eclesidsltca.

De malTimomo.

De la voluntad divitia.

La obra de ios seis dias.

Hisloria de la refiovacidn del temflo de Jcrnsalin.

Letnones parafrdsticas sobre el maestro de. ' "

Oraciouts laHnas.

Panegiricos y serments morales

S« Hoidiliuni. iha. HH. Ms;, id Piri. Cap. Xlt. vL

S&nchez Latirador (Josfi). El Paraguay catdlico. Pta. II

(Parto scgnnda :— RrfmWii fngmmlaria it lat riajci itsii la '«-
ibiicti» di Nuesira Sr^ora ie Bd/n luuUi las miiiona n In EAiwHei
V di rigriio. Parle leccera i—Qtu ennlime lai tmcitmcc JifHWdiH i-
Lndelos Kyipi/iyeguis. It. Laag tos ekonas, varios piajis y diarioi y

Para^tay natural ilustrado. 4 parts, MS
Paraguay culUvado. 4 vols. MS. Cap. XIII, v.

Sancho (Pedro). Relatione d'un capitano spagnuolo delta
cotiquista del Peru, Trans, from the original Spanish
US. and publ. Ly Ramiisio [G. K.) in NwigrHmi tl viagp. VoL

Retacidn de la conqmsta del Perik. Tmns. into Spanish
from Ihe Itoliin by J. C, laHbarccla arid puhl. by him at Hie end ot
Vol. 11 □( bis traKatatkinnf PnsDott'E Miliary e/l«f(-'o>ifi>«lD/J>crH.

J.B.

Rescate de Afahualpa. Teslimonio de la acta da
reparticidn del rescate de Atahualpa. otorgada por el
escribano P. S. Printed in Vidas de espaHnles cilebres
by M, J, Quintana, ,,..'.

^ -PAXKH CfAffSlM. LITERATl'RE

TiZ'^J^^J'iSt^Bi.m

5am KuTia T'.«tfa -is Pma^ de D, Ft. it^im (w4^
4€ SaK H»wti», ■.it.iy, Jt Cimiai. Kirt n torn biai
fwiMA^i hi hu-uti a£jmndit pot ic: i ■|Mif«rfi n i.
fvXadf/rti y gutinrrW/r-- 1 ^ /arftii. Pobiidied i

■ Niv.^i* <Aa4r^ <k . HiOonm femait it lot rtUgtotot
dtu^ir/t 4tl 'jtim it k,i ermit*^. i . . ie Sea Ap^in

— lnvtftn Je :•'. J. it OipacabaKa, f^/rttnio it! mao''.
mundfj, tU MMirA. tOfii C^. IX, vi

^ara :m; ni-.utiU: y t.pniicU-- 'p'.utdcni dt it. MS.

San tn'.* van 'j-Zi-.-i 'Ir.tii^', i'-. . La Araiuaiia. cuatia y
^mnt-i ; arte: tn qat .t f.t:M^Me y a^aka la hiiti-jria de
h. Alr/i-A it iSrcilia. SaJaroanca, 13Q7. Barcelona.'

f ttgutida parte ie las guerras it Sfatia. y|

I — Satrnttve', of Iht t-oyage: of F. S. de G. to the StraiU;

I of Matellan. 'IraniJ. eu... by Sir ClemeDts Markham.

! lUit lyl')r/.,'.lY. I^ji^t^. <f,;. ;L.

I— Sefunia parte de la hi%Uiria general Uamada (ndiea.

Dcinzedoy Google

IN SOUTH AMEKITA

Uc. VinX piated tromjjte OrigiwaJ IIS, iw G6ttiiicaB

" • ■•" - ' Berita. t«>& JU

History of Om /iwu. ttc Timn*. bv Sir dan
■■AMq. Ibklait SociKr. LhhI». nw. HO
Si»Mn. mUmta A P. S. A C. yil»f^»r » *M

4( MagaBams, y ^ las p^bl^CMml ra « *NA«t V fl
s> tm ^ JUc*rfK>r V. Jtf. PnbtistMd in CMMcdk i
itwfa (MUiM At jIicUW dr /**«. VoL V. (.r. f^^ >V I

Schinnbeck fAdam). Mtssis t*>f wn'wm >

•"---•-•is /«s« ««■ wcramiai in JWnf— *<

-li. 16*9- rtj cw.xnt%

Sdunidd (Utricb). Warlmfft^ tmi SMidtt Dtiiiknnmm
eliicMet fUnumat Ittdianistiett Lam4tsdtagtm mai
InstiUn, die vonmals tH iriitr CAn>in«A«l( ftdrntlU^
Nnrf tntiick in ^^ Sckiffart Vlrici SfkmiAs w« Sft««>
bingsn mil gnssn Gefait tfkitmiM, mi i«M ikm
selber muffs fieissigsl bestirubm mii iargtlltam. Pint
Kmud at Ymsr icif: Ow in W^kttlif IHirlmli^i. i«t.
Pnukfort-iu-lluii. 1167. IL]

" " ■ ■ .1 - 1 — 1 -1 BmBk. Biilcd br StteMUn Ftaadi,

_ ., ipu. Fiwktnri-iw-UMi

— iqd edition In ThcDdorde Dcy^ cdUhiIm of •nyatf MaV<M
Vllttr TlmH- H97- [L! . ,^ ,.

■ — - -ly Golluid ArtiH imi-d in [jtin nmM ct dl »yli

Wahrkaffiige Historitn tintr wunierbarttt ScktSm*
UKtcke U.S.. .in Aituricam . . .gtlMam. RwiMd
mil abridnd tditiciD isugd by Leviniu HulSu* 1b Ut riUMMd o>

rem histoiia admirandae ciiHsdaM niiMfiifiunM
^urii U.S. . . . iH WnurKaM eonfeeil. ttc. TnmlBtiun

i(Z.Cjiio}»iwii<lonymo( . —

im), '1731. (TbRiB • quHlKu wtt-UlM-

AnfdlM In t'Wmita

-«wn

SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

[Schmidel (UMch) : cont.}

diru r itacMMfaa nl ■ b *ul. . . <U itfg^kPIal^ VoL III, f j.

Histoire uirilabU d'un voyage curUux, fait par U.S

dam I'AmJriqiu A transl. of Hulsiua' ver^on in H.

Tersaui-Cainpain' CsUdctxn i£ H)>ac<>. rdotifwi, tU. Vol. V. ff.v.l.

— Voyage of U. S . to the rivers of La Plata and Pari
lit- ttant. frcm the original (ijfiJl Ginnan Kitlion by I_ L. Don „

ondin, 1891- [L!

— Via]e at Rio de la Plata . , . notas bibliogrdficas por B,
Mittt -. prilogo. traduccitSn y anoUxciones por S. A.
Lafone Queuedo, Buenos Aires. 1903, [L]

Schumacher (Hermann A). Jiinti de CasielloKos. Ein

Lebenibitd, oui dir Cottijmtla-Zeit. Published

Kumtureucb FaUcluilt nr Eft^nHnne an du EoUakimt A*ia
I Hamburg. i8^!. [L]

Segurola (Sebaetiin de). Diario de lot sucesos del cero

'- ciudad de La Pai en lySt, Letters written in 1782,

..__>]. in ATCIiiu> MiVuMO, Vol. 1. 1AB-17B. f.tr. Cap. XVI, V.
Stmanario de agricullura, indusiria y cometeio. Buenos

AbH, SrpL I,, iBoj to Feb. 11, 1807.

Facitinila ol Iroat pan of Niun. I. aod an aaaiy

rem 1801-1-4-5-6-7. given to J. T. Hedins. La m.,

Atfa. p. 16). ele, «.«. Cap. XVII.. i-l.

Semanario itud-ito. 34 vols. Ed. by A. Valladares de

Sotonuvor. M*ddA 1788. p.] Cap. XI. ri.

Serrano v Sam (M.) Ett, Historiadorti de Indias. Vols. I.

tod n. pubL la Nuat UUuuea d> awvo apaHnUt. Volt. XIII,

XV. f.^

a (Jost). Sloria cnliea diW origine, frogressi,

attuaU dtl Giansenistuo.

Sloria erilica dell' opiniom JilosoJicAe suUa caus

Allarme delta vera religione, e della sana poliliea
contra gli odiemi allenlati dell' irteligione e dell'
anarchia. Cap. XIV, iv.

Simiin (Pedro). Nolicias hisloriales 4f las conqtiistat de
Tierra FirtMe en las Indtas ocadenlales. ~ '

7. :li

d.y Google

Of SOUTH AMEKICA

ttdrlaOa^ai

. ■«>-•>. % \

EMptdihrm cf Ptdrr dr Ctaim a»d tapt A Af^"

- tstiaZ «*■*>** a» »•<<■ sjcvni. fT-
Solk T Vakamria |t%dn> de). EfOemt 4i la >«4i > ^mmm
Af •favtoim» Attar Am BfnwAw A <U««Ha . ^
mTmhtspe dtSmK^^ it Bogota. eU, Linna. t6f«. (tj
I — Pamteirico mgrmdo. tm aUbmua A/ Srrafi» 4t IM
{ kxMbAs, Sui Sraw. Lima. 1646. n.] Cap \IV. at

ISaMrzana Pcreira (Juan de). Dt Indtmrum inr : it>> <>
>Htfa /i^Mnun PfciAwra/iww Hiyiiisrttpm. muftn-^Mmt
tt rttemiiene. etc. 1 vrAs. Madrid. I6q-i6j9' M
I — Ptriai€a imdiMU. smcada m Ungm tjj»ll«»« * tU
A>i tomoi iel dnetho y gobumo ww»ffW A W
I iMrfioj scn'AiiteJIeJ gite ihA cof iosMiMMtr iMirttlt *■ M

totifid . y. li S P. Bat el mttmo mmtat . . **«**»
inwf Adj (<:<Mi ^ii< KutildH en hi lomos ialtmM UkitrM.

[ — — Cortigiila e liiu/rafEs ant ttoUs f" ■ ■ • P- "•■•H''

I dr Valeniuria. 2 vols. Madrid. 1776- fL)

— Memorial o diicurso informuOiva. 7Brmav, itM(fci(«>,

politico de Cos derechos. honons . . . f ••# s» i<**» *W,

i guardar a los cotnejcros honoranot. y Jli4tfa*i*. *(,

Kidrid. i6,a. [L" CafrXV.*

Sosa (Pedro de), Afemoriai A/ /vhffOJO »iM* »*»»**••' )"

UmPoTol del reino dt ChiU. Madrid (?). tM6 {rj. (L| '

N01I-— Tt* copy in Ihe Bntfch Muwuoi b«J MS, nntr* hy llrt •"»«.

;Sudrez (Francisco). CoMOHiilananMi *: ii)^trf«(w«WBl
I in tertiam pattern Div Thomat. Vol. 1. Msaik. Ijyo.

Vol 11. AlcaH, 1*92. Vol. III. SkIuudoi, !»>. Vol, IV, {WMBn.>

642 SPANISH COLONTAI. UTERATURE

".]

, Mains, V

[Sudrer [Franc.!

Metaphysicamm dispvlatimmtn, in <imbus ^
naturaiis Iheologia ordinaie Iraditur. etc. x vc
160S. [LI „

Opus de virtvie el sIcUu reiigionis. Vol. I. Coimbra.S
i6o«. VoL n, Coinibta, itog. Vol. Ill (VdI5. II and III), LyoM.P
161), Vol. IV. Lyons, i6Ji. [

Tractaitts de Ugtbus. ac Deo Legislatore in decent librt>s\
dislribulus. Coimbis, 1611. Antwerp. 1613. [L]
Da/ensio Ftdei CaUtolicae . . . adversus Angtiea
seclae ertom, cum responsione ad apologiam
juranunia fidelilcUis, et prae/aliontn monitoriam .
JacoH Angliae Regis, etc. Coimbra, 1613, [L]
Opens dereltgionetomus primus ( — quartas et t^Hmu^M
Editio navissima, etc. Lyons. 1630-34. [L]
Opera omnia : haclenus edita. 23 vols. Venice, ]

— * Edilio tuma a D. HI. Aniri - lit. •> vols, Parb, i8^6-ie. ILt ■

Can. XI, B.I

Su4rez de Figueroa (CdstAbal de). Et pasajero. Madrid^
161J, Cap.VJ

— Hethos de Don Garcia de Mendasa, el Marquis t
CafitU. Madrid, 1613. [L]

-- PrintiMl by BunH Araoa In Cotwiifn d€ kitloiiadara dt ClauM
Vol.V.g..'. Cap-ViW

Tafalla (Juan). See Ruiz L6pez (H) and Pav6n (J.Jl
SuplBiwUo a It ^iHolD^fa. Cap.XVJI.v."

Techo (Nicol^ de), Hislona provincial Pafaguaritu
Societatis Jesu. Lille, 1673. [L]

The history of the provinces 0/ Paraguay, TucumanM
Rio de la Plata, Parana. Guaira and Urvaiea. etejf
TnmJ.frnmllwUlin.andpubl. by Churchill (A.)and(J,)inX CaUminiT
ef t'oyiien ani Tranh. Vnl. IV. g.v. Cap. Xlll, |^

Teliera/o merccmtil (El). Buenos Aires, April lat, iSoi^l

Facsimile of froDl page of fini Ihiip and an 4Cj:oaikl of cpt
tivm by J. T. Medina in La iinWMta w Bumii Aira. a. ij8, et

i.v. Cap. xvn, *

Teniaux-Compans (Henri). Recueil de documents 1
mimoires originaitx svr I'histoire des possess^
espagnoles dans i'Amtrique, etc. Paris, 1840. [L]
Voyages, relations et mimoires origin

d.y Google

IN SOUTH .\WERICA (143 |

[Tomanit-Compaiis (Henri) : ««;.]

i'hisloire ds la dicouverle de V Antfriqvs. 20 vols.
Paris, I837-4'- M

— Bibliolhique atttiricaint, ou catalogue des OMiragas
relatifs i I'Amlrique qui out paru depuis sa iicomtrU
jusqu'A Van Ijoo. Paris, 1837. [L]

- S«at5oOUva<AiHna).
TesUlo (Santiago de). Guerra de Chile, causas de
daracidn, medias para sufin. Madrid. 1647,

— — Prinlod in CcUccidn it *i«. di Chili. Vol. V, i.v.

Reslauracidn del esiado de Araueo y otros progrtios
mililates, elc. Lima, 1665.
~ Piinled In CditciM dc his. d/ Ckili. VOL XI, 4.D. Cup. i; .
Thayer Ojeda (TomiB), Las antiguas eitidades de Chile.
Apuntes histdricos sobre su desarrollo y listas de tos
furKionarios gue actuaron en eltas hasla el aHo IJ^S-
Publ. In Anala dt la Univaiidad. Saaliago de Cblts, igii. [L]

— Memoria kistdrica sobre lafatnilia Alvarei dt Toledo «n
Chile. Santiago de Chile, 1902. [L].

Santiago durante el sigto XVI, etc. Published i

yiuJ« di la Vavasi4^ dt C>\St ot Jan. and Feb., 19a}, s.«.

Tobar y Buendfa (Pedro). Verdadera histdrtca relacidn
del origen . . .y milagros de la imagen de Chiquingi
Madrid, 169s. tap. k

Toro (Juan Bautista). E! secular religioso, para consuelo
y alienio de las que viviendo en el siglo, preienden
iograr el cielo. Madrid, 1721, 2nd ed., 1722. " '
ed. Madrid, 177S.

— See alBo article by Caro (M. A-), oitiEled Curiosidadfs liltritri
Rcpcrlaris c<Uombiano. VoL XII, No. 1. Cup. XI

a peruana del
•luestro padre.

... „., q.v. Contingod by Juai

TeortproVdstiijci, uployearirii. MS. Cap. XII, vi ; Cap.XlV.li
Torres (Crist6baJ de). Langua eucarisiica del honibre

bueno, etc. Madrid, 1665. • Cap. XIV. iv.

Torres (JosS). Privilegios y prerrogativas del Esposodela

Madrede Dios. Printed in Italian (T). See Medina, Z,<f.

™l, df rn)f. Can. XIV. !■

644 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

TorreE Bollo (Diego de). Rslatio hislorica rerum o]
ludos in Provineia Peruana ggslanim. Rome, 1603.
Breve relalione . . .del Peru, circa ilfnUio che si raccogliM
Mn gli Indian* di quel regno, elc. Rome and Milaa,

1603 u). vaiicB. .604. ra

Comenfarios del Peni. Breve relacidn del fruto qu«
se recoge de los Indias. Rome (?), 1603 {?).
Brevis reialio hislorica regum in provincia peruana
atud indos. etc. Transl. from the Italian, Maguntia,

- . 1. (LI

— De rebus peruattis. Another tracslation from I
Italiio. Antwerp, i6d4. [L] Cap. X. _

Torres Saldamando (Eorit]ue). ioi aniiguas Jesuitas iM
Peni. Lima. 1883.

— Libra primero de los cabildcs de Lima. Lima, 1888.
iL)

Tula Baxin (Pedro de). In/orme at obispo don Manuel dt
Alday sobre ires puntos locantes al uso qui las mujerei
hacian en Saniiago de los irajes con cola. MS. Set
MmUdi, til. at de CkOi. Cap. XIV, (v.

Ullauri (Juan). [For account ol his works, see Juan Ledli

.'1 Qjtaii li

»■]

I. IB.

UJloa (Antonio de). Relaeidn hisldrica del viaje

Amirica Meridionat . ■ . con otras oarias ohsarvaciones,
etc.. por D, Jorge y Sanlacilla. Madrid. 1748, [LJ

— A voyage to South America . . . undertaken by A. A
U. and J. J. y S. London, 1758. [L]

— Noticias americanas : enlrelenimientos fisicos hisldrieol
sobre la Amirica meridional, y la sepitnlnonal
oriental. Madrid, 1772- [L]

— Mimoires philosophiques historigues, physiques eon-
cernant la dicouverte de t'Amlrigue. Trans, by M. . . .
Paris, ITS?. tL! Cap. XII. i.

— SBeaIsoJgaaySanIadila|J.|»ndUUoa(A.dol; NMieiia utHlt.
Unioue (Jos£ Hip6tito). Observaciones sobre al clima (b|

Lima, y aus influencias en los seres org^ninuhi

doy Google

IN SOCnU AMERICA 645

[UninDC {Jaei Hipdltto) : txml.]

M w^*nW af tomibn. Lima. 1S06. [L]. Madrid.

• PiBRd ID tL de OMcnb-i Own n «i Juif. A< Pirm, VoL VI.
»» C»p. XVU.T.

Disettacidm isbn tl atfxi*c, citlitx; tamttnio. y virtmUs.
deUJamtosafJamltiddPeritmitbtiiitfoea. Pttblished

SgjtooUwmaUibii'imiito JfJUfwliwuM. i

tJiqniia (Joan del Ttactaltts dt ff»fitmdissitm KrtcHcia'

lUiacwti de la jundactdn it I* rtai mmdttncM i»l

Cuuo. Madrid, 1795- Cad. X. vii,

lArea (Jeniaiino de). Orlando FtKW» lr*Jim,tM en ^

rovume caOellano por don I. A ('«».i. Antwerp.'

GOBwAu) CM* XVII. ».

Vaidivia (Luis de|. Arte y gramdtUa jf^wmW 4f U ir*>i[H<i

que corn en lodo el reino de ChiU. to" ■" i*v*ht«/*rto.
I y conjeaonano . . . Juntamtmtt roN i» 4ivM*M

criiiiana y catecismo del coneilio d* /.mi* #■ #«/*#.>/,)'
I doilradwciinuide ii en la lenpia dH.' Mit. Hi Limn,

-'-S. (L). SevDte. 1684. [L]

HUloria de la provinda casteOtiui d* U 5iitlii4)il 4t

/Mris. MS.
- — Varoties itustres de la Sociedad de }*sAi . M"

■^ Willi.. HI

Vaidivia (Pedro de). Catias. Five jirluU'd In t'llUlili'i

Citii. Vol. r. q.y. Two* m'ore are pnnlftl In fnem* tH »W»o A
l-'aifina b>' D. Bancs Arooa f.e. 0)^ IV, V,

VaJera (Bias). [Wrote a history of the Inciu in LaUHi MS.
partly dHlTD^ at Ox uckldg ol C«IU In lu«, 11m *hM>lt HVW)
were useJliy Gardlaso de la Vegi in the cumpttattoB u( Wr -■——■—"■ i

646 SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

VaUe y Caviedcs (Juan del). Ditnte dtl Pamaso.

— Poesias serial y jocosas.

Bolh publisbed by M. OdHamla in DacumiHtos tiUmnris iri Per*.

Vareia'y'SllDa- See Nuix (J.).

Vargas Machuca (Bernardo de), ApologUxs y dtsatrsos de
las covguistas occideniales . First publ. by A. M. Fabii
in Col. it ix. iiM pvn la JiiK. dr Etp. Vol. LXXI, j.b.

— Milicia y descripcidn de las Indias. Madrid, rjgg.

— — Priotpd In Ctjiffecitht de iibros que tratim it Amtr, raroi a ari*

Vols. Vltl iDd IX, o.v.

— Several MSS. in ^ritfah Museum Cap. II, 1,
V^uez (FranciEco). Relaci&n verdadera de lodo lo que

sucedtiS en la jomada de Omagua y Dorado. . . .Trdlase
ansimismo del aiiamienlo de don Fernando da Gurmdn,
y Lope de Aguirre, y de las crueldades deslos fieraersos
iiranos. Printed in Ntieua bibliolecade auloras espafloUt
KV. {HMohaJcra it Indias It.) q.v. Cap. X, 11. 1

Viequez (Juan Teodoro). Crdnica de la provincia peruana
etc CODtiauatlDti up In 1711. > vols, HS, See Toma (Beniiido).

Cap. XU, Hi

V&aqaez de Contreras (Diego). Orlando Furioso . . .1
traducido en prosa caslellana Por D. V. de C. Madrid,
ij8s, [L] Cp.V.

Vega Carpio (Lope Felix de). Arauco domado. it. 77-101
Ql a coTlecIion qitilled : Pattt veiniB di ias comtdias de Lopt de Vtam-
Bareelona, Ifljo. [L] Cap.VI. iv^

Velasco (Juan de). Historia del reino de Qvito i
Amirica meridional. AHo de ijSg. 3 pts : i.

publ. QoilQ, 1841-4.1. [L]
~- Histoire da royaunu de Quito. A transl, of i
ol the abovr publ. in iRdO by H. Tensiui-Compam in Us Fi
rAaim, a mimoirt, tU. Voli. XVIIt. XIX, q.v.

— Description du royaume de Quito. Extracts from p
iii al the above pubL in 1840 by H. Tern
it dacumtna a mtmaaia, tic, g.v,

— Viaggi, relaeioni e Mtmorie relative al regno de Qaite
TiasS, ol Pt. ji. of the above pubL in 1840. in F. C. HamiooGGhl'
Kafflo/la di viaggi. /!<:■ Vol. "" " ~

Velasco (Martin).

saoy Google

IN SOUTH AMERICA

««l[

Veliaqnei Altamirano (Gutierre). Dtl ojicio y poUsUti «W
vicario del princite. y gobierno univasat de las /MrfMul
HS. in LibruT <<t D. Umio Ruuim Or Pndo, Cap. XV. i<.{

Venegas (Alonso Mesla]. See Mesfa Venegas (A.].

Ventura Travada (Diego). El iutlo de Arequipa cornvmhiUt
en cielo. First published by M. Odriozola in Dwtt-

Vergara Azc&rate (Joaf de), E! sacerdott itistrmido.

Historia de las cafellamas /undadas por fawM .V

rsligiosos en esle ariobispado.

Sernwues morales y doclriuales.

HUloria de Gededn . Ester y la casta Susana.

De las reliquias y v&neracidn de los satllos.
— Cuestiones del cabildo de Savtafl.

Reparos dignoi de olencirfH bh la ereccidn 4* frtwMWm^

See V'3gaia ; Vrrgais, mu. dc III, m Nun-m Gf4wM« lap. XlY. («■

Vergara Azcirate (Fernando de). Resolution*! mm**^
0 explicaci6n de los conlralos en com^H y nt ftatkOijHit;
Cttestiones canthticas.

Sermones de la Santisima Virgen y dr los S»DtM-
BretiB notKia de la congregaci(Sn de Nueslnt S*ti)M M
Socorro.
Dictamim de pnuUncia de nvesiro padr* S»n IfM^m 41

Noi-ejia de San Aguslin. doctor de '

Siw Ver^ata j Vergaia, Hist, ic lit. « ft'ua

Vergara y Ckycedo (Felipe). Vindicaeidt
Dr. Tomds dt Aquino sobre el mistrrta '
de Maria.

Elemenlosdefitoso/ia natural que contttnem *M f * W)^ W*
de la fisica. demostrados por las llM«llll<llMK >
confirinados con observaciones v e*ftrMmft*t.

SSSSJS" ^- "'•■«"■ 'v™™,^jj{,-

Vergara y Vergara (Josfi Maria). Hutoria d* la MmrtHM
en Nueva Granada. Bo^oti, 1895. S«c. od. l)u||Ulik

io4tla ft-P^WW

Vic

ifia Mackenna (Beajam
la eiudad de Santiago,

1869. [L]

-«^

64S SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE

[Vicniia Mackenna (Benjamin) : conl.]

Chile. Relaciones hiitifriias. Santiagu de Chile,

1S78. (LI

Bibliografia americana, tsludios y catdlogo . . .

biblioleca americana eoUcetanada par el St. C. BeeehM

Viipacaao. 1S79. [L]

Obras comptetas. 40 vols. Santiago dc Chile. 1876J

[L) \

Viescas [Ramon), [Wrote lyric poetry. See Mera (I. L.)JI

w printed.] Cp, XVII, i"

Villagra (Gaapar dc). Hisloria de la Nitena Mijico. (Poemi

In 34 aalcA). AlcaU de Heiuues. 1610. [L]
Villamor (Pablo de). La vida de la Madre Francisca da\

Nino JesAs. Madrid, 1723. Cap. XII. u.

Viltarroel (Caspar de), Gobierno eclesidstico-paeifieo,

vnidH de los das cuchillOi potitificin y regio.

Midiid 16)6-7, tL). Madrid. .7J7, p.)

— Primera parte de las iiistorioi sagradas y ee-Usiis
moraiis. j vols. Madrid, 1660.

' — Judifts comentariis liUralibus cum moratibus aphori
mis iUitstrali. Madrid. 1616. [L]

— Stntana Santa : traiado de los eomantarios, dificttiladt
y discvrsos lilerales y miiticos sabre los evangelios de It
Cuaresma. Vol, I. Lisbon, 1631 ; vol. II. Lisbon. 1632'

. Cap. x%

— — 'Cmplole'edi'lkm 3, voU, Miidrid,

Xodrez (Caspar). See Juarez.

Xerfe (frardsco de). See Jerez,

Xecet (Francisco de). See Jerez.

Xufr£ del Apiila (Melchor) . See Jufr« del Aguila,

Yapaguay, Nicoldis, Expticaci&n del calecismo >M J«l _

fnaraBi. {con direcciSn del F. Pablo Rrslivo) 3 pts.Printi
f lEinil MiSiiun, ['uebUi Je S, Maria la Mat qi. Paraguay. 17I4. '
y ejemplos bh lengtta guarani. I^ntcd
JauU MHjton in Pufbin dc St. Franeism Javjet. Paniguirr. 1717.

Yupaogui. See Castro Tito Cuai Yupangui (Diego de).
ZabAlburu (Francisco). See Nueva colecci^ de docmntntot

- K

in/iilos pi

al-idlni

doy Google

IN SOITF AHERlv.A

.iftrej s AreOMtpB

HtsUTui O! Ntieare Srimra at >.'id**B»

Zamora A

oQS',.de . HisU-r,Bdria

ae; -Vi,

m/r Krtwf df Granaao a.

«.«*»

SW Wr r; .U. fi. /> .«

^'■rir- m, fWJuyt*.'

c de la dicomvrU rl 4f i* *>■»«*<''- rft fVit

Dcinzedoy Google

6s.

S«Ni)B«Cab«3deV.

Sm NiSfl

Cabo de la Vela.

C^ica (Juan), 4J1

Calascha (Antonio de la), 300,

£4-307 : prior ID Tntjillo, 304 ;
Lima fimdada, yip, a.;
Bamaa nfcn to, 340 : ivdnd,
W7; on Cajica'E fiis., 4S1
CaUerto (Helcbor), 463

10; importalioD of, id; id

Carvalki v CoyrntclK (Vkmte),

br HI !.< Uk CouQdl of Ihr

30a, ,D~, ; O-Hig^ns opp«ei.

Indk*. m: prin.«l in Spain.

ioT: rilfof. wTin Mited;

IJ ; on .\BUTi»i. ij

Bgni(Pn*J.I.57«

Bravo dr lji«iiiui y Cstilla

,107 ; drath and fc^icy, joS

(Ptdro J«). 54J

Casteldosrfus |3iat-i'^- J--J. ■«.

aini$.mm rAKim « Las C«a>

lBart>A.ii» Jr|

BmnlVK-k (Dukr oil, i6p

CuM FiKitr IMarqucs Oe), 4i«

Bam OiBl.< i^vif tif oil. S44

BUH>.» .\ins. ». IS. .3. :.t.

hs msn. jiJ ; 00 Drake, lao •

-■jj. .•.-^: loundfJ, jjj. .•46,

Ca^^tuo i>Umu«*), 140

CaslOla d* OiP, 4*. J7

BWaauau Cafc. ,C)J«M).

CHlilto(F™icH«)*l!.54i

JIB, << Mt-

OotiDo V Gofvar. Uowia), 38=

Cailro (tmsa *). 100

Ciira iVaca d*>, w Vaca *

Cauui» iFUBdNtf Amcbu), j^

Casoo

CMk-dPSaltelMvari}..**

C1MmKU^*1.4«>

Dcinzedoy Google

Caupolicon II, ^ag
CmUivirioMa.xtHiiaaPinr'liii

Y BascuJUn (F.)
Cavanilk'S (Antonio .I<»i'), ^too
. CiTOidiih {ThDnva). 203. :jj
Cniorahlp; 11

Q;^^',^

*jo'; "fortifiert,' 3
CoiiL-oIorc..™., SiM

■ C<Bioel!w>H>(Dr.).

3k%

Chiiiclicii-. ...
Chiciultus, 42J

ClmquisM^,' •

Chuich, liiflu_..__ ., . ,

Counril of IJma, 107 i Spanuh,

(Irss rcfoim, zjd ; t'atbcn of.

441, joo ; in the State. 4S7, 4SS
Cifia ilt L«Sn (IVdra), «1 "4 :

writiims, Bj : journey, Bs-ll7 :

PoLosi fair »r-89: IncH

hrstofv, i)j-D4: lu. ijB, 3U8
Cismros (Jose I.iiiHl. on V--

zoela, 174 ; trade of V

lu^B, ado-jS;
Oincnw (I'adre), jfo
Clan (Dnita), ii:
COawr (Padtc Prdro), 3^i,
Clergy, immorali I)- of, 31^7
Cobo (BenaM}, .:|o7. <t »T.
I Uolocnlo. 174, H ttq-
\ CokiniM, HnX. and Span, c

' Court (viceiegal}, 13?

. C'reolcfl, 17, 21 ; bi Lima, 104 ,

. Cirgpo {Nicolas), 553

, Cuci-a Pone? dv Lc6n (Akioso de '

I dcray of, Jij i iesuit'cf"— '
at, yt3 ; Unlversily a"

Audirnda of, iSg ; c

' »43 '46

5^ec^q"j38
in (Rodrigo), Sj

Dcinzedoy Google

656

Jiuii Umgi!). j6l, J6(. Jls
JiBDji (Qml. «]

JuM dil AcuiU (Hitciior), «

I Umo y Zipau a<e^ EoKbia dc)

Loava IGa^aho de). 4<i|
Uqie dr Visa, iiD
UpTt (PadR). ijD

G (Dr, Jiun RuAte). if*

□OB (fadit Jos^SiBTtKi) ;
ula Muk).

MsriOo Lovn

Lugo (Got,), m
Lnqnc (Riiirrt, iS
L:.-ra fGooulo). mC

Lu Cas» (Bartalamt ik). MjKkcm

I L«ndeIi'v^(Cabcitn. iia Uidiid

I Lavardn Uiaa Huiul del. jm dc IiL

< LuadclaVi«a(G<>v./,i79 Ui^dlu

' LKtuoda. Joi^ t(iuao, 564 , Mamit.

Lebcs (Coode d*|, ]}( , Mabtpii

Lnla T ESejerra

•^a J ESejerra lAnbvi

BfibcM. of Anqulpa, 5^

_jdn f Gaiabitn (ABdrd 1

LaMi (Oeu dr) : Kf C

LfOn 4GTTE(n» dcjj J7t
LUo HDdo(A.dc4,(77
[.ainPiaElo{D.dc|,479
Lc^ fia^D U«an de). V
Unu IDaquc dc), yii
LOxans (Nalioull. Bugi

Mufcn IMu^o^ de). 1
liipq de ChiW. 176

LapetKUn

I (BiShOpl. ,M,dU

it Lovoa (l^dfD). i

(Fedio
(D.f, ««, *<H

HarUiKE dr Bcidi

ttauioia Kaautgada (Jiuo di
197 ; quoted^ igS
:»d<HB (Pcdn dc), 4D0
Men'ndeiV Pelayo, jii

" McTTUTio peruuio, f6o, jt

Ker^icMn oti, ifj. JS3. 3»
U«liiVeiiegu (Alanso], 313. ^ uf.
" Uoxicaiu (^)p" """

a.'a„

MogiTjvcjo (Archbitbop),
tuilot, i7li

na (CriiUtbBt th

aa (CmlitUI dc),

Uolina Ouu Iguda
"----'-■n (FnnctaaaA

Nicolai iAlcx.). laj
NienmibFr^ IJuan Ewbio), S

Nuflei Cibna dp Vaca (AItbOi
NOnei de Pioeda y BascuOao
NM^°£^l ?'"■ //' ''''

Omhdo (BaiUuc de) (BUbop

Obando (NIcoUb de), 11
Ocimpn ; tee Roilgiiei di

Ot^aInpa (D.)
Oddoini^ (M. de), 339. J41
O'Higgliu (Ambnaiol, tg;, jo*.

"TTtiWfl

Manhque(Man
la (Vida He), in

(NicoldB de). 3.

e Molinil I Tiitgraja ,

Teiriia JPedro de), !
Timbu (tnbion.'33J

Sriurola (Scbulidi
; Sonoo (Josrph), t
Saii(DukEof). 3i«

Valenzuria (Pedro dc), u7 I

Tunja, ;.4. 389

Soto (Capt,), So

Tupac AmarO, 4

9. *S5

. Spanish, n.lr, 13, uS; mionies.

=48; good: iiiS,A., 190. 4?8:

UlLAU«l. Jnan,

abaoLuusni, revolt against, jlj

Olloa (Antonio

de), 361, 369.

Su4t« (Francis™). 339, 378

U^nue |Dr, Jos<

HipdWn). 56..

. ^' 1% af^"' ' ™'

Vaiuiia (Juan d

'i?".-

TAf.u.A (Juan). 56,

'"■ "*"

Dcinzedoy Google

V*t» Oe Cislro (Cnsldball, 69
Vaca de V«a (Deeo), 358
Vadillo (Tum de), 83
Valdeiia (Pfdiadel, 146. iji. 13S,

Vald^e (Flom de}, 131, inS, 100
Vald& l}oii Marta), 543
Valdci de la Vanda (Dlcge),

Valdivia {Luis de), 3;9. 166, iSo
VaMivia, 14] ; eatUu]uake, in,

Valle y Caviedes (Juan del),
ITargM {Hin.'

Vargas

J (Bern.

Visqgci (Francisco), 290
on Lupe de Aguirre. 191, 3'6

WLI,>tm (COmpai-.y o(), 19
Winlerling, 185

Viiquei (To"ia), lif.

VisquFi df Cwitirras (Diejo)

.«!

Vai-aouay (Nicolis). S, n. 2

Franciscol, ,43
Vega ILazo de la) ; sec Lazo de

Yujianqui (Inca), 114, 134

la VcEJ

Z*«*coL* (Juan Domingo

Vega Carpio (Lopo Felix de), 210

S<6.

Velaico (Juan dc), jji

Zamora Alonso de), jij,

Velasco j Martin), 34?

375 ; works, 397, 535

Venegas (Alonso M«ia), see Mesta

Zag.^,L,a^no). se,. L

Vencgas (A)

Veneiiiela,ai7; Acuirre in, 290;

Zapicin, . 4

see Torres dc Vera y Aragiln

Zaragota ( uslo), 313

iSS,fflB-£,,S..5,

Verfiara Aicdrate (Fenando de),

Zaratiaa de San Salvador. 2

V,-r*ara Aicante (Josd), 453

)4"

Vergara y Vergara, iij; on

Zcbili™, jt8

Castellanoi, :ig, 351; on

ZeyallOE (Padte Javier), 459

Madre CHliUo, 383 ; on San

Zinny (Antonio). «S«, n. S

ZUfliga (Jnan de), .63

saoyGoOgIc

Dcinzedoy Google

oy Google

HISPANIC

^OCVfi^

"^.(5J

B6B-09.M911 C.2 Q.,

Spanish colonial lllaraAQQ1Sl6 / / f^

StMiford Unlvirttty Ubfarte* ^ '

~3 6i05 045 005 647

OCT 161979

'ismt

Stanford Universitr Library

Stanford, California

In order that others may use this book,
please return it as soon as possible, but
not later than the date due.

} t AWtKlV^K

Internet Archive Audio

Featured

Top

Images

Featured

Top

Software

Featured

Top

Books

Featured

Top

Video

Featured

Top

Mobile Apps

Browser Extensions

Archive-It Subscription

Save Page Now

Full text of "Spanish colonial literature in South America"

See other formats