The spiders of the northern states

ANIGHT & MILLET, PUBLISHERS, BOSTON, MASS

Marine Biological Laboratory

Received.

Sept., 1941

Accession No._

jj
Given By ,_.

Place,_

54124

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THE SPIDERS

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OF THE NORTHERN STATES

BY EDWARD KNOBEL

BOSTON: Published by KNIGHT AND MILLET

Copyright 1901

BY
ED\V. KNOBKI,

INTRODUCTION.

The particular differences between the lower animals are generally but little observed. It is, there-
fore, well, .is introductory to the study <>f a certain set of animal-, to observe the place thty occupy in the
systematic arrangement of Natural History. This draws the attention of the student to their peculiarities,
and, at the same time acquaints him with all related and resembling famili* •-

The animal world has been divided into two parts, — animals without a backbone (Inrerttbrat,c ) and
those vith a backbone ( Vcrtcbrattc) . The first part reaches from the lowest infusoria, hardly distinguish-
able from plant life, to the most perfect insect. It is divided into severed classes, of which the most
highly developed is that of jointed animals (. -Irtli rop^tia ). The bodies of these are encased in a scries of
rings, variously grouped and jointed together, which serve instead of bones to keep the bud}' in foiin.
This class consists of three orders, — the Myriopoda or Centipedes, with a head and a row of equal rings,
many legs and no wings; the Insccta or true insects, with the rings grouped in three parts, head, breast
part and body part. All have six legs, a pair of feelers, (antcinuc') in their faces between the eyes, and
most of them have wings.

The order of the .IracliiiiJa, spider-like animals, is placed between the myriopods and insects. They
have eight legs, no feelers between their eyes, but often a pair of leg-like feelers frum their mouth parts
(palpi] and no wings. The short-legged mites (Acarina) and long-legged harvestmen ( I'Iialan^i<iu}
have their head, chest and body part united to an oval-shaped body. The scorpions have a pair of

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54124

pincers on the end of their feelers. The true spiders (Araneina) have the rings grouped in two parts, the
head and chest part are grown together and the body part distinctly separated. The rings are skin-like,
soft and but slightly visible. They mostly have eight, but sometimes, six simple eyes, and differ from all
other animals by having several spinning warts at the end of their bodies and two poison conducting fang
claws in their jaws.

Their poison fangs, their activity by night and their somewhat disagreeable appearance and move-
ments have caused a prejudice against spiders which they do not deserve. They are harmless and really
useful as destroyers of numberless flies and mosquitoes. Their bite is truly poisonous to insects; whether
also, to the higher animals or man, is not surely known. The peculiar mouth parts of spiders make it
impossible for most of them to bite large objects. In regard to the poisonous effect on insects, it is nec-
essary only to observe a cricket on a grass spiders' web. The cricket may be several times the size and
strength of the spider; a few seconds after the first bite it is as helpless as a mouse in a cat's paws.

An insect develops through several forms, often very unlike the adult, as, for example, the egg,
caterpillar, pupa state must come before the perfect, full-grown butterfly evolves. None but the bee and
wasp family seem to take any interest in their offspring more than laying their eggs in places where their
grubs may feed when hatched.

The spider, however, packs her eggs in a weather-proof bag,
which she hangs up in her web or carries about with her. The
young come out of the egg, not as grubs, but as perfect, little
spiders, grow with age, and may become several years old. The
mother carries her young on her back, or builds a tent for them
and takes care of them till they are large enough to shift for them-
selves, somewhat as a hen does for her chickens.

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Spiders, like must rapacious animals, live solitary, except in pairing time. The female, generally tin
stronger, kills ami eats the male, whenever she can get one. When cue spider meets another it is a sure
fight to the death. The}- resemble cats in character and habits; some wait patiently for hours for an
insect to become entangled in their webs; others creep up to their victims, now and then halting, watching
for an opportunity, and — calculating the distance — suddenly jumping on them. They arc as fierce and
bloodthirsty as a cat in attacking a weaker antagonist, and as cowardly in shrinking and retreating from
a dangerous foe like a bee or wasp.

The spiders have been divided into two groups, the t'irst containing the roving spiders which make no

webs for catching their prey. These spiders are found wandering in the grass, under stones and u 1-

piles, on bushes, or sitting before their holes catching passing insects. Some of
them spin webs for the protection of their eggs and young, for their dwelling-, to
change their skins, or to hibernate, while others spin tubes under stones in holes,
etc. These spiders also spin threads in falling or jumping.

Tube web.

fe^

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•

,

.\^ti',-H(i. Epcira. Uloborus. />:, '\.'ia.

The second group contains the sitting spiders, which weave a net to catch their prey ami remain on or
near it, to watch. Kach kind constructs its net on a different plan. The grass spider spins an horixontal

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close-woven bag net, with a tube leading sideways, or
below it, in which he watches for, or eats his victims. If
he meets a too formidable customer, he slides out on the
other end of the tube and hides in the grass till the
danger is passed. This is called a funnel web.

The common house spider makes a small, mostly
triangular bag net
with threads run-
ninsj above and

Net at Grass SfiJ,

Web <;/ ffous. Spider.

T

below it in all di- > -
rections and watches it from some
convenient place, hanging back
downwards on some threads in the
web, which is called a cobweb.
Epeira, the orb or wheel-weavers,
construct a perpendicular net. It
is made of strong threads spread
like the spokes of a wheel, covered
with fine, adhesive thread, running
spiral-like from the center to the
outer edge. The spider watches
from the center or from some out-
side curled-up leaf. Uloborus makes

II W' of Efcira.

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a similar net, but places it horizontally, or slanting. The spiral thread is curly and differently put on.

The identification of spiders offers many diffculties. The individuals often vary in color and size.
The males are sometimes not half the size of the females, and differ from them in color and markings.
The markings are often faint and differ in various moultings. The scientific distinctions are based on the
sexual organs; the end knob of the feelers of the male; the number of claws on their feet, — all, objects
too minute to serve as distinctions to the every-day observer.

The eyes and their position form the principal means of finding the families. They are differently
placed in each kind. Some kinds have large and small eyes, others have several protruding eyes, as if
raised on warts. The grouping is important, also, as some of the species have all their eyes in a close
bunch, or a pair, while others have them scattered far apart.

The student must observe the eyes from full front view, and must notice whether they are placed in
two or three horizontal rows, also, whether these rows are straight, curved upwards, or bent downwards.

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O O O >j 9CJ 01 J * O <•>

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Attits. Lvrosa. Dnhmedcs. Agalitia. Epfira.

Observe that in At/its the large eyes are in the lower row, while in l.vcosa the small eyes are in this
position. In Attus the rows curve upwards; in I.rcosa they are straight; in A.qalfiia the}' are bent down-
wards. The difference between Lycosa and Doloinctics is, — in the first, the four large eyes form almost a
square; in the second, the two eyes of the upper row arc far apart. In E.peira the two eyes on each
side are close together.

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Next to the eyes the length of the legs gives some aid in identification. The first pair of legs are the
longest in some kinds; in others, the fourth pair. The third pair are generally the shortest.

Of the small kinds, belonging mostly to the Tlterididie — and easily confounded with the young of
others — those of less than ]/% inch have been left out as too minute to recognize.

To preserve collected spiders. They are easily killed by the fumes of a sulphur match in a tumbler.
They cannot be pinned like other insects, as they shrivel in drying and lose their shape. They may be
kept in alcohol but many lose their color and show marks which do not appear when alive. They keep
well in an over-strong solution of table salt, in well corked bottles.

The drawings of spiders with legs are from the living specimens; those where only the body parts are
represented are from different books on spiders. The drawings in these have been made mostly from pre-
served spiders on which the faint patterns have often faded, and other patterns made visible which the
living spider does not show.

It is necessary to make allowance for variations in different specimens, see for example, Lyccsa
nigroventris, and L. mricola ; the three drawings show the same spots and markings, but in different size.
In a few other kinds the difference may be still greater.

Those who wish to know more about the spiders, I would refer to the publications of Prof. N. M. HEXTZ, J. H. KMERTOX,
HKXRY C. McCooK, COUXT K. KEYSEKLINI,, (".. W. and E. G. PECKHAM.

(S)

CLASSIFICATION OF SPIDERS.

The spiders .ire divided into two groups: —

I. Spidi-rs with four breathing holes, or lung-slits on the
bellies, and their mouth parts with the poison fang-claws working
pick-axe like.

J. Spiders ,vith
two lung-slits on the
fore part of their bel-
lies and their fang-
claws working sideways, pincers-like.

fore part

up and d<

of their

wnwai (U

laws.

FIRST GROUP.

The hist group contains Southern
spiders, Tarantula and Trap-door spi-
ders. Our largest spider, the Tarantula
{Mygale lientsii) lives in the Southwest-
ern states. This group is represented in
the Northern states by one kind only.

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J\ii\intu!n.

A/vftis niger. y^, inch long. Deep black. Head flat and horn-like, marked with three impressed
dots. The legs short. It dwells in silk-covered tubular
holes underground. Spiders of this group have eight
eyes.

The Dysderidie form an intermediate group, with
four lung-slits ; but the claws working sideways, and
only six eyes. They live in silk tubes under stones.

Dysdera interita. 5s inch lone. Rust-colored.

Pylaris bicolor. 3B inch long. Dark brown. Body
part and first two pairs of legs black.

Atyfns niger.

Dysdera interita.

Pylorus bicolor.

SECOND GROUP.

Eyes unequal in size.

in three or four rows.

Build no webs to catch their prey

on face and forehead. Those of the lower row always the smallest and the

four in center the largest. The legs are long and the last pair the

t 1 1
longest - - ( Page 13) Lycosidce.

(10)

the outer eyes far backwards on the side of the head ; the largest eyes in the
center of the lowest row. Head broad in front. Legs short; first and fourth
pairs longest il'uge23) AttiJu.

eyes in two rows.

sometimes appearing unequal, the pupils of the outside eyes protruding.
The first and second pairs of legs the longest; the two hind pairs
short (Page 27) Tho»iisi</tc

Eyes nearly equal in size. Build no webs to catch their prey.

eyes in two upward curved rows. Body broad and flat. The first two pairs of legs

the longest ; crab-like . (Page 27) T/iomisiiiie

eyes of the lower row downward curved. Body and legs long. Fourth and first

pairs legs the longest. Mostly dark colored; found wandering on the j j ^

ground. Resembles the next ( Page 3 ! ) /V</.\*

eyes of the lower row upward curved. Body and legs long. Fourth and first

pairs of legs the longest. Mostly light colored; live in tubes spun in bushes o O j ,
and shrubs. Resemble the last (Page 33) Clubioiiidae • — J^-

Kyes equal, in three rows. Build webs to catch their prey.

Body and legs long. Fourth and second pairs legs longest. They build funnel- 0 O O ^
shaped webs in grass or low shrubs (Page ^4) A^cleiiidoe

(u)

Eyes equal, in two rows ; two outside eves close together. Build webs to catch their prey. /.o ^

<"Q o»\
all eyes in a close cluster on the forehead, far from mouth parts. Body mostly

egg-shaped or globular. Legs long. Webs irregular (Page 36) Thcndiihc

eyes loosely clustered, the side eyes far from the central ones ; the lower near to Q Q
the mouth parts. Body mostly globular or egg-shaped. Legs medium long. ^
Webs regular, perpendicularly placed (Page 43) Ef>ciri<ltC

Eyes equal ; outside eyes distant. Legs long.

o O O Q
body long egg-shaped. Web perpendicular (Page 53) Tetragnathida OQQO

body oblong, flat, a brush of hair on next to last joint. Web horizontally

placed (Page 54) Cinifloniihc Qa o^

Eyes unequal.

middle one very small; in two clusters of three (Page 43) Pliolcus CDo^cP

Eyes, six.

in two bunches of three; equal (Page 43) Spermaphora c8 5b

in three pairs of two; equal - (Page 42) Scytoiies oj <?

in three pairs of two; unequal (Page 54) Hyptiotes 0 0

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THK WOLF OR R()VI\(i SI'1 1 Ji-lRS. —/.)'( \>S//>. /•..

Our largest Spiders belong to this family. They build no webs t« catch their prey, and hunt in the
grass, under stones, everywhere for their victims, and murder them
by sheer force in true highwayman style. Some, however, weave
tubes under stones for their dwellings, to change their skins, or for
the winter. Lycosa carries her egg-sack along with her on her hunt-
ing excursions, fastened to her tail-end, and the young, when hatched,
crawl on her back and stay there till large enough to shift for them-
selves. If danger threatens, they will disperse, in all directions, but
the mother will stay and fight for them to the end. nolouiitics carries
her egg-sack in her mouth and weaves a tent for her young.

The wolf spiders have long, strong legs, all covered, like their
bodies, with thick fur. They are difficult to identify, as their colors
are mostly monotonous gray or brown, and their markings often
faint and uncertain and only in the colors of the hairs. Sometimes
the underside, the breast-plate and some marks on the belly will be of
much aid in identification.

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Chest part longer than wide,
spinnerets short.

front row eyes small in a straight line, which is longer than the second row.
Eyes of second row the largest, their own width apart

front row eyes shorter than second ; second row further apart -

spinnerets long.

second row eyes large and close together ; third row further apart

second and third rows of eyes about equal, large and separate,
forming a square

Chest part but a little longer than broad.

eyes of nearly one size ; third row far apart

o o

oo

Chest part as long as wide; head broad and low.
eyes of third row large and far apart

Eyes in four rows

Lycosa.

Pardosa. Q o

Pirata. OO

Aulonia. O

O O>

Dolomedes. >«><>

Oxyopes.

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L YCOS A . - - Wolf Spider.

I. A. caroliiicnsis. I1., in. long. Above nearly uniform gray brown mouse color ; males lighter than

females. Under side black. Legs white, with black rings at joints.

2. L. fatifcr,i. I in. long.
Bluish black, with a small
red wart each side (>l head.
Underneath paler. Legs with
black rings above and below.
• i

\ *

3. L. vnlpina. \ in. long.
Grayish buff, with dark gray
and black marks. Chest part
with a narrow white line in
the middle and a broad, pale
stripe at each side. Belly un-
derneath pale-buff with black-
patches and dots. Breast
dark brown.

4. L. nidifex. 7g in. long.
Chest part dark gray with
a light stripe, and three or
four pairs of white spots.
Legs becoming lighter from
first pair to the fourth.

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/.. Ifitta. Jg in. long. Dark blackish brown. Chest part with three waxy, honey-colored stripes.
Legs waxy, honey-colored, with black hair, and no rings. Underneath chest and legs honey-
colored ; belly black.

L. iii<tic(>la. 34 in. long. Yellowish brown; a light middle line on chest part. Belly light grayish
brown, with small black specks. Legs without rings.

L. riftiriii. 5;. in. long, Dull brown, with a yellowish brown stripe on chest part, and a few dots on
body part. Underneath, chest black; body part light brown with round black dots, some of them
continent in irregular marks. Legs yellowish brown with faint bands, dark at both ends.

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8. L. piinctulata. 5 g in. long. Chest part dark brown, with

three whitish stripes. Body part brown, with a dark,
light-edged stripe. Underneath light with irregular dark
patches. Legs without rings.

9. L. scntitlata. 5S in. long. Like L. pan ctit la ta , but the dark

stripe on body broken and spotted. Under side light,
without marks.

10. /.. frondicola. fg inch long. Chest part dark brown, with
a gray stripe, dark gray underneath. Body part dark
brown with wide gray stripe containing darker half-stripe;
lighter underneath, with broad dark stripe. Legs gray.

i i L. kocliii. 5g inch long. Chest part dark brown, light gray-
ish in the middle. Body part grayish dark brown at sides
with two rows of white dots. Legs ringed, darker towards
the feet.

12. L. polita. '_• inch long. Chest part reddish brown; the

head and a stripe lighter; dark underneath. Body part
light yellowish with gray or black marks ; under side light
with a dark line wider at both ends. Legs short, reddish
brown with dark spines.

13. L. pictilis. l/2 inch long. Brown. Chest part with alight

stripe. Body part with two black stripes with spots ; the
first spots larger and orange colored, the others white. Legs with dark rings.

9.

10.

11.

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17-

L.cinerea. '_• in. long. Chest part
yellowish-white with faint marks;
black between the eyes. Body
part hairs- with irregular black
mark*. Legs with faint rings.
/.. rnrici>ltt or nigroventris. '.• in.
long. 1 -ight gray or buff with dark
bn>wn or black marks which are
larger or smaller in different speci-
men*, sometimes only spots. Un-
derneath a large black mark or
its outline. Legs light gray-buff
with black spiiu s.

/.. />niti-it*is. •; in. long. Yellowish brown and
gray with a light stripe and spoi-
lt resembles /.. /«///<?. The first and second rows of eyes are about
the same length. In polita the first row is longer than the second.
L. com m it u is. -a inch long. Chest part dark brown with light gray
stripes. Body part dark brcwn with a yellow stripe. Underneath
a light spot surrounded by a broad, black line.

L. ocrcata. ,"',, in. long. Dark brown with a gray stripe. Legs yel-
lowish with gray rings; middle of first legs very hairy.

1 6.

PARDOSA.

19.

20

21.

23.

19.

20.

21.

22.

33.

24.

25.

26.

P. albomaciilata. YZ in. long. Black with white spots. Legs with
light rings.

P. brunnea. -;s in. long. Dark brown with light marks. A light line
on the belly.

P. lapidicina. 38 in long. Black and gray. Legs with light rings.

P. bilincata. {',-, in. long. Light yellow with brown. Chest part un-
derneath light with a dark edge and a row of spots at each side.
Under side of body marked with four indistinct lines. Legs light
yellow.

P. fal iiia. Y\ m- 'ong- Light yellowish with brown. Similar to P.
biliiieata, but on the belly are two black lines.

in. long. Black and gray.

Legs

yellowish, with

P. nigropalpis.
gray rings.

P. montana. % in. long. Resembles P. albopatclla but its colors are
duller and markings less distinct. All legs are alike.

P. albopatella. yz in. long. Black and whitish gray. Under
side of chest part black; belly gray with three black lines,
The feelers are black with a white middle joint. The first legs
are black, the others lighter towards the feet and the last pair
are ringed.

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29\

PI RAT A.

27. P. insu/iii-is. ,;, in. long. Dirty white and dark gray.
Under side of chest part dark with two light lines, and belly
dark with many light spots. Legs faintly ringed.

2cS. /'. pimticits. ,;•; in. long. Yellow \vitli black or gray
markings.

29. /'. Hiontaniis. in. long. Gray and white. Under side of

chest part white. Legs yellowish white witli faint gray rings.

30. /'. niiitiitiis. Js in. long. Gray and white. Legs white.

AULONIA.

31. ./. iuii-antitii-ii. ', in. long. Black with orange
spots and yellow lines and markings.

OCYALE.

32. O. Hii.iiitii. '_• in. long. Yellowish brown with a
brown white-edged stripe. Legs reddish brown.
The young have only a brown, wavy outline of
the stripe.

DOLOMEDES.

33. D. tenebrosus. )/± in. long. Dark brown and light gray.
Chest part with a light stripe at each side. Body part with
four or five dark cross-bars on the hind half; on the male
they are more united into a stripe, edged with a white or
yellow line. Legs with dark rings. Both dolo-

uiedcs live near water, on which they walk with
the greatest ease. The female carries her egg-
sack in her mouth till the young are ready to
hatch, then she builds a bird cage-like nest in the
top of some bushes for them and watches it from
the outside.

34. D. sexpunctatits. l/2 in. 'ong- Chest part dark yellowish
brown with very bright white lines. The body is dark
gray with two rows of small white spots. Legs greenish
yellow with dark spines, but not ringed. On the under
side of the chest part are six small dots.

OXYOPES.

35. O. scalaris. % in. long. Dark brown, gray and yellow, on the under side a black between

two yellow stripes.
L vcosida;.

Oxvopes has its eyes in four rows, and therein differs from all other

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35.

JUMPING SI'I I >KRS.— .(/'/

The jumping spiders make no webs to catch their prey, but spin nests in some crack or bark of a tree
to use over winter, or for changing their skins. They also, when jumping, throw out a thread to avoid
falling. They can walk easily sideways or backwards and can jump (]iiite a distance. Their eyes are in
three or four rows, — those in the middle of the lowest row being the largest; those of the row before the
last sometimes almost invisibly small, and the last row placed far backward, nearly half the chest part.

Besides their eyes, their long square bodies and short legs and impudence make these spiders easily
recognizable. The length of their legs vary; in some kinds the first pair, in others the fourth, the second
and even the third are the longest. In some kinds the first pair of legs are much stouter than tin- othi i
Some kinds resemble ants closely in shape and actions; they even walking on six legs by stretching out
one pair like feelers.

In Sa/fic/is the last row of eyes is as far from the row before the last, as the eyes in this row are from
each other. In Attns they are not half that distance apart.

LVSSOMANES.

, (I-'.vcs in four rows. i
.

I. L. riridis '4 in. long, (ircen. Chest part with a black line, and body part with six or eight

black dots.

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ATTUS OR SALTICUS.

Eyes in three rows. First pair of legs much stouter than the others.
First pair the longest.

2. A aitdax. :J in. long. Black. Body part with white spots and lines.

3. A. ntilitaris. ->a in. long. Reddish brown. Chest part with one white spot.

Body part with two black stripes with white spots.

4. A. sexpitiictatns. ls in. long. Black with six white dots on the body.

Fourth pair of legs the longest.

5. A. nnttalii. }•? in. long. Chest part pitch-like. Body part pale gray with

a black stripe containing a white spot.

6. A. castanens. }k in. long. Chest part black. Body part dark brown, with

indistinct dots and lines. Legs reddish with bands.

7. A. ticniola. y% in. long. Black with two white stripes on chest part, and two

spotted lines on body part.

8. A. elcgans. }-\ in. long. Chest part reddish. Body part metallic

green. Thighs of first legs black.

Eyes in three rows. Legs equally thick.

Fourth pair of legs the longest; the first pair next in length.

9. A. mystaccus. l/2 in. long. Gray with white spots.

10. A. fa tnilia ris. ss in. long. Chest part gray. Body part blackish, Q

with a white-edged gray stripe.

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11. A. tripunctatus. .;s in. long. Black with three white marks

on hind part of body.

12. A. fasciolatns. ,"',; in. long. Black. Chest part with three

gray spots. Body part with three white spots and lines.
Legs reddish.
•/•) 2 ^ji ^ '3- A. rnfns. l{ in. long. Reddish with a white stripe on fore

part of the body, and four white dots.

14. A. hcbcs. }i in. long. Chest part brown. Body part white with a green spot and
/o \~ t"«'iir black dots and a stripe.

V 15. A. ftiri'ns. ,:t(1 in. long. Gray. Body part with six or eight short white lines. Legs

reddish and black.
if). A. in . in long. Black with yellowish legs ; no marks.

-fO
Fourth pair of legs the longest: the third p.iir next lon^e.st.

17- A. vittatns. }{ in. long. Black with two white stripes on chest part and three on n

body part. Legs reddish with black rings. /V ^
,,. 18. A. It -npanlit s. '4 in. long. Chest part reddish and black shaded. Body part gray

with reddish bands. Legs pale reddish. yV? 0

Third pair of legs the longest : the I'oiirth pair next Inn»c.st.

"W 19- A. pnL-x. !s in. long. Pitch-black; gray hairy on head and a few white spots on
v its body.

20. ./. mv<v/.v. ,',; in. long. Chest [>art white. Body pink. Legs yellow.

.0

§ First pair of legs the longest; the fourth pair next longest; legs slender.

21. A. canonicus. ->B in. long. Orange. Body with two rows of black dots. Legs with black
rings.

^>j| EPIBLEMUM.

^ 22. E. faustuui. ^4 in. long. Pitch-black with white spots and short lines. The male with long
09 3 poison claws.

Ant-like Spiders.
0,8 SALTICUS.

24.1

* 23. 5. ephippiatus. H in. long. Chest part yellowish brown. Body part brown in front and

. black behind and a white band in the middle.

25. J

SYNEMOSYNA.

26. I

24. 5. formica. % in. long. Chest part white and brown. Body part reddish and black, with
a yellow spot at each side.

SYNAGELES.

25. S. scorpionia. Less than Ji in. long. Brown and white.

26. S. picata. }'% in. long. Black. Legs with reddish rings.

27. S. americana. y& in. long. Light brown with a reddish tint ; white around the eyes. Body part

light in front and dark behind with a light band.

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CRAH SPIDERS.— THOM/SfDsE.

These spiders spin no web, but cast a few, stray threads. They live under leaves, in flowers or on
fences waiting for their victims. The white, round, flat spider nests on the under side of leaves are their
cocoons, which the mother watches till the young are hatched. The two first pairs of legs are longer than
the rest; the second being generally the longest, while the two last pairs are very small. Their move-
ments are crab-like, backwards and sideways.

The Tliiviiisiilie differ considerably in the position and size of their eyes and have been therefore
divided into many genera. In Xvsticits, Snitina, Tinants and T/iomisits the outside eyes or lower row are
larger, protruding or elevated; in the others the eyes are nearly equal in size, or the two in lower middle
row are smaller.

EYES OF THOMISID.E.

0 • • 9 Thoinisns.

Xvsticus.
»'•'» Syiiema.

Tinarns.

Misinncna.

Tibellns
Pliilodr out its.
Thanatits.

Ocypete.

(27)

TOM1SUS or XYSTICUS.

''•.'•) i. 7". piger. y% in. long. Yellowish brown. Chest part with two brown

stripes. Body part with two rows of dots. Paler underneath.

^ if| 2. T. aspcratns. l/\ in. long. Pale brown, covered with bristles. Chest part

\^\ with two black stripes. First and second pairs of legs with brown rings.

3. X. stomacliosus. l/i in. long. Chest part light yellow, reddish brown at the edges. Body part dirty

white, with black dots. Legs yellow.

4. X. triguttatus. T3if in. long. Chest part reddish brown, with black marks. Body part dark brown,

with white markings. Legs yellow.

5. X. emertoni. f6 in. long. Chest part yellowish brown, with white edges and red brown markings.

Body part brown above, underneath yellow with red brown dots. Legs red brown.

6. X. gulosus. Y\ in. long. Chest part yellowish gray with brown and black spots. Body part brown

gray, whitish at the sides. Legs brown above, under side gray or yellow with black dots.

CORIARACHNE.

7. C. versicolor. }{ in. long. Chest part yellow, marbled with red brown and red streaks. Body part

dark brown, and whitish. Legs yellow, with red brown feet.

SYNEMA

i>A 8. S. parviila. */« in. long. Chest part reddish. Body part yellowish with a black band. Hind
legs greenish or yellowish.

(28)

9. 5. obscnra. ,'4 in. long. Chest part dark red with yellowish edges. Body part black brown with a
narrow white band. Legs yellowish brown, upper shanks black.

MISUMENA.

10. M.vatia. Y? in. long. Yellowish white; pink around the eyes
and a red stripe at each side of the body ; a few impressed dots
on the back.

i i. J/. ivsea. Y\ in. long. Chest part yellow with red edge and spots.
Body part yellow with red dots. Legs light yellow with red dots.
The male is only >§ in. long.
,'4' in long. Chest part red brown. Body part white. Legs yellow.

12. M. americana.

13. M. georgiana, }{ in. long. Chest part light yellow. Body part white. Legs light yellow.

RUNCINIA.

14. /v. brcndelii. Female -;8 in. long. Male1;-; in. long. Light yellow with brown spots and marks.

TMARUS.

15. T. caudatus. K in. long. Blackish. The body part with a small tail and six black-

dots.

16. T. ditttoni. Female j£ in. long. Male SB in. long. Pale gray or yellow with red

brown dots and a stripe from head to tail. Body long and narrow.

(29)

PHILODROMUS.

17-

18.

Ph. vnlgaris. }{ in. long. Chest part brownish yellow with white edges.

Body part red brown with white and brown hair. Legs yellow with dark

rings ; feet white.
Ph. expnsitns. }{ in. long. Chest part brown with black edge. Body part

blackish brown with red stripes. Legs yellow with red brown spots.

19. Ph. infnscatus. J+ in. long. Blue gray with white dots.

20. Ph- imbecilltis. /& in. long. Dirty white with red brown stripes.

THOMISID/E belonging to PHILODROMUS.

21. Tli.ferox. K in. long. Pear-shaped. Brownish yellow. Chest

part with two dark stripes. Body part with four or six dark
brcwn spots. First pair of legs hairy.

22. Th. celer. fV in. long. Pale yellow with a greenish tint about the

O .- t5

legs, and two rows of dots on the body part.

Th. alcatorius. yb in. long. Greenish yellow ; reddish around the eyes and a
few white stripes. Body part yellow with six impressed black dots. The
two front pairs of legs waxy brown, the two hind pairs white.

(30)

SILK SPIDERS, TUBE OR BAG WEAVERS.— DRASSW.E.

This family resembles short-legged /jvw/</«? in shape. Some seem homeless, wandering about at
night time, others spin tubes or bags under stones, logs or curled-up leaves, which they seldom leave in
day time. Their wintering bag is made of several coats of the finest, whitest silk, and is beautifully soft
and warm. American Drassidce have never been well studied. About fifty kinds have been described in
European and American publications, some perhaps twice under different names. Hentz describes most
kinds under the names of Hcrfyllns and Cliibioita. Other writers divide the family into Drassida and
Clubionidee, of which the first contains the dark colored kinds which live on the ground, and the latter
the mostly light colored kinds which live on shrubs and plants. They are so nearly related that it seems
better to keep them in one family and to divide the same into sub-families.

Upper row of eyes straight or curved upward, lower row curved downward,

Both rows of eyes curved downward.

eyes nearly equal in size ; middle eyes nearer to eac'n other than to
the outside eyes. — (See Ci

middle eyes nearer the outside eyes than to each other
outside eyes of lower row larger than the middle eyes
middle eyes larger than outside eyes of the lower row
upper middle eyes very small

Upper row bent downward, lower row straight

Upper row curved downward and lower row bent upward

(3O

/'r///i>nissii.

Amaurobius.

Miii'tina.

Melanophora.
Drassus,

Lucia.

Clubioiia.
Anyphcena.

O 0 g «

o°°o

12.

HERPYLLUS.

Swiftly running spiders which make no webs.

H. ecclesiastic/is. }? in. long. Black. Chest part with a broad white

stripe. Body part with half a white stripe and a white spot.
H. bicolor. -^ in. long. Chest part reddish. Body part bluish black

with six impressed dots.
H. descriptns. -n? in. long. Black with a copper colored half stripe on

latter half of body.
H. bilineatus. |4 in. long. White with two black stripes from head to tail, and also

two black stripes on belly.
H. vespa. i/k in. long. Chest part pitchy brown. Body part black with a white

ring on forward end.
H. ornatus. yV in- long. Copper colored with broken black bands on body.

Thighs of two pairs of forward legs black; other legs yellow with black rings.
H. crocatus. }i in. long. Chest part pitch brown. Body part black with a yellow
stripe. Last pair of legs hairy.
. H. variegatus. j^ in. long. Chest part reddish. Body part black with

with white bands. Legs reddish with black rings.
H. ater. }i in. long. Black ; glossy.
H. cntciger. % in. long. Gray with black spots.
H. sonarins. }-k in. long. Brown with two short white bands on

each side of body. Legs brown and yellow.

in. long. Chest part pale reddish, darker at the edges. Body part brown
Legs pale, the forward pair and a ring on the second pair black.

(32)

6.

7-

9.\

•12

H. alarius. ]4
yellow bands

with

CLL'BIONA.

16.1

13-

14

16.

17.
1 8.

Live in tubes or bags under stones, logs or leaves.

C. (Amaiirobiits) obcsa. ]z in. long. Yellowish brown, a darker stripe on its back,
darker at joints.

Legs

r. tranquilla. -;H in. long. Chest part deep reddish pitch brown. Body part grayish black

with four impressed dots.
C. fiiscatoria. % in. long. Head dark brown. Chest part and legs yellowish brown, waxy.

Body part pale buff, silky downy, feebly marked.
C. gracilis. -;8 in. long. Yellowish. Chest part with two bluish stripes. Face black brown.

Body part with two bands of small red dots.

C. inclusa. i\, in. long. Pale yellow. Bod}- part with a faint dark stripe. Legs dark at joints.
C. pallens. /i; in. long. Dirty white. Body part with gray spots. Underneath four dots

near the spinnerets.

(33)

0 ig. C. fallen s. % in. long. Yellowish or reddish. Chest part with two black stripes.
II Body part with two dotted stripes enclosing two rows of smaller dots.

20 & 2O- C. saltabunda. ls in. long. Pale brown with a few dark spots on edges.

Body with two rows of black dots; dotted underneath. /

20.

THE FUNNEL WEAVERS.— AGELENIDJ;..

They spin nets to catch insects, and stay in or near the nets in a convenient place watching for their
prey to become entangled. Their webs, closely woven, supported by strong cross-threads running in all
directions, are placed horizontally, ending at one side in a tube in which the spider dwells.

In shape these spiders resemble Lycosidie, but are easily distinguished from all others by their long,
tail-like spinnerets. Tegenaria, the cellar spider, builds his web mostly in dark places, and the tube is
generally placed above the web. Agelena, the grass spider, places his web on stumps, shrubs, plants, and
in the grass, with its tube below the web ending on the ground, and affording an easy way to escape when
a formidable enemy becomes entangled in the web.

EYES OF AGELENID.K.

Agelena,

(34)

TEQENARIA.

\

T. wciiiciiialis. Y-Z in. long. Pale brown or
mouse grey. Chest part with two black
stripes. Body part with three stripes of
square spots. Legs with many black
bands.

T. fcrsica. Y? in long. Pale grey. Chest
part with two broken black stripes. Body
part black in the middle with a row of four
pale spots on each side. Legs with many
black bands.

AQALENA.

A. iiicvia. 3 4 in. long. Pale reddish or
yellowish, with two black stripes on chest
part. Body part blackish brown with two
white spot stripes. One of the most com-
mon spiders in the United States.

(35)

THE COBWEB SPIDERS.— THERIDID.E.

Mostly small spiders which have their eyes in a close bunch on their foreheads, somewhat distant
from their mouth. Their legs are long and slender; the first and second, or the first and fourth pairs being
the longest. Their nets consist mostly of a horizontal bag under which they watch, hanging by their
legs, back downwards. This bag is connected with all near objects by threads running irregularly in all
directions. The net often occupies a considerable space in which they suspend their egg-sacks. Some
kinds live in the net by pairs.

The family is very large and has been divided into many genera. It contains our smallest spiders.

Theridium. Breast part as broad as long. Body part round, globular. Legs long and
slender, covered with short hair.

Mimetus. Breast part narrower than long. Body part widest in front, pointed behind. Legs
long, beset with spines.

Era. Breast part highest in the middle. Body part egg-shaped. Legs beset with spines.

Steatoda. Breast part broader than long. Body part oval, smooth and shiny. Legs shorter
and stouter than Theridiitm.

Asagena. Like Steatoda, but body hairy and flattened.

(36)

Agyrodcs. Body part triangular or odd-shaped.

Spiiithanis. Breast part circular. Body part long and pointed. The first and fourth pairs
of legs twice as long as the second.

i°°t Euryopis. Breast part short and broad. Body part broad, flat and pointed.

^.

Erigone. Breast part long. Body part long, oval. Legs short, about as long as body.

Linyphia. Breast part long. Body part egg-shaped or oval, thick. Legs long and beset with
spines.

Stcmonypltantcs, Ilelopliora, Katliypliantes and Microneta like Linypliia. Microneta /f|
with shorter legs.

THER1D1UM.

I. Tk. tepidariontm. }{ in. long. Breast part yellow brown. Body part black
or dirty white with black spots. Legs light yellow with brown rings at
y / the middle end of joints.

(37)

2. Tli. zelotypnm. T3|T in. long. Breast part orange striped in middle and edges. Body part
2 fa black with a white stripe which is reddish in the middle. Legs orange, brown ringed.

3. Tli, miirariiuii. -fs in. long. Breast part gray, striped in the middle and on the edges. Body

part gray with a white stripe which is reddish in the middle. Legs gray, dark ringed.

4. Tk. frondfiiin. T\ in. long. Breast part light yellow, striped in the middle and on edges.

Body part light yellow, lighter on the back, with or without black marks. Legs light
yellow.

5. Tk. difference. }'% in. long. Breast part orange brown, not striped. Body part red brown,

with a white stripe which is reddish in the middle. Legs orange brown darker at the joints.

fi & ^' ^'' sP'''al£- *'& 'n- l°ng- Breast part brownish orange, indistinctly striped. Body part yel-
lowish gray, lighter in the middle. Legs yellow, darker at the joints.

7. |j 7. Tk. montanuin. ls in. long. Breast part orange, dark at the edges. Body part yellow gray,
lighter in the middle. Legs yellow, darker towards the feet.

A

8. Tk. pitncto-sparsum. }'% in. long. Breast part dark yellow, brown striped in the middle and
on the edges. Body part dark gray with white spots. Legs yellow with dark rings.

Less than ig of an inch long.

Tli. rupicola. Resembles Tepidariorum in color.

Tk. globositin. Dark gray with a white spot on the back .

Tk. unimaculatum. White with black spot on the back.

Tk. sexpunctatum. Yellow with six black patches on the back.

Theridula spharula. Gray with a yellow spot on back and short legs.

(38)

MIMETUS.

9. M. intcrfcctor. '4 in. long. Breast part whitish. I lead brown. Body part gray brown.
Legs light yellow with dark brown rings and spines.

IO. Jf. f/>i'iivi(/fs.

long. Breast part light yellow with four lines on the head. Body part

/// :i j light yellow with lighter bands. Legs light yellow not ringed.

ERO.

\\ i I. ]'.. tlioracica. 3g in. long. Breast part light yellow with two dark stripes. Body part white
with brown spots and stripes covered with stiff brown hair. Legs yellow, brown ringed.

STEATODA.

12. S. marmorata. ]\ in. long. Breast part yellow brown. Body part whitish with

black lines and spots. Legs yellow brown, variable.

13. .S\ borcalis. J4 in. long. Breast part orange brown. Body part dark brown with

three white short lines on fore part. Legs brown, faintly ringed.

14. 5. triangitlosa. i\- in. long. Breast part orange brown. Body part yellowish

gray with light and dark spots and stripes. Legs slender, light yellow with
faint rings.

Less than '8 of an inch long.

.S". gitttata. Yellow brown or black with white spots.
.S'. iii^ra. Black.

(39)

-/.3.«

ASAGENA.

-. 15. A. americana. fa in. long. Breast part dark red brown. Body part dark brown with two
^A(ji white spots. Legs yellow brown with spines.

AROYRODES.

XT' 16. A. fictilimn. % in. long. Breast part light yellow with three stripes. Body part silvery

with a dark stripe. Legs light yellow.

//~._^J 17. A trigonntn. ]a in. long. Breast part light yellow with three brown stripes. Body part
light yellow, sides reddish. Legs light yellow.

Less than '8 of an inch long.

Lasicola canccllata. Black with white marks abruptly narrowed at the end.
Ulesanis americana. Light brown like a clump of earth.

Pholcomma. Dark brown, hairy.

SP1NTHARUS.

18. S.flavidits. T3B in. long. Breast part light yellow. Body part gray above and yellow below
(Q with red and white stripes. Legs light yellow, shanks of first and fourth pairs orange.

EURYOPIS.

n 19- E.funebris. Y% in. long. Breast part yellowish gray, black around the eyes. Body part
dark gray or black, bright silvery on the hind part. Legs yellow with black rings.

ERIQONE.

This genus contains numerous small spiders hardly TV inch long, and therefore difficult to recognize,
except some Ceratinella and Ceratinopsis, which are bright orange red colored.

(40)

20.}

LINYPHIA.

20. L. phrygiana. % in. long. Breast part light yellow, with a forked black line

and edges. Body part whitish with a brown spot-stripe. Legs light yellow
with black rings.

21. L. marmorata. }± in. long. Yellowish white with black marks. Legs green-

ish. Bell\- black with two rows of yellow spots, three in a row.

22. L. mar^inata. -*$ in. long. Breast part yellow with white edges. Body

part white with a black spot-stripe. Legs light yelloiv with black spines.

24. S3 23. L. conuniinis. \(, in. long. Breast part yellow brown. Bod)' part dark brown

with a white band at each side. Legs dull yellow.

25. fy 24. L. inaiitlibnlata. -*„ in. long. Breast part yellowish brown. Boil}- part dark

brown with yellowish white spots.
0/7(1 25. L. clntlirata l,i in. long. Breast part yellow brown with a dark stripe. Body

M i *)

part light yellow with brown markings. Legs orange.

S TEMONYPHA NTES.

26. .S\ bitcciilcntns. '4 in. long. Breast part yellowish gray with three black stripes.

Body part yellow gray with three rows of black dots. Legs yellow gray with black

spots.

HELOPHORA.

27. //. ins/^n/x. ':; in. long. Breast part light yellow. Body part gray or white with

no markings.

22.

(4D

BATHYPH ANTES.

B. nebnlosa. ^ in. long. Breast part brownish yellow with a forked strJpe and edges.

Body part dark spotted and striped. Legs brown yellow, ringed with black.
29. B. ininnta. l/& in. long. Breast part yellowish brown with darker edges. Body part gray
with white marks. Legs yellow brown, ringed.

Less than '„ of an inch long.

/>. zebra. Gray with white bands.

B. alpina. White and black striped.

B. formica. White. Legs long, shiny black and feet white.

B. complicata. Gray. Breast part and legs orange.

MICRONETA.

30. M. discolor. y& in. long. Breast part orange brown. Body part brown gray, white below. Legs

orange.

31. M. quinquedentata. yi in. long. Breast part yellow brown, edges dark. Body part dark gray.

32. M. crassiuianns. Ys in. long. Breast part orange brown. Body part gray.

These six-eyed genera are related to Theridida'.

SCYTODES.

33. 5. tlioracica. ]•{ in. long. Breast part light yellow with irregular black marks. Body

part white with several rows of black spots. Legs light yellow with black rings.
Only six eyes.

(42)

PHOLCUS.

34- P. phalangioides. -'a in. long. Pale whitish. Legs ij~ inches long.
Side eyes bunched in threes ; the middle ones almost invisibly
small.

35. Sfenna/'/iora incridioiialis. ^ in. long.
Pliolcus, but has onlv six eves.

Resembles a miniature

THE WHEEL OR ORB-WKB SPIDERS.

The most observed and best known of the spiders. Their eyes are
widely spread over their foreheads ; the two outside pairs of eyes are
far from the two centre pairs. The legs are generally short and stout,
the first and second pairs usually the longest. Their circular nets
are placed perpendicularly, the threads spreading from the centre like
the spokes of a wheel, and covered by an adhesive, sticky thread wind-
ing spiral-like from near the centre to the outer edge. The spider
watches the net from the centre or in a tent, curled leaf, or crevice con-
nected by threads with the web.

(43)

Epcira. Breast part short and low. Body part round or slight oval.

Cyrtarackne has a very short body, broader than long, and spines on breast part.

Cyclosa has a bump on back.

Singa. Breast part longer and body oval.

Meta and /.ilia are similar, but differ in construction of web.

i*-*{ Acrosoma. Breast part small. Body large and flat and several spines on the edges.

/- -A

0 o

Argwpe has a long oval body pointed at the end.

Argyroepeira has a long, oval body rounded at the end, and very long legs.

(44)

The

EPEIRA.

following six have two bumps or corners on the fore part of their bodies. The first four resemble each other.

1. E. angulata. 58 in. long. Breast part dark brown with a yellow line underneath. The

body is dark brown and lighter, with yellow marks; underside black with yellow spots.
Legs with dark brown rings.

2. E. solitaria. 58 jn. long. Chest part dark brown, black beneath. Body part black with

yellow spots; under side black. Legs dark ringed.

3. E. corticaria. }{ in. long. Chest part brown, darker in the middle and on edges. Body

part dark reddish brown and lighter; under side dark brown. Legs dark ringed.

4. E. silvatica. 5s in. long. Chest part dark brown with a darker line in the middle and at

each side. Body light brown with yellow spots ; underneath dark brown.
Legs brown with dark rings.

E. nordmanni. }'•> in. long. Chest part gray; underneath light brown or
black. Body part white, gray and black; under side black with four yellow
spots. Legs dark ringed at the joints and faintly in the middle.

E. cavatica or cinerea. Y\ in. long. Chest part gray with long white hairs; /-
under side with a dark stripe, with yellow edge marks. Legs gray faintly
ringed.

(45)

5.

6.

8.1

II

The next three resemble each other.

7. E. sclopetaria. 5« in. long. Chest part dark brown or gray,
with no lines; underneath dark brown with alight spot. Body
part dark brown and yellow covered thickly with gray hairs.
Under side with a dark mark surrounded with semi-circular
yellow spots. Legs ringed.

8. E.patagiata. '3/s in. long. Resembles E. sclopetaria but is
lighter with a reddish shade.

9. E. cornuta-strix. 2a '"• l°ng- Chest part reddish brown with
three dark stripes. Body part dark brown with a light stripe.
Legs yellow brown with dark rings.

10. E. trifolium. 1/4 in. long. Chest part white with three dark
brown lines ; underneath dark brown, sometimes with a white
stripe. Body part reddish brown, or gray with white
marks; underneath dark brown. Legs white with dark
brown rings.

11. E. conspiccllata-mat'morea. 3-8 in. long.
Chest part dull yellow with indistinct
lines; underneath dark brown with a
faint light spot. Body part white, yellow
or orange, and gray or brown ; under-
neath dark with two semi-circular yellow
spots at sides. Legs white with orange
or brown rings; thighs orange.

(46)

10.

12. E. insularis. Y\ in. long. Chest part dull yellow with faint
lines ; under side bright yellow with brown edges. Body part
bright yellow or orange and dark brown or purplish black.
Legs are white with black rings at joints and in the middle.
Thighs bright orange.

13. E. obcsa. Y± in. long. Chest part wax-like, reddish. Body
part light orange, lighter on back, with faint white spots and
black line marks. Legs waxy white with reddish bands. Body
very inflated.

14. E. thaddt'iis. '4 in. long. Chest part yellowish white, some-
times with black spots at the edges. Body part white or yellow
with two dark stripes; underneath a light before a black spot.
Legs dull yellow with faint rings.

These last five are more or less related to each other, and the next three re-
semble each other closely.

15. E. trivittata. K in. long. Chest part light yellow with three
dark stripes ; underneath bright yello\v in the centre. Body
part dark brown and light yellow; under side with four or six
yellow spots. Legs light yellow with brown rings.

16. E. pratensis. ;H in. long. Chest part dull yellow with three
faint stripes; underneath brown with a yellow line. Body part
brown with yellow lines and six pairs of black spots ; under side
dark with two curved yellow marks and two spots. Legs light
yellow, darker at joints.

(47)

23 1

\j . Benjauiinea donricillornin. 3's in. long. Chest part brown with three dark stripes;
under side black with a yellow line. Body part brown and lighter ; underside
dark with four to six yellow spots. Legs brownish yellow without rings.

1 8. E. cnciirbitiiia-displicata. -'s in. long. Chest part brownish yellow. Body part

light yellow or crimson with three pairs of black dots. Legs brownish yellow
without rings, but darker towards the feet.

19. E.junipcri. }i in. long. Chest part light brownish yellow. Body part green,

with three white stripes. Legs yellowish brown without rings.

20. E. alboventris. Y& in. long. Chest part white. Body part white with a triangular

purple spot. Legs white without rings.

21. E labyrinthea. }-\ in. long. Chest part dark brown, white around the eyes;

underneath dark brown, and a white line. Body part dark brown and white; a
white line underneath. Legs white with narrow dark rings.

22. E. triaranca. '4 in. long. Chest part yellowish brown, darker at sides of head

and a dark line in the middle ; underneath yellow. Body part brownish with four
large white, yellowish or reddish spots, and underneath two black spots on the
spinnerets and cross-bar mark in the middle. Legs yellowish brown with rings in
the middle and on joints of first two pairs of leg?, — only at joints in the last two
pairs, — the thighs of the last pair are half black.

23. E. curb onar iii. ;o in. long. Chest part black, head lighter. Body part black with

six pairs of white spots above and a white line below. Legs white with broad
black rings.

(48)

24.

25-

28.

E. plac(da. J,8 in. long. Chest part yellowish brown, with three stripes and
black around the eyes. Body part white and brown ; underside black with
two white stripes and dots. Legs yellow brown with long, dark spines, with-
out rings.

E. giblierosa. v<; in. long. Chest part dull yellow with a narrow dark stripe.
Body part gray with yellow spots; under side black with two lines and six
light spots. Legs dull yelloiv with black spines and narrow lengthwise
stripes.

E. parvtila. f?, in. long. Chest part light gray. Body part dark gray with
two white spots; underneath lighter gray. Legs gray with faint rings.

E.foliata. ,':( in. long. Chest part gray or greenish. Body part gray with
white; under side yellow. Legs gray or green, darker at joints, the fourth
pair the shortest.

E. ( Afar.i-ia ) stcllata. l/2 in. long. Chest part brown, a light stripe under-
neath. Body part angular, light and dark brown. Legs brown ringed.

E. infumata. ,'4 in. long. Dark brown with black and white marks. Chest
part underneath bright yellow with black edges. Body part black
below. Legs yellow with irregular ring-like spots.

CYCLOSA.

30. C. turbinata. }\ in. long. Chest part dark gray or black. Body part
white or gray, with a bump on back ; under side black. Legs white with
dark rings.

(49)

29.

SINGA.

31.

31. -5. inanra. % in. long. Variable. Chest part orange or light yellow with a brown or

black head. Body part black or light brown with two or three white stripes. Legs
yellow, darker at joints.

32. S. maculata. l/§ in. long. Orange. The head and marks on body part black.

ZILLA.

A section of the web, about -$, left without cross-threads.

33. Z. montana. }^ in. long. Chest part yellowish white with dark edges and a gray stripe;

underneath dark with a yellow stripe. Body part white and black ; under side a black
and two yellow stripes. Legs yellowish white with dark rings.

34. Z. X notata. l/{ in. long. Like the last but three black lines on chest part, and only a

black stripe under body.

35. C. bisaccata.

36.

37-

CYRTARACHNE.

in. long. Chest part light brown ; underneath white.

Body part light

brown and white with four brown spots. Under side and legs white.

ACROSOMA.

A. gracile. % in. long. Chest part with three black stripes. Body part

dull yellow with black spots and five pairs of spines.
A. sagittatum. '4 in. long. Chest part yellowish brown with white edges.

Body part triangular, bright yellow with three pairs of spines, red with

black points.

(50)

38. A. rfiinriann»i. & in. long. Chest part brownish yellow. Body part white or yellow
with a dark spot forward and behind and two pairs of spines. Legs brownish yellow.

MET A.

.]/. menardi. 5£ in. long. Chest part brownish yellow.
dull yellow; under side brown with two yellow stripes.

ARGIOPE.

40. A. copliinaria. "/% in. long.
Head black. Chest part cov-
ered with silvery hair ; under-
neath black with a yellow stripe.
Body part black with yellow
marks: under side four spots
and two yellow stripes. Legs
black. Thighs reddish or yel-
low. Sometimes dark rose red
instead of black.

Body part dark brown and
Legs yellow with dark rings.

(51)

41.

42.

A. argyraspis. 24 in. long. Chest part dark,
thickly covered with silver}' hair. Body part white
or yellow with black cross-bars. The young cov-
ered with silvery hair. Under side like Cophin-
aria. Legs light yellow with black rings.

ARQYROEPE1RA.

A. veinista. '4 in. long. Chest part green or
yellow with two black lines. Body part silvery
with a black or yellow stripe. Underneath black
with green spots. Legs green with black rings.

(52)

THK WATER Sl'IDKRS.— T/-TK. -\C.\A Til. I.

They have long bodies and long, slender legs which they stretch in front and behind when sitting on
the web. The web resembles Epcira's but is placed inclined or horizontal. The eyes are in two parallel

rows.

7. elongata. '_• in. long. Breast part brownish yellow with three stripes.
Body part light and dark brown. Legs brownish yellow with spots.

T. cxtctisa. -;;-; in. long. Colors like T. elongata.

3. T. laboriosa. }\ in. long. Chest part light yellow. Body part
silvery white with transparent marks, sometimes green. Under side
dark with two light stripes. Legs light yellow.

PACHYQNATHA.

Does imt spin a web to catch insects. It lives under leaves and stones, on
dry Kind with a 7'/v/7(//,v/«-like shaped Imtly and eve-..

4. /'. I'rt'i'is. '4 in. long. Brownish yellow with three dark stripes
on chest part and a gray and white stripe on body part. Under
chest part dark red brown. Under both' part gray with two yellow
stripes. Legs light yellowish brown.

5. /'. iintniiinalii. ' t in. long. Like />V<v/.v, but darker and brighter.

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THE CURLED-THREAD WEAVERS.— CINIFLONID.E.

These spiders have been separated from the others, because the adhesive threads which they spin are
curly. They have in front of the usual spinnerets an additional spinning organ called the cribillittn and on
their hind feet a comb-like intrument — a row of stiff spines — called the calamistrum, which they use to
extract the threads from the cribcllnm.

According to the way in which they make their webs, they are divided into two sub-families.

1. The Dictynidic, otherwise like Tlicrididie or some Dmssidte (Amaurobius')., spin irregular webs

covered with curly threads, on plants, flowers or walls, and watch them from some tube or crevice.
They are all very small spiders.

2. The UloboriiUc build regularly planned webs.

HYPTIOTES.

The triangle spider.

3. H. cavata. -'« in. long. Blackish brown with white clots and lines and five pairs of warts
on its body part. Its legs and eyes are like Epcira ; the lower side eyes almost invisibly
small. It builds a triangular web. like a section of an orb-web of only four spokes. To be
found mostly on pine trees.

ULOBORUS.

U. pliiinipes. fV in. long. Brownish. Body part with black lines and two warts on forward
part. Legs with dark rings. The eyes are like Tctragnatha. The web resembles an orb-
web in shape, but is placed horizontally. The spider guards it from the under side, with his
legs extended in a straight line like Tctragnatlta. It builds in holes or hollow logs.

(54)

KNOBEL'S ILLUSTRATED GUIDE BOOKS

To facilitate the Study of the Natural History of the North.

1. Guide to Trees and Shrubs. 5. The Night Moths of New England.

2. The Perns and Evergreens. 6. Fresh-water Fishes of New England.

3. Day Butterflies and Ouskflyers. 7. Turtles, Snakes, Frogs and other Reptiles.
4 Beetles of New England and their Kind. 8. Mosquitoes and Flies of the North.

9. The Spiders of the Northern States.

Each Fully Illustrated. Oblong: Octavo, paper, net 50 cents. Cloth, net 75 cents.
Other Interesting- volumes In preparation.

SOME EXTRA GOOD BOOKS.

"Every Bird." By Reginald Heber Howe, Jr. Fully Illustrated - • $1.00

Game Birds of North America. By Frank A. Bates. Illustrated - 1.00

Goodale's Wild Flowers of America. 51 Colored Plates - 7.50

Eaton's Ferns of North America. 81 Colored Plates. 2 Vols. 40.00

Manual of the Mosses of North America. Lesquereux and James. Illustrated 4.00

Life on the Seashore. By James H. Emerton - - 2.00
History and Uses of Limestones and Marbles. 48 Colored Illustrations. By

S. M. Burnham - - 6.00

Precious Stones in Nature, Art and Literature. Illustrated. By S. M. Burnham 3.50

KNIGHT & MILLET, PUBLISHERS, 221 Columbus Avenue, Boston, Mass.

Tin' BurtU-lt Pri'»». B.ul.m