Special scientific report--wildlife

BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY

3 9999 06317 679 4

OURNING DOVE STATUS REPORT

1969

ton Publk
. intendent of Documents

1 7 1970

DEPOSITORY

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE

Special Scientific Report - Wildlife No. 1 32

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, WALTER J. HICKEL, SECRETARY
Leslie L. Glasgow, Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks
Fish and Wildlife Service, Charles H. Meacham, Commissioner
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, John S. Gottschalk, Director

MOURNING DOVE STATUS REPORT, 1969

Compiled by

James L. Ruos
Migratory Bird Populations Station
Division of Wildlife Research

Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Special Scientific Report — Wildlife No. 132
Washington, D.C. April 19 70

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 45 cents

CONTENTS

Abstract iv

Introduc tion 1

Procedure

The Call-Count Survey 2

Quality checks of field data 2

Randomization of call-count routes 3

Physiographic stratification of call-count routes 3

Breeding Density Index 4

Determination of short-term population changes, 1968 to 1969 ... 8

Determination of long-term population trends, 1959 to 1969 8

Computer analysis of dove call-count data 9

Statistical evaluation of data, 1959 to 1969 9

Determination of population distribution, 1968 and 1969 9

Findings

Status of the United States dove population

1968 to 1969 populations . . . 12

Long-term trends, 1959 to 1969 15

Status of the Eastern Management Unit population

1968 to 1969 populations 19

Long-term trends, 1959 to 1969 19

Status of the Central Management Unit population

1968 and 1969 populations 21

Long-term trends, 1959 to 1969 21

Status of the Western Management Unit population

1968 to 1969 populations 22

Long-term trends, 1959 to 1969 22

Statistical significance of data

1968 to 1969 22

Long-term trends, 1959 to 1969 23

References 24

Append ix 26

in

ABSTRACT

U.S. mourning dove population indexes declined from 1968 to 1969
by 2 percent in the Eastern Management Unit and 8 percent in the
Central Management Unit, but remained unchanged in the Western Manage-
ment Unit. The changes were not statistically significant. The 1969
indexes were the lowest in the 11-year period 1959-69 and were below
the 10-year means, 1959-69, by 8 percent in the Eastern Unit, 15 per-
cent in the Central, and 21 percent in the Western. For the three
units combined, the 1969 index was 5 percent below that for 1968 and
15 percent below the 10-year mean. Regression analyses of the call-
count data for 1959-69 indicate a statistically significant downward
trend in the dove breeding populations in all management units; mean
rates of decline were 1 percent a year in the Eastern Unit, 3 percent
a year in the Central, 4 percent a year in the Western, and 3 percent
a year for the U.S. dove population as a whole.

The distribution of dove density is described by physiographic
regions within management units. In 1969, the most extensive area of
high dove density was in the eastern Great Plains and the Central
Lowlands. Other important breeding areas were in the Upper Coastal
Plain of the south Atlantic States, the Sonoran Desert of Arizona and
California, and parts of the Colorado and Columbia Plateaus. Between
1968 and 1969, the greatest rate of population change occurred in
these high-density regions.

IV

INTRODUCTION

Management of mourning doves in the United States is essentially
the regulation of hunting to achieve proper harvest. The Call-Count
Survey, conducted annually since 1953 by Federal, State, and inde-
pendent observers on more than 800 prescribed routes, provides popu-
lation data on which wildlife administrators rely in setting annual
regulations. This report describes the methods employed to obtain and
analyze those data and presents the status of the 1969 mourning dove
breeding population.

Two versions of the dove status report, one preliminary and one
final, are prepared annually. In 1969 the preliminary version was
mailed to members of the Dove Regulations Committee a week before the
regulations meeting in June at Washington, D.C. This timely distri-
bution was made possible by the promptness of cooperators who sent
their data directly to the Migratory Bird Populations Station imme-
diately after completion of their surveys. The present report is the
final version and contains additional survey data received too late
for use in the preliminary version. As is customary, it will be
distributed to all cooperators and will be available to interested
organizations and individuals.

Basic data gathering and analyzing procedures used in this report
were the same as those used in 1968 (Ruos and MacDonald, 1970) .

PROCEDURE

The Call-Count Survey

Field studies have demonstrated the feasibility of the Call-
Count Survey as a method for detecting annual changes in mourning
dove breeding populations (Foote and Peters, 1952) . Since 1953,
these surveys have been conducted throughout the United States over
a system of more than 800 established routes. Each call-count route
has twenty 3-minute listening stations spaced at 1-mile intervals,
usually on lightly traveled secondary roads.

Each route is checked once between May 20 and June 10. Inten-
sive studies in the eastern United States (Foote and Peters, 1952)
indicated that dove calling is relatively stable during this period.
Call-count surveys are not made when wind velocities exceed 12 miles
per hour or when it is raining.

Records are kept of all doves seen or heard calling along the
routes. The numbers heard calling during the 3-minute listening peri-
ods are totaled for each route to provide the data for determining the
population index. The numbers of calls per dove and of doves seen are
not currently used in the index calculation, but they are recorded. A
detailed analysis of these and other pertinent data from past call
counts is currently under study by the Migratory Bird Populations
Station.

Studies by Frankel and Baskett (1961) and Jackson and Baskett
(1964) have shown that unmated males call at a greater rate than mated
males. This suggests that the reliability of the annual call-count
census is reduced by the variability in the ratio of mated to unmated
males. However, Wight (1964) observed that variations in the ratio of
mated to unmated males, where the adult sex ratio approached equality,
did not significantly alter the reliability of the dove call count for
measuring annual trends of breeding mourning doves. Irby (1964) also
found no evidence on his study area in Arizona that the numbers of
unmated males materially affected call-count results.

Quality checks of field data

Survey reports were examined to determine circumstances affecting
the accuracy with which the routes were run and the data recorded.
Records for routes run under unacceptable conditions were not analyzed.

Reports on routes completed under the prescribed conditions but con-
taining discrepancies or errors, or lacking data, were examined to
ascertain whether parts were acceptable. If so, they were used in
analyses for which they were applicable. Where there was a change
in observers on a route from one year to the next, the data were
examined to determine whether an unexpected population change was
apparent. When such differences exceeded those of the prescribed
limits, they were attributed to differences in observers, and the
data were not used in the current analysis.

Randomization of call-count routes

The original call-count routes (established between 1951 and
1956, and hereafter designated "management routes") were in many
instances selected in areas of high-density dove populations and
were not representative of populations over entire States or manage-
ment units.

Randomly located routes were first employed in seven southeastern
States in 1957 (Foote, Peters, and Finkner, 1958) . A comparative
study of the random and management route data from these States con-
firmed earlier assumptions that a revision of the nationwide call-count
survey routes should be undertaken if representative dove population
indexes were to be obtained. This recommendation prompted the gradual
selection and establishment of the 868 randomly located call-count
routes now employed in 44 States. Selection of random routes in the
remaining four States of Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and
Vermont (now represented by a total of 11 management routes) was com-
pleted prior to the 1969 survey. All States, except Maine, have pro-
vided random data for 1 or more years. In 1970, data from Maine also
are expected to come from random routes.

Both types of routes were run during the year of transition from
management to random routes. This procedure permitted a direct com-
parison of data (Foote, Peters, and Finkner, 1958). Since 1967,
randomized data have been obtained for 44 States for 2 or more years.

Physiographic stratification of call-count routes

Biologists recognize the limitation of sampling wildlife popula-
tions by political units. Census data collected and analyzed by eco-
logical divisions represent better statistical design and could be
expected to provide more precise information with the same effort.

An ecological sampling design for the collection of dove popula-
tion data, using physiographic regions as the basis for stratification,
was suggested by Foote, Peters, and Finkner (1958) . The 78 regions
designated in this report (fig. 1) are based essentially on a map
entitled "Physical Divisions of the United States" prepared by Fenneman
(1931) . The boundaries of these divisions were modified in several
instances after examination of field data and more recent ecological
studies

Breeding Density Index

The Breeding Density Index (BDI) is an indicator of the number of
doves per unit of area and is derived from the average number of call-
ing doves per route. To obtain as accurate an average as possible for
derivation of this index, the call-count data from each stratum in each
State are weighted according to the land areas they represent.

Before 1966, the BDI for each State represented the average number
of birds heard calling per route within that State, thus weighting all
routes equally. The State averages were then weighted in proportion to
the estimated area of dove habitat in each State of a management unit
(fig. 2) to provide a Breeding Population Index for each unit (U.S.
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, 1957) .

Beginning with the 1966 survey analysis, weighting factors based
on physiographic regions were used for calculating BDI values in
States which had been "randomized" for 2 or more years. The average
number of doves heard calling per route in each region within a State
was weighted by the percentage of the total land area in the State
occupied by that region.

Calculation of management unit BDl's since 1965 has involved two
similar procedures as a result of a computer program change. In 1966
and 1967, indexes were determined for each management unit by weight-
ing each State's BDI by the percentage of the total land area occupied
by that State in the management unit. When a region within a State
was not represented by a BDI, that region assumed the mean of the
other regions weighted by land area in that State. In 1968 and 1969,
management unit BDl's were derived directly from State physiographic
region BDl's. When a region within a State was not represented by a
BDI, that region assumed the weighted management unit mean. Minor
differences between these procedures are evident only when physio-
graphic regions within States are not represented by comparable routes.

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Only four States (Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont)
did not provide randomized data in both 1968 and 1969. Management
route data from these States were not weighted and were not included
in the management unit averages. Consequently, comparable data for
1968 and 1969 BDI values are given for only 44 States.

Determination of short-term population changes, 1968 to 1969

Changes in the size of mourning dove breeding populations between
1968 and 1969 are indicated by data from 606 comparable routes run in
both years. The average appropriately weighted BDI values for each
year are presented for each State and management unit (appendix table
Al) . Differences in these BDI values, expressed as percent change,
determined the magnitude of changes in the breeding population.

Determination of long-term population trends, 1959 to 1969

Short-term (year-to-year) population changes are based, as indi-
dated, on data from comparable routes only. Since the composition of
these comparable routes changes with each 2-year comparison, a Base
Year Index (BYI) has been chosen for each State. Long-term trends
have been shown by applying the percent change from year to year to
this index. Before 1967, the BYI was generally the first year that
the State's call-count routes were randomized. This method of selec-
tion had an advantage over the selection of a single year for all
States.

In order to provide a more uniform basis for evaluation of long-
term trends, the BYI for all States has been selected as the mean of
the comparable 1966 and 1967 routes, as presented in the Mourning Dove
Status Report, 1967 (Ruos and MacDonald, 1968) . This BYI is thought
to provide a meaningful refinement over the previous method. Not only
are two "random-route" years averaged to reduce the influence of a
possible atypical year, but the choice of a uniform BYI period for all
States reduces possible bias in overweighting a State by the selection
of a BYI in a peak year.

As in the past, the BYI value for each State for each year is
weighted to provide management unit values. This weighting is based
upon differences in land area among States. The land area values and
the BDI values for States and management units by year are presented
in appendix table A2.

Computer analysis of dove call-count data

Through the efforts of the North Carolina Institute of Statistics,
University of North Carolina, and with the support of the Southeastern
Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, an improved computer pro-
gram was made available for the analysis of the 1968 and 1969 call-
count data. This program provides properly weighted State and manage-
ment unit averages. It yields the mean difference, the standard error
of the mean difference, and the level of significance of the change for
each State and management unit. This program also provides a summary
of data by physiographic region irrespective of State boundaries, thus
allowing analysis of population distribution by physiographic region.

Statistical evaluation of data, 1959 to 1969

The procedures employed on the annual call-count survey were orig-
inally designed to detect a 20-percent change in the population index
(BDI) within a management unit at the 95-percent level of significance
(Foote, 1959). Analysis of the 1968 and 1969 data, however, revealed
that observed differences of 7.5, 9.8, and 14.2 percent between years
within the three management units would represent statistically sig-
nificant changes in population. For the entire country, an observed
difference of 6.3 percent in the BDI between 1968 and 1969 would be
significant. Although the survey was not designed to detect a statis-
tically significant change in the BDI between years within States or
physiographic regions, data from these areas were also analyzed for
statistical significance.

Long-term (1959-69) BYl's for all management units and the com-
bined hunting or nonhunting States of these units were examined to
determine whether significant trends were present. Data from each
unit were analyzed using six regression models. The linear regression
model was used in each instance in which there was statistical signif-
icance even though a slight curvilinear relation was indicated by
several analyses.

Determination of population distribution, 1968 and 1969

The density-distribution of doves within a management unit has
been determined from a study of average physiographic region BDI values.
These data for 1969 have been assigned to one of five density classes,
as shown in figure 3. Changes in BDI values greater than 10 percent
between 1968 and 1969 within a physiographic region also were deter-
mined (fig. 4). In all instances, only those BDI's obtained from com-
parable routes in both years were examined.

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Further study was made to identify the major high-density dove
production areas by physiographic region within management units.
High-density areas included those regions with the highest BDl's most
nearly totaling 50 percent of the unit's population. This was accom-
plished by ranking all BDl's in descending order. These values were
then converted to Breeding Population Indexes (BPl's) by multiplying
the BDI by its represented land -area value. The sum of the ranked
BPl's most nearly representing 50 percent of a unit's population
determined those regions included in the high-density areas. The
importance of each of 16 regions with the highest BDl's is shown in
appendix table A3; the high-density areas are further identified in
figures 5 and 6.

FINDINGS

Current dove populations, as indicated by the call-count survey,
are at their lowest levels for the 11-year period, 1959-69. All 1969
management unit population indexes are well below their preceding
10-year means. Further, a statistically significant downward popu-
lation trend was found in each management unit; the Central and Western
Units showed the greatest rates of decline.

From 1968 to 1969, the Central Unit index declined 7.6 percent,
while population levels remained relatively stable in the other units.
The greatest rate of change occurred in the high-density areas of all
management units. Dove populations in the nonhunting States of the
Central Unit were found to be declining at the greatest rate of any
subunit in the country. Noteworthy is the observation that the Eastern
Unit's nonhunting States comprise the only subunit represented by an
increasing dove population. Further study of these data is presented
by management unit.

Status of the United States dove population

1968 to 1969 populations. — Figure 3 shows the relative densities
of breeding doves by physiographic region in 1969. High-density areas
in the United States are identified in appendix table A3 and figure 5.
In 1969, these areas represented 50 percent of the population and 28
percent of the land area. The mean BDI of the high-density areas was
2.6 times that of the low-density mean (34.5 doves heard per route
compared with 13.4 doves heard). The most extensive area of high dove
density was in the midcontinent, especially in the eastern Great Plains

12

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14

and Central Lowlands. Other important breeding population areas were
observed in the Upper Coastal Plain of Georgia and the Carolinas, the
Sonoran Desert of Arizona and California, the Grand Canyon of Arizona,
and part of the Columbia Plateau in Oregon.

The United States BDI declined 4.7 percent from 20.3 doves heard
per route in 1968 to 19.3 doves heard per route in 1969 (appendix
table Al) . During the same period, the mean high-density population
BDI declined 11.6 percent from 39.0 doves to 34.5 doves per route,
while the low-density area BDI remained relatively stable, down 0.9
percent from 13.6 doves to 13.4 doves per route. The BDI for the
combined hunting States decreased 3.9 percent from 20.1 doves per
route in 1968 to 19.3 doves in 1969; whereas the combined nonhunting
States declined 6.4 percent from 20.7 to 19.3 doves per route (appen-
dix table Al) .

Changes in the BDI greater than 10 percent between 1968 and 1969
by physiographic region are shown in figure 4. The most extensive
areas of increase were noted in the Rocky Mountains and Colorado Pla-
teau, Lower and East Gulf Coastal Plains, and sections of the western
Appalachian Plateau and Central Lowlands. Three broad areas of de-
crease were observed: the Great Basin and Sonoran Desert, the western
Central Lowlands, and the eastern Appalachians and adjacent Piedmont.
No important shift was noted in high-density population areas between
1968 and 1969 (appendix table A3 and fig. 5) . In 1969, physiographic
regions 035, 139, and 215 replaced regions 138, 216, and 246 as high-
density areas.

Long-term trends, 1959 to 1969. — The 1969 BYl's for the United
States, the combined hunting States, and the combined nonhunting
States are the lowest observed for the 11-year period, 1959-1969 (appen-
dix table A2) . This is the third successive year of decline in BYl's
(Ruos and MacDonald, 1970). The BYl's for these areas in 1969 are also
well below the preceding 10-year means: United States, -14.7 percent;
hunting States, -13.6 percent; and nonhunting States, -17.1 percent
(appendix table A2) .

Annual BYl's plotted in figures 7 and 8 reflect the general down-
ward trend in BYl's since 1959. Linear regression analyses of these
data (appendix table A4) are shown in figure 9. The BYl's declined at
an average annual rate of 2.7 percent in the United States, 2.4 percent
in the hunting States, and 3.3 percent in the nonhunting States. Thus,
this study reveals a significant decline in U.S. populations between
1959 and 1969.

15

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18

Status of the Eastern Management Unit population

1968 to 1969 populations. — In this Unit, high-density popula-
tions in 1969 are confined principally to the southern part of the
Central Lowlands, and much of the Interior Low Plateaus and Atlantic
Coastal Plain (fig. 6). These areas comprise 32 percent of the Unit
land area and contain 54 percent of the Unit's population. The mean
BDI of the high density population areas (30.0 doves per route) was
2 1/2 times as great as for the remaining areas (11.8 doves per route).

The Eastern Management Unit BDI declined 1.7 percent from 17.9
doves heard per route in 1968 to 17.6 doves heard per route in 1969
(appendix table Al) . For these same years, the high-density area
BDI declined 7.4 percent from 32.4 doves per route to 30.0 doves per
route, while the low-density area increased slightly, 0.9 percent,
from 11.7 to 11.8 doves per route. The BDI for the combined hunting
States decreased 2.5 percent from 18.9 doves per route in 1968 to
18.4 doves per route in 1969. For the combined nonhunting States,
the BDI increased 0.4 percent from 15.58 to 15.64 doves heard per route.

A southwestward shift in the high-density area occurred between
1968 and 1969, as evidenced by physiographic region 034 replacing
regions 031 and 041 in 1969 (fig. 6 and appendix table A3).

Long-term trends, 1959 to 1969. — The 1969 BYl's for the entire
Eastern Unit and the combined hunting States within it are the lowest
for the 11-year period - the third successive year of decline (Ruos
and MacDonald, 1970). Population indexes for these areas were 8.1
percent and 13.2 percent, respectively, below their preceding 10-year
means. In contrast, the 1969 BYI for the combined nonhunting States
was the second highest recorded, 7.1 percent above the preceding 10-
year mean (appendix table A2 and fig. 10) .

The BYI's for the Eastern Unit, the combined hunting and the
combined nonhunting States, are indicated in appendix table A2 and
figures 7 and 10. Regression analysis shows that the Eastern Unit
population declined significantly between 1959 and 1969; the mean
rate of decline was determined to be 1.0 percent per year (fig. 9).
During the same period, the combined hunting States index declined
significantly at an average annual rate of 1.6 percent. Although no
significant trend was found for the nonhunting States, the index
increased at an average rate of 0.7 percent per year.

19

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20

Status of the Central Management Unit population

1968 and 1969 populations. — In 1969, high-density population
areas were generally found in the eastern Great Plains and western
Central Lowlands (fig. 6). This area of high density contained
50 percent of the Unit's population and 31 percent of the total land
area. The mean BDI for the high-density area (36.6 doves per route)
was 2.3 times that of the low-density area (16.1 doves per route).

The Central Management Unit BDI declined an average of 7.6 per-
cent from 24.3 to 22.5 doves heard per route between 1968 and 1969
(appendix table Al) . During the same period, the high-density area
BDI declined 17.4 percent from 44.3 to 36.6 doves per route, while
the low-density population area decreased 5.3 percent from 17.0 to
16.1 doves heard per route. The BDI for the combined hunting States
decreased 7.0 percent from 25.4 to 23.6 doves heard per route between
1968 and 1969. For the combined nonhunting States, the BDI decreased
8.5 percent from 23.0 to 21.0 doves per route. 2/

Although no important shift in the high-density area occurred
between 1968 and 1969, a geographical expansion of this area was
evident in 1969 (fig. 6 and appendix table A3). Physiographic regions
035, 131, and 139 replaced regions 216 and 138 between 1968 and 1969.

Long-term trends, 1959 to 1969. — In 1969, the Central Unit, the
combined hunting States, and the combined nonhunting States BYl's were
the lowest for the 11-year period (appendix table A2) . This is the
third successive annual decline in the Central Unit and its nonhunting
States (Ruos and MacDonald, 1970). Current population levels are well
below the preceding 10-year means: Central Unit, -15.4 percent; com-
bined hunting States, -8.9 percent; and combined nonhunting States,
-23.2 percent (appendix table A2) .

Annual BYI values shown in figures 7 and 10 reflect population
levels between 1959 and 1969. Linear regression analyses of these
data are presented in appendix table A4 and figure 9. A significant
downward trend in dove populations occurred in each area. The annual
rates of change in BYl's were calculated as follows: Central Unit,
-3.1 percent; hunting States, -2.2 percent; and nonhunting States,
-4.3 percent.

1/ South Dakota data included in nonhunting States subunit. Hunting
was permitted in 1967 and 1968, but a change in subunit designation
will not be made until 1970.

21

Status of the Western Management Unit population

1968 to 1969 populations. — In 1969, the high-density population
areas in this Unit are in the California Coast Range, Sonoran Desert,
Mexican Highland, and parts of the Columbia and Colorado Plateaus
(fig. 6) . These areas include 54 percent of the population and 24
percent of the Unit land area. The mean BDI of the high-density areas
(34.8 doves per route) was 3.7 times that of the low-density areas
(9.4 doves per route).

No significant change in the BDI occurred in the Western Manage-
ment Unit between 1968 and 1969 as evidenced by a mean of 15.51 and
15.52 doves per route for these years (appendix table Al) . During
this same period, the high-density area BDI increased 20.8 percent
from 28.8 to 34.8 doves heard per route, while the low-density area
BDI declined 8.7 percent from 10.3 to 9.4 doves heard per route. All
States within the Western Management Unit hunt mourning doves.

No major change in the geographical distribution of the high-
density area between 1968 and 1969 was evident, although physiographic
region 215 replaced regions 203 and 214 in 1969.

Long-term trends, 1959 to 1969. — Although the Western Unit popula-
tion level did not change appreciably between 1968 and 1969, the current
BYI is the lowest for the 11-year period (appendix table A2) , and is
21.3 percent below the preceding 10-year mean.

BYl's for the Western Unit are presented in appendix table A2 and
figure 7. They indicate a rather uniform rate of decline between 1959
and 1969, except for a notable increase in 1964. A linear regression
analysis (appendix table A4) shows a mean rate of decline of 3.6 percent
per year during the 11-year period.

Statistical significance of data

1968 to 1969. — No significant (P<0.05) changes occurred in the
BDl's of any management unit or in the combined hunting or nonhunting
States of any unit between 1968 and 1969. Although not designed to
detect population changes within States, the survey showed significant
declines in North Carolina, Missouri, and Minnesota. In no State did
the index increase significantly.

22

A study of physiographic region data obtained from the 1968 and
1969 call-count surveys was also made. As identified in figure 1,
significant (P<0.05) decreases in the BDI were observed in sections
of the Atlantic Coastal Plain from North Carolina to New Jersey
(region 031), the Central Lowlands in Iowa, Missouri, and Nebraska
(125), and in the Great Basin of Nevada, Utah, and California (221).
No significant increases occurred in any region.

Long-term trends, 1959 to 1969. — Statistical analyses of the
1959-69 data revealed that significant (P<0.05) downward trends in
BYl's occurred in all management units and submanagement units,
except in the combined nonhunting States of the Eastern Unit (appen-
dix table A4) . No statistical significance could be attached to the
observed upward trend shown for the nonhunting States of the Eastern
Management Unit.

23

REFERENCES

Fenneman, Nevin M.

1931. Physiography of western United States. McGraw-Hill
Book Company, New York. 534 p.

1938. Physiography of eastern United States. McGraw-Hill
Book Company, New York. 714 p.

Foote, Leonard E.

1959. A sampling design for mourning dove call counts. A
report to the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, from The Wildlife Management
Institute. (Unpublished report.) December. 47 p. + 24
tables + appendix.

, and Harold S. Peters

1952. Introduction, p. 1-3 in Investigations of methods of
appraising the abundance of mourning doves. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report — Wildlife No. 17

, Harold S. Peters, and Alva L. Finkner.

1958. Design tests for mourning dove call-count sampling in
seven southeastern States. Journal of Wildlife Management,
vol. 22, No. 4, p. 402-403.

Frankel, Arthur I., and Thomas S. Baskett.

1961. The effect of pairing on cooing of penned mourning
doves. Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 25, No. 4,
p. 37 2-384.

Irby, Harold D.

1964. The relationship of calling behavior to mourning dove
populations and production in southern Arizona. Unpublished
Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona. 100 p.

Jackson, Gary L. , and Thomas S. Baskett.

1964. Perch-cooing and other aspects of breeding behavior of
mourning doves. Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 28,
No. 2, p. 293-307.

Ruos, James L. , and Duncan MacDonald.

1968. Mourning dove status report, 1967. U.S. Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife, Special Scientific Report — Wildlife
No. 121. 23 p.

24

Ruos, James L. , and Duncan MacDonald .

1970. Mourning dove status report, 1968. U.S. Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife, Special Scientific Report — Wildlife
No. 129. 38 p.

(U.S.) Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.

1957. Mourning Dove Newsletter, No. 12. 30 p.

Wight, Howard M.

1964. Matedness in the mourning dove and its effect on the
nationwide dove-call census. Trans. 29th North American
Wildlife and Resources Conference, p. 270-281.

25

APPENDIX

26

Table Al. — Changes in population density indexes for breediig -nourning dovt

1958-69

EASTERN MANAGEMENT UNIT - HINTING STATES

Average

doves

heard /route

Comparable
r >utes

(w

eight.

ad)

1/

Percent

State

1963

1959

change 2/4/

Ala.

25

16.85

20.59

+22.2

Del,

0

Fla.

16

5o82

6.02

+ 3.4

Ga.

21

18.12

19.78

+ 9.2

111.

13

32.50

26.68

-17.9

Ky.

16

26.42

26.37

- 0.2

La.

IS

3.79

3.86

^ 0.8

Md.

8

12.47

11.91

- 4.5

Miss.

18

22.60

24.39

<■ 7.9

N.C.

16

31.70

25.58

-19.3**

Pa.

14

10.69

11.55

i- 8.0

R,I. y

2

7.50

7.00

- 6.7

S.C.

16

30.07

30,58

+ 2.0

Tenn.

20

18.14

17.42

- 4.0

Va.

8

28.80

22.03

-23.3

W. Va.

5

3.01

3.42

+ 13.6

Subtotal

216

18.87

18.40

- 2.49

EASTERN

MANAGEMENT O'NIt -

NOiNPUNUNG STATES

Conn.

2

6.00

1.50

-75.0*

Ind.

9

31.79

30.62

- 3„7

Maine ±/

2

1.00

1.50

+ 50.0

Mass.

3

4.91

1.43

-70.9

Mich.

14

6.83

8.81

+29.0

n„h. y

3

4.33

4.00

- 7.6

N.J.

3

23.29

20.30

-12.8

N.Yo

12

8.28

7.12

-14.0

Ohio
Vt. 1/

10

26.88

30o46

+ 13.3

2

3.50

2.00

-42 o 9

Wis.

16

12.49

10.82

-13.4

Subtotal

76

15o58

15„64

+ 0.39

Eastern Unit

Total

292

17.86

17.55

- 1.74

27

Table Al.--Caa.iges in population density indexes for breeding mourning doves,

1963-69— contiiu.-.d

CENTRAL MANAGEMENT UNIT - HUNTING STATES

Average doves

he.

ard/rou

te

Comparable
routes

(weight

ed)

1/

1959

—

Percent

State

1968

cha.ige 3/4/

Ark.

8

27.89

31.05

+ 11,3

Colo.

9

10.06

14.39

+43.0

Kans.

15

55.81

61.85

+ 10.3

Mo.

13

33.74

24.97

-35.5***

N. Mex.

15

19.61

13.52

-31.1

Okla.

9

43.63

35.78

-18.0

Tex.

30

16.26

15.54

- 4.4

Subtota'

L

99

25.36

23.59

- 6.98

CENTRAL MANAGEMENT JNT'I - NONHUNTING STATES

Iowa

9

35.77

30.17

-15.7

Mini.

8

14.19

7.44

-47.6**

Mont.

6

4.34

5.04

+ 16.1

Nebr.

17

45.72

45.63

- 0.2

N. Dak.

21

24.82

20.78

-16.3

S. Dak„

5/

10

50.20

'45.94

- 8.5

Wyoo

6

2.78

5.18

+122.3

Subtota'

L

77

22.97

21.02

- 8.49

Cent cal

Unit

Total

176

24.34

22.49

- 7.60

WESTERN

MIANAGEMENT UNIT -

HUN

CING ST

ATS3

Ariz.

32

34.01

38.50

+ 13.2

Calif.

48

11.75

11.3'+

- 3.5

Id a '10

5

9.41

8.91

- 5.3

Nevo

8

11.14

8.56

-23.2

Oreg.

18

15.58

17.65

+ 13.3

Utah

10

15.04

10.57

-29.7

Wash.

17

7.96

3.44

+ 6.0

Western

Unit

Total

138

15.51

15.52

+ 0.05

28

Table Al. --Changes in population density indexes for brewing mourning doves,

1968-69 — continued

United
States

Comparable
routes

Average doves haard/route
(weighted) _

1968

1969

Percent
change 2./4/

Hunt ing
States

453

20o13

1^.34

3.92

Nonhunting
States

153

20„67

19.3'4

- 6.43

United States

Total 606

20.29

19,34

4.68

1/ Except a.; noted, State and management unit Lndexaa .■tare obtained froa
comparable, randomized route data adjusted for variation in the land
area of each physiographic region represented.

2/ State indexes obtained from comparable, non-randomized route data not
weighted by physiographic region. State data not represented in the
respective management unit means.

3/ Probability that the direction of the observed change was due to
sampling error: *10 percent - **5 percent - ***1 percent.

4/ Percent change calculated using data carried to 3 decimal places,
hence the apparent rounding error.

5/ South Dakota—hunting State in 1967 and 1968.

29

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35

« U. S. COVrnNMKNT PRINTING OFFICE : 1970 O - 402-299

As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department
of the Interior has basic responsibilities for water, fish, wildlife,
mineral, land, park, and recreational resources. Indian and Ter-
ritorial affairs are other major concerns of this department of
natural resources.

The Department works to assure the wisest choice in managing
all our resources so that each shall make its full contribution to
a better United States now and in the future.

UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE

WASHINGTON. D. C. 2024Q

POSTAGE AND FEES PAID
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR