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THE
SPORTSMAN'S DICTIONARY;
OR, THE.
GENTLEMAN'S COMPANION
F 0 A
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T O Wv y y-^jj COUNTRY.
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. The CAArmeff,
. The A'nee.
. The Sha^Or..
. The Main Tuittef/j-.
. The feticdhjevnt.
. The fW/pr/^.
. The Ta^fern.
The (brenfi^.
. The Iloe/-.
The QaarAv\--.
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40 ■ The /XuteAe^.
41. . TheSdAe.
41 . The Thifh^.
<3 . The ffor^.
44 . The h'erd.
4^ . The peitii u/ly'JfoeA
THE
SPORTSMAN'S DICTIONARY;
OR, THE
GENTLEMAN'S COMPANION:
FOR
TOWN AND COUNTRY,
Contaiatag » u l l and PAHTfOVLAit Iritkoctioms for
RIDING,
HUNTING,
FOWLING,
SETTING,
FISHING,
RACING,
WITH
FARRIERY,
COCKING,
HAWKING, tfc-.
/
*Z%e various Metbods to be obferved in Breeding and Dieting of HORSES
both for the Road and TtfRF ; alfo, the Management of DOGS, GAME-
COCKS, DUNGHILL -FOWLS, TURKIES. GEESE, DUCKS,
PIGEONS, SINGING-BIRDS, tSc,
Atid THE Manner of Curing their various Diseases and Accidents.
COLLECTED FROM THE BEST AUTHORSj
WITH VERY CONSIDERABLE ADDITIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS^
y EXPERIENCED GENTLEMEN*
ILLUSTRATED
With COPPER-PLATES, rcprcfeftting all the difpeuent Kinds of N E T S
SNARES, and' TRAPS, that arc now made Use of in Fowling j and the
Implements for Angling.
THE THIRD EDITION*
LONDON:
Printed tor G. G. J. and J. R O B I N S O N, No. a<, PateH-kostbr-Row.
M*D€C.LXXXV^ - •_
i
THE
P
R
E
F
A
G
£/.
THE mind of man is incapable of a conftant application,
,eithcr to ftudy or bufinefs ; it is therefore highly neceflary to
relieve it, at convenient feafons, by fuch relaxations as may refrefli
its faculties, and recruit the animal fpirits that have been diffipated
by laborious purfuits, or a length of ftrid attention. And when
the amufements to which we have recourle, on fuch occafions, are
friendly to health, delightful to the fenfes, and perfedly confiftent
with innocence, they have all the recommendations we can poffibly
deiire.
The diverfions that are the fubjed of thefe flieets, are entirely
of this nature, and are fo peculiarly adapted to icenes of rural life,
that a jud knowledge of them is confidered as a neceflary accom-
plifhment in gentlemen, who devote their vacant hours to the
country.
It
vi P R E F A C E.
It would be needlefs to enlarge on the fatisfadions and advan-
tages they are capable of affording us. No profped of nature can
. awake more pleafing ideas in the imagination, than a landflcip,
diftributed into verdant woods, and opening lawns, with the diver-
fTty of extended plains, flowery meadows, and clear ftreams : the
hea^t of a contemplative beholder melts into fecret raptures at the
inchanting view, and he is immediately prompted to hail the Great
Benefador who fheds fuch a profufion of beauties around him;
But when he likewife regards them as fo many rich magazines,
intended for the accommodation of his table, as well as for the
improvement of his health, and the folace of his mind, he begins*
to think it a reproach to him to be unacquainted with the manner
of acquiring thefe enjoyments that were created for his ufe with Co
much liberality ; and he is then convinced that Hunting, Fowling,
Fiftiing, and Riding, are more neceffafy to his welfare than at firft
he might imagine.
In order therefore to render thefe, and other rural recreations,
as intelligible and familiar as poffible, we have carefully colleded
the bed obfervations that have been made on each article ; we have
confulted all authors on this occafion, and have feleded every
particul^ from them, that we thought would contribute to plea-
fure and improvement 5 and, as we were delirous to render this
work
P R' E F a: C E; vii
work as compleat' as ^pdfHbkj we hgve prevailed upon feveral gen-
. tlemen of diftinguifhed abilities and experience, to favour us with
a great number of intercfting paffages, that we are perfuadcd wil^
be very acceptable and ihftrudHve to thofc who. have. an inclinatipn
to gain a competent knowledge of thefe agreeable fubjeds.
As our intention was to make this performance equally per-
fpicuous and regular, we have digefted it into the form of a Dic-
tionary, in which we have been careful to range under each head
every particular peculiar to it, fo as to illuftrate the articles in the
moft efFedual manner; by which means we have rendered the
whole fo methodical and familiar, even to a common comprehen-
fion, that we flatter ourfelves we (hall not be taxed with obfcurity
in any material circumftance neceflary to be underflood. We may
likewife venture to add, that the plan we have purfued, through
the whole courfe of thefe fheets, will eafe the curious of the
expence and trouble of confulting a number of books written on
thefe fubje<5ls, fince, as we have already intimated, all imaginable
care has been taken to cxtrad from the moft •approved authors,
whatever obfervations may be neceflary to give our readers a clear
and expeditious knowledge of all the different branches of thefe
pleafing recreations j as well as receipts from the different authors
of eftabliflied reputation, for the cure of moft complaints incident
to
vui PREFACE.
to Horfes, Dogs, Cocks, 6cc/ which iti this edition is confiderahljr
enlarged ; as well as the articles Hunting, Fifhing, Fowling, &c.
&c. with proper inftrudions for the moil ignorant to prevent their
being impofed on in purchafing Horfes, by defigning Dealers ia
thofe valuable animals.
THE
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THE UNIVERSAL
SPORTSMAN'S DICTIONARY.
A6 S
ABATE; a horfc is faid to aBatc, or
take down, his curvets, when working
vpon curvets, he puts his two hind legs to
the groxind both at once, and obfervcs the
lame exaftnefs in aU the times. 5^^ Curvet.
ABSCESS, proceeds from a blpw, hurt,
<)r fomc violence, mcident to feveral ani-
tnals, as horfes, Iheep, poultry, &c»
In Horses, a cataplafm or pulticc of
lime, reduced to a fine powder, and mixt
with wine and oil in equal quantities, ought
to be applied to the part afFcfted \ or one of
wheat-flour, ftceped in vinegar, with half an
ounce of manna majr be ufed in its ftead*
In Sheep, the method is to open the tu-
mour, in what part focvcr it is found, and
after letting out the matter, to pour into the
wound fomc melted pitch, and burnt fait
powdered.
In Poultry, they open the abfcefe with
a pair of fciflars, prefllng out the corruption
with their fingers ; and then give them let-
tuce chopped fmall, and mixed with bran
lleeped in water, and fwcetened with honey
to eat.
ABATIJRES, is foiling the fprigs or
grafs that a ftag throws down in pafling by.
AGO
ACCLOYED, fignifics pricked. A horfe'a
foot when pricked in Ihoeing is faid to be
accloyed.
ACHE, [in hxirfei\ a pain in any part of
the body ; a difeafe that caufes numbnefs
in the joints, and proceeds from cold, ta«
ken upon hard and violent exercife or la*
bour ; for which there are feveral remedies.
ACOPUM, a fomentation to allay the
fenfe of wearinefs % alfo a medicine for horfes^
ufed for the fame purpofe, and prepared thus :
Take half an ounce of caftoreum, adraces two
ounces> of bdellium half an ounce and half
a quarter, opopannax an ounce, fox greafe
half an ounce> pepper an ounce, laferpi-
tium three quarters^of an ounce, ammoni*
acum two ounces, pigeons dung as much,
half an ouuce of galbanum, one ounce and
a quarter of nitre, three quarters of an
ounce of fpuma nitri, laudanum two oun-
ces, pyrethum and bay-berries of each
three quarters of an ounce, cardamum two
ounces, rue feed two ounces, feed of agnus
caftus one ounce, parflcy feed half an ounce,
dried roots of flower-de-luce an ounce and
quarter and half, oil of bay as much, oil
of fpikenard three quartern of a pound,
B * oleum
A CU
oleum qrprinum fourteen ounces, the old-
eft olive oil a pound and half, pitch fix
ounces, turpentine four ounces 5 every one
of them that will diflblve, melt fcparateJy
by themfelves, then mingle them together
with the reft of the ingredients, firft beating
to fine powder 5 after they have boiled a lit-
tle on the fire, take ofF the pan, and ftrain
the liquor into a clean gallipot, to be kept
for ufe : in adminiftring this medicine, give
not above two fpoonfuls at a time, in a pint
of fack or mufcadinc wine, and if by long
keeping it hardens, fbften it with a little
cyprefs oil.
It is both a medicine, and an ointment,
helping canvulfions, ftring-halts> colds,
&c. in the finews and mufcles, draws forth
all noifome humours, and being put up into
the noftrils of a horfe, by means of a long
goofe feather, anointed therewith, dift)ur-
thens the head of all grief.
It diflblves the liver, troubled with all
oppilations, or obftruftions, helps ficcity
and crudity in the body, banilhes all wcari-
tiefs ; and, laftly, cures all forts of inward
difeafcs, if given by way of drench, inwine>
bcer^ or ale,
ACTION OF THE MOUTH, is the agitation
of the tongue, and the mandible of a horfe,
that by cliamping upon the bridle^ keep his
mouth frelh. You may fee by the white ro-
py foam, that a horfe has the a6^ion of the
mouth, which is a fign of vigour> mettle,
and health.
ACULER, a French word, ufcd ia the
academies, importing that a horfe working
upon volts in the manage, does not ga far
enough forwards at every time or motion,
fo that his (boulders embrace, or take in,
too little grourid, and his croupe comes too
near the center of the volt.
This horfe has acuJe, becaufe the horfe-
man did not turn his hand, and put him on
with thfi calf of the inner leg..
Horfes have a natural inclination to this
fault, innvaking dcmi-volts. ^J^^Volt.
When the Italians work a horfe upon the
demi-volts, called repolons, they affed to
make them aeule, o^ cut QxotU See £n-
TA9LER, ai)d HiPOLPNit
AGE
ADDER.STUNG, is faid of cattle when
ftung by adders, or bit by a hedge hog or
ihrew, for which complaint ufe an ointment,
made of dragon's blood, with a little barley-'
meal and the white of an egg.
ADVANCER, one of the ftarts or
branches of a buck's attire, between the
back antler and the palm.
Ta AFFOREST, is to turn land into fo-
reft ; and, on the contrary, to DISAFFO-
REST, is to turn land from being foreft to
other ufes.
AGE OF AN Horse. To know how old a
horfe is, there are feveral outward charaflers ;
I. his teeth, whereof he has in his head juft
forty ^ that is, fix great wong teeth above,*
and fix below on one fide, with as many on
the other, that make twenty-four, called
grinders i then fix above, and as many be-
low in the fore part of his mouth, termed
gatherers^ and making thirty- fix; then four
tuflies on each fide^ named bitt-teethy which:
make jult forty. As mares ufually have no
tuiks, Aeir teeth are only thirty-fix.
A colt is foaled without teeth ^ In a few
days he puts out four, which are called pin-
cers, or nippers j foon after appear the four
feparaters, next to the pincers; it is fome-
times three or four months before the next,
called corner teetb, pufli forth. Thefc
twelve colt's teeth in the front of the
mouth, continue, without alteration, till
the colt is two years, or two years and a half
old> which makes it difficult, without grqat
'care to avoid being impofcd on during that
interval, if the feller finds it his intereft to
make the colt pafs for either younger or
older than he really is : the only rule you
have then to judge by is his coat,, and thq-
hairs of his mane and tall. A colt of one
year his a fupple, rough coat,, refembling
that of a water fpaniel, and the hair of his
mane and tail feels like flax, and hangs like
a robe ujitwifted ; whereas a colt of two
years has a flat coat, and ftraight hairs, like
a grown horfe.
At about two years and a half old, fome-
times fooner, fometimes later, according as
he. has been fed, a horfe begins to change
his teeth. The pincers, which come the
AGE
lirft, arc alfo the firft that fall j fo that at
three years he has four horfe's, and eight
colt's teeth, which are eafily known apart,
the former being larger, flatter, and yel-
lower than the other, and ftreaked from the
end quite into the gums.
Thefe four horfe pincers have, in the
middle of their extremities, a black hole,
very deep i whereas thofe of the colt are
round and white. When the horfe is com-
ing four years old, he lofes his four fepara-
ters, or middle teeth, and purs forth four
others, which follow the fame rule as the
pincers. He hath now eight horfc's teeth,
and four colt's. At five years old he fhcds
the four corner, which are his laft colt's
teeth, and is called a horfe.
During this year alfo, his four tufks
^'which are chiefly peculiar to horfe*s) come
behind the others ; the lower ones often
four months before the upper ; but what-
ever may be vulgarly thought, a horfe that
has the two lower tufks, Tf he has not the
upper, may be judged to be under five years
old, unlefs the other teeth. ftiew the con-
trary ', for fome horfes that live to be very
old never have any upper tufks at a!l. The
two lower tuflcs are one of the moft certain
rules that a horfe is coming five years old,
notwithftanding his colt's teeth may not be
all gone.
Jockies and breeders, in order to make,
tbcir colts feem five years old when they are
but four, pull out their laft colt's teeth -,
but if all the colt's teeth are gone, and no
tufks appear, you may be certain this trick
lias been played : another artifice they ufe,
js to beat the bars every day with a wooden
mallet, in the place where the tufks are to
appear, in order to make them feem hard,
as if the tufks werejufl ready to cut.
When a horfe is coming fix years old,
the two lower pincers fill up, and, inftead
of the holes above-mentioned, fhew only a
black fpot. Betwixt fix and feven the two
middle teeth fill up in the fame manner ;
and between feven and eight the corner
teeth do the like ; after which it is faid to
be impofTible to know certainly the age of
a horle, he having no longer any mark in
cbe mouth.
AGE
You can indeed only have rccourfc to the
tufks, and the fituation of the teeth, of
which I (hall now fpeaki
For the tufks you mud with your fingef
feel the infide of them from the point quite
to the gum. If the tufk be pointed flatj
and has two little channels within fide^ you
may be certain the horfe is not old, and 4t
the utmoft only coming ten. Between ele-
ven ^nd twelve the two channels arc reduced
to one, which after twelve is quite gone,
and the tufks are as round within as thcf
are without; you have no guide then but the
fituation of the teeth. The longeft teeth ^re
not always a fign of the greateft age, buc
their hanging over and pulhing forward, as
their meeting perpendicularly, i$ certain
token of youth.
Many perfons, whilft they fee certaiil lit-
tle holes in the middle of the teeth, ima-
gine that fuch horfcb are but in their fe-
ven th year, without regard to the fituation
the teeth take as they grow old.
When horfes are yoiing, their teeth meet
perpendicularly, but grow longer, and pufh
forward with age : bcfidcs the mouth of a
young horfe is very flefhy within the pa-
late, and his lips are (arm and hard : on the
contrary, the infide of an old horfe's mouth
is lean both above aiid beloW, and feems to
have only the fkin uport the bones. The
lips are foft and eafy to turn Up with thd
hand.
All horfes are marked in the fame msirther,
but fome naturally, and other, artificially.
The natural mark is called Begue^ and fome
ignorant perfons imagine fuch horfes are
marked all their lives, becaufe for many
years they find a little hole, of a kind of
void in the middle of the feparatefs and Cor-
ner teeth; but when the tufks are grown
round, as well within as without, and the
teeth point forward, there is room to cpn-
jedlure in proportion as they advance from
year to year, what the horfe's age may be,
without regarding the cavity above men-
tioned.
The artificial manner is made ufe of ' bv
dealers and jockies who mark their horfes,
after the age of being known, to itiake them
B 2 appear
A G-E
appear only fix or feven years old. They do
it iri this manner : they thfow down the horfc
Jo have hini . more at command, and, with
a ft eel graver, like what is ufed for ivory ^
hollow the middle teeth a little, and the
corner ones fomewh&t more;, then fill the
holes with a little rofin, pitch, fulphur, or
fome grains of wheat, which they burn in
with a bit of hot wire, made in proportion
to the hole. This operation they repeat
from time to time, till they give the hole
a lafting black, in imitation of nature ;
but in fpite of all they can do, the hot iron
makes a little yellowifh circle round thefe
holes, like what it would leave upon ivoty j
they have therefore another trick to prevent
dcteftion. Which is to make the horfe foam
from time to time, after having rubbed his
mouth, lips, and gums with falt^ and the
crumb of bread dried and powdered with
fait. This foam bides the circle made by
the iron*
Another thing they cannot do, is, to
counterfeit yoimg tulks,* it' being out of
their power to make thofe two cranaies
above mentioned which are given by nature:
with files they may make them (harper or
flatter^ biit then they take away the miAing
natural .enamcj, fo that one may always
know, by thefe tuflcs, hdrfes 'that are pad
feven,, till they come to' twelve or thirteen.
2. See* that the* hbrft be'nDt too' deep
burnt 0^ .the lampa(s> and that his fleih lie
fmooth with his bars C for if too deep burnt
his hay and provender will flick herein,, which
will be vcry.troublefome to him.
. 3. Look to his hoofs, which if rugged,
and as it were feamed one feam over ano-
ther 5 or if they be dry,, full and crufty,. or
crumbling, it is a fign of very old age j on
the contrary, a fmooth, moift, hollow, and
well founding hoof, betokens youthfulaefs
in him,
4, His eyes, which if round, full flar-
ing, and flarting from his head, if the bits
over them be filled, fmooth, and even with
the temples, and no wrinkles either about
hid brow, or under his eyes, then he is.
youi)g -, but, if . otherwife, he has the con-
Ifary characters, .aad it is a fign of old age.
AGE
5. His hafr j for if a horfe that Is of anf
dark colour, grows grifley only abdut hii-
eye-brows, or underneath his mane, or anjr
horfe of a whitifli colour fhould grow mean*
nelled, with either black or red meannels*
all over his body> then both are fi-gns of old
6. Laftly, the bars in* hrs mouth, which if
great, deep, and in the handling rough and
hard, ftiew he is old j. but if they be foft,,
(hallow, and gentle in the handling, he \%
young and in a good (tate of body ; but if
he has two flefhy cxcrefcences on the undef
palate it will hinder him from drinking.
The following particular remarks about
their age„ af c taken out of M . de^ SolleyJeVs
Compltat Horfeman.
1. When ia horfc is "two years and a half
old, he has twelve foal-iecth> in the fore part
of his mouth, and about that'timc*, or loon
after, four of them do fall, v^it. two aBove
and two below, in the very middle ; thoirgH
in fome hoxfes, • they do not fall till th?et
years ; ia their* ftfcad - four . others appear*,,
called' nippers or gatherers; miich ftrbngcfr
and' larger then the foal teeth ; and then hi
is. Commonly two years and a half old, o^
at mbft but three.
2. At ' three and a half, and fbmctitxi'es at
four yearsv He cafts the next-fotir foarl-teeth,
viz^ two above, .and two below;* and ia
•their room come foui* teeth CdMcdi/eparaters.
There remain then but four foal-teeth in
the comers, which he commonly changes
at^fouf years and a half r it i^ therefore nc-
ceflary to keep in memory, two and a half, .
three and a half, and four and a half ; that
is to fay, when a horfc has cafl two teeth
above, and as many below, he is but two
years and a. half old : when he has caft four
teeth above, and as many below, he has at-
tained to the age of three years and a half i
and as foon as he has caft fix above, and a$
many below, which is to have them all
changed,, he is then come to four years and
a half..
3. It is to be obferved, that the corner
teeth in the upper gums, are caft before
thofe in the nether ;. on the contrary, the
under tulhes grow out before the upper ;
and
A G E
MnA horfes are often fick whdn the tuAes'oT
•the upper gums cut, but arc never fo> when
the ochftrs belov corrie forth.
4. The calhes are proceeded by no foal-
tee th, but grow up when a horfc is about
tkfee years and a baFf old, ' and generally
appear befo^re dhe comer teeth ^re caft*
So foon 86 the gatherers sxiA/epara/ers hare
pierced and cut the gums, they make all
their griywth in fifteen days, but the corner
teeth da not grow (6 Suddenly : yet that
does not hinder^ but at dxir very firft
appearing, they are . as thick and broad as
the others^ but are no higher than tlie thick-
nefs of a ctnwn pfece> aikl very Ibarp and
hollow.
5. Wh^n a borfe has no mdre foaUteeth,
and his corner teeth begin to appear,
he is in his fifth year; that is» he is about
46\ST ytzt% and a half» and is. going in his
fifth year.
When he firft puts <rat hisr comer teeth,
they aro of equal height with the gums on
the outfide, and the infide of them is BUed
with tiefh, till he be near five ; and when
he conoas to be five vears old, that-flefli dt£»
appears, and there will remain m the place
of it a hollow ; that is, they are not fo high
on the infide as on the oucfide, which they
avill conr>e to bej about a year after their
firft appearing*
So that' when a horfe^s corner teeth are fil-
led with fleih, you may confidently affirm
that he is not five*
6. From five to five and a half^; the cor-^
ner teeth remain hollow on the infide, and
that part which was filled with fte(h is
empty.
7* From five and a half to fix, the hollow
on the infide fills up, and the teeth become
fiat and equal at top. Only a little. cavity re-
mains in the middle, refembiing the eye of
a dry bean, and then they fay the horfe is
entering fix
And fo long as a horfe^s corner teeth are
not fo high on the infide as the out, he is
ftill faid to be but five, tho' he be five and a
half, and fometimes fix.
8. You may alfo take notice, that at four
years and a haL^, when the corner teeth ap-
AGE
pear^ and are filled on the infide with fle(^,
the outfide of them will then be about the
thicknefs of a crown piece above the gums,
and will fo continue till five ; and from
thence to five and 2^ half, the outward edge
will be about the thicknefs of two crown
j)ie'ces above the gums .• at fix they will be
;iear the breadth of one's little finger above
the gums, and his tulhes will be at their
full length.
. At fevcn years, they will be about the
thicknefs of the fccond or ring finger above
the gums, andthe hollow alrm^ quite worn
and gone :
9, At eight yeats old, the houfe will be
raz'd ^ that is, none of his teeth will be hol-
low, biit'flat qui tie over, arid near the thick*
ncfs of the middle finger above the gums.
10. After a horfe is r raz'd, one, cannot
judge of his age, but by t^c length of his
fore-teeth, or by his tuflies^.
As the gums through time grow lean, fo
they make the teeth appear long 5 and it is
certain,, that fo much the longer a horfc's
teeth are, he is fo much the older; and as
he grows old, his teeth appear rough and
become yellow : not but that there are fome
old faKM-fes who have very fliort and white
teeth ; and people fay of fuch horfes, they
have a good mouth confidcring their age.
Some alfo have a black fpeck in their
teeth, refembiing the true mark, a long
time after they have paflfcd eight or nine,
but then it is not hollow.
lu The tufi>es are the raoft certain mark,
whereby to know a horfe's age.
If a horfe be but fix, the upper tufhes
will be a little channelled, or fome«vhat hol«
lowed and grooved on the infide ; and when
he is above fix they fill up, and become a
littke round on the infide.
This obfervation never or rarely fails.
If you feel the tufiies of his upper jaw
with your finger, and find them worn equal
with the palate, the horfc is then at leaft ten
years old : this remark feldom proves defi-
cient, unlefs the horfe when young has car-
ried a bigger mouthed bitt than was proper
for him.
Young horfes always have their under
tuihcs
"AGE
tuflics fliarp ^nd pointed, pretty long, fome- [
what edged <>o both fides, and without any
ruft upon them y but as they become aged,
their tufhes groW big and blunt, round and
fcaly, and in vej^ old horfes, they arc ex-
tremely thickj><^und and yellow.
iT^-^Ar-hork is faid to be Jhell-toothed^
when he has long teeth, and yet black fpecks
in them, and this mark lafls during life ;
it is cafily known, becaufe the mark appears
in the other fore teeth as well as in the cor-
ner teeth.
13. In advanced age, the. points of the
gatherers ftand outward a little ; and when
the horfe is extremely old, they point almoft
ftrait forward ; but while he is young, they
ftand almotl ftraight up, and are juft equal
with the outer edges of thofe above.
Sometimes the upper teeth point forwards
in this manner ; but for the mod part the
under do it.
,14. After the mark is gone, rccourfe may
be had to the horfe's legs, to know whether
they be neat and good to his flank if it be
well truflcd, not too full or fwallowed up :
as alfo to his feet and his appetite.
15. In young horfes, that part of the
nether-jaw bone which is three or four fin-
gers breadth above the beard, is always round,
but in old horfes fliarp and edged -, fo that
a man who is accuftomcd to it, will, before
he opens a horfe's mouth, judge pretty near
of his age. This is a good remark.
16. Some pull the (kin of the nether jaw
bone or ihoulder a little to them, and if
the fkin continue long without returning; to
it's place, it is a fign, they fay, the horfe is
not young, and the longer it is in returning,
the older he is : a man fliould not truft much
to this obfcrvation, becaufe the {kin of a
lean horfe, though young, will be longer
to it's place than the fkin of an old horfe
that is fat and plump.
17. Vou may alfo judge of a horfc's age
by looking on his palate ; becaufe as he
grows old, the roof of his mouth becomes
.leaner and drier towards the middle j and
thofe ridges which in young horfes are pret-
ty high and plump, diminilh as they cncreafe
%n age j fo that in very old horfes, the roof I
AGE
of the mouth is nothing but fkin and
bone.
This remark is good, efpecially in mares,
that feldom have any tufhes to know their
age by.
18. Grey horfes become white as they
grow old, and when very aged white all over,
yet is is not to be inferred from thence
that no horfes are foaled white, thoujgh ' it
happens but very rarely : however thofe that
are foaled grey, are known by their knees
and hams, which, for the moft part, fiili
continue of that cdour.
19. If you do hot require exadtnefs, but
only to know- whether the r horfe be )!oung
or old, lift up the upper lip; and if . his
upper teeth be long, yellow^ and over-paf-
fing thofe below, it denotes age ; as the con«
trary figns, viz. fhort and white teeth,
and the teeth of the upper jaw not ovcr-paC-
fing thofe below, betoken youth.
20; There are fonne fort of horfes, whofe
teeth always continue white and fhort, as
if they were but fix years old.
To prevent being cheated, obferve if there
be any fcratches on the outfide of the hol-
lows of the » teeth, becaufe the graver fome-
times flips and fcratches the other parts of
the teeth ; for then you may conclude him
counter-marked; and an artificial hollow^
is much blacker than a natural one : take
notice alfo of his upper tu(hes ; the infide
of which fhould be grooved or hollow, till
the horfe be feven years olds and farther,
obferve whether he has any figns of age,
fuch as the upper teeth long, ovcr-pafling
thofe below, and yellow ; the lower part of
the nether-jaw-bone, fharp and edged j the
under tulhes worn, big and fcaly ; if he
have thefe tokens, and yet appear marked^
it is very probable that he is counter mark-
ed. For other particulars ; fee Seeling^ and
teeth of a horfe.
As to a bunting, or race horfe, he ©ught
to be five years old, and well weighed before
you begin to hunt him
For tho'it be a frequent cuftom among no-
ted horfemen to train their horfes up to hunt*
ing at four years old, and fome fooner, yet at
that age his joints not being full knit, nor he
come
^
AID
c6me to his beft ftrength and courage ^ he is
difabled from performing any matter of fpeed
and toughnefs ; and indeed put to fore labour
and toil fo young, he runs very great hazard
offtrainsy and the putting out o( fplenls^ ffa-
vinsy curbsy and wind-galls ; bclides the daunt-
ing of his fpirit, and abating his natural cou-
rage, infomuch that he will become melan-
cfioly, ftifF, and rheumatic, and have all the
diftempers of oU age, when it might be ex-
pefted he Ihould be in his prime.
AGE OF A Hart, is judged by the furni-
ture of his head. — At a year old, there is
nothing to be fecn but bunches —At two
years old, the horns appear more perfedlly,
but ftraitef and fmadler.— At three they
grow into two fpars ; at four into three ;
and fo increafe yearly in branches, till they
are fix years old ; after which their age is
not with any certainty to be known by their
head.
AGIST, properly a bed, or refting place;
whence to agift, fignifies to take in and feed
the cattle of ftrangcrs in the king's foreft,
and to gather money due for the fame. It
is alfo extended to the taking in of other
men's cattle into any man^s . ground, at a
certain rate per week.
' AGISTOR, an officer that takes in cattle
of ftrangers to feed in a foreft, and receives
for -the king's ufe fuch tack- money as be-
comes due upon that account.
In Englifli they are otherwife called Guft-
takers, or Gift- takers, and made by letters-
patent to the number of four, in every foreft
where his majefty has any pannage,
AID ; to aid, affift, or fuccour a horfe,
is to (uftain and help him to work true, and
mark his times or motions with a juft exaft-
nefs. Hence they fay.
Affift your horfe with the calves of your
legs, help him with a nice tender heel, aid
him with your tongue : it is not enough to
aid this horfe with the rod, he mufthave
harflier aids
Aids are the helps or affiftance that the
horfeman gives from the gentle and mode-
rate effefts of the bridle, the fpur, the cave-
fon, the poinfon, the rod, the aftion of the
legs, the motion of the thighs, and found
of the tongue.
AIR
*
We give thefc aids to prevent the correc-
tion and chaftifement that is fometimes ne«
ceiTary in breaking and managing a horfe.
You will neveY ride well unlefs you be
very attentive and aftive, without precipi-
tancy^ in not lofing or miffing your times^
and in giving the aid feafonably, for with-
out that you will accuftom your horfe to
dofe upon it. If your horfe does not obey
the aids of the calves of your legs, help him
with the fpur, and give him a prick or
two.
This forrel horfe has his aids very nice ;
that is, he takes them with a great deal of
facility and vigour : — this gentleman gives
his aids very fine, that is, he imitates and
rouzes up the horfe feafonably, and helps
him at juft turns, in order to make him
mark his time or motions juftly. — The
barb knows the aid ; he obeys or anfwers
the aids, he takes them finely. — You do not
give the aids of the cavefon with difcretion ;
you make a correftion of them, which will
baulk your horfe. See Brouiller.
Inner aids. Outer Aids. The inner
heel, inner leg, inner rein, &c. are called
inner aids ; the outer heel, outer leg,
outer reign, &c. are called outer aids. See
Helps.
AIR, is a cadence and liberty of motion,
accommodated to the natural dlfpoficion of
the horfe, which makes him work in the
manage and rife with obedience, meafure,
and juftnefs of time. Some riding-matters
take the word Air in a ft rift fenfe, as fig-
nifying the manage that is higher, flower,
and more artful or defigned then the terra
a terra ; "but others give it a larger figni-
fication, including under that fenfe, a terra
a terra ; for if a horfe manages well in a
terra a terra, they fay the horfman has
happily hit the air of the horfe ; in gene-
ral the walk, rrot» and gallop, arc not ac-
counted airs, and ye fome very good rid-
ing mafters would underftand by air, the
motion of the horfe's legs upon a gallop.
For inftancc, they will fay fuch a horfe has
not the natural air; that is, he bends his
fore-legs too little; you fhould give or
form an air to your horfe> for he has no
natural
AIR
natural air, and fince his haundies arc vjory
good he is capable of the manage, if you
do but learn him an air.
All your horfes have an air naturally ;
that is, they have motion enough with their
fore- legs to take a cadence, if they arc put
to work at ferra a terra : — this horfc always
takes his leffon with his own air : — fix or
confirrm that horfe in the air h,c has weaken:
—this forrel takes the air of the curvets, but
that prefents himfclf with an air caprioles :
— this mare has no inclination nor difpofition
to thefe airs : are terms ufed in the manage.
See Pesate.
High airs, or high manage, are the mo-
tions of a horfe that rifes higher than terra
a 'terra^ and works at curvets, balotadei,
croupades, and caprioles. In regard that
horfe has the beginning or firft fteps of
raifed airs, and of himfelf affefts a high
manage, you ought to ufe this his difpofi-
tion difcreetly, that he may not be dif-
heartened or baulked; for your high airs
make a horfc angry when he. is too much
put to it ; acid you ought to fupply his
flioulders very well before you put him to
leap. See Pesate and Leaping.
AIRING OF Horses. Airing brings
feveral advantages to horfcs.
Firji, It purifies their blood, (if the air
be clean and pure) it purges the body from
many grofs and fufFocating humours, and
fo hardens and enfeams a horfe's fat, that it
is not near fo liable to be diflblved by or-
<linary exercife.
Secondly^ \t teaches him how to let his
wind rake equally, and keep time with the
other aftions and motions of his body.
Thirdly^ It fharpens the appetite, and
provokes the ftomacb, (which is of great
advantage both to Gallopers and HunUrs^
which are apt to lofe their flomach either
through excefs or want of exercife :) for the
iharpnefs of the air will drive the horfc's
natural heat, from the outward to the inward
parts, which heat, by furthering concoc-
tion, creates an appetite.
Markham dircds, if a horfe be very fat,
to air him before Jun-rife^ and after yi«-
fftting\ and aiiQiher author fays^ that no-
AIR-
th^ng is more wbolefome than early and late
airings: others again do not approve of
thi$, and urge, that as all things that any
ways hinder .the ftreivgth and vigour of na-
ture are to be avpjded ; now that extremity
of cold, and bein£i: out earlv and late do
fo, is evidcr^tly feen by horfes that run
broad all winter, which however hardly
bred and kept with the befl: care and fodder,
yet cannot by any means be advanced to fo .
good cafe in winter, as an indifferent. paf-
ture will raife them to in fummer : and as*
this holds true of no£lurnal colds, it muf^
needs be verified in fome proportionate
rneafure of the morning and evening dews,
and that pjercing cold which is obferve(^ to
be more intenfe at the opening and clofe of
the day, thag any part of the night.
Befidcs th^t, the dews and moifl: rimes
do as much injury (o a horfe as the fharpeft
colds or frofts, and if a horfe is any ways
inclinable to caiarrbs, rheums, or any other
cold diftempers, he is apt to have the hu-
mours augmented, and the difeafe fenfibly
increaPsd by thefe early and late airings.
But if he be not had forth to air till the
fun be rifen, it will chear his fpirits ; and
it is feen that all horfes love the fun's
warmth, as in thofe that lie out a*nights,
who will repair to thofe pl^Cjcs where they
can have mod benefit of the beams, of the
fun, after he is rifen, to relieve them froa^
the coldnefs of the preceding night.
And befides the benefit of the fun, the
air will be more mild and temperate, a3
that it will rather invigorate than prey upoa
his fpirits, and more increafe his itrength
than impair it.
And as for bringing down a horfe's fat,
we need not be at a lofs for that, and to
keep him from being purfive, and too high
in fiefh, to reduce him to cleannefs, and a
more moderate Hate of body : for it is but
keeping him out fo much longer at a time,
both morning and evening, and you will
undoubtedly obtain your end by fuch long
airing, joined with true found heats i and it
is from the length of airings that you muft
expeft to bring your horfe to a perfect wind
and true courage »
AIRY,
/
*- li
A N B
AIRY, or AERY, a term ufed to cx-
prefs the reft of a hawk or eagle.
AMBLING; a motion in ahorfcthat is
much dcfircd, very ufcful, butnot eafilv to
fee obtained the right way, notwichftanding
the vain confidence of the various profeflbrs
of it, who, though they fo confidently aflerc
the fuccefs, yet diflfer in their nnethods to
efFcft it : for fooie will teach it in new
ploughed fields ; others will teach a horfe to
amble from the gallop ; many ufc no better
way for it than by weights.
borne arnble in hand, not ridden •, others
by the help of thinner fhocs, made on pur-
pofe : many fold fine foft .lifts about the
gambrels of the horfe v fomc amble by the
hand only, others ufc the tramel, which
indeed if rightly managed is good: but the
bcft way of all is to try with your hands,
by a gentle and deliberate. ra<:kjng and
thrufting of the horfe forward, by helping
him in the weak part of the -mouth with
your fnaiBe, which muft be*fmooth,' big,
and full; and correfting him firft on one
Ude, then on another, with the calves of
your .legs, and fometimes with a fpur.
If you can make him of himfelf fall into
an amble, tho' fliuffling difordtrly, there
will be . much labour faved ; for that aptncfs
to amble will" make him, with, more eafe
and lefs danger i'p the ufe of the tramel,
find the motion without ftumbling or amaze-
ment , but if you find he will by no means
either appreliend the motions or intentions,
then ftiuggle not with the animal, but fall
to the ufc ofthetramel* which fee for that
purpofe under Tramel. See Rules for
Buying Horfes.
AMPHIBIOUS Animals, arc fuch as
live partly on the land and partly in the
water, as badgers, otters, ducks, &c.
ANBURY, or AMBURY; a kind of
wen, or fpungy wart, growing upon any
part of a horfe's body, full of blood ; the
manner of curing of which, is to tie it about
hard with a thread, or rather with a horfc-
hair, and in eight days it will fall ofi^, then
ftrcw upon it the powder of verdigreafe to
kill it at the root, and heal it up again with
green ointment ^ but if it be fo flat that
A N G
I nothing can be bound about it, then take
it away with an incifion-knife clofe to tlic
fkin, or elfe burn it with a (harp hot iron,
cutting. it round about fo deep as to leave
none of the root behind v and after having
applied turpentine and hog*s lard melted
together, heal it up as before : but if this
wart grows in a finewy part, where a hoc
iron is improper, eat out the core with oil
of vitriol, or white fublimate, then ftop the
hole with flax dipt in the white of an egg,
for a day or two, and at laft dry it up with
unflaked lime and honey.
Or, for thefe w^rts put 3 ounces of pow-
der of copperas in a crucible, with i ounce
of arfenic powdered; place the crucible in
the middle of a charcoal fire, ftirring the
fubftance, but carefully avoid . the ma-
lignant lleams : when the matter appears
fomewhat rcddilb, take the crufible offthe
fire, and after it is cool, break and beat the
matter into a very fine powder, incorporate 4
ounces of this powder with 5 ounces of album
raHs, and make an ointment to be applied
cold to warts, anointing fhem lightly every
day, and they will fall off like kernels of
nuts, without caufing any fweUings in the
legs, if the application be orderd fo as
only the warts be anointed, and the horfe
be not worked or ridden during the cure :
and after the warts fall off^, drefs the fore
with the Countcfs's ointment i which fee
defcribed under its proper head.
ANGLING, is an art, which as it pleads
great antiquity, fo the knowledge thereof
is with much difficulty to be obtained ; but
fome obfervations concerning it will not be
amifs. And firft, the angler muft remem-
ber by no means to fifli in light and dazzling
apparel, but his cloathing muft be of a dark
Iky colour : and at the places where he ufes
to angle, he fhould once in four or five days
caft in corn boiled foft ; if for carp or tench,
oftner : he may alfo caft in garbage, beafts
livers, worms chopt in pieces, or grains
fteeped in blood and dried, which will at-
tvdidi the fifti thither : and in fifliing, to keep
them together, throw in half a handful of
grains of ground malt, which muft be done
in ftill watery butinaftream you muft caft:
C your
ANG
]^ur grains above yourhook^ and not about
ic« for as they float from the hook, fo will
they draw the fflh after tbenr. Now rf yon
would bait a ftream^ get fome tin boxes
made fuH of holes no bigger than jnft dt
Yor a worm to creep through, which fill
therewith, and having feftened a plummet
to fink them, place them into the ftream,
with a ftring fattened thereto, that they nrray
be drawn out at pleafure ; by the fmalJnefs
of the holes aforefatd, the worms can crawl
out but very leifurely, and as they crawl
the fi(h will refort about them.
Now if in a ftream you would bait for
falmon, trout, umber, or the like, take
fbme blood, and therewith incorporate fine
day, barley and malt, ground, adding fome
water, all which make into a pafte with ivy
gum, then form it into cakes and caft them
into the ftream : if you find your bait take--'
no effeft in attrafting of the fi(h, you may
conclude fome* pike or perch lurk there to
ftize his prey, for fear of which the fHIi
dare not venture thereabout ; take therefore
your troll, and let your bait be either
brandlings or lob- worms,, or you may ufe
gentles or rninows„ which they wUl greedi-
ly fnap at.
As for your rod, ft muft be kept neither
too dry nor too moift, left the one make it
brittle^ and the other rotten i and rf it be
ftiltry dry weather, wet your rod a little
before you angle, and having ftruck a good
fi(hy kfcp your rod bent, and that will hin-
der him from running to the end of the
line, whereby he will either break his hold
or hook : and if you would know what bait
the fifh loves beft, at the time of yourfifh-
ing, when you have taken one, flit the giPI,.
and open and take out the ftomach, opening
it with out bruifing, and there you wiU find
what he (cd on laft, and had a fancy to,
whereby you may bait your hook accord-
ingly-
When you fifli. thdrer yourfclf under
fome bufh or tree, fo far from the brink of
the river, that you can only difcern your
float ; for fifh are timorous, and very eafy
to be affrighted: Knd you will experimen-
tally find the beft way of angling with a
A N (3
fly, IS down the river, and not up; nercher
need* you ever to make above fix trials in t
place, cither with fly or ground bait, when
you angle for trout, tor by that time he will
either oflfer or take, or rcfufe the bait, and
not ftir at all 5 but if you would have fifh
bite eagerly, and without fufpicion, yoir
may prefcnt them with fuch baits as there arer
naturally inclined to, and in fuch manner as'
they arc accuftomcd to receive them ^ and
if you ufe paftcs for baits you muft add
flax or wool> with which mix a littlt butter
tapreferve it from wafhing oflF the hook j
aud laftly, obferve.
That the eyes of fuch fifhes as you kill^
are moft excellent baits on* the bookr fop
almoft all forts of fiflx*
BireSions for FLV-FrsRiNay noith a Ltfi aj
finh neeejfary Ingredients as evury Ahglevh
Jbould bt fupplied with.
Firft, let your rod be light, and very gentle,
the beft are of two pieces^ (See the Article
RODJ and let not your line exceed, (cfpccr-
ally for three or four links next to the hook)
three or four hairs at the moft> though you
may frfh a little ftrongcr above in the upper
part of your line : but if you can attain to-
angfe with one hair, you fhall have morc^
rifes and catch more filh.. You muft be furc
not to cumber yourfelf . with too long a line,
as moft do : and before you begin to angle,
endeavour to have the wind on your back,
and the fun, if it fhines, to be before you,
and to fiih down the ftream i and carry the
point or top of your rod downward, by whichr
means the (hadow of yourfelf and rod
will be the Icaft feen to the fifh •, for the fight
of any fhade alarnrs the fifh> and ipoil^
your [port, of which you muft take great
care. In the middle- of Marcb^ till which
time a man.fhould not catch a trout, or iu
/tfril^ if the weather be darky or a little win-
dy or cloudy, the beft fifhing i-s with the
palmer-worm, but of thefc there are divers
kinds, or at leaft of divers colours ; thefc
and the May-^y are the ground of all fly-ang-
ling, which are to be thus Ki>ade :
Firft,
AN G-
■ Firft, you muft arm your hook with the
line in the infide of it, then take your fcif-
larsy and cut fo much of a brown mallard's
feather as in your own reafon will make the
wings of it, you having withal regard to
the bignefs or littlcnefs of your hook ; then
lay the outmoft part of your feather next to
your hook, then the point of your feather
next the fliank of your hook; and having fo
done, whip it three or four times about the
hook with the fame filk with which your
hook was armed ; and having made the filk
faft, take the hackle of a cock or capon's neck,
or a plover^s top, which is ufually better $
take off the one fide of the feather, and then
take the hackle, filk, or crewel, gold or fil-
ver thread, make thefc faft at the bent of the
iiook ; that is to fay, below your arming i
then you muft take the hackle, the filver or
gold thread, and work it up to the wings,
Shifting or ftill removing your finger, as
you turn the filk about the hook : and ftill
ik>oking at every ftopor turn, that your gold,
or what materials foever you make your fly
of, do lie right and neatly; and if you find
Aey do fo, when you * have made the
head, make all faft: then work your hackle
ttp to the head, and make that faft : and
with a fieedle or pin divide the wing into
two, with the arming filk whip it about crofs
^ays betwixt the wings, and with your thumb
]FOU muft turn the point of the feather to-
wards the bent of the hook, and work three
or four citnes about the fiiank of the hook,
view the proportion, and if all be neat and
to your liking, faften.
Indeed, no dire£tion can be given to make
a man of a dull capacity able to make a
fiy well : and yet this with a little praftice
will help an ingenious angler in a good de-
gree : but to fee a fly made by an artift in
that kind, is the beft teaching to make it -,
and then an ingenious angler may walk by
the river and mark what flies fall on the wa-
ter that day and catch one them, if he fees
the trout leap at a fly of that kind : having
always hooks ready hung, with him, and ha-
ving a bag alfo always with him, with bear's
hair, or the hair of a brown or fad-coloured
beiferj hackles of a cock or capon, fcveral
A N G
coloured filks and crewel to make the bo-
dy of the fly, the feathers of a drake's head, -
black or brown flieep's wool, or hog's wool,
or hair, thread of gold and of filver; filk
of feveral colours, cfpecially fad-coloured,
to make the fly's head ; and there be alfo ,
other coloured feathers, both of little birds
and of fpcckled fowl 5 having thofe with him
in a bag, and trying to make a fly, though
he mifs at firft, yet fliall he at the laft hit it
better, even to fuch a perfeftion, as none
can well teach him ; and if he hit to make
his fly right, and have the luck to hit alfo
where there is ftdrc of trouts, a dark day,
and a right wind, he will catch fuch num«
bcrs of them, as will encourage him to grow
more and more in love with the art of fly-
making.
Not having particularly enumerated the
materials neceflary for fly-making, it will not
be improper, once for all, to do it. Firft,
you muft be provided with bear's hair of dt-*
vers colours ; as grey, dun, light and dark
coloured, bright brown, and that which
(bines : alfo canriers hair, dark, light, and
of a colour between both: badger's hair, or
fur: fpaniel's hair from behind the ear,
light and dark brown, blackifli and black :
hog's down, which may be had, about Chrift-
mas, of butchers, or rather of thofe that
make brawn j it (hould be plucked from un-
der the throat, and other foft places of the
hog, and muft be of the following colours,
viz. black, red, whitilh, and fandy; and
for other colours, you may get them dyed
at a dyer's -, feal's fur is to be had at the
trunk-maker's j get this alfo dyed of the
colours of cow's and calPs hair, in all the
diflPerent (hades, from the light to the darkeft
brown ; you will then never need cow's or
calPs hair ; both which are har(h, and will
never work kindly, nor lie handibmely : get
mohairs, black, blue, purple, white, violet ;
Ifabella, which colour is defcribed as of a
bright gold colour purple : philomot, from
feuille morie, a dead tear, yellow and orange :
camlets, both hair and worfted, blue, yellow,
dun, light and dark brown, red violet, pur-
{>le, black, horfe-flefii, pink, and orange co-
ours« Some recommend the hair of abor«
C 2 tive
ANG
tiyc colts tod calves } but feal's fur> dyed
as above is much better.
;A piece of an old Turkey carpet will
furnifh excellent dubbing, untwjft the yarn,
and pick out the wool, carefully fcparating
the different colours, and lay ic by.
Some ufe for dubbing barge-fail, concern-
ing which the reader is to know, that the
fails of wefj-country and othtr barges, when
old, are ufually converted into tilts, under
which there is almoll a continual fmoke
arifing from the fire and the fteam of the
beef-kettle which all fuch barges carry, and
which, in time, dyes the tile ot a fine brown ^
this would be excellent dubbing, but that
the material of thefe fails is (heep*s wool^
which foaks in the water, and foon becomes
very heavy: however, get of this as many
different (hades as yofu can, and have feal's fur
and hog-wool, dyed to match them ; which,
by reafon they are more turged, flifF and
light, and fo float better, are in molt cafes,
to be preferred to worfted, crewels, and,
indeed, to every other kind of wool ; and
obferve that the hog-wool is befl: for large,
and the fcal's fur for fmall flies.
Gpt alfo furs of the following animals, viz.
the fquirrel, particularly from his tail j fox
cub, from the tail where it is downy<, and of
an adi -colour ; an old fox, and old otter,
otter cub, badger, fulimart, or filmart ; a
hare, from the neck, where it is of. the colour
of withered fern ; and, above all, the yellow
fur of the martern, from the gills or fpots
under the jaws. All thefe, and almoft every
other kind, of fur, are eafily got at the fur-
rier's. 1-
Hackles are a very important article in fly-
making : they arc the long flender feathers
that hang from the head of a cock down his
necki there may alfo be fine ones got fron)
near his tail 5 be careful that they are not
too rank, which they are when the fibres
are rhore than half an inch longj and for'
fome purpofes thefe are much too big: be
provided with thefe ot the following colours,
viz^ red, dun, yellpwilli, white, orange, and
perfect black, aad \4'henever you meet, aliye
or dead, v»it:h a cock of the game- breed,
whoic hackle is of a (Irong brown-redj never
AN G'
fair to buy him s but obferve that the feathers
of a cock-chicken, be they ev(r fo fine for
fhape and colour, are good for little; for
they are tpo downy and weak to ftand
ere£t after they are once- wet> and fo are thofe
of the Bantom cock^
Feathers arc abfolytely neceflfary for the
wings, and other patrts of flies ; get therefore
feathers from the back and other parts of
the wild mallat:d„ or drake^ the feathers of
a partridge, efpecially thofe red ones that are
in the tail :. feathers from a cock pheafant's.
breaft and tail, the wings of a blackbird, a
brown hen> pf a ft^rling, a jay,, a land rail,,
throflle, a .fieldfare, and a water coQtj the
feathers frogni the crown of the pewit, plover^
or lapwing •, green artd cofypcc coloured
peacock's ^nd Wack oflrich ; herle ; feather*
from a heron's neck and wings •, and rcmeov*
ber, that in moft inftances, where the drake's
or wild mallard's feather is hereafter direc-
ted, that from a darling's wing will domucb
better, aa being of a finer grain^ and iefs
fpungy.
Be provided with marking-filk of alt
colours, fine but very ftrong, flaw-Clk, gold
and filver flatted wire or twift,. a Iharpknifc^
hooks of all Gzes, hog's briftles for loops to*
your flies, (hoemaker's wax, a large aecdld to»
raifc your dubbing when flatted with work*
ing, and a fmall but fharp pair of fciflars^
And lafl:ly, if any materials required in the
fubfequent lifl:. of flies may have bc^a
omitted in the foregoing catalogue, be care*
ful ^o gdd tbc^T) %o yqur former ftock as oftea
; as you fliall find any fuch omifTions* '
Remember, wi^.aH your dubbing, to mix
bear's hare and hog's wool, which are ItifF^
aiKl not ape to ip>bibe the water, as the fine
furs, and moft other kind of dubbing do r
and remember :alfo, that marcern's fur is the
beft yellow you. can ufc^
The ufe of^a-bag is-atteaded with man^
inconveniences, of which, the mixing and
wafling your materials arc not the leall : to
prevent which the following mcrthod is
recommended : tak.e a piece of fine grained
parchment, of feyen inches by nine, and fold
it fo that the fize and proportion of it will be
that of a fmall p^avo volume » then opca
it;,
A N G
it, and through the firH- leaf, with a (harp
penknife and ruler, make three crofs cuts,
at the fame proportionable diftance as thofe
in Fig. I, in the Plate of Fishing Imple-
ments, and with a needle and filk ditch the
two leaves together, as in that figure ; let
<tarh of the margins be half an inch at Icaft.
Then, with a pair of compafTes, take the
diftance fro*rj A to B, and fet it in the nniddic
of a finall piece of parchnrient i and lijketvifc
fet on th« f^me diftance to the right and left,
and at each extremity cut off, with a penknife
and ruler, . tl>€ fpare parchment, obferving
that the fides are cxaOly parallel.
At aljpvic a quarter of an inch from the top,
T¥>ake a {:ut througl;} the firfl: and third divi*
fions, and, with a; pair of fciflars^ fnip out
the loofe.'picccs.
Then fet on the di (lance from A to C, and
cut as before, leaving the middle divifion an
inch longer at bottom than the others : when
this is done, your parchment will have the
fhape and propoi tion of Fig. 2. and you may
cut the upper flap as jt appears there.
Be careful thiat the cuts, and indeed all
your work, are exaftiy fquare i and when
this is done, turn in ^ the fides and ends of
the parclvTient> ib cue a& before, and prefs
the folds ^it]ii.a folding-ftick, and you. have
one pockfct, ihap^ti as Fig.- 3. which put
into the Aril: partition.
Purfue ihe fame method with the fame
pockets, and thofe,. for the other partitions j
and in thi& manner proceed till you have com-
pleted fix leaves, which are to make the firft
of your book} the larger of rhefe pockets
are to hqld hog's wool, feal's fur, and bear's
hair, and the fmaller the finer furs ; which
are thofe of the martern, fox-cub, i^c.
In each of the fix divilions, in every leaf,
with a fadier's hollow punch, make a hole;
to which end take a thin narrow ftick of'
beach, or any hardifh wood, and when the
pock.et is in its place, put the ftick down in- .
to the pocket, and, obferving the center of
the divifion, give the punch a fmvt blow
with a mallet ; thefe holes will flicw what is
contained in each of the pockets.
The next leaf may be fmgle ; flitch
it ax:rofs' with double filk diagonally^ and
41 N G
crofs thofe ftitches with others, and the
fpaces will be of a lozenge-(hape ; let the
ftitches be half an inch in length: into
thefe you tire to tuck your dubbing, when
mixed ready for ufe.
The next leaf ftiould be double, ftitched
with a margin as • the others; and through
the firll fold cut a lozenge, as big as the fizc
will allow of; into this you may tuck three
or four wings of fmall birds, as the ftarling,
landTrail, the throttle, i^c. At the back of
this leaf few two little parchment ftraps, of
half an inch wide very ftrong; through which
put a fmall, but very neat and (harp pair of
fciffars.
You may, on another finglc leaf, make
four or five crofs-bars of long ftichcs, through
which, as y^ell on the back as the forcfide,
you may put large feathers^ namely, thofe of
a cock-pheafant's tail, a ruddy brown hen,
^c.
The next three leaves fliould be double ;
ftitch them through the middle, from fide
to fide, and with the compaflcs defcribe a
circle of about an inch and half diameter;
cut out the parchment within the circle ;
under fome of the margins, when the leaves
are ftiched together, you may tuck peacock's
and oftrich herle,. and in others lay neatly the
golden feathers of a pheafant's breaft, and
the gray and dyed yellow mail of a mallard.
1 hree double leaves more, with only twcv
large pockets in each, may be allotted for
filk of various colours, gold-and filvcr twift,
and other odd things ^ fix fingle leaves more
will compleat your book; ftitch them from
fide to fide with diftances of half an inch,
and crofs thofe ftitches with others, from top*
to bottom, with fomewhat greater diftances ;
and into every other fpace, reckoning from
top to bottom, lay neatly and fmoothly
a ftarling's feather ; do the fame on the back-
fide, and fo for. two leaves.
. The other leaf you may fill with land*
raiVs and other fmall feathers, plovcFs tops>
and red and black liackles.
The firft and laft leaves of your book may
be double, ftitched in the middle, from fide
to fide, but open at the edges : which will
leave you four pockocsliks thofeofacommoa
pocket*
A N G
pocket-book ; into which you may put hooks,
and a fmall piece of wazj wrapped in a bit of
glove-leather.
To the page that contains the mixed dub-
bings, there (hould be an index, referring to
every divifion contained in it, and exprcf-
fing what fly each mixture is for.
When, your book is thus prepared, fend
it to the binder with dire£tions to bind it
as ftrong as pofllble ; let him leave a flap to
one of the boaids, and faftcn it to a yard of
ribband to tie it.
The ufefulnefs and manifold convenicncJes
of a book are apparent; and whoever will be
at the pains of making fuch a one as this^
will find it preferable to a magazine-bag.
9
m
Pike Angling.
The pike loves a ftill, Ihady, unfrequent-
ed water, and ufually lies amongft pr near
weeds; fuch as flags, bulrufhes, candocks,
reeds, or" in the green fog that fometimes
covers (landing waters, though he will fome-
times (hoot out into the clear ftream. He
is fometimes caught at the top, and in the
middle, and often, elpccially in cold weather,
at the bottom.
Pikes are called jacks till they become
twenty-four inches long.
The bait for pike, befides thofc mentioned
under the Article Pike, are a fmall trout,
the loach and miller's thumb, the head-end
of an eel, with the fkin taken oflF below the
fins, a fmall jack, a lob-worm, and in winter
the fat of bacon. And notwithftanding
what others fay againfl: baiting with a perch,
it is confidently aflferted, that pikes have
been taken with a fmall perch, when neither
a roach nor bleak would tempt them.
. Obferve that all your baits for pike muft
be as freflias poflTible. Living baits you may
take with you in a tin kettle, changing the
water often ; and dead ones (hould be carried
in freih bran, which will dry up the moifturc
that otherwife would infedt and rot them.
A method of fifhing for pike, which has
been thought worthy of a diftinft trcatife j
for which method, and for the fnap, take
thcfe directions i and fiilt for trolling ;
A N (J
And note that, in trolling, the head of
the bait-fifi mud be at the bent of tHe hook ;
whereas, in fifhing at the fnap, the hook muft
come out at or near his tail. But the eflen*
tial diflference between thefc two methods is,
that in the former the pike is always fuffered
to pouch or fwallow the bait, but in the latter
you are to (Irike as foon as he has taken it.
The rod for trolling (hould be about three
yards and a half long, with a ring at the top
for the line to run through ; you may fie a
trolling- top to your fly rod, which need
only be ftronger than the common fly top.
Let your line be of green or (ky-coloured
filk, thirty yards in length, which will make
it neceflfaiy to ufe the winch, as is before
dire<5led, with a fwivel at the end.
The common troUing-hook for a living-
bait, confids of two large hooks, with one
common (hank, made of one piece of wire, of
about three quarters of an inch long, placed
back to back, fo that the points may not
(land in a right line, but incline fo much
inwards, as that they with the (hank may
form an angle little lefs than equilateral.
At the top of the (hank is a loop left in
the bending the wire, to make the hook
double, through which is put a flrong
twified brafs wire of about fix inches long i
and to this is looped another fucli link, buc
both fo loofe that the hook and the lower link
may have room to play: to the end of the
line faflen a fteel fwivel.
But there is a (brt of trolling-hook diflPe-
rent from that already defcribed, and to
which it is thought preferable, which will
require another management i this is no more
than two fingle hooks tied back to back with
a (Irong piece of gimp between the (hanks ;
in the whipping the hooks and the gimp
together, make a fmall loop, ahd take into
it two linksof chain of about an eighth of an
inch diameter i and into the lower link, by
means of a fmall (laple of wire, fallen, by
the greater end, a bit of lead of a conical
figure, and fomewhat (harp at the point.
Thefe hooks are to be had at the fifi-iing-
tackle (hops ready fitted up ; but fee the
form of them. Fig. 5.
This latter kind of hook is to be thus
ordered
• A N p
Ordered, viz. put the lead into the mouth
of the bait-vfilh, aud low it up, the fifli will
Kve fome time ; and though the weight of
the lead will keep his head down, he will
fwim with near the fame eafe as if at liberty.
But if you troll with a dead-bait, as fome
do, for areafon which the angler will be glad
to know, 'Viz. that a living-bait makes too
great a (laughter amortg the fifh, do it with
a hook, of which the following paragraph
contains a difcription. •
Let the (hank be about fix inches long,
and leaded from the middle as low as the
bent of the hook, to which a piece of very
ftrong gimp muft be faftened by a ftaple,
and two links of .chain ; the Ihank muft be
barbed like a dart, and the lead a quarter
of an inch fquare : the barb of the (hank
muft ftand like the fluke of an anchor, which
18 placed in a contrary direftion to that
of rhe ftock. See Fig. 6. Let the gimp
be about a foot long, and to the end thereof
fix a fwivel : to bait it, thurft the barb of
the (hank into the mouth of the bait-fi(h,
and bring it out at the fide near the tail :
when the barb is thus brought through it
cannot return, and the filh will lie perfeftly
ftrait, a circumltance that renders the trou-
ble of tying (he tail unneceflfary.
There is yet another fortof trolling-hook,
which is, indeed, no other than what moft
Writers on this fubjedt have mentioned ;
whereas the others^ here defcribed, are late
improvements ^ and this is a hook either
(ingle or double, with a long (hank^ kaded
about three inches up the wire with a piece
of lead about a quarter of an inch fquare at
the greater or lower end ; fix to the (hank an
armed wire about eight inches long : to bait
this hook'thruft your wire into the mouth of
the fi(bj quite through his belly, and out at
his tail, placing the wire fo as that the point
of the hook may be even with the belly of the
bait-fifli, and then tie the tail of the fifh with
ftrong thread, to the wire ; fome faften it
with a needle and thread, which is a neat
way.
Both with the troll and at the fnap, cut
away one of the fins of the bait-fi(h clofe at
the gillsj and another behind the vent on
A N G
the contrary fide, which will make it play
the better.
The bait being thus fixed, is to be thrown
in, and kept in conftant motion in the water,
fomctimes fufiered to fink, then gradually
raifed ; now drawn with the ftream, and then
againft it, fo as to counterfeit the motion of a
Imall fifh in fwimming. If a pike is near, he
rniftakes the bait for a living fifl), feizcs it
with prodigious greedincfs, goes off with it
to his hold, and in about ten minutes pouches
it. When he has thus fwallowed the bait
you will fee the line move* which is the fignal
for ftriking him ; do this with two lufty
jerks, and then play him.
The other way of taking pike, viz. with
the fnap, is as follows:
Let the rod be twelve feet long, very ftrong
and taper, with a ftrong loop at the top to
faften your line to ; your line muft be about
a foot (horter than the rod, and much ftron-*
ger than the trolling- line.
And here it is ncceflfary to be remembered,
that there arc two ways of fnapping for pike,
viz. with the live and with the dead fnap.
For the live fnap, there is no kind of
hook fo proper as the double fpring hook";
the form whereof, in two views, is given in
the plates Fig. 7. and 8. To bait it, nothing
more is neceffary than to hang the bait-fifli
faft by the back* fin to the middle hook,
where he will live a long time.
Of hooks for the dead-fnap there arc many
kinds. Fig. 9. of the plate is a reprefenta-
tion of one, which after repeated trials, has
been found to excel all others hitherto
known ; the defcription and ufe of it is as
follows, viz. Whip two hooks, of about three
eighths of an inch in the bent, to a piece
of gimp, in the manner direfted for that
trolling-hook, a view* of which is given in
the plate, Fig. 5. Then take a piece of lead,
of the fame fize and figure as directed for
the trolling-hook above-mentioned, and drill
a hole through it from end to end : to bait
it, take a long needle^ or wire ; enter it in
at the fide, about half an inch above the tail,
and with it pafs the gimp between the (kin
and the ribs of the fim, bring it out at his
mouth i then put the lead over the gimp,
draw
A N G
draw it down 'mto the fifh's throat, and *prers
his mouth clofe, and then, having a fwivel
to your line, hang on the gimp.
In throwing the baic, obfervc the rules
given for trolling j but remember, that the
more you keep it in motion, the nearer it
rcrembles a living fi(h.
When you have a bite, ftrike immediately
the contrary way to that which the head of the
pike lies, or to which he goes with the baits
if you cannot find which way his head lies,
ftrike upright with two fmart jerks, retiring
backwards as faft as you can, till you have
brought him to a landing place, and then
do as before is directed.
As the pike fpawns in March, and before
that month rivers are feldom in order for fifh-
ing, it will hardly be worth while to begin
trolling till April -y after the weeds will be
apt to be troublefome. But the prime month
in the year for trolling is OSlober, when
the pike are fattened by their fummer's
feed, the weeds are rotted, and by the falling
of the waters the harbours of the fifh are eafily
found.
Chufe to troll in clear, and not muddy
water, and in windy weather, if the wind be
not eafterly.
Some ufe in trolling and fnapping two or
more fwivels to their line, by means whereof
the twifting of the line is prevented, the bait
plays more freely, and, though dead, is
made to appear as if alive ; which, in rivers,
is. doubtlefs an excellent way : but thofe
who can like to fi(h in ponds or ftill waters,
will find verv little occafion for more than
one.
The pike is alfo to be caught with a min-
now, for which method take the following
direQions:
Get a fingle hook, -flendeo and long in
the (hank 5 let it rcfcmble the (hape of a
fliephcrd's crook ; put lead upon it, as thick
near the bent as will go into the minnow's
mouth ; place the point of the hook diredlly
up the face of the fifh ; let the rod be as long
as you can handfomely manage, with a line
of the fame length, caft up and down, and
manage it as when you troll with any other
bait : if, when the pike has taken your bait.
A N G .
he funs to the end of the line before he hath
gorged it, do not ftrike, but hold ftill
only, and he will return back and fwallow it :
but if you ufe that bait with a troll, I rather
prefer it before any bait that I know.
In landing a pike great caution is neceflary,
for his bite is efteemed venomous : the belt
and fafeft hold you can take of him is by the.
head, in doing which,- place your thumb and
finger in his eyes.
If you go any great diftance from home, you
will find it neceflary to carry with you many
more things than are here enumerated, moft
of which may be very well contained in a
wicker panier of about twelve inches wide,
and eight high, and put into a hawking-bag,
of the form as in Fig. xo. The following is a
lift of the moft material ingredients: A rod
with a fpare top, lines coiled up,and neatly laid
in round flat boxes ; fpare links, fingle hairs,
waxed thread, and filkj plummets of various
fixes, of the form' of fig. 11. floats of all
kinds, and fpare caps : wormrbags and a
gentle-box. Fig. 12. in thePlatej hooksofall
fizes, fome whipped two fingle hairs ; fliot,
flioe^maker's wax, in a very fmall gallipot
covered with a bit of leather^ a clearing
ring, tied to about fix yards of ftropg. cord,
of the fliapc pf Fig. 13. the ulc of this is to
difengage yoiir hook when it has caught a
weed, i^c. in which cafe take oft' the butt
of your rod and flip the ring over the re-*
maining joints^ and hplding it by the cord,^^
let it gtntiy fall -, a landing-net, the .hoop^
whereof muft be of iron, and made witfijointsj
to fold, in the fliape of Fig. 14. anda focket
to hold a ftaff*. Fig. 15. Take with you alio
fuch baits^ as you intend to ufe. That you
may keep your fifh alive, be provided with
a fmall hoop-net to draw clofe to the top,
and never be without a fliarp knife and a pair
offciflars; and if you mean to ufe the arti-
ficial fly, have your fly-book always with
you.
And for the more convenient keeping and
carriage of lines, links, fingle hairs, ^c.
take a piece of parchment or vellum, k^tn
inches by tenj on the longer fides fet oflf
four inches, and then fold it crofs-wife, fo
as to leave a flip of two inches, of which
here*
V
A N G
hereafter ; "then take eight or ten pieces of
parchment, of fevcri inches by lour, put
them into the parchment or vellum, fo fold-
ed, and, fev^ up the ends ; then cut the flap
rounding, and fold it down like a pocket-
book: laftly, you may, if you pleafe, bind
the ends and round the flap with red tape.
And having feveral of thefe cafes, you may
fill them with lines, £f?r. proper for every
kind of filhing; always remembering to put
into each of them a gorger, or fmall piece
of cane, of five inches long, and a quarter
of an inch wide, with a notcli at each end,
with this» when a fi(h has gorged your
hook you may, by putting it down his throat
till you feel the hook, and holding the line
tight while you prefs it down, eafiiy difen-
gage it.
' And if you Ihould chance to break your
top or any other part of your rod, take the
following directions for mending it : cut
the two broken ends with a long flope, fo
%hzt they fit neatly together ; then fpread
fome wax very thin on each flope, and,
with Waxed thread or fllk, according as the
fize of the broken part requires^ bind them
very neatly together: to faften^ofF, lay the
fore finger of your left hand over the bind-
ing, $nd> T^ith your right, make four turns
of the thread over it : then pafs the end of
your thread between the under fide of your,
finger and rod, and draw your finger away;
laftly, with the fore finger and thumb of
your right hand, take hold of the firfl: of
the turns, and gathering as much of it as
you can, bind on till the three remaining
turns are wound off, and then take hold of
the end, which you had before put through,
and then draw clofe. See Fig. 16*, 17.
For whipping on a hook take the follow-
ing diredVons : place the hook betwixt the
fore finger and thumb of your left hand,
and, with your right, give the waxed filk
three or four turns round the ihank of the
hook : then lay the end of the hair on the
infide of the fliank, and with your right
hand whip down, as in Fig, 18 ; when you
arc within about four turns of the bent of
the hook, take the fliank between the fore
A N G
finger and thumb of your left hand, and
place the end of the filk clofe by it, liolding
them both tight, and leaving the end tOk
hang down, then draw the other part of the
filk into a large loop, and, with your right
hand turning backwards, as in F'ig. 19,'
continue the whipping for four turns, and
draw the end of the filk, which has all this'
while hung down under the root of your lefo'
thumb, clofe, and twitch it ofi^.
To tie a water knot, lay the end of one
of your hairs about five inches or lefs, over
that of the other, and through the loop,
which you would make to tie them in the
common way, pafs the long and the (hort
end of the hairs, which will lie to the right
of the loop, twice, and wetting the knot
with your tongue, draw it clofe, and cut off^
the fpare hair. Seo Fig. 20.
The ftraw worm, or rufi^ coat, I take it
is the mofi: common of any, and is found^ ir^
the river Colne., near Uxbridge-y the Nevf-
Rivery near L$nd9ni the Wandle^ which
runs through Carjhalton in &urry \ and in
mofl: other rivers. Two of this fpecies of
ihfefts, drawn from nature, are given in the
Plate, Fig. 22 and 23 j and Fig. 24 is the api
pearance of the cadis when pulled out of \ii
cafe. As to the ftraw* worm, I am aflured bv
thofe converfant with it, that it produces
many and various flies, namely, that vrliich
is called about London the withy- fly, afli
coloured duns, of feveaal fliapes and dimen-
tions, as alfo light and dark browns ; all of
them affording gteat diverfion in northenv
fl:reams. ^
To preferve cadis, graflioppers, catter-
pillars, oak-worms, or natural flies, the
following is an excellent method : cut a
round bough of fine green -barked withy,
about the thicknefs of one's arm, and taking
off the bark about a foot in length, turn both
ends together, into the form of an hoop,
and fatten them with a pack-needle and
thread j then ftop up the bottom with a
bung-cork: into this put your baits, tie it
over with a colewort-leaf, and, with a red-
hot wire bore the bark full of holes, led-
Fig. 11, and lav it in the grafs every niffhr .
D " in
V
A N G
tn this maniter cadis may be kept till they
turn to flies. To gralhofq^ers yoti may put
grafs.
But, that I may not miflead : I take the
ruff* coat to be a fpecies of cadis inclofed in
4 huflc about an inch long, furrounded by
bits of ftonc, flints, bits of tile, &?c. very
Clear equal in their flze, and moft curioufly
compacted together like mofaic.
One of the infe£ts laft defcribed, was in the
fiver Wandle in Surry ; I put it into a
fmall box, with fand in the bottom, and
yrettcd it five or fix times a day, for five
days ; at the end whereof, to my great amaze*
ment, it produced a lovely large fly, nearly
of the fliape of, but lefs than a common
white-butterfly, with two pair of cloak wings
and of a light cinnamon-colour : the figure
of thehuflc, and alfoof the fly, in two pofi-
tions, is given in Fig. 25, 26, 27. This
fly, upon enquiry, I find is called, in. the
Borth, the large light brown;. in hflandy
and fome other places, it has the name of
the flame-coloured brown; and the ntietJiod
of making it, is given in the additional lift
of flies for September \ where, from itsfmell,
the reader will find it called the large fcetid
light brown.
There are many other kinds of thefe won-
derful creatures, which bx the reader's
grcaftr fatisfaAion, in the figures 28, 29,
JO, 31, are accurately delineated.
For your float, in flow flreams, a neat
found goofe-quill is proper ; but for deep
or rapid rivers, or in an eddy, the cork,
fliaped like a pear, is indifputably the beft;
which fliQuld not, in general, exceed the flze
of a nutmeg; let not the quill, which you
put through it, be more than half an inch,
above and below the cork ; ^nd this float,
though fome prefer a fwan^s quill, has great
advantage over a bare quill ; for the quill
being defended from the water by the cork,
does not foften, and the cork enables you
to lead your line fo heavily, as that the hook
finks almofl: as foon as you put it into the
water ; whereas, when you lead but lightly.
It does not get to the bottom till it is near
■
A N G
the end of your fwim. See the form of the
float. Fig. ]6. and in leading your line, be
careful to balance them fo nicely, that a
▼ery fmall touch will fink them ; ibme ufe
for this purpofe lead ihaped like a barley-
corn, but there is nothing better to lead with
than fliot, which you muft have ready cleft
always with you ; remembering, that when
you fi(h fine, it is better to have on your
line a great number of fmall than a few
large fhot.
Whip the end of the quill round the plug
with fine filk, well waxed ; this will keep
the water out of your float, and preferve
It ftreatly.
In filhing with a flolit, your line mufl; be
about a foot fliorter thkn your rod ; for if it
is longer, you cannot fo well command your
hook when you come to difengage the fifli.
Perch and chub are caught with a float,
and aifo gudgeons, and fometimes barbie
and grayling.
For carp and tench, which are feldom
caught but in ponds, ufe a very fmall goofe
or a duck-quill float ; and for ground-ba't,
throw in every now and then a bit of
chewed bread.
Some may chufe to noake their own lines ;
in whirh cafe, if they prefer thofe cwifted
widi the fingers, they need only obf^rve the
rules given by the arucle for that pufpofe ;
but for greater neatnefs and expedition, I
would recommend an engine lately invented,
which is now to be had at almoft any fifli-
ing-tackle (hop in Londoni it confifts of a
large horizontal wheel, and three very fmall
ones, inclofed in a brafs box about a quarter
of an inch thick, and two inches in diameter ;
the akis of each of the fmall wheels is con-
tinued through the under-fide of the box,
and is formed into a hook : by means of a
flrong fcrew it may be fixed in any pod or
partition, and is fet in motion by a fmall
winch in the centre of the box.
To twifl: links with this engine, take as
many hairs as you intend each ihall confift
of, and, dividing them into three parts, tie
each parcel to a bit of fine twine, about fix
inchcik.
A N G
inches long> doubled^ and put tlirough
the aforefaid. hooks ; then take a piece of
lead, of a conical figure, two inches high
and two in diameter at the bafe, with a hook
at the apex, or point ; tie your three parcels
of hair into one knot, and to this, by the
hook, hang the weight*
Laftly, Take a quart or larger bottle-
cork, and cut into the fides, at equal dis-
tance, three grooves ; and placing it fo as
to receive each divifion of hair, begin to
twift : you will find the link begin to
twift with great evennefs at the lead; as it
grows tighter, (hift the cork a little upwards j
and when the whole is fufEciehtly: twitted,
take out the cork/ and tie the link into a
knot ; and. fo proceed till you have twifted
links fufiicicDt . for your line, obfcrving- to
Icffcn the number of hairs in each link in fuck
proportion as that the line may be taper.
Sec tlifi engine. Fig. 32. Fig 33. is the
form of the cork.
When. you ufe the fly, you will find it
iieceflary; to continue your line to 4 greater
degree, of fincnefs •, in order to which, fup-
pofmg thp line to be eight yards in length,
failen a. piece of three or four twifted links
tapering^ till it becomes, of the fize of a fine
grafs, and to the end of this fix your hook-;
line, which (bould be either of very fine
grafs,. or filk-worm gut. A wcck*s prafticc
will enable a learner to throw one of thefe
links, and he may lengthen it, by a yard at
a time> at the greater end, till he can throw
fifteen yards neatly; till when he is to
reckon himfiplf but a novice.
- For the cplour, you muft be determined
by that of the river you fiQi in ; but I have
found that a line of the colour of pepper
and fair, when mixed, will fuit any water.
. Many inconveniences attend the ufe of
twifted hsurs for your hook-line i filk^worm
gut is both fine and very ftrong, but then
it is apt to fray ; though this may, in fojue
QDeafure, be prevented by waxing it well.
Indian , or fc a- grafs, makes excellent hoolc*
lines^ and though fome object to it as being
apt to grow, btittle, and to kink in ufing,
with prapf f management it is the beft. mate-
rial for the^purpoCe yet. known,, efpecially
itopdfred in the following manner :
' A N G
Take as nuny of the ftncfl: you can get,
as you pleafe, put them into a veflel, and
pour therein the fcummed fat of a pot
wherein frefli, but by no means fait meat
has been boiled ; when they have lain three
or four hours,. take them out one by one,
and ftripping the greafe off with your finger
and thumb, but do not wipe them, (Iretch
each grafs as long as it will yield, coil them
up in rings> and lay them by, and you
will find them become noar as miall, full as
round, and much ftronger than'' the beft
fingle hairs you can get. To preferve them
moift keep them. in a piece of bladder well
oiled, and, before you ufe them, let them
foak about half an hour in water; or, ia
your walk to the river*Iide^ put a length ot*
it into your'moutb.
If your grafs is coarfe, it will fail hea-
vily in the water, and fcare away the fith ;
on which account, gut has the advantage.
But, after all, if your grafs be fine and rounds
it is the beft thing you can ufe.
Suppofing you - would make the plain
hackle or palmer, which arc terms of the
fame import, the method of doing it is as
follows, viz.
Hold your hook in a horizontal pofirian*
with the (hank downwards, and the bent of
it between the fore-finger and thumb of
your left hand ; and having a fine briftle,
and other materials, lying by you, take
half a yard of fine red marking filk, well
waxed, and,, with your right hand, {^ive
it four or five turns about the ifaank or the
hook, inclining the turns to the right
hand .• when you are near the end of the
ftiank^ turn into fuch a loop as you are
hereafter direded to make for fattening off,
and drjiw it tight, leaving the ends of the
filk to hang down at each end of the hook.
Having finged the end of your briftle, lay
the fame along on the infide of the (hank of
the hook, as low as the bent, and whip four
or five times round ; then finging the
other end of the briftle to a fit length, turn
it over to the back of the ftiank^ and^ pinch-
ing it into a proper form, whip down and
fatten off, as before -direftedi which will
bring both ends of the filk into the ^ot^
After you have waxed yoiu: filk again, take
Da jthnoc
A N G
m
three or four ftrands of an aftrich feather,
and holding them, and the bent of the hook
as at firft direftcd, the feathers to your left
hand, and the roots in the bent of your hook,
with that end of the filk which you juft now
waxed, whip them three or four times
round, and fatten oflF: then turning the
feathers to the right, and twitting them and
the filk with your fore-finger and thumb,
wind them round the (hank of the hook,
ftill fupplying the (hort ftrands with new
ones, as they fail, till you come to the end
and fatten ofi^ When you have fo done,
clip off the ends of the feathers, and trim
the body of the palmer fmall at the extre-
mities, and full in the middle, and wax
both ends of your filk, which are now divi-
ded and lie at either end. of the hook.
Lay your work by you, and taking a
flrongbold hackle,* with fibres about half
an inch long, flraiten the ftem very carefully,
and holding the fmall end between the fore-
finger and thumb of your left hand, with
thofe of the right, ftroke the fibres the con-
trary way tathat which they naturally lie;
and taking the hook, and holding it as be-
fore, lay the point of the hackle into the
bent of the hook with the hollow, which is
the paleft fide, upwards, and whip it very
faft to its place ; in doing whereof, be care-
ful not to tie in many of the fibres ; or if
you fiiould chance to do fo, pick ihcm out
with the point of a very large needle.
When the hackle is thus made fatt, the
ytmott care and nicety is nccefiary in wind-
ing it on i for if you fail in this, your fly
is fpoiled, and you mutt begin all again ;
lo prevent which, keeping the hollow or
Rale fide to your left hand, and as much
as poflible, the fide of the ftem down pn the
dubbing, wind the hackle twice round, and
holding fatt what you have fo wound, pick
out the loofc fibres, which you may have
taken in, and make another turn : then lay
hold of the hackle with the third and fourth
fingers of your left hand, with which you
may extend it while you difengage the
loofe fibres as before.
lo this manner proceed till you come to
within an eighth of an inch. of. the end of
A N G
the (hank, where you will find an end of
filk hanging, and by which time you will
find the fibres at the great end of the hackle
fomewhat difcompofed ; clip thefe off clofe
to the ftem, and, with the end of your mid-
dle finger, prefs the ttem clofe to the hook,
while, with the fore-finger of your right-
hand, you turn the filk into a loop ; which
when you have twice put over the end of
the fiiank of the hook, loop and all, your
work is fafe.
Then wax that end of the filk which you
now ufcd, and turn it over as before, till
you have taken up nearly all that remained
of the hook, obferving to lay the turns
neatly fide by fide ; and laftly^ clip off the
ends of the filk : thus will you have made
a bait that will catch trout of the largeft
fize in any water in England.
And left the method of fattening off,
which occurs fo often in this kind of work,
(hould not appear fufiiciently intelligible,
the reader will fee it rcprefented in Fig. 34.
It is true, the method above dek:ribed
will i:equire fome variations in ihe cafe of
gold and filver-twitt palmers ; in the making
whereof, the management of the twift is to
be confidered as another operation; buc
this variation will fuggeft itfelf to fevery rea-
der, as will alfo the method of making thofe
fiies, that have hackle under the wings.
As the foregoing directions mention only^
the materials for making the feveral fliesV
the reader may yet be at a lafs both with
rcfpcdl to their form and fize ; therefore we
have in the Plate given the five, which may
be confidered as radical flies ; and they
are, the palmer. Fig. 35, the green-drake
;^6f the dun-cut, 37, the hawthorn-fly, 38,
and the ant-fly, 39, The two firtt are each,
a fpecies by itfelf ; the third is a horned fly :
the fourth has hackle under his wings;;
and the fifth, as mott flies of the ant-kind
have, has a large bottle-tails and to one*
or other of thefe figures, it is imagined all^
flies are reducible.
In adjufting their different fizesj it muft;
be owned there is great difficulty > all. that
can be faid is, that the figiires 11 and 12,/
exhibit the. ufual fize of the palmer, the^
A NO
green and gray-drake. Fig« i^, may ferve
as a ipecimen for moft flies that are not
direfled Co be made large i and when direc-
tions are given to make the fly fmall, the
reader is to conliderFig. 14, as an example.
Gnats cannot be made too fmall.
Some» in making a fly, work it upon,
and fallen it immediately to, the hook-link,
whether it be of gut, grafs, or hair : others
whip on the fhank of the hook aftiffhog's
bridle bent into a loop; concerning chefe
methods there are different opinions.
The letter, except for fntall flics, fcems
the more eligible way j and it has this advan-
tage, that it enables you to keep your Bies
in excellent order; to do which, firing
each fpecies feparately, through the loops,
upon a fine piece of cat-gut, of about feven
inches long ; and firing alfo thereon, through
a large pin-hole, a very fmall ticket of parch*
ment, with the name of the fly written on
it; tie the cat-gut into a ring, and lay them
in round flat boxes, with paper between
each ring ; and when you ufe them, having
a neat loop at the lower end of your hook-
line, you may pAit them on and take them
off at pleafiire.
In the other way, you are troubled with
a great length of hook-link, which, if you
put even but few flics togethery is furc to
entangle, and occafion great trouble and lofs
of time. And as to an obje6lion which fome
make to a loop, that the fifli fee it, and
therefore will not take the fly, you may be
affured there is nothing in it.
See Ground Angling*.
Ground Bait.
Ground Plumbtng.
. When JOQ have hooked a fifh, never fuf-
ferhinvtarun out with the line: but keep
youp ro4 bent, and as near perpendicular
as yoi^can; by this method the top plies*
to every pull he makes, and you prevent tnei
ftraining of your line : for the fame reafbn.
Never raifc a large fifli out of the water by
taking the hair to which your hook is faft-
efied> OP iivdeed any part of the line into^
your hand •, but either put a landing-net un-
der hirar, or for w^t of 'that, your hat> you
aay iixiecd.in fl)^.flibing^ lay. hold, of your
A N G
line to draw a fifh to you ; but this muft bi
done with caution.
Your filk for' whipping hooks an3 other
fine work, muft be very miall ; ufe it dou-
ble and wax it, and indeed any other kind
of binding, with (hoemaker's wax, which of
all wax IS the tou^heft, aud holds bed : if
your wax is too ftifF, temper it with tallow.
If for fliong fifhing, you ufe grafs, which,
when you can get it fine, is to be preferred
to gut, remember always to foak it about
an hour in water before you ufe it: this
will make it tough, and prevent its kinking.
Whenever you begin filhing, wet the end
of the joints of your rod j which, as it
makes them fwell, will prevent their loofe**
ening. And,
If you happen with rain or otherwifc tO'
wet your rod, fo that you cannot pull the
joints afunder, turn the ferrule a few times
round in the flame of a candle, and they
will eafily feparate.
Before you- fix the loop of briflle to your
hook, in order to make a fly, to prevent it»
drawing, be fure to finge the ends of it in
the flame of a candle; do the fame by the
hair, to which at any time you whip a hook.
If at any time you happen to be overheat-^
ed with walking, or other exercife, avoid
fmall liquors, efpecially water, as you
would poifon; and rather take a glafs of
rum or brandy; the inftantancous efFci^ls'
whereof, in cooling the body, and quench-
ing drought, are amazing. •
Never be tempted in the purfuit of your
recreation to wade ; atleaft not as I have"
feen fome do, to the waifl. This indifcreet'
pradlice has been known to bring on fe—
vers that' have terminated in abfcefles, and;
endangered the lofs of a limb#
Be always neat in your tackle, and provi-
ded with plummets, a knife, difllsrcnt kinds-
of hooks, floats, and a few fhots, or any
thing clfe you ought to be furnifhed with,.
before you fct out for your recreation.
In a pond it is befl to angle nearthe ford
where the cattle go to drink, and in rivers^
in fuch places where, fuch fort of ftlh you
iotendto angle for," do ufually frequent ; as
for breams, in the deeped and quieted part
Ofi
of the river ; foi; gels und^r over-hanging
banks » for chub^ in deep (h^ed holes ; for
-perch', in fcowers % for roach in the fame
;place as perch ; Cor (roues in quick ftreams,
and with a By upon the (Ircani on the top
of the water.
And if you fi(h in fuch places where you
can difcern th^ gravelly bottom, then be
fure that you conceal yourfelf as much as is
pofllble.
In fuch waters as are peftered with weeds,
roots of trees, and fuch like, fi(h lie clofe
and warm, and they refort thither in great
ihoals, and there they will bite freely; but
take great care how you caft in the hook,
and how you flxikc a bite, for the leaft
rafhnefs lofes hook and line.
And if the hook happens to be entangled,
you Ihould be provided with a ring of lead,
about fix inches round, faftened to a fmall
pack-thread, and thruft the ring over the
rod, letting it go into the water, holding
faft by the other end of the packthread,
and work it gently up and down, and it will
foon difengage the hook.
• It is good angling in whirlpools, under
bridges, at the falls of millsi and ia any
place where the water is deep and clear, and
not difturbcd with wind, or weather.
The beft times are from Jpril to OSIober,
for in cold, ftormy and windy weather^ the
filhwill not bite; and the beft times in. the
day are from three till nine in the morning,
and from three in the afternoon till fun-fet.
•. If the wind be eafterly, it will be in vain
to go to angle ; but ypu may angle well,
enough if it blow from any other point,
provided it do not blow hard ; but it is be{l
in a foutherly wind, and a clofe, louering*
warm day, with a gentle wind, and after
a fudden (hower to difturb the water, at
which time they will beft rife at the fly, and
bite eagerly ; and the cooler the weather is
in the hottcll month, the better it is.
In winter all weathers and all times,
arc much alike> only the warmefl: are the
beft.
It is very sood angling a little before the
fUh fpawn, for then their bcHits being full,
they frequent fandy fords to rub and loofen
A NGf
their bellies, at whif:h tinie t\ity wjU b»ir^
freely.
It is alfo very good angling in a dull,
cloujdyday, ^fteraclear, moon-(hiny night-,
for in fuch nights they are fearful to ftir to
get foo4, lying clofe, lb that being hyngry
the next d^y, they will bite boldly and
eagerly.
At the opening.of fluices and mill dams^
if you go with the courfe . of the water, you
can hardly mifs of fi(h that fwim up tht
ftream to feck for what food the water brings
down with it. •
It is good angling at the ebb, in waters
that ebb; and 6ow.(. but yet the flood is to
be. preferred, if the tide is not ftrong. For
fly-eihing, /ce APRIL, AUGUST, (^c.
For proper diredtions, /ta /irticle FisiiiNo.
Dire£li(msi and Caulions t^ be ohjervid in
ANGLING,
To know at any time what baits fifli ara
willing to take, open the belly of the firft
you catch, and take his ftomach very ten-*
derly ; open it with, a fbarp penkntf^, and
vou will difcover what he then feeds on-
The procuring proper baits- is not the leaft
part of the angler's (kill.
The ants- fly is to be met with.fnom 7«vtf
to Sjepttmber^ and may be kept tn a bottle
with fome earth, and the roots of grafs itove^
the ant-hills where they arc bred. They,
are excellent bait for roach, dace^ and chub,.'
if you angle with them under.the wai^r about
a hand's breadth from the bottem.
It is ufual for every anglei:,to haw his pe-
culiar haunt. Now for the attri^ing and
drawing together the fiih into fuchr a place,
it will be proper once in four or five days to
caft in fome corn boiled foft, or garbage^-
or worms chopt to pieces, or grains fl:c<ped:
in blood and dryed ; but for carp and tench*
ground malt is the moft proper to keep;them
together.
If you (iih in a ftrcam, it will be bcft-toi
caft in the grain above the hook, down tkci
ftream.
-The beft way, of angling with the fly .is>
down the river> not lip^ and in order to.
A N G
make them bite freely, be ijure to iife fuch
baits as you know they are naturally inclined
COj and in fuch manner as they are accuf-
tomed to receive them*
If your baits be of pafte, for the keep-
ing them on your hook, add a little (lax,
or wool*
The eyes of fi(h are good baits for all
fifli.
Wear not light coloured or gay clothes
when you are fifhing, but rather black or
dark coloured $ and, if poflible, fhelter
yourfeir under fome bu(h or tiee, or ftand
(6 far from the baok-fide that you can but
difcern the float ; for fi(h are timorous, and
fearful of every thing they fee.
The next thing to be obferved is the
floating for fcale fi(h, in either pond or river.
Firft, take notice that the feed brings the
fifli together; and there is no better in all*
angling than blood and grains, though pafte
is good, bat inferior to thefe.
Remember to plumb yo^r ground ang-
ling wkh fine tackle, as fmgle hairs for half
the line next the hook» round and fmall
plumbed, according to the float.
Other fpecial baits are thefe j brandling,
gentles^ pafte,. dock -worms, or caddis,
Cotherwife called cock-bait^ they lie in gra-
velly h\i(k, under the ftones in the river.
The natural fly is a fure way of ansling
to augment the angler's diverfion : with the
palmer, may-fly, and oak-fly the angler
mufl: ufe fuch a rod as to angle with the
ground- bait i the line muft not be {o long
as the rod.
Let the angler withdraw his fly as he (hall
find it mod convenient and advantageous in
bis angling : when he comes to deep water,
whofe motion is flow, let him make his line
about two yards long, and drop his fly
behind a bufh, and he will find excellent
fport. F^r Past It and Worms fee their
Qwn Ariides.
ANGLING^ band.
Is of three forts.
The fifft is performed with a line about
half the length of the rod> a good weighty
A N G
plummet, and three hairs next the hook^
which is called a running line, and with one
large brandling, or a dew worm of a mo«
derate fize, or two Jmall ones of the firft,
or any other fort proper for a trout, or in-
deed almoft any worm whatfoevcr^ forif^i
trout be in humour to bite, he will bite at
any worm, and if you fifli with two, bait
your hook thus :
Firft, run the point of your hook in ac
the very head of your firft worm, and fo-
down through his body, till it be paft the
knot, and then let it out, and drip the worm
abx>ve the arming, (that you may not bruife
it with your fingers) till you have put on the
other, by running the point of your hoo>k
in below the knot, and upwards throtigh
his body, towards his head, till it bejufl:
covered with the head, which being done>
you are then to flip the firft worm dowa
over the arming again, till the knot of both
worms meet together.
The fecond way of angling in band, and!
with a running line, is with a line fome-
thing longer than the former, and mt\k
tackle made'after the following manner :
At the utmoft extreoMty of your, line^
where the hook is always placed jn all othe^
ways of angling, you are. to have a large
piftolor carbine bullet, into which the enci
of your line is to be faftened, with a peg or
pin even and dole with the bullet, and
about half a foot above that, a branch oT
line of two or three handfuls long, ornrorc,.
for a fwift ftream, with a hook at the end
thereof, baited with fome of the forc^
mentioned worms i and another half a foot
above that armed and baited after ihe fame
. manner, but with another fort of worm,,
without any lead at all above ; by which
means you will always certainly find the true
bottom in all depths, which with the plum*-
mets upon your line above yotr. can never
do, byt that your bait muft always drag,
while y<(u are founding, (which, in this way
of anglih]g^ muft be continually) by which;
means,^ yoa« ace like to have more trouble,,
and perhaps lefs fuccefs. And both thefo-
ways of angling at the bottom, are moft
l^oper for a dark, and muddy water^^, by rear-
A N 6
t
• • • ■ ■
fbn that in fuch a condition of the ftrcam,
a man may ftand as near as he will^ and.
neither his own (hadow, nor the ncarnefs of
the tackle, will hinder his fport.
The third way of angling by hand with a
ground bait, and much the beft of all
. others,, is with a line full as long, or a yard
longer than your rod, with no more than
one hair next the book, and for two or three
lengths above it, and no more than one
fmall pellet of (hot for a plummet, your
hook little, your worm of the fmalleft
brandlings, very well fcoured, and only one
upon your hook at a time, which is thus to
be baited; the point of your hook is to be
put in at the tag of his tail, and run up his
body quite over all the arming ; and ftill
fffipt on an inch, at leaft, upon the hair,
the head and remaining part hanging down-
wards, and with this line and hopk thus
baited, you are ever more to angle in the
•ftreanis, always in a clear rather than a
troubled watery and always up the river,
ftill cafting out your worm before you, .with
a clean light,- one handed rod, like an
.artificial fly, where it will be t^ken fome*
times at the top, or within a very little of
the fuperficies of the water, and almoft al*
ways before that light plumb can fink it to
•the bottom, both by reafon of the ftream,
' andalfo that you muft always keep your
, worm in motion, by drawing Itill back to-
wards you, as if you were angling with a
fly.
And' indeed whoever (hall try this way,
will find it the beft of all others, to angle
with a worm in a bright water efpecially j
but then his rod muft be very light and
pliant, and very true and finely made, and
with a Ikilful hand it will fucceed beyond
cxpedtation: and in a clear ftrcam, is un-
doubtedly the beft angling for a trout or
grayling with a worm, by many degrees,
that any man can make choice of, and the
moft cafy and pleafant'to the angler.
And if the angler be of a conftitution that
will fuffer him to wade, aad will flip into
fiietail of a (hallow ftrcam to the calf 6f the
leg, or knee, and fo keep off the bank, he
Iball take almgft what filh he pleafes.
A N G
f The fccond way of angling at the bottom
is with a cork,* or float, and that is alfo of
two forts.
With a worm ; or with grub, or caddis.
With a worm> vou are to have I'ourlinc
within a foot or a foot and a half as long as
your rod, in a dark water, with two, or if
you will, with three; but in a clear water
never with above one hair next the hook,
and two, or three, or four, or five lengths
above it, and a worm of what fize you
pleafe ; your plumbs fitted to your cork,
and your cork to the condition of the river,
(that is, to the fwiftnefs or flownefs of the
ftream) and both when the water is very
clear, as fine as you can, and then you arc
never to bait with more then one of the lef-
fcr fort of brandlings : or if they be very lit-
tle ones indeed, you may then bait with two
after the manner before directed.
When you angle for a trout, you arc to
do it as deep, that is, as near to the bottom,
as you can, provided your bait<lo not drag,
or if it do, a trout will fometimes. take it in
thatpofture: if for a grayling, you are then
to fifh further from the bottom, he being
a fifli that ufually fwims nearer to the mid-
dle of the water, and lies always loofe j or
howiever is more apt to taife than a troutl*
and more inclined to raife tlian to defcend
even to a groundling. With a grub or cad-
dis you are to angle with the fame length
of line ; or if it be all out as long as your
rod, it is not the worfci with never above one
hair for two or three lengths next the hook^
and with the fmalleft cork, or floit, and
the leaft weight of plumb you can, that will
but fink, and that the fwiftnefs of your
ftream will allows which alfo yoy may
help and avoid the violence of the current,
by angling in the returns of a ftrcam, or
the eddies betwixt two ftreams, which alfo
are the moft likely places wherein to kill
a fifli in a ftream, either at the top or bot-
tom.
Of grubs for a grayling j the afli grub
which is plump, milk white, bent round
frorn head to tail, and exceedingly tender,
.with a red head ; or the dock- worm ; or the
grub of a pale yellow, longer, lanker, and
tougher
AN Q
tougher than the other, ^^ith rows of feet
t^l Gbwhhis belly, and a red head, alfo are
the bcft, /. e. for a grayling; becaufc though
"a trout will take both thefe, (the afti grub
efpecially) yet he does not do it fo freely as
.the other } and a certain author fays, he
has ufually taken two graylings for one
trout with that bait s but if he happened to
take a trout with it, it was commonly a
Yery good one.
Thefe baits arc ufually kept in bran, in
which an afii grub commonly grows tougher,
and will better endure baiting ; though he'
IS ftill ' ib tender, that it will be neceflary
to warp in a piece of ftiff hair with your arm-
ing, leaving it Handing out about a draw's
breadth at the head of your hook, fo as to
keep the grub either from flipping totally
off when baited, or at leaft down to the
point of the hook, by which means your
turning will be left naked and bare, which is
neither fo fightly^ norfo likely to be taken,
though to help that ('which will often how-
vrtr fall out) you may arm the hook defign-
'ed for this bait with the whiteft horfe hair
that you can get, which itfelf will refemble,
and mine like that bait, and confequently
•wilt do more good, or lefs harm, than arm*
ing of any other colour. * ^'
Thefe grubs are to. be baited thus i t\it
hook is to be put in, under the head^ or the
chaps of the bait, and guided down the
middle of the belly, without, foffering it to
^pecp out by the* way, for then (the afli grub
efp^ially) will ifiue out water and milk,
till nothing but the ikin ftiall remain^ aind
the bend of the hook will appear black
through it, till the point of your hook come
•ib low, that the heart of your bait may reft,
and llick upon the hair that ftands out to
liold it,' by which means it can neither flip
-of itfelf, neither will the force of the ftream
nor quick pulling out, upon any miftake,
itrip off.
Now the caddis or cob bait (which is a
•fure killing bait, and for the moft part furer
•than any of the other) may be put upon
the hook two or three together, and is fome-
times (to very great effed) joined to a
vorm^ and fometimct to an artificial fly.
ANG
to cover the point of the hook ; but is al-
ways to be angled with at bottom (when
byitfelf efpecially) with the fined tackle j
and is for all times in the year, the molt
holding bait of all other whatfoever both for
trout and grayling. See Snap-Anglino,
Float- Angliko, Trimmer^ Angling, and
Fly-Angling, Rock-Fish tNo, Bladder*
ANGLiNd, Maggot-Fishing.
To allure Fish to bite.
Take gum- ivy, and put a good quantity
of it into a box made of oak, like tfaofe the
apothecaries ufe of white wood for their
pills« Rub the infide of the box with this
gum^ and when you angle, put three or four
worms therein, letting them remain but a
fliorttime; for if long, it kills them: then
take them out, and ufe them, putting more
in their dead, out of the worm-bag and
mofs ; and continue to do this all day.
Gum-ivy is a tear which drops from the
body of the larger ivy, being wounded.
It is of a yellowifli red colour, of a ftrong
fcent, and fharp tafte. That which is fold
in the (hops is often counterfeit and adui*
terate: therefore to get true gum-ivy, at
ACcbaelmas or fpring, drive feveral great
nails into large ivy-ftalks, and having
wriggled them till they become very loofe^
let them remain, and a gum will iflTue out
of the hole. Or you may flit feveral great
ivy flialks, and vifit them once a months
oroftener, to fee what gum flows from the
wounded part. This gum is excellent for
the angler's ufe; perhaps nothing n^orefo
under the form of an unguent. Alfo,
Take afla-fcetida, halt an ounce; cam-
phire, two drachms; bruife them well to-
gether with fome drops of oil of olive, and
put it into a pewter-box, to ufe, as the re*
ccipt from Monfieur CbarraSy Some, in-
fl:ead of oil of olive, ufe the chemical oil of
lavender aud camomile ; and fome add the
quantity of a nutmeg of 3^^»iV^ turpentine
to it. But for a trout in a muddy wacer^
and for gudgeons in a clear water ; the beft
unguents are thus compounded, viz»
Take afla-foetida, three drachrtis ; cam«
phire, one drachm ; Fentce turpentine, one
drachm, beat all together with fome.dropa
E of
•
» .
i
I
L
A N G
of the chemical oils of lavender and canfio«-
fnile, of each an equal quantity; and ufe
it as in the firft direftioa-
Take Venice turpentine, the befthive-ho-
jiey, and oil of pollibody of the oak, drawn
by .rptort ; mix all together^ and ufe it a«
the firft ointment is direilcd.
Take oil of ivy-bcrri^s, made by ex$wf-
Con or infufion^ :?^nd put fpme in a box> and
ufe ittofcent afew worn^s juft 'bcfi)fe you
«fc thenf>»
Diffolve gwn-ivy in the -oil of fpike^ «nd
anoint the bfiit with it, for a pike.
Put canrphirc in the nfK)fs whtif-eia we
yourtworms, the day you angle.
Diffolvc^two ouncesof gufn-ivy in a giJH
erf* fpring water ; mix the nfi together with
the like quanisity of the oil of fweet ^efwnds i
then uke what quantity of worms you intend
fO'ufe that d*y> being firft wiJl fcoured in
itiois, and .put ithfmjn lin^n ^hru-ms(sfche
.ends of *he weikver*& waijp whon -he has
finilhcd^his piece) well waihed i» fpr^ng-
•water, and fqueeiacd;: tho^i wet fibc thr.iji?f?6
in this compofition^ andjput them and the
. 3iirorms into .a linen (mg, <)u£ of which vk
jthem*
. Take afla-fcetida> thrice ;drachijis 5, fpiifee-
navd of Spain, one drachm r put them in. a
|>int of firing ^ater, and kt thpm ^and'in
^ (hady place fourteen days ia the. ground :
then take the folution out, end haviog
drained it through a linea cloth^ put to
the liquor one drachm of Ipermaceti, and
keep it clofe ia a ftrong glafs bottle. When
you go to angle, take what quantity of
worms you incend to ufe that day> (th^y be-
ing firft well fcoured in mofs^ put them up-
on a china, faucer, and pour a little of thi«
water upon them i, then put them in the
mofs again and ufe them.
Take juice of camomile, half a fpoon*-
ful ; chemical oil of fpike, one drachm -,,
pil of comfrey by infufiony one . drachm,
and a half^ goofe-greafe, two drachms 1
thefe being well diflbived over the fire,
let them ftand till they are cold ; then put
them into a ftrong glafs bottle, which keep
unftopped three oc four daysj ft op it at-
ANG
terwards very well, and when yoti Mgk^
anoint the bait wkh thi« compontion.r
Some add to it three dxacl^ms of the fpLi-^
fit of vitriol^ and call it the univerial and
•infallible bait.
Take a handful of -houfe-leek,. and half
a handful of inn^r <gFeen ba^k of tlie ivy^
•ft^lk ; pou^d thefe we^l together, and pnei#-
oiit the juice,, and wet your rnx^ thece^
wiph. When yoci* angle, p^ fix or eight
worms therein out of the other bag.
Some ufe the juice of nettles, and Jioute*-
leek, as the >laft r-eceipt^ and fonvc on^y ttipr
jui^e of houfc-Jeek.
^m^ anoint their baits with 4^he taarraw
(got o^ of a hefon'a f;high-bon,Cfi and ibni^
•ufe the fat and greafe ota heroic
Oil; of anojifecd,. fpikcnard o( $pMf^fpejp^
•macetiy po^wdered cummin-feed, gajlbanuoH
ftrc all highly cominA^nd^ ^ and maybe trie$
.(lAgiy OF 'Coaafpoftprndedirt eithfor gpaia^ ^ ii^
a.pafte;^ CO: pfed .a$ *»guefHs^ , ^ .
. . jyi^e iup a.pftftc with Nmutb»rry .jlMce^
•^^ge-hog's f^ oil oCtVi^ter {lilio^ ^4 ^
/ew drops ^f oil of iperwy.-Fpj^, Sj^p^
^jiighly conrMsnend.thifi^ .
Oi/ of acip^r^ r<>feHi0ry^)%pd .^^
of each, mixed with-t^ .worgia, er-JiAcPSkfl^^,
i^ffVld to- G^^t '^^yg^^offmci^
4io -iifti wy,l i;efift;i& ; . . * .' .. -i - :
SeargulL's fat^ ipi^g wiith f«f i*go juijC^^
is an a:titra£U've 'Ungu^nt.
Unpickled Samphire l^r4iife^> V^f^ (Mp ^
b^lfe foR gfoucKl^bait with .li^aWit oii,*4s-
excelknt fpr caxpy breatTii. or te^nch. . J^JLffy
bean-fiouf, ..with ^ Uttle honey^, wetted^
with redified fpirics of wine and a little oil
of turpentine, made up in fo^ill pellets^-
and thrown in over nighi^ will make the fiQx
very eager, and keep them at the place ^
where you^ will be fure to find thtm ncxc
morning.
Take the oiI& of camomile^ lavenderj»
annifeed, each a quarter ofan o^ncejc he*
ron's greafe^ and the beft of ' afla-fcetida^,
each two. drachms» two fcruplesof eummia*
leed, finely beaten to powder^. Venice tHr«
pentine, Gaaiphire,>and^galbaaumr of eacb
a drachn) i a4d «wo ^aios of civets aw£
ANO
mtkethem into an unguent; this muft b«
kept clofc in a glaaxd earthen pot» or it
loies much of its vircue \ anoint your line
with it as before, and your expe£btion
will be anfwcrcd. See Paste.
ANGLING in the middle^ for trwt
9r graylings
Is of two forts i I, with a pink> or min-
€X>W9 for a trout.
2. With a wornij grub, or caddis, for a
grayling.
As for the firft it i^ with a n>innow, half
a fpotpr a foot, withip . the furface of
the water \ fome indeed ^ufe minnows kept
in fait s but otbers^ difapprove of them, un-
lels where living Ones are not poifible to be
had; nor are artificial ones to be ufed,
where the natural pnes are to be had : but-
s^ boil head with his ^11-fins cut off* is by
iome recominertd^d as a better bait for a
trout, (at fometifloes of the year efpeoially^
than a minnow, and a loach much better
than either.
Tbefecond wayof angling^in the middle
is with* the worm> grub, caddis, or any
other ground bait for a grayling i he taking
it niuch better there than at the bottom, as
has been faid before i and this is always la
a clear water, and with the finefl; uckle.
To which may be added alio, and with
very good reafon, a third way of angling by
hand with a ground bait, as a third way of
fifhing in the middle, which is common to
both trout and graylings and the belt way
of angling with a worm of all other;
^betim far A^ G LI If G,/eafonaiIe and
unfeqfonable.
Calm and clear weather is very good to
angle in ; but cool eloudy weather in fum-
Bier is.beft } provided it be not fo boideroufly
windy a# that you cannot guide your tackle!
Th^ cooler the weather is in the hptteft
months, the better it is : and if a- fuddeo
violent fliower hath^difturbqd and muddied
theriyer, then is the time for angling in tbi^
ftteaoi' at the grouQd with a led worm.
AN C ^
In* IJke manner it is a vtry good time for
angling before the fi(h fpawn j for then their
bellies being fuH, they come into fandy
fords, and there rub their bellies to loofen
them, at which time they will bice very
freely.
If you would fi(h for carp and tench, you
muft begin early in the morning, fifliing
from fun rifing till eight of the clock, and
from four in the afternoon till night, and
in hot months till it is very late.
In the heat of the fummer, carps will (hew
themfelves on the very top of the water,
at which time,, if ypufifti with a lob worm,
as you do with a natural fly, you have ex-
cellent fport, efpccially if it be among
reeds.
ItiMareb^ JpriU Septemhery and all the
winter ( in which feafon filh fwim very deep
near the ground) it is beft fifliing in a fcrene
warm day, for then they will bite fatter :
but all the fummer time mornings, even-
ings, and cool cloudy weather, arc the
beft times for angling.
Here take notice, that you wilLfind that
filh rife beft at the fly after" a fliower of rain,
that has only beaten the gnats and flies into
the river, without mudding it.
The proper months and. times of the day
for the fly, are Marcb^ Aprils May^ and the
beginning oijunei in which months, fifli
in the morning about nine of the clock $
and' in the afternoon between three and four.
A warm evening is alfo very feafonable, if
the gnats play much.
It is al(o a very good time for angling af-
ter a clear moon fhiny night, if the fucccedr
ing day prove cloudy; .for if the iiih have
abftained from food all night, ("for in bright
nights they will not ftir for fear j the next day
they are hungry and eager, and the gloomi-
nefs of the day will make them bite boldly.
It is a good time for angling, when you
^rceivethe trouts toleap pleafently at the
flieS' above water i or the piK.es to purfu^
other flfh.
In a word, an experienced anglrr obr
ferves the times, feafons, and places i other-
wife, though his baits are ever io good^
they will have but little effed.
E ? If
' AN G "
If you go along with the coorfe of the
wattrr at the opening of fluices or mills,
you will find that trout and other fifli will
then come cut to ferk for what food the
water brings down with it.
And firJl in the extremity of heat, when
the earth is parched with a drought, there
is but little fport to be had, especially in
either muddy or clear (hallow rivers.
Secondly, in the winter, or fpring time,
when any hoary froft happens, the filh w li
not bite kindly all that dny, except it be in
the evening, and that proves fcrene and
pleafant. But it is not proper to fifli at any
time, when the wind blows fo high that you
cannot manage your tackle to advantage.
Thirdly, it is not good filhing in the time
of (hecp-fhearing, for then the fifh glut
themfelves with what is wa(hed oflTthe (heep,
and will fcarce bite till that feafon be over.
Alfo the (harp eaft and northerly winds
do very mu.h obftru6k the recreation of
anglers : nor is it good to fifli immediately
after fpawning time : for at that time their
appetite is much palled.
It is very ftrangc to be obferved, what a
natural inftinft there is in ftlh, in foreknow-
ing the approach of a fhower of rarn, for
upon the approach of a cloud that threatens
a (hower, they will not bice $ and the ob»-
fervatioh of this has faved feveral anglers
from being wet to the Ikin.
Laftly,. if the preceding night prove dark
and cloudy, the fucceeding day will be no
good day to angle in, unlefs it be for fmall
fifti J for at fuch time the larger prey abroad
for the leflTcr ; who by inftindfc knowing the
danger hide themfelves till the morning j
and having faftcd all night, become then
very.hungry, while the larger having gorged
themfelves, lie abfconded all the day, For
direflions for Aktificial Ftr-FisHiNG,
fee the Article Fish.
ANGLING LINE; to make this line,
the hair fliould be roond aod twitted even,
for that ftrengthens it, and fliould alfo be as
near as may be of equal bignefs ; then lay
fhcm in water for a quarter of an hour,
ivhereby you will find, which of them
(brink, then twift them over again,, and in
AN G*
• • < • .
t!ie twitting,' (bme intermingle filk, wliicfr'
is not good, but a line of all filk is not amiis ;*
alfo a line made of the ftrongcft luteftring-
is very good, but that will foon •-ot with'
the water : now the beft colour for lines, is
forrel, white and grey ^ the two tail colours
for clear waters, and the firft for muddy*"
rivers, neither is the pale watery green dc-
fpifcable, which colour may be made thiisf
put a pint of flrong allum, half a pound of
foot, a fmall quantity of luice of walnut'
leaves, with the like of allum into a pipkin^
boil them about half an hour together, then,
take It off the fire ; when it is cool, fleep
your hair in it ; or f\U, thus, boil inr a bottle
of alium water, fomewhat more than a:
handful of marigold flowers, t3t a yellow;
fcum arife ; then take half a pound of green
copperas, with as much verdegreafe, anc^
beat them together to a fine powder ; and^
with the hair, put them into riie allunr
water, and let it lie ten hours, oriDorer
take the hair out, and let it dry. Set Lines^*
FOR FiSHrirc.
ANGLING ROD The time to provrdtf
(locks is in the winter folfticc, when the:
trees have fhed their leaves and the fnap is*
in the roots ; for after yunuary it afcends'
again into the trunk and branches, at which^^
time it is improper to gather docks, or
tops ; as for the (locks they fhould be lowe^
erown, and the tops the bett rufli ground
ftioots that can be got, not knotty, but pro-'
portionaMe and Sender, for otherwife they^
will neither caft or ftrike well, arid the?
line by reafon of cheir unpliablenefs, muttf
be much endangered i nowwhenr both flock*
and top are gathered in one feafon, and as^
flraic as may tmc, bathe them> (except thV
tops) over a gentle fire, and ufe them not
till fully feafoncd, which is a year and four
months; but they are better if kept tWo
years j and for' the preferving, borh from^
rotting, or worm eating, rub them ovei*
thrice a year with fallet, or linfeed oil /
fweet butter will fcrve if never falted' \ and
With any of thefe you muft chafe your rods
well •, if bored, pour in either of the oils^
and let them foak therein twenty-four hours,;
then -pour it out again; this wilLpncfenra
the:
\
\'-
A *T '"G
the tops and ftocks from injuring. See
Line, Hook, Float, and Rod, 6?f,
Nig'^f ANGLING; and Ground ANGLmG.
»
Great fifh (but chiefly trouts) are fhy,
and fearful of enfnarements ; and ob-
fervc the morfl fecure feafon to feek their
fQod^ and that is at night.
For night angling you muft provide large
garden- worms ; or inftead of them, black
fnaiis : and having baited your hook with
them, caft them off at a diftance, and then
draw your line to you again upoi> the fur-
face of the water, not fuffering the bait to
fink ; with which ufe not a leaden plum*
met, but only a float ; but in ground-ang-
Kng you mufl: ufe a plummet without a
float ; and this method of ground-angling
is very good in cold weather, for then the
fifli lie low^
• You may ea6ly hear the fifh rife, and
therefore give him time to fwallow the biit ;
and then gently give him a twitch to fecure
him.
If you find that the fifii does not freely
take the bait at the top of the water,
put fome lead to it, and flnk your bait, and
proceed as in day angling.
• It has been obfcrved, that the bcft trouts
bite in the night, and do mod comnnonly
rife in the ftili deeps, feldom in the quick
ftream^'. See Bladder Angling, ""Drab*
LING, G*r.
^ ANT I COR, (or advanf coeutf) IS an in-
JlammatioQ in a horfe between his fore-legs,
the faifne with the quinzy in mankind. Mod
Writers are agreed, that this diforder pro-
ceeds from hard -riding, expofing a horfe to
the cold, and giving him cold water to
drink when he is hot, full feeding, and
Vrhatever elfe may caufe a fudden (tagnation
of the blood. Some will have it to pro-
ceed from fatnefs and rank feeding.
• Wheii you touch a fweUing of this kind,
the impreflion of the fingers remain for fome
time, as if you had made them in a bit of
puflT pafte, filling up again by degrees, as
the pafte would rife. This fwelling coft-
taias bloody waterj that infinuates betweea
ANG
the fleOi and the (kin, and proves that al)
the blood in the veins is corrupted.
The cure (hould firft be attempted by
large and repeated bleedings, to abate the
inflammation i and Mr. Gib/on approves of
ftriking one or other of the veins of the
hind parts to make a revulSon. Next to
bleeding, if the horfe be coftive or bound
in his body, clyfters are of ufe ; and Dr.
Bracken direfts the following as a general
one. Take leaves of mallows and pellitory
of the wall, of each three handfuls; camo-»
mile flowers, 'one handful; annifeed and
fweet fennel-feed, each half an ounce; lin-
feed, one ounce \ boil thefe in three quarts
of water to two ; then (train and prefs out
the liquor ftrongly, and add of caryocofti-
num el^Auary one ounce, common fait
two ounces, aftd common plaifteroil three
ounces mixt. Thefe fhould be injefted
through a very long pipe for the purpofe, and
as warm as a man can bear his cheek to the
fide of the bladder it is jtied up in, and it
ihoold be repeated every two or three days,,
as occafion ofl^ers.
ANTLER, a Hart or branch of a deer's
attire.
Bes Antler, the ftart or branch next
above the brow- antler
Br^^«ANTL£Ri the ft^t or branch next
the head.
APOPLEXY,^ or Falling Evil, a dif-
eafe that feizes the heads of hawks, com-
mon^ly by reafon of coo nnuch greafe and
Itore of blood \ or becaufe they have beei^
too long in the heat of the fun^ or have
made too long a Bight in the heat of the
day : and as it is very cuitomary wlrh them to
be full of greafe in the mew : it is very .good
when they are empty to give them a little
lard, or fweet butter, foakcd in rofc water^
fweetened with a \\ tie fiigar candy pounds
ed I but the beft thing of all is^ to draw
their meat through black cherry water*
A POPLhX Y, {in . Horfes. ) See Pf\ LSY.
APOSTHUME, (in Hawks! a difeafein
the head, attended with fwcUings then in $
occafioned b? divers ill hunnours, and the
heat of the head t it may be difcovercd byv
the fwelling of the eyes^^ by the moiftunq:
that
• >
A P P
ihtt comes from their eaAj and by their
flothfulnefs*
For cure give them t pill of butter^ as
big as a nut, well wafhed in rofc-water,
and mixed with honey of rofcs and fine
fugar, for three or four mornings, when
they have meat : they muft be held on the
firft till they have made one or two mewts,
then take four drams of the feed of rue,
two drams of hepatic aloes, andoncfcru-
ple of fafFron j reduce all to fine powder,
and mix them with honey of rofes, and
make a pill, and give them : it will purge
and fcour their heads j then about two-hours
after give them fomc good hot meat.
When the nares of a hawk are ftufFed up
with filth; after a convenient fcouring, take
pepper and muftard^feed, beaten to a fine
powder, *put into a linen doth, and deep
it for fomc time in ftrong white wine
vinegar; of which put fome drops upon her
nares, that they may pierce in, and they will
foon fcour her head.
APPROACHING, im Fowlinc; is a
particular device to approach or come near
thofc birds that are Ihy, which frequent
marlhy and watery places, without being
fccn by theni.
This is performed by a fort of machine,
of three hooks tied together, all at proper
diflance, according to the height of the
rhan that is to ufe it, and having boughs
tied all round it, and with cords to bear on
his fhoulders \ fo that a man getting in is
concealed by the boughs, and can approach
near them unfufpeded till he comes within
reach of (hot.
As for herons, wild gecfc, duck, teal, &?^.
they are apt to keep the waters in the day-
time, and on the meadows near the brinks
of the rivers, and as far as they can from
hedges and trees, tor fear of being fur-
'prized i and when the water is 2 or 300
paces dilUncefrom trees, they will leave the
middle of the ftream, and muddle along
the fides of the river where the water is
Aiallow; but' when they perceive anybody
near, even a beaft tx> pafs along, they wiU
^t tht fid€9 and wkhdiaw to the middle
^ain«
A P P
Geefe, ducks and teals quit the water m
the evening, and pafs the night in the fields,
but in the morning return to the water :
however you may cafily approach them by
the means of a machine, as reprefented ia
the following figure, carried by a man,
where he is concealed ; and they may be
(hot whenever he is within a due diftance
from them. See Plate II.
To make this nuchine, take three fmall
hoops, which you are to tie with a cord ia
this manner ; take a cord D, £» M, N, tid
two etids together , and doing the fame by
the other two, divide the whole into four
parts, and yet nothing muft be cut ; and
faften to every ^quarter D, E, M, N, another
cord, five or fix feet long, pafs the head of
it through the middle^ fo that two of the
cords remain before and the other behind i
or elfe fix a piece of wood in the ground,
the height of the man that is to carry the
fnachine, put this cord upon it, and take a
hoop F, C, L, O, which you muft tie to
the four quarters with the four cords, ex-
adly to the height of the cincture ; take
aoother hoop and tie it likewife to the four
cords^ Gj B, K, P, againft the middle of
the thighS) and the third in the like^manner
to the fame cords, high as the ancles, and
then place fome very light branches of trees
quite round thefe hoops, and tie them to
three hoops, ordering them fo that the' birds
may not fee the perfon within the machine
with his gun *, but in cafe he finds that the
birds feem to difcern him, he muft advance
very gently towards them.
The birds, which keep moving conti«
nually, feeing him come near, will fancy ic
is thcmfclves that drew near the tree, and
not the tree near them, by which means he
may come near enough to fire upon them.
The beft time to make ufe of this ma«
chine is in the morning, when the birds are
. returning out of the fields ; for he may fire
upon them as they pafs, becaufe they will
not pafs all together but in feveral flocks*
APPUI, or ftay upon the hand, is the
reciprocal fenfe between the* hor&'s mouth
and the bridle-hand, or the fenie of the afUoa
of the bridle in the horiemaa'S'hand*
* The
A P P
The tnre and right appui of the hind, is
the nice bearing or ftay of the bridle -, fo
that the Tiorfc, awed by the fcnfibility and
tcndcrncfs of the parts of his mouth, dare
not reft much upon the bitt-mouth, nor
chack or beat upon the hand to withftand it.
Such ahorfe has a dull, deaf, appui i that
^s, he has a good mouth, bur his tongue is
fo thick chat the bitt can't work or bear
upon the bars ; for the tongue being not
fenfible;, or tender as the bars, is benumbed
or hardened by the bitt ; fo the appui is not
jgdod. This and the following are terms
' ufed of an appui.
The bitt does not prcfs the bars iu the
quick, by reafon of the* groffhcfs of the
tdligue, or elfc of the lips*
Your horfe has a reft or ftay that forces
the hand, which fhews that he has a bad
fhouth.
This horfe has no appui, no reft upon the
hand ; that is, he dreads the bitt mouth, he
is apprehenHsre ofxhe hand, and he cannot
fuffer the bitt to prcfs, or bear, though ne-
ver £b little, upon the parts of his mouth ;
and thus it comes to p^fs he does not eafily
obey the bridle.
A horfe tK<4t is taught a good ajl^ptciy if
you mean -to giv:c that horfe a good reft
upon the hand, it behoves you to gallop
him and put him often back ; a long ftretch
gallop is very proper for the fanve end, for
in .galloping he gives the horfeman an op-
portunity of beiring upon the hand.
Such a horfe has too much appui y he
'throws himfelf too much upon the bitt •, a
*h6rfe'that has a fine ftay or reft upon the
hand, ^ e. ^qual, firm, and lightj or one
that obeys the bridle. See Hand.
A full appui upon the hand, is a firm ftay,
without retting very heavy, and without
"bearing upon the hand*
Harfes for the army ought to have a full
^ippui upon the hand»
A more than full tcft or a^ui upon the
hand, is faid of a horfe that is itopped with
''fome force-, but ft ill fo that he does not
'^forcc the hand. This appui is good for fuch
riders as depend Vkj^od the bridle^ inftead of
•their* thigbii
APR
APRIL.
0/ Flyfijbing in the month of April ; or the
flies taken for fijhing in that month j or the
making of artificial flies.
All the fame tackles and flies that were
taken in thc< month of March^ will be taken
in this monh alfo; (fee March) with this
diftinftton only, concerning the flies, that
all the browns be lapped with red filk^ and
the duns with yellow.
r» To thcfe, a fmall bright brown, made
of fpaniel's fur, with a light grey wing, in
a bright day and a clear water, is very well
taken.
2. There is alfo a little da^k brown, the
dubbing of that colour,- and fome violet
camlet mixt ; and the wing of the grey
feather of a mallard.
Alfo dob with the hair of a dark browtt
fpaniel, or calf, that looks ruddy by being
expofed to wind and weather, warp with
yellow. Wing dark ftarling's feather..
Taken from eight to elev^en.
This is a good By> and to be feen in moff
rivers ; but fo variable in its hue, as the fca-
fon advances, that it requires the clofeft at*
tention to the natural fly, to adapt the mate-
rials for making it artificially ; which is alfo
the cafe with the violet or afli-coloured dun..
When this fly firft appears, it is nearly of a
chocolate colour ; from which by the middle
of May ^ it has been obferved to deviate to
almolt a. lemon colour : northern anglers^
Cull it, by way of eminence, the dark brown ••'
others call it, the fo.ur-winged brown : ft
has four wings lying flat on its back, fome-.
thing longer than the body, which is
longifti but not taper; thi$fly muft be made
on a fmallifli hook.
J. From the fixth of this month to the
tenth, there is a fly, called the violet fly,*
made of a dark violet ftuff^, with the wings^
of the grey feather of a mallard.
4. About the 12th of this month comes
in the fly, called the whirling-dun; which
is taken every day, about the mid-time of
the day, all this month through ; and by
fits, from thence to the end wjuncy and
is
. f
APR
is commonly made of the down of a fox's
cub, which is of an a(h colour at the roots
next the (kin, and ribb'd about with yellow
filk, the wings of the pale grey feather of
the mallard.
Alfo you may ufe an artificial fly called
the litLle wbirling-dun which is made thus :
the body fox-cub, and a little light ruddy
brown mixed, warp with grey or ruddy Glk,
a red hackle under the wing ; wing of a land-
rail, or ruddy brown chicken^ which is
better.
.A killing fly in a bluftering day, as the
great whirling- dun is in the evening, and
late at night.
5. There is alfo a yellow dun ; the dub-
bing of camel's hair, and yellow camlet,
and wool mixt, and a white grey wing. Alfo
dub with a fmall quantity of pale yellow
crewel mixed with fox-cub down from the
tail, and warp with yellow i wing of apalifli
darling's feather.
Taken from eight to eleven, and from
two to four.
6. There is alfo this month another little
brown fly, befides that mentioned before,
made with a very Sender body, the dubbing
of dark brown and violet camlet mixt, and
a grey wingj which though the direftion
for making be like the other, is yet another
fly, and will take when the other will not,
eipecially in a bright day and clear water.
7. About the 20th of this month comes
in a fly, called the horfe-fleih fly *, the dub-
bing of which is a blue mohair, with pink-
loured and red tammy mixt, a Ight co
loured wing, and a dark brown head. This
fly is ta'.en bed in the evening; and kills
froni two hours before fun-fet till twilight,
and is taken the month through.
To the former flies may be added :
1. Light Bloa. Body, light fox-cub
fur, a little light foal's hair, a little fquirrel's
l>loa, and the whitifli yellow of the fame, all
thcfe well mixed together ; warp with yellow
fUk : wing, of a light fieldfare's feather.
a. Dun. Body, dunnefl; fijmert, or mar-
tern's fur; Indian fox-dun; light dun fox-
cub ; coarfe hair of the ftump of a fquirrel's
i«il of a brightiiU brown, or a yellowifh caft ;
APR
• *
warp with yellow filk : wing, the light fea-
ther of a fieldfare,
3. Plain Hackle. Body, black ofl:rich
herl, with red or black cock's hackle over it ^
and in hot weather add gold twifl:.
4. Red Hackle* Body, red filk and
gold-twifl:, and a red cock's hackle, till
June. Afterwards ufe orange filk for the
body. Ao. excellent fly.
N. B. This is more properly the orangcr
fly. It refembles m colour a Seville
orange. Wings may be added, either
of a ruddy hen or chicken, or of the
fofteft feather of a rook's wing ; the
firfl: will give it an orange, the latter a
dunnifh hue. It has four wings, two
next the body, of a very dark grey co-
lour, and twp ferving as a cafe over
. them, fometimes of a dirty-blackifli
colour, and fometimes of an orange
colour.
J. Bloa Watch et. Is- a fmall fly, and
appears on the water in a cold day (hook
No. 9 or 10, in Plati Angling) the body, fur
of a water-rat, black part of a hare's fcut, the
pale roots cut oflF, a very little brown bear's
hair : warp with pale brown, or olive- coloured
filk : wing, of a hen blackbird.
6. Yellow Watchet. Body, water-rat's
fur, the blackeft part of a hare's fcut,. green-
i(h yellow crewel, for feet ; warp with green
filk : wing, the lighted part of a blackbird's
feather.
7. Knottfd Grey Gnat. Body, darkeft
part of a hare's fcut, dark brown foal's hair,
dark fur of the black of an old fox; warp
with grey filk : wing, the bloa feather of a
fieldfare.
8. Green-Tail. Body, dark part of a
hare's fcut, and darkefl; bloa fur of an old
fox : light part of a fquirrel's tail, and a
hair or two of the coarfe brownifh part of it
for feet ; warp with a(h-coloured jSlk : wing^
of a hen pheafant.
9. Sand Fly. Body, dark brown foal^s
hair, a little bloa fquirrcFs fur, and the
whitifh yellow of the fame; warp with yel-
low filk : wing, the light part of a fieldfare'ji
feather.
10. Bi^iGHT Bear. Dubbing, of bright
beat*!
A R A
bear's hair, warped with fad cloth -coloufed
filk : wings, of a ftiepftare's quill feather:
others dub the body with yellow filk, which
is better.
II, Yellow Dun, Dubbing, of yellow
wool, and a(h-coloured fox-cub down mixed
together, dubbed with yellow filk : wings,
of the feather of a fhcpftare's quill : others
dub it with dun bear's hair, and the yellow
fur got from a martern*s fkin, mixed to-
gether, and with yellow filk : wings, of a
fliepftare's quill-feather. Make two other
flies, their bodies'dubbed as the lad ; but in
the one mingle fanded hog's down ; and in
the other black hog's down : wings, of a
ihepftare's quill-feather : and there is alfo
taken an excellent fly, made of dun bear's
hair, yellow martcrn's fur, fanded hog's
down, and black hog's down, all mixed in
an equal proportion together; warped with
yellow filk : wings, of the feather of a fliep-
ftare's quill. Thefe feveral flies mentioned
for April, are very good, and Will be taken
all the fpring and fiimmer.
AQUATIC, that lives, breeds, or grows,
in or about the water i as aquatic animalsj
plants, 6ff.
ARABIAN HORSE. Gentlemen and
merchants who have travelled thofe parts,
report, that the right Arabian horfes are
valued at an incredible and intolerable
price; being valued at 500/. and as others
fay, at i, 2', and 3000/. an horfe. That
the Arabs are as careful of keeping the ge-
nealogies of their horfes, ' as princes in
keeping their pedigrees : that they keep
them with medals ; and that each fon's por-
tion is ufually <wo fuits of arms, and one of
their horfes.
The Arabs boaft, that they will ride four-
fcore miles without drawing bitt ; but this
has been ptTforiTied by fome of our Englijh
horfes : and much more was done by a high-
wayman's horfe, who having committed a
robbery, oh the fame day rode from London
to Torky being 150 miles.
Notwithftandirig their great* value, arid
the difficulty of bringing^ them from Scan-
daroon to England by fea, yet by the care,
and at the charge • of fome brecdtrs in the
A R R
north of England^ the Ardhian "horft has'
been no Arranger to thofe parts ; and per-
haps at this day fome of the race may be
fcen there, if not the true Arabian ftallioh*
Set Stallion.
ARCHED LEGS; a horfe is faid to have
arched legs when his knees are bended arch-^
wife.
This cxpreflion relates to fore-quarters^
and the infirmity here fignificd, happens ta
fuch horfes as have their legs fpoiled with
travelling.
The horfes called Braflicourts, have like-
wife their knees bended arch- wife ; but this
deformity is natural to them.
ARM OF A Horse. 5^^ Fore Thigh.
To ARM- A horfe is faid to arm him-
fclf when he prefles down his head, as if he
would check, and bends his neck fo as to
reft the branches of his bridle upon his coun-
ter, in order to difobey the bitt mouth,
and guard his bars and his mouth, which
are relieved by over-bending his neck.
Since your horfe arms himfclf, give him
a knee'd branch that will raife him, and
make him carry his head well. .5^^, to
CARRV LOW.
ARM WITH THE LIPS.
A horfe is faid to arm himfclf with the
lips, when he covers his bars with his lips,
and makes the preflure of the bitt too deaf
and firm ; this is commonly done by thick-
lipped horfes. You muft order your bitD-
maker to forge you a bitt-mouth, with a
cannon, or fcratch-mouth, that is broader
near the bankets than at the place of it's pref-
fure, or reft upon the bars; and this, will
hinder your horfe from arming himfclf with
.his lips.
Sometimes we fay, the lips arm the bar ;
/. e. cover, or fcreen it. See Disarm.
ARM AN, a confcQion of wonderful cf-
fi'cacy to prevent a total lofs of appetite in
horfes. See Drench.
ARRESTS, are mangy humours upon
the finews of the hinder legs of a horfe, be-
tween the ham and the pattern. They fcl-
dom appear upon the fhank finew.
Their names are taken from their likenefv
to the arrcfts or. the fmall bones of a fiQi.
iSrtf Rat-tail.
F ' ARZEL,
fyr
ARZELj a horfe is faid to be arzel, that
lifias a white mark upon his far foot behind.
Your fuperftitious cavaliers perfuadc thcm-
fi^lves, that by an unavoidable fatality, fach
horfes are unfortunate in battle : and fuch
is the ftrengrh of this prejudice that they do
not care to ufe them.
ASSART, an offence committed in a fo-
reft, by plucking up thofe woods by the
roots that are thickets or coverts to the fo-
feft.
ASTHMA, TN Farriery, is either moift
or dry : the moift, is when there is a free dif-
charge of matter by the noftrils in confe-
quence of coughing j the dry, is when the
cough produces little or no difcharge.
The moift afthma is a cough that proceeds
from a load of phlegm, or of (limy matter,
difchargcd into the veffels of the lungs, oc-
cafioning difficulty, and fometimes great
oppreffion in breathing : it is manifefted by
the following fymptoms : the flanks have a
fudden and quick motion ; the horfe breathes
fliort, but not with his noftrils open, as is
obferved in horfes that are feverifti or broken-
winded : he fkft wheezes fome time and
rattles in hi> throat ; then he coughs ; and
this cough is fometimes dry> at others it is
moift : he frequently fnorts after coughing,
and throws up pieces of phlegm through the
mouth or nofe j and after drinking he fre-
quently does the fame j he alfo does the
fame at the beginning and ending of his cx-
ercife: this difcharge gives him conftderabie
relief. Some horfes wheeze fo exceffively,
and arc fo extremely {hort-windcd>,that they
cannot eafily move vtntW they have been gently
cxercifed for fome time in the air j though
after that they will go through their work to
admi ration •
This moift afthma Ihould carefully be
diftinguiflied from that purfivenefs and thick-
ivindedneft which full or foul fcedhng occa-
fions; alfo from the fame fymptom when it
is occafioned by a want of exercife, or tak-
ing up a horfe from winter-grafs ; in which
cafes the former is cured by a decreafcy and
the latter by an increafe of feeding.
.Afthmatic complaints, whether the moift
9 theory, are ufually tedious and obftinate;
JfSTf
but if the horfe is young, and the difeafo
not of long ftanding, a. recovery is fome-
times brought about. The exercife Ihould
be moderate, and in open air; the diet
ihould be fparing, for, in all difeafes of the
lungs a full ftomach renders the oppreffion
greater : their hay ftiould be of the beft fort,
always fprinkled with water, given in fmall
quantities, and the oftener in proportion, as
there is iefs at one time: their corn and
water ftiould be managed with the fame care.
If the horfe is full of rich blood, bleed
freely, and repeat the operation as often as
the oppreffion and the difficulty of breathing
may require : if his blood is poor, propor-
tionably Iefs ftiould be taken away ; and un<«
Iefs the cafe is very urgent bleeding may be
omitted.
Give over night a bolus with two drachms
of calomel, and next morning the following
purging ball :
Take one ounce of aloes ; of gum wnci*
moniacum, affa-foetida, galbanum, and oil
of annifeeds, of each two drachms i treacle^
enough to niake them into a balL
This bolus and purging ball may be re-
peated at due didances of time, and on tht
days^ free from purging give every morning
one of the following pectoral balls.
Perioral BalL
Take of the cordial ball,- half an ounce}.,
of powdered fquills and Barbadoes tar, (or,
in its ftead, the common balfam of fulphur)
of eacb two drachms :. make, them into a ball '
for one dofe. Or,
Take gum ammoniacum, afla-fcetida^ gal^ -
banum, and liver of antimony, of each two
ounces; freih fquills, enough to form a
pafte; which make into balls of from one
to two oimces each, according to the greater -'
or Iefs violence of^ the difeafe.
The dry afthma, called alfo the nervous
afthma, is a cough proceeding from fome
irritation on the nerves in the membranous
part of the ' Itings and midriff* ; but there i^ .
not any thing difchargcd by it except a little
clear water, from the nofe, notwithftanding
the violence of the cough, and its continu-
ance when once bcfgun, which for fome time
is almoft: inccifant. \ .the coughing fits have :
noo
A S T
no regular rfturn ; they are more freqiftnt -f^
%hen walking than in other exercife^ except
when Aiddently (topped after bard riding,
&c. on which occafions the cough is very
troublefome ; after drinking it is trouble-
fome^ too i and a change of weather will
fometimes make it very teazing for two or
three days ; but.it is generally wor(t in a
morning. Sometimes, when no particular
ciFcumftance occurs to diforder the horfe,
the cough will be fcldom heard for a week or
two together j and yet, though this cough is
(q teazing, the horfe eats heai:tily, hunts,
and performs his buiinefs very well j if he is
tolerably treated, he keeps a good coat, and
maintains moft of the ufual (igns of health.
At eight years of age the dry afthma com-
monly makes its appearance. The cough
may begin at four or five, and at times be
very .viSlent ; but at eight, and after, he
labours wick his flanks, and that in the great-
f ft degree after feeding : he hath now an
almoft conftant working of his lioftrils, and
a motion with his fundament ; after which
it ufually terminates in broken-wind or in
death.
Bleeding in moderate quantities is more
or Icfs neceffary, according to the flrength
of the horfe, and the difficulty of breathing;
after which give the following bolus at night
repeat it the next night, and on the morning
following work them off with a proper
|>unge.
The Preparative Bolus.
Take calomel, two drachms j and honey,
enough to make a bolus.
In eight or ten days repeat one bolus at
night, and the next morning repeat the
purge.
During the operation of thefc medicines,
it is neceffary to keep the horfe well clothed
and littered : and he (hould be well fupplied
with fcalded bran and warm water.
After the fecond purge, give one of the
following balls every morning, letting him
faft two hQurs after each, and contiaue their
Hife for two months, or longer
I
4fibmatk Balls.
Take antimony, finely levigated, half
a pound ; gum guaiacum, four ounces ;
myrrh and gum ammoniacum, of each twt>
ounces ; Venice foap, half a pound ; honey
or treacle, enough to make a n^^fs, of which
two ounces miy be uken for one ball. Or,
Take gum ammoniacutn, frefh fquills,^
and Venice foap, of each four ounces p
annifated balfam of fulphor, one ounce ;
make them into a mafs, of which two ounces
may be made into a ball.
If the difeafe be obftinate, the bolus with
calomel may be repeated at proper intervals,
with or without the purge, taking care that
it does not falivate.
On diffe6ting horfes that have laboured
under the dry afthma for fomc time, the
heart and the organs of refpiration appeat
fomcwhat enlarged : which preternatural
enlargement is an efFeffc of the continual
labouring with the.breath, and not the cauie
of the difeafe.
Court of ATTACHMENTS, a court
belonging to the foreft, wherein the officers
do nothing but receive the attachments of
the forefters, and inroll them in the ver*
durer's rolls, that they may be in readinefs
again ft the time that the court of Swain^
mote is kept •, for that this court cannot de-
termine any offence or trefpafs, if the value
thereof be above four-pence \ for all above
that value muftbe inroUed in the verderer's
rolls, and fcnt from thence to the court of
Swainmote, to be tried there according to
the laws of the foreft.
For notwithftanding the greateft part of
all the prefentments do firft begin in this
court, yet this court cannot proceed farther
therein j neither is a prefcntment in this
court any conviftion againft the offender
in thofe offences, becaufc he may traverle
the fame, until it has paffed the court of
Swainmote*^ to which all trefpaffcs prcfent-
cdat the court of attachments muft neccf-
farily come, before the offenders can be
puniflied, or ftand conviAed, as guilty in
law of their offences.
F a ATTAINT,
ATT
ATTAINT, is a blow> or wound, re-
ceived by a horfe in his inner fcer, from
another horfe that follows hi'm two clofts : or
from an over reach in frofty weather, when
a horfe being rough Ihpd, or having fhocs
with long calkerd, ftrikcs his hinder feet
againft his fore legs, or leg. This word is
lakewife ufed to fignify a blow that the
korfe's foot receives from the fore, or hind*
cr oppofite foot j or a blow given by one
ef the hinder feet ftriking againft che cronet
of the fore foot. Hence they fay.
Your horfe could not have given himfelf
a ruder attaint : for I find with the probe,
that it penetrates between the hoof and the
coffin bone, which give rcafon to fufpeft
that the tendon is affedted, and that the at-
taint reaches to t;he cronet.
Upper attaint, is a violent blow given
with the two hind feet, upon the fincw of
the fore leers.
ATTIRE OF A Deer. Of a flag, ifper-
feft, is called the burr : the pearls, (the little
knobs on itj the beam ; the gutters, the
antler 5 the fur-antler royal, fur-royal ; and
all at top the croches.
Or A Buck ; the burr, the beam; the
brow-antler, the fur-antler j the advancer,
palm, and fpellers.
If croches grow in the form of a man*s
hand, it is then called a palmed head.
Heads bearing not above three or four, the
croches being placed aloft, all of one height,
are called, crowned heads: heads having
doubling croches, are called forked heads ;
becaufe the croches are planted on the top
of the beam, like forks.
If you. are alked what a Hag bears,, you
are only to reckon the croches he bears, and
never to exprefs an odd number: as if he
hath four croches on his near horn, and five
on his far ; you muft fay, he bears ten, a
falfe right on his near horn, (for all that the
beam bears are called rights:) but if four
on the near horn, you may fay he bears
twelve, a double falfe right on the near
horn : for you muft not only make the
number even, but alfo. the horns even with
thatdiftindtion..
A a G
AV ANGERS, the fame as Advancers.
AUBIN is a broken going, or pace of
a horfe between an amble and a gallop :
which is not cfteemed.
AVERTI, a French word ufed in the
manage, as applied to the pace or mt>tion
of a horfe : fignifying a motion that is in-
joined, regulated, and required in the
leiTons.
Pas ecoute, and Pas d'ecole, (r e. lifiren-
ing paces, or fchool . paces) fignify the
fame thing.
AUGUST, the flies of this month are the
fame as ufed in July ; which fee.
1. Then another ANT-FLV,the dubbing of
the bl^ck brown hair of a cow, fome red
warpt in for the tag of his tail, and a dark
wing : a killing fly.
2. Next, a fly called the Fern-Fly ; the
dubbing, of the fur of a hare's neck i and'
that is of the colour of fern, or brackin ;
with a darkifli grey wing of a mallard's-
feather. A killer too.
3. Befides thofe, there is a white hackle;
the body of white mohair, and wrapped-
about with a white hackle feather; and thi^
is aflTuredly taken for thiftle-down.
4. We have alfo this month a HairyLong^
Legs •, the body made of bear's dun, and
blue wool, niixt, and a brown hackle fea--
ther over all.
5. Alfo another made of lightiflibear's hair
and a dunni(h hackle; add a few hairs ot
light blue rhohair and a little fox cub dowoj
warp with light grey, or pale blue filk ; the
head large the latter is to be ufed chiefly irt:
a. cloudy windy day with a long line and the
head of this infe<9" only.
The Peacock Hackxe, and three fol-
lowing flies of M^, and the two fubfequent
months,and the brown of the laft month, ferve.
alfo for this ; in which alfo are taken the.
1:. Gr£y-Fly. Body, light grey foal's,
hair mixed with the dark part of a hare's
fcut •, warp with grey filk : wing; a hen*
pheafant's feather.
2. Black Ant-Fly. Body darkcft part:
of a hare's fcut, and dark brown wool, or
flieep's ruflTet,. equally mixedj. and. one fin^
glc
FA C
gle ruddy herl of a peacock^ all twifted
together ;. warp with copper-coloured filk :
wing, a fieldfare's feather*
3. Brown Ant-Fly. Body bright brown
bear's hair, niuch weather beaten, almoft of
an orange-colour towards the tail, and there-
fore a few hairs of a light brown, or Same
coloured calf, or fpaniel's hair to be added
in the tail-part 5 warp with orange-coloured
filk : wing the light feather of a fieldfare or
ilarling.
Nofe. The following method of imitating
the black and irown Ant-Fly with other
materials have been found to fucceed.
1. Black-Ant. Brown bear's hair, and
a little grey fquirrel's hair next the roots,
peacock herl 5 warp with copper-colour or
afh.
2. Brown-Ant. Light barge-fail, feal's
fur and brown bear's hair, peacock herl j
warp with orange : wings of this and the
former, flarlings' feather longer than the
body.
3. Buss-Brown. Dubbing, of the light
brown hair of a cur ; the head black : wings
of the feather of a red hen ; warped with
oraijge coloured filk.
4. Hbarth-Fly. Dubbing, of the wool
of an old black fheep, with fome grey hair&
in it, for the body and head: wings of a
light Ihepftare's quill-feather,, warped on
with, black filk.
5. Pismire-Fly. Dubbing, of bright
brown bear's hair, w^ped with red filk :
wings of the faddeft- coloured fhepft are's
quill-feather. A good fly.
AVIARY,, a place fet apart for feeding
and propagating birds. It fhould be fo
Urge as to give the birds fome freedom of
flight, and turfed to avoid the appearance
of foulncfs on the floor.
AIRY, or AERY, a nefl: or company
of hawks or eagles, fo called from the old
French word aire. See Hawk.
BABBLING, isfaid of hounds which are
too bufy after they have found a good
£cent..
BACK. To back a horfe, or mount a
Horfe,, aiios^ 15 to. mount him bare-backed
BAG
or without a faddle. A weak-backed horfe
is apt to {tumble: fuch a horfe defends
himfelf with his back, is when he leaps and
plays with liis fillets, and doubles his reins
to incommode his rider.
BACKING A Colt, after he has been
exercifed fome time morning and evening,
and you find him obedient, as direfted un-
der the head of colt ; 'and when you have
made him trot a good pace about in your
hand, fee whether your tackling be firm and
good, and every thing in it's true and pro^
per place \ when having one to ftay his.
head, and govern chafing therein, you may
take his back, yet not fuddenly but by de-
grees^ with divers heavings and half-rifings,
which if he endure patiently, then fettle
yourfelf I but ifhe (brink and diflike it, then-
forbear to mount, and chafe him about
again, and then offer to mount,^ and do thi&
till he be willing to receive you%.
After you are fettled, receive your ftir-
rups, and cherilh him, put your toes for-
ward, let him that ftays his head lead him.
forwards half a dozen paces, then cherifh
him again, (hake and move yourfelf on the
faddle, then let the (layer of his head, re-
move his hand a little from the cavefon, as
you thurft your toes forwards, let him move
him forward with his rein, till you have-
made him apprehend your, own motion ofi
the body, and foot, which muft go equally*
together, and with fpirit, alfo that he willt
go forward without the other^s afliftancc,,
and ftay upon the reftraint of your own*
hands ; then cherilh him, and give grafs,^
and bread to eat 3 alight from his back,
mount and unmount twice or thrice to-
gether, ever mixing them with cherifhings 5.
thus exercife him, till he be made perfeA in*
going forwards, and ftanding ftill at plea**
fure ; this* being done, the long rein may
be laid afide, and the band about the neck,,
and only ufc the trenches and cavefon with^
the martingal, and let the groom lead- the.
way before, or another horfe going, only
ftrait forwards, and. make him ftand ftill,
when you pleafe, which will foon be efi^edt--
ed by trotting after another horfe, fometimcst
equal with him, fometimes before,, fo>
i tha£:
•■*
that he fix upon ito certainty but ybur own
bleafurc, and be fure to have regard to the
well carriage of his neck and head^ and as
the martingal flackens, fo (Iraighten it from
time to time,
; BACK WORM, or filander i a difcafe
incident to hawks,
Thcfe worms are about half a yard long,
trouble the birds very much, and in time
will kill them -, they lie warpc up in a thin
fkin about the reins, and proceed from
grofs and vifcuous humonrs in the bowels,
occafioned through ill digeftion and want
of natural heat.
This diftemper is ^afily difcerned by
thefe fymptoms, viz. by the hawk's (linking
breath, calling her gorge, croaking in the
night, trembling, ruffling, and writhing
her tail ; by the muting, which is fmall and
tinclean ; and alfo by keeping at a ftay in
a low date of health.
The back worm is rarely quite killed,
but a careful falconer giving her cloves of
garlic, ftcepcd in wormwood once a month,
and once a fortnight, againft his putting her
into the mew, which will qualify the worm;
without this care flic will be fuddenly fpoiled.
There is another fort of filander, which
lies in the gutorpannel, being long, fmall, ,
white and red worms — for cure take aloes
hepatic, filings of iron, nutmeg, and as
itauch honey as will fcrve to make them in-
to a pill, which give her in the morning as
foon as fhe has caft j and after (he has muted
it clean away, then give her good hot meat.
See Worms.
BADGER, of this animal there are two
kinds; the dog badger fo called, on ac-
count of refembling a dog in his feet ; and
a hog badger, as refembling a hog in his
cloven feet.
The latter are diflFcrent from the former,
•being whiter and larger, and having thick-
er heads andfnowts j they do alfo differ in
their food, the one eating fiefli and carrion
like a dog.; iind the other roots and fruits
Jik^ a hog : and thefe kinds of badgers,
•where they have their earths ufe to caft their
tfianUyOr dung, in a fmall hole, add cover
at4 whereas .the dog badgers make their
K A D
liants it a good diftance from their bun-dWs»
which are deep with a variety of chambers^
holes and angles.
The hog badger being fat and laty, earths
in open, eafy and light grounds, whereas
the other fore frequent thickets, rocks, and
mountainous places, miking their retreats
deeper and narrower,
A badger is known by fevcral other
names, as a grey, a brock, a borefon, or a
baufon : the young ones are called pigSj
the male is called the boar^ and the female
the fow.
The badger is • naturally a very fleepy
cfeature, and feldom ftirs out bat in the
night feafon tofcek his prey ; and above all
other food, hog's flcfli is moft grateful to
his palate ; infomuch, that if you take a
piece of pork, and trail it over the badger's
burrow, he will foon make his approach
out.
They live to a great age, and when their
fight fails them by reafon of old age, they
keep to their burrows, and receive their
food from the younger.
They are <^f ia very chilly and cold naturCy
and therefore will not go out when it fnows.
Their flefti is of a fweet rankifli taftc, but
is eaten in many countries.
The beft feafon to take them is \<iSepiember.
They have very fliarp and venomous
teeth } their legs are longer on the right
fide than on the left, fo that when they
run, they chufe the fide of an hill, bank,
furrow or cart-rout.
The dog badger's ears, fnout, and throat
are yellowifti, and they are longer legged
than the hog badger : they accompany not
together, yet they both prey on all manner
of fowl, young pigs, rabbets, and the likei
food J doing great hurt in warrens.
They are llout and are hardy in defending
themfelves, and will endure fevere blows s
yet their nofe and fnout is fo tender, that
a little blow thereon will kill them.
Although the badger and the foK are
much alike in feveral qualities, yet they of-
ten fight with one another, efpecially on the
account of food, fo that it is good fport to
fee the conteft between them.
Th«
BAD
* %
The hunting and purfuing thena however
is much the fame at the concIuGon : but
the badger runs to his earth or burrow,
much fooner than the fox, and been earthr-
?d, makes good and defends his caftle much
longer 5 and to fay the truth, the pleafure
of the chafe does chiefly confift in the un-
kennelling and unearthing of them, which
requires (kill and labour.
You are to take notice, that although all
hounds will eagerly purfue, and hunt both
th« fox and the badger, yet there is not one
of them that will endure to i^td on their
flclh ; and there are fome dogs more pro-
per for this chafe than others ; thofe are
the terriers, fpoked of in fox hunting, which
The labour and ingenuity of badgers in
snaking their burrows, is worth obferva-
tion* When they earth, after they have en-
tered a good depth for the clearing the earth
€uc, one lieth on his back and another layeth
earth on his belly; and fo taking his hind-
er feet in his mouth, draweth him out of his
burrow : and he having unladen himfclf of
earth goeth to the fame work again, and
thus they do till their chambers, or places
<>f retreat, are finifhed,.
Then they proceed to gather in their
furniture, that is, the materials for their
couch or lodging, as ftraw, leaves, mofs,
and the like, which with their feet<and head
they warp up fo clofc together, that they
will get to their burrows a pretty good bun-
dle. Some burrows have fcven or eight
dillinA chambers.
OfbunHngtbe BADGER.
In doing this, younouft'feek the? earths,
and burrows where he lies, and in a clear
moonfhine night go and ftop all the bur-
rows, except one or two, and therein place
fomefacks, faftencd with drawing ftrings,
which mav Hiut him ia asfoon as hedrain-
«
eth the bag.
Some ufe no more than to let a hoop in
the mouth of the fack, and fa put it into
the hole; and as foon as. the badger is in
thcfack and ftrainech it^ ,the fackilippeth
BAD
off the hoop and fecures him in it, where
he lies trembling till he is taken.
Thefe facks or bags being thus fet, call
off the hounds, beating about all the woods,
coppices, hedges and tufts, round about,,
for the compafs of a mile or two, and what
badgers are abroad, being alarmed by the
hounds, will foon betake themfelves to >
their burrows •, and obferve that he who is ^
placed to watch the facks, muft ftand clofe
and upon a clear wind ; oiherwifc the badgcrr
will difcover him, and will inimcdiately fly
fome other way into his burrow.
But if the hounds can encounter him be-
fore he can take his fanduary, he will then »
(land at a bay like a boar, and make good
fport, vigoroufly biting and clawing the*
dogs. The general manner of their fightings
is lying on their backs, ufing both teeth and :
nails, and by blowing up their Ihins defend
themfelves againfl: all bites of the dogs, -and
blows of the men upon their nofes, as afore-
faid. And for the better prefervation of
the dogs, it is good to put broad collars
about their necks made of greys ikins.-
When the badger perceives the terriers to *
begin to yearn him in his burrow^ he will •
ftop the hole betwixt him and the terriers, ,
and if they ftill continue baying, he will -
remove his couch into another chamber, or
part of the burrow, and fo from one to arip- -
ther, barricading the way before them, as -
he retreats, until he can go no farther;
If you intend to dig the badger out of his .
burrow, you muft be provided with the
fame tools as for digging out a fox; and
befides you fliould have a pail of water to >
refrefli the terriers, when they. come put of
the earth to take breath and cool themfelves.
It will alfo be neceffary to put fomefmall
bells about the necks of your terriers, which
making a noife may caufe ihe badger ta*
bolt out.
The tools ufed for the digging out of the
badger, being troublefome to be carried on i
men's backs, may be brought in a cart.
In digging you muft confider the fitua-
tion of the ground, by which you-may judge r
where the chief angles are; for elfc, inftead:^
of advancing the work, you will hinder k..
B A 1
In this order you may bcfiege them in
their holds, or caftles, and may break their
platforms, parapets, cafemates, and work
to them with mines and countermines, un-
til you have overcome them.
There are advantages which accrue by
killing this animal. Their flefli, blood,
and greafe, though they are not good food,
yet arc very ufeful for phyficians, and apo-
thecaries, for oils, ointments, falves, and
powders for fliortnefs of breath, the cough
of the lungs, for the (tone, fpraincd finews,
colt aches, &c. and the (kin being well
dreffed, is very warm and good for antient
people, who arc troubled with paralytic dif-
tcmpers.
' BAG IN ANGLING. A line is faid to bag,
when one hair, (after it is twilled) runs up
more than any of the reft.
BAG IN FARRIERY, IS whcn, in order to
retrieve a horfe's loft appetite, they put an
ounce of affa-fcetida, and as much powder
of favin, into a bag, to be tied to the bitt,
keeping him bridled for two hours, feveral
times a day : as foon as the bag is taken
oflF, he will fall to eating. The fame bag
will fcrve a long time.
BAIT; a thing prepared to take, or
bring iilhes to. Ste Alluring Fish.
There arc three forts of baits for taking
fifti : the natural ones, and thofe generally
^ are living, as worms of all kinds, cfpecially
the red maggots, bobs, frogs, grafshop-
pers, bees, beetles dores, butterflies,
which arc admirable for the chub, wafps,
hornets, fnaikj fmall fifli, &c.
Next arc the artificial baits, which are of
two forts : firft fuch as imitate the living
baits, cfpecially flies for every month and
feafon of the year \ nay almoft for every
filh, fo great is the variety of them, that
•frequent the meadows and rivers.
Thefe flies are made on the bodies of
your hooks, the bodies of your flies being
made cf wool, and the wings of feveral
forts of feathers, coloured to the life, re-
fembling thofe you counterfeit, and with
thefe draw your hook gently on the top of
the water, and generally againft the ftream,
and the fifti will bite at them with greedi-
ncfs. See Fly-Fishing, Angling, &c.
BAI
The fecond fort of artificial baits, arc
partes of feveral oompofitions, of which
more in Article Paste : but for the pre-
fent, we are to obferve, concerning the Red,
or earth worm (for the taking of which,
confult that article) it is good for ffnalt fifli
all the year round, and fmall fifli are good
baits for pikes at all times: fheeps blood
and cheefe, are good bait in April ; the
bobs, dried wafps, and bees, are for Mayi
brown flies for June : maggots, hornctsj
wafps, and bees, for7«^; fnails in Augufti
grafshoppers in September j corn, bramble
berries, and feeds, at the fall of the leaf ;
your artificial pafl:cs, are for May^ June^
and July ; and frogs for March.
Concerning all your artificial flies, the
great dun fly will do the latter end of F^-
bruary^ if there be fair weather, for it is
a time the air is warm, and that the fi(h be-
gin to partake of the fun's heat, fo that
in reafon, you may expe6t they will bite
freely.
The little dun fly is proper for March ; the
ftone, or May fly, for April ; the red and
yellow for May ; the black, dark, yellow
and moorifti fly for June \ the wafp, and
fliell, and the cloudy, or blackifli fly is for
Au^ufi\ but generally filh more eagerly rife
at thefe flies at this feafon, when ntioft forts
of flies refort to the water fide.
The be ft way to make thefe flies, is to
get the living ones of the feveral kinds,
thereby to imitate nature, both for (hape,
colour, or fize, for the nearer the better.
Thofe fifli which bite the moft freely at
flies are chubs, chevins, trouts, and fal-
mon.
To make the great dun fly ; let the body
be of black wool, and the wings of the dun
feathers of a drake*s tail.
The little dun fly has his body made of
dun wool, and his wing of the mail of a par-
tridge* Thefe are for March.
The body of the ftone, or May fly, muft
be of black wool, but under his wings and
tail muft be of a pale yellow, with fome filk
of that colour, and his wings muft be of
drake's down. This fly is for April.
The red or ruddy fly, muft have his body
made of reddifti wool of the mail of a mal-
laidj
» » • . .
t" vJ *■ . , , ^ ^
\n.
>• :2N r:- f v/A..., ,
• .
( i
'r i.
,-*.*^
B A I
B A I
lard, and the red feathers of a capon's tail.
Ihis fly is for May.
The yellow, or grcenifh fly, muft have
his body made of black wool, with a yellow
lift on each fide, and the wings of a red
cock's mail.
The moorilh fly has his body made of
dufkifli wool, and the wings of the blackifli
mail of a drake.
The tawny fly mufl: be made of a tawny
wool, the wings made contrary one againft
the other, of the whitifli mail* of a white
dr^ike. Thefe flies are for June.
1 he wafp fly is made of black wool, cap-
ped about with yellow filk^ and the wings
of a buzzard's down, or of a drake's fea-
thers. This fly is for July,
The IhcU fly, termed alfo the green fly,
has the body made of greenifh wool, and
his wing of the herle of a peacock's tail.
This is alfo for July.
The cloudy dark fly mufl: be ipade after
a diflferent manner, formed on a fmall piece
of cork, bound about with black wool and
black (ilk, and wings of the under mail of
a mallard, vith a black head.
When you draw it on your hook, be fure
doitfothat no part of the hook be difcern-
cd. TliW&Y n (ot Juguft^
Ihe roughen the bodies of the flies are,
and the more' fhining, the better they are
cfteemedi and when you have got a fet of
good flies, they will ferve you many years,
if kq)r carefully.
Take this for a rule^ that the brighteft
flies are for cloudy and dark v^eather, and
the dark flies, are for bright and clear
weather.
It may fiot be improper to lay down fome
dire&ions here, for artiflcial fly fi(hing.
Firft, obfervc to have the wind in your
back, and in cafting ofi^ your line, be fure
the fly fall flrft to the water.
For every fort of fly have fevcral of the
fame difl^ering in colour, to fuit with the
feveral waters and weathers.
In flow rivers, or ftill places, cafl: your
line as far as you can, and let it fink a little,
then gently draw.it back) and • let tAe fly
l^furely with the current ^ygur lin^
(hould he. as long again as your rod, unleft
the river be very fliallow and clogged up.
You mult have a nimble hand, and quick
eye, to ftrike prefently upon the rifing of
the fifh, otherwife the fifli will be apt to
throw out the hook, finding his ininake.
As to what concerns live baits, remember
they are to be kept each fort by themfclves*
and to be fed with fuch things as they are
wont to eat when at liberty.
The red worm takes mutrh* delight in
black fat earth j if you mix fome fennel
chopt fmall with it, they will improve very
much.
Give them fometimes a little ox or cow
dung newly made i you may keep them in
a box, or fmall bag.
But red worms« as alfo all other forts of
worms fc9ur quickly, grow very tough and
bright by putting them into a thin clout,
greafed with frefli butter, or greafe, before
you put them into mofs, which is the beft
to keep them in ; the mofs muft firft be
wafhed clean, and the water fqueezed out ;
and for the food you are to give them, drop
a fpoonful of cream into the mofs every
three or four days, and remove the mols
every week, keeping it in a cool place.
White great maggots are to be fed with
fheep's fuet and beatU liver cut fmall.
Frogs and grafshoppers do well in wet
mofs and long grafs, which much be moifr
tened every night : cut off their legs and'
wings when you ufe them. •
1 he bob, caddis-worm, cancer, and fuch
like, are to be preferved with the fame
things where you take them.
Live flies muft be ufed as you catch
them.
The wafp, hornet, and hnmble beci niay
be dryed in an oven, after the bread is
drawn, but have a care in fcorching them %
then dip their heads in flieep's blood, which
muft be dryed on ; and fo keep them in a
clean box, and they will continue good for
a quarter of a year*
Laftly, as for compound paftes, there are
fcveral forts; which fee under Article
Pastj^ } particularly a way of boiling beaiis,
G with
B A I
with which you may take great quantFty of
Take a new pot glazed on theinfide, and
boil fome beans in it, fuppofe a quarter of
a peck, with river water v after you have
fteeped them for feven or eight hours in
fome water that was almoft warm, when
they are near half boiled, put in three or
four ounces of honey, according to the
quantity of the beans, and two or three
grains of muik; let them boil a little,
and ufe them in this manner :
Seek out a clean place, where there are
no weeds, that the Bfli may fee and take
rfic beans at the bottom of the water. The
place fhould be two or three hundred paces
from their holes; according to the bignefs
thereof J throw in your beans at five or fix
in the morning and evening, for the fpace
of feven or eight days, to the end you may
draw the fifli thither ; and. three days before
that on which you defign to filh, bait them
with the beans before ordered, except that
before you take them off the fire, you mix
with them fome of the bcft aloes reduced
into powder,, about the quantity of two
beans ; give it a boil and then take it off.
The fifh that eat it, will void all they
have in their bodies, and for three days
after will faft, and then will come to feek
for food, i» the place where they found the
bait, therefore you muft be ready at two or
three in the afternoon to fpread your nets -^
and when you have done fo>and thrown in
eight or ten handfuls of beans, withdraw in
erder to< retum thither again pretty late
in the evening for calling the net. Se^
Allure Fi&h to Bait> An^glino- and
Ledger Bait.
To. BAIT, or BATE,, (in Falconry.) is
when a hawk Butters with her wings, either
from perch, or fift, a& if it were ftriving to
get away^
BAITS for inioxtMtingfowh
There- arc fovcral artificial. baits^ for in-
toxicating.of fowl, without tainting or hurt^*
ing their fie(h» fome of which are composed
as f4i>lloweth :
BAT
Take a pectc, or leffcr quantity, of wheati,
rye, barley, peas, or tares, to which put
two or three handfuls of nux vomica, and
boil them in running water until they are
almoft ready to burft, then take it off the
fire, and when they are cold ftrew them
upon the land, where you defign to take the
fowl, and fuch as cat thereof will imme-
diately be intoxicated, and lie as if dead,
fo that. you may take them up at pleafure,
provided you ftay not too longy. for the
dizzinefs will not lafl: long upoa them^
therefore be near at hand.
As the greater fort of land fowl are thus
taken, fo may you take fmall birds, only
with this alteration^ that inftead of wheats
peas, or the like grain,- you ufe hemp-feed^
rape feed, or canary^feed, but. above all.
muftard feed.
If you approve not of nux vomica, you
may boil the faid grains or feedis in the lees
of wine (the ftrongcr the better) as .you did*
in the runmng water, and apply them ta
ufe as aforefaid, aad it will woric the fam©
effedb, being efteemed more wholefome,^
having nothing of that poifonous nature itv
its but in an hour or two- the fun^s will,
be perfeftly wrought off*
Inftead of boiling^the faiid'^rain£\or (tt6,y
in the lees>. you may Itecp-them therein j ,
but then- they will require a long tinae be*
fore they are fufficiently fwola.aod fit for.
ufe*
Or inftead of nux vomicaj or^ lees of
wine,, yovi/ may. infufe the faid grains, or
feeds,, in. the juice of hemlock, mk thereim
the feeds of. henbane and poppy, or either
of them . Thefe muft ftand two or thre©
days.infufing, bcfoM they.ar&fit to firew.on
the grounds for ufe«^
Having (hewed you how to take land
fowl, I fliall give fome inftrudions for tha
taking of water fowl,«efpecially at fuch timea
as they range up and down to feek thein^food
on. land.; toi^! eflPe£ting of which..
Take the feeds, leaves, .and roots u)f this
herb called bellengc^ and. having cleanfed
them from all filth,, put. thecn kito a vcfTel
o£ dean running water, and let. th«m Ho
ftcepii^ thereiD. twGirty-fow boussacile^i
then
B A L
tt>€n boil tliem in the faid water until it is
jiltnoft confumcd ; take it off the fire, let it
ceol i then fcatter it in fuch places where the
fowl have their haunts ; they will greedily
cat it fo that they will become in^mediately
intoxicated, and lie in a ftupor as if dead;
but you much watch them, for the fumes
will foon wtfar off.
Some add to this decoAion, the powder
of brimftone boiled therein, which is very
efF^ftual.
For deftroying of crows, ravens, kites,
and fuch like mifchievous birds that are in-
jurious to warrens and parks for the killing
coneys and lambs, as alfo chickens : take
the garbage or entrails of any fowl, or for
want thereof, of a pig or rabbet -, this gar«
bage fteep in the lees of wine with nux
vomica^ and when it is well infufed therein,
put in fuch places where thefe birds ufe to
rcfort, which muft be very early in the
morning, or in the evening \ and having a
place prepared to lie concealed in near at
hand, you may take thofe that are intoxica-
ted by the^eating.
Or inftead of the garbage, you may take
little pieces of flefli, and thruft therein a
fmall piece of nux vomica, clofing the place
that it may not be difcerned, and fcatter
the faid pieces up and down where their
haunts are^ and it will have the fame effe61:.'
Having (hewed how to take fowl and
birds by intoxicating baits, I will give you
a receipt how to cover them, that they,
may be made tame.
Take a fmall quantity of fallct oil, more
or lefs, according to the bignefs of the fowl
or bird, and drop it down it's throat ; then
chafe it's head with a little ftrong white-
wine vinegar, and it will foon be perfeftly
well.
BALOTADES, are the leaps ofahorfe
between two pillars, or upon a ftraight line,
made with juttnefs of time, with the aids of
the hands, and the calves of the le^s ; and
that in fuch manner, that when his fore feet
are in the air, he fhews nothing but the
Ihoes of his hinder feet without yerking
out.
Thus it is that the air, or manage of
BAN
balotades differs from caprioles ; the hoife
yerks, or ftrikes out his hinder legs with sMm
his force, keeping them near and even.
Balotades differ likewife from croupades in
this, that in the former the horfe Ihews his
(hoes when he lifts, or raifes his croup, but
in croupades he draws his hinder feet under
him.
BALZANE. See Whitefoot.
BANDOG, a dog for the houfe, bull,
bear, Cifi*. which (hould be chofen with fuch
like properties and qualities, that he has a
large and very big body, well fet, a great
head, fharp fiery $yes, a wide black mouth,
flat jaws, with a fang on either fide, appear-
ing lion like faced : his ceeYh even on both
his jaws and (harp, a great breaft, big legs
and feet; fliort tail ; not too curft nor too
gentle of difpofition, nor laviih of his bark-
ing, no gadder ; and laftly, that he hath a
good Ibrill voice for the terror of thieves.
See Doc. But for the choice of them when
youngy/ee Shepherd's Mastiff.
BANGLE EARS, an imperfedion in a
horfe remedied in the following manner:
take his ears, and place them fo as you
would have them (land, and then with twa
little boards, three fingers broad, having
two long firings knit to them, behind the ears
fo fad in the places where they Hand that
they cannot ftir ; then behind the head at
the root of the ear, you will fee a great deal
of empty, wrinkled (kin, which you muft
pull up with your finger and thumb, and
clip away with a fharp pair of fciflars clofc
bv the head; then with a needle and filk
ftitch the two outfides of the fkin together,
and with green ointment heal up the fore»
which done, take away the fplints that hold
up the ears, and in a fhort time you will
find them keep the fame pofition you placed
them in.
BANQUET, is that fmall part of the
branch of the bridle that is under ibe eye,
which being rounded like a fmaiJ rod, ga»
thers and joins the extremities of th€ bitt to
the branch, and that in fuch manner, that
the banquet is not feen, but covered by the
cap, or that part ofthie bitt that ia .next the
branch. ^:
■* * •
G 2 Banquet
BAR
Banquet line^ is an imaginaryline drawn
by the bitt^makers along the banquet in
forging a bitt, and prolonged upwards and
downwards to adjuft the defigned force> or
weaknefs of the branch in order to* make it
ftifF or cafy : for the branch will be hard
and ftrong, if the fcvil hole is on the out-
fide of the banquet line with refpeft to the'
neck; and the branth will be weak and
cafy if the fevil hole is on the infide of the
line, taking thecenter from- the neck. . See
Branch and Shovldi^r.
BAITING, is 'when a hawk flutters with
her wlngs^ cither from perch or fift, as if it
were driving to get away,
BANDS or a saddlb ; are two pieces of
flat iron, and three fingers broad, nailed upon
the bows of the faddle, one on each Cide,
contrived to bold the bows, in the fituation
that makes the for m^f the faddle.
To put a bow in the band, istoriail down
the two ends of each band to each fide of
the bow.
Befides thefe two great bands, the fore
bow has a fmall one,, called the wither-
band, and a crefcent to keep up the wither-^
arch.
The hinder bow haslikewife a fmall band
to ftrengthen it.
To Bar a Vbin, or ftrikc it^ is an? ope-
ration performed by a farrier upon the veins
of a horfe's legs, and other parts of his
body, with intent to fl:op the courfe, and
leflfen the qi>antity of the malignant hu-
mours that prevail there.
When horfes have got traverfe mules, or
kibed heels, and rat tails, or arreft in the
hinder legs, the cure is to bar a vein.
In order to bar a vein, the farrier opens
the (kin above it, and after difengaging it;
and tying it above and below, he ftrikes
between the two ligatures.
BARB. a hofle brought from Barbary t
fuch horfes are commonly of a (\pnder light
fize, and very clean Ihaped, and fmall legs.
The Sfanifb and Englijh horfe, are much
better bodied, and have larger legs thasn the
Barb.
The Barb is little interior to the Arabian^
SpMtJhj or Turkijh horfc^ but he is ac-
I
BAR
counted by our modern breeders too llender
and lady-like to breed on, and therefore inr
the north of England^ they prefer the Spanijb^
and Turkijh hone before him.
He is fo lazy and negligent in his walk,,
that he will Humble on carpet ground. His
trot is like that of a cow, his gallop low,,
and with much cafe to himfelf. But he is
for the mofl: . part finewy and nervous, ex-
cellent winded, and good for a courfi?, i^
he be not over weighed*
The nKHintain barbs' are accounted the
bed, becaufe they are the ftrongeft and
largcft : they bdong to the AlUnbeiy who
value themthcmfelves> as much as. they arc
prized by any other nartion, . and therefore
they will not part with them to any perfoi*
except to the Prince of the. Bandy .who caii
command them for his own ufe at. any time,
and at his pleafure, .
But as for the other more ordinary forts^
they are to be met with. pretty. common m
the hands of (everal .of our nobility and
gentry.
BARBARY FALCON, bv fome called
the Tartaret Falcon^ is a bird feldom found
in any country, and isxalled a pafiehger, as*
well as a haggard.
It is fometimes leflTcr than the tercel-^
gentle,, and plumbed red under the wings^
flrong armed, with long talons and ftretch-
ers. * ^
The Barbary falctm is adventuroufly bold,.
znd you may fly her with the haggard all
May and June. They are hawks very flack
in mewing at firft ; but when once they be-
gin, they mew their feathers very fafl:.
They are called Barbary falcons, becaufe
they make their pafi[age through that coun-
try, and Tunis, where they are more fre-
quently taken than at any other place.
BARBED^ implies beared like a flfli*
hook.
BARBEL, isfo called, on account of the
barb or beard, that is under his nofe or
chaps, and is a leather-rmouthed-fifh ; and
though he feldom breaks his hold when
hooked ; yet if he proves to be a large one,
he often breake both rod and line. The
male
BAR
male is efteen^ed much better than the
female.
They fwim together in great Ihoals, and
gurc at their worft in /fpnl, at which time
they fpawn, but come foon in fcafon : the
places whither they chiefly refort, are fuch
as are weedy and gravelly rifing grounds, in
ivhich this filh is faid to dig and rout with
his nofe, Kke a fwine. i ,
In the fummer he frequents the ftrpngeft,
fwiftcft currents of the w^ter, ^ deep
Jbridges wares, (sfc. and is apt to fettle him-
fclf amongft the piles, hollow places, and
mofs or weeds -, and will remain there un-
mbveable; but in the winter he retires into
/ddep waters^ dnd helps ihe fenriale tp ^nal^e
a hole ia the fands to hide heir fpawn, in,.. to
hinder its being devoured by othef fifli,
1'his fiQi Is o/ good tafte and Ihapc, cfpe-
cially his palate is curioufly (haped : it is
a very curious and cunning filh, for. if h^
baits be not fweet< clean, well fcoured, and
kept in fweet mofs, he will not bice i bui
well ordered and curioufly kept he will bite
wth great eagerncfs.
The bed bait for him is the fpawn of a
falaK>n> trout or any other fifli -, and if you
would have good fport with him, bait th^
places where you intend to fiih with it ^
night or two before, or with large worms
cut in pieces, and the earlier in the morn-
ing, or the later in the evening that you fi(h>
the better it will be.
Alfo the lob worm is a very good bait : but
you muft be fuie to cover the hook all over
with the bait.
Green gentles arc alfo a very good bait ;
and fo likewife are bits of tough cheefe laid
in fteep for twenty-four hours in clarified
honey 5 with which if you bait the ground,
you can hardly mifs taking them if there be
any.
Graves, which are the fediment of tallow
melted for the making of candles, cut into
pieces, are an excellent ground bait for bar*
^h gudgeons, and many other fifli, if
thrown in the night befofe you angle.
Your rod and line muft be both. long and
ftrong> with a running plummet on the.linc,
9nd let a little bit <^ lead be placed a foot
1
BAR
or more above the hook, to keep the bullet
from falling on it; fo* the worm^ will be at
the bottom where they always bite, and
when the fifli takes the bait, yoUr plummet
will lie, and not choak him ; and by the
bending of the rod you may know when he
bites, as alfo with your hand you will feel
him make a ftrong fnatch, then.ftrike, and
you .will .rarely fail if you play him well
and le^Ve hitxx i.but in fliort, if you manage
him *not dexteroufly he will break your
' Fiftiing for barbel is at bed bun a dull
recreation. They area fullen fifli, and bite
butflo^Iy.' The angler, drops in his baic„
the bullet at the |:K>ttom of the line fixes, it
tpi one fpot of the fiveri. Tired with waiting
for a bite, he generally lays down his rod,
and ejcercifiog the patience of a fetting dog,
w^its till he lees the top of his rod move ?
(hen begins a druggie between him and the
6fli, whjch he calls his fport; and thac
being over, he lands his prize, frefb bait^:
his hook, and lays in for another.
The beft time for fifliing, is about nine in
the morning, and the propereft time for it is
the latter end of May, June, July^ and the
beginning of Juguji.
BARBS, OR BARBLES, are l<;nots of
fuperfluous flefii, that grows upon the chan^
nels of a horfcs mouth : that is the interval
that feparatcs the bars, and lies under the
tongue.
Though it fcems to be a nieer trifie, thefii
however will hinder a horfe from driakin^
as ufual y and if he does not drink freely;
he eats the lefs, and languiflies from day to
diiy, perhaps,, without any one's taking
notice of it.
They are eafily feen by drawing the
tongue aGde, and cured by fnipping them
clofe off and waftiing the mouth with fait
and water.
BARKING, this fox hunters call the
noife made by a fox in the time of clicket-
ting.
BARDELLE, is. a faddle made in^the
form of a great faddle,- bot only of cloth
fluffed with ftraw; ^d tiedtighi dow(iv
without cither kathcr> - wood^ or iron \ they
are
BAR
arc not ufcd in France^ but in Italy thev
trot their colts with fuch faddles^ and thote
who ride them^ are called Cavalcjadours^ or
Scozone.
B A R N A C L E*S, horfe twitchcrs, ot
brakes 5 thefe are things which farrrers ufe
to put upon horfes nofes^ when they wil! not
(land quietly to be (hod, blooded or •dre(}ed
if any fore j fome call them pinchers, but
then they are fo termed to diftingui(h^them
from the foregoing, (incc thefe have*handles,
whereas the others are bound to the nofe
with a lace or cord. Indeed there is athird
fort, though difFering very little from the
firft. This fort is held together at the top by
a ring incldfing the buttons, fi^ft haying the
top buttons held by an >iron pin Hvctted
through them, but the meaneft fort of all
is that which we called roller barnacles, or
wood twitchers, being only two rollers of
wood bound together, with the horfe*s nofe
between them, and for want df better they
ferve inftead of iron branches.
BARS OF A Houses Mouth, are the
ridge, or highcft.parts of that place of the
gum that neverfecars anyteeth, and is fituated
between the grinders, and 'the tulhcs, on
each fide of the mouth : fo thatthat part of
the gum which lies under, and at the fide
of the bars, retains the name of gum.
The bars are that part of the mouth upon
which the bitt (hould reft and have it's ap-^.
pui, for though a fingle cannon bears upon
the tongue, the bars are fo fenfible, and
tender, that they feel the effeft of it even
through the thicknefs of the tongue.
Thefe bars fhould be (harp ridged, and
lean i fince all the fubjeition a horfe fufFers,
proceeds from thofe parts i for if they have
not thefe qualities, they will be very little
or not at all fenfible, fo that the horfe can
never have a good mouth: for if they be
flat, round and infenfible, the bitt wVll not
work it's -effeft, and confequently fuch a
horfe can be no better govern^ by the
bridle than if one took hold of his tail.
A 'horfe »is rfaid ito fall /oul of the bar,
wh«n in the ftablc he entangles his legs
upoorthe4>artitioii bar* that is put to fepa-
rate two horfes, and keep them from taU
liag upon one another.
B A T
Barbs and vigorous ticklifti hoffcs -are
apt to fa)l foul of the bar, and when they
do they (Irugglc and fling, and wound
thcmfeives in the hoc?ks and thighs, and
the legs, and are in danger of laming them-
felves, unlcfs you fpccdily cut the cord that
keeps up the end of the bar, and fo fuffcr
that end to fall to the ground.
BAT FOWLING, is a night exercife^
and tak«s aU forts of birds, both great and
fmall, that robft not only on the ground,
but on (hfubs, bu(hes, hawthorn trees,
and the like places, and is therefore proper
for woody, rough and bulhy places.
The depth of winter, is the beft feafoit
for this fport, and the darker the night9
and the colder the weather, fo much the
better.
As to the manner of bat-fowling, it may
be performed either with nets, or without,
juft as you plcafe.
If it be without nets, and fuppofirig tho
company to be twelve or fifteen, one- third
part of the number fhould carry poles, to
which (hould be bound at the top little bun-
dles of dry wifps of hay, or ftraw, (or inftead
of them, pieces of links, or hurds dipt in
pitch, rofin, or the like that will blaze)
another third part are to attend upon thofe
fires with long poles, rough and bulhy at
the upper ends, to knock down the birda
that By about the lights : and the other third
part muft have long poles to beat the buflies,
and other places, to caufe the birds to fly
^bout the lights, which they will do, being
as it were amazed, and will not part from
them, fo that they may be knocked down
very eafily : and thus you may find good di«
verfion for dark nights.
One of the company fliould alfo carry a
candle and lanthorn, that if all the lights
(hould happen to be extinguilbed, they may
be lighted again ; but you muft be fure to
obferve the greateft filence pofilble, efpe-
cially till the lights are kindled.
BAT FOWLING with Nets is perform-
ed as follows ; let two or three perfons carry
lanthorns and lighted candles, extend in
one hand (fuch as are ufed in Low Belling,
which fee) and in the other hand fmall nets,
fomc-
j?
Mi,^
BAT.
femething like a rackct> but Icfs, which
muft be fixed at the end of a long pole, to
btat down the birds as they fit at rooft ;
they being furprizcd at the great blazing
light, will fct ftill till they are knocked
ck>wn«
A crofs-bow is very ufcful in this fport/
to fhoot them as they fit-
BATHING A FALCON, is when weaned
from her ramaged fooleries, being alfo hi-
red, rewarded, and thoroughly reclaimed,
ike is offered lomc water to bathe herfelf in, .
in a bafon where flie may ftand up to her
thighs ; for doing this you muft chufe a
temperate clear day. When you have thus
hired the hawk, and rewarded her with
warm meat, carry her in the morning to-
ft)me bank, and there hold her in the fun, .
till file has endued her gorge, taking off her
hood that (be may prune and pick herfelf^
having fo done, hood her again, fefi her.
near the bafon and take oflB her i hood ; let
lior bathe: again, as long aft' ihepleafes ; :
after (he has done, take her up, let her pick
herfelf as before, and then feed her;, but,
if' (he d6es not like ta bathe herfelf in the
bafon, then fliew. her fome fmaU river or;
brook for that purpofe.
By the ufe.ot*this bathing, (he will gain
ftrength • and a iliarp appetate^^ . and fo grow*
bold ; but give her no wafhedimeaton^thofc:
days thatihe bathes.
BATTLE ROYiAL,. [in cock-fighting)
» fight betweca three,, five, or feven cocks
all engaged together, fo that the cock which
Ifaiiids longeft-^gets the day. S^e Cockino«
BAWK IN ANCLiNG^.isa knotia ahairj.
or link of aline, occasioned often by the.
twifting ofan eel,* and if not rcdififid in
dme the lino will break in^ that place. .
BAWRELj is a hawk^. for.iargenefs and.
lkape>. fomewhat like a lanmeri .but . hath
a longer ^body and tail ;. (he is generally a.
£ift goer aforehead, and a. good field hawk,
and io inclofures will kiU a pheafant^ but be-
ing a. long winded hawic is uafit for .coverts^*
To BAY, to bark as a dog does.; among.
Biuntfmeh deer are faid 'to bay, when; after
they have been bard % run. they, tura head^
a^o&tbe hounds^
B E A
BAY COLOUR. A bay horfe is what we
commonly call red, inclining to chefnat.
This colour varies feveral ways : it is
a dark bay, or a light bay, according as it
is more or lefs deep : and we have likewifc
dapple bays.
All bay horfes have black manes, which
diftinguiflies them from the forrel, that,
have red or white manes.
BAYARD, a bay horfe.
BEAGLES,, hunting dogs, of which
there are. feveral forts, viz. the fouthern
beagle, which is fomething Jefs than the
deep mouthed hound, and fomething thicker
and fhorter.
The fleet northern^ or cat beadle, which
is- finaller, and of a finer ih ape than the*
fouthera beagle, and is a hard runner.
Thefe two beagles by croffing the ftrains,<
breed an. excellent fott, which, are great
killers;
•There is alfo a very fmall fori of beagles, .
not bigger than a lady's lap-dog, which -
make pretty divcrfion in hunting the co-
ney-; and alfo the fmall hare, if the weather^
be dry ; but by reafen of the fmallncfs, -
this fort is not ferviceable»
B£^K, the nib, lor bill, of a bird in fal-
conry, the upppr part of a. hawk's bill that/
is crooked. .
BEARING, [in cock fighting] the fight- •
iag of thofe birdis with their bills, or hold-
ing with the bill,, and ftriking with the heels.v
BEAM, [in the- head of a deer J is that :
part which bears the antlers, royals and.-
tops,, and .the. little, ftreaks therein, called.-;
cutters..
BEAM FEATHERS, arc the Jong fea- -
thers of a^ hawk's wing^
Of/ the nature^' and properties of' a- BEAR; >
and after what manner bunted..
There arci two 'forts oC bearsy a greater '
and a lefler ; the laft is» more *ap& to.*climb:
trees than^the other.^
Bears are bred in many councrres-; .in thei
Helvetian. jilpine-^rcgion, ,thcy^ arc foftrong'i
and courageous, that they can tear to pieces
both o^cen. and horfes^ /or which .caufe the?
inha^.-
B E A
lahabitanfs are ftudioufly laborious in the
tiking them.
A bear is of a moft venerous and luftful
difpofuion, for day and night the females
with molt ard<:nt inflaming defires, do pro-
voke the malfs to copulation, and for this
caufe at that uvnc they are moft fierce and
angry.
The time of their copulation is in the be-
ginning of winter, and the manner ofitij"-
like to a man's ; the males moveth himfclf
upon the belly of the female, which lieth
flat on her back, and they embrace one ano-
ther with their fore feet j they remain a very
long time in that aft.
They are naturally very cruel and mif-
chicvous unto all tame bedls, and very
ftrong in all parts of their body but their
head, where a fmall blow will kill them.
They go to mate in the beginning of the
winter, fome fooner, fomc later, accord^*
ingto their reft and feeding; and their heat
lafteth not more than fifteen days.
When the (he-bear pcrceiveth herfclf
with whelp, (he withdraw's herfelf into fome
cave or hollow rock, and there remains till
flie bring^s forth her whelps. •
When they enter into their den, they
convey themfelves^ backward, that fo. they
may put out their footfteps from the fight
of the hunters.
The nature of all of them is to avoid cold,
and therefore in the winter time they hide
thcmfelvcs, chufing rather to fufFer famine
than cold, lying for three or four months
together, and never fee the light ; where-
by, in a manner, their guts are clung to-
gether; and coming forth, are fo dazzled
by long darknefs, being in the light again,
that they ftaggcr and reel to and fro: and
then by a fecret i nil inft they remedy the
ftraightnefs of their guts, by eating an herb,
called Arum; in Englifli Wake-robin, or
Calues foot ; by acidity whereof their guts
are enlarged : and being recovered, they
remain more fierce and cruel than at other
timesi while their young are with them.
They arc whelped moft -commftnly in
Mdrcb ; fometimes tWa^ and not above five
in number : the nrioftparcof theni are dead
BE A
one whole day after they are wlnelped, but
the (he bear fo licks them and warms theni
with her breath, and hugs them in her bo-
fom, that (he quickly revives them.
As foon as the dam perceiveth her cubs
to grow ftrong, (hefackleth them no]<«7gerj
by reafon of their curftnefs ; as they will
bite her if they cannot get fuck enough.
After this (he preyeth abroad upon any
thing (he can meet with, whjch (he eats and
cafts up to her young ones ; fo feed them
till they can prey themfclvcs. They will
climb a tree for the fruit.
If they be hunted they will follow a man»
but not run at him unlefsthey are wounded.
They are very ftrong in their paws ; they
will fo hug a man, or dog, till they have,
broke his back, or fqueezed the guts out of
his belly : with a fiogle paw they will pull a
lufty dog to his tearing and devouring
mouth.
They will bite fo Severely, that they will
bite a man's head to the brains : as for aa
arm or leg, they will cru(h it> > as a Idog doen
a (lender bone of mutton. ']■. -. .
When they arc hunted, they are ib heavy
that they make no (peed, and arc always ia
fight of the dogs : they (land not^ia bay as
the boar, but fly wallowing^; but.!if the
hounds ftick iq, they will iljght valiantly in:
their own defence ; fometimes they will ftand
up ftraight on the hinder feet, which
you may take; as a fign of fear'and cow-
ardice> for they fight ftouteft > and? ftrongcift
on all four. »
They have an excellent fcent, and wilL
fmell farther than any other beaft, except a
boar.
They may be hunted with hounds, maf-
tifFs, or greyhounds ; and they are chafed
and killed with bows, boar-fpears, darts
and fwords : fo are they alfo taken in fnares»
cayes, pits, and with other engines.
They naturally abide in great mountains ;
but when it fnows, or in hard weather, thca
they defcend into* vallies and foxefts for
provifion.
They caft their Ie(res fometimes in round
croteys, 'and fometimes flat, . like a bulloek^
according to their feeding.
They
BE A
' 'Thef'^fovMtmmg2i\opy and at otW
times an amble : but they go moft at eafc
y^cvL they wallow.
When they come from their feeding,
they beat commonly the highways and
beaten paths, and wherefoever they go our
of the highways, there you m^y be furc
they are gone to their dens : for they uTe
no^ doubling nor fbbtiltie9.r
They tumble and wallow in water and
mire, as fwi^ie, and they feed like a dog :
fomie fay their Btfii is very good food.
The beft way of finding the boar is with
a l^arv hound* ; and yet he who i^ without
one, may trail after a bear as- we do after a
buqk or ror, and you may lodge aisd hunt
them as you do a buck.
For the more fpeedy eMcution, mingle
maftiffs among the hounds ; for they will
pinch the bear, and fo pirxvoke her to
anger, until at laft threy^ bring her to the
ba^ or elfc drive her our of the plaia into
the covert, not letting her be at relt till ffae
fights in- her own' defence.
BI^ARD m Anx;lin43, is'that part of the
heok which is a little above the point, and
ppqje(%ing out, lo hinder the &(h hotn flip-
ping oflF the hook.
BEARD) OR VNWSK BBAUD) OK OHUGK
OP A HORSE, is *tha€ part 'underneath the
lower mandible on the outiide, and above
the chin, which bears the curb .of the bridle.
Icis^alfo called the chuck. See Cukr^ atid
Gbnette,
BEARD- OP A (h>RSB, fhauld neither be
too high raifed, nor to flat, fo that the
curb may reft in it's Hght place.
It fhould have but little flefh upon it,
and be almoft nothing but fkin and bone,
without any kind of chops, hardnefs, or
fwelling.
High BEARING^ Cock, one larger than
the cock he fights with.
BEASTS OF THE Chase^ are five, the
buck, the doe, the foK, the roe, and the
martin.
BEASTS OF THE Forest, are the hart,
the hind, the hare^ the boar, and the
wolf. ^
BEASTS ahd Fowls or the Warren,
a IS* A
are^ebeliafe, the coneys th« pheafant, smf^
the partridge.
BEARING CLAWS : the foremoft toes
of a cock are fo called by cock-fighters,
which, if they be hurt or gravelled he
caimot fight.
To BEAT, [with Hunters") a term ufed of
a ftag which runs firft one way and then
another, ,who is then faid to beat up and
down : alfo the noifc made by conies irt roD*
ting time, which is called beating, or
tapping.
BEAT UPON THE Hand See Chack.
• HEAT, to beat the duft or powder, ia
faid of a horfe that at each time or motion^
does not take in ground or way enough,
with his fore-legs.
A horfe beats the duft at terra a terra^
when he does not imbrace, or take in ground
enough with his ffaoulders, and makes all
his times and motions too Ihor.t, as if he
made them in one place.
He bcats> the duft at curvets, when he
does them too precipitately, and too low.
Me beats upon a walk, when he walks too
(hort, and makes but little way, whether
in ftraight lines, rounds, orpafTagings.
BEAVER, this animal differs not much
from the otter, excepting his tail, being of
colour fomewhat yellow, interfperfed with
afli. There are great numbers of them in
Virginia^ NewSngland^ New-Tork^ and
^(hofe parts : and the river Tivf in fFaJer^ .
was once famous fbr this animal.
They are an amphibious animal like the
otter, living both on land, and in water ;
both frefh and fait j keeping in the laft in'
the day, and on the firft in the night: but
without water they cannot live ; for they
participate much of the nature of fifh, which
may be gathered from their tails and legs.
They are much about the bignefsof nnun-
grel curs ; their fore-feet are like thofe of
a dog, and their hinder like thofe of a
goofe, having a web to aflift them in fwinn-
ming : they have a ftiort head, a flat hairy
fnout, fmall round ears, very long teeth ;
and the under teeth ftanding out beyond
their lips, about the breadth of three
fingers, and die upper about that of half a
H fiogerj.
BE A
ftnrger/ being very broad, crooked, ftrdng,
and fliarp, let deep in their mouths ; being
their only weapon (o defend thenifelves
againit other anlniab, and take fiih, as it
were, upon hooks ; and with thefe they will
foon cut afunder a tree 4s thick as a man's
thigh : the tail is without hair, and covered
over with a (kin like the fcalcs of a filh,
about half a foot long^ and fix fingers
broad.
B E A V E R.H U N T I N G.
: The common method of hunting them is
thus : their caves, or places of abode, be-
ing found, in which are feveral chambers,
or places of retreat, by the water-fide, built
enc over another for them to afcend or de-
fcend, according as the water rifes or falls ;
and the building of them is admirable to
behold ; being made with fticks, and plaif-
tered with dirt, very artificially, in form of
a bcLC-hive 3 but for largenefs, as big as a
moderate fized oven.
Thefe caves being found, you mufl: make
a breach therein, and put a littfc dog in it 5
which when the beaver perceives, he in-
ftantly makes to the end of his cave, and
there defends himfejf with his teeth till all
his building is razed or dcmolilhed, and he
is expofcd to his enemies, who kill him
with proper inftruments. The dogs ufed for
killing them are fuch as for the otter.
The beaver cannot dive long under water,
but mufl: put up his bead for breath ; which
being feen by thofe that are hunting them,
they kill them with gun-ftiot, or fpears, fuch
as are ufed for killing the otter.
They are taken for their fkins and cods,
which are of a high price : thofe flcins are
befl: that are blackeft.
One who dwelt in Virginia, gives the fol-
lowing account of them. That they dwell,
or inhabit, in low, moorifh,- boggy places,
through which runs a rill of water j and
this rill, at fome convenient place, they
flop by making a dam crofs it 5 and by this
dam (which is made artificially with earth
and fticks) they make their caves •, and to
which belong commonly two or three hun-
iJfpd beavers, refembiing as it were ^ town.
BEL
If this dam is at any time broken by any
to take them, or otherwifc becomes decayed,
(the water being their chief 'tcfuge^ they
immediately repair it.
And by obfervation, they have a chief
over them, who takes care thereof; the
reft are very obfervant to him when he has .
affemblcd them together, which he does by ,
flapping his tail in the water, and fo making .
a noi fe.
BED and BEDDING in Angling, arc
faid of hairs where they arc twifted kindly,
fo that the link is equally round in every
part. Alfo the fubftance of the body of aa
artificial fly. Eels are faid to bed, wheo
they get into the fands or mq)d in large
quantities.
BED OF Snakes j a nanrje hunters give to
a knot of young ones ; and a roe is faid to
bed when (he lodges in a particular place.
BELLING, > [with hunters] the noifc
BELLOWING, 5 made by a hart in rut-
ting time,
BELLY ; a thick bellied, a well-bodied,
a well thick-flanked horfcj that is, a horfe
that has large, long, and Well made ribs ;
or fuch as are neither too narrow nor.too
flat: thence they fay.
Such a horfe has -no body, he is thia
flanked ; that is, his ribs are too narrow,, or
fliort, and th^ flank turns up : which makes
his body look flanklefs, like a greyhound.
A horfe of this nature is commonly called
in French 2in efirac i which generally fpeak*
ing, is a fine fort of tender horfcs, not very
for travelling or fatigue, unlefs they feed
very heartily.
We rejedt all coach-horfes that arc not
well bodied, all that are narrow or thin
gutted, and fecm to have the hide or ficin of
their flanks Hitched upon their ribs: but a
hunter is not the worfe liked for being light
bellied: nay, on the contrary, he is prcrr
ferred to a thicker flanked horfe, provided
he is well winded, of good mcitlc, light,
and a great eater.
BELLY-FRETTINGi 7 1^ a grievous
BELLY-ACHE. J pain in.thc beU
ly of an horfe, bcfides the cholic, proceed-
ing either from eating of -green pulfe,
which grows on the ground, or raw, un-
dried
B I R
iried peas, beans, or oats; or elfe when
fliarp fretting humours, inflammations, or
abundance of grofs matter, is got between
the great gut and the panicle: the figns
of which pain, is much wallowing, great
groaning, (^c.
The cure is to rake the horfe, by firft
anointing your hand with fallad oil, and
thrufting it into his fundament, and pulling
out as much dung as can be reached ; and
afterwards to give him a glider of water and
fait mixed together i and then give him to
drinft the powder of wormwood and cen-
taury, brewed in a quart of malmfcy.
BEVY, OF Roe-Bucks, [with* Forefters]
Ji herd, or company of thofc beads,
BEVY, Of Quails, [with Fowlers] is a
term ufed for a broody or flock of* young
<)uail5«
BEWITS [in Falconry] pieces of leather^
to which a hawk's bells are fadened, and
buttoned to his. legs.
BILLITTING, [among Hunters] the
ordure, or dung of a fox.
BINDING, [in Falcony] a term ufed in
tiring i or when a hawk feizes his prey«
BIRD. Birds are either land-fowl, or
water-fowl. Thofc that arc brought up in
cages, require that fome cafe ihould be
taken of them when they happen to be hurt,
,orfall fick ; for which the following rcme-
dres may be ufed, as there is occafion.
For thofe that are hurt, gently pull oflF
the feathers from the place, or you may cut
them I and fpreading a villa magna plaifter
upon foft leather, applying it thereto.
To bring birds to an appetite, take
rhubarb, agaric, aloes, faffron, cinnamon,
annife, and fugar-candy, of each a dram ;
beat all thefe ingredients together, and re-
duce them into a powder j and give them a^s
much of this powder as will lie upon a filver
penny, in a pellet, at night ^ and this will
make them caft much.
To purge birds, and bring them to a fto-
mach, give them two pills of the old liquid
conferve of province rofcs, of about the
bignefs o( a fmali pea.
We proceed next to -the ways how to fake
birds that are at large : there is a way of ■.
B I R
intoxicating, and catching them with your
hands ; in order to w'.iich, take fome lees of
wind, and hemlock juice, and having tern-
pe/ed them together, let fome wheat, for
the fpace of one night, be fl:eeped therein j
then throwing the fame into a place where
the birds refort to feed, when they have
eaten thereof, they will drop down.
There are various, ways of taking birds ^
one of which is in the night, with a low-
bell, hand-net, and light 5 a fport ufed ii?
plain, and champaign countries; alfo in
ftubble fields, efpecially that of wheat, from
the middle of Offoier to the end of March j
and that after this manner.
At night, when the air is mild, and the
moon does not ftiine, take your low- bell,
which muftbeof a deep and hollow found,
offuch a reafonable Gze, that a man may
carry it conveniently with one hand ; and
which does toll juft as a fheep's while it
feeds : you muftratfo havea box, much like
a large lanthorn, and about afoot and^i half
fquare, big enough, for two or three great
lights to be fet in it; and let the box be
lined with tin, and one fide open, to- caft
forth the light , fix this box to your breaft
to carry before you, and the light will caft
a great diftance before you, very broad,
whereby you may fee any thing chat is on
the ground, within the compafs of the
light, and confequently the birds that rooft
on the ground.
As for the taking them, have two men
with you, one on each fide > but a little af-
ter you, to the end they may not be within
the refleftioh of the light that the lanthorA
OF box cafls forth ; and each of them muft
be provided with an hand-net of about three
or four foot fquare, which muft be fixt to a
long ftick, to carry in their hands -, fo that
when either of them fees any bird on his fide,
he muft lay his net over them, and fa
take them up, making as little noife as
poflTiWe ; and they muft not be over hafty
in running to take them up \ but let hin%
that carries the light and low bell, be the
foremoft, for fear of raifing others, whicft
their coming into the limits of light may
Hz- occafion^
Bl R
occafion ; for all is dark, cixccpt whcr^ the
light cafts its reflexion.
'Tis to be obferved, that the found of
the low-bcU caufcs the birds to lie clofe
and not dare .to ftir, while you put your nets
over them : and the light is fo terrible to
them, that it amazes them: and for caution
you mudufe all imaginable fileoce^ for fear
of raifing them-
If you would praQife this fport by your-
feif, then carry the low-bcU in one hand, as
before dire£lcd, and in the other a band.-
net, about two foot broad, and three foot
long, with an handle to it s which is to lay
upon them as you fpy them. Some like
this way better than the former.
If you take a companion, you naay have
a fowling-piece, to the cad that if you efpy
a hare> the better way is to ihoot it : for it
is hazardous to take it with a net. *
Some there are, who inftead of fixing the
light to their bread: as aforefaid, tie the
low-bell to their girdle, by a ftring which
iiangs to their knees, and (heir oiotions
cauk the bell to ftrike i and then they carry
the -light in their hand, extending the arm
before them; but the lanthorn, or box,
mud not be fo large as that which yoia fix
to your bread.
Another way of fiking fm^U bird^, is by
bat fowling, the fame being likewife a
^night-exer.cifc i by which you may take all
fores of birds, both great and fmall, that
rooft not only on the ground, but on (brubs,
bufhes, hawthorn trees, and the like places.
The depth of winter is the beft feafon for
ithi^ fport ; and the darker the night, and
colder the weather, fo much the betier. Sec
Bat-Fowling.
Some take great and fmall fowl by night
in champaign countries, with a long tramel-
net, which is much like the net ufcd for
the low-bell both for fhape, bignefs and
rpeih : for which fee Plate XVT. This net
is to be fpreadupon the ground, and let the
nether or further end thereof, being plumbed
with fmall plummet:S of lead, lie clofe on
the ground -, and then bearing vip the former
end by the llrengch of men, at the two
fpi'emoft. ends only, trail it aiong the
B IR
gnound; not fufifering the end which \m
borne up to come near it, but at leiift a
yard.
Then at each end of the net mud: be car*
ried great blazing lights of fire, fuch as
have been fpoken of before $ and by the
lights men itmfi:* with long poles, raife
up the birds as they go, and as they raiie
under the nets, to take chem : and you majr
in this manner go over a whole corn-field
or other champaign ground, which will yield
both pleafure and profit.
There are, and may be, more ways
than one for taking fmall birds, when the
ground is covered with fnow ; to indance in
the. following one 5 fee Hate ^ II. Fig. %i
pitch upon a place in your yard or garden,
from which you may fee the birds about
twenty or thirty paces from fome window
or door, froni whence the birds cannot fee
you> to the end they may not be frightened:;
clear this place of the fnow, to the breadth
i)f fix or kvcn foot, and of the fame length
fo as to form a fquare, as reprefented by the
lines, Q, P, Q, R : place a wooden table,
or door in the middle, as at A, to which
you muft have fattened before at the fides,
B, C, D, E, feme fmall pieces of pipc^*
daves, about fix inches long and .an inch
broad : but before you nail them on, naake
a hole, exceeding the thicknefs of the nail^
to the end it may eafily turn about each nailw
Tou are, under the four ends which are
not nailed, t0 place four pieces of tile, or
flate, to hinder them from penetraxing into
the ground, as you .may fee at F. and G, in
fiich a manner that the table may not be
fixed, but with the lead jog fall down.
You mud make a fmall notch* or little
day, in the end of the table, at the place
marked H, in order to put into it the end
Aaff marked I.> which fhould he feven
inches long, and one broad, and the ofiher
end ought to red upon a piece of tile, or
flate i fo that the door, or table, hanging
thereon, would be r^ady to fall towards the
horfe, were it not for that piece of wood
which is boared towards themiddle^ in order
to put ifi and fatten the end of aiinall cord,
- whofic
whoCe other end is conveyed to the window
W door M, Nj defigned for this purpofe.
This done, put fome ftraw npoi) the ta-
ble lo cover it, with fonoe corn underneath
It, and a little about it : now, fo foon as
the hungry little birds fee the earth free frpm
faow, and covered with ftraw, they will fly
thither, and when they have eat up the corn
fibout the table^ they will alfo proceed to
feed upon that under it : you muft from
tinne to time peep through fome hole in the
door, or leave it little open, and when you
find the birds have got under the machine,
pull the cord M,' which will draw out the
ftickl, and fo the table will fall upon the
birds, which you mud prefently fcize, and
fee your niachme as before.
If the table does not fall readily enough,
)>ut fo that the birds may have time to ef-
cape, and if it b.e not heavy enough of it-
felf, you muft lay earth, or fome fuch thing,
upon it, that fnay the kaft frighten the bird»
from coming near it.
bmall birds may be taken in the night-
time, with nets and Ocves : they retire in the
winter time into coppices, he(^ges, and
bufhes, jby reafon of fevere cold and winds
which iccohiinode them. The net made ufc
of for this purpofe, is that which the French
call a carreler, reprefented ia Plate II.
JFig. J.
Tafc^ two poles, AB C D, E F G H, let
itbem be ftraic, and light, tenor twelve feet '
long .; to the end the net may be lifted up
high enough wherewith to take the birds :
•jie the n€>t to thcfe two poles, beginning
with the two corners, at the two fmall ends
A, E,- tie the other two corner^, C, G, as
far as you cap toward the two thick ends of
the poles, D, H, faften packthreads all along
.at both the lides, or two or three places j
i:o each you may fee marked by the capital
and fmall letters, a B, b C, F, d. There muft
be three or foiir pcrfons employed, one to
carry the net, ^mother to carry the light, and
a third a long pole.
As foon in the night as you have got to
the place where you think -the birds are
f ctired, and hav^ found a good bufl), or kind
of thicket^ tb( npt mu^ be unfolded^ and
B 1 R
pitched where k Ihould be, and exa^ly tp
the height of the bufli : and it muft he {q
ordered, that the net be placed between
the wind and the birds ; for it is the nature
of all birds to rooft with their breafts againft
the wind. The other perfon with the
lighted torch, muft ftand behind the middle
of the net, and the third muft beat the
bufhes on the other fide of the hedge, and
drive the birds towards the lights he muft
lay on ftoutly with his pole; the bird^
fuppofing it to be day wULmake towards the
light, and fo falling into the net, become a
prey to you : When you have taken them
out, you may pitch your net again.
In ^rcat timber woods, under which holly
bufhes grow, birds ufually rooft i And there
much game is to be met with.
By this way, twenty or thirty dozen of
birds, have been taken in one night.
This fport is fo much the better when the
weather is cold and dark.
You may divert yourfelf from SepUmbtr
to y^r/7, in taking all forts of birds in the
middle of a field ; and make ufe of the fol^
lowing device :
Pitch upon a place in a piece of ground
early in the mdrning, remote from tajj
trees and hedges ; where ftick in the grouqtd
three or four branches of coppice wood, z^
A, B, T, Plate II. Fig. 6. five or fix feet
high, and fo intermingle the tops of them^
that they may keep clofc and firm like f
hedge : take two or three boughs of black-
thorn, as C, D, let them be as thick and
clofe as may be, and place them on the top
of the coppice branches, where you mu|:
make them faft : provide yourfelf with
four or five dozen of fmall lime-twigs,
nine or ten inches long, and as flender aa
can be got : glew them all along, within
two inches of the thick end, which muft
be cleft with a knife.: place them near, and
upon the hedge, and let them be kept up
by placing the cleft end (lightly upon the
point of the thorns, and let the middle be
borne up a little with fome other higher
thorn, fo that they may ftand floping,
without touching one another j ranging
them all in fuch a manner, that .a bird can-
no*t
B I R
not light upon the hedge without Being en*
tangled. See Plate IL Fig. 6.
You fhould always have a bird of the fame
fort you defign to catch, and bring, him up
in a fmall cage that is light and portable :
thefc cages muft be placed upon fmall fork-
ed fticks, as F, G, ten inches from the
ground, ftuck on one fide the artificial
hedge, or bulh, at a fathom's diftancc ; af-
ter which retire thirty paces towards -S,
where you are to fticfc two or three leaved
tranches in the ground, which may fcrve
far a lodge, or ftand, to hide yoarfelf.
' When you have taken three or four birds
of any fort, you muft make ufe of a device
repreftnted by figure 4 : take a finall.ftrck,
?, H, twa feet long, and fix it quite up-
.right in the ground, at the diftance of about
two fathoms from the tree j faften a fmall
packthread to the end 1, which muft bt:
t)n a fmall forked ftick, L M, two feet
high, and fix it in the ground, four fathoms
dillant from the other, I H : let the end of it
"be conveyed to your (land, then tie the
"brrds you have taken, by the legs, to that
packthread, between the ftick I H, and the
ftrked one, L M : the fetters N, O, P, Qj R,
rcprefent them to you : the thread made ufe
fef for this purpofe, muft be two feet long,
Wnd fo Dack that the bird may ftand upon
the ground. This done retire to your ftand j
fthd when you (ee fome birds fty, pull your
^a^kchread S, and the birds that are tied
will fly, by which means you may take a
great many birds ; for thofe that hover in the
^ir perceiving the others fly, wiH imagine
they feed there, which will bring them down,
and they will light upon the lime twigs \
from which you may take them without any
fficulty. •
As foon as the fmall birds have done
with their nefts, which will be about the
end of July^ you may take them in great
numbers, when they go to drink along ri-
vulets, about fprings, ditches, and pools,
in the fields and woods. See Phte 1,1.
Fig. 7.
Suppofe the place marked with the letter
A, fhould be the middle of a ditch, or
pool full oi water,, where the birds come to
B I ft
d'rinlc, malie choice of a bank where tR^
fun comes but little, as at B : remove everf
thing that may obftru£t the birds to come*
eafily at the water ; take (evcral fmall lime-
twrgs, a foot long, which you muft lime
over, to within twa inches of the thickcrt
end, which muft be fharp pointed, in or-
der to fix them in a row along the bank B>.
in fuch a manner, that they may all lie
within two fingers breadth of the ground t
they muft not tauch one another :^ wheii
you you have enclofed this bank, cut fome
fmall boughs or herbs, all which place
round the waters at the fides marked C, L, Y^
where the birds might drink, and this will
oblige them to throw tbemfelves where the
lime-twigs are, which they caangt difcern>
and leave no places uncovered round the
water, where the birds may drink, but that
at B -.then retiring to your ftand to con-
ceal yourfelf, birt \o as that you may fee all
your lime-twigs, and when any thing i$.
catched,. haften to take it away and replace
the lime-fticks, where there is occafibn,.
Rut as the birds which come to drink, con»-
fidcr the place where they are to- alight for ir,.
for they do it not at once, but reft upon*
fome tall- trees if there be any, are on the
top of buflies, and after they have been there
foine time, get to fome lower branches, and
a little after alight on the ground ; in this,
cafe you muft have three or four great
boughs like thofe reprefented at the fide Y,
which you are to pitch in the ground at the
beft place of accefa to the ditch, about st
fathom diftant from the water: takeoff^ the
branches from the middle, to near the top,
and let the dift>ranched part be floping to-
ward the water, tathe end you make notch-
es therein with a knife, at three fingers
diftant from each other, in order to put in.
feveral fmall lime twigs, as you fee by the
cut i you muft lay them within tv/o fingers-
breadth of the branch, and fo dilpofe them
in refpeft to one another, that no bird
which comes to alight thereon can efcape
being entangled: it is certain if you take
fix dozen bf birds, as well on the boughs as
on the ground, you will catch two-thirds
on the branches at Y. See?hxt\h Fig. 7.
Tho
T-hetime for this fport is from two in the
•morning till evening, half an hour before
fun-fet^ but the bcft time is from about
ten to eleveii, and from two to three; and
laftly an hour and a half before fun-fet, when
they approach to the watering place in flocks,
becaufe the hour preiles them to retire to
rooft^
The beft feafon for this diverfion, is when
the weather is hotteft i you muft not follow
it when it rains, nor even when the morning
»dcw falls, becaufe the birds then fati^fy
thcmfelvcs with the water they find on the
leaves of trees, neither will it be to any pur-
pofe topurfue the fport when the water after
great rains lies in fomeplaces on the ground :
it muftiirft.dry up, or tlfe you will lofe your
labour.
Large, as well as fmall birds^ are taken at
4uch watering places. See Low-Bell and
PiTTFALL.
BIRDLIME, ftuff prepared after different
ways: the common method is to peel a
good quantity of holly bark about mid-
fummer, fill a vcffel with it, put fpring
water to it, boil it till the grey and white
bark arife from the green, which will require
twelve holers bpjling^ .tnen take it off the
fire, dram the water well froai It, feparate
the barks, lay the green bark on the ground
in fome cool cellar, covered with any green
Tank weeds, fuch as dock-thiftles, hemlock,
&c. to a good thicknefs ; let it lie fo four-
teen days, by which time it will be a pcr-
fe£k mucilage ; then pound it well in a ftone
mojtar, till .it become a tough pafte, and
that none of the bark be difcerniblei you
then w^fh it well in fome running dream,
as long as you perceive the lead motes in
it: when put it into an earthen pot to fer-
ment,' fcum it for four or five days, as often
as any thing rifes, and when no more cornes
change it into a frefli earthen veiTel, and
prcferve it for ufe in this manner. Take
what quantity you think fit, piit it in an
earthen pipkin, add a third part of capons
or goofe grcarfe to it, well clari6cd, or oil
of walnuts, which is better, incorporate
them on a gentle fire, and ftir it continually
till it is cold, and thus it is finidied.
To prevent froft : take a quarter of as
BJ R
niujch en oF petroleum as you^ do- gooHs
greafe, and no cold wilt congeal it: the
Italians make theirs of the berries of tho
mifletoe tree, heated after the fame manner^
and mix it with nut oil, an ounce to a pound
of lime, and taking it from the fire, add half
an ounce of turpentine, which qualifies it
alfo for the water.
Great quantities of bird-lime are brought
from DamaJcuSy fuppofed to be made of
fcbeftens, becaufe we fometimes find .the,
kernels r but it is fubjeft to froft, impatient
of wetj and will not laft above a year or two
good. There comes alfo of it into England
from Sfain^ which refifts water, but is of an
ill-fcent : it is faid the bark of our lantona,
or way-faring fhrubs, will make as good
bird-lime as any.
How to ufe Birdlime.
When your lime is cbldi take your rods;
and warm them a little over the fire; then
take your Iime» and wind it about the top
of your rod, then draw your rods afundcr
one from another and clofe them again,
continually plying and working them to- '
gether, till by fmcaring one upon another,
you have equally beftowed on each rod a
fufficient proportion of lime.
If you lime any firings, do it when the
lime is very hot and at the thinneft, be-
fmearing the firings on all fides, by folding
them together, and unfolding them again.
If you lime draws, !it muft be done like-
wife when the lime is very hot, doing a
great quantity together, as many as you
can well grafp in your hand, toffing arid
working them before the fire till they are all
bcfmeared, every draw having its due pro*
portion of lime j having fo done, put them
AJp in cafes of leather for ufe.
The bed way of making water Birdlime
is the following :
Buy what quantity you think fit of the
dronged birdlime you can procure, and
wafli it as Jong in clear fpring water, till
you find it very pliable, and the hardticfs
thereof removed \ then beat our the water
extraordinarily well, till you cannot per-
ceive a drop to appear, then dry it welf ;
after this, put it into an earthen pot, and
•mingle therewith capon's greafe unfalted,
as
B I R
as much as will make it run, when add there-
to ifwo l^oonfuls of ftrong vinegar, a fpoon-
ftjl of the bcft failad oil, and a fmall quanti-
ty of ^mr^ turpentine; this is the allow-
ance of thefe ingredients, which muft be
added to every pound of ftrong birdlime as
arfbrefaid.
Having thus mingled thcm,boil all gently
over a fmall fire, ftirring it cominually j.
then take it from the fire, and let it cool ;
when at any time you have occafion to ufe
ft, warm it, and anoint your twigs or ftraws,
or any other fmalt things, and no water will
take away the ftrength thereof.
This fort of lime is belt, efpecially for
ffiipes and fieldfares.
Of taking fmall Birds which ufe hedges and
bufhes^ njDttb lime-twigi.
The great lime bufli is beft for this ufe,
which you muft take after this manner :
cut down the main branch or bow of any
buftiy tree, whofe branch and twigs are
long, thick, fmooth, and ftraight, with-
out either pricks or knots, of which the
wjUow or birch tree are the beft ; when you
have pickt it and trimmed it from all fuper-
fiuities,. making the twigs neat and clean,
then take the beft birdlime, well mixed
and wrought together with goofe greafe, or
capons greafe, which being warmed, lime
every twig therewith within four fingers of
the bottom.
The body from whence the branches have
their rife muft be untouched with lime.
Be fure you do not daub your twigs with
too much lime, for that will give diftafte
to the birds, yet let none want its propor-
tion, or have any part left bare which ought to
be touched, for as too mu^h will deter them
from coming, fo too little will not hold
them when they are there. Having fo
done, place your bulh in fome quickfet or
dead hedge near unto towns ends, back
yards, old houfcs or the ifke j for thefe are
the refort of fmall birds in the fpring time ;
in the fuiooier and harveft> %i groves.
B IR '
bufhes, or white-thorn trees, qufckftt hedges
near corn fields, frtrit trees, flax and hemp
lands : and in the wrnttr about houfes,
hovels, barns, ftacks, or thofe places where
ftand ricks of corn, or fcattered chaff, &c.
A s near as you can to any of thefe haunts
plant your lime bufli, and place yourfelf
alfo at a coavenient diftance undifcovcred,
imitating with your mouth feveral notes of
birds, which you muft learn by frequent
praftice, walking the fields for thif pur-
pofe very often, obfcrving the variety o€
feveral birds founds, efpeciaHy fuch as they
call one another by.
Some have been fo expert herein, thac-
they could imitate the notes of twenty fe-
veral forts of birds at Jeaft, by which they
have caught ten birds to another's one that
was ignorant therein.
If you cannot attain it by your indxiftry^
you muft buy a good bird-call, of whicb
there are feveral forts, and eafy to be made j
fome of wood, ibme of horn, fome of cane,
and the like.
Having learnt firft how to ufe this call,
you fhould frc and call the birds unto you,
and as any of them light on your bufh, ftep
not out unto them till you fee them fuffa-
ciently entangled ; neither is it rcquifite to
run for every fingle bird, but let them alone
till more come, for the fluttering is as good
as a ftale to entice them.
This exercife you may ufe from Ain-rifing
till ten o'clock in the morning, and froni
one till almoft fun-fet.
You may take fmall birds only with liAc-
twigs, without the bufh.
Some have taken two hundred or three
hundred fmall twigs about the bignefs of
rufhes, and about three inches long, and
have gone with them into afield where there
were hemp cocks: upon the tops of half a
fcore lying all round together, they have
ftuck their twigs, and then have gone and
beat that field, or the next to it, where they
faw any birds, and commonly in fuch fields
there are infinite numbers of linnets and
green-birds which are great lovers of hemp-
feed.
And
B I R
And they flying in fuch vaft flocks> they
have caught at one fall of them upon the
cocks eight dozen at a time.
But to return, there is another way of
taking birds^ with lime-twigs, by placing
near them a ftale or two made of living
baics^ placing them aloft that they may be
vifible to the birds thereabouts, who will
no fooner be perceived, but every bird will
come and gaze, wondering at the ftrangenefs
of the fight, and having no other conveni-
ent lighting place but where the lime-twigs
are, you may take what number you like of
them. But the owl is a far better flale than
the bat, being bigger and'more eafily to be
perceived^ befides he is never feen abroad^
but he is followed and perfecuted by all the
birds that are near.
If you have not a living bat or owl, their
ikins will ferve as well, ftuffed, and will lad
you twenty years ; there are fome haveufed
an owl cut in wood and naturally painted,
with great fucceia.
Another method of taking all manner of fmall
Birds vifith Birdlime.
In cold weather, that is in froft or fnow,
all forts of fmall birds gather together in
flocks, as larks, chaffinches, linnets, gold-
finches, yellow-hammer^, buntings, fpar-
rows, &c.
All thefe, except the lark, perch on trees
or buflies, as well as feed on the ground.
If they refort about your houfe, or adja-
cent fields, then ufe birdlime that is well
prepared and not too old \ which order after
the following manners
Put ehc birdlime into an earthen difli, ad*
ding to it fome frcfti lard or capon's greale,
putting one ounce of either to a quarter of
a pound of birdlime, then fctting it over
the fire, melt it gently together ; but you
fnuft be fure not to let it boil^ which would
take away the ftrength of the birdlime and
fpoil it.
It being thus prepared, and you being
furniftied with a quantity of wheat-ears \
cut the flraw about a foot long be0des the
\
B I T
ears, and lime them for about fix inch^
from the bottom of the ears to the middle
of the ftraw ; the lime being warmed that it
.may run the thinner upon the ftraw, and
therefore be the lefs difcernable, and liable
to be fufpcfted by the birds.
Then go into the field, carrying with you
a bag of chaff, and threlbed ears, which
fcatter around- for the compais of twenty
yards in width (this will be beft in a fnowy
feafon) then flick up the limed ftraws with
the ears leaning, or at the ends touching
the ground, when retire from the place, and
traverfe the ground all round about $ and
by that means you difturb the birds in
their other haunts, and they will fly to the
place where the chafi^, ^c. has been feat-
.tered, and the limed ftraws fet up, and
by pecking at the ears of corn, and finding
that they ftick upon theni, they will flraight-
way mount up from the earth, and in their
flight the bxrd-limed ftraws lying under
their wings, will caufe them to fall, and not
being able to difengage tfaemfelVes from
the ftraw, may be taken with eafe. You
muft not go and tike them up, when you
fee five or fix entangled, for that may pre--
vent you from taking as many dozen at a
time.
If the birds that fall, where your limed
ftraws are, be larks, do not go near them
till they rife of themfelves and fly in great
flocks ; by this method fome have caught
five or fix dozen at a time.
Some of thefe ftraws may be laid nearer
home, for taking finches, fparrows, yellow-
hammers, iSc. which refoit near to houfes,
and frequent barn-doors j where they may
be eafily taken by the foregoing method.
Having performed this in the morning>
take away all the limed ears, that fo the
birds may feed boldly, and not be difturbed
or frighted againft next morning, and in the
afternoon bait the lame place wUh frelh chaff
and ears of corn, and let them reft till the
next morning; and then having ft«ck up*
frefli limed wheat*cars, repeat your morning
birding recreation.
BISHOPING, a term amongft horfc-
cd\)rfeTs, which they ufe for tbofe tophiftica^
I tions
B I T
B IT
.tions they ufe to make aa old fiorfe appear
young, and a bad one good, &c.
BITCH, if Ihc grow not proud fo foon as
you would have her, fhe may be made fo,
by taking two heads of garlic, half a cador's
ftone, the juice of creffes, and about twelve
Spanijh Bies or cantharides, all which boil
together in a pipkin which holds a pint,
with fome mutton, and make broth there-
ofi give her fome twice or thrice and (he
will infallibly grow proud : the fame pot-
^^6 given to a dog will make him dcfirous
of copulation.
Again, when (he islined and with puppy,
you muft not let her hunt, for that wUl
make her caft her whelps, but let her walk
i3p and down the houfe and court uncon-
fined, and never lock her up in her kennel,
for fhe is then inn patient for food, and there-
fore you muft make her fome broth once a
day.
. If you will fpay your bitch, it muft be
done before ever (he has a litter of whelps,
and in fpaying her, take not out all the
roots or firings of the veins, for in fo doing,
it will nrwch prejudice her reins, and hinder
her fwiftnefs ever after, whereas by leaving
.fome behind it will make her much ftronger
and more hardy ; but whatever you do,
jfpay her not when Qic is proud, for that
ivill endanger her life, but it may be done
fifteen days after ; though the beft time of
all is when the whelps are fhaped within
her.
For the reft. ^ See Dogs> and cbifoftng of
tbettu
BITT, or HoRSE-BiTT, in general, figni-
fies the whole machine of all the iron ap-
purtenances of a bridlej as the bitt-mouth,
the branches, the curb, the fevil-holes, the
tranchefil> and crofs the chains i but it often
fignifics only the bitt-mouth in particular.
BITT-MOUTH, is a piece of iron forced
fcveral ways, in order to be put into a horfe's
fnouth, to keep it in fub]e(51:ion.
Of tbefc bitt-mouths, fome are finglc
eannojv mouths, fome are cannon mouths
with an upfct, or mounting liberty ;, fome
fcatch mouths,, feme mouths after the form
of a barge, fome with two long turning
olives, and feveral other forts i all with dif-
fcrenf liberties for the tongue, or without
liberty. .
But all bitt-mouths ought ftill to be pro-
portioned to the mouth of the horfe, accord-
ing as it is more or lefs cloven and wide, or
more or Icfs fcnfible and tender; according
as the tongue and lips are higher or flat-
ter, and as the palate is more or lefs fleOiy :
obferving with all, tJiat if the horfe be old, .
the palate will always have but little fle(h
upon it,
A bittrmouth aU ofT a*piece, without a
joint in the middle, is called by the French^
a bitt thatpreiTes^/if rentier. See Bars.
BITTS: the iron which is put into a
.horfe*s nxoutb, is called a bttt, or bitt«
mouth; in the middle whereof there is. al-
ways an arched fpace, for the lodging of
the tongue; which is. called the liberty.
It is the opinion of the Duke of NewcaJiU^
that as little iron as poflible,*ihould be put
into a horfe's mouth : and we feldom ufe
any other than fnafflea, cannon -mouths
jointed in the middle,, cannon with a faft-
mouth, and -cannon with a port-mouthy
either round or jointed.
As for the bitts in ufe, befide the fnaffle,
or fmall watering bitt, there is the cannon-
mouth' jointed in the middle, which always
prejferves a horfe's mouth whole and founds
and though the toogue fuftains the whole
effort of it, yet it is not fo fenfible as the
bars ; which are fo delicate, that they feel its
preffure through the tongue, and thereby
obey the leaft motion of the rider's hands.
The larger it is towards the ends fited to
the branches, the gentler it will be. We
fliould make ufe of this mouth to a horfe as
long as we can ; that is, if with a fimple
cannon-mouth we can draw from a horfe all
the obedience he is capable of giving, it
will be in vain to give him another > this be*
ing the very beft of all.
The cannon with a faft mouth is all of one
piece, and only kneed in the middle, to give
the tongue freedom : It is proper to fecurc
thofe mouths that chack or beat upon the
hand': it will fix their mouths, becaufe ic
refts always in one place -, fo that deadening
the fame,, in a (panncr,^ thereby,^ the horfe
lofeii^
B I T
lofes his apprehenfivencfs, and will foon re-
lifti his bitt-mouth better than the laft;
which being jointed in the middle, refts un-
equally upon the bars, this however be-
caufe not jointed in the middle, is more
rud^. The middle of this bitt (hould be a
little more forward, to give the more play
to the horfe's tongue ; and the bitt (hould
reft rather on the gums, or outfides of the
bars, than upon their very ridges.
The fourth fort is called, the cannon-
mouth with the liberty ; after the form of a
pidgcon's neck. When a horfc's mouth is
too large, fo that the thicknefs thereof fup-
ports the mouth of the bitt, that it cannot
work it's eflFefts on the bars, this liberty will
a little difengage it, and fuSer the mouth
of the bitt to come at, and reft upon, his
gums ; which will make him fo much the
lighter upon the hand.
The port-mouth, is a cannon, with an
upfet or mountain liberty •, proper for a
horfe with a good mouth, but a large tongue
working it's effe£):s upon the lips and gums :
and becaufe the tongue is difengaged, it
will fubje£t • the horfe that hath high bars,
and in fome degree fenfible. This ufeful
bitt, if well made, will never hurt a horfe's
head. f»
The fcatch- mouth, with an upfet or
mountain liberty, is ruder than a cannon-
mouth, becaufe not fully fo round, but
more edg^d'j and preferable to them inone
rcfpeft ; which is, that thofe parts of a can-
non-mouth to which the branches are faf-
tcncd, if not well rivcttcd, are fubjeft to
flip J but the ends of a fcatch-mouth can ne-
ver fail, becaufe of their being over-lapped ;
and therefore much more fecurc for vicious
and ill-natured horfcs.
Mr. PignateV^ cannon -mouth with the
liberty, is proper for a horfe with a large
tongue and round bars, as being only fup-
ported a little by his lips. Care fliould be
iiad, never to work a horfe with one rein,
as long as he has one of thefe bitt-mouths.
The defer iption Sir William Hope gives of
this bitt is, that it has a gentle falling and
moving up and down ^ and the liberty fo low
as hot to hurt the horfe's mouth j and ccr- .,
B L A
tainly the bed bitt for horfes that have any '
thing of a big tongue.
Some are of opinion, that the bed way to
fit a horfe exaftly with a bitt, is to have a
great many bitts by them, and change till
they hit the right : but at firft, be furc to let '
him have a gentle one; and be rightly
lodged in his mouth, fo as not to frumple
his lips, or to reft upon his tulhes : then let
him be mounted, and pulled two or three •
fteps back ; whereby you will know if his
head be firm, if he performs frankly, or only
obeys with rcludtancy ; that fo you may give
him another bitt, which may gain his con-
fcnt. If he inclines to carry low, you are '
not to give a liberty for the tongue, which
will rife too high; for that by tickling his-
palate, would bring his head down between
his legs. Note^ that large curbs, if they be
round,, are always moft gentle.
BLACK, MOOR, or coal-black, is the
colour of a horfe that is of a deep, (hining,
and lively black. Horfes entirely black, are
accounted dull, but thofe with a white foot
or white fpots in their forehead^ are more
alert and fprightlv.
BLACK-BIRD; this bird is known by nil
perfons.
She makes her neft many times when th«
woods are full of fnow, which happens very
often in the beginning of March ; and builds
it upon the ftumps of trees, by ditch-fides,
or in a thick hedge ; being at no certainty,
like other birds : the outfide of her ueft is
made with dry grafs and mofs, and little
dry fticks and roots of trees ; and (be daub*
all the infide with a kind of clayey earth ;
fafhioning it fo round, and forming it fo
handfome and fmooth^ that a man cannot
mend it.
They breed three or four times a year, ac-
cording as they lofe their nefts ; for if their
nefts are taken away, they breed the fooner;
the young ones are bfought up with almoft^
any meat wKatfoever. •
This bird fings about three fnonths in the
year, ior-four at moft, though his fong is
worth nothing; but if he be taught to
whiftle, he is of fomc value, it being very
• ,1 i- • * ioud,-
B L E
laud, though coarfe; fo that he is Ht for a
large place, not a chamber.
When black-birds, thrufhes, (Jc* are taken
old and wild, and are to be tamed, mix
fome of their kind among them, putting
them into cages of three or four yards fquare,
in which place divers troughs, filled, fome
with hawes, fome with hemp-feed, and fome
wfth water ; fo that the tame teaching the
wild to eat, and the wild finding fuch a
^change, and alteration of food, it will, in
twelve or fourteen days, make them grow
v«ry fat, and fit for the ufe of the kitchen.
Bladder Angling, isas much for diver-
fion as ufe. It is generally praftifed in large
ponds, with an ox*s bladder, and a bait
fixed on an armed hook, or a fnap-hook.
The quick rifing of the bladder after it has
been pulled under water, never fails to ftrike
the fi(h as effe6tually as a rod ; and let him
ftruggle as much as he witl the bladder al-
ways fecurcs him. See Angling.
BLAIN, a diftempcr incident to beads,
being a bladder growing on the root of the
tongue, againft the windpipe, which fwclls
to fuch a pitch as to flop the breath. It
comes by great chafing and heating of the
ftomach, and is perceived by the bead's
gaping and holding out his tongue^ and
foaming at the mouth. To cure it, caftthe
bead, take forth his tongue, and then flitting
the bladder, wafh it- gently with vinegar and
a little fair.
BLAZE. See Star and Whitf-Face.
'BLAZES. It is a notion, that thofehorlcs
that have white faces or blazes, if the blazes
. be divided in the middle, crofsways, is the
, mark of anodd difpodtion.
BLEAK, and bleak-fishing : fome call
this a frcfh water fprat, or river fwallow, be-
caufe of it's continual motion ;. and others
Mrill have this name to rife from the whitidi
colour> which is only under the belly.
It is- an c^ger flfli> caught with all forts of
worms bred on trees or plants > as alfo with.
flies, pafte, and fteep^s blood, G?^,
And they nnay be angled for with half a
fcore l^ooks at vonce, if they can be all
fadehed -on: he will alfo in the evening
take a natural,, or artificial fiY*- ^^^ ^ ^^^
B L E
day be warfn and clear, no bait fo good for
him as the fmall fly at top of the water:
which he will take at any time of the day^
efpecially in the evening: and indeed there
are no fifli yield better fport to a young
angler than thefe ; for they are fo eager that
they will leap out of the water for a bait:
but if the day be cold and cloudy, gentles
and caddis arc bedj about two feet under
water.
There is another way of taking bleak,
which is by whipping them in a boat, or on
a bank-fide, in frefti water, in a fummer'*
evening, with a hazel top, above five or fix
feet long, and a line twice the length of the
rod : but the bed method ,is with a drabble v
which is, tie eight or ten fmall hooks a-crofs
a line, two inches above one another, the
biggcd hook the lowermod, (whereby you
may fometimes take a better fifli) and bail;
them with gentles, flies, or fome fmtill red
worms i by which means you may take half
a dozen, or more at a time.
BLEMISH, a hunting term i ufed wbeiv
the hounds, or belles, finding where thq
chace has been, make aprdflfcr to etnt^r, but
return. • . ^ •
BLEND-WATER, calted. alfo Mqre^
HOUGH, a didemper incident to black cattle,,
comes cither from the bloody from the yel-
lows, or from the change of ground'. In or-
der to cure it, take bole-armoaiac, and a$
much charcoal dud as. will fill a(i egg-fliell,
a good quantity of the inner bark of an oak>
dried and powdered, by pounding the whole
together, and give it to the bead in a quart
of new milk, and a pint of earning*
BLEYNE or BLEYME. an inflamma-
tion arifing from bruifcd blood between the
horfe's fole and the bone of the foot, to^-
wards the heel : of thefe there are three forts,,
the fird being bred in fpoiled wrinkled feet^.
with narrow heels, are ufually featcd in the
inward or weaked quarter. In this cafe the
hoof mud be pared, and the: matter let out ;,
then let oil de merveille be poured in, and
the hoof be charged with a remolade of
foot and turpentine.— The fccond fort, be*
fides the ufual fymptoms of the fird, infers
the gridkj and mud be e^tirpatedj as in
the
B L O
the cure of a quitter bone, giving the horfe
every day, .moiftcned bran, with two ounces,
of liver of antimony, to divert the courfe of
the humours, and purify the blood. — ^The
third for^ of bieymes, is occafioned by fmall
ilones and gravel between the flxoe and the
fole. la this cafe the foot mufl be pared,
and the matter, if any, let out : if there be
no matter then the^brulfed fble mu(l be taken
out, but if there be matter the fore mud be
drefled like tbe prick of a nail. See Hooi
Cast.
Moon BLIND, denotes horfes that lofe
their fight at certain times of the n^oon'$
age : to cure which^ take half an ounce of
lapis calaminaris, heat it red hot, and quench
k in a quarter of a pint of plantain water or
white-wine : to this add half a dram of aloes,
and a fpoonful of camphor, in powder i and
letting them diflblvc, drop part of it into the
eyes of ihe horfe.
BLINDNESS in Horses, may be thus
difccrncd : the walk, or ftep of a blind horfe,
is always uncertain and unequal : fo that he
dares not fet down his feet boldly, when led
in one's hand : but if the fame horfe be
mounted by an. expert horfeman, and the
horfe of hioifelf bje a horfe of metal, then the
fearcf the fpurs will roake him gorcfolutely
and freely, fo that his blindnefs can hardly
be perceived..
Another mark by which you may know a
horfe that has loft his fight, is, that when he
hears any body enter the ftable, he will prick
up his ears, and move them backwards and
forwards : the reafon is, that a vigorous horfe
having loft bis fight, miftrufts every thing,
and is continually in alarm at the lead noife
he hears.
BLOCK, (in Falconry) is the perch upon
which they place the hawk; It ought to be
covered with ^loth.
BLOODHOUND, is of all colours ; but
for the generality of a black brown, and red-
difh in feveral places, efpecially upon the
.bread: and cheeks : they have long, thin, ^
hanging down ears, and differ from other
dogs only in their cry and barking.
Being fet on by the voice or word of their
k^^pcry to feck about for game, and having
B L O
found it, tliey will never leave off the pur*-
fuit, until it be tired ; nor will they change;
it for any other frelb game that they meet
with ; and they are obferved to be very obe-
dient to their mafters.
Thefe hounds are of that property, that
they do not only keep to their game while
living, but it being by any accident wound-
ed, or killed, will find it out >. and that by
the fcent of the blood fpcinkled here and
there upon the ground, which was ftied in
it's purfuit 5 by which means deer-ftcalers
are often found out.
The blood-hound differs little or nothing;
in quality from the Scottijh fluth-hound, ex-
cepting thsjt they are of a larger fize, and not
always of one and the fame colour ; for they
are fomc times red, fanded, black,, white,,
fpottcd, and of all colours, with other
hounds ; but mofl: commonly either browa
or red.
They fcldom bark,, except in their chace y
and are attentive to the voice of their
leader.
Thofe that are white are faid to be quick-
eft fcented, and fureft nofed, and therefore
are bed fgr the hare -, the black ones are bcfl:
for the boar, and. the red for the hart andi
roe..
Though this is the opinion of fomc, yet
others differ from them, becaufe their colour
(efpecially the latter) is too like the game
they hunt ; although there can be nothing,
certain colle(iited from their colour; but in*
deed the black hound is the hardier, and.
better able to endure the cold than the white
ones.
They mufl: be tied up till they hunt y yet
are to be let loofe now and then a little, to
eafe their bellies ; and their kennels muft be
kept fwcet and dry.
There is fome difficulty in diftinguiQiing*
a hound of an excellent fcent ; but fome are
of opinion,, that the fquare and fiat nofe is
the bed fign of it; , likewife a. fmalL head,
having all his legs of equal lengths,, his breafl:
not deeper than his belly^ and his back plain*
to his tail;- his eyes quick, his ear« hanging,
longi his tail nimble, and the beak of his.
nofe
BT. O
n6fealways to the earth ; and efpecially fuch
as are mod filent and bark leaft.
You may now confidcr the various difpo-
fitions of houndsj in the finding out of their
beaR:.
Some are of that nature, that when they
hare found the game, they will-ftand ftill
till the huntfman comes up ; to whom, in
Filence, by their face, eye, and tail, they
fliew the game: others, when they have
found the toot-ftcps go forward without any
voice, or cither (hew of ear or tail : another
fort, when they have found the -footings of
the beskft, prick up their ears a little, and
either ""bark or wag their tails j and others
^ill wag their tails and not move their
ears.
Again, there arc -fome that do none of
thefe; but wander upland down, barking
•about the furcft marks, and confounding
their own foot-fteps wi^h thofe of the beaft
'tTiey hunt : or elfe forfake the way, and fo
•run back again to the firft head ; but when
they fee the hare, are afraid, not daring to
come near her, except fhe ftart firft.
Thefe, -with others -who hinder the cun-
ning labour of their colleagues, trufting to
•their feet, and running before their betters,
deface the beft mark, or elfe hunt counter,
ftndt^e up with any falfe fcent inftead of the
true one; or, never forfake the highways,
and yet have not learnt to be filent.
To thefe alfomay be added, thofe which
cannot difcern the footing, or pricking of
the hare, yet will run with fpecd when they
'fee her ; purfuing her very hotly at the firft,
and afterwards tire, or hunt lazilv. All
thefe are not to be admitted into a kennel of
houndSj
But on the contrary, thofe hounds which
are good, when they have found a hare, make
fhew thereof to the huntfman, by running
more fpcedily-, and with gefture of head,
-ears, eyes, and tail, winding to the form, or
hare's mufe, never give over profecution
with a good noife. They have good hard
feet and ftately ftomachs.
And whereas the nature of the hare is
fometimes to leap, and make headings ;
ibmetimes to tread foftly, with a very fn)all
impreffion In the earth ; or fometimes toli« *
down, and ever to leap or jump out and
into her own form, the poor hound is fo
much the more bufied and troubled to re-
tain the fmall fcenrt of her pricking that (he
leaves behind her, in which cafe it is requi-
fite thatyou aflift the hound, not only with
voice, eye and hand, btit with a feafonablc
tune alfo, for in frofty weather the fcent
freezes with the earth, fo that there is no cer-
tainty of hunting till it thaws, or that the
fun rife.
In like manner if a ffreat deal of rain fall
between the ftarting or the hare and time of
hunting, it is not right to hunt till the water
be dried up 5 for the drops difperfe the fcent
of the hare j and dry weather coUedteth it
again.
The fummer-time alfo is not fit for hunt-
ing, becaufc the heat of the weather con-
fumeth the fcent ; and the nights being then
but ftiort the hare travelleth not far, feeding
only in the morning and evening : befides,
the fragrancy of flowers and herbs then
growing, flattens and diminiflies the fcent
the hounds are guided by.
The beft time for hunting with thefe
hounds, is in autumn 5 becaufe then the
former odours are weakened, and the c^rth
barer than at other times.
Thefe hounds do not only chafe their
game while it lives, but after it is dead
alfo, by any manner of cafualty, make to
the place where it lies; having in this point
a fure and infallible guide; that is, the
fcent and favour of the blood, fprinkled
here and there upon the ground ; for whe-
ther the beaft is wounded and livesii and
cfcapcs the hands of the huntfman, or if it
be killed and carried quite out of the park,
(if there do bur remain fome marks of blood
fhed) thefe dogs, with no lefs facility and
eafinefs than grecdinefs, will difcover the
fame by it's fcent, carrying on their purfuit
with agility and fwiftncfs ; upon which
account they deferve the name of blood-
hounds.
And if a piece of flefti be fubtlely ftolen
and cunningly conveyed away, although all
precaution imaginable is ufed, to prevent
aU
BLO
all appearance of blood, yet thefe kind of
dogs, by a natural inftinftj will purfue deer-
flrcalcrs, through craggy ways and crooked
meanders, till they have found them out;
and fo efFeftually as that they can difcover,
feparate, and pick them out from a great
number of perfons; nay they will cull them
out, though they intermix with the greateft
throng.
. BLOOD, a diftemper in the backs of cat-
tle, which will make a bead go as if he drew
his head a(ide, or after him. In order to
cure it, you fhould flit the length of two
points under his tail, and let him bleed well;
but if he bleeds too much, knit his tail next
the body, and then bind fait and nettles
bruifed into it.
BLOOD-LETTING, the figns or indi-
cations of blood-letting in a horfe are thefe :
his eyes will look red, and his veins fwell
more than ordinary ; he will alfo have an
itching about his mane and tail ; and be con-
tinually rubbing them, and fometimes will
fhcd fbme of his hair j or he will peel about
the roots of his ears, in the places where the
head-ftall of the bridle lies ; his urine will
be red and high coloured, and his dung
black and hard, likewife if he has red inflam-
mations,, or little bubbles on his back, or
does not digeft his meat well ; or if the white
of his eyes is yellow, or the infide of his up-
per or nether lip be fo, thefe are figns that
he (lands in need of bleeding.
The propereft time for bleeding horfes, is
in the winter and cool months, from January
to July-y. (but in July s^nd Augujl^ by reafon
the dogdays are then predominant, it is not
good but only in cafe of necelTity) and fo
from Auguji to January again.
As to the manner of bleeding; you muft
never take fo much blood from a colt as from
an older horfe, and but a fourth part as much
from a yearling foal ; you -muft alfo have
regard to the age and ftrength oP the horfe,
and before you bleed him, let him be mode-
rately chafed and excrcifed; refting.a day be-
fore, and three days after it, not forgetting ^
that April and OStoher arc two principalTea-
fj)ns /or that purpofc i and he will alio bleed i
BLO
the better, if he be let to drink before he \%^
blooded, fo that he be not heated.
Then tie him up early in the morning to
the rack without water or combing, left his
ipirits be too much agitated, and draw with
a pair of fleams of a reafonable breadth,
about thrce^pounds of blood, and leave him
tied to the rack.
During the operation, put your finger in?
his mouth and tickle him in the roof, mak-
ing him chew, and moving his chaps,, which
will force him to fpin forth : and when you
find he has bled enough, rub his body well
over with it, but eljpecially the place he ig;
blooded on, and tie him up to the rack for
an hour or two, left he bleed afreftx :-f6r that:
will turn his blood*.
BLOOD y-HEELED-CocK. Sic Heelers
Ebullition of the BLOOD. A difcafc
in horfes which proceeds from want of exer-
cife, and gives rife to outward fwelling$>^
frequently miftaken for the farcin.
BLOOD RUNNING ITCH happens to^
an horfe by an inflammation of the blood, be«
ing over heated by hard riding or other hard ,
labour, yet gets between the fkin and the-
flefh. and makes a horfe to rut, fcrub'-and-
bite himfelf; which, if let alone too long, v
will turn to a mange, and is very infeftious .
to any horfe that (hall be nigh him \ and the -
cures Both-for this and the mange, befidcs*
the general ones, of bleeding in^ the neck .
vein, fcraping him and other things, ar£
various^
BLOOD SHOTTEN eves. in. Horses,,
In all inflammations, of the eyes, whether r
from external or internal caufes, bleed in>
mediately, according to the ftrength of the
horfe ; purge once every week, and on the
days that purges are not operating, let diu-
retics be given, fuch as.nitre, to two orthrec ■
ounces a- day in mafhes of bran. The diet,
if in thehoufe, fliouldte malhcs ^f bran, or
fcalded barJey ; and, whilft theinflammatioa--
is confiderable, hay, oats, and all hard meat, .
which' requires chewing^ (hould be avoided; ;
hardiabour, , and fometimes hanging down^a
the htad to graze, is hurtful.
Dip a doflil of lint, or a very foft fpongb.
in the following eye- water, and wa(h the.eye-^
liiil
5 L O
lid with it two or three tittij^s a-day ; and, If'
opportunity favours, fquceze the. fponge fo
as a few drops may run into the eye each
time yoo bathe it.
Take of red fofe leaves dried two drachms,
infufe them in half a pint of boiling water,
until it is cold; then add to the drained li-
quor twcntv grains of fugar of lead.
When the inflammation is nearly gone, I
the following will be the mod proper for '
completing uie cure; as it not only repels
the humours, but greatly ftrengthens the
-veflHs alfo.
Take of white vitriol, half an ounce; fu-
gar of lead, one drachm ; diflblvc them in a
pint of pure water.
If the inflammation is very conGderable,
and the veins on the infide of the eye-lid arc
very full, rhuch relief is given by opening
one of the mod tprgid of them with a
lancet.
If there is much fwclling, as frequently
liappens after blow^, bites, &c. a poultice
of fcalded bran, or the crum of white bread,
boiled* mud be applied and renewed as of-
ten as it cools^
Sometimes, from the violence of the in-
flammation, the coats of the eye lofe their
natural tranfparency, and turn white, or of
a pearl colour; in confcquence of this, the
fight is greatly diminifhed, if not totally
obftrudleq; but fomctimes a white blider
forms itfelf on the cornea, as large as a grape :
this always relieves, and when ic breaks, the
cure is fpeedily effcfted.
la grofs habits, and where there fcems to
be naturally a wcaknefs in the eyes, dif-
pofing to this difeafe, recourfe is fometimes
had to rowelling, with confiderablc advan-
tage.
It may not be amifsto give in this place a
caution againd the ufe of powders in eye-
waters ; for, iq the fird dace of inflamma-
tion, the eye is very tender, and the fined
powder will irritate it, aixi occafion. more
or lefs pain ; therefore, medicines that admit
of folotion, are the only proper ones in thefe
cafes.
. BLOSSOM oa peach coloured Horse,
BOA
is one that has His white hair intermixed all
over with forrel and bay hairs.
Such horfes are fo infenfible and hard,
both in the mouth and in the flanks, that
they are fcarce valued : befides that, they are
apt to turn blind.
BOAR Wild, although England affords
no wild boars, yet being fo plentiful in Ger-
many and other countries, and affording fo
noble a chace, which is fo much ufed by the
nobility and gentry in thofe parts^ I fliail
give the following account : '
A wild boar is called a pig of the founder,
the fird year of his age; a hog the fecond j
a hog's deer the third ; and a boar the fourth ;
when leaving the founder, he is alfo termed
a Angler or langlier. This creature is far-
rowed with as many teeth at fird, as he fliall
ever have afterwards: which only encreafc
in bignefs, not in number; among thefe they
have four called tuihes or tufks, the two up-
permod of which do not hurt when hie
ftrikes; burferve only to whet the other two
lowed, with which they frequently defend
themfelves and kill, as being greater and
longer than the red. This is reckoned a
beadof venery by huntfmen.
The common age df a boar is twenty-five
or thirty years ; they go to rut about Decern-
her^ and their great heat lafts about three
weeks, and although the fows become cold
of conditution, not coveting the company
of the boar, yet they do not feparate until
January ; and then they withdraw themfelves
unto cheir holds, wherein they keep clofe
three or four days, not dirring thence, c(pc-
cially if they meet with fuch places where
fern grows, the roots of which they delight
to eat.
It is eafier to take a boar in a toil in April
or May^ than in any other feafon, by reafon
they Ueep at that time more foundly, which
is caufed by their eating of drong herbs, and
buds of trees^ which -moidcn their brains,
and caufech fleep. Alfo the fpring time oc-
cafions their deeping.
Their food is on corn, fruits, acorns, chefr
nuts, beech- mad, and all forts of roots i
when they are in marfliy and watery places,
they
\
.ilC U'-aXHT }
I
1
•.♦sex A. I
ASTOP.
BOA
they feed on water-c reflfes, and fuch things
as they can find ; and when they arc near
the fca coaft, they feed on cockles, mufcles,
dyfters, and fuch like fi(h.
A boar moft commonly lies in the ftrong-
eft holds of thorns and thrck bu(hes> and
will (land the bay before he will forfake his
^en.
If he i$ hunted from a ftrong thick co-
vert, he will be fure to go back the fame
way he came if it be poffible ; and when he
is rouzed, he never ftops, until he comes to
the place where he thinks hin>felf molt fe-
curc.
If it fo happens that there is a founder of
them together, then, if any break founder,
the reft will run that way; and if he is
hunted in a hold or forcft where he was bred,
he will very difficultly be forced to quit it,
but fometimes he will take head and feem
to go drawing to the outfides of the covert ;
but it is only to hearken to the noife of
the dogs ', for he will return again, from
whence he will hardly be compelled till
night ; but having broken out and taken head
end ways, he will not be put out of his way
by man nor beaft, by voice, blowing, or any
thing elfe.
A boar will not cry when he is killed, ef-
pecially a great boar ; but the fows and young
ones will. In fleeing before the dogs, he
neither doubleth, nor croficth, nor ufeth fuch
fubtleties as other beads of chace do, as be-^
ing heavy and flow, fo that the dogs are dill
in With him.
Hciv to hunt a BOAR at force with dogs.
The feafon for hunting the wild boar, be-
gins about the middle ofSeptember, and ends
in December, at which time they go a brim-
ming.
It is not convenient to hunt a young boar
of three years old at force j for he will ftand
up as long (if not longer) than any light
deer, that beareth but three in the top ; but
in the fourth year you may hunt him at force
as you do a hart at ten, and will ftand up as
long. Therefore if a huntfman goes too
near a boar of four years old, he ought tb
mark whether he went timely to his den ol*
couch, or not; for commonly thofe boai-s
which tarry till day-light, -go into their dens^
follov/ing their paths or ways a long time,
efpfcially where they find fern or beech mafts>
whereon they feed j they are very hardy i ^
and in the raifing of this animal one need not
be afraid to come near him, for he values
you not, but will lie ftill, and will not be
reared alone.
But if you find a boar which foileth ofcen-^'
times, and which routeth fometimes here and
fometimes there, not ftaying long in a place,
it is a fign that he has been feared, and with-
drawe.h himfelf to fome refting place, and
fuch boars moft commonly come to their
dens or holds two or three hours before day,
and the huntfman muft take care how he
comes too near fuch a boar, for if he once
finds him in the wind, or have the wind of
his dogs, he will foon be gone.
It is alfo to be obferved, that if a boar in-
tends to tarry in his couch, he makes fome
doublings or croflSngs at the entry of it, up-
on fome highway or beaten path, and then
lies down to reft •, by which means a huntf-
man being early in the woods may judge of
his fubtlcty, and accordingly prepare to hunt
him with dogs that are either hot fpirited or
temperate.
If it be a great boar, and one that hath
lain long at reft, he muft be hunted with
many dogs^ and fuch as will ftick clofe to
him, and the huntfman, or fpear-man, on
horfcback, (hould be ever amongft them,
charging the boar, and as much as poQible
to difcourage him : for if you hunt fuch a
boar with five or fix couple of dogs, he
will not regard them, and when they have
chafed him a little, he will take courage,
and keep them at bay, ftill running upon
any thing that he fees before him j but if
he perceives himfelf charged and hard laid
unto with dogs, he will be difcouraged, and
turn head and fly to fome other place for re-
fuge.
You ought alfo to fet relays, which fliould
be the beft old ftauncheft hounds of your
kennel -, for if they Ihould be young hounds,
K and
BOA
and fuch as are fwift and rarti to fcize him
before the reft conne up, they will be killed
or Ipoilcd by him.
But if he be a boar that is accuftomed to
flee end ways before the dogs, and to take
the champagne country, then you may caft
off four or five couples at firft, and fet all
the rcll at relays, about the entrance of the
fudds where ycu think he is likely to flee;
for fuch a boar will feldom keep the hounds
at a bay, unlefs he be forced, and if he does
ftand at bay, then the huntfman ought to
ride in unto him as fecrctly and with as little
noife as poflfible, and when he is near him,
let them caft round about the place where
he ftands, and run upon him all at once,
and it will be odds, but that they will give
him his death's wound with their fpears or
fwords, provided they do not ftrike too
low / for then he will defend the ftrokes
with his fnout ; but be fure you keep not
too long in a place, but ufe a quick mo-
tion.
You may alfo take notice, that if there be
collars of bells about the dog's necks, a boar
will not fo foon ftrike at them ; but flee
end- ways before them, and feldom ftand at
bay.
It is expedient to raife a boar out of the
wood €arly in the morning, before he hath
made water, for the burning of his bladder
quickly makes him weary -, when a boar is
firft raifed, he is ufed to fnufF in the wind, to
fmell what is with, or againft him.
Now if you ftrike at him with fword or
boar-fpear, do not, as has been faid, ftrike
low, for then you Will hit him in the fnout>
which he values not, fince he watches to
t«;:kc blows on his tulhes or thereabouts i
but lifting up your hand ftrike right down,
and have a fpecial care of your horfe, for
if you ftrike and hurt him, fo will he you
if he can ; therefore in thus aftaulting
boars, the hunters muft be very careful^
for he will rulh upon them with great fiercc-
nefs.
However, he very rarely ftrikes a man, till
he is firft wounded himfelf, but afterwards
it behoves the hunters to be very wary, for
he will run fiercely, without fear, upon his
BOA
purfuers, and if he receives not his rriortat
wound, he overthrows his adverfary, unlefs
he falls flat on the ground, when he needs
not fear much harm ; for his teeth cannot
cut upwards but downwards; but with the
female it is othcrwife, for die will bite and
tear any way.
But further, as the hunting fpears ftiould
be very broad and fliarp, branching forth
into certain forks, that the boar may not
break through them upon the huntfman, fa
the beft places to wound him are the mid-
dle of his forehead, between the eye-lids, or
elfe upon the ftioulder, either of which is
mortal.
Again, in cafe the boar makes head againft
the hunter, he muft not fly for it, but meet
him with his fpear, holding one hand on the
middle of it, the other at the cnd» ftanding
one foot before another, and having a watch*-
ful eye upon the beaft, which way foever he
winds or turns; for fuch is his nature, thac
he fometimes fnatches the fpear qui of the
hunter's hands, or recoils the force back
again upon him j in thefe cafes there is no-
remedy, but for another of his companions-
to come up and charge the boar with his
fpear, and then make a (hew to wound hin\
with his dart, but not calling it, for fear of
hurting the hunter.
This will make the boarr turn upon the fe-
cond perfon, to whofc affiftance the firft muft.
again come in, with which both will have
work enough : nay when the boar feels him-
iclf fo wounded that he cannot live, were it
not for the forks of the boar-fpear, he would
prefs upon the vanquiftier and revenge his;
death.
And what place foever he bites, whether
man or dog, the heat of his teeth caufeth aa
inflammation in the wound.
If therefore he does but touch the hair of
the dog he burns it ofi^j nay huntfmen have
tried the heat of his teeth, by laying hairs
on them as foon as he was dead, and they
have ftiri veiled up as if touched with a hoc
iron.
The boar is a beaft of fuch great force>
andfo flow of foot by reafon-of hisheavinefs>
that he is not properly termed a beaft of ve-
nery.
BOA
Bcry, for he chiefly trufts in his fl:rcngth and
tu(bes to be his defence, and not to his ftrc ;
fo that he is more properly to be hunted with
ftout maftiffs than by greyhounds, which can-
not fo well defend themfelves from his
fury.
Alfo it fpoils them from hunting other
flying chaces, by rcafon he leaves fo ftrong
a fcent, fo that they hunt with greater eafc
than at light chafes, which are more painful
to them to find^ and to hold the fcent.
The way to know a great Boar hy his foot ^ tec.
To know him by his foot, the form or
print of it ought to be great and large, the
toes round and thick, the edge of the hoof
worn and blunt, without cutting and paring
the ground fo much as the younger doth :
and the guards, which are his hinder claws,
or dew claws, fliould be great and open, one
from the other; the treading of his foot
fiiould be deep and large, which indicates
the weightinefs of his body, and his fteps
ihould be great and long.
By the length and depth of his routing his
Czc may be known ; becaufe a wild fwine
routs deeper than our ordinary hogs, becaufe
their fnouts are longer : and alfo by the
length and largenefs of his foil, when he
wallowethin the mire j alfo when he comes
out of the foil, he will rub himfelf again fl: a
tree, by which his height will appear; as
alfo when he flicks his tuflies into it, by
which the largenefs of them will appear ;
they alfo obfcrve the bignefs of his leiTcs,
and the depth of his den.
A boar is faid to feed in the corn ; but if
in the meadows or fallow fields, they fay he
routeth or wormeth, or ferneth i but when
he feeds in a clofe, and routeth not, they fay
he grafcth.
Boar hunting is very ufual in France^ and
they call it/anglier. In this fort of hunting
the way is to ufe terrible founds and noifcs,
as well of voice as horns, to make the chace
turn and fly, becaufe they are flow and truft
tQ their tuiks for defence. But this mufl: be
BOA
done after his c|en or hold is difcovered, and
the nets be pitched.
Though thefe wild boars are firequent in
France^ we have none in England ;- yet it
may be fuppofed that we had them here
formerly j but did not think it convenient to
preferve that game.
In the French hunting, when the boar
ftands at bay, the huntfmen. ride in, and
with fwords and fpears flirike on that fide
which is from their horfes, and wound and
kill them.
But the ancient Roman method of hunting
the boar, was fl:anding on foot, or fetting
their knees to the ground, and charging di-
reftly with their fpears : and the nature of
the boar being fuch, he fpits himfelf with
great fury, running upon the weapon to come
at his adverfary, and fo, feeking his revenge,
meets his own deftruflion.
BOAR ; A horfe is faid to boar when he
flioots out his nofe as high as his ears, and
tofl^es his nofe in the wind. See Wind.
BOBBING FOR Eels. You muft pro-
vide a large quantity of well fcoured lob-
worms, and then with a long needle pafs
a thread through them from head to tail
until you have ttrung about a pound. Tie
both ends of the thread together, and then
make them up into about a dozen or twenty
links. The common way is to wrap them
about a dozen times round the hand, and
then tying them all together in one
place, makes the links very readily. This
done, faften them all to a fmall cord, or
part of a trowling line, about four yards in
length. Above the worms there (hould be
a fmall loop to fix the worms to, and for a
lead plummet to refl: on. The plummet
fhoulU weigh about half a pound, or from
that to a pound, according to the (Iream^
the fmaller the line the Icfs the plumb : it
fhould be made in the fliape of a pyramid,
with a hole through the middle for the line
to pafs through ; the broad part of the plum-
met I or the bafe of the pyramid, fliould be
towards the worms, becaufe they will keep
it more fteady.;: When you have put your
plummet on your line^ you mult faften it to
K 2 > ,a ftrong
BFO 17
B a D
*" ftrong, ftiff, taper pole, of about tHree
yards long, and then the apparatus is
finiihed.
Being thus prepared^ you mud angle in
muddy water, or in the deeps or fide of
ilreams. and you will foon find the eels run
llrongly and eagerly at your bait. Whca
you have a bite,, draw them gently up to-
wards the top of the water, and then fud-
dcnly hoilt them in the fhore, or in your
boat ; by this means you may take three or
four at a time.
BODY OF A Horse. In chufinga-horfe
you muft examine whether he has a good,
body, and is full in the flanks. It is no
goodfign, when the laft of the Ihort ribs is
at a confiderable diftance from the haunch
bone, or when the ribs are too much ftraight-
^ncd in their compaf^ ; they ought to be as
high at the haunch bone, or very little lefs
when the horfe is in good cafe \ but though
fuch horfe may for a time have pretty good
bodies, yet if they be much laboured they
will lofe them.
A narrow chdted horfe can never have a
good body., nor breathe well; and fuch
horfes as have ftraight ribs and being great
feeders, and confequently come to gulf up
t^eir bellies, fb as it not being pofllble for
the entrails to be contained within the ribs,
they will prefs down and make a cow's belly;
thefe are alfo' difficult to be faddled, but
have generally good backs, and though their
croups are not fo beautiful; being for the
mofl part pointed,- yet to fupply that they
have excellent reins ; thefe horfes are com-
monly called fow backs.
A light bodied and fiery horfe a man ne-
ver ought to buy, becaufe he will foon de-
Itroy himfelf, but fiercenefs ought never to
be confounded with vigour and high met-
tle, which lail: does not confifl in fretting,,
trampling,, dancing, and not fufFering any
horfe to go before him,, but in being very
fcnfible of the fpurs.
You ought to (bun light bellied horfes,
which arc very apt to be troubled with fpa-
kins,. jardens, &c. and. as- painful fcratches
in the hind-legs often take away a horfe's
belly^ this ought not to deter you from buy-
ing, unlefs they be in th^ back finew of the
legs, a pretty way above the pattern joint,,
which is one of the moft troublefome exter-
nal maladies a horfe can have.
Except a low cafed horfe eats much hay,,
he cannot be made plump, which will make
him have a belly like a cow with a calf,,
and may be remedied with a furcingle a foot
and a half broad, with two little cufhions to
it, that may anfwer to the top of the ribs on
either fide the backbone^ to preferve the
back from being galled. In the next place
conflder the Sank.
You are to obferve that the- flrongeft (late
of body, which is the higheft fielh, provided
it be good, hard, and without inward foul-
nefs, is the befl \ yet you muft take notice,,
that his fhape and feeding are to be confi-
dered ; to his fhape and body, fome that
be round, plump, and clofe knit will ap-
pear fat, when they really are lean and in'
poverty \ and others that are raw boned,,
flendcr and loofe knit together, will appear
lean, deformed, and poor, when they arc
fat, foul, and full of grofs humours.
So likewife as to their feeding; fome will
feed outwardly, carrying a thick rib, wheA
they are inwardly clean, and without all man-
ner of foulnefs : and there are others that
appear clean to the eye,, fhcwing nothing
but fkin and bone, when they are full of in-
ward fatnefs: in this cafe there are two helps,,
the one inward, the other outward.
The inward help is only fmart exercife,..
which diffolves and melts the foulnefs ; and
flrong fcourings, which will bring it
away.
The outward help in handling and feeling
his body, efpecially the ribs towards his
flank, and if his flefh generally handle loofe
and foft, your fingers finking or pitting in,
it. is a fignof his foulnefs; but if his fleih be
hard and firm, and only upon his hindmoft
rib handles fpft and downy, it is a fign there
is greafe a^d foul matter within,, which:
muft be removed let him- appear ever fo«
lean.
If he be fat and thick, and as it were
clofed up under the chaps, or if his jaws-
handle full and fleih yj it is a fign of much*
foulaefs>
B O T
ibulnefs) both in the head and body i but
if he handle thin, clean^ and only with
fome lumps or fmall kernels within his
chaps, in fuch cafe, it is a fign only of fome
cold newly taken.
BOLSTERS OF a Saddle, are thofe
parts of a great faddle which are raifed upon
the bows, both before and behind, to hold
the rider^s thigh, and keep him in a right
pofture, notwithftanding the diforders the
horfe may occafion.
Comman faddles havTc no bolfters. We
ufe the expreflion of fitting a bolder, when
we put the cork of the faddle into the bol-
der to keep it tight.
That part of the faddle being formerly
made of cork, took firft that name, though
now is made of wood.
BONE-SPAVIN. See SpAvm.
BORING, an operation in ufe for the
cure of wrenched Ihoulders in horfcs ; which
is performed thus : having cut a hole in the
flcin over the part afFe&cd, they blow it up
with a tobacco-pipe, as a butcher does
veal 5 after which they thruft a cold flat
iron, like the pointof a fword-blade, eight
er ten inches up between the fhoulder-Wade
and the ribs.
BOTTS. Worms. Horfes are very fub-
]t& to thofe vermin, of which there are fe-
veral forts j vizj the botts, the round worm
Fefembling thofe of the earth, and the af-
earides, which are worms about thefize of
a large fowing needle, and have flat heads.
Worms in horfes are principally owing to
abad digeftion, a wcaknefs^in the fliomach,-
and a tender conftitution. In order there-
fore to prevent the formation of thefe trou-
blefomc animals, a bitter drink prepared of
aedoary, gentian roots, galengals, camo-
mile-flowers, jcfuits bark, and juniper ber-
ries, Ihould be frequently given; which
will ftrengthen the organs of digeftion, and
effedually prevent the growth of thefe crea-
tures.
The fymptoms which indicate worms are
various, as the animals are difl^erent : and
feated in different parts of the body. The
botts, when they are fcatcd in the ftraight gut,
are never dangerous, and often thruft out
BOX
with the dung. They generally come in
the month of May and June ; nor do they
hardly ever continue above a fortnight. But
when they breed in the ftomach of horfcs,
they often caufe convulfions, and deftroy
the horfe. The botes that breed in the fto-
mach, are about the fize of large maggotSy>
compofed of circular rings, with little (harp
prickly feet along the fides of their bellies
like thofe of the millepedes; they have great
heads and fmall tails, and are of an orange
colour. They are generated in the ftomach,.
and in the ftrait gut ; thofe in the gut are of
a paler colour than thofe in the ftomach, in
other refpefts they are the fame : the eggs of
thefe worms are lodged in the ftomach about
rts lower orifice ; but under the inner coat
thereof, which they burft through with their
tails, and hind part of their bodies foremoft
when they are formed into life, the forepart
of their bodies remaining fo firmly in the
mufcular coat, that when a ftomach is
examined, and one of thefe worms is found
there, it is with difficulty forced out. PVom
this mufcular coat they fuck their nouri(h«
ment, and often, by ulcerating the party
fpeedily deftray the horfe. Sometimes at
their coming to life, they caufe convulfions,
and until Ae fit comes on^ there is rarely
any previous fymptom (fee Convulsions) i
though if a bott is difcovered in the dung, or
if any have been feen a little time before, the
caufe may be readily judged of.
For the mo ft part, Aprils May^ or June^
arc the feafons^ in which the bott-worms are
troublefomc j and are generally thofe thar
are feated in the gut, from whence they are
thrown out with the dung very frequently,
and are furrounded with much yellow matter.
After the juft named feafon, they are rarely
feen, and when they appear, feldom conti-
nue more than two or three weeks ; thefe are
not fo dangerous, as thofe in the ftomach, but
they occafion the horfe to rub his fundament
very frequently againft any poft that he can
come at ; they make him very lean^ and his
hair ftares like that of a furfcitcd horfe; he
frequently ftrikcs his belly with his hind-
feet, feems as if he was griped now and then
but not fo violently as to roll^ &c. as in co-
licky
BOW
licky complaints j he will often lay him-
felf down on his belly very quietly, and
then get up to eat as though nothing
ailed him. If a bott is feen in his dung,
and he frequently rubs his tail as though
it itched', there is no doubt of the botts
being the caufe of all other fymptoms.
The long round worms are like the earth-
worms, except they are fharper at their ends,
and arc tougher in the middle ; they arc
often eighteen inches long, and as thick as
a fmall finger. Thefe worms are met with
in all fedfons of the year, and make a horfe
very inaftive and difpirited.
The afcarides, called alfo needle-worms,
are a fmall flender fort of worms, with flat
heads j they are fometimes of a whitifh, at
others of a blucifti colours they are princi-
pally in the fmall guts and in the reAum,
and are thrown out in great abundance with
the excrements ; they are obferved in all the
feafons of the year; and make the horfe look
lean and jaded, his coat ftare, he often ftrikcs
his belly with his hind-feet, lays down quiet-
ly upon his belly, and after a (hort time, he
rifes up without any figns of uneafincfs.
And what is more peculiar to this fort of
worms than to others, is, that they occafion
fick fits that return frequently, but foon go
off each time, after which he eats with a
good appetite 5 but his tongue is ufually
white and his breath offenfive.
Truncheons are a (hort thick fpecies, with
black and hard heads.
As the general fource of worms is a vitiated
appetite and a weak digeftion, bitters will
be needful to mend the ftomach, and mer^
curial, with other metallic preparations, to
deftroy the prefent raccj and prevent the
generation of future ones. Of metallic
bodies, the propereft are mercury, antimony,
tin, and iron.
As in all worm cafes purging precedes
every other means, give him in the morn-
ing, falling, the following bolus ;
lake of calomel, three drachms, or half
an ounce; diapence, half an ounce; treacle,
enough to make a bolus. The next morn-*
ing give one of the purging balls, dire<5lcd
BOW ♦•
under the article Purges, and repeat the
bolus and purge every eight days.
Or, the bolus and purge may be united
as follows, and given every eighth day.
Rub two drachms of quickfilver. with half
an ounce of Venice- turpentine, until no
gliftening can be difcerned ; then add of
Succoto^'Jne aloes, one ounce j of gin-
ger, two drachms ; treacle, enough to make
a ball. If this purge too flowly, add as much
jalap as is neceffary.
Dr. Bracken advifes, to begin the cure by
giving the horfe two quarts of warm
ale-wort, three mornings, and on the fourth
to give the purge : thus the worms will be
lefs able to refill the cffefts of the purge, and
fo be driven out more effedually.
Fine rafpins of tin and wffithiops mineral,
of each half an ounce 5 or one ounce of the
filings of iron, may be given in a malh, or
with corn, every night, for three or four
weeks.
If the horfe is tender and weakly, and.
feeds but poorly, give him the follow*
ing
Stomach Drink.'
Take gentian root, fix ounces ; camo«
mile flowers, two handfuls ; Peruvian-bark,
two ounces ; filings of iron, half a pound ;
juniper berries, four ounces ; infufe them
fix or eight days in three gallons of ale,
fliaking the veflTel now and then ; after which
give a pint of the clear liquor two or three
times a day.
If the horfe is robuft, but hath worms;
from full but bad feeding, give him, with his
corn, a handful of rue, garlic, tanfey, favfn,
or other fuch like vegetable. Some have
ventured to give half an ounce of cut tobacco:
with the corn, once a day, for two or three
weeks.
The round worms are generally deft toyed;
with filings of tin j joined with bitters, and a
purge now and then thus :
Take the filing of tin, and myrrh, of
each half an ounce ; make them intp a ball
with honey, and repeat it twice a day. But
before giving this ball, give a purging ball
... Ifvitli
B O T
BOW
%Irh aloes, and repeat it once in eight
days. *
If any come away dead, you may conclude
that they are all killed.
But of all the fpecies, bott-worms are the
YTorll, particularly if ihey arc in the ftomach,
thofe in the guts being rather troublefome
than dangerous. To deftroy the botts in the
ftomach, calomel fhould be firft given, and
that freely i but as the convulfions foon
fhut up the horfe's motith, and, ufually,
there are no preceding fymptoms to warn
you before the violent attack, therefore if
botts are any way fufpefted, lofe no time,
immediately get down the following bo-
lus:
Take calomel and London philonum, of
each half an ounce ; honey, enough to
make a bolus i and, if poiTible, repeat a
lefler dofe, in four or five days, and a com-
mon purging ball the day following -, but
if the mouth be clofed, proceed as dircftcd
in the articles Convulsions and i>TAC-
EviL.
Botts in the ftrait gut are eafily deftroyed
by giving a large fpoonful of favin, twice
a day, in bran, or corn, a little moiftcned,
and aa aloetic purge at proper diftanccs
from each other.
Both common fait and falt-petre are very
efficacious in cafes of worms, particularly
againft fpecies not yet mentioned, and that
in fomc counties are called needle-worms i
they are flender, about an inch long, of a
ycUowifli colour. Two ounces of cither of
thefe falts may be given every night in a
ma(h or any other convenient method, for
two or three weeks.
With regard to other kinds of worms,
the above medicines will alfo be fufficicnt*
The botts in the ftrait gut may be cured by
giving the horfe a fpoonful of favin, once or
twice a day, in his oats, or bran moiftened.
You may alfo add three or four cloves
of garlic, and a purge of aloes. 4$^^^ Worms.
BOUILLION, is a lump or excrefcencc
of fleih that grows either upon or juft by
the frufti, infomuch that the frufti flioots
out like a lump of flclh, and makes the
horfe halt j and tftis we call the flefh blow-
ing upon the frulh.
Your manage horfes, which never wet
their feet, arc fubjvdt to thefe excrefcenccs,
which make them very lame.
BOULE r IE 5 a horfe is called boulette,
when the fet-lock, or paftern joint, bends
forward and out of its natural fituation :
whether through violent riding, or by reafon
of being too fhort jointed, in which cafe the
Icaft fatigue will bring it.
BOUIE; a horfe is called boute, when'
his legs are in a ftraight line from the knee
to the coronet.
Short jointed horfes are apt to be aboute,
and on the other hand long jointed horfes
are not.
BOW BEARER, an under officer of the
foreft, whofe oath will inform you of the
nature of his office, in thefe words — I will
true man be to the owner of this forejl^ and to
his lieutenant^ and in their abjence^ I Jhall
truly over/ee^ and true inquijitio-n make as well .
of /worn men, as un/worny in every bailwicky
both in the north bail andjouth bail of this fo^
refi^ and all manner of trejfajs done either
to vert or venijon^ I Jhall truly endeavour to
attach or cauje to be attached^ in the next
court cf attachment ^ there to be prejent with-
out any concealment had to my knowledge \ /o
help me God.
BOWET 7 a young hawk fo called by
BOWESS 5 falconers, when ihe draws
any thing out of her neft, and covets to
clamber on the boughs.
BOWLINE: the firft and greateft cun-
ning to be obferved in bowling, is the. right
chufing your bowl, which muft be fuitable
to the grounds you defign to run on. Thus
for clofe alleys your beft choice is the flac
bowl. 2. For open grounds of advantage,
the round ,byaffed bowl. 3. For green
fwards that are plain and level, the bowl
that is as round as a ball. '
The next thing that requires your care is
the chufing out your grounds, and preven-
ting the winding hangings, and many
turning advantages of the fame, whether it
be in open wide places, as bowling-greens,
or in clofe bowling alleys.
Laftiy, have your judgment about you,,
to obfcrve and diftinguilh the rifings, fal-^
lingi
BRA
lings and' advantages of the place where
you bowl.
BOWS OF A SADDLE, are two pieces of
wood laid arch-wife, to receive the upper
part of a horfe's back, to give the faddle it's
;duc form, and keep it tight.
The fore-bow which fuftains the pommel,
is compofcd of the withers, the breaft, the
points or toes, and the corking.
The withers, is. the arch that rifes two or
tthree fingers over the horfes withers.
The breads are placed where the arch, or
upper part of the bows, ends.
The points, or toes, are the lower part
*of the bow: and the corklngs are pieces
of wood formerly -pieces of cqrk, upon
•which we fit and make faft to the bolfters.
The hind- bow bears the troffequin, or
4juilted roll.*
The bows are covered with finews, run
all over the bows to make them ftronger;
then they ftrengthen them with bands of
iron to keep them tight j and on the lower
Tide of the bows, nail on the faddle ft raps,
with which they make faft the girths.
BRACE, is commonly taken for a cou-
ple, or pair, and applied by huntfmen to
feveral beafts of game, as, a brace of bucks,
foxes, hares, f5?r. alfo a brace of greyhounds,
h a proper term for two.
BRAMBLE-NET, otherwifc called a
hallier; is a net to catch birds with, and of
feveral fizes : the great mefhes muft be four,
fquare, thofc of the leaft fize are three or
four inches, and thofc of the biggeft are
five: in the depth they (hould not have above
three or four inches, but as for the length
they may be enlarged at pleafure : but the
ihorteft are ufually eighteen feet.
If you intend to have your net of four
iTiefties deep, make it of eight ; forafmuch
as it is to be doubled over with another net ;
likewife between the faid doublings ; the
inward net fliould be of fine thread, neatly
twifted, with mefhes two inches fquare,
made lozenge wife, with a neat cord drawn
through all the upper melhes, and one
through the lower, whereby you may fix it
to the doubled hallier : then, laftly, faften
your net to certain fmall fticks^ about a foot
BRA
and a half, or two feet long, and about the
fame diftance from each other: the inward
net -muft be both longer and deeper than the
outward, that it may hang loofe, the better to
entangle the game. See Plates VII. and
XII.
BRANCH STAND, (with Falconers) a
term ufed fignifying, the making a hawk leap
from tree to tree, till the dog fprings the
partridge.
BRANCHER, a young hawk, newly taken
out of the neft, that can hop from bough to
bough.
BRANCHES op the bridle, are two
pieces of iron bended, which is in the inter-
val between one and the other, bears the
bitt-mouth, the crofs chains, and the grub ;
fo that to one end they anfwer to the head-
ftall, and on one other to the reins, in order
to keep the horfe's head in fubjeftion.
With regard to their form and ftrufturej
branches are either ftrait, in form of a piftol^
for young horfes to form their mouth ; or
after the Conftable of France's faftiion, pro-
per for a horfe that carries his head well.
Some are in form of a gigot or leg, which
will prevent horfes from carrying too low ;
fome in form of a bent knee, contrived for
horfes that arm themfelves againft the ope-
ration of the bit ; and others after the French
fafhion, which is hardly about ^ of an inch
at the fevil hole, and kneed i | of an inch
at thejarret or ham. It is to be obferved,
1. That the farther the branch is from the
horfe's neck, the more efFeft it will have.
2. That fhort branchtrs ceteris paribus arc
under and their efforts more fudden than
thofe of longer. 3. That the branch is to
be proportioned to the length of a horfe's
neck J and one may fooner err in chufing
one too (hort than too long.
A hardy, bold or ftrong branch, is one
that brings in the head.
A weak branch, is a branch that was for-
merly ufed for raifing the head, but now is
rejefted •, efpecially fince the difcovery of
the error of thofe, who fancied that it raifed
after the fame manner with the kneed-
branches. See Banc^tet and Shoulder.
BRASSICOCJRT, or brachicourt; is
a horfe
B R E
<
a horfc whofc fore legs are nafurally bended
arch- wife ; being fo called by way of dif-
tinftion from an- arched horfc, whofc legs
are bowed by hard labour.
BRAYE, anobfoluteFr^/^fi&word : made
ufc of by fomc ta fignify the entry of the
horfc's throat ; or the extremity of the chan-
nel towards the maxillary bones.
BRA YL, a piece of leather flit to put Up-
on the hawks wing to tie it up.
BREAD FOR HORSES : horfes are fome-
timesfed with bread, to hearten and ftrength-
en them : the way to make the fame, is two-
fold.
1. Take wheat-meal, oat-meal, and beans,
all ground very fmall, of each a peck ; ani(e-
feed, four ounces ; gentian, and fenu-greek,
of each an ounce ; liquorice, two ounces ;
. all beaten into fine powder, and fearfed
ivell : to which add the whites of twenty
new laid eggs, all well beat, and as much
ilrong ale as will knead it up : then make
your loaves, like to houfe- bread, but not
too thick ; and let them be well baked, but
not burnt ; then give it him, not too new 5
and let him have it five or fix mornings to-
gether, without any provender.
2. Take of wheat-meal, rye-meal, beans
and oat- meal of each half a peck, ground
very fmall; anife-feed and liquorice, an
ounce of each ; and white fugar-candy, four
ounces : beat all into fine powder, with the
whites and yolkes of twenty new-laid eggs,
•well beaten ; and put to them as much
white-wine as will knead it into a pade ;
which then make into great loaves, and bake
them well : and when two or three days old
give him to cat thereof, but chip away the
outfide.
For racc-horfes, there are three forts of
bread ufed -, given fucceffively, for the fe-
cond, third, and fourth fortnight's feeding.^
. I. Take three pecks of clean beans, and
one peck of fine wheat s mix them together,
and grind them into pure meal ; that done,
. bolt in pretty fine, and knead it up with
.good ftorc of frelh barm, but with as little
water as may be ; labour it well in a trough,
break and cover it warm, that it may fwell:
.then knead it over again, and mould it into
B R E
large loaves, in order to be well baked.
When they are drawn from the oven, tnrh
the bottoms upward, and let them cool : at
three days old you may give your horfe this
bread, but no fooner ; as nothing is more
apt to furfeic than new bread. Or you
may
2. Take two pecks of clean beans, with
two pecks of fine wheat, and grind them
well together 5 then bolt, and knead it with
barm, or lightening, and make it up as you.
did the former bread. With this bread,
having the cruft cut quite away, and oats,
or fplit beans, mingled together, or fepa-
rately if you think fit, feed the horfc as be-
fore, at his ufual meals. Or,
3. Take three pecks of fine wheat, and
one peck of beans ; grind, and bolt them
through the fineft bolter you can get ; then
knead it up with new ftrong ale and barm,
beat together, and the whites of twenty eggs,
or more, and no water at all ; but inftead
thereof a fmall quantity of new milk : at
laft work it up, bake and order it as the
former : and with this bread, having the cruft
cut off, adding clean oats and fplit beans, all
mixed, or feparate, feed your horfe at His
ordinary feeding-times as you did in the
fortnight before.
BREAK ; to break a horfe in trotting is
to make him light upon the hand by trot-
ting, in order to make him fit for a gallop.
To break a horfe for hunting, is to fupple
him, to make him take the habit of run-
ning.
BREAM, is of two kinds ; the one a fait,
and the other a frelh-water fifti, but are very
little different from each other, either as to.
tafte, fhape, or nature.
The bream is a very broad (haped fifh,
and thick, fcaled excellently, large eyes, a
little fucking mouth, difproportionate to
his body, and a forked tail.
. It is a lufty, ftrong fifh, fo that you muft
be fure to have good tackling.
It hath two fets of teeth, is a very great
breeder; the melter having two large melts,
and thefpawner as many bags of fpawn.
That which I fhall chieflytreaf of, Ihall
be the frefh-water breams which at full
la growth
B R E
growth is large, breeding either in ponds
and rivers, but principally delighting in the
former v which if he likes, he will not only
grow exceeding fat, and fairer in them
than in rivers, but will fill the pond with
his iflue, even to the ftarving of the other
fifh.
They fpawn in JunCy or the beginihgof
Jujy \ and are great lovers of red . worms,
cfpccially fuch as are to be found at the root
of a great dock, and lie wrapt up in a round
clew: alfo flag worms, wafps, green flies,
and gralhoppers (whofe legs mult be cut off),
and palle ; of which there are many forts
whicti are found very good baits for him,
but the bell are made of brown bread and
honey ; gentles young wafps, and red worms.
The belt feafon of angling for him is from
St. Jameses day until Bartbolomew-ixdic.
for
BREAM FISHING: with hook and
line obfcrve tbefe direftions i which will
alfo. be of ufe in carp-fifliing.
Procure about a quart of large red worms,-
put them into frefh mofs, well wafhed and
dried, every three or four days j feeding
them wiili fat mould and chopped fennel,
and they will be thoroughly fcoured in
about three weeks.
Let your lines be filk and hair ; but all
filk is the befl: : let your float be either fwan
quills or goofe quills
Let your bait be as bi^ a red worm as
you can find, without a knot j get a pint
or quart of them in an evening in garden-
walks, or chalky commons, after a ihower
of rain ; and put them with clean mofs well
wafhed and picked, and the water fqueezed
out of the mofs as. dry as you can, into an
earthen pot or pipkin fet dry, and change
the mofs frefh every three or four days for
three weeks or a month together; then your
bait will be at the bcft, for it will be clean
and lively.
Having thus prepared your baits, get
your tackling ready and fitted for this fport.
Take three long angling rods, and as many
and more filk, or filk and hair lines, and as
many large fwan or goofe quill floats, l*hcn
B R E
take a piece of lead and fatten them to the
low ends of your lines. Then fatten your
link-hook alfo to the lead, and let there
be about a foot or ten inches between the
lead and the hook ; but be fure the lead be
heavy enough to fink the float or quill a
little under the water, and not the quill to
bear up the lead, for the lead mutt lie on the
ground. Note, that your link next the hook
may be fmaller than the reft of your line, if
you dare adventure, for fear taking the pike
or pearch, who will affuredly vifit your hoaks
till they be taken out, as I will ftiew yba
afterwards, before either carp or bream
jvill come near to bite. Note alfo, that when
the worm is well baited, ^it will crawl up
^and down as far as the lead will give leave,
which much enticeth the fifti to bite with-
out fufpicion.
Having thus prepared your baits, and
fitted your tackling, repair to the river,
where you have fcen them fwim in ikulls or
fhoalsin the fummer time in a hot afternoon,
about three or four of the clock, and watch
their going forth of their deep holes and
returning, which you may well difcern, for
they return about four of the dock, moft of
them feeking fo6d at the boctbm, yet one
or two will lie on the top of the water, rol-,
ling ai)d tumbling themfelves whilft the reft:
are under him at the bottom, and fo you
fliall perdeite him to keep centincl ; then
mark where he plays moft and ftays longcflr,
which commonly h the broadeft and deepett
place of the river, and there or near there-
abouts, at a clear bottom and a*convenient
landing-place, take one of your angles rea-
dy fitted as aforefaid, and found the bottom,
which fhould be about eight or ten feet deep,
two yards from the bank is beft. Then con-
fider with yourfelf whether that water will
rife or fall by the next morning, by reafon
of any water-mills near, and according to
your difcretion tike the depth of the place,
where you mean after to caft your ground-
bait, and to fifli, to half an inch j that the
lead lying on or near the ground-bait, the
top of the float may only appear uprighc
half an inch above the water.
Thus
B R E
Thus you haying found and fitted {or the
place and depth thereof, then go home and
prepare your ground-baitj which is next to
the fruic of your labours, to be regarded.
The Ground'Bait.
Take a peck, or a peck and a half, ac-
cording to the greatnefs of the ftream and
deepnefs of the water where you mean to
angle, of fweet grofs-ground barley-malt,
and boil in a kettle, one or two warms is
enough ; then ({rain it through a bag into a
Wb, the licjuor whereof hath often done my
liorfe much good; and when the bag and
male is near cold, take it down to the water-
fide about eight or nine of the clock in the
evening, and not before ; cad: in two parts
of your ground bait, fqueefed hard between
both your hands, it will fink prefently to
the bottom, and be fure it may reft in the
very place you mean to angle; if the ftream
run hard or move a little, caft your malt in
handfuls a little the higher, upwards the
flream. You may between your hands
clofe the malt fo faft in handfuls, that the
water will hardly part it with the fall.
Your ground thus baited and tackling
fitted, leave your bag with the reft of your
tackling and ground bait near the fporting
place all night, and in the morning about
three or four of the clock vifit the water-fide,
but not too near, for they have a cunning
watchman, and are watchful themfelves
too.
Then gently take one of your three rods,
and bait your hook, cafting it over your
ground bait, and gently and fecretly draw
it to you till the lead refts about the middle
of the ground'bait.
Then take a fccond rod and caft in about
a yard above, and your third a yard below
the firft rod, and ftay the rods in the ground,
but go yourfelf fo far from the water-fide,
you perceive nothing but the top of the floats^
which you muft watch moft diligently ; then
when you have a bite, you Ihould perceive
the top of your float to fink fuddenly into
B R £
the water j yet neverthclefs be not too hafty
to run to your rods until you fee that the
line goes clear away, then creep to the
water-fide, and give as nriuch line as poflihle
you can : if it be a good carp or bream, they
will go to the farther fide 'of the river, then
ftrike gently, and hold your rod at a bent a
little while; but if yOu both pull together
you are fure to lofe ydur game, for either
your line or hook, or hold will break ; and
after you have overcofiie them, they will
make noble fport, and are v6ry fliy to be
landed. The carp is far ftronger and more
mettlefome than the bream.
Much more is to be obfcrved in this kind
of fifh and filhing, but it is far fitter for
experience and difdourfe than paper. Only
thus much is neceflary for you to know^
and to'be mindful and careful of, that if the
pike or pearch do breed in the river, they
will be fure to bite firft and muft be taken.
And for the moft part they are very large,
and will repair to your ground bait, not
that they will cat of it, but will feed and
and fport themfelves amongft the young fry
that gather about and hover over the
bait.
The way to difcern the pike and to take
him, if you miftruft your bream hook, for
1 have taken a pike a yard long feveral times
at my bream hooks, and fometimes he hath
had the luck to ftiare my line, may be thus :
Take afmall blake, or roach, or gudgeon,
and bait it, and fet it alive among your rods
two feet deep from the cork, with a little
red-worm on the point of the hook ; then
take a few crumbs of white bread, or fome
of the ground-bait, and fprinkle it gently
amongft your rods. If the pike be there,
then the little fifti will fkip out of the water
at his appearance, but the live-fct bait is
fure to be taken.
Thus continue your fport from four in the
morning till eight, and if it be a gloomy
windy di»y, they will bite all day long. But
this is too long to ftand to your rods at one
place, and it will fpoil your evening fport
that day, which is this :
About four of the ctock in the afternoon
L 2 repair
B R£
repair to your baited-place^ and as feon as
you come to the water-fide, caft in one half
of the reft of your ground bait, and ftand
off: then whilft the filh are gathering to-
gether, for there they will mod certainly
come for their fupper, you may take a pipe
of tobacco, and thea. in with your three
rods as in the morning : you will Bnd exceU
lent fport that eyening till eight of the
clock ; then caft in the refidue of your
ground bait, and next morning by four of
the clock yifit them again for four hours,
which is the beft fport of all ; and after that,
kt them reft till you and your friends have a
mind to more fport.
From St. James'^-txAt until Barthokmew-
tide is the beft ; when they have Had all
<ie fummer's food they are the fatteft.
Obferve laftly, that after three or four
days filhing together, your game will be (hy
and wary, and you (hall hardly get above a
bite or two at 4 baiting ; then your only
way is to defift from your fport about two or
three days ; in the mean time, on the place
you late baited, and a^ain intend to bait,
you (hall take a turf of green, but fhort grafs,
as big or bigger than a round trencher ; to
the top of this turf, on the green fide, you
(ball with a needle and green thread fallen
one by one as many little red worms as will
near covei* all the turf : then take a round
board or trencher, make a hole inth^c mid-
dle thereof, and .through the turf, placed on
the board or trencher, with a firing or cord
as long as is fitting, tied to a pole, let it
down to the bottom of the water, for the
fifli to feed upon without dil^urbance about
two or three days \ and after that you have
drawn it away, you may enjoy your former
recreation.
BREAST of a horfe. See Counter.
BREASTS, part of the bow of a faddle.
See Bows.
BREAST-PLATE, or Tree ; is the
llrap of leather that runs frorh one fide of
the faddle to the other, over the horfc's
bread in order to keep the faddle tight, and
binder it from Aiding backwards when the
horfe goes upon a rifing ground.
BUEAIH, OR Wind. This word fig-
B k £
nifies fometimes the eafy refpiration of a
horfe, and fometimes it implies the eafe and
reft orrepofe of a horfe.
As, give your horfe breath, do not ride
him down : give that leaping horfe a long
breathing time between the turns or repeti-
tions of his manage.
This barb has always held his wind equal-
ly upon his manage.
This horfe is mafter of his wind or breath.
This laft exprefl[ion is applyed to horfes that
fnort, and our jockies take fnorting for a
fign of a long-winded horfe. SeeSftoKr.
BREED, is a place where mares for
breed, and ftal lions are kept, in order ta
raife a ftud. Hence they fay.
To keep a breed ; to govern and manage
a breed.
All the mares in this breed have taken ;
I. e. they are with foal.
To make a good breed, you cannot chufe
a better ftallion than a Spanijb horfe, nor
better ftud mares than Naples mares.
BREEDING of Horses. In order to the
raifing a good and beautiful race of horfes,
it is necefiary to chufe for a ftallion* a finb
barb free from hereditary infirmities, fuch as
weak eyes, bad feet, fpavi'ns, purfinefs,
cheft foundring, 6?^. only with this diftinc-
tion, that defers which happen by accident
are not to be accounted hereditary.
Having provided yourfelf with a ftallion,
let him be fed for three months before he is
to cover the mare, with found oats, pca^,
or beans, or with coarfe bread and a little
hay, but a g6od quantity of wheat ftraw;
leading him out twice a day to water j and
after he has drank, walk him up and down
for an hour ; but not fo as to make him
fwcat.
If he is not thus put into heart before he
covers, he would be in great danger, of be-
ing purfey and broken winded, neither
would he be able to perform the talk j or
at the beft the colts would be but pitiful and
weak s and notwithftanding you have thus
fed him well, you will take him in again
very lean.
If you put him to too many marcs, he
will not ferve long, his mane and tail will.
fall.
^^- -
\
B R £
fall off through poverty, and you will find
it a difficult tafk to recover hinn again for
the year following.
Therefore let him have mares, but ac-
cording to bis ftrength, that is twelve, fif-
teen, or at moft twenty.
■ Mares go with foal eleven months, and
as many days as they are years oid : as for
example, a mare of ten years old will carry
her foal eleven months, and ten days j fo
that a perfon may fo order his mares to be
covered, that their foals may be brought
forth at a time when there will be plenty of
grafs.
About the end of May put your mares
into an inclofure capable of feeding them
the whole time the ftallion is to be with
them, or that they are in feafon, in which
inclofure all the mares are to be put
together^ as well thofe which are barren as
Others.
Firil take oflT your ftallion's hind fiioes,
but let his fbre (hoes remain on for the pre-
fervation of his fcct^ then lead him forth,
and let htm cover a mare twice in hand to
render him more calm and gentle ; after
which take off his bridle and turn him loofe
to the reft, with whom he will become, fo
familiar, and treat them fo kindly, that at
laft they will make love to him ; fo that
not One of them will be horfed but as they
aire in feafon.
In this clofure there (hourd.be builc a little
lodge, into which the ftallion may retire to
fecurc himfelffrom the fcorching heats; and
Jh the lodge there (hould be a manger, to
give him oats, peas, fplit beans, bread or
whatever elfe he likes beft ; and hcmuft be
thus entertained during the whole time he
is with the mares,, which will be. about fix or
fcven weeks.
Youjtiuft likewife takexare thatthe ftal-
lion and the mare have the fame food, viz,
if the former be at hay and oats, which
is commonly called hard meat, the latter
fliould Ifkewife be at hard' meat j othrerwife
Ibe will not fo readily hold.
Marcs which are very grofs hold with
much difficulty ; but thofe that are indif-
ferently fat and plump conceive with greatcft
BR I
To bring a mare in feafon, and make her*
retain, let her eat for eight days before (he is
brought to the horfe, about two quarts of
hemp feed iii the morning, and as much at *
night.
If (he refufe it, mix it with a little bran or
oats, and if the ftallion eat alfo of it^ it will -
contribute much to generation.
As for the age of the ftallion, he ihould
not cover before he is fix years old, nor after
he is fifteen ; but the laft may be regulated^
according to his ftrength and vigour.
As for the mares they (hould not be cover-
ed before they are three years ok! ; but in '
this refpetl: you may take njeafures from the '
goodnefs of the mares> and the foals thac:
they bring forth.
In the laft place, you may furni(h yourfelf
with young breeding mares from your own '
race ; which being found of a good breed*,
will bring forth more beautiful foals than
any other. But you are not to make ufeof-
your colts forftallions; bccaufe they will'
much degenerate from the goodnefs of the
true barbs, and at laft become like the na»-
tural race of the country.
It is therefore advifable never to chufca-
ftallion from your own breqd ; but rather
to change Jiim for a good bard or Spanifl)
horfe, yet ftill make choice of the fineft*
mares of your own ftock to breed upon.
BRIDLE, is fo termed when all it's ap-^
purtenances are fixed together in the feveraL
parts of it for the government of a horfe, .
and they are thefcr i* The bittor fnaffle/
which is the iron work put into a horfeV>
mouthy of whioh there-are fevcral forts,- which' »
fee under the Article Bitt.
2. The head-ftall, being two fmall lea-
thers that come from the top of - the head tc»
the rings of the -bitt.
3. Fillet, that which lies over the forehead f
under the foretop, if the horfe have trap-^
ings; this is ufually adorned witharofe,.,
or the like, or leather fet with (hads, or
braided;
4. The throat band, being that leather
which is buttoned from the head band unco ?
the throat.
5. Reins> jhc long /thong of leather that :
C4Miie&^
B RO
eeimes fmm the rings of the bitt^ and being
caft over the borfe's head> the rider holds
them in hi« hands^ whereby he guides the
hprfe ^s he pleafes.
6. The button and loop at the end of the
reinf > by which it is fallened to the ring of
the bitt^ the other end of the reins having
only a button fo large that it cannot go
through the ring of the bitt on the ot4ier
fide ; this is called a running rein, by which
a horfe is led at a good diftance, and has li*
berty to leap a ditch, or mount a hedge.
7. The nofe band, a leather that goes
over the middle of the nofe, and through
the loops at the back of the head-fiall, and
fo buckled under the cheeks ^ this is ufually
adorned.
8. A trench.
9. A cavefan, being a falfe rein to hold or
lead a horfe by.
10. A martingal, which is a thong of lea«*
tbcr, the one end fattened under the horfe's
cheeks, and the other to his girth between
his legs, to make him rein well to catt up his
head.
11. ChafF-halter J a woman's bridle is the
fame only it is doubled reined.
BRIDLE-HAND, is the horfeman's left-
hand, the right-hand being the fp^ar or whip-
hand.
7b /wallow the 6&tdle, is faid of a horfe
that has too wide a mouth, and too fmall a
bitt-mouth.
BRILLIANT; a brilk, high mettled,
{{ately horfe is called brilliant, as having a
raifed neck, a fine motion, excellent haunches
upon which he rifes though never fo little
put on.
To BRIM, a fow is faid to brim, or go to
brim, that is ready to take boar.
BRING m A Horse, is to keep down the
nofe of a horfe that bores and toITes his nofe
up to the wind ; this we do with a good
ftrong branch. See Banqjtet and Wind.
BROCK, a term ufcd to denote a badger.
A hart too of the third year is called a
brock or brocket ; and a hind of the fame
year, a brocket's fitter.
BROKEN-WIND, a diforder that a horfe
b fubjeft to when he is fuffered to (land too
B R O
long in the liable without excrcifei by which
rneans hecontraAs grofs and thick humours
in fuch abundance, that adhering to the hol«
low parts ' of his lungs, they ftop his wind-
pipe. SeeWinD.
BROOK HAWKING, is a fport that i$
managed with the gerfalcon and jerkin, the
haggard falcon, and the talTel gentle.
There are in many places ponds enclofed
with woods, bulhes, and the like obfcurities,
fo that they are concealed from paflengers»
and fuch places ducks much refort to.
For the training up a hawk to take them,
obferve the following diredions :
The hawk being in all poipt^ ready to fly,
be provided with two or three live traia
ducKs, and let, a man lie concealed in fome
bulb by the pond with them ; {o that when
you come to the place, and the hawk being
ready for the fudden flight, beat the bufli
where the man lies concealed with the duck,
with a pole, who mu(t fend forth one of
them, to the end that the hawk may think ic
is put up by you, and if ftie takes it with a
courage reward her well.
This is the way to train up a gofs-hawk to
catch a fowl at fowce.
The hawk being trained to this, you may
boldly go with her to the ponds where the
fowl lies, and creeping clofe to the place
raife them by beating about with a pole, and
when any rife, let go your hawk from your
fitt, and if fhe feize, let her take pleafure
thereon and reward her well.
It is very neccflary to have a Ipaniel with
you : for if the hawk is well acquainted with
the fport, (he will be fo nimble at the catchy
that they will fall into the water tocetherj
and by that means the fowl will go to plunge,
fo that then the fpanicl will be of good fer-
vice and will not difplcafe the hawk.
BROOD, the young of fifli or fowls.
The brood of fea-fifh is fpawned, and lies in
ftill waters, where it may have reft to receive
nourifhment, and grow to perfeftion ; and
here it is often deftroyed by weirs, draw-
nets, or nets with canvafs, or fuch engines at
the bottom of them, in harbours, havens and
creeks.
BROOK, a little river or fmall current of
waters
B U C
water; and is diftinguiflied from a river, by
flowing only at particular fcafons, whereas a
river flows at all times.
BROUILLER, is when a horfe is put to
any manage, plunges, traverfes, and appears
in difordcr. Hence they fay.
This gentleman is not mailer of his legs,
he makes his horfe brouiller, i. e. he makes
him traverfe and call down his head, the fpur
being too hard for him,
BROW- ANTLER, that branch of a deer's
horn next the head.
BUCK. In his firft year, is called a fawn \
the fecond, a pricker; the third, aforrel;.
the fourth, a fore ; the fifth, a buck of the
firft head \ and the fixth, a great btick.
This beaft is common in mofl countries, be-
ing as corpulent as a hart, but in fize re-
fembling more a roe, except in colour : the
males have horns, which they lofe yearly ;
the females none at all. As for the colour,
it is very different ; however, they are moflly
branded and fandy, with a black lift all along
the back. Their flefli is excellent for nou-
riftment.
BUCK HUNTING. Having under the
jfrticle -HART treated largely, as to their
nature, and the ways of hunting them, there
needs the lefs to be faid as to hunting the
buck, and the rules for taking him ; for he
that can hunt a hart or ftag well, will not
hunt a buck ill.
Befides, falldw deenbcing common among
us, and thofeufually in parks and enclofures
of divers fituations and ftatures, different
from one another j it would be a difficult
taflc to give inftru6tions for every parti-
cular.
And indeed it is the proper bufinefs of
every keeper of parks, fc?r. to underftand
the nature and craft of his deer in hunting ;
all which arc to be acquired by experience
more than reading; however I (hall concifely
inform you of what relates to buck-hunting
as now pra£tifed.
There is no fuch (kill and art required in
lodging a buck, as in harbouring a hart or
ftag, nor fo much drawing after, but you
may judge by the view, and obfervc what
"B U C
grove or coppice he enters $ for a buck does
not wander up and down as the hart, nor
change his Uyer fo often, or ufe fo many
crofTings, doublings, ftiifts, and devices*
nor doth he flee fo far before the hounds,
but avoids the highway and open places, as
much as he can ; he is not lo crafty or fo
ftrong to beat a river, or to ftay fo long at
foil i neither is he fo free to take a great ri-
ver, nor muft it be deep \ but being clofc
hunted, he will flee into fuch ftrong coverts
as he is accuftomed to, and it has been ob-
ferved, that fome bucks that have leaped
over a park pale, after a ring or two, have
returned of themfelves, chufing rather to die
where they have been acquainted, than in a
ftrange place.
The buck groans and trots as the hart bel-
leth, and with a wqrfe no^fe and rattling in
the throat ; leaps lighter at the rut than tiie
ftag 5 neither will thefe two beafts come near
one another's layer, and they have fcldom
or never any other relays, than the old
hounds.
Thev alfo herd more than the hart does,
and lie in the drieft places, though if they
are at large they herd but little from MMy
to Auguft.
Now the greatcft fubtlety a huntfman
needs to ufe in hunting the buck, is to have
a care of hunting counter or change, beoaafe
of the plenty of fallow deer that ufed to come
more direftly upon the hounds than the red
deer does.
The doe begins to fdtWn about the^end of
May, and continues till Midfummer.
The bucks me**' or ftied their li^rns or
heads every year about, or in Aprils and J>ai-t
of Mt^i and their new ones are burmiked
about the end o^ Auguft.
The buck makes his fewmifliingin diir^rs
manners and forms as the hart, according to
the diverfity of food, and the time of the day,
morning and evening, but 'they are moft
commonly round.
The buck comes in fealbn in July^ and
goes out in September.
The doe comes in feafon when the buck
goes out, and goes out at twelfth-tide.
la
BUG
In buck-hunting the fame tiounds are ufcd
t as in running the (tag. In forcfts and chaccs
.as they lie at layer, fo they are hunted.
In parks where they are inclofcd, the fport
is not fo diverting^ by reafon of the greater
change and foil, unlcfs they break out and
run the country, which they feldomdo.
But deer that lie out, 4;hough near the
park, make for the generality better chaces
than foreft deer.
^be keeper JhooHng a BUCK to l^e run down.
. In order to facilitate the chace, the keeper
'Comnnonly felefts a fat buck out of the herd,
which he (hoots to maim him, and ihen he
isrun down by the hounds.
As to the method of hunting the buck j
•thecompany generally go out very early for
the benefit of the morning, fometimes they
.^have a deer ready lodged, if not, the coverts
rare drawn till one is rouzed ; or, fometimes
in a park a deer is pitched upon, and forced
.-from the h^rd, then more hounds are laid on
*to run the chace j if you come to be at a
fault, the old itaunch hounds are only to be
relied upon till you recover him again : if he.
.be funk and the hounds thrufl: him up, it is
called an imprime, and the company all
ibund a recheat *, when he is run down,
*«very one drives to get in to prevent his
.J>eiflg torn by the hounds.
Fallow deer feldom or never ftand at bay.
He that firft gets in, cries hoo-up, to give
notice that he is down, and blows a death.
When the company are all come in they
paunch him and reward the hounds ; and ge-
. .nerally ;the chief perfon of quality amongft
them takes fay, that is, cuts his belly open,
to fee how fat he is.
, When this is done^ every one has a chop
at his neck, and the head being cut off is
ihewn to the hounds to encourage them to
run only at male def r, which they fee by the
hornSj and to teach them to bite only at the
head : then the company all itanding in a
ring, one4>Iows a fingle death, which being
done all .blow a double recheat, and fo con-
clude the chace with a jgencral halloo of hoo-
BUT
up, and depart the field to their feveral
homes, or to the place of meeting; and the
huntfman, or fome other, hath the deer put
acrofs the buttocks of his horfe, and fo carries
him home.
BULLFINCH, a cage bird: but has
neither fong. nor whiftle of his own, but is
very apt to learn if taught.
BULLHEAD, or MILLER's THUMB ;
a fifli that has a broad head, and wide mouth,
with broad fins near the eyes, and has many
under the belly ; and inftead of teeth, has
rough lips, which aflift him in napping at
the bait : he has alfo fins on his back, and
one below the belly, and his tail is round,
and his body all over covered with whiti(h,
blackifli, and brownifh fpots : they begin to
fpawn about Aprils and are full Gt fpawn all
the.fummer fcafon.
The manner of fifliing for them is as fol-
lows :
The common abode or haunt of this fifli is
in holes, or among ftones, in clear water, in
fummer j but in winter they take up their
quarters with the eels in mud. They are a
limple and lazy fifli, and are eafily caught in
fummer, and you may fee him in hot-weathcr
funning himfclf on a flat gravelly ftone, up-
on which you may put your hook, which
muft be baited with a very fmall worm near
the mouth, and he will feldom refufe the
bait, fo that the mo ft bungling angler may
take him. It is indeed an excellent fifli for
tafte } but of fo ill afliape that many women
do not care to drefs it.
BURR, the round knob of a horn next a
deer's head.
BURROCK, is a fmall weir or dam,
where wheels are laid in a river for taking
of fifli. ^
BURROWS, holes in a warren which ferve
as a covert for hares, rabbets, tsfr.
BUSTARD, a kind of great fluggifli
fowl.
BUTTERS, is an inftrument of fteel, fit-
ted to a wooden handle, with which they pare
the foot, or cut the hoof of a horfe.
BUTTON, of the reins of a bridle in a
ring of leather with the reins paflcd through
it, which runs all along the length of the
reins«
t •
C A G
• reins. To put. a Fiorfe under the button is,
when a horfc is flopped without a rider upon
his back, the reins being laid on his neck,
and the buttons lowered lb faQ: down, that
the reins bring in the horfe's head, and fix
it to the true pofture or carriage. It is not
onlyjthc horfes which are managed in the
hand, that mull be put under the button, for
the method muft be taken with fuch horfes
as arc bred between two pillars, before they
are backed.
CA D D OW, a bird, otherwifc called a
chough, or jack-daw.
CADENCE, is an equal meafurc or pro-
portion, obferved by a horfe in all his mo-
tions, when he is thoroughly managed, and
works juftly at gallop, terra a terra, and the
airs : fo that his times or motions have an
equal regard to one anothec ; that one does I
not embrace, or take in more ground than
the other, and that the borfc obferves the
ground regularly.
Horfemen fay. This horfe works always
upon the fame cadence 5 he follows the ca-
dence ; he does not change his cadence ; he I
remains equally between the two heels.
He is fine and gentle in all his aids; and
when put to the manage, he never interrupts
his cadence.
This horfe has fo fine a mouth, and works
with fo much liberty in his fhoulders and
haunches, that he keeps his cadence with
great facility : nay, He takes a very good ca-
dence upon his airs, without ftepping falfe,
without jumbling, and works equally in
both hands. See Counter-Time andTiME,
CADEW, the ftraw-worm, an infeft, ufed
as a bait in anglii^g.
CADGE, a round frame of wood, upon
which falconers carry their hawks.
CAGE FOR Partridges 5 a device to keep
them in, and of which there are fcvcral forts.
We (hall begin with that invented to con-
tain a hen partridge, and fcrves to call cock
partridges to her in order to takfc them. See
Plate III. Fig. 2.
This cage is pretty enough, takes up but
little room, is very portable, and is but little
feen : ^tis made of an old hat, whofe brim
C AG
is cut off, and the bottom is wood, which
(huts and opens, to put in and take out the
partridge ; and a hole muft be made in the
bottom of the hat, which is uppermofr,
through which the bird puts out it's head to
call.
You have alfo a hook at it, made of a
thick iron wire, to hang the cage upon as
there is occafion ; and you muft make one'
or two at the place marked V. to the end
the bird may eat and drink ; and therefore
a piece of wood is fattened or nailed at the
door below, of about half a foot in length,
pointed at the ends, in order to fix it in the
ground, that fo the cage may be kept 4n
good order when you have a mind to ufc
it.
This fort of cage is very proper for the
purpofe dcfigned.
And yet you keep the partridges in it only
when you carry it to call : for in the day-
time you are to keep them in a great cage,
or room.
The following figures reprefent other forts
of cages i and the moft common is that we
are about to defcribe next, and may in Ihort
ferve for a model to make others by.
The cage is made of two pieces of the
bottom of a* cafk, marked with the letters
AHC, and BGD, cut round at the top,
AB.
The^ fliould be nine inches long, and a
foot broad ; they faften them at the lower
part to another piece of wood of the fame
breadth, and fifteen or eighteen inches in
length: you have a lath, or fmall wooden
ligature at top, marked with the letters AB,
fifteen or eighteen inches long, and half an
inch broad, iand thick; which is nailed to*
two round boards, in order to keep them
together : you muft cover the void part of
the cage with a green, or Ibme dark grey
coloured cloth, inclining to brown, and
tacked with fmall nails : leave two or three
holes at top, for the partridge to put her
head through, when ihe has a mind to call
or hearken.
A little door muft be made at F, one of
the end boards ; for example, at that mark-
ed with No. I. that you may put in, and
M take
CAG
take out- the birds : you muft make two
openings in the other board, as you fei^rc-
prcfenrcd by the letter H, they mud be long
and narrow, that the partiidge may be able
to cat and drink : you miift fallen a thoog,
girth, or cord, to the ends AB, fend pj.it the
iame about your neck, when .you have a
jiiind to carry the cage from <?ne place to
anoiher.
You may obferve the reft from Pllte III.
Wc prefentyou next with another very,
ufeful fort of cage for the bird, when wildi
becaufe Ihe will ftruggle \xi the carriage^, and
be fo fatigued when you come to th€ de-
pgncd place (a? has been frequently expe-
jrienced) that fhe v/ill not vouchfafe to call :
fo you muft be obliged to fet the cage on the
ground, in order to ufe her the next morn-
ing; becaufe a fox, or fome other voracious
animal, may kill the bird : here is a cage fet
forth by two figures j the fecood fhews you
the particular parts; ^nd it is. not yet covered
with iron wire, as it ought to be when it is
complcat: you therefore take the model by
it.
You muft take wo boards, EGAD, and
F H Y C, each of therii about fifteen
inches fquare> and have two bows gf thick
iron wir<:, made like a door, or rather like
the two boards at the ends of the ppeceding
cages nail both the boards at the ends of
the two fqu^re boards, and fik a board over,
of the fame breadth as the other two, and
a foo,t.an<i.a half fquare ;, in fuch a manner,
that the fide of the bows which is fquare,
may be level with the great board ;. then
few, the cloth over the two bows, in order
to form a cage, qyite the fame as the fe-
cond above;, between the two boards,
AK, -BY, fo that, the three boards are cx-
tcjided quite round about,, three pr four
fingers- breadth over ; and picceSfof wood,
as at GHEIs muft be placed' at all the
corners- to keep the fides tight, and bind
the cloth in the middle ; then cover the
whole with brals or iron wire, of the thicli-
. nefs of a common little pin j and to accom-
modate your bird with foodi you muft have
a fmall drawer, or- little trough, with an
cfttiog and drinking-ptacc, at- the fide C,.
e A ^L ^ . .,
* •
between tfie cage and irctn wire, at the litttW '.. •'
letter a\ and theiefore that cloth fide ofT
the cage adjoining to the feeding-place,,
muft be open with bars, fo diftanced from
esi^ch othec, th^ the partridge may eafiiy put
her head between them in order to eat and •
drfnk. -. . \ .'
CALADE, or Basse; is the defcerit, or
floping declivity of a rifing manage ground j*;..
being a fmall eminence, upon which werid'e *
down a horfe feyeral times, putting him to-
.a fhort gallop, with hrs fore-hams in the*
air, to make him learn to ply and blend his
haunches, and form his ftop upon the aids
of the calves of his legs, the ftay of the
bridle, and the cavcflTon, feaforiably given ;:
for without thefc aids he would throw him^
fclf too much upon his Ihouiders, anii not
bend his- haunches. < ..
Horfemen fav,. Work your horfe in a
calade, after tpc \talian way ; ride him
ftraight, and then. you make good ufe of the
calade.
Thefe calades will difcourage your horfej.
and perhaps- ruin his hams ; tor you have
pitched upon too deep a declivity : and be-
fides, you do not make the aids of the bridle
accord with thofe of the calves of. your
legs. '
CALF,.(among Hunters) a niale hart, o^
a hind of the firlt year.
CALKINS,,afort:ofhorfe-flioesforfrofty
weather, and are apt to. make horfes tread al-
together upon the toes of their hind feet, and
trip ; they alfo occafion blcymes, and ruin,
the back finewsi ncverthelcfs they are nc-
ceffary in a time of froft \ and it is more cx-p
pedicnt that a horfe fhould run fuch a rifle,,
than the rider ihouldbe in continuaLdangec
of breaking his limbs..
Whenever there is occafion to ufe them,-
order the farrier to pare the horn a little low
at the heel, and turn down the fponge upon,
the corner, of the anvil, fo as to make the
calkin- in the form of the point of a hare's*
ear, which will do little damage : whereas*
the great fquare calkins quite fpoil tlve
foot.
Calkins, are either fingle or double^ that
at one end of the (hoe,, or. at both :\ thefc
laft
IS
•' '.
• : . C A L
'^ \b& are deemed lefs.hurtful; as the horle can
€read more even.
. CALL, (with Hunters) a leflbn blown up-
on the* horn to comfort tl^ hounds.
CALLS, natural and artificial ; a fport
. }>ra6lifed much during the wooing feafon df
partridges^ efpecially for taking cock part
tridges; for which they put a hen into a cage,
.^o CaVl and briilg them near.
./ This way in general of taking them, is in-
• deed laborious, and requires as much exa<5t-
nefs, a$ to the artificial part in imitating their
voices ; and you can commonly pretend to
take but one at a time.
Partridges begin to pair about Feiruaryj
or the beginning oCMarcby if the weather is
not cold, and continue in their wooing till
the end of Jufy.
A great many are of opinion, that you will
deftroy the breed by taking the. cocks in this
manner i but it is a miftake, for they do more
mifchief to the hens they couple with, than
good, hindering them to fit ; and will break
thei r eggs if they can find them : and in the
iieft we often find but fmall coveys of young
partridges, which happens fo, becaufe the
cock being too hot, and too alfiduoufly pur*
fuing the hen that would lay, (he cannot dif-
tnga^t herfclf from him, and get to hcrnefti
and fo cbufes rather to lofe her egg, than go
thither in fight of the cock that would break
all the neft.
'Tis further to be obfcrved, that the cock
never knows his ncn's neft ; and therefore 'tis
more eafy to take him when Ihe fits; for be-
lieving (he is loll, he goes to the firft he
meets with.
This fport may be praftifed every day
during the aforefaid wooing feafon, from
day- break until fun-rifing, and from fun-
fetting until night.
The figure, Plate III. Call L reprefents
the manner how to make them. Suppofe
the fpace from K to I, to be a hedge that in-
clofes fome piece of wjfieat, barley, of other
grain J fet your hen partridge in a thin,
open, fine wire cage, fo that (he may be fecn
at a good diitance out of the cage ; the
letters TVY is the fpot where (he (hould be
plaeed i then place your net called a hal-
CATir
Her, (fee MaLlier) quite round,. as you'
fee it formed by the letters KLMNO
P QR S, each part about twenty feet diftant"
from the cage, then retire behind the hedge :
if any cock partridge on the ground calls,*
the hen will preTently anfweri nor will the
cock fail to come to her; and five or fix will
fometimes come together, and fight with
each other juft under -the net, which of
them (hall have the hen, until at length-
fome of them find themfelvcs entangled :
you muft not prefently fally forth in this*
Cafe, for perhaps fome more may be likcwifc
cnfnarcd, nor can they foon difentangle
themfclves.
The obferving one- caution will fave a great
deal of pains to the fportfman ; and that is,
let him never pitch in any place, but where
he has heard fome c^ck call ; then pitch
within fixty or eighty paces, that they may
be within hearing of each other.
Let the cage be coloured green, and let
the bars be at fuch a diftance, that the hen
may thruft out her bead and neck to hearken
and call; and if you have well trained
her to this fport, (he will be induftrious at
it.
But as for cages for partridges, the reader
is referred to that article.
Having done with the natural calls, we
proceed to the artificial ones.
The following figures reprefent the form
of them. Fig. 3 and 4.
The firfl: (hews the outfides, the fecbnd the
infidej they are beft made of box, walnut-
tree, or fuch kind of hard wood, and
formed of the bignefs of a hcn*s . egg, with
two ends, AB, bored through from end to
end ; and about the middle D C, there muft
be a hole about the bignefs of a fixpence,
hollowed within to the bottom, then have
a pipe of a fwan*s quill, and the bone of a
cat's foot, opened at one end, which you-
muft convey into the hole A. and fo thruft
it in the hole D j the other end of the bone
A, muft be ftopped ; then take a goofe
quill opened at both ends, which muft be
put in at the hole B, until the end C be at
the end D of the bone j then blowing at the
end B, you make the noife as the cock par^
M2
tridgc
C A G
fridge does; which varies much from the
call of the hen : and you muft remove far-
ther or nearer the end C of the quill, from
and to the end of the bone B, until you
have found the exadt notej for it is not
foon done : the call being fixed, and you
expert in the notes, get a net called a
pocket net, the form of which is here de-
fer! bed. Fig;. 1. See Quails for other
QALLS.
To this net fix a pliant (lick, of about
four or five feet long; with which you may
go abroad early in the morning, and iate in
the evening, or as occafion fervcs: when
you hear a partridge call, you have the
manner of pitching the net» and the placing
yourfclf reprcfcnted in Plate III. For exam-
ple> fuppofe you hear the partridge call at
A, hide yourfelf fiat upon your belly at B,
having planted your net juft in the way or
furrow, between yourfelf and the partridge,
but within ten or twelve feet of the net ;
efpecially if there be any bu(h, or advantage
of ground to fhclter you. The way to fet
the net, is tatie the packthread number i.
which pafies into the buckle, number. 2, of
the net, into the end of the ftick, which muft
be ftuck in the ground : and fo bending it
like a bow, fafien the other thread to the faid
flick in the ground, to the other fide, or
furrow : having in like manner tied it to the
end of the packthread^ number 3. which
pafifes through the buckle> number 4. fo that
the two buckles 2 and 4 may come pretty
near each other; then take one end of the
pocket net> number 5 and 6> and caft it over
the bended ftick, fo that it may lie thereon :
the other end nrv^y lie on the ground^ in
fuch manner, that if any thing endeavours to
pafs by that way, it muft needs run into the
net.
Every thing being in order^ and hearing
the partridge call, you muft return two or
three anfwcrs louder or fofter according to
the dirtance from whence you hear the call>
only as loud as to be heard, and the par-
tridge will prefently make near you, then
giy^ him a loft call : when he has anfwered
th4 firft call, he will begin to run, and com-
ing near the net, will make a little paufe
* • • « .
and rufli on, fo that the upper part will fall
on him, and entangle him ; then take him
out, and you may be able to take feveral
after this method : but this way o{ taking)
them lafts only during the time of their
breeding, which is jJ^l, May.^ June, and-
July. . •
There is another way of raking partridges
with the call and a broad net: having found .
out your partridge with a call as aforefaidt
pitch your broad net : which fliould be four- .
teen or fifteen yards long, and feven or eight
deep; fpread this over the ground near
them, the length ways to them, then peg
down the net to the ground on all fidesj
except that towards them, and raife them up
in the midft, by a ftick about four feet long
with a notch in the top, the better to hold,
the line or net from flipping, and bend the
ftiik from the net to make it ftiffer, which
ftick muft be thruft into the ground the bet-
ter to hold.
When you have in this manner fixed your
net, you muft either have a natural or artifi*
cial ftalking-horfe tp drive them into your
net, but the natural one is reputed the beftj
if trained up for the fport.
CANARY-BIRD, an admired finging-
bird, of a greenifii-yellow colour, that takes
it's name from the place from whence they,
came, viz. frorn the Canary-rifles^ and na
where clfe; but of late years, there is a fort
of birds,thac are brought in abundance from
Germany y . efpecially from Tirol, and arc
therefore called German birds ; being a much
better fort than the other, though their ori-
ginals are fuppofed to have been firft brought
fiom I he fame place.
Thefc birds, that is the cocks, never grow
fat, and they cannot be didinguilhed by
fome country people from common green-
birds; though the canary-birds are much
luftier, have a longer tail, and differ much ia
the heaving of the palTages of the throaty
when they fing.
But to make a right choice of this bird,
and to know when he has a good fong; in the
firft place, let him be a long bird, ft ending
ftxaight, and not crouching, butjprightly
like
• •
.«* - . ■ • . • , •. •• •
• , ♦ .'
tiKe a fparrovr-hawk, itahding wkh life iuid
. boldhef^ and not ijjbjta to-be tearful.
Thcfe birds being fo much cficcmed fojr
their pleafmg ibng are fdinetimes fold at a
high price, more or lefs, according to the
goodnefsaild excellency of their notes, there
being a gr'eat difFtrence in them.
-. It is very adviiable before you buy, firft
/to h*ar them fing, for the buyer will then
^L4>lcafe his ears i for one fancies a fong-bird,
another a very harfh bird, if he be not fo
fwcet ; though undoubtedly the beft canary-
bird in general, is that which has the moft
variety of notes, and holds out in Tinging
the longeft.
in order to. know whether a bird is in
health before you buy him, take him out
of the ftore cage, and put htm in a clean
C£age fingly, and if he ftand up boldly, with-
out crouching or fhrinking in his feathers,
9nd look with a briikeye, and not fubjed to
clap his bead under his wing,, it is a fign that
hg^is in good health ; but yet he may be an
ufiheakhy bird.
But the greateft matter is to obfcrve his
dunging; if he bolts his tail like a nightin-
gale after he has dunged, it is a great fign
that he is not in perfe^ health ; though he
may ling at prtfent and look pretty briik,
you may affure yourfclf, it will not be long
before he will be fick ; but if his dung be very
thin like water, or of a (limy white without
any black in it, it is a fign of approaching
death.
When a canary-bird is in perfeft health,
his dung lies round and hard, with a fine
white on the outfide and dark within : dries
quickly, Wd the larger the dung is the bet-
ter, fo that be long, round and hard ; but
as to a feed-bird, he very feldom. dungs fo
hard, unlefs he be very young.
Canary-birds are fubjed to many difeafes,
as impofthumes, which afFe£t the head, and
caufe them to fall fuJdenly from the perch,
and die in a fhort time if not fpeedily
cured.
The mod approved medicine is an oint-
ment made of frefh butter and capon's greafe,
melted together, with which anoint the
top of the bird's headj for two or three
« 4
. . CAN
jdays together, and it will dilTolve it, and
ctafe him ; but if you have let it alone too
long, then after you have anointed him three
or four time&, fee whether the place of his
head be foft, and if fo open it gently and
let out the matter, which will be like the
yolk of an egg; when you have done this,
anoint the place, and this will immediately
cure him.
And if you find the impofthume at any
time return, do as before direAed \ you muft
alio give hhm figs, and in his water let him
have a (lice or two of liquorice, with white
fugar-candy.
Some are fo curious as to breed thefe birds
in England y and they have excelled all
others. For the ordering of thefe birds
when they begin to build, or are intended
for breeding, make a convenient cage, or
prepare a room that may be fit for that pur-
pofe, taking care to let it have an opening
towards the rifing of the fun ; where you
muft have a piece of wire, that they may
have egrefs and regrefs at their pleafure:
when this has been done fet up fome brooms,
either heath or fra;l, in the corners of it,
opening themjn the middle, and if tHe room
^be pretty high two or three vew- trees may
be fet up, but not too near, as the birds
will not endure to fee themfelves fo near
each other's nefts ; as the cock and hen will
be apt to fly on an hen that is not matcht to
*them, when they fee them near their neft,
which many times caufes the fpoiling of their
eggs and young ones.
in the next place you muft caufe fome-
thing to be made fo convenient, and of fiich
bignefs as may hold meat a confiderable
rime, that you may not be difturbing thtm
continually, and a proper veflTel for water
alfo ; and the place where the feed is intended
to be put, muft be fo ordered that it may
hang out of the reach of the mice, for they
are deitroycrs of them: you muft likewifc
prepare fome fluff of feveral forts of things,.
fuch as cotrori, wool, fmall dead grafs, cIk 's
hair, and a long fort of mofs that grows
along by ditch fides, or in the woods, for
them to build their nefts with.
, Dry them well befvTC you put them to-
gether.
- C A N. . .
gethcr, the*. mingkaMwell, and put. f hem
up into a net like' a cabbage-net, hanging ii
fo that they may with cafe pull it o\it.
You muft alio fet perches about the room,
and if it be large enough fct a tree in the
middle of it, that fo they may take the more
pleafure ; and always remember to propor-
tion your birds according to the largcncfs of
the room, and rather let it be under ftocked
than^over ftocked, for they are birds that
love their liberty.
When you perceive them to begin to
build and carry ftufF, give them once a day,
or in two days at leatt, a little greens and
ibme coarfe fugar ; for that will caufe a flip-
perynefs in the body, that fo the eggs may
come forth without injuring the birds: for
they die many times in laying the firft egg,
which js a lofs to the breeder •, firft in refpefl*
to his* firft breed, then to the unpairing of
the cock, to which you ought to put another
hen, whether he will pair or no : but it
would be much better if that cock was taken
out, than fuflrcred to continue in the breed-
ings place, efpecially if it be fmall -, but in a
large place with feveral pairs he cannot do
that injury, and it will be a difficult matter
to diftinguifti which is the cock of that hen
that died, and as difficult to take him in a
large place, without doing more injury than
the birds would do : fo that it will be beft
to let him reft till the end of the vear \ when
if you leave but two or three pair together,
it will be the l?eft way to take him our, and
match him with another hen, and then put
him in again.
Befides, when you find that they have built
their ncfts, the nets that have their breeding
ftufF in them may be taken away, for they
will be apt to build upon their eggs with hew
ftufF, if they do not fct prefently.
^ As to the time of their breeding, it is
ufually three times a year, viz. in Jprily May,
JunCi and fometimes in Auguft : as for order-
ing the young ones, they muft not be left
too long in the ncfts j for they are very apt
to grow fullen, and will not feed kindly i
therefore they arc to be taken out at about
nine or ten days old, and put into a little
baiket and covered over with a net, or t\i^
• • • • . •
they wilt be apt to jnihp out upmi the fiift
opening of the boflokj add be hurty' if theys
fall down.
They muft alfo bfc kept very warm for the
firft Week : for they will be very texWIer, (lib*
; jeft tokthe cramp, and not digeft their me^t»
if they take- cold. * '^ •
And when they arc taken' from, the old ca-
naries, let it be in the eveninfg, and if pofli^
ble when the old ones are out of fight; others
wife they will be very apt to take diftafte
when they fit again and have young ones, and
ready at every fright to forfake both theijf
young and their eggs.
As to the preparation of their meat; foale
fome of the largeft -rapc^iced* in water for
twenty or twenty-^foop hour: but! if the
water be a little warm twelve hours m^y be
enough, then drain the water from the feed^
and put a third part of white bread to it, and
a little canary-feed in flower, and mix them
all together.
With a fmall ftick take up a little at the
end of it, and give eve/y bird fome, two or
three times over; for if you overcharge
their ftomachs at firft^ they feldom thrive
after.
Remember that the old ones give them
but a little at a time, and the meat they re«
ccive from them is warmed in the ftomach,
before they giv-e it them, and then all rape
is hulled, which lies not fo hard at tht
ftomach, as thofe feeds which have the ikin
on.
Neither muft their meat be made too dry;
for then they will be apt to be vent burnt^
as all i^eds are hot.
It is obfervable, that the old ones conftant-^
ly drink after they have eaten feeds, and a
little before they feed their young ones : and
they commonly fit a quarter of an hour or
more feeding them, to keep them warm, that
the meat may the better . nourifh them ;•
therefore when you have fed them, let them
be covered up. very warm, that their meat
may the better digcft.
The feveral names of thcfc birds at dif-
ferent times and ages are ; fuch as arcabove
three years old are called Runts, thofe
above two are named Erifics^ and thofe of
the
( .
•. /. CAN*' '
.. • •
fire* firft year, that the old ones bring up
arc called Branchcrsj thofe that are new
floWn and cannot feed themfclvcs Pufliers,
and thofe that are bred up by hand Ncft-
Kngs, .,."':
CANCELLIER, a term ufed in falconry,
when a Kght flo^n hawk in her ftooping turns
fwoor tKrcotiiaiesvpon the wing, to recover
fterfelf before Iht: fcizes.
CANKER ts Hawks, a diftcmper breed-
ing in the throat and tongue, proceeding from
foul feeding.
CANKER IN Horses, is a very loathfome
difeafe,. which if continut:d long uncured, fo
fcfters and putrifiei the part, that it will eat
to the very bone ;. and if it happens to come
upon the tongue, will eat it afunder-, light-
ing upon the nofe, it. devour? .the. griftlc
through, and if it comes upon any part of
the flcftiiit' will fnet und gnaw it a great
breadth. It will be eafily known, for the
places where it is wiU be raw and bleed much,
andj^whitcfcurf will often grow upon the
infc'cccd part.
This difcafe may be caufed .many ways,
cither by the engendering of melancholy anqi
foul blood in the body, by unwholefomc
meat, and by fomc (harp and fait humoursr,
proceeding from cold not long before taken,
which will render his breach very liink*
ing.
When this difeafe is in the mouth, it will
be full of bliftcrs, and the bcall will not be
blc to e^it its. provender. .
It proceeds from crude undigefted meat,
ranktiefs of foodi ot unnatural heat coming
from the ftomach, and fometimcs from cold
taken in the head ; where the rheum binds
upon the roots and kernels of the tongue,
which: has, as> it were, ftrangled and made
Arajgbr ^c pnffagesof the ftomach : . when
the- eycSjarc.infefted .with if, which proceeds
&0mia r^okwbjpod^ defccnding from the head,
it breeds a little worm like a pifmire^ that
gr6ws irt the ^cbrner next his nofe, and it will
eatic ia tw'ne>.&'<?. -., .
It OMty be.knowri by the gr^eat and. fmall
pimples- wrtbin.^tid without .thfi eyelids.
• The cure»;t there are.'.cnat}y things: in geiie-
inl good for the cure of this dillcmper, in any
.CAN
.part ofa -iiorfc's body, but more particularly
for that in the mouch and nofe.
Take half a pint of white wine, the quan-
tity of a walnut ofroch aluai, h^lfa fpoonfui
of bay fait, one fpoonfui of Englijh honey,
red fage, rue, rib-wort, bramble leaves, of
each a like quantity, boil them io the white-
wine till one fourth part be confumed, and
injeft this water into the fore, or if it be in
the moud), walh the place with a clout faf-
tencd to a flick, and drefs him with it twice
a day or oftencr. Or,
Take the juice of plantain, as much vine-
gar, and the fame weight of the powder of
alum, and anoint t\\t fore with it two or three
times a day. Or,
Reduce a like quantity of ginger and
alum to a fine powder, mix them well to-
gether till they are like a falve, and very
thick, and anoint the part after it has been
very well .walhtd with alum water and vine-
gar. Or,
• Take half a pound of alum, a quarter of
a pint of honey, columbine and fage leaves,
of each a handful ; boil all in three pints of
running water, till one pint be confumed ;
this is good for a canker in the mouth par^
ticularly,. being wafhed with it morning and-
night. Or,
Take white vitriol one ounce, diflblve it*
in a pint of water, and with this wafh the
mouth two or three times a day. Or,
For foul uLceca, and to ipake the hair
grow : take a quart of tar, put to it half a
pound of bjeac's greafe, and an.aunce of green
copperas, a quarter of a pound of faltpetrei
twoounces of wax,*a quart of honey, a quar-
ter of a pound of rofin,.two ounces of yerde*.
greafe, and a quart of linfeed oil ; boil it till
halfi^-confunxcd, then drain the liquor and
keep iKclofe in a pot, to be ufed oa oc*
eafion, warining^it when y^u appjy it to the
fore. , . ' j
CANKER IN Dogs s a diftqmper that
feizes thpir ears, but docs not much incom-?-
mode them. .
'. ) rhe cure ;. take ^wa ounces lof foap, the
fame quantity of oil of tartar, fulphur, fal+
arii»ontaic> and ferdegecafe^. incorporate all
together
1
CAP
together with vinegar and aqua-fortis, with* |
this rub the parts affe&ed aiid it will cure.
CANNON MOUTH of a Bitt, is a
round but long piece of iron^ confiding fonne-
times of two pieces that couple and bend in
the middle, and fometimes 0DI7 of one piece
that does not bend^ a$ in the cannon-nnouth
a trompCn
Cannon-mouths of all forts are defigned
to keep the horfe in fubjeflion \ and are fo
contrived that they rife gradually towards the
middle, and afcend towards the palate ; to
the end that the void fpacc left underneath |
may give fome liberty to the tongue.
CAPARAtsSON, OR Horse Cloth, is a
fort of cover for a horfc.
For led horfcs it is commonlv made of
linen cloth* bordered round with woollen,
and eniiched with the arms of the matter up-
on the middle, which covers the croupe, and
with two cyphers on the two fides.
The caparaflbns for the army are fome-
times a great bear's flcin, and thofe for
(tables are of finglc buckram in fummer, and
of cloth in winter.
CAPELET, a difcafe inhorfes, when the
tip of the hock is moveable, and more
fwelled than ordinary ; when it is fmall it
does no great damage, but if it grow large
it will be p^unful, and make a horfe lofe his
belly.
When thefc fw-ellings arc obferved in their
beginnings, they fliould be rubbed with re-
fol vents and repellents, fuch as vinegar, or a
mixture of vinegar with fpirit of wine and
camphor.
CAPON, a cock chicken gelded as foon
as left by the dam, that being the beft time,
if his ttones be come down, or elfe as
foon as he begins to crow. They arc of two
ufes.
The one is to lead chickens, ducklings,
young turkies, pea-hens, pheafants, and
partridges, which a capon will do all to-
gether both naturally and kindly, and by
means of the largenefs of his body will
cover and brood thirty or thirty- five of
them.
Nay he will lead them forth nu)re fafely^
CAR
and defend them much better againft kites
and buzzards than the hen.
Therefore the way to make him like them^
is with a fmall fine briar, or clfe fliary nettles
at night, beat and fting all his breaft and ne-
ther parts, and then in the dark to put the
chickens under him, the warmth of which
will take away the fmart, and induce him to
be fond of them.
CAPR IOL£S,are leaps that a horfe makes
in the fame place without advancing, in
fuch a manner, that when he is at the height
of his leap, he yerks out with his hinder
legs even and near. It is the mofi: difiicult
of all the high manage. It differs from crou-
pades in this^ that in a croupade the horfe
does not (how his flioes ; and from a balo-
tade in this, that in a balotade he does not
yerk out.
Your horfe will never work well at capri*
oles unlefs you put him between two pillarst
and teach him to raife firtt his fore quar-
ters, and then his hind quarters, while his
fore are yet in the air j for which ends you
mutt give the aids of (he whip and the
poinfon.
If you would teach your horic to make ca-
prioles, and yerk out handfomely with his
hinder feet, ftay and help with your hand,
and your heels.
This leaping horfe takes to caprioles him-
felf, for he makes equal leaps, and that upon
the hand, i. e. without forcing the hand,
and retting heavy upon the bridle. See t$
Yehk.
CARACOL, is an oblique pifte or tread
traced out in a femi-round, changing from
one hand to another, without obferving a re-
gular ground.
When horfes advance to charge in battle,
they fometimes ride up in caracols, to per-
plex the enemy, and make them doubtful
whether they are about to take them in the
front, or in the flank.
Caracol is a Spanijb word ; and in that
language fignifies the motion that a fqua*
dron of horfes makes, when upon an engage*
ment, the firtt rank has no fooner fired their
pittols, but they divide, and open it into two
half
C A R
half ranks,- the one wheeling to the right,
the other to the lefr^ along the w^ngs of the
boidyi to the-rear. Every rank obfervcs the
faoie order of firing j and turning or wheel-
ing froip the front to the rear, is called a ca-
racol. *
To caracol, is to go in the form of half
rounds* -
CAREER; this word fignifies both the
ground that is proper for the manage a.nd
courle, and race ot a horfe that does not go
beyond two hundred paces.
This barb makes a very good career, from
pacing to (topping.
This Englijb horfe does not finifh his
career; that is^ does not finifh his courfe
with the fame fwtftnefs ; and does not move
fo (hort and fwift at the middle and end as
at the beginning.
This bpantjh horfe is fit for the ringj he
has a fliort and fwift career, and holds it an
hundred paces.
Carp, is generally taken for the queen
of frelh water fifli ;• being fubtle, and living
longed of all fiQi (excepting the eel) out of
it's proper element.
Carp and loaches are obferved to breed
fcveral months in one year, which pikes and
moft other fifli do not, This is partly
proved by tame and wild rabbits, * as alfo by
feme ducks, which will lay eggs nine of the
twelve months i there are ducks that lay not
longer than about one month. And it is the
rather to be believed, becaufe you fliall fcarce
or never take a male carp without a melt or
a/craalc without a roc or fpawn, and for the
moft part very much, and efpecially all the
fummer feafon ; and it is obferved, that
they breed more naturally in ponds than in
running waters, if they breed there at all ;
thofe that live in rivers, are taken to be
much the better meat.
And it is obferved, that in fome ponds
carps will not breed, efpecially in cold pondsi
but where they will breed, they breed in-
numerably; Jriftotle 2ii\ci Plhiy fay, fix times
in a year, if there- be no pikes nor pearch
to devour their fpawn, when it is caft upon
grafs ,. or flags, or weeds, where it lies ten
or twelve days before it be enlivened.
CAR
The carp, if he hath water room and good .
feed, will grow to a' very great bigncfs and
length.
As the increafe of carps is wonderful for
their number, fo there is not a reafon found
out, by any, why they (hould breed in fome
ponds, and not in others of the fame nature
for foil and all other circumftances : and as
their breeding, fo are their decays alfo very
myfterious; I have known fixty or more
large carps put into feveral ponds near to a
houfe, where by reafon of the flakes in the
ponds, and the owners conftantly being near
to them, it was impofllble they fhoald be
ftole away, and w.hen hd has after three or
four years emptied the pond, and cxpefted
an increafe from 'them by breeding young
ones, he had, as the rule is, put* in three
melters for one fpawncr, and found neither
a young nor oldcarp remaining.
Janus Dubravius has writ a book of fifh
and fifti-ponds; in which he fays, that carps
begin to fpawn at the age of three years, and
continue to do fo till thirty : he fays alfo,
that in the time of their breeding, which ig
in fummer, when the fun hath warmed both
the earth and the water, and fo apted them'
alfo for generation, that then three or four
male carps will follow a female -, and that
then (lie putting on her feeming coynefi?,
they force her through weeds and flags, where
flie lets fall her eggs or fpawn, which fticks
fall to the weeds, and then they let fall their
melt upon it, and it becomes in a fhort time
to be a living fi'fli. It is thought the carp
does this fcveral months in the year, and
many believe that moft filh breed after thjs
manner, except the eel : and it has becii
obferved, that when the fpawner has weak*
ened herfelf by doing that natural office, that
two or three melters have helped her front
ofi'the weeds by bearing her up on both fidci
and guarding her into the deep. Ir is thought
that all carps are not bred by generation;
but that fome breed other ways, as fome pike
do.
The phyficians make the galls and ftones
in the head of carps to be very mcdicinablc j
btit it is not to be doubted, but that m Italy
they make great pi'ofit of the fpawn of carps,
N -by
C A R
t
by felling it to the Jews, who make it into j
red caviare, the Jews not being by their law
adnnittcd to eat of caviare naade of the ftur-
geon^ that being a fifh that wants fcales, and
as may appear in LevU. xi. by them reputed
to be unclean.
Much more might be faid out of him,
and out of jirijlotle^ which Duhravius often
quotes in his difcourfe of fifties ; but it m?ght
rather perplex than fatisfy,
. The haunts of river carp are, in the winter
months, the brpadeft and mbft quiet parts
of the river ; but in fummer theyjie in deep
boles, nooks and reaches,, near fom'e fcour,
and under roots of trees, hollow banks, and
till they are near rotting, amorigfl: or near
great beds of weeds, flags 6fr.
Pond carp cannot, with propriety, be faid
to have any haunts, only it is to be noted
that they love ^ fat rich foil, and never
thrive in a cold hungry water.
They breed three. or four times a year/ but
their firfl: fpawning-time is the beginning
of May.
Baits for the carp, are all forti of earth and
dunghill worms, rfag-worms, grafhoppers,
though not at top, ox-brains, the pith of
an ox*s back-bone, green peas, and red or
black cherries, with the ftoncs taken out.
Fiffi with ftrong tackle, very near the bot-
tom, and with a fine grafs or gut next the
hook, and ufc a goofe-quiU float. Never
attempt to angle for the carp in a boat,, for
they will not come near it.
It is faid there are many carp in the Thames'^
weft ward o( Londotiy and that dhoMt February
they retire to the creeks in that river ; in
fome of which many above two feet long
have been taken with iwi angle. Anglers Jure
Guide, 179.
Carp live the longeft out of the water
of any fifli. It is a common pradice in Hal-
land, to keep them alive for three weeks or
a month,, by hanging them in a cool place,
with wet mofs in a net,, and feeding them
with bread. and milk«
GARP-FISHING.
Ji ^erfoa. who angles for a carp, muft
CAR
arm himiffeff with abundaricc of piatrence,
becaufe of his extraordinary fubtilty and
policy: they always.chuft tolieih the deep-
en places, either of pdnds or rivers, whei^c
there is but a fmall ruhhhig fttdam.
Obferve, that they will fcldom bite inxold
weather ; and you cannot be cither tob early
or too. late at the fport in hot weather j arid
if he bite you need not feir His hold, for he
is one of thefe leather-nriouthtd fJfli, that
have their teeth in their thfoat.
Neither muft you forget, in angling for
hirii to have a ftrong rod arid linie; and
fince he is fo very wary, it will be proper to
entice hirti, by beating the ground with a
coarfe pafte.
He feldom reful%s the red worip in Martha
the caddis in Juney rior the gralhoppersin
June, April, znd September:
This fifh does not only delight in worms^
but alfo fweet pafte i of which there is grfcac
variety J the beft is made up of honey and
fugar, and ought to be thrown intothe water
fome hours before you begin to angle*, neither
will fmall pellets thrown into the water two
or three days before, be the worfc for thi$
purpofe, efpecially if chicfken's guts, garbage^
or blood mixed with bran and cow-dung be
alfo thrown in.
But more particularly, as to a pafte very
proper for this ufe, you may make it in the
manner following : take a fufficient quan-
tity of flour, and mingle it with veal, cot
fmall, making it up with compound of
honey, then pound all together in amor-
tar, ib long, till they are fo tough, as to
hang upon the hook without wafliing off.
In order to effcft which the better, mingle
whitifbwool with it; and if you keep it all
the year round, add fome virgin's wax, and
clarified honey.
Again,, if you filh with gentles, anoint
them with honey, and put them on your
hook, with a deepfcarlet dipped in the
like, which is a good way to^ dec^ve the
fifli.
Honey and crumbs of white breadmiyed;
together,, is alfo a.vcry good paftc^
To make carp fat, and very, large : when
your pond, In April, begins to grow, rcry
low.
r
CAS
low in iraptei',,Ti^e all the fides of it wiCft
an iron tike, ^^hofcthe water is fallen away;
then fpw hay-feeds, and rake it well ; by
this oieaas, at the latter end of fummer,
there will be a good growth of grafs j which,
when winter comes, and the pond begins
to rife by rain to the top, it will overflow
all that grafs, and be a feeding- place for
them, and make th^m exceeding fat. As
for the way of taking a carp in a muddy
pond, fee Tench.
In taking a carp either in pond or river,
if the angler intends to add profit to his
pleafure, he muft take a peck of ale-grains,
and a good quantity of any blood, and mix
with the grains, baiting the ground with
it where he intends to angle.
This food will wonderfully attraft the
fcale-filh, as carp, tench, roach, dace, and
l?ream.
Let him angle in a morning plumbing
his ground, and angling for a carp with a
ilrong line ; the bait muft be either paftc,
or a knotted red worm, and by this iheans
he will have fport though.
CARRY Low; a horfc is faid to carry
low, that has naturally a fpft, ill-(haped
neck ; and lowers his head too much.
All horfes that arm themfelves, carry
low 5 but a horfe may carry low without
arming ; for when he arms himfelf, his neck
is too fupple, and he wants to evade the
fubjedion of the bridle : but when he car-
ries low,, he has his neck ill-placed, and ill-
made.
To carry well, or in a becoming pofture,
is faid of a horfe, whofe neck is raifed, or
arched, who holds his head high, without
conftraint, firm, and well placed.
To CARRY, (with Falconers^ is a term
ufed of a hawk ; who is faid to carry, when
Ihe flies away with the quarry.
CARRYING, (with Hunters) a term
ufed of an hare ; of which when (he runs on
rotten ground, or in a froft fometimes, and
it flicks to her feet, the huntfmen fay, (he
carries.
CASTINGS, (in Falconry; a term by
which isunderftbod any thing that is given
an havyk^ to cleanfe^ and purge his gorge ;
.CAS
CASTING, oit oyERT»ijR0iBfi«0| a Horsi r
thjc way to do this, is to bring hini upotv
farht eveh ground, that is fmooth and foft,
or in the barn, upon foft ftraw ; when take u
long riJpe, double it, and ^aft a knot a yard
from the bow ; put the bow about his neck,
and the double rope betwixt his fore-legs,
about his hinder pafterns, and under his fet<-
locks; when you have done this, flip the
ends of the rope undcrne^ch the bow of his
neck, and draw them quick^ and they wiH
overthrow him; then make the ends fafl:,
a«d hold down his head, under which you
muft always be fure to hav€ fto; c of ftraw.
If you would brand, a horiieon the buttock,
or do any thing about his' hinder legs, that
he may not ftrike, take up his contrary fore-
leg ; and when you brand him, take care
that the iron be red hot, and that the hare
be both feared away and the fiefli fcorched
in tvtry place, before you let him go.
CASTING-NET: there are two forts
of thefe flfliing-nets, but much alike in uie
and manner of cafting out, wherein the
whole fkill of the working confifts.. For the
fig^^^i f^^ the plates III. and IV.
When this net is exaftly thrown out, no-
thing efcapes it, bringing all away within
it's extent, as well weeds, ft^icks, and fuch
like trafli; but it is thereby often brokcj
wherefore you muft be careful in what bot-
toms you caft it, and how it is caft off, that the
net may fpread itfelf in it's due dimenfions.
Draw a loop, S, Plate IV. Fig i. of the
.main cord, over your left arm, and grafp
with your left hand, all the net from T to
V, about three feet from the bottom, where
the leads haiig, and let the leads juft reft on
the ground : with your right hand take up
about a third part, as from D to L, and caft
it over your left (houlder, like a cloak : then
take another third part, from A to I in
your right hand, and let the refidue remain
hanging down : when you have done this,
ftand upright, and being at the place where
you intend to caft it off, incline yourlelf
firft, a little towards the left hand, that you
may afterwards fwing yourfclf about to the
right yrith the greater agility, and then let
the net launch out into a pond ; but take
N 2 ' C«iC
CAT
care that the threads, or mclhes of the net
he not entangled" with your buttons, left
you be in danger of being drawn in after
It.
CASTREL,7 a kind of hawk, which
' KASTREL,i much refembles the lanner
'in fhape, but as to fizc is like the hobby :
her game is the growfe, fhe will alfo kill a
partridge j but yet is a bird of a vtry cow-
ardly nature, a flow goer aforehead, and
therefore not much in ufe.
CAT is a beaft of prey, even the tame
one i and faid to be of three kinds, i • The
tame cat. 2. The wild wood cat. 3. The
'mountain cat. The tame or domcftic cat
is diverfified with an almoft infinite variety
of colours and ftreaks ; but the natural co-
Jour, in a wild ftate,. is a brown tawney,
variegated with ftreaks of a whitifh colour.
In France the cats are all of a blueilh lead-
colour, and in the north o( Europe they arc
all Over white.
9 r
All which are of one nature, pretty much
of the fame fhape, but differ in fize ; the
wild cat being much larger than the tarhe,
and the mountain cat is larger than the wild
cat.
' The tame cit is a creature fubtle and
Varchful, very familiar and loving to man-
4cind, and an enemy to rats, mice, 6?r. which
it. feizes. on as it*is prey..
' Thefe animals ufually generate in the
winter-feafon, making a great yawling or
crying; go fifty-fix dayi,' or eight weeks,
with young ; bring forth feveral at a time :
they cover their ckcrdnenis, and love to
keep their old habitations. See Pole-Cat.
CATARACT, is a malady in the eyes of
an hawk not eafily removed •, arid fomctimes
incurable, when it is too chick and of a long
continuance.
It proceeds from grofs humours in' the
head, which frequently do not only dim,
but extinguilh the fight ; md fometimes the
hood is the caufe of this mifchief.
The cure is to be cfi^efted, by fcouring
her two or three days with aloes or agaric :
then take the powder of wafhed aloes, finely
beaten, one fcruple, and two fcruples of
fugar candy ; mingle thefe together, and
CAT
with a quill blow it into the bawk^s ^ffc^led
eye three or four times a day.
This is the gentleft, and moft fovereiga
medicine of any yet known ; but if this
will not do, you muft ufe ftrohger remedies,
as the juice of celandine roots, bathing their
eyes often with warm rofe-water, in which
the feed of fenu^greek has been boiled.
CATARACTS are alfo called moon*eyes,
and lunatic-eyes. About the age of five or
fix, the fymptoms of a lippitude come on ;
they continue to come and go while the
cataraft ripens, which is ufually two years:
at this time all pain in, and running from
the eyes abates, and the horfe goes
bjind.
Sometimes the cataraft forms itfclf without
any preceding lippitude ; it is then called a.
dry cataraft : in this cafe the eye is not fhut
up with the fwelling, .but it appears cloudy^
and the horfe cannot fee very diftinftly.
Sometimes the eye appears funk, and a$
ifit was wafting ; then the cataract is ufually
a long time in forming, and the other eye,
for the moft part, continues good, thougli
in all pther inftances when one eye goes^
the other foon follows.
Catarafts are of different colours ; fome
arewhitiflii others are of a pearl blue j and-
fometimes they have a greenifti caft. To
difcoverthis diforder before it is ripe, lay
your finger on the eye-lid, and rub it over
the eye; then immediately look into the
pupil, and the cataraft will feem' to havfe:
loft its place.
The cataraft once formed is never .cured, ,
except depreffingor extrafting it be called a.
'cure V'biit this operation hath riot yet been
atteaipted on the eye of any horfe.. This
difca(e confifis in a thickening or opacity of ^
the membrane of the cryftalline humour, by
which the rays of light are prevented from
pafiing fo as to anfwer the ends of
vifion.
All that feems pofllbly ufeful towards a ;
cure,is when the lippitude begins to difcover
itielf, to remove it withalLpoQible. fpeed, ,
and by every preventive ibetUod to guard •
againftits return;
^ CATTLEi A coUeftive name import-
ing;
C?M*A
, • • • •
ing-all qua3ruj)cd3^ ufcd either In tilling the
ground^ oi- for the food of man. Under
cattle fomc include all quadrupeds which
aflbciate, or go in herds, as ftieep, oxen,
hogs, horfcs;, £s?^. Others define cattle to
be all'tame, animals which graze : cattle are
f6metimes divided into great, comprehend-
ing oxen, bulls, cows, calves, horfes, ^c.
^nd fmall, including flieep, lanibs, goats, tf^r.
Black Cattle implies all of the ox kind.
CAVALCADOUR, is a word ufcd at the
tourt o{ France^ and among the Families of
th€. Blood, Signifying the Querry i that is,
Matter of the Hbrfe,
Thus we fay, the Querry Cavalcadour of
the. Queen*s ftablea ; of Monfieur, or the
Duke of Orleans" (tables.
In Italyy this word fignifies the perfons
"who trot Golts with bardelle faddles. See
Bardellb*
\ CAVALIER. One that underftandi
horfes,* and is. pfadifcd in the art of riding
them.
CAVEZON^ a fort of nofe-band, . either
of iron, leather^ or wood, fometimes flat,
at other times/ hollow or twifted, put on
the nofis of a 'horfe, to wring it, and fo
forward. the/f)lippling and breaking of thjC
horfe. Aa/ifon.cavefon IS a femi-circle oif
hand of irortj corififtihg of two or three
pieces jointed by hinges, and mounted with
ahead ftall, a throat band,- and. two ftraps
or reins With three rings; one .rein paflcs
through the middle ring ; wHtn we rtiean to
make a horfe walk round a pillar, through
the two fide rings wc.pafs the two reins,
which the rider holds in his hand, or makes
fall to the. faddle, in order to keep the
liorfe's head in fubjeftion^ tPf. .
CAUriNG-lRON, an iron witH' which
farriers fearr thofe parts of ^ hgrfe that re-
quire burning. :. .
CAWKING-TIME,;- (\vi Falconry) a
hawk's treading time.
CHACKv oa beat upon the Hand . a
horfe is. Ciid to chack, .or 'beat iipcn the
hand",' when his head is not fteadyy but he
tofles. up. his. nofe, and Ihakcs ir ail 6f -a
fiidden, tO' avoid 'the fubjeftion of tHe bri-
iile* ta. order CO fix and fecure.his head,
CH A
you need only to put under his hofe-ban*
a fmtll flat band of. iron bended archwifc,'
which anfwers to a mattmgale. '
A CHACE,? is a ftation for wild beafts
A CHASE,! oftheforeft: from which^
it diflfers in this rcfpeftj that it may be in
the poflciTion of a fubjeft, which aforeft,.
in it's proper and true nature, cannot; nei-
ther is ir commonly fo large, nor endowed
with fo many liberties, at the courts of at-
tachment, fwain-mote, juftice feat of eyre,.
6?r. On the other hand^ a chace differs from.
a park, for that it is of a larger compafs,;.
having a great variety of game, and more
overfeers, or keepers. — R)r beafl: of the
chace and the terms ufed fee the Article
Terms*
— y »
What fort of Chace is mofi proper firft to trat'H'
a huntifig-iprffi'to:
Some would have a horfe that is defigned
either for a buck-hunter or fox-hunter, to
be ufed at firft, and trained up in that fort
of exercife ; others are of opinion, that thofe
chaces are too violent fora^ yo4ng' horf^^
and therefore- chufe to" tr'ain hhn^ iiiTtei*
harriers : which lafl feqms to bt the moft!
eligible. ' . ' !
As' for the flag, buck, and hirid, there SiS
not. much difFerence in the hiintiiiTg of them i ,
fi> that" the inconvenicnccsfrorh each/ch^pe,^
are in a manner thfe fame alfcf : "for ivhich-
foever you hunt, it. is^either iii coY^^of at!
force^ I' • .. '• : J
I . If a deer be hunted in a park, they ufually
chufe the moft woody parts of it, as a re-f
fiige^ from the purfuits.; of their enemres ; ,
which is both unpleafant to; thcf riden a^nd
troublefome to the horfe, to' follow the dogs
through-, the thick, buflies: 'and beffdesV in
parks the ground' is. ufually 'full, of mole-
banks, trenches, fc?rr which is dangerous
for a young horfe to gallop on^ tili h'ft has
attained to fome perfection in his-ftrbke. - ;
• But if they be tufrfed'oiit of the- parlc,^
and hunted atfcyrcey y6u will find, that.ss
fpon as. yoUi- have unharboured '"or* roiizecf
them, . thcywill imnrtedrately make out end •.
ways before the hounds, five • or fix, nay,- .
. . fdtnc-^-
C^HA,
T-
cry;». fp.&viftlyi. that a hoffc ipuft be com-
pdlcd to ruQ up ajvi down hill jvithout any
iiHpr.anllEoD, leaping hedge, ditch,, and
dak i. nay, often crofling rivers to the great
danger or the rider, as.well as.of the horfe.
So tn^t it (hould fecm altogether improper to
pgt.a young horfe to fuch violent labour, at
the fir(l». till he hath been inured to hard
fcrvice by. praftic^ and degrees*
And beudes, the feafon for thefe chaces
l)eginning about yidfummer, and ending
at tjolyroodtide^ is a part of thq year in
ivji;ch the fun's hc;at is exceffive ; that ber
fides tlie fwiftnefs and violence of this chace«
and the danger of cracking .his wind, and
burfting his belly ; (and the Araining of hi^
limbs by fuch defperate riding, and cre-
ating in a young lu^rfe a loa^hfiarnencfs to
his labour, by undergoing fuqh violent and •
unufual fervice i) the fun's exceflive heat
does fo.icorch the carih, that a vipleot chace
would hazard the melting of his grea(e : and
the weight of the rider, by rtafon of the
bardnels of the ground, would oQcafioh foun-
dering, fplints and windgalls; infomuch,
that in, a 0iort time the horfe would prove
altogether ufelefs«
Horfes employed in this violent exercifc,
ihould be fuch as have been trainedLto hunt*
ing by long pradlice and experience.
Youn^ horfes, (fays the Duke q[ Nezj^^
tqftJe) being as fub}^ to.difeaf<;s as young
^bildrei^ : therefore t^e adyifcis, tha^ any m^
that would buy an horie for ufe In his ordin^f:^
occafions, as for jour4iics,;h^VTking^ or hunt-
>>^gi fl)c>uld never buy a horf<^ ti)l the mack
be out of his mouth ; and if he be found of
windy limb, and fight, hp will lall eight qr
nine years, with good Iceeping, and never
fail you : and therefore, (he adds) 1, am al^
W^ys ready to buy for fuph purpofes, an old
i)4g9 of fome huntfman or falconer, that is
found, and that is the \}fvful nag : for he gal-
lops on all gropndS| litaps over hedges and
ditches i and fuc^ an one will not fail you
in your journey, or any where, and is the
ipnly nag of ufe for pleafure or journey.
The next chace is that of the fox j which
although it 46 a recreation much in ufe, and
higjily applauded by the generality of the |
, iiobility ^nd: gcatf y, ye,t Is gmyjv^X^nt foij
the trainiQg. of a young hpr/cj Jt. being
fwjft without refpite, and of a long c'ontinu-'
ance too ; both which are diftafteful to the'
hgrfe : but the greateft inconvenience tha^'
happens to a horfe in this cafe is^ thaC
when a fox is unkenneljed, he feldom or ne-
ver betakesihirnfelf toa champagne country,
but remains in the ft^'ongeft coverts ^nd
thickefl: woods : fo that a horfe can have but
Ijtde pleafure in accompanying the hounds,
witliout running the rifle of beina; ftubbedj
or fome fuch dangerous accidents.
The fitteft horfes for this chace, are horfes
of gteatftrength.aqd ability : this chace be-
ginning at Cbriftttfas^ which is the wprfc
time of riding, and ends at t,ady-day^ when
the ground, is beft for it.
. The next chace is the ot<er ; lyhich is not
convenient for a horfe, becaufe he that will
truly purfue this arpphibious s^nimal, nui({
often fwim hi^ horfi;, to the equal hazardj
both of the rider and the horfe.
The hare, therefore, is the beft ch^ce
both for pleafure and delight,
Ix is indeed fwifjc, and of fprne endurapce,
Jike that of the fox^ b^t, far more plcaf^nc
to the horfe, becaufe hares coipmonly run
the champagne country : and the fcent riot
being fo hot as- that of the fox, the dogs are
oftener at default, ^r^d by th^t means the
horfe has many fobs s by which means he re-
covers wind, and regains ftrcngth,
This chace begins at Mich^^cljnas^ ^nd
Wts till the cn4,o^F<?ir/^<ary.
The beft cj^gs t;o bring a horfe-to perfect
tipn of M?ind, and fpeed, are 9.ect norther^
hounds J for they, by means of their hard
running, will draw, him up to that ^xtrapr-*
dinary fpeed, chat he will not have t^me. to
loiter J apd by <;ondnu?l praf5ti,gei will be
inured and habituated to the viplence of
their fpeed, th^t in a (hort time he will be
able to ride on all forts of ground, apd bj^
at fuch command U{pQn the hand, that he:
will llrike at what rate you pleafe : an^ threi|
quarters fpeed will be lefs troubleipmc to
him than ^ Canterbury gallop.
This m^ probably bp one of the reafons
why your northern breeders^ for the gene-
rality^
CHA
raKtVt excel thofc of thcfouth; firice cer-
tainly the fpeed of their hounds contributes
much to the excellence of their hbrfesj and
renders them able to endure a four mile
courfe without fobs i which fortie horfc.mcn
call runnings
CHAFFTNCH, a Tinging bird, that takes
It's name from it's delight in chaff; and by
fome admired for its fong, though it has not
much pleafantnefs, or fweetnefs in it.
They are caught in plenty in flight time;
but their ntOis are rarely found, though
they build in hedges and treesof all forts,
and niake them of mofs and wool, or any
thing^almofi they can gather up : they have
young ones twice or thrice a year, which
are feldom hrtd from their nell, as being a
bird not apt to take -another bird's fong, nor
to whiftle ; fo that it is bed to leave the old
ones to bring them up.
The Efex finchcrs are generally allowed
to be the beft fort, both for length of fong
and variety, they ending with feveral notes
that are very pretty*
It is an hardy bird, a^nd will live almofl:
upon any feeds, none coming amifs to him $
and he is felddm fubjeft to any difeafe, as
the canary-bird and lionet are; but he will
be ye'ry loufy, if not fprinkled with a little
wine, two o'r three times a month,
CHALLENGED COCK-FIGHT, is ge-
nerally to meet with ten ftavcs of cocks,
and to make one of them twenty-one bat-
tles^ (more or lefs) the odd battle to have
the maftery.
CHALLENGING, [hunting-term] is
ufed of hounds and beagles, when at firft
finding the fcent of their game, th^y prefently
open and cry : the huntUnen then fay,, they
challenge*
CH ANFRIN, is the fwe part of a horfe's
head extending from under the ears^ along
the interval, between the eye-brows^ down
to his nofe,
CHANFRAIN - BLANCE.. Se4 Star,
or Blaze.
CHANGE A House, or change Hand ;
18 to turn or bear the horfe*s head from one
hand to the other, from the right to the
left, and from the left to the right;
"Xotti &ould never change your horfe.
C W A
without pulhing him forward upon the turn;,
and after the turn, pufli him on flraight, in
order to a fVop.
This horfe changes from the right with,
an ugly grace. See Entire, Nails Walk^
and aPASSADE of five tifnes.
CHANNEL OF a Horse, is the hollow
between the two bars, or the nether jaw
bones, in which the tongue is lodged : for
this purpofe it fhould be large enough, that
it be hotprefled with the bitt mouth, which
(hould have a liberty in the middle of it.
at the
tail
the tip
CHAPE, [with hunters"
end of a fox*s tail ; fo called as the
itfelfis termed breach, drag, or bru(h.
CHAPELET, is a couple of ftirrup-
leathcrs, mounted each of them with a. (^ir-
rup, and jointed at top in a fort of leather
buckle, called the head of the chapelet,. by
which they arc made faft to the po mmelof
the faddle, after being adjufted to the rider's^
length and bare i they are ufed, to avoid
the trouble of taking up or letting down the
ftirrups, every time that a gentleman mounts>
on a different horfe and faddle^ and to fgp*
ply the want in the academy faddle, whict
have no ftirrup to them.
CHAPERON OF A. BiTT-MouTFj, is a-
word only ufed for fcatch^mouths, and all
others that are not cannon- mouths, fignify-
ing the end of the bitt that joins to the-
branch, jud by the banquet.
In fcatch-mouths the chaperon is round,,
but in others it is oval ;. and the fatae part-
that in feat ched,. and other mouths, is called-
chaperon, is in cannon^mouths called, fron-
cean.
CHARBONy (L ^* coal,) is an. obfolete
French word j fignifying that little black
fpot, or mark, that remains after a large
fpot, in the cavity of the corner teeth of a«
horfe, about the feventh or eight. year>.
when the cavity fills,, and the tooth, bcingf.
fmooth and equal, is faid to be raifed.
CHARGE, ia a preparation of an oint-
ment>, of the confiftence of a thick decoc-
tion, applied: to the Ihoulders, fplaits,^ in--
flammations>« and. fprains o£ horfe&«
The parts affected are rubbed and chafedi
with this compolition^: after which you may;
cpven
co\rer them with finking paper, if you
VrilL '
Charges are made two ways, viz. either
withemmiellures, i. e. a mixture of honey,
turpeatine fuet, and other drugs ; or ^ith
yemdladc, Whidh is a mixture erf the lees of
wine with the drugs of emmiellure.
Farriers confound the names of charge
cmmiellurcs and remolade, and indifferently
;ufc one for the other.
CHASTISiEMENTS, or corrections j
nre thefe fevere and rigorous efFcds of the
aids ; for when the aids are given with fe-
verity, they become punilhments.
CHAUSSE Trop-haut j' a white foot-
ed horfe is faid to be fuch, when the white
makes run too high upon the legs.
CHECK, [in Falconry | a term ufed of
a hawk when (he forfakcs her proper g^me,
to, fly at pyes, crows, rooks, or the like,
crofling her in her flight.
CHEST-TRAPS, a kind of boxes or
traps, ufed to take pole-cats, fitchets, mar-
tens, and the like vermin, that are inju-
rious to warrens, dove houfes, or hen rooiVs :
the firft of them being with a fingle, arid
the other with a double entrance, are repre-
fented thus : Now for the making and ufing
them, take three pieces of oak or elm-board,
of an equal bignefs, like to that which is in
Plate IV. Fig. 2. with A, B, C, D : let
them be four feet long, on-e over, and about
an inch thick } which nail together juft like
a coffin, and clofe up one end with a piece
of the board, which muft be nailed faft on,
as A C E.F i likcwife nail over three main
boards, another piece, as A, Fi G, H,
which. much be as large as any of the reft,
tut.riot /o long by tw'O parts in three : and
for the reft of the covering, ydu muft have
another piece of the fame board : on the
other fide of the boards make a little hole
witK a'gimbkt, at the places marked G, H,
where faften two lUil^, that may be driven
into the board that lies on the top, fo as to
Tcrve foi^ fockets, or as the axle of a coach :
To that the board may cafily be lifted up and
let down : and at the other end I K, nail
Another jiece of timber, juft equal to that
^marked A, F, G, H; which muft only be
1
fattened to the upper, boards in fuch manaery
that being let down^ the whole may fcem to
be a cheft . cloCe 'ftiut ; then get" two pieces
of wood, as L, M, P, O, t^d feet IbngJ
and ohe inch and a half thick, and pierced
at the eiid i-r, M, \«rith a hole big enougR
to . turn, ones little finger in ; nail thefe on
the two fide boards, about the middle of
them, juft oppofite to each other, with ^
piece of wood an inch fquarc, (haped at
both ends like an axletree, which put eafily
into the two holes L, M ; at the middte of
the faid' axletree, frame a mortice or H61e
to fatten and tie a ftick O, N, which may
fall down upon the moving plank, when
it is let down ,• and this is intended to
prevent any besift from lifting up the cover
when Once it is down.
Before you nail all the * boards together,
make a hole in that plank marked A,B C D,
at the place marked U, X ; which hole
fhould be two inches long, and half an inch
over, juft oppofire thereto, and in the other
plank bore a little hole with a gimblet as at
R. that you. may put. in a fmall cord^ at
the erfd whereof you tie your tricker Rj n,
S,N,T, made of a ftick as big as one's little
finger, which though fattened at the end
R, may however have liberty enough -to
move up and down, and muft pafs through
the hole {J, about two in'ches'*0ut," with a
notch or two at T ; about' the end of it tic
yoor bait on this tricker within the cheft trap,
which ought to be appropriated to the nature
of the beaft, or vermin, you intend to take.
For the fetting.this trap, you. muft have a
ftrong cord upon the moving planj<', near
the middle of it marked Y j towards the
end at the* other end the faid cord, tie a
fmall ftick marked^U, an inch and half long,
and half as big as ones .finger, formed at one
end.iikea wedge, fo the trap being lifted
-half.a foot as you fee it rcprefented in the
figure, and the cord' which paflcth over the
axletree, Z, O, the little ftick may have pne
end in the notch T ofyour tricker, and the
other, end in the hole Xv.,and then is your
trap or engine fet right as it Ihould be : if
your tricker be a quarter of an inch clear
from the bottom when any vermin is-once
CHE
kij and gives but one touch to the bait^
which is on the trickcr that gives way,
down falls the moving plank with the door
fall (hut.
The other trap with the double entrance
is nnuch the bcft, becaufc the vermin you
intend to take may fee through it to behold
the prey, and come in at which fide they
plea^3 and therefore will fooner venture.
It is made much after the fame manner.
with the former, having two turning planks,
and the tricker ought to be in the middle at
Z : fo jhere needs no farther dircdlions to be
given about it. . See Plate IV, Fig. 2.
CHEVALER : (a French word) ahorfe is
faid to chevaler, when in paflfaging upon a
walk or a trot his far fore leg croflcs or over-
laps the other fore leg eycry fecond motion.
See To Passags.
CHEVIN ? A frelh water fi(h, hav-
CHUB-FISH X ing a great head.
CHEVIN-FISHING, this fifh fpawns in
Marcby is very ftrong, though unaftive,
yielding in a very little time after he is ftruck,
and the larger he is the more quietly he is
taken.
As for his food, he loves all forts of
worms and flies, alfo cheefe, grain, black
worms, their bellies being flit that white
may appear. He affefbs a large bait, and
variety of them at one hook ; but more par-
ticularly he delights in the pith that grows
in the bone of an ox's backs but you niuft
take care to keep off the tough outward Ikin,
without breaking the inward tender one.
This fifti is to be angled for early in the
morniifg with fnails; but in the heat of the
day, make ufe of fome other, bait, and in
the afternoon fifli for him at ground or fly i
of the lafl: of which there is none. he covets
more than a great moth with a large head,
whofe body is yellow* with whitilh wings,
which is commonly found in gardens about
the evening.
CHEWING BALLS FOR Horses: thefe
balls are ufcd for reftoring lofl: appetite, an
infirmity to which horfes are very incident,
proceeding from a fait humour, and bit-
ter phlegm, which obftiudts the paflage of
the throat, and makes them loath their food •
QUO
The compofition of thefe balls is as fol-
lows :
Take a pound of aflTa-foedita, as much li-
ver of antimony, and half a pound of the
wood of a bay-tree, an equal quantity of ju-
niper wood, and two ounces of pellitory of
Spain.
Pound all the ingredients apart to a grofs
powder, in order to which the woods mufl;
be firfl: very well dried, then put them all
together in a mortar, and incorporate them
with a large quantity of good grape verjuice
well clarified, pourjng it in by degrees, till
they are reduced to a mafs, of which make
balls of an ounce and an half, and dry them
in the fun : wrap one of thefe balls in a li-
nen clout, and tying a thread thereto make
the horfe chew it for two hours in the morn-
ing; and he will eat as foon as you unbridle
him : do the fame at night, and continue
this m^hod till the horfe recovers his appe-
tite.
When one ball is confumed put in ano-
ther.
Thefe balls may be ufed on the road, as.
you travel, being tied to the bridle ; balls of
Venice treacle may be ufcd in the fame manner
with good fuccefs.
C H O L I C, OR Gripes in ' Horses.
Among all the diftempers incident to a
horfe, none perhaps is fo little undcrftood by
the common farriers, as this •, and for want
of neceflfary knowledge, they give the fame
medicines in all cafes ; but as this diforder
may proceed from different caufes, the me-
thod, of cure muft alfo vary : as othcrwife
the medicine intended to cure the diforder
may augment it, and render it fatal. The
three fpecies into which we (hall divide this
diforder are,
1. The flatulent or windy.
2. The bilous or inflammatory, and
3. The dry gripes. ■
The horfe troubled with a flatulent or ^
windy cholic, is very reftlefs, often lying -
down, and as Ujddenly rifing again with a
fpring ; ftrikcs his belly with his hinder feet,
ftamps with his fore feet, and refufes his
meat. When the gripes are violent he will
have convulDvc twltchcs^ his eyes turned
0 up.
.1
C H O
up, and his limbs ftrctched out as if dying,
and his ears and feet alternately hot and cold : '
he falls into profufe fwcats, ^nd then into
cold damps : ftrives often to dale, and turns
his head frequently to his flanks ; he then
falls down, rolls abou^t, and often turns on
his back : this laft fymptom proceeds from a
ftoppage of urine, which generally 'attends
this fpccies of cholic, and may be in'creafcd
by a load of dung prcHing on the neck of
the bladder.
The windy cholic often proceeds from
drinking cold water when hot, to relieve
which, empty the ftrait gut with a fmall
hand dipt rn oil, which frequently gives room
for the wind, before confined in the bowels,
to difcharge itfelf ; and by taking off the
weight that prefled upon the neck of the
bladder, the fiippreflion of urine is taken off,
upon which the horfe immediately (tales and
becomes much cafier. Or,
Immediately give one of the balls prc-
fcri bed hereafter for the ftranguary: that
done, empty the redum as direfted under
the Article Glystbr.
Where the urine is fuppreflcd by a load on
the reftum, diuretics are neceflarily hurtful.
Before that impediment is removed, as foon
as the reftum is emptied, rub'the fundament,
and a little way in the 'reftum, with foft
foap : thus you will farther affift the difcharge
of urine.
Bleeding is advifable, at leafl: when the
horfe is ftrong; but always open the neck-
vein, and omit the ufelefs and cruel cuftoin
of cutting acrofs the bars in the mouth.
^ While the above is performing, a carmi-
native glyfter mav be prepared, or a glyftcr
may be given of the fame of burning tobac-
co, with which the bag may be filled from the
fhank of a pipe, the head being held in the
mouth of him who blows the fmoak. As
foon as. the bag is fall, tie it, atid proceed as
with any other fort of gly fter. ' Or,
You may give the following ball and
glyflrers, which feldom fail of givine; re-
lief: '
; Take of Strafburgh turpentine and juni-
per berries, pbunded, of ^ich an duncfe ; of
fait pr^irtclla, or fait-petre, atn ounCe 5 oil of
C H O
junipfer, one iram ; fait of tartar; two drarhf ; •
make the whole into a balT With a fyrnp 6f '
fugar. It may be 'given -whole, and wafhed
down with a decoftion of juniper berries, or
a horn of ale.
If the horfe, foon ^ter 'taking this bafll,
does find no relief ^ it will be ncceffary, trt*
an hour or two, to give him anorheri>aH,
with the addition of a dram of fak of amber,'
which may be repeated a third time/if found
neceflary. During the fit, the horfe may be'
walked and trotted gently, but fhould by no
means be jaded: tetween the taking of the
two balls, the following may be given f
Take of camorli'rle Bowers, two handsfuj,.
anife, coriander, and fennel feeds, dfeich an-
ounce; boil them in three quarts of water
to two J and zddDtiffy*^ elixir, or gin, half a:
pint ; oil of amber, half an tnmce, and orl
of camo.uile, eight ounces. Or,
Take two handsful of catnomtle flowers,
two ounces of anifteds, half an ounce of long
pepper ; boil them a few minutes in five-
pints of water •, then pour offth'eliquor, and
add to it a quarter of a pint of^olivc ml, and-
one ounce of common fait.
When the gripes are occafioncd by drink-
ing cold water when lidt, the'fdllowtng wiHf
generally remove the itomp\Mnti 'Take oT
the powder of anife, cummin • and fennel-
feeds, of each half an ounce; of camphirc^
two drams ; of pellitory of Spain, .one
dram ; oil of juniper, fifty drops : make
the whole into a ball with fyrup'of fugar,
and wafti it down with a horn or two of
ale. '
If thefe Ingrediertts (hould not be at hanS,
ive the following drink i Take of caftile or*
ard foap, and of'falt-petre,. each one ounce ;
or juniper berries and ginger, of each ha?f
an ounce: boll the whole* in a pint aixd an
half of ale, adding a large onion; (Vri^iri
the liquor from the ingredients, and give it
the horfe. You may repeat the dofe, if the
firft thould not anfwer the intention. ^
When the horfe begins to recover, he will
lie quiet, without darting or tumbling; and
if he continues in this quiet ftatc an hoiir,
you may conclude that the whole danger is
•over..
CHO
ever, . Care ihould alfo be taken that the
horfe be well rubbed, clo^thed, and littered
with clean ftraw up to his belly.
The fymptoms of a bilious or inflamma-
tory cholic, are a fever, great heat, panting
and drynefs of the mouth ; lie alfo generally
throws out a little l.oofe dung, with a hot
ifcalding water, which, when it appears black-
ifli, or of a reddifli dolour, indicates an ap-
proaching mortification : to' remove which,
t^ke of fenna, three- ounces; of fait of
tartar, half an ounce: infufe the whole in
a cfuart of 'boiling wafer, for an hour;
then ftrain it off^ and add, two ounces of le-
niti^ eleduary, and four ounces of Glauber'^
ialts.
If the diforder is not removed, but the fe-
Ver and inflanimation continue to increafe,
attended with a difcharge of .flefh-coloured
vater, the event will be fatal ; and the only
medicind that bids fair to prevent it is, a
ftrong decoftion of Jefuit's bark, given to
the quantity of a pint every three hours^ mix-
ed with a gill of red port wine.
A quart of the fame decoAi on, with two
ounces of Venice turpentine, diflblved in the
Iplksof two eggs-» an ounce of diafcordiuniy
a,nd'a pint **of i*ed wine, niay be gfven twice
4. day, by ^fray bf glyfter. But it will be rie^
ecflary, if^-the horfe recovers, to give him
itftcrwards two or three mild purges of rhu-
barb*.
The fymptoms of the dry gripes are
known by the horfe's frequent and fruitlefs
attempts to' dung, the blacknefs and hard-
liefs of the dung, the frequent and quick
ftiotion of the tafc, the high colour of his
urine, and his great reftleflhels and uneafi-
hefs, which nriuft be removed by the following,
method: the ftrait gut Ihould bc.Jmmedi-
ately examined and erapded, with a' fmalf
hand dipped ih oil, and the following glyf-
ter injefted twice a day :. Take of marfli-
liiallows and camomile- flowers, of each a
large handful : pf bay7berrics and fwect fen-
nel feeds bruifed, of each one ounce; boil
the whole in a gallon of water to three
quarts; pour ofi' the clear liquor into a
pan, and add a patt of linfced, or any com*
;mon oij. *
CHO
The purging drink made of fena, &fc.
defcribed above, ftiould be given till the
fymptoms are removed, and his bowels un-
loaded. During the continuance of this dif-
order the horfe' Ihould have no other food
than fcalded bran, and warm water gruel, or
white water, made by diflblving four ounces
of gum arabic in a quart of warm water, and
mixing it with his other water.
Befides plenty of gum arabic water for his
drink, give him, every two or three hours, a
pint of the following purging-drink, until
feveral loblc ftools arc procuried.
Gum Arabic, Water, ; called alfo White-rjuater.
• • • • *
Djflfclve four ounces of gum arabic in a
quart of water, and mix it with the water
which the horfe drinketh, in fuch proportion^
as may fecm to b? pcceflary.
A Purging Brink.
Take of fena three ounc.es, Glauber's fait
four ounces i infufe the fena in three pints of
boiling water, for half an hour; then to the
flrained liquor add the Glauber's falts.
If the fymptoms do not give way very fopn,,
but rather increafe, the cafe becomes defpe-
rate ; and if the hot, ill-colouredy ftialcing
water appears, a mortification is begun, and
death is at hand. In this cafe give a pint of
a ftrong decoftion of th&.bark ; with a quar-
ter of a pint of red wine, every three. qK four
hours; and every high t and- m<)rjriing give
the following: glyfter. . '
Diflfolve two ounces 6£ Venice turpentine
in the yolks of two eggs ;. then gradually
mix with It' a* quart of a ftrong inrufion of
the bark in water» and a piqt of r^jd xvi^e*
Give this for one glyfter.
To. fome horfes of little value,, the fpuow-
ing hath been ufeful :
Diapente one ounce, diafcordium, half an
ounce, myrrh two dpams, oil of amber two
drams, make a. ball, and repeat it three times
a^day. • ' . ^, • ' /
The fgafmodic. cbblic, or dry gripes, is
Oa ' known
C HO
«
known by the horfd*s frequent motion to
dung, but without cffeft j and the hard-
nefs of what little he can difcharge ; the
almoft conllant and quick motion of his
tail ; the high colour of his urine, and
his great rcftleflhcfs. When he is very
ill, he frequently lays down, rolls about, and
gets up again in a hurry. He haih fcveral
other fymptomsthat attend the flatulent co-
Jic, fuch as convulfive twitches, turning up
his eyes, and (Iretching out his limbs : and
yet his motions fcem rather more fluggifh in
general.
Its moft frequent caufe is coftivenefs : the
dung hardening and obftruAing the bowels,
it becomes acrid, and irritates tbem too; its
vifcidity detains the wind, whence the belly
is dillended j and by the quantity of the re-
retained excrement, prefling againft the
neck of the bladder, the urine is detained,
and a fwelling is often occafioned about the
fundament; and along *the (heath.
From this account of the difeafe, it i^ evi-
dently neccflary to empty the re&um, by
raking it with a fmalt hand *, and immediately
after that, an emollient oily glyfter muft be
thrown up, and repeated night and morning ;
and the above purging drink given as there
direfted, until the bowels arc freed from
their troublefome contents.
In all thefe forts of colic, the diet (hould
be fcaWcd bran, the white- water, and water-
gruel. When the fymptonns abate, and the
horfe can eat a little hay, the bed Ihould be
picked out for him.
As he can bear it, he (hould be carefully
but well rubbed, cloathing (hould not be
(pared, and the litter (hould be in great
plenty,
• If the horfe hath freedom from the vio-
lence of his fymptoms one hour, the dan-
ger may be fuppofed to be at an end : but
during the (it he (hould be attended by one
perfon, at lead, and that conftantly, to pre^
vent him injuring himfelf : this holds good
in all the fpccies of this difeafe.
. It is common to give hot medicines in all
colic complaints J but they are only proper
in the flatulent fort; and even there great
caution is nece(rary in ufing them ; for^ be-
C H O
fide the danger of rarefying the wind too
much, they increafe . the difagreeable fymp-
toms, by their ftimulus on the neck of the
bladder; and; in fomc cafes, by rarefying
the blood, and difpofing the bowels to in-
flammation.
In common cafes, to remove the gripes
and pains in the bowels, caufed by drinking
cold water when hot; or from taking cold
after hard exercife, a cordial-ball may bt
given with a dram of camphire, and forty
drops of the oil of juniper well mixed to-
gether. Or,
Take yenice treacle two ounces, foap-pill
two drams, camphire half a dram, fmall beer
two pints ; mix them together for one dofc,
and keep the horfe warm for forty-eight
hours.
The reader, from the account we have
given of the difl^^rent (pecies of the colic,
will be abundantly convinced how nece(rary
it is to be acquainted with each, that he
rnay be enabled to adapt proper medicines^
and relieve the creature from excruciating
pains.
CHOPS 1 are maladies mthe palate of ^
CLEFTS t horfe'^s mouth, caufed cither
RIFTS 5 by eating coarfe ^nd roi^K
hay, full of thifttes and other prickly ftuff^
or by foul provender full ot (harp feedsi
which by frequent pricking the bars of his
mouth, caufes them to wrii>kle and breed
corrupt blood, which may turn to a canker z,
which if it (hould come to that, it is to be
cured as a canker ; but to prevent it, wa(h
his mouth with vinegar and fait, and anoint
it with honey.
And for the rempving of thefe di(l:cmpers
pull out his tongue, (lice it with an in-
cifion knife, and thrult out the kernels, or
corruption, then wa(h the parts as before dl-
reded.
But to prevent their coming at all, the be(t
way is to wafh his mouth or tongue often
with wine, beer, or ale,, and fo blifters will
not breed in it, or any other dileafe.
CHOPS ? do alfo often happen in a
CRACKS 5 horfe's legs on the bought ot
the pafterDi accompanied with pain^ and a
very
C H U
r-
t • • -
very noiibme ftcnch, wh'^ch is fomecimes
taufed by a (harp malignant humour that
frets the Ikin.
The cure may be eflFedked by firft (having
away the hair from the complaint, in order
to keep it clean> and applying the white ho-
ney charge, or coachman's ointment, which
will fpeedily heal the chops, if the application
be con ftantly renewed. .
CHUB FISHING. This fi(h is full of
fmall forked bones, difperfed every where
through his body ; eats very waterifli, and
being not firm, is in a nianner taftelefs : it is
the beft of any to entertain a young angler,
as being eafily taken : in order to which you
inuft look out for fome hole, where you fhall
have twenty or more of them together in a
hot day^ floating almoft on the furface of the
water.
Let your rod be ftrong and long, your
line not above a yard long and very ftrong,
baited with a grafshopper, which bob up and
dowh on the top of the water, and if there
beany chubs they will rife,
. But you muft place yourfelf fo as not to be
ieen, for the chub is a timorous fifh, and the
Iea(tfliadow wiU make him fink to the bot-
tom; though he will rife again fuddenly^ and
this is called bobbing.
When your hook is baited, drop it gently
about two feet bctbre the chub you have
pitched upon by your eye to be the beft and
faireft, and he will inftantly bite greedily at
ky and be held faft, for he is a leather
ihouthed fifti, fo that hecari Seldom break his
Hold i and therefore it will be beft to give
hftn play enough and tire him; or other-
wife you may endanger your line.
• If you cannot get agrafthoppcr, you muft
bait your hook with any kind of fly or worm,
and if you will fiih with a fly, grafshopper,
or beetle, it muft be at the top ot the
water : ^ut if with other baits underneath
it.
In March and April you Ibould angle for
the chub with worms ; in June\ and Ju ly
with flies, fnails and cherries : but in J%y-
ffifi and September, ufe a pafte made with
FarmefaA or Holland cheeie^ pounded in a
C H U
mortar with faflPron ; adding to it a little
butter.
Some ufe a pafte made of cheefe and tur-
pentine for the winter feafon, at which time
the chub is in his prime : for then his forked
bones are either loft or turned into griftles ;
and his fle(h is excellent meat baked ; his
fpawn is admirable, and if he be large, the
throat when the head is well waftied is the
beft part of the filh.
Howeyer in hot weather you muft angle
for this fifli in the middle of the water, or
near the top of it ; but in cold weather near
the bottom.
'CHUSING or Docs : in order to chufe a
dog and a bitch for good whelps, take care
that the bitch come of a generous kind,, be
well proportioned, having large ribs and
flanks; and likewife that the dog be of a
good breed and young ; for a young dog and
an old bitch breed excellent whelps.
The beft time for hounds, nitchfes, ot
bratchets to be lined in, are the months of
January i February and March. \,
The bitch fliould be ufed to a kennel, that
(he may like it after her whelping, and ftic
ought to be kept warm.
Let the whelps- be weaned after two
months old -, and thou'gh it be fome difficulty
to chufe a whelp under the dam, that wilt
prove the beft of the litter, yet fome approve
that which is laftj and account him to be the
beft.
Others remove the whelps from the ken-
nel, and lay them feveraland apart one from
the other ; then they watch which of them
the bitch firft rakes and carries into her k^n^
nel again, aiid that they fuppofe to be the
tjeft.
Others again imagine that which weigha
leaft when it fucks to be the beft : this is
certain that the lighter whelp will prove thd
fwifter.
As foon as the bitch has Uttered, it ispro-
per to chufe them you intend to preferve, and
drown the reftf keep the Wack, brown^^op
of one colour ;. for the ipotted are not much
to be efteemed, though of hounds the fpotted
are to be valued.
Hounds for chace are to be chofen by their
coLoiurs :
C IN
•coloutis : tkc white with black ears, apd a
black fpoc at the fetting on of the t^l, are
the mod principal to compofe a kennel of,
and of good fcent and condition.
The black hound, or the black tanned,
or the alUIiver coloured, or all \vhite : the
true talbots are the befl for the llronger line :
the grizzled, whether mixed or unmixed, fo
they be fliag-haircd, are the bed verminera,
and a couple of thefe are proper for a ken*
jiel.
In fhort, take thefe marks of a good
hound 2 that his head be of a middle propor-
tion, rather long than round ; his noftril^
wide, his ears largCj his back bowed, his fil-
let great, haunches large, thighs welLtrufTed,
hams (Irait, tail big near the reins, the reft
flendcr -, the leg big, the fole of the foot dry*
and in the form of that of a fox, with large
claws.
CINQUE PORT, a fquare net refembljog
a cage, taking it*s naple fronp the five jen-
trances into it: if, is,of excellent^ufe for any
pond or river,, fwift or ftanding water, for
catching of fi(b, and the w-ay to fet it is re-
prefcnted in the figure.
To make ufe of. thi-& net, provide four
ftrair^ (trong polejs, afifwerable in length to
the depjh of the water; ftiarpcn the great
ends like (lakes,, and notch them within a
foot of the ends, to fallen the four corners
of thp n^t, asEFGHj make the little
notches on the fame poles ar a convenient
diflaTice, for the faftening^tht^ four upper cor-
iiers in the fanae manner^ as A B C JD^ (S^^
Plate lY. Fig^ 3, . . -^ ^
Th« bottom, of the net is fqur , fqpar^
without any entrance; in order to place this
with the greater conveniency, get a boat to
put the net icv the water^ for the poles mult
be driven fall into the^round^ and at fuch a
proper diftancc, that the net may be ftrctched
out ftifi^, each pole anfwering to his fellow
in an exad diret^' line i and this may fuiiice
». any. .(landing watery but if. it be in a
fwift ftrcam, the motion of the water will al-
ytiys move the nee, and fo frighten away the
Now in order to prevent this inconveni-
f^ftctj fafteii f<>mevftrong. fti^cks at the very
C L A
top of the four poles, to ftraiten and (bengith^
en pne another, and .to keep all tight ; as
for example, obferve, the farhe pointed and
marked with little ^, . ^, f, ^ . and you will
cafily comprehend it \ but theo if y.ou faftea
two others crofsways from A, a, .unto great
D and little d^ and 'from C, Cy to great B,
and little. . f .V iou need not fear it> for the
water can have no power over it.* Ste PlatQ
IV Fig,;3. : " ^Z
. CLAP £iq Falconry] the nether pgrtof a
hawk's beak.
C L A P ,- N E T, AND Looking-class,
otherwiCe called doringor daring, U a devigi^
to catch larks with ; for whic|i end you are to
provide four (licks, very (Iraight and light,
about the bignefs of a pike, twQ<of.whK^
fhould be four feet nine inches long, and
fhould all be notched at the ends, as in, the
figure of thefe (licks marked with the little
a and t \ at the end 6, faden on qxic fide m
(lick of about a foot long, of the fame bign
n^fs with the other four (licks, and on .the
other fide a fmall peg of wood, marked A^
three inches long; then get four (licks more,
each a foot long, as the letter /, each mufl:
have a cord nine feet lot^g, fa(lened at the
bigger end thereofi: as e^/i every one of them
(hould have a buckle at the end ^, for the
commodious fafteoing of them to t^hc reip/ec-
tive (licks, when you go about to ifpread youc
net, which is plainly reprefented ^n J^^atel^V^
fig- 5.- .
You are alfo to provide a cord, 4, ^, i, ^
which OKifi have two branches, «, k^. xfjAt i)€
them i$ to be. nine feet and .a h^lffloRg^[Chf|
other ten, with a.bucklcr ar each^ead> ^thq
reft of the cord^ from h to g^ muft. be t)C-*
tween twenty-two and twenty-fojar -yards
long; and all thefe cords, as wpll the Jong;
ones, as thole with the fticks, (hould :be
rong twideu, about the bignefs^ of one'^
little finger. The next; thing, to be pfo-^
vided is a (lafF, w, /;, about four feet long^
painted at the end Mfj^and. ^ ^the,fn(i;»,
fatten a lirtlc ball of wood, for tiiQ convex
nierit carrying of thefe many ne;Cc(raric;s,,» int-
fooie facks or wallet 5 you muit alfq ha^vf^ a^
fmall iron fpade to level the ^roui^d^ ^^IQ^
fee occafionj 'and two fmall rods, like that
marked
ra^ffecMl/ 1p'^ %'^) cBidi eighlieen* indies
long, .havings a great tmdf Li'^ancl :thereto tf
fmall ^k iRT^ed) as jf), "wif h af)Ql2lcchi>ead n^ar
tile ^nti (^ th% faid rod i^md abiAii jetcet* w;
being 4)tar nin« inciicsfrom it, tic jviatfaer
packthpead -with two c-nd«, eatrh -haoging
clear •a foo% Icyng^ at each end- tie a'ticde*
pecked ftitk> as^, r, •ztrA at the finallerend*
ctft1»e faid rod, tfie a Jpacktbread -with four
dout^k^, i^i<rh nntfft form two loops, as ^;
-which tie to the legs of fome larks : yiou muft
haveadib ttMo frnall reels, asF^G, by the help
ivheredfyou rnay make the larks tiy^ as there
is otcafion : the next thing ^osi are ;tb pee-'
pare, is a looking^glafs : for which/^^ Lark'
Whe« n VB thus fixed, put aifmall Jrnc in-
to the ♦*i>ley, and your giafs is finiifhed ; you
muft ^! ace it between th* two nets, neafr the
jmddle of them, at the letter/, and carry the
line to the 1)edge, fo that pulling the line
ye^tmy make the looking-glafs play in and
out as children do a whirligig, made of an
zpp)>t and a nut. -Always keep it turning,
that the twinfkling of the glafs againft the
fim, may |)rdv6ke the larks to come to view
it. ^ '
When yd^ intend to pitch your nets, be
fore to have the wind either in front or be-
hind them, left- if it be in either fide, it
kinders their {Slaving: chufe fome open
place, and let it -be remote from trees or
hedges, at leaft an hnndred paces $ then the
ground being clear from a)l ftones and rub-
bilh, fpread the net after the > manner ex-
preffed in the figui^, viz. the-l<^geft fticks
faftehcd to that part ©f th^ net which is
largeft r as for example, in the figure, that
en your right hand is* bigger than the other.
You naaft drive the peg e, into the ground,
and pafs the -end a, of the ftick, into the
buckle of OBe< of the cords of the net ; and
the peg d, into the othcf loop of cChe fame
end J alfo do the fame to the other ftick, at
the end /, but before you drive your peg
into the ground, ftrain the cord c, /, as
much as you can -, then take two of the
ftiblcs, fLsf^ft whereof one has a cord nine
feet and a half long, and the other half a
foot lefs > jput the knot ^/'of the ftrongcft
C L A
cofd about the end of the fkrther * ftick';
and. retiring, drive your peg /,• .into the
grouady jutt oppoGte to the two little pegs
r, /; that done, coming to the other endy
jStfrfs your flicks, into one of tlie ftiorter
cords, and' io drive your pegs jufl: with the
others, in a dineft line, as c, /, /, that your
cord a, e, cf the net, may be thoroughly
ftraiiied. Being thus direftcd to fet one net,
you cannot well fail to fet theothtr; only
ohfervefo to place them, that when they arc
drawn, one may clap about half a foot over
thee other.
The next thing to be done is, to take the
grand cord, wcich is to make your net play :
place the large branch ^, about the end of
the ftick ^, and the other branch k, about
the ftick k ; then tie the knot Zr, fo that it
may reft in the middle, and carry the end to
your lodge ; ftrain it a little, and faften it
with a peg A, and about JB, make fome kind
of hold-faft, for the better ftraining it, and
that it may not flip again through your
hands ; juft even with the faid holdfaft, make
two holes D, E, in the ground,- to thruft
againft with your heels : as for your lodge it
jnuft be made with bou^ghs, in fuch a mari-f
ner that you may have a. full and ciear view
on your nets before j and the fame flionld be
covered over head, and not very rhigh, that
you may have a profpeft of all birds coming
and going. ' *
The laft thing upon this occafion, iis the
placing your calls, (foF fo are the live larks
termed here) and the figures dirtfft you ia
what place to fet them : fet ^rouj* little flick
py in the firft place, and let the .upper part
be about fix inches out of the ground 4 then
place the two others q\ r, on the right, and
the other on the left, juft at w, of the rod,
where the cord of the faid pegs is fixt; thA
done, tie the end of one of the packthreads
of one of the reels, about three or .four
inches from m, near the place marked ,;/, and
carry your reel to the letter F; the like! you
muft do with the other rod, tied at theendie?,
and at equal diftances tie the call larks tby
the fccty fo that when you fee any birds near
you, it is but twitching yourxords, and you
force the larks to mount a little, that thereby
the
C O A
the others may take not!rc of them: and
when they are within yoiir didance, pull
your main cord and your net flies up> and
claps over them.
CLAMPONNIFR. or Claponmier ; an
obfolete word, figtiifying a long jointed
horfe^ that is, one whofe pafterns are long*
flender, and over pliant.
The word is properly applicable only to
bulls or cows, for la Clafonnier^ in French,
is in them what the paftern is in a horfe.
CLEAR W ALK, a term relating to game-
cocks; and fignifies the place that the fight-
ing cock is in, and no other.
CLEFTS OR CRACKS m the Hbels.
A difeafe incident to horfes, that comes
cither from over hard labour,, which occafions
furfcits, or by giving them unwholcfome
meat; or by wafhing them when hot. For
their cure (have away the hair and apply the
oil of hempfeed, or linfeed, and take care
to keep them clean. See Chops,
• CLOSE, BEHIND, is a horfe whofe hoofs
come too clofe together: fuch horfes are
commonly good ones.
'To CLOSE A Passadb justly, is when
the horfe ends the paflfade with a demivolt,
in good order, well narrowed and bounded,
and terminates upon the fame line upon
which he parted, fo that he is ftill in a con
dition to part- from the hand handfomely at
every lafl time or motion of his demivolt.
CLOYED \ A term ufed by farriers
ACCLOYED J of a horfe, when he has
been pricked with a nail in (hoeing.
COACHMAN'S OINTMENT, Take
common honey and powder of copperas, of
each a pound and a half, fet them over a
gentle fire in a pot, mixing them well to-
gether, by ftirring them conftantly till they
boil: then take the pot off inilantly, and
when it is grown half cold, put it an ounce
of arlenic in powder, then fet ^t on the fire
again, ftirring it contii^ually, tUl it begins to
boil ; then take it ofi^ th'e~fire immediately,
and keep ftirring it till it grows cold : but
take care to avoid thenoifome fmelh
Anoint the part fljghtly with this oint-
ment once every two days, -after it has
been ihaved and rubbed with a wifp. This
c o c
is good for fore legs that are nQt^durdf^
pains, mules, clefts, anxl rat-tails.
COCK, a domeftic bird, and the male of
the hens, It is the common opinion that a
cock Ibould never grow fat, and that he
ought to fupply a dozen of hens, from
which he is diftinguiflied by his fpurs and
comb : the eggs which hens lay without
being trod, muft not be hatched, for they
will addle: cocks are, gelt, when young»
to make capons.
This bird in general is the moft virile^
flately, and majeftical of all others 5 and is
ve^y tame and familiar with mankind 1
naturally inclined to live in habitable houfes :
he is hot and ftrong in the aft of generation^
and delights in open plains, where he may
lead forth his hens into green paftures
and under hedges, that they may warm and
ba(k themfelves in the fun ; for to be put
up within walled places, and paved courts
is moft unnatural to them, neither will
they thrive.
Now in the choice and fliape of a dung-,
hill cock he (hould be, according to our
Englijh authors, of a large and well fized
body, long from his head to the rump^
thick in the girth ;{his neck (hould be long,
loofe, and erefted up high, as the pelican^,
and other birds of prey are ; bis comb, wat-
tles, and throat large, of a great compafs^
ragged, and of a very fcarlet red ; his ^yt%
round and large, the colour anfwerable to
the colour of his plume or main, as grey
with grey, red , with red, and yellow withi
yellow s his bill crooked, ftiarp or ftrongly
fee on his head .: the colour fuitable to the
colour of his feathers on his head ; his mane
or neck feathers very long, bright and
(hining covering from his head to his IhouU
ders ; his legs (trait, and of a ftrong beam,
with large long fpurs, (harp, and a little
bending, and the colour black, yellow, or
browni(h ; his claws ftrong, (hort, and well
wrinkled ; his tail long, bending back, and
covering his body very clofe. his wings very
ftrong: and for the general colour of a
dunghill cock, he (hould be red : he (hould
be valiant within his own walk; and if he is
a little knavi(h fo much the bettcri hp (hould
- be
c o c
ht often crowing, and bufy in fcratching the
earth to find out worms, and other food for
his hens, and invite them to- cau For the
Ttfiaiment and Breeding Dunghjll-Cocks
and Hens, fee the Article Poultry. For
Game Cocks Jet Game Cocks.
COCK FEEDING, is when a cock is
taken frrm his walk,, he (hould be fed a
month before he fights : for the firft fort-
night feed him with ordina^ry wheaten bread,
and fpar him for four or five days that he
has been in the pen-, afterwards fpar him
. daily^ or> every other day, till about four
days before he is to fight.
For 'ti)C fecond fortnight, feed him with
fine wh^fitcn bread, kneaded with whites
of eggs and milk, and give him every meal
twelve picks, or corns of barley.
He (hould not have water ftand by him,
for then h^ will drink too much ; but let
him have water four or five times a day.
If be be too high fed ftive him, and give
him a clove of* garlic tn a little fweet oil,
, for fame few days \ if too low fed, give
him the yolk of an egg,, beat and warmed
(till it be as thick as treacle) with his
tread^
For four days before fighting, give the
cock byflbp, violet and ftrawberry leaves,
chof>tfmaJl infrelh butter; and the morn-
ing he is to fight put down his throat a piece
of ire(b butter, mixt with powder of white
fugfir-candy.
COCKING-CLOTH, a device for catch-
iog.pheafants with: for which take a piece
of coarfe canvas, about an ell fquare> and
pttt it into 2f tan pit to colour : then hem it
about, and to each corner of the cloth fow
a^piece of leather, about three inches iquare,
and fix two fiicks crofswife, to keep it out,
as Ai. B, C, D» in the fi^re, fee the Plat^ i
: there n^u 11 alfo be a hole in the cloth to
look^ out. at, as at £, which is reprefentcd
in the figure; and being provided with a
fn^il ihort guo^ when y^oy are' near enough,
hold out the aforefaid cloth atr arm's end,
and put the muzzle of the gun out at the
hoie, which fi^vcs as iir reft for the gun, and
fo kt fly>, and you will (cldom mifs i* for
by this meaas the pheafants will let you
come near them, a(Kl the cock will be fo bold
as to fly at it. See, Plate IV. Fi^. 3,
COCK-PIT, a place made tor cocks to
fight in^ being ufually a houfe or hovel
covered over,' feaced like an amphitheatre.
The place on which they fight is a clod,
that is, the green fod ; which is generally
made round, that all may fee^ and about
which there are feats and places for the fpee-*
tators to fit at, three heights, or more, one
above another.
On the weighing morning, that perfon
whofe chance is to weigh lad, is to fet his
cocks and number his pens, both main and
byes, and leave the key of the pens upon
the weighing table, (or the other party, if
he pleales, may put a lock on the door)
before any cock is put into the fcale, and
after the firft pack of cocks are weighed,. a
perfon appointed by him that weighed firft,
(hall go into the other pens to fee that no
other cocks are weighed but what are fo fet
and numbered, provided they are within
the articles of weight that the match fpecify ;
if not, to take the fallowing cock or cocks,
until the whole number of main and bye
cocks are weighed through. And after they
are all weighed, you are to proceed as foon
as pofllble to match them, beginning at tl>e
lead weight firft, and fo on ; and equal
weights or neareft weights to be fcparaced,
provided by that feparation a great number
of battles can be made, and not other wife ;
and all blanks, that is, choice of cocks,
are to be filled up on the weighing day, and
the battles divided and ftruck off for each
day's play, as agreed on, and the cocks that
weigh the leaft are to fight the firft. day, and
fo upwards.
At the time agreed on by both parties to
fighting) the cocks that are to fight the firft
battle are brought upon the pit by the
feeders^ or their helpers; and after being
examined, to fee they anfwer the marks and
<^lours fpecified in the match-bill, they arc
gj^ven to the fctters-to, who, afcer chopping
them in hand, give them to the gentlemen
who are called matters of the match (who
always fit oppofue to each other), when they
turn them down u^i the mat-, and the
P fetters-
c o c
fettcrs-to arc iiot to touch them, except
ihcy cither hang in the mat, in each other,
or get clofe to the edge of the pit, until they
leave off fighting, while a perfon can tell
forty.
When both cocks leave off fighting, until
one of the fetters-to, or a perfon appointed
for telling the law, can tell forty gradually ;
then the fettcrs-to are to make the neareft
way to their cocks, and as foon as they have
taken them up, to carry them into the middle
of. the pit, and immediately deliver them
on their legs beak to beak, and not to touch
them any more until they have refufed fight-
ing, fo long as the teller of the law can tell
ten, without they are on their backs, or
hung in each other, or in the mat j then
they are to fct to again in the fame manner
as before, and continue it till one cock
rcfufes fighting ten fevcral times, one after
another, when it is that cock's battle that
fought within the law.
But it fometimcs happens that both cocks
refufc fighting while the law is telling j
when this happens, a frefh cock is to be
hovelled, and brought upon the mat as
foon as poffible, and the fetters-to are to tofs
up, which cock is to be fet to firft, and he
that gets the chance is to choofe. Then
the other which is to be fet to la[t, muft be
taken up, but not carried off the pit ; then
fetting the hovelled cock down to the other
five feparate times, telling ten between each
fetting-to, and then the fame to the other
cock ; and if one fights and the other refufes,
is a battle to the fighting cock j but if both
fight, or both refufe, it is a drawn battle.
The reafon of fctting-to five times to each
cock is, that ten times fctting-to being the
long law, fo on their both reujfing, the law
is to be equally divided between them, as
they arc both entitled to it alike.
Another way of deciding a battle is, if
any perfon offers to lay ten pounds to a crown
(that is, if he is a perfon thought capable of
paying it if he lofes, or one whoftakeshis
money upon the mat), and no perfon takeis
it until the law-teller tells fortyj and
calls three feparate times, *' Will any* one
take it ?'! and no oHr does, it is the cock'^
c o c
battle the odds are laid on, and the fetters-*
to are not to touch the cock during the time
the forty i^ telling, without cither cock
is hung in the mat, or on his back, or hung
together.
If a cock (hould die before the long law is
told out, although he fought in the law,
and the other did not, he lofes his battle ;
for fure there cannot be a better rule for a
cock winning his battle than killing his
adverfary, in the limited time he is entitled
to by cock laws.
There are often difputes with the fetters-
to, as alfo with the fpeftators, that is, in
fetting-to in the long law, for often both
cocks refufe fighting until four or five, or
Icfs times, are told ; then they begin telling
from the cock's fighting, and counting but
once refufed, but they (hould continue their
number on, until one cock has refufed ten
times: for when the law is begun to- be
told, it is for both cocks : for if one cock
fights within the long law^, and the other
not, it is a battle to the cock that fought,
counting from the firft fetting-to, .
AH difputes about- bets, or the battle-
being won or loft, ought to be decided by
the Tpeftators, for if the bets are nor paid^,
nor the battles fettled according to judgment
then given, it would be a good evidence in:
law it an adtion is brought for a recovery
offuch bets. The crowning and mantling;
of a cock, or fighting at the fetter-to's hand;
before he is put to the other cock, or breaks
ing from his antagonift, is allowed no«
fight.
COCKREL, a young cock bred for fight-
ing.
COCK ROADS, a fort of net contrived^
chiefly for the taking of wood-cocks j the
nature of which bird is to lie clofe all day
under fome hedge, or near the roots* of fome
old trees, picking for. worms under dry.
leaves, and will not ftir without being dis-
turbed : neither does he fee his way weH.
before l^im in a morning early j but towards
evening he. takes wing to go to-getwater>
flying generally lowj and' when they find
any^thoroiigh-fare in any wood, or range of
trees, they ufc to venture through ; and:
therefore
c o c
therefore the cock-roads ought to be made
in fuch places^ and your cock-nets planted
according to the figure. See Plate JV.
Fig, 7*
Then fuppofing that your range of wood
be about thirty paces long, cut a walk thro'
it about the middle, about thirty-fix or
forty broad, whith muft be dircdlly ftraigjn^
with all the ihrubs and under-wood carriro
away ; in like manner ihould all the boughs
that hang over ,the faid walk be cut off :
then chufe two trees, oppofice to each other,
as reprefented in the figure marked A, Bj
and prune, or cut off all the front boughs,
to make way for the net to hang and play.
In the next place, provide two ftrong
logs of wood, which open or cleave at the
biggeft ends, as marked C, D ; the middle
parts tic faft tofome boughs of the tree, as
the letters E, F, direft, and let the tops
hang over, as G, H, reprefcnt.
You ihould always have ready good ftore
of pullies, or buckles made of box, brafs,
or the like, according to the form defigned
by the figure, which fhould be about the
bignefs of a man's finger, and faften one at
each end of the perches or legs, G» H, hav-
ing firft tied. oo. your pullies, about the two
branches marked 3, a cord, of the rhLcknefs
of one's little finger ; then tie another knot
on the faid cord, about the diftance of an
hand's breadth from the firft knot, marked
4, and fo let the two ends of the cords hang
down about a foot long, that therewithall
you may faften them to the pullies which
are at the ends of the two perches or legs, as
are marked I, L, clofe to the notches G, H
clap a fmall packthread into each pully,
which Ihould reach to the foot of the trees,
that by the help thereof, you may draw up
two ftronger cords into the faid pullies,
where you hang the net, and not be forced
always to climb up into the tree.
Laftly, provided a ftand to be concealed i
about half a dozen boughs pitched up to-
gether, may ferve for that purpofe ; with a
ftrong crooked ftake forced into the ground,
juft by the ftand, on which faften the lines
of the net.
When it is drawn up, remember to tie a
C O I
ftonc to the ends of each of the two cords,
about four or five pounds weight each,
that when you let go, the ftones may force
down the net with a ftronff fall ; and pull up
both the ftones, and upper part of the net,
clofe to the pullies 1, L : the ftones are
marked M,N, and the figure reprefents the
whole net ready for ufe.
The ends of both lines muft be drawn to
your lodge, or ftand, and wound two or
three times about the crooked ftake, to pre*
vent the falling of the net, till fome game
flies againft it.
COCK'S WALK, the place where a cock
is bred ; to which ufually no other cock
comes.
CODS, OR Stones swelled -, a malady
in horfcs that comes many ways, either by
wounds, blows, bruifes, or evil humours,
which corrupt the mafs of blood that falls
down to the cods 5 or from a rupture, fcfr.
For the cure, take bole-armoniac reduced
to a fine powder, vinegar and whites of eggs
well beaten together, and anoint' the part
with it daily, till the fwelling abates : and
if it impofthumate, where you find ft to be
fofc, open it with an hot iron, or incifion-
knife, if it does not break of itfelf, and heal
it up with green ointment.
COFFIN, OR HOOF OF A Horse, is all
the horn that appears when he has his foot
fet to the ground s and the coffin bone is
that to the foot, as a heart or kernel : the
latter is quite furrounded, or ovcr-fprcad
by the hoof, frufli, and fole, and is not per-
ceived, even when the horfe's fole is quite
taken away; being covered on all fides by
a coat or flefli, which hinders the bone from
appearing.
COILING OF THE Stud, is the firft
making choice of a colt or young horfe,
for any fervice : which by no means muft
be done too early: for fome horfes will fliow
their beft ftiape at two or three years old,
. and lofe it at four ; others not till five, nay,
not till fix; but then they ever keep it;
fome again will do their belt day's work at
fix or fevcn years old, others not till eight
or nine.
P 1 COLDS,
COL
COLDS, fin Farriery] there are a few
difeafes incident to a horfe, which do not
originate from a cold : and as no perfon
ufcd to horfes can be ignorant when the ani-
mal is affeftcd with this difeafe, it will be
fiifficient to defcribe the nature of a cold,
and the ufual fymptoms that attend it.
Colds proceed from various caufcs j the
mod: ufual are riding horfes till they are hoc,
and fuffering theoi to (land expoied to the
air. The removing a horfe from a hot ftar
ble to a cold one : aDd4f the horfe has beea
high fed and cloathed, the cold contra6ted
in this manner will often prove very violent :
they alfo often get cold by not being care-
fully rubbed down, and the fweat rubbed
off, when they come from a journey,
Young horfes when they are breeding
their teeth ; particularly when the tu(hes are
cutting, are mpre fubje£t to take cold than
at any other time.
When a horfe has taken coW, a cough
will follow, and he will be htavy and dull
in proportion to the fevcrity of the difeafe.
The eyes will be fometimes moift and
watery, the kernels about %ht ears under the
jaws will fwcll, and a thin mucous gleet will
iflue from his nofe* If the cold be violent
the horfe will be feveriifa, his flanks work,
he will refufc his water, and loath his hot
meat. When the horfe coughs ftrong and
fnorts after it, eats fcaldcn bran, and drinks
warm water j is but little off his ftomach,
and moves brifkly in his (ball; dungs and
ftales freely, and without pain ; his (kin
feels kindly, and his coat does not ftare ;
there is no danger, nor any occafion for
medicines. You ftiould however bleed him,
keep him warm, give him fome feeds of
fcalded bran, and let him- drink freely of
warm water.
But if he feels hot, and rcfufes his meat,
it will be neceffary to bleed him plentifully,
and give the following drink : take three
ounces of frelh annifeeds, and one dram of
faffron •, icfufe them in a pint and half of
boiling water ; pour oflT the clear liquor,
and diffolve in it four ounces of honey, ad-
ding two fpoonfuls of fallad oih This
drink may be given every night, and with
COL
proper care will fully anfwer in all fuddeti
colds where there has been no previous dif-'
order. . .
Or you may give the following peftoral
ball: Take of the frelh. powder of fenu-
greek, annifeed, cummin feed, cardamums,
elecampane, colts-foot, and flower of brim-
f^gHf of each three ounces > juice of li-^
quoVIce diflblved in a fufiicient quantity of
mountain wine, fafiron in powder half an
ounce, olive oil and honey, of each eight *
ounces, oil of annifeeds an ounce ; mix the
wholq together with as much wheat Sour as :
will be fufHcient to make into a pafte.
Thefe balls are of excellent ufe, and given
in fmalJ quantities about the iize of a pul-
let's egg, will encourage a free perfpirationj
but in cafe of a fever, they ifaould not be
continued but with the greateft cautioiu
Warm cloathing about the head and neck
is particularly ufeful here, as it promotes the
running at the no& : this difchairge is increa-
fed too by the warm water which ts^ alwaya ^
given him to drink, and by the warm caaflies •
which for this end fliould be put into thf
manger rather hotter than he can ea£ ehem,
in order to his being, as it were, fumigated
with the fteam afcending from them,: boforO'
it cools.
It Ihouldbe well attended to, that- when
a horfe has a cold, cough, or other difeafe,
attended with a difcharge at the noftriis^
great care is neceflary to keep him clean,
Horfes do not cough the phlegm upby the
mouth, as it is common with men, but pafs
it all by. the nofe; in confequence of which
they throw it about, making every thing
nafty that is near them : in allfuch likecafes,! -
give them their hay well fliook and fprink--
led, and. put it in fmall quantities at a time,,
for hii breath will fpoil it fo, that fometimet
it will ficken him and beget a diflike there-
to : when he is not eating, put a little draw
into the manger, to catch the phleern that he-
throws about by coughing -, and alio, that b7 -
taking away the ftraw the manger may^ more-
eafily be cleaned, which fhould be done
every time he is fed : be careful too, to
clean his nofe well every time that be eatsoc •
drinks. Horfes are naturally dean^ and
nice
COL
xirce to a great degree ; and in thefe difeafes
their recovery depends (6 much qj^ their be-
ing kept clean, that thefe dire<Etians cannot
be too nnuch attended to*
When the Bgns of a cold or of a cough
attends^ but without feverifhnefs (after due
bleeding, and a purge or two), give one of
the following balls every morning, to pro-
mote perfpiration ; but if any degree of
fever actends, avoid all warnung roedi--
The Peroral Ball.
Take of the frefh powders of annifeed, ele-
c^HVipane, carraway-feeds, liquorice, turnt)e<»
ric, and' flour of brimflone, of each three
ounces •, of liquorice juice (diflblvcd in wa-
ter, enough to make it of the confiflence of
honey)) four ounces of the befl fafFron, in
powder, half an ounce ; of fweet oil and
honey, of each half a pound i of the oil of
annif^edfi' one ounce •, and of wheat-flour,
enough to make the whole into a pafle.
Of this pafte balls may be made about the
fize of a pullet*s egg.
Dr, BrAckcn^s GorJiai Bali;
Take annifeeds, carraway-fdeds, the greater
cardomum feeds> of each one ounce ; flower
of brimftone, two ounces ; turmeric, one
odnce and a half) faffron, two drams :
liquorice juice (diflblved in fmall beer) one
ounce, elecampane feeds, half an ounce;
liquorice powder, one ounce and an half i
wheat flour, enough to make the whole into
a pafte.
Thefe cordial balls are an improvement
on the long famed Markbam's B^ll.
An hour's exercife every day will greatly
haften the cure : it alfo greatly promotes
the difcharge of rowels, which are fome-
tinies necellary> when a horfe is loaded with
Sttfh.
COLICK OR Cholic j the rooft peculiar
figa of the wind colick in horfes, is the
fuelling of their body, as if it was ready to
burft; accompanied with tunf^bling and
toffing. See. Cholic«.
COL
It is alfo known by his flrretching hi*
neck, or legs* by his flriking at his bclly^ ^
by his lying down and rifing often, flamp*
ing with his feet, fe?r.
There are many remedifa proper for this^
difeafe, of which I here mCmion but one.
Take half a pint of white wine, warnrr
it, put to it fix ounces of |0, and fifty
drops of fpirit of hartfhorn ; and give it
the horfc ; but if he be full of blood, firft
blcf^him : if this dofe does not cure him, .
givfcTiim another, with an hundred drops of?
fpirits of hanihorn. <WCholic.
COLLA.R OF A DRAUGHT HoRSE, t pztt
of the harnefs made of leather and canvas,
and fluffed with flraw or wool, to be put
about the horfe's neck.
COLT, a word in general, fignifying the
male and female of the horfe kind *, the fir(£
likewife, for diftinftion fake, being called ».
horfe colt, and the other a filly.
After the colts have been foaled, yovt
may fufFer them to run with the mare till
about Michaelmas, fooner or later, according
as the cold weather comes in ; then they
mufl be weaned •, though fome perfons are
for having them weaned after Martinmasy or
the middle of November* The Author of >
the Compleat Horfeman is of opinion, that
the reafon why moft foals advance fo flowly,.
and are not capable of fervice till they are *
fix or feven years old, is becaufe they have-
not fucked long enough; whereas if they
had fucked the whole winter over, they*
would be as good at four or five years old,
as they are now at eight.
They ought to be kept in a convenient^
houfe> with a low rack and manger for their*
hay and oats, which muft be fweet and
good ;. with a little wheaten bran mixed-
with the oats, to caufe them to drink> andi
to keep their bodies open.^
But fince there are fome who alledgej.
that oats make foals become l^lind, or their
teeth crooked ; the fame Author is of opi-
nion, that oats will wear their teeth, and-,
make them the fooner to change^ and alfo»
raze j. therefore he judges it to be the beft
way to break them in a mill, becaufe that
by endeavouring with their j)iw$ to bruifc-
/,
CO L
aAd chew them, they ftretch and fwcU their
eye and nether jaw -veins, which fo .attraft
the blood and humours that they fall down
upon the eyes, and frequently cfccafion the
lofs of them : fo. that it is not the heating
quantities of oats; but the difficulty in chew-
ing, chat is the caufe of their blindnefs.
Further, tIfiR colts thus fed with grain,
do not grow thicki(h upon their legs, but
grow broader, and better knit, than if they
had eaten nothing buc hay and bran, and
will endure fatigue .the better.
But above all they muft be kept wet and
cold, which are hurtful to them, nothing
being more tender than they are.
For proof of this, take a Spani(b ftallion
and let him cover two mares, which for age,
beauty and comeKtiefs, may admit of no
difference between them ; and if they be
both horfes colts, or both fillies, which is
one and the fame thing, let one run abroad,
and the other be houfed, every winter, kept
warnn, and ordinarily attended \ and that
colt that has been kept abroad fhould have
large flefby ihoulders, flabby and gouty
legs, weak paflerns, and ill hoofs ; and (ball
be a dull, heavy jade, in comparifon to th€
other which is houfed, and orderly kept;
and which will have a fine forehead, be well
ihaped, have good legs and hoofs, and be
of good ftrength and fpirit: by which you
may know, that to have the fineft ftallion,
and the beautifulleft mare, is nothing, Jf
they are fpoiled in the breeding up.
•It is worth obfervation, that fome foals,
under fix months old, though their dams
yield abundance of milk, yet decay daily,
and have a cough, proceeding from certain
pellicles, or Ains, that breed Mn their flo-
machs, which obflru6t their breathing, and
at laftdeftroy them entirely.
To remedy this malady, take the bag
wherein the cok was foaled, dry it, and
give him as much of it in milk as you can
take up with three fingers : but if you have
not prefcrvcd the bag, procure the lungs
of a young fox, and uTe it inftead of the
afore faid powder.
It will be proper to let the colts play an
hour or two, in fome court-yard, iic. when
ritis fair weather, provided you put them up
I
COL
again carefully, and fee that they tjtc no
harm.
When the winter is fpent, turn them Into
fome dry ground, where the graft is ftiore
and fweet, and where there is gcKxl water,
that they may drink at pleaCure ; fer it is not
neceffary that a colt fhould fill his belly im-
mediately, like a horfe that labours hard.
The next winter you may take them into
th€ houfe, and ufe them jutt as your other
horfes ; but let not your horfe-colts .and
fillies be kept together, after the firft year.
This method may be obfcrvcd every fum-
mer and winter, till you break them, which
you may do after they have been three years
old ; and it will be a very eafy thing, if
you obferve the aforefaid method of houling
them, for ordering them the fecond year as
you do other horfes, that they will be fo
tame and gentle, that you need not fear
their plunging, leaping, kicking, or the
like ; for they will take the faddle quietly.
sAs for all thofe ridiculous ways of beat-
ing and cowing them, they are, in cfFeft,
fpoiling them, whatever they call it^ in
ploughed fields, deep ways, . or the like ;
inflead of which, let the rider ftrive to win
them by gentle ufage, never correding them
butVhen it is neceffary, and then with
judgment and moderation.
You will not need a caveifon of.cordj
which is a head-ftrain, nor a pad of ftraw ;
but Only a common faddle, and .a common
cavefTon on his nofcj fuch as other horfes
are ridden with } but it ought to be. wejil
lined with double leathers and if you
pleafe you may put on his mouth a water-
ing-bitt, without reins, only the head-flall,
and this but for a few days ^ and then put
on fuch a bit: as he fhould be always ridden
with^ and be fure not to ufe fpurs for fome
time after backing. .
Take notice, that as yearlings, muft be
kept abroad together, fo thofe of two years
old together J the like for thofe of three
yearlings, which ordering is naoft agreeable
to them. See Foal and Stud,
In order to make him endure the faddle
the better, the way to make it fanoiliar td
him, will be, by clapping the faddle with
your
CO L
your hand as it ftandft upon his bac||^by
ilriking it^ and fwaying upon iCj dangling
the ftirrups by his fides, rubbing ihem
againft his fides» and making much of him>
and bringing him to be familiar with all
things about him > as {training the crupper^
fattening and loofening the girths, and tak-
ing up and letting out the ftirrups.
Theft as to the motion of him, when he will
trot with the faddle obediently, you may
WH(h a trench of a full mouth, and put the
&me into his mouth, throwing the reins
over the'fore part of the faddle, fo that he
may have a full feeling of it ; when put
eh a martingal, buckled at fuch a length,
that he may but juft feel it when he jirks up
his head *, then take a broad piece or leather
and put about his neck, and make the ends
of it faft by plaiting of it, or fome other
way, at the withers, and the middle part
betone is weafand, above two handsful be-*
low the thropple, betwixt the leather and
his neck: let the martingal pafs fo, that
when at any time he offers to duck,. or
throw down his head, the caveflbn being
placed upon the tender grifle of h\s nofe,
may corre6t and puniih him ; which will
make him bring his head to, and form him
to an abfolute rein : tirot him abroad,..and if
you find the reins or martingal grow flack,
firaiten them, for when there is no feeling,,
diere is no virtue. See Backing a Colt.
COLT-EVIL, a difeafe to which both
'fione-horfe and gelding are fubje& : it hap>
pens to the firft, by an unnatural fwelling
of the yard and cods, proceeding from
wind filling the arteries, and hollow finew,
or pipe of the yard ; and alfo through the
abundance of feed : and it.affedbs a gelding,
for want of natural, heat to. expel any
farther.
There are -feveral things very good for
this diftemper: as the juice of rue mixed
with honey,, and boiled in hog's greafe ;
bay leaves, wich the powder of fenu-greek
added to it : with which the part. affected is
to be anointed. and fheached.
A foftfalve made of the leaves of bctony,
and. the herb art ftamped with white wine,,
is. prober to anoint the fore i . the fiieath alfo
COM
muft be wafiied clean with lukewarm vine^-
gar, and the yard drawrr out and wafhed"
alfo; and the horfe ridden every day into
fome deep running water, tofllng him to
and fro, to allay the heat of his members,
till the IjMlling be vaniflied i and it will not
be amiiIRo fwim him now and then : but
the beft cure of all, is to give him a mare,.,
and to fwim him after it*. Sef. Sheddino
Sezd.
COLT-T AMINO, is the breaking oPai
colt, fo as to endure a rider, ^c.
Thefe animals being naturally of them-*
felves unruly, you Ifaould make them fami-
liar to you from the time they have been
weaned, when foals ; and fo winter after
winter, in the houfe, ufe them to* familiar
adions, as rubbing, clawing,, haltering^
leading to water,, taking up their feetj,
knocking their.hoofs> and the like ;. and Q>>
break him to the faddle..
The beft time is at three years, orfour atr
moft ;. but he who will have the patience to
fee his horfe at full five, fliall be fure to*
have him of a longer continuance, and)
much lefs fubje£t to difeafe and infirmities..
Now in order to bridle and faddle a colt,,
when he is made a little gentle, take a fweet *
watering trench, wafhed and anointed withs
honey and fait, which put into his ma(h, and.
fo place it that it may hang about his tu(h).
then ofier him the faddle, but with that care*
and circumfpcdion, thatyou do not. fright:
him with it, fufiermg him:to finell at it,.t^>
be rubbed with it> and then to feel it i. and.
after that, 'fix jt on, and girth it faft i* and at
what part and motion he feems moft coj\ .
with that make him. moft familiar of any
other.
m
Being* thus faddled and bridled^ lead himi
out to water, bring him in again ; . and whem
he has ftood a little,, reined^ upon the-
trench, an hour or more, take ofi^ the bridle "
and faddle,. and let him go to his meat till,
the evening, and. then lead him out as be-*
fore; and. when you carry him in again to*
fct him up, take off his faddle. gently, and:
drefs.him, clothing him for all night.
COMB. The creft or red flclhy- tuft
growing upon a.cock'js.head..
7j)j
CON
- r^? C O M ME N C E, OR initiati, a^
. lioRSE, is to putr him to the firft leflTooSj in
( order to break him.
To commence this horfe you muft work
cliim round the pillar. Sei Rope,
CONEY. 5iitf Rabbet.
CONSUMPTION [in Farriery] a con-
fumpcion is npthtng more than a want of
nourilhment> or the decaying of the body,
particularly by a wafting of the mufcular
The feat of the true confumption is the
kings; it begins there with hard knots,
which, increaiing, occafion a. cough : thefe
knots fuppurate, and at length burft, and
arb formed into ukers, which difcharge a
matter that caufe all the moft: difagreeable
fymptoms, and renders the cafe incurable.
The fame fort of knots, and the fame pro-
grefs of them in the mefentery, forms what
is called an atrophy.
. 1 he fycnptoms of a confumption are a
difficult breathing, and by fits a (harp
cough ; frequeiic faeezing, whkh fometimes
caufe a groaning : a dullnefs and watrynefs
of the eyes ; the ears and feet are almoft al-
ways hot i the flanks move quickly, and feem-
ingly vmeafy. Sometimes there is a run-
ning at the nofe, and generally a difcharge
that way of a yellowifh, togghiib matter :
the horfe fweats greatly with very little ex-
€rd& ; he hath but little appetite to hay,
though a good one for corn ; after which the
Jieaet gTieatly increafes. At times thefe fymp-
fioms almoft vaniih ; but, with the leaft ex-
traDndinary degree of exe^ife, ot error in
foeding) they return ; fo are betteraod worfe
^xitil death puts aa end to. the whole. Some
horfes look (leek, though the Belh is coati>-
nually wafting ; others: have a rough coat,
and appear a& if they were furfeitcd- Oa
difleAiog borfcs th^t bane died confumpti ve^
the foft fat is all confumed ; but none of
the harder or fuecy, which, is yellower in
proportion as the horle is leaner when he
died.
The above fymptoms ane attendant on
horfes when there is a confiderable abfceis in
any of the bowels*
When a thick yellow matter is difcha^ged i
CON
frqp the nofe, the horfe growing rery thin,
fweats greatly, the flanks heave >yith a redou-
bled motion, the cough (hort and raitliog,
there is no hope of a cure. If the horfe is
•young, the mattei^ of a whitifh colour that
is thrown out at the nofe, or when it is
watry, and only appears now and then> aiid
not conftantly, the profpe^t is more favoura*
ble, and encourages to theufe of roeans for
relief: thoiugh, however favourable the fymp-
toms are, recovery is uncertain ; arelapfe
is eafily produced ; and a natural weaknefii,
out of the reach of art, is for the moft part an
attendant. i . .
Hot, fiery horfes, that are very aftive
at the firft ftarting, but that fomi tire; ape
the moft fubicift to this difeafe*
The hard knots in the lungs may lay quiet
a long time, occafioning no other difhii^
ance than the dry cough ; and if they cari
be diflblved without fuppuration,- acure will
be performed* To this end bleed in fmall
quantities; one, or at the nnoft two pints are
enQugh atone time ; and repeat it according
to the oppreffion in the breathing. Fedoral
medicines may be occa&only givea to pallin
ate prefent fymptoms, butr the bard knots
can only be di0blved by mercurial and asitt-
nrionial medicines. •
Take two drams of caloraid, cnix h
well with half an ounce of the confisrr of
rofes, and give it the laft thing' at night :
repeat this bolus as often as you can with-
out falivating or purging ; and if a moderafis
evacuation by the anus be wantingv give a
gentle purge, at proper diftaoces, a$^ ne^
may require^
Every morning and evening give the
following powder,, to the quantity of aa
ounce, or an ounce and a half,. £6r each
dofe.
Take fafiron- of antimony, finely* leviga-
ted, gum guiacum, and nitre, of eachiequai
parts ; make them into< a fine powder. Qr^
Take of cinnabar of antinoony^ finely
powdered, one pound ; of gum guiacum
and nitre, of each half a pound % give
him an ounce of this powder twice a day,
taking care at the fame time to wet Im
feeds*
But
•• /v
.e-
.' '> ' ' • ,
* - .\
*^ '^ ( *'
l«
♦ -
— - -•» * - M 1«
l>
COR
Btrt as this diforder is very difficult to
cure, the horfe ihould be turned when poSi-
blc into fpring grafs, or rather into the fait
marihes j which will generally prove nnore
falutary, and fooner effeft the cure, than all
the medicines yet known : becaufe the herb-
age has a ftrong tendency to corre£t the blood
and juice : and the open air^ and proper
cxercifc, arc at the fame time of the ut-
moft benefit.
The diet, if in the houfe, and parti-
cularly when taking the mcfcuriai bolus,
Ihould be the beft and the fweeteft hay,
with malhes of bran ; and the horfe muft
be kept dry; but good air and grafs is
better. Avoid low> damp grounds^ and
a rank grafs ; a high and dry common is the
bed : but the befl: of all is to turn him into
a fait mar(h ; there he will need no other
food, medicine, or care, but what will de-
pend upon himfelf.
That fort of confumption called an atro-
phy, is attended with but little cough, no
running at the nofe, and no appearance of a
he£tic fever : but the fleih waltes, and the
horfe grows proportionabiy hide-bound.
The nature of this difeafe is the fame as that
of the confumption ; and the cure, both as
Co time and manner, is the fame. Alfo, in
either cafe, if a cure is performed, kmuft
be while ttledifcafe is in its infancy^ and be-
fore the hard knots have any tendency to
fuppurate.
Perhaps the medicines recommended may
be thought too expenfive, efpecially if the
horfe be itfelfof little value: in this cafe,«
ihcir place may be fupplicd by tar-water,
and poffibly this may prove a very falutary
medicine, and be of the greatefl; ufe to
thick-winded horfes.
COP, the top of any thing 5 alfo a tuft
on the head of birds.
COPING-IRONS, inftruments ufcd by
Falconers, in coping or paring a hawk's
beak, pounces, or talons^^ when they are
overgrown.
CORK, or CORKING of a Saddle, the
pieces to which the bolfters are made faft,
fo called from having formerly been made of
cork.
COR
CORNERS, OR ANGLERS OF THE VoLT,
are the extremities of the four lines of the
volt when you work in fquare.
CORNER TEBTH OF A HoRSE, are the
four teeth that are placed between the
middling teeth and the tufties, being two
above, and two below, on each fide of the
jawi which Ihoot when the horfe is four
years and an half old.
CORONET, OR CRONET OF A Horse, is
the loweft part of the pattern which runs
round the cotiin, and is diftinguifhed by the
hair which joins and .covers the upper part
of the hoof. Or,
CORONET, 7 OF A Horse's foot, is that
CRONET, \ part on the very top of it
where the hair grows, and falls down upon
the hoof: the coronet Ihould be no more
raifed than the hoof ; for if it makes a ridge^
or height round it, it is a fign that either
the foot is dried up, or that there are a great
many humours in the coronet, that may oc-
cafion the crown-fcab, and other fores^ to
which that part is fubjeft.
CORRECTIONS, and helps for a
Horse. Before he is taught any lefTons you
ought to take notice, that there are fevcxi
helps to punifh him for faults committed in
his leflbns.
1. The voice; which when fweet, and
accompanied with chcriftiirig, is helpful :
but when rough and terrible, and accompa-
nied with ftrokes or threatnings, a correc-
tion.
2. The rod -, which is a help in the fhak-
ing, and a correftion in the ftriking.
3. The bitti an help in it's fwectnefs, the
fnaffle in it's fmoothnefs, but both correc-
tions; the one in it's hardnefs, and the
other in it's roughnefs -, and both in flatnefs
and fquarenefs.
4. The calves of the legs ; which being
gently laid to the horfe's fides, are helps ;
but corrections when you ftrike them hard,
as giving warning that the fpurs are about
to follow.
5. The ftirrup and ftirrup-leathcr ; which
are correAions when ftruck againft th^ hinder
part of the flioulder, but helps when thruft
forward in a quick motion.
CL 6. The
c o u
6, Tht fpur J that is helpful when genjly
delivered in any motion that calls for quicl^-
nefs ,and adlivjty, whether on or above the;
ground ; and a corrcftion, when it is ftruck
hard in the fide^ upon any floth or fault
committed.
7. The ground; that js an help, when
plain and fmooch, and not painful to tread
upon ; and a correftion^ when rough, deep,
and uneven, for the amendment of any
yiciqus habit contracted.
. CORVET, 1 [in the Manage] an air, when
CUJiVET, J the hqrfe's legs are more rai-
fed than in the demivolts, being a kind of
leap up, and a little forward, wherein the
horfe raifes both his fore-ftet at once, equally
advanced, (when he is going ftrait forward,
and pot in a circle) and as his fore-legs
are falling, he immedi^itely raifes his hind-
legs, as he did hi^ fpre , that is, equally ad-
vanced, and not pne before the other : fq
that all his four legs are in the air at once j
^nd as he fets them down> he marks but
twice with them.
Horfes that are very dull or very fiery,
^re improper for curvets ^ they being the
moft difficult air that they can make, and
requiring a gre^t cje^l of judgment in the
rider, as well as patience in the horfe^ %q
perforni it.
COSSET, a colt, calf^ lamb, Csff. takei^
^nd brought up by (iaq4 without the d^m.
CPUgrilNG, [hunting term] the lodg^
ing of a boar ; as the diflodging of that
bead is called, Re^ripgo/a baar.
COUGH ap4 ASTHMA, [in Farriery]
no diforder hgs given more perplexity to
farriers ({lan a fettled cough. The caufes of
this 4}f<;^flP ^T^ various \ ^i>d it is of the ut-
Hfioft jmportai^cfi fo dii^inguif^ one cough
from another, as otherwife it will be impof-
fibfl^^tp effcA ^ cure/
A frough is cajled dry, when it is with-
out any difchargc by the nofe \ and it is
G^U^d mpiiVj. when fuck a difcharge at-
tends.
A cough i» pften the efeft of other dif-
•e^fes,' ill managed : in this cafe it is habitual,
an^l often degenerates in(o an afthma, or pro-
duces a broken wind* If it proceeds from
c o u
tubercles, or' from hard ^nots in the lungs^
or frppi gn abfcefs there j it is not very
tFpublefome when th^ horfe is at reft, buir
when he is at any ^xercife it is very te^zing^r
If the cough proceeds from the liver^ it is
a fliort, dry cough 5 the flanks will perpe-
tually work •, the mouth, lips, and eyes, will
appear yellowifli, the duqg will be whitifh^
and the urine high coloured : third is fre-
quent j yellow clouds are often perceiye4
in the cye^ and a general Jangoi^r and indo-
lence is observed. In this cafe, if the cough-
is of long fljgnding, or if an abfcefs is formed
in the liver, a curf is l^ardly to be expected*
A cold obftrufting pcrljpiration through tha
fkiq, ^nd deternnining \t in too great abun-r
dance to the lungs, or to the glands of thir
wind-pipe, by its; irritation is a C2^ufc of
coughing. Worms often excite a cough t
and the teeth, particqlarly the tuihe^ whei>
they are cutting, generally do the {z,m^:
A dry cough is not always a bad fyrpp^
tomj particularly when it is caufe<i by acol(£
in narrow-cheiled hprfes, and is not of long
ftapdingj though it is acknowledged*, thaf
if a dry cough continue long after the com«^
mon fymptpms of a cold, U ftrpagly indi-
Mtes oth«r infirmities j mprc ^fpeeially i^
^hcrci&a great Ipfcpfflclh a/id. ftre«g?h, ». ^
confyqipplpn i^ thrc^^ened..
If teething is the c^ufp in y^wpg horf«s>
bleedings ^ccor<ling to th^ viplenc^. of tiif-
difeafe, and the ftrength of the horfie, is nc-
ceJpfary i and give, now and then, a warm
mafti.
^ If worms are the c^uife, their d^ftruftioir
is the cure of the cough : and faof an^pther
difeafe cauQng a cough, the removal of th^c
difeafe is the cure of the cqugh.
Several circumftances in the management
of cQughs n[iay be feep under the article.
If the cough is of long ftanding, attended
with lofe pf appetite, walling of flplh, and
weaknefs, it denotes a confumption ; and
rhat the lungs are full of knotty hard fub-
ftances, called tubercles. When the cougli:
proceeds from phleghm aqd mucilaginous,
matter ftufBng up the veflels. pf the luags>..
his flanks have a fudden qgick motion, he*
breathes thick,, but not with his noftriU dif^-
tended^
V
c o u
tended, like one that is broken-winded ; his
cough is fometimes moill and fomctinies
dry and hulky 5 before which he wheezes,
and fometimes throws Out of his nofe or
inouth large pieces of white phlegm, cfpe-
^daily after drinking, or when he begins or
^nds his exercife; and this dicharge general-
ly gives vety great relief, and the complaint
is removed by the following proceeding :
If the hoffe be full of flefti, take from
him. a moderatd quantity of blood. The
next day give him fcaldcd bran, and in the
Evening the following ball : Take of dia-
ptnte one ouncfc ; of calonlel well prepared
and fufEciently fublimed, two drams -, make
the whole into ^ ball with a fu£Scient quan-
tity of honey.
This ball muft be repeated the following
flight; be careful not to let the borfe go
into the wet, but keep him warm and well
"trloathed^ let his drink be warm water, fof-
f ened with bran 5 his hay fweet and dry, and
his nri^nger-meat fcalded bran, with a fpdon-
tu\ 6f honey in each feed. The morning
dfter the feeond ball, give hind a common
purge, which is to be repeated once in fiv6
*r fix days, till he hii takcii thrfee purges ,
and before tfach one ball, as above directed
After each purge, thb following drink fhould
be given, to * prevent any ill efFedts that
might otherwife proceed from mercurial
medicines : take of the (havings or rafp-
ings of,guaiacum wood, halt a pounds
raifins of tl>e fun four ounces, coltsfoot a
large handful ; diced liquorifh half an
ounce J boil .them in three quarts of ipring
or ri^er w^ter, to t\Vd quarts ; pour off the
dccoftion, and diffolve in it four ounces of
honey. Give one half of this in the morn-
ing, after the purge has done working, and
the other morning following.
After this method has been purfued for
fonrte time, the following balls may be given
-every morning, and will greatly contribute to
perfcdl the cure: Take of cinnabar of anti-
mony finely levigated, fix ounces; ^um
immoniacum, galbanum, and afla-foetida, of
each two ounces; faffron half an ounce:
make the whole into a pafte for balls, with
a proper quantity of lioncy.
C O IJ
TKefe balls are verv well calculated to
anfwer the purpofe intended ; but if too
expenfive, the cordial ball may be given,
with an eighth part of powdered fquills, and
Barbadoes tar.
Great care mud be taken to give the
horfe proper exercife, in a free open air ; and
that his diet be very moderate. The quan-
tity of hay he ufually eats Ihould be
abridged, given in fmall quantities, and
fprinkled with water; and his ufually allow-
ance, both of corn and water, divided into
portions.
It may not here be iniproper to add, that
fome young horfcs are {ubje(^ to coughs on
cutting their teeth, and their eyes are alfo
affedted from the fame caufe. In thefe cafes
always bleed, and if the cough is obftinatc
repeat it, and give warm mafhes, which are
commonly fufficienf alone to remove this
complaint. Biit when the cough is an at-
tendent on worrtis, as it often is in young
hoffes, futh medicines mull be given as are
proper to deftroy thefe vermin.
COUNTERPOISE. The liberty of the
aftibn and^ feat of a horfeman; fo that in
aiil the motions made by the horfe, he does
not incline his body more to one fide than to
the other, but continues in the middlfc of
the faddle, rearing equally on his ftitrups,
in order to give the horfe the proper and
feafonable aids.
COUNTER. TIME. Is the defence or
refiftance of a horfe that interrupts his ca-
dence, and the meafure of his manage, oc-
cafioned either by a bad horfeman, or by
the malice of the horfe.
COUNTER OF A Horse. That part of
his forehead which is between the fhoulder,
and under the neck.
COUNTISSES OINTMENT, ufed in
removing fores in horfes. See Scabbed
Heels, for its preparation. *
COUP DE BRIDLE, the fame as ebril^
lade. See Ebrillade.
COUPLE, two things of the fame kind
fet together; a pair; thus a couple of conies
or rabbets, is the proper term for two of
them ; fo it is likewife ufed by hunters for
two hounds ; and a couple and a half, for
) 0^2 three*
c o u
three. Couple is alfo a fort of band tp tic
dogs.
COURSING WITH Greyhounds, is a
recreation in great cftccm with many gen-
tlemen. It affords greater pleafurc than
hunting in fome refpeflts. As, Firft, becaufc
it is fooner ended. Secondly, it does not
require fo much toil. Thirdly, the game
is tor the moft part always in fight. Fourthly,
in regard to the delicate qualities and (bape
of the greyhound.
There are three fcvcral courfes with grey-
hounds, viz. at the deer, at the hare, and
at the fox.
For the deer there arc two forts of courfes,
the one in the paddoc, and the other either
in the foreft or purlieu.
For the paddock, there mull be the grey-
hound, and the terrier which is a kind of
mongrel greyhound, whofc bufinefs is to
drive away the deer before the greyhounds
are Dipt, and moft ufually a brace or leafh
arc let flip ; feldom more than two brace.
See Greyhound.
As for the paddock courfe, fee Paddock.
Courfes of the DEER in the foreft or purlieu.
There arc in this two ways in ufe, the one
is courfing from wood to wood, and the
other upon the lawns by the keeper's lodge.
If you courfe from wood to wood, you arc
iirft to throw fome young hounds into the
wood to bring out the deer, and if any deer
cofne out that is not weighty, or a deer of
antler, which is buck, fore, or forel, then
you are not to flip your greyhound, which
•are held at the end of the wood, where the
deer is expe6ted to come out, which the
keepers have good judgment to know.
And if you miftruft that the greyhounds
will not kill him, then you may wayJay
him with a brace of frcfli greyhounds.
For courfing upon the lawn, when you
have given the keeper notice, he will lodge
a deer for your courfe, then by coming
under the wind, you may come near enough
to flip your greyhounds for a fair courfe.
c o u
Courfing the HARK.
The beft way in this, is to go and finrf
out one fitting, which is cafily to be done
by walking crofs the lands, either ftubblcj
fallow, or corn, and cafting your eye up and
down J for in the fummer feafon they fre-
quent fuch places for fear of ticks, which
are common in woods ; alfo the rain and the
fall of the leaf offends them.
The reft of the year, you muft beat up
and down with poles to flart them out of
their form$ and retreats, and (bme hares will
not ftir, until they are almoft touched, and
it is a certain fign that fuch hares will make
an excellent courfe.
If a hare fit near any clofc or covert, and
have her head towards the fame with a faii:
field behind her, you may ride with as mucK
company as you have between her and the
covert before flic be put up. and then flio
is likely to make her courfe towards the
champagne, for flic feldom takes the fame
way that her head is, when flie fits in her
form.
When a hare is juft ftarted, you give her
ground or law, which comnwnly is twelvc-
fcore yards or more, according to the
ground where flic fits, or etfe you lofe much
of your fpprt by putting an end to it too
foon $ and it is very pleafant to fee th^
turnings and windings, that the hare will
make to fave herfelf, which fometimes prove
effeftual to her.
"the laws obferved /» COURSING.
The following were eftabliflied by the
Duke of Norfolk^ in the reign of Queen
Elizaketh, and were fubfcribed unto by the
chief gentry, and thence held authentic.
I. That he that is chofen Fewterrer, or
that lets looft the greyhounds, fliall receive
the greyhounds matched to run together
into his leach as foon as he comes into the
field, and follow next to the hare-finder,
or he who is to ftart the hare until he
come
\>
1
^»
ao u,
come tiAto the foroij and no horfemanor
footman is to go beforcj or on any Tide but
directly behind^ for the fpace of about forty
yards.
2. You ought not to courie a hare with
tnore than a brace of greyhounds.
3. The hare-finder ought to give the hare
three fo-hoes before he puts her from her form
or feat^ to the end the dogs may gaze about
and attend her darting.
4. They ought to have twelve fcore yards
law before the dogs are loofed> unlefs there
be danger of lofing her.
5. That dog that gives the firft turn, if
after that there be neither cote, flip, or
yrcqch, he wins the wager.
6. If one dog gives the firft turn and the
other bears the hare, he that bears the hare
ihall win the wager.
7. A go-by, or bearing the hare, is ac-
counted equivalent to two turns.
8. If neither dog turns the hare, he that
leads laft to the coverts wins.
9. If one dog turns the harc> ferves him-
felf and turns her again, it is as much as a
cote, and a cote is efteemed two turns.
10. If all the courfe be equal, he that
bears the hare fhall win ; and if he be not
born, the courfe fliould be adjudged dead-
11. If a dog takes fall in a courfe, and yet
perform his part, he may challenge the ad-
vantage of a turn more than he gave.
12. If a dog turns the hare, ferve himfelf,
and give divers cotes, and yet in the end
ftand ftijl in the fields the other dog, if he
turns home to the covert, although he gives
no turn, fhall be adjudged to win the
wager.
J3» If by misfortune, a dog be rid over
in his courfcj the courfe is void ; and to fay
the truth, he that did the mifchief ought to
inalce reparation Ibr the damage.
14. It a dog gives the firft and laft turn,
and there be no other advantage betwixt
them, he that gives the odd turn (hall win.
1 5. A cote is when the greyhound goech
endways by his fellow, and gives the hare
a turn.
1 6. A cote ferves for two turns, and two
CO U
. trippings or jerkins for a cote : and if flie
turneth not quite about (he only wrencheth. '
17. If there be no cotes given between a
brace of greyhounds, but that one of them
. ferves the other as turning : then he that
gives die hare moft turns wins the wager:
and if one gives as many turns as the other,
then he that beareth the hare wins the
wager.
18. Sometimes the hare doth not turn^
but wrench j for (he is not properly faid to
turn, except fhe turns as it were round, and
two wrenches ftand for a turn.
19. He that comes in firft to the death of
the hare, takes her up, and (aves her front
breaking, cherifheth the dogs, and clcanfcs*
their mouth from the wool, is adjudged to
have the hare fbr bis pains.
20. Thofe that are judges of the leafh,
muft give their judgment prcfcntly before
they depart out of the fidd.
COWRING [in Falconry] a term ufed of
a young hawk when fhe quivers and (hakes
her wings, in token of obedience to the old
ones.
CRABBING [in Falconry] is when hawks
ftand too near and fight with one another.
7'i&^ CRAMP AKD CoNvxfLSiONS, are the
contraftions of the finews, veins, and muf-
cles, in any member or part of the body of
a horfe, &f r.
The figns of knowing it are, that the
horfe will be fo ftifl^, that the whole ftrength
of a man is not able to bow him ; he will be
lame and well again, as if it were in a mop-
ment
There is alfo another kind of cramp that
(eizes upon a horfe'^s neck and the reins of
his back, and univerfally all over his body,
which may have proceeded either from a
great cold, or from the tofs of blood,
whereby a great windinefs enters his veins
and benumbs the (inews.
This diftemper alfamay be known by his
head and neck ftanding awry, his ears up-»
right, and his eyes hollow, his mouth dry
and clung, ;\nd his back will rife like a ca-
mel's : which diforders are to be cured by
giving him fomcwhat to make him fweat^,
and
C It A
■
«nd by loading him with warm woollen
cloths.
CRAPAUDINE, or tread upon the
Coronet, is an imperfeftion in a horfe's
foot, being an ulcer on the coronet, from
whence iflues a filthy matter, which by it's
iharpnefs dries up the horn beneath the part
where the tread is made, and forms a kind
of groove, or hollow, down to the very fhoe.
CRATCHES, A fwellfng horfes are
liable to, on the pattern, under the fetlock,
and fometimes under the hoof j for which
reafon ic is diftinguiibed into the linew
cratches, which affedt the (inew, and thoic
tipon thecronet, called quitterbones.
CRAW OR CROP OF Birds, the fame as
Ingluves. See Ingluves.
CRAY, a diftcmper in hawks, almoft the
lame as the Pantas^ proceeding from cold,
by reafon of ill diet and long feeding with
cold, ttale meat.
CRAY.FlSH.NET : cray-filli, or crevi-
fes, are readily taken with the following
fort of net, and other inftruments reprefcnt-
'Cd in the figure, Plate IV. Fig. 8.
Provide four or five fmall nets about a
foot fquare, tie them to a round withy hoop,
or the like, as you fee marked in the figure
C, D, E i procure alf9 as many (laves as A,
B, eacli of them five or fix feet long,
with three forks at the end, to which fatten
the hoop at three equal diftances, in fuch
manner that when you lay the net fiat on
the ground, the ftick may (land upright on
the three forks.
Provide alfo a dozen rods or tticks in
length five or fix feet, cleft at the fmall end
marked in the figure I, wherein you may
place fome (kinned frogs, the guts of chick-
ens or the like ; having baited the tticks go
out, and where you find any likely hole
in the water, there leave it, and fo after
this manner lay the rett in the moft likely
places, and walk in and out vifiting the
tticks i^whexi you perceive any fixed to the
baits, gently move the baited end towards
the middle of the water, and doubt not
that cray-fi(h will keep their hold; when
that is done, put your net iutt under the
bait and fofdy lift up the bait, and as foon
CUE
• . .
as the cray-filH feel the air, tney let g^
their hold and fall into the ntU
CkEANCE 1 A fine, frtiall, long line
CRIANCE ? and even fpun packthread;
CRIANTS J which is fattened to a
hawk's leafh, when (he is firft lured.
CREAT, is an ufher to a riding matter,
or gentleman bred in the academy, with
intent to make himfelf capable of teaching
the art of riding the great horfc*
CREPANCE, is a cratch or chap in a
horfc's legs given by the fpunges of the (hoc
of the hinder feet croffing and ftrikiog
againtt the other-hinder fo6t« .
This cratch generates into an ulcer,
CRESCENT (among Farricrsl a horl^S
is faid to have crefcents, when die point
or that part of the coffin bone, .or little
foot which is moft advanced, falls down,
and prefifes the fole outwards ; and the mid*
die of the hoof above the toe Ihrinks and.
becomes flat by reafon of the hollownefs
beneath it > though thofe crefcents be really
the bone of the little foot, which has left
It's place and fallen downwards, fo as the
under part of the foot, that is the fole and
the toe, appears round^ and the hoof above
fiirinks in,.
CREST FALLEN, is an imperfeftion or
infirmity in a horfe, when .the upper pare
of his neck, in which his mane grows, called
the crett, hangs either on the one fide or
the other, not ikanding upright as it ought
to do.
This proceeds for the raott part from po*
vcrty, caufcd by ill keeping, and cijpeclally
when a fat horfe falls away fuddenly upon
any inward ficknefs.
The remedy is as follows : firtt raife it up
with your hax^d, and place it as it ought to
ttand : then let a pcrfon ttanding on the
fide the crett falls from, hold up the cre{b
with one hand, .and thruft out the bottom
of it with the other, fo that it may ttand
upright.
T his being done, draw a hot irpn^ broad
on the edge, on that fide through the (kia
(driving his neck firtt on the bottom of the
crett, then in the midtt of it, and laftly at
the letting on of the hairj and no deeper
than
• »
thm on theothcr fide, from whence the creft
falls : tliea gather up the ikin with your
£and ^nd ^pply two pafters of Ihoemakers
wax, laid one againft the other at the edge
of the WQundj and with fmooth fplints itay
the fkin> thgt it may fbrink neither up^
vard nor downward.
Then clip away all the fparc fkin, which
?ou bad gathered with your hand» with a
)arp pair of f(;iflars» ^ nd ftitcb the ikin to^
getber in divers places with a needle fuU
ef filk> and ftitch (he edges of the plaider
glib to prevent it from breaking.
And VaH; of ^11 anoint the fore with tur-
pentine honey, and wax: melted tpgethcrj
^d the pl^es which you drgw witl>' fhe
hot iron, with & piece of greafe in^dei wanafb
^nd thus do twice every day till it be whole*.
But yqu mud be fure to take care th^t
jour fplints ihrink not r though afcer aU
the belt cure for this malady is to let the
^orfe blood, and to keep him very well -, for
the ftrength and fatnefs wil^ raife the crefb
again.
CREVICE i- /. e. chop, clift, or chink.
CRICK^ is when a horfe cannot turn hit
Qeck any manner of way> but hplds it fore
aright, infonnuch that he cannot take his
meat from the ground without great pain.
The cure is^ t;o thruft a Ibarp hot iron through
the flefli of the neck in feveral places, ^%
^ree inches diftapce^ and rowel all of them
with horfq-hair, flax> or hemp, anojnting
^he rowels with hog's greafe.
CRINETS 1 [with Falconers] ftnaU
CRINITES I black feathers in hawks,
like hairs about the fore.
CROATS, OR Cravats, arc horfes
brought from Croatia in Hungary, which for
the moA part bea( upon the band> and bear
up to the wind : tliat is, bear their neck
high, and thrud out their noie,. fliaking
iheir head.
The Croats are fubjed to be hollow Of
fiiell-toothed.
CROTCHES^ [with Hunters] the little
^uds that grow about the top of a deer or
Mart's horns.
CROP o* €RAW ^ BiRUft. Sn In-
€I,U VS8«.
G R a
7 fwidi Hunters] the or-
\ dure or dung of #
CROTELS
CROTENING
hare.
CROLTP^ OF A HoRSB, ought to be large
^nd round, fo that the tops of the two
haunch bones be not in view of each
other, the greater diftance between thefe
twQ bones the better ; bu(^ yet it is an im-
perfedtion, if they be too high, which iSk
called horn hipped, though the blemilh
will in a great meafure difappear, if he caa
be made fat and lufty.
The croup fhould have it's compafs from^
the haunch bone, to the very dock, of
onfet of the taiJ> and Ihould be divided ia
(wo by a channel or hqllow all along to tho
very dock*
A racking Croup is when » horfe's fore
quarters go right, but his croup in walking
fwings from fide to fide •, when fuch a horfe
trots, one of the haunch bones will fall^
and the other rife,, like the beam of a bal-
lance, which is a fign that he is not ver^
vigorous.
CROUPADE; [with Horfemen] is a*
leap in which the horfe pulls up his hind
legs, as if he drew them up to his belly.
Croupades differ frorrv caprioles aad ba«
lotades, in this, that in croupades the horfe*
does not jerk, as he does in caprioles and-
balotades*
CROWNET, is an invention for catching
wild fowl in the winter feafon, and whict^
may be ufed in the ds^-time : this net is
made of double thread, or fine packthread ;
the meflics ihoqld be two inches wide, the
length about ten yards, and the depth threes
It mud be verged on the fide with good"*
ftrong cord^ and ftretched out in length ve-
ry it iff, upon long pole$ prepared igr thai
purpofe.
When you are come to the place where
you would fpread your net,, open it and lay
it out at it's full length and breadch ; then
fatten the lower end of the net all along the'
ground, fo as only to move it up and down i
the upper end of the nc^ muft ftand extend-
ed on the long cord j. the further end there-
of being ftaked firft to , the earth by attrong.
cord about five yacd^ diftant from the net:
CR O
phce this cord in an even Hnc with tlic low-
er edge of the net : the other end of the
cord muft be at lead twenty-five yards, to
reach unto fome natural or artificial fheltcr,
by the means of which you may. lie conceal-
ed from the fowl, othcrwife you cannot cx-
pe6t any good fuccefs.
The net muft be placed in fuch exaft or-
der that it may give way to play on the fowl,
upon the leaft pull of the cord, which muft
be done fmartly, left the fowl ihould prove
too quick for you.
This device may be ufed for pigeons,
crows, or the like birds, in the corn-fields
newly fown, as aifo in ftubble fields, pro-
vided the ftubble do conceal the net from
the fowl.
It may alfo be ufed for fmall birds at barn
doors \ but then you muft lay for them fome
train of corn and chafiT to entice them to the
net, lying concealed.
This crow net may alfo be fpread to
great advantage and pleafure in the morn-
ings and evenings, where you know their
haunts arc, at which time in hard weather
fowls arc wont to fiy in great flocks, to
and from the land with and againft the
wind, and then they fly ciofe to the ground
in open countries and low lands, which ge-
nerally are not full of inclofures, and when
they are within reach of your net, let go and
it will rife over them, and bring them back
to the ground with a fmart blow.
CROWNED; a horfe is faid to be crown-
ed, when, by a fall or other accident, he is
fo hurt or wounded in the knee, that the
hair fheds and falls off without growing
again .
CROWNED Top, or Tops, [with Hun-
ters] are the firft head of a deer, fo called
becaufe the croches areraifed in form of a
crown,
CROWN SCAB in Horses, a white or
mealy fcurf, caufcd by a burnt, yellow and
malignant matter that breaks forth at the
roots of the hair, where it dicks to the (kin
and makes it frizzled and ftare, and at laft
fcalds it quite of. Of this there are two
kinds.
. I. The dry crown fcab^ that is without
moifturc.
C U L
»
^. The moift one, which Is fo by reafon
of alftinking water ifTuing out of the pores,
I and communicating it's ftench and moifture
to the neighbouring parts.
It appears on the coronet, and often all
over the paftern to the joint, the part being
much fwelled, and will run up almoft to the
knee if not timely prevented.
The cure may be effefted by taking two
ounces of Brazil tobacco cut fmall, or at
leaft ftripped from the ftalks, and infbfe ic
for twelve hours in half a pint of ftrong Ibi-
rit of wine, ftirring it every hour, that the
fpirit of wine may penetrate the fubftance of
the tobacco, and extrafb all it's tindure.
Chafe the fcab with this without taking
oflTthe ikinj and afterwards rub it very hard
with a handful of tobacco, repeating this*
once a day till it is well. Or you may lee
the part be dreflcd with a compofition of
equal parts of marfh-mallows, ointment^ and
yellow bafilocon fpread on tow and applied
all round the coronet. At the fame time a
dofe or two of phyfic (hould be given, and
afterwards the diuretic balls mentioned in a
following article on the grcafe. The com-
mon pradtice is, to walh the parts with a
vitriol water, but the above is much fafer
and more expeditious.
CRUPPER, the buttocks of a horfe,
the rump : alfo a roll of leather put under
a horfes tail, and drawn up by the thongs
to the buckle behind the faddle, fo as to
keep him from cafting the faddle forwards on
his neck.
CRUPPER Buckles, arc large fquare
buckles fixed to the faddle-tree behind, to
faften the crupper, each buckle having a
roller or two to make it draw eafily.
CUB, a young bear, or bear's whelp 5
r among huntets] a fox and amartern of the
firft year are alfo called cubs,
CUD. Sometimes cattle lofe the cqd by
chance, fometimes by ficknefs, poverty,
mourning, £^r. to cure which take four
leaven or ryc*bread, and fait, and mixing it
with human urine and barm, beat it in a
mortar : then making a large ball or two of
it^ put them down the beaft*s throat.
CULVER, an old word for a pigeon or
dove.
! ♦ - .'U*. L,
•I* ■»«
!<J^i^T»fL
CUR
dove, y^bence come culvcr-houfe or dovc-
houfe.
CURB, is a chain of iron made fad to the
tipper part of the branches of the bridle,
in a hole, called the eye, and running
over the beard of the horfe,
CURB OF A Horse's Bridle confifts of
the following parts :
1. The hook fixed to the eye of the
branch.
2. The chain of the SS, or links.
3. The two rings or mails. Large curbs,
provided they are round, are always themoft
gentle.
But care mud be taken that it rclls in its
proper place a little above the beard, other-
ivife the bitt-m«uth will not have the cfFc6l
that may be expeftcd from it.
To give a leap upon the Curb, is to (horten
the curb by laying one of the mails or S,
like joints of the chains over the reft.
Curb is a hard and callous tumour which
runs within fide of the horfe's hoof in the
great finew behind, above the top of the
horn, which makes him halt and go lame
when he has been heated. It is to be cured
by the like methods as a fpavin. See Spa-
VI N.
To CURTAIL A Horse, i. e. to dock
him or cut off his tail.
Curtailing was not ufed in any nation fo
much as till lately in England, by reafon of
the ^rcat carriage, and heavy burthens our
hori^s are continally employed in carrying
or drawings the Englijh were formerly
ilrongly opinionated, that the taking off
tbefe joints, made the horfe's chine or back
much ftronger, and more able to fupport a
burden ; but it is n%t now fo much pradtifed
as i t was.
The manner of performing the operation
is, firft to feel with your finger or thumb,
till you have found the third joint from the
fetting on ef the horfe's tail, when raife up
all the hair, and turn it backwards ; then
taking a very fmall cord, and wrapping it
about that joints and pulling it as tight as
poflible it canj which you muft do three or
four times about the tail, with all poflible
tightnefs, and make fall the ends of the
CUT
cord : after which take a piece of wood witf*
the end fmoothand even, of the juft height
with the firunt of the horfe's tail, and fet it
between the horfe's hinder legs, having firft
trammelled all his fore legs, lb that he can
no way ftir, lay his tail upon the wood,
taking a very ftiarp ftrong knife made for
that purpofe, fct the edge thereof as near
as you can guefs between the fourth and
fifth joint, then with a large fmith's hammer
ftriking upon "the back of the knife, cut the
tail off.
If you fee any blood iffiie, you may know
that the cord is not ftraight enough, and
therefore fliould be drawn ftraighter i but
if no blood follow, then it is well bound.
When you have done this, take a red hot
burning iron, made of a round form, of the
full compafs of flefli of the horfc's tail,
that the bone thereof may not go through
the hole i with this fear the flclb, till it be
encrufted J and in the fearing you will clear-
ly fee the ends of the vein ft art out like pap
heads ; but you muft ftill continue fearing,
till you fee all that was moifr, to be fmooUi,
plain* and hard, fo that the blood cannot
break through the burning j then you may
unloofe the cord, and after two or three days,
when you perceive the fore begin to rot,
do not fail to anoint it with frefti butter, or
hog's greafe and turpentine, till it be
healed.
CURVET. See Cor vet,
CUT, To cut or geld a horfe, is to ren-
der him impotent, after which he is called a
gelding, by way of diftindion from a ftonc-
horfe.
Commonly your rouflbns (^ e. your
ftrong, thick- bodied Dutch horfes) are ftonc-
horfes and not geldings.
The beft way to cure a horfe biting
and kicking, is to geld him.
To CUT THE Round or Cur the Volt.
is to change the hand when a horfe works
upon volts of one tread, fo that dividing the
volt in two, he turns and parts upon a right
line to re-commcnce another volt.
In this fort of manage the riding-mafters
are wont to cry, cut the round.
R CUT-
D A C
' CUTTISIG OR INTERFERING, is
when the feet of a horfc interfere, or with
the flioe one hoof beats off the fkin from
the paftern joint of another foot. This is oc-
cafioned by bad (hoeing, wearinefs, weak-
nefs, or not knowing how to go, whereby
the feet entangle.
D^DAREh'ISH'NGi
J Thefc
two fifhes, as alfo a roach, are much of the
fame kind, both in manner of feeding,
cunning and goodncfs ; and commonly in
fize.
The haunts of dace are gravelly, fandy,
and clayey bottoms; deep holes that are
Ihaded -, water-lily leaves, and under the
foam caufed by an eddy : in hot weather
they are to be found on the (hallow, and ar?
then bed taken with an artificial fly, grafs-
hoppers, or gentles, as hereafter direfttd.
Dace fpawn about the latter end of Af^^r^it,
and are in feafon about three weeks after j
they are not very good till about Michael-
mas, and are beft in February.
Baits for dace, other than thofe mentioned
by fValtoriy are the oak-worm, red-worm,
brandling, gilt-tail, and indeed any worm
bred on trees or bu(hes, that is not too big
for his mouth : almofl: all kinds of (lies and
caterpillars.
Though dace are as often caught with a
float as roach, yet they are not fo properly
float- fiffi ; for they are to be taken with an ar-
tificial gnat, or ant-fly, or indeed almoft any
other fmall fly in its feafon : but in the
Thames^ above Richmond^ the largeft arc
caught with a natural green dun grafliopper,
and fometimes with gentles ; with both
which you are to fi(h, as with an artificial
fly ; they are not to be come at till about
September, when the weeds begin to rot i but
when you have found where they lie, which
in a warm day is generally on the (hallow,
'lis incredible what havock you may make :
pinch off the firft joint of the grafhopper's
legs, put the point of the hook in at the
head, and bring it out at the tail ; and in
this way of fifhing you will catch chub, efpe-
cially if you throw under the boughs*
D AC
But this can be done only in a boat, for
the management whereof be provided with
a (laff^, and a heavy (lone faftcned to a ftrong
rope of four or five yards in length i fatten
the rope to the head of the boat, which
whether it be a punt or a wherry, is equally
fit for this purpofe, and fo drive down with
the ftream : when you come to a (hallow, or
other place where the fi(h are likely to lic^
drop the (lon^, and, (landing in the (lern,
throw right down the (Iream, and a little ta
the right and left: after trying about a
quarter of an hour in a place, with the ftaflT
pufh the boat about five yards down, and fo
throw again. Ufc a common fly line, about
ten yards long, with a ftrong fingle hair next
the hook.
It is true, there is lefs certainty of catch-
ing in this way than with a float and ground
bait ; but to thofe who live near the banks
of that delightful river, between Wind/or
^xid IJkworihi and who can take advantage
of a ftill, warm, gloomy-day; to fuch it
will aflford much more diverfion than the
ordinary inartificial method of fifhing in tke
deeps for roach and dace.
In fi(hing at bottom for roach and dace>
ufe for ground-bait, bread Toakcd about aa
hour in water, and an equal quantity of bran ;
knead them to a tough confiftence, and
make them up into balls, with a fmall peb-
ble in the middle> and throw thefc balls in,,
othcrwife they will draw the fi(h beyond the
reach of your line.
Fifli for roach within fix> and for dace
within three inches near the bottom.
They will bite at any fly, bat efpecially-
at the (lone caddis fly, or may fly, the latter
endof^r/7, and moft part of May: it is
an excellent bait, floating at top of the wa-
ter : of which you may gather great quan-
tities from the reeds and fedge, by the
water-fide : or from hawthorn bu(hes,
that grow near the bank of a (hallow gravel
ftream, upon which they greatly delight to
hang : and alfo at anr-flies, of which the
blackeft arc the beft^ found in mole-hills^
Juney July, Auguft, and September \\>iK\q\\
you may prcfervc for your ufe, by puttir^gj
then^
DAY
ibem aUve into a glars bottle, havmg firft
put into it feme of tUc raoift earth from
whence you gathered them, with fome of
the roots of the graf$ of the faid hillocks,
and laying a clod of earth over the bottle :
but if you would prcfervc them above a
month, put them into a large runnet, which
b^ been firft wafhed with water and honey
en the infide, and then you may preferve
them three months : but the beft time to
make ufc of th^m, is when they fwarm,
which is generally about the latter end of
Julyy and the beginning oi Auguft.
This fort of fifli, in a warm day, rarely
refufes a fly at the top of the water j but
irmember when you fifli under water for
bim, it is beft to be within a handful, or
fometimes more, of the ground.
But. if you would find dace or dare in
winter, then, about All-bollow-tide, where-
cvcr you fee heaths, or fandy grounds
plowing up, follow the plough, and you
will find a white worm, with a red head,
as big as the top of a man's little finger,
very foft ; that is nothing but the fpawn of
a beetle i gather thefe, and put them into
^ vcffel, with fome of the earth from whence
they were taken, and you may keep them all
the winter for an excellent bait.
DAPPLE-BLACK, is a black horfe, that
in his black fkin or hair has fpots and marks
which are yet blacker, and more (hining,
than the reft of the (kin.
Wheh bay horfes have marks of a dark
bay, we call them dapple bays.
DAY- NET. A net generally ufed for
taking fuch fmall birds as play in the air,
and will ftoop cither to prey, gig, or the
like; as larks, linnets, buntings, £2?^.
The time of the year for ufing this net, is
from Augufi to November ; and the beft time
is very early in the morning : and it is to be
obfcrved, that the milder the air, and the
brighter the fun is, the better will be the
fport, and of longer continuance. The
place where this net ftiould be laid, ought
to be plain champagne, either on Ihort
ftubbles, green lays, or flat meadows,
near corn fields, and fomcwhat remote from
towns and villages : you muft be fur^ to let
DAY
your net He clofe to the ground, that the
birds creep not out and make their efcape.
The fafhion of this net is dcfcribcd in Plate
V. Fig. 1. It is made of a fine pack-
thread, with a fmall mefli, not exceeding
half an inch fquare : it muft be three fathom
long, and but one broad ; the ftiape is like
the crbw net, and it muft be verged about
after the fame manner, with a fmall but
ftrong cord, and the two ends extended
upon two fmall, long poles, Suitable to the
breadth of the net, with four ftakes, tail*
ftrings, and drawing-lines.
This net is compofed of two, which muft
be exadtly alike ; and are to be la^d oppofite
to each other, fo even and clofe, that when
they are drawn and pulled over, the fides
muft meet and touch each other.
You muft ftake this net down with ftrong
ftakes, very ftiflF on their lines, fo that you
may with a nimble twitch caft them to and
fro at pleafure ; then fatten your drawing-
cords, or hard-lines (of which there muft be
a dozen at leaft, and each two yards longj to
the upper end of the foremoft ftaves ^ and fo
extend them of fuch a ftraitnefs, that with a
little ftrength they may rife up the nets» and
caft them over.
Your net being thus laid, place your
gigs, or playing wantons, about twenty or
thirty paces beyond, and as much on this
fide your nets : thefe gigs muft be faftened
to the tops of long poles, and turned into
the wind, fo as they may play to make a
noife therein. Thefe gigs are a fort of toys
made of long goofe-feathers, like fiiuttle*
cocks, and with little fmall tunnels of wood,
running in broad and flat fwan-quills, made
round, like a fmall hoop; and fo with
longer ftrings faftened to the pole, will,
with any fmall wind or air, move after fuch
manner, that birds will come in great flocks
to play ^out them.
When you have placed your gigs, then
^place your ftale ; which is a fmall ftake of
wood, to prick down in the earth, having
in it a mortice-hole, in which a fmall, long
and flendcr piece of wood, about two feet
long is faftened, fo as it may move up and
K % down
DAY
down at pleafure : and fallen to this longer
(tick, a fmall line, which running through a
hole in the aforcfaid ftick, and fo coming
up to the place where you are to fit, you
may, by drawing the line up and down with
your right hand, raife up the longer ftick
from the ground, as you fee occafion.
Faften a live lark, or fuch like bird to
this longer ftick, which with the line mark-
ing it to ftir up and down by your pulling,
will entice the birds to come to your net.
There is another ftale, or enticement, to
draw on thcfe birds, called a looking-glafs ;
{fee Atticle Lark) which is a round ftakc of
wood, as big as a man's arm, made very
fliarp at the end, to thruft it into the ground :
they make it very hollow in the upper part,
above five fingers deep ; into which hollow
they place a three fquarc piece of wood,
about a foot long, and each two inches
broad, lying upon the top of the ftake, and
going with a foot in the hollownefs : which
faid foot muft have a great knob at the top,
and another at the bottom, with a deep
flendernefs between, to which flendcrnefs
you arc to faften a fmall packthread, which
running through a hole in the fide of the
ft:ake> muft come up to the place where
you fit. The threc-fquare piece of wood
which lies on the top of the ftake, muft be of
fuch a true poifc and evennefs, and the foot
in the focket fo fmooth and round, that it
may whirl and tarn round upon the leaft
touch J winding the packthread fo many
times about it, which being fuddenly drawn,
and as fuddenly let go, will keep the engine
in a conftant round motion : then faften
\vith glue, upon the uppermoft flat fquares
of the three-fquare piece, about twenty
fmall pieces of looking-glafs, and paint all
the fquare wood between them, of a light
and lively red ; which in the continual mo-
rion will give fuch a rcfledlion, that the birds
will play about to admiration until they are
taken.
Both this and the other ftale, are to be
placed in the midft between the two nets,
about two or three feet diftance from each
other ; fo that in the falling of the nets,
the cords may not touch or annoy them :
neither muft they ftand one before or alter
DEC
another, the glafs being kept in a continual
motion, and the bird very often fluttering.
Having placed your net in this manner,
as alfo your gigs and ftales, go to the further
end of your long drawing-lines and ftale-
lines, and having placed yourfelf, lay the
main drawing-line acrofs your thigh, and
with your left:,, pull the ftale-line to (hew
the birds ; and when you perceive them to
play near and about your nets and ftales,
then pull the net over with both hands
with a quick, but not too hafty, motion ;
for otherwife your fport will be fpoiled.
You muft always remember to lay behind
you, where you fit, all the fpare inftruments
and implements to be ufed i as the ftakes,
poles, line, packthread, knitting-pin and
needle, your bag with ftales, a mallet to
knock in the ftakes upon occafion : and,
laftly, be fure that the firft half dozen of
birds you take, be kept alive for ftales; for
you muft not be unprovided therewith upon
any account.
Having thus treated of the day- net,
(the fame being commonly ufed by all bird-
men) I fliall give the explanation of the fe-
veral parts by letters, as exhibited, Plate V.
Fig. I.
A, fliews the bodies of the main net,
and how they ought to be laid. B, the
tail-lines, or the hinder lines, ftaked to the
ground- C, the fore-lines, ftaked alfo to the
ground. D, the knitting-needle. E, the
bird-ftale. F, the looking-glafs ftale. G,
the line which draws the bird-ftale. H,- the
line that draws the glafs-ftale. I, the draw-
ing double lines of the net which pulls
them over. K, the ftakes which ftake down
the four nether points of the net, and the
two tail-lines. L, the ftakes that ftake
down the fore-lines. M, the fingle line,
with the wooden button to pull the net over
with. N, The ftake that ftaketh down the
fingle line, and where the man (hould fit,
O, the wooden mallet. P, the hatchet : and
DECEIVE ; a horfc is faid to be de-
ceived, upon a demivolt of one or two
treads : when working, (for inftance) to the
right, and not having yet finiflied above
half
DEC
half the dcmivolt, he is preffcd one time or
motion forwards^ with the inner legs, and
then is put to a reprize upon the left, in
the fame cadence with which he begun ; and
thus he regains the place where the demivolt
had been begun to the right, and works to
the left,
Thus you may deceive a horfe upon any
hand.
DECOY-BIRD, a bird made ufe of to
call others of the fame fpecics to them :
they are ufually kept in a cage, and from
thence decoy birds into the nets or fnares
prepared for them.
The hen partridge is the bird chiefly made
vifeofin France (or this purpofc, which is
placed at the end of balks, or ridges, where
they fpread their nets to draw in the cock
that hears her.
D E C O Y-D U C K, a duck that flies
abroad, and lights into company of wild
ones ; and by being become acquainted with
them, by her allurement, flie draws them
into the decoy-place, where they become a
prey.
DECOY- POND, a place made on pur-
pofe, by the means of which great numbers
of ducks, teal, fcfr, are drawn into a fnare ;
and that by the fubiilty of a few of their
own kind, which, from the egg, are train-
ed up to come to hand for the fame purpofc.
The manner of doing it, and the making
the decoy pond, with the feveral apartments
belonging to it^ require a long difcourfe j
but indeed no particular rules and directions
can be given therein, as being varioufly
inade,s. . according to the fituation of the
place, which mud be confidered : fo that
iVich pcrfons who would make one, would
do bcft to view fomc that are already made :
they arc frequent in divers parts t)f the
kingdom, but cfpecially in Lincoln/hire,
Cambridge/hire i and fuch fenny countries-,
for the ground mufl: be moift, moorifli, and
fenny, with the conveniency, if poflible> of
a river running through or by it.
I ihall therefore only fay, that the place
where thefe decoy-ducks entice them, rauft
not be very broad, but fct thick on both
64e4 with ofien?> and there muft be nets at
D E F
the top, and entrance, to be let down bjr
the man who is to attend it, and who, whea
he fees the ducks all entered in, draweth tl^e
net, by which means they are taken.
And great caudon is to be ufed, that the
nets are not let down till all the ducks are
within the limits of the nets •, for if any
fhould efcape, it would be very prejudicial^
for fuch a duck, or ducks, would be fliy,
and fcarcely be drawn into the like fnare
again, which would occafion others in the
company to . be fliy too, and the decoy
would be much prejudiced thereby.
DEAFNESS. The cuftom of cutting away
the hair out of the horfe's ears in order to
them look better, fubjefts them to cold, and
is frequently the caufe of deafnefs for a
time.
DEER, a wild beaft of the forefl:.
DEER-HAYES, engines, or large nets^
made of cords to catch deer in.
DEER-NECKS in Horses. See Necks^
DEFAULT, a term in hunting, when
the hounds have loft their prey in their
chace.
The chief confidefations at default are, hovt
long the hare has been on foot, and how far
the hounds make it good ? If (he has not beea
run half her time (as near as judgment caa
be made) the huntfman muft try expedi-
tioufly a wide circle, changing his dogs hard
and quick on the highways> and fo perfift in
trying* circle within circle, till he returns to
the place the dogs threw up at. On the
other hand, if Ihe has been drove hard three
parts of her time, or is near dead run^ (he
will only leap off a few rods, and quaty until
one or other of the dogs jumps upon her.
Therefore, in fuch cafe the huntfman needs^
only to try a fmall circle, not nimble, but
flow and fure, with great caution and care-»
for the compafs being fo little, he has no
occafion to draw fo hafty about as if twice as^
large.
Take heed of talking too loud to the
hounds, as there are dogs of Ihy, fearful tem-
pers, that wiJJ Ccarcebear fpeakingto. Give
aie a dog of patience and good temper^
that does not hunt becaufe it is his bufinefs^
but loves it naturally i one with a moderatcr
¥oice
D E F
Voice and clear, that fpeaks to an old bound
an defaolt, quick, but notnoify, and chcrilhes
him nimbly, very often, and in a tone that
enforces life and courage, and compels him
tO' flop perpetually.
Beware un haunted ground, the inconveni-
cncy attending it will be too .apparienti
avoid likewifc the prevailing fault ofleaving
the recovery to endeavour to prick ; it is not
the huntfman's bufinefs, but the company
In the field 5 therefore he fhould not upon
any account attempt it. For whiUl he is
moping about, the dogs throw up, not one
in twenty has his nofe to the ground. If
it happens to be a long dead default, pay
fome regard, huntfmen, to the tender-nofcd
babbling dog you difregard in the morning;
the delicacy of his nollrils may be fufceptible
of the fccnt a long time later than a (launcher
hound. You have faid, fuch and fuch a dog
deferves hanging, he will open at nothing
at all fay you -, but beware, my friend, if
it is not the contrary, and owing to his fu-
perior excellence of fccnting : for a hare that
relieved at .twelve at night, the tender
hound you condemn will challenge cheerily
next morning, and in the prcfcnc difheart-
ening cafe, if he does but open, it may en-
courage fome (launcher hound to run in and
(loop ; which, after a long tedious default,
he would not otherwife do. Huntfmen dif-
trefTed, to make their dogs try and (loop
(when it has been found which way the
hare has baulked them) have wrung an old
hound's cars fo cleverly, he has roared as if
he had hit upon a burning fcent, which has
invited the pack together, and given them
fuch fpirits, every dog has (looped and tried
it.
On recovery, judgment may be made from
the time the hare has run, and time (he has
quafy how long (he may be likely to (land ; I
the huntfman is never to quit the default
•whilft day-light and weather permit : if the
hare is not killed or taken up, there is no
good reaibn why it is not hit o(F, and it (hould
be a (landing maxim, that it is ever as eafy
to recover a loft hare as to ilart a frefh
one.
By a long qua^, after a moderate hunt>
D E F
a hare often becomes ft iff, therrfore the
hunters ft»ould prefs in upon the dogs, cfpe-
cially in covert j many hares are eat up by
the hounds for want of forming fome fuch
judgment, and then the (imple huntfman
damns and fwcars at the dogs; whereas his
own defert fhould be a cudgel for his ftupi-
dity, the hounds being entitled to every
hare they hunt ; it is the chief reward of
their labour and merit.
There is another prevailing notion, very
vulgar, much talked of, and lefs underftood,
that the longer a hare has been hunted, the
weaker the fcent grows. I never found fuch
an alteration, and if any judgment is al-
lowed to be made from the behaviour
of the hounds, the old ftaunch dogs will be
found to rate on, towards the conclufion of
the hunt, with additional vigour, not from
decay of fcent, but the contrary; whence
they become, every inch they go, more
fenfible of their near approach to the hare>
than all the hunters in the field.
But fhould it be maintained, the fmcil
does really decreafe,.the more a hare is prcf-
fed, what can it be owing to ? To lay it
down as fad, without o(Fering fome reafon^
is certainly a very arbitrary determination.
Is it becaufe ftie is run out of wind i If that
is allowed, cafuids, who maintain hounds
hunt the foot, mu(l give up the argument*
For what reafon can be a{rigned why a hare's
feet, immediately before her death, do not
leave as ftrong and equal fcent as at ftarting.
Hares, or other creatures, hard run, per-
form their infpiration and expiration very
quick, at lead fix times in proportion for once
they otherwife would, if cool and not urged.
Now, if fix expirations, under fevercpurfuir,
are equal to one, when a hare is juft ftart*
ed, what difference can there be in the
fcent ?
It may i^e alledged, the fcent lies ftronger
at firft, becaufe it makes its return from a
full ftomach, or that at darting the lungs
having not fufFered much diftention, flie
breathes free, which running low to the
earth, intermixes better with the herbage.
On the other hand, that a hare long hunt*
ed rum high^ and of courfe emits her breath
farther
D E S
farther off from the furfacc, therefore more
liable to be fooner feparacedj and overcome
by wind and air.
To the firft part I anfwer, the faftcr a hare
runs^ the longer (he itretches ; and the lower
flie lies to the ground, the farther the hounds
are behind ; and her breath (though expired
everfo free) remains a long time, in propor-
tion to the diilance before the dogs come
up to enjoy it.
In the fecond place, the hard-hunted hare
makes her ftrctches Ihorter, which brings her
body naturajly more upright and high from
the furfacc, and the fcent hereby is more li-
able to be . fooner overcome by wind and
weather. But then as ihe breathes quick in
proportion, and fhortens her pace in a fend-
ble degree^ the hounds, fo much as Ihe
fliortens, fo much do they haften, being
drawn on by an increafing fcent, even until
madam feels them at her heels.
Another reafon, more natural and eafy
than cither of the aforefaid, why a hare, to-
wards the end of the hunt, is often difficult
to be killed, is, that if (he holds her circuit,
(he confines her works in a much (horter
compafs, doubles here and there over and
over ; (hifts,, redoubles, and tries all places
for reft and fecurity, making a great deal of
foiling in a little fpace, which variety of
equal fcent puzzles the dogs exceeding-
DEMI- VOLT. See Volt.
DESULl OR. A vaultcr or leaper, who,
leading one horfe by the bridle, and riding
another, jumped from the back' of one to the
other, as the ancient cuftom was after
they had run feveral courfes or heats. This
pradice required great dexterity, being per-
formed before the ufe of cither faddles or
ftirrups. The cuftom was praftifcd in the
army, when ncccffity required it ; but chiefly
among the Numidians^ who always carried
two horfes, at lealt, with them for that pur-
pofe, changing them as they tired. The
Hufiars have ftill fome remains of it;
and we now fee the moft dexterous feats of
this kind, that perhaps were ever known in
any age -or nation, performed by our coun-
trymen, Mr. jiftleyy Mr. Hughes^ (^c*
D I A
DEVUIDER, a term in the acadcmie^i,
applied to a horfe, that in working upon
volts, makes his fhoulders go too faft for
the croup to follow ^ fo that inflead of
going upon two treads, as he ought, he-
endeavours to go only upon one : which
comes from the refiftance he makes in de-
fending againft the heels, or from the fault
of the horfeman, that is too hafty with. hia>
hand. See Hasten.
DIABETES.
A diabetes is, wh en a horfe pifles thin and
pale urine, and that frequently, and in
greater quantity than is proportioned to
what he drinks j if this difeafe continues, it
foon proves fatal j and, indeed, it is rarely
cured -, for the horfe foon lofes his flefh, his.
appetite decreafes, his ftrength fails, and
death fpeedily enfues. It may be noted,,
that fome young horfes, when they are firft
backed, pifs themfelvcs though fear, and
pafs a great quantity ; but in this cafe gentle
ufage is all that is requifite.
If a cure is attempted (which fometimes
is fuccefsful in young horfes) let the food be
dry, and fuch as requires the leaft water ; as*
meihes, and corn fprinkled with water; and
what little hay is given fhould be of the beft
fort, and given often infmall quantities, well
fprinkled with water.
Make frelh linrie-water three times a- day t
as foon as it clears, and before it cools, give
a quart of the clear water each time, and
every night and morning give the follow^
ing:
Take of Peruvian bark, fi;ncly powdered,,
an ounce and an half; roach allum, half
an ounce 5 treacle enough to make a
ball.
If thefe do not fucceed, give a quart oT
allum-poflet, three times a day,, inllead oT
lime-watcr.^
»
Lime-JVater^
Take of quick-lime, that is light and but
lately burnt, one pound ; put it into an
earthen vcffcl, and pour upon it two gallons
o£
D I S
of •water; let them (land until the lime is
fettled, then tlie clear water may be poured
ofF, and muft be kept well corked in bottles,
if net immediately ufed,
Mlum-Poffet.
Take a pint of milk, and two drams of
allum, finely powdered ; boil them together
until the curd is well fcparated ; then pour
off the thin liquor, which is called whey, or
poflet.
Any other aftringents, except allum, ihould
not be freely ufed j for by making the body
coftive, they incrcafe the difcharge by urine.
DIAPHRAGM. Sec Pleura.
DIGGING A BADGER, isdiQodging or
raifing him out of the earth.
DIMNESS OF SIGHT, a diforder in
horfes, proceeding from blood-lhotten eyes.
If the ball of the eye be found, the cure is
efFefted by keeping the horfe warm, with a
hood of iinen cloth fitted to his head,
and anointing the eye-lids twice a day with
a compoGtion of fugar-candy, honey, and
while nde-water. In two or three days the
eyes will be well again ; after which the
creature ihould be blooded. In this difor*
der you ought by no means to clip or med-
dle with the bladders on any part of the
eye.
DISARMING THE LIPS of a Horse, is
the preventing them from taking off the
true preiTure or appui of the mouth, when
they happen to be fo large as to cover the
•bars.
DISARM; to difarm the lips of a horfe,
is to keep them fubje£b, and out from above
the bars, when they are fo large as to cover
the bars, and prevent the true preflure, or
appui of the mouth, by bearing up the bitt,
and fo hindering the horfe from fe<:ling the
cffeifls of it upon the bars.
Give your horfe a bitt with a cannon
croup or cut, which will difarm his lips ;
orelfeputthe olives upon him; which will
have the fame cfFcdt.
7*^ DISGORGE, istodifcufs, or difperfc
an inflammation or fwelling. Hence they
fay.
DOG
Your horfe*s legs are gorged, or fwelled \
you muft walk him out to difgorge them.
DISUNITE : a horfe is faid to difunite,
that drags his haunches, that gallops falfe,
or upon an ill foot. Sec Gallop False.
DOCK [or TrouflcqueveJ is a large cafe
of leather, as long as the dock of a horfc's
tail, which ferves as a dovcr to the tail of
leaping-horfc's i and is made faft by ftraps
to the crupper, having leather thongs that
pafs between the thighs, and along the
flanks, to the faddle ftraps, in order to keep
the tail tight, to hinder it from whifking
about, to make the horfe appear broader
at the croup.
DOCK, [with Huntersjthe flelhy part of
a boar's chine, between the middle and the
buttock : alfo the flump of a beaft's tail.
DOCK-PIECE OF a Horse, fliould be
large and full, rather than too fmall : if a
horfe gall beneath the dock, greafe the pare
every day, and wafh it with fait and water,
or good brandy, but the latter is the moft
efFedual remedy, if the horfe will endure
it-
DOGS; a dog is a domeftic aoimaU
made ufeoffor the guard of a houfe, and
for hunting : the dog is the fmybol of fidelity,
* and amongft all irrational animals, may de-
fervedly claim a moft particular preference,
both for their love and fervices to mankind;
ufing humiliations and proftrations, as the
only means to pacifv their angry maftera
who beat them, and turn revenge after
beating into a more fervent love. For the
penalty offtealing dogs^ &c. /ee Game Laws.
As there is no country in the world where
there is not plenty of dogs, fo no animals
can boaft of a greater variety, both in kind
and fhape ; fome being for buck, others for
bear, bull, boar, and fome for the hare,
coney, and hedge-hog, while others are foe
other ufes, according ta their various na-
tures, properties and kinds ; neither are the
ufes and kmds of them fo general, but their
bringing up is alfo as eafy, there being no
great regard to be had as to their food, foir
they will eat any thing but the flefh of their
own ipecies, which cannot be fo drefTed by
the
f
DOG
the art of man^ but they will find it out by
their fmelling, and fo avoid it.
Becaufe fome authors fcem to lay a ftrefs
upon the colour of dogs, we fhall infert in
as ihort a manner as poflible what they fay,
and begin with the white coloured dogs j
which for the moft part are not good to run
after all forts of beads, but are excellent for
the ftag, efpecially if they be all over white ;
that is, pupped without any fpot upon them :
and. experience has taught people to put a
value upon fuch dogs, by reafon of the na-
tural inftinft they have to perform every
thing well they are dcGgned for before curi-
ous hunters, having admirable nofes, and
very good at ftratagems : in Ihort, thcfe dogs
are valued becaufe they arc naturally lefs
fubicft to difeafes than others, by reafon
of the predominancy of phlegm in them,
which gives them a good temperament of
body.
A black hound is not to be defpifed, ef-
pecially if marked with white, and not red
fpots J feeing this whittncfs proceeds from a
phlegmatic, conftitution, which hinders him
from forgetting the Icffcn he is taught, and
makes him obedient ; whereas dogs that
have red fpots, are for the moll part very
fiery, and hard to be managed, by reafon
of the bilious humour that prevails, and
caufes this irregularity within them : and
therefore a black dog with white fpots is
valuable, being ufually hardy enough, will
bunt well, is (trong and fwift, and holds
out a long time : he will not forfake the
chace, and when you are beating the water
for fporc, he will not be frighted at it : and
laftly, he is the more eftccmed, becaufe
thofe didempers incident to dogs, fcldom
befall him.
There are fome grey coloured dogs that
are good, and others you ought not to med-
dle with; that is, mongrels, which come
from a hound-bitch that has been lined by
a dog of another kind, or from a bitch of
another kind that has been lined by a
hound : hounds cannot be good if they do
not entirely retain the nature that is pecu-
liar to them J and when they do, grey dogs
arc to be coveted, becaufe they arc cunning.
DOG
n^vcr faulter, and grow not dlfcouraged in
the queft. *Tis trne, their fenfe of fmel-
ling is not fa exquifite as that of, thofe
before mentioned, but they have other qua- ,
lities which make amends for it; for they
are indefatigable in hunting, being of a
robufler nature than others, and heat and
cold, which they fear not, is alike to
them.
Yellow dogs, are thofe which have red
hairs inclining to brown ; and as choler is
the moH predominant humour in this animal,
fo he is found to be of a giddv nature, and
impatient, when the beaft he follows makes
turns, feeing heftill runs forward to find him,
which is a great fault ; and therefore they are
feldom made ufcoftohunt any other than
the wolf, or fuch black beafts as are rarely
inclined to turnings : they are too fwift,
open but very little, efpecially in very hot
weather ; they are naturally impatient, and
therefore hard to be taught, as they are un-
eafy under correftion. They are more fub-
jeft to difeafes than other dogs, by reafon of
that over fiercenefs of temper, which makes
them hunt beyond their ftrength.
As to the proportions, fizes, and features
of dogs, Mr. Liger fays, the large, tall, and
big hounds, called and known by the name
of the deep-mouthed, or fouthern-hound,
are heavy and flow, and fit for wood- lands,
and hilly countries^ they are of deep
mouth, and fwifc4f^enders : they are gene-
rally lighter behind than before, with thick
Ihort legs, and are generally great of body
and head, and are moft proper for fuch as
delight to follow them on foot at ftop-hunt-
ing, as fome call it ; but by moft is termed
hunting under the pole : that is, they are
brought to that exadlnefs of command, that
in the hoxteft fcent, and fullcft chace, if
one but ftep before them, or hollow, or but
hold up or throw before thern the hunting-
pole, they will ftop in an inftant. and hunt
in full cry after you, at your own pace, un-
til you give them encouragement by word
of command; which much adds to the
length of the fport, and pleafure of the
hunters, fo that a courfe oftentimes lafteth
five or fix hours*
S Oppofite
DOG
Oppofite to the deep -mouthed or fouth-
crn-hound, arc the long and flendcr hounds,
called the fleet, or northern- hound ; which
. are very fwift, as not being of fo heavy a
body, nor having fuch large cars : thefe will
cxercife your horfes, and try their (trength j
they are proper for open, level and cham-
pagne countries, where they may run in view,
and full fpeed j for they hunt more by the
eye than by the nofe, and will run down a
hare in an hour, and fometimes fooner : but
the fox will exercife them longer, and bet-
ter.
Between thefe two extreems, there are a
middle fort of dogs, which partake of both
their qualities as to ftrength and fwiftnefs,
in a reafonable proportion: they are gene-
rally bred by croffing the drains, and are
excellent in fuch countries as are mixed,
-y/z. fome mountains, fome inclofures, fome
plains, and fome woodlands ; for they will
go through thick and thin, neither need
they be helped over hedges, as the huntfmen
are often force to do by others.
A true, right Ihaped, deep-mouthed
hound, Ihould have a round, thick head,
wide noftrils, open and rifing upwards, his
cars large and thin, hanging lower than his
chops, the fleeces of his upper lip Ihould
be longer than thofe of his nether chops,
the chine of his back great and thick, ftrait
and long, and rather bending out than in-
clining in : his thighs well trufled, his
haunches large, his fillets round and large,
his tailor fl:ern ftrong fct on, waxing taper-
wife towards the top, his hair under his
belly rough and long, his ears large and
lean, his feet dry and hard, with ftrong
claws and high knuckles : in the whole^ he
ought to be of fo juft a fymmetry, thn
when he ftands level, you may difcern which
is higheft his fore or hinder parts.
For the northern, or fleet-hound^ his
head and nofe ought to be flender and long-
er, his back broad, his belly gaunt, his
joints long,, and his ears thicker and ftiorter i
in a word, he is in all parts flighter made,
and framed after the mould of a grey-
hound*
DOG
By croffing thofe breeds, as before obfenr-
ed, you may bring your kennel to fuch a
compofition as you think fit, every man's
fancy being to be preferred j and it is awcll
known faying.
So many men, Jo many minds ;
So many bounds^ Jo many kinds.
Though I (hall refer the reader to the *dif^
eafes incident to dogs, under their refpeftive
head; their being bitten or flung by fome
venomous creatures, and others being not
eafily reducible to an article by itfelf, it
fliall be added here : As when they are
fl:ung by fome adder, or other infeft of that
nature, you muft take an handful of the herl>
crofs-wort, gentian, and as much rue^
the fame quantity of Spanijh pepper, thia
broth, ends of broom and mint, of all aa
equal quantity; when th^t is done, take
fome white-wine, and make a decoftion of
the whole, letting it boil for an hour in a
pot : then ftrain the whole, into which sjpuc
an ounce of diflblved treacle, and let the
dog fwallow it, and obferve how to wafli the
bite therewith : if a dog is bitten by a fox,,
anoint it with oil wherein you have boiled
fome rue and worms.
To cure the Bites and Stings of Venomous
Creatures,
If dogs, &JV. are bitten by any venomous
creatures, as fnakes, adders, &?f. fqueeze
out the blood, and wafli the place with fait
and urine ; then lay a plaifter to it, made of
calamint pounded in a mortar with turpentine
and yellow wax, till it come to a falve. IC
you give your dog fome juice of calamint
to drink in milk, it will be good ; or aa
ounce of treacle diflTolved in fome fwcet wine*.
For morejee Venemous Bites^
Rules to be ebjerved for keeping Dogs itt
Health.
As pointers and fpaniels, when good of
their kiad and well broken are very vali^
able
DOG
nble to a fportfrnan, it is worth while to take |
fome care to preferve them in health. This
very much depends on tlnnr^iet and lodg*
ing; frequent cleaning their kennels, and
giving them frefh ftraw to lie on is very
neceffary; or infummer time, deal fhavings
inftead of ftraw, or fand in hot weather will
check the breeding of fleas. If you rub
your dog with chalk, and brufh and comb
him once or twice a week, he will thrive
much the better ; the chalk will clear his
(kin from all greafinefs, and he will be the
Icfs liable to be mangy. A dog is of a very
hot nature: he ihould therefore never be
without clean water by him, that he may
drink, when he is thirfty. In regard to their
food, carrion is by no means proper for
them* It muft hurt their fenfe of fmelling,
on which the excellence of thefe dogs greatly
depends. Barley meal, the drofs of wheat-
flour, or both mixed together, with broth
or ikim'd milk, is very proper food. For
change, a fmall quantity of greaves from
which the tallow is pfeffed by the chand-
krs, mixed with their flour ; or flieep's feet
well baked or boiled, are a very good diet,
and when you indulge them with fleih it
fhould always be boiled. In the feafon of
hunting your dogs, it is proper to feed them
in the evening before, and give them no-
thing in the morning you take them out,
except a little milk. If you ftop for your
own rcfrefliment in the day, you ihould alfo
refrefli your dogs with a little milk and
bread. It has already been obferved, that
dogs are of a hot conftitution j the greateft
relief to them in thefummer, is twitch grafs,
or dog grafs, which is the fame thing. You
ihould therefore plant fome of it in a place
you can turn them into every morning; they
will feed freely on it, be cured of the fick-
jiefs they are fubjeft to, and prefer ved from
any extraordinary heat of the blood : but
unlefs the grafs be of this fort, it is of no
cfFeft. If you be not acquainted with it,
any gardener can furnifh you with enough
to plant as it is a nuifance to them, and it's
roots run fo quiek through the ground as to
injure their crops*
DOG
On the Mange and Us Cure^
Dogs are fubjeft to the mange from being
fed too high, and allowed no cxercife, or
an opportunity of refrefliing themfelves with
dog grafs, or by being ftarving at home i
which will caufc them to eat the vileft ftuflF
abroad, fuch as carrion, or even human ex-
crement : either of thefe will heat their
blood to a great degree, which will have a
tendancy to make them mangy. The cure
may be eflPeded by giving ftone-brimftone
powdered fine, either in milk or mixed up
with butter, and rubbing them well every
day for a week with an ointment made of
fome of the brimftonc and pork lard, to
which add a fmall quantity of oil of tur-
pentine.
Another medicine. Boil four ounces of
quick-filver in two quarts of water to half
tne quantity, bathe him every day with this
water, and let him have fome of \t to lick,
'till the cure be perfefted. Or a fmall quan-
tity of troopers ointment rubbed on the
parts on its flrft appearance will cure it. It
will alfo free loufy puppies from their lice.
Or euphorb album two ounces: Flour of
fulphur, Flanders oil of bays, and foft foap,
each four ounces. Anoint and rub your
dog with it every other day : give him warm
milk and no water. The cure will be per-
formed in about a week.
On Poifon of Dogs ^ aniits Curi%
If you fufpeft your dog to be poifoned
with nux vomica ^the poifon commonly
made ufe of by warrencrs, which ufually
caufes convulfive fits and foon kills;) the
moft efi^eftual remedy, if immediately ap-
plied, is to give him a good deal of com-
mon fait 5 to adminifter which you may
force open his mouth, and put a ftick acrofs
to prevent his (hutting it, whilft you cram
his throat full of fait, at the fame time
holding his mouth upwards i and it will dif-*
S 2 folvd
DOG
folve fotbat a fufficient quantity will bfe
fwallowcdto purge and vortiit him. When
his ftooiach is fuffici(;ntiy cleared by a free
paflTage obtained by ftool, give hinn fomc
■warm broth frequent, to prevent his ex*
piring from fatnefs.; and he will recover.
This fuccefs I have experienced : 1 have
4lfo met with this prefcription : As'foon as
you fufpeft your dog to be poifoned, give
him a common fpoonful of the oil ot Englijb
pitch, if a large dog, or in proportion if a
Icffer ; which, 'tis fa id, will carry off the
malignity of the poifon the fame day. But
of this medicine i have not had an oppor-
tunity of making trial.
To dejtroy fVorms in Dogs.
Dogs are very frequently troubled with
worms i but more particularly whilft they
are young, any thing bitter is fo naufeous
t;o thefe worms, that they are very often
voided by taking two or three purges of
aloes, or (which is the fame thing) Scot%
pills, four or five being a dofe for a large
dog I this is to \ft repeated two or three
times in a week. If this does not fucceed»
you may give him an ounce of powder of
tin mixed up with butter, in three dofes,
which feldom fails to cure. Or of the herb
favin dried and rubbed to powder, give
about as much as will lay on a fhilling for a
dofe ; which will entirely dcllroy worms and
their feed.
On Madn^s of DogSy dnd its Antidote.
As the human fpecies are liable to this
fatal and terrible malady from the bite of a
dog or animal that is mad, as much as
they arc from one another -, it is well worthy
our beft care and endeavours to find out a
remedy or antidote againft its malignity.
As foon therefore as you find your dog has
been bitten or worried by any dog fufpedled
to be mad, diffolvc one pound of common
falr> in a quart of warm foft" fpring or run-
ning water; and let him be well waftied
therewith : if he has received no wound,
you need not be under any appreheniion for
•D O G^
the confequences } but if there is any
wound, you muft fquceze and bathe it well
with your fait and water for half an hour,
and bind a little fait upon the part for twelve
hours ; and give him the following medi-
cine, which never fails of a cure.
The Medicine.
Take of rue fix ounces, London treacle^
garlic, fage, and filings of pewter, of each
four^ounces ; boil them in four pints of beer
until half be walled : the remainder to fland
together till ufed : the dofe is fix common
fpoonfuls twice a day till the whole be
given.
To pre/erve the Feet of your Dogs from
Lamene/s.
A pointer ought not to be hunted oftener
than two or three days in a week : and un^
lefs you take care of his feet and give him*
good lodging as well as proper food, he will
not be able to perform that through the fea-
fon. You fhould therefore, after a hard days
hunting, wafti his feet wiih warm water and.
fait, and when dry walh them with warm
broth, or beer and butter, which will heal,
the forencfs> and prevent a fettled ftiffnefs.
from fixing.
For Strains, BIot»s^ or fmall Wounds «r
Dogs.
If your dog has received any little wounds,
by forcing through hedges, or gets any
lamenefs frono a blow or (train ; bathe the
wound or grieved part with fait aitd coldl
vinegar (for warming it only evaporates the
fine fpiritj and when dry,, if a wound, yoik
may pour in it a little Fryar's Balfam, whicb
will perform the cure Iboner than any me«-
thod that I have experienced.
On Coughs^ and Colds, of Dogs*
Dogs are very fabjeft to a cough, with:
very extraordinary choaking, which is of-
ten thought to arife from a cold or fpme ih.«
vaixi
DOG
ward diforder ; and I think it is often occa(i- |
oned by their eating of fi(h bones. To guard
againfl: it^ order your fervants to throw all
fuch fi(h bones where the dog can't get at
them. But if the diforder be from a cold,
let bleeding be repeated in fmall quantities^
if neceffary ; but if it be what is called the
diftemper in dogs, and they appear to be
very low in fpirits, bleeding is better omit-
ted. Let meat broth or milk broth warmed
be the chief of his diet, and the following
medicine : Take flour of fulphur, cold
drawn linfced oil and falt-petre, of each
one ounce ; divide iH^to four dofes, giving
him one dofe every other day ; and let him
have plenty of clean draw to lie on. Or one
fpoonful of honey daily.
DOG-MADNESS. A diftemper very
common among all forts of dogs; tjnere are
no lefs than feven forts of midncfs, amongft
which fome are efteemed incurables but be-
fore we proceed to particulars, it will be
neceflary to (hew how it comes, and what
are it's firft fymptoms.
The firft caufe proceeds from high feeding,
want of excrcife, fulncfs of blood and cof-
tivenefs : as for the two firft, you muft
obferve when you hunt them, that they
JDhould be better fed than when they reft,
and let them be neither too fat nor too lean,
but of the two rather fatter than lean, by
which means they will not only beprefcrvcd
from madnefs, but alfo from the mange
and fcab ; which difeafes they will be fubjeft
to for want of air, water or excrcife : but
if you have the knowledge to keep them
in an even temper, they may live long and
continue found ; as for water they Ihould be
their own carvers; but for exercife and diet,
it muft be ordered according to difcretion,
cbferving a medium ; and for the latter,
give them once a week, efpecially in the
heat of the year, five or fix fpoonfuls offal-
lad oil, which will cleanfe them ; if at other
times they have the quantity given them of
a hazle-nut of mithridate, it is an excellent
thing to prevent difcafe, and it is very good
to bleed them under the tongue, and behind
the ears. But if madnefs has feized them
before you perceive itj they muft be rcmo-
D O G
ved from the reft, for fear of an infedion,
and go to work with the reft.
The fymptoms of this difeafc are many and
eafily difcerned; when any dog feparates
himfelf contrary to his former ufe, beconies
melancholy or droops his head, forbears^
eating, and as he runs fnatches at every
thing ; if he often looks upwards, and.thac
his ftern at his fetting on be a little erecSb^
and the reft hanging down ; if his eyes be
red, his breath ftrong, his voice hoarfe,
and that he drivels and foams at the mouth ;
you n^ be afifured he has this difttm*
per.
The feven forts of madnefs are as follow ;
of which the two firft are incurable, viz^
the hot burning madnefs, and running mad*
nefs ; they are both very dangerous j for all
things they bite and draw blood from will have
the fame diftemper : they generally fcize on
all they meet with, but chiefly on dogs :
their pain is fo great it foon kills them. 1 he
five curable madnefles are ;
Sleeping madnefs, fo called from the dog's
great drowfinefs, and almoft continual flecp-
ing J this is caufcd by the Jittlc worms that
breed in the mouth of ||ie ftomach from
corrupt humours, vapours, and fumes whiclx
afccnd to the head : for cure of which, take
fix ounces of the juice of wormwood, twa
ounces of the powder of hartfliorn burnt, and
two drams of agaric, mix all thefe together
in a little white wine, and give it the dog to
drink in a drenching horn.
Dumb madnefs, lies alfo in the bloody
and caufes the dog not to feed, but to hold
his mouth always wide open, frequently
putting his feet to his mouth, as if he had a.
bone in his throat : to cure this,, take the
juice of black hellcbore> the juice oifpatula
patriJa^ and of rue, of each four ounces ;
ftrain them well, and put therein twa drams-
of unprepared fcanFMHony, and being, mixed
well together, put it down the dog's throat
with a drenching horn, keeping his head up
for fonrvc time, left he caft it out again ;,
then bked him in- the momh, by cutcing
two or three veins in the gums.
It is faid, that about eight drams of the
juice of an herb called hactlliorn^ or dog's?
toothy
DOG
tootTi, being given to the dog, cures all
forts of madnefs.
Lank madnefs, is fo called by reafon of
the dog's leanncfs and pining away : for
cure, give them a purge as before direfted,
and alfo bleed them : but fome fay there is
no cure for it.
Rheumatic, or Slavering madnefs, occa-
fions the dogs head to fwell, his eyes to look
yellow, and he will be always (lavering and
drivelling at the mouth ; to cure which
take four ounces of the powder of the roots
of poUibody of the oak, fix ounces of the
juice of fennel roots, with the like quantity
of the roots of mifletoe, and four ounces of
the juice of ivy : boil all thefe together in
•white wine, and give it to the dog as hot as
he can take it, in a drenching horn.
Falling madnefs, is fo termed, becaufe it
lies in the dog's head, and makes him reel
as he goes, and to fall down : for cure,
take four ounces of the juice of briony, and
the fame quantity of the juice of peony,
with four drams of ftavefacre pulverized :
mix thefe together and give it the dog in a
drenching horn ; alfo let him blood in the
ears, and in the feivo veins that come down
his (boulders -, and indeed bleeding is nc-
ccflTary for all forts of madnefs in dogs.
To prevent dogs from being mad, that
arc bitten by mad dogs, is done by bathing
them : in order to which take a barrel or
bucking tub full of water, into which put
about a bulhel and a half of foot, which
mull be ftirred well, that it may be diffol-
Ted J then put in the dog that is bitten, and
plunge him over head and cars fevcn or
eight times therein, and it will prevent his
being mad ; but he fhould alfo be blooded.
When dogs happen to be bit as aforefaid,
there is nothing better than their lickirlg the
place with their own tongues, if they can
reach it; if not, then let it be waftied with
butter and vinegar made lukewarm, and
let it afterwards be anointed with Venice
turpentine ;. ic is alfo good to pifs often on
the wound ; but above all take the juice of
the ftalks of ftrong tobacco boiled in water,
and bathe the place therewith ; alfo wafli him
in fea water, or water artificially made lalt :
give him likewife a little mithridate icward-
P O G
ly in two or three fpoonfuls of fack, and
fo keep him apart, and if you find him aftef
fome time ftill to droop, the beft way is to
hang him.
It may not be amifs to add what a late
author advifes one who keeps a dog, which
is, to have him wormed, a thing of but
little trouble and charge, and what he be^
lieves would prevent their being mad ; and
if they are, he is of opinion that it prevents
their biting any other creature; for heafferts
he had three dogs bit by mad dogs, at three
feveral times j they were wormed, and
though they died mad, yet they did not
bite nor do any mifchief to any thing he
had : and having a mind to make a full ex-
periment of it, he (hut one of them up in a
kennel, and put to him a dog he did not
value : that the mad dog would often run at
the other dog to bite him ; but he found
his tongue fo much fwelled in his mouth/
that he could not make his teeth meet :
that that dog, though he kept him with the
mad dog till he died, yet did not ail any*
thing ; he kept him two years afterwards^
and gave him no remedies to prevent an/
harm which might come from the biting
of the mad dog.
But as there are feveral forts of madnefs
in dogs, he was not certain whether the cf-
fei^s were the fame in all; but his dogs
feemed to die of the black madnefs, which
is reckoned the moft dangerous, and there-
fore he could not tell how far the following
receipt might be efFeclual in all forts of mad-
nefs, though it had not failed in curing all
the dogs that he gave it to which were bitten^
and all thofe he gave it not to died.
The remedy is this : Take white hellebore
and grate it to powder, which muft be
mixed with butter, and given to the dog :
the dofc muft be proportioned to the
fize of the dog; to a very fmall lap-dog you
may give three grains, to a large maftifFfix*
teen grains, and fo in proportion to other
fizes. He add, that the befl. way is, to
give him a fmall ^quantity at firft, that it
may be increafed as it is found to work, or
not to work ; but that as it is a ftrong
vomits and will, make the dogs fick for a
. little timej fo they muft be kept warm that
day
DOG
day it is given them, and the next night,
and they muft not have cold water; but
-when it has done working, towards the af-
ternoon give them fomc warm broth, and
the next morning give them the fame before
you let them out of the houfe or kennel.
The fame author fays, this is an extraordi-
nary remedy for the mange ; that he never
knew three dofes fail of curing any dog that
had it, except he had a furfcit with it ;
^hich if he had, let him blood alfo> and
anoint him two or three times over with gun-
powder and foap, beat up together, and it
will cure him.
It is aiTerted by a gentleman who has
cured feveral creatuites that have been bit by
mad dogs, with only giving them the mid-
dle yellow bark of buckthorn, which muft
be boiled in ale for a horfe or a cow, and in
milk for a dog ; and that being bit by one
himfelf, he ventured to take nothing elfe :
but that it muft be boiled till it is as bitter
as you can take it»
Tie Choice of a Doa and Bitch for ireedif^
good Whelps*
The bitch ought to be one of a good
kind, being ftrong and well proportioned in
all parts, having her ribs and flanks great
and large.
Let the dog that lines her be of a good
breed j and let him be young, if you intend
to have light and hot hounds ; for if the dog
be old, the whelps will participate of his
dull and heavy nature.
If your bitch does not grow proud of her
own accord^ fo foon as you would have her,
you may make her fo by giving her the fol-
lowing broth :
BoH two heads of garlic, half a coftor's
•ftone, t1>e juice of creffes, and about twelve
Spanijh flies, in a pipkin that holds a pint,
together with fome mutton, and make
broth of it 5 and give of this to the bitch
two or three times, and flie will not fail to
grow proud, and the fame pottage given to
the dog will make him inclinable to copu-
lation^
After your bitch has beea lined and b
D R A
with puppy, you muflr not let her hunt, for
that will be the way to make her caft her
whelps : but let her walk up and down un-
confined in the houfe and court j never
locking her up in her kennel ; for (he is
then impatient of food, and therefore you
muft give her fome hot broth once a day.
If you would fpay your bitch, it muft be
done before ftie has ever had a litter of
whelps ; and in fpaying her take not away
all the roots and ftrings of the veins : for if
you do it will much prejudice her rcins^
and hinder her fwiftnefs ever after : but by
leaving fome behind, it will make her mucb
the ftronger and more hardy.
But by DO means do not fpay her white
Ihe is proud, for that will endanger her
life : but you may do it fifteen days
after ; but the beft time of all is when the
whelps are (haped within her. For more fee
Pointer, Greyhound^ Spaniel, i^c.
DOG-DRAW (in the forcft law] a ttrm
ufed when a man is found drawrng after a
deer by thefcentofa hound, which he leads
in his hand. See Back-Berond.
DOLE FISH. That filh which the fiOier-
men, employed annually in the north fcas,
ufually receive for their allowance^
DORLNG ? c r M ^ r
DOTTEREL. A bird fo named from W%
doting foolifhncfs, in imitating the aftions
of the Fowlers, till it be catched in the net f
of thefe birds, there are many in Lincohflnre.
To DOUBLE [Hunting term] ufed of ar
hare who is faid to double, when ftie keeps-
in plain fields, and winds about to deceive
the hounds.
DOUBLE VAULT. See Vault.
DOUBLE, TO DOUBLE THE Reins : a
horle doubles his reins when he leaps feveral
times together to throw his rider.
This Hamingue doubles his reins and
makes pontlevis. See Pontlevis.
DRABLING in Angling, is a method
to catch barbels. Take a Itrong line of fix
yurds„ which, before you fatten it to your
rod, muft be put through a piece of lead„
that if the fifti bite, it may flip to and fro,,
and that the water may fbmetimes move it
oa
D R A
tjn the ground : bait it with a lob-worm
well fccured, and fo by the motion the bar-
bel will be enticed into the danger without
ftifpicion. The beft places are in running
water near piles, or under wooden bridges,
liipported with oaks floated and Oimy.
l^RAG, I in Angling] is a piece of iron
with four hooks placed back to back, to
which aline is faftened ; ufcful to the angler,
only to fave an entangled line, or when it
nips olFhis rod.
DRrtUGHT Horse, A horfedcftincd for
the cart, plough, &?f . in the choice of which
for either or thefc purpofes, being that
which they call the flow draught, one is to
be chofen of an ordinary height : for horfes
in a cart, unequally forted, never draw at
cafe, but the tall hangs upon the low horfe.
Our Engli/b authors fay, he (hould be big,
large bodied and ftrong limbed by nature,
rather inclined to crave the whip, than to
draw more than is needful j and for this pur-
pofe, mares arc moft profitable, if you have
cheap keeping for them ; for they will not
only do the work but alfo bring yearly in-
creafc : but care muft be taken to have
them well forehanded, that is, to have a
good head, neck, bread, and (boulders;
but for the reft it is not fo regardful, only
let her body JDe large ; for the more room a
young foal has in its dam's belly the bet-
ter : and be fure never to put the draught
horfes to the faddle, for that alters their pace,
and hurts them in their labour. See Pack-
HORSE.
Some fay, that a horfe defigned for draught
or labour, ought to have a head with large
bones, and not flediy, that fo he may not
be fubje<5t to difeafed eyes ; that his ears
ought to be fmall, (Irait, and upright, and
bis noftrils (hould be large and open, that
he may breathe with the more eafc and free-
dom 9 that thofe horfes that have their fore-
heads funk a little downwards about the
ryes, are generally good for labour :
whereas thofe who are defigned for the fad-
dle, ought to have them even and pretty
large y that the forehead (hould be always
marked with a ftar, unlefs the horfe be of a
grey or white colour.
D R A
You muflr fee that he has a* bright and
lively eye, full of fire, and pretty large and
forward in his head, having large balls, and
railed pits, and never funk, which fhews that
the horfe is old, or begot by an old (lallion $
aud if he has a bold Took it is alfo a good
fign : funk eyes or elevated brows are indeed
figns of fome malignity in a horfe; but thefc
fort of horfes will generally undergo much
fatigue.
His mouth fliould be pretty wide, being
a quality very elTential to it, the palate not
flelny, and the lips thin : the mouth alfo
(hould be cool, and full of foam, by which
you may difcover the good temperament of
a horfe, and that he is lefs fubje^ to be
heated than another; not that the mouth
(hould be that which muft be moft regarded
in a draught horfe ; for if he has a bad one
he often draws well.
We do not require fine Chen's in draught-
horfes, that not being e(rential ; all that is
to be faid on this occafion is, that fuch ani-
mals ought to have pretty thick and flefhy
ones, but his breaft (hould be large and open,
his (houlders (hould be thick, tha't he may
draw the eafier, and that his harnefs may not
fo foon hurt him : if he be fomcwhat heavy
he is the better for draught ; for the more
he is nearer the ground, the more he is
valued for that purpofe. He ought to have
double loins which may be feen by their
being a little raifcd up towards both fides of
the back-bone ; he ought alfo to have large
and round fides, to the end that he may have
the more guts, and a better flank : you need
noL be afraid of his having a great belly, pro-
vide it be not cow-bellied, which will make
him appear deformed; he Ihould have full,
but not broad flanks, that he may not fway
in the back at his labour.
That horfe is efteemed which has a large
and round buttock, that neither (inks down
or cuts : care (hould be taken that he fhould
have a firm and ftrong tail, that the dock
(hould be thick, well furni(hed with hair,
and placed neither too high nor too low,
both which contribute much to the defor-
mity of the buttocks. The legs are parts of
the body of a horfe which are moft (o be
con-
D R A
«confidcrcd, as being thofc which are to fup-
port the burthen of the whole body, to which
they ought to fuit ; therefore his legs Ihould be
rather flat and broad than round, the round-
nefs of the leg being a defcft in a horfe def-
tined to labour which will foon/uin him ; as
for the hinder legs, the thighs (hould be long
and flefliy, and the mufcle that is on the out-
fide of the thighs (faould be flelhy, large, and
very thick : it is a fault to find them fall down
plump when the horfe fteps ; it is alfo a fign
6f weaknefs in the loins or hams : however
you arc not to confiderthe hind legs fo much
as the others, they being not fo fubjeft to be
faulty : the fore ones being very often bad
when theothei^ are good. Ihofehorfcswhofc
legs are too long and too large for their
height, are faulty, and you ought not to buy
them. You mult always obferve that he
ftands well and plump, when he ftops in any
place, and if he does not, you may conclude
lie is not good.
The ufual way to know the age of a horfe,
is by his teeth, eyes, fcfr. for which the
Reader is referred to the article of Age of a
Horse, Eyes of a Horse, f^c.
The nether jaw of the horfe Ihould be
examined very well, to fee that it be in-
commoded with no gland, which may occa-
iion the ftrangles> and be a means to kill
him. *
Something may be faid concerning the
feeding of a draught-horfe ; but for the fer-
vant who looks after him, he ought to be
tip veiy early, and fee that the harnefs be
in good order ; and take away the old hay
out of the rack, lay frefli in, and clean the
manger, ridding it of all ordure, earth, or
foul dung ; and while the horfes are eating
their hay, he ought to take them one after
another out of the ftable, to curry them ;
for if he fliould do this work within, the duft
will fly to the other horfes.
If perfons would be perfuaded of the ne-
cefllty there is to drefs horfes well, they
would not be fo often furprifed at the lofs
of them, for want of this care, though they
feed them ever fo well.
It is from the filth that is upon and about
them, that many of the diftempers which
befal them have their rife, and prove their
D R A
deftruQjon : and it may be held for an inva-
riable maxim, that a horfe with lefs food,
methodically difpcnfed, and well dreflTed and
curried, fhall be fatter, and more^ghtly,
than another who has more provkider giveti
him, and whofc^effin^^s- negleftedj and
therefore the matter ot a family ought to
be on the watch, and fee that his fervants
(if they are of themfelves carclcfs) be not
wanting in this particular.
Such fort or fervants ought to be good
humoured, handy, tradable, nervous, and
hardy; and in order to drefs a horfe well,
they ihould hold the curry-comb in the
right hand, and the horfe in the left, near
the buttock, and lightly move the comb
backwards and forwards along his body, and
continue fo to do till no more filth or dutt
come ofi^i and then they muft, with a dull-
cloth, wipe ofl^ all the duft that lies on the
horfe,taking care to do it over his body.
They fliould daily, after they have dufted
their horfes, take a whifp of ftraw, and twitt-
ing the fame hard, wet it in water, with
which they fliould rub them all over,
more efpecially the legs : by this means
they will remove obftruftions, and facili-
tate the pafl^age of the animal fpirits, which
caufe motion : indeed it cannot be cxpefted
this fecond drcfling fliould be praftifed every
day, but it ought to be done as often as fer-
vants have any leifure for it, particularly
when the weather does not permit them to
labour abroad j and if they are defeftivc
therein, the matter of the family ought to
be careful, and make them do it. When
the horfes are thus dreflcd, the next thing
is to take the comb, and gently to comb
their manes and tails *, and then they are to
be led out of the ftable to water, and to
chear and divert them as much as poflible.
Moft part of the difeafes to which horfes
are fubjeft, proceed from their drinking
bad waters ; fuch as thofe that are too vivid^
or too raw, muddy, and too cold. To pre-
vent thefe inconveniences, you muft obferve;
that if you are near a river, you fliould in
fummcr-timc, by all means, lead your
horfes thither i but as little as may be in
the winter, if you have a well near home i
for well-water frcfti drawn, during the
T feafon,
D R A
i
i^aibn, IS warm and coniequcntly good
for the horfes : If yoo arc remote from any
river, and that in fummcr-time you have no
other than fprmg water to give your horfes
ta drink, you muft draw the famie a good
'while before it is given them, and cxpofe it
to the fun in 4:ubs, or very clean (tone-
troughs, that you may by that means cor-
reft the great crudity of the water, which
is extremely injurious to them: you muft
fcldom or never carry them to drink maftiy
water, which has very bad qualicies^ and
will not agree with them.
When your labouring horfes have drank
their water, you muft give them their oats
in a manger, that has been firft of all clean-
ed : the oats (houid be well fitted and clear-
ed from di^, before you give '^cm to them j
you ought to take care to fmell to them,
and fee if they fmell of rats, or are mufty,.
which will make the horfes loath them.
You muft likewife, above all things, ob-
ferve whether there arc any fmall feathers
among the oatSr which may» if left therein,
do the horfe a great deal of injury : the
quantity of oats allowed to each horfe is
fometimes toon and fometimes Icls, but
ever enougti to make them keep up their
flefh ; and while the horfes are eating their
oats, the fervants arc to take their break •
fafts, and afterwards go to harnefs them for
the plough or cart, as their occafion requires.
But before they do this, they muft ex-
amine whether any thing hurts them, either
at tiie breaft, ihoulders or hams ; and they
muft fee that the collars about their necks be
fupplied with every thing, that is requifitc for
them :: if they are to draw in a cart, you
muft fee that the pad upon the back
does no way hurt them, that the fame fits
every way even, and that it be well ftuiFed
with hair in the pannels, for fear it fhould
be too hard upon theiiorfe's back.
The horfe beii>gthiis managed, and every
thing in good order for the work,, whether
with plough or cart, thofe fervants who do
underftand their bufinefs well, do not work
them at firft too hard,but every turn let them
gently breathe ; whereas if they do other-
wife, they will very often find theiD decline
their ibod, after their return from- labour-^
by which ill management they fometimes
run the danger of foundering, or havings
their greafe melted ; and therefore to work
them gradually is the beft and fafeft way.
When the horfes arc returned from the-
plough, i^c. as towards noon«»tide, or thc-
like, they are ufually all in a fweac^ and'
then the men muft not fait to rub them witbi
a whifp of ftraw ; this is the Hrft thing they-
are to' do after they ^tc brought into the
ftable ; then let them pn:pare fume bran-
which is. very well moiftened^ which put'
before them in the manger, to nuke themt^
mumble the fame, and this will make th^m
eat the hay with a greater, appetite > the
bran being x>rdcred as before, will cool their
mouths, which are dried,, through the heat
occafioned within by their drawing/, and^
notwithftanding the horfes are thus hot^ it^
is very rarely that any inconvenience liap-
pens to them, efpecially if the water whereia
the bran has been fteeped^be iifed rather
hot than cold : when fuch precautions are*
not taken, it is no wonder the owners Md
their fervants, very .often find the;ir horfcS;
loath their food, the dry nefs of their tongues-
rendering all. the food infipid tO' tbem>
and therefore thofe per fans who love theii;-
horfes, ought' carefully to obferve itiin^
method,, and they will flhdtheir account in^
it.
We daily fee perfons who pretend' tor.be'
well {killed in the management of horfes^ aa^
(bon after hard labour as they are brought
back to the ftable, never fail to rub their
legs with whifps of ftraw, alledging that,
this is the waytorefrelh and fupply themiyr
and confequently to refrefh them very much i-
but they are much miftaken in the potnt^^.
for the horfes after hard labour^ muft not.
have their hunMurs nauch agitated i and by
this adion they muft needs fall upon their
legs,, which will tend to make them very
{iiff and ufelefs:. The author adds, that he
was willing to give them fhh informatipa/
and caution^ judging it very neceiTary for^
Sht avoiding thofe inconveniences which;
happen daily by that ill method,, which ouit
not be followed after fucb adxngnitioDj but;
DR A
%7 fkok who are obftinate in tbclr waf^ and
^il( ruin their horfes : not that our author
iiifappro^es the rubbing of their legs^ which
he fays is (^rery wholefome ; but it muft not
be done "when they are too hot ; and they
IhouM confine themfelves only to the rubbing
of their bodies when they are in a fweatj and
let i!heir legs alone.
Their racks being well fupplied with hay,
^ou muft fuffer your horfes to reft two hours,
W thereabouts, then lead them to water, to a
fiTer, if near, or otherwile asabove direfted i
and then in a little time after they have eaten
their oats, to work again with them : in the
eveningi when your plowiqg or other work
is overs the firft thing to be done after they
ore tied to the rack, ia to iift up their
feet, and fee if there is any defeft in the
ihoes» and ttt the fame time cake out with a
knife^ the earth and gravel which is lodged
in the foot betiween the fhoe, and the fole,
and put in fome - cow«<lung : this your fer-
¥ants x>ften jiegle£b, and therefore the maftet"
ought to fee them do it.
A thing very efiential for the prefervation
ef all forts of horfes, is good litter, which
CO thefe animals^ is comparatively the fame
4M dean iheeta to men* There are many
mho fuffer the dung to rot a great while
wider their hories ; (bme through lazinefs
m'M -not clean their ftab'les^ and others fay
they leave the dung there that it may re-
ceive moire juice, and be the better manure
for the ground i but it is very wrong rea-
foningj to fay we do this to fave five (hil-
lings, and lofe ten : but you are to under-
ftand, that the dung being heaped up for a
<onfiderabte time, does fo over-heat the
liorfe*s feet^ that this alone is enough to ruin
them entirely.
'Hence al(b ariie fo many inconvenienctes
to the .owners .of them, that they are often
obliged to keep them in the ftable without
doing any work, which embarraffes either
4he mefter to Whom they *belong, or the
fcrvant who has the care to drefs them -, and
this inconvenieoce proceeds only from their
ignoranoe of theeaufe: and therefore it is
<x * the ^bigheft importanee that the ft^bk
\
D R A
ihotild be deanfcd as often as poJlTible^ and
the horfes have frefli litters given them ;
befides, it is natural to believe, that all
animals hate their own ordure j and'it is ab-
furd to think, that a horfe, which is one of
the cleaneft among them, fhould not do the
fame. .
Frefti litter has a virtue to make horfes
ftale as foon as they come into the ftable,
whereas when they find no fuch therein*
they decliflc ftaling; and, if people were
fenfible what refrefhment it is to a horfe to
ftale at his return from labour, they would
be both mere curious and careful to let him
have that which would promote it than they
are.
This ftaUng after much fatiffue, will pre-
vent obftru6tions in the neck of the bladder,
or paflTage of the urine : but if otherwife,
and that this fame urine comes to lodge in
the bladder, it will caufe fome inflarhmationi
there; which are very dangerous evils for
horfes, and of which they very often dic",
without prefeiK relief: hence you may judge
of the neceflity there is to let your horfes fre-
quently have Irefti litter.
As to the remaining care you ought tp
have of your horfes, fo that they may pafs
the night as they ought, there needs no
more after you have well rubbed them, than
to fupply their racks with hay enough*
which they may feed upon after they have
eaten their oats : and continuing thus daily
to manage them, it will be the means to
keep them in a condition to do you good fer-
vice. If you would fee more about buying
other forts of horfes, fee Rules for BirviNp
Horses.
DRAW-GEAR, denotes a kind of harneHi
for draught-horfes.
DRAW-NET. A device wherewith to
catch birds, and efpecially woodcocks ; the
-figure of which will be found under that
Article i to which fomething to be faid here
does refer. There arc two ways, fays a
French author, to defend the cords or lines
of your draw-net from your hands, and to
keep you from cold. Suppofe the crotchet
or hook R, in the faid figure. Number 2,
T 2 ftiould
D R A
fhould be denoted here by the figare r ;
the ends of the two cords 2 and 3, and the
two lines 5 and 6, were the cords to keep
the net extended -, when you fit in your
lodge, hold the place marked 7, very firm
in one hand, and with the other pafs the
two redoubled cords together, to the figure
4, between your legs, and bring them over
your thigh 5 then keep them tight enough,
quit the places, and fo with either of your
hands you will hold the cords without trou-
ble ; but you. muft be very ready in opening
them, and feparajte your knees when the
woodcock gets into the net. See Plate V.
No. I.
Another way of holding the net without
feeling any cold, or hurting your hands^ is
£een in the figure, No. a.
Suppofe the feat in the lodge be towards
the letter R, drive the ftick H into the
ground ; it muft be about twa inches thicks
and the breadth of four fingers above ground:
at a foot and a half from this littk (lake, as
jou go towards the draw-net, at the places
'marked K and M drivei two other thick
flicks into the groundj^ and they muft not
^exceed a foot above ground ; ^ hole fbould
be bored Ln them within two inches of the
upper end, into which yop may thruft a
iing^r: rake a turned piece of wood, N,C,Oj
whofe ends N, O,. muft be no. thicker than
one's little finger, that they may the more
eafily turn in the two holes I and L, into
which you muft thruft them : you muft make
a hole in the middle of the faid round piece
of wood, big enough to receive a peg as
thick as your finger, and five or fix inches
long. This piece of wood ought to be fixed
in the holes before you drive the two ftakes
into the ground.
, Befides this, take another piece of wood,
H, G, F> let it be flat like a piece of a pipe-
ftave, and cut at both ends in the form, of a
half moon, that fo being joined to the ftakc
H, it may hold. The machine being thus
made, when you have fpread and mounted
your net,, fuppofe the two lines A, B, were
it's cords, raifc them both with the fame
hand^ and doubling them with the other at
D R A
/
the letter C, give them a turn about th**
end C, of the peg in the middle / then pufti^-
ing the other end E, on the fide of the net,
give the turned j ftick, or. round piece of
wood, N, O, two turns, and fatten it, by
putting fome of the ends of the marcher H^
againft the ftick H, and the other at F,
againft the end of the peg E, fo that the
weight of the draw-net, by this marcher or
trap, will flop the turned ftick and hinder
its turning* You may by this device keep
your hands in your pockets, without being
afraid of the net's falling; but keep the
end of your foot always. upon the rpiddle-
part G, and when the bird cornes. tOryour
draw-net, ftir your foot, and the net will
as readily fall as if. you held it.wich. your
hands.
This triple draw-net ferves chiefly forpai^
.£cs made about, forefts 5 they are very convc«-
nient,. becaufe one man can pitch.feveral oT
them, without, being obliged to watch thie
coming of woodcocks. See the form a/: tbid
net in Plate V. Fig-* 3. •
la orderto the making this n^t> you muft.
take measure of the breadth and height of
the place where you are to ufe it, ,and faften
it to a nail, ia order to meafure ofir.t^^ fquare-
meihes ^ as you^ wijl finfi un4ei; xht Article
Net, and Net-makiko,. whcrp wc tr^tof
making a net that will fliut.like a bagywhick
muft confift of good thick thread, ctvifted
four-fold, and the mefb^s muft be ten or a^
dozen inches broad.
It is difiicult, in great foreftst^ aiid wdpdi
that are equally ftrong and tall, to makt
glades,, without felling a great many trees i
and yet you arc not fure your draw-net will
do, without you meet with a place of tea
or a dozen arpents or more, . each of which
confifts of an hundred perches fquare, with-
out any trees, and that the glade adjoins c#
it.
In, cafe you can have no fuch> you may try
the following invention, defcribed inPlate\^
Fig- 4^-
Pitch upon fome clear place on the fide
of a foreft -, for example, fuppofe A D to
be the iox^^^ and the ibace between the tree
A.
n R A
A . and the letter E, to be the void fpace,
five or fix fathoms broad ; pitch upon a tall
and ftrait tree on the fide of the wood, as
that marked A, lop off the branches towards
your clear ground, and faften to the top of
the tree a ftrong pole, as K, R, Z ; find
out a tree in the wood of a middling big-
nefs, as that reprefented by E, F, let it be
as high and ftrait as pofllble : when you have
taken ofF all the branches, carry it to the
place where your draw-net is, and making a
hole in the ground, as at E, four or five feet
deep, and fix or feven fathom diftant from
the edge of the foreft A, put the thick end
of it into this hole. Lift it up, and let it ftand
upright, after you have firft tied within two
or three feet of the end F, fome bands of
wood, fattened end to end to one another, as
you may fee by the letters a, i, c, dy e^fy Sec.
and then let them be kept tight, with wooden
hooks fixed q[uite round in the ground: they
ihould be nine feet diflant from the foot E^
and ordered like ropes at the mad of a (hip :
at the fame time care muft be taken that
none of them reach to the glade, or fpace
"between A and E, fi^r fear of entangling the
net. You muft fo fet your tree which you
have cut, that the point F incline two feet,
or thereabouts, towards the pafsto the foreflri
and you are to fatten the puHy C to the fmall
cnd,:witha cord or packthread thruft through
It I as aMb ,to the tree A, and through the
pully L. You may leave the thick cords
there j but becaufe thieves might be tempted
to ileal them, the beft way is to leave only
the packthreadsf, and even to fliorten them,
by tying a fmall packthread B to one end,
and twitting the other about the trunk of the
tree, at a place where they are not to be
come at, efpecially with climbing up as far
as the part H of the cut tree : but the bett
way is. to take with you a light ladder, fix or
eight feet high, by which you may more eafi-
1^ fecure your goods.
Another invention is, after the flight is
over, to tack two cords together, by the
means of which you may convey up as many
flx>nes as far as the pullies ; then take a ftick
y,. two feet long, and cleft at both ends^
D It A
about which fold all the reft of the cord^y
after which pafs them both into the clefts at
the ends of the ftick, and let the whole mount
up. Thus the ftones S,T, will come down ta
half the height of the trees, becaufe the cord*^
aretied togetherat the lettcrX,and there wiir
the ftick V hang downwards : fo that to or-
der things rightly, you mutt hav.e a long pole
with a hook at the end» wherewith to hook
the piece of wood V, and pull" itj or elfc
take a packthread, and tie a ttone as big as a
hen's egg to it, that you may throw it be-
tween the two cords over the ftick V, and
by that means to pull it as with a hook«
It remains only to obferve, that you may
place feverat draw-nets round about the fo-
reft, and even one man can pitch ten or a
dozen of the triple ones.
. This article might be thought to remaid
impcrfeft, without fomethinglbould be faid
relating to the flying, or buckled draw-ner>
by fome called pantine ; which is of ufc in all
places^ and efpecially in countries where
there is nothing but coppices and forefts,
whofe owners will not allow the felling any
trees, or cutting of branches, neceflfary for
the ufc of the former nets.. Se^ Plate V.
Take two polfes, asE>.B, D,X, as thick as-
your arms, of twenty-one feet long; they
muft be ftraight and light, and pointed at
the thick end: faften to each fmall end B,I>„
an iron> copper, or fuch like buckle, to fervc
inftead of a pully: you muft alfo have a
draw-net with buckles, into which you muft:*
pafs a ftrong packthread; that is even, and-
twelve fathom long : this packthread is de-
noted by the letters B, G, D^ F ; you muft
fold* it, that it may not be entangled with the
net : you muft in like manner have a wooden
hook F, of a foot long, for the convcniency
of carrying your implements, to ufe as yoiii
have occafi'on.
It is to be obferved, that this draw-net
muft be pitched no where but on the fides of
a coppice, near fome vineyard, in the hig(i^
ways or walks, in a foreft or park -, elpecially
when thefe places adjoin to fields, or open,
grounds, in the middle or between woods*.
Youi
t)ll A
I •
^ I
"Vbu rnkj likewifc fpread this net along a ;
brook, at the bottom of a pond, and indeed,
in a manner, in all places frequented by
tvoodcocks. You mult ufe it in the foU^w-
ihg manner :
' Suppofe the tree L (hould be the fide of \
the wood, or fomc other place where you
have a mind to pitch your net, you muft
unfold it, and tslke an end of the tliick
packthread which pafTes through the buckle^
and tie it to the end of the pole at the letter
B i pafs a fmali packthread £, K, into the
buckle which is at the end 6,and tie it to the
firft buckle B of the net, that you may draw
it like a bed-curtam ; then flick the pole Q,
£, quite round the wood L, in fuch a nuin-
;her, that it may Hand firm in the ground^
and flope a little towards the tree. Take
the other end of the thick packthread F and
pafs it alfo into the buckle or ring; D^ which
you are likewife to pitch in the ground,
about five or fix fathom diftant from the
' wood, or other .pole, B, £ ^ then withdraw
fcven or eight fathom diftant from the net,
to the foot of fome tree or buih, or clfc to
fome branch which you have pitched oa pur-
po(e, over-againft the net, as at the place
marked F^ here you muft fix the hook^ and
tie the end of the thick packthread, and then
pull the whole till the net is mounted;
you muft next twift the cord twice or thrice
about the hook, to the end that you may
keep it tight, while, you .go to pull the fmall
packthread £, in order to extend the net;
when this is done return to the hook, unfold
Ihc cord, and fit near the bufh or cover,
without ftirring, having your eye always to
the net, that you may let it fall when the
Woodcock gets into it, which you muft kill
as foon as taken i and fetting your net readi-
ly again do as before. It would not be amifs
to put a fmall packthread into the laft buckle
D of the net, as on the other fide, by which
^you will readily adjuft the draw-net.
, Thefe fort of draw-nets ihould have no
other than lozenge meflies, becaufe they
jtnuft glide along the cords, like a bed-cur-
tain i the net fliould not be above five or fix
£afhon\ wide, and two and a half or three in
OR A
height. Ihe meihes l&ouldBe twotnchet
broad, or two ^nd a half or three at moft |
the net ibould be made of fine but ftrong
thread, and the copper buckles faftened to
all the mdhes of the laft upper row B, D5
the leaver muft be itiade twice as long as you
^ould have i^he net to be in extents then
having a quarter more than the meafure of
the height you cxnift acconrimedate the
buckles^ which being adjufted in the manner
wherein ^they ought to ftand, pafe a mid^
dling cord, or elfe a packthread as thick a&
a writlnfi-pen« into all thefe buckles.
Tou ihould have two other fmaQ padc-
threads B, G« D, C, which you muft pafs ia«
to the laft range of the meflies of both fide^
one of which muft be faftened to the buckle
B, and the other to that at D, in order to
keep the net right when you make ufe of itj
and therefore the two ends £ and G muft be
loofe, and longer than the height of the nee
by ten or twelve feet : this net muft be of a
brown colour.
The draw-^nets are ufiially made with lo-
zenge meflies, becaufe there are few perfons
who know how to make them otherwife, but
others advife them to make as much as you
can of fquare mefiies ; for when they are thu^a
wrought and pitched in the pafies, they are
fcarce to be feen, and when entangled will
contra^ the nets tpo much in fome plaqea#
and darken the place, which frightens *the
woodcock, and laall either make him go |?ac^
or pafs it over.^
You are to obferve concerning draw- nets
with lozenge meflies, that more thread an4
labour is required, than for thofe with four
fquare ones, which are made fooner, and have
no fuperfluous me&ies. However, everyone
is at liberty in their choice either of one or
the other.
If you would have a draw-net with lozenge
meflies, meafure the breadth of the place
where you are to fpread it, make the net
near twice as long as that meafure. It's
height fliould be from that branch where thie
pully is, to within two feet of the ground ;
and that you may comprehend it the better,
confulc the firft figure under the article
W00DC0Cllt»
D^R E
Vboococic The breadth is from tKe let-
tur V to- the letter Xj being the places where
the (lones- Ihould fall, which are luppofed to
he f^ftcncd at M and N ; when the net is
ipread,. the height*(hould be taken fronri the
puUy toconw down near, to the letter X; the
ntt muft therefore be made one-third part
longer than the height^ for being extended
in br^dthj it will (hortcn one-third -,. when
t<hc whole net is n)dhed^ you muft have a^
oord that i$ not quite fo thick as your little
finger> through all the meihes'of the lad range
Mj N I you fpuft faft«n both fjdcs, tying the
tfac fix firft njc^cg'Of the row tcgcther to the
cords fo that tb^y may flipalonjgi do th^
itme'by tht oih^r fide : thefe two places muft
be dift^noedy. according to th^ width pf the
p^^ U^viog tbt reft of the pnefties gf (he net
ttev9 loofc, fo as to flip or be dr^wn from
one fide to the other like a bed*curtain ritheh
to ^acH of (h^ps cords tic a.packrhread^ which
y«J muft P>f* w^PO the laft range of melhes
Qft ihn fidc^ that fo.y^ou may hilon the nft as
it fcouid be, to two trees A, Bi.a fow ar ?wo
^f the cord fliould be fviffer^ to hang dowji
sit each end of the net^ wh^rewifji tone the
ftoncs,.when you would fpread the net,.
If you would have a draw<-net wi(h.fquare
me&eS) take thfC bre^lth and. h^ightj and
vork gs albre&i^ ^ when the net is fit}iQ»ed»
Yerge it M>ove with a prf tty ftrong cord, and
nafs t#vp packthreads. through the meihef, on
both &4p&» in (he faire m^ner as in that
made lozenge-wifc,. and leave alfo bqth ends
of the cord fo that the ftones may be tied
therewith.
DRAWING [with Huflfersl i8> beating
tJift Ipu/hes after a fox ; drawing ^mifs, is
a term ufeid whtn the hounds or beagles
hit the fcentof their chace contrary, fo as
ijxliit Up-the wind,, whereas they flaould have
doAi: it downs in that cafe it is faid, they
4rawr^fni&* .
.DRAWING ^N. THE 5lot, is when ihe
boujlds.tQUch the fce^t.^nfi-diaw on till they
l)i£ all itbe fanae ic^ntw
DRAWING A Ca«Tj f?Wo;ig Bowlers] is
vioniog ithe wd, without birring the bowl,
er blocks
. DBAY. Thf fwmfer fiMfrclsineftsb^ik
o» *bfe tops of trces^
D R r
DRENCH : is a fort of decofttop prepa--
red for a (ick horfc; and compofcd of feveral
drugs mentioned, in Mr, Sol/Neil's Completi
Harjeman.
They put the drench upon the end of ^'
bull's pizzle, and thruft it down his throat,
in order to recover his appetite and ftrength.
DRIFT OF THE Forest, is an cxaft;
view and examination taken at certain tirpcs,;
as occafioa ihall ferve, to know what beads-
are there j that none common there, but-
fuch ^s have rights and that the forefl be
not overcharged with foreigners beasts or
cattle.
DRINKING or Hokses, irnmediately
after hard riding, &f^.. is very dangerous \.
and therefore they Ihould not be fufFcred to-
do it, tjll th^y be thoFOpghly cooled, aiid*
have eat fome oats ; for many by drinking
too foon have died upon it, or become lick.
A horl'e after violent labour, will never
be the worfc by being kept half a day from'
watery but may die by drinking .an>hourtoo>
foon.
DRIVERjS. A machine for driving ph©a-
f|nt pp^ts^. confiding of good ftrong p^ier
\fr^f)ds, fuch as baflcet-nhakers ulV ^ thefe are
to be fet in a handle and twifted, or bound'
>Vath fflOtll oziers in two or three plapes. See
PUfe V, Fig. §.
DRIVING OF Pheasant-Powts ; for the
driving and taking of ppwts or young phea-
faots IP nets } when you have found out an;
eye of pheafantsj place your net crofs thc>
little paths or ways they have made, which,
are much like ihe^p tracks, poflTibly you (h^^ii^
find out one of their principal haunts,. which<
may be done by the barenefs of the ground^,,
their mutings and the feathers that lie feat*
tered about.
To do this you (hould always take thj&,
wind with you, it being cuftomary for them;
to run down the wind ; and place your nets^
hollow, loofe and circularly, the netTier parf
of which muft be faftened to the ground, andi
the upper fide lying hollow, loofe and bend-
ing, fo that when any birds rulh in,, it O^ay.,
fall and entangle them.
Havipg fixed your net go to the haxiDff,,
and if yoju find jthem fquteied, call them to^ ^
geihei.
DUC
•gcther with your call : and when you find them
begin to cluck and pip one to another, then
forbear calling, and take an inftrument, by
fome called a driver, made of good ftrong
white wands or oziers, fuch as are ufed by
baflcet-niakcrs, which is to be fet in a handle,
and in two or three places twifted or bound
with fmall oziers, according to the figure, fee
the Plate V. With this driver, as foon as
you perceive the pheafants gathered together,
make a gentle noife on the boughs and
bullies about you, which will fo fright them
that they will get clofe together, and run
away a little diftance, and then (land -, after
this make the fame no'ife a fecond time, and
this will fer them a running again ; taking
the fame courfc till you have driven them in-
to your nets ; for they may be driven like fo
many (beep.
If they happen to take a contrary way ;
then make a raking noife, as if it were in their
faces ; and this noife will prefently turn them
the right way.
But in ufing the driver obferve,
1. Secrecy, in keeping yourfclf from their
fight ; for if they efpy you they will run and
hide themfelves in holes under fhrubs, and
will not ftir till night.
2. You muft have regard to due time and
leifurc, for rafhnefs and over hafte, Ipoil th«
fport.
DROPPING I [in Falconry,] is when a
DRIPPING J hawk mutes direftly down-
wards in feveral drops, not ycrking her dung
ftrait forwards.
DRY.To put a horfe to dry meat is to feed
him with corn and hay after taking him from
grafs i or houfing hirn.
DUBBING OF A Cock, fwjth Cock Maf-
ters] a term ufed to fignify the cutting of a
cock's comb and wattles.
DUBBING, [among Anglers] is the
making artificial flies, the materials for which
arc fpaniels hair, hogs hair dyed iif different
colours J fquirrcls, Iheeps, bears and camels
hair, oftrich, peacock and turkey wing fea-
thers, &?f. See Fish.
DUCKS are amphibious birds, that live on
land and water, of which the male is called
M drake : there are two forts of them, viz.
D U C
the wild and the tame ^ the tame duck is fed
in the court-yard, walks flowly, delights in
water, fwims fwiftly, but fcarce ever rifes
from the ground to fly. For Tame Ducks,
fee the Article Poultry.
As for wild ducks, thofc who are difpofed
to employ part of their time in taking them
with nets, 6fc. (hould ever have fome wild
ones made tame for that purpofe i for the
wild never affociate themfelves with thofe
that are of the real tame breed : therefore be
always provided with fevcn or eight ducks,
and as many drakes, for fear of wanting upon
any occafion ; becaufe they are often loft,
and much fubjeft to mifcarry.
The nets muft never be placed but where
you have a foot of water at leaft, nor much
more; fo that marflies, fands, flats, over-flown
meadows, and the like, are the moft proper
places for this fport.
The nets ufed are the fame with thofe for
plovers, and they are fet after the fame man-
ner, only thefe are under water, and you need
no border to conceal the net. The figure,
Plate VI. will fliew you the net fpread ; your
main fticks fhould be of hron, and ftrong in
proportion to their length.
But if the main ftick be of wood, faften
good heavy pieces. of lead along the cord at
about a foot diftance on the fides of the net
to fink it down into the water, that the ducks
may not efcape by diving: thefe pieces of
lead are reprefented in the cut along the cord
Q, S. See Plate VL Fig. i.
Several fmall wooden hooks are likcwife
fixed all along the verge of the net A,B,C,D,
oppofite to the perfon that holds the cord to
keep it tight, or elfe they alfo place fome
lead there, to hinder the birds from rifing,
that are caught.
The hooked ftake X, and the pully V^
ought to be concealed under the water, that
the ducks may not fee them. The lodge
fhould be made of boughs, as under the word
plover, which the reader may confult. Up*
on the brink of the water, when all is ready,
take the diicks and drakes, and place the
firft in this manner: tie fome of them before
your net, and as many behind at Y, by the
legs, but fo that they may fwim up and
QOWpi^.
DUG
DUG
I9 .citing fach grain or chippjAgs ii fou
ihall throw to them for that prnpofe. Keep
the drakes bf yon in your lodge s when you
perceive ia flock of wild ducks come near
you, let fly one of the decoy drakes, which
wiH prefeBtlyjoin the wild ones, in expe^a-
tion of his mate ; and not finding her there,
dw wilt begin to call ; which being heard by
tte femafo ded by the legs, Ihe will begin
tto cry out, and provoke the others to do Ac
fame : upon which the drake flies to his mat*,
«Md generally draws the whole flock with
tfaim, which greedily fall to eat the bait laid
4or them. Now the ducks being once come
within your draughty pull your cords with
.the quickeft motion- you can ; And having
thus taken them, let go your decoy-duck,
and feed them well ; you may kill the wild
iODct, and fi> fet your acts again as you fee
occafion.
r\ The wind h^ppena fometimes fo contrary,
diatthe drake cannot hear his tnate when (he
cries $ in which cafe you muft let go a fe-
oood and a third to bring ift the flock yon
idtfign to furprizei and your decoy-ducks
iliould have fome mark of diftinftion, for
the ftore i^ittlily knowing them from the
wild ones, ^ the fewing ibfaiething about
iheir 1^, cir the like: when the %at6r is
troubled, and it bai^ rained a little, or that
tbe wtearher is nMfty> it ia the beft time to
tdce ducks with nets.
A fecond way of taking ducks with nets is
liytwon^ts, and which muft be fet in a
•pl^C' where there ist at leifthalf a foot water,
that they may be concealed 1 and therefore
thofe who catch ducks in the water fliould al-
ways be boojced. ^ Plate VI. Fig* a.
The ftaves or fiick^ B, C, E, D, ought to be
m$dt of iron, feven feet qt feven feet and
# half long, and proportionably thick : the
pickets, or flicks A, F, fliould be made
fbr6ng' and half a foot longi the others,
D, if, ihould be of the fame (trength, each
4iaving a cord D, C, three fathom long : the
tUves of the net M> O, fliould be longer
than the others bv three inches, or half a
IbMrthe lodge K, fliould be fixteen or
^tghcein ikhom diftantftom fbe nets 1 the
loiot N of the cord, where two other cords
are made Mt, as N, G, Hy O, fliould be flue
r or fix toiiea diftaat from ' the firft flares' i
and forafmuch asi all thefc cords of tht nets
fliould be failBened with all your force^ fticlu
or pieces 'of wood half a foot long fliould be
fixed flopli^gly .in the ground, dft the fide of
the letters I, L, M, O, to keep the iron ftavts
down in. the water, fiiom whence they hnng
them out, by diawing die cord K» N.
Manage your decoy*ducks and drakes as
before i there it no need that the wil^i ducks
fliould fwim on the water before yo^ draw
your net$, for you take them at the fame
time diey alight upon it.
A third way of catdiing wild ducks, is
with bird-lime ; of which take three or four
pounds of that which is old and rotted ; to
each pound put two handfuls of charcoal^
burnt fl:raw, and as much nut oil as the flieM
of a hazel-nut can contain ; mix and work
the whole together for a quarter of an houi^
and anoint one or more . cords therewith,
ea<ih of them being ten or twelve fathom
long ; and conveying them to the place where
wild ducks frequent, get a boat, if you do
not care to go into the water, and fet the
cords among the ruflies or other herbage,
whither the ducks* retire : pitch thetwoftavoi
in fuch a manner that the enfls may be even
•with the water, and tie a very ftiffcord to
them» which mull be borne up on the water
with fome bundles of dry ruflies ; when the
ducks are got among the herbs and ruflies,
they will at length come to the cord, which
will embarafs them, at which time they
will endeavour to take wing ; but not being
able to do fo, thev will drown themfelves
in endeavouring to get loofe.
Aiburth way of taking wild ducks in the
water, is with noofes or fprings made of
horfe-hair, otherwife called running flips and
horie-hair collars, a cheap and eafy way, ef-
pecially in fuch low marfhes as are overflown
not above a foot and a half deep ; obferve
their moft frequented haunts, and there throw
a little corn for two or three 'days, to em-
bolden and draw them on : for having once
fed there, they will not fail to return thither
every day.
You mufl: then plant feven or eight dozen
U of
o«f.yirfi# Vimfri((g jfip^^df^nalLiKire or horfc-
•hditi-coUars, tied two mttHteo.tdgethcr, as
^in Plite VI.. Kg. 39 to lUtlc (harp pointed
..ftakbs^^ ihewn. by the letters I> K, L, M, N,
O ; they niuft be fixedfo far into the ground^
Uhat the. uf per ends of them and the collars
may be juft hid a little JU/ider the water ; and
;(hen throw:fortie borlcy). or tbelike^grain,
amongft^ehi> that foiyommay catch them
^either by the nock or legs :* you mullrefort
■ditcher twice or thriceievecy day to. fee how
you focceed.
' The •coilars may in like manner be placed
as in the fecond figure following : Take a
iiharp pointed ftake about two feet long,
in iproportioa to the depth;Qf the water, as
•.y, ; V > bdrc two Jioles ohraugh the thick end
T> into which put twa flicks> is P, R> and
Q«S, each «of them (hould be about, the
thicknefs of one's little finger, and two feet
Jong ; they muft be firmly fet in and well
.pegged; faften, your collars or flipping
^nota to the- end of your ftick, as the let«-
tters P» Q» R, S, deoote: this done, and
ihaving fixed your ftake T, V, in the ground
4b far. that it may be all under water> fo as
,that your knots may juft fwinx open on the
top of it : then call your grain or chip-
|>ings of bread in and out among the faid
Kakes, the better to entice the ducks 10
come : you may make ufe of feveral. of theie
ftakes, and place them feven or eight feet
afundcr.
. There is a fifth way of catching wild
ducks, and that is with hooks and line, as
appears by Fig. 4. t <
. Faften your lines well and. firmly to ftrarp
pointed fticks, as (hewed by the figure
marked G, and ftake down the fiicl^ Into
the ground, then bait your hook.H, with
an acorn or bean F> or with a fifh or frog,
asatC; you may alfo b^t with a worm,
as at V, by thefe you may learn to bait with
paftes, or the like ; and you woiUd do well
to feed the ducks two or three days before,
at the place where you intend to fet your
lines and hooks, the better to draw them oo>
and embolden themi and you fhould alfo
vifit your fport every morning and evening^
D U W
to. take up What^you ^ave'I caoght, ,and to
re^ify.what "maybe tmifs. . t t ^ . !• ;'/. ':
Some of. our JSnglifii aoth^s having fyi
down. a nnethodjhow welhall preferrerwiM
ducks, fay we muft will in a little piece of
i^ground, wherein there ;i& ibme finallpond
or fpring, covering the topiof .it all x>ver
with a ftrong net ; the pond muft 4ie fet with
many tufts ipf ozifcrs^ aod hiave many feertt
holei and cre^s .; which ^111 inure fihetn so
.feed there, though canSned. j :
The wild duck, when (he lays, wiU teat
from the drake, and hide her lieft, or clfe
he will fuck her eggs,. -After (he haahatcb.
ed, Ihe is very carefql to breed her yiouh^^
and needs nq attendance more than «neac>
which fhould.be given twice a day, as fed*-
ded bran, : oats, or fitches. Thic houfe hen
will hatgh wild duck-eggs aa. well as tame^
and the meat will be much better ;. yft eve^
ry time the ducklings . go- Jntb the water^
they arc in dangcp of th<:; kites, biccaufe the
hen cannot guard them. Teal|»* widgeons,
fhell drakes, or green plovera, may bfiM».
dered alfo in the fame niadnec aa wild
ducks. , . ' . . . » ,^^fv
DUCKER^t ilia kind.offiookthftt li
DOUCKER^j S -.fighting will . fiw.^toiK
the dod< almeftatrev^vJtroke I\««gjhrci«..it
. DULL; the oaarka otra^d^ll, ftupid;hoiA^
are white fpot^ remind tjiexqre 4ind oq die^dp
of the noie upon any ^enoraVcolour wbath
foever: thefe iitarks. i^rc hard' tp-bf diftin-
guiftiedina wMcebbrfei tt^^^gk thcdKiilgtl-
take the ifpots for fign. of. .ftppiditjf, it it
certain they are gr^at Ggas q( the goodftcl^
of a horie, and th^ hocfes that have,
very fenfible and quick upon the fpur.
DUN, Sii Colours of a Hoftss^
DUN HOUjN£Xi. thefe d<>gs are gM4
for jail chafes^ and .therefose of general
ufe-
The beft coloured ^e fuch as. ate duntop
the back, having their fore-quarters (an^'d
or of the complexion of a hare's legs : but
if the hair on the back be black and their
less freckled with red and blacki they cheii
umally prove excellent hounds^, and indeed
there are tdm of a dun colour to b« jbun^
^' bad;;
:. </
\ai > iurd the vorft . of chem are facb/whoft
legs arc of a whitilhcokkir* ♦
It tk'^nderftil in thefe creatdres, to ob-
fttv^' horn much: they ilick upon the know^ ^
ledge of-theit txiafter/ elpecialfy his voice
and homy and no one's eUe : nay more than
thati they know the diftant voices of their
Mkm, and do know? who are babbkers ^hd
liars^ and who not s and will follow }}he one
and not the other, t
Now for hounds t the weft country, Cbi*
fi>ir€^ and Lam^ftery with other wood-land
and mountain couhtriesj breed our flow
Itc^ancft, whidi k « large great dog, tall and
' Iriin^eftirjbir^y Bu^ardjhire and many well
mixt foils, where ehaoEipagne a^d covert are
df equal- largeaefs,! prepuce a nniddle fized
dog oC a .more* jiiinble compofure than the
fontur;.:
: LaftlyV die north parts, as Tarkjbire^
Qimiefl^i NMbitmbertandy and inany other
pUiif^chavni^giie countries, bixed the light,
ohnbhr, imft^ fl^nder^ fleet hound.
> After all thefe, die little beagle is
athibuted to Our country ; the fame that is
eaHed ;chegc|ze hound : bi^fidea the maftiff,
odnck^feems to be a native of England^ we
aMratitdn up moft excellent greyhounds
fh#hlcb feem to Have been brought hither by
ttMsGuuk) in our open champagnes.
. .All thefe dogs have deferved to be famous
in adjacent and remote countries, whither
they >are feat for great rarities, and ambi*
iwtifiy fought for by .their Lords and Princes i
although only the fighting dogs feem to have
been known to the ancient authors; and
perhaps in that age hunting was not fo
much cultivated by our own country*
men;
DUNG OP A HoRSS, fliould be obferved
upon a joura^y ) if it be too thin, it is a
Ggn that either his water was too cold and
piercing, or that he drank too greedily of it ;
if there be among his ordure whole grains
4>i oats, either he has not chewed them well,
or his ftomach is weak ; and if his dung be
4»lack, dry, or come away in very fmall and
liand pieces, it:is a lign that he is over heat*
ed in his body.
: Vifcoust'oriflimy durig,. votWdBfa^Acfe-
horfe, (hews that h^ is not duly prepared ;>
in . which cafe his garlic, balls and exercife-
are to be continued till his oi;f}ure: comd.^
from him pretty dry, and without moift-j
ure.
•DUST AMD SAND will fometimes fo dry
the tongues and mouths of horfes^ that they
Idfe their appetite,
'In fuch'cafe give them bran well moiften*
ed with wiiter, to cool and rcfrelh their
mouths and tongues, or moiften their*
mouths with a wetTponge to oblige them to
eat*
DUST : to beat the duft. See Beat.
1)
EARS or AN HoasE, fliould be fn^p
narrow, ftrait, and the whole fubfbam^
of them thin and delicate : they ought to
be placed on the very top of the head, jandi
tbeir ;points, when ililed, or pnclqed -uppi
fliould be nearer than their roots. ;ii oint vj i
When a horfe carries his»ears poiotbd ioiA
wards, he is faid to^ have a bold, hiE^fdy^
or briflc ear; alfo when a horfe is traveHin^r
he fliould keep them firm^ and not (Hkaw
hog) mark every ftep by motion ^ hm
ear. >: . ' > -m!) r:
To cure a pain in ja ihorfc's'^ears-^c
cleanfe them well, focifear the hovfe I^kmUI
run mad, and then put in ibma hoirieyu filt
petre, and very clean water j; mix the HhsHm
together, .and dipping a Itnea'Cloth thefei*
to attradb the moifture, continue the applM
cation till the cure is'effieAetlvj; I . * > nA
To take out any. thing incommpdioiti$ m%
horfe's ear, put in an equal quantify of oM
Oil and nitre, and thruft in- a Uttle^wtyDl :
if fome little animal has got in, you^muft
thrufl in a tent fattened to the end of a fticki
and fteeped in glutinous rofini turn it.ia
the car, that it may flick to it.
If it be any thing clfc you moft open the
ear with an inflirument, and draw it out vith
an iron ; or you may fquirt in fome Water ;
and if it be a wound, you mufl drop in pro*
per medicines to cure it,
?(? EARTH, is to go under ground, to
run into a lurking hole, as a badger or a
fox does.
U 2 EARTHT
?
••
E 0»
FARTH^^WORMS, or reptiles yinth
fi^rtre both for food 'for birds, aad baits for
fxfli ; and as it is (bmetimes difficalt to find
tbem^ riie ^Uowihg methods are fist domro>
by which you nnay have them almoft in ail
fcafons of the year. •
The 6r{l, is to go into a meadow^ or
fqnie other place, full of herbs or grafs^
where vou fuppofe there may be fuch forts of
worms; add there to dance, or tadier cram-
pie with your feet for about half a quarter
of ^n hour^ without cealing, and you will
fee the worms come out of the earth about
you, which you may gather, not as they arc
creeping oiit> but after they are come quite
out i for if you (hould ceafe trampling for
never fo Ihort a time, they would go in'
again.
Another time to get worms, is when
Aetc arc green walnuts upon the trees $
tjdce a quarter, or half a pound of them> aod
put into the quantity of a pail of water, rub*
hm^ the iiuiks of the nuts upon a brick,
^r fquare tile^ holding them in the bottom
cf the water : continue to do this till the
water ii become bitter, and of a tafte that
Ae warms wiil not lilce : fcatter this watec
upon the place where you judge worms to
iki and they will /come out ot the ground
ib! is^quarter of an :hotir« . Ste Worms.:
: £^ILLAI>E, is a check of the bridle
%iikh tfae horfemen gives to the horfe by
• jerk of one rein, when he, refufes to
An ebrilladecliffiers from afaccadc in this^
Am ii&ccade is a jerk made with both- reins
in! once.
* kteft people' confound thefe two words,
under the general aame of a check or jerk of
she bridle^ but let it be as it will, it is al*
ways a chaftifcment, and no aid, and the
ufe of it is banifhed the academies..
eCAVESSADE, is a jerk of the cavef-
fon.
£CHAPE: an echape tn a horfe got be-
tween t^ ftallion and a mare of a different
breed and different countries.
ECHAPER, to foSer a horfe to efcape,
OF flip upon the handi^ agallicifm ufed in
the Aeademiea, implying :t^ gi\s(him/Jie4d^
orputon at full fpMd« Ir i * j uv A
KGOUTB:; Ajp^ca or nn^HtoD^.^ ^horfe.
He is faid t^ be tcbute, on'^Omimst^ whmtT
he rixles well upon the.hMdifin^ iitrlii^ Qom«'
paftly put uponrhifr •hii0A<:he«,i>Md.JHnutSfor:
liftens no the .heels or fp^yj4i4 coiiliqiie$.-
duly baiancdd between, the bte W iiw^fhflMfi
throwifig.to.feither/iide«; i .. t^ a- l^n .ra.(
This happens, when a . Jborfe '>bf3Ka ffaMt
fenfe of the wis of thehandiandlhiedi; . '
ECURIE,. is a covert place for tile^iqdg-^^
ing and houfing of hoHes.
£CUYtiR, a iFrentb: word, <iw AgSjfi^
querry) has different fignifications in Fr^Mmi
In the acadenoy or :maba^>' thCiiiKitog-
mailer .goes fay the name- of fovfo;, , ; . i a
EEL. It is agreed byjraoft nieii» thaR)
the eel is a moft dainty, fids s itha R^mmA
have efteemed her the Helena of theic^ftaftai
and fomethe-^qi^een ofpalase-pkiafupew. But
moft men diiirr about dMar4mt4ifig^:<>€M«fr
i^y they ibroed by ^nefsilioniat Mfaet .itfliiik^
and others that they hrced^ a9.tonie. ffdrmn-
do, of mud; aa racs and mice^'and fiAny
ether living creatures are brcA ka ErypAi hf
the fun^s heat, when : it Bxvm^ iq>Qn me Met ^
flowing of the river NUmi or . avxixxd' thm
putrefa^OB of the earthy and <difters:ioilttr
ways. Thofe thatr deny tHem aq iarced' hf
generation as other fifls ido, aflk, if iMf.mfOat
ever faw an eel to have a fpawn or m^ i
and they are anfwered«. that they naaqr be al-.
certain of their breeding as if thqr had ieeb'
fpawn : for they fay, that they are ottfaio;
that, eels have; all pares fit for! generation^
like other fifb, but fofmaH^as not to. he
eafily difcemed, by reafoo of their facnefti
the he and the fhe eel cnay be difttnguiiheii'
by their fins. And Rondeletius fays, he hm-
feen eels cling together like dew^-wormfi.
And others fay, that eels growing - oidi ,
breed other eels out of the corruptioa of
their own age, which Sir Fnmdr Bacm Xvcf^.
exceeds not ten years* And othecs fay, that:
as pearls are made of glutinous dew^drepa,
which are condenfed by the ftm'Sihenttm
thofe countries, {o eels are bred ^f aparticNi-
lar dew falling in the au>nths:ofiU^<fr:^iKKif
an tle'fanOcsioC.iBne: poiticuldr i p^ckioi!
ii«er%'ia;didiCKrfl'^^y,^Ba&iiit from ^ftcVcftdyi
nnPBd>aDCkK*eels:|)iftnd (bmeloCth^ aocichts:
Iw^ cattfd the eelis thic are thus brdd> the
ofiwriDg of Jove* 'Thet^'^ar-hcea fetit
ifiuic. beginning oH.}^/^ in.airiMcr .nofCfar
omrvifch fUimg^ilsrabam the .i^knefsiafT
^ltew>«ad.i!l^dc ^?1^ bn'thfi topof Ahfttn
immp^ ^^^lidk'aS' motes anefaid to be tn the;
#|n: xhv t^keiijofooher rivera>.as niunely in
Sn$t^, wiiereihey are calleci *i^}vdrS'; and
a pond or mere near Stafford/hire^ wh^te
talenl^ohe/Ia firanfiB^^ ftt^dhpihadH'ieils
tflMMnd &; |Krach» rthac 'manjrfofithelpoorsr
Ibcc ^ of firojxie that ; i^fiabm/oear ita i^ rake
i%cW eelfr ouf of ^this more 'wiblk ifiTiea^ or
iheecs^ and4iiake alitndofeol^caikerof tfaeitiY
and ^t; it. as bread. .And GigfSB^tr.^tdMes
ipeiYtrahk JSnir. to-lar^. cbac ht En^hmiximT^
hr4Xk iOanid calkd r £/f, b^; ifeafon of the. in*
H^rrieyabie'-humber of edbrthsftbresddimJtbi
BiMf ihat eels may bcbrdd ds^fpnew fKCrms^
and fome kind of bees and vafps are either
l^f d^^9 or out of the corruption of /die
earth> feents . to be ' made j prophble' bf rtM
bUriiacks and^aong gofiings iDred by: the
ibl^Siheat, and the roc^n ^ank&Df an sAd
fliipy ^aadltacohtd.drtree^:} bothlwliich/tarG
Camd€ny2itidi Gerhard \n his HeriaL ' - *, - r
ft isfai'd by :&dirid^&//^9. that. thofc eels
Aal are bi^d in^^siinns d3at:rdiikc.t«v t>j' a^i
BMr^^r toichef feai/ skSfcr stmtn'^M. the. fxtfli
%rafedi^.a& t^e' £alnioajdloea .whda thiyAmvA
rnie^^ftcid t^ fatosWacefTi; and; chough Siir
Francis Bacon will allow the eel's life to be
but ten years, yet he, in his hiftory of life
and detflh^ intentioik si ^hnptey- viklonging
to the iS^2»40iMmpeyor<<tabeJTy3de fianfe, and
fb kept for almoft threefcore years : and
ihJt^^tfe/ol andopleaianc. obferda<ians)!jyfifere
Miaick^of fhift kki^x^f, that Cr^«i the orator
^b<> kept her, lamemed her deaths. . And we
tt^M4o6Mr\Uakewell, x\utHortenfias'\tta
feen to weep at the death of a iacnprey that
]£b'had kept li&n^i ' ^ ' '
It i^ -grants 'by aU ormv&rsked, ^ateek\
fer'k&aut fix months^, that is to fay, the fix
Er B: L..
*
d^9¥fib. neith^ iH #h?>R|«§»5 «PWP f Nc iP!Q«?U,
ia !wHic^ ijljey ttTg^j ^Vti%ltf g«! i«t9>hc,
togefbjcr bed UiQtnfH*J<^ flf»4rl^v«:'||j^^ovtt
• feeding. :upoA any ^kn^lg^iiis^fme^ fm^\(m
1 h4V^.bfenj<>|}rpr(t^d<<>/d«^ftl»)iq|||ffff^«^^^
: tb(»fe>f»^ iipWi*ibftd«rtifiliH>r«t^y4pr;^
■ b^ag JlWeivf0cT(>n4usslcJv«|ftrj3|j)^t^r^
G^«fr quotes Albertus to^^Xftxikf^ ^<^
ye^jf^^f'j, Aat; yHfiirfr winter: rt>eAiigi^^
cc5idj^thiaA.iyiii^j^*.fj«Jl?jdi4 ib>^ j»ti|iy.VHi5v
ftind;:gec:pucaf t-he yi9^r in^);at|ta(c^* « JvtfS
la^^rhnMow,. Itijft*i^(id»y.-«wu*^, ^wtfetfesBR
iM)4^dir^€«i^lMf9l. lifttfiiJI^^/roft'yiej^
tiheratw ,7Aridf(S#nri^'iflflMW/'t|iat ys^i-hnfOr^f
with fpades; wh^r^ t>o , >water was neai: to tl
pkcef ' The eeljs^ irppit^^nf. of co^l, fo.jir
hMhiibeos ,«Winiedar <fc^%ft%.,^»affl[i. mi^^i^
w^aH' bas'beeii;;l«w>wRi t<^^|vf r^f $iiv%:a\«^
oTtlw/lvaMr. ] -.^ ^:jif[ . .j ?., ..,- \ , ' ;• ...
ii;SQitne cMruf|]albiri(;hfirs;Aa^'tIv^ na^^ipe^^it
fUhi ob£ervc,5^t; t&Qfcj arefcycral^^o^
liiu6eToC .eels, ids th*>i^lvc;r .c^Ji,.,^ .gi
eel,wkh! .wbiclilthe .fflr^fir .?9^MMr^j abg^
^n<litht)fe itt^€j tHtteA^jg|i^i.finfJ,ajfrl;
eeil^ ^h^h^ j):nMf^flataA.4ibiggfrti^
9wdioary:iidlilucatf©v« ^fi&IVrw^fi 44«if«fi%
arddiilH' ^ i^ldocn' ;{9)|Aii ^4^ th|^>!na|ioii^
t[h(^fe 6{v(erar kihd^ ofN^ei^ !^»); &;- fomi;^.
(jit^rflty . hrtdi qM "^ o^^ tb^ )fl?r^lVticia: of tbq
<rWtfai md. foNAe^jby d^^t f^n^ Qtjier ipayt a^
^k>;a%*eittb()tf^i«f§w tbattl»
filver eel is bred by generaiiojii jH^txvat bjr
fpimwn^ :%^ 53>«hqr^.,fiftttc^.>^ ihatt hctf
t»of>fl fecftaa ^JfcT^rl ffoj^^ihar,. being tAeA»
littie. Jire:::eelfri 4ip biggw; iM>c longer. thaa<a:
:_ cTflheroel/nMy b(ij.'.4y»ig^fljitfcdi.v^$ l^njtjt-
oft^i^fc^ai iftifh ^QW^ered -iaw^ with a.4oi>^
Y^tev^cWtnnofW^ i^»5i©?.t;:Oi^ af|>e9v chicixnijv
4H ilh«igttts ol aay! , fifhy . f^ \m\t\k^ almoft an>|
t-hihg^ (for he is agreedy iUb> He may b^-
<?^gh^ wkh (a 1-ittk lamprey,' which fomo
call a pride, afld (fi^^in^^e h'^ months. Ij^-
fsit«id'(naay/0f/th£ni^i^tl)kf: ^'ham$Sy,z\Si^\a\
irtsny:pfltid-htap^,ia^9ther44??crs., ; i
/iNote/ Thgijb* CHE^iftkiow^ fti« in the day;,
but then hides himfelf, and 'therefore is.
wfually/
E ff Ij
. nM^cfi^to itkB b«hk 01^ ci^ hy'
throwing « Aftilg<>eibfe the ftrearft wftli/maiiy i
'' 'iH it» and thoTe baited with the afore*
^\ ti^V 'dddor'plummet/or jlfone,
tliro#n ihittPtlrit^ rivei^'^kh this line, that fo
<^ Hhijiti the^nto^ihg find it hear to fome >
SKj^placei ^nd^^Mtake'itup with a drag-
libbk'»r«tlifer*lirc.' '
"Eels ido-*ii6t tiftfaUjr ikir in the day time,
for then they )iide themfelves under Ibme
ciihre.1^;.^' imdrr boards or planks about
flBod'gat«s, or weau-e^^'^f mills, ot in hdes
in the fiver bfcnks 1 W that • you obDsrving
yd!Qr'ti>[i1^ iA^a warhi day, when the water i^
)o#fefl:,* may^take a fltohg 'ihiall' hook tied
to a ftron^ line, or to a ftring about a yard
Bng, and t^cn into:'6hc of thcfe holes^or'
betweeii any boardsf about a mil), or under
an^ great flmiS or plank, or any [ilace where
you think an eel npay hide or flielter herfelf,-
ydu may; ivith thic hetj^'of aifhort ftickput
m yoiir bait,- t>Ut leifurely, and as far as ydu
may conTeatently :^ and it is fcarce to be
doubtc!d> btrt that if there be an eel within
the. fii^c of 1t| i^.ne^l^ill bite inlbantly^
and'- as certainly ' ^orge it: you need not
dou.bt'tb havt^hlnf, If you pull him not out
0f' the hb|e' tob ^Ui6kly, but pull him out
l^ degrees ; for he lyin^ folded double in his
hdfe, wtll with the lielp of his tail break all,*
pulff^g/
' The -daunts of the eA'are weeds, under
rt)Ots^ fturnpsof ti^es^' holes, and clefts of
tfa^' earth, ^oth- i^ the ^i^s and at the
bpttom, and in the plain mud : where they
lie inrith only' thtfr^^4»eady out. Watching
forpfey: ™y>i-i- alfb^ fodttd under great
ftohes, oldtHiriber,^'aboiitflood-gatejl, weares,
bridges, and'dldlnilfe'j they delight in ftill
waters, and in thofe that are foul and muddy ;
though the fmaller fccli'are to be met with
in all forts ^f rivers arid foils.
■Although the manned iin which eels, and
indeed all. fifti lift gen^Med/ is fuffkiently
;i6ttled| as appears in the foregoing notes.
I there yet ren^iiiswa: qudftioh/undeddoii hfy
i aaturalift^y and that . is, . Whethtb; tha t ^
j bean onparoos/or^aviviparoua^fidi V:\Wkli4m
\ inclines to the latter o^inioai: ' The IblbMfitt
ing relation from Bdwlier may'gti Jiear Ao'
determme*thefqueftion. ^^ i^^ ^ri'iqefio
Taking it for granti^d thea.t2iat:.oeklji»i
not (pawn; all wc hayc:to fiy in thia f^cd^'i
that'^ though, as: our 'author 'teUi ,vih thttg&
are never out feafoi^ yet^ as Ibche /a^^^t#]a
are beft in Winter, and vfor&la'Miy A-m^
, it is to be noted of eels, that the longer th^
live the better they are. AnfjUr^ s Sme Qidd^
104. : :' . \a\\. \ ^ .14
Of baits for the eel, the beft .are : loltfr
worm, loach minnows, fmaU ^pope^ pe%rQ{t
with the fins cut off^ pieces of vajpy QAk
efpecially bleak, or being very luoid,; wititit
which I have taken very large ones. . . . ^\\
As the angling for ells is noHvery pleafftnt
amufement, and is always atteaded wilk
great trouble and tlie rifque of tackle, ma*^
ny, while they angle for other fifii, lay linea
for the eel, which they tie no ts^eeds, flagSj
&r. with niarks to iind them byj or you
may take a long packthread line, with a
leaden weight at the end, and hook^ iQOped
on at a yard diftance front each other : faftea
one end to the flags, or on the Ibor^ - and
throw the lead out, and let the line Ue foaie
time, and in this way youmay probably^
take apike« . . ^
The river Kennel \n Berkflbire^ the Sscur in
lyorfetjhire^ Iri in Lancajbire^ and AnkiaMf
in lAncoliiJhire, are famed for producing excdn
lent eels : the latter to fo great a degree, ^$
to give rife to the following proverbial
rhyme :
Ankbdm eel, and Wltbam pike»
la all England \% none like.
»
But it is faid there are no eels fuperior 14
goodnefs to thofe taken in the head of the
New River near IJlington ; and I myfelf have
feen eels caught there with a rod and lii^c^
of a very large fize
Eels, contrary to all other fifli,
fwimup, but. always down the ftream<
**«.?
* . i . •
•clTiAer6Wi>r,! fix lili€;Si. (<»• what mimljcr
IfPH^think^fij;^ each of them about fixceen
yards long, and at every two yards, pnakq
#tn«f)9^cl h<ng on a hook armed^. either to
^bufclofv^hr^edrQr .fiJ.k.tiyill>. for. that is bet--,
Sli«h.»n|.^ire : Jj^it ydur hooky, wi?}i nvi-j
^^WrjJ-itioiJ^very Boqtejktithtre:^? ra line
baiteCit 'jand ^D the Unes mud iie acrois thq
fi^c<9: in ^ the dd^peft places either; witl^
ftones^ or pegged down, lying in the bof>{
»nnr Teu ipaft .^wtch al^r night, or fife
SffiFf **arly i^ the mfi^^nQ ^t'\yj^^k,of^^}f,
(opP:QlfQyou .wijl Ipij^ naany.diat were hui^)
MkI 4raw wup the linesiy ypon each of which
3Fflu^.9iay ./expert. , two, oir,.Jchr6c. «cls ok
ui U^hySPJ^A^i tolls inftnirpenf U mad^
for^the mbft part with three forks or ^ccthi
JWgSd- W.^hp: f¥^\ b«t {pnv:';tiavq fjHir,
3Viuch^40:.ari^ the belli this they ^rike into
.the mud at the bottom of the river,, and if it
jcbancf to. light where they lie^ there is no
l^r.qf taking ^cm: .
. t But t9 take.^e {^rgeft eel^ of all, . nigHt^
/^ooks^are to be^l^jcecji M^itH fmall rq^ches^
-aod tH^.hook^ qf^uft lie in th'e,mouti} of x\^q
EEL-BACKED Horses, are fticn as have
jbjack Ul^s along their backs.
. npFFfiCTS OF THE Hand, are taken for
ti^^s^ L fy. the motions of the hand that
tcirvf to ^Qndud t^ horfe. .
inhere 9|[)e fourcfffds of tfie hand, or four
ways of making life of the bridle, namely, to
puih the horfe forwards, or give him head i
m haUi him in ^ a^d.^wn thke4)lMid either to
thcxigbtorleft,; >^Na^^V. ^, /
^^EJ^VERSi a, fortqf gr4gs,,VJ«?fmaU! cel&,
whicji fH a cpn;a|a tiipe flf 4c Rpar, fv^inp on
the tqp^ftlie.ira^qr, about ^riyfe/^piyj GIoh-
V^w aud^^cc ij^ouned up in . fnd^l i nets.:
(y.a. peculiar; a^nner of drefl[u\g they ' are
iVOi
^•1 r .'J
fgl embrace a volt, when \n working upon
roks he mak^s a good way every time whh
nis fore-legs,
,, ?^uth -f horfe has embraced a good deal of
ffrou,p4 ;• for wh^o the place where his fore-
t^cf ftopd, to WW re they now (land, he hai
^ipbraced^ of gone over> almoft a,fppt,^nd a
half ' , ;.
If be doca not etpbrace a ^ood dejilrof
;r9iunij, he wjUonly beji^ tjie.diift s^^that is^
le w^n futhis f(^rc'fi(i\;llw hy.^'xK^ placQ
from whence be lifted |;&em^**^-.;^ - . . ''.
\ Thus the oppofite term, to. enibrace a volt
is, beatingthe duft. '"' "J, -
_ .,A horfe cannot take in. too inucK^grcdind^
provided Bjs; cl-oupe Vs^^aot ;tl^rq)K/pu]L|
;h^^ js^..prc)v,id^, it dqc^ ,ni}% ^(^.QHf,9t.m^
EMPRlKlkD; * [Ruling tcTO^
hunters when a hart forlakes the herd,
.ENCRAIlJ^Es. ai> old, obfolcte and im-
proper word, fignifyfng,^^;hor.re wjther-tung^
or fpoiUdin th^. withers. .. ^ ^ j^,^ ^ ^
;, r(?'ENJ5EW, Jfn fjfh;pQtyJi^,<i,Vx^
when a hawk fo digclls her meat, that Ihj? ,not^
only difcharges her gprge o£.it,.*but* ^vea
cleanfe's her pandcl. . • ^ /
uftd wheha liawk's fVatnefs nave!j j))^ck i^pta
L ARCS, IS jCQ,naake^aTO jmbracc p;xQre grouijd
tlwa.Hc; .cove'rccC."r..\!^.J/ •.,.,. ''. \ , . .
. This is donp .whea ahprfe works .upon a^
roupd',^,jpr...upoBL volt%, and. apnf ouches- too.
near the centjpf;^ fOitpat u is gcuredjie flio^J^j
ga^ia. nj9f/e^:*g5puad, .br.^fakg a.^rcatq- oop'-
..'^ To enlarge your Ii^nrfe^' y.6'u ifhould" prick,
hirh with both heels, or aid him with, the^
?^aly.es.of yo^u;,icga^ aad:l?Qar ypur hand out-
wVds*...;, . ^ " . ,: ^ . . \rr -V .
' ^ xoucrhcjxfeiuuipws^inlaf^him pride,
hfm wTtn tlfie inner heel, fiiftaining ^im,with^'
the outer Le^ i'lor^^r to prei^ bnio forwards,,
and tnake.his jjiouldersgo^ ' ti .
, , tJijan fuch occ^fion^ the tiding: maftpVii
tor
for purging a falcon, or horle of hrs glmt ancl
gre^fe. . ' '
ENSEELED fin Falconry] a termxircd of
a hawk, which is faid to be enfeel'^d; i^hen a
•thread is drawn through her upper eye-lid,
and made fad [under her beak, to cake away
orob(lru(f): the fight.
ENTABLER. A word uft4 in the acadc*
mies, as applied to a horfe whofe croupe
goes before • his fhoulders in working upon
volts: for in rcgular/tnahage one nalt of
the iboulders ou^t to be be tore the croupe.
Your horfe entables* for in working to the
right, he has an inclination to tltrow him*
felf upon the ti^ht heel, but that fault you
may prevent by tikiiig hold of the right
rcin^ keeping your, right leg near, and re-
moving] your left leg as far as the horfe's
(boulders. «
A horfe cannot commit this fault without
eommitting that fault that is called in the
academies acyler, which fee; btit aculer
maty be without ^htabten S^i, Acvjusk and
Emibhace. ^
Td ENTER A Hawk, a jerm ufedof a
hawk, when fhe firft begins to'kilK
9> ENTER HovsTDs^ iy to inftraa: them
haw to hunt.
The time of doing this is when they are
Ihrcflteen or eighteen month9 old, then they
are to be taught to take the water and fwim ;
they are to be led abroad in the heat of the
•day to enable them to endure exercife ; they
jnuft be led through flocks of (heep and war-
dens to bring them to command.
They muft be brought to know their
names» to underftand the voice of the huntfi
fflan, the found of the horn, and to ufe theii;
own voices.
Noon is the beft time of entering thdrp, in
a fair warm day ; for if they be entered in a
mornings they will give out when ^e heat
comes on .
Take in the moft advanced^ that the game
may not ftand long before them, butthat the
hounds may be rewarded i you ought to do
this at leaft once a week> for two months fuc-
'Ceffivety. .
B^thia meaai^tlief wi»be fafleihedfad
feafoned with that ganie you enter them ac^
that they will not leave off the puriuit.
You muft alfo take care to enter them witb
the beft and ftaunoheft hounds that c^ be
got, and let there be not one barking cur ii
the -field. - . ...
The hare is accounted the beft game tft
enter your hounds at, for whatfoever dMoe
they are defigned for, they will €heiiak|r
learn all 'turns and doubles, and how ci
Come to the hollow ; they will alfo come t*
have a perfeft fcent and hard feet, by'being
ufed to highways, beaten paths^ and ^
hills. ; '^
' They muft at firft have all the advaotagfei
gtvfcn them that may be, and when the halt
IS ftart<jd from her form, let the fcent cool a
little, bbferviog which way (he went^ and
then let the hoimds bie- laid on^with^e^ut**
moft advantage and help that <:an be, eitii^
of wind, view, or holtoW, or the priddng in
her paflsige; ' . j :
ffor will It be amifs,- \f thdy ha^ the ad*.
vantage of a hari^ tired the *^amfe morning ii
her courfe.
Care muft alfo be taken that they hunt fair
and even, without lagging behind, ftragglhi^.
on either iSde, and running wildly on head ;
aftd in cafe' any -be fo?md-c?)Airtfiitting tech
feults, they muft be^^eateftMnto the-rfcft of
the pack, and forced to the fcent aloqg witl^
them. ' . .
The like is to be done ifthcy refirfc to
ftrike upon a default, but ran on babbKng
and yelpii>g without the fcent^ by doing
which they draw away the reft of thedogs^
until fome of the elder dogs take it^ then
let them be cheri(hed wttH horn and hoi*
f
low.
' If any of the young whelps, trufting mad
to their own fcents than to rite reft of tfte
pack, and confetiuently are caft behind, work
out the defaults by their own nof(Js, and' come
to hunt ^uft and true^ In focH- cafet tbqr
muft have alt man'ner ofeneourageroenc and
af&ftanee, and they muft hi left to work it
but of thentfdves^at their own pace; ' for fttdk
dogs can qever prove ill, if they are not
ipoiled by over haftinefi^ and Wnbttibai
- •-- lor
> ^
^^y
! •
I
I
fqr a lutje patience in t|ie hunters, and their
•ewn experience will bring them to be tHe
chief leaders.
. .When the hare is killed, the cjogs muft not
be allowed to bre^k hefup,'but theymuft.be
beaten offj then Ihe is to be cafed .and cut
to pieces," with which the young hounds muft
be rewarded ; and by this means in a (hort
time the whelps will be brought to great im-
provements.
Some are of opinion, that the beft way to .
enter young hoilnds is to taWe a live hare, !
and to trail hereupon the ground, fome- ■
times one way and fometimes another, and
Having drawn her at a convenient diftance
off to hide her there, and the dog taking the
wind thereof will run to and fro till he Ends
lien " '
The hjuntfoian ought to underftand Mfell
the nature and difpontion of the hounds in
finding out the game, for fome of them are
of that nature, that when they have found
out the footfteps they will go forwards with-
X)ut any voice or (hew of tail.
^ Others agarn, when they have found a
head,. will (hew. the game •, fome again having
'found the footings of the beaft,will prick up
"$ieir ears a little, and cither bark or .wag
their ilcrn or ears.
Again, there are fdme that cannot keep the
fcent, biit wander ap and down and hunt
counter, taking up any falfe fcent; and
others again cannot hunt by foot, but only
by the fight of the game.
For entering the hounds at a hart or buck 5
let him be in the prime of greafe, for then
he cannot ftand up or hold the chace fo
^long. '
The foreft pitched upon Ihould have all
the relays at equal proportion as near as may
be 5 then let the young hounds be placed
.with five or fix old ftaunch hounds to enter
them, and let them be led to the fartheft and
laft r-elay, and caufe the hart or buck to be
hunted to them, and being come [up, let the
oli hounds be uncoupled, and haying fotin4
the bartj, having well entered the cry, let the
young ones be Uncoupled; and if any of
them arc found to lag behind, whip or beat
xhem forwards.
' Jn what place foevcr you kill the hart,
E N T'
immediately flay his neck ind reward th#
hounds i for it is beft to do fo while he is
hot.
But for the more ready entering them, the
few following inftruftions may be of ufe : •
Let them be brought to the qua,rry, by
taking five or fix nimble huntfmen, and each
having two couple of dogs led in Hams, and
haying unlodged the hart, purfue him fair
andfoftly without tiring the hounds ; and af-
ter two or three hours chace, when you
find him begin to fink, then caft ofl^ your
young ones.
Another method, is to take a buck or ftag
-in a toil or net, and having difablcd him by-
cutting one of his feet, let him lopfe, then
about half an hour after gather the young
hounds together, and having found out the
view or flot of the buck or hart by the blood-
hound, uncouple your young dogs,' and let
them hunt, and when they have killed their
game, reward them with it, while it is hot ^
the moft ufual part being the ne9k flayed.
Some enter their young hounds, within a
toil , but that is not fo good : for the hart
or buck does nothing then but turn and
caft about, becaufe he cannot run an end^
by which means they are always in fight of
him, fo that if afterwards they were to run
at force, a free chace" being out of fight,
the dogs would foon give over. See Hunts-
man. '•
Here take notice, that with whatfoevel*
you firft enter your hounds, and therewith
reward them, they will ever after love
moft.
Therefore if you intend them for the hart,
enter them not firft with the hind.
ENTERFERING. A difeafe incident
to horfes, that comes feveral ways, being
either hereditary, or by fome ftifFnefs in
the pace -, or £y bad and ovier broad fhoe-
ing \ which caufe hinrt to go fo narrow be-
hind with his hinder feet; that he frets
one againft anpt-her, fo that there grows
hard mattery (cabs, which. are fo fore that
they make him go lame i the figns being
his ill going, and the vifible marks of the
fcabs;
The cui-e : Take three parts of Iheept
' X' • ^ d«ng
EPA
dung newly made, and one part of rytf or
whcaten flower, which mud be dried tind
aonixt well with the dung ; kneading ic to a
pafte ; then let ic be made up into a cake and
baked, and apply this warm to the part, and
h will heal it foon ; or elfe anoint it with tur-
pentine, and verdegreafe, mixt together^
finely powdered.
ENTERMEWER |in Falconry] is a
hawk that changes the colour of her wings
by degrees.
To ENTERPEN [in Falconry] a term
ufed of a hawk, who they fay enterfennetb \
that, is, Ihe has her feathers wrapt up,fnarled,
or entangled.
ENTER VIEW [in Falconry] a term ufed
for the fecond year of a hawk's age.
ENTIt R. The French word for a Hone
horfe ; entter is a fort of horfe that refufcs to
turn, and is fo far from following or obferv-
ing the hand> that he refifts it. Thus they
fay:
Such a horfe is entier on the right hand,
he puts himfelf upon his right heel, and will
not turn to the right.
If your horfe is entier^ and refufes to turn
to what hand you will, provided he flies or
parts from the two heels, you have a remedy
for him ^ for you have nothing to do but to
put the Newcaftle upon him ; i. e. fupple him
with a cavejQTon made after the Duke of
Newcaftliz way.
ENTORSES. See Pasterm.
ENTRAVES, and Entravons, See
Locks.
ENTREPAS, is a broken pace or going,
and indeed properly a broken amble, that is
neither a walk nor trot,, but fomewhat of an
amble.
This is the pace or gate offuch hotfes as
I^ave no reins or back> and go upon their
Ihoulders,. or^ of fuch as are fpoiled in their
limbs*
ENTRIES [Hunting term] are diofe
places or thickets through, which deer are
found lately to have pafled,. by which their
largenefs or iize is guefled at,, and then:
the hounds or beagles are put to them, for
Yiew.
EPARER,. A word ufed ia the me-
E X P
nagej^ to fignify the Hinging of a horfe,
or his yerking or ftriking out with his hind
legs.
In caprioles, a horfe muft yerk out behind
with all his force ; but in balotades he ftrikes
but half out; and in croupades he does not
ftrike out his hind legs at all.
All fuch yerking horfes are reckoned
rude.
ERGOT. Is a ftub like a piece of foft
horn, about the bignefs of a chefnut, placed
behind and below the paftern joint, and
commonly hid under the tuft of the fet-
lock.
To DIS-ERGOT, or take it out, is to cleave
it to the quick with an incifion knife, in or-
der to pull up the bladder full of water that
lies covered with the ergot*
This operation is fcarce praftifed at Paris^
but in Holland it is frequently performed up-
on all four legs, with intent to prevent watery
fores and other foul ulcers.
ESQUiVAINE. An old French word^
fignifying a long and fcvere chaftifement of a
horfe in the menage.
ESSAY OF A Deer [Hunting term] is the
bread or brifket of that animal.
ESTRAC, is the French word for a horfe
that is light bodied, lank bellied, thin flank-
ed, and narrow chefted. See Belly^ Light
Bellied, Flank, Jointer, i^c.
ESTRAPADE, is the defence of a horfe
that will not obey ; who to get rid of his rider,
rides haftily before, and while his fore-hand i&.
yet in the air, yerks out furioufly with his
nind legs, ftriking higher than his head waa
before, and during his counter-time^ goca
back rather than advances.
ESTRAY. A beaft that Ts wild in any
lordfliip, and not owned by any man; in
which cafe, if it be crycd according to law ia.
the next market towns, and it he not claimed
by the owner within a year and a day >^ it falls.
to the lord of the manor.
To KXPEDIATE, fignifies to. cut out
the balls of dogs feet, to. hinder them fronx
purfuing the King's game,. But Mr. Manr
ivood taysy it implies the cutting ofiTthe four
claws of the right fide i an^ that the owner
EYE
of every dog in the foreft unpxpediated is to
forfeit 3J. and ^d. .
To EX.TENP A HORSB> fome makeoie of
this exprefllon^ importing to make a horfe
grow large.
EYES OF Horses that arc very bright,
lively, full of fire, pretty large and full, are
mofl: efteemisd j but fuch as are very big, are
not the bed ; neither fhould they be too gog-
gling or daring out of the head, but equal
with it; they mould alfo be refolute, bold
and briflc.
A horfe to appear well fliould look on his
objedlBxedty, with akind of difdain, and not
turn his eyes another way.
The eye of an horfe difcovers his inclina-
tion, paflion, malice, heaKth, and difpod-
tioQ i when the eyes are funk, or that the
eye-brows are too much raifed up, and as it
were fwelled, it is a fign of vicioufnefs and
ill-nature.
When the pits above the eyes are extreme-
ly hollow, it is for the moft part a certain
token of old age, though horfe s got by an
old ftallion have them very deep at the age
of four or five years % as alfo their eyes and
eye-Uds Crinkled and hollow.
In the eye there are two things to be con-
sidered, 1. The cryftal, 2. The bottom or
ground of the eye.
The cryftal is that roundnefs of the eye
which appears at the firft view, being the
moft tiranfparent part thereof^ and h Ihould
forcrcarnefs refcmble a piece of rock cryftal,
fo that it may be plainly feen through i be-
caufe if it is otherwife obfcure and troubled,
it is a fign the eye is not good.
A reddifh cryftal, denotes that the eye is
either inflamed, or that it is influenced by
the moon: a cryftal that is feuille mart, or of
the colour of a dead leaf upon the lower
part, and troubled on the upper, infallibly in-
dicates that the horfe is lunatic •, but it con-
tinues no longer than while the humour adu-
ally poflefles the eye.
The fccond part of the eye that is to be
obfcrved, is the ground or bottom, which is
Eroperly the pupil or apple of the eye, and to
e good, ought to be large and full : it may
he clearly perceived, that you may know
EYE
if there be any -dragon, i. i. a white fpot, in
the bottom thereof, which makes a horfe
Ijlind in that feye, or will do it in a (hort
time ^ this fpeck at firft appears no bigger
than a grain of millet j but will grow to fuch
a bignefs as to cover the whole apple of the
eye, and is incurable.
If the whole 'bottom of the eye.be white,
or or a tranfparcnt greenifli white, it is a
bad 'fign, though the horfe be not quite
blind, but as yet fees a little : however, it
ought to be obfcrved, that if you look to
his eyes when oppofite to a white wall, the
reflection of it will niake the apples of them,
appear whitifli, and fomewhat inclining to
the green, though they be really good ; when
you perceive this, you may try whether his
eyes have the fame appearance in another
place.
If you. can difccrn as it were two grains of
chimney foot fixed thereto, above the bot-
tom of the eye, it is a fign the cryftal is tranl-^
parent, and if befides this, the f^id bottom be
without fpot or whitenefs, then you may con-
clude that the eye is found.
You ftiould alfo examine whether an eyr
which is troubled and very brown, be left
than the other, for if it be, it is unavoidably
loft without recovery.
Examine diligently thofe little eyes that
are funk in the head, and appear very black,
and try if you can perfeftly fee through the.
cryftal, then look to the bottom of the eye,
and fee that the pupil be big and large ; for.
in all eyes the fmall, narrow, and long pupils
run a greater ri(k of lofing the fight than any
other. For their dijorders and cure^ J^e
M^ATERS.
EY E OF A Horse. Some general obferva*
tions from thence to difcover the quality or
condition of a horfe :
I. The walk or ftep of a blfnd horfe is
always unequal and uncertain, he not daring
to fet down his feet boldly when he is lead ia
one's hand ; but if the fame horfe be mount-
ed by a vigorous rider, and the horfe of
himfcif be mettled, then the fear of the
fpurs will make him go refolutely and freely,
fo that his blindnefs ftiall fcarccly be per-
ceived.
X 2 2. Another
* « «
:\
E Y B
2. Another mark by which a horfe tliat
is (lark blind may be known, is, that when
he hears any pcrfon entering the ftablc, he
will inftancly prick up his ears, and itioye
them backwards and forwards; the reafon
isy becaufe a fprightly horfe having loft his
fight nriiftrufts every thing, and is conti-
nually in an alarm upon the lead noife he
hears*
3. When horfcs have ciither the real or.
baftard (Irangles, or are changing their foul
teeth, or are putting out their upper tuflies,
feme of them have their fight weak and
troubled, fo that a man would judge them
blind i and fometlmes they aftuaJly become
fo.
Note, that this weaknefs of fight happens
Gftener in calling the corner teeth, than any
of the reft,
4. The colours moft fubjeft to bad eyes
are, the very dark grey, the flea-bitten, the
white fpotted, th^t of peach bloflbms, and
frequently the roan. For the cure of had eyes^
fee Ulcer.
EYE or THE Branch of a Bridle, is
tlie uppermoft part of the branch which is
flat. with, a hole in it, for joining the branch
to the headilall,' and for keeping the curb
faft.
A horfe unfliod of one eye, is a rallying
jexpreffibn. Importing that'he fs blind of an
eye.
' EYE OF A Bean, is a black fpeck or mark
ia the' cavity of the corner teeth, which is
formed about the age of five and a half, and
continues till feven or eight.
"And it is from thence we ufually fay, fuch
a horfe marks ftills and fuch a one has no
mark. . See Teeth* .
""^EYt-FLAP: A little piece of leather,
that covers the eye of a coach-horfe when
harncCed.
EYESS. 1 A young hawk newly taken
NYESS. 1 out of the ncll, and not able
to prey for herfelf
It being difficult to bring fuch a bird to
perfcflion, ftie muft be fed, firll in a cool
room that has two windows, one to the
north and the other to the eaft, which are
to be opened and barred over with laths.
F A L
* * . ' .
I but not fo wide as for a hawk to get out,
or vermin to come in ; and (he chamber
ought to be ftfewed with frefti leaves, fefr.
Her fobd muft be fparrows, young pige-
ons, and (beeps hearts ; and her meat ihould
be cut while flie is very young or little, or
Ihred into fmall pellets, and fhe mxift be fed
twic6 or thrice a day, according as you find
her endure it, or put it over.
When Ihe is full fummed and flies about,
give her whole fmall birds, and fometimes-
feed her on your filt, fuffering her to fttaitt
and kill the' birds in vour hand, and fomc-
times put live birds into her rbom, and let
her kill and feed on them, arid hereby yoti-
will not only neul her, but takd hei* otf from,
that fcurvy quality of hiding* her prey.
-Again, go every morning into the room*
and call her to your fift : as foon as ftie has
put forth all her feathers, (4ke Her out 6f thfc
chamber and furniQi her with .bells, hewits,
jefles, and lines.; it' will be abfolateiy necef-
fary to feel her at firft, thit flic may uie bet-
ter endure the hood and handling 1 and ^hc
hood (hould be arrufter, one that is large and.
eafy, which muft be j5ut on arid polled oflT
frequently, ftroking her 9ften*on the kead.
till (he ftandi gently j and iti the evening'Xin*
feci her by candlg light. ' SeelbemdHiiir bf
Seeling a Hawk.
EYRE OF THE Forest. The juftice-feat:
or court, i^frhich ufed to be held every tl^ree
years by^th'e juftTces of the foreft,. Journey i'fttf,
up and down for that purpofe..
EYRIE [in Falconry"! a brood, o.r neft,,
a place where hawks build, and. hatch their,
young.
FALCADE i .a horfe makes falcades when'?
lie throws himfclf upon hts haunirhes%
two or three times, as in very quick corvets \ ,
which is done in forming a.ftop and half /
ftop.
A falcade therefore, is this a6Hoa of the
haunches and of the legs, which bend very,
low, as in corvets, when you make a ftop or.
half ftop. Thus they fay,
This horfe flops well ; for he makes two-
or three falcades, . and iiniflics his ftop with ,a^
pefate..
This
F A L
Tfiis horfc has no hauncKes, he will make
ao fa) cades.
The falcades ofthathorfe are fo much
prettier^ that in making them his haunches
are low.
Stop your horfe upon the haunches, in
riiaking him ply them well j fo that after
forming his falcades, he muft refume his
gallof^ without making apcfatej that is,
without flopping or marking one time : and
thus he will make a half-ftop. See Stop,
Half-stoi», Haunches, '/2»i Time.
FALCON. \ Of thefe there are feven
FAULCON. J kinds, viz. falcon gentle,
^^ haggard falcon, the Barbary or tartaret
falcon, the gerfalcon, the faker^ the lanner,
the Tunician.
Falcons of one kind differ much, and are
differently namcd> according to the time of I
their firft reclaiming, places of haunt, and
the countries from whence they corhe ; as
mewed hawks, ramaged hawks, foar hawkft,
cycfles; and thefe again are divided in-
to large hawks, mean hawks, and flendcr
hawks.
^ -AH thefe have different males ai)d plumes
according, ^0 tne^na^urc of the country from
whence they co^p;,as Ibme are black, fome
blanl^^prrulTtyi):, and they alfo are different
in difpofition, as fome are bell for the field,
and Qtheys forthe river. . '
as. long, as (lie js in the tyrie. Thefe are
very troublefome in their /ceding, they cry
very much, and are not entered but with dif-
ficulty ; but being once well entered and
Quarried, prove excellent hawks for the hern,
nver, or any fort of fowl, and are hardy and
full of mettle.
The fecond is a ramage falcon, which
name (he retains from the time of her leav-
ing the eyrie, during the months oijuneyju-
ly and Auguft.,
Thefe are hard to be manned, but be-
ing well reclaimed, are not inferior to any
hawk. . '
The third is a foar-hawk ; To called, ^^^-
Umb&r^ O^ober^ and November.
F A L
Tfiie ffrft plumes they have when they for-
fake the eyrie, they keep a whole year be-
fore they mew them, which are called foar-
feathers.
The fourth is termed murzarok, (the lateft
term is carvifl, as much as to fay, carry on
the fift) they are fo called January^ February^
March J zndJprfl, and till the middle of May,.
during which time they muft be kept on the*
fift.
They are for the m oft part very great ba*
tcrs, and therefore little eaters : they arc bad
hawks, frequently troubled with filander
worms, and are rarely brought to be good fof •
any thing.
The fifth are called enter- mews, from the
middle of May to the latter end of December;
they are fo called bccaufe they caft their,
coats*
FALCONER. One who tames, mana^
gcs, and looks after falcons, or other
hawks.
FALLING-EVIL wHorses. A difeafe
proceeding from ill blood,. and cold thin,
phlegm gathered together in the fore part of
the head, between the panicle and the brain, ,
which being difperfed over the whole brain,
fudrfenly caufes the horfe to fall, and bereaves-
Him of all fenfe for a time. ^
• The fynnptoms of this diftemper are, when
the horfe is falling, his body will quiver and.
(juake, and he will foam at the mouth, and
when you would think him to be dyino-,
he will rife up on a fudden and fall to hi«-
meat.
Spanijb^ Italiatiy and French horfes, are-
more fubjcd to this diftemper than the En?^-
lijh.
The cure : Bleed the horfe in the neck,,
taking away a good quantity of blood 3 and
bleed him again in the temple veins and eye-
veins, four or five days after;, afterwards
anoint his body all over with a comfortable -
friftion, and bathe his head and ears with oil!
of bay, liquid pitch and tar mixed together, ,
and make him a canvafs cap quilted with
Wool, to keep his head warm, and give him .
a purging or fcouring. SccValsy.
FALLOW,* being^of a palilh red colour,^
likec
F A L
like that of a brick half burnt ; z$ fallow
deer.
. FALLOW-HOUNDS, are hardy, and of
a good fcent, keeping well their chace with-
out change; but not fo fwift as the white;
they are of a (Irong conftitution, and do not
fear the water, running furely, and are very
hardy J commonly love the hart before any
other chace,
Thofe that are well jointed, having good
claws, are fit to make blood-hounds, and
tholk which have fliagged tails are generally
fwift runners^
Thefc hounds are fitter for princes than
private gentleman, becaufe they feldom run
more than one chace, neither have they any
great flomach to the hare, or other fmall
chaces ; and that which is worlt of all, they
are apt to run at tame beads.
FALSE QUARTER in a Horse, is a
deft, crack, or chine fometimes on the
outfide, but for the moft part on the indde
of his hoof, being an unfound quarter, ap-
pearing like a piece put in, and not at all
intire: it is attended with a- violent pain
and opening as the horfe fets his foot to the
ground.
/This diftemper, as to the inward caufe, is
the cfFcc'l of a dry brittle hoof, and narrow
heels i it comes by ill (hoeing and paring,
or elfe by gravelling, or a prick with a nail
<xr flub, which will occaGon halting,
and wateriih blood will iflue out of the
cleft.
The cure : Cut away the old corrupt
hoof, and having the whites of nine eggs,
powder of incenfe, unflaked lime, maflic,
verdigreafe, and fait of each four ounces,
mix them together, and dip into them as
much hards as will cover the whole hoof,
and apply them to the forrence, and lay
fwine's greafeall about it the thicknefs-of an
inch or more i do this likewife underneath,
and tie on all fo fall as that it may not be
ftirred for a whole fortnight at Icaft, then
renew the fame application, and the horfe
wiil require no other drjcfllngto compleat the
cure.
FAR, BXi appellation given to any part
pf a horie's right fide ^ thus» the far foot, the
FAR
far fiioulder, ^c. is the fame with the right
foot, the right flioulder, £s?^.
FARCIN, J A creeping ulcer, and
FARCY, > the mod loathfome,
FASHION, 3 ttinking, and filthy dif-
eafe, that a horfe can be affefted withi
proceeding from corrupt blood, engendered
in the body by over heats and colds, which
by fpreading and dilating themfelves, will
at laft over-run the whole body of the horfe;
but it commonly arifes in a vein, or near
fome mailer vein that feeds and,nourifhes
the difeafe.
This diftemper is fometimes occafioned
by fpur-galling with rufty fpurs, fnaffle-
bitt, or the bite of another horfe infe<Sted
with the fame difeafe : or if it be in the leg,
it may come by one leg's interfering with
the other, fc?^.
In the beginning of this difeafe a few fmall
knobs, or tumours, arc found on the veins.
They refemble grapes, and are painful to
the touch, fo that the creature will (hew
evident marks of it's uneafinefs on their be**
ing preflTcd with the finger. They are at firft
very hard like unripe grapes, but in a very
little time become foft blifters, which
break and difcharge ablood/niatter, and be--
come very foul and untoward ulcers. This
difeafe appears in different places in differ-
ent creatures. Some fliew it firft on the
head, fome on the external jugular vein,
fome on the plate vein, extending from
thence downwards on the infide of the fbrc-*
leg towards the knee, or upwards towards
the brificcti in fome it firft appears about
the pafterns, on the fides of the large veins
of the infide of the thigh, extended towards
the groin ; and in others on the flanks,
fpreading by degrees towards the lower
belly,
Th Method of Cure.
When the farcy attacks only one part of a
horfe, and where the blood veffcls are fmall,
it may be cafily cured ; but when the plate
vein is affefted, and turns chorded, and efpe-
cially when the curial veins within fide of
the thigh ar« in that condition, the cure be-
comes
FAR
comes .very difficulty and the creature is
rarefy fit for any thing after it» but the
meaneft drudgery, Thofe therefore who
depend upon fome particular medicine, and
flatter themfelves with being able to cure
with it every fpecles of the urcy, will find
themfelves wretchedly miftaken; various
medicines are neceflfary, according as the
difeafe is fuperHcial or inveterate : the for*
xner is eafily cured, nay fometimes moderate
^xercife alone will be fufficient; but the
latter requires knowledge and experience,
and fometimes baffles the mod ikilful, and
defies the whole power of medicine. Co-
pious bleedings are abfolutely necelTary,
cfpecially if the creature be. fat and full of
blood. This evacuation always checks the
progrefs of a farcy in it's beginning ; but
the good efFefts of it vani(h too foon, efpe-
cially if the horfe be too low in Befli. Atter
bleeding mix four ounces of cream of tartar,
with a Sufficient quantity of lenitive eledtu-
ary, to make it into balls, and give the dofe
every other day for a week ; and at the fame
time give him three ounces of nitre every
day in his water, While thefe medicines
are given inwardly to remove the caufc, let
the tumours be rubbed twice a day with the
following ointment : Take of ointment of
elder, four ounces ^ of oil of turpentine, two
ounces; of fugar of lead> half an ounce;
of white vitriol powdered two drams : mix
the whole well together in a glafs mortar,
and keep it for ufe*
If the tumours break and run a thick well
.di^efted matter,, ij: is a fign that the difeafe
is conquered, and the creature will foon be
well; but it will be neccffary to give him
two ounces of the liver of antimony every
day for a fortnight, and two ounces every
other day for a fortnight longer. This me-
thod will never fail in a farcy where the
fmall veins only are affefled; andafmall
time will complete the cure.
But when the farcy afFeds the large blood
vefiels, the cure will be far more difficult.
When the plate or crurial veins are chorded,
tofe no time,, but bleed immediately on the
oppollte fide^ and apply to the dillempered
veiA the following medicine ; Take of the
I
FAR
oil of turpentine fix ounces, put it int^jk
pint bottle, and drop into it by decrees
three ounces of oil of vitriol -, be careful in
mixing thefe ingredients, for otherwife the
bottle will burft ; when therefore you hare
dropped in a few drops of the oil of vitriol
into the bottle, let the mixture reft till ie
has done fmoaklng, and then drop in more,,
proceeding in this manner till the whole is
mixed.
If the fafcy be fituated in the loofe and-
fle(hy parts, as thofe of the flanks or belly,
the mixture fhould confift of equal parts df
oil of turpentine and oil of vitriol ; but
when the feat of tile difeafe is in the parts
lefs flefliy, the proportions above are beft
adapted to perform the cure. The medi-
cines muft be ufed in the following manner t
Take a woollen cloth, and with it rub the
parts affeded, and then apply fome of the
compound oil to every bud and tumour ;.
continue this method twice a day. At the
fame time give cooling phydc every other
day; the balls and nitrous draughts men^*
tioned above will anfwer the inteation. By^
this treatment the tumours will digeft and
chords diflfolve i but it will be neceffary to
give the liver of antimony to compleat the
cure and prevent the relapfe ; and alfo drefs.
the fores whea well digcfted with a mixture
of bees-wax and oil, which will heal them^
and fmooth the fkin.
Sometimes the difeafe will not eafily yield
to this treatment, cfpecially when fituatedt
near the Banks and lower belly. In this
cafe it will be neceffary to bathe the parts,
with the above compound oil as far as the
centre of the belly, and at the fame time
give acourfe of antimonial medicines. The
following compofition is reckoned ftronger
than that given above, and on that account
is often ufed where the difeafe is obftinate :.
Take of fpirits of wine four ounces j of the
oil of vitriol and turpentine, of each two
ounces; and of verjuice fix ounces;,
mix the whole with the caution above di--
reftcd.
When the before method fails> and the-
diftemptr becomes inveterate, the follow^
ing. medicine is recommended, by an emi^
acnr
F A R
»ef!t praflitroacr : Takr of linfced oil half I
> pin€ ; of the oilsiof turpentine and petre,
^r each three ounces ; of the tindture of
euphorbium and hellebore, of each two
drams ;'of oil of bays, ^wo ounces ; of oil
of origanum «nd double aqua-fortis, of
each half an ounce : mix. the whole together
with great caution, and when the ebulli«
tion is x)ver. .add two ounces ofBarbadoes
tar.
' This imedicine' muft be rubbed on the
tumours and chorded veins once in two or
three days; obferving, that if the mouths
of the ulcers are choaked up, or the fkin fo
.thick over them as to cdnfine the matter, to
open a pailage with a fmall hot iron, and
deftroy with vitriol the proud fleft, after
which it may be kept down by tduching
itoccafionally withoil of vitriol, aqua-fortis,
or butter of antimony.
Thefc arc the beft methods for curing the
•farcy; a difcafe which has baffled the at-
tempts of the moft (kilfuJ, and deftroyed
many an uftful creature. Some of our far-
rers.give the moft draftic and dangerous
medicinrs, and even put corrofive fublimate
or arfcnic into the buds, after opening them.
But this is a very bad praftice, and often
abfolutely kills the creature it was intended
to cure; for if a fmall quantity of it gets
into the blood, death is the inevitable con^
fcquenee.
' ' Bleed, according to the ftrength of the
horfe, and the apparent violence of the in-
flammation, though, if he is poor, this
evacuation will rather injure than relieve, and
is never ufeful after the firft onfet of the
difeafe.
Diffolve four ounces of cream of tarter, in
-a pint of water, by boiling them a few
minutes; and whilft hot, pour /ofF the clear
liquor upon half an ounce of fcnna leaves;
let them ftand until they are cold ; then
give the ftrained liquor in one dofe, and re-
peat it every fecond morning for a week, or
until it begins to purge.
The belly being rendered foluble by the
•above, give the horfe half an ounce of nitre
cyery day, for three or four weeks, either
mixed in a malh of bran, or diflblved in his
driok^ as he will befl: take it*
rflp A(R
Night and morning riib'tlie Mlcfwmg^t^
pellent ointment ^ell into the knobs*
Repellent Ointment.
Take white vitriol, two drams 9 fugar of
lead, half an ounce $ oil of turpentine, twd
ounces i green ointment of eld^r, four
ounces ; mix them well together.
By this means the knobs are ufually dif-
perfed : but fometimes they break and run-;
and if the matter is of a good confidence^
and there is a difpofition to heal, lay afide
the above repellent ointment, and drelfi with
the digeftive jointment, fpread on tow, and
fecured in the befl: manner that the part will
admit.
If any little lumps remain without haii*,
give two ounces of the liver of antimony in
his corn every day, for a fortnight ; then one
ounce every day for another fortnight. In-
ftances are very rare where the procedure
fails to remove this degree of the difeafe.
In the fecond degree, the larger veflTels
are enlarged and knotted ; the feet, the paft-
erns, and the flanks are aflefted : in this cafe,
greater difficulty attends ; but if you begin
early with it, the cure is more cafy and
certain.
In this, as in the former degree, be^in
with bleeding, according to the horfe ^s
ftrength; or, as before obferved, bleeding
muft be omitted if the horfe is poor ; due
care being taken, as ab«ve directed, co
render the bowels lax. Let the knobs
be rubbed well with the following lini-
ment.
Liniment for the Farey.
Take oil of turpentine, fix ounces ; drop
into it, by a little at a time, three ounces
of the oil of vitriol ; the oil of vitriol will
make the oil of turpentine very hot ; for
which reafon the oil of vitriol fhould be ad«
ded by very fmall quantities at a time, and
a fliort fpace (hould be allowed betwixt one
pouring of the oil and another. When the
whole is mixed, let the mixture ftand to be
cold before it is ufed* -
This
FrA'R
TJijs^mixcure. may be nnad^ wUIv eq\»l
parts of the oil of turpeatlne ami the oil
of vitriol, when it is to be applied to the
loofe fleiby parts^ a$ the nanks or the
beJly.
Wherever there is any fwelling or knobs,
rub them rather gently with a woollen cloih y
and then, with a feather or other conveni-
ent means, rub in fome of^the aboye lini-
ment, and repeat it twice a day.
After the bowels are made foluble, begin
with the ufe of the nitre, as above diredted,
continue the liniment an4 the nitre until the
knobs digeft, and are nearly diflblved : and
wj^n* the matter appears kindly, and the
edges of the ukers are free from all callo^ty^
lay aifide the nitre, and gii^e the antimony as
before directed. When, the ulcers fcem
difpofed to heal, apply the digeftive ointippn^
inftead of the liniment.
Sonnietimesfpurringoathe fide of the belly,
or on the flanks, is the caufe of this difeafe
there. 1 o diftinguifh a few knops of the
farcy kip^i from, knots profluced on the veins
fpqm any other cauie, it may be obferved,
that thofe of the farcy kind are painful and
fmarting $. the hair ftands up like a little
tuft on the knots $ and if they difcbarge any
npatter it is of agreafy, and yetvicid quality.
To remedy thefe, if you perceive thetn early,
before any increafe is naade, apply a poultice
of bran and vinegar, or verjuice, and renew
it once^ every day : if proud flefh arifes,
touch it with the oil of vitriol, or other cau-
ftic, juft before each poultice is applied. In
this cafe the difeafe being local, externals are
all that are needful ; but if the knots fpread,
in confequence of a habit or conftitution
favouring their inicreafe, rub them with the
above liniment, until the matter is of a
good quality, and the ulcers feem to heal -,
then bathe them with either of the following
mixtures, and give an ounce of the falFron
of antimony in the corn twice a day.
JXfmtient Mixtures for the Farcy Knots.
Take redified fpirits of wine, four ounces ;
oil of vitriol, and oil of turpentine, of each
two ounces 3 veijuice^ or iharp yinegar>
fix o\mces. Or^
F A R
' Take white vitriol, one ounce ; diflblvc
.it in four ounces of water 5 add to this, four
ounces of fpirit of wine, in which, half an
ounce- of camphor is firft diffolvcd ^ and
fix ounces of verjuice, or ftiarp vine-
gar.
In the third and worft degree, which is
when either of the other degrees, through
neglp£t, or other caufes, become inveterate ;
or, where at the firft the difeafe appears
at one fide of the body, and fbon fpread s
upon the other ; in this advanced degree of
the difeafe, the colour and other qualities of
the knots and of the fores ihould be attended
to, for fometimes they appear ycUowilh, arc
hfirdiih or fcirrhous about the edges, which
proceeds often from the liver ; in fuch cafe
the difcaie in the liver mutt be attended to,
or the cufe will be fruftrated. In cafe of
this yellowiflb hue, give the following:
Take one handful of the root of fliarp-
pointed dock, illiced; one ounce of nrionk's
rhubarb. J of madder, turmeric, and liquor-
ice roots, of each half an ounce ; boil them
in three pints of water to two pints 1 then ta
the ftrained liquor, wljile warm^ add two
drams ofiafifroo, and one ounce ofcafiile-
foap : give half of this at night, and the
other half in the morning, until the yellow-
nels in th^ knots. begin to wear off.
If the knots look bl^ackifii, a mortification
is threatened) and the bark mull be given
freely in forge- water.
If the means recommended in the fccond
degree have been ufed without the defired
efficacy, rub the knot?, wherever there t^
any fwelling, with the milder blue ointment,
to difperfe them j but if they are already
bur(V, drefs the ulcers v^rith the foUpwing :
Take quickfilver and Venice-turpentine,
of each ope ounce; mix well by rubbing
them together until t^ie quickfilver difap-
pears. If the knots burft, and a proud flefh
fils up their orifices, deftroy it with a little
oil of vitriol i or, if the hardncfs of the fkiii
hinders the matter frqm being difcharged,
open it with a fmall cautery, then drefs therri
with the quickfilver and turpentine above-
mentioned.
Y Mercurial
FAR
Mercurial Alterative Balls*
Take quicklilvcr, two ounces; divide
it well with one ounce of Venice-turperi-
tine ; then add to it of diapente and gum
guaiacum, of each two ounces; honey,
enouc^h to make it into eieht balls, one of
which may be given every fccond or third
morning. Or,
Take antimony, half a pound-, quick-
filver, four ounces ; flower of brimftone, two
ounces ; gum guaiacum, ^edoary, and
galangal roots, of each two ounces; carui
or coriander feeds, four ounces ; make them
into a pafte with honey, and give three or
four ounces every day.
In fome cafes, crude antimony given
to the quantity of two ounces, every day
-with the corn, is very efFeftual : but after
each fuch dofe the hdrfe fliould be gently
cxercifed an hour or more. In all difeafcs^
indeed, when a courfe of antimony is in ufe,
the exercife ihould be daily, but moderate ;
and it is of fome importance that the feeding
be very good of its kind; it Ihould be
nourifliing and cordial, given in fmall quan-
tities, and proportionably the oftenen An-
timony frequently purges when given in large
dofes ; this is prevented when given in fmall
ones, and gradually incrcafing them ; though
fometimes a gentle aftringent is required to
be joined.
But above all other means, giving mer-
curials as alteratives, promrfe and indeed
produces good effcfts. Repeated fuccefs hath
attended the following in the word cafes.
. Take turbith-mineral, twenty or thirty
grains ; Venice-foap, an ounce ; make them
into a ball to be given every other night for
a fortnight ; then reft a week, and proceed
again in the fame manner: if it fickens or
gripes the horfe, or if it runs oflT by (tool,
add to the ball two drams of philonum, or
five grains of opium. If it falivates, defift
immediately, and give a purge, and repeat
it in feven or eight days afrcr : when all ap-
pearance of the mouth being afFedkcd is gone,
begin again with the turbith in leflcr dofes,
and repeat thcmjuft fo as to prevent its
falivating.
It fliould not be forgot, that horfes fa*
livate more eafily than men •, probably by
reafon of the more open texture of their
falivary glands;- and perhaps, in part, by the
horizontal poGtion of their guts retarding
the paflage of the mercury longer than it is
in men : however, be this as it will, we
muft attend to the flrft appearance of faliva*
tion, and check it with all poflible fpeed,
otherwife the horfe will be fuflTocated in a
few days. A moderate degree of falivation
cannot be kept up in a hor^, fo if not early
checked the veffels will prefently be fo tur-
gid, as to prove deftruftivc
During the courfe, be very careful to
keep him from cold : if he is a ftrong, frelh
horfcj he may loofe three or four pounds of
blood once or twice on the day that the tur-
bith is omitted ; walk him out half an hour
or more, when, the weather will permit ; but
when he comes in he muft be well curried*
If his mouth is tender, feed him with boiled
oats, or boiled barley, or fcalded bran.
After the uie of the turbith is ended, -
he may have aquatt of hemp- feed every day
with his com. Lime-water, with the water
which is given him to drink ; at the firfl:
mix them in equal parts, afterwards more
and more of' the lime-water gntil he will
drink it alone.
^ The blue ointment, comiyiended above,
and' in various other parts of this work, is
made as Tollows ; alfo the ftron^cr fort.
Milder Blue Ointment.
»
Take of tried hog's lard, four pounds ;
of quickfilvcr, one pound; of Venice tur-
pentine, two ounces. Rub the quickfiiver
with the turpentine till the quickfiiver dif-
appears, then add the lard, and mix them
wcll,togcther.
Stronger Blue Ointment;
Take of dried hog's lard, two pounds i
of iquiekfilver, one poiind : of Venice tur-
pentine, two ounces ; mix them as directed
for the milder blue ointment.
The ingenious Dr. Bracken recommends^
the mercurial oiiitment, for rubbing the*
chords^.
FAR
rcltords and tumours before they breaks in
order to difporfe them ; and when they .are
broke, to drefs the fores with a mixture
compofed of equal parts of fV»/Vtf turpen-
tine and quickfilver. If by this means the
mouth become fore, a gentle purge (hould
be given to prevent a falivation. This is
doubtlefs a very good method, and if care
be not waAtingi will often prove,efFe6lual.
He alfo recommends the following altei-a-'
tive ball : Take of butter of antimony and
bezoar mineral, of each one ounce i beat
them up. with half an ounce of cordial ball,
and giv^ the bignefs of a iivalnut, or three
quartets of an ounce every day for two or
three weeks, falling two or three houfs after. .
WATER-FARCIN. This difeafe has
no refemblance to a true farcy, it is really
a dropfy, and is of . two kinds, one pro-
duced . by a feterifli difpbfition terminating
on the (kin, as often happens in epidemical
. colds : the other a lyue dropfy, where the
water is not confined to the belly and limbs,
but is . found in different parts of the body,
where a great number of foft fwellings ap-
pear, which yield to the preflure of the
finger. The laft generally proceeds from
foul feeding, or from the latter grafs or
fogs, which generally rifes ia great plenty
, mornings and evenings at the autumnal fea-
fons, and greatly injure the health of fuch
horfesas continue abroad* Nor is this all, the
cold rains common at the fame time increafe
the evil^ and render the blood (luggilh. and
vifcid.
The firft fpccies may be relieved by flight
fcariHcations in the indde of the leg and
thighy with a (harp penknife ; but in the
other fpecies,we muft endeavour to difcharge
,the water, recover the crafis of the blood,
and brace up the relaxed fibres of the whole
bodyi In order to' this a purge muft be
given every week or ten days ; and imme-
diately after the firfl:, the following balls :
Take of nitre, two ounces 5 of quills pow-
dered, half an ounce ; of campnorone dram ;
and of honey a quantity fufficient to make the
whole into a ball.
Let one of thefe balls be given' every
day 5 and to render it more efFcdual, let it
be wafhed down with a horn or two of the
FAT
following drink : Take of black hellebore,
frefti gathered, two pounds : wafli, bruife,
and boil it in fix quarts of water, till two
quarts are wailed : Itrain off the liquor, and
pour on the remaining hellebore two. quarts
of white wine, place it in a gentle heat, and
let it infufe forty-eight hours ; ftrain it off*,
and mix both together, and give the horfe
an horirfuj. or two after each ball. Or,
When the horfe has been treated in this
manner a fufficient time, that is, till the
water is evacuated, and he begins to reco-
ver, give him a pint of the following infu-
,fion every night and morning, for a fort-
night, fatting two hours after it: Take of
gentian r<>ots» and zcdoary, of each four
ounces; of camomile-flowers, and the tops
of centaury, of each two handfulsj of
Jefuit's bark powdered, two ounces 5 of
juniper-berries, four ounces ; of filings of
iron, half a pound ; infufe the whole in
two gallons of ale for a week, (baking tl^
velTel often.
FARRIER. One whofe employment is
to fhoe horfes, and cure them when difeafed
or lame.
FARRIER'S Pouch, s^ leather bag in
which they carry nippers, drivers, (hoes for
all fizes of feet, good fliarp nails, and aU
that is proper for new fhoeing a horfe that
has loft his fhoe upon the road.
If you have no Farrier with you, you muft
always in your equipage have a Farrier's
pouch well provided, and a groom that
knows how to drive nails.
FATTENING (yr Horses : there are a
multitude of things prefcribed for this pur^
pofe, of which chefe that follow have by exr
perience been found to be the beft.
I. Take elecampane, cummin-feed, ta-
merifks, anife-fceds, of each two ounces,
and a handful of groundfel i boil all thefe
very well with three heads of garlic, cleanfed
and ftamped, in a gallon of ftrong ale :
ftrain the liquor well, and give the horfe a
quart of }<^ lukewarm in a iporning, andfet
him up hot. Do this for four or five morn*
ings, and afterwards turn him to grafs, if
the weather' pcrQiit, but if it does not keep
him in the houfe; and befidcs the aforcriij
Y 2 drink,
F V^ T
drink, take the fine pbSvder of elecampane,
and the f;ime quantity of cummin-feeds
powdered, and every time you give him
provender, fprinkle half an ounce of ' this
powder by little and little therein, for fear
he fhould naufeate it, uhtil it be quite eaten
up.
!• Put two' fpoonfuls of diapente in a
pint of fweet wine, brew them together,
and give it the hbrfc for three mornings j
for that will take away all infe£tioas and
fickhefs from the inward parts : then feed
him with provender, at lead: three times a
day, vti:. after his water in the morrting,
after his water in the evening, and at nine
o'clock at night. And if you perceive that
he does not eat his provender well, then
change it to another, and let him have moft
of that food he loves beft.
3, Let the horfe blood; then put half a
bufhel of coarfe barley meal into a painfull
of water, ftirring it about for a confiderable
time, then let it (land till it (ink to the
bottom ; pour off the water into another
pail for the horfe's ordinary drink, and ma&e
him eat the meat that remains at the bottom
of the pail three times a day, morning,
noon, and night ; but if he refufe, or feem
tinwilting to eat the meal alone, mix it wlith
a little bran j the next day leiTen the quan-
tity of bran, and at laft give him none at
all, for it ferves only to accuftom him to
«at the meal : or you mav mix a fmall quan-
tity of oats with the meal : and diminilh it
by degrees as before.
It is to be obferved, that the barley muft
be ground every day as you ufc it, for it
quickly grows four, after which the horfe
will not tafte it.
There arc many horfes which may not be
fattened, by keeping them to this diet for the
fpace of twenty days.
Barley ground after this manner, purges
the horfe, and cools his inward parts ; but
the greateft efficacy lies in the water, which
is impregnated with the mod nouriftiing fub-
ftance or the meal.
When you perceive your horfe to thrive
and grow lufty, you may take him off from
Jiis diet by degrees, giving him at firft^ oats
F'E A
once, and bjlrley-roealtwice a day, tlli«n
oats twice, and the-meal once, till the horfe
is perfedly weaned*
In the mean time you may give him hay,
and good ih-aw alfaifyou pleiafe, but you
muft HOt ride him, only walk him fofcly
about half an hour in the middle of the
day.
After the horfe has eaten barieyvAineal
eight days, give him the following purga-
tive, if you find'he ftatids in rfced 'of*it :
Take an dbn'ce bf the Sneftali^s, aAd half
anounceof ag^lric, and roots of fldwerde-lis^
and bf Florence^ of each an ounfce ; ^ pound
all thefe three to powdter, and min^e thenn
tvith a quart of milk, warm as it' comes
from the cow, if it can <:onyemently be
had, and keep the horfe bridled fix hours
before, and fix hours after the taking of it^
'without difcontinuing his ufual diet.
This pHirgatidn will operate '^fieftiiaHy,
the hunrfours beings al^ady ^r^artkl, and
the body moiftthed,' will nfotbccafion any
diforder or heat, and the horfe will Tifibly
nnitnd.
After the operation of the purgative is
quite ceafed, the horfe muft he- kept eight
days at diet- as Before.
Ifhorfes of value, diat are fullof metde>
And of a hot and dry conftitution, were ta
be kept to this diet for a ^ convenient ipace
of time, once a year, it would infalliably
preferve them from feveral diftempers % and
It is eipecially ufeful at the end of a cant^
paign, or after a long journey.
If your horfe lofes his ap]^ettte, (as it
often happeris) when he begins to eat, you
may tie a chewing-ball to hiaf bitt> renew-
ing it fo often till he begin to feed heartily
on ihe barley ^ for thofe balls not only re-
ftore k>ft appetite, but purify the bloody
prevent difeafes, and contribute to the fat-
tening of the horfe.
FAULT. See DsFAutr.
FAWN. A buck or doc of the firft
jrear.
FEATHER in a Horse^s Forehead,
i^c. is nothing elfe but a turning of the
hair, which in fome refembles an 'car
of
F E L
'of b'a^ley> and in others a kind of oylct-
hole.
' When it reaches a good way along
the upper part of the neck^ near the
lTiane» it is a good mark; and if it be
on- each* fide of the neck^ the mark is the
better.
''So likewifc if there be in the forehead
two or three of thefe oylets, feparate from
-each*''other, or fo joined that they form a
'kind of^ther : or if the like mark be upon
the ply of a horfe's hind thigh> and upon
cthe-back part of it^ near to where the end
of his dock or- rump -reaches, it is a veiy
good niark.
FEATHER also upon a Horse, is a
ibrt of natural frizzling of the hair, which
in ibme places rifes above th§ lying hair,
and there cafts a figure .refembling the top
of -an car ^corn.
There are feathers in feveral places of a
horfc^s body, -and particularly between the
*eyes.
Many believe^ that when the feather is
lower than the eyes, ^tis a fign of a weak
fight 5* but this remark is not always^ cer-
tain.
A Roman fcz^ety is a feather upon a horfe*s
-heck, being a row of 4iair turned back and
'raifed, which forms a mark like a back-fword
near the mane.
FEEL* To- fed a horfe^in the hand, is to
•obfcrve that the will of the horfe is in the
iiand, that he taftes^the bridle, and has a
good appui in obeying the bjtt.
T^teed a horfe upon the haunches, is to
obfcrve that he plies or bends them, which
is contrary to leaning or throwing upon the
ihoulders.
FELDFARES, tb& Manner of taking tbm hy
Wattr Birdlime.
Take your gun about Michaelmas^ or
when the cold weather begins to come in,
and kill fome feldfares, then take one or
two of them, and fallen to the top of a tree,
in fuch a manner, that they may feem to be
alive. When you have done this, pre-
pare two or three hundred twigs, take a
F E R
good birclien bough, and therein place your
twigs ; having flrft cut off all the fntiall twigs,
fet a feldfare upon the top of the bought
making it faft, and plant this bough .Where
the feldfares refort in a morning to feed i
for they keep a conftant place to feed in, till
there is no more foodfor them left«
\By this means others fiying near will
. quickly. elpy the top bird,, and fly. in whole
flocks, or a great number to him.
FERME A Fermb ; a word peculiar to
the menace fchools, figniiying in the fame
place, without ftirring or parting.
You muft raife t\i2X}Mxk ferme a ferme.
This horfe leaps upon firma a firma^ and
works well at caprioles.
FENCE MONTH, the month wherein
deer begin to fawn, during which it is
unlawful to hunt in the forejt. It be-
gins June the 1 9th, and continues to Jufy the
i9tb.
There are alfo certain fence cm* defence
moAths, or feafons for fi(h, as well as wild
beaflis, as appears hy Weft^ a. G. 3. in thefe
words i all waters where falmon are taken,
Jhall h in defence from taking any Jalmonsy
fr^m the Nativity of our Lord^ unto St. Mar*
tin's day : likewife that young falmons Jhall
not be taken or deftroyed by nets^ S^c. from
tbe midft ^/ April, to the Nativity of St. John
Baptijl.
FERRET, is a creature that is bred
naturally in England, but not in France,
Germany, Italy, and Spain ; they are tamed
for the ufe of thofe who keep warrens, and
others.
The body of this animal is longer than
is proportionable : their colour is variable^
fomctimes black and white upon the belly ;
but moft commonly of a yellowifli iandy
colour, like wool dyed in urine.
The head is fomething like that of a
moufe^ and therefore into what hole foever
(he can put it, all the body will eafily follow
after.
The eyes are fmall but fiery, like red hoc
iron, and therefore flie fees moft clearly in
the dark.
Her voice is a whining cry without chang-^
ing of it : (he hath only two teeth in her
aether
PET
tnether chap> ftanding oiit, and hot joined
.and growing together.
The genital of the male is of a bony fub-
:ftance, and therefore it always ftandeth
ftifF> and is not lefler ac one time than ano-
rther-
The pleafurc of the fenfc of copulation^
is not in the genital part but in the mufcles^
tuniGles, and nerves wherein the faid genital
runs.
When they arc in copulation, the female
ilieth down) or bendeth her knees« and eon-
tinually crieth like a cat, either becaufe the
male claweth her with his hails, or by reafon
^of the roughnefs of his genital.
1 he ferret ufually brings forth feven or
-eight at a time, carrying them in her belly
for forty, days : the young ones are blind
for thirty days after they are littered, and
'.they may be ufed for procreation, as
their dam is, within forty days after they can
ice.
When chey have been tamed, they are
nouriihed with milk or barley-bread, and
they can fail a very long time.
When they walk they contraft their long
back, and make it ftand upright in the mid*
die round like a bowl : when they are touch-
ed, they fmcll like a martel, and they fleep
very much.
The ferret is a bold audacious animal, aji
enemy to all others but his own kindj
drinking and fucking in the blood of the
.beaft it biteth, but eateth not the flefh.
When the warrencr has occaifion to ufe his
ferret, he firft makes anoife in the warren to
frighten the conies who are abroad into their
burrows, and then he pitches his nets j after
that he puts the ferret into the earth, having
.muzzled her mouth, fo that fhe may not
feize but only frighten the conies out of
•their burrows, who arc afterwards driven by
the dogs into the nets or hays, planted for
them.
FETLOCK, is a tuft of hair as big as the
hair of the mane, that grows behind the
paftcrn joint of many horfcsj horfesoflow
.fiae have fcarce any fuch tuft.
Some coach-horfes have large fetlocks ;
':and others have fo much hajr upon theirs,
F E V
th^t if the cbachrmin does not.takecar^ id
keep them clean and tight, they will be
fubje£t to the watery fores called tb^
waters.
FEVERS, [in Farriery] Horfes are vciy
fubje£b to fevers, from a great variet|r
of caufes, and care Ihould be taken as
foon as the creature is feized, to attempt the
cure.
When a horfe is feized with a fever, he
wilt be remarkably reftlefs, ranging from
one end of the rack to the other; his flanks
work ; his eyes appear red and inflamed^
his tongue parched and dry, his breath ho^^
and of a (Irong fmell ; he is often fmeUiog
to the ground, lofes his appetite, and though
he will takt. the hay into his mouth, does
not chew it; his whole body is hotter than
ordinary, but not parched : he dungs oftea»
little at a time, ufually hard, and in fmall
pieces. His urine is high coloured, and he
gentcrally flales with pain and difficulty : be
is always craving for water, and drinks often>
but very little at a time ; and his pulfe is
much quicker than common.
Whenever a fever is perceived, the firft
part of the cure is bleeding, and the quan*-
tity, if the horfe is ftrong, and in good con-
dition, would amount to two or three
quarts. When this has been done, give him
four times a day a pint of the following in-
fulion : Take of baum, fage and camomile
flowers, of each a handful: of liquorice
root fliced an ounce; and o^ nitre, three
ounces ; POur upon thefe ingredients two
quarts of boiling wat^ : and whe^ cool
ftrain it ofl^; fqueeze into it tHe juice
of three lemons, and fweeten it with
honev.
The horfe Ihould eat nothing but fcalded
bran, given him in fmall quantities ; burif
he refufes this, let him have dry branfprinW-
led with water, and let a little hay be put
into his rack, as a fmall quantity of it will
not be prejudicial, and a horfe will oftea
eat hay, when, he will not touch any^ thing
elfe. His water ihould be a little warm^ givea
often, but in fmall quantities ; and his cloth-
ing moderate, too much heat being pernici-
ous in a fever.
This
FE V
This method^ with good nurfing, will
often prove fufficient to reftore the horfe to
health; but if he rcfufcs his meat, more
blood (hould be taken from him, and the
drink continued ; if his dung be hard and
knotty, the following clyfter Ihould be
given z Take of marlhmallows, two hand-
fuls ; of camomile flowers one handful s aind
of fennel feeds, one ounce : boil the whole
in three quarts of water, till one quart is
wafted ; then ftrain off the liquor, and add
to it four- ounces of treacle, and a pint of
common oil*
This clyfter fhould be given every other
day 'j and the intermediate day, the follow-
ing fhould be given : Take of cream pf tar-
tar, and of Glauber^s falts,. of each four
ounces ; diflblve them in barley-water, ^nd
add one ounce of linitive eleduary.
By purfuing this method, the horfe will
begin to recoyer, and he will rclifti his hay,
though his flanks will continue to heave
pretty much for. a^ fortnight; but nothing
more will be requifitc to compleat the
cure, than walking him abroad in the air,
and giving him plenty of clean litter to reft
on in the ftable. %
But there is another and much worfe fort
of fevers ta which horfes are very fubjeft,
and which often proves fatal, if not properly
treated*
The fymptoms of this diforder are a flow
fever, with great deprefllonj he is fomc-
times inwardly hot, aiid outwardly cold ;
and at other times hot all over, but not to any
extreme* His eyes appear moift and lan-
guid; his mouth is continually moift, fo that
he is not deflrous of drinking ; and when
lie does* a very little fatisfles hinr)« He eats
very little, , and even then moves his joints
in a loofe, feeble manner, and grates his
teeth very difagreeably ; his body is gene-
rally open, his dung fo ft and moift, his
ftaleing . irregular, fometimes making little,
at others a. large quantity of water, which
is of a pale. colour, and has very little fedi-
mcnt.
The firft relief is to take from him a
moderate quantity of blood, let it not ex-
ceed, th^ec pinfj, but repeat the operation
FEY
9
in proportion to his ftrcngth> fuUnefa, cough;,
or any tendency to inflammation ; after which
the nitre drink already defcribed, may be
given, with the addition of an ounce of inake ^
root, three drams of faffron, and the fame
quantity of camphire firft diflblved in a little
fpiritof wine.
The diet and management will be nearly
the fame in all forts of fevers ; and, in gene-
tal, the following rules, if attended to, will
be found ufeful. Let them have very little
hay at a time in the rack, but always the beft
that can be picked out \ if the hay is given^
out of the hand the horfe will fometimes eat>.
whereas without fuch care he would not ::
kindly hoifes particularly require to be fo>
fed. Oats are to be avoided, biu bran,.either
fcalded or fprinkled with a little water^ if
frefli and fweet, may be frequently given in:
fmall quantities; It is a bad cuftom in thefe:
cafes to force warm water on horfes, it often*
creates a naufea and lofs of appetite ; if he
will drink warm water, or warm oatmeal-
gruel that is very thin, he may, but if he
prefers cold water let him have it, for the
cold often removes a. naufea arul reftores the-
appetite; it ftiould alfo be given as often ^
as. he pleafes, though not in nill draughts,.
TJic cloathing may be the fam^ as in health,,
for fevers in horfes^do not go off as in men,
by great fweats, or by any other increafed.
evacuation, but gradually abates by means .
of a ftrong perfpiration J indeed, when the:
kernels about the head and neck are fwelled, ,
thefc parts may be kept a little warmer, as >
by this means a difcharge at the nofe.is in—
creafed, which is very falutary*. Here it is.
ncceflary to caution againlt the pra£l:ice.of«
fome who fyringc the nofe, and thereby pro-
duce other fwellings in the adjacent parts*.
When a horfe begins, to recover, carefully/
avoid over feeding him, for by fuch a prac--
ticc oBftinate relapfes or furfcits,are. produT
ccd ; to increafe the quantity of his food on-
ly, as his ftrength increafcs,. will prevent ill*,
cffcfts and produce the advantages re- •
quired..
There is good reafon to expcfl a fpeedy >
recovery, when the fever is obfcrved to abate, >
tlie mouth is lcfs.parchcd> the grating pf the.;
teeth i
F E V
teeth T$ not rrtuch heard ; when the horfc
begins to eat, and lay himfelf down ; if his
(kin feeh kindly, and his eyes fecnn lively.
But, if the appetite does not mend, or if it
dedinds, and if the heat continues, the cafe
is dangerous. When there is a running at
the nofe, it is generally of a reddifli or green-
ilh du(ky colour *, it is thickifli and clanimy,
flicking to the hairs in the noftrils : now if
this matter becomes clear and watery, it is
a favourable fign ; but if it continues thus
vifcid and ill- coloured j if the horfe at the
fanfie tinie fneezes frequently ; if the fle(h is
ilill Babby, and he feems hide-bound ; if the
wtfaknefs increafes, and the joints fwell ; the
kernels under his jaws are loofe, and yet
fwellcd'; if he lifts up his tail with a qui-
vering mbtlon, the cafe is defperate in-
deed.
We will- introduce the method of cure by
a remark on the pulfe and the method of feel-
ing it ; in general it is obferved, that on a
medium the pulfe of a horfe in health, whofc
circulation is unaffected by any accident, is
perceived forty times in a minute, and that
if in fiich a horfe the number of pulfations
increafe to fifty, the heat of his body far eic*
ceeds the heat of a healthy itate, or, in other
yfords, he is in a fever. To difcovcr the
pulfations, lay your finger on the artery in
the (ide of the neck, juft above the chcft, or
feel for the arteries in the temples, or in the
infide of the legs, particularly the fore-legs,
and you wfll perceive them very diflinft.
The fame end is obtained by laying your
hand on the horfe's fide to count the motions
of the heart.
In proportion to the degree of heat and
the ftrength of the horfe, bleed from three
to fix pounds, and if there is any apprehen-
fion ot coftivenefs, give him a laxative glyf-
cer I after this, let him have more or lefs,
from two to four ounces, of the following
faline powder, two or three times a day, ac-
cording to the violence of the fever, which
in the infiammatory fpecies often requires
fun dofes ; diflblve it firfl: in three or four
pints of water, then add to it as much more
water as he will drink at once, and that
cither warm or cold, as the horfe will take it
F E V
bell i if a litle bran or barley-flour be mix-
ed* with this liquor, it will be lefs difagree*
able.
TT^i Saline Powder.
Take lalt-pctre, five pouids; fait of tar-
tar, one pound;, mix them well in an iron
or marble mortatv and then put it up in a
bottle well corked, to be ufed as re-
quired.
During the ufe of this, or of any other
preparation with nitre, the horfe fliould be "
permitted to drink at pleafure, for nitre, in
order, being very ufcful, requires to be well
diluted.
If by thefe means the horfe begins in a
few days to eat a little, this method alone *
will be fufiicient, if care in nurfing is not
negleAed : but if the appetite does not re-
turn, nor the fever abate, repeat the bleed-
ings and continue the faline powder as before
direfted ; and if coftive, give the following
Laxative Cooling Drink.
Take of cream of tartar, and of Glauber's
fait, each four ounces ; diflblve them in a
fufficient quantity of water for him to drink
at one time.
As foon as by thefe methods he begins to
eat, and the violence of the fymptoms in ge-
neral give way, though his flanks do heave^
which will be the calc feveral days after the
abatement of all other fymptoms, there will
nothing farther be requtfite, than to walk
him gently abroad now and then in the day,
and to allow him plenty of litter.
In cafe of violent inflammation with the
fever, which is attended generally with pain
or fwelling, or both, in particular parts »
the fame method in general will be required
as in the cafe of fimple fevers, only the bleed-
ings fhould be more plentiful, and, perhaps^
oftner repeated •, as alfo a more liberal ufe oF
the faline powder, and other cooling means*
See Inflammation of the Pleura, fcfc.
The cure of intermittents will confift jn a
a cautious ufe, or an omifllon of bleedings
according
actording^to tlie horfc^ ftrcngth : and duftng
^hc intervals of the fits, to give an ounce of
Peruvian bark, finely powdered, repeating
it eveiy four hours whHc the fit is abfent.
If the bark runs off with a lax, add i-o it a
little diafcordium, or other aftringent^
enough to check that effeft ; but, perhaps,
affter the firft day or two it may not purge,
fo that except it continues to produce that
effect, the aftringents arc beft omitted. In
cafe of any other fpccies of fever intermit-
ting, the fanrte method may be ufed as
where an intermittent is the original dif-
cafc.
The low kind of fever rarely admits of
bleeding, yet does not abfolutely forbid it ;
great circumfpcftion is here ncceffary, for
lymptoms which ufually reqtrire this evacu-
ation, will in this cafe foon give way, from
the very nature of the difeafe : however, if
the horfe is young and ftrong, if his veflels
feem filled with a rich blood, two or three
pounds may be taken away in the beginning
of the difeafe, and may be repeated as the
force of any inflammatory fymptoms may in-
dicate.
Whether the bleeding is ufed or not,
give the following cordial falinc mix-
ture:
Take of crude fal ammoniac, two ounces ;
diffolve it in three pints of water ; then add
to it pnc ounce of Virginian fnake-root,
finely powdered, and three drams of Englifh
fafllron ; mix, and give a pint three times a
day, more or lc6, as the urgency of the
fymptoms niay require.
lf,notwithftanding this,the fever increafes,
the appetite grows lefs ; if the urine is
thin, pale, and frequently fje£ted ; the dung
changeable, as to moifture and drynefs ; if
his gums feem red and fpongy ; if the coat
(tares ; the cafe being now $langerous, give
the following balls :
Compound Fever Balls,
Take of bark, finely powdered, one ounce ;
of Virginian fnake-root, half ah ounce ;
camphire, one Jram ; honey enough to
jnakc a balls to be given with each dofc of
FET'
tlie cordial faline mixture I or with the fof-- '
lowing camphorated drink, according as the
fymptoms may require the one or the other.
Or,
For horfes of fmall value, the follow-
ing balls may be fubftituted for the above- '
named:
Take of diapente and mithridate, each
half an ounce ; camphire, one dram ; make
them into a ball, to be given every four or
fix hours, with a horn full of an infufionof -
fnake-root, rue, and diafcordium.
The Camphorated Drink.
Take of camphire one dram, diffolve ic in
reftified fpirit of wine, one ounce j add to it
gradually a pint of diftilled vinegar, and give
half a pint for a dofe,. mixed with a pint of
thin gruel, or of water in which a little braA '
hath been ftirred.
If the horfe is coftive, laxative clyftcrs
ihould be given ; though gentle and warm
purges are rather to be preferred : if a
purging comes on» let it continue if it is mo-
derate ; but if it feems to enfeeble him, add
gentle reftringents, fuch as diafcordial to his'
drink ; or, if needful, add more powerful
remedies.
In this fort of fever a horfe often ftalcs
with great difficulty, and his fpirits are there- '
by much depreffed. In this cafe prepare
his drinks with frelh made lime-water, which
ihould be clear, but retaining as much of the
heat as poflTible, that is excited by the addi-
tion of the lime to the water. If, notwtth-
ftanding this, the urine is (till defedtive, fo
that the body or limbs begin to fwell, give
the following diuretic drink :
Take nitre one ounce ; Venice turpentine,
diffolved with the yolk and white of one egg,
half an ounce i then gradually add a pint of
a ftrong decoftion of marftimallow leaves, <
or of parfley roots i let this be given for
one dofe, and repeat it every four or fix hours,
until the urine flows freely. «
In this difeafe, drinking is abfoluteiy ne-
ceffary to dilute the blood, and therefore if
the horfe refutes warm water he (hould fa^
indulged with fuch as has had only the chi^
Z taken
taken off^ by (landing fome time in the
liable. And this will be no difadvancage)
fpr the warm vfzuf forced on borfesy pails
their ftomachs for a time, and confequently .
takes away theii' appetite i' but t.his water,
which ha$ only Hood ifiL the ftable^ redores
them.
If this method /hould not prove fufficient,
byt the fever continues to increafe, the fp4-
lowing ball3. ihould be; gjtycf^ inimedlately) ,
^% the danger augments ^leyery h^ur : takcj
of contrayerva-root, myrrh^ an4 fnake-ropt.
powdered, cf each two drams; of fafFron,
one dram : of mithridate, or Venice treacle,
half an ounce, make the whole into a ball,
•with honey, which Ibould be given twicr a
day* and.wa(hed down- withi two or three
horns of an infu&oa. of fnftk!9*ro<H, fweetened
with honey^ and acidulated with half a pint
of vinegar. . .
Jf thefe balls (hould not anfwer the in*
t^ntion (whkh will not .often be the cafe)
a^d to each a dram of ^a^nphire, and, when
tbe horfe is of value^ the f^mc quantity oi
caflor. , ; '
\ Or, the fotlowiisg drink may be given,
which has been often attended with fuccefs:
tlike. of canophtre oa^ dram> diflblyed :ia an
ounce of rectified fpirit of wine, pour it gfa^
c^^HKUy^ ii^to a pint of diAHlqd viii<egar> and
giy^. i|! at twodoifes*. . • • :
• perhaps there is not a more powerful ^nd.
e^t;<^|^a) medicine; known. than camphare^ lA
Bi\ ihefe kinds o( putrid fevers^ being a6live,
atteil^vating^ and particularly calculated, to
proflfw^ feci^tions of urine and perfpiration*
tipie two principal outlets by which the febrile
niajCt«rs ^e difchiarged *» and it would befor-^
tunate For the poor bead, and advantageous
s^ tbe farrier^, if it were oftener given than at
h id necefiSiry to be ob(erved» that if the
h,orfe flhould prove coftivc, clyfters^ or an
opening drink» wHl be neceflary j and ihould
h.e pu]rg4:> care muft be taken nqt to fupprefs
itig^if moderate^ but if it continues long
enough to render the horfe feeble, add
d^fccvdiuno* to his drink i^ilead of mithri-
daj^. ,
l^itlnother necelTary .oblervacion xs^ to kt.
.
II
y> /
F E V
hioT^ drink plemifully, as that will greatJ^
tend to promote the operation of the above
medicines, ax^i conf^^quently render thea^
rnofe eiF^fbual in curing (he difordcr. . .
.. A particular regard ihould alfo be had' to
h\& ftaiing,. which mud be reprefled by proper
aflringents, and giving him lime-water, if
it fbould Bow in too great quantities r and o»
the other bajod^ if it happe;i&, that he i^ too
remifs that way, and ftales too little^ aa to
occafion a fulnef^ and fweUln^g of , his body
and leg£^ the foHowmg drink ihorild be given::
Take of fal-prunjcllay or nitfe, ope, ounces
of juniper berries, and Venice turpentine^ oC
: each half an ounce, make the whoU iiito a?
^ It •
; ball, with oil of amber^
Two or thj;ee. of thefe balls tnay oe.givea>
! at proper inpervals) and waAicd. down withr
' a deeoflioa of naapliu»a|lows^ fweetencd wick
hone-y. • . . .
Th6.(e are the beftr rMchods oS managpog-
fevers, and will gieneraily prov^; fuccefsful ^'
hwt fometinves art willfail^j and thje.lioric
wiU difcbarge a gireeoiih ^or r^ddiih gleec
from his noftTilS) aad. fneeze very fxeqpent-
ly ; he will continue to lofc his flefh, bcconae
hide* boundv refufe his fioear, fwelL about the
jointfir, ao<l his eyts a^pp^ar^as; ^ fucd and^
dead> and a purging cnfue, in which he wilt
di (charge a fG^tid^^ . ^ark' frot^^red^ n^titfr i.
when theic fynnpwro^ VB^^^t hift. 9^^ P^ayp,
be coofidered as defperate, and aj I attempts*
tQ favc him wiJJ. be in^vain*. ... \ >
But, on the contrary, whea his fkiti fi^clr
:kindly> hi^S' ears aiftd /eet ,po^tin^,pf a^
i moderate warmth, his ey^s look briik' ii^ii
; lively, his nofe icon ttnuis clear ^apd dry^*.
his appetite, mend^i he lays down. witb&>
eafe, and dung» and fi:ales regujarly, you*
may conclude that the danger is over^ and.
nothing wanting but care to compleat ths^
cure.
But you muft be very attentive to his*
feeding, and not fufFer him to eat too much^,
his diet fliould be light ; a fmajl quantity
onl/given him atone time, arid increafedbjr
degrcesy as he gathers ftrength j for. horfcs
have often catched great furfeits, and rclap*-
fed into their formor difcaf^ nnerely thxpughu
over- feeding*
Sometimes
ii
FE V
.^t
»j -
^ ^oafttimes the^jTever will be brought to
(i^temxiti or leave the .creature for a time.
iC this. fl>oul4 . happen, be very careful as
foon as you find the fit is over, to give him
an ounce of Jcfuit'jsrbark, apd repeat it every
£x hours, t^U the creature has taken five or
fix ounces /: if any eruptions or fwellings,
the;y ifaould he en^ouraged^ as they are gpod
fympiboflis, ^od denote a terminatioQ of tht
diftemper, and that na more roediciqes are
neoeiiary^
- In the years I7g^j and 1733$ a terrible
epidemic fever raged among the iiorfes, and
it was. thcA fouAd by experience, that th^
fimpleft method was attended with the beft
fufictfks «^ that thofe who cre^ed the dif-
teoiper in the fpUowing maoder were rarely
difgppointed.
Tne 6r(t operation was to bleed largely*
fo the ijuafiticy of ^hi-ee quarts, if the horfe
was ftsoagaa^ full df flelh ^ and if his lungs
irei^ 119^ reliet»ed by itj but continued ftuJ9^
aad Jofided^ ihe. Ueediog was repeate^^ and a
rowel put in the cheft or belly.
Tbeie previous opo^'ations being perform-^
«4 Mke care to dilutei the bloody by giving
^ creatiire i^ntyof i«ater,or wbit&drink ;
ind let hid meat be wxirm bran ma(hes» and
li^ hay fpriitkled. If the. fever ^irid in«
cnsafr^ wliich may be known by tbc fymp*
toms above defcribed^ give him an ounce
oC^tcre thrice a day in his water^ or made
up into a ball with honey. Let his body be
i^pt cool And open, with the opening drink,
^ven cwioe or thrice a week ; for an ounce
%{ Mt of tartar may be given every day, difr
folved in bis water, obferving to omit the
nitre. After a . week's treatment \ti this
manner^ the cordial ball may be given once
or itwice a day, and wa(hed down^^witb a^
iafufion of liquorice * root fweeten^d widi
Moneys to which may: be added, when th^
pUegm is tough, or oough.dry and hufky^
a quarter of a pint of linfced, or fallad oil,
missed with ait eiqual quantity of oxyniel of
fi)yiUs. ' w ..i. , ./
> Care ihouUbe Xftken^on thefjc occaEoQS tg
keep jtbe^adr^aodcthroattw^rmor, than qomf
mon, as the t]|Qrernete abom the J attor ^re. gpj
Aenaijr fiMUed»!M frt-omotea free perfp^ra-
tioni and bicreafe the rnnning at the nofe>
which has the fame eiTc6l in a horfe as fpit«i
ting in the human fpecies. But never at-
tempt to fyringe the nofe, as forae too often
do, . tQ^ promote the difcharge; for it ha$
quite a contrary efieft, and will leiSen the
quantity of matter which fhould be incrcafed
as/nuch as poffible. The checking of this
niatter, not only increafcs the fever, but al*
fo occafions bad fwellings in the parts and
glands, in and near the head. And let me
once for all remind the praditioner, that all
fuch difcbarges are critical, and thrown off
by nature to free berfeK from the load that
opprelTe^ her, and oqnfequently flipuld by
^U n^eani^ be promoted.
FAUNTS } The dung of deer.
FIMASHlWf the dunging pf any fprt
of wild beads.
FJO IN JH(a^SBS« A difeafe that takes it'a
name from a w^rt pr broad pierce of &c(k,
growing upoA the fru& towar4a tbe.beel, re«
fembling a Bg in (hape*
It proceeds from fome hurt received in tbo
foot, that haf& not beea thoroughly cured : or
by a Aubor oail» bone, thorn, or ftoaeiandl
foncietiQWs by an over rea^h upon the bed <np
fruCb.
The bed method of treating them all jsj
to cut them as clean away as po/Iiblei snd
if any part is left behind, which was not eafy
io icpme at with the knife, toiich it with 4
cai;iftic s and if tb^t f^iU to deftroy Che foiall
remains, fecure a bit of fublimate upon it«
When the root, is fairly cleared away^ and
not before, waflv the part daily with the fol-
lowing:
Take of gajls, allum, and white vitriol, ill
powder, each two ounces; boil them a few
mii^.i^jbes in ibur, pint^pf lime-water j and,
when cool enough* ppur off the clear liqvoo
'm%p a bottle, fw ufe.
If any of the root remains, it will groir»
and the cure is as fv off as before it was be*
gu,0« .... .... . "*
/ Jf, injcpttiflg of thefe^crefcences, an ar-
tery ilDfijjld be WQi^Bded, or a profufc bleed«
ing com.e€tn,\ajdoffU:Qfi;U«vtm4y be preffed
OY^ tht orifice of the Weeding, veffcls : over
Z 2 . this
F I R
this lay other pledgets of tow, fecurc them j
clofcly, and in fuch a quantity, as that a due
prciFurc an the part may be made by ban-
dage : remove the dreffings m two or three
days, but not wholly.; leave the doffil of
lint which is next to the wounded veffcls to
digcft away ; if it adheres at alh cover it up
as before with pledgets, fecurcd as at the
firft, to prevent a frefh bleeding. After the
firft removal of the dreffings, continue to ex-
amine and drefs the part every day.
FILANDERS. A difeafe in hawkS, 6f
which there arc feveral forts : they are worms
as fmalF as a thread, and about an inch Ibng;
whicb lie- wrapt .up in a thin Ikin-^ er net,
near the reins, apart from cither gut or
gorge,
FILLETS. The loins of a horfc, which
begin at the place where the hinder part of
the faddle refts.^
• FILLY. A term among horfe-dealers to
denote the fcniale or mare colt.
FILM WHITE UPON THE EYE OF A HoRSE,
may be removed by lifting up the eyc-lid>
after the eye has' been walhed with wine,
and-ftroaking it gently with one's thumb,
Witb wheat flour : alfo common fait, or fait
nf lead, beateo fine and put into the eye is
proper to confume a film ; or you may wafli
the borfe's eye with your fpittle in the morn-
ing fading, having fii'fl: put a little /alt into
yourmoiithr but there is nothing fo efFcc-
tual, as fal-armoniac beaten and put intothe
eye, and repeated every day till the film is
gone^
FIRBV To give the fire to a horfe, i^ to
apply the firing .iron red hot to fomc preter-
natural fwelling in order to difcufs it-; which
is oftentimes done by clapping the firing iron
to the (kin without piercing through*
.' We give fire to tarcy knot^^by running a
pointed burning iron into the ulcer.
We likcwife give fire for wrenches of the
pafl:crns<
FIRING IRON is a- piece of copper or
iron about a foot long, one end of which is
itNide fiat, an<i forged like a knife, ^ the back
of it being hal& an inch thick, and the fore
edge about fivx oryfix^ times' thinner
• When the farrier haa^ made his. firing irea
F I af
red hot in his forge, he applies the thinrie(B^
part to a horfe*s (kint and fo gives the fire t&^
the hams^ or fuch places as ftand in need of
it.
FISHi^ As to the quaKty of breeding
them> it Ts fcarce to be found* out by any
certain fymptom ; for fome verypromifing
ponds do not always prove fbrvice^ble : one
of the beft indicationsof a Weeding pond is^
when there is good quantity of rufli and gra-
zing about it, with gravelly (hoaIs> fuch as
hbrie-ponde ufiSaM)?- have";' f& that when a
water takes thus to breeding, with* a few
milters andfpawners, two or three 6feadi, a
whole country may beftocked in afliort time.
Eels and perch are of vei^y good i»fe to kee{>
down the ftock of fifh ;• fop they prey muck
upon the fpawn and fry of bred* filh, and
wilkprobably deftroy the fuperfluityofthem.
As« for pikey perch, tendh^ > polish; &el
they are obferved to breed m atmoft any
waters, and very numcroufly s onl^-eeli
never breed in ftahding waters tharare with^
out fprings ; and in fuch are neither found
nor cnereafcj but by putting in i yet where
fprings are^ they are n^ver wanting, thot^
not put in^ And, v^hic4i is moft ftraiigeelf
alii no p^rfon evet^ f^w in an eel) theleaft
token of propagatio^n, either by milt or
fpawn; fo that whether they brctd at all^
and how they are produced, are queftiona-
equally myfterious,. and never as yet rtf^
folved. ' , . . ' ; .. ^r*-
:- For the method of feeding fifll, taketb;^
following remarks: i. Inaftevtr, thirty or
fc)i^ty carps may bfc kept up from Oii^^w^
to March y without feeding; and byfilbiiig
with tramels or flews in March, or jiprii^,
you ma)(^ take from your great waters to rc^
cpuit the tt^ws 5 but* you muft ftot- f«il tl»
feed all lUmmeri from March to OSoktr
again, a« conltantly as cooped chickens at^
fed, and it will, turn to. as good aa ac-4^
count.
a% The care.of feeding; is beftcommiited
to a butler or gardener, who fhould be al«^
ways at Hand, becaufe the conftant and regu«
lar ferving of the fifii, conduces veiy- n^tieH
to their well eating and thriving;'
3i Any fort. vf'grain bpiledis-good to feed
with,.
F I S
witbi^ eJl^eciallf peafe^ and malt coatfe
ground ; the grains afccp brewing while fre(h
and* fwcet are very proper ; bur one buihcl
of malt not brewed will go as far as two
of grains^; chipptngs of breads and fcraps
off* a tablcy deeped in tap droppings of
ftrofig beer or ale, are excellent food for
carp r of thefe the quantity of two quarts
vo thirty carp every day. is fufficient, and to
feed morning aiid»ev«ning,. is^ better than
once a day only.
4. There is & fort of food for fi/h. that may
be called accidental, and is no lefs improv-
ing than the bed that can be provided ; and
that is, when: the ponds happen to receive
^e wa^ of commons, where many (beep
have pafture, the water is enriohed by the
ibil, and will feed a much greater number
of carp- than otherwife it would do; and
ftrther, the dung that falls from cattle
flanding in the water in hot weather, is alfo
a very gi^eac nouriftiment to fifh.
5* More particularly^the moft>proper food
to.raifepike to an extraodinaiy fatnefs, is
eel^, and without them it is not to be done
but in a long time -, otherwife fmall perohes
are the bcft meat you can give them.
Bream put into^a pike-pond, breed exceed-
ingly j' and are fit to maintain pikes, that
will take care they fhall not encreafe over
much; the numerous fry of roaches and
rouds which aome from the greater pools
ime the pikes . quarters^ will likewife be
good diet for them,
6. Pikein all ftreams^ and carp in hun-
gry fpringing waters, being fed at certain
times, will come up and take their meatal-
moft from your hand ; and it is a diverting
ebjeA>. to fee the greedinefs and ftriving
that will be among them for the good-bits,
with the boldnefs they will aU»in to by
eonftant and regular feeding.
» 7. Themoft convenient feeding place is
towards the mouth of the pond, aL the
deptb of about half a yard ; for by that
mean&the deep will be kept clean and neat,'
as it were a parlour tb retire to and reft in :
riiemeat, thrown into the water, without:
•ther €rouble>will be picked up by th^fiih,:
and aothing. Aiall be loft i yet there are. fe-
veral ingenious devices for giving^ thenn.
food, cfpecially peafe ; as a fquarc board
letdown with^the meat upon it by the four
corners>.whencc a ftring comes^ made faft to
the endof a ftick like a fcale, which may.
be readily managed,
8w When fi(h are fed in the larger pools
or ponds^here their nunU>er« are allb great,<
there will be fome expence as well aspains u
but as foon as they are taken out, and i&
appears how they are thriven^ you will^
allow both well employed, either nlialt boil-
ed or frefli grains is the beft food in this,
cafe. Thus carp may be fed ancj raifed*
like capons, ai^ tench will feed as. well,,
but perch are not for a ftew in feeding;
time.
As to the benefits^ that redound from the>
keeping of fi(h, befides furniftiing your 1^-.
ble,. obliging your friends, and railing^
money>^ your land will be vaftly improvedi.
fo as to be really worth, and yield more;
this way than by any: other employment
whatfoever : for fuppofe it to be a meadow^
of 2/; per acre : four acres in pond, will re->-
tura you every year a^thoufand fecjcarpj^
ftQm the leaft fize to fourteen or fifteen in-^
ches longi befides pike, pecch, tenchv
and other fry j the carp are falcable,^. andi"
will bring 6d, gd. and perhaps iid. a piece,>»
amounting in all to 25/. which is 6/. 5/^.
per acre, the charge of carriage oi>ly to bo
dedydted*.
When a great iwt.cr is defigned-to ber
brought, you take the firft fpit of the groundi
upon which the bank-is to ftand, and fornr^
the pan of the pond. Now in cafe you^
convey the earths taken^ tjience to fome.
place where it may be eafily removed upon.
your tillage land,; let it lie there to rot che
fed, and there is not a better manure to be>
had, being alfo more than pays the charge,
of digging and carrying it off. ^
Yo\x gain the making^pf ftewsj.. and it,
may be other ponds forthe convenience ofj
your cattle,, altar one expence i , for if yo^ [
are obliged to dig clay and earth for your'
bank,; it is eafily. taken where it.does.this^
as otherwife. .
If the foil about the watcrslfe ii any wife;
moori0s>
FIS
rmoorlfh, tt m*y be planted with ozlerSi
virhich yield a oeitain yearly crop*
The fttd of the pond when laid dryland
3thc corn, /• r. oats, ivhich you may have
upoti the bottom, - thoygh meer mud> is
very confiderable.
If cattle grace xvear your great pools,
they win delight to come ahd ftand in the
^ater, which conduces much to the thriving
^f your beads, as well as to the feeding of
your flfli by their dunging, as has been al-
ready hinted : it is therefore advifcabk to
have ponds in cow paftures and graaing-
grounds.
. ' A^ to the fowing of oats in th« bottom of
4 pond, take care tb dry your great Water
once in three, or at moft four years, and
tlwt at the end <>( January ^ or beginning of
M4rch which (if the year do not prove
<^tfry ^lifeafdnabk) Veill be time «ttoughi
Aft^ Michaelmas following, you may put
itt a great flock of filh, and thin Afem ih
flicceeding years as the feed declines.' dee'
Pond Heads.
- FISHIKG-FLIES, are both natural and
artificial ; the natural are almoft mnUri^e-
rable^ of which I Ihall name only the ft>oft
pi-ihcipal^ viz. the dun-fly; the ftone or
ih<ijr-fly, the tawny-JSy, the vine-*fly, ' the
fliell-fly, the cloudy. and blackilh-fl]^, the
flag fly-, alfo caterpillars,- canker-fliesybear*
flies, fcf^. all which appear either fooner or
later, according as the fpring proves for-
ikrard or backward ; ^nd thefe fli^s are all
^od in their feafon, f6'r foch fith as rile at
llie fly.
The better to know the fly thefifli covets
rtioll, when ytucome to the river- fide in
the morning, beat the bulhes with yourrod,
anc^ take up Ss many various fort^ as ybii
<«aD, and make a trfal of them, and bythat
iheans you will find which fort they bite moft
eagerly atj though they will fometimes
change their fly, but this is only when they
have glutted themfelves with that fort they
likcbeft. »
There are two ways of fiflijtig With thefe •
iMtural flies, viz. ciflier on th^ furface of
the water, or a little underneath tt. - ^
If you angle for chevin, roach ol* daoe>
•»
I
F IS
move tiot the tiatutalfif fw}fcly uri^n jfo%
fee the fifli make at it, but rather jk^tilt glide
freely towards hij» with the (Ir^anrii but i^
it be in a ftiU and flaw water, draw che, fijr,
(lowly lide^WiLys by him, and. this ^iU.caufe
him to purfueit eagerly.
As for the artificial fly> it is fipidom ufedt
bat in. bluftering weather, when the wacera^
are fo difturbed by th€}.wind> thgt, a ^afMralf
fly cannot. well be feen^ nor reft ypoia
them.
There are twelve forts of dubs or artificial
fliei, of which thefe that follow are ^epda**'
cipal. : ' : . i'
1. For MffT^Tit, the dun^jr;. n»ideofduft
wool, and the fcttthers ^\ the .paitridge'a
wicig s of the body made of J»lack wool and
the feathers of a black drake. ...
3* For jiprily the ftone-fly.s the body
made of black wool,; d^edyeUow vn^prthA
wings and tailv i .
3. For the beginning of M^^ the ntddy*
d^; made of red wool and: bound about
wub black fiUt, with the feathers of a black
dapon hasigiog dakigHng on )m iide% nexc
his tatet . .
4. Fcrr J^»tf, the ^ecnblht-f^ ; thebo<^
made of black wool^ with a yiellow lift on
either fide, thewin^ taken off* the. wings
of a buazard, bound with black brokca
hemp.
5. The moorifl'i-fly, the body made a£
dufkilh wobli^nd (die .wings of the lidackifti
mail of a drake.
6. The tawny- fly good till the middle of
Jun€\ the body madC' of. tawny wooJ, the
wings made contrary onreagaioft.the othcxj
of the whitilh mail of a white drake.
7 . For July^ the wafp- fly ; the bady mad;
of black wdol, cafl: about (with yiilltiw filks
and fhe wings of drakes feathers; . .
8. The fteel-fly, good in the ontddje of
Jufy\ the body nmdewiih gfeemfliwool,
caft about with the feathers of a peafe^k'%
tail, and the wings madfe x>f dhofe of the
buzzard. '^
• 9. For ^guji^ the drake«£y $ ;. tbe.bp^y:
made with black wooicaftfabout^withJMaci^
iilk,*his Wings of the mailiof a idack drake*
with « black' h«4d# F^ ik9 JifftfrntMnds
W19.
4^ FiJB, tmd DifeSUetu far iakhig Urn, Jet
0m*t umier tbair pttfer jtrticie ; as for Caiu>-!
JfiMtthG /t$ Carp, /ixd for F£Y<Fisbing
JiK the different Manths,. Apnl> Augufl:^-
f . FHh^na mcr tkat has been fomc^hat
dlfturb^ b^ rath, or in a cloudy day, when
the waters are moved by a^geACte breeze ; xS^
the Wmds be gemcle, the bcft aDgling will bd
in fwift dreams, bac if it faJon^s lomewhat.
jftiiohg,. but not fo but that you may convt'-
Bientfy guard your cackle,, the fiflr will nfc!
in plain' deeps;
a. 'Always angle iviiika-frnaU By andelear:
ivings,. in clear rivers f. but ufe larger in
Bluddy places.
3. Keep at as good ^iflancel&om the wa-»
ti!r^fidcat you can, and BOi dowa the (ireatn
Wkh xiat foa at your face, and touch not the '.
water wirfis yotw Hne.
.4. When the water becomes brownifli af*
titt raih, aife an orange fiy ; and in a clear
day,, a light colofired Ey> and a dark fly fof
cUfk waters, i^e.
5^ Havefitveralof dteiaiheof eyery Ibrt
e£fty, difTeringui colour, t6j&)ijt the coloura
Qf £ryecal:wa£e!Fs and weatiiers. * f
6b. Letahe fly &lliirifc into the.water;/abd
not the line,, which will be apt to fright the
.7. Le? youir Khe be twice the liengfihr of
ymirrady urrlefsr the river be encumjskefcd
vricb' waodL
. &. in i]<aw rivers, or ftilS pieces, ctft. the <
fiy oirtar cho&tbeciyer^ add let it Ibnkla^Uttle
in I3he watef> and drawr it gencSy back with
the current.
9. Bftaftemicof a qiuck eye and nimbLe
traod, to ftrike pcefently with the rifing; of
the fiih^ left be ihoukl kan: time to fpew
out the hook.
Every one that delights ia fly-fiDiing,
odght to learn the way of naaking two (brts
of artiicial ^es; the paltner, ribbed with
Clver or gold, and the may-fly^
. In the making of the palmer- fly, you mu(t
arm your line on the infide of the book, and
F I S^
I cut oflT tb itfuch of » mallard's feathers tbi
niake the wings,
. Then lay the outermoft part of the feather
next the hook, and the point of the feather
towards the fliank of the hook,, whip it three-.
or four times about the hook with the fame
filk you armed your hook, and make the lillc*
faft. •
Take the hackle of lihc neck of a cock or
capon, (but a plover's top is bed) and take
off one fide of the feather, and then take-,
the hackle, filk, m gold or filver thread,,
aad make.^li thefe faft ae the bent of the'
hook, working them up to the wings, (hift-
ing your fingers every tura and making ti
flop, then the gold will fall sight,, which,
aiake faft.
After this, take the hook betwixt yourfin»-
ger and thumb, in the left hand, and with Zt
ntcdlt or pin part the wifigs in two, then'
with the anting filk, (having faftened all.
hitherto) whip it about as it falls acr-ofs be^
tween thie wings, and with your thumb turn^
the point of the feather towards the bent of
the hook, then work it three or four times;
about the ibank, and faflren it $ and view the.
proportioa for other flies*
If you make the grounds of hog's^wool,..
faody,.idack,. or .white, orbear's-waol^ or of
a^red bullock^ work thefe gnotmds bo a. waxed.:
flUk, and arm aad: let on due' wings a& before,
difoftedi.
The body of the may^fiy muflibe wroughc:.
with fome of thefe grounds, which will be
admirablyt wdK when. ribbed wish black haii).
or filk. . .
* Othecs make them with'&ndiy hf)g'swoQlv
ribbed with black .filk^ and nvingod. with ^\
mallard's featlier,, according to the Angler's;*
fancy. D
, The oak-fly muA be madib with orangot
tawny,, or orange Qoloiiiicd'cre.wei^ and blade
for the body ; and the brawn of die mallacd'Si
feather far the wingsw
Laftly^ theiie is another fly,, tbe body of*
which is . made of the ftcain of a peacock's
feather.. .
Mard ia the month tO' begin to angle
with the fly, but if the weather prove windy
or cloudy, there arc fcveral forts of palmers
riiat
* ^
. ■ *
F I«
-that iire good at that time : the fir ft is a
black palmer, ribbed with filvcrj the fecondj
a black palmer with an orange tav^y body^
thirdly, a palmer whofe body is all black ;
laftly, there is a red palmer, ribbed with
gold, and a red hackle nuxed with orange
crewel.
Obferve, that the lighteft flies are far
doudy and dark weather^ and the darkeft for
bright and lights and the reft for indifferent
feafons.
Salmon-flies fliould be made with their
wings ftandingone behind the other, whether
two or four, and of the gaudieft colours that
can be^ for he delights in fuch ; and this
chiefly in the wingfi, which muft be long as
well as the tail.
You are to note that there are twelve
kinds of artiBcial made flies to angle with
tipon the top of the water. Note by the
way, that the fitteft feafon of ufing thcfe,
is a bluftering windy day, when the waters
are fo troubled that the natural fly can-
not be fcen, or reft upon them. The firft
is the dun* fly in March, the ibody is made
of dun-wool, the wing? of the partridge's
feathers. The fccond/is another dun-fly,
the body of black woo^, and the wings made
of the black drake's feathers, ^nd of the fea-
thers under his tail. Thctturd is the ftone-
fly in jdpril, the body is made of black wool
made yellow under the wings, and under
the tail, and fo made . with wings of the
drake. The fourth is the ruddy-fly in the
beginning of May, the body made of red
wool wrapt about with black filk, and the
feathers are the wings of the drake, with the
feathers of a red capon alfo, which hang
dangling on his fides next to the tail. The
fifth is the yellow or grcenifti fly, in May
likewife, the body made of yellow wool,
and the wings made^^of the red cock's hackle
or tail. The fixth is the black-fly^ in
May alfo, the body made of black wool, and
Japt about with the herlc of a peacock's
tail I the wings are made of the wings of a
l>rown capon, with his blue feathers in his
iiead. The feventb is the lad yellow-fly in
FI S
1 yitne, the body is made of black wool* wirk
a yellow lift on either fide, and the wings
taken oflp the wings of a buzzard, ^botintf
with black l)raked hemp. The eighth is
the moorilh'fty, made with the body of
duflcifh wool, and thc^ wings made of the
blackiSi male of the jdrake. The aiiith it
the tawny-fly, good until the middle oijunei
the' body made of tawny wool, the wine^s
made contrary pne againft the other, made
of the whitifti mail of the wild drake.
The tenth is the wafp- fly in Jufy^ the body
made of black wool, lapt about with yellow
&lk, the wings made of the feathers of the
drake or of the buzzard. The eleventh is
the ftiell'fly, good in A^d July, the body
made of greeni(h wool, lapt about with the
herle of a peacock's tail^ and the wings made*
of the wings of the buzzard. The twclftii
is the dark drake-fly, good in Augufty the
body made with black wool, lapt about witk
black filk X his wings are made with the mail
of zin-bag the peacock's feather, and ground*
of fuch wool and rrewel as will' make the
grafshopper; and note, th^t ufually the
fn^alieft flies are the bed ; alfo, that the light
fly does ufually make moft fport in a dark
day, and the darkeft and leaft fly in a bright
Of clear day; laftly, that you are to repair
upon any occaQon to youMinagazine4>ag,
and vary and make them lighter or darker
according to your fancy or the i^j.
The May-Pij may be found in and about
that month, near to the river-fide, efpeci-
ally againft rain ; the oak-fly on the butt or
body of an oak or afli, from the beginning
of May to the end o^Auguft ; it is a browhim
fly, and eafy to be found, andftands ufually
with his head downwards towards the root
of the tree ; the fmall black-fly, or hawthorn-
fly, is to be had on any hawthorn-bufh after
the leaves are ofi^ : with thefe and a fhort
line, you may dape or dop, and alfo with a
grafshopper behind a tree, or in any deep
hole, ftill making it to move on the top of
the water aa if it were alive, and ftill keeping*
yourfelf out of fight, you will certainly have
fport if there be trout*
'
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F I S
'A def crip Hon of prefer halts for the Jeveral \
/orts of Fi&H referred to in the foregoing
table.
FLIES,
1. Stone-fly, found under hollow ftones
at the fide of rivers, is of ft brown <x)Iour,
with yellow ftreaks on the back and belly,
has large wings, and is in fcafon from jlpril
to July.
2. Green-diHce, found annong flones by
river (ides^ has a yellow body ribbed with
^rcen, is long and (lender, with wings like a
butterfly, his tail turns on hisbackj and from
May to Midfummer is very good.
3. Oak-fly,found in the body of an old oak
or a(h,with its head downwards, is of a brown
-colour, and excellent from May to September ;
for trout, put a cod-bait or gentle on the
point) and Jet it (ink a few inches in clear
water.
4. Palmer-fly, or worm, found on leaves
of plants, is commonly called a caterpillar^
and when it comes to a fly is excelleat for
trout.
5. Ant-fly, found in ant-hills from June to
September.
6. The may-fly is to be found playing at
the river-fide, efpecially againft rain.
7. The black-fly is to be ibund upon c^ttf
hawthorn, after the bud^ are come oflT. For
she flies proper for each months fee tbe articles
APRIL, £5?^. ANGLING.
PASTES.
1 . Take the blood of (heeps hearts, and
mix it with honey and flower worked to a
proper confiftence.
2. Take old cheefe grated, a little butter
fuflicient to work it, and colour, it wiiii
fafl^roh : in winter ufe rufly bacon inftead of
butter.
3. Crumbs of bread chewed or worked
with honey, (or fugar), itu)iftened with gum-
ivy water.
4. Bread chewed, and worked in the hand
till ft iff. See for more under tbe Article Paste
FOR Angling : as alfo for Worms und^r its
f roper article.
(FLA '"^
wo R M S.
t . The earth-bob, found ih fandy ground
after plowing} it is white with a red head
and bigger than a gentle ; another is found
in heathy ground, with a black or blue head.
Keep them in an earthen ve(rcl well covered,
and a fufficient quantity of the mould they
harbour in. They are excellent from April
to November.
1. Gentles, to be had from putrid fle(h :
let them lie in wheat bran a few days before
ufed.
3. Flag-worms, found in the roots of flags,
they are of a pale yellow colour, are longer
and thinner than a gentle, and mu(t be
fcowered like them.
4. Cow-turd-bob, or clap-bait, found un-
der a cow-turd from May to Michaelmas i it
is like a gentle, but larger. Keep it in its na-
tive earth like the earth-bob.
5. Cadis-worm, or cod-bait, found under
loofe ftiones in (hallow rivers 5 they are yel-
low, bigger than a gentle, with a black or
blue head, and are in feafon from April to
July. Keep them in flannel bags.
6. Lob*worm, found in gardens ; it is very
large, and has a red head, a ftreak down the
back, and a flat broad tail.
7. Marih- worms, found in mar(hy ground t
keep them in mud ten days before you ufe
them : their colour is a bluei(h red, and are
a good bait from March to Michaelmas.
8. Brandling red- worms, or blood-worms,
found in rotten dunghills and tanners bark ;
they are fmall red-worms, very good for all
fmall filh, have fometimes a yellow tail, and
are called tag tail.
F I S H and m S E GTS.
1; Minnow, s.Gudgeon, j.Roach, 4.Dace,
5. Smelts; 6». Yellow Frog, 7. Snail |Slit,
8. Grafshopper.
FITCHt 1 a pole-cat; alfo the fkia
FITCHOW, J or fur of that creature.
FIVES. See Vives.
FLAG-WORM, an infeft fo called, be-
cau(e it 1% found and bred in flaggy ponds
or
F L E
or Mgy places^ hanging to the fibres, or
fmall firings that grow to the roots of the
flags, and chcy are ufually inclofed in a yel«
low or rcddifli hulk or cafe. /
FLANKS, the fides of an horfe. In a
ftn& fenfe, the flanks of a horie are the ex-
tremities of his belly, where the ribs arc
wanting, and below the loins. They fliould
be full, and at the top of them on each fide,
ihould be a feather -, and the nearer thofe
feathers are to each*othcr, fo much the bet-
ter : but if they be as it were within view,
then the mark is excellent.
The diilance between the laft rib and
haunch-bone, which is properly the flank,
fliould be fliort, which is termed well-cou^
pled i foch horfes are mofl hardy^ and will
endure labour longeft.
If a horfe have a flank full enough, you
are to confider whether it be too larger
that is, if over-againft that part of the
thigh called the fiiffle, the flank fall too low ;
for in chat cafe it is a great advance to pur-
fineft, efpecially if the horfe be not very
young.
A horfe is faid to have no flank if the lafl:
of thefhort ribs be at a confiderable diftance
from the haunch-bone ; although fuch
horfes may for the time have very good
bodies, yet when they are hard laboured,
they will loofe therrt.
A horfe is alfo faid to have no flank when
his ribs are too much ftraightened in their
compafs, which is eafily perceived, by
comparing their height with that of the
haunch-bones, for they ought to be as
high, and equally raifcd up as they are, or
but very little lefs, when the horfe is in good
cafe.
A horfe is likewrfe faid to have little
flanks, to be forrily bodied, to be grunt-
bellied and thin gutted, when hfs flank turns
up like a greyhound, and his ribs are flat,
narrow and fhorr.
A well flanked horfe, is one that has wide
and wclJ-made ribs, and a good body. In
this cafe the whole flaiik is ufed in the room
of gut.
FLEAM^ IS a fmall in/lrument of fine
fieel^ coippofed of two or three moveable
FLO
lancets for bleeding a horfe ; and fome
times making incifions upon occafion, and
fo fupplying the room of ah incifion-knife.
To prevent Flies teazing Cattle.
Boil bay-berries in oil, and anoint then)
with it, and they will never fit on cattle ;
or, wet the hair of horfes, with the juice of
the leaves of gourd at Hidfummer^ and they
will not moled them. If cattle are anointed
with the juice of arefmart, flies will not
come near them, though it is the heat of
fummer.
To FLING, is the fiery and obftlnate aftioa
of an unruly horfe.
To fling like a cow, is to raife only one
leg, and^give a blow with it.
To fling, or kick with the hind-legs^
5^ Yerr.
FLINTS, for fowKng-pieces (hould be
clear, but whether dark or light coloured
is immaterial. Their fize ihould be fuited
to the gun, and be neither too large and
thick, or too fmall and flight -, the firfl: wil^
not give freely, and the other will be apt to
break.
.FLOATS FOR Fishing, are made divers
ways ; fome ufe the quills of Mujcovy ducks,^
which are the bcfl: for flow waters, but for .
ftrong ftreams cork floats are the beft |.
therefore take a good found cork, without
flaws or holes, and bore it through with a
hot iron, into which put a quill of a fit pro-
portion \ then pare the cork into a pyramidal
form, of what fize you pleafe,. and grind it
fmooeh.
For your float, in flow dreams, a neat
round goofe-quill is proper*, but for dc^cp
or rapid rivers, or in an eddy, the coj;k,
ihaped like a pear, is inciifputably the beft ;
which fliould not, in general, exceed the fize
of a nutmeg f let not the quill, which you
, put through it, be more than half an inch
above and l)elow the cork > and this float,
though fome prefer a fwan's quiil, has great
advantage over a bare quill ; for the quill
being defended from the water by the cork„
does not foften, and tlie cork enables yout
A a z to
prtD
tolcad your lirterfo htavily, as that'tHebook
finks almaft as foon- as you put into the
water J whereas, when you lead but light-
ly, it does not get to the bottom till it is
near the end of your fwim. fiee die form
of the float, Plate IX. Fig. 16. and, in
leading yoxir* lities, be carcfAil to balance
thenn fo nicely, that a very fmall touch-will
fmk thenn ; feme ufc for chis purpofe^ lead
ihaped like a barley-corn, but there is bo-
"thihg better to lead with than iliot, which
•'ydu mud have ceady cleft always with you ;
*rcnFiembering, that when 'you 'fifh fine, it is
better to have on your line a great n^iflober
of fnaall than a few largefhot.
Whip the end of the quill round the plug
^w^th 'fine'filk,''*yell waxed; this will keep
the water out of your float, :and» prcfcrve it
'grektly.
FLCAT-ANGLING. In this the line
Ihould be longer thaa the rod. by .two or
^ three feet, and let the pellet that isi put up-
on it be neither fo heavy as toifink ehe<:ork
or float, nor lb light as to hinder the fmall-
' eft touch from pulling it under. water, be-
caufe that is the only .fign. you have of a Inte.
In rivers it will be moft proper to make.ufc
of a cork; but in Handing waters a quill
• may fcrve well enough.
In fifhing with a float, your line muft
' be about a foot ihorter than your rod ; for
' if it is longer, you cannot fo.well command
your hdcrk when you come to difengage the
fifli.
Pearch and chub arc caught with a, float,
'and al(b gudgeons^ and fometimes.ibarbel
and grayling.
For carp and tench, which - are : leldom
caught but in ponds, ufe a very fmall goofe
or a duck-quill float ; and for ground 4>ait
^ thrown in, every now. and ^ then, a bic of
chewed bread.
For barbel, the place ihould bc: baited
' the night before you fifti, with ;graves,
which are the fedimenc of melted: tallow,
and may- be had at the tallow-cbandlers :
' ufe the fame ground-bait while you are
fi(hing, as for roach and dace.
. In filhing^ with a float for chub la warm
F L'Y
«
I weatltfT/ fi/h at mid-water, in cool loycr^
and in cold at the. ground.
FLOUNDERS, may be fifhed for all day
long, either in a fwift jftream, or in the rtill
de^p water ; but beft in the ftream, in the
months of ^pril^ M^y^ J^ne, and July : the
pivpcr t)aits, sire all fores of worms, wa(ps»
and gentles.
FLY- ANGJ.ING, Let the rod be light
and the line twice. as .long. a& your rod, and
very ftrong at top, ,and»f^row: gradually ta-
per. You mud contrive, tb ,|)4vc the wind
on your back, and the fun,. ifit(biqes, to
bc.b^fcire ypu, and .to fifh down the ftream':
find carry ,che point or top of your rod
.dqwjiw^rds, by .:\^hich meani^ the.fbadow of
«yourfelf and, the ^ rod, tpo,^ will, be. the, Icaft
offenfive to thefifli, for the fight of anyjhadc
difturb$ the $(h^ and fpoils iport.
; In Ma^cbyrov Aprily if the weather be dark,
-:pr aUttle windy or cloudy, the bed fi(hing
; is with the palmer-^worm, which, with the
may-Qy, are the ground of all fly angling.
Till you are a proficient, every throw
.will gp,r near tQ;C;o(l you a.|iook:. therefore
prattife for fpme time without one ; or, get
your flies dreflfed on filk-worms ^ut,' and
and you will not eafily ..break them oflT.
Sei Articles Fishii^g, Angjuing, &f^.
The beft times to ufe a fly are, when the
r river has bee^ a little idifcoloured by' rain,
and is again clearing, or in a cloudy, breiczy
day. When the wind is high, chufe the
ftill deep ; when fmall or , none, the. rim-
.ning (lreams,.and ufe 4;hen the , natural, in
boifterousi yreacher fhe artificial fly. , In cfcar
ftreams. ufp a fmall fly ; i^ iefs clcar» one
larger ; a light coloured fly in a bright day 1
a dark f)y for dark, waters/ and an orange By
in muddy ones.
To FLY ON Head, [in Falconry] is,
vrhen a hawk mifling her quarry, betakes
herfelf to the next check, as crows, &c.
To FLY CRQSS [in Falconry] isfaid of a '
hawk w^en ihe flips at gre^t birds^ as cranes^
gcpfe, 6?r.
To FLY THE Heels : a horfe is faid tp By
the heels when he {Obtys the fpur. See Spur
and HfiSLSt
FOAL.
F O A
FOAL. Colt is the young male of the
horfekind, as filly is the ftmalc. It is no
difficult matter to know the Ihape that a
'foal IS like to be of, for the fame fhape he
carries at a month, he will carry at fix years
old, if he be not abufed in after keeping ;
and as the good fti'ape appears, fo do the
• defedsalfo. •
And as to heighth, it is obfcrved, that a
large Ihin-bbne, long from the knee to the
• paftern, fhcws a, tall horfe ; for which,
'another way is, to fee what fpace h^ has
between his knee andwhithcrs, which being
'cfoiibled, it will be his heighth when he is a
competent horfe.
There are alfo means to know their good-
[ ncfs 5 for if they are ftirrxng fpirits, free
' from ^fFfights, wanton of difpofition, and
very adive * af leaping and running, and
ft riving for maiflery, fuch generally prove
good mettled horfcsV and thofe on the con-
trary are jades.
And i( their hoofs be ftrong, deep,. tough,
' fmooth, upright Handing, and hollow,
they cannot be bad ; therefore the Barhary
' horfe is ^cU known by his hoof.*
Foat^ aVcu(b!ly foaled about the begin-
ning df fummer, and it is cuftomary to let
him run till Michadmas with the mare, at
Avhich time they may be weaned. Some
how/svcr maintain, that a fo#I \s rendered
' much foontt* fit for fervice by being allow-
ed to fuck the whole winter, and weaned
''" 3hbut Candlemas or Shrovetide. V^htn firft
'weaned, let them not be kept in the hearing
6i their dam, but fliould be kept in a conve-
•' Dlent hbufe with a low rack and manger for
liay and oats '5 the hay muft be very fwect
and fine, efpecially at firft, and a litile white
■' trari fhould be mixed with their oats in or-
der to keep their bodies open, and make
thena'cat and drink freely. When foals arc
. 'kept iip in the winter, they are not to be
• immured continually in the ftable ; but in
. the middle of the dav, when the fun (hines
warm, they (hould always be allowed to
play about' for an hour or two, dnd when
• the winter is ovcr^ they (hould be turned
into fome dry ground where the grafs is
fweet and Ihort, and where there is good
*' water, that they' may drink at plcafure.
F O O
The Winter after they may be kept In the
ftable without any further card than -^tc
which is taken of other horfes*, but after
the firft year, fillies and colts (hould not be
kept together. For tbi manner of kreaking
them fee the Article Horse.
'FODDER, any kind of meat for.horfes,
or otTicr cattle. In fome places hay and
ftraw mingled together, isj)cculiary deno-
minated fodder.
FOGGAGE, [in the forcft law] .is rank
grafs not eaten up in fummer.
FOILINQ, [among Sportfmcn] the foot-
ing and treading of a. deer, tbatisoa the
grafs and fcarce vifible. ....
FOLD NET, a fort of net with which
fmall birds are taken in the>otght,eas vepire-
fenlted in Pkte VII. Fig. 1. and which may
be carried by dnt man, if fmall ; or if iai^e,
two may manage tc, and is as follows ;?. ,
When the net is fixed onr^huth fides to
two* ftrong, fttait, and light* pole$» you
muft have, at leaft, two or three lufty men
to aflift you, all very filcnt ^ thepoltsss where-
on your nets are tied, flioulU be about
twelve feet long, that fo they may boldiup
the higher. ; « ..
He who bears the lights, which fhould be
t6rches> muft' carry them behind the nets in
the mid ft of them, sU>out two yards from
them I and (o order it as co catxy the acts
between the wind and the birds** who all
naturally rooft on their perches with their
' breafts againft the wind ; . by this means> the
th^t beats the buihes on theother fidcof the
hedge, will drive them* out the way to-*
wards the light. ' ' » .
When you find any bird in your net, jbou
need not make much hafte, for it will en-
fnare them of itftlf, and they cannot get
away fuddenly.
FONCEAU, is the bottom, or end, of
a cannon-bitt-mouth ; that is, ; the part of
the bitt that joins it to the banquet. . See
CtfAPEROI^.
FOOT OF A HOKSE, confifts of the hoof
or cofiin •, which is all the horn that ap-
pears when the horfc's foot is fet on the
. ground,
' It is a great impcrfeftion to have feet too
^ ' large
rok
large and fat, or to have them little :
fuch horfes as have them too little are for
the moft part very heavy, and apt to ftumble,
efpecially if with fuch feet they have weak
legs, and too long patterns j on the other
hand, too fmall feet are much to be fufpec-
tcd, bccaufe they are often painful and fub*
jeftto cloven quarters, and other imperfec-
tions.
FOOT ot A Horse, is the extremity of
the leg, from the coronet to the lower part
of the hoof«
The four feet are diftinguifhed by four
different names j the two fore feet are by
fome called the hands of a horfe, but that
term is in difufe ; the common exprefllon
being the far fore foot, to denote the right
foot before -, the near fore foot, the ttirrup
foot, and the bridle hand foot^ to denote
ihe left before.
Of the two hinder feet, the right is called
the far hind foot : and when fpears were
vfed, it was called the fpearfoot^ becaufe in
retting the fpear, the focket of it anfwered
the right foot. '
TKe left hind foot, is called the near foot
behind.
FAT-FOOT ; a horfe is faid to have a
fat foot, when the hoof is fo thin and
weak, that unlefs the nails be drove very
ihorr, he runs the rifle of being pricked in
Shoeing; the Englifi horfes are very fubjeft
to this difofder. A horfe's foot is faid to
be cicrobe, /. e. robbed or ftolen^ when
it is worn and wafted by going without
ih6es> fo that for want of hoof it is diffi-
cult to iboc them.
FOOTGELD, 7 an amercement, or
FOUTGELD, y fine laid upon thofc
who lie within the bounds of a foreft, for
not lawing or cutting out the ball of their
dogs feet s and to be quit of footgeld, is a
privilege to keep dogs^ there unlawed and
wncontrouled.
FOREHEAD of a Horse, fcould be
fomewhat broad j fome would have it a
little raifed, but a flat one is more beautiful.
A horfe (hould have in his forehead that
which we call a feather, which is a natural
irizzling or turning of the hair y if he have
FOR
I two that are near, or touch, the mark is ta
much the better.
If a horfe be neither white, dappled nor
approaching thefe colours, he fliould have a
ttar or blaze in his forehead : it being a de-
fedt, not only as to th^ beauty, but often
as to the goodnefs of the horfe of any dark
colour to be without one.
FORE-LEGS of a Horse, conGftofan
arm, fore thigh and the (hank, both which,
the larger, broader, and more nervous they^
are, the better,
FORE-LOIN, [with Hunters] is when a.
hound going before the reft of the cry^
meets chace and goes away with it.
FOREST, a great wood,, or place pri-
vileged by royal authority, which differs*
from a park, warren, or chace y being on-
purpofe allotted for the peaceable abiding;
and nourifhing of beafts and fowls thereto*
belonging ; for which there are certain pecu-
liar laws, officers, and orders, partofwhicfc
appear in the great charter of the foreft. U'*'
properties are thefe :
1. A foreft truly and ttrfiSHy taken, can-
not be in the hands of any but the King,,,
becaufe none elfe has power to grant a com-
miffion to be a Jufticc in Eyre.
2. The next property is the courts, ,as»
the Juftice-fcat every three years, the Swain-
mote three times a yekr,^ and the Attachment
once every forty days..
3. The third projperty may be the officers
belonging to it, for the prefervation o£
vert and venifon ; as the Juflice of the*
foreft, the Warder or Keeper, the Verdurers^
the Fortfters, Agiftors, Rcgarders, Beadfcs,
tsfr. which fee in their proper places.
But the principal court of the foreft is the-
Swainmote, which is no Lcfs incident there-
to, than a pie-powder to a fair; and if
this fails there is nothing of a foreft re-
maining,, but it is turned into the nature of
a chace.
Forefts are of that antiquity in England^
that, excepting the New- Foreft in Hamp^
fbirey credcd by William the Conqueror ^
; and Hampion-Coun ereftcd by Henry VIII.
it is faid their is no record or hiftory which,
makes any ceruin mention of their creftion,.
thougjii
F O U
though they arc mentioned by fcveral writers,
and in divers of our laws and ftatutes.
There are 69 forefts in England^ 13 chaccs,
and 800 parks j the four principal forefts are
Ncw-foreft, Sherwood-foreft, Dcan-foreft
and Windfor-foreft.
FORESTER, is an officer oftheforeft,
fworn to prcferve the vert or venifon there-
in^ and to attend the wild beads within his
bailiwick, and to watch and endeavour to
keep them fafe by day and night j he is alfo
l!o apprehend all offenders againft vert
and venifon, and to prefent them to the
courts of the foreft, to the end that they
may be punfSied according to their
offences.
FORKED HEADS, [with Hunters] all
deer-heads which bear two croches on the
top,, or that have their croches doubled.
FORKED-TAILS, a name given in fome
parts of the kingdom to the falmon, in the
fourth year of its growth.
FORME, a French term for a fwelling
in the very fubftance of a horfe's paftern,
and not in the (kin ; they come as well in
the hind legs as in the fore, and though it
be an imperfeftion not very common, yet
it is dangerous, as it will admit no other
remedy but firing and taking out the fole ;
neither can the tire be given to the part
without great difficulty and hazard.
FORMICA, is adiftemper which com-
monly feizes upon the horn of a hawk's
beak, which will eat the beak away, occa-
fioned by a worm.
FORMICA is alfo a fcurvy mange, which
in fummer time very much annoys a fpa-
jiiel's ears, and is caufed by flies and their
own fcratching with their feet.
- For the cure : Infufe four ounces of gum-
dragon in the ftrongeft vinegar that can be
got, for the fpace of eight days, and after-
wards bruife it on a marble (lone, as paint-
ers do their colours $ then add two ounces
bf roach allum and galls $ mingle all well
together and apply it to the part affefted.
* FORMS, OR Skats, [hunting term] ap^
plied to a hare, when flie fquats in any
place.
FOUR CORNERS i to wofk upon the
F O U
four corners, is to divide (in imagination)
the volt or routid into four quarters; the
horfe makes a round or two or trot or gal-
lop, and when he has done fo upon each
quarter he has made the four corners.
To FOUNDER a Horse, is to over-ride
him, or to fpoil him with hard working.
FOUNDERING in the Feet, a dif-
temper that afFefts a horfe by .means of hard -
riding or labour, or by heats and colds,
which diforder the body, and excite malig-
nant humours, that inflame the blood,'
melt the grcafe, and make it defcend down-
wards to the feet, and there fettle ; which
caufc a numbnefs in the hoof, fo that the
horfe has no fenfc or feeling'in iti and is*
hardly able to ftand, and when he does he
ihakes and quakes as if he had an ague fir
upon him ; fomctimes this malady proceeds
from his being watered while he is very hbt,
and his greafe melted within him, and thea
fuddenly cooled by fetting him upon, cold
planks without litter; or by taking his fad-
die oflf too foon, or elfe by letting him ftand
while hot in fome fhallow water up to the
fetlocks ; by means of which extraordinary
coldnefs, -it caufes the melted greafe to fall
down into their feet, and their to cake and
congeal.
A horfe may alfo be foundered by wearing
ftraight fhoes, aad by travelling upon hard
ground •
The fymptoms by which you may know
when your horfe is foundered upon his fore
feet, and not his hind feet, is by his treading
only upon his hind feet, and as little as
he can upon the other j or his going crouch*-
ing and crumpling upon his buttocks -, and
when fometimes he is foundered upon his
hin4 feet, and not upon his fore feet, (which
happens but felrdom) it may be known bj
his' feeming weak behind, and his refting
himfelf as much upon his fore feet as he
9^an ; being afraid to fet his hinder feet tx»
the ground, ...
The general method of cure is : firft, to
pare all the horfe's foles fo thin that you
may fee the quick : then to bleed him well
at every toe , ftop the vein with tallow and
rofin, and having tacked hollow ihoes on
.e
FpU
• * ^ ' . . • ' . . - ♦.,,.'
his feet» ftop them with bran^ tar; and talr
Jow, as boiling hot as may be -, repeating
this every other day for a week together,
and afterwards to give him good exercife^
CHEST FOUNDERING, a diftcmper
proceeding from crudities in the ftoniach, or
other weakne0es obltrudting the pa0age of
the lungs. ^
This is difcovered by the hprfe's often co-
v.eting to lie down, and (landing ftraggUng
with his fore legs 5 the fymptoms. being
nluch the fame as in purfinefs ; the only
difference is, that young horfes are fubjefb
to cheft foundering as well as old ; where*
as thofe horfes which are troubled, with
purfinefs are generally fix years old and
aboveb
,(Gn&^ with much » refreshing and cool*
log, f cures the former, but encreafes the
latter*' - •
' The cure : Take fiv^ or » fix , penny wqjrth
^foil of petre, and jingle it with an equal
quandtf of^ICvor beefj and with your hand
jrub this mixture on the part.affeded, a red
hot fire*fhoveli being held againil it while
you are ruhbiag it.
FOUNDERING in the Bodv, i&caufed
hy ahorfe's e^ing coo mi|ch:proveader fud*
^filyi while he is, too hot an^ .panting^ fo
that his food not being well digelled breeds
ilirhumourSr which b)( degrees fpread thcm-
fdiYcs all over his .me^nbers, and at length
^oes-foi opprefs his body ^haf.it renders
hiaxL extremely, w^ak, and makes him^ in*
e4>able <^ bowing his joints n and when he
liasr.laid dawn /cannot nk again ;- nor can he
cither ftale or dung without great pain, .
lit i^ alfo caufed 'by drinking too often
upon a journey while he is^ hot, not being
jriddeai after ic« •. . ; * ^
t Thefympcoms ate, the horfe will be chilly
Md quake for , cold after , drinking i. and
fbme of his drink will come out at h.is nQfe>
and. m a* few d«ys his legs will fwell,^ and
after a. while begin to pe^I^ he. will bave^
dry coughy his eyesw^lLwaters; and t)is noife
run with, white pMegnp^tic ftuff, |^e ^wUl
forfake. iiia. me.»t,. j^d hang down his head
tos extreme pain in the manger.
F O W
< • • »
• •
JFor the cure :. Firft, rake the horfe*s fun-
dament and give him a clyfter ; then put:,
half an ounce of cinnamon, and of liquorifli
and annifeeds each two fpoonfuls in fine
powder, and five or fix fpoonfuls of honey
into a quart of ale or fack, fet it on the fire
till the honey is melted, and give it hinx
lukewarm to drink, riding him afterwards
gently for an hour, clothe him and litter
him war;n, and keep him falling for two
hours. mqre: fprinkle his hay with water,
fift his oats clean from the duft^ and give ii
him by little arid little ; let him drink warmi
mefl^es of malt and water; and when he has
recovered ftrength, bleed him in hii neck:
vein, and perfume his head with frankincenle
once a day, ,
FOWLING is ufed two manner, of ways^
either by enchantment or enticement; by
winning pr wpping the fowl unto you by
pipe, whittle, or calli orelfeby machinei
Of lengincs, which furprize thenri una-
Fowls are of divers fpecies,. which differ
in their .nature a? theii: feathers j which by
reafon of the many ditferent kinds, for bre-
vity fake, (haU be.pnly . diftingiiilhcd herd
intp . ty^9 kinds^ land-fowl and water- fowl.
, The- water- fowl arc fo called from thi
natural dplight. they .tal^e jn. and afcout the
watcj;, .gathering from thence all their food
and nutriment*
• ^»
, JHere ft may be. pbf^rved^ that water-
fowl are in their own nature the moft lul)-
tjl - aijd chinning., pf birds, and n(ioft careful
of thpir own faScty^ anci hence tndy havct.
by fome authors^ b^en compared to an or-
derly and well governed .canip, having,
fcouts on laiid afar off*> .courts of guards;
Cflntinels, ,and aU. foirts of oih)er watchYut
officers,, fufrpunding the Jbody^ to give aii
alarm, of the approach* of any feemiiig,
And if you . obfprv^ you, will find that
there will be always fpme firagglihg foVl^
i^hich.lie aloft.. from the greater numbei-^
which ftiU call firft.
Now It is the nature of water-fowl ib fly
in great jfiocks^ haying always ^ regard t'c>
the general fafctyj fo that if you fee a tin'gle
£awl
F O W'
fburi or ^a cOupleHyr K^ther^ ^ may
imagine they hawe. bteon ifotnewt[cire afFrighc*-
cd nom the reft by fpme fu^^kn^ifturbaace,
or apprehcnfion of dagger, but fo naturally
are they inclined to focietyi that they feldom
leave wing till they meet together again.
And this is occafioncd iiot o(aly by the
near a^proai^ .ol'^man, buc^alfo by tjj^t beat-
ing oi haggards upon the rivers^ gs- alfo by
the appearance lOf the bold buzzard and ring*
tail.
Of water-fbvl^ tbere arc,^wo,ki(>d5» fuch
as live off the water, and fuch as live on the
IPtter Witbouc rfMriMiiniftg^in' it;; >bp£^ wad-
log, and divibg f^r it ;wicii (IfAir Iqiig legs ;
the other, wcb-footed and fwinij as the
fwam, goofcj maUaid^ &V.
As to tile manner of fcprling,r or taking
fowl) fee under each particular kind in their
poper places alphM>ettcally.
FOWLINGPIECEi that piece is always
reckoned the beft, whicii has the longeft
barrel, with an indifferent bere under a bar*
quebufsy though every fqwjpr ibould have
than of fuch dtficrcnc forts ^d fizes as are
fuitable to die ganrie he d^Ogns to kill :
as to the barrel, let it be well poliflied and
fttiooth .within, and the b^re of an equal
^igoefs^ which . tnay be prov«l by putting
a. piece of pa(l:eboar<|, cut of t^ exa&
roundnefs ot the top« which gently put
down to the touch-hole ; and if it goes down
well and even, without (tops or flipping,
you may conclude it even bored. The
.bridge^paa muft be fome^what above the
,touch-hole, only with a notch in the bridge-
,pan, to let down .a little powder » which will
< prevent the gun fronarecoilijnga which other-
.wife it is apt to do.
Aa to the locks, chv^fe fuqh as are ;Well
. filled with true, work, whofe fpriogs muil: be
neither too Orong, qor too ;Weak j, and let
itheiha/nmer be well hardened, ^nd plUble
ito ,go down to, the pait with, quick oiotion
<at the touching the trickcr; for the ;trial
' thereof, move it gently to the lock i and if
it.goc^, with jtrks, in> circyler rnoppn, it
is well made i as for the (Ipcks, walnut-tree
- ocajb ire very good s-tbe maple is (he fincfl|
' beft for ornament t ,
F O W
Jjf, ^looting, obfcrve to ihOot with the
wind, if pofllole, and not againfl it; and
rather fide ways, or behind the fowl, than
full in their faces.
Next Qbferve.co chufe the mod convenient
(belter you can find, as hedge, bank, tree,
qr any t,hine plfe which may hide you from
t^ view^fthe fawl.
Take care to have your dog. at your hcejs
under good command, not' daring to (lir
till you give the word, after having dif-
charged your piece : for Tome ill taught
dogs will, .ypon the.fnap of the cock, pr,e-
fcntly^ ru(h put and fppil your fport.
Jf you have not^ihelter enough, by reifon
of the nakedoefs of the banks and want of
tre^S, you .mud creep upon your hands and
knees und<pr the baivks, and layipg fiat upc^n
your belly, put the muzzle of your , pi^ce
over the bank, and fo take your level ; for
a fowl is fo fearful of man, . th^t^ though , an
hawk were foaring over her bead, yet at
the fight of a man (he would take to the
wing, and run the fifk of that danger. .
It is neceffary for any gentleman, wh.Q
fports ,n>uch to have $wo^ns : the barrel
of one about two fcjft nine inches, ^ whicK
will fervc very well for the beginning of tf^e
feafon, apd fpr ,wobd*:(h.9otiag i the other
about three feet tli^ree inches, for open*
ihooting afceif Michaelmas : (he birds by
that time are growa fo.iby, that your (hoots
muft be at longer diftances. Biic ifyou in-
tend one gun to ferve for all purpbfes, then
a three feet barrel (or thereabouts) is molt:
proper.
A long gun is lefs liable to do mifchi^f
to the fportfman, and is more certain to hit
its mark, being not fo foon put afide in
. uking fight. .
4t appears from ya^rious trials, that tl)c
fiiotfly as regularly, or more fo, and with
,2S much force, without any wad betwixt the
. powder and (hot, as it docs wich wad only.
*Tis difficult" to keep the ihot from mixing
with the powder; but it^dpcs hot figniry
/ ho>y thin your ^wad is betwixt the powder
, and (hot, fo it docs i^ui ke^ep.,^thcm from
mixing. But the (hot ^y^ the thicker and
B b.
ftrongcf
F O W
flrongcr from having a pretty gOQJ wiul
clofdy rammed over them. * .
It is a common praftice to load witli a
pipe bowl of powder, and a bowl and a half-
or (hot ; and when they find they cannot
kill often, think they do not put Ihot
enough, fo put in more, and are obliged
to Icffcn the quantity of powder to prevent
its recoiling ;' not conffdering this axiom,
•* that aflion and re-aftion ace equal"— ——
that upon difcharge of powder the gun is
forced bacV, as the (hot is forwards, in pro-
portion to the weight of fhot to the weight
of the gun -, fo that by putting \t^ a larger
load of (hot, and \lt($ *|>owder, y,ou wilM?e
Itrock n[>ore, and tlic bird ybii (hoot at left;
fo that though you put many (hot itito the
bird, they will not have force enough to
kilL unlefs at a very (hort diftance.
To maielSun, Barrels bf ' a fine hrewn
' \ • Colo\ir. •••'•;'•
As a brown -barrel feems to be' the moll
plealing to a fporflm^n,' tlie following is a
Certain and eafy method to perform it :
Kubyour barril bright wilh fafnd priper,
-or ifbrjght fcour it yrtth dry bt-fckdufr to
take of all grcifinefii,' ^fid^ fit a flridk or
piece of wood into, the muzzle long enough
to hold it by.
Bruife roughly about half an ounce of
.ftonc-brimftone, and fprinklc it over a gen-
tle fire either of wood, or coal, or charcoal*;
hold your barrel over the fmoak, turning
and drawing it backwarid and forward until
it be equally tinged all overs this done, fct
it in a cellar or damp r6om till next day, in
which time you will find it has thrown out
a fine ruft, over which you may draw your
finger to fpread it even, alike, and let it
Hand another day. If you perceive any parts
that have not taken the ruft, you are to'
fcour fuch parts bright, and repeat the above
operation.
It is then to be polifhed with a hard brufh
(which is fir (t to be rubbed with bees- wax)
and after with a dry woollen or rough linen
fag, which wilPtnake it look of a beautiful
brown colour. This rubbing mu(t Jbe ^e-
peatcd every <fay fo long a$ ir throws botr
any roughnefs. No oil or greafe Ihbuld
come on it for fome time, as that may brings
o(F the ruft by places i but if by negleft it
(hould get fo Arong a roughnefs, that you
cannot get it down with common rubbing^,
in that cafe wipe it over with fweet oil, and
rub it oflF gently- with a clean lisfen rag, and.
the next day you may pdlilh itT.down with^
your bru(h, as before direfted.
«
Dire^onsfir keeping your Guns in order^^
r
•
If your lotk afid furniture are bright^
the bed way^ to fave €h( trouble, as welt ai
prevent the damage ^^thai! maybe done by
unflcilful poli(hing,'is4Mirer to {bfitsr them to
ruft, which mayeafily^be prevented by fre-
quently rubbing all the btrght parts with k
fmall bru(h, dipp;rd \ti fweet tf\\^ whici}
fhould b^' well rubbed' oflT with ^ linen rag :
a-nd this (hould* -ndver be negleft'ed both be^
foHi and after ufing it: ' ' ... i
It is needlefs to take thb ^lock .often to
pieces, if yoa take k off and brufh it with
plenty of oil, and pull op the* cock and
hammer a few tifties, the dftrt with the! oil
will Wi>rk itfelf oiK,^whicht is to^be wiped
oflPy aiid a jit'tle clean oil puo jqu <hofc parts
where -^^ere is aiiyffrifti6n,"will anfwecthc
purpofe. ' '
• • •
Te wajh out ibt Barrek •
^;
' Fin it either with cold or warm wate?,.
and empty it and fet it (ttfnd' a few minutes^
and the air and mbifture will'f<>fttn the foil^.,
left fn^MTfi the fifing of the powder fo as to-
come off the eafier. You imay ufe fand wirii
yourrag or tow td wa(h it out, which will,
remove any of the foil th^t flicks hard to*
it without hurting its fmoothnefs. Caic
muft be taken to wipe it very dry, and if
it is to be fet by for a time, it will be proper
to wip9 it out with an- oily rag and ftop the
muzzle with the fame, otherwife it will be-
apt to ruft. 5^^ Stalking Horss and Shot
FOX HUNTING. The (hape and pro-
portion of thU bealt is^ fi> well known,, being
lo
F QX
,i6 opmmotDi tbat h is necdlefs' to defcribe
"him/,
A fox in the Rrft year is called a cub %
in the fecond a fofe ; and afterwards an old
foK. It is a bcaft of chace, ufually very
• .prejudicial to the hufbandmen> by taking
away and deftroying lambs>. geefc^ poul-
try, ' (^c.
.His nature is, in many refpefts, like that
of a wolf> for they bring as many cubs at a
litter the one as the other ; but in this they
differ^ the fox littering deep under the
ground, but the wolf doth not.
A bitch fox is very difficult to be taken
when Ihe is bragged and with cub, for then
flie will lie near her burrow, into which (he
runs upon hearing the leaft noife : and in-
deed at any time is (bmewhat difficult, for
the fox (as well as the wolQ is a very fubtle
crafty creature.
Fox hunting is a very pleafant exercife,
for by rcafon of his ftrong, hot fcent, he
makes an excellent cry : and as his fcent is
hotted at hand, fo it dies the foonefl:.
And befides, he never flies far before the
. hounds, trufting not to his legs, ftrength
or champaign grounds, but ftrOngeft co-'
verts. When he can no longer ftand before
the ground, he then taketh earth, and mud
be dug out.
If greyhounds courfe him on a plain,
his laft refuge is to pifs on his tail, and flap
it in their f^ces as they come near him;
and fometimes fquirting his thicker excre-
ments upon them, to make them give over
' the courfe or purfuit.
When a bitch fox goes a clicketting and
feeking for a dog, (he cries with a hollow
voice, not unlike the howling of a mad dog,
and in the fame maqrier flje cries when (he
mifles any of her cubs: but never makes
any cry at all when (he is killing, but dc-.
fends herfelf to the lafl: gafp. *
A fox will prey upon any thing that he
can overcome, and will feed upon any fort
of carrion : but their dainties, and the food
'they moft delight in, is poultry.
The fox is taken , with ^reyhiunds,* ter-
riers, nets, and ^ins. Of terriers there are
two forts. See T£RR1£rs.
FOX
Fox Hunting above Ground.
To hunt a fox with hounds you muft draw
about groves, thickets, and bu(hes, near
villages : for in fuch places he lurks to prey
upon poultry, tf^.^but if you can find one
it will be nece(rary to flop up his earth, the-
night before you intend to hunt, and that
about midnight, for then he goes out to
prey ; and this muft be done by laying two
white (licks acrofs in his way, which will
make him imagine it to be fome gin or
trap laid for him, or elfe they may be ftop*
ped up clofe with black thorns and earth to-
gether.
The beft hunting a fox above groundj is
in January, February^ and March, for then
you (hall beft fee your hounds hunting, and
beft find his earthing-, and befides at thofe
times the fox's (kin is beft in feafon.
Again, the hounds hunt the fox beft in
the coldeft weather, becaule he leaveth a
very ftrong fcent behind him^ yet in cold
weather it chills fafteft.
At firft only caft off your fure finders,
and as the drag mends, fo add more as you
dare tru/t them ; avoid carting ofi^ too many
hounds-at once ; bccaufe woods and coverts
arc full of fundry chaces, and fo you may
engage them in too many at one time.
Let fuch as you caft off at firft, be old
ftaunch hounds which are fure, and if you .
hear fuch a hound call on merrily, you may
caft off fome others to him, and when they
run it on the full cry, caft off the reft, and
thus you Ihould complcat your chace.
The words of comfort are the fame which
are ufed in other chaces, attended with the
fame hallooings and other ceremonies.
The hounds (houJd be left to kill the fox
themfelves, and to worry and tear him as
much as they plcafe : fome hounds will eat
him with eagernefs,
When he is dead hang hirn at the end of
a pikeltafF, and halloo in all your hounds to
bay him i but, reward them riot with any
thing belonging to4he f o^ ^ for it is not
good, ntither ^illthe hounds in <:ommon
tat it. * • •
B b 2 0/
FOX.
Of bunting a Fox under Ground,
• • • •
If in cafe a fox does fo far cfcapc as to
earth, countrvmen muft be got together
with fliovcls. fpades, mattocks, pickaxes,
t*?r. to dig him out, if they think the earth
jioi coo great-
fhey make their earths as near as they
can in ground that is hard to dig, as in clay,
ftony ground, pramongft the roots of trees :
and their earths have commonly but one
hole ; and that is ftraight a long way in
before you come at their couch.
Sometimes craftily they take poiieflion of
a badger's old burrow, which hatha variety
of chambers, holes, and angles.
Now ta.facilitate this way of hunting tlue
fox : the huntfmen muft be provideci witli
one or two terriers to put into the carxh after
him, that is to fix him into an angle : for
the earth often confifts of many angles : the
ufe of the terrier is to know where he lies,
for as foon as he finds him he continues
baying or barking, fo that which way the
noife is heard that way to dig him.
But to know the manner of entering and
farther ufe of thefc forts of dogs, fee Ter-
EI£R.
However I (hall here add, that as in the
firft place you muft have fuch as are able to
4>gi ^^ y^u^ terriers mufl: be furnifbed with
bells hung on collars, to make the fox bolt \
the fooner $ befides the collars will be fome
imall defence to the terriers.
The inftruments to dig with. are thefe ; a
iharp pointed fpade, which ferves to begin
the trench, where the ground is hardeft, and
broader tools will not fo well enter; the
round hollowed fpade, which is ufeful to
dig among roots, having very (harp edges ;
the broad fiat fpade to dig withal, when the
trench has been pretty well opened, and the
ground fofter; mattocks and pickaxes to
dig in hard ground, where a fpade will do
but little fervice ; the coal rake to cleanfe
the hole, and to keep it from flopping up
clamps, wherewith you may take either fox
or badger out alive to niake (port with after-
wards*
And' it w6uld b^' ^ery convenient to nin
a pail of welter to refrefh your, terriers. witH,
after they are come out of tht earth to take
breath.
After this manner you may bc(iege a fo:it,
tf^, in their ftrongeft holes' and caftles, and
may Ifrcak their c^afcmates, platforms, pa-
rapets, and work to them with mines and
counter-mines till you have obtained what
you defired. But for ibe managing ibtfe
dogs J fee Terri£Rs.
To diflroy Foxes.
'take a Hieep's paunch, aiid tie it to a
lon^ (tick, then rub your (hoes well up6n
It, that he may not fcent your own feet ;
draw this paunch after you as a trail, a mile
or more, and bring it near foific thrck-head*
od tree i leave your paunch, and get in^o
the tree with a gun, and as it begins to he
dailc, you will lee. him come after the fceiit
of the mail, where you may (hoot him : .
draw the trail if you can to the windward df
the tree.
The beft way is, to fet a fleel trap in the
plain parts of a lar^ field, out bf the way
of all paths, ye^ not near a hedge, 6r any
(helter $ then open the trap, fet it on the
ground, and cut out jufl: die form th6re6f
in a-tiirf, and take out as much earth as to
-make rbom to Hay it ; then cover it again
verv neatly with the turf you cut out ; and
as tne joint of the turf will not dole exaftty,
get fome mold of a new caft up niole^hill^
and put it clofe round the turf, (licking
fome grafs in it as if it there grew ; mal^e
it curious and neat, that it might even de-
ceive yourfelf. Ten or twelve yards from
the trap, three feveral ways^ fcatter fome of
the mole-hill mold very thin, on a place
fifteen or fixteen inches fquares then oq
thefe places, and where the trap is placed*
lay three or four fmall bits of cheefe, and
then with a (beep's paunch draw a trail of a
mile or two long to each of the three places*,
and from thence to the trap, that the fox
may come to one of thefe places firft,- fos
th^n he will approach the trap more boldly i^
and thus you will never fail of him. He
F R B
fare let your trap be ioofc, that h6 may draw
it to fome h<;dge or cavert> or he will bite
off his leg and be gone.
Tc make a Spring Urap.
Tie a ftring to fome pole fet faft ib the
ground, and to this ftring make faft a fm^ll,
ftort ftick, madt thin on the upper fide>
with a notch at the lower end at it \ tlisen
fet another flick faft in the ground^ with a
nitch under it; then bend down the pole,
and let both the nicks or notches join as
flight as may be ; then open the noofe of
the ftring, and place it in the path or walk ;
where if you lay pieces of cheefe, flcfli, and
fuch like, it will entice him that way.
Or, greaie the foles of your fhoes with
hog*s m a little broiled, and as you come
from the wood, drop in feveral places as you
pafs, a piece of roafted fwine's liver, dipt
in honey, drawing after you a dead cat, and
he will follow you, fo that you may (hoot him.
A Hook to take a Fox tied to a Tree.
This hook is made of large wire^ and
turns on a fwivel like the collar of a grey-
hound; it is frequently ufed in catching
wolves, but oftencr for the fox. They
hang it from the ground (6 high that he
muft leapio catch it; and bait it with fleft,
liver, cheefe, ^c. and if you run a trail
with a &eep*s paunch as before direded, it
will draw him tne more ca61y to the bait.
FOILING [with Hunters) the footing
and treading of deer that is on the grafiij
and fcarce vifible,
FRANK CHACE, is t liberty of free
chace in a circuit adjoining to a foreft, by
which all men» though thcv have land of
their own within that compate arc forbidden
to cut down woo(^ &tf. without the view
of die foreften
FRAY* A deer is faid to fray her head>
when (he ruba it agaioft a tree to renew it,
or camle the pills of her new homa to come
oiF.
FRBAM [with Hunters} a term ufed of
a boar» that makes a noife at nit(ing time«
PR IT
FREE WARREN, the power ofgrtnt-
ing or denying licence to any to hunt or
chace in fuch or fuch lands.
To FRILL ( in Falconry] a term ufed of a
hawk ; as the hawk frills, i. e. trembles or
(hi vers.
FROG,, [among Farriers} the fame as^
Frush.
FROGS; to deftroy which, take a fheep^
ox, or goat's gall, and bruife it by th|&
water-fide ; the frogs will gather to it, a^
it will kill chem.
To prevent their croaking^ fet a candle
and Ian thorn upon the fide of the water cr
river tha; waters your garden.
Toads will not come near your gardeflj. if
you plant fage and rue round about it.
FROTH. The ipouth of a horfe Ihould
be full of froth, and if he continually cam{>
upon the mouth of his bitt, it is a token of
a good horfe : for few bad ones have this
aftion I beOdes that, his mouth being always
moift, will not ib eafily over-heat, and it \%^
a fign that the bitt gives him pieafure.
If the froth b^ thin or Buced, and of a pale
grey, or yellowifh colour, it denotes a bad
tempered brain \ but if it be wUte and
thick, cleaving to his lips and branches of
the bridle, then you are ta look upon the
mouth as frelhi and that the horfcL is oTa
ftrbng conftitution and found in his body.
FROWNCE) a difeafe incident to hawks,
FROUNCE ) proceeding from moift and
cold humours^ which fall down from their
heads to the palate and root of their tongue^
by which means they lole their appetite, ao^
cannot dofe their dap.
. Some call this the eagles batte» for tfafjr
feldom die of age> but of the over •growing;
of their beaks*
FRUSH, oa Faoc or a HoRst|. is a (art
.of tender horn which arifes in the micldlc of
the fole, and at ibme diibmce fiom i^ toc>
divides into two branches^ mnaitta towards
the heel in die fban of a fork« Tnus dief
fty.
Look after thb hot fe» for the fiefii is V9fb
in upon the fru(h i I fee an txcrcfccnce^ or
fprouting of flc(h ia that part^
There
GAL
There is a fig in that forreVs frufh ; and
this roan has a 1 cabbed frulh ; and here is
another that has a fat frufh, i, e. a frufli that
•is too thick and too large,
FRUSH, a diforder incident to horfcs,
yjrtf Scabbed Heels.
• FULMAR r, OR FuMER ; a pole-cat,
fitch or fitfhow.
• FUMETS, the ordure or dung of a hart,
the fanne asfcjvmets.
FUZEE, [in Farrieryl two dangerous
fplents joining fronri above downwards.
They differ frorti fcrews or thorough fplents
iA this,' that the latter arc placed on two
. pppofite fides of the legs. •S'^^ Spi^bnt.
GA B L O C K S, artificial fpurs, made
cither of iron, brafs, or filver, and
•fixed on the legs of game cocks j fomc call
them gaff.
' GAGG-TEETH, [in Farriery] is a de-
left thar rarely happens to young horfes,
and to be difcovered by putting fomething
Into the mouth and looking at the large
grindery, which in this cafe appear unequal,
•and in eating catch hold of the infide or the
cheeks, caufing great pain, and making
-them rufufe their food.
OAlToR GATE, is the going, w pace
-of a horfe. Hence they fay this horfe has
a good gait, but the other has a broken
•gait 5 this horfe goes well, but the other
does not.
•GALLING OF A Horse's Back. To
prevent it^ rake a lamb's fkin, well furniflied
with hair, and fit it neatly beneath the pan-
nel of the faddle, fd that the hairy fide may
' ^bc next tlic horfe,
.This does not harden but fweat, and fo
. hot only keeps that part from galling, but
is good for fuch hories as have been lately
cured, which would otherwife gall again.
After a journey you ought to take off the
-faddle and feel the horfe's back, whether
he has been pinched or galled or not, which
will be the beft difcovered a^ter he has ftood
an Tiour or two unfaddled, by the 'fwelling of
the part oppreflrd- - ,
Ifit be only fwelled, fill a bag with warm
GAL
dung, and tie it upon the fwellifig, whicli
will not only prevent it from growing worfe,
butalfo probaljly quite difperfc it.
Or you may rub and chafe the fwclling
with good brandy, or fpirit of wine, and
having foaked the place well with it, fet
fire with a lighted paper to what remains of
it, and the fwelling will difappear, when
the fire eztinguifiies of itfelf ; but if the
fkin be broke, wa(h it with warm claret,
mixed with a fourth part of fallad oil« or
frefh butter ; or bathe it often with brandy
if the horfe will endure it.
When a horfe's back is galled upon a
journey, take out a little ot the ftufiing
of the pannel over the fwelling, and few a
piece of foft white leather on the infide of the
pannel ; anoint the part with fait- butter
and t,^^Tj evening wipe it clean, rubbing it
till it grows fofr, anointing it again wjth
butter, or for want of that with greafe :
walh the fwelling, or hurt, every evening
with cold water and foap, and drew it with
fait, which (hould be left on till the horfe is
faddied in the morning.
HARNESS-GALLS. See Harness.
GALLOP, is a motion of a horle that
runs at full fpeed, in which making a kijvi
of leap forwards, he lifts bi:>th his legs
almoft at the fame time ; when thefe are ia
the air, juft upon the point of touching the
ground, he lifts both his hind legs almofi; .^ c
once.
Of a horfe that has an eafy light gallop,
that gallops fine, they fay, he gallops upon
his haunches, he does not prefs heavy
upon the bridle^ he bends his fore jegs well,
he has a good motion with hin), he is well
coupled^ keeps his legs united.
The great gallop, or the hunting gallop ;
or the gallop with a long firetch, or gallop
with all the heclsj /. e. full fpeed.
A (hort light gallqp, %4 e. a flow ga^«
lop.
GALLOP, is the fwiftcft natural pace
of a horfe.
Here you .are to . take notice, that a horfe
in galloping forwards may lead with which
fore leg he pleiafes, thDdgh horfes do it^mofi:
commonly with their right fore leg ^ but
with
GAL
ifith whatever fore leg they lead, the hind
hg of the fame fide noufl follow it,otherwifc
their legs are faid t6 be difunited-
in order to remedy this diforder, you muft
ftay your horfe a little upon the hand, and
help him with the fpur on the contrary fide
to thut in which he is difunitcd.
' As for example : if he be difunited on the
right fidei help him with the left fpur, by
Raying him (as before) upon the hand a
)ittle> and alfo helping him at the fame time
with the calves of the legs.
' And farther, in a circle a horfe is confined
%o lead always with his fore-leg within the
turn, Qtherwife he is faid to gallop falfe i
but in all cafes the hind leg of the fame
fido muft ever follow*
LaiUy, when you make trial.of a galloper,
obfcrve if he performs it equally, and pu(b
k on fomewhat hard> that you may know
by his ftpp .whether he have ftrength and
irigoui^,. which is termed, a, fund or fource>
^tnd if be. be alfo fenfible of the fpur^
^ GALLOP, ott Cantbrbuuy-Rate, is a
pttc between a full fpeed and a fwift runr
GALLCWPADE. TJhe fine gallopade,
.^e (hoit gallop) the liftcning gallop, the
jgaliopofchefchool i it is a hand gallop>.or
/gallop upon the hand> tnwhich a horfe gal-
loping upon one or two treads, is well unit-
ed, and well raccourci knit together, well
coupled > and will fet under him. Hence
.they fay^
This borfe^nakes a. gallopade, and works
with one haunch, i. fi, inftead of going up-
on one tread, whether right out or in' a
circle, has one haunch kept in fubjeftion,
let the turn or change of the hand be what
it will; fo that the inner haunch, which
. looks to the center of the ground, is moce
. narrowed, and comes nearer to that center
than the Ihoulder does : and thus the horfe
does not go#altogether to that fide, and his
way of working i& a little more than . one
tread, and foioewhat lefs th^n two.
The diflfcrence between working, with one
^haAinch in, and galloping upon .volts, and
managuig upon /f rr^ ^z terra, is in galloping
iipon..volis, aiid. working /^rra a /^rr^.i the
••i
G^ M
I two haunches are kept fubjeA, and the two
haunches are in, that i,s^ within the volt;
but in galloping a |:aaunch in, only one is
kept fubjeft.
To gallop united, to gallop upon.agood
and right foot, isj when a horfe that gallops
right out, having cut the way, or led with-
either of his fore feet, continues to lift that
fame leg always fiift, fo that the hinder |eg,*
of a fide with the leading fore-leg, frtuft
jikewife be raifcd fooner than the other hind'
For inftancci if the right fore l^g leads*
before the left, then the right hind leg niuft*
likewifie move fooner tlian the left.Hind leg;'
and in this order muft the horfe continue to^=
goon. . '^
To g.?nop faft, td difunite, to drag the-
haunches, to change feet, to go or run upon
falfe feet, to gall6p upon tlie falfe foot, is
when the galloper having led with one of
the fore legs, whether right or left, doc^
not continue to make that leg always fet
out firfl, nor to make the hind leg of afide*
with the leading leg, to move before its-
o|>pofite hind legj that is to fay, the orderly
going is interrupted.
A horfe that gallops ' falfe, gallops with^
an uubecoming air/ and incomunodes the-
rider.
If your hcrfe gallbps falft,' 9r difunite,-
and if you have a. mind to put him upont
keeping the right foot,. and uniting well his^
haunches, you muft bring to wfth the calves-,
of your legs,, and then with the out fpur,,
that i^i the fpur that is contrary and* oppo-
fitc to the fide upoa which he difunites :.ft >
that if he difunites to the. right, you nuift^
prick him with the left heel:
GAME-LAWS. For- the informatibhj
and fatisfaflion of my readers, I' hlaveherc
inferted abftra<Ss of all the Adls of Fatrlia-*
ment relating to the game, whereby they and \
fportfmen may • know the refpeftive times t
when they are to begin, and when they pe-
to leave off fporting, and alfo the penalties-
and puniftimcnts of infringing or breaking:
the above Acts. Agreeable to the Aft. of
24 Geo. Ill, certificates required before tha:
firft day qC Offohri.A'jS^i fliall. bear date*
c'n^
1
CAM
on .t;T»t; da? <^ (be month on which the fame
{hall b.c iflued, and (hall remain in force
until the firft day of July next following.
1^0 certificate Ihall iflbe between the firft
d^y of Oifoi^r, 1 784, and the firft day of
ilianb ^785 ; and every certificate which
(l^all iffue after the faid firft A2,y of March ^
ijiu Ihall be KTued between the firft day
of March and the firft day of July in each
y^ar,. and (ball bear date on the day of the
cnbiich on which the fame Ihall be ifTued^
'and (hall be in force for twelve calendar
months, commencing from the date ; and
if any clerk of the peace, his deputy, or
fteward clerk, ifiuing certificates, other-
wife than diredled, to forfeit 50/, ^4 Gi^^.III.
fef. 2. c. 43. /. 5. But certificates may if*
fue to any perfon beyond the feas, who hath
or (hall have, in any year, firft arrived into
England, any time after the firft day of Ju-
Jj^ in fuch yeari but in every fuch cafe, the
caufe fiiall be fpecified, either in the body
or at the foot of fuch certificate ; to bear
dace on the day it is iflued, being ftamped
with double duties, and to be in force till
the firll day o( July next following the date
thereof, 24 Geo. III. y^. 2. c. 4j. /. 6.
Every qualified perlbn, after the faid firft
day o( OStober,, i784» fhootihg at, killing,
taking, or (hooting any pheafant, partridge,
Hcarh-fowl, or black game^ or arty groufe,
or red game, or any other game, or kill-
ing, taking or deftroying, any hare, with
any greyhound, hound, pointer, fpaniel^
fctting-Qog, or other dog, without having
obtained fuch certificate* (hall forfeit the
fum of 50/. 24 Geo, HI. Jef. 2. c. 34. /. 7. '
Clerk prpeace, 6?^. (hall on or before No-
Siember 1, 1784, and in every fubfequcnt
year, on or before Auguft i a, in each year,
.make out and tranfmit to the Stamp-office,
London^ alphabetical lifts of the Certificates
fo granted by them, diftinguifhing the du-
ties paid on each refpe<Slive certificate fo
liTueo, and on delivery thereof the receiver-
.general'of the ftamp duties (hall pay to
clerk of peace, ^c. Tor the fanw: one far-
thing a name i and in cafe of negledt or re*
fufal^ or not inferting a fulU true and per-
fcd account/he (hall forfeit aoA 24 Geo. 111. .
I
G A M
fef 2. c. 43. /. 9. Lifts may be inf^eSecI
at Stamp-office for tj". each fearch, 24 Geo.
III. fef. 2. c. 43. / 10. If any qualified
perfon, or having a deputation, iliall Ibe
found in purfuit of game> with gun, dog,
or net, or other engine for the deftrudtion
of ^ame, or taking or killing thereof, and
(hall be required to (hew his certificate, by
the lord or lady of the manor, or proprietor
of the land whereon fuch perfon (hall b6
ufing fuch gun, &?r. or by any duty ap-
pointed game-keeper, or by any qualified
and certified perfon, or by any o(ficer of the
ftamps, properly authorized by the com«\
miftioner, he (hall produce his certificate |
and if fuch perfon (hall refufe, upon th€
production 01 the certificate of the perfoa
requiring the fame, to (hew the certificate
granted to him for the like purpofei or in
cafe of not having fuch certificate to pro-
duce, (hall refufe to tell his chriftian and
furname, and his place of refidence, and
name of the county where his certificate
was i(rued, or (hall ^ve in any fatfe orlfic-
titious name, he (hall forfett 50/. ^4 GeoJtt.
fef. a. c 43. f. 12. Certificates do not au*
thorize any perfon to (hoot at, kill, take or
deftroy any game, at any time thut is pro^
hibited by law, nor give any per(bn a right
to (hoot at, &r. unlefs he be duly qualified
bylaw, 24 Geo. III. fef. 2. c. 43* /. 13.
No certificate, obtained under any de-
putation, (hall be pleaded or given in
evidence, where any perfon (hall (hoot at,
(!?c. any game out of the manor or lands
for which it was given, 24 Geo. llLfef. «.•
Tdyrng Monies, ti'aftfpbrtation, 5 Ge0.
III. c. 14. * Robbing warrens, feteny with-
out clergy, 9' Cj^^, I. yi 22.' Killing-them aa
the night, or erideaTOiinng • to k^ll thrm,
fiaeof los. or commititienrv*22 and 13 G$r^
II. c. 25./, 5, 6. Unqualified perfons ufing
f;uns to kill them fame may befeifitd, ^Jac.
. r. 1 3 . /; 5. Sialking'deer without leavc^
loA J 9 Hen^ VII; e. tt. Hunting or kil-
ling them, 10/. eofts, and furetks^ror good
behaviour, 5 Eliz. r. 2f. Buck-(lallsr or
engines kept by unqualified pei^Ms, may
be fcized, 3 Jac. 1. r. 13. Setting -or buy-
GAM
Courfing or kilHhg them wichout conicntt
ao/. 13 Car. IL c. io« Hunting, takings
kiliingyOr wounding, 30/. or tranfporcacioni
3 ^///* UL c. to. 5 G^^. I. c, 15. 9 Gtf^. I.
c* d2. 10 G^. II. ^. 32. Deilroying pales
or waUs of inclosed grounds without con*
fcnt> 3o/» 5 Geo. L €. is* J- 6* Keeper of
park kilting or taking them, 50/. 5 G&o. L
c. 15. Robbing places where kept^ felony
without oleDgy, 9 Geo. I. c. 22.
All lords of manors or other royalties
may appoint game-keepers, 23 and 23
Car. 11. c. 25. /. d. and empower them to
kill game, 2 Burris Juft. 225. But if he
diifofes of game without the lord's con-<
fent, he (hall be conimitted for three
months, and kept to hard labour, 5 Anncy^.
14. /« 4* But no lord ihall make above one
game-keeper within one manor, with pqwer
to kill game, and his name ihall be entered
with clerk of peace; certificate whereof
ihall be granted by clerk of peace, on pay-
ment of one (billing. Unqualified game*
keepers killing or felling hare, pheafant,
partridge, moor^ heath-game or groufe^ he
ihall forfeit 5/. by diftrefs, or commitment
for three nfK>nths, for the firft offence^ and
for every- other four, 9 Anm. c. 21. /. i.
No lord (hall appoint unqualified game*
keeper, or one who is not bona fide fervant
to fuch lord, or immediately employed and
appointed to take and kill game for fole
ufe of lord ; other perfons under colour of
authority for taking and killing game, gr
keeping any dogs or engines whatfoever for
that purpofe, (ball forfeit 5/. In like man-
ner, 3 Geo A. c. 11. /. 1. Every deputation
of a game-keeper to be regiilered with
clerk of the peace, or in the (herifi^ or
fteward's court books of the county where
lands lie, and annually take out certificate
thereof, ftamped with an half-guinea ftamp,
^ Geo. III. /g/l 2. e. 43. /. 1. Every
game-keeper, from and after the pafling
of this aft, who (hall fo deliver his name
andplacje of abode as aforefaid, and require
a certifiicate, (hall be annually intitled there-
to, ftamped as before direfted from clerk
of peace or his deputy, (herifF, or fteward's
G A M
•
clerk, to the effeft of the form in the aA
fct forth, 24 Geo. III. fef. 2. $. 43. /. 3.
Clerk of peace, ^c. after figning certifi-
cate, (ball iflTue fame ftamped to pcrfon re-
giftering deputation, on. requiring lame,
for which he may receive \s. 24 Geo, HI.
fef. 2. c. 43 / 4. Neglefting, or refufal
of iftuing certificates, incurs a forfeiture of
sot. %4GeoM\,/e/.2. c. 43t/. 4. recoverable
in courts o( fFefiminJler, court of Seffion,of
Jufticiary, or Exchequer in Scotlandy by ac-
tion of debt or information, for the ufe of
the plaintiff, with double cofts of fuit,
24 Geo. III. /. 2. c. 43 /. xS. And more-
over be liable to pay the duty on fuch certi-
ficate, 24 Geo. llh/ef, 2. c. 43. /. 4. Clerk
of peace, (jfe. riiay iffoe his certifi-
cate to any game-keeper firft appointed
in any year after firft July in that year,
24 Geo. HI. /ef. 2. c. 43, /, 6. If any
lord or lady of a manor, or proprietor
of land, (hall make any new appointment
of a game-keeper, and (hall regifter de-
putation with clerk of peace, &?^. and ob-
tain a new certificate thereon, the firft
(hall be void ; any perfon afting under the
fame, after notice, fliall be liable to all the
penalties of the game-laws, and thofe againft
unqualified perfons, 24 Geo. IIL fef, 2. f.
Every perfon tracing or courfing hares in
the fnow fhall be committed for one year,
31 Eliz, c. 5. unlefa he pay to church-
wardens, for the ufe of the poor, qos. for
every hare, or become bound by recogni-
zances with two fureties in 20/. a-piece,
not to offend again ; and every pcrfon
taktag or dcftroying hares with any fort of
engine, (hall forfeit, for every hare, 120/.
in like manner, i Jac.l. c. 27. /• 2. Per-
fons found ufing engines liable to puniih-
mcnt inflided by 31 Eliz. c. 5. See above,
and 22 and 23 Car. II. c. 25./. 6. Un-
qualified perfons keeping or ufing (hooting
dogs, or engines to kill or dcftroy hares,
fliall forfeit 5/ to the informer, with double
cofts, 2 Geo. Ill, s. 19. by diftrefs, or com-
mitted for three months for firft off^ence,
and for every other four, 5 Anne, c. 14.
/. 4* Taking or killing hare in the night-
C c time
GAM
time, forfeit 5/. g Anm^ ^-^S*/*?* '^^^
whole to the informer, with double cofts,
^ Gio. III. c. 19. as direfted by 5 Anne^ c.
14. 9 Anney €. 25. /. 3. Killing or taking
with gun, dog, or engine, hare in the
night, between the hours of fcven at night
and fix in the morning, from OSober 12 to
February 12. and between the hours of nine
at night and four in the morning, from Fe-
bruary 12 to 0 Sober 12, or in the day-time
upon Sunday or Cbriftmas-day^ to forfeit
not iefs than 10/. nor nK)re than 20A for
the firft offence 5 nor Iefs than 20/. nor more
than ^o/. for the fecond offence j and 50/.
for the third offence; with cofts and charges;
and, upon negleftor refufal be committed
for fix or twelve calendar months, and
may be publicly whipped ; final appeal to
Quarter feffions, 13 Geo. III. c. 8o. Per-
Ions armed and difguifed ftealing them, fe-
lony without clergy, 9 Get), I. c. 22. Hig-
Icr, chapman, carrier, inn-keeper, viftu-
aller, or alehoufe-keeper, having in his
cuftody, or buying, felling, or offering to
fale, any hare, unlefs fent up by fome per*
fon qualified, (or any perfon felling, ex-
pofing, or offering to fale, hares, 28 G^^.II.
r. 22.) (hall forfeit for every hare, 5/. the
whole to informer, 2 Geo. IIL /. 19.
For preferring heath-cocks or poles, no
perfon whatfoever, on any wafte, {ball pre-
fume to burn, between February 2 and June
^h ^^y S^^St ^^"S' heath, furze, gofs, or
fern, on pain of commitment for a month,
or ten days, to be whipped and kept to
hard labour, 4 and 5 ff^. and M. c. 23. / 1 1.
Shooting heath-cocks, groufe, or moor-
eame, contrary to 1 Jac. I. tf. 27. /. i. and
killing any of them in the night, or ufing
gun, dog, or engine, with fuch intent,
contrary to 9 Anne, c. 25. and 13 Geo. IIL
€, 8o. And carriers and others having fuch
game in their pofTedion, contrary to 9 Anne^
c. 14. are all liable to the fame penalties,
and recoverable in fame manner as thofe
offences are fubjeded to in regard to fhoot-
ing, fcfr. hares.
Officers of the armv, without leave of the
lord of the manor, deftroymg coney, hare,
pigeon> phcafant^ or partridgej^ or hisMajef-
h
GAM
ty's game, (hall forfeit c/« to the poor % and
the commanding officer, for every offence,
committed by any foldier under his com-
mand, (hall forfeit 20i. in like manner^
and if, upon demand, he ihall not in two
days pay faid penalty, he (hall forfeit his
commiffion. Vide The yearly Mutiny Aft,
Taking partridges, by nets or other en-
gines, upon another's freehold, without
fpecial licenfe of owner of fame, \ol. half
to him who fhall fue, and half to owner or
pofTeffioner, 11 Hen. VII. ۥ 17. Shooting
at, &fr. partridges, with gun or bow, or
taking, l^c. them with dogs or nets, by
7 Jac. I. r. II. or taking their eggs out of
their nefts,' liable as perfons (hooting at^
&?^. hares, and alfo 20J. for every bird or
^gg> ^s is fhewn in the preceding pages con-
cerning Hares. Selling, or buying to fell a*
gain, a partridge,(except reared and brought
up in houfes, or from beyond fea) forfeit
for every partridge los. half to him who will
fue, and half to informer, ijac. I. c. 27. /.4«
Taking, killing, or deftroying partridges
in the night forfeits for every partridge,
los. half to him who will fue, and halt to
lord of the manor, unlefs he licence, or
caufe the faid taking or killing, in which
cafe his half (hail go to the poor, recove-
rable by church-warden ; and if not paid io
ten days, to be imprifoned for one month ^
and moreover, (hall give bond to juftice,
with good fureties not to offend again for two
years, 23 Eliz, c. 10. To kill a partridge
in the night is 5/. penalty, gAnne, c. 25./. 3.
the whole whereof is given to the informer,
2 Geo. III. €. 19. and may be recovered
within three months, 5 Anne^ c. 14. before
a juftice of peace, or within fix months, by
aftion in Court of Record at W^eftminfter^
9 Anne, e. 25. with double cofts, 2 Geo. llh
c. 19. Keeping or ufing any greyhounds,
fetting-dogs, or any engine for deftroyine
partridges, 5/ to be levied and recovered
as the like penalty for killing Iiares, by
5 Anney e. 4. /. 4. as. before is fliewn..
Penalties for ufing gun,, dog, fnare, net,
or other engine, with intent to take or dc^
ftroy partridges in the night, or on Sunday
or Cbr0mas^dayy fame^as ufing them againft
haresj,
GAM
|iare9» hy j^ G^o. IIL r. So. as in thfe
foregoing page. Carriers and others having
!)artridges in their pofleffion, liable to fame
brfeitures as having hares-; and the fame
laws againft Ihooting them as for fliooting
bared.
All the laws refpeAing the penalties and
recovery of them, for taking them by nets,
Inare, or other engines, without licenfe of
|he owner, bv Hen. VII. <. 17. And for
Ihooting, or deftroying them with dogs or
fnares, (dc. by 7 Jacl. c. 11. or tiding
their eggs, by i Jac. I. c. 27. / 2. And
for felling, and buying them to fell ^gain,
\>y laft cited ad (except that the. penalty
for a pheafant is ao^.) and for deftroying
ichem iri the night (excepting as aforefaid,)
by 23 Eliz. c. 10. ^Amdy c. %<. /. 3. and
13 Geo. III. c. 8o. And for keeping or
ufing fporting-dogs or engines, for dcftroy-
ing them, by 5 jinnee c. 14. /. 4, Or for
ufing gun, dog, or net, for deftroying them
on Sunday or Cbrifimas-day^ by 13 Geo* III*
$. 8o. and for carriers and others having
them in their pofleffion j all thefe laws are
pMtatis mutandis verkatim^ the fame as thofc
refpeding partridges.
Perfon profecuted for any thing done in
purfuance of this ad, he may plead the ge-
neral iflue, and give the fpecial matter in .
evidence for his defence ; and if upon trial
verdid pafs for defendant, or plaintiff be-
come nonfuited, defendant Ihall have treble
cods of plaintiff, 24 Geo^ IIL fej. t. c. 3.
Qualifications for killing game (befides
the late new tax J are, i. Having a free-
hold eilate o( looL per annum f 22 and 23
Car. II. r. 2c. 2. A leafehold eftate, for
99 years, of 150A per annum. 3. The
eldeil fon or heir-apparent to an efquire, or
perfon of fuperior degree. 4. 1 he owner
or keeper of a foreft, park, chace, or war-
ren. Sec Bl. Com, 174, 175. Unqualified
perfon keeping doss or engines to deftroy
ihe game, to forfeit 5/. 5 ^nne^ c. 14.
^eftridions in the laws concerning the pre-
fer vatipn of game, feems to affed all per-
fons whomfoever, whether qualified or not,
4 Burn^s Jufi. 219, 248. No perfon (other
GAM
than the Kinged fon), unlefs he have lands
of freehold to the value of five marks a-
year, (hall have any game of fwans, on pain
of forfeiting them, half to the King, and
half to any perfon (fo qualified) who Ihall
fcize the fame, 22 Edw. IV. c. 6. Any
gentleman or other that may difpend 40J'«
a-year freehold, may hunt and take wild--
fowl with their {paniels only, without ufing
a net or other engine, except the long-bow,
«5 /if». VllL c. II. From perfons not
having lands of 40/. a-year, or not worth
in goods 200/. ufing gun or bow to kill
deer,, any perfon having 100/. may fcize
fame to his own ufe, 3 Jac.l. c. 13. Kil-
ling in the night, between the hours of nine
at night, and four in the morning, from
February 12 to OSlober 12, any game, by
anv perfon, whether qualified or not, fub-
jed to fame penalties as killing hares at
that time of night, by 13 G^^. III. r. 8o.
as has been already (hewn. Every perfon
qualified to kill game, (hall, previous to
his (hooting at, killing, or deftroying any
game, deliver in writing his name and
place of abode, if in England^ to the clerk
of the peace, if in Scotland^ to the flicriff
or fleward clerk of the county where rcfi-
dent, and annually take out a certificate
thereof, (lamped with a two guinea (lamp,
24 Geo. III. /ef. 2. c. 43./. 1. and from
and after the palling of this ad, every fuch
qualified perfon who (hall fo deliver in
England or Scotland^ his name and place of
abode as aforefaid, and require a certificate
thereof, (hall be annually entitled thereto,
damped as aforefaid, from clerk. of peace
or his deputy, Iheriff, or (leward clerk, to
the effed of ihe form in the ad fet forth,
24 Geo. \\l. fef. 2. ^•43./. 3. Clerk of
peace, 6fc. after he (hall have figned fuch
certificate, (hall forthwith ifluethc fame,
(lamped, to the perfon fo delivering in his
name and place of abode, and requiring
the fame, for which he fliall be entitled to
receive \s. for his own trouble; 24 Geo.Wl.
JeJ. 2. c. /^2'J'^ Negled in, orrefufal of if-
fuing certificates, incurs like forfeiture, and
which are recoverable in like manner, and
with fame cods as to game-keepers, which
Cc i( fee
\
GAM
fee ; befides liable to pay the duty Oft 'fiich
certificate, 24 G^(7. HI. Jef. ^. c. 45. /. 4.
The time for fporting in the day is, /ram
one hour before fun-rifing, until one hour
after fun-fctring, 10 Gio. III. tf. 19. The
fporting feafon for buftarda is frorti Du^m*
htr 1 to MMTcb u For groufc or rcd--gan>e,
from Augufi 12 to December 10. Hafct
may be killed all the year, under the rt*
driftion in 10 Geo. Hi. r. 19. Heacfc fo%l,
or black game, from Angu^ 20 to Deeember
fo, 12 Geo. III. c. 55. Pheafants, from
Olfobei' 1 to February 1 . Partridges, from
.September! to February 11, a Gen. lILr. 10,
Fowls, widgeons, wild-ducks, wild-gecfe,
at any time, but in Juney July^ Augufi^ and
September y 10 Get). HI. r. J2.
From and after OStoter 1, 1^841 ift aH
cafes where the penalty by this aA, does
not exceed 20/. jufticc of peace fhall, upon
information or complaint, fummon the
party and witneffes to appear, afid proceed
to hear and determine the matter inafwm*
mary way, and tipon due proof by conffcf-
fion, or upon the oath of one witnefs, give
judgment for the forfeiture; and ifiue his
warrant for levying the fame on offender's
goods, and to fell them, if not redeemed
within fix days, rendering to party oveiplus,
«nd if his goods be infufHcient to anfwet' the
penalty, Aral I commit offender to prifon,
there to be for fix calendar months, unleft
penalty be foonerpaid ; and if party be ag-
grieved by the judgment, he may, upon
giving fecurity amounting to value of for-
feiture, with the cofts of affirmance, appeal
to the next general quarter fcflions, when
it is to be heard and finally determined ;
and in cafe the judgment be affirmed,
feffions may award fuch cofts incurred by
appeal, as to themfclves (hall feem meet,
24 G^^. Wl.Je/. 2. c 43./. 19. Witneflcs
neglecting or refufing to appear, without
reafonable excufc, to be allowed of by the
juftice, Ihall refpeftively forfeit, for every
offence, 10/. to be levied and paid as other
penalties, by this aft 24 Geo. III. fe/. 2. c.
j4. /. 20. Juftice to caufe convi<5tion to be
made out to the efFcft of the form fet forth
in the aft 2\G€oAll. /ef. z. ^.43. /.a i.
- 15; A M
Juftice may mitigate penmltfei as fte dmiiaft
i&t, fo that die reafoaable cofts and chat^ck
t»f ofiioers and iiifiarmers, &r difoovery auid
profecutioft, be always allowed, over and
abOTC oiitigation, and fo as iame doies not
reduce the penalty to Icfs than a mai^Cf^
over and above tbe cofts and dui||es^ C4 Geo.
ill fef 2. t. 4j. /. 2:2.
Ic is felony to take any fwsms that be hiw^
fully marked^ though they be at targei
and fo it is unmarked fwens, if they be do«
meftical or tame, fo long as itiity kt^p
within a man's manor, or within his prrvata
rivers^ or if they happ^ to eibipe from
them, and are purfiied and taken^ and
brought back agaisn \ but if tfai^ be abro^)
8Ad atcaifi their natural liberty, ^then the
property of thens is loft> and fo loag fe^
tony cannot be committed hy taken thefn^
Bum's Juft. Ta. Game.
Same laws agaimft ftiooting wnld*fb^Is ai
for ftiooting harcs^ by i Jac I. c* 27.
/. t.
\ have here aHb added an ablbraft from
the kte aft of parKamcM for pre?ehting
the ftealing of dogs, which ftews the
great regard the legiflator has to tbe canine
race.
By the ftatute of 10 Geo. III. for prevents
ing the ftealing 6f dogs, it is enafted, that
after the ift day q( May^ 1770, if any per-
fon (hall fteal any dog or dogs of any kind
or fort whatfoever, from the owner thereof^
ox flrofti any pcrfon intrufted by the owner
thereof with fuch dog or dogs; or*fl^all
fell, buy, receive, harbour, detain, or keep
any dogs of any kiad or for t wtiatfoever,
knowing the fame to have been ftolen aa
aforefaid, every fuchperfon being xronvi^ed
thereof upon the oath of one credible witc*
ncfs, before two jufticcs of the peace, ftlalt
for the firft offence forfeit and pay any fum^.
not exceeding 30/ nor tefs than 20/. and
the charges ofconviftion. And iacafefoch
penalty fliall not be forthwith paid, the of^
fender to be comrtiitted to goal for any
time not exceeding twelve months, nor lefs
than fix, or until the penalty a^d chargea
arc paid. Any perfon guilty of a fubfequent
offence^ to forfeit and pay any fam nor e)».
ceeding
OAM.
ceedijDg 50/. nor left clun 39/. together
wkh the charges^ which penalties to. be
paidj i>nie moiety thereof to the informer^
and the ethqr ^ ^he poor of the pariik. On
non-payment the offender to be imprifoned
for any Ufloe not exceeding i& moAtbs nor
ItSi than ia> . or until the pepalty and
ob^rges fiiaU )ae Qaid, and be pubUckly
nfluqpped.
Juftkiefi ta gift ant warmntfr to fessrch £br
dog^ ftoieiu ^nd in cafe, any fuch dog or
dogis, oir tJMir fkipSt ^hall upo^ fuch fcarch
be found, to take and reflore every ^h dog
ojr ftln IB the owner, ^ the: pecfons in
wh^ .iCvftady ai»y f^ich dog or (kin (ball
be JMrndi, are iiftble ta the like penaltiea
aod piiAi9Qimeiit& Perions aggrieved may
a^eal 10 the ^uarcer-feffionsi ;and the
dctfrnfunation there to be final.
GAME-<:OCK. Many gciickq^^n who
(qOcw the diverGon of fighu9g:Cock6^ by
not bciftg weU aa^QAipted loripfh il\e me-
diodft cMcefning brefiding thegi, are pre-
¥C»Qed; frasi.ejKJpyimg ,tbe moft diArable
part of the fancy i therefore, the refult of
anany years experience upon that fubjedb,
will be well receired by all. lovers of the
%ortv M '^y other perfpns ^ho* have the cu*-
liefity to^read the tollowing obfervations*
The choice of a cock fliouid be from a
ftraiii which has behaved weU> that ifl|
from thofe who haxe alfways won the odd
battie whtB equally matched ; for it is
• g^nerat opinion aoDong perfoas >vbo are
wdJacqtiafnted ,wi(l) the fancy^, thfft: cocks
capaMe of fo doing are goodpnes. But this
is. not always; DO- b9 depended on foit afecond
batde with the fame cock -, for cocks^ that
to all appearances won the fird time they
feught very eafy> yet have been much hurt^
and' in their fecond battle^ after a few
UowSy ftood fitiil and been beat. Neither
k thift the only thing, againfl a cock's win-
fitng twice -, for after having fought the
battle he was matched for, it feldoni hap-
pens but he is neglected 5 yet an opportu-
nity offering to fight him in the courfe of
tight or ten days, hereceives^a hurry with
another co(:k.in the.pens, and becaufe his
-goodnefs makes him fpar well for fome
GAM
two or three minutes, it is concluded he is
fit to fight : and if he has to combat with a
cock that has never fought, and well to
iight, it is almoil certain he will be beat>«
tho' perhaps a much better cock in blood*
It fboKtimes happens during the courfe
of a battle, particularly if one of the cocks
is'blinded^ that the fetter- to gets a blow
in the hand, which will prevent him uQng:
it tbrahree or four days ; judge then what
a ficuaxion one of thefe poor animals mult
bfe in iromi the number of wounds he mufl:
confequently receive during a fmart battle
of.fifteea or twenty minutes ; yet if a good
cock in blood, he will appear in two or
three weaks time as if he had not been
hurt : but never trufl to appearances of
this forty for be aflfured, after a cock has*
fought a hard battle,, he will not be fit
to Bght again the fame feafon -, and very
oisen, after your have been at the expence
and trouble of .keepmg him at his walk
another year, he will only k>fe your money^
by reafon of his having received (bme hurt
ifii^s firft battle, which he has never been
a^e to get the better of, and which the
be^ft judges could not difcover; nor is he fit
after to breed from ;. but there arc fomc
gentlemen who have been fortunate
enough, to have bred good, chickens from a
cock that has fought feveral times ; alfo
thofe who have had cocks that have woa
fcvcral battles* It fometimes happens
that jcocks that have fought feveral times-
get good chickens, buc then they have an
elegance of make, and a remarkable con^
ftitution to recommend them ; and indeed
if they had not been pofTcfTed of fomething.
very rare to be found in the common run
of cocks, a pcifon of judgment wpjuld never
have bred from them. As to cocks winning;
feveral battles^ it fometimes happens that a.
cock wiU win three or four feafons running
inreg^ilar matches, or win a welch main>,bue:
then he mufl: be a very fevcrc ftriker j and
for another's winning feven or eight battles,
in a feafon, it ought to be confidered what
he has had to fight againfl, a parcel of
half-b^ed, ill-waked,- dunghill things \
orelfe fome young fanciers have, been jjre-
iailedi
GAM
vailed upon to fight chickens againft him,
or cocks much under his weight 5 when
if he had had a frelh cock come agatnfl;
him only the fccond time he fought, of
equal weight and goodnefs, and, as well to
fight, it is very great odds but he muft
have been beat.
The properties a cock ought to be pof-
feffed of that is bred from, are thefe, firft,
you (hould be well acquainted with the
(lock he fprung from i the next objcft you
muft pay an attention to, is to be affured
he is perfedlly found, which to find out is
rather difficult 5 but the bcft method is
ftriftly to obferve his manner of feeding,
for if he will eat corn enough to make
his crop very hard, and digeft it quickly,
k is a lure (ign his conftitution is good, as
it is that he is rotten, if he eats but little,
and has a bad digeftion.
There are alfo other methods to be ob-
fervcd on this occafion, fuch as running
him down in a field, or to fpar him with
another cock, when if he turns black in
the face at either of thefe exercifcs, you
may be certain he is not found 5 but to
make fure try thefe, and every other me-
tliod you can devife ; for it is impoffible
to be too particular in this article.
As CO the exterior qualifications, his
head (hould be thin and long, or if (hort,
very taper, with a large full eye, his bekk
crooked and (lout, his neck thick and
long, (for a cock with a long neck has a
^reat advantage in his battle, particularly
if his antagonift is one of thofe kind of cocks
that will fight at no other place but the
head) ; his body fliort and compaft, with
a round breaft (as a (harp brcaflfed cock
carries a great deal of ufelcfs weight about
him, and never has a fine fore-hand'; his
thighs firm and thick, and placed well
up to the (houlder (for when a cock's
thighs hang dangling behind him, be a(ru-
red he never can maintain a long battle) ;
his legs long and thick, and if they corre-
spond with the colour of his beak I think
Jt a perfeftion j and his feet (hould be
broad and thin, with very long claws.
With regard to his carriage, it (hould be
GAM
be upright, but not ftifly ib; his walk
(hould be (lately, with his wings in fome
meafure extended, and not plod along
as fome cocks do, with their wings upon
their back like geefe.
As to the colour he is of, it is immaterial,
for there are good cocks of all colours -, but
he (hould be thin of feathers, and they
(hort and very hard, which is another
proof of his being healthy, as on the con-
trary, if he has many, and thofe foft and
long, it favours much of his having a bad
contlitution.
A cock po(refled of all thefe qualifica*
tions, fuppofing him in a condition to fight,
ought not to weigh more than four pounds
eight or ten ounces ; for if you breed fronri
a cock that weighs five pounds and up-
wards, and your hens are of a good (ize,
which they ought to be, the cocks they
produce, if well walked will be too large
to fight within the articles, and this will be
a great lofs to the breeder ; neither (hould
they weigh much lefs than the weight
mentioned, for if he is not greatly fuperior
in fize to the hens you put him with the
produce will not have that (hare of bone
they (hould have, and conlequently if
they fight againft well bred cocks they will
lofe a great deal in match, which every one
that follows this fancy knows the refute
of, or at leaft (hould do. ^
Having mentioned the requifites for the
choice of a cock, be certain the hens you
tend him to breed with are (bund ; which
to find out, ufe the fame rhethods mentis
oned to be made ufe of with a cock ; alfo
be a(rured there has not been the leaft
taint in their race for many generations
paft. As to other qualifications with re^
gard to feather, make and (hape, they
(hould exaflly correfpond with the cock's,
except their bodies, which (hould be
roomy behind for the produdtion of largo
eggs.
The next thing to be confidered is the
place for you to breed at ; this (hould at
leaft be near half a mile from any houfe
where fowls are kept, for fear of having
your
G A M
your hens trod by other cocks^ nrhich is
often the cafe if they ramble within fight of
each other : it (hould alfo be a confiderable
diftance from any wood or coppice ; that;
is, it ought to be fo far, that there would
not be a probability of their (Iraying near
it, for the vermin that infeft thofe places
will de(troy your chickens; and fometimes
is affords an opportunity for a fox to run
away with your cock^ or one of your hens
during the day-time.
If your fituation is on a dry gravelly
ibiU it is the better, and as you mud by
no means breed at a place where there ia
not a conftant fpring of clear water, con-
trive if you can to let it run off in a f»iiall
ftream by the houfe, if ever fo inconfide-
rable i by which means your fowls will
always have clean water without any trou-
ble i but if you are obliged to draw the
water out of your well with a bucket, be
attentive to give it them frefh very often.
It is the prevailing opinion among
many perfons, who are fanciers, that a farm
houfe is a good place to breed game chick-
ens, becaufe oi the many out-houfes and
ftables for them to (helter in during bad
weather> and thinking as they are threfh-
ing the greateft part of the year, there will
be always food for them. It is true, dry
places:, where they may amufe tbemfelves
when it rains, are very convenient, but
buying them corn fhould be of no moment
to a gentleman who wilhes to fee his cocks
cut a figure in a match.
As it is probable the reader would wifli
Co know objedions againft breeding at a
farm-houfe$ they are becaufe people in
Seneral keep a number of hogs> geefe> and
ucks, which foul all the water about the
place, and unlefs chickens have -clean wa-
ter, they will never make thorough found
cocks. Neither is it a good walk Cora cock,
on account of the many hens that are
tifually kept at thefe places ; for it mud
be underftood, by his having fo great a
variety he will debilitate himfelf ; and to
clear up this point, is only determining
whether a debilitate perfon is able to go
through the fame exercifes as one who has
Mver entered into any debaucheries. Alfo
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eoncerning the water, it is abfolutely m
neceffary tnat cocks and hens (hould have
clean water, as well as chickens, if you
mean co keep them found. But to Hni(h
the deicription of the fuuation you (hould
choofe to breed at, let the place where
they are to rooft in be dry, and free from
any offenfive fmclls ; as to the (ize of it,,
it is not very material, only do not let it
be too fmall, nor the roofting perch too
thick for them to gripe, nor higher thaa
they can afcend and defcend with eafe i.
which will prevent them from having fwel-
led feet, a dcfedb that (hould be carefully^
guarded againft, it being looked upon C<y
detrimental, that feeders have refufcd to-
accept them, when they have been perfe<5t
in every other refpeft ; which confcquently^
muft be a great lofs to thofe who only
breed cocks to lend.
In the beginning o( February put your
cock and hens together, and not before,,
taking care that your hens have not beea
with any cock fince they laid their laft
clutch of eggs : alfo regulate the number
you put down according to the qnantity of
chickens you want to breed, but never put
put more than four to one cock, and let
them be fillers, for by putting different
forts together, you never can breed witb
any certainty ; likewife, it is neceffary yoa
(hould pay an attention to how they agree,.
for if the cock takes a difiike to any of the*
hen^ fas it is fometimes the cafe), take hee
up, for you had better lofe breeding witb
her a feafon, than to have chickens whea
there is the leaft probability of their turn*-
ing out badly.
Before your hensbegiato lay, provide
feparate nefts for them,, if there is only one,,
and as they generally want to lay about
the fame time ia the day, it will occafioa
them to drop their eggs in improper places>
and fometimes to quarrel : likewife lee
them be as far afunder as the breeding;
place will admit of*
The fir(t egg they lay, as^ it generally
runs a great deal fmaller than the reft, of
the clutch, you need not fave, but let it
be marked and left ibr a. nelt egg ;. thi%
donejQ
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dofie. take all the othcrt out of the neft'
ihc fame day they are layed, and put ihetn
in i box with bran, taking care they are
riot throwrt about nor changed s for ft>me
perfons who breed cocks think it no harm
to get pofleffion of another's ftrain (no
matter by wha* means,) if they believe
they are better than their own ; but to be
certain if this happens, write yoHr name
Upon every egg you mean to fet, direftly
as you take it out of the neft, which,
though your eggs may be ftolen, will
prevent your having others fubftituted.
When your hens begin to grow broody ;
do not lave any more of their eggs, but
Itave them in the neft, as it will entice
tliem to fit the fooner j and the reafon
for your a6lino^in this manner, is, that af-
ter ihcy (liew a defire of wanting to fit,
thty are never in perfeft health, which
may be perceived by their countenance
turning white, the Ihrivelling of their
combs, and by their fcreaming when the
cock comes near them ; nor will they ever
permit him to tread them but when he
does it by furprize j therefore, it is not
likely the chickens thofe eggs produce,
could poffcfs the fpirit that chickens pro-
duced from eggs layed by the hens when
they are_ in full health ; and it is really an
opinion, this is the reafon why two forts of
chickens ('fome very good ones, and others
but indifferent^ have been hatched at the
fame time from the produce of one cock
and hen i and if it has happened that the
eggs layed while fhe was in health have
been deftroyed during the time of fitting,
and thofe laid by her after (he began to
grow broody preferved, the hen or cock,
or perhaps both, have had their necks
broke for breeding bad chickens, when
at the fame time, it has not been their
demerit, but the perfon whofe care they
were entrufted to.
Having made thefe remarks with regard
to the eggs the moft proper to fit on, it is
probable you will want to have two
clutches of chickens from each of your
hens in a proper fcafon *, to cffeft which
do not let them fit upon the firft clutch
C A M '
<jf eggs they lay, but pitwidk hcifs for that
purpofe* whether dtanghill or game is* not
^ry material, but the former i& to be pFe-
red, as by their being lefs apt to quarrel,
the chickens will not ruu fo much dan-
ger of being trod to death ; but tnake
yourfelf thoroughly affured, the^ have
not got that fatal diflempcr called the
roopc.
When you fyi them, let their nefts be
made in large earthen pans, at leaft a foot
and a half from the ground^ with clean
ftraw rubbed foft, which will prevent their
being annoyed by vermin, for fome hens
have been actually killed by fwarms of
fmall infefts that have found means to get
at them when they have been fet in ok!
boxes or tubs ; which accidents pans will
entirely prevent. As to the number of
eggs you put under each hen, they ought
not to exceed twelve j for a hen iektom
hatches more than that Dumber of chick-
ens if (he fits upon feventeen, by her not
being able to give them all the proper de-
gree of heat they require -, and very often
by having too many you fpoil them all :
neither is fetting an odd number, fuch
fuperflitious notions having been long abo-*
lifhed.
Do not fet your ftrangc hens where the
others can get at them, as their wanting
to fit would occafion the eggs to be broke ;
and if they did not want to fit, they would
quarrel, which would be attended with the
fame lofs. Let plenty of viftuals and
water be always near the hens that are
fitting ; and if the place where theyjfit is
floored, provide a quantity of gravel, by
which means they will be able to eat, drinks
and trim themfelves at their pleafure.
As you will take the eggs from any one
of your breeding hens that want to fit, you
muft at the fame time confine her, or elfe
(he will become very troublcfome, by
getting into bne of the other hen's neft,
and fo prevent her from coming to lay :
and as this in all probability may occafion
them to quarrel, you fiK>uld take great care
to prevent it ; for very often when they
begin fighting, they never run peaceably
together
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togetlicr afterwards. Befidcs, there are
t>tner ill canfeqticnces attend their quar-
rellitigy for if the two hens that have quar-
relled happened to be nriiftreffes over the
others, and get the leaft disfigured, they
wll be attacked by them, and if they are
not parted very foon; it will hindir them
from laying * any more that feafon, and
ibme times they cnfitely fpoil one another.
To prevent thefe idifagreeable circum-
stances, when any of them wants to fit, arid
it is hot agreeable to you fhe Ihould, keep
her under a. crate clofc to the fpot where
you always feed your fowls, until fuch
time as her heat for fitting is gone off,
which will not hurt her, if (he has a dry
place to ftahd in when it rains, which you
may procure her,* by putting fomething
over that end of the crate where flic roods 5
for were you to feparatc them in fuch a
manner as they could not fee each other,
when you put them together again it would
toccafioo a qtiflrel.
Sup^ofe' -all' your kehs hiave laid their
•firft cluftch 6f eggs» and gone off wanting
•to fit, when they begin to lay their fecond
clutch^ jult' proceed in the fame manner
<as you did with the firft, only with this dif-
ference, of letting them fit on their own
eggs : for by no means let them lay a third
clutch before you permit them to fit, as
they wiH be weakened b,y fuch a proceed-
ing verv much: neither will the chick-
. ens be 10 good ; for it muft be undeHlood
you made a tre^'afs upon nature in not per-
mitting them to fit the firit time they want-
ed« and not only that, but the feafon would
'get too far advanced : it being the prevail-
ing opinion of all good judges that chickens
i>red to fights (hould be hatched in the latter
end of A^rcb, or in the months of yipril
and May. And- indeed experience will
fliew the neceffity there is of abiding by
this obfervation ; for if chickens are hatch-
ed in February^ or the beginning of March ^
iieithout the feafon is remarkably mild, it
is a great chance, but half of them die :
befides the trouble you would be at in
keeping <hem in the houfe $ thol% that do
4if cj thrive fo flowly by reafon of tlieir be-
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I ing cramped with the cold when youngs
that the other chickens hatched in /fpril or
May, by never having any illnefs, will be
much finer in every refpeft before the end
of July i and as it is not good policy t^
fight a match of chickens, there is no occa-
fion for them to be hatched fo early, being
equally as forward to fight as cocks bred in
April or May, Nor can any perfon, who
is not well acquainted with breeding, con*
ceive the amazing difierence there will
be between a clutch of chickens hatched in
April or Afiiiy, and one hatched in July or
^^m/fy although from the fame cock and
hen ; for as thofe bred in the fpring will
run cocks (to make ufe of fome phrafes
made by fportfmen) high upon leg, light
fiefhed, and large boned ; when thofe bred
in the fummer will be quite the reverfe,
and confequently will have to fight (i( his
antafi;onifl: was bred in a proper feafon) a
much larger cock^ though no heavier than
himfelf.
As one-and- twenty days is the time allots
ted for a hen to hatch her chickens in,
if your eggs are fet as foon as you have a
fufiicient number laid, they will hatch the
twentieth day, and when the weather
has been remarkably -warm they will be*
gin hatching the nineteenth. Thefe re-
marks you fliould be attentive to, and take
the chickens from her as they hatch, for if
you do not, and they fiiould not hatch nearly
together, flie will leave ofi^ fitting fo clofe
as file fiiould do, after two or thre care out
of their fliell, and confequently, if flie does,
the reft muft perifii. The chickens that
are taken from the hen, while the reft are
hatching, muft be kept warm, which you
may do, by putting them in a neft made of
wool, and covered with fiannel, taking care
at the fame time that they are put in a place
where the hens cannot hear them, for if
file does, file will leave off fitting imme-
diately, and fly to the place where they are.
If you have four hens hatch chickens in
the courfe of three or four days, and each
hen upon an average has not more than ten,
take the chickens from one, and divide
thcHi amongft the ^thcr three, which you
D. d maf
>
G A^NT
may do in an evening, after tliey have been
feme time at rood ; and the hens they are put
tOy will nurfe them the inofmng followmg»
in the fame manner as thofe •they hatched
themfelves ; but Aiould th^y not have
above eight «ach, you may let them all be
brought up by tw^ hen«, which will fave
you the expcnce and trouble of keeping
four, as two- wiU anfwer tile fanae pwpo/e ;
befidesr your chickens wiU bo( have fo
many enennies.
If it is dry weadrer and the fun ihinet,
you may p^tyour chickens out of doors,
the next day after they are hatched, plac-
ing your bens vfider erates« to prevent
their rambling too far$ but if the^weat^er
is cold and the ground wet> keep them in
a room, aftd coaBne the hens in the iame
manner fuppofing they were out, which wiU
eccafion them to hover the chickens neiufch-
oftener than if they had their liberty -, but be
Aire there is fpace enough for tbe chtckeiis
to get into the crates, becaufe if th<:y arc.
obliged to fqeeze io> k ivill make them
grow long bodied» as will their often going
between garden rails* which they will do if
diere are any near* and they caanot By over*
Many perfons decUre,. who could ha^
had no experience in breeding fowls,, that
they did not think k necefiary that a hen
Ihould be confined while her chickens ar^e
young, and had juft fenie enough to fay*,
tliat nature never defigned it; if a hea
ihould lay a. ckicch ot eggs fecretly in
January y as it is not uncomnK>5- for young
• hens to lay in that month and fit upon them^
confequently, if there are any chickens
hatched, it muA be in Februarjy when if
ihe is not taken in doors, but left to range
where ihe p]eafes,.the cold northerly winds
and wet weather, which are ufual at that fea-^
fon of the year, will deftroy all of them.
Breeders differ very much with refped to
the food that is given chickens for the firft
ten or twelve days after they are hatched i
they grow be ft when fed with bread and egg,
mixed in the fame manner as for young ca-
nary birds i and if it happens to be wet wea-
ther, that you are obliged to keep them in a
room, give them once a day bones of raw
nmtton or beef to pick, for as they are de«
G A Rf
prived* by being confined, of th« infedb and;^
worms they are always picking; up wkeo^
ranging about in the fijelds, it U neaeflary-
they ihould have fome meat^ and. when^
given them in this manxicr,. itisbettfrxJiaoi
when it is cot for them, as it not only helps
tadigeft their owa food quick*. l>uti^oKls-
them exercife and acnufemenu
It is requifioe you ihould pxf great actto^
tentioA to chaogiag their water very often*,
for as it is* givea thorns ln^.ver» ih^Uiyw
veiTelsthey ibonmake yi^dlrtf-y byirequointly
runniiig through it,, whetb^ in a room- or
out of 'doors : i^eiides wiion the bea is out».
as il^e &oul4 alwaj/^s.be placed whep-^ 4^ha4iJa<
ftilnes^ the watc^ ge«^ wacnv by cbero ^i^^*
beii^ fpch a fn^U quantiqy*> wbtphis^tf^
difagreeable ^m th«n^^ fo much*- -tibat sb^-
have refufed driokiag it^ when- the inftao^.
you bave gi^^ea {hoon iire^, Jff^t&s, t^hf^^
drank till they have ^ea/ick;*. w^cb oijjgbt
tD be prcwtt<ed,,
When your chickqisare^/SMtnjglii p14j'
begin feeding theomin j^arley^ and lat your
beas haFC thisir libeity.i but- if jmuihoMld
not have the coavenience of aiiioniBg^water*
take care to p)ace the veflels fronrwhich they*
are to drink, on tb^ (bady iide of tho boiiic^
and ik^ oftfner yout cki^^(^ theff) WWPT
xht better^ Hkewiiia U^ )xour chicke;!^ o(i-
a pl^e wjbere tbene is gray^l*. n^iiclf • oaajr b^
e^e&edby having direeor four ^carftioads^
thacibil thrown up in thefatnemaaaeraaa^
bank which feparates two iieldsi and at feed^
ing tinE^e ficfitser their bar);^ pn rboth fi^?^^^
it|. which iA ibme i^eafMse wiU i>refra^(c;yf>Hr
heas from beating ^i^hoth^r's^ickei^s^iker
wife the early clpt^hes ^oo) worrying the
latter ones. It will aUp be of great iervicar
towards keeping them liMind, for as tbef
cannot help eating, inwetwe^er* a quan-
tity of whatever foil their corn is fcattered*
upon, you may be aiTufed ^gravel is the
wholefomeft. Be iure alfo that they do not
drink any foap fuds,. or ge; to .^y fiMhf
places i for if they do it engenders difteq^-
pers in thena which very often turn to that
fatal one the roope* a difeafe for which
there are many remedies* but never anjr
fo effeftu^^:iafrJK«iki0g their m<^\ and
whick
tJ AM
"^Kicl^ method ererf peHbn fliould take^
MS focm as they are certain any one has the
^diforder. Some perfons think fowls have
the roope, -when they have only a matter'
refemblin^ water, running from their no*
ftrib (which is occafioned by a Cold) ; and
though this for certain is the* firft ftage
ef that diftemper, yet if you but change
Ttheir rwaSk, and take cate of them, they
nrill wco^ wiehouc being fo mtrch hurt
4B to previent their bein^ bred from. Fowls
'eflen have not had their conftitution hurt,
•idehottgh their heady have been fwelled by
a €o^d^^ ^hat cores Jiave been cut out from
"Under their eyes ; for this has been a fud«
*4tn sttacky and as fudden' a recovery ; but
^eft yourfeff a€ured> rf they do not lofe
their running upon changing their walk,
4ind it becomes thick and fiini», chey have
got the roope.
' . The proper timrcstOf feed your chickens,
4tfc i» the morning when you let them out;
4t noon^ and abeut^ an^ hour before you lee
dkeoi goto roof): f aild do not give them
morie at once than they can eat, that is,
<do not let there ^e vitals always upon
ch^-gravd, for if you do, chey will not take
thie exereifc Wrich is^^ieceflaty they fliouldy
*o Riore* tftan ihVjr wilP iFthcy are^kept too
lon^ ^ithontf feidding V siAd- to explain the
Aefcefiity theI^^is for adding in this manner,
IS only to figure-to yowfelf when you* have
Been- obKged towait an hour or two longer
fer your diAhcR than ufoa!, how incapable
yoiaf' Rave ftuhdyourlblf during that time
to undertake any thing ever fo trifling ; as
on thr other hand,^ when you have been at
a table where a great number of delicacies
have induced ]rou to eat more than nature
required, you muft have found yourfelf
equally incapable of doing any one thing
except to fleep.
Ifyour breeding hens have all got chick-
ens, as it is probable they may by fitting on
their Ifecond dutches of eggs, take up your
cock, and put him-, to another walk ;
for by the hens bein^ engaged, and not
accompanying him, he will get vidous
and morofe, and perhaps beat the chick--
ens, wha by bdng young and'unableto
bear his blows will pine away and die i
t; A M
bpiides, by his being fent away, the hem
will take care of them much longer. As
ibon as you can well di(kiinguift the
diflTerent fpecies between the chickens,
break the necks of all the pullets, except
you mean to favc any to breed from ; for
as you mud break their necks when they
are three or four months old, the trouble
you will be at in keeping them fo long«
adKl to feed them as you do the reft, will
be more than they are worth for the table ;
befides, as you bred them to have fo much
bone, the expence yoii have been at for
barley will buy chickens that will eat much
better. But iuppofing your fituation in
life is fuch that the expence is not an objeA
worth your notice, it would be diminifhing
their number which is very requifite, as it
eccafions them to thrive the faftcr. In fliort,
it would in all probability prevent your
giving any away ; for was you to be vifited-
by any of y€>ur friends, their feeing &> many
pultets, might irtduoo them to folicit one^
and if they are perfons you would wiih to
oblige, you cannot deny their rcqueft;
the confequence of which will be, if ever
any of thefe gentlemen Oiould take part in
a Match againft you, your cocks will have
CO f^ght againft their own relations : which
gentlemen who follow this diverfion fhould
live with their friends as if they would one
time or another become their enemies ; and
although this maxim may. feem rather
fevere, yet was it adopted on many other
occafions, it would be found a very necef-
fery one.
When your chickens want to go to roofl:,
let the perches you provide for them be
found and covered with woollen cloth,
which will prevent their growing crooked
breafted, neither (hould it be thicker than
they can gripe with eafe, as that would
occafion them to grow duck footed. This
laft article when it happens is a great de-
triment to them, by reafon of their not be-*
ing able to ftand fo firm In their battle
as they otherwifc would do, were their
claws in a prope^ direAion. The perches
iikewife Ihould be placed no higher than
they can afcend with eafe, moving them
D d a as
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as they grow more able to fly, but rfevcr
place thcra too high (that is, not higher
than four or five feet till they arc three
months old\ for fear it fliould occafion
them to hav^e fwelled feet; and if the
perches are not taken down the hens ufed
to rooft on, they will rooft there again be-
fore the chickens are able to follow them,
which will render the chickens uneafy,
and as they will attempt it every time they
go to rooft, till they can accpmplifli their
views, their wings or claws may be broke,
which would entirely fpoil them.
It is probable, you wiU be difagreeably
perplexed on account of their fighting for
maftery, particularly as you have fo many,
for very often they fight until they tear
the fkin from one another's heads halfway
down their necks, and when this happens,
fportfmen call them peeled pated, by rea-
fon that the feathers never grow aftjCFwards
where the fkin has been broke i and this
is fo great a defed, that the oppofite par-
ty may refufe to let them be weighed,
alledging they have a great advantage over
a cock with a fair hackle ; and if they
ihould aft in this manner, after you have
been at the trouble and expence of. bring-
ing them up to be cocks, (without you
choofe to fell them) you will be obliged to
break their necks. There are alfo other
iil confequences, if they are permitted to
fight a long tmie^ fuch as their getting
feem eyed, cankered mouths ; und to be
explicit, fomecimes they make one another
in fuch a condition as obliges you* te kill
them diredUy.
Now, to prevent their fighting from be-
ing attended with fuch difagreeable con-
fequences,. af^r they have begun, divide
them intor as* many parties as you can find
feparate apartments> leaving the ftcong-
eft /Upon the ground, and when thefe have
fVlly eftablilbed their authority over each
0ther (which you make them do in the
eourfe of two days,, by holding, which you
find the weakeft in your hand, and bufiet-
ing him with your handkerchief while the
other ftrikes him, and if this wont do,
confine him without viftuals for a few
hours until he is cold,^^ when by his being
O A Nt
ftiflf and fore, aiid the ofher fr^fli> a^ers^
blow or two he ^ill not attack him again)
you may put down the ftrp^ipgeft fropi one
of the parties that ate ftiut up, who by he^
ing kept fhort of food> will fubmit di*
reftly to run under all thofe that are down ;
aud when they are fo far re)conciled as to
pern)it hiili.ta fpn amongft them, py&
down the ftronge^ from another parcy^
which will fubmit in the fame . maoipfBry
and by puri\>ing this method^ in the^
eourfe of^ a few days you will be able
to get them all down. When once fet«
t]ed, they will go very peacably together,
except by accident one of them* fboold
get disBguredj which if fuch a things
(hould happen, «a^d they do not feem to
be perfectly reconciled, fend hirn-to ano*
ther walk for fear of a general quarrel.
Do not permit the hens to run longec
with the chickensy then while they remain
miftreffes over tberpj but fend thena,aj^
the pullets you have fayed to another walk i;
as k will be a feafon of the . year your
brood cock can be of no fcrvice, by put-
ting him down with the chickens^ he will
be as good to tJberxv as a bell-^weadier. to a^
flock 9f i]|>eep$ befides, yoy wil^l fave -a.
walk, and in this : manner ' th^ ;vuil rua
peaceably together {]£ yo}\jprtve^Jisaiy h^^
from coming near them), until you i^vaat
the walk for breeding at ag^in. ^ Be. fMre
you get good walks for thole to be nuuie
cocks of, but by no nieana put th^na doi^ir
at farm houfes, nor at any place ifhene
there is the leaft probability of their get-
ting to other cocks, for it you do,, yoa
may be alTured of having them fpoiied^
In fhort,. if they are not put, to good
walks,^ where they w411 have plenty o£
good command clean water, you had bet^.
ter break their necks. When you takei
them ta their walks^ cut off their combs,
^c» as clofe as you can.; and by following^
thefe methods, your brood walk will be
clear for you to begin, breeding, in apra^
per time the next feafon*
Having mentioned about moving youc
hens to, another walk, I nruift caution you.
not to put them down where there are any.
other
GAM
och<r benSy not even duDgbill ones/ for.
though thefe will not fight long enough to
do your hens any injury^, they .will disfigure
them, which is as bad, becaufe it will, fee .
them a fighting among themfelves> and if
you mean to breed from them the next fea-
foHy it would certainly be better to let them
run without a cock; for if they do, not lav
after they have began to mouUttill the clutch .
(^eggs you would wiih to.fet, you will not
be certain to the father of your chickensv
It is requilite you Ibould know the good-
n^ of thole already bred before you
breed another whole feafon from the iame
cock and hens^ but do not cut them out as
fQnie pepfoos do> who think if. they die
game they muft be good ones ; for in-
ftaoce, fome gientlemen's cocks» although
very good game, have been beat very eafy
^ly.by half bcedcocks^ that have been
good linkers i whereas if they had made as
good,u(cof their heels as their antagoniHsj
th?y would ^eafily have made them run
away* Byt to be ingenuous^ the method
ypv follow, to find out their goodnefs> is
to choofe three or four that are ihortefl:
vpon ,leg (becaufe they are fkicCt to fight
when iiags[^^ from tho& that were hatched
in t(ic carljc part of the fealbn, and if you
are c^nceraed in a match about February
or jii$rcb^ have them weighed in;, but
fupppfing you ihould not have any thing
Uf dp witU a naatch) lend them- where you
are.^e dKy: will be well loolked after^ and
faf ij^iiigtheJsattle'm^ fight fpr,
youypay have them weigjied to fight in
tbemaiD> and as you would not have lent
them witboiut its being a creditable match>
they coqfequently will have to fight again ft
gpgd cocks. If you lend fouv>. it is proba-*
bic three may fight i but there is great
odds, that one does ; and about an equal
chance that two does i but let us fuppofe
three fights you would be to blame to back
them> and indeed it would be judgment for
you to lay againft them to the amount of
she battle money, for although your flags
may be much better than the cocks they
fight again(l> yet if it fhould be a long
battle, the cocks mud win without a mere
chanc<^ which good fportfmcn never will
GAM
trull to. It IS alfo requifite you fhould in-
form yourfelf, if'you can, whofe cocks
your fiags fight againfl, and what charaftcr
they bear, by fo doing, you will be a bet-
ter judge what your (lags are able to do j
likewife pay a flriiSt attention to their man-
ner of fighting, for if they keep the battle
upon an equal poife againd good cocks,
and only feem to be beat by age, do not be
out of humour, and break the necks of
thofe at their walks, as you may expeft
great things from them when cocks.
SuppoHng they ihould have in this manner,
breed from the fame cock and hens again
the next feafon, and fhould they win the
odd battle when cocks, be very careful
of your brood cock ; for if you are, and by
keeping him from the hens during the lat-
ter part of the feafon, you may breed from
him feven or eight years, as a cock that
will get good chickens, being, a very va-
luable acquifition to a breeder.
It is not meant when it is faid yoa may
breed from your cock fo many feafons, that
it fhould always be from the fame hens,
neither is there any occafion to crofs them
every feafon, for it they are good, be con-,
tented, (and do not let every cock you
fee fight a good battle, entice you to breed'
from him), for by putting your young hens
to your old cock, and a young cock to your
old hens, you may keep them' in their full
vigour at leaft four years. But never breed'
from flags or pullets without your old' ones,
as no fowls can ever be pofiefTed of every
neceflary requifite to breed from, until
they have moulted twice, and^ when you do
crofs your breed, be very carefut what fort
you do it with, and the nearer the colour
of your "own the better, as the produce
will run more regular in feather.
, Now, permit me to recommend you to-
tranfaiSl the bufinefs relative to trying your
flags, without mentioning it even to the
perfon that feeds them, which you may
efFcft by cutting ofl^ the points of your flags
heels when you take them from their walks>
and fending them as cocks : but if he
fhould have fome fulpicion they are. flags*
(as it is probable he will, if he underflands^
<5 AM
his bufine fs) and aflcs you, do not Inform
hiai, neither tell him they are your own
breeding, or that they are all of one fort ;
by which means, whether they are good or
bad, no perfon will be acquainted with it;
for if they (hould turn out te be of the firft
rate, and you have told the feeder they are
yburown, and that you have a great many
brothers^ he tells his helpers, and they
their companions, by whkh means, when
your cooks come to fight the next year,
you will not be able to get a bet, without
Uying fix to four, and fuppofing you lay
an equal fum upon .every battle, if your
cocks do win three out of five in one day's
fighting, you will be juft icven in your
bets ; but if they fhould lofe three out of'
five the next day, and you kept laying
guineas, you would be ten lofer.
This is fufEcicnt to fliow, how iiecef-
fary it is to aft with fecrefy. And to pre-
vent any one from knowing that yeur cocks
are of a fore, when you mark your chick- .
ens, do it two or three (Afferent ways, but
do not truR: to your memory oil this occa-^'
fion, let it be ever fo good^ for by having
two or three forts, each marked in a diffe-
rent manner, may create cbnfufion^ if not
inferted ina book.
It will be requifite to make fotae necef-'
fary remarks, to be attended to by any gen-
tleman that is going to fight a match. In
fine, when any gentlemian has an inten-^
tention of fighting a match, no matter
whether for one day or for a week, before
he comes to an agreement, he ftioulH. vilit
all his walks, to fee if the cocks are fafe
and in a condition fit to be taken up *, if
they are, the n^xt thing to be confidered is
to fecure a feeder, one whofe cocks he has
known to fight well during the courfe of
many matches, and not by his only having,
the name of a good feeder, for many are
called by that name who have little preten-
fions to it ; and if they have had the good
fortune to win a match or two, it has not
been owing fo much to their good feeding,
as to the excellent ftrings of cocks that
have been fent in by the gentlemen who
tmployed them* UJcewife to fecure a
•
GAU
m
^od fetter- to, ont ^hom you hw^ fi»n
often . and know ta be clever, for it ia the
fame with this art as that •concerning feed-
ing ; manjT pretend to be adepts in* it,
who do not know when a cocfc wants reft,
or when he (hoald be made to light. It
nrra^^t be^rnderfllood the wrnningef amatcli
ct^itHy depends npoh thofe two perfom,
ibr a good feeder, and- a good fctter-toi
win a match* wirfi aw rndii^rent ftring of
cocks, againfr a bad fecdfer and fetter-t^
with an excellent one : and as there are
generally two who haive more merit than
any that pretended to this art, theperioiv
who fecurcs them iti his- intereft wiH ce)Ilfi^•
qvently hare a great advantage over hia
adrcrfary.
In the chtMce of a fightuig- cock, fo«r
things are chiefly to be confidered, viz.
Shape;, colour, courag;^ and a fhai^
hccL
r. As to fliipe, yow imrfl! not chwfeofie
either too large or too fmalf; for the firft
is unwieldy, and not aftive, the other it
weak and tedfouHih his^ fijghtingr and botk
very difficjilt to be nrairfied*: the nrriddle^
fized cock is therefore rpoft proper feiryeur
jiurpofe^ as being Wrong, rttmble, an* ^a-
flly matched; his;head dught to B% finill,
with a quick larg^ eye,.and*2rWiMi^fte^,
which (as Mr. Markfram obferv«s)^ AouM
be crookt, and tffg at the fitting oti, is^
colour fiii table to. tJre plumed his featfters^,
whether black, ybnW,;dr'rWatfir,.e/h '-
The beam of his leg ii to bfrvocf ftwigi»
smd' according to his plume, *Wtie, g^ey, or
yellow i hi; ipurs roughs long, and- ffia^,
at lirtle bending, and poihcingjbward.
2. The colour of a. game cbdt ought to
be grey, yellow, or red, with a blMk
breaft ; not but there are many ^tRer piles,
or birds of different colours- rery excel-
lent, and may be difcovered by praftice
and obfervatton, but the three former, hf
experience, are ever found the beffc The
pied pile may pafs indifferently, but the
white and dun are rarely known to be good
for any thing.
If your cock's nCck beinvefled with a
fcarlet complexion^ it is a fign he is
ftroDg*
G A fiC
Aroiig] lully Bnd >courageou& ^ bu( oa the
eoatrary^ if pa^p and wan, it denotes him
to be faiatj aod defedttvc ia his ftate of
he^thv
3. Ypu may know his courage by his
proud, uprighr*ftanding» and itarely tread^in
walkings and if he cronfs frequentJy in the,
pen it is a^deoaonftratioa of^irit.
4. Hit naitrow heeU ^^ il^pnels of heel)
is known no otherwiie than by obferration
io fighting ;> and that is, when upon every
jifing ht ib hils,^ tha( he draws blood £roai
his advcr^aiy, g^ing his ipors conunuaUy>
and^a^-fvetry blow threatening him with-Jm-
juiy^HNCe de«idy^
f^er^^noie, k fi the-^ini9v of the luoft
&il&il ^ftokifn«Aers» that a ibarp heeled
4KK:kj s^Hi^h he be Tomewhat ialfebr is better
thao a tme co«k ^th a duU heel v the^oaibn
i» Miiii the OAQ ^ghts lof^ but ieldom
wounds, while the other carries a heel io h^
taljaHa>}9?ei9f4iioQae&£pi?oducesan expec-
.ttati^oiptbe and of she battle^ and |tha^gh
he be-not'^ hv^ lis to ^endure the mmoft
.hc«!ingftf(Q G$^9moniy there is l^tleopcaTion
for it,, he being a quick difpatcher of his
•bttfinefs^
Now Ibovkiyow cock prove both hardy
and n^^09r Imek^i he i^ thisn the b<fft bird
f^Miea n tnabe choice of.
Xo ipKpai9:» cock 00 £ghtj^ foA with a
piir .of fine ibe VB ciH all his^nitpe cleie o<F
90 hif Mck^&om the head xjt the letting on
9i the Aoulders.
•a, "Qip otfaU the feaibers frofu the tai^,
«jk)i(e «o J^ rump; the Mdder it appears,
. ehtibe«tbr isthe;tao«^in-CQoditione
- ; 2p ^aa4 his wiiigs by the le«:\g^h of the
inft littng ieather^ find clip the Kfk flope-
wi(e> with 4ivp paincsi, that in ^hisxif^qg he
nay cherewiih endanger an eye of his ad-
wrfary*
44 Swspe imoo^ and iharpeq h^s ipvf s
with a penknife*
5. And iaftly^ fee that (here be no fea-
thers on the cron^ of his head for his oppo-
nent to iak4 hold of them, owiften his head
all over with your fpittlcj and turn him in-
to the pit to try his fortune* For 9iber pu-
ticularSiJee Matching of Cocks*
G Air
GAME-HEN Ihould be rightly plumed f
a^ blacky brown, ^ccklcd grey, griffel, or
f'ellowilbi. thcfc being the moft proper co-
ours for fuch a hen oT the game : it flic be
tufted on the crown, it is fo much the bet-
ter, for that denotes courage and r efi^lucion^
and if ihehave the addition of weapons^
they conduce very much to her excellency 5
her body ftould be big and well poked be-
hind» for the produAion of large eggs : but
it is advifcablc to obferve how flic behaves
henftlf to her chickens^ whether friendly or
ffowardly : amd take efpecial notice of her
carriage amongO; other hens ; if Ihe receive'
abufcsfrom them whhont revenge^ or Ihew
anj token of cowardife, value, her not» ^r
vot^ may depend upon it her obickens w^l^
ipe good Cor Jio things
GAME-KEEPERS, arc thofe who have
the care of keeping and prcferving the
game, and are appointed to chat office by
lords of oianors, ^c, who not being uiider
the degree of cjquire, xwf by a writing, un-
der their hands and fealst authorife one or
t»Ofe {(ano^-^epers, who qciay fciajc gunsy
dogs^ or nets ufed by unqualified perfons,
for cieftroying. the game. Game-keepers
are aifo to be perfons either qualifiedby Jaw
to kill the g^mcy or to be truely and pro*
perly the lervant? ^f the lords or ladies of
majors ^pointing thenr> i and no gapie*
keepers can qualuy any perfoa to fuoh an
end, or to keep dogs, ^c. as may bq fccn by
the feveral game adts. See Game Laws.
The peribn^quallGed toJceepguqs, dogs,^.
ii(. are thofe who have a free warren, 100/.
a year by inheritance or for life^ or a Icafe
for ^^ years of ii^<:J^per ann. alfo the cldcft
.fons of efquires, i^c. A lord of a manor
may appoint a^ game-keeper within his ma-
nor and royalty to kill hares, pheafants, par*
tridges> &^^ for his own uie, the name of
whom is to be entered with the clerk of the
Eac^e of the coupty $ and if any other game-
cpef, or one iUegatly autborifed^ under
colour of his authority, kills gaine, and af*
terwards fells it, without the confent of the
perfon that impowers him, he is on convic^
tion to fuiier corporal puniibnient.
GANACHES> (fp called in tYench) in
farriery,
GAS
farriery, arc the two •bones on each fxdc of
^-t he hinder part of the head, oppofite to the
* neck, or onfet of the head, which form the
lower jaw and give it motion.
It is in this place that the glands orlceN
;tiels of the strangles and the glanders are
"placed.
tjARTH, OR Fish-Gatith. A wear or
-dam in a river for the catching fith.
GARTH-MAN. One who owns an open
wear where fifh are taken.
GASCOIN. The inner thigh of an horfe,
which begins at the ftifle, and reaches to the
-pla, or bending of the ham.
GAUNT B£LLYED,oR light bjsllyed
Horse, is one whofe belly Ihririks up to-
wards his flarik ; whence you may conclude
he is extremely coftive, and annoyed with
much unnatural heat^ fo as t6 be always
very walhy, tender^ and unhealthy, after
Jiard labour.
In order to the cure of it, it muft be ob-
ferved, that all horfcshavc two fmall firings,
reaching from the cods to the bottom of the
fbclly, one on each fide; you muft therefore
•with your finger break thefc ftrings, and
•then anoint the part every day with frefh
*fautter and the ointment fopulneum, mixed
in equal quantities.
GAZE-HOUND. 7 A dog more behold-
G AST-HOUND. Sen to the iharpnefs of
liis fight, than the nofe or fmcllirig, by viN
tue of which he makes excellent fport wijth
the fox and hare : he is alfo very exquilite
'in his eleAion of one that is not lank. or
lean, but full, fat, and round; which if it
happen to return and mingle with the reft
of the herd, this dog will foon fpy it out,
itaving the reft untouched ; and after he
hath fet fure fight upon it, he feparateth it
from the company, and having fo done,
never ceaieth till he hath worried it to
death.
Thefe dogs are much ufed in the north
•f England, and on champagne ground ra-
ther than bufhy and wooden places s and
•they are more ufed by horfemcn than foot-
tocn.
If it fo happens at any tirne that fuch a
4og takes a wrong way, upon the matter's
tJ E L
making fomeufual fign and familiar t6ken«
he returns forthwith, and takes the right
and ready courfejbcginningihechace afrefli;
fo that with a clear voice and fwift foot, he
follows the game with as much courage and
nimblenefs;as he did at firft.
GEESE^ ^^PouLTRV.
GELDING, is a horfe whofe tefticles ane
cut out, fo that he is not fit for a ftal->
lion.
GELDING A< Horse or Colt. In the
perforniing of riiis three things are to be
obferved ; firft the age, then the feafon of
the year, and laftly the ftate of the fnoon.
As to the firft, if it be a colt, he may be
gelded at nine days old, or fifteeh, if his
ftones be come down ; for the fooner you
geld him, the better for the growth, agt,
' and couraige ; but a farrier may geld a horfe
at any age whatever, if he be careful of the
cure.
As to the tinrve of the year, it tio«ild4»e
don^ between April- zxA May, or in the be-
ginning of Junt at fartheft } or at the fall of
' the leaf, ^hich is about the latter end of
Sepfmber.
But for the third thing, viz. the ftate of
the moon, the fitteft time is always when
the moon i« in the wane or decreafe.
As to the manner of gelding, whether it
be a foal, colt, or horie, ^ter fpu have caft
him upon fome foft place, cake^he ftoiKs
between your foremoft finger and youfgreac
finger^ then flit the cod and prefs the ftones
forth ^ when that is done, with a pair of
fmall nippers made of fteel, box, or brazii
wood, being very fmooth, dap the ftnngs
of the ftones between them veryiiear> cut
to the ietting on of the ftones, and prcfe
them fo hard, that diere may be no flux ^f
blood, then with a thin drawing cauterizing
iron, made red hot, fear away the ftone : af-
ter that take an hard plaifter, made of rofin,
wax, and waflied turpentine, well diflolved
together, and with yonr hot iron, melt it
upon the head of the ftrings i that being
done, fear them, and melt more of the
falve, till fuch time as you have had a
good thicknefs of the falve upon the
ftrings. •
. a E .N :
Laftly> loofe the nippers^ and da fo to the
•tjier (lone 5 fill the two flitE of the cod with
white. fair, anoint all the outfide of the cod
with hog's grcafe; an3 then let the horfe
rife ; keeping hiin in a parm (table loofe,
that he may walk up and down> for there is
nothing better for him than moderate exer-
cifc.
But if you perceive that he fwells in the
cod and (heath veiy much, chafe him up
and down, arid make him trot an hour in a
day^ which, will foon recover him and make
him found.
OENNET. Akindof 5j)/f»x}i&horfe; alfo
a kind of cat bred in Sfain, fomewhat .big-
ger than a weafel, of a grey or black colour,
bpt ih^ fur of the black is the mod: valu-
able."
GENTIL. 1 A fort of maggot or worm,
GENTLE* I often ufed for a bait to catch
ftfli. . .
y pu n>ay bre;ed and keep gentles thus .:
take a'p/ece of beafts liver, and with acrofs
flick, han£ it in fonae corner over a pot or
barrel, half full of dry clay, and as the gen-
tles growbi^ they will fall into the barrel and
fcour themlelves, and be always ready for
ufe whe^Ibeveryo,u incline to fi(h; and thefe
gentles may be thua created till. after M'-
i}>aelmas* But if you/defirc to keep gen-
tles t,o (ilh .with all the year» then get a
dead cat or a kite, and let it be fly-blown,
and when the gentles begin to be alive and
to ftir, theabury it and them in foft moift
earth, hut a^ frcp fr.om frpft as you can,
and thefe you may dig up at any timt when,
you inteqd to ufe them j thefe will laft till
March, and about that time turn to be
flies.
But if you be too nice to foul yowr fingers,
which ^ood anglers feldom are^. then take
this bait : get a handful of well made malt,
and put it into a diih of water, and then
wafh and rub it betwixt your hands till you
make it clean, and as free from hu(ks as you
can i then put that water from it, and put
a fmall.qyantity of fre(h water to it, and fet
it in Something that is fit for that, purpofe ;
over the fire, where it is not to boil apace,
but kilur^cly and very- foftly, until it be- ,
G I R
comes fomewhat foft, which you may try
by feeling it betwixt your finger and thumb j
and when it is foft, put your water from it,
and then take a (harp knife, and turning
the fprout end of the corn upward, with the
point of your knife take the back part of the
hu(k off from it, and yet leaving a kind of
inward hu(k on the corn, or clfe it is mar-
red; and then cut off chat fprouted end,
that the white may appear, and pull off the
hu(k on the cloven fide, and then cutting
off a very little of the other end, that fo
your hook may enter ; and if your hook be
fmall and good^ you will find this to be a
very choice bait cith.er for winter or fum-
mer, you fometimcs cafting a little of it in-
to the place where your float fwims.
GERFALCON. 1 A bird of prey, that is
GYRFALCON.J of a fize between a
vulture and a hawk, and of the greateft
ftrength next to an^ eagle.
GESSES. The furniture belonging to a
hawk. See Jessies.
GIGS, otherwife called Bladders, or
Flaps, are a difeafe in the mouth of a horfe ;
they being fmall fwellings or puftules, with
black heads, on the infides of his lips, under
his great jaw teeth, which will be fome-
times as big as a walnut, and fo painful
withal, that he will let his meat foil out of
his mouth, or at lealt keep it in his moutli
unchewed.
Thefe gigs proceed from foul feeding,
either of grsus or provender ; and you may
feel them with your finger.
la order for a cure, pull forth the horfc's
tongue, and (lit it with an incifion knife, and
thruft out the kernels, or corruption ; and
afterwards wafti the place with vinegar, fait,
or allum- water, and they will do well ; but
to prevent their coming at all, wafh the
parts with wine, beer, or ale. .
GIRLE, [among Hunters] a roe-buck of
two years old-.
GIRTHS oF,A Saddle. The ftrong can-
vas (Iraps, which being buckled under a
hoffe's belly, ferves to fix the ^ddle. See
Saddle.
GIRTH, f with cock-maftcrs] the com-
pafs of a c^k*s body.
E c GIRTH.
G L A
GtRTH-WEB. That ftuflF of which the
girths of a faddle arc made.
GLANDERS.|A diftempcr in horfcs,pro-
cecding, atcording totheFr^fi& accounts,
from corrupt humours about the lungs and
heart, arifing neither from the blood nor
phlegm, but from the one and the other
bile, and therefore it is called dry.
It is difcovered by the horfe*s growing
kan on a fudden, and by touching his flanks
with your hand, which will make them
found like a dram ; and the horfe can neither
eat nor cough, though he endeavours- it, and
feels terrible (harp pains inwardly as if he
had fwallowed a bone.
This difeafe has long been reckoned in-
curable, and a reproach to the art of farriery.
But anatomical refearches hare convinced
Qs, that this opinion is unjuftly founded, and
that the glanders, unlefs the bones of the
nofc are rotten, may, in general, be cured.
I fay in fleneral> becaufe this diieafe is fome-.
times ot fuch malignancy,^ and the matter
difcharged fo acrid and foetid, that the parts
contiguous are foon deftroyed, and all at-
tempts to cure the tlileafe by medicine ren-
dered abortive.
Symptoms of Ac Glanders^ ^
' The matter difcharged from the no-
firils of a glandered horfe, is either white,
yellow, or greenifli, fometimes ftreaked
or tinged with blood i when the difeafe is
of long (landing, and the bones are fouled,
the matter turns blacki(h, and becomes
very fcetid. The glanders is always at-
tended with a fwelling of kernels or glands
under the jaws, but in every other refpcft
the horfe is generally healthy and found,
till the diftemper has continued fome
time, and the morbid matter afiedcd other
parts.
If a thin limpid fluid is firft difcharged,
and afterwards a whitifh matter ; if the
gland under the jaw does not continue to
fwell, and the diforder has been recently
contraded, a fpeedy cure may be expe£ted \
for^ then the pituitary membrane is but
(lightly inflamed, and the glands only over-
C L A
loaded not ulceratedl But wlien the antter
adheres IHce glue to the iniide of the no^
ftrils; when the internal parts ofthe nofc are
raw, and of a livid or a(h colour ; when the
matter becomes (^id,, andiof a bloody or
a(h colour, the difeafe isftubborn,. and the
cure uncertain;
M. dela Fojeltss difcovered that the (eat
of this difeafe is in the pituitary membrane
Which fines the partition alonK the in'flde of
th^nofe, the cavities of the cheek Bones on
each fide, and the cavities above the orbits
of the eye.
ff the difea(e be of the m/Idfcr kind,. the
cure may be performed, iiy inje£tions and*
fumigations in the following: manner : Let
t^e trcTtme be firft bled, and treated in die
fame manner as we have aH-eadjrdireded for
a cold; in the mean time kt an emollienc
ejefbion, confiftingof a deeo6Hon^linfeedt
marfhmailowS). elder, camomile-flowers^,
and honey of rofes, be thrown up die
noftrils as far as poflible with a ftrong.
fyringe^ and repeated three timea a day.^
Ejeffii
Take ]infeed,one ounce *, camomife-flow-
ers, a handful ; boil them gendy for a few
minutes in a pintand half of water; them
(train off the liquor, to be ufed three or
four or times a-day,' as warm as can be ad--
mitted^ without injuring by the heat If
thefe procure not an abatement of the di(^
charge, in ten or fourteen days^ uie lime*
water> or the following.
Re/fringeuf Inje^ons^-
Take roach-allum^ one ounce; diflolve
it in a quart of lime-water, and add of (harp
vinegar, half a pint. Or,.
Take of allum and white vitriol>. of each^
four ounces ; calcine them in a crucible,,
and when cold, powder the calx, and mix
it with a gallon of lime-water,, aiul & quart
of vinegar. Let the whole ftanddll d^e
heavy parts are fubfided, and then decant the
liquor for ufe.
This injcftion muft be thrown up with a
fyringe
GLET
^nifgprdirde times irxiiijr^ ushdbn orders,
sJkd the hoftiih foaiigateJ' with the pcmders
ef fraDkintenfe, ma^k, amber and cinna-
b^, homt cm -on' iron, hcsited' for that pur*
pbfe i the rmoak or fume of thefe ingredi^
cnt^ being eafily conveyed through a tube
'into the noftrils.
This* method, if begsn in time« will
•prove* faccefsfuL But when the difeafe is
of long ftandiog, or very inveterate^ there
is no other method of cure, than by trepan-
ning the caviiSes above defcribed ; that is,
•cutting out a piece of the bone,* with a pro-
per in ftmnxent, and walhing die parts af-
ieded with proper medicines ; for by this
Aeana:tbetnorbid matter wiU be removed,
and the wound and perforation wUl foon
fill up with good flelh. No perfon however
can perform this operation unlefs he well
^nderflandsthe anatomy of an horfe, and the
manner of condudking fuch manual actions i
fo that it will be needleft to defcribe it
here*
Btrt as internal medicines are ufeful in the
cure of moft di^brders, fo in the glanders
they arp abfolut^ly neceflary. Give there^
fore tl^ creature a quart or three pints of a
ilrong dec^dion of guaicum cKips^ every
.day during the whole cure, and purge him
at proper intervals. A towel in his cheft
will alfo be of great ufe.
For the cure of the inlanders, Mortimer
grves die folio wtng receipt. Take a pint of
children's 'chamber-lye, two ounces of oil
of turpentine, hdf a pint of white wine vi-
jiegar, four ounces of flour of brimftonci
lialf a handful of rue ; boil this compofi*
tion till it comes to a pint, and give it to
the horfe falling i and let him fafl: after
it fix hours from meat, and twelve from
water.
GLEAD. . A fort of kite, a bird of prey,
which may be taken with lime twigs in the
following manner : When you have found
any carrion on which kites, crows, pies, &^«
are preying, fet lime-twigs every night
about the carrion, but let them be fmall and
not fet too thick ^ if otherwife, they being
fubtle birds, they will fufped fome danger
pr mifchief intended againft them.
I
G O A
When you peirfciveoneto be fafl:, do not
advance to him prefently, for moft common^
ly when they are furely caught they are not
fenfible thereof.
They may be taken another way, and that
is, by joining to a packthread feveral noofes
of hair up and down the packchread, and
pegging it down about a yard from the car-
rion : for many times when they have got-
ten a piece of flefli, they will be apt to run
away to feed by themfelves, and if your
nooies be thick, it is two to one but fome
of the noofes catch him by the leg,
- GOATS are a kind of cattle that take
delight in buflies, briars, thorns, and other
trees, rather than in plain pafture grounds,
OfiSclds/
The buck goat has under his jaws twd
Wattles or tufts like a beard i his body (hould
be large, his legs big, his joints upright, his
neck plain and fiiorti his head fmall, eyes
large, and horns large and bending ; his
hair thick, clean and long, being in many
places iborn for feveral ufes.
He is of great heat, and alfo fo vicious
that he will not (hun covering his own dam,
though file be yet milch •, through which
heat he foon decays,' and is High fpent be->
fore he is fix years old.
The female goat alfo refembles the male,
and is valued if fiie have large teats, a great
udder, hanging ears, and no horns, at lead:
fmall ones.
There ought not to be above loo ot
them in one herd, and in btiying it is better
to buy feveral but of one herd, than to
chufe in divers parts and companies, that
fo being led to their pafture, they may not
fcparate, and they will better agree in their
houfes; the floor of which ought te be
paved with ftone, or elfe naturally to be of
gravel, for they are fo hot, they muft have
no litter under them, but yet muft be kept
very clean.
1 he chief time of coupling them, or co-
vering with the buck, is in autumn, before
the month of December, that fo they may
kid and bring forth their young the better,
againft the leaf and grafs ^cinjg frefh and
tender i
£e 1
GOD
tender; at which time tbcy will give the
more milk.
They are very prolifick, bringing forth
two and fomctimes three kids at a time; the
bucks muft be a little corrcfted and kept
low to abate the heat and lafcivioufnefs of
their natures, but young does ftiould be al-
lowed to have abundance of milk.
Neither (hould you give any kid to a goat
of a year or two old to nourilh, for fuch as
they bring within the faid tin:)e arc improper
for it.
You muft not keep your goats longer
than eight years, becaufe they being by that
time weakened by often bearing, will become
barren.
Thefe animals require fcarcc any thing
that is chargeable to keep them, for they
browfe and feed wholly together as (heep
do, and climb up mountains againft the heat
of the fun with great force; but they are not
fo fit to be about houfes as fhecp are ; being
naturally more hurtful to all manner of
herbs and trees.
As for their diftempcrs, except it be in a
few particulars^ they arc the fame as thofe
of flbeepr
The chief profit of them is their milk,
which is eftecmcd the greateft nouriftier of
all liquids (womens milk only excepted^
and the moft comfortable and agreeable to
the ftomach; fo that in barren countries it
is often mixed with other milk for the mak-
ing of checfe, where they have not a fuffici-
ent ftock of cows.
The young kids are very good meat, and
may be managed in all refpefts after the
fame manner as lambs.
GOD WITS, as alfo knots, grays, plo-
vcrs> and curlews, being fowls cfteerncd of
all others the moft dainty and dearcft, are
effeftually fed with good chiker wheat and
water, given them three tin>es a day, viz.
morning, noon and night; but to have them
extraordinary fine, take fome of the fineft
wheat meal, and mingle it with milk, and
make it into a palte, conftantly fprinkling
it while you are kneading it, with grains of
fmall chilter wheat, till the parte be fully
mixt together therewith, then make it up
into little pellets, and ftecping them in
G O L
water, give to every fowl according^as he 19
in largenefs, till his gorge, be well filled,
and continuing to do this as often as you
find his gorge empty,- and in a fortnight's
timcy they will be very fat ; and with this
cramming any kind of Ibwi whatever may
be fattened.
GOING TO THE Yault, [with Hunters}
a term ufed of a hare, which' fometimcs;
though not feldom, takes the ground like a
coney. i
GOLDFINCH. A feed bird of v«ry cu-
rious colours, and were they not fo plenti-
ful, would be highly eftecmcd by us*
They are ufually taken about MicbailmMs^
and will foon become tame ; but they dif-
fer very much in their fong, for fomc of
them fing after one falhion, and fome of
them after another.
They frequently breed in the upper part
of plum-trees, making their nefts of the
mofs that grows upon apple-trees, and of
wool : quilting the infide with all forts of
hairs they find upon the ground.
They breed three times a year, and the
young are to be taken with' the neft at about
ten days old *, and to be fed as foHowsi:
Pound the hemp -fcjcd very fincina moi^
tar, then fift it through a fieve, and add to
it as much white bread as hemp-feed, >nd
alfo a little flower of canary-feed-; then
with.a fniall ftick or quilU take.up as much
as the bignefs of a white pea, and give them
three or four times, 'ieverkl times aiAiy-^
this ought to he made.frefli cvo'y dfl[yi*:fov
if it be four it will profently fpoii' their ftoH
machs, caufing them to caft up'thefr meat 9
which if they do, it is ten to one if they live.
Thefe young birds muft be carefully kept
warm till they can fcedthemfclves, for they
are very tender, yet may be brought. up te
any thing.'
In feeding, be fure to make your bird,
clean his bill and mouth, if any of the meat
falls upon his feathers- take it off, opelfo
they will not thrive.
Such as eat hemp-feed, to purge thcm^
(hould have the feeds of melons, fuccoiy,
and mercury ; or elfe let them have lettuco
and plantane for thatpurpofe*.
Whea
G R X
When there is no nctd of purging, give,
theo^ two or three times- a week a little fu-
gar or loam in their meat, or at the bottom
of the cage ; for all feeds have an oilinefs^
fo that if they have not fomething to dry it
up, in length of time it fouls their ftomachs
and putsthem into a flux, which is of a very
dangerous confequence.
GORGE [in Falconry] that part of a
hawk which drCt receives the meat, and is
called the craw or crop in other fowl
GORGED^ u e. fwellcd j this horfe's
paftern joint is gorged, and the other has
bis legs gorged^ you mud walk him out
to difgorge them, or take down the fwel-
ling.
GOSHAWK, 1 [j.^.grofs-hawk] a large
GOSSHAWK.) hawk ofwhich there are
feveral ' forts, differing in goodnefis, force
and hardneis, according to the diverfity of
their choice in cawking; at which timc>
when hawks begin to fail to likings all birds
of prey do aflemble themfelves' with the
gofhawk and flock together.
GOURDY-LEGS. A diftemper in horfes,.
caufed by pains and other flefl^y fores.
The way to cure them, is firfk to fhave
away the ha>ir upon and;about the fare^place,
as clofe* as* may^ be^ . and then to anoint it
wiA linfeed^ oil and aqua yitac, fhaken to*
geiher- till' they arepcrfeftly mixt; and re-
new the mixing of it as often as you have
occaGon to ufe it, bccaufe they will fcparate
by (landing, without being fliaken r ^nint
die ibre ^ace with, this every day till the
fore be made whole.
• GRAYLING, i In angling for this fi(b,
GR AILING. J your hook muft be
armed upon the (hanks with a very narrow
plate of lead, which (hould be (lendereft at.
the bent of the hook, that the bait (which
is to be a large grafshopper, the upper-
moft wing of which rhuft be pulled off )
may come over it the more eafily: at
the point let there be a cad-bait in conti-
nual motion.
The jag-taitr which is a worm of a pale
f)ei}i*colour with a yellow tag on it's tail,
i« ao cxcellentbatc for the grayling laMarcb
and .^//.
■ TJhc haunts of the grayling^ are fo nearly |.
G R A
the fame with thofe of the trout, that in
filhing for either you may, in many rivers,
catch both.
They fpawn about the beginning of
yfpril, when they lie moftly in iharp>
ftreams.
Baits for the grayling are chiefly the
fame as thofe fo^ the trout, except the min*
now, which he will not take fo freely. He
will alfo take gentles very eagerly. When
you filh for him with a fly, you can hardly
ufe one too fmall.
The grayling is much more apt to rile
than defcend; therefore, when you angle
for him alone, and not for the trout, rather
ufe a float, with the bait from fix to nine
inches from the bottom, than the running-
line.
The grayling is found. in great plenty in
many rivers in the north, particularly the*
Humber^ and in the^^, which runs through^
Hereford/hire ^nd Monmcutbjbire- into the
Severn.
GRAPES. A word (bmetimes ufed tO'
(ignify the arrefts, or mangy tumours that
happen in a horfe's legs. See Arrests.
UQ GRAPPLE. A horfe is faid to grap-
ple, either in one or both legs ; the expref-
lion beihg peculiar to the hinder legs.
He grapples both legs when he lifts them'
both at cnce, and raifes them with precipi-
tation, as if he were curvetting*
-. He grapples one leg when he raifes it*
precipitately higher than the other, without.'
bending the hzrxu Hence they fay,
Your horfe harps or grapples, fo that hci.
muft have the ftring-haltin his hough.
GRASS. To put a horfe to grafs,:to turnc
him out. to grafs, to recover him.
To take a horfe from grafs to keep him^
at dry meat. 5^^ Dry^^^^ Green Mbat.
GRAVELLING. A misfortune thathap->
pens to a horfe by travelling, by little gra--
vel ftones gcttinjg between the hoof and the
(hoe, which fettles at the quick, .and thcre^'
fcfters and frets.
The way to cure it, is*to take off" che (hoe,
and then to dr&w the place with a. drawing*
iron till you come to the quick;, pick out:
all the gravel, .and.fquecze^out the natter;
and.!
G R fi
anil bUK>d found therein, and afterwards
\^a(h it clean with copperas, water, then
pour upon it fheeps tallow and bay iait
melted together, fcaWing hot, ftop up the
hole with hards, and fet the (hoe on again,
and at two or three times dreffing it will be
whole ; but do not travel or work him be-
fore he is quite well, or let bis foot omie to
a^y wej:.
GRAY-HOUND. 7 A hunting dog that
GRE-HOUNP. } defervcs the firft
GRliY-HOUND.i place, by rcafon i>f
hin fwiftnefs, ftrength and fagacity in pur-
fuing his game ; for fuch is the nature of
this dog, that he is fpeedy and quick of foot
to follow, fierce and Itrong to overcome,
yet filont^ coming upon his prey una-
wares.
The bed of them has a long body« ftrong
and pretty large ; a neat (harp head, fpark*
ling eyes, a long mouth and (harp teeth;
iittle ears with thin griftles, aftraitbroad
and ftrong breaft, his fore legs ftrait and
ihot^t, his hind legs long and ftrait, broad
ifaouldcrs, round ribs, ftefhy buttocks^ but
not fat, a long tail, and ftrong, and full of
iinews.
Of this kind, thofe are always fitteil to be
chofen among the. whelps that weigh lighteft,
for they will be fooner at the game, and fo
hang upon it, hindering its fwiftneis, till
the heavier and ftrong hounds-come to offer
their afliftance ; and therefore^ befides what
has been already faid.
It is requifijte for a greyhound to have
large Bdcs^ and a broad cnidrifF, fo that he
may take his breath in and out more eafily :
his belly fliould alfo be fmall,(which others-
wife .would obftrud the fwiftneis of his
courfej his legs long, and his hairs thin and
foft : the huntfman is to lead thefe hounds
on his left hand> if he be on foot, and on the
right if on horfeback.
The beft time to try and train them to
.their game, is at twelvemonths old, though
fome begin fponer with them ; with the
males at ten months, and the females at
tcight months pldj which laft are gene-
rally more fwift than the dogs; they muft
alfo ;be kept in a ^ip .while jd^road^ till
CViJL
t%ejr <aiit fee ihirir courfe ! nekher fliewtd
you run a yoiung dog till the game has been-
on foot a confiderabde tinoe^ left being ovw
greedy of the prey he flxains his liaibs to0
ntuich*
The ^eyhounds are moft in requeft ^itk
the Germans^ who give them the nam^ of
windfpily alluding to their fwiftnefs > but the
Fretub make moft account of thofc that are
bred in the mountains of D/r/»i«//a, or in any
other mountains, efpecially of Turiy^ for
fuch have hard feet, long cars^ and a
briftly or bufhy tsuL
As to the breeding of greyhounds, in this
you muft have refped to the country,
which Ihould be champagne, plain, or higlL
downs,
TJie beft valUes are tbofe where there
are no coverts ; fo that a hare may ft and
forth, and endure a courfe of two or three
miles.
Take notice as to the breeding of grey*
hounds, that the beft dog upon an indiffer-
ent bitch, will not get fo good a whelp aa
an indifferent dog upon the beft bitch.
Obferve in* general as* to breeding ; that
the dogs and bitches, as oear as you can,, be
of an equal age, not exce&iing four yeara
old ; however lo.breed with a young dog and
an old bitch, may be the means cfproductn^
excellent whelps, the goodneis of which you
may know by their ihapes.
In the breeding of greyhounds in the firft:
place, the dieting of greyhounds confifts itf
thefe four things^ food, exercifcy airing,; and
kennelling.
The food of a greyhound is t^o-fold ;
in general, the. maintaining of a dog in
good bodily condition ; and in parttcu«-
iar, when a dog is dieted for a wager,
or it may be for fome dift3emper he is trou*
bled with*
The general food of a greyhound ought
to be chippings, crufts of bread, (oft bones
and griftles ; the chippings fcalded in becG
mutton, veal, or venifon broth : and when
it is indifferent cool, then make your bread
only ftoat in good milk, and give it your
greyhounds morning and evening, and this
will keep them in good a ftate of body.
But
G R E
B«t If your dog be poor, fickfy and
weak, then take iheeps heads, wool and all^
clean waflied^ and having broke them to
pieces, put them into a pot ;: and when it
boils, fcum the pot, and put a quantity of
oatmea} into it, and fuch herbs as pottage
is ufually made with ; boil thefe till the
flcfh is very tender, and feed your dog with
this morning and evening, and it will reco-
ver him.
If you cfefign your greyhound for a wager,
then give him his diet bread as follows:
cake half a peck of good wheat,, and half
a peck of the fineft, drieft oatmea}, grind
them together, boult the meal, and having
fcattered in it an indifferent quantity of li^
quoriceand annifeeds, well beaten together,
knead it up with the whites of eggs, and
bake it in fmall loaves, indifferent hard, then
ibak it in beef or other broths -, and having
walked him and aired him half an hour a^
ter fim-rife in the morning, and half an hour
htl»t fuA'-fetting, give him feme of it to
eat.
He ought to be courfed three times a
week, rewarding him with bloody which
will aftidnate and encourage him to profecute
his game ; but forget nos to give the hare
all the jisrfl and lawhii advantage, fo that flie
may ftand long before the greyhound, that
thereby he may (hew his utmoft ftrength
and (kill before he reap the benefit of his
labour.
If he kill, do not fuffer him to break the
kare, but take her from him,. ?and clean
his chaps from the wool^ of the hare, give
him the liver and lights, and then take him
ifip in your leafh, lead him home, and waih
his feet with fome butter and beer, and put
him into the kennel, and half an hour after-
wards feed him.
Upon the courfing days> give your hound
a wztk and butter, or oil,, in the morning,
and rrothing elfe, and then kennel him till
he goei to the couWe*
The kennelling greyhounds after this
numner breeds in them luft, fpirit, and
mmbleilefs % it alfo prevents feveral dan-
gerous cafuakies, and keeps the pores
clofe> fo as not to fpend till time of ne-
G R E
ceflfty i therefore fiifFer not your hound tO'
go out of the kennel, but at the hours of
feeding, walking, courfing, or other necef-
fary.bufinefs.
GREASE [with Hunters) the fat of a
boar or hare ; but. the former has common-
ly the word bevy added to it, and is termed
bevy greafe.
GREASE MOLTEN. A dift'emper in
a horfc, when his fat is melted by over hard
riding or labour, and may be known by his
panting at the breaft and girting place, and
heaving at the flank, which will be vifibic
to be feen the night you bring him in,, and
the next monring,
GREASE. A fwelling and gourdineli
of the legs of a horfe. If the horfe be full
of fleOi, the cure is to be begun by evacua*
tions, fuch as bleeding, purging, &^. and*
keeping his heels as clean as poflible, by
waffling them with warm water and foap -^
for nothing promotes the greafe more thaa
negligence and nailinefs. In general turn-
ing out in the day-rime, moderate exercife,*
a large and convenient fiall, with good dref-
fing,. are the bed remedies ; but if the
greafe be got to a great height, and there is
a naufeous difcharge, after cutting off the
hair,^ and wafhing the heels with foap and
water,. bathe them with the following wound
water, pretty warm, twice or thrice for three
days. Take roch allum, and white vitriol^
of each two ounces; powder them together
and burn them in a clean fire (hovel, till
they become a white calx^ ; then caike pow-
dered camphire, one ounce, bole-armoniac,
in powder, two ounces ; river or rain water
two qU2R*ts. Make the water hot, and flir
the other things into it. When you ufe ity
it Ihould be maken up, and a little of ic
warmed in a pot,, and the fores waflied with-
a piece of fponge or rag. Or,
Take of lime-water a pint, ofrock-al-
lum and white vitriol, each an ounce.
Sotne ufe a laced flocking, which may be*
nhadeofftrong canvas that will not ftretch r-
this flocking Ihould be nicely fitted to the
leg, and kept on moderately tight, by which^
means the enfeebled vefTels will be fup-
portcd until they recover their tone.
Sometimes^
G R £
Somcunnes there will be cracks in the
Ikin about the pafterns : thcfe cracks are
fore, and difcharge a thin humour, which
lodges fand and dirt ; and fometimes thcfe
cracks form thcmfelvcs into fcabs : when
thcfe arc obfervcd, clip the hair there as
ihort as pofllbley fpread a thin pledget of
tow, with the digeftive ointment, and ap-
ply it to thtrfc cracks and fcabs ; over this
pledget lay a poultice of bran, fcalded, and
renew the pledget every morning, and the
poultice every tour or five hours -, continue
thefe until the fwelling abates, and the
cracks, ^c. aredifpofed to heal : then, in-
(lead of the ointment and poultice, wa(h the
part every day with the above repellent
wafli, and keep on a tight (locking until
the flrcngth of the partjs confirmed. See
ScowERmo.
But if rhefe fliould fail, let the part be
bathed with old verjuice twice a day, and a
proper bandage applied. This will infalli-
bly anfwer if the complaint proceeds from a
relaxation of the veffels* If the horfe be
full of flefh, the cure muft be begun by
bleeding, rowels, and repeated purging;
after which, the following balls fhould be
given, to the quantity of two ounces a day
for a month or fix weeks, either mixed up
with honey, or in his feeds : Take of yel-
low rofin four ounces, fait of tartar and fait
ofprunel, of each two ounces; ofCaftile
foap half a pound; and of oil of juniper
half an ounce; make the whole into balls
of two ounces each, and give one of them
every morning.
Thefe balU will carry off the offending
humours, and free the blood from its noxi-
ous qualities ; but at the fame time the
creature takes thcfe internal medicines, ex-
ternal applications muft not by any means
•be omitted. The legs fliouid be bathed
and fomented in order to breathe out the
ftagnant juices, or render them (o thin, that
they may be able again to circulate with the
common current. The difcutient fomenta-
tion, mentioned in the Articles of tumours,
&c. will anfwer the intention, efpecially if
ahandful of wood-afhes be previoufly boiled
in the water and applied twice a day. After
G R E
the parts have been well fomeated> ieC the
following poultice be applied ; and this me-
tlK>d purfuedtill the fwellings arefubfided:
Take of honey one pound, of turpentine
fix ounces, incorporate thefe well together
with a fpoon ; and of the meal of fenu-
greek and linfeed, of each four ounces ;
and boil the whole in three quarts of red-
wine lees, to the confidence of a poultice.
Take the velTel from the fire, and add two
ounces of camphire in powder ; fpread it
on thick cloths, and apply it warm to the
legs, fecuring it on with a (trong roller.
When the fwelling is fubfided, the fores
fhould be drefied with the .following oint-
ment: Take of honey four ounces; of white
lead powdered, two ounces ; and of verdi-
greafe in fine powder, one ounce j mix the
whole intoan oint(nent.
But if the fores are very foul, drefe them
with two parts of the wound ointment and
one ofasgyptiacum, and apply the following
poultice : Take of black foap one pound $
of honey half a pound, of burnt allum four
ounces, of verdigreafe, powdered^ two
ounces, and of wheat-flour a fufHcienc
quantity to make the whole of a proper
confiflejice.
Spread the above on a thick clothe and
faften it on with a roller.
This difordcr is always attended with
fcvcr^ heat, reftlelsnefs, flartling, and trem-
bling, inward ficknefs^ and fhortnefs of
breath.
His dung is extremely greafy, and he
will often fall iqto a fcowering ; his blood,
when cold, will be covered with a thick fkin
of fat, of a white or yellow colour, generally
the latter ; the congealed part of the fcdi^
ment appears like a mixture of fize and
greafe, lo extremely flippery that it will not
adhere to the fingers, and thq fmall portion
of ferum flippery and clammy. The creature
foon, lofes his flefli and fat, the latter of
which is probably diflblved into the blood :
and thofe that have fl:rength fufficicnt to fuf-
tain the jirft Ihock, commonly grow hide-
bound for a time, and their legs fwcU great-
ly, in which ftate they continue till the blood
and juices arc reftificd i and if this be noc
done
GftK ^
furfi$tt is gencfMI-y 'the cdinfeau«iKife, dnd
c»iiK» bb- r<imov«d-b(it with the ^uteft
difficulty. • ■ ■■■ ; •' '^■'■- ' • • '
■l^ihodofCure:
.1
V hi-
'T.
Thtf;firft prbfee^ing iirtd b*Wd p^ttl^^^
plpntifelly, and repeat the'opc<fatUirt two or*
three d^ys' fuWcffively, but to take care
xkax aftc^ tHe firft bleieding to take a fmall
quantityat a^ime, as-otherwife^thedi-eftture
MTould be rendered too weaktofupport him-
felf, and his blood too poor to be eafily rer
croited; AbibOA as he has been bled the
firil tioYe^^let tvfo or three^rdtvefe be made,
arid ttecemfoili^M'^^clyfteirs prefi:ribtd^n th^
Article of Fevers, be daily thrown^ up to
mitigate the fever, and cleanlfe tfie'^intcf-
tincs frum greaiy nriatter. Plenty of'wateif-
grael ihould at the fame time be^iven him,
and fbiiMtimes^iWiirm.^ if^ater, 9ri«h a foiali
quantity of nitre diffolvcd in it^ -Thelattcr
will be^of^reat fervice, as it will prevent the
bioodfroOTrunniing* 'inter grurhoiis concre*
tions, that prove the fource of innumerable
di&rdera,4i4ibt:caufe a total fifagnacion; and
confequcmlp t^e death of th« ain fmai*
.. In thia manner th^ horfe vc&x^ be- treated
till the fever is wholly gont?, 4Uid>ke^has re-
covered .his. appetite^ when it will be necef-
faryto^ivehimiive or fix alternative purges
at a weeks diftance from, each other, which
^ili make him ihde and pcr^iveplefitifuUy,
aadiat the fame! time bring, down the fwel*
ling of his legs. ^ The following are well
calculated f6r thii purpofe : Take of fuc*
cotrine aloes, fix drams \ Qf gum^guiacum>
in powder, half an ounce ; and of diapen-
te, fix drams ; . make the whole into a ball
with a fpoonful. of oil of. amber, and a
fufficient quantity of fyrup of buckthorn.
Or*
Take of fuccocrine aloes, an ounce (or
ten drams \) ialt of tartar, half an ounce \
ginger, one dram ; treacle, enough.to make
ajb^il; if it be neceflary.to quicken this
df>it^ add to it.twQ drams <^ jalap pow-
der.
Repeat this purging ball every eight, or
I
G R E
at the rfioft every ten days, and on the days -
free from purging, give one of the follow-
ing dvery morning.
- 'Diuretic Balis.
Tike of Venice-foap, arid yellow, rofin,
pach* half a pound ; fait of tarfar and nitre,
eath two ounces ; oil of juniper, half an
isunce; beat them into a pafte, and give
two ounces, or more, cyery morning, mak- .
ing it firft into a ball. .
Inftead «!)f thefe balls, twoounces of ni*
trfr may be-given every day, allowing plen- '
ty of water -with 4t ; wl>ere it agrees with
the'ftomach it,anfwers~very well, but as the •
blood in this difbrder is poor and cold, and
the whole -habit of body needs evc-/ aflifl:-
ance that can contribute to its recovery, the
above balls are the nfioft advifeable, and
would be much improved as flrrengthcn ers,
if^to each' dofe you added half an ounce of •
the filings .of iron, or rutted iron in pow-
der. • •
'If the legs are extremely full, foment
th«m twice ^ay with ^3 fomentation made '
with bay-berries, wormwood, and camo*
nTile*«fiowers *, an ounce^ or a little more of
each may be allowed for a gallon of water, »
to be boiled together for a few minutes i ^
aiXd if the fores be very foul", drefs them
with the cleanfing ointment, fpread on
pledgets of fine tow, large enough to cover -
them.
• r
* • * ■
'\ Ckanfmg Ointment.
" Take half a pound of the dfgcftive oint-
ment, melt it gently oyer- a fire; when
melted remove it, and as it cools, carefully
•ftir into it an ounce of verdigreafe, finely
powdered; continue to ftir it until the
' ointment becomes ftifF.
Over the pledgets that cover the fores ap^
ply the following poultice as ofteif as you-
ufe the fomentation.
•■
Di/tutient P$ultice, '
' Scald a fufficient quantUjr of bran, with a
1 1
'1.
Rf
proper
0,11 E.
proper qftantityof jthc fomant^tionjuftnofVir
pr«rcrife6:ri ; add to it a fmall quantity af
oil to prevent it from drying and ftickingi
and fprinkle upon the face of each poulHce
wHcn applied^ a quarter of an ounce of
camphire.
Whatever medicines or methods arc
ufcd^ a good noufifhing diet {hojjlfi be al-
lowed ; and, if pofrible» the horfe mull be.^
put to grafs where he can (belter hinpfelfi^
a (table or a (hed^ at pleafure : the want of
this laft will greatly prevent the effeftof
the bed medicine^i and wit}i it medicines
will rarely be wanted. If he cannot h^^
ttirned out day and nighty nor even in t(i&<
day-ttme> he muS. have a roomy (lall> where
he can napve about, lay dowii> and ftretch:
himfelf at full length ; it woul4 be beft
if he had the whole liable to walk in^ for
thien;he would be more apt to lay dowa of^
tens a circumfta^ce that conduces, very
much to advantage^ for coaftanrftai^fliog in ,
aftall is whiuc frequently caufc&,.aDd by
confequence mud continue the difeafe.
By purfuing this method the horfe will
foon be . «Uft i6» ^ 4ua bufin^s: for this
purge will encrcafe hia flelbj and mend his,
appetite i particulars of the greaitefl: conf4(-
quence in the cure^ and wbich*fiM^>C be
obtained by giving a JMrTe the common
purges of idoes ^ the method purfued by
moft farriers in the cure of the molten
gneaie*
GREAT HARE [with Hunters] a hwe
in the third year of her age.
GREEN-FINCH is a bird of a very
IDean fong.
. They are plentiful in every country, and
breed the fillieft of any, commonly making
their nefts by the highway- fide,.where every
body that finds them deftroys them at Jirft.,
till the hedges are pretty wellxsovcred with
green leaves -, but they ufually fit very early
in the fpring, before the hedges have leaves
upon iheifi} and build with green mois that
grows at the bottom of the hedges.^ quilting
their nefts very forrily on the infidc; nay,
they are oftcmimes fo flight that a ftrong
wind ihakes them to pieces> aQddrop&cither
the young ones or the eggs*
and -di^.yowM a«e yory^ha^^^a bri«g tipi ;.
they «v^y bcT:d wi^h l«^^Jt«^bc«^
feed foaked, and are very apt to taltt: tl(e
whiftle, rather than any other bird's fong »
but they will never k^ill /t^emfelves with
ringing and whiftling.
TM'gr««ii-fineh;isr feWofSkfubj*^
difc4fc|. bujtt^ be top; gro^„ tbejro ! bKiQgi
noine:^f ^ fqed-:b|rdS' like^him f0i:-grm^-
ing/oesceffiye.fat^. ifyoq give hkn hemp^
feed> fofKthen* lw»*i« gpo4 f^r. nothing >uc
th^ fph % let him thierefore : have: oq^fie but
rape-f<jad»>
GREENrWUe»,[in the Foreft Law}%-
niAes every tbiogit^at groiwa^ green withia
the forefll ;.a9di»t Js alfac^lLedrV&l^T) stfikk
GRJCE:, A ycfung wild boan
.GRIG, Aifi(b>theraiaUefckio4ofeoL.
Xn GRQA^£ £wiih Hitntert} a: buck, ia
faid CO. groaon qnthoot^ whea h^: nMikos . at
noife,at,iti£ting.. . •
GROOM, i Amao-Mfho: lotito aftetvhodeft,
iand? IhoukLrdmwan hioi^dlfi after /og^mle
latid kind armanser to^Rards )mxSc^m tocn-
igltge tiiem to.lotr him ^.fora hDrii;uiirck-.» .
ioned one of ths: txiofl loviogiortaisiiioa to -
mxo :of aU ojbken hraccsiandupi cinery reipd£fc
the imcifb obedienc,
Therelbiie.if heibe dealt with: mildly aad
gently bis* kindnefs will be reciprooaln^ bpf
i£ the.gr(9omiDr keeper.be harm. and ch6le«>
ric^ he.will put the lKxrfeoui:t>f.:pAtieBce»«
andniake him becomd rebeUbus^ aod ocou-
libn his biting, and ftriking. »
Therefotae. the groont mould . fiequently.
d^ly>'toy> and^play withthehorfcs* under faw^
care» talking, toxhem^ and tgi ving them gopd:
words^ leading them outinto the fim-fliine^i
there run andihew them) all the dlverfion^'
he caa*.
He muft alfo duly curry-comb and dreii^
him, wipe. away the duflr, pick. and cleaa
him, feed, pamper, and! cheriAi' him %}
and conftbntly .employ himfelf in .doin^
fomethifig abcut him,, as looking to his^
heelsi taking up .his foet, nibbing upon tb«»
foles, &^«
tfay> hcoi^tCaJcfiCfibin) Ibivdl ^refl:»
that
G R E
ORE
Ifwtticrtriay alnfl6tlfee'hisown^fe<te^^U^ | ^jpatiy this fcafon, (b »t1iat the nourilhment
coat ; hehnult likcwifckcep- his feet {topped
- and anointed daily, Ms heck ft ee from
Scratches and other forances^ ever having a
''Watchful eye over hlnij and overlooking
all his aftiotis, as well fcedmg as^drinking ;
■that Ib'no-ihw2<rd infimticy may fcizc-bpon
him ; but <hat He may be able to difcover
It, and ctfdeavoupto cure. The 4^aHfic^-
tions-neceflFary'in ^ grooni, art ofcedicnc^,
fidelity, patietrce, ^ilfgence, &c. • * - '
'Firft, he ought to love *his horlfe Jn the
'next'degree to bis mafter, arid endeavour
by fiiir tifage to gain 'a reciprocal lave from
htay and an exaft obedience ; which if he
Hknbws ho# to payhis fnaftel-,:hciviH the
* better be able *t6, Search it hi^ hoWc *: ainli
"hoih the one and ttie other arc xo, be ob-
taincd by fair means, rather than by piffioh
and outragq. For thofc who arc fo irra-
tional themlblves, as not tobc able to com-
tn^d their owo paiSons, are not fit totinf- |
dcrtake the reelaiming of an hoVfe, -Wlto is
by nature an irrational creature. V i
Hfcifiilft then put in 'praftice the pjiiti- !
^nce, wiiich he ought at all times to 'be
mafter of, ^nd by that, and fair means,
*fce 'ihay attain his end : ^pv np dreatureis
TOorc Vaftablc^than a horfe, if he be ufed
with kindrtcfs to'wip fiitn.
The next thing requifitc "to a groom 2s
'neathefs, as to keeping his Itablc clean
^ept, ahd ifn order j faddles, ho ufing*
-cloths, ftirrtirps, leaAers and girths cleaii,
^attd above all his horfb cleah drdfed and
rubbed.
'LalHy, diligence is rftquilite in a daily
^ftHarge of ins duty, and obfcrving any
the fmalleft operation, whether cafual or ac-
cidental, either in his countenance, asfymp-
-torms of ficfknefs j or in his limbs and gait,
as lamenefs : or in his appetite, as forfak*
ittg bis meat ; and immediately upon any
fuch difcovery to feek Out a remedy.
This . is the fubftancc of the duty of a
^grooni in general.
We wiH fuppofe Bartbohmew-tide^ to be
twwcomc, and the J)rixie ahd length of
the grafs to be now napped by the fcvefc
frtiStt and cold-dews- which uftJally accom-
i:
thereof turns into raw crudities, and the
' coldnefs of the night (which is injurious fo
horfes) abates as much fiefh and luft as he
getteth in the day, wherefore he is now tt>
-'be takeaiip from. grafs, whilfl: his coat lies
fmoprfi and fleek.
TItc horfc defigncd for' hunting, &?r. he-
lp^ brought home, the groom muft let 'him
tip for that night *i^i fomc fecurc and Tpactn
:ous 'place, where^hemay evacuate his-Body,
and *ib be'brou^t to ^warnicr keepind; by
(legreesj and the next dayfct himup ih tHe
ftablc. w
It is Indeed held a general rule amongft
^moms> hot to clothe or drefi their horfts
•tlH two or three days after their ftabitng*;
but thcrcfeems no other reafon biit ctiftom
for this prafticc:
. Son)e alfo give the horfe wheat ftraw to
take up hb belly at his flrft houHng i but
'others utterly difapprove of it.
I F6r the nature of a hoffc being hot 'antf
dry, ifhefecds on ftraw which is fb ; Hkr-
-^ife, it xVould ftraiteh His ^uts, and caiffe
an 'inflammation in his liver, 'and by thdc
means diftenhper his blood i ^nd befidcs it
woiild make his body f6 ^edftive, that Ic-
"i^dttld claofe a retention of nature, and
'caufe hrrh toduM with gfeat pain atidcf^.
; cuity, wherdas foil fboding would txpH
the excrements according to the trtie'intert-
tion and inclination of tiature. Therefdi^
let moderate airing, warm cloathiag, good
old hayj andoldeorn^ ftipplyiihe place of
whekt-ftraw. '
The firft bufinefe of a groom after )^
hath brought his horfe into nie ttable^ ft,ta
the morning, to water him, #nd to nSb hit
body over with a warm wifp, a litdemoif-
ten^^ and afterwards with a woollen
cloth ', alfo to clean his (heath with his wht
hand from all the duft it had contraAed du-
ring his running, and to walh his yard di-
ther with whitc-winc or water. "*
He muft then trim him after the manner
that other horfes are trimmed, except the
rnftde of his ears, which ought not to Ijc
meddled with for fear of making him cat^h
coW. ' '- -
F f 2 ^ In
i
0 H E
In the next place hc^ muft take tim to
. the Farrier's, and there get him (hod with
.a fet of Ihocs, anfwerable to the Ihapq pf
his feet, and not to pare his ifcet to make
them fit his (hoes. . ,
Let his feet be well opened between the
quarters and thefrufh, to prevent his b^ng
hoof bound, and let them be opened ftrait,
, not (ideways i for by that means, in two or
three fhoeings^ his heels (which, are, (he
ftrength of his feet) wiU be cut.quitc aw4y,
.Pare his foot as hollow as you qaii> and
then the (hoe will not prefs upon it*
The (hoe ought to come near the heel,
but not to be fet fo clofe as tp bruife it,
nor yet fo open as to catch in his (koe^> if
he happens to over reach at any time, and
,io hazard the pulling them oiF, the break-
ing of the hoofj or bruifing of his
heel.
The webs of his (hoes ought tp be nei-
ther too broad nor too narrow, but. of .a
middling, (ize, about the breadth .pf an
. inch, with flopped fpunges, and even with
his foot ; for though it would, be for the
. advantage of a travelling horfe's heel, to
have a (hoe fet a litde wider than the hoof
. oa both (ide^ .that the ^oe naay bear his
, weight, .and (i9t,l>is foot touch. j;hi? ground,
jet the hunfcf jheing often forced to gaUop
^£^ ror^tffit ^P^SY ^?^^}\a)'^^ ^^ '^^^^ them ^
|atger/it would h^zara. his lameing, and
. pulling ofFhis Ihdes,^a^,has been before pb«
■^^ Thefe IS an old ^TQytv\iy' before behind ^
and behind l?efdre \ that is, in the fore feet
^tfi^.y^in^ijic .^behind^. and jin the liipder *
rif^ th(fy^ lie before i t|ljeref()re'the farrier
''^^M^\^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ priek
bl^pj.lp^t leave a Qpace at the heel of the
forejget,. and.^l^ac^ between the nails at
. the, toe. ', ! ' , ^ .'" o :
Having got his^ftioepfet on as above di-
jrcfted, a great dictX of his hoof- wi'll be .
l|;ft to be cut off at his toe.
That being cut off, and his .feet fmoothed
with a file> he will (land fo l^m, and jiis
. feet will be fo ftrong, that he wi^.^ttpad.^^s
boldly on (lanes as on carpet ground.
The horfe being (hodj and it being time
rGiRO
to water him, let him (Vandii^ the water,
which, will (in, the opinions of fome) clofe
rup the holes, which the drtying of the nails
'has made. .
Afterwards have him gently home, tie
him up to the rack, rub him all over, body
^and legs, with dry ftraw, then (iop up his
^feet with cow-dung, give him a quartern
.of clean £fted old oats, and. a quantity of
hay, fu^cieut to ferve him all night, and
leave hini till the next morning.
>7!9GROiP£oji Tickle, is a method of
fifliing, by putting ope's hand into water- .
holes where fi(h lie, and tickling them
ab^uf the .gills ; by which means they will
become fo .quie^, that a nfiap may takp
them in his hand and* throw them upoa
land I ^r if they are lar^e fKh, he may
thruflt his fingers into their gjlls and brixig
them out* . . ♦
. GHOUND ANGUN'G, is a way of
.fiOjiing uoder water without a float, only
withaplumbjoflcad, or/a bullet^ which is
better, l>ecau(c.it,wijl (q|l.on the ground.
;,cTlu3niet,hod of filhing is very expedient
in Cold weather, when the filhfwim.vcnr
low. ,^ . , . ' .;.:..
. TVjbuUct js ta'lpe place4 about i^xni inf-
ches froip tjie baited bpjdk ; the toprip^ft
Be very 'gentle, that thQ./6(h may tli^ fpor/e
.ea01y ruQ away with, the t^it^ and h0\ be
feared witli the ftiflfnefs qf the rod : yoa
muft.AOt (Irike as foon as you fee the fifii
bite, but flack ^ your line a little, that
he may the, beitcr fwallow the bait and
hook. T • .
As far:the tackle, it ought to be fine and
(lender j ftrong and big lines only ferve to
fright the fi(h.
The morning and evening are the chiefe(t
feafons for the ground-line for troui; \ hut
if the day prove cloudy,, or the water
. muddy, you may fi(h at ground all the day
long. See Anolh^o.
GROUND BAIT. Such places, as you
frequently angle at, you (hould once a
wdck at leaft, caft into, all forts of corn
boiredfoft„ grains wafhed in blood, and
.dried and cut to pieces, fnails, chopped
worms, fowl-guts, bcafts-guts, and livers.
G U D
. by which carp and tehch are drawn to the
place J and, to keep* them together, throw
half an handful of ground malt now and
then as you angle. See Bait.
GROUND PLUiMBING, is the finding
out the depth of the water in fifliing ; to do
which you (hould ufe a mufltet-buUet
with a hole made in the middle of it, or
any other fort of plummet, which muft be
tied to a ftrong twift, and hung on the
hook, which will cffeft the bufmefs. See
Angling.
GROUPADE [in Horfcmanfhip], a
lofty kind of manage, and higher than the
ordinary curvets;
GRUBBING A CocK'[with Cock-fight-
ers], a term ufed for the cutting off the fea-
thers under his wings ; but this is not al-
lowable by the cock-pit law ; neither is it
allowable to cut ofi^ his feathers in any
handling place.
GUDGEON J this fifli, though fmall, is
of fo pleafant a tafte, that it is very little
inferior to a fmelt.
They fpawn twice in the fummcr fcafon,
and their feeding is much like the barbel's
in ftreams and on gravel, flighting all man-
ner of flics V but they arb eafily taken with
'afhialhred*>^drm, fifhiil^ near the ground 5
,and being a Icathcc-mouthcd fifli, will not
eafily get off the, hooli^when ftruck.
They are uiually fcattcred up and down
'every- lyver in thclhallows, in the heat of
fummer; but in autumn, when .the weeds
begih*to grow four or rot; and the weather
colder, thpi) they gather together^ and get
into tftb deeper parts of the water ; and are
to be ' fifhed for there, with your hook al-
ways touching' the ground, if you fifti for
him with a float, or with a cork; but
many .will fifli 'for the gudgeon by hand,
with a runnitig-line pponthegro«rid,'with-
but a cork, as a trout is filhed for ; and it
is an excellent way, if you have a gentle rod
and as gentle a hand.
But although the fmall red worm before-
mentioned is the bcfl: bait for this filh, y^t
wafps, gentles; and cad-baits will do vcrj^
well: you may alfo fifli for gudgeons with
two or three hooks at once, and find vci-y
pleafant fportj^ where they rife any thing
H A 1*
»
large : when you angle for them, ftir ujp^
the fand or gravel with a long pole ; this
will make them gather to that place, and
bite fatter, and with more cagernefs.
GUNIAD- 7 This fifli is excellent
GUINARD. 3 food j and is not found
any where but in a large water called P^iw-
ble-mere: but that which is mofl: remark*
able is this, that the river which runs by
Cbejler^ has it's head or fountain in Meri^
onetbjhire^ and it's courfc runs through this
Pemlle mere, which abounds as much with
guniads as the river Dee does with falmon,
of each both aflTording great plenty ; and
yet it was never known that any falmon wa^s
ever caught in the mere, or ever 'any
guniads taken in the river*
GUN-POWDER. The beft is fmall-
grained, hard to crumble between the
finger and thumb, and of a blueifli colour.
See Gun, or Fowling-Piece.
GYRFALCON. See Gerfalcon.
GYRLE> a roe-buck, fo called the firfl:
year.
HAIR, in fpeaking of horfes, the
French ufe the word ^^//(/\ e. hair),
to fignifiy their colour : ancl fometimes it
is ufed to fignify that part of the flank that
receives the prick of trie fpur.
Pale hair are thofe parts of the (kin that
approach more to white than the reft, being
not of fo high a tinge.
Staring hair (or planted coat) is faid
of a horfe whofe hair briftles up, ' or rifes
upright; which difordcr is owing to being
ill curried, not well covered, or too coldly
houfed.
In order to make the hair o( an horfe
finooth, fleek, and foft, he muft be kept
warm at heart, for the leaft inward cold
will caufe the hair to ftare ; alfo fweat him
often, for that will lobfen and raife the
duft and filth that renders his coat foul ^
and when he is in the height of a fweat^
fcrape ofi^ all the white foam, fweat, andk
filth, that is raifed up, with an old fword
blade, and that will lay his coat eyen. and
fmooth, and alfo when he* is bled, if
you rub him all over with his own blood,
sodl
HAL
• • • • •
ancj to.coiumue two or three d[ays, and
^ufry and drcfs him .well,^ it will make his
coat fhine.
Hair falling, or (bedding from the mane
jOr tail of a horfe, is caufed either by fome
'heat taken, that has engendered a dry
mange there ; or it proceeds from fome
furfeit, which caufes the evil humours to
refort to thofe parts.
To cure this, anoint the horfe^s mane
and creft with black foap ; make a ftrong
lee of afh alhes^ and wa(h it all over with
it.
But if a canker (hould grow on a horfe*s
tJiil, which will cat away both fleQi and
bone ; then put fonric oil of vitriol to it,
and it ^ill confume it : and if you find the
vitriol corrodes too much^ you need only to
wet it with cold water, and it will put a
llop to it.
If you havf a mind to take away hair
from any part of a horfe*s body, rub it
with the gum that grows on the body of
ivy, or the juice of fumitory that grows
among barley, or boil half a pound of lioie
in a quart of water^ till a toorth pare is
confumed; to which add an ounce of orpi-
ment, and lay a plaifter on any part of the
horfe, and it will do the bufinefs in a few
hours.
HALBERT, is a fmall piece of iron one
inch broad, and three or four inches long,
foldered to the toe of a horfc's flioe which
jets out before, to hinder a lame horfe from
reding, or treading upon his toe.
The halbert ihoes do of neceflity con-
ftrain a lame horfe, when he goes at a mo-
derate pace, to tread or reft on the heel,
which lengthens and draws out the back
linew that was before in fome meafure
flirunk.
HALLIER-NET or Bramble-Net, an
oblong net to take quails, ^c. See PUtes
VII. and XII, See Bramble-Net.
HALTER FOR A Horse, is a head-flail
oi Hungary \c2i\\zx^ mounted with one, and
fometimcs two llraps, with a fecond throat-
band, if the horfe is apt to unhalter hiaw
fclf.
H A L
f^ALTER CAST, is an excoriation of
the pattern, occafioned by the halter being
entangled about the foot upon the horli^'s
endeavouring to rub his neck with his hin-
der foot.
Unhalter; a horfe is faid to unhalter
himfelf, that turns off the halter.
If your horfe is apt to unhalter himfcif,
you muft gee him a baiter with a throat
band«
Strap, or ftring of a halter, Is a cord or
long ftrap of leather made fad to the head-
ftall, and to the manger, to tie the horfe.
Do not bridle your horfe till you fee if l^e
is haher call. See Trick*
Halter cafl Is thus : when a horfe endea-
vours to fcrub the itching part of his body^
near the head or neck, one of bis hinder
feet entangles in the halter, which by the
violent ftruggling of the horfe to difengage
himfelf, he fomeeimes receives very dan-
gerous hurts in the hollow of his paftern.
For the cure of this, take liofeed oil and
brandy, of each^Q equal quantity i ihake
them together in . a glafs till they are well
mixt, and anoint the forancc, morning
and evening, fird having dipt aw^ the
hair.; but cake care to keep the foot very
clean*
Another eafy remedy is, take oil^nfl
wine, of each an equal ^^uantityj boil
them together, till the wine is ev^uporatedi
and appljr the remainder of the oil once a
day to the part, which will be quickljr
healed*
HALTING [in a Horfe). A limping, or
going lame, an irregularity in the motion
of an horfe arifing from a lameocfs in the
Ihoulder, leg, or root, which makes him
(pare the part, or ufi: it timorouHy. Halc^
ing happens fometi^a before, and fome-*
times behind ; if it be before, the hurt
muft of neceifity be in the fhouldery knec^
flank, paftem, or foot.
If ic be in the fliouider, it muft be to-
wards the withers, or in the pitch of tbf
Ihoulder, and may be known in that he will
a little draw his leg after him» and not
life it fo nimbly as the other*
If
HAL
If ^e jQaft It more outward than the |
other, it is a.figa.of lameaefsi, and that the
gnefrli^l^ in the ihoulder : then take him in
your hand and turn him (kort, on either
hands <vvd yoiti^ w^iU find him to complain of
th^ Ihoplder he is la<ne of^ and he will
either faFOur that leg or trip in the turning v
alfb. Igit^encfs' may be feen by him while
ft^f^Dgin the flable; where he will bold
the ram(^;leg..ojui; more than the other,
ai^i i( when. you ace upon hia backs he
cangipkin& more than otherwife he does, the
gijef certainly lies in the withers $ fo that
griping him hard you will perceive him to
Ihlsi^ .afi4 perhaps oflPer to bite.
If he treads thick and fhort before, then
the gl'iff i^upon the pitch of the ihouldcr,
cl0fe. to the breaft, which nuy be dtfco-
vered by fettiog the thumb, and pveffiog it
)i^ ag^inft.the place,. and thruHing him
with it (if you would have him go^ back)
vpcfd whi^ be will (brink, and put back
hb legt foo< and body: if the grief be in
the 6l)>OM^» it may be known by pinching
him^ with the fore fingers and thumb, and
theji hs will hold up his leg and offer to.
bite.
But^ if thp :gnef be in the knee» it may
b^ dafcQvered by the horfe's ftiff going ; for
he will HOC bf^d it f^ nimbly as he does the
other«
If it be in the flank, or fhtn-bone, the
f^Etme may be feen or felt, it., being a back
fin^w, iplinter^ ftrain^ or the like*
If itvbe in the bending of the knee, it is
at maland^r, which is aUb eafily difco*
, vered.
*■ Farther, when the paftern, or joint, is
aflTeded, it may be known by his not bend*
lag it fo) well as the other : and if you put
your hand upon the place, you will. find it
very hot.
. If it be in the foot, it mu<ft be either in
the coronet or fole s if in the coronet, pro-
hahly it comes by fome Hrfixn or wrench*
If in the hoof bylbme over-rcach,. or
diftemper in^of ftboiyt- th&.froih.
; If in the foje frora fome prick^ aetloy,
nail, i^c.
HAN
Ham 7 of a horfe, is the ply or
HOUGH 5 bending of the hind legs», «
and likcwife comprehends tl^e point behind^,
and oppofite to the ply, called the hock.
The hams of a horfe Ihould be large*
full, and not much bended i as- alio dif-
charged of fle(b, nervous, fupple, and dry,,
otherwife. they will be fubje£ti to many, im-
perfe<5lions, as the* cape lef,: curb, jardotij<
iclander, fpaviti, variile, . veffignon, &^.
HAMBLING 7of Dow, (in the foreft:,
HAMELING \ law] U'thfr.fame as ex-
pediting or lawic^$ properly the, hamftring*
ing, or cutting otdogs m the ham.
HAND, is anxAfure of a fi(t clinched^
by which we compfote the beigbth of a
horfe: the French caU it paume, and had
this exprelfion and meafyre firft imparted
to them from Uege.
A horfe of war fbould be fixteen handa
high*.
. Hand : (jpiear^hand, or fword-hand is the
horfeman's right-hand.
Bridle--haad, h the left-hand of the horfe-
man. There are feveral exprellions which -
relate to i:he bridle-hand, becapfe that gives
motion to the bitt-mouth, and ferves to^^
g^ide the horfo much more than the otb^r
helps. I
A horfeman ought to hold his t>ridk«>hand
two or three fingers above the pomniel of •
the faddle*
This horfeman has no hand ^ that is, he
does not make ufe of the bridle- but unfea^ I
fonably, and does not know h(y^ to giver »
the aids or helps of the haml with due
nicety.
To keep a horfe upon thb hand,, is to:
feel hioi in the day upon the hand, and to
be prepared to avoid any furprifal or difap«-
pointment from the horfe«
A horfe is faid to be, or refl^ upon thr:
hand, that never refufes, but always obeys^
and anfwers the effefts of the band. .
To make a horfe right upon the hand^y
and free in the ftay, he might be taught to
know the hand by degree^: and gentle nic« :
thods ; the horfennan muft turn turn, oirl
change hands^ ftop.him^ andjnanage ,with;
dextijritfi
HAH
dexterity the appuu or prcffure of his
YniHjth) foas to make him fuffer chearfully
and freely the efFeft of the bitt-mouth,
without rcfifting, or refting hieavy upon the
hand.
The fhort, or hand-gallopi teaches horfcs
tobc right upon the hand.
'Aii'ght hand. A good horfeman ought
to^ hdve a^iigfit* hand ;\ that is, he ought
only to feel' the hbrfe upon his Hand, in
orfier to refift him when hfc attempts to flip
from it ;■ he *dught, inftead of cleaving to
th^.bfidlei-loweritas fooa as he*has made
his refiftante.
_ J • •
If a horfe^ through an ovcr-baiing eager-
nefs to go forward, preflcs too much upon
the hartd, you ought to flack'your hkrid at
certain times, and keep a hard hand ac other
tirnes, and fo difappoint the horfe of prcf-
fiflg Continually upon the bitt.
Now this facility or liberty in the horfe-
iTftiH <if flacking and lliffening the hand, is
•what we call a good harid. ^ ^ •
•'^b-flick, or -cafe the hand,- is to flacken
thtf bridr^.
* To l>old up, Of' fuftain the hand/ k ^o pull
thd bridle in. »
1 To guide a horfe by the hand, is to turn
or change hands upon one tread.
' A: horfe is faid to force the hand when he
doesi not fear the bridle, but runs away in
fpitc of the horfeman.
To make a horfe part fVom the hand, or
fuffer him to flip from the handj is to put
on ac full fpeed,
I To make a horfe part right from the
hand, he fliould not put hinifelf upon his
back or reins, but bring down his hip:i.
* All hands« A horfe that turns upon all
hands upon a walk, trot, or gallop.
To work a horfe upon the hand, is to,
manage him by the effeft of the bridle,
without interpofing any other helps, except-
ing thofe. of the calves of the legs, upon
occafion*
Fore* band and hind-hand of a horfe, is
an expreffion diftinguifliing the pares of a
horfey a) divided into- the fore and hind
parts, by the (ituation .of a horfeman's
h(ind«
c\
HAN
I The parts of the fore-hand, arc the fiead
and neck, and the fore-quarters.*
Thofc' of the 'hind-hand, include all the 5
6ther parts of his body. ' • • • .'
HAND-HIGH, is a term ufed in Irorfe- «
manfhip, andjpeculiartothe En^Hft) nation,
wHameafiire the height or tallnefs of a horfe '
by haridii beginning with the hdel, and •
tneafuring upwards t6 the higheft hair upon i
the' withers.' A hand is fd'ilif inched.* ' ^
i HA-NDLING, fwith Cock-fighftrs] a -
term that figriifics the meafuring the girth. >
of^them,- by gripingone's hand and fittgtrs ^
about the cock^s.body.
: HAQUENEE, an obfolete Freneb word -
for an'amHe horfe.
TV HARBOUR, | hluiiting term] a hart •
is faid to harbour when he goes to refl: ; and" "^
to unharbX)ur a deer, is ro diflpdge him.
HARD Horse, is one that is infenfible
of whip or fpur. r ^ *.
i^ARE, i« ^ beaft 6f Venciyj or the fd- '
reft 5 peduliarly fo terrhedMn the* fecond
year of her age ; in dhe firft .fticf i& called a •
leveret ; and in the third a'great^'hare.- By
oW forefters' the hare *&' called the ki^ig • (rf '
all beafts of vencry. • ' '
There are four forts of hares j "foffttflive
in the mountains', fom^ in the fields, fonoei
'in marflies, and.fome e^efy where withotit
any certain place of abode. The mountain
hares are the fwifteft ; the field hares are
not fo nimble; and thofe of the marflies •
are the floweft ; but the wandering hares*
, are moft dangerous to follow,* for they arc
fo cunning in the ways and mazes of the •
.fields, running up the hills and rocks, be* '
caufe by cullom they know a nearer way \
with other tricks, to the confu&on of -
the dogs, and difcouragement of the-
hunters.
It will not be improper to give a dc--
'feription of the parts of a hare, fince it is
admirable to behold how every limb and-
member of this beaft is compofed for cele-'
rity.
In the firft place the head is round, ninr.-'
ble, fliort, yet of Convenient length, ar.d
apt to turn every way.
The
.H A R
The ears are long and loftyj like thofc
cf an afs ; for nature has fo provided, that
every fearftil and unarmed creature (hould^
have long and large ears, that by hearing
it might evade it's eneniies, and fave it^
felf by flight : the lips continually move,
ivhile they are aOeep as well as awake ; and
from the flit they have in the middle of their
nofe comes the name of hare-lips, found in
fome men*
The neck of a hare is long, fmall, round,
foftand flexible ; the fhoulder-bonc ftraight
and broad^ for her more eafy turning ; her
legs before foft, and Itand broader behind
than before, and the hinder legs longer
than the fore legs : the bread is not rtarrow,
but Htted to take more breath than any
other bead of that bignefs : it has a nimble
back and a fleihy belly, tender loins, hol^
low fides, fat buttocks fllled up, and flrong
and nervous knees. Their eyes are brown,
and they are fubtle, but riot bold; feldom
looking forward, becaiife they go by leaps :
their eye-lids coming from their brows,
are too (hort to cover their eyes, fo that
when they flecp they remain open.
They have certain little bladders in their
belly, filled with matter, out of which
both fexes fuck a certain humour and anoint
their bodies all over with, by which they
are defeaded againft rain.
Though their fight is dim, yet they have
an indefatigable faculty of feeing j fo that
the continuance of it, though but in a mean
degree, makes amends for the want of the
excellency of it in them.
They feed abroad, becaufc they would
conceal their fornis, and never drink, but
content themfelves with dew, which makes
them frequently grow rotten*-
As it is faid before, every limb of a hare
is compofedfor fwiftnefs, and therefore (he
never walks or treads, but jumps ; her ears
lead her the way in the chace, for with one
of them flie harkeneth to the cry of the
dogs i and theotherfhe ftretches forth like
a fail, to help forth her courfc : always
ftretching her hinder beyond her former,
' and yet not hindering them at all s and in
|)aths and highways fli^ runs more fpeedily.
H A R
The hares of the mountains often exercifc
themfelves in the vallics and plains, and
through pradice grow acquainted with the
ntircft way to their forms, or conftant
places of abode ; fothat when at any time
they are hunted in the fields, fuch is their
fubtil dodging, that they will dally with the
huntfman till they feem to be almoft
taken, and then on a fudden take the near-
eft way to the mountains, and fo take fanc-
tuary in the inacceflfible places, to which
neither dogs nor horfcs can or dare
afcend.
Hares which frequent bulhes and brakes
are not able to endure labour, nor arc very
fwift, becaufc of the pain in their feet,
growing fat by means of idlenefs, and not
ufing themfelves to running.
The field hare, being leaner of body, and
oftener chafed, is more difficultly taken by
reafon of her Angular agility ; for when
(he begins her courfe, fhe bounds, up from
the ground as if (he flew, afterwards pafles
through brambles, over thick buO^es and
hedges, with all expedition -, and if flic Com-
eth into deep grafs or corn, Ihe eafily deli-
vers herfeltand Aides through it, always
holding up one ear, and bending it at plea*
fure, to be the moderator of her chace.
Neither is (be fo improvident and prodi-
gal of her (Irengthi as to fpend it all in one
courfe, but ftie has regard to the force of
her purfuer, who if he be (low and fluggi(h,
flbe is not profufe of her ftrength, nor ufes
her utmoft fwiftnefs, but only advances
gently before the dogs, yet fafcly from their
clutches, refcrving her greatcfl: ftrength
for the time of her greateft neceflity, know-
ing file can out-run the dogs at her pleafure,
^nd therefore will not ftrain herfelf more
than (he is urged.
But if flie be purfued by a dog that is
fwifter than the reft, then flie puts on with
all the force flie can, and having once left
the hunters and dogs a great way behind
her, (he makes to fome little hill, or rifing
ground, where (he raifes herfelf upon her
hinder legs, that thereby (he may obfervc
how far ofi^, or how near her purfuers arc.
G g The
H A
The younger hares, 6y rcafon of thejr^
weak limbs, tread heavier on the earth than
the older, and therefore leave the greater
fccnt behind them.
At a year old they run very fwiftly, and
cheir fcent is ftronger in the woods than m
the plain 6elds ; and if they He down on the '
earth (as they love to do) in red fallow
grounds, they are cafily defcried.
Their footfteps in winter ari more appa-
rent than in fummer,. becaufe as the riights
are longer, they travel further; neither dof
they fcent in wintermornings fo foon as it is-
day, till the froft is. a little thawed j but
cfpecially their footfteps are uncertain atf
the full of the moon, for then: they leap and '
play together, fcattering or putting out their
fcent or favour ; and in the fprhig-tin^e
alfo, when they do engender, they confound
one another's footfteps by multitudes. '
Hares and rabbets arc mifchievous to nur-
fcrics and newly planted orchards, by peel-
ing oflFthe bark of the plants j for the pre-
vention of which fome bind topes about the'
trees to a fufficient height; others daub
them with tar, which being of itfclf hurtful
H A R
fear of hounds, apd for want of hearin^^ th^y.
grow fat before others of their kind. ^
Hare Hunting.
ways,
To diftingiLiifli a male hare from the fe-
male, you^may know "htm as jfou'Kuhtl'iini
to "his form, by^his beating the h'ara bigfu-
ways V he alfd feeds ^ther out in the.';^lairfsi
dndhiakeshis dotiblfngs arid crofiings much*
to young plants, the mifchicf is prevented ' wider, and 6f greater Cofnpafs' than the fc.-
by mixing it with any kind of grcafe, and
bolting k Over a fire, fo as both may in-
corporate J then with a brufli or little
broom, daub over the ft em of the tree as
high as^ a rabbet or hare can reach ; do this
in November, and ic will fecure the trees foV
that whole year, it being the winter-timd
only in which they feed upon the bark.
Alfo fome thin ftufFout of ^ houfe of of-
fice, or the thick tempered with water, has
been often applied with good fuccefs; or
the "White* wafli made ufe of by plaifterers
for whiteing houfes, done once a year over
the treeswith a brufti, will preferve therti
frorn hares, deer, and. other animals.
As for fuchKares as are bred in warrens,
the warrencrs have a' crdfty device to fatten
them, which has been found by experience
to b^ effeftual; and that T^, by putting
wax into their ears to make them deaf,, and
then turning them into the place where they
arc to feed, where, being freed from the
It IS generally believed that a hare natu-
rally knows the change of weather,* froni
one twenty-four hour^'co another. • '
When fhe goes to her form, (he will fuffcr
the dew to touch her as little * as !heckrf,'
but takes the highways and beaten pathjsT*
agaift, when ihe rJffs but of her form, iflhfc
couches her ears and fcut, and f^ni'ndt very'
faft- at firll, it is an infallible figh that fhtf '
is old ind crafty. v. . '
They ^o to buck commonly in January^
February y and March, andfometimes all the*
warm months : fometimes fcckirig the buck
at feven or crght^ miles diftaht from the '
place they ufually fit at, following the hrgh-'
male'dothi whef-cafs the female will keep
dofc by fome covert fide, Whing aha^ *
winding ?n thii^buffxcs like a coney;' ind i¥'*'
^e g6t6 relief in th<i corn fields, (hiy feldohi '*
Crofles over the furrpwsi but follows th^hi' *
^long, flaying upon the thickfeft tufts of corii
to'fted.;^ • ■; '■ "■' '^' ' '••'•I'.-'* • -. -^
I Yc/ti'may Hkewife know a buck at his
fifing out of his form, by his hiindir Jparts^/*'
"irhich arc more upon' the whitiflh^ and Kis* '"
(houlders, before he rifes will be redder than
the'- doe's, having fome loofc long fiairt'"*
grov^mg onthem. • '- * ^ ' ''' *
Again,, his head ^js fhorter and better
trufled,'* his hi^ about his lips loii^r, and
hiseaPs ftic3"ter itidHiore grdy ': th^e'Kaifs '
updn the fcrriale*s <;hinc aref of a blacklKE ''
grey.
Artd befides, when hounds hunt a female .
hare, fhe willHile more crbffing and' ddulv.' *
ling, feldomrilaking our fnd-wSys*'befohe f"
the hounds ; whcrtai the malc'^iifts cdntrii- ^ '
' • • - rilfx *
' i41y, for na,ving once, made a turn pr two
about his form, then fa^e well hounds, for
he will frequently leacj thern five, or fix miles
before ever he will turn his hcad„ .
When you fee that yous hounds have
found where a hare hath pafTed to. relief up-
on the 'highway-fide, ana hath much dou-
bled and croITed upon dry places, and never
fnuch broken out nor relieved In the corni
It is a fign fhjc is b^utj lately come thither :
and then commonly ihe will flay uponfome
high place to look about her, apd to chufc
out a place tp form .in, which fhe will be
loth to part with. As of all chaces the hare
makes the greateft jpaftime and pleafure, S6
^it is k great delight and fatisfadtipn to fee
the cr?ft'^of this fmall animal for her'felf-
'brefervatidh. . . . ,
Aha the better to uhderftanq theni, con-
Udler what weather it is : if it be rainy, thpn
the hare will, hold the highways more than
at 'any other nme, and if (be cpme to the
fide of any ypung grqve.or fpring, (he will
fcarcely enter, but Iquat down by tl^e fide
of It till tbe hounds have over-fhot her, and
then ttic will return, the very fanic way flic
camt, tq tne place from whence (he was
ftarted, ancl will riot go by the way into any
covert^ (qi fear gf the wet and dew that hangs
bi)on the boughs.. ., , ., ^
^ In this qafe, the huntfmah pu^Tit to ftay
iH^ hiindred paces before he comes to t^e
wood (ide, by which means he will per-
ceive whether fl^e/Q^up^as aforefaid, y^hich
ifttih d6, he mu(l halloo in his hqupds» an^d
; <^h i^hem back^ ^hd that p^'efently, that the
'fiotinds^nSay not think it the counter (he
■cAWefirift., ... .,...;. • •• *•.. . ,;
The next thing that is to bc.obferved is,
the ^lace W[here the hare (its, and upon whgt
wind (be makes, her. form,, either upo^i.the
north or (outhwind; (he will not willingly
run into the wind, but, run upon aiide, or
. down the wind 5 but if (he fofqi in the water
it ?s a fign fhe is foul, and mea(Jed; ^fyou
liunt fuch a one, have a fpecial regard all
Ac day to the brook-fides, for thcre,^ and
mar plafiies, (he will make all hercrofllngs,
dotibliftgi, E^c.
Some hares have been fo crafty, that as
H A R
• , , .• ' ' • .
foon as they have heard the found ofa horn,
they would inftandy ftart out of their form,
though it was at the diftance ofa quarter of
a mile,-aQd go and fwim in fome pool, and
reft upon fome ruQi-bed in the midft of it;
^nd would not ftir from thence till they have
heard the. horn again, and then have ftarted
QUtagain, fwimmingtoland, and have ftood
up before the hounds four hours before they
could kill them, fwimming and ufing all
fubtlctie^ and croQings in the water.
Nay, fuch is the natural craft and fubtlety
ofa hare, that fometimes, after flie has been
hunted three hours, (he will ftart a fre(h
hare> and fquat in the fame form.
Others havingbeen hunted a confiderable
time,, will creep under the door of a (hccp*
cot, and there hide themfclves among the
flieep; orwben they have been bard hunted,
will run in among a fiock of (heep, and will
bv nq means begotteA|Outfrom among them
till the hounds are cpupled up and the (heep
driven into tlieir pens*
Some of them, (atud tha^(eems.fomewh9t
ftrange) will take the ground like a coney,
and that is called going to the vaylt.
Somp hares will >gp .up one fide of the
hedge and cqmfi dioyi^n the Qther, the thick-
nefs of the hedge being the only diftance be-
tween the 9ourXcs»..j ; / .,
A hare that hasi^eei^iqlofely hunted, has
got upon a qvicktfcij.hedge, and ran. a goad
way upon the top, thereof, and then leapt
ofi^.uppn the ground^;- .1
. And they will (r^qpeptjy betake them <•
fclves to (urze-lj)u(hes, and wijH leap from
one to the pthprj^ .whereby the hounds are
frequently in default.
Some affirnii that a hare a/ter (he Ms been
hunted two hours.and more, has ^tlcogtb,
^o fave herfelf, got upon an old wail ^ file
feet high fron) the grojund» and' hid herfelf
in a hole that was made for fcajEFolding^
and that Tome hares have fwam over the ri-
vers Tretif ztid iSev^rn., . . ! .. • . n .
. A hare i^ fuppofed not to live: above fevea
years af |he nrioft, etfpecia)ly the bucks, and
if a buck and doe. (ball keep ooe quarter to-
gether, they will never fuflfer. npy.ftrange
hare to fit by them> and therefore it is faid
Gg2 by
H A R
f>y way of proverb, the more you hunt, the
more hares you (hall have ; becaufc when
yon have killed one hare, another will come
and poffcfs his form.
A hare hath a greater fcent, and is more
eagerly hunted by the hounds, when fhc
feeds and relieves upon green corn, than
at any other time of the year; and yet
there are fomc hares that naturally give a
greater fcent than others, as the large wood-
hares ; and fuch as arc foul and rheafled keep
near to the waters : but the fmall red hare,
which is not much bigger than a coney, is
neither of fo ftrong a fcent, nor fo eagerly
hunted.
Thofe hares that feed upon the fmall
branches of wild thyme, or fuch like herbs,
are generally very fwift, and will ftand long
* up before the hounds.
Again, there are fome hares more fubtle
and cunning than others ; young hares which
have never been hunted are foolifli, and
are neither of force nor capacity to iife tuch
fubtleties and crafts, but moft commonly
hold on end- ways before the hounds, and
oftentimes fquat and ftart again, which
greatly encourages the hounds, and enters
' them better than if the hare (hould fly end-
' ways, as fometimes they will for five or fix
miles an end.
The females are more crafty and politic
than the males, for thev double and turn
Ihorter, which is unpleafantto the hounds j
^ for it is troublefome to them to turn fo of-
ten, delighting more in an end-way chace,
running with all their force: for thofe :
hares which double and crofs fo often, it!
is requifite at default, to caft the greater
eompafs about, when you beat, to make it
out, for fo you will find all her fubtleties,
and yet need not ftick upon any of them,
but only where Ihe went oh forward i by
this means vou will abate her force, and
compel her to ufe doublings and croflings
To enter hounds to a hare, let the huntf-
man be fure in the firft place to make them
very well acquainted with himfelf and his
voice, and let them underftand the horn,
which he fliould never blow but when there
is caufe for it*
,. H AR
When you enter a young kennel of
hounds, have a fpecial regard to the country
where you make the firJB. quarry, for fo they
are like to fucceed accordingly ; fince their
being entered firft in a plain and champagne
country, will make them ever after delighc
more to hunt therein than elfewhere *, and ic
is the fame with the coverts.
In order to have the bed hounds, ufe
them to all kinds of hunting, yet do not
oblige them to hunt in the morning by
reafon of the dew and moifture of the earth ;
and befides, if they be afterwards hunted in
the heat of the day, they will foon give over
the chace, neither will they call on wiUingl/
nor chearfuUy, but feek out the fhades to
fleep in.
But yet many are of opinion^ that to hunt
both early and Jate in the morning, by
trayling, profits the hounds as to the ufe of
their nofesj and by keeping them fometimes
in the heat of the 4^y, pr till night, incites
courage in thfem. ' ., ,
The beflr feafon to enter young houncls^
is in September and Olldbery for then the
weather is temperate, and neither too hoc
nor too cold ; and this is the feafon to find
young hares that have never been hunted,
which are filly and ignorant of the poUijic
•oroflings, doubling^, (dc, of their fifcs,
running, commonly , end- ways, frequently
fquatting, and as often ft^rting; by which
encouragement the hounds are the, better
entered. ^ *
Some hares hold the high-beatenj ways
only, where the hounds can have* no CcfinL ;
therefore, when the huntfman. find?, bis
hounds ar a default it\ the hi'ghwayj.Jpt'Jii^n
hunt on until he finds where the Harc'hath.
broken frqm the highway, or hath .foui\d
fome dale or frclh place where the hounds,
may recover fcent, looking narrowly on the-
ground as he goes, to fee to find the fpoting^
or pricking of the hare. " ! .
There are other places wherein a Round
can find no fcent; and that is, in fat and'
rotten ground, which flicks to the feet of
the hare ; and this is called carrying,, and'
fa of confeq^uence Ihc Ifeaves' no' fcent behind
her J .
• • ^ '• • * Th«rc-
H A R
There are alfo certain months.in the'year
in which a hound can find no fcent, and
that is in the fpring time, by reafon of the
fragrant fcent 6f flowers and the like.
But avoid hunting in hard frofty weather
as much as you can, for that will be apt to
furbate or'founder your hounds, and caufe
them to lofe their claws ; befides, at that
time a hare runs better than at any other
time, the foles of her feet being hairy.
In a word, the bed way of entering
'young hounds, is with the afliftance of
; old ftaunch hounds, fo they will be better
learned to calt for it at a doubling or de-
fault.
ff^al time of the year is befi for Hare -hunt-
ing \ bow to find hevy ft art ber^ and chafe
her.
The beft time to begin hare-hunting, is
about the middle o^ September^ and to end
towards the latter end of />^r///7ry, left you
dcftroy the early brood of leverets,
And btfides when the winter comes on,
,the moiftnefs and coolnefs of the earth in-
creafeSy which is agreeable to the nature of
f he hounds, and very acceptable, they not
liking extremes either of hot or cold weather.
Thofc hounds that arc two years old and
upwards, may be 'cxcrcifed three tinrjfes a
weeki andi the 'hunting fo often will do
^them gocd, provided they be well fed ; and
they may be kept the greateft part of the
,day, both to try their ftoutnefs, and to
make them ftout. "^ .
Ifany hound (hall have found the tfayl
^f a hare, when (he hath relieved that nighr,
the huntfman ought not to be too ,hafty,
but let the hounds make it of themfelves j
^nd when he perceives that tlrey begin to
draw in together, and to call on frelhly, •
then h^ ought to encourage thern, cfpccialiy .
that bound which hiinteth belt, frequently
ealliog him by his name.
Here you may take notice that a hare
leaveth better fcent when (he goes to relief,
than when fi>c goeth toward her form ; for
when fhe relieves in the field, (lie coudieth
her body low upon thf iground, paflirigbfcen
/ . ^
H AR
over one piece •. f ground, to find where
the beft food lies, and thus leaveth the beft
fcent, crofTing alfo fometimes : befides,
when (he goes to her form, (he commonly
takes the highways, doubling, crofling,
and leaping as lightly as (he can ; in which
places the hounds can have no fcent by
reafon of the duft, Csf^. and yet they will
fquat by the fides of highways, and there-
fore let the huntfman beat very well the
fides of thofe highways.
Now having found where a hare hath re-
lieved in fome pafture or corn-field, you
muft then confider the feafon of the year,
and what weather it is : for if it be in the-
fpring time or.fummer, a hare will not thea
fit in bufhes, becaufc they are frequently
infefted with pifmires, fnakes and adders i
but will fit in corn-fields and open places.
In the winter time, they fit near towns*
and villages, in tufts of thorns and bram-
bles, efpecially when the wind is northerly
or foutherly.
According to the fea(bn and nature of the-
place where the hare is arcuftomed to fit,
there beat with your hounds, and ftart her;,
which is much better fport than trayling of
her from her relief to her form*
. After the hare has been ftarted, and is ort
foot, then ftep in where you faw her pafs,.
and halloo in yo.ur hounds, until they have
all undertaken it, and go on with it in full
cry ; then recheat to them with your Horn,*
following fair andfoftly at firft, making not
too rhuch noife either with horn or voices
:oc
F6r
fpr at the firft, hounds are apt to prerflioot
the chace through to much heat. ' *
'.But wherl they have run'a fpaceofani
liour, and you fee the hounds a<^ well iri
•with it, and ftick well upon it, then youi
may come in nearer with the houndis, be-
caufe by that time their heat will be cooled^
•and they will hunt more foberly..
BCit, above all things, mark the- firft:
doubling, which muft bc70ur direflrion for
the^holcday 5 for all the doubling thirJhd-
fliall make afterwards will belike the form-
er, and according to the polices thait youi
(hall feeher ufe, and the place where youi
bunt, vpu nauft-make your compa(reS' great:
J' r '• : *^ : •! • , ** ., . •^'. ^^
I .il».^* 'w^ » ..J>« ... •«<iil «>< Off"
H A "R
or Uttie,.loogorfliort, to hcjp th«defauks,
Always fcckiijig the moifteft and moft com-
modious places for the hounds to fcenc ifl.
tlo conclude > thofe whodelight in hunt-
ing .the hare, muft rife early, left they be
ckprivcd of the fcent of her footftcps, by
which means the dogs will-be incapacitated
to follow their gamej for the nature of the
.feent is fuch that it will not remain long,
"but fuddcniy, in a manner every hour, v«-
nilhcth away» See Hunting.
HARE NETS AND RABBET-NEts. The
three feveral forts of nets reprefented in
J^late Vm, arc proper cither for hares or
j-abbeics.
In the placing of thefe obfervc the path
or traft in any coppice, or furrow, by which
any hare ufes to pafs ; likewife how the
wind is, ib as to iet them as the hare and
wind may come together : if the wind
be fide-ways it will do well enough, but
never let it blow over the net into the hare's
/ace, for he will .fcent beth it and you at a
diAaacc ;-tbe two pointed lines A C, in the
iirij ^ure, denotes the foot-paths whereby
the^ame ufes to pais. Then prepare three
or four more (takes according to the length
c^the net ; whkh ilakes fhould be about
the. bignefs of one's thumb, and near foisr
Ifeec long, iharpenedat the greater end, and
j^jhttiecrooked at the fmallcf R|.S, T j ftiek
them in the ground fomewhat doping, as If
fo forced by the wind : two of them are to
be fet at the two fides of the way and the
^AJddlc, as there is occaGoa ; they muft
only hold up the nex from falling,, but in
a V€;ry flight manner, that if the game run
ugaiivft it, it may fall down, and fo entangk
hmi : be fure to hide yoorfelf in fome ditx:h
or buib^ behind a tr^re, ox the. like place,
behind the fvet, then when you perceive the
game to be paflEed give a ihout^ flinging your
hit at wem, whidi will put.tbem into Aich
a furf>rifie that they will fpring on, and
jTun juft into the net, fo that you muft be
lumbie to. take them, left they break out
and efcape*
But observe, this net is not fo grounded
in windy weather as in fair.
The midcficmoft flap muft he fet rnucli
ir A R
' afrer the fanrje manner as the fi)i-'mer ; as to
t^ie way and wind, you fee how the two
cords ac each end of the net ougKt to 5e
difpofcd : next you muft have two flicks, K,
L, My N, each four feet lone; and twice
as thick as one's thumb, which are to Be
cut exaftly fmooth at each end and fixed
. thus, take the flick H, I, put it oh the edge
of the way upon the cord L> which is on
the bottom of the net, and the other cord is
to be placed at the top of the ilick ; then gar
along behind the net, fuppofting ft with
your hand, and place your fecohd ftick jutt
as you'did the firft i but you ffiould endea-*
vour to lean a little towards the way where
you exp<8£l: the, game will come,.. for the
beafts running fiercely againft the net will
'force the flicks to give wa)r, arid fo'thc nec
falls on him.
There is another net reprefented by the
laft figure, which is Icfs trou^lcfome than
cither of the fornrier, only it maiv be farther
difcerned, yet It is gbodfof rabocts in fucti
foot-paths, and ^ohTj^ uled for tfie'm an*i
hare^ ; whereas the others are lifefiil alio fqr
the taking of wolves, foxes, badgers, and
pole cats, irhc true time to fet th'efe nets
is at break of dayj till hatf an hour before
fun-rifing, and fioixi half an hour iDcforc
fun-fetitill.<iarki ' , .
MARNESS ,t^Att5;.lomeei^^^^ this
breafts of coach-flbrt^s arc galled by the
harnefs, or rife iii hard buhcHeSj cfpccially-
in rainy weather.
Tociii-e this, firft iHavi off fhc hair atidut
the fore vcrjs .cIofc,:aad fiib the whole
breaft wijtft alajierof water and Blatk ioap^
then walH that part oftlie breaft whicTi is
ufually covered with the petrel, with fait
and water, fufFerlfig it to dry off iifcTf.
If the hardncfs ofariy part of the Harnefs
occafions the g^Ilin^ take it away, er cck
Vcr it with little bgmefs.
tl AIlIilER J a houndj ir.om his cqafinoj
or tracing. by foot* is naturally endued with
an admirable gfft offmdling, being .alfa
bold and courageous in the pyrfuit pf his
game, of which tliere arc ftvcral kinds, and
all differ in their feryices i fonfic are foi- tlie
liare, the fb)l, wolf. Hart, poic-cati weatcl^
concy^
H A, R
coQffy, b^pkA badger, otter, 6?^. fomc for
one thing, fomc for another.
The hound moll in ufc and proper for
hare-hunting, may be confined to few forts
and eac/i excellent in nature, • To wit, the
dc<:p-tongucd, thick-lipped, broad and
long-hung fouthern hounds. The fleet
Iharp nofed dog, cars narrow and pointed,
deep cheftcd, with thin flioulders, protend-
ing a quarter of thq fox drain. The rough
wire-haired hound, thick-quartered, well
hupg, not too flclhy ftiouldered, together
with the ropgh or fmooth beagle. Each
of thcfe ibrts, have. three excellencies^ Gfr,
It is not Dofliiblc, withjuftice;, to commend
one before another, for kind, colour or
Icryice, preference being given according
to the. humours and inclinations of fportf-
mcb, the tribe of whom are very nqmerous,
and. of confequence, diflPqrent in opinion.
He that (leVights in a long ch^ceof (ix
hours, often more, and to be in with the-
dogs, all the time, let him breed of the
fouthern hounds, or fuch heavy dogs as
Suffice gentlemco run in the weald. They
m^c .good deep bafs mi^fick, aflTqrd, great
diVjej-rjon,,and confidexing. how dirty the
country., is, fatigue the healthy foQtm?n
vecy little. In an open country where.,
there is good riding, prefer the fecpnd fort,
with ? qu^r^er of the fox-ftrain, thefe fuit
the 'more eager, aftive horfenjan, aqd
fpqpd . their .tongues, generouOy* making
delightfnl harmony, and at the. fame time
go, at fucja a rate, a harq diyrft. not play
many, tricks .before them j they, feldom
allj^w her tin^ie to loiter, fhe muft rua- ands
cootinuc^.her foiling or change foil*. if th^
latter, fh^ . dies ^ keep in huntfman, fre(h
ground oh the turf, is in fome dcgrcje a
C09 tinned, view,, otberwifc hang your dog^s,
(barring ^all^ extraordinary accidents, of
highways' and (heep . blcnriiih) for I would
Bo^morc cxqi^fe the lof& pf a hare on frefb
fward,j,unlefs,thc huntfmcn's fault, whic;ti
b jtoQ often !thc.qafe, th^^ I would a ken:
ne\ of .fox- hounds lofing rcynar^ in full
chacej, the i^afojos agaipft Jt ia both di-
vcffiofljS are the; fame^
The * flow iiouads. generally pack bcft.
Qf the . fpcond fort, niany not being oC
equal fpeed,. (for it is hard to procure an
even kennel of faft hounds), will be found
to tall, which is an inconveniency, for the
hind dogs labour on to overtake the lead-
ing hounds, and fejdom or ever flop, nor
are of the leaft ufe bqt to enlarge the cry,
unlefs at an over-run, which happens at
the top of the. morn, for a quarter ot a mile
together, then the old hounds, thrown,
out or tailed, often come up, and . hit the
fault off. The fqutbcrn • dogs are not
fo guilty of running, a-hegd,. for as they^
pack well together, from tlieir equality of
fpeed, (it being cafier to excel the flow
than the faft) at the leaft balk^ there are
ten npfes on the ground for one. The third
/pecies of hounds you will feldom fee an
entire kennpl of, being in fom^. parts not
much encQur4gC(;i : They are of northern
breed, and in great efteem, being bold
dogs, and by many.huntfmen preferred for
the otter and martin.: in fome places they
are encouraged for foy hounds, but bad ta
breed from, being .too fubjeft to degene-
rate and produce thicks low, heavy (hould-
ered dogs, unfit for the chace. Beagles,,
rough or fmo.oth,, have, their admirers,,
they fpend their tongues free in treble or
teqor, andgo a greater rate than the foutb«
crn hounds, but tail abominably.' They^
ran low to ground, therefore enjoy the fcent
better thati tallei: dog§, efpecially when
the atmofphere lies low# In an enclofed
country they do beft* as they mufe witb
the hare, and at trailing or default, are
pretty good foi; hedge-rows^
. Of the two forts the rough, or wire-ha'f ed„
^^'^^ generally good fliouldered dogSj and
Tell filleted, pre preferred.
SmoQth-haired beagles are- commonly
deep hung, thick lipped, and large noftril-
led, but often fo foft, folid, and bad quar-*
tered> as to be Ihoulder-fliook and crippled
the firft; feafon's hunt, and have frequently^
that unpardonable fault of crooked Ie^<)^
. like the tarrier, or right Bath tjurn-fpit.
Few of them will endure a tolerable himt,.
or at default bear hard charging* After
two hours running, obferve them crippled
and
MA R
and down, the huntfman may go on hinri*
felf, for what affiftanc^j many of them give
him, and it is plain from their form and
Ihape, that they are not defigncd for hard
cxercife.
So much for harriers, a deal may be faid
for and againft the feveral kinds : it is a
wide unfetded point to give opinion upon ;
but to fum up the whole in a few words,
(launch, true hounds of any fort, aredefira-
ble, and whoever has them of pretty equal
age and fpeed, with the requifites of pack-
ing and hunting well together, whether
fouthcrn, northern, fox-ftrain, or. beagle,
can boaft an invaluable advantage in the
diverfion, and which few gentlemen, let
them breed ever fo true, can attain to but
in years.
The proporties to be confidered in the
choice of a hound, are, to prefer the dog of
a middling fize, with his back longer than
round, nofe large, with noftrils bold and
wide, cheft deep and capacious, fillets great
and high, haunches large, hams ftraight, the
folc hard and dry, claws large, ears wide,
thin and deep, more round than fharp, eyes
large and protuberant, forehead prominent,
and upper lips thick, and deeper than the
lower jaw.
HART, is the moft noble and (lately
bead, and in the firft year is called a hind-
calf, in the fecond a knobber, in the third
a brock, in the fourth a ftaggard, in the
-fifth a ftag, and in the fixth a hart.
Harts are bred in moft countries* but
the anciens preferred thofe of Britain be-
fore all others, v/here they are of divers co-
lours.
Thefe excel all others in the beauty of
their horns, which are very high, yet do
not grow to their bones or fcalps, but to
their ikin, branching forth into many
fpears, being folid tliroughout, and as hard
as ftones, and fall off once a year.
JBut if they remain abroad in the air,
and are Ibmetimes wet and Ibmetimes dry,
they grow light i by which it fliould feeni
they are of an earthy fubftance, concrete,
and hardened with a ftrong heat, made like
unto bones.
H A R
• *
They lofc their horns tv^ry year in the
n?nng. . '
At one year old they have nothing but
' bunches^ that are fmall fignificators of horns
to come : at two. years they appear more
pcrfeftly, but ftraic and fingle : at three
years they grow into two fpars ; at four
into three, and fo increafe eyery year in
their branches till they are fix; and above
that time their age is not certainly to be
known by the head.
Having loft their horns, in the day-time
they hide themfelves, inhabiting thefhades
to avoid the annoyance of flies, and feed,
during that time, . oply in the night.
Their new horns come out at firft like
bunches, and afterwards (as has been faid
before) by the increafe of the fun's heat
they grow more hard, covered with a rough
fkin, which is called a velvet head i ^nd as
that fkin drieth, they daily try the ftrengch
of their new heads upon trees, which not
only fcrapeth ofi^ the roughnefs, but by the
pain they feel thus rubbing them, they arc
taught how long to forbear the comparfy
of their fellows i for at laft, when in their
chafing and fretting of their new horns
againft the trees, they can feel no longer
pain and fmart in them, they fe6m as if
they thought it were high time to forfake
their folitary dwellings, and return again to
their former condition.
The reafon why harts and deers fhcd their
horns annually are thefe :
Firft, becaufe of the matter of which
they confift i for it is dry and eartfily like
the fubftance of green leaves, which alfo
fall annually j likewife wanting glewy or
holding moifture, for which'reafon the horn
of a hart cannot be bent.
Secondly, from the place they grow up
on, for they are not rooted upon the IkuU,
but only within the Ikin.
Thirdly, from the the efficient caufe j for
they are hardened bcth with the heat of
fummer and cold of winter ; by means of
* which the pores which Ihpuld receive the
nourilhing liquor are Ihut up and ftopped,
fo that their native heat neccfTarily dieth^
which does not fo happen in other bcafts,
I whofc
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H A R
whofe horns are for the moft part hollow:
and fitted for long • continuance i but the
new bunches fwelling up, towards the
fpring, thruft offthe old horns, having the
alliflance of boughs of trees, weight of the
horns, or. bjr the willing^ excurfion of the
bead: that beareth them.
It has been obferved, that when a hart
prickech up his ears, be windeth (harp, very
far and fure, and difcovereth all treachery
4gainft him ; but if they hang down and
wag, he perceives no danger.
► Their age is difcerncd by their teeth •,
they have four on both fides, with which
they grind theif meat ; befides two others,
which are much larger in the male than in
the female.
All thefe beafts have worms in their
heads underneath their tongues, in a hollow
place where the neck^bone is joined to the
head, which are no bigger than fly-blows.-
The blood of the hart is not like that of
other beafts, for it hath no. fibres in it, and
therefore it does not congeal.
His heart is very great, and fo are all
thofe of fearful beafts, having in it a bone
like acrois.
• He hath no galU and that is one of the
caufeaofhis long life, and therefore are his
bowels fo bitter, that the dog will not
touch them unlefs they be very fat.
• The genital part of a hart is all nervous ;
t^e tail fmall ; and a hind hath udders be-
Mf^een her thighs, with four fpeans like a
QOW» . - .
Thefe are above all other beafts both in-"
geiHOus and fearful, who although they
have large horns, yet their defence againft
other four-footed beafts js to rutv away.
' The hart is ftrangely amazed, when he
heatf any one call or whiftle in his fift : for
trial.jpf wfai^h, fome fceinj^ a hart in the
plain in motion, having called him,' crying
w^je, warp>^i:akc; heed ; and thereupon have
feen hfm inftantly turn back, making fome
liidj^'ftand. i ' x . . ^v. .
He. hears very perfeftly when his head
a94 t^rsrdre kvfiSkci i but imperfe^ly when
hfitet$;jthwT ddvin. . . ' ^ ^
When he 1$ on foot^^ ancLnot afraid, he
H A R
f admires every thing he O^cs, and takes a
pleafure to gaze at them.
A hart can naturally fwim a great way,
fo that fome which have been hunted in
forefts near the fea, have plunged into it^
and have been killed by fiftiermen twelve
miles from land.
It is reported of them, that when they
go to rut, and for that purpofe are obliged
to crofs fome great river or arm of the fca,
they aflfemble in great herds, the Itrongeft
going in firft, and the next in ftrength fol-
lowing him, and fo one after the other, re-
lieving themfelves by refting their heads on
the buttocks of each other.
The hind commonly carries her calf eight
or nine months, which ufually falls in May,
although fome alter : fome of them have
two at once, and eat up the (kin wherein
the calf did licr
. As the calf grows up, flie teaches it to
run, leap, and the way it muft take to de-*
fend itfelf from the hounds. .
Harts and hinds are very long lived, liv-
ing commonly an hundred years and up-
wards.
Hart-Bunting.
Gefmer^ /peaking of the hunting of the
hart, fays, ' This wild, deceitful, and fub-
tle beaft, by windings and turnings often
deceived it's hunter, as the harts of Mean-
dros flying from the terrible cry of Diana^s
hounds :' wherefore the prudent hunter
muft frame his dogs, as Pythagoras did his
fcholarsi with words of art to fet them on,
and take them off again at his pleafure.
Whereof he muft firft of all encompafs
the beaft in her own layer, and founharbour
her in the view of the dogs, that they may
never lofe her flot or footing.
Neither muft he fet upon every one, ei-
ther'of the herd, or thofe that wander foli-
tary alone, or a little one, but partly by
fight/ and partly by their footing and fu-
met, make a judgment of the game, and
alfo obferve the largenefs of his layer.
The huntfman, having made thefe dif-
cbveries in order to the chace^ takes off
Hh the
\
H A R
the coupling, of the dogs, and fom^ On
horfeback, the oth<?rs oa foot, follow the
cry, with the greateft art, obfervation, and
fpced, remembringand intercepting him in
his fubrle turnings and headings -, with all
agility leaping hedges, gates, pales,
ditches-, neither fearing thorns, down hilU,
nor woods, but rnountingafrefli horfe* if
the firft tire ; follow the largelt head of
the whole herd, which nnuft be fingled out
of the chace ; which the dogs perceiving,
mud follow 3 not following any other.
The dogs are animated to the fport by
the winding of hprps, and the voices of the
huntfmen.
But fomctimcs the crafty bead fenda forth
his little fquire to be facriBced to the dog^
and hunters, inftead of himfelf, lying clbfe
(he mean time. la this cafe, thehuntfman
mud found a retreat, break off the dogs«
«nd take in, that is, learn them again,
until they be brought $o the fairer game ;
which riieth with fear^ yet ftill ftriveth by
flight, until he be wearied and breathlef^.
The Nobles call the b?aft a wife hart,
who, to avoid all his enemies, runneth into
the greateft herds, andfo brings a cloud of
error on the dogs^ to obftrqft their farther
purfuit; fometimes alfo beating fome of
the herd unto his fqotipgs, that fo he n>ay
the more eafily cfcape, by amufing the
dogs.
Afterwards he betakes himfelf to his
keels again, ftill running with the wii>cl,
not only for the fake of refreftment, but
alfo beeaufe by that means he can the mor^
eafily hear the voice of his purfuers, whe-
ther they be far from hin3> ox near to
him.
But at laft bein^ again difcovered by the
hunters, and fagacious fcent of the dogs, be
flies into the herds of cattle, as covsts, flicep^
^c. leaping' on a caw or ox, laying the
fore parts or his body thereon, that fo touch- ;
ing the earth only with his hinder feet, he
niay leave a very fmall or no fcent at all
behind for the hounds to difcern-
A chief huntfman to Lewis XII. of France,
aftrms,'That on a time, they having a hart
in cbacej on a fudden the hounds were a(
HA R
a faultj fo ai the game .wat out oT fightj;
that not a c^.woukl once ftir hi&foot^ at
which the hunters were aUamaaed $ at Laft;
by cafting their eyes about, they difcovered
the fraud of the crafty beaft.
There was a great white-thorn, which
grew in a ftiady place, as high as a moderate
treej which, was' eocompaffi^d about with
other fmaller (hrubs ; into this, the bare
having leaped, ftood there, aloft, the
boughs fpreadkig from one to another, aod
there remained till he was thruft through
by the huntfman, rather than he wovld
yield himfelf up a pirey to the hounds hia
mortal enenues.^
. But their ;ufud manper is, when they ike
themfelves hard befet, and every way inter-
eep(ed, to ncrake force at their enemy with
their hoi na^ who firft conies upon him> ua-
kfs they be prevented by fpear or
" When the beaft i& flain the huntlnaan
Yitb his horn wiadeth the fall of the bea^ )
and then the whole company conies up^'
blowing their horns in triumph for fuch a
QQnqucft:; anrK>ng whon>^ ahe fkilfuleii*
opens the beaft, rewards the hounds with*
what properly - belongs to them, £m- their
futpre encouragement : for which futp^k^
the.huntfmen dip bread in the blood of tbt'
beaft to give tt>, the hounda.
The rutting time i& the middle of SStp-
len^bery and continues two months: the*
Qlder.they. are the hotter, and the better'
they pleafe the hinds, and therefore they go-
to rut. before the ^hg Dnes ; and being
very fiery» tiley wiUnqifuflFer^aay of them
tp cocne i^ear the hinds> till they have fatis*
ficd their venereal appetite.
3ut for ^ll ^is, the young ones are evien
with the old,. for when they perceive thaa'
the old are grown weak by expeis bl riittitig^^
the young wiH frequently attack thcni, aii^'
make them quit the place, that they may
be mafters ofthe fport.
They may be eafily killed in ruttine^
time* for they follow the fcenta of the
h^da^ with fo much eagemeisi, laying their
nofes to the ground, that tbey.aiind that
oftty^adoothing elfc;«.
It
H A R
ft isTcry dangerous for any man to come
near them at that tin>e, for then chty will
make at any living creature of a different
kind.
In (ottie places their lull arifts in OS^ber.
and alfo in May i and then (whereas at other
tinies the males live apart from the females)
they go abouc like lafcivious loversj feek-
ing the company of the females.
The males, in their raging luft^ make a
peculiar noife.
One male will cover manv female!^, con-
tinuing in this appetite tor one or two
months.
The females fcem chaftci and unwilling
to admit of copulation by reafon of the ri-
gour of the genital of the male ; and there-
fore they fink down on their buttock Sj
when they begin to feel his femen^ as it has
been obferved in tame harts \ and if they
can, the females run away, the males ftriv-
ing to hold them back with their fore-feet.
It cannot be well faid, that they are co-
vered ftanding> lying, or going, but rather
rlinning I fo are they filled with greateft
fevcrity.
When one month or fix wedcs Is over of
their tutting, they grow much tamer ; and
laying afide alt fiercenefs, they return to
their foil tary places, digging -every one by
himfelf a fevcral hole or ditch, in which
they lie, to affwage the ftrong favoiw of
their lufl ; for the^ ftink like goat3> and
their face begins to look blacker than at
other times : and in thofe places they live
till fome fhowers of rain fall s after which
they return to the pafture again> jiving in
flocks as they did before.
The female having been thus filled, ne-
ver aflbciate again with the male i\\\ ihe is
delivered of her burthen, which is in about
eight months, and produces generally but
one at a time, very foldom two j which (he
lodges cunningly in fome covert. If foe
perceive them ftubborn and wild, foe will
oeat them with her feet till they lie clofe
and quiet.
She oftentimes leadeth forth her young,
teaching it to run, and leap over bufoes,
ftones, and fmall forubs, and fo contiaueth
H A R
all the fufnmer long, while-, their own
ftrerilgth is the moft confiderable.
It is ytty pleafant to obfcrvc them, when
they go to rut, and make their vault \ for
when they fmcU the hind, they raife their
nofe up into the air j and if it be a great
hart, he will turn his head and look about
to fee whether there be none near him to
interrupt andfpoil his fport.
Upon this, the young fly away for fear j
but if there be any of equal brgnefs, they #
then drive which foall vault firli ; and in
the oppofing each other, they fcrape the
ground with their feet, (hocking and but*
ting each other fo furioufly, that you may
hear the noife they make with their horns,
half a mile, fo long till one of them is the
conqueror.
The hind beholding this encounter, never
ftirs from her ftation, expeftlng, a& it were,
the vaulting of him who foall get the maf- -
try, who having got it bellows, and then
inftantly covers her. The coats or colours
of harts are of three different forts, bre^wn,
red, and fallow ; and of each of thefe coats
there proceeds two forts of harts, the one
great, and the other fmall.
Of forown harts, there are fome great,
long, and hairy, bearing a high head, of a
red colour, and well beamed, who will
ftand before hounds very long, being long-
er of breath, and fwifter of foot than thofo
of a foorter (tature.
1 here arc another fort of brown harts^
which are little, foorc and welUfet, bearing
commonly a black mane, and are fatter and
better venifon than the former, by reafon
of their better feeding in young coppices.
They arc very crafty, efpecially when in
greafe, and wilt be hardly found, becaufe
they know they are moft enquired after •,
befides, they are fcnfible they cannot then
ftand long before the hounds.
If they be old, and feed on good ground,
thc^a are their heads black, fair, and welt
branched, and commonly palmed at the top.
The fallow harts bear their heads high,
and of a whitifo colour, their beams fmall,
their antlers long, flender and ill grown }
having neither heart, courage, nor force.
H h a But
H A R
But thofc which arc of a lively red fal-
low, having a black or brown lift down the
ridge of the back> are ftrong, bearing fair
and high heads> wc^U furniihed and beamed.
As there are fevcral forts of harts, fo alfo
have they different heads, according to their
age, country, reft, and feeding.
Here you muft take notice, that they
bear not their firft head (which we call .
broches, and in a fallow deer pricks^ until
ihey enter the fecond year of their age.
In the third year they bear four, fix, or •
^ight, fniall branches : at the fourth, they
bear eight or ten : at the fifth ten or
twelve : at fix, fourteen or fixteen : and at
the feventh year, they bear their heads
beamed, branched and fummed, with as
much as ever they will bear, and do never
multiply, but in greatnefs only. An old
hart cafteth his head fooner than the young,
and the time is about the months of Febru-
ary ^nd March.
Notit that if you geld a hart before he
hath a head, he will never bear any \ and
if you geld him when he has an head, he
will never after mew and caft it : and fb if
he be gelded when he hath a velvet head.
It will ever be fo, without fraying or bur-
nilhing.
As foon as they have cafl: their heads,
they inftantly withdraw into the thickets,
biding themfelves in fuch convenient places
where they can have good water and fl:rong
feeding, near fome ground where wheat
and peas are fown : but young harts do ne-
ver betake themftlves to the thickets till
they have borne their third head, which is
in the fourth year.
After they have mewed, they will begin
to button in March and April i and as the
fun grows ftrong, and the feafon of the
year puts forward the crop of the earth, fo
will their heads increafe in all refpedls i fo
that by the middle of June^ their heads will
be fummed as much as they will bear all the
year.
7be Names andDiverJiiy of Heads ^ according
to the Term fifed by Hunters,
That part which bears the amlers, royals,
H A R :
and tops, is called the beam, and the little
ftreajcs therein are called gutters,
Th^t which ia about the qruft of the
beam is termed pearls, and that which is
about . the bur itfelf, formed 'like little
pearls, is called pearls bigger than the reft.
The bur is the next head, and that which
is about the bur is called pearls -, the firft
is called antler, the fccgnd fur-antler : all
the reft which grow ^afterwards, until you
come to the crown, palm, or croche, arc
called royals and fur-royals ; the little
buds are broches. about the top^ are called
croches.
Their heads alfo go by feveral names ;
the fir ft head is called a crowned top, be-
caufe the croches are ranged in form of a
crown.
The fecond is called a palmed top, be-
caufe the croches are formed like a man's
hand.
Thirdly, all heads which bear not above
three or four, the croches- being placed
aloft, all of one height, in form of a cluf-
tcr of nuts, are to be called heads of fo
many croches.
Fourthly, all heads which bear two in
the top, or having their croches doubling,
are to be called forked heads.
Fifthly, all heads which.. have double
burs, or the antlers royals,^ and croches
turned downwards, contrary to other heads^
are only called heads. See Hunting.
How to know an old Hart by the Slot, Entries^
Matures, Foils, Fewmets, Gait and fFalks^
Fraying-fiocks^ Head and Branches.
Firft, by the flot. You muft take good
notice of the treading of the hart's foot ; if
you find the treading of two, the one long,
and the other round, yet both of one big-
nefs, yet the long flot, will indicate the
hart to be much larger than the round.
And befides, the old hart^s hind-foot
doth never over-reach the fore foot j that
of the young ones do.
But above all take this obfervation : when
you have found the flot of a hart in the
wood> take notice what manftcr of footing
H A R
it is^ whether worn or (harp ; and accord-
ingly obferve the couatry, and judge by
that whether either may be occafioned
thereby.
For harts bred in mountains and ftony
countries have their toes and fides of their
feet worn, by means of their continual
climbing and refting themfelves thereon»
and not. on the heel; whereas in other
places they ftay themfelves more on the heel
than toes ; for in foft or fandy ground they
flip upon the heel, by reafon of their weighty
and thus by frequently ftaying themfelves
thereon, it makes the heel grow broader
and bigger.
And thus may the age of a hart be known
by his flot or treading.
The next thing to be confidered is the
fewmets; and this is to be judged of \n April
and May. If the fewmets or fewmiihing be
large and thick, they intimate that the hart
is old.
In the months of June and July they make
their fewmets in large croteys, very foft •,
and from that time to the end of Auguft^
they make them large, long, knotty and
anointed, and gilded, letting them fall but
few and fcattered.
In September and O^oher^ there is no long-
er palfiog a judgment by them, by reafon of
the rut.
Thirdly, in order to know the height and
thicknefs of a hart, obferve his entries and
galleries into the thickets, and what boughs
he has over-ftridden, and mark from thence
the height of his belly from the ground.
By the height of the entries, a judgment
is niade of the age of a hart ; for a young
deer ufually creeps, but the old ones are ftiff
and (lately.
His largenefs may be known by the height
of his creeping as he pa(res to his harbour,
the young deer creeping low> which the old
will not (loop to.
Fourthly, take notice of his gait, by which
you ntay know whether the hart be great
and long, and whether he will (land long
before the hounds or not| for all harts
which have.alongftep will ftand up a long
.whilCjL being fwiftj light and well breathed ;
H A R
but if he leave a great (lot, which is the (igrf
of an old deer, he will never (land long when -
he is chaced.
Laftly, take notice of his fraying-poft ;
where obferve, that by how much the hart
is the older, the fooncr he goes to fray, and
the larger is the tree he chufes to fray againd,
and one fo (Irong that he cannot bend with
his head.
All ftags as they are furni(hed, beat their
heads dry again ft fome tree or other, which
is called their fraying poft; the younger
deci: do it againft weaker, leflTer, and low-
er trees i fo that accordingly hunters judge
confidently of their age, and of the nearnefs
of their harbour, for that is the laft adion
or ceremony they ufe before they enter it.
A^ to the head and branches, ^ hart is old,
(irft, when the compafs of the bur is large,
great and well pearled.
Secondly, when the beam rs large bur-
thened and well pearled^ being ftrait, and
not rendered crooked by antlers.
Thirdly, when the gutters in it are large
and deep.
Fourthly, when the firft antler, called an-
tellier, is large, long, and near to the bur,
the fur-antler near to the antler ^ and they
ought to be both well pearled.
Fifthly, the reft of the branches which
are higher, being well ordered and fet, and
well grown,. according to the largenefs and
proportion of the head, and the croches>
palm, or crown, being great and large >too>
according to the largenefs of the beam, are
figns of an old hart.
How tojeek a Hart in his Haunts, and/eeJing^
places, according to the Seafons of the Tear.
All harts change their manner of feeding
every month i and as Novemler is the con-
clufion of their rutting-time, I (ball begin
with that month : in this they feed in heatha
and broomy places.
In December they herd together, and
withdraw themfelves into the llrengths of
the forefts, to (belter themfelves from the
cold winds, fnows and frofts, and feed ock.
the holm trees, elder trees, brambles, or
anf
L4.A.
H A R
any green thing they can find ; tud if it
friows, they will (kin or peel the trees like a
goat.
In January^ February^ and March, they
leave herding, but will keep four or five
in company, and in the corners of the foreft
will feed on the winter-pafturc, fomerioies
making their incurfions into the neighbour*
ing corn fields, if they can perceive the
blades of wheat, rye, or the like, appear
above ground.
In Jprsl and JWiy, th«y reft in their thick*
ets and other bufhy and Ihady places^ during
that feafon, and ftir very little till rutting^
time unlefs they aredifturbed.
There afc fome harts fo cunning, that
they will have two feveral layers to harbour
in, a good diftance one from the other/ and
will frequently change (for their greater fe-
curity) from the one to the other, taking
dill the benefit of the wind.
In thcfc oionths they go not to the foil, by
reafon of the moifture of the fpring, and
the dew that continually overfprcads the
grafs.
In June^ July, and Augufty they are in the
pride of their greafc,^and do rcfort to fpring-
coppices and corn-fields, only they feldom
go where rye or barley grows.
In September and OSober^ they leave their
thickets apd go to the rut, during which
feafon thcfy have no certain place either for
food or harbour* He ought not to come
too early into the fprings or hewts where he
thinks the hart feedeth, and is at relief, for
they ufually go to their layers in the fprings;
and if they be old, crafty deer, they will re-
turn to the border of the coppice, and there
liftcn whether they can hear any approach-
ing danger, and if they once chance to vent
the huntfman or the hound, they will in-
ftantly diflodge.
Now is the huntfman's proper time : let
faim beat the outfides of the fprings or thick-
ets ; if he find the track of a hart or deer,
he ought to obferve whether it be fre{h,
which may be known by the following to-
kens ; the dew will be beaten off*, the foil
firefli, or the ground broken, or printed with
H AR
other tokens i fo he may judge his game
lately went that wliy.
Having found his flot or treading, and the
hound fticking well upon it, let him hold
himfliort; for he (hall draw better being
. fo held than if he were let at length of the
I learn; and thus let him draw till he is conne
to the covert, if polfible, taking notice, by
the way, of the flot, falls, entries, and the
like, till he hath harboured htm.
Having done this, let him plafii down
fmall twigs, fome above and fome below,
as he ihall think fit ; and then while the
hound is hot, let him beat the outfides and
make ring-walks twice or thrice about the
wood, one while by the great and open
ways, that he may help himfelf by the eye i
another while through .the thickets and co-
verts, for fear lefi: his hounds (hould over*
(hoot it, having ftiH better fcent in the co^
vert than highways.
If he is in doubt, whether the hart is gone
out of the ring- wallcs, or fears he has drawn
amifs, then let him go to the marks that he
plafhed, and draw counter, till he may take
up the fcwmet.
Dire^ious for harbouring a Stag^
The harbonrer having taught his hound
to draw mute always round the outfide of
the covert, as foon as his hound challenges,
which he knows by his eager fliourifhing and
ftraining his learn, he is then to feek for his
flot ; if he finds the heel thick, and the toe
fpreading broad, thefe are fie;ns that it is an
old deer, efpecially if it is fringed, that is
broken on both the fides*
And if the ground^be toohard to make
any judgment from the flot, he muft draw
into the covert, as he pafles obferving the
fize of the entries ; the larger and higher,
the older the deer : as alio his croppings of
the tenders as he pafles ; the younger the
deer the lower ; the older the deer' the higher
are the branches.
He ought alfo to obferve his fewmifliings
as he pafles, the largenefs of which befpeaks
the largenefs of the deer : he inuft alfo foe
curious
curious \n obFcf vingp tht fniying«pofl:> which
is u£bally the laft opportimity he has to judge
by; the eldefl: deer fraying higheft againft
the largeft trees, and thefe being found, it
may be concluded his harbour U not far
ofF.
Therefore he ought to draw with more
circumfpeAioni checking the drawing-
hound to fecure him from fpendiog when be
comes fo near a3 to have the deer in the
wind, which when you* have difcovered by
his cagcmefs that draws him, let him retire
fiime diftance back, and round the place
with the hound, firft at a confiderable dif«
tance> and then if he finds him not difttirbed,
kt him make a fecond round within that $
and this will not only fecure you that he is
in the harbour, but will alfo fecure his con--
tinuahcc there } for he will not, (except he
be forced) pafs that taint your hound left in
the rounding of him.
. So that having broke a boivgh for his di-^
refUon» be may ait. any time unharbour that
hart.
How to find a Hart lofi tbt TSigbt hifore.
A huntfman may fail of killing a hart di-
vers ways ; fometimes by reafon of great
heat^ror by being overtaken with the night,
or the like«
If it ihould h^pen fo do as follows :
Firft, they who follow the hounds, muft
ipark the place where they left the chace,
and at break of day bring the blood*hound
to it with the kennel after him.
If any houad vents, whom he knows to be
no Itar nor faabler^ he ihall put his hound
to it, whooping twice, or blowing two notes
wtthhi&horn>to call on all his fellows about
himi and if he fisds'thac the hart is gone
ioto ibme likely covert or grove, then muft
he^lraw his hounds about it, and if he there
renews the flot ^ view, let him firft con*
itder whether it be right or not ; if it be
right let him blow his horn.
And if he happens to find five or fix lay-
crS). let it not feem ftrange, for harts hunted
and 4><3nft do fre()ucntly make many layers
H A R
together, becaufe they cannot ftand, but lie
and feecL
Harts, which are hunted, moft commonly
runup the wind, and ftrait forwards as faras
they are able, and finding any water or foil,
do ftay a longtime therein, by which means
their joints are fo benumbed and (liffened,
that coming out, they cannot go far, nor
ftand up long, and therefore are forced to
take up with any harbour they can find which
may be a prefent covert to therh. In the
feeking of a hart in high woods, you muft
have regard to two things } that is, the
thickets of the foreft, and the feafon.
If it be in very hot weather, gnats, horfe*
fiies, and the like, drive the deer out of the
high woods, and they difperfe themfelves in-
to fmall groves and thickets, near places of
good feeding.
According to the coverts which are in the
foreft, fo muft the huntfman make his enqui*
ry ; for fometimes the hart lies in the tufcs
oif white thorn, fon^times under little trees^
other whiles under gteat trees in the high
woods and fometimes in the fkirts of theto-
reft, under the (belter of little groves and
coppices.
And therefore the huntfman mu(l make
his ring-^watk large or fmall, according to
the laiigenefs of thofe harbours or coverts.
Haw to wtbariour a Hsirt and cafi of $bt^
Hounds.
■
When the relays are wicll ftt and placed,
let the huntfman with bis pole W4lk before*
the kennel of hounds, and being come 'to
the blemifiies, let him take notice of the
(lot, and fuch other marks as may be obferyed
from the view of the deer, in order that he
mav know whether the hounds run riot or
nor.
Then the huntfman muft caft abrolid about
the covert, to difcover the hart when he id
unharboured, the better to diftingutih hin)
by his head or otherwife.
• The hart being unharboured, let all the
bounds be caft off, then crying one and all,
\
H A R
Tt bim^ to bim^ ^bafs be^ tbaCs be, with
other fuch words of encouragement.
If the blood-hound, in drawing, chance
to over-ihoot, and draw wrong or counter,
then the huntfman mud draw him back,
faying, J?^*, back^ Soft, Joft^ until he hath
fet him right again \ and if he perceive that
the hound bath mended his fault, by his
kneeling down and obferving the flot or
portS|» he muft then cherifli him, by clapping
him on the back, and giving him his encou-
raging words ; thus muft he draw on with
his hounds till he defcries the deer.
Some deers are fo cunning and crafty,
that when they are unharboured from their
layer, they will coaft round about to find
fome other deer, whereby the hounds may
bp confounded in the change of hunts.
If the huntfman have the hart in view^
he ought fttU to draw upon the (lot> blow-
ing and hallooing till the hounds are come
in. When he finds they are in full cry, and
tak« It right, he may then mount, keeping
binder the wind and coaft, to crofs the hounds
that are in chace, to help them at default, if
need requires. A huntfman ought never to
come nearer to the hounds in cry, than fifty
or fixty paces, efpecially at the firft uncoup-
Ung9 or. at cafting off the relays; fi^rit a
hart make doublings, or wheel about or
acrofs before the hounds,(as he feldom does)
if then you come in too haflily, you will
fpoil the flot pr view, and fo the hounds,
for want of fcent, will be apt to over-ftioot
the chace.
But if after you have hunted an hour, the
huntfman perceives that the hart makes out
end-ways before the hounds, and that they
follow in full cry, taking it right, then he
may come in nearer, and blow a recheat to
the hounds to encourage them.
Hereupon the hart will frequently feek
other deer at layer, and rouze them, on
p^rpofe to make the hounds hunt change,
and will lie down in fomeof their layers fiac
upon his belly, and fo fuffer the hounds to
over-flioot him j and that they may not
either fcent or vent him, he will gather up
ajl his four feet under, his belly,, and will
blow or breathe on fome moift place of the
H AR
ground, fo that the bounds may pafs by him
polfibly, though within a yard^ and never
vent him.
For which caufe huntfmen (hould blemiih
at thofe places, by which they fee the hart
enter into a thicket, to the end, that if the
hounds ihould fall to change, they may re-
turn to thofe blemifties, and put the hounds
to the right flot and view, until they have
rouzed and found him again.
A hart has anothcFway to bring the hounds
to change, and that is when he fees himfelf
clofely purfued, and that he cannot fliun
them, he will break into one thicket after
another to find dattt^ rouzing and herding
with them, continuing fo to do fometimes
above an hour, before he will part from them
or break herd.
Finding himfelf fpent, he will break herd
and fall a doubling and croifing in fome hard
highway that is much beaten, or elfe in fome
river or brook, in which he will keep as long
as his breath will permit him ; and if he be
far before the hounds, it may be then he wilt
ufe the former device, in gathering his legs
under his belly, as he lies flat along upon
fome hard dry place.
Sometimes he will take foil, and fo cover
hitnfelf under the water, that you fliall per-
ceive nothing but his nofe. / •'
In this csJe the huntfman niuft hare a
fpecial regard to his old hounds, who wili
hunt leifurely and fearfully, whereas the
young hounds will over-flioot their gaoxc.
. If the hounds happen to be . at a default,
and hunt in ieveral companies^ th^h it may
be guefled that the hart hath brokea herd,
from the frefli deer, and that the ffe^. deer
have feparated themfelves alfo: thea notice
is to be taken how the old ftaunch hounda.
make it, and to obferve the floti and whei\e
you fee any of the old hounds* chaUepgc,'
cheriih and encourage that hound or hounds,.
haftening the reft in to him> crying hi^-k:.
to fuch a hound, calling hi'm by his namcu' *
Here it is to be noted, that they cannot
nrake it fo well in the hard highways as in'
other places, becaufc they cannot hawCithcre
fo.perfeft a fcent, . either by reafoni of i the.
tracks or footing of divers forts of beafts; lor/.
* by
r
H A It
*bjr r^afon of the fun drying up the moiftare,
fo that the duft covcreth the flot. Now in
fuch places (fuch is the natural fubtlcty of
the bcaft for fclf-prefervation) the hart will
make nnany crolTings and doublings, hold-
ing them long together, to make the hounds
give over the chace.
In this cafe, the firft care of the huntfman
k to make good the head, and then draw
round apace j firft down the wind, though
deer ufually go up the wind $ and if the
way is tod hard to flot, then be fure to try
far enough back. Expert hounds will often
do this of themfelves.
But if a hart break out into a champagne
country, and in the heat of the day too, i.e.
between noon andthr^e of the clock, then
if the huntfman pdrceive his hounds out of
breath, he ought not to force them but
comfort them ; and though they do not call
upon the flot or view, yet it is fufficient if
they do' but wag their tails, for being al-
mc^ fpeiit, ic is paiiiful for them to call.
The laft refuge of a hart that has been
Clofelyhuilted, is the water, which in terms
of art is called the foil; fwimming ofteneft
doli^n the ftream, keeping the middle, fear-
ing left by touching any bough by the
urader-fide, he may give fcent unio the
liounds.
- Whcncvcf you come to a foil (according
to Aie old rule, He v)bo will tbt cbace find^
tit him firft try up river and do^n the wind)
be fure if your hounds challenge but a yard
above bis going in, that he is gone up the
river •, fof though he fhduld keep the very
middle of the ftream, yet will that, with the
help of the wind, lodge part of the ftream,
and imbolh that comes from him on the
bank, it may be a quarter of a mile lower,
which has deceived many.
Therefore firft try up th^ ftream, and
where a deer firft breaks foil, both man and
b<yund will beft perceive it.
Now the v^ays to know when ^ hart is
fpcnc, are thefe r
Fif ft. He wHl run ftiflV high, and lumper-
ing.
Secondly. If his mouth be blacfc and dry^
without any foam upon it, and his tongue
H A R'
hanging out ; but they will often cloHi their
mouths to deceive fpedators*
Thirdly. By his flot \ for oftentimes he
will dole his claws together as if he went
at leifure, and prefently again open them
wide, making great glidings, and hitting
his dew-claws upon the ground, following
the beaten paths without doublings, and
fometimes going all along by a ditch-fide,
feeking fome gap, not having ftrength to
leap it : yet it has been often fcen, that dead^
run deer have taken very great leaps.
A huntfman muft therefore govern him-
felf according to the fubtlety and craft of
the deer, obferving the doublings and croflf-
ings, and the places where they are made ;
making his rings little or great, according
to the nature of the places, time, and fea«-
fon ; for hounds are apt to (boot where herbs
and flowers have their moft lively fcent and
odoriferous fmelL
Neither is the pcrfcAiori or imperfeftion
of the hounds to be difregarded. And if
thefe things be done, it will be much if you^
lofe a hart by default.
3^0 Mil a Hart at bay.
It is very dangerous to go into a hart at
bay, efpecially at rutting-time, for at that
time they are moft fierce.
There are two Ibrts of bays ; one on the
l'and,.and the other on the water. Now if
the hart be in a deep water, where you can-
not well come at him, then couple up your
dogs ; for fliould they continue long in th,e
water, it would endanger their furbating or
foundering.
In this cafe get a boat and fwim to him,
with a dagger drawn, or elfc with a rope
that has a noofe, and throw it over his-
horns; for if the water be fo deep that the
hart fwims, there is no danger in approach-
ing him ; otherwifc you muft be very cau*
tious.
As to a land bay, if a hart be burnilhed,
then you muft confidcr the place ; for if ir
be in a plain and open place, where there
is no wood nor covert, it is dangerous and
difficult to come into him 5 but if he be oa
1 L a hedge
H A R
"a hedge fide, or in a thicket, then while
the hart is ftaring on the hounds, you may
•come foftly and covertly behind him and
:cuc his throat.
I If you mifsyour aim, and the hart turn
:head upon >ou, then take refuge at fome
:treei and .when the hart is at bay, couple
jup your hounds ; and when you fee the hart
.turn head to fly, gallop in iroundly to him,
and kill him with your fword,
• The firfl: ceremony, when the huntfman
comes in to the death of a deer, is, to cry,
Ware bauncby that the hounds may not break
in to the deer ; which being done, the
•next is the cutting his throat, and there
blooding the youngeft hounds, that they
may the better love a deer, and learn to
leap at his throat : then the mort having
been blown and all the company come in,
the bcft perfon, who hath not taken fay be-
fore, is to take up the knife that the
keeper or huntfman is to lay acrois the
belly of the deer, fome holding by the
(ore -legs, and the keeper or huntfman
drawing down the pizzle, the perfon who
takes fay, is to draw the edge of the knife
Icifurcly along the middle of the belly,
beginning near the brifket, and drawing a
Httle upon it, enough in the length and
depth to difcover how fat the deer is i then
he that: is to break up the deer, firft flits
the flcin from the cutting of the throat
downwards, making the arber that fo the
ordure may not break forth, and then
he paunches him, rewarding the hounds
with it.
In the next place, he is to prefent the
fame perfon, who took fay, with a drawn
hanger, to cut off the head of the deer.
Which being done, and the hounds reward-
ed, the concluding ceremony is, if it be
a ftag, then one blows a triple mort 5 and
if a buck, a double one, and then all who
have horns, blow a recheat in confort, and
immediately a general whoop, whoop.
It was formerly termed a wind or wind-
ing horn i the horns probably, were wind-
ing, or compaflcd, but afterwards ftrait
iiorns grew into ufc^ and then they ufed to
-H A U
fay, blow a Horn, - and found a horn ; and
now, French or German horns are in repute.
In many cafes, formerly leafing wasob-
fervtd ; that is, one was held cither croft
a faddle or on a man's back, and wich a
pair of dog-couplts, receives ten pounds
and a purfe, that is, ten (Iripc:^ (according
to the nature of the crime, more or leis
fevere) and an eleventh that ufed to be as
bad as the other ten, called a purfe.
There are many faults ; as coming too
late into the field j mirtaking any term of
art : thefe are of the leflTcr fort; the greater
are, hallooing a wrong deer, or leaving the
field before the death of the deer, &*<•.
HART, OR Stag Evil, is a fort of
rheum or defluxion, that falls upon the jaws
and other parts of the forehead of a horfe,
which hinders him from eating.
Sometimes this diftemper affe&s the parts
of the hinder quarters.
HART ROYAL, is an hart that has
been hunted by the King or Queen, and
cfcaped with life.
HART ROYAL proclaimed; thu>
they call an hart, who having been hunted
by the King or Queen, flies fo far fiiom the
forcft or chace, that it is unlikely he wili
ever return of his own accord to the place
where he lodged, and that thereupon a
proclamation is made in all towns and .vil-
lages thereabouts, that none fliould kill
him or ofiend him, but that he may fikfely
return if he lift.
HASTE, OR Quicken, your^and^
is an exprefl[lon frequently ufed by tne rid-
ing mafter» when a fcholar works a horfe
upon volts, and the mafter has a mind he
ihould turn his hand quicker to the fide on
which the horfe works ; fo that if the horfe
work* to the right, he turns quicker with
his ihoulders to the right ; ^nd the like is
obfcrved, if he works, to thcleft,.
HAUNCH OR Hanch ; the hip, part
of the body of a living creature.
The haunches of a horfe are too long, if,
when ftandingin the ftable, he limps with
his hind legs farther back than he ought,
and that the top or onfet of his tail does
not anfv^er in a perpendicular line to the
• • •
tip
H A U '
»
tip of his faocks ; as it always does iti h^<s
whofc haunches are of a juft length. ~
There are feme horics, whiqh though
they have too long haunches, yet com-
monly walk well -, j^ch are good to climb
hills : but to balanft that, they are not fit
to go down a dcfcent ; for they cannot ply
their hams, and they never gallop flowly,
but atmoft ^t full fpeed.
HAUNCti OR Hip of a Horse, is that
part of the hind quarter that exrends from
the reins or back to the hough or ham.
The art of riding* the great horfe, has
not a more neceffary leflbn than that of
putting a horfe upon his haunches ; which,
in other terms, is coupling him well, or
putting him well together, or compa6t»^
A horfe that can't bend and lower his
hips, throws himfclf too much upon his
flioulders, and lies heavy upon the bridle;
A horfe is laid to be thoroughly managed
when he bears well upon the hand, knows
the heels, and fits well upon -his hips ; as>
This horfe has his haunches in fubjedion,
and falques very well j for in making his
falquades, he holds his haunches very low,
and bends admirable well.
To make a horfe bend his hips, you
muft frequently go backward, and. make
ufe of the aids of the hands, and of the
calves of your legs- in giving him good
ftops.; and if that does not fuccced, try
him upon a calade or floping ground,
after the Italian falhion. Hence they fay.
Your horfe makes his hips accompany
his Ihoulders fo well, that he is perfe&ly
right fet. See Put upn the Haukches.
Calade,. Cavesso^/jFalquade, and Feel..
To drag the haunches, is to change the
leading foot in galloping. See Gallop
False.
Head in and hips in:, a?^^ Head.
To gallop with the haunch in. See Gal^-
LOPADEr
HAUNT. Habit or cuftom.
Among hunters, the walk of a deer,, or
the' place of his ordinary paffage.,
. HAUNTS OF Fowls. It is a thing of
no fmall moment to a fowler to be ac-
ijpRiflted with the haunts of.fowU,
HAW
In order to this you ought to underftandy
that all kinds of the larger fowls, viz. thofe
which divide the foot, haying their haunts
by the fides of (hallow rivers, brooks, and
pla flies of water ; and thofe who do not
appear in flocks, but you may fee here one
fingle, there arc a couple, and the like,
which^makes them difiicult to be taken by
engine or device j but they are the beft
flight for hawks that can be imagined.
Likcwife thcfe fowls delight in low and
boggy places 5 and the more fedgy, marfliy,^
and rotten fuch grounds are, the fitter they
are for the hunting of thefe fowl.
They alfo delight in the dry parts "of
drowned fens, which are over-grown with
tall long rufhes, r^eds, and fedges.
Laftly,, they delight in half-drowned
m^oors, orthe hollow vales of downs, heaths,,
or plains, where there is flielter either of
hedges, hills, tufts of rufties, or trees,
where they may lurk obfcurcly.
The leflTer fowl, which are web-footed,,
continually haunt drowned fens^ where they
may have continually plenty of water, and
may fwim undifturbed by man or bead ::
their haunt is likewife in the main ftream of
rivers, where the current is fwifteft and-
leaft fubjeft to freeze ;. and by how much
fuch rivers are the broader and deeper/ the-
greater delight thefe fowls take therein.
The wild-goofc and barnacle excepted,,
who. abide no water above their founding t
for when they cannot reach the ouze, they:
inftantly remove thence, feeking out more*
fliallow places.
Thefe two lafl: named,. are unconceivablyc-
delighted: with green winter, corn, anc^:
therefore you will always find them where
fuch grain.is fown,^ efpecially if the ends o£
the lands, have much water about them.
Alfo the fmaller fowls do very much frc-;-
quent fmall brooks, rivers, ponds, drowned
meadows,.,partures, moors,, plaihes, meres^
loughs and lakes, efpecially if well ftored
with iflands unfrequented,, and well furnifli-
ed with flirubs, ru(hes, reeds, ^x, and them
they will breed* there,, and frcqpent thofa
places both-fummer and winter,
HAW. A.grifl:lewhich grows between
Li.SL the-
H A W
tlie nether eye-lid and eye of ahorfe, and
iftiot timely removed, will put it quite out.
It proceeds from grofs, tough, and phicg-
nvatic humours, which fall from the head,
and their uniting together, and indurating,
at length come to this infirmity.
The figns by which this may be known,
are, the watering of the eye, and the in-
voluntary opening of the nether lid. Tho'
every farrier can cut it out ; but ordinarily
the horfe mud be held fail by the head, and
with a ftrong double thread, put a needle
in the midft of the upper tyc-lid, and tie
ic to his head -, then take the needle again,
with a long thread, and put it through the
griftk of the haw, and with a (harp knife
cut the (kin finely round, and therewith
pluck out the haw.
Then take the blood out of his eye, walh
it with beer or ale, and put in a good d^al
of lair, and afterwards wafli it again, ftroak-
ing it down with your hand, and let him
rclt.
The beft method of cure is to cut it
away, though, while it is very fmall,
it may be dcftroyed by the following pow-
der :
Take twenty grains of cuttle-bone ; ten
grains of common glafs, finely levigated ;
fifteen grains of white vitriol ; half a dram
of Floren|;ine oricc-root ; mix, and blow a
latle upoji the haw three times a*day ; and
half an h^ur after each time this powder is
blown in/ wafh it away with a little brandy
and wa^V.
If th{s\xcrefcen?:e is cutaway, do not
cut it t;oo ntar, for that on the other hand
may ciufe a bleared eye. After the harder
part is all cut oflT, you may drefs the wound
with honey of rofes, mixed with one eighth
part of tinfture of myrrh j and if fpongy
flefli arifes, fprinklc it with burnt alum.
• HAWK. This bird is diflinguifhcd into
two kinds; the long-winged and (hort-
winged hawk.
The firft year of a hawk it is called a
Soaragc ; the fecond an Fnterview ; the
third a White-Hawk ; and the fourth a
Hawk of the firft Coat.
HAY
Of the firft, there arc thefe, which were moft
in ufe here amongft us :
'The Gerfalcon antl its male the Jerkin.
The Falcon and ditto Tiercel Gentle.
The Lanner and ditto Lanneret.
Bockcrel and ditto Bockcret.
The Saker and ditto Sakeret.
The Merlin and its male the Jack Mer-
lin.
The Hobby and ditto Jack, or Rob-
bin.
The Stelletto of Spain.
The Blood' Red Rook of ^urky.
The Walkite from Virginia.
Of the ftiort-winged* hawks, there are. thefe.
that follow :
The Eagle and its male the Iron.
The Golhawk and ditto Tiercel.
The Spjirrqw-Hawk and its n>ale the
Mufket.
The two forts of French Pic.
Of the inferior fort, arc thefe :
ThcStanyel, orRingTail.
The Raven and Bu^^ard.
The Forked Kite and Bold Buzs^ard.
The 'Hen-driver, i^c.
Note, For the terms ufed in hawking. Jet
the Article Terms.
HAYS. Particular nets fv>r ts^king of
rabbets, hares, &fr. common to be bought
inihops that fell nets ; and they may be had
larger, , or fliorter, as you think. fit; from
fifteen ta twenty fathom is a goodlcngth-f
and for depth a fathom.
As rabbets often ftragglc abroad about
mid-day for frefti grafs ; when you perceive
a number gone forth to any remote brakes
or thickets, pitch two or three of thefe hays
about their burrows ; lie cjofe there: but
in cafe you have not nets enough to enclofe
all their burrows, fome may be ftopped
with ftones, bufhes, fcfr.
Then fct out with the coney dog, to
hunt- up and down at a good diftance, and
dray
J
HE A
draw on by degrees to the nuin w&o ia .with
yot]^ and Iks clofe by the hay^ who may
take them into it.
HAYWARDy OR Haward, ,a keeper
of the common herd of cattle of the town>
who IS to look that they neither break nor
CFop the edges <f enck>fed grounds, and is
fwom in the Lord's court for the per^rm-
ance of his office.
HEAD OF A 'Horse fhould be narrow,
lean and dry, neither fhould it be too.loag :
btit the main point is*a good onfet, Ibashe
may be able to bring it into its .natural
iituation : which is, that all the fore parts,
frooi tehe brow to the nofe, be perpendicu-
lar to the ground, (6 that if a plummet
were applied thereto, itmoft juft razeor
Aaveit.
Every horfe that has a large head, is apt
to reft and loll upon the bridle, and iby
that means, tn a journey, tire the hand of
the rider; and bcfides, he can never aj^ear
well with a large head, unlefs hehasalfo a
long and well turned neck.
Head of a horfe imports the a^Uon of his
neck, and the effeA of the bridle and the
Hvrift : diis horCe plants his bead well, and
obeys the hand $ fuch a horfe refufes to
^ace his head 5 he flioots out his nofe, and
oeyer refts right upon the. hand, & r.
HEAD IN, AND LIKEWISE THE HlPS.
You mud paflage your horfe's-head and
-croupe in, 1. ^. work him fideways, upon
.two parrallel lines, at ^ep or trot, fb that
wh<9i the horfe makes a volt, his (houlders
mark a pifte, or trade, at the fame time
-tliat his haunches give the traA. of another,
-and the horfe plying or bending his neck,
4tiirns his head a little within the volt, and
ib looks upon the ground he is to go over.
HEAD-STALL. See Cavesson,
HEADS [amongft Hunters] ; all thofe in
deer that have double burs, or the antlers ;
royals and croches turned downwards, . are
■properly tern^d heads.
Heads of fo many croches : all heads of
'<leer which do not bear above three or
•four, the croches being placed alofr, all of
one height, in- form of a duller of nuts, ,
generally go by this name^ ^S^^-Hajits. .
■
HBE:
HEARSE {amodg Hgntftsl, a hind of
the feco^d year of her age* See Brocket
4ff^HlND.
HEARTS. A horfe of two Marts, L e.
a horfe that works 10 the manage with con-
ftraint and irre(blucion, ind cannot be
brought .to confent to it.
Such .horfes are much of a-piece with
your raminguesjor kickers againft the fpurs.
HEAVY. To reft heavy upon the hand,
is laid of a horfe, who through the foft-
ncfs ;Df his neck, wcakncfs of his back,
and weightof his fore-quarters, or through
wcarincfs, . throws himfelf upqn the bridle,
but withal, without making any refiilancc,
or- any effort to fpree the- hprCema^'s hand.
Thus they fay,
'Your horre has too great an appui pr reft
upon the bridle ; he is heavy upon the hand i
trot him upon his haunches, and fuftain or
bear up with the bridle.
By (topping him, and making him go
back frequently, you may make him light
upon the hand, and fo corre6t that fault, if
it comes only from la^inefs and iliffnefs i.
but if it proceeds from a defefb ifx the back,
there is* no. remedy for it.
Though a horfe is heavy upon tl^e hand»
yet that is not fo great a tault as if he
prefied and refifted the hand. See Press.
HECK. An engine to take fifli in the
river Oufe. A falmon heck is a grate to
catch that fort of 6(h.
HEEL OF A House ftoujd be high and
large, and one fide of it (hould not rife
higher upon the paftcrn than the other.
For diftempers in this part, and their
cures. See Scabby Hbbls and ScuATCHESt
.H££LoF A Horse, is the lower hinder-
part of the foot, comprehended between
the quarters, . and oppofite to the toe.
This being the part of a man that is arm*
ed with the fpur, the. word heels is taken
from.thefpur itfcif : hcjacc. they fay.
This horfe underftands the heel.weU i he
knows the heels : he obeys the heels ; he
anfwers the heels i he is very well upon the
heels : the meaning of all which is, that
the horfe obeys the fpurs j which, in cffccl,
is Bjt^ng from tiicm.
i„ "S*
HID
Make him fly from the right heel', make
IkHTi fly from the left. . • . ,
To ride a horfe upon the hands and heels,
M to make him take the aids of the h^nds
and the heels with a tender fenfe.
To ride a horfe from one heel to the other,
h to make him go fide-ways, fometimes to
ene heef, fometimes to another : for in-
ftance, having gone ten paces, in fly-
ing from the right heel, you make him
without Hopping go ftill fide-ways in fly-^
ing from the left heel, and fo on alter-
nately.
Inner heeU ^^^ outer heel. See Is abtd
Narrow.
HEELED, OR BLOooy-HBELED Cock. A
fighting cock, that ftrikes or. wounds much
with his'fpurs. Cock-mafters know fuch a
cock, while a chicken, by the (Iriking of his
two heels together in his going '
HEINUSE [among Hunters] a roc-buck
of the fourth year.
HELPS. To teach a horfe his lefTon,
there are feven helps or aids to be known j
•hefe are the voice, rod, bit, or fnaffle, the
calves of the legs, the ftirrups, the fpur,
and the ground. Thcfc helps areoccafion-
ally turned into corredions. See Aids.
HERBER. A French word ufed by the
farriers, importing the following applica-
tion :
For fome difeafes, fuch as thofe of the
head and the anticor, they put into a horfe^s
counter a piece of hellebore- root, which
makes it fwell and fuppurate.
HERN OR Herom. A large wild water-
fowl, with a long neck and bill, that flies
high, and feeds upon fifii.
A' hern at fiege, is a hern ftandif>g at the
water- fide, and watching for prey.
HERN -SHAW. 7 A place where herns
HERNERY. 5 breed.
HIDE-BOUND. A diftcmper in horfes,
where the fkin» fiicks^ fo fad to the back and
ribs, that you cannot pull it from the flefh
with your band.
This proceeds from fcveral caufes;, fome-
times. from poverty, and want of good or-
dering; fometioies by being over-heated
with hard ridings and carelefsly letting him
HO B :
I (land in tBe wet and rain ; fometimes it pro*
ceeds from foul and corrupted blood, which
dries up the flefli, which wanting it's narur
rai courfe, caufeth this (hrinking of the (kia
together, that makes him have a grcatj
(hrivelled, and (hrunk-up belly to his flanks,
cauCng his hare to ftart, and his legs to
fwell, £s?r.
Hard ufage and bad keeping are. the fnoi%
general caufes, when it is an original di-
ftemper; but it is for the moft part s^ fym*
torn attending fome other dife^fe, the hide-r
bound horfe is faid by many to be cheft-
foundered or body-foundered.
As to the cure, if it is afymptom attend-
ing another diftafe, it's remedy is the re-
moval, of the difeafeqn whiqh it depends.
In general it requires a cooling laxative
diet. ...
HIGH BEARING COCK.. A term ufed
with refpe& to fighting cocks i which fig-
nifies one that is larger than the cock he
fights with ; as a low bearing cock^ is one
over-matched for height.
HIND, [among Hunters] a female ftag^
fo called in the third year of it's age^ In thf
fecond year fhc is called a hearfe or brocks,
fitter : the firfl: year a calf* ,
HIND CALF. A male hart, or hind of
the firfi: year. She fawns in jipril and ALyim,
HIND-HAND. SeeiiAifD.
HIP. ^^^ Haunch.
HIP-SHOT. A horfe 13 faid to be fuch
when he has fprained his haunches or hip^ ^
fo as to relaxate the ligameints that keep the
bone ink's due place.. .
HIP-SHOT ts when the hip-bone of l|i
horfe is removed oujt of its place i this hape
pens to a horfe many ways *, by a wrenchi
ftroke, OF firip^ ftrain. Aiding, or falling*.
The figns to know it, are, the horfe will,
halt, and go fideling,' and the fore-hip will
fall lower thajB the other;, nay, in time, th^
flcfli will confume away; fo that if it b^e
let alone too long,, it will. never, be curecL
Set Strains,
HOBBY. The hobby is a hawk of the
lure, and not of the fi(t ; is a high flier, .an4
is, in every refpeftjjike the.faker, but (hat
Ihc isanmch lefa birdii.
H O O
' The hobby hath a blue beak, but the feer
thereof, aod legs, are yellow ^ the crinets or
little feathers under her eye are very black i
the top of her head is betwixt black and
yellow, and (he hath two white feams on her
neck, the plumes under the gorge, and
about the brows are reddilh without fpot or
drop, the bread: feathers for the moll: part
brown, yet interfperfed with white fpots ;
her back, train and wings are black aloft,
having no great fcales upon the legs, unlefs
It be a few beginning behind ) the three
llretchers and pounces are very large with
refpeA to her fliorc legs -, her brail feathers
are tioftured between red and black ; the
pendant ones, or thofe behind the thigh,
iof a nifty, fmoaky hue.
HOG-STEER [amongft Hunters] a wild
boar three years old.
HOLD. As a mare holds. See Retain.
HOOF OF A Horse, is all the horn that
appears when hrs foot is fet to the ground ;
the hoof fhould be of a figure very
hear round, and not longifh, efpecially
towards the heelj for long feet are worth
nothing.
The horn of the hoof fhould be folid,
tough, high, fmooth, without any circles,
ibmewhat fhining, and of a dark colour, for
the white is commonly brittle, and may be
known by many pieces being broke from
the horn round the foot : to be excellent,
the horn fhould be of the colour of a deer's
hoof, and the whole foot round but a little
larger below than above.
The hoofs of a horfe arc either perfeft or
imperfeA ; the former, but now defcribed,
is fo difpofed, that the horfe may tread
more on the toe than the heel, being alfo
upright^ and fomewhac hollow on the in-
fide.
1. As for the imperfedl hoof, it is that
which wants any of the aforementioned
qualities, particularly if it be not round, but
broad, and fpreading out ot the fides and
quarters ; that horfe for the mod part has
narrow heels, and in procefs of time, will
be flat- hoofed, neither will he carry afhoe
long, or travel far, but foon furbate 5 and
by treading more upon the heels than on
ft[ O O
the toes, he will go low on the paflerns, fo
that his feet, through weaknefs become fub-
jeft CO falfc quarters, gravelling, £s?r,
a. Others are rugged, or brittle-hoofed :
when the hoof is not fmooth, and full of
circles like rams horns, it is not only un-
feemly to the eye, but even a fign that the
foot is in no good temper, but too hot and
dry.
3. Some hoofs are long, which caufc the
horfe to tread all upon the heels, to go low-
in the pafterns, and by that means to breed
wind'galls.
4. There are fome crooked hoofs, broad
on the outfidcs, and narrow on the infide,
whereby the horfe is fplay-footed ; this will
oblige him to. tread more inward than ouc«
ward, and go fo clofe with his joints lO'**
gether, that he cannot well travel without
interfering, or perhaps flriking one leg fo
hard againll the other as to become larne^
but if it be broad within, and narrow with-
out, that is not hurtful, yet will occaGon
the horfe's gravelling more on the outfide
than the inlide.
5. Others have flat hoofs, and not holloi^r
within, which give rife to the inconvenicn-
cics above fpecified in the firft fort of im-
perfedb hoofs; but if it be too hollow, it
will dry the fafter, and make him hoof-
bound, fince the too hollow hoof is a flrait^
narrow one, and grows upright; for thougfv
the horfe treads upright, and not on his
heels, yet fuch kind of hoofs will dry too
fa(V, if not continually flopped. '
6. When the frufh is broad, the heels
will be weak, and ib foft that you may:
almoft bend them together, then he will
never tread boldly on the flones or hard
ground.
7. Some have narrow heels ; they are;
tenderefl ; that at lafl: the horfe will grow to
be hoof-bound. See Shoeing;
HOOF BONY, is a round bony fwelling,
growing upon the very top of an horfc*s
hoof, and always \^ caufed by fome Blow or
bruife, orby bruiting himfelf in his ftall, by
endeavouring to flrike at a horfe that fiands*
next him, and fo (Irikes againftthe bar that
parts them. . . i
Tlxc
HO O
•
The cure is, firll to digtil'thi fwcillng,
eiihcr with rotten litter, or hay boiled in old
urine, or clfc with a plailler of wine-lees
and wheaten Sour boiled together to ripen
it and bring it to a fuppuration, or diflblve
the tumoun
fiut if it comes to a head, lance it in the
loweft part of the foftncfs, with a thin hot
iron to let out the nnatter.
Tent it with turpentine, deer's fuet and
wax, of each equal quantities melted to-
gether, laying a plaifter of the fanie falve
oyer it, to keep in the tent till it be tho*
i^oughly welK
HOOF-BOUND m AHoRSE,is a (brinks
ing of the hoof at the top, and at the heel,
which makes the fkin ftart above the hoof
and fo grow over it.
It may happen to a horfe divers ways ;
cither by keeping him too dry in the ftable,
by ftrait ihoeing i or elfe by fome unnatural
keat after foundering*
The figns of it are, he will hah much ;
his hoofs will be hot, and if you knock^hem
with a hammer, they will found hollow like
an empty bottle.
As for the cure, that being the proper bu«
finefs of the farrier, I ihall omit to prcfcribe
for it here.
HOOF-BRITTLE. An infirmity in
horfes, proceeding either naturally or acci-
dentally ; naturally from the fire or dam ;
accidentally from a furfeit, that falls down
into their feet^ or elfe from the horfc's
having been formerly foundered.
For the cure, take unwrought wax, tur-
pentine, iheep's fuet, and hog's greafe, of
each four ounces ; fall ad oil, a quarter of a
pint, and of dog*s-greafe, half a pound;
boil them all together, and keep them in a
galIy*pot for ufe.
. With this anoint the hoof well for two or
three days, efoecially at the fetting on of
the hair, and Itop them with cow-dung and
hog's'greafe melted together.
HOOF-CAST, OR, Casting of the
Hoor, is, when the coffin falls clean away
from a horfe's foot.
HOOF.SWELLED. An infirmity that
ibmctimes happens to young horfes by being
H 0 R
over-tiddeii, or too hard wtoughr, which
caufes them to fwell in that pUrt, by reafon
of the blood falling down and fettling there,
which, if not fpeedily removed, will beget a
wet fpavin.
It proceeds from fome founder, prick, or
flap, breaking on the top round about the
coronet, which in time caufes it to fall
off.
For the cure : Take the ftrongeft aqva*^
fortis you can'get, and firft file or draw awaf
the old hoof fomewhat near, with a file, or
drawing^iron ; then touch the hoof, fo pre*-
pared, three or f6ur dr^flings or more,- with
the aqua-fortis^ and anoint thb foot witly ao
ointment,^ made of one pound of hog's-
greafe, patch-greafe thre^ qttarters of a
pound; Fgmce twpentine, five ounces;
new wax, three ounces, and faUad- oil,- three
ounces; all jneltrd together over the fire:
the cofEA of the foot up to the top, being
anointed with this, a new ho6f will grow oa
it.
HOOF LOOSENED, is an infirmity in
a horfe y it is a dtiFolution or dividing of th^
horn or coffin of his hoof from the fleffi,- a{
the fetting on of tlie coroheC. .
Now iftheparii^ be round about the co-
ronet, it proceeds froAi his being founderedi
if in part, then by a prick of fome channel-
nail, quitter- bone, retrelt, gravelling, cloy-*
ing, or the like.
When' the hoof is Ioofehe4 by founder-
ing, it will break firft in the fore, part of the
coronet, right againft the to^s, becaufe the
huniours alio are difpofed tadefcend towards
the toe.
But if it proceeds from prieking, gravel-
ling, and the like, then the hoof will loofea
round about equally at firft ; but if it be
caufed by a quitter- bone, or hurt upon the
coronet, it wllF break right above the
grieved part, and is very rarely known to
go any farther : as for the cure of the for-
mer, they arc properly the bufincfs of a
farrier.
HORN. Se^ Hoof.
HORN. To give a ftroke with the horn,
is to bleed a horfe in the rc>of of the nK>uch»
with tbt born of a ftag or roe^buck, the tip
and
HOR
and end of which is fo fliiip mi poioteds as
40 perform the office pf a lancet.
We ftrike with the horn in the middle of
the fouith ' notch t)r ridge of the upper
jaw.
HORNS OT A Deer Castimg> is a fingu^
lar phdcnomenon> the true reafon of which
ieems to be aftoppage of the circulation $ fo
that being deprived of the nourifiiing juice,
they fail off much in the fame manner as
the leaves of the trees do in autumn. About
ten days after the horns are caft> the new
ones begin ta appear: thefe at firft are fofc
and hairy, but they afterwards grow hard>
and the creature rubs off the hair.
• HORN-GELT. A tax within the
bounds of a foreft, for all manner of horned
beafts*
HORSE. A four-footed animal of great
ufe to mankind, cfpecially in the country %
this creature being by nature valiant, ftrong,
and nimble ; above all other beads, moft
able and apt to endure the extremefl: labours,
the even quality of his compofition being
fuch, that neither extreme heat dries up his
ftrength, nor the violence of the eold freezes
the warm temper of his moving fpirits : he
is moft gende and loving to man, apt to be
taught, and not forgetful when an impref-
fion is fixed in his brain, being watchful
above all other beafts, and will endure his
labour with an empty ftomach. He is na-
turally given to cleanlinefs, and has an ex-
cellent fcent, even not fo much as to ofFcnd
any man with all his ill favours. For the
different fymptoms of ficknefs,/^^ Sickness
OF Horses.
Now for his Ihape in general ; the ufual
eharaftcr is, that he muft have the eyes and
joints of an ox, the ftrength and foot of a
mule, the hoofs and thighs of an afs, the
throat and neck of a wolf, the ear and tail
of a fox, the breaft and hair of a woman,
the boldncfs of a lion, the Ihape and quick-
fightcdnefs of a ferpent, the face of a cat,
the lightnefs and nimblcnefs of a hare, a
high pace, a deliberate trot, a plcafant gal-
lop, a Iwift ruuning, a rebounding leap, and
to be prefent and quick in hand.
As to his colours, the reader is referred to
the article of Colours of a Horsed only
it is fit to mention here, that the beft colours
arc the brown-bay, dapple-grey, roan»
bright bay, black with a white near-foot be-
hind, white fore-foot before, white ftar,
chefnut or forrel with any of thefc matks,
or dun with a black lift.
But to return to the more particular
parts of a horfe, and fo fet thcin in view in
the beft manner ; it is required that the hoof
be black, fmooth, large, dry, round, and
hollow J the patterns ftraight and upright>
fetlocks Ihort, the legs ftraight and flat>
called alfo la(h*legged j the knees bony,
lean and round i the neck long, high-
reared, and great towards the breaft ; the
breaft lai^ and round; the ears long, (harp^
fmall, and upright i the forehead lean and
large j the eyes great) full, and black s the
brows well filled, and (hooting outwards ;
the jaws flender and lean, wide and open j
the mouth great ; the head large and lean»
like to a iheeo ; the mane thin and large i
the withers marp and pointed ; the back
Ihorti even, plain, and double chined i
the fides and ribs deep, large, and bear**
ing out, like the cover of a trunk, and
clofe fhut at the huckle-bone; the belly
long and great, but hid under the ribs'i
the flanks full, but Vet gaunt ; the rump
round, plain, and broad, with a large fpace
between the buttocks ; the thighs long and
large, with well fafliioned bones, and thofe
flefihy 5 the hams dry and ftraight j the trun-
cheon fmall, lon^, well fet on, and well
couched; the tram long, not too thick,
and falling to the ground ; the yard and
' ftones fmall ; and he fhould be well rifen
before. For his quality, 7>tf Vigour, For
the different parts of a hoxic^/ee the Article
Parts.
The horfe (hould have a broad forehead,
a great eye, a lean head ; thin, flender,
lean, wide jaws ; a long, high, rearing
neck ; rearing withers ; a broad, deep, chelt
and body, upright patterns, and narrow
hoofs.
There are many things relating to a
horfe, and very ncceflary to be known,
which will be found under their proper ar-
K k tides -,
H O R
tides ; only there are a few which are not fo
convenienciy reducible under fuch headsj
which muft have room here.
To begin with turning a horfe to grafs :
you ought, eight or nine days before you do
ir, ro take blood from him ; next day after,
give him the drink called diapentes and rn
a day or two after his drink, abate of his
cloaths by degrees, before you turn him
out, left by taking them off on a fudden
he [hould take cold ; and curry him not at
all afcer his cloaths are taken off, but let
him (land in his duft, for that will keep
him warm ; neither is it proper to put him
out till the middle of Jktoy at fooneft j for
till thk time grafs will not have bite enough-,
and let the day be warm, fun-fliine, and
about ten o'clock, for horfes pampered in
(tables, and kept clofe, will be very fubjeft
to t;^kc cold*
To take him up from grafs, he muft be
very dry, elfc he will be fubjcdl to be fcab-
by i and that not later thznBartbolomew^tidif
when the feafon begins to let cold dews fall,
that caufe much harm to your horfe ; and
then alfo the heart of the grafs begins to
fail, infomuch, that the grafi which he then
feeds upon^ breeds no good nouriflimentj
but grofs, phlegmatic, and cold humours,
which putrify and corrupt the blood; alfo
take him up very quickly, for fear of melt-
ing his greafe, his fat gotten at grafs being
very tender : and a day or two after he is
in the ftable, let him be (hod, let blood,
and drenched, which will prevent the ftag-
gers, yellows, and the like diftempers, oc-
cafioned by the gall and fpleen, which the
heart and ftrength of the grafs, through
the raaknefs of the blood, engender in the
body. -
But the curious, after they have taken
the horfe into the ftable, before they either
bleed or drench him, in a hot, fun-ihining
day, take him out into a convenient place,
and there trim him ; where taking ordinary
wafting foap, anoint his head and every
part of him with it all over, taking care
that none gets into his eyes and ears ; then
they wafh him very well all over with warm
water^ wiping him with a warm linen clothe
HOR
and afterwards rubbing him dry wfth wooU
len cloths ; then foap him all over ^ain^
efpecially his mane and tail, and waQi him
very clean with back lye, wkk a wifp or
woollen cloth, and when they have Aiffici-
.^tly cleanfed him, dry him as before, and
leading him into tile ftables, let him be •
cleanfed with a clean, thin> foft cloth.
So much for turning in and out of grafs.
There are two or three things more to be
added, that are of fome importance in re-
ference to this noble creature ; and the (irft
is> to make a horfe follow his nrufter, and
to find him out and challenge him amongft
ever fo many people.
Take a pound of oatmeal, to which put
a quarter of a pound of honey, and half a
pound of liquorice, make a little cake
thereof, and put into your bofom next to
your naked fkin, then run and labour your-
felf till you fweat, when fo, rub all your
fweat upon your cake ; then keep the horfe
fafting a day and a night, and give it him
to eat, which done, turn him loofe, and he
(hall not only follow you, but alfo hunt and
feek you out when he has loft you ; and
when he comes to you, fpit in his mouth,
anoint his tongue with your fpittle, and thus
doing, he will never forfake you.
Another thing is, to ftiew how to make a
horfe look young : take a crooked iron, no
bigger than a wheat corn, and having made
it red hot, burn a little black hole in the
tops of the two outermoft teeth of each
fide the nether chap before, next to the
tufhes when the mark is worn out, then
pick it with an awl blade, making the
fliell fine and thin : then with a (harp fcrap-
ing iron, make all histeeth white and clean ^
this done take a fine lancet, and about the
hollows of the horfe's eyes which are (hrunk
downj make a little hole only through the
(kin, and put in the quill of a raven or
crow, and blow the (kin full of wind $ then
take the quill out, lay your finger on the
hole a little while, and the wind will ftay
in, and he will look as youthful as if he were
but fix years old.
This way of making a horfe look young,
is by horfe«courfers called bilboping, and
is.
HO R
fs neceffary to be known by countrymen and
ethers^ not to cheat others with, but to pre-
vent their being cheated themfelves ; and
therefore they fiiould have great regard to
the Rules for Buying Horses, which is
an article by itfelfj and to which all perfons
arc referred.
There may be other lawful occaHons, be-
fides fervice of war, to prevent a horfc from
neighing i for which end^ take a lift of
woollen cloth, and tying it faft in many
folds about the midftof hit voice, or wind-
pipe, and it will do, for it has been often
tried and approved. See Mares, Horse-
Feeder, Travelling-Horsb, Draught-
Horse, Stallions, Horse's Age, Colours
OF A Horse, Colt-Taming, Stud, ^c.
You will likewife meet with the fcveral dif-
eafes incident to horfes, under their Arti-
cles, together with the feveral methods and
prefcriptions for the cures, too long to be
ficre named. For his vices and how they
may be remedied, fee Vices.
HORSE-FEEDER. There arc many
obfervations to be made by one engaged in
this oflSce, in order to perform it well, ef-
peciaQy when he has the care of running-
hories, but we (hall only mention a few.
1. As to meat or drink, if there be any
fuch, or other nourifliment that he. knows
good for a horfe, which the beaft refufes,
you muft not thruft it violently upon him,
but by gentle enticements with him thereto,
tempting him when he is moft hungry or
moft dry ; if he get but a bit at a time, he
will foon increafe to a greater quantity.
Ever let him have lefs than he defires ;
and that he may be brought the fooner to it,
mix the meat he loves beft with that he
loves worft, till both be equally familiar, fo
fliall he be a llranger to nothing that is good
and wholefome.
2. If he finds a horfe fubjeft to (liffnefs
and lamenefs, to the furbate» or to tender-
nefs of feet, then he fhould give him his
heat upon fmooth, carpet earth, or forbear
ftrong grounds, hard high-ways, crofs-ruts
and furrows, till extremity compel him.
3. For the condition of a horfe's body,
be muft account the ftrongeft ftate which is
H O R
the highedand fulleft of fiefli, fo it be goofd,
hard, without inward foulnefs, to be the
beft and moft proper for the performing of
matches : and herein you muft confider,
firft, the (hape of a horfe's body, there be-
ing fome that are round, plump, and clofe
knit together, which will appear fat and
well (haped, when they are lean and in
poverty i while others that arc raw-boned
flender, and loofe knit, will appear lean and
deformed, when they are fat, foul, and full
of grofs humours.
So likewife for their inclinations ; for
fome horfes at the firft, feed outwardly, and
ctirry a thick rib, when they are inwardly as
lean as may be *, whereas others appear lean
to the eye, when they are only greafe.
In which cafe the feeder has two helps to
improve his knowledge, the outward and
the inward one.
4. The firft is, theoutwatd handling and
feeling the horfc's body all over his ribs, but
particularly upon his (bort and hindermoft
ribs, and if his fle(h generally handle fofc
and loofe, and the fingers fink therein as in
down, he is foul without all queftion i but
if it be hard and firm, and only foft upon
the hindermoft rib, he has greafe and foul
matter within him, which muft be voided,
whatever comes of it. And for the inward
help, that is only fharp exercife, and ftrong
fcouring, the firft to difTolve, ai^d the latter
to bring it c^way.
5. It is the teeder's bufineis to obferve the
horfe's ftones, for iftbey hang downwards^
or low from his body, he is out of lult and
heart, and is either fick of greafe or other
foul humours ; but in cafe they lie clofe
trufied up, and hid in a fmall room, then
he is healthful, and in good plight.
6. As to his limbs, the feeder or groom
muft ever before he runs any match or heat;
bathe his legs, from the knees and gambrels
downwards, either with clariBed dogs^
greafe, trotter-oil, or the beft hog's -greafe,
and work it in well with his hands, not with
fire, for what he gets not in the firft night,
will be got in the next morning, and what
is not got in then, will be got in when he
comes to uncloath at the end of the courfe ;
Kk2 fo
H O R
o that the ointment need be ufcd but oncej
but the rubbing as often as there is oppor-
tunity.
7 The feeder may in any of the Utter
fortnrghts of a running horlVs feedings if
J»e finds him clear, and his greafc confumed>
about fix in the evenings give him water in
a renfonable quantity, made luke-warm>
kcejiing him fading an hour after : alfo, if
through the unfeafonablcnefs of weather
you cannot water him abroad, then at your
watering hours you are to do it in the houfe,
.with warm water, and an handful of wheat-
meal, bran, or oatmeal, finely powdered,
(which lafl is the bed) put into the water^
which is very wholefome.
8. He muft have fpecial regard to all
airing, breathings, and other exercifcs what-
ever ; to the fweatingofthehorfe, and the
bccafion, as walking a foot-pace, ftanding
iliil in the ftable, and the like -, this (hew$
that the horfe is faint, foul fed, and waats
exercife : but if upon good occafions, aa
ftrong heats, great labour, and the like, he
fweat, and it is a white froth like foap-fods,
heis inwardly foul, and alfo wants exercife :
again, if the fweat be black, and as it were
only water thrown upon him, without any
frothinefs, then he is cleanied, and in good
lud, and good cafe, and may be rid with^
out any danger.
9. And laftly, he fhould obferve his hair
in general, but efpecially on his neck, and
thofc parts that arc uncovered, for if they
lie fleek, fmooth, and cloie, holding the
beauty of their natural colour, the horfe is
in good cafe ; but if rough and daring, or
difcoloured, he mud be inwardly cold at
heart, and wants both cloatha and warm
keepings
HORSE-HAHR. NOOSES, are devices
to take birds by the neck or legs, fometimes
by both ; the mod: proper places for that
purpofe, being amongft buflies and fmall
coppices, and the manner thus :
Make little hedge-rows, about half a
foot high, by fticking fmall furz-bulhes,
brambles, or thorns, tPr. in dircft or
crooked lines, of fuch a length and number
as you think fit, according to the game you
I
HOR
fuppofe the pUce may tffdpct ; aod'tbeo at
fever;^ diftances^ leave little opeiir fpaces bi^
enough for the birda to piafa through. The
letters A., B, C, fliew tbe pciiTage^ or void
fpaceSj in every one of which you muft fi»
a ihort dick, of the bignefs of oite's finger,;
and tie thereto a noofe of horfe-hair, finely
twilled, with a flip-knot, thai the fowl en-
deavouring to pafs through may draw it
upon hia Eieck, and lb be ftrangled. Srr
Plate VII.
But for woodcocks, the fprings are tabe
laid fiat on the ground, to catch them by
the legsi wd good ftore'of partridges nuy
alfo be taken by thefe devices, fet acrois a
ploughed furrow, in the bottom, in cafe
there be any in the field. 4$*^!^ Plate
XVIII.
HORSES KIDNIES Disordered*
Many are the difeafes to which the kid^
neys are fubjeft, fuch as inflammation,
obftru£tion, ulceration, relaxation, l^e.
whence fupprefiion of urine, diabetes^
bloody urine, i^c. but the graivel* and the
ftoiic very rarely, if ever, affcft horfes, not-
withdanding fome dirediooa are given fa^
thefe complaiats in cafe of aa inftance
thereof occurring. Thefe difeafes which
do often diforder the kidneys, if they con-
tinue long are ufually dangerous, partieu-*
larly if the horfe grows feeble, if blotches
which turn into fcabs appear, or if his appe*
tice continue to fail.
An ufual wcaknefs in the loins ; foul or
bloody urine difcharged with difiiculty ; lofs^
of appetite ; faintnefs, if put to any exer*
cife I when he is put to ftep backward, if
it occafions a confiderable degree of pain^
eafy to be obferved by a by-ftaader ^ any or
all thefe indicate fome degree of fault in the
kidneys. The lad fymptom happen^ when a
horfe's back or loins have been drained, but
it is then unattended with neither the lofs
of ;^etite or fielh -, or the difordered ap**
pearancesin the urine, except now and then,
that it is rather more high coloured than is
natural to a healthy date.
If the difficulty of ftaling be attended
with much fever, an inflammation in the kid-
neys may be fufpeded. If the urine is not
freely
HO It
finttiy 'difcharged, but Is fottl> djipk colou-
red^ or foetid, and has a red or purple
coloured tcdimtntj on ftahding a lictl«
xrhile, there is an ulcer in the kidneyi
^wbich will graduaUy deftroy the horfe ; in
the milder kind of ulcers, the fediment
hath the appearance of good pus or matter,
from the ftirfacc of a ^ound^ only mixed
ymith blood, which diftinguiflies it from
the matter which is difcharged from an
ulcer in the bladder^ which is without
or with very little blood, and that, darker
coloured than that which arifes from the
kidaics^
In all dribrders of the kidnies, vioien^
cxercife and heavy burdens (hould care-»
fully be guarded again (I. Young horfes
have frequenily a weaknefs in their kid*
nies V in which cafe if care is not bad to
exercifi: nor to load them too freely, and to
feed them regularly and tolerably well> un*
til they arc fix or fcven years of age, they
will-out grow this infirmity ; but neglect
hereof will be their deftruflioii.
To relieve thefe complaints^ if there i*
any degree of fever, bleed according to
the ftrengch and condition of the horfe,
and give the cooling medicines direAed
for fevers : the heat being moderated, and
his belly tolerably lax, give the following :
If thefe is no fever, nor tendency toin-
flammation^ the bleeding. may be omitted;
rn its {lead, put a rowel under the belly,
then proceed as follows :.
BiuntU Bails for difeafed Kidniesm
Take balfam^capivi, Vcnice-foap,. and
nitre, of each one ounce ; beat them well
together, and form, them into a ball, which
repeat every four, fix, or eight hours, until
the urine is freely difcharged and recovers
a more healthy appearance ; let his drink
be water, in which parQey or marihmallow
roots have been boiled> with four ounces
of nitre in each gallon.
HORSE-LOGK and KEY, an inftru-
ment to open a hor&'s fetter, or chain-
lock..
HO R
Iris a fquare iron plate, bent atone cnd^
having a fquare hole and nicks in one part
of it, to anfwer the fprings and wards with-
in the bolt J the other end is bent half round,,
with a fmall turn at the end to make it look,
handfome,
HORSE-MEASURE, a rod of box to
Aide out of a cane, with a fquare at the endy.
being divided into hands and inches, to-
meafure the heighth of horfes«
HORSE SHOE j of thefe there are feve-
ral forts: i. That called planch-Ihoe oc
pancelet, which makes a good foot, and a
bad leg^ by reafon it caufes the foot to grow
beyond the meafure of the leg > though for
a> weak heel it is exceeding good, and will
laft longer than any (hoe, being borrowed
from the moil, that has weak heels and
fruflies,. to keep the feet from (tones aud
gravel.
2. Shoes with calkins^ which tho' they
be intended to fecure the horfe from Aiding,.
yet they do* him more harm than good, fo
that he cannot tread evenly upon the
ground^ whejseby many tinoes he wrenches*
his foot^ or (trains fome finews, more ef«^
pecially upoailony ways, where the fto&es
will not fuffer his calhins to enter, the foot:
flips with more violence ; though fome da
not think a horfe well Ihod unlefs all hi$.
(hoes be made with galkins, either ilngle
or double i however^, the double ones are
lefs hurtful, for he will tread evener wit I)
them thto with fingle calkins, but they^
muft not be over long, or Iharp pointed,,^
but rather fliort and flat.
J. There are Ihoes foe rings, which*
were firft invented to make a horfe lift his
feet up high. Though fuch ihoes are more
painful than helpful, and it is an unplea*
(Ing fight : this is ufed for horfes that have
not found hoofs, for tender feet fear to
touch the ground that is hard : but what
is intended fov a remedyj pro ves.a prejudice
to the horfe, by adding high calkins, or
elfe thefe rings to his Ihoes, for by chat
means he is made to have weai^er heels than,
before.
4. Shoes with fwelling welts, or borders
round about themj, are ufed in Germany y iffc,
whichi
H O R
which being higher than the head of the
nails^ fave them from wearing ; and thefe
arc the mod lading fhoes^ if made of well
tempered ftufF, for they wear equally in all
parts, and the horfe treads equally upon
them.
5/ Others that ufe to pafs mountains
where fmiths are not fo eafily to be met with,
trarry (hoes about them with vices, whereby
they fallen them to thehorfe's hoof without
help of the hammer or naiU notwithftanding
it is more for Ihew than any good fervice :
for though this fort of Ihoe may fave his
feet from ftones, yet it fo pinches his
hoof, that he goes with pain, and per-
haps injures it more than the ftones do s
therefore upon fuch emergent occafions,
it is bett-er to make ufe of a joint-fhoe
which is made of two pieces, with a flat
rivet -nail joining them together in the toe,
fo that you may make it both wide and
lOarrow to ferve any foot.
6. The paftern-ihoe is neceflary for a
horfe that is burnt in the hip, ftiffle> or
ihoulder, which will caufe him to bear upon
that leg where the grief is> and confe-
qucntly ufe it the better.
7* A (hoe proper for flat feet.
8. The pan ton, or patable-(hoe, which
t>pens the heels, and helps hoof-binding.
Thefe are of admirable ufe, in regard
that they never (hift upon the feet^ and
continue firmly in one place.
9* Andlaftly, the half panton (hoe.
HORSE-RACING i a diverfion more
ufed in England than in all the world befide.
Horfes for this (hould be as light as poflTible^
jarge, long, but well (haped; with a
fhort backj long (ides, and a little long-
legged, and narrow breafted^ for fuch will
gallop the lighter and nimbler, and run the
fafler. Sol^el fays, he (hould be fome-
what long bodied, nervous, of great mettle,
good wind> good appetite, very fwift, and
fenHblc of the fpurs ; that he ought to be
of an EngUJh breed, or barb, of a little
lize, with pretty fmall legs, but the back
finews a good diftance fi-om the bone,
fliort jointed^ and have neat well fhaped
jfcet.
i
H O R
The excellent breed we have of horfes
for racing in our country, though through
fcveral abufes they have been unfortunately
injurious 10 a great. many pcrfons, yet if
rightly regulated and made ufe of, might
be very advantageous, as well as pleaiant
and diverting to men of quality-, and that
is by having plates run for at feveral times,
and in feveral countries, by which we nriay
come exaftly to know the fpeed; wind,
force, and heart of every horfe that runs,
which dire6ls us infallibly in our choice^
when we would furnifti ourfclves for hunt*
ing, breeding, road, and the like ; where^
as without fuch trials, we muft ftand to the
hazard, and not be at any certainty to meet
with good ones. A horfe may travel well,
hunt well, and the like, and yet when . he
comes to be preflfed hard, and forced to
the extremity of what he can do, may not
prove good at heart ; and more parti-
cularly, fome racers have been beaten only
by their heart finking in them (that have
wanted neither wind nor fpeed) when they
came to be hard preflTed.
It were indeed to be wi(hed, that pur
nobility and gentry would not make fo
much a trade of racing ; and when they
run only for plates, or. matches, that they
would do it for no more than may be loft
without damaging their eftates > but to run
for fo great a fum, that the lofs cannot be
well borne, and confequently endeavou-
ring to win the fame, if not more back
again, it draws them into vaft expence by
way of preparation for revenge, the con-
fequences of Which need not to be menti-
oned. On the other hand, if a perfon
proves fuccefsful, he is but apt to fancy
he (hall prove fo again, and fets up for a
brother 01 the fpur, but runs fo faft, that
fometimes neither eftate nor friends can
keejp along with him, and fo turns his di-
verfion into misfortunes.
As to the method of ordering running-
horfes, or what is called keepings fince
noblemen and gentlemen will do fo«
they will find what is proper to be done
in that refpedl under the article running-
horfesj and therefore wc will only here
fuppgie
HO R
fijppofe ft borfe fet to run for a plate^ and
that the hour of ftarting is at hand, the drum
beats or the trumpet founds, according to
the cuftom of the place where you run,
to give notice for ftripping and weighing ;
be Aire in the firfl: place, to have your
fiomach empty, only take fomething to
keep out the wind, and to ftrengthen you :
if your are light, that you muft carry
weight, let it be equally quilted in your
waiftcoat ; but it is better if you are jud
weight, for then you have no more to do
than to drefs you, according to your own
fancy ^ your cloaths (hould be of coloured
filk, or of white Holland, as being very
advantageous to the fpc£lators ; your
waiftcoat and drawers muft be made clofe
to your body, and on your head a little
cap tied on -, let your boots be gartered
up faft^ and your fpurs muft be of good
metal i then mount and come to the
ftarting-place, where going oflf briflcly
or gently, as occafion requires, make
your horfe perform the courfe or heat,
according to your intended defign, parti-
cularly, if you would win the fame, and
that your horfe excels in goodnefs mone
than fpeed, ftart him off roundly, and run
him to the very top of what he can do,
during the whole courfe or heat ; and by
that means, if the horfe you run againft be
not fo good at the bottomj^ though he has
more fpeed, you ihall beat him, becaufe
he will be run off it a great way before
he comes to the end. But on the contrsu
ry, if your horfc's talent he fpeed, all that
you-can do is^o wait upon the other horfe,
and keep behind till you come almoft to
the ftand,and then endeavour to give a loofc
by him : fometimes when you are to run
more heats than one, it will be your policy
to lofe a heat ^ and in that cafe you muft,
for the eafing and fafeguard of your horfe,
lie behind all the way as much as you can,
provided you bring him in within diftance.
The pofture to be obfervcd is, that you
place yourfelf upoB your twift, with your
knees firm, and your ftirrups juft at fuch
a length, that your feet, when they arc
tbjuft home in them, you caa raife your-
HO R
felf a little in the faddle for your legSt
without that allowance, will not be firm
when you come to run; the Counterpoize
of your body muft be forward, to facilitate
your horfe's running, and your elbows
muft be clofe to your body i but be fure
above all things, that you do not incom*
mode your horfe by fwagging this or that
way, as fome do, for fince weight is a great
matter in running, and that a troublefome
rider is as bad as fo much more weight,
there is no need to fay how neceffary it is
to take great care of your feat and hand ^
you muft therefore beware of holding your-
felf by the bridle, or of jobbing your horfe's
mouth upon any occafion ; you muft take
your right rein in the fame hand, holding
up the horfe, &r. as you find it neceffary^
and every now and then remove the bridle
in his mouth : but thefe things are beft
learned by experience and praftice*
A plate being to be run for by heats,
every man, that rides muft be juft weight at
ftarting, in great fcales for the purpofe, and
at the end of the fame heat i for if you
want of your weight at coming in, you
(hall lofe your heat, though you are the firft
horfe ; you have half an hour between the
firft and fecond, to rub your horfes $ at the
warning of the drum and trumpet again*
you mount, &c. as beforCj^ and fo till^all
is done, which is three, and (bmetimes
three heatsand a courfe.
Nothing need be faid of the ceremonies
relating to the judges^ and the articles by
which plate-races and matches are regulated,
fince they are fettled according to the
different cuftoms of the places where you
run.
If you do not breed racers yourfelf, be^
fure you buy no horfe that has not extraor*
dinary good blood in his veins, for the
charge of keeping is great, and a good one
eats no more than a bad, and requires no-
more attendance ; fome to. favc twenty or
thirty guineas in the price of a young horfe,
have loft hundreds by him afterwards.
A horfe that you. have tried once or
twice at a twelve-ftone plate, you may be
furewill make an extraordinary good hunter,
and
H OR
and you arc to obfervtf, that tHe pofture,
manner of riding* ^c. is the fame in a
match as in a plate-race, only that there
being bu t a fingle courfc to fee run, you
muft pulh for all at that one time 5 whereas
when there ane fcveral heats, there is more
feving, and' variety of play.
HOTTSok HUTTS,'are the pounces
and round ball of leather ftuffed and tied
to the fpurs of fighting cocks, to keep them
from hurting one another in fparring.
To HOVER, to flutter or fly over^ with
wings ftretched out ; to hang over. ,
tlOUGH OR Ham of a Horse, is the
joint of the hinder quarter, which joins the
thigh to the leg.
HOUGH-BONY ,• afwellingon the tip
or elbow of the hough in a horfe's hinder-
quarters, about as big as half a tennis*
ball.
To HOUND A Stag, [among Hunters]
to call the dogs at him.
HOUND, a hunting dog. See the dif-
ferent kinds under tke articles Grey-Hound,
Blcod-Hound, &c. alfo a kind offjb. For
Terms concerning Hounds , &c. fee the Article
Terms. For their methods of entering for a
Hare f fee Hare-Hunting.
All dogs whatfoever, even from the
terrible Boar-dog to the little Flora, arc
all one in the firft creation i that every vir-
tue and faculty, 'fize or (bape, which we
find or improve in every dog upon earth,
ivcre originally comprehended in the firft
parents of the fpecies ; and that all this va-
riety, we behold in them, is either the na-
tural produ6l of the climate, or the acci-
dental efFcft of foil,.food or fituation, or
very frequently the iflue of human care, cu-
riofity, or caprice. Every huntfman knows
that a vaft alteration may be made in his
breed, as to tongue, heels, or colour, by
induftrioufly improving the fame blood for
twenty or thirty years ; and what nature
can do, (which wifely tends to render
every kind of creature fit for the country
where it is to inhabit, or be employed,) is
manifeft by this : That a couple of right
foiuhern hounds, removed to the north,
and fiifFcred to propagate, without art or
H OR
mixture, in a hilly motmtainovs wotUrj^
where the atr is light and thtn, will, by
(enfible degrees, decline and degenertee
into lighter bodies, and (hritler voices, if
not rougher coats. Notwithftanding the
efFeds of human induftry and contrivance
are not infinite, there is ilill zneflns to
which ihey are dinted, nor can all our de-
vices add one new fpecis to the works of the
creation. • Nature is ftiH uniform as to the
main, the Almighty Creator is not to be
imitated by fhort-hand mortals : In fpite of
art our mules will all be barren ; nor can
the moft cunning projeAor prodwce one
amphigeneous animal that will increafeand
multiply. There appears a diftinAfpecific
difference in all living creatures ; the horle,
the dog, the bear, the goat, ,however
diverfified by art,or accident in tize or figure^
will ever difcover fomething that appro-
priates to them thofe names or charafters ;
and, above dl other things, the peculiar
appetites and powers of generation will
prompt them to own and indicate their
relation. This I conceive, is the moft
undeniable argument that all dogs are of
one original fpecies, fince every body knows
that no deformity, difproporcion, or difli-
militude, can hinder any one of that name
from courting, following, or accepting the
other, nor their mongrel offspring from
enjoying the common nature and faculties
ot the fpecies.
Admitting the diftinftions of hounds,
beagles, 6fr. as they commonly ftand, we
(hall confult what particular forts ihould
be recommended for each particular game
in this ifland. For the deer, the fox, the
otter, 6fr. every fportfman knows the
breed that is moft proper ; but as each of
them, with a little application, will joyful-
ly follow the fwcet-fcented hare, the query
is, what kind is preferable for that delight*
ful exercife ?
The moft fatisfaftory reply to every
hunter is, that his own kind is beft j but
fuch as are fetting up a new cry, it would be
advifable to begin to breed on the middle-
fize dogs, bet\*ixt the fouthem hound and
the northern beagle. It is true, the fineft
and
H OU
and moft curious fport in general wfth the
former Whether it be the particular form-
ation of their long trunks, or the extraor-
dinary moiflure that always cleaves to the
nofes and lips of thefe fort of dogs, it is not
requifite to inveRigate ; but certain it is,
that they are endued with the moft accurate
fcnfc of fmelling, and can often take and
diftinguifh the fcentan hour after the light-
er beagles can make nothing of ic. Their
flowneis alfo better difpofes them to re-
ceive the commands and direftions of the
huntfman, and then much phlegm, (for
there feems to be a difference in the con-
ilitutions of other animals as well as man,^
gives them patience to proceed with cau-
tion and regularity, to make fure of every
ftcp as they*go, carefully to defcribe every
indenture, to unravel each puzzling trick
or figure. But thefe grave fort of dogs arc
however fitteft for matters of the fame tem-
per, as they arc able to hunt in cold fcent,
they arc too apt to make it fo, by their
want of fpecd and vigor to pufli forward,
and keep it warm ; their cxaftnefs often
renders them trifling and tedious. By this
means, though the hunt be finer, yet the
prey (which is by fomc thought necelTary
to compleat the fport) very often efcapes,
the length of the chacc takes up the time,
and cxpofes them to numerous hazards of
lofing.
The north country beagle is nimble and
vigorous, and does his bufinefs furioufly.
He purfues pufs with the moft impetuous
eagernefs, gives her no time to breathe or
dof)ble, and, if the fcent lies high, will
cafily demolifli a lealh, or two brace before
dinner. But this is too much, too (hort,
and violent, nor is fuch fuccefs often to be
expelled. For though this kind of dogs
arc much in requeft among our younger
gentry, who take out-running and out-rid-
ing their neighbours to be the beft part of
the fport ; yet it would make one fick to be
out with them in acrofs morning, when the
walk lies backward, or the fcent low or
falling.
There is yet another fort in great favour
with fome, becaufe .they eat but little :
HUM
thefe, as their nofes are very tender and
not far from the ground, I have often feea
to make tolerable fport, but without great
care they are flirting and maggocty, and
very apt to chaunt and chatter on any or
no occafion : a rabbit, moufc or wecfcl,
will pleafe them inftcad of lawful game ;
and, in truth, it is feldom they underftand
their bufinefs, or perform their office with
judgment or difcretion.
The mixture of all, or any of thefe, I
fliould judge to be better, efpecially li a
diftinguifliable portion of fouthern blood
be remaining in their veins. The ma-
naging the litters muft be left to the difcrc-
tionofthe 'fquire and his man. But by
experience a race may be produced, that,
by running with Icfs fpeed, will furcr
and fooner arrive at the end ; a race that
carry with them a good (hare of the nofe
and fteadinefs of the deep curtails, the
vigour and aftivity of the chackling bea-
gle, the ftrength and toughncfs of the
right buck-hound, and the tuneful voices
that are a compound of all.
HOUZING, is either boot-housing or
(hoe-houzing ; the former is a piece of
ftuflFmade faft to the hinder part of the
faddle, which covers the croupe of the horfc
either for ornament, or to cover the horfc's
leannefs, or to prcferve the rider's cloaths
and keep them from being daubed with the
fweat ot the horfe.
The houzing, for fuch as ride with fhoes,
is commonly a piece of fcarlet cloth embroi-
dered with gold fringe, and put round the
faddle fo as to cover the croupe, and dc-
fcend to the lower part of the belly to fave
theftockings, when you mount in fhccs.
HUMOURS. When a fwelling happens,
on any part, the common phrafe is, the
humours are fallen there, hence endeavours
are made to draw them away, or to repel
them ; thus by a jargon of words, the mind
is led ofi^from attending either to the'pro-
per means, or from the method of applying
them to the greateft advantage ; for a re-
laxation of the folids may be the caufe of *
the complaint, by confequence, relief wiU
be only had from rcltoring their former
L 1 ftrength.
HUN
ftrcngth. And according to other differ- J
tnt caufcs, different remedies will be re- *
quired.
The word humours hath fo indetermi-
ftate a ufe amongll many, as hardly to have
any meaning in it •, but in general, it con-
tains this fuppofition, viz. that there is a
faulty quality in that to which this name is
civen. Humour is only another word for
fluid. The blood is the general humour or
fluid, from whence all the other humours
©r fluids in the body except the chyle, is
feparated i naturally thcfc humours or flu-
ids neither err in quantity or quality,
though they may accidentally become
faulty cither way, or in both at the fame
time.
Again, to fay the humours or fluids with-
out Ipccifying what particular ones arc in-
tended, is ufing a word wichout flgniflca-
tion or advantage; for without a know-
ledge of the particular humour or fluid that
is in fault, we muft be ignorant of the pro-
per method of altering cither the quantity
or the quality. The quality of all are
changed by alteratives; but different altera*
tives are fometimcs required, not only for
the different humours, but alfo for the dif*
ferent ftates of the fame humour ; and as to
the 'quantity, a redundance of red blood
requires bleeding ; an excefs of ferum re-
quires purges or diuretics ; and other means
are adapted to other humours ; particular
acquaintance with which is neceffary before
they can be altered in their quality, or
eitherincrcafedor diminifhcd in their quan-
tity.
HUNGRY EVIL, is an inordinate dcfire
in horfes to eat.
It proceeds either from great emptinefs or
want of food, when the bead is even at the
utmofl: pinch, and almoft chapfallen ; tho'
it fometimes proceeds from cold outwardly
taken ; fometimes by travelling long in
froft and fnow, or through barren places :
this outward cold affeding the ftomach fo
Car, that it's adion and faculties are de-
praved.
The tokens of this diflemper are an alte-
lation in the horfc's manner of fceding,when
HUN
he has loft s^l ipanncr of temperaace» ao4
chops at his meat, ^s if he would even de*
vour the nianger.
For the cure : In order to comfort his
ftomach, give him great flices of bread
toafted and fteeped in fack, or give him
wheat-flour in wine, or wheat-meal in milk^
a quart at a time, or elfe let him eat bread
made of pine-nuts.
But there is nothing better than to feed
him moderately feveral times in a d;^y with
good bean-bread well baked, or oats well
dried and lifted.
HUNTING. Above all things the
fcent is worthy admiration. The bulk, fizCi,
flgure, and other accidents or qualities of
thefe parts, or portions of matter that dif-
charge themfelves from the bodies of thefe
beafts of game, are fubjeds much fitter for
the experiments and learned defcants of a
philofopher, than a fimple huutfman.
Whether they are to be confidered as an
extraneous ftock or treafure of odoriferous
particles given them by Divine Wifdom, for
the very purpofe of hunting? Whether
they ^]x proper identical parts of the ani-
mal's body, that continually ferment and
perfpire from it? Whether thefe exhala-
tions are from the breath of her lungs, o/r
through the Ikin of her whole body, are
queftions alfo that deferve the fubdety
of a virtuofo. But fuch obfervations as
long experience has fuggefted, will be ex-
preffed in the plaineft manner. That ihcfc
particles are inconceivably finall, is mani-
fcft from their vaft numbers. Hundreds of
hares, after a chace of two, three, four, or
live hours, have been taken, and never
fhewed the leaft difference, in bulk or
weight, from thofe feized or fnapt in their
forms : nor could we ever learn from gen-
tlemen^ who have hunted bafket hares>.
that they could difcover ^any vifible wafte
in their bodies, any farther than may be
fuppofcd to be the effeft of difcharging^
their groflfer excrements. But fuppofing
an abatement of two or three grains,^ or
drams, after fo long a fatigue; yet how
minute and alp:ioft infinite mud be the di-
vlfion pf fo fmall a quantity of matterj^
when
HUN
when it affords a fhare to fo many couple of
dogs^ for eight, ten, or twenty miles fuc-
ceffively. Dedufting^ at the fame time,
the much greater number of thefe particles
that are loft in the ground, difTipated in the
air, cxtinguilhed and obfcured by the foe-
tid^perfpiracions of the dogs and other ani-
mals, or by the very fumes and exhalations
of the earth itfelf. T^hat thefe particles are
fubjeft to fuch difljpation or corruption,
every fportfman knows ; for as none of them
will retain their odour after a certain pro-
portionable time, fo it is daily evident, that
this time of their duration is very fubfervi-
cnt to the viciflitudes of the weather j that
the fcent of the animal (as well as her more
folid Qeih) will lofe its fweetnefs, fooner
or later, according to the difpofition of the
air.
Ic has been often perceived that, a
ilorm approaching, the fcent will, in a
moment change and vanifh. Nor is the fud-
dennefs of fuch alteration the leaft wonder-
ful, if we take into confideration the fnialU
nefs of the particlesr The fame efficient
caufe may penetrate and corrupt thefe mi-*
nute corpufcles in the twinkling of an eye,
which requires an hour or a day to operate
on bodies of greater bulk and fubftance i
as the fame fire, or aqua-fortis, will diflfolve
the filings of Heel in an iixftant, chough a
pound lump of that fame metal is fo long
able CO rcfift their violence. That thefe
particles of fcent are of an equal fpecific
gravity with the particles of the air, is de-
monftrated by the falling and rifing of them
in juft proportion to it.
Hafly huntfmen will curfe their dogs (that
yeflerday were the beft in England) for
galloping and (baring, with their nofes in
the air, as if their game was flown $ for of-
ten does it happen that it is in vain for
them to feek after the fcent in any other
place, the increafing weight of the air hav-
ing waited it over their heads. Though
even at fuch a feafon, after firft the mettle
and fury of the cry is fomewhat abated, the
more fteady beagles may make a fhifc to
pick it out by the i)articles left by the brufh
of her feet, efpecially if there be not a
HUN
>
ftrong, drying, exhaling wind to, hurry
thefe away after the reft. TMs often hap-
pens in a calm, gentle, fleady fioft, when .
the purity, coldnefs, or perhaps the nitre
of the air, ferves to fix and prefer ve the
few remaining particles, that they do not
eafily. corrupt. At another feafon, when
the air is light, or growing lighter, the fcenc
muft proportionably be falling or finking,
and then every dog, though in the height
of his courage; he pulhes forwards, yet is
forced to come back again and again,
and cannot make any fure advances, but.
with his nofe in the ground. Whcncir-
cumftances are thus, (if there be not a
florm of thunder impending to corrupt the
fcent, you may expedthe moft curious and
lading fport; pui^ having then a fair op*
portunity to (hew her wilrs, and every old
or (low dog to come in for his (bare, to
difplay his experience, the fubtlcty of his
judgment, and the tendernefs of his no-
(Irils. The moll terrible day for the hare
is, when the air is in its mean gravity, or
equilibrio, tolerably, moift, but inclining
to grow drier, and fanned with gentle
breezes: the moderate gravity buoys up
the. fcent as high as the dog's bread ; the
veficles of moifture ferve as fo many ca-
nals, or vehicles, to carry ihe efHuvia into
their notes i and the gentle fanningsbelp, in
fuch wife tofpread and diflipate them, that
every hound, even at eight or ten pacct
diftant, efpecially on the windy fide, may
have his portion.
It is necefTary for all gentlemen wlio
delight in hunting, to provide themfelves
with a barometer, or weather-glafs, as this
ingenious machine is of great ufe to the
obfervant huntfman ; for when he rifes in
the morning, and finds the air moift and
temperate, the quick-filver in his glaff
moderately high, or gently convex, he has
a fair invitation to prepare for his exerciie.
It is a cudom with our juvenile fportfmen
to fix the time two or three days before
hand to meet a friend, or to hunt in fuch or
fuch a quarter. But appointed matches of
this kind are improvident. He that will
enjoy the pleafurcs •f the chace muft afk
L 1 2 Icav
HUN.
leave of the heavens. Hunting is a trade
that is not to be forced, nor can the befl:
cry that ever was coupled, make any thing
of it, unlefs the air be in tune. The earth
alfo hath no fmall influence on this delicious
paOimej for though it fometimes happens
that the fcent is floating, io that you niay
run down a hare through water and mire,
efpecially if you keep pretty clofe after her,
V. ichout the trouble of ftpoping; yet, at
fuch a feafon, the firft fault is the lofs of
your game ; the perfpirations of her body
being wafted over head by the gravity of
the air, and thofe of her feet being left on
elements that abforb and confound them.
This laft cafe very often happens at the go-
ing off of a froft, the mercury is then com-
monly falling, and by confcquence the
fcent finking to the ground. The earth is
naturally on fuch occafion fermenting, dif-
fol ving, {linking, exhaling, and very porous,
fo that it is impoflible but moft of the par-
ticles muft then be corrupted, buried, or
overcome by flronger vapours. It is com-
mon to hear the vulgar fay, fhe carries dfrt
in her heels, but that is not all, it being
very plain, by what has been obferved,
that it 1% not only by the fcent of the foot
flie is fo eagerly purfucd. The mention df
froft enforces a particular obfervation, that
may be ufeful or diverting to gentlemen of
the chace : they all make it a great part
of their picafure to hunt out the walk of a
hare to her feat, and doubtlefs have often
been furprizingly difappointed on fuch oc-
cafions. Many times they have been able
to hunt the fame walk in one part of the
fields and not in another, and have hunted
the fame walk at ten or eleven, which gave
the leaft fcent at feven in the morning ;
and, which is moft provoking and perplex-
ing of all, have often been able to hunt it
ionly at the wrong end, or backwards ;
after many hours wonder and expeflation,
cherilhing their dogs, and curfing their
fortune, and,, in truth, never fo far from
their game as when their hunt is warmeft.
All thefc accidents- arc only the efFeft of
the hoar-froft, or very grofs dew, (for they
never happen gthcrwifc,) and from thence
HU K
muft the miracle be accounted for. Indeed
Xenophon, in a Tre^tifc on Hunting, fays,
" In the winter there is no fcent early in the
morning when there is either an hoar-froft
or a hard froft ; the hoar-froft, by its force,
contracts and contains all the warm parti-
j clcs in itfclf, and the harder froft congeals
them. In thefe cafes the dogs, with the
moft tender nofes, cannot touch, before
the fun difpels them, and the day is ad-
vanced, then the dogs can fmel), and the
trail yields a fcent as it evaporates."
A thaw tends to corrupt the particles,
and we have reafon to maintain that the
froft fixes, covers, and preferves them.
Whether this is done by intercepting their
afcent, and precipitating them to the
giound by the grofs particles of frozen dew,
or whether by ftieathing them and protcdt-
ing them from the penetrating air, is left
to the learned, but the fafts are certain,
and confirmed by experience. We have,
therefore, only to take notice, by the way,
that the hoar-froft is very often of Ihorc
continuance, changeable, and uncertain,
both as to its time and place of falling,
and hence all thefe difficulties are eafily re-
folved. Let the huntfman, as loon aB he
is out of bed, exarriine but the glafs win-
dows, which commonly difcover whether
any hoar froft has fallen, what time it
came, and in what condition of continu-
ance, or going off, it is for the prc-
fcnt. If it appears to have fallen at two,
three, or four in the morning, (fuppofe in
the motith of OAober, and other times of
the year muft be judged of by proportion)
to be going off about break of day, it may
then be cxpetSed that there will be a great
difficulty, or impoffibility, of trailing to
her feat, bccaufe her morning retreat being
on the top of the frozen dew, the fcent is
either diflfolved, or corrupted, or diflipated,
and exhaled. It is true, after fuch anight^
the dogs will find work in every field, and
often hunt in full cry, but it will be gene-
rally backward, and always in vain; her
midnight rambiings, whicn were covered
by the froft, being now open, frefli, and
fragrant/ If the faid, froft begins later in
1 * the
HUN
^hc mMning,' after pufs is feated, there
is nothing to be done till that is gone
ofF, and this is the reafon that we often
fee the whole pack picking out a walk
at nine or ten in the fame path where
another dog could not touch at feven.
Again, if the froft began early enough,
and continues fteadily till you are got-
ten into the fields, you may then make
it good to her feat, as well as at other
times on naked ground, though you muft
expe£t to run a good rifque at the going
oBF of the froft, according to the obfci-va-
tions already laid down.
It is alfo to be remembered, that there is
no fmall accidental difference in the very
particles of fccnt ; that is, that they are
flronger, fweeter, or more diftinguilhable
at one time than at another, and that this
difference is found not only in divers, but
often in the fame individual creature, ac-
cording to the changes of the air, or the
foil, as well as of her own motions or con-
ditions. That there is a different fcent in
other animals of the fame fpecies, is evi-
dent from the draught-hounds, which were
formerly made ufe of for tracing, and pur-
fuing thieves and deer-ftealers, or rather
from any common cur or fpaniel, which
•will liunt out their mafter 6r their matter's
hoife diftinftly from all others: and that
It is the fame with the hare is no Icfs.vifible
from the old beagles, which will not readily
change for a frefti one, unlefslhe ilarts.in
Tiew, or unlcfs a fault happens that puts
them in confufion,' and inclines them in
dcfpair to take up with the next they can
come by.
That the fame hare will, at divers times,
emit finer or groffer particles, is equally
.rnanifeft to every one who (hall obferve the
frequent changes in one fingle chase, the
alterations that enfue on any different mo-
tion, and on her degrees or finking. The
courfing of a cur-dog, or the fright from
an obvious paffenger, is often the occafion
of an unexpeftedTault) and; after fiich an
accident the dogs mull be cheriflbcd, and
he put upon it again and agiin, be-
fore, they wilLtakt it. and acknowledge it.
HUN
for their game. The reafon is, as I conceive*
the change of the motion caufcs a change
in the perfpiring particles, and as the fpirit^
of the dogs are all engaged and attached to
particles of fuch or fuch a figure, it is
with difficulty they come to be fenfible of,
or attentive to, thofc of a different relifli.
The alterations in a yielding hare are left
frequently the occafion of faults, becaufe
they are more gradual, and like the fame
rope, infenfibly tapering and growing fmall-
cr. But that alterations there are, every
dog- boy knows, by the old hounds, which
ftill purfue, with greater earneftncfs, as (he
is nearer her end.
Motion is faid to be the chief caufc of
fhedding or difcharging thefc fcenting par-
ticles, becaufe (he is very fcldom perceived
whilft quiet in her form, though the dogs-
are never fo near, though ihey leap over
her, or as has been often feen, even tread
upon her. Indeed it fometimes happens,
that fhe is,. as we fay^^ winded where (be
fits. But this may be the effeft of that
train of fcent flic left behind her in going
to her chair, or more probably the confe-
quencc of her own curiofity, in moving,,
and rifing up, to peep after and watch the
proceedings of her adverfaries. However, .
we muft grant, that thefe particles of fcent,,
though the effect: of motion, are not more
grofs and copious in proportion to the in-
crcafihg fwiftnefs of the animal, any more
than in a watering-pot, which the fwifter
it paffes, the lefs of the falling water it be-
ftows upon the fubjacent plants.
It is very plam, the flower the hare
moves, the (I'ronger and groffer, ceteris pa---
ribu6y are thefe particles (he leaves behind
her, which I take to be one reafon (befides
the cloathlng and (hielding of them from
the penetrating air by the defcending froft
or dew) that the morning walk wijl give
fcent fo much longer than the flight in
hunting, which is another obfervation of:
Xenophon, who expreffes himfelf in the
following words,, in his Treatife on Hunt-
ing. " The fccnt of the trail of the hare^ .
going to her feat, lafts longer than that of
her cour,fe.whcn*purfued:. when (he goes:
tOJ
HUN
to her feat Ihc goes flowly, often ftanding '
rtill 5 but her courfe, when purfucd, is per-
formed running; therefore the ground is
faturated with one, and not filled with the
other." However, it is as remarkable,
thai thcfe odorous particles gradually decay
and end wiih her life, becaufc it requires
the moft curious nofcs to lead the cry,
when (he is near her laft; becaufe fhe is
fo often entirely loft at the laft fquat, and
becaufe if you knock her on the head be-
fore them, there is hardly one in the pack
that will ftop or take any notice of her.
The greateft art and curiofity is difco-
verfed in hunting the foiU efpecially if fhe
immediately ftcal back behind the dogs the
fame path (he came ; for it muft require
the utmoft (kill to diftinguifti well the new-
fcent from the old, when both arc mixed,
obfcured, and confounded, with the ftrong
?crfpirations of fo many dogs and horfes.
et this is often fccn performed by ready
and expert hunters. However, if the dogs
be not maftcrs of their bufinefs, or if the
air be not in due balance, the difficuity will
be the greater.
T hefc remarks are generally made on the
hare, which is of all others moft worthy
of Speculation and enquiry. By analogy
the hunting the deer or fox will be eafily
underftood, for though the fcent of thefc
is generally higher, more obvious to the
nofcs of the dogs, and in greater plenty
whilft the iparticlcs laft, yet for that very
reafon (floating in the air) they are fooher
diffipated, and require a more vigorous,
though lefs fubtle huntfman, as well as
fwifter beagles.
t:o HUNT. The purfuing of birds or
four-footed beafts, of which there arefeve-
ral fores, which diflfer according as the ani-
mals are which you hunt,and the places where
thev are; four-footed beafts are hunted
in the fields, woods, and thickets; they
kill them with guns; and others Ihoot birds
in the air, cake them with nets, or birds of
prey ; make ufc of greyhounds for deers,
does, roebucks, and even foxea, hares, and
•conies, &V.
Hunting indeed is a noble, manly recrea-
HUN
•
tion, not only commendable for princes and
g-eat men, but gentlemen, and others too.
there being nothing that recreates the mina
more, ftrengthens the limbs, whets the fto-
mach, and chears up the fpirits ; fo that it
has merited the efteem of all ages and na-
tions, how barbarous fucver they might
have been.
Hunting is defcribcd under the heads of
animals which are hunted, whether with
dogs, taken with nets, or by birds of prey
which the reader is referred to.
All forts of weathers are not proper for
hunting ; high winds and rain are obftacles
to this diverfion.
In the fpring-time, you muft take it in
the night with nets ; in the fummer it is the
diverlion of the morning; but in the winter,
it (hould not be followed but from nine in
the morning till two in the afternoon. The
general rule is, that you place yourfelf un-
der the wind where you fcek to wait for
game ; and tlje way to know it is, to take a
piece of paper, and obferve which Way the
wind blows it. For the terms ufed by huntj-
men^ fee the article Terms.
To HUNT Change, is when the hounds
or beagles take frc(h fcent, and follow
anothelt chace^ till they ftick and hit it
again.'
To F^UNT Counter, fignifies that the
hounds hunt it by the heels.
HUNTING THE Foil, is a term or
phrafe uled of the chaces going ofF, and
comi$)g on again, traverfihg the fame ground
to deceive the hounds or beagles.
HUNTING HORSE- It (hoiild be ob-
ferved, that not every good and fleet horfe
always is a good hunter : for he niay have
Rrength and vigour for a long journey, and
yet not be able to bear the Ihocks ztkd
ftraihings of a chacc ; another may be fwif^
enough to win a plate on a fmooth turf^
which yet will be crippled or heart broken
by a hare in February. The right hunter
ought to have ftrength without weight»
courage without firie, fpeed without labour,
a free breath, a ftrong walk, a nimble,
light, but a large gallop, and a fweet trot,
to give change and cafe to the more fpeedy
mvfcles*
HUH
fli1ufcles« The marks moft likely to diA
cover a horfc of thcfe properties arc, a vi-
{gorous^ fanguine ,and healthy colour, ahead
'and neck as light as poflible, whether hand-
Tome or not, a quick moving eye and ear,
clean wide jaws and noftrils, large thin
ihouldcrs, and high withers, deep cheft,
and (hort back, large ribs, and wide pin-
bones, tail high and (tiff*, gaikins well
ipread, and buttocks lean and hard ^ above
all^ let his joints be ftrong and firm, and
his legs and pafterns fhort ; for I believe
there was never yet a long limbering-leg«
ged horfe that was able to gallop down
fieep hills, and take bold leaps with a
weight upon his back, without finking or
foundering.
To order the hunting-horfe while he is at
reft, let him have all the quietnefs that may
be % let him have mugh meat, much litter,
much drelfing, and water clofe by him i let
him deep as long as he pleafes i keep him
to dung rather foft than hard, and look that
it be well coloured and bright, for darkneis
ihews greafe; rednefs, inward heat; and
after his ufual fcourings let him have exer-
cifes, and ma(hes ot fweet malt, or let
bread, w clean beans s or beans and wheat
mixed together, are his beft food, and beans
and oats the moft ordinary.
But Sir Robert Cbarno€k'% way of hunting
in buck-feafon, was, never to take his horfe
up into the ftable during the feafon, but he
hunted him upon grafs, only allowing .
him as many oats as he would well eats
and this he approved of as a very good way,
for if there be any molten grcafe within him,
which violent huAcingmay raife up, this go-
ing to grafs will purge it out : it is affirmed,
the fame gentleman has rid his horfe three
days in a week during the feafon, and never
found any inconveniency, but rather good
from It, fa that cace be taken to turn the
horfc out very cool>
You may furnilh yourfelf with a horfe
for hunting at fome of our fairs,, which
flkould have, as near as can be>. the follow*
ing fliapes :
A head lean, large, and long ; a chaul
thin i and open earsj, fmall^ and pricked s
HUN
or, if they be fomewhat long, provided they
ftand upright, like thofe of a fox,' it is ufuaJIjr
a fign of mettle and toughnefs.
His forehead long and broad, not flat^
and, as it is ufually termed hare-faced,
rifing in the midft like that of a hare, the
feather being placed above the top of his.
eye $ the contrary being thought by fome Uh
betoken blindnefs.
His eyes full, large, and bright -, his nd<^
ftrils wide, and red within, for an open no-
ftril is a fign of good wind*
His mouth large, deep in the wikes and
hairy ; his thropple, weafand, or wind-pipe
big, loofe, and ftraight, when he is reined
in with the bridle ; for if, when he bridles,,
it bends like a bow, (which is called cock-
throppled) it very much hinders the free
paflage of his wind*
His head muft be fo fet on to his neck,,
that a fpace may be felt between his neck
and his chaul ; for to be ball -necked is un«-
comely to fight,, and alfo prejudicial to the
horfe's wind.
His crcft fliould be firm, thin, and wcll-
rifen, his neck long and ftrait, yet not loofe
and pliant, which the northern men ternrt
withy-cragged.
His breaft ftrong and broad, his cheft
deep, his chine fiiort, his body large and
clofe, fhut up to the huckle-bone.
His ribs round like a barrel, his belly be*^
ing hid within them.
His fillets large, his buttocks rather oval
than broad,, being well let down to the gaf- >
coins ; his cambrels upright,, and not bend-
ing, which fome call fickle-houghed, though,
fome look upon this to be a fign of tough-
nefs and fpeed*
His legs clean, flat, and ftraight s his joints
(hort, well knit, and upright, cfpecially be-
twixt the pafterns and the hoof, having hue
little hair on his fetlocks ; his hoofs black,.
ftrong and hollow, and rather long and nar-
row, than big and fiat.
Laftly, his mane and tail Ihouid be long,,
and thin rather thaathick, which is counted
by fome a mark oTdullnefs,
As to marks or colours, though they do*
not abfblutcly give teftimony of a horfe's*
goodnef&>
H U K
goodnersj.yct they, as well as his (hape, in-
rimate in foine part, his dffpofition and
qualities: the hair itfelfoftentimes receives
the variation of its colour froin the differ-
ent temperature of the fubjefl out of which
It is produced.
And fome do not fcruple to affirm, that
Vherever you meet wkh a horfc that has
no white about him, cfpecially in his fore-
head, though he be otherwife of the befl re-
puted colours, as bay, black, or forrel, he
is of a dogged and fullen difpofition, efpe-
cially if he have a fniall pink eye, and a nar-
row face, wiih a nofe bending like a hawk's
bill.
7'he jige^ ice. of a Hu?ifer.
Having procured a horfe fuitable to the
former defcriptions, or your own fatisfac-
rion at leaft, and which is fuppofed to be
already grounded in the fundamentals of
this art, being taught fuch obedience, as
that he will readily anfwer to the horfeman's
helps and correftions both of the bridle and
hand, the voice, the calf of the leg, and
the fpurs ; that he knows how to make his
way forward, and hath gained a true temper
of mouth, and a right placing of his head,
and that he hath learned to flop, and turn
readily; for unlefs he has been perfeftly
taught thefe things, he can never proceed
effcAually.
The horfe, being thus prepared, fhould be
five years old, and well wayed before you
begin to hunt him ; for although it is cuf-
tomary with fome to put him to hunt at
four years old, yet at that age his joints not
being well knit, nor he attained to his beft
ftrength and courage, he is unable to per-
form any work of fpeed and toughnefs, and
will be in great danger of drains, and other
maladies, and alfo a daunting of his fpirit,
and abating his natural courage.
Your horfc being full five, you may, if
you pleafe, put him to grafs, from the mid-
dle of May till Bartholomew tidey for then
the fcafon will be fo hot, it will not be con-
venient to work him.
B^rthoIomrJO'ttdc being now come, and
'H UN
• • . ,'
the pride and ftrength of the grafs nipped
by the fevere frofts and cold dews, fo that
the nourilliment of it turns to raw crudities,
and the coldnefs of the night aba:tes as much
of his flefh'and luft as he gets in a day, take
him from grafs while his coat lies fmooth
and (leek. 5<f(? Stable.
Having brought him home, let your
groom let him up that night in fome fecurc
and fpacious houfe, where he may evacuate-
his body, and fo be brought to warmer
* keeping by degrees, and the next day ftablc
him.
It is indeed held as a general rule among
the generality of grooms, not to clothe or
drefs their horfes till two or thite days after
they have ftabled them, (though there rs
litcle reafon for it but cullom;) yet this
cuftom conducing little to either the ad-
vantage or prejudice of the horfe, 1 fhall
leave every one to their own fancies.
But as to the cuftom of giving the horfc
wheat-ftraw, to take up his belly, (which is
alfo generally ufed by grooms at the firft
taking up and houfing a horfe) fome perfon$
very much difapprove of, for they fay, that
the nature of a horfe being hot and dry, if
he be fed with ftraw, which is fo Hkewife,
it would ftraighten his guts, and caufe an
inflammation of his liver, and by that means
diftemper his blood; and befides, it would
make his body fo coftive, that it would caufc
a retention of nature, and make him dung
with great pain and difficulty ; whereas full
feeding would expel the excrements, ac-
cording to the true intention and inclination
of nature.
Therefore let moderate airing, warm
cloathing, good old hay, and old corn,
fupply the place of wheat-ftraw. See Shoe-
ing,
The frji Fortnight's Diet for a Hunting Horfe 5
or^ the Ordering of a Hunter for the firfi
Fortnight.
Tour horfe being fuppofed to evacuate all
his grafs, and his ftioes fo well fettled to his
feet, that he rnay fit to be ridden abroad
without danger : I fhall now^ in a more
partkrular
HUN
particular manner, direft an unexperienced
groom how he ought to proceed to order his
horfe according to art.
Firft, he Ought to vifit his horfe early in
the morning, to wit, by five o'clock in fum-
mcr, and fix in winter; and having put up
his litter under his ftall, and made clean his
(tables to feel his ribs, his chau), and his
ilank, they being the principal figns by
>^hich he rauft learn to judge of the good or
ill ftate of a horfe's body. .-
He ought to lay his hands on bis {hort
ribs near the flank, and if his fat feels to
be exceeding foft and tender, and to yield
as it were under his hand, then he may be
conBdent it is unfound, and that the leaft
violent labour or travel will diflfolve it i
^hich being diifolved before it be hardened
by good diet, if it be not then removed by
fcouring, the fkt or greafe belonging to the
outward parts of the body w^ll fall down in-
to his heels, and fo caufe gflfutinefs and fwel-
ling.
After, by /eeliog on his ribs, he has
found his fat fofc and unfound, then let him
^ecl his chaul i and if he finds any flefhy
fubftance, or grcac round kernels or knots,
he may be ailbred that as his outward fat
has been unfound, (o inwardly he is full of
glut^ and purfive» by means of grofs hu*
/ mours cleaving to the hollow places of bis
lungs, &fc.
This fat is to be ehfeamed and hardened
by moderate exercife, warm cloathing, and
gentle phyfic, to cleanfe away his inward
glut.
' The fame obfervations muft be taken from
the flank, which will always be found to
correfpond with his ribs and chaul, for till
it is drawn it will feel thick to your gripe,
but when he is enfeamed you will perceive
nothing but two thick (kins: andbythefe
three obfervations of the ribs, flank, and
- chaps, you may at any time pafs an indif-
ferent judgment of the horfe's good or bad
condition.
Having made thefe remarks on your
horfe's ftate atid condition of body, then
fift a handful or two (but not more) of good
old oats^ af^d give them to him to prefcrve
fl U N
his ftomach from cold humours which might
opprefs ic by drinking faftin j, and likewiic
to make him drink the better.
When be hath eaten them, pull off his
collar, and rub his head, facC) ears, and
nape of the neck, with a clean rubbing-
cloth made of hemp, for it is fovcrcign for
the head, anddiflfolves all grofs and filthy
humours.
Then take a fnaffle, and wafli It in clean
water, and put ic on his head, drawing the
rein through^ the head-iVall to prevent his
ilipping it over hts head ; and fo tie him up
to the rack, and drefs him thus :
Firft, take a curry-comb fuitable to your
horfe's fkin in your right-hand -, that is, if
the coat of your horfe be Ihort and fmooth^
then muft the curry-comb be blunt ; but if it
Ih^ long and rough, then the teeth muft be
long and Iharp ; Itanding with your face
oppofite to the horfe's, hold the left cheek
of the head-ftall in your left-hand, and cur>
ry him with a good hand from the root of
his ears, all along his neck to his* (boulders i
then go over all his body with a more mo<-
derate hand ; then curry his buttocks down
to the hinder cambrel with a hard hand
again ; then change your hand, and laiying
your right arm over his back, join your
right fujc to his left, and fo cuny him gently
from the top of his withers to the lower
part of his (houlder, every now and then
fetching your ftroke over the left fide pf hit
breaft, and fo curry him down to the knce^
but no farther.
Then curry him all under his bellf » near
his fore-bowels, and in a woid, sdlov€r»
very wril, his legs under the knees aadcam^
brels only excepted, and as you drcis the Itfi
fide, fo muft you the right alfo«
In doing this, take notice whether your
horfe keeps a riggling up and down, biting
the rack-flaffs, and now and then ofiering
to fnap at you, or lifting up his leg to ftrike
at you, when you are currying him : if he
does, it is an apparent fign that the rough-
nefs of the comb difpleafes him, and there-
fore the teeth of it is to be filed more blunt ;
but if you perceive he plays thefe or fuch
like tricks through wancoancfs, and th
M m . plcafur
HUN
plcafurc he takes in the friftion, then you
fiiould t very i*ow and then corrcft him withe
your whip gently for his waggiihnefs.
This currying is only to raif<; the duft,
therefore, after the horfe ha3 been thus cur-
ried, take either a hprfe-tail nailed to an
handle, or a clean dufting-cloth of cotton,
and with it ftrikeolF the loofe duft that the
curry-comb has raifed.
Then drefs hinn all over with the Ffincb
bruib, both htrad^ body^ and legSi to tbe
very fetlocks, ol>ferving always to cleanfe
the bru(h from. the filch it gathers from the
bottom of the hair, by rubbi»g it on the
«iirry>conlb ; then duft the horfe again the
iecond time.
. Then having wetted your hand in water^
rub his body all over, and, as near as you
can, leave no loofe hairs beb'uid, and with
your hands wet, pick, and clednfe his eyed,
cars, and noftrils, (heath, cods and tuel,
and fo rub him till he is as dry as H
firft.
1 ben. take an hair-pateh, and rub his
body ail over, but efpecially his fore-bowels
Dnder hia belly, his flank, and between his
hinder thighs.; and in the lad place, wipe
Iiim over with a fine white linen rub-
ber.
When you have 'thus drefled him, take a
large feddle cloth (raade on purpofe) chat
may reach down to the fpurring-piace, and
lap it dbout his body; then clap on his fad-
.die, and thfx>w a . cloth over Kim, that he
may not catch cold. . (
. .TJhcn.twift two ropes of ftraw very hard
.tvgcttier, and with diem rub and chafe his
legs &om the knees and cambrels down*
wards ta the ground, picking his . fetlock
joints, with your hands, from duft, filtb,
and fcabs : then t^e another hair-p4tch,
kept on puft-pofe for bis Ic^, (for you muft
have two) and with it ruUand drc(s hk legs
alfo.
And while you are dreffing your horfe,
let him not ftand naked, fo that his body
be expofed to the penetration of the air ;
but when he is dripped, do your bufinefs
roundly, without any intermiflion, till you
have- faddled him and thrown bis cloth
over him*
HUN
When you have done this, pick, his feet
clean with an iron picker, comb down his
mane and uil with a wet mane-comb, then
fpurt fome beer in bis mouthy and fo diaw
him out of the liable. .
Then mount him, rake or walk him either
to fome running river or frcfti fpring, amilc
or two diftant from the liable, and there let
him drink about half his draught at firft,
to prevent raw crudities arifing in his fto*
mach.
After he has drank, bring him calmly
out of the water, and ride him gently for a
while 5 for nothing is more unbecoming for
a horfeman than to put a horie upon a fwifc
ttUop as foon as he comes put of the water^
K>r thefe itbree reafons :
i« He does not only hazard the break-
ing of his wind, but affuredly hazards the
incording or burfting of him.
2. It begets in him an ill habit of run-
ning awax as foon a^ he t^as done ^rink^
ing«
J, The foreflghC) he has ijf.fuch violent
cxercife, makes hioa ofteijtimes refufe to
quench his thirft, thercfpre vfalk hijm a lit-
tle way, put him into a gentle gallop for
five or fix icore paces, and give bim wind $
after he* has been raked a j^eity wl>|le, (hew
him the water again, let him drink 9$ much
as he Will, and then gallop hin^ again : re-
peat this tin he will drink no more ; but be
Aire to cbferve always, that you gallop him
not fo much as to chafe or fweat him«
Here take notice, that in his galloping
after water, (after the firft week's en feam-
ing) iffametimesyou givc.a watering-OMirfc^
(harply of twelve, or twenty fcorc paces,
(aceording as you find your horfe) it will
quench his tpirit, and caufe him to gallop
more pleafantly^ and teach hiqi ,to manage
his limbs more iiimblyi» and to ili;ecch forth
his body largely,
Wht^ your horfe has dooi? drjokingy chea
take him to the top of an hill, ('if there be
one near the watering-place) for there, in. a
morning, the air is purefl;^ or elfe to fame
fuch place, where he may gain, the mqil
advantage both by fun an4 air^ apd there
air him a loQC-pacc for an bour^. or ^. long
as
HUN
• • •
is you in your judgmf nt Ihftll think fit for
the fttitc of hts body, and th^n ride him
home. ~
During the time of your horfe's airing,
you may eafily perceive feveral tokens of
your horfe's fatisfaftion, and the pleafurc
that he takes in this exercifc.
For he will gape, ya^n, and as it verc
fiirug his body.
If he offers to ftand ftiU to dung or ftale,
which his airing will provoke, be furc give
him leave ; as alfo to ftare about, neigh, or
liften after any noifc.
Thefe airings are advantageous to the
liorfe on feveral accounts.
1. It purifies the blood frf the nir b^
clear anci pure^ ; it purges the body of ma-
ny grofs and fuffbcatrng humours, and fo
hardens and enfeams the horfe's fat, that it
is not near fo liable to be diffolved by or-
dinary cxercife.
2. It teaches him how to let hts wind
rake, and equally keep time with the other
adtions and motions ot his body.
3. It is of great advantage, both to hun*
fccrs and gallopers, which are apt to lofe
their flomacKs through excefs or want of
cxercife, for the Iharpnefs of the air will
drive the horfc*s natural heat from the out-
ward parts to the inward, which heat by
furthering concoftion creates appetite, and
jprovokes the ftomach.
4. It increafes luft and courage in
the horfe, provided he be not aired too
early.
• When you arc returned from airing, and
are difmounted, lead the horfe on the ftraw,
which fliould always lie before the ftable-
door, and there by whittling ind ftirring
up the litter under his belly, you will pro-
voke him to ftale, which he will be brought
to do with a little praftice, and it will be
advantageous to the health of the horfe,
and a means of keeping the ftable the
cleaner : lead him into his ftall, (it having
ftrft been well Tittered) ; tic up his head to
the empty rack, take off the faddlc, rub
his body and legs all over with the fiefli-
brufh, then with the hair-patch, and lafl:
of all with the woollen-cloth.
HUN
Then clothe him with a lincncloth new
to his body, and over that a canvas-cloth,
and both made juft fit to cover his bread;,
and to come pretty low down to his
legs, which is the Turkijh way of clothing,
who (as the Duke of Ne^caJtU fays) are the
moft curious people in the world in keeping
their horfes.
Put over the before-mentioned a body-
cloth of fix or eight ftraps, which is better
than a furcingle and a pad ftuft with wiips,
Becaufe this keeps his belly in ihape, and
is not fofubjeft to hurt him.
Now thefe cloths will be fufficient for
him at his firft ftabling» becaufe being in-
«rred to the cold, he will not be fo apt to
take cold, the weather being indifferently
warm , but when (harp weather comes on,
and you find his hair rife about thofe parts
that are unclothed, as neck^ gafcoins, &c.
then add another cloth, which ought to be
of woollen ; and for any horfe bred under
our climate, and kept only for ordinary
hunting, this clothing will be fiifficient.
Having already given directions as to the
clothing the horfe, I fhall only add this
one general rule ; that a rough coat is a
token of want of cloaths, and a fmooth
coat of clothing fufficient ; therefore rf not-
withftanding what cloaths yoii have given
him, his coat ftill ftares, you mult add
more cloaths till it lie.
But when he has been in keeping fome
rime, you perceive him apt to fweat tnt the
night, it is a fign he. is over-fed, and wantf
exercife ; but if he fweats at his firft coming
from grafs, then there is reafon to add ra-
ther than diminilh the cloaths before di-
refted for him at his firft houfing 5 for ic
proceeds from the foul humours that opprefs
nature, and when they are evacuated by
exercife, nature will ceafe working, and he
will continue in a temperate ftatc of body
all the yeai* after.
When you have glothed kim up, pick
his feet clean with an iron picker, and wa(h
hts hoofs clean \yith a fpongc dipped ia
clean water, and dry them with ftraw or a
linen cloth, tJieiv leave him on his fnaffle
M m a for
H U N
for an hour or* more, which v^ill aflift.his
appetite.
Vifit him again, duO: a handful of hay,
and let (he horfe teaze it out of your hand,
till he hath eaten it; then pull off his bridle,
and rub his head and neck cltan with your
hennpen-cloth ; pull his ears, and ftop his
nollrils, to caufe him to fnort, which will
bring awaV the moift humours which
opprefs his brain, and then put on bis col-
lar, and give him a quartern of oats clean
drefled in a fieve, having firft cleaned his
locker or manger with a wifp of ftraw and
a cloth.
While he is eating his corn, fweep out
your ftable, and fee that all things are neat
about him ; then turn up his cloaths and
rub bis BUets,. buttocksi an4 gafcoins, over
with the hair-patch, and after with a
woollen cloth ; then fpread a clean flannel
fillet cloth over his fillets and buttocks,
(which will make his coat lie fmooth} and
turn down his houfing-doths upon it i
then anoint his hoofs round from the coro-
net to the toe with this ointment :
Take four ounces oiyenice turpentine^
three ounces of bees-wax, two ounces of
the bed rofin, one pound of dog s-greafe,
and half a pint of train oil ; melt all thefe
ingredients together, except the turpentine^
then take them off the fire^ and put in the
turpentine, ftirring it till it be well incor-
porated ; then pour it into an earthen galli-
pot, and keep it for ufe, but do not cover
it till it is coUK
After this, pick his feet with your picker,
Mid ftop them with cow-dung. If by this
time your horfe has eaten his oats with a
good (lomach, fift him another quartern,
and (o feed him little and little, while he
rats with an appetite ; but if you find he
fumbles with his corn, give him no more
for that time, but always giving him his
full feeding, for that will keep his body in
better (late and temper, and incrcafe his
ftrengthL and vigour.
Whereas, oa the contrary, to keep your
borfe always iharpfet, is the ready way to
procure a furfeit, if at any time he can
come at his fill of provciuler..
^ X
HUN
But though you fhould perceive that he
gathers flelh too faft upon luch home feed-
ing, yet be furc not to (lint hini for it, but
oiUy increafe his labour, and that will a(Ii(t
both his drength and wind.
Having done all the things before direc-
ted, duft a large quantity of hay, and
throw it down to him on his litter, alter
you have taken^ it up under him s and then
(hutting up the windows and (lable-door,
leave him till one o'clock in the afternoon i
then viQt him again, and rub over his
head, neck, fillets, buttocks, and legs as
before, ixrith the hair-patch and woollen
cloth, and leave him to the thne.of the
eveping-watering, which (hould be about
four o'clock in the fummer, and three in
the winter : when having put back his foul
litter, and fwept away that and his dung,
drefs, and faddle him, as before, mount
him, and take him to the water, and when
he has drank, air him till you think it time
to go home, where you are to order in all
points, as to rubbing, feeding, (lopping
his feet, &r. as you did in. the morning ;
and having {ed him about (jx o'clock, do
not fail to feed him again at nine, littec
him well, give him hay enough to ierv^
him all night, and leave him lill the next
morning.
After the direflions for this one day, (a
mud you order him for a fortnight, and by
that time his fle(h will befo hardened, and
his wind fo improved ; his mouth will be fo
quickened, and his gallop brought to fo
good a (Iroke, that he will be fit to ,be put
to moderate hunting.
During this fortnight's keeping, you arc
totmake feveral obfervatioos, as to the a^^,
ture and difpofuion of your horfe,, the tem-
cr of his body, the courfe of his digedion,.
c. and to order him accordingly.
1* Whether he be of a churli(h difpod*
tion ; iffo, you mud reclaim him by fe«e-
rity
if of a gentle, fajmlur> and. loving t^m^*
er, you mud engage,, and win him by
indnefs.
2. You mud obferve, whether he be a
foul feeder, ot of a pice domach *, if he be
quick
s
I
H UN
G mc)^ at his mear, and retain a good ftomach^
tncn four times a full feeding in a night and
a day arc fufEcienc ; but if he be a Qender
feeder, a^d (low at his meat, you muft
give him but a little at a time, and often,
as about evety two hours j for frefh meat
will draw on his appetite ; and you mud
always leave a little meat in his locker,
for him to eat at leifure betwixt his feeding-
times ; if at any time you find any left,
fweep it away and give him fre(h, and ex-
poi)} that to the fun and air, which will re-
duce it again to it*s fird fwcetnefs.
' Jlis ftomach may alfo be fharpened by
change of meatj for by giving one meal of
clean oats, and at another oats and fplit
beans, and when you have brought him to
eat bread, you may give him another meal
of bread -, always obferving to give him
oftnelt that which you 6nd he likes bed ; or
you may give him both corn and bread at
the fame time, provided you give him that
laft which he eats bed, and is of the bed di-
geHion.
It has been obferved of fbme horfes, that
thfey are of fo hot a conftitution,^ that they
cannot eat without drinking at every bit i
and thofe horfcs ufually carry no belly. You
' mud let a pail of water dand continually
before fuch horfcs, or at lead give them
water at noon,, befides what they have
abroad at their ordinary times.
In the next place, you arc to obferve the
nature of his digeftion,, whether he retains
his. food long, which is a fign of bad digef^
tioo ; or whether he dungs freq^uently,
which if he does, and his dung be loofe and
bright, its is a fign of a. good habit of body ;
but if it be feldom> and hard„ it is a fign
of a dry conditution ; in order to remedy
which, giv^ him once a day a handful of
two of oats,: well waOied in good drong ale,,
and this will loofen his body and keep
it moid ;. and it wilL alia be good for his
wind.
^ke fecofiJ Fortnigbt^s Diet for a Himtivg^
Horfe.
The borfe having been ordered for the
HUN
firft fortnight according to the foregoing
rules, will DC in a pretty good date of body,
for the grois humours in him will be dried
up and his flledi will begin to be hardened,
which you may perceive by feeling his
chaul, his diort ribs and Sank; for the
kernels under his chaps will not feel fo grofs
as they did at fird, nor will his fledi on his
fhort ribs feel fo foft and loofe, nor the
thin part of his flank fo thick as at his fix^
houfing, fo that you may now whhout ha--
zard, venture to hunt him moderately.
The time being now come that he may'
be hunted, he is to be ordered on his days-
of red, in all points, as to his drefling»
hours of feeding, watering, 6?^. as in the
fird fortnight before dire^ed; but only
fince his labour is now encreafed, you mu^
endeavour to encreafe his drength and cou-
rage likewife ; and this you may effedl by
adding to his oats a third part of clean old
beans, fpelted on a mill, and allowing him
befides the following bread :
Take two pecks of clean old beans, and
one peck of wheat, and let them be ground
together, and fift the meal through a meal
fieve of an indifferent finenefs, and knead
it with warm water and good dote of yead i
then Tct it lie an hour>. or more to fwcll>.
which will, make the bread the lighter, and
have the cafier and quicker digedion •, and
after it has been well kneaded, make it up
into loaves of a peck a-piece, which will"
prevent their being too much crud, and
prevent its drying too foon ; let them be
well baked, and dand a good while in the
oven to foak ; when they are drawn, turn'
the bottom upwards and let them dand to»
cool.
When the bread is a day old', chip away
the cruft, and* you may give the horfc Ibme,^
giving him fometimes bread,, fometimes
oats, and fometimes oats and fplit beans,
according as you dnd-his domach ::and this
feeding win bring him into as good condi-
tibn as you need to defire foroixlinary hunt-
ing.
The fird fortnight beingcxprrcd, and'the
bread prepared, you ought then to pitchu
upon a. day for his fird going abroad after
tht:
HUN
the dogs, and tTie day befof* you hunt,
l-^c mutt- always be ordered after this man-
ncr:
In the morning proceed in your ufual
method as before, only obfcrve that day
to give him no beans, bccaufe they are
hard of digeftion, but give him moll of
bread, if you can draw him on to cat it,
becaufe it is more nourifhing than oatsj
and afccr.that evening, which ought to be
fomewhat earlier than at other times, give
him only a little hay out of your hand, and
no more till the next day that he returns
from hunting ; and to prevent his eating
his littci', or any thing elfe but what you
give him, inllead of a muzzle put on a
cayeflbn, joined to theheadftall of a bridle,
lined with leather, for fear of hurting him,
and tying it fo ftraight as to hinder his eat-
ing; and this will prevent ficknefs in your
horfc, which fomc horfes are incident to
when their muzzle is put on, notwithftahd-
iiicr the invention of the lettice window, fo
much ufed ; but by taking this method,
the horfe's noftrils are at full liberty, and
'he will not grow fick.
But as to his corn, give him his
meals both after his watering and at nine
o'clcck, and at that time be fure to litter
him well, that he may take his reft the
better that night, and leave him till morn-
ing.
The next morning vifit him early, at
about four o'clock, and put a quarter of a
peck of clean drefled oats into his locker,
pouring into it a quart of good itrong ale,
mixing the oats and ale well together j then
put back his dung and foul litter, and
clean the liable : but if he will not eat
walhed oats, give hira dry, but be fure not
to put any beans to them.
When he has done eating, bridle him,
and tie him up to the ring and drcfs him :
having dreflTcd him, faddle him, throwing
his cloth over him, and let him ftand till
the hounds arc ready to go out.
Take- care not to draw the faddle-girths
too ftraight till you are ready to mount,
left that (hould caufe him to grow fick.
Though old horfes are generally fo craf-
HU N
* »
. ty, that when a gvoomgoes tG j^irt'them up
hard, they will extend their bodies fo much
by holding their wind, (oh purpofe to gain*
eafc after they are gift) that it will fecm'
difficult to girt them,, but when they let go
their wind their bodies fall again.
When the hounds are unkennelled,
(which (hould not be before Tun -rifing) go
into the field along with them, arid rake,
your horfe up and down gently till a hare
is ftarted; always remembering to let hini
fmell to the dung of other horfes, if there
be any, which will provoke him to empty
himfelf; and fufFer him to ftand 'ftill whea
he docs fo V and if there be any dead fog,
ruflies, or the like, ride upon thcrh,'and
whiftle to him, to provoke him to ftaleand
empty his bladder. ,,
The hare being ftarted, follow the hounds
as the other hunters doj but remenibcring
it to be the firft time of his hunting, he
is not fowell acquainted with different forci
of grounds, as to know how to gallop
fmoothly and with eafc on them, and for
that reafon you ought not yet to puf*hirfi to-,
above half his fpeed, that he may learn tct
carry a ft ay M body, and to nhahage his legs
both upon fallows and green fwarth. * "
Neither fhould you gallop him often, or
any long time together, for fear of difcou-
raginghim, and caufing a diDikeofhis ex-
ercife in him : and take care to erofs fields
to the beft advantage ; you fhall make into
the hounds at every default, and ftill keep
your hcrfe (as much as thcfe direflions will
allow you^ within the cry of the dogs, that
he may be ufed to their cry ; and by fo do-
ing, in a very ftiort time he will take fucK
delight and pleafure in their mufic, that he
will be eager to follow them.
And if it happens that the chace is led
over any carpet-ground, or fandy highway,
on which your horfe may lay out his body
fmoothly, there you may gallop him for a
quarter or half a mile, to teach him to lay
out his body, to gather up his legs, to
lengthen and fhorten hisftroke, and accord-
ing to the different earths he gallops on,
as if on green fwarth, meadow, moor^
heath, fc?^, then to ftoop and run more on
the'
HUN
the fhoulders i if amongfl: mole-hiilsi or
over high ridges and furrows, and then to
gallop more roundljr, or in lefsconnpafs^ or
according to the vulgar phrafe„ iwo up and
twodiQwn^ that thereby he may ftrike his fur-
row dear, and avoid fctting his fore-feet in
the bottom of it, and by that means fall
over ; but, by the way, galloping, though he
Should happen to fct his feet in a furrow, yet
carrying bis body fb round, and reding on
the .hand in his gallop, would prevent his
falling; and to this perfeAion, nothing but
ufe, and fuch moderate exercife, can bring
him.
According to thefc direSions you may
hunt till about three o'clock in the after-
noon, at which time ride him home in a
foot-pace, as you came out in the morn-
ing; and be fure that you let him walk
out of the field \ and as you are going home,
conlider whether he has fweat a little, (for
you muft not let him fweat much the firft
time) but if not, then gallop him gently on
fome Ikelping earth, till he fweats at the
roots of his <ars, a little on his neck, and in
His dank ; but it mud be done of his own
voluntary motion,^ without the compulfion
of whip qr fpur ; then when he is cool as
aforefaid, have him home and ftable him,
and by no means walk him in hand to cool-
him, for fear of his cooling too fafl:, nor
wa(h him, for fear of cauHng an obftruftion
of the natural courfe of the humours, and
by that means caufe an inBammation in his
legs, which is the original taufj of the
fcratches.
His ftall being well littered againft he
comes home, fct him up, tying his head to
the ring wkh the bridle, and then rub him
well w.ith dry ftraw all over his head, neck,
fore- bowels, belly,, flank, buttocks, and
legs, and after.that rub his body over with
a dry cloth, till he has not a. wet hair left^
about him* after you have done,, take
oflfhis faddle, and rub the place where the
faddlewas, dry in Irke manner, and cloath
him immediately with his ordinary cloaths,
left be take cold t and if yon fuppofc hixn
very hot, throw a fpasrd cloth over him, that
he, (U^y. uot copltpp. fai^ . wl^ich you may
HUN
ibate when you plcafe, and fo let him (land
on his fnaffle two hours or better, now and
then ftirring him in hfs ftall with your whip>
to prcvcM him from growing ft iff in the
legs and joints.
When that time is expired, and you
think he is thorough cool, draw his bridle,
rub his head, pick his feet frqm dirt or
gravel, put on his collar, and give him
a quart or three pints of fifted oats, mi«
with a handful of clean drefled hemp-feed %
but give him not more than the quantity
prefcribed, for fear of taking away his fto-
mach, which will be very much weakened
through the heat of his body and want of
water.
When take oflF the fpare cloth (if it has^
not been done before) for fear of keeping
him hot too long, and when he has eaten his
corn, throw a good quantity of hay, clean
dufted, on his litter, and let him reft two or
three hours or thereabouts.
Having prepared him a good mafli made
of half a peck of malt, well ground^ and
boiling hot water, fo much as the malt will i
fweeten and the horfc will drink, ttir them
well togcther,and cover it over with a cloth,,
till the water has extraftcd the ftrength
of the malt, which will be almort as fweet
as honey, and feel ropy like birdlime ;.
being but little more than blood warm, .
give it the horfe^. but not before, left the
Iteam go up his noftrils and ofFend him, and:
when he has drank up the water, let him, if
he pleafe,eat the malt too.
But if he refufes to drink it, you muft not
give him any other water that night, but
place this drink in fome part of his ftall, fo
that he may not throw it down, and let it
ftand by him all night, that he may drink
h when he pleafes.^
This maih, oi as it is called horfe cau-
dle, will comfort his ftomach, and keep his
body in a due temperate heat after his day's
hunting ; it will cleanle and bring away all
manner of greafe and grofs humours, which;:
have been diflblved by the day's labour ;.
and the fume of the malt-grains, after he
has drank the water,, will difpcrfe the.
watery humours, which j^aightotberwiC: aT>—
1
HUN
• - •
noy his head, and is allowed by all (killed
in horfcs to be very advantageous on that
account.
After he has eaten his mafli, drip him of
his cloaths^ and run him over with a curry-
gomb, French bruQi, hair-patch, and wool-
len cloth, and cloath him up again ; and
cleanfc his legs as well as his body, of all
dirt and filth which may annoy them, and
then remove him into ar>other ftall, (that
you may not wet his litter) and bathe his
legs all over from the knecs> with warm
beef broth, or, (which is better) with a
quart of warm urine, in which four ounces
of falt-petrc has been diflblved j then rub
his legs dry, fct him again into his ftall,
and give him a good home feeding of oats,
or bread, which he likes beft, or both, and
having Ihooka good quantity of litterunder
him, that he may reft the better, and thrown
h-m hay enough for all night, (hut the ftable
door clofe, and leave him to his reft till the
next morning.
About fix or feven o'clock the next morn-
ing go to him again, but don't difturb him,
for the morning's reft is as refrelhing to a
horfc as a man i but when he rifes of his
own accord, go to him, put back his dung
from his litter, and obfcrvc what colour it
is of, whether it be grcafy, and Ihinc out-
wardly, and alfo break it with your feet, to
fee if it be fo inwardly, for if it be greafy
and foul, (which you may know by it's
Ihining outwardly, and by the fpots like
foap that will appear within) or if it appear
of a dark brown colour, and harder than it
was, it is a token that the hunting of the
day before has done him good, by diffolv-
ing part of the inward glut which was
within him; and therefore the next time
VQU hunt you (houW increafc his labour but
a little- o • r
But if you perceive no fuch fymptoms,
Jbut that his dung appears bright, but rather
foft than hard, without greafc, and in a
woid, that it holds the fame pale yellow
colour, that it did before he hunted, then it
is a fign that a day's hunting made no
diffolution, but that his body remains in
jhc fame ftatc ftill, and therefore the next
H U.N
day's hunting, you may.almoft double his
labour.
Having made thefc remarks on his dung,
then you may proceed to order him as on
his days of reft ; that is to fay, you fhall
give him a handful or two of oats before
water, then drcfs, water, ajr, feed, &?<:. as in
the firft fortnight.
As to his feeding, you muft not forget
to change his food, as has been before di*
refted t by giving hfrn'-onc while bread,
another oats, and a third time oats and
beans, which you find he likes beft-, always
remembering, that variety will ftiarpcn his
appetite i and bread being his chief food, it
being more nouriftiing and ftrong than. the
others, feed him the ofcner with it.
And^as has been direfled in the firft fort*
night, obferve bis digeftion, whether it be
quick or Qow; fo likewife muft you do
when he begins to eat bread.
If you find him quick, and that he retains
his bread but a little while, then only chip
his bread lightly ; but if it be flow, and he
retains it long, then cut away all the cruft
and give it to fome other horfe, and feed
the hunting-horfc only with the crumb, for
that being light of digeftion, is foon con-
verted into chyle and excrements, but the
cruft being not fo foon digeftible, requires,
by reafonof it'shardnefs, longer time before
it is concofled.
The next day after your horfe has rcfted,
you may hunt him again as you did the firft
day, observing from the remarks you have
made, to hunt him -more or lefs according
as you find his temper and conftitution ; and
when you come home, put in pra&ice the
rules juft now given.
And thus you may huntiiim three times
a week for a fortnight together, but don'c
fail to give him his full feeding, and no
other fcourings but rnefhes and hefnp-* feed,
which is equal in it*s virtue with the former,
and only carries off fuperfluous humours in
the dung.
%h€ third Fi>rtnighl^s Diet^ Scc^/ar a Htrnting-
Horje.
By this time the horfe will be drawit fo
clean
HtJK'
AtttOf fifc <Wh ^n be to ^nffeftttied, kfrd
fcis i»^ fo TihprDvedy that he will be able
46fideaehace of three t)r fo<ir miles with-
-oiit Mowing t>r Ifweatiftg ^ afnd you may find
by his chaul and flank, as well as his ribs,
Aat he is irt an indifferent good ftate of bo-
dy, and Aereforc in thi« next fortnight you
muR. increafe his labour, and by that tneans.
Tou will be able to make a judgment what
he will be able to do, and whether or no he
*ill ever be fit for running for plates, or a
match.
When yoiu* horfe is fet over night, and
fed early in the morning, as has been di-
reAed for the iecond fortnight, then go into
€bc field with hkn, and when he is empty,
(as he will be by that time ydu have ftarted
your game) follow the dogs at a good round
rite, ds at half ipeed, iand fo cbntinue till
you have either killed or loft your firft
hare.
This will fo rack your horfe, and he will
have fo emptied himfelf, that he will be in
4 fit condition to be rid the next chace
brifkhr, which as foon a^ it is begun, you
may follow the dogs at three quarters fpeed.
and as near as is fit for a good horfeman and
ikilful huntfman ; but be fure to take care
not to ftrain him.
During this day's riding, you ought to
^bfcrve nicely your horfe's fweat under
his faddle and tore^bowels, and if it ap*
pears white, like froth or foap-fuds, it is a
fign of inward glut and foulnefs, and that
your day'^ excrcife was enough for him,
therefore ride him home, and order him as
before direfted.
But if it has happened that your exercife
has been fo eafy as not to fweat your horfe
thoroughly, then you ought to make a train
fccnt of four miles in length, or thereabouts,
and laying '^on your flcctcft dogs, ride it
briflcly, and afterwards cool him in the field,
and ride him home and order him as has
been before ditched.
A train fccnt, is the trailing of a dead
cat or fox, (and in cafe of. ncceifity a red
herring) three or four miles, according as
the rider (hall pleafe, and then laying the
dogs on the fcent.
1
HU N
• It win be proper to keep two or three
couple of the fleeteft hounds that can poffi-
bly be procured, for this purpofe.
It is true, indeed, fomc (kiiful fportfmcn
do make ufc of their harriers in this cafe,
for their diverfion, but it will not be con-
venient to ufe them to it often, for it will
be apt to induce them to lie off the line,
and fling fo wide, that they will not be
worth any thing.
When you take off your horfc's bridle,
give him a good quantity of rye-bread, in-
ftead of hemp-feed and oats, and for that
purpofe bake a peck loaf; for this being
cold and moift, will be of ufe to cool his
btdy after his labour, and prevent coftive-
nefs, to which you will find him addifted i
then give him hay, and afterwards a mafh,
and order him in all things as before di«
redled.
The next morning, if you perceive by
his dung that his body is diftempered, and
that he is hard and bound, then take
fome crumbs of your rye-bread, and work
it with as much fweet frefh butter as will
make it into a pafte, and make it up intd
balls about the bignefs of a large walnut,
of which give him five or fix in a riioming
fading.
After this put the faddle on upon thi
cloth, get up and gallop him gently upon
fome grafs-pfat or clofe that is near at hand',
till he begin to fweat under his ears, and
then carry him into the ftable again, rub
him well, and throw a fparc cloth over him,
and a good quantity of frefh litter undef
him, and let him ftand two hours on the
bridle ; give him a quantity of "rye-bread,
and fome hay to chew upon, and give him a
warm mafli, feed him with bread and corn
as much as he will eat, and alfo as much hay
as he will eat.
1 he next day water him abroad, and
order him as is before direftcd for days of
reft.
The next day you may hunt him again,
but not fo hard as you did the time before,
till the afternoon ; but then ride him after
the dogs brifkly, and if that does not make
him fweat thoroughly, make another train
N n fcent,
H UN :
(ctQt, and follow the dogs three qutrters
Ipccd, that he may fwcat heartily : then
cool him a little^ and ride him homej and
as foon as he is come into the ftable^ give
htm two or three balls as big as walnutSjof
the following excellent fcouring :
Take of butter, eight ounces ; lenitive
elcftuary, four ounces j gromwel, broom,
and parfley-fccds> of each two ounces; an-
jfiiseeds, liquorice, and cream of tartar, of
each one ounce j of jalap, two ounces i re-
duce the feeds to a powder, then llir them
into a pafte with the eleftuary and butter,
knead it well together, put it into a pot,
and keep k clofe ftopped for ufe.
As foon as the horfe has taken thefe ba^s
rub him dry, drefs him, cloath him warm,
let him ftand two or three hours upon the
fnaffle; afterwards give him two or three
handsful of rye bread, and order him as you
have been direftcd before, as to hay, pro-
vender, mafti, fcftf. and fo leave him till the
next morning.
In the morning take notice of his dung,
whether it ftill retains the trye colour, or be
dark, or black, or red and high coloured :
in the next place, whether it be loofe and
thin, or hard and dry.
If it be of a pale yellow, which is the
right colour, it is a fign of health, (Irength,
and cleanneis j if it be dark, or black, then
it is a fign there is grcafe and other ill hu-
mours ftirrcd up, which are not yet evacua-
ted : if it be red and high coloured, then
it is a fign that his blood is fevcrilh and dif-
lempered, by means of inward heat : if it
be loofe and thin, it is a fign of weaknefs ;
but if hard and dry, it (hews the horfe to
be hot inwardly, or elfe that he is a foul
feeder: but if his dung be in a medium be-
tween hard and foft, and fmell ftrong, it is
a fign of health and vigour.
When thefe obfervations have been made
on his dun^, then feed, drefs, water, Cff^. as
as on hisufual days of reft, always letting
bim have variety, and his fill of corn and
bread.
T he next day have him abroad into the
fields again, but do not by any means put
him to any labour more than, raking him
from hill to hill after the dpgt, keeping him
without found of their cry -, for the rntenc
of this day's exercife is only to keep him
in breath, and procure him an appe^
tite.
In riding, let him ftand ftill to dung, apd
look back on it, that you may be able to
judge of his ftate thereby.
When the day is near fpent, ride him
home without the leaft fweat, and order
him as at other times, except that you
are not to give him any fcourings, or rye*;
bread.
You may, if you pleafe, this day, water
your horfe both at going into the field and
coming Qut, galloping him after it, to warna
the water in his belly.
The next^day being to be a day of reft,
order him in the fame manner in every re-
fpeA as on ot^her days of reft; and as you
have fperit this week, you muft fpend the
next, without^ any alteration ; and by this
time, and this management, you may de-
pend upon it that your horfe has been drawii
clean enough for ordinary hunting.
So that afterwards, only taking care ta
hunt your horfe with moderation twice or
three times a week, at your pleafure, and
cording to the conftitution of your horfe*a
body, you need not queftion but to hav6
him in as good ftate and ftrength as you caa
defire, without danger of his wind, eye---
fight, feet, or body.
Having thus drawn your horfe clcan,-ac-'
cording to art, you will perceive thofc figns
before-mentioned very plainly, for his ftcflv
on his ftiort ribs and buttocks will be as
hard as brawn, his flanks will be thin, and
nothing to be felt but a double (kin, and
chaps fo clean from fat, glor, or kernels,
that you may hide your ^ ' s in them i and
above all, his exercife will give plain de-
monftration of the efficacy of this me-
thod.of ^ordering him, for he will run thfec
or four miles, three quarters fpeed,. wither
out fweacing, or fcarce fo much as blow-
ing.
When the horfe has been brought to
this ftate, you muft ufe no more fcour-
ings after hunting, (becaufe. nature has
nothing
mmw
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tothing to work on) btit lye-bread and
maib, except the hone be now and then
troubled with fome little pofe in his head ;
then bruife a little flnuftardfeed in a fine
Hnen rag, and fteep it in a quart of ftrong
ale for three or four hours, and untying the
rag, mix the muftard^leed and the ale with
a quarter of a peck of oats, and give it to
In the laft place, the horfe having been
dius drawn clean, you ought to take care
not to kt him grow foul again, through
want of either airing or hunting, or zay
other negligence; left by that means you
make yourfelf a double trouble.
0/ BrmRj^ HuMtini and Raci-Ibrfes.
Procure either an ArMtm^ a Spanijb^ a
^mri^ horfe, or a Barb^ for a ftallion, whicli
is well ihaped, and of a good colour^ to
beautify your race % and fome adyife that he
be well marked alfo, though others are of
opinion, that marks are not fo fignificant as
Mr. Blundevile and Frtdmgo Gryfom would
Have us believe.
Thofe who have travelled into thofe parts,
report, that the ri^ht Arabian horfes are
valued at an almoft incredible rate ; at five
hundred, and others fay, even two or three
tboufaod pounds an horfe % that the Arabs
are as careful of keeping the genealogies of
their horfes as Princes are in keeping their
pedigrees; that they keep them with me-
dals I and that each fon's portion is ufually
two fuits of arms, two fcymetars, and one
of thefe horfes. The Arabs boaft, that
they will ride eighty miles a day without
drawing jbitt ; which is no more than has '
been performed by fevcral of our Englijh
horfes.
But much more was performed by a
highwayman's horfe, who having com-
mitted a robbery, rode on the fame day
from London to Tork^ being an hundred and
fiftv miles.
Notwithftanding their great value, and
the difficulty in bringing them from Scan-
deroon to England by fca, yet by the care
and charge ot fonoe breeders in the north.
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the Arabian horfe' is no ftrangcr to thefe
parts. .'
A Sfanijh horfe (in the Duke of Ne-w-
r^^/^'s opinion) is the nobfeft horfe in the
world, and the moft beautiful that can be ;
no horfe is to beautifully (haped all over
from head to croup, and he is abfolutely the
bell ftallion in the world, cither for breed,
for the manage, the war, the pad, hunting,
or running horfes ; but as they are excellent,
fo is their price extravagant, three or four
hundred piftoles being a common price for
a Spawjh horfe.
Several have been fold for feven hundred,
eight hundred, and a thoufand piftoles a
piece.
The beft «yp<7»(/& horfes are -bred in Anda-
lufia^ and particularly at Cordoua^ where
the King has many ftuds o£ mares, and fo
have feveral of the Spanijb nobility and gen-
try.
fiefides the great price they coft at firfl,
the char^ of the journey from Spain to
England is very conQderable \ for they muft
travel from Andalujia to Bilboa or St. Si^
baftian^ the neareft ports to England^ which
is at leaft four hundred miles $ and in that
hot country you cannot with fafety travel
vour horfe above twenty miles a day;
oefides, you muft be at the expence of a
groom and farrier, and the cafualty of (ick-
nefs, lamenefs, and death: fo that if he
fliould happen to prove an extraordinary
good horfe, by that time you have got him
home, he will alfo be an extraordinary dear
one.
A TMrktJh horfe is but little inferior to
the Spanijb in beauty, but fomewhat odd
(haped, his head being fomewhat like that
of a camel ; he has excellent eyes, a thin
neck, excellently rifen, and fomehae large
of body ; his croup is like that of a mule,
his legs not fo under-limbed as that oFa
Barb^ but very fmewy, good pafterns, and
good hoofs : they never amble, but trot
very well, and are at prefent accounted bet-
ter ftallions for gallopers than Barbs.
Some merchants tell us, that there can-
not be a more noble and diverting fight,
to a lover of horleS| than to walk into the
N n 2 pafturcs
HUM
ftftores near C^^iin^le^ about foUing-
lime» ivhcre he may fee many hondred fine
horfes tethered^ and every horfe has his. ac-
tendant or keeper> with his little tent placed
ndar him to lie in» that he may look to him,
and take care to fbift him to trefh grafs.
The price of a Turkijk horfe is commonly
one hundred, or one hundred and fifty
pounds i and when bought, it is difficult
to get a paf$ ; the Grand Signior being fa
very ftrid, that he feldom (but upon very
extraordinary occaGons) permits any of hia
horfes to be exported out of his domini-
ort$. *
But if you (hould attain a liberty fotodo,
and travel by land, unlcfs you have a ^urk
or. two fox a convoy, you will be fare to
have them feizcd oaby the way.
And befuies^ you will find the fame dif-
ficulties of a long journey, through Germ*"
nji great charges attending it, by having,
a groom and farrier^ who mud: . be catefxH
that they entruft np perfon whatfoever with,
the care of him: but tbemfelves^ cfpecially.
in fboeing him, for 'tis the common pnu:-
tice beyond fea^ aa well as here, wherever
they fee a fine horfe, to hire a farrier, to
prick him, that they may .buy him for a
ftallion.
.But fome perfons chufe to buy horfes at
Smyrna in Anatolia^ and from thence, and^
from ConftantinoplCy to tranfport them to
England by fca, rwhich, if the wind ferve
right, arrive in England in a month v though
generally the merchants voyages are. not
made in much lefs than two or three
months. '
The Barb is little inferior to any of the
former in beauty $ but our modern breeders
account him too Qender and lady-like to
breed on, and therefore in the north of
England they prefer the Spanijb and Turkijb
horfe before him.
He is fo la2^ and negligent in his walk,
that he will ftumble on carpet-ground.
His trot is like that of a cow, hi« gallop
low, and wich much eafe to himfelt; but
he is for the moft part. Gnewy and nervous,
excellently winded, and good for acourfe if
he be not over-weighed.
TBe mbuntain Bsrh aretfteemerf'tbe
beft, bccaufethey areftrongefbattildArgeft?
j they belong to the AUarbts^mhoynXut theixv
thcmfelves as mudu ts other nations do^
and therefore will not part with tben& to any.
perfon, except to the Prbu$ §/ tb£ band to
which they belong, who can at any timeac.
his pleafure comcnand them f^vliisowav^ t
but for the other more ordinary fort, the^i
are 4ia be abet with very sommon* in die
hands of our nobility .and gentry;, tst \fyom
fend to XMiguedoCy ov Proutnet ixkiFrunge^
they may be bought there for forty or fiftyr
piftolea a horfe.
Or if you j&nd ta Barbaryr you may hn^ -
one for thirty pounds or thereabouts ; but
in this cafe the chai^^s andjourirtf..wiit>be
fcreat, for though it be no great voyage
rom' TtmU to Ii£irfoilUs in Franoty yetorom
Mar/eUlet to Calais^ b^ land,, is the whol<&
lengt;h' o£ FroMS^. and frofltcheace they; are-
(hipped for England.
Tha next tfaofng tO' bc^conlsderai^ is the
choice of mares^ and aoconiing to the Dokc
,oCJV>w^4^/^s opinion,. 4:he fineft mane to
breed out of, is one that ha» beenbFcd o£«
apijEa^/^; mare, and a^ftalKon. of either of
thcfe racers ; but, if you< can't %et fucb a
naane, thea get aright bred^jSNi^is^ mare by
fiee and dam, that is well fore4ianded, well-
underlaid, and ftroog pot together in ge-
neral ; but in particular, fee that (he have
a. lean head, wide noftrils, open chaul, a-^
big weafand, and the wind^pipe firaight ..
and loofe ; and of about fiv« or fix yearik
old ; and be fure tha^ the ftallion be not? «
too old.
Jsfor the Fo$d of tbi Sioilim^
Keep him as high as poflibly you can, for
the firfll four or five months- before the
time of covering, with old clean oats and
fplit beans, well hulled, and if you pleafo'
you may add bread to them, fuch as^you*
will hereafter be direAed to make; and -
now and then a handful of clean wheat may
be given him,, or oats wafhed in (bong ale,
for variety. *>i
Mf* M^gau adviff ft< to foatter bay-^Uc ^
and
tnd annileeds in his provender ) Inat Others
•re of opinion that this is fuperfluousj while
« the harie is in health.
Be fure to let him have plenty of good
eld fweec hay, well cleanfed from duft, and
good wheat draw to lie on j water him
twice a day at fome running ftream> or elfe
in a clear Handing pond of water, if you
cannot have the firft ; and gallop him after
he has drank in fome meadow or level piece
Aground.
Do not fuflfer him to drink his^ fill at bis
15rft cowling to the water, but after his firft
draught, g^k>p aiid fcope him up and down
fo warm him, and then bring him to the
^ater again and let him drink his fill, gal-
loping him ag^n a» before; never leaving
the water till he haa drank as much as he
^in.
By this means- you will prevent raw cru-
dities, which the coldnefs of the water
would otherwife produce, to thedetriment
of his ftemach, if you had permireed him-
to drink his fiil at firiby whereas you allow-
ing him his iil( (though by degrees) at laft,
you keep his body frt>m drying too faft.
Mr. Morgan, indeed, directs the Sweating
of him every day, early in the morning,
which he fays will not only pcrfeft digeftion,
and exhaufb the moifture from his feed,
but alio ilrengthen and cteanfe hia blood
and body from alk raw and imperfcft hu-
mours : but others are of opinion it will
dry up the radical moifture too faft 5 and
likewife; inftead ef heightening his pride
and luft, weakenhim too much..
As for other rules for the ordering him-
after watering, and the hours of feedings
^c. they will be more proper,
• When the ftallion is m luft, and the
time of covering him is come, which is
beft to be in May, that the foals mayfall in
the yfpril following,, otherwife ihcy will
have little or no grafs.
Pull oflF his hinder ihoes> and lead him
to the place where the ftud of mares are
which you intend for covering -^ which^
place ought to be clofe> well fenced^ and
in it a little hut for a man to lie in,, and a
larger fhed Vrith a mang^ to feed your
Hurr
ftallion with bread and corn diiring fiiS'.
abode tvith the mares, and flicker him in
the heat of the day, or in rainy weather :
this cloft ought to be of fufEcient largencfs
to keep your mares well for two months.
Before you pull off his bridle, let him
cover a mare or two in hand, then turn him.
looib amongft them, and put all your mares*
to him, as well thofe that are with foal as.
thofe which are not, for there is no danger
in it ; and by that means they will all be
ferved in Aeir height of luft,, and according,
to the intention of nature.
When your ftallion- has covered them
once, he will try them all over ag-ain, and
thofb that will admit him, he will fcrvc,
and when he has done his buHnefs, he will
beat againft the pales, and attempt to be at
liberty, which when your man finds, (who
is to obferve them night and day, and to
take care that no other mares are put to
your horfe, and to give you an account
wHich take the horfe and' which not, 6?^.)
then take him up, and keep him well as you^
did before, firft giving him a mafli or two,.
to help to reftore natilrc ; for you will find
him little but^fkin ai)d bones,, and his mane
and tail will fall off. •
Be fure never to give him above ten or
twelve mares in a feafon ac mo ft, otherwife
you will (carce recover him againft the next
covering time.
When your ftallion is paft this ufe, then^
buy another, for the beft kind will in time
degenerate. But the Duke of Niivv/ijih.
fays, you cannot do better than to let your
own mares be covered by their fires.
Some advife covering in hand, as the-
other is called covering out of hand, and is?
as follows : when you have brought both.
your horfe and your mare to a proper con-
dition for breeding, by art and good Teed-'
ing, then fet fome ordinary ftone nag by
her for a day are two, to woo her, and that'
will make hcrfo proi\eto luft, chat flie will
readily receive your ftallion, which you
fliould prefent to her, either early in a»
morning or late in an evenings for a day or.
two together, and let him cover in hand:
once ortwice^ if you pleafe, at each time
obfcrving^
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obfcrrving to give the horfe the advantage
of ground^ and have a perfon ready with a
bucket of cold water to throw on the ntiare's
lliape immediately upon the difmounting
of the horfe, which will make her retain the
feed (he received the better ; efpecially if
you get on her back, and trot htr up and
down for a quarter of an hour, but take
care of heating or draining her : and it will
not be amifs if you let them fait two hours
after fuch ad, and then give each of them
a warm malh, and it is odds but this way
your mares may be as well ferved as the
other, and .your ft allien laft you much
longer.
If you take care to houfc the mares all
the winter, and keep them well, their colts
will prove the better. S^e Foals and
Colts.
0/a Hunting'MaUb.
The firft thing that is to be confidered by
one who defigns to match his horfe for his
own advantage, and his horfe's credit, is
not to flatter himfelf with the opinion of
his horfe, by fancying that he is a fwift,
when he is but a flow galloper, and that
he is a whole running horfe, (that is, that
he will run four miles without a fob at the
height of his fpeed) when he is not able to
run two or three.
Very probably fome gentlemen are led
into this error, by their being miftaken
in the fpeed of their hounds, who, for want
of trying them againft other dogs that have
been really fleet, have fuppofed their own
to be fo, when, in reality, ihey are but of
a middling fpeed ^ and becaufe their horfe,
when trained, was able to follow them al!
day, and upon any hour, to commend them
upon deep as well light earths, have there-
fore made a falfe conclulion, that their
horfe is as fwift as the beft ; but upon trial
againft a horfe that has been rightly trained
after hounds that were truely fleet, have
bought their experience full dear.
Therefore it is advifable for ail lovers of
hunting, to procure two or three couple of
tried hounds, and once or twice a week to
HUN
follow them after a train -fcent, and when
he is able to top them on all (brts of earth»
and to endure heats and colds ftoutly, then
he msry better rely on his fpeed and tough -
nefs.
That horfe which is able to perform a
hare chace of five or fix miles brifldy, till
his body be as it were bathed in fweat ; and
then, after the hare has been killed in a
nipping frofty morning, can endure to
ftand till the fweat be frozen on his back,
fo that he can endure to be pierced with
cold as well as the beat ; and then even in
that extremity of cold, to ride another
chace as briflcly, and with as much courage
as he did the former ; that horfe which can
thus endure heats and colds, is moft valu-
ed by fportfmen .
Therefore in order to make a judgnient
of the goodnefs of a horfe, obferve him af-
ter the death of the firft hare, if the chace
has been any thing briik ; if when he is
cold he (hrioks up his body, and draws his
legs up together, it is an infallible fign of
want of vigour and courage : the like may
be done by the flacking of his girths after
the firft chace and from the duUnefs of his
teeth, and the dullnefs.of his countenance^
all which are true tokens of faintnefs, and
being tired \ and fuch a horfe is not to be
relied on in cafe of a wager.
But if your horfe is not only in your
own judgment^ but alfo in that of fkilful
horfemen, a horfe of approved fpeed and
toughnefs, and you have a mind to match
him, or to run for a plate, then you may
hope for the following advantages :
But firft it will not be improper to take
notice of the way of making matches ia
former times, and the modern way of deci-
ding wagers.
The old way of trial was, by running fo
many train-fcents after hounds, as was
agreed upon between the parties concerned,
and a bell courfe, this being found not fo
uncertain, but more durable than hare-
hunting ^ and the advantage confided in
having the trains led on earth moft fuitable
to the qualifications of the horfes.
But others choofe to hunt the hare till
fuch
J
HUN
ilich anchour, and then to run * this wild
goofe cbace. See Wito Goose Chace>
But this cbace was found . by experience
inhunian, and deftru^ive to good horfes^
cfpecially when two good horfes were
snatched ; for neither being able to di (lance
the ocher^ till being both ready to fink un-
der their riders thro.ugh weaknefs, often-
times they were obliged to draw the
match, and leave it undecided^ after both
the horfes were quite fpoil^d.
This induced them to run train-fcents,
-which were afterwards changed for three
heats, and a flrait courfe % and that thofe
who were lovers of hunting-horfes might be
encouraged to keep good ones> plates have
been ere£ted in many places in England ^ pur-
pofely for the fake or buntiog-horfcs ; and
thearttcles of fome places exclude all others,
-namely, gallopers, from running.
But whether you would match your hofe
againft a particular horfc, or put him in
for a plate, where he muft run againft all
that come in general^ you ought to know
the conftitution and quality of your horfe,
befu'e you venture any wager on his head,
whether hebe hot and fiery, or cool and
temperate in riding: whether he be very
fwift, but not hard at bottom s or flow,
but yet fure $ and one that will ilick.at
marks, or what fort of ground he moft de^
lightsto gallop ; whether he delights to go
up hill or down hilj, or elfe to fkelp on a
flat I whether to run on deep* or light
ground $ whether on rack-ways or> carpet
ground \ whether amongft mole-hiUs,, or
on meadow ground $ whether he. be well-
winded or thick-win4ed ^ fo that though he
will anfwera fpur, and mend upon lapping,
yet he muft have eale by fobs«
All rhefe particulars^ are neceffary. to be
known, to tM end you may dcaw thofe ad#-
vantages from .them which may be offered
in makings matches : As. thus, foe exam-
ple :
If your horfe be hot^and fiery, it is odds
but he is fleet withal, (for generally fuch
horfes arefo) and delights to run upon light
axid hard flats, and muft be held hard by
the.rider, that he may have time .to recover
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wind by his fobs, or elfe his fury will choak
him. •
But whereas, it is the general opinion,
that nothing that is violent can be lafling,
and therefore that it is impoffible that fuch
hot-mettled horfes can be tough and hard
at bottom ; this is reckoned by fome to be
but a popular error: for that thefe two"
?[ualities have been reconciled at leaft fo
ar as to make the mofl: fiery horfe manage-*
able, and to endure both whip and fpur ;
and if fo, although he fliould not prove at
bottom fo truly tough as the craving drudge,
yet his fpeed fliall anfwer for it in all points,
and ferve in it's ftead by the management
of his rider., i
The befl: way of matching fuch a horfe is,
to agree to run train fcents, and the fewer
the better for you, before you come to the
courfe : alfo in thefe train fcents^ the lhort<*
er you make your diftanc^e the better ; and
mind, above all things, to make your bar-
gala to have the leading of the firft train,
and then make choice of fuch grounds
where your horfe may beft fliow his fpeed^
and the fleetcft dogs you can procure:
give your hounds as much law before you
as your tryers wiU allow, and riien making a
Joofe, tryto win the match with a wind ; but
if yo«i fail in this attempt, then bear your
horfe, and iave him from the courfe : but .
if your horfe be flow, but well winded, and
a true fpurred nag, then the more trains
fcencs you run before you come to the ftrait
courfe the better : but here you > ought to
obferve to gain the leading of the firft train-:
which in this* cafe, youmuft lead ic upon
fuch deep earth, that it may not end near
any light ground*
For this is the rule received among horfe*
men, that the nest train is to begin where -
the lad ends, and the lad train is to be
ended at the -ftarting-place of the courfe^ .
therefore- remember to end your, lad on
deep earths as well as the fird.
In the next place, do not onake a march «
againft. a horfe youdo not know, without
having firft confulted fome ^flcilful. friend, .
on. whofc judgment and honcftyyou' can
fafely relyi and. who is ^ble to give a good ^
account :
ticeoiunt of the Ipeed of fwi aSwer&ry't
horfe, and his manDcr of riding ; and if
it appears that he ia any ways abfwerable
to your own in fpeed otr goodji9la» ^be not
too vraturefome^ without ibme reaibnabLe
probabilities of winning.
Again, be fure at no time to give advan-
tage of weigh t» for you will fee the incon-
ventency of it at the latter end of the day ;
for though a horfe does not feel it when he
is frelh, yet it will fink him very much
when he grows weak. The length of a
horfe loft by weight in the firft train, may
prove a diftance in theflraightcourfe at laft>
for the weight is the fame every heatj tho*
his llrength is not.
. If, on the other hand, you gain any ad-
vantage of weight, that the horOoDcn (hall
ride fo much weight as you are agreed on;,
befides the f^dles for by this means the
fider, if he be no weight of himielf, muft
carry the dead weight fomewhere about him,
which will be croublefome to the rider, as
well as the horfe ; and the more fio the lat-
ter becaufe it is more remote from his back,
than if it were in the faddle, and by confe«>
<)uence will more diforder his ftroak if the
fider incline to either fide than if it were
near the center ; as is to be feen in a pair of
fcales, wher« if the pin be not placed exact-
ly in the middle of the beam, the longeft
pare (as being farther diftant from the cen*-
ter) will be the heavieft.
As to the time of dieting, that muft be
according to the nature of your horfe, and
the prefent ftate of body he is in ; for tho'
he may be clean enough for ordinary hunt-
ing, yet he may be far enough from that
perfeA ftate of body that a^match requires ;
and to keep him in fuch ftridt diet all the
feafon (except on fuch extraordinary occa*
fions) would be an unneceflary expence.
As to the difpoGtion of the horfe for run-
ning, that is to be known by ufe and obfer-
vation, for, in this point, horfes diflFer very
•much i for fome run beft when they are
high in cafe ; other when they are in a mid-
dling condition of flefli ; and fome again,
when they appear to the eye poor and low
in ficfh : therefore according to the con-
HUN
ditton aod qnaliry o^ sod the ^ttie le^oir^
ed to bring him into the l>eft ftate, the d^f
lor the trial of the match oug^to be fixed
on*
If you have a mind to put^iim im for
ibme bunting plate, there you have not at
yourdifpofal the choice of the grotmd, the
weight, nor thehorfiesyou run againft, bvK
you muft take them as you find them ; only
the time for bringing your horfe into a good
condition is at your difcretion s in that you
may begin to keep him in ftri6b diet as foon
or as late as you pleafe, the. time for all
plates being ufually fixed, and aniitall|r
the fame.
HUNTSM AN, He muft never foi^ot
that every hare has her particular play;
thatj however, that play is occafioned or
changed according to the variation of wind
and weather, the weight of the air, the
nature of the ground, and the degrees of
cagernefs with which (he is purfued« Nor
is he to be unmindfnl of the numerous ac-
cidents flie may meet with in her way, to
turn her out of her courfe, to cover her
flight, to quicken her iperd, or to furniih
her with an opportunity of new devices. It
is not enough to have a general knowledge
of thefe things before the game is ftartra,
but in the heat of a&ion, when moft
tempted to be in raptures with the found
of the horns^ the melody of the cry, and the
expedation of fuccefs> every ftep we make
we muft calmly obferve the alterations of
foil, the pofition of the wind, the time
of the year, and no lefs take notice with
what fpeed flie is driven, how far ihe is
likely f o keep on forward, or to turn fhort
behind ; whether fiie has not been met by
paflengers, frightened by curs, intercepted
by Iheep ; whether an approching ftorm, a
rifing wind, a fudden hlaft of the fun, the
going off of the froft, the repetition of foil-
ed ground, the decay of her own ftrengthj
or any other probable turn of affairs, has
not abated or altered the fcent.
There are other things ftill no lefs ne-
ceffary to be remembered than the former ;
as the particular quality and charafter of
each dog •, whether the prefent leaders am
not
V. ' ! V
i ■ -•
••M i«* *'^
\
HUN
not apt W over-run it j which are moft in-
clined to ftand upon the double ; which
-aj-e to be^ depended on in the highway,
on the ploughed grounds or a bare turf, in
an uncertain fcent, in the croifing of fre(h
game, through a flock of flieep, upon the
toil or ftole-back. The fizealfo and ftrength
of the hare will nnakc a difference j nor
rnuft the hounds themfelves be followed fo
clofely, or fo loudly cherifhed when freOi
and vigorous, as after they have run off
their fpeed and oiecile, and begin to be
tired.
It is neceffary for a young huntfman,
^heh the fcent lies well, always to keep
himfelf pretty far behind. At fuch a time,
efpecially if it be againft the wind, it is
ihnpollibre for the poor hare to hold it for-
ward s nor has (he any trick or refuge for
her life, but to ftoop ttiort by the way, and,
when all are paft, to fteal immediately back,
which is often theoccafion ofanirrecovera*
ble fault, in the midft of the warmed fport
and expe&ations, and is the beft trick the
poor bar^' has for her life in fcenting wea-
ther i whereas if the huntfman were not too
forward, he would have the advantage of
' feeing her fteal off, and turning her afide,
or more pnobably the pleafure of the dogs
returning and thrufting her up in view.
It is very common for the fleet ()og to be
the befl: favourite, though it would be
much better if he was hanged, or exchang-
ed. JSe a dog in his own nature ever fo
good, yet be is not good in that, pack that
is too flow for j)im. There is mofl: times
work enough^. for every one of the train,
and every one dii^ht to bear his part ; but
this is impoffible for^he heavy ones to do,
if chey are run out of breath by the unpro-
portionable fpeed of a lights-heeled leader.
For it is not enough that they are able to
keep up,which a true hound will labour hard
for, Init they muft be able to do it with eafcj
with retention of breath and fpirits, and
with their tongues at command. It muft
nev^T be expeSed that the indentures of the
hare can be well covered, or hci; doubles
ftruck off, (nor is the fport wor»'^ a farth-
H U N
j i'^gO if the harriers run yelping in a long
firing, like deer or foxhounds.
Another . thing neceffary is to hang up
every liar and chanter, not fparing even
thofe that are filly and trifling, without
noifeor fagacity. It is common enough in
numerous kennels to keep fome for their
muGc or beauty, but this is perfeflly
wrong. It is a certain maxim that every
dog which does no good, does a great deal
of hurt 5 they fervc only to foil the ground,
and confound the fcent ; to fcamper before
and interrupt their betters in the moft diffi-
cult points. And we may venture to aflirm,
.by long experience, that four or five couple,
all good and trufty hounds, will do more
execution than thirty or forty, where a
third of them are eager and headftrong,
and, like coxcombs among men, noify in
doing nothing.
Above all abhor joining with ftrangcrs,
for this is the way to fpoil and debauch
the ftauncheft hounds, to turn the bcfl:
mettled into mad-headed gallopers, liars,
and chaterers, and to put them on nothing
but out-running their rivals, and over-run-
ning the fcent. The emuliation of leading
(in dogs and their mafters) has been the
utmoft ruin of many a good cry. Nor arc
ftrange huntfmcn of much better confe-
quence than ftrange companions i for as the
flcill and excellence of thefe animals confift
in ufe and habit, they Ihould always be ac-
cuftomed to the fame voice, the fame notes,
or holloings, and the fame turns of chid*
ing, cherilhing, prcffmg, or recalling;
nor ihould the country fellows be allowed,
in their tranfports, to extend their
throats.
Nor is it good to encourage change of
game, becaufe mere Tquires would be at a
great lofs to kill fome of their time, had
they nothing to kill, when hares arc out
of leafon. However, I am well fatisfied
that the beft harriers are thofe that know
no other. Nor is it advifeable to let them
change for a frefh hare, as long as they can
poffibly follow the old, nor to take off their
nofesfrom the fcent they arc upon, for the
O o cutting
JAR-
cutting Iliorter or gaining of ground. This
lall: is the comn:ion trick with pot-hunters,
"but as it is unfair and barbarous to the hare,
fo you will feldoai find it of advantage to
the hounds.
HURLE-BONE, in a Horse. A bone
near the middle of the buttock, very apt to
20 out of it's fockets with a hurt or ftrain.
HUXING OF Pike, A particular me-
thod for the catching of this fort of filh.
For this ufe, take as large bladders as can
be got 5 blow them up, and tic them clofe
and ftrong j then at the mouth of each tic
a line, longer or fhorter, accoitling to the
depth of water; at the end of a line fatten '
an armed hook artificially baited, and put
them into the water, with the advantage of
the wind, that they may gently move up
and down the pond. Now when one maf-
ter pike has llruck himfelf, it is a mod
*pleafing diverlion to fee him bounce about
in the water with a bladder. When you
fee him almoft fpent, take him up. See
Pike.
JACK-DAW. A chattering, fubtle bird, .
that 1$ a great dcvourer of beans, cher-
ries, and other garden- fruits.
A very good method to catch them is, to .
drive a ftake into the ground about four feet
high, above the furface of the earth, but
fo picked at the top, that the jack-daw can-
riot fettle on it j within a foot of which, a
hole muft be bored through, three quarters
of an inch diameter, whereto you fhould fit
a pin or (lick, fix or eight inches long, then
make a loop or fpring of horfe-hair fattened
to a flick or wand of hazle, which may be
entered into the ftake at a hole near the;
ground; that done, by bending of the)
ftick, flip the horfe-hair loop through the
upper holes, and put the fliort ftick fo, that
the jack-daw when he comes, finding a
refting-place to ftand conveniently amongft,
his food, perches on the fhort ftick, which
by his weight immediately falls, and 'gives
the fpring advantage of holding him by the
legs.
JARDES, 7 arc callous and hard {Vel-
JARDONS,) lings in the hinder legs
JAW
of a horfe, leated on the outfides of the
hough, as the fpavin is on the infide. It is
more to be feared than the fpavin. It is not
very common, fo that but few people know-
it, though it be as painful as the fpavin, and
makes a horfe halt. In this cafe there is no
remedy but firing, which docs not always
fucceed.
If upon the fore-finew of the leg, between
the fpavin on the infide and the jardon with-
out, there is a circle that joins them, and
encompafles the nerve of the inftep, the
horfe is ipoiled and ruined paft all reco-
very.
J ARRETIER. An obfolctc French word,
'fignifying a horfe wbofe houghs grow too
clofe together.
In, infide within ; and out, outfide with-
out.
The inner heel, the 'Outer heel ; the inner
leg, the outer leg; -the in rdnsithe out
rein.
1 his way of fpeaking relates to feveral
things, according as the borfe works to the
right or' 16ft, tipon' volts ; ortas he- works
along by a wall, a 'hedge, or fome fuch
thing.
Thus it (eyves to diftinguiih on what
hand,' or what fide the horfenun is to give
the aid^ to a horfe upon a manage.
For along by a wall, the outer leg is the
leg of a fide with the wall, and the other
leg is the'in4eg.
And ^pon volts ; if a horfe works upoa
the right, the right heel is the inner heel,
the right leg the inner leg ; and fo by con-
fequence, the left heel and left leg muft be
the outer btcl andOeg.
Now the downright contrary wilLhappeo»
if the horfe wdrks^ to the iefc.
NoW-a'days, the riding-^mafters, to be
eafier underilood, ufe the terms right and
left; as for inftance, aflifl: the horfe with
the right heel, with the right leg, with
the right rein ; taking the fituation of the
heels and legs, with refpeft to the volt.
See Enlarge, Gallop, False, and Lakoe*
JAW^BONES^OF A Horse, (hould be
narroV hd lean, *but the diftance between
them r the throaty large and hollow^ that
he
JEN
h€ may the better pUce his bea4 : if the
jaw*-bone ' be too fquarc, that is, if there be
(oo great a diftance between the eye ^od
that pa|:t of it. which touches l^is necks it is
not ooljr ugly and unfcemlyt buc even hin-
^ra.him from placing hia head ; and if
there be but little diftance.b^twixt the jaw-
bones, then as foon as you pull the bridle
to bring bis he^^ into it's nnoft becoming
pofturc, the bone meeting with his neck
will hinder him, efpecially if alfo be have
« fliort and thick neck, with that inaperfec*
^iofii.
JAW-TEETH. Se€ Tibtho^ aHouse*
JAY, See jAeit-DAw.
JENNY-WREN. A curious fine fong-
^iid of a ch^a^ul nature, fo that none can
exceed him in his manner of finging.
. This bird is of a pretty fpccfcled colour,
wtry pltafant to the eye, and when he fings,
«;9cks up his mij throwing put his notes
with much pleafyre and fprightlinefs.
The hen breeds twice a year ; feft, about
the. laaer jpnd ^^ili makes hat neft f^ith
dry mofs and leaves, (b artificially that it is
a very hard matter to difcover it, it being
amongft iferybs and hAE^geSj where ivy
grows very thick ? fome build in old hovels,
and b/irps, «bm tbA/ are fi^ch as 4re w^ ufed
They clofc their ijeft ra\ind, leaving buf
a little hole to go in and out at, and will
lay abundance of eggs, fometimcs to the
number of eighteen, nay, fixtcen young ones
have been taken out of one neft, which,
icoofidering how iaiall the bird i^^ appears
ftrange.
Their fecond time of breeding is in the
middle of Juney for by that time the other
neft will be brought up, and Ihifc for them-
fclves; buc if ypu intend to keep any of
them, rake them at twelve or fourteen days
old put of the ncft, and give them (beep's
heart and egg, minced very fmall, :taking
away. the fat and the finews,or.elfe.fQmcot'
a calf's or heifer's heart.
They are to be fed in their ncft s, very of*
ten in a day,. giving them one or tw0 ixipr-
lels at one time, and no more, left they.
IMP
caft it up again, by receiving more than
they could bear or digeft, and \o expire.
They fliould be hA with a little ftick ; at
the end whereof, take up the i}icat about the
bignefs of a white pea; and when you per-
ceive them to pick it up from the ftick
themfelves, put tbem inio cages; after-
wards, having provided a pan or two, put
fome of the fame meat therein, and alfo
j about the fides of every cage to encice tbem
to eat •, howeyer, you muft ftill feed them
five or fix times a day for better fecurity,
left they fliould negled themfelves and die,
when air your trouble is almoft paft ; as
foon as they have found the^ way to feed
alone, give them now and then fome pafte ^
ify9U perceive them to eat heartily, and
like it very well, you may forbear giving
them any more heart.
Further, you muft once in two or three
days give them a fpideror two ; and if you
hav^a mind your bird fhould learn to whiftle
tunes, take the pains to teach him, and he
will anfwer your evpeftatipn.
Now for the diftinguid^ing. t)f cocks
from hens, when you have got a whole
neft, obferve which are the browncft and
largeft, and mark them : alfo take notice
of their recording: forfuch of them as rc-
cjord themfelves in the neft before they can
feed themfelves, and thofe whofe throats
grow big as they record, they are certainly
cocks.
JESSES. Ribbons that hang down from
garlands or crowns in Falconry, alfo fliort
ftraps of leather faftened to the hawk's legs,
^nd {q to the vervcls.
IMPING. This term in Falconry, fig-
nifies theinfcrting of a feather in the wing
of a hawk, in the place of one that is
broke.
.IMPOSTHUiVIE IN Horses is an unna-
tural fwelling of humours, or corrupt mat-
ter in any part of the body.
This diftemper may happen to a horfe
feveral ways, as by a colleftion of filthy
humours, cauHng fweUings, which in
time grow to an inflammation, and at
laft .break om into foul, mattcrv, and run-
niQg lores.
Oo^ AVhen
IMP
When an inflammatory fwdlihg does not
readily give wayjto bleeding, purging, rub-
bing the part with fpirit of wine, vinegar,
or with fuch other means as arc ufually ap-
plied for difperfing j or, if it appears at the
decline of a fever, or any other difcafe ; all
cooling and repelling methods (hould be
avoided, and fuppuration promoted.
For the cold, flow fort of abfccflcs that
fuppurate with difficulty, the gum plaifter,
mixed with one fourth part of the mercurial
plaifter, may be proper enough : it (hould
be renewed when it will ftick on no longer;
for only until then it is good. For the in-
flammatory fort, which foon fill with good
matter, poultices are the befl: appliciitiQn,
and the following neat and cheap one may^,
anfwcr in every cafe of this kind.
A Suppurating Poultice.
Take a proper quantity of wheat- bran,
fcald it with boiling hot water, enough to
make it into the confiftencc of a poultice,
then add to it a fmall quantity of lard, or
any other greafe 5 and while it is as warm as
you can bear it l^rhcn laid on the back of
your hand, apply it to the fwelling.
All poultices Ihould be ftifi^ enough to
prevent their running j and when they arc
defigned to promote fuppuration, they
ihould be taken off and warmed again as
often as they cool, which will be at leaft
every four hours.
Continue the poultice until, by prcfljng
the abfcefs gently with your finger, you can
perceive the matter in it fluftuate ; at which
time it will be proper to make an opening
in the part where the flcin feems the thin-
neft : make the opening as large as you con-
veniently can, for then the matter will be
well difcharged, and the wound will* be
healed with lefs difficulty.
The matter being difcharged, drefs with
dry lint or foft tow, gently preflcd into the
opening, then cover it and the whole re-
maining fwelling with a pledget of tow,
fpread with the digeftive ointment j and
over thefe, if the fituation of the part will
admit, I»ay a warm poultice, which may
I M ?
now be renewed only night and morning »
until all remaining haxlncfs in the abfcefs
is diflblved ; after which, once a day will b e
often enough to drefs the wounds which
will foon heal, with only a pledget of tow^
thinly fpread with the digeftive ointmenc^
properly fecured.
ftbeDiieftive Ointment i
»
Take of linfeed oil, two pounds ; yellow
rofin and yellow wax, of each one pound $
Venice turpeniine, three ounces j melt them
together over a gentle fire, then ftir it con-
tinually until it is cool enough to put into
an earthen pot.
Sometimes the wound and the bottom of
the abfcefs digeftfi unkindly^the matter be-
coming thin and Iharp, in which cafe the
affiftance of the difcutieot fomentationa
each time the dreffings are removed, hath
ufually the defired efieA ^ and if the bottom
of the fore can eafily be come at, pledgets
of the mercurial digeftive may be applied
thereto once a day.
^be Mercurial Digeftive.
Take half an ounce of red precipitate, in
fine powder, mix it well with four ounces of
the digeftive ointment.
ADifcutient Fomentation.
Take of camomile-flowers, and common
wormwood, each three ounces i boil them
a few minutes in ten pints of water, then
pour otf the liquor for ufe.
Fomentations are always to be ufed ia
the following manner : The fomentation
being already as hot as you can bear it with
your nand, you muft have two flannel cloths
large enough, when three or four timet
doubled^ to cover the part which is to be
fomented \ dip one of thefe cloths into the
hot liquor, and immediately wring it as dr^
as you cans then apply it to the difeafed
part, keeping it clofe there until the heat
begins to abate, by which time the other
cloth will be ready to be applied, which
mu&
I N T
Muft be done ais quickly as poffible after
the removal of that which was firfl: laid on :
and thus continue to apply them alternate-
Ij, until eight or twelve have been ap-
plied.
AbfceFes are fometimes formed in the
eye^ occafioning ^reat inflammation and
pain : the matter i& fometimes fuperficial>
and then the abfcefs is more prominent }
at other times it is deeper, and aflTumes a
flatter formi but when it is very deep,
there will be feldom any fwelling at all ; in
"which cafe it burfts inward, and the ejre is
totally deftroyed. In. the other two cafes,
the treatment will be fo much the fame with
that of abfcefles in general, that the pecu-
liarities reauired on account of the (itua*
tion, will be feadily fugeelted by every
praditioner. For the moft part, a lofs of
uftht is the confequence of them all, becaufe
of the cicatrix or of the ulcer which is left
behind.
INCORDING. Burftennefs in a horfe.
S^e RVFTURB.
INN OR INNER. In the manage, is ap-
plied differently , according as the horfe
works to the right or left, upon the volt, or
as he works alon^ by a wall, a hedge> or the
like : for in moving by a wall, the leg next
the wall is called the outer leg, and the
other the inner leg : and upon volts, if a
horfe works to the right, the right heel is
the inner heel, and the right leg the inner
leg; but if he works to the lefty the left
heel is the inner heel, (^c. At prefent,
riding-mafters, in order to be more eafily
underftood, generally ufe the term right and
left, tnfl:ead of outer and inner.
INSTEP is that part of the hinder leg
of a horfe that correfponds to the fliank in
the fore leg^s $ extended from the ham to
the paftem-joint. It Ihould be big, flat,
and m a perpendicular line to the ground,
when the horfe is in his natural poflrure of
ftanding ; fo that when the infteps do not
ftand perpendicularly, it is a certain fign of
weakmfs, either in the reins or hinder quar-
ters.
INTERFERE, on Cut. Tq knock or
i N T
rub one heel agalnfl; another, in going, as
horfes fometimes do.
There are four accidents that caufe a horfe
to interfere.
1. Wearinefs.
2. Weaknefs in his reins.
3. Not knowing how to go.
4. His not being accuftomed to travel.
To which may be added, his being badly,
or too old fliod.
It happens more frequently behind than
before, and is eafily helped by (hoeing,
efpecialiy if the horfe be young.
It is foon difcovered, by the fkin's being
cut on the infldes of the pa(lern*joints, and
many times galled to the very bone, fo that
the horfe often halts with it, and has his pa(*
tern-joints fwelled.
To rcdrefs his grievance, x. If a horfe
cuts through wearinefs, there is no better
remedy than giving him reft, and feeding
him well.
a. If he cuts before, take off his two fore-
(hoes, take down the out-quarter of each
foot very much, and place the inner edge
of the flioe, fo as it may exaAly follow the
compafs of his foot, without it's any ways
exceeding towards the heel, then cut the
fpunges equal with the heel, and rivet the
nails fo nicely into the horn, that they
may not at all appear above it, or elfe burn
the horn with the point of a red-hot iron, a
little below the hole of each nail, which
done, beat down and rivet them in thdfe
holes.
If after this method of (hoeing he (lill
continues to cut himfelf, you are to thicken
the inner quarters and fpunges of his (hoes,
fo as they may double the thick of thofe on
theoutfide, and always pare down his out*
quarters even, almoft to the quick, with-
out the leaft touching thofe on the infide ;
but be fure to rivet the nails very juftly and
clofe.
3. If the horfe cuts behind, un(hoe him,
and pare down his out-quarters, even almoft
to the quick ; give his (hoes calkins only on
the infide, and fuch a turn as may make
them abfolutely follow the compafs and
(hape of his foot without exceeding it,
> efpecialiy
J o u
cfpccially in the inner quarters ; and above
all, rivet the nails exaftly, for one fingle ri-
ver may caufc a great diforder.
4. If notwithftanding all thefe precautions,
your horfe does not forbear cutting, you
muft (befidcs what has been already order-
ed) take care that no nails at all be drove
upon the infide, but only make a beak at
the toe to keep the Ihoe firm in it's place,
fo that continuing this method for fome
time, the hdrfe will learn to walk, and no
longer interfere, though he were afterwards
(kod in the ufual manner.
5. To prevent this diforder, fome fix little
boots of leather, or of an old hat, about the
pattern-joints, which are made narrower at
top than bottom, and therefore only fattened
at top.
6. Others wrap about the pattern-joint a
piece of fhcep's-lkin, with the woolly fide
next to the horfe ; and when it is worn out,
apply a new one.
INTERMEWING, [among Falconersl
is the huwk's mewing from the firft change
af her coat, till (he turrt white.
JOCKEY. One that trims uphorfes, a^d
rides about with horfes for falc.
JOUK, [in Falconry], a hawk is faid to
jouk when flic falls afleep.
JOURNEY, totravel by land, properly
as much ground as might be pafled over
in a day ; alfo a ^raft or extent of ground,
way or march.'
VireSions for frejerving a Horfe Jound upon a
Journey.
See that his ftioes be not too ftraight,
or prefs his feet, but be exaftly (haped 5
and let him be (liod fome days befofe you
begin a journey, that they may be fettled to
his feet.
Obferve that'' he is furnifhed with a bitt
proper for him, and by no means too heavy,
which may incline him to car»'y low, or to
reft upon the hand when he grows weary,
which horfcmen call, making ufc of his fifth
leg.
The mouth of the bict (hould reft upon
his barsj about half a finger's brcadfh from
TO U
his tudies, To a^ not to m^ke him fnimble
his lips J the curb (hould reft in the hoUow
of his beard, a littltf above the chin ; and if
it gall him, you muft defend the pUoe with
a piece of buff, or other foft leather.
Take notice that the faddle does not reft
upon hiji withers, reins, or back-bone, and
that one part of it does not prefs his back
more than another.
Some riders gall a horfc's fides below the
faddle with their ft irrup-leithers, efpeciatly
if he be lean ; to hinder it you ihould fix a
leather ilrap between the points of the fore
and hind bows of th^ faddle, and make the
ftirrup- leather pafs over them.
Begin your journey with ftort marches,
efpecially if your horfe has not been exerci-
fed for a longtime : fuffer him to ftale as of-
ten as you find him inclined, and not only (b,
but invite him to it ; but do not excite yt>ur
mares to ftale, becaufe their vigour will be
thereby diminifhed.
It is advifeable to ride very foftly, for a
quarter or half an hour before you arrive at
the ihn^ that the horfe not being too warm,
nor out of bireath, when put into the ftablc^
you may unbridle him ; bat if your bufincfs
obliges you to put On jfharply, .you muft
then (the weather being wann) let him «be
walked in a man's hand, thache nrMiy cool
by degrees 5 otherwife. If it be very cold,
let him be Covered with cloths, and waikcd
i^p and down in foAie place free from wind 1
but in eafc you have not thcconvcniency of
a Sheltered walk, ftable him forthwith j and
let his whole body be rubbed and dried with
ftraw.
Although fome preople will have their
horfes legs rubbed down with ftraw as foon
^ they are brouglK into -the ftable, think-
ing to fopple them by that means; yet it
is one of the greatcft crrorsdiat can be com-
mitted, and produces no other cfi^efts than
to draw down into the legs thoie humours
that are always ftirrcd up by the fatigue of
the journey : not thftt the rubbing of hurfca
legs .is fo be difallowed, ^n the contrary,
we highly approve of'^t, only would noc
have it done at their firft arrival, but when
they are perfcdly cooled.
Being
• •
J O U;
' Being <:ome to your inn, as foon as your
horfc is partly dried, and ceafes to beat in
the flanks, let him be unbridled, his bitt
wafhed, cleanfcd and wiped, and Icthini eat
his hay at pleafure.
If your horfe be very dry, and you have
not given him water on the road, give him
oars wafhed in good mild ale.
The dud and fand will fometimes fo dry
the tongues and mouths of horfes, that they
lofe their appetites : in fuch cafe give them
bran well moiftened with water, to cool and
refrclh their mouths ; or walh their mouths
and tongues with a wet fponge, to oblige
them to eat.
The foregoing dirediows are to beob-
ferved after moderate riding, but if you have
rode excefllve hard, unfaddle your horfe, and
fcrape off the fweat with a fweating-knife,
or fcraper, holding it with both hands, and
going always with the hair; then ryb his
head and ears with a large hair-^cloth, wipe
him .alfo between the fore-lpgs and hind-
legs i in the mean while, his body fhould
be rubbed all over with ftraw, efpecially un-
der his belly and beneath the fad41e, till he
is thoroughly dry,
Tjiat done, fet on the faddle again, cover
him, and if you have a warm place, let
him be gently led up and down in it, for a
quarter of an hour, but if not, let him dry
where he (lands. -
Or you may unfaddle him immediately ;
icrape off the fweat $ Jet the oilier take a
little vinegar in his mouth and fquirt it into
the horfe^s i then rub his head, between the
fore and hind-legs, and his whole body, till
he IS pretty dry; let him not drink till tho-
jroughly cool and has eat a few pats; for
many, by drinking too foon,:have |p(cen fpoil-
xd. Set the faddle in th^ fun or by a fire in
order to dry the panncls.
When hor&s are arrived in an inn, a tnan
fhould, before they are unbridled, lift up
their feet, to fee whether they want any of
their flioest or if thofe they have do, not
reft upon their (ides, afterwards he (hould
pick and clear them of the earth and gra-
. veU which may be got betwixt ; heir (hoes
and foles,.
JO U
^ If you water t-hem abroad, upon their re-
turn from the river, caufe their feet to be
ftopped with cow-dung, which will eafe the
pain therein; and if it be in the evening,
let the dung continue in their feet all night,
to keep them fofc and in good condition ;
but if your horfe have brittle feet, it will
be requilitc to anoint the fore-feet, at the
on-fetiingof the hoofs, with butter, oil, or
hog's-grcafc, before you water him in the
morning, and in dry weather they (hould be
alfo greafed at noon.
Many horfes, as foon as unbridled, in-
(lead of eating lay themfejvesdown to reft,
by reafon ofjthe great pain they have in their
feet, fo that a man is apt to think them fick,.
but if he looks to their eyes, he will fee they
are lively and good, and if he offers them-
meat as they are lying, they will eat it very
willingly; yet if he handles their feet, he
will find them extreniely hot, which difco-
vers their fufFerings in that part.
You muft therefore fee if their (hoes do
not reft upon their foles, which is fomewhat
difficult to be certainly known, vvithout un-
(hoeing them, but . if you take oflT their
fhoes, t(hen look to the infide of them, and
you may perceive that thofe parts which
reft upon the fole, are mare fmooth and
fhining than the others: in this cafe you are
to pare their feet in thofe parts, and fix on
their (hoes again, anointing the hoofs, and
ftopping the foles with (balding hot black
pitch or tar.
After a long day's journey, at night feel
your horfe's back, if it be pinched, galled:
or fwelled, (if you do not immediately dif-
cover it, perhaps you may after fupper)
there is nothing better than to rub It with
good brancjy and the white of an egg. If
the galls are between the legs,.ufe the fame
remedy ; but if the oftler rubs him well bc-
tvyecn the iQgs he will fcldom be galled in
that part.
In order to prefcrve horfes after travel,,
taUe thefe few ufeful inftruftions. When,
you are arrived from a journey, immediately
draw the two heel nails of the fore-feet ;,
and, if it be a large (hoe, then four: two
or three days after you may bleed hifn in^
the.
JOU
the neck, and feed him for ten or twelve
days only with wet bran, without giving
him any oats ; but keep him well lit-
tered.
The reafon why you are to draw the
heel-nails is, becaufe the heels are apt to
fwell, and if they arc not thus eafed, the
ihoes would prefs and ftraighten them too
much : it is alfo advifable to ftop them
with cow-dung for a-while, but do not
take the flioes off, nor pare the feet, be-
caufe the humours are drawn down by fuch
means.
The following bath will be very fcr-
viceable for preferving your horfe's legs :
Take the dung of a cow or ox, and make
it thin with vinegar, fo as to be of the
confidence of thick broth, and having ad-
ded a handful of fmall fait, rub his fore-
legs /rom the knees, and the hind-legs
from the gambrels, chafing them well with
and againft the hair, that the remedy may
fink in and ftick to thofc parts, that they
may be all covered over with it. Thus
leave the horfe till morning, not wetting
his legs, but giving him his water that
evening in a pail : next morning lead him
to the river, or walh his legs in well-water,
which is very good, and will keep them
from fwelling.
Thofe perfons, who to recover their
horfes feet, make a hole in them, which
they fill with moiftened cow-dung, and
keep it in their fore-feet during the fpacc
of a months do very ill, becaufe, though the
continual moifture that iflfues from the
dung, occaGons the growing of the hoof,
yet it dries andflirinks it fo exceffively when
out of that place, that it fplits and breaks
like glafs, and the foot immediately
ftraightens.
For it is certain that cow-dung (contrary
to the opinion of many people) (boils a
horfc's hoofs it <loes indeed moiften the
fole, but dries up the hoof, whidi is of a
different nature from it.
In order therefore to recover a horfe's
feet, inftead of cow-dung, fill a hole with
blue wet clay, and make him keep his fore-
feet in it for a month*
I T C
For a horfe that has been rid extremely
hard, that there is danger of foundering, fee
an excellent remedy under the head Founder-
ing in the feet.
Moft horfes that are fatigued, or over-
rid, and made lean by long journies, have
their flanks altered without being purfy>
efpecially vigorous horfes that have worked
too violently.
There is no better method to recover
them, than to give each of them in the
morning;, half a pound of honey very well
mingled with fcalded bran, and when they
readily eat the half pound, give theni the
next time a whole one, and afterwards two
pounds, every day continuing this courfe
till your horfes are empty, and purge kindly
with it ; but as foon as you perceive that
their purging ceafes, forbear to give thera
any more honey.
You may adminifter powder of liquorice
in the fcalded bran for a confiderable time ;
and to cool their blood, it will not be im-
proper to let them have three or four glif-
ters : if their, flanks do not recover, give
them powder for purfive horfes 5 which fee
under that Article.
In cafe the horfe be very lean, it istxpe-
dient to give him fome wet bran, over
and above his proportion of oats i and grafs
is alfo extraordinarily beneficial if he be not
purfivc.
If it be a mare, put her to a horfe, and
if Ihe never had a foal before it will enlarge
her belly.
Sometimes excefljve feeding may do
horfes more harm than good, by rendering
them fubjed to the farcy.
You Ihould therefore be cautious in giv-]
ing them too great a quantity at a time,
and take a little blood from him now and
then*
When a horfe begins to drink heartily, it
is a certain fign that he will recover in a
ihort time i but as to the method of giving
him water during a journey. See Waterxno
OF Horses.
ITCH IK Horses, a diftcmper which
may be perceived by their rubbing their
legs till the hair comes off.
For
KEN
For the cure, ufe a mixture of two ounces
^tsf S6rhyy^hich muft be infufed for fix
^ours in a pint of ftrong vinegar, and fet
k on fire; rub the part affeded with it
twice, and it will cure it.
It will alfo be proper to bleed him in the
bows.
JUCKING-TIME, the feafon of going
to the haunts of partridges, very early in the
morning, or in the cloie of the evening,
there to liften for the calling of the cock-
partridge, which will be very loud, with no
; unall eagernefs, and will m^Jce the hen an-
. fwer him, fo that they foon come together,
as may eafily.be known by their chattering
and rejoicing notes.
Whereupon yoju may take your range
about them, drawing in, little by little, to
the place where you heard them juck.
JUKE, OR JUG : to perch and rooft as
a hawk and other birds do.
KEEPER OF THE Forest, otherwife
called, chief warden of the foreft, is
he that has the principal government of all
things belonging to a royal foreft, and the
check of all the other officers ; fo that the
JLord Cbief-Jufticc in Eyre of the forelt,
when he thinks fit to hold his juftice-feat,
fends out his general fummon to the keeper
forty days before, to warn all under-officers
to appear before him at the day alligned in
the fummons.
KENNEL, a place or little houfe for
hounds ; and in a metaphorical fenfe, ufed
for the pack 6f hounds itfelf.
To make a compleat kennel, three conve-
niences ought to be obferved, viz* a fweet
air, frelh water, and the morning-fun, for
which the following rules may be ufef ul :
The court fhould be large, for the more
fpacious ic is, the better it will be for the
hounds to refrefli themfelves in ; and it
ihould be well waUed, or fenced about, to
prevent their getting out, but not fo high
as to keep out the fun or wind.
The water, if poffibie, ihould run through
ibme part of the court or yard s or for want
thereof, have a well with a ftone trough
about a foot and a half high, always kept
KEN
with fre(h water, to the end the hounds mtp
drink when they pleafe; and at one end of
the trough there muft be a hole to let out
the water for cleanfing it.
Let the kennel be built in the higheil
part of the. court, in which there fhould be
two rooms, one of which (hould be larger
than the other, with a large chimney to
make a fire, when need requires.
This room (hould be raifed about three
feet from'the ground, and in the floor there
fhould be too gutters for the conveyance of
the urine.
There muft be difperfed up and down
fmall bedfteads caifed a foot from the floor,
. with holes pierced thro' the planks for draw-
ing away their urine*
The other room muft be for the huntf-
man to keep his poles, whips, liams, falves,
and the like neceflaries ; there ihould be a
copper for the boiling, drefling, and order-
ing of their food, when they come home
wet and weary ; for at fuch times, they
(hould be cherilhed asinftruments of your
recreation and profit, that they may delight
in your fcrvice, and taftc of your bounty,
and you need not doubt but to have credit
of them in the field.
Be careful not to give them any thing to
drink in veffels of copper ; and as to the
proportion and quality of allovirance for
food, it muft be ordered with relation to
the nature of the hounds and their fizes :
three buftiel and a half of wheat bran, will
ferve ten couple and a half of middling
fized hounds a week, giving them fome-
times beef broth, whey, flipt-milk, chip-
pings of bread, bones, and fometimes a lit*
tie horfe-flelh j for change of food creates
a good appetite, and preferves health.
The oats and wheat-bran muft be boiled
and thickened with milk and butter-miik,
with fome chippings, or fomc broken meat
boiled therein.
As concerning horfe flelh, thofc beft (kil-
led this way, think of all their foods (pro-
vided it be given with difcretron) horfe-flclh
the beft, and hotteft i but be fure to flea,
or (kin the beafts, left the dogs difcerning
the hare, may fall on them when living in
P p tlic
KIT
the field : as for dogs that are accuftomed
to hunt the hare, 'it is not good to give
them any meat, becaufe it is to withdraw
their fcent or affcftions from the chace, as
their flelh is not very fwcct, nor their fcents
very ftrong.
If the huntfman perceives that through:
long and frequent chaces the hounds fall
away, he muft be more careful in feeding
and cheriftiing them up with fome good
broth, of boiled oxen or (heeps hearts.
On Tuch days as the hounds do not hunt;
the beft times to feed them are early, before
fun-rifing, and late in the evening, after
ftin-fet ; and on the days they hunt, they
eught to be rewarded as they come home,
be it when it will, with a good fupper, for
nothing is a greater difcouragement to 4
hound than to go to fleep with an empty
belly after hard labour.
If you have more dead flcfli than you have
prefent occafion for, it may be prcfcrved a
week or ten days fweet, by burying it under
ground. ^^^ Entering of Hounds.
To KENNEL ; a term applied by fox-
hunters to a fox when he lies in his
hole.
KESTREL, a kind of hawk. SeeCAZ-
TREL.
KICKEK against the Spurs. See Ra-
MINGUE.
KINDER, [amongft Hunters] a compa-
ny of cats.
To KINDLE, the term ufcd for a rabbet
when (he brings forth her young.
KINK IN Angling, is a term ufcd in
trowling, when the line is twiftcd between
the top of the rod and the ring, thro* which
it ought to run freely ; or when part of the
line twifts about the other part that is coiled
in your left hand. Silk lines are more apt
to kink than hair-lines.
KIPPER-TIME, a fpace of time be-
tween the feftival of the invention of the
Holy Crofs, May 3, and Twelfth-day 5 du-
ring which,' falmon-filhing in the river
ThameSy from Gravejend to henley, was for-
bidden, by Rot. Pari. 50 Edw. III.
KITES, hawks, and other birds of prey,
wait for chickeosi pigeons^ phcafaats s and
LAM
upon which account it isncceflary that the
countryman be conftantly fumiflied with a
good fowling-piece to deftroy and fcarc
them away. ^ '
You may alfo place fmall iron gins abouc
the breadth of one's hand, made like a fox
gin, and baited with rawrflefli, which is a
very good means to catch them ^ > and fur-
ther they may be frighted away by (training
lines, or pieces of netd over the places
where you keep pigeons, pheafants, &^.
To KNAP ; to fnap or break, to pick at ;
amongft hunters, the fame as ^o browfe,
or to feed upon the tops of young leaves^
KNEE OF A HoRSjK, is the joint of the
fore-quarters^ that joins the fore*thigh to
the fliank.
LAIR, 7 [a term in Hunting) which
LEER, 3 fignifics the place where
the deer harbour by day:
LAME i a horfe is laid to be lame of an
ear, when he halts upon a walk or a trot,
and keeps time in his halting with the
motions of his head, for all lame horfes do
not keep time after that rate. See Halt-
ing.
LAME OP THE Bridle, i$ likewife ufcd
by the way of raillery, to fignify the fame
thing.
LAMENESS in a Horse,' in any joint,
limb, or member of the body, may be found
out -three ways :
Caufe him to be turned at the halter's
end, on either hand, fuddenly and fwifcly,
upon as hard a way as can be picked out :
and if he has any ache, wrench, or grief in
his fore parts, it will appear when he turns
upon that hand on which the grief is s he
will favour that leg, and fo run both to*
wards and from the man, efpecially if done
at a little yielding hill : but if you cannot
find it out this way.
Get upon the horfe's backy and ride till
you have heated him thoroughly, and fet
him up for two or three hours^ till he is
cold : then tuim^him at the halter's end, or
ride him again, and the lead: grief that Is.
ia him may cafily be difcovered.
If
LAM
If you would know whether the grief pro-
ceeds from a hot or ,cold caufe ; obferve^- if
ic be from heat, he will halt moft when be
is hot ; but if it be from a cold taufe he will
halt lead when he is hot^ and mod rid or
travelled ; and if it be from cold^ he will
do it mod ,at his firft fetting out^ while he
is cold.
Lameni/s in the Skiffle.
A horfe that has contrafled a lamenefs in
the ftiffle generally treads on his toe^ and
cannot fet his heel to the ground without
great difficulty and pain. When you find
this is the cafe, batne it well with warm
vinegar^ and if a puffy fwelling appears^
foment it well with a woollen clothe
wrung out of hot vinegar, or a deco£bion
of wormwood, bay-leaves and rofemary,
adding half a pint of fpirit of wine to a
quart of the decoAion. Let this operation
be continued till the fwelling difperfes, and
then bathe the part with the medicinesi above
mentioned.
jt Lamene/s in the Wlirle-bonim
A lamenefs In this part and the hip is dif-
covered by the horfe's dragging his leg after
him, and dropping backward on his heel
when he trots. Ifthe mufcles of the hips
only are injured the lamenefs is eafily cured \
but ifthe ligaments of the joints are affedt-
ed, the cure is often very difficult, tedious
and uncertain. But whatever be the cafe
the method of cure is the fame $ which
conliftsin bathing the parts well with cool-
ing medicines four or five times a day. If
the injury confifts in a mufcular drain only,
this bathing will remove the complaint,
and the tiorfe will be foon fit to do his bufi-
nefs. But if the ligaments are injured,
time and rt^ alone can reftorc the proper
tone of the injured parts i and therefore the
bed metliod will be to turn him to grafs.
5^^ Strains.
I.AMPAS,
LAMl^ERS
LAMPRASS,
d
is.afortoffwcliing in
the palate of a hone's
mouthi ^ e, an uv
L A R
flammation in the roof of his mouth behind
the nippers ©f his upper jaw, fo called be-
caufe it is cured by burning with a lamp
or hot iron.
It is caufed by the fuper-abounding of
blood, and it*s reforting to the firft furrow
of the mouth, near to the fore-teeth, which
caufes the faid furrow to fwell as high as the
gathers, which will hinder him from feed-
ing, and caufe him to let his meat fall half
chewed out of his mouth again.
This is a natural infirmity with which all
horfes are afFeded fooner or later, and
every common farrier caa cure it.
The ufual method of cure is, to take it
away with an indrument of iron made for
chat purpofe, and heated red hot.
. But in the operation great care muft be
taken, that in burning the ficfh you do not
touch the bone ; for if you do, the bone
will fcale> and feveral dangerous confe-
quences may follow.
LANDING-NET, m Anolng, a fmall
net extended upon a ring or hoop, and faf-
tened to the end of a long manageable pole,
to affid in bringing fi(h to land.
LANDING-HOOK, m Angling, is alfo
neceiTary to the fafe bringing large fi(h to
fhore, and are made with a fcrew to faden
into a focket at the end of a*pole, which
when your fiih is entangled, you put it into
its mouth, and draw it to land. It is ufed
chieBy for barbel> falmon^ and other drona;
fiih.
LANNER, *} OR Tunisian Falcon*
LANNERET, J The lanner is a hawk
common in all countries, efpecially in
France^ making her eyre on high trees in
foreds, or on high cliffs near the fea-
fide.
She is lefs than the falcon-gentle, fair*
plumed when at enter- me wer, and of fliort- .
er talons than any other.
LARGE 3 a horfe is faid to go large and
wide when he gains or takes in more
ground in going wider of the centre^f the
volt, and dcfcribing a greater circumfe-
rencc.
LARK, a fmall grey bird, that fings m
the morning when it is fair weather, and
. P p 2 breeds
L AR
breeds in May^ July^ and Auguft^ when the
young ones are able to quit their nefts in
ten or twelve days : there are larks that fly
in flocks, and thefe arc the firft birds that
proclaim the approch of fummer \ and
others, that keep more clofe to the ground^
as the fky-lark, and wood-lark 5 both fort$
feed upon worms and ants : they are good
food, wHen young and well fed ^their flefti
is firm, brown, juicy, and eafy otdigeftion.
They make ufe of the heart and blood of a
lark in the wind and ftone-cholick : they
are alfo accounted good for thofe troubled
with the gravel, and phlegm in the kidneys
and bladder.
The way of taking larks is with nets, as
they do ortolans, only they ufe a looking-
glais for the firft, known with us by the
name of doring, or daring, and the callers
are fet upon the ground ; whereas thofe
for ortolans, are placed upon fmall wooden
forks. '
The looking-glafs made ufe of for this
purpofe, is made of fcveral pieces, defcribed
F/ale Will, by the figures i, a, 3. Take
a piece of wood A, C, an 'inch and hf
thick, and about nine inches long; it muft
be cut in fuch a manner as to bend like a
bow, as you fee at A, B, C, and that it
may have fix faces according to it's length.
The figure marked r, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, rc-
prefents its. form or cut ; that at 6 under-
moft, muft be an inch and a half broad ;
the fares ought fo to diminifti in thickncfs
that tie uppermoft at 3 fhould be but half
an inch broad i the five corners, 1,2, 3, 4,
5, muft be let to receive as many pieces
of looking-glafs : rn the middle of the lower
face or corner of the wood marked 6, or
B, in the firft figure, a hole muft be made
to receive a little wooden peg fix inches
long, and a finger thick, a little pointed at
the end, with a fmall hole rn the middle, i,
there to faften a cord.
Then take another piece 'of wood, fix
inches thick, and a foot long, fiiarpened at
the end Q,.in prder to fix it to the ground i
make a mortaife in it at M, O, about two
inches high, and* one inch and a half deep
or broad ^ then bore or pieree a hole in tlic I
L A R
faid piece above at N, and continue the
hole to the bottom of the notch M, O ;
into this hole you are to put the peg I^ B,
as reprefented in the third figure s when it
is thus fixed, put a fmall cord or line into
the hole, and twifting it about, your look-
ing-glals is finilhed. You muft place it
between the two nets, near the middle of
them, and carry the line to the edge ,* fo
that pulling the line, you may make the
looking glafs play in and out, as children
do a whirly-gig : keep it always turning,
that the twinkling of the glafs againft the
fun may provoke the larks to come and
view it. The right feafon for this fport
begins in September^ and efpeclally white
frofty mornings.
Some catch larks with a clap-net.
Thefe birds, when it freezes hard, go in
great flocks, and fly from one field to ano-
ther, in queft of their food ; and they firft
fly low, near the ground, and alight where
they fee fome others : now in. order to take
them, you muft provide yourfelf with three
fticks, like to thofe here reprefented at D,
E, F, five or fix feet long, very ftrair, and
ftrong enough, with a notch at each end :
at the end of which faften on one 'fide a
ftick as at £, a foot and a jialf in length,
and on the other fide a fmall peg two or
three inches long ; one of thefe two poles
or fticks muft have two fticks tied to the
end, oppofite to one another.; and there
muft be two other fmall fticks or pegs faf-
tened to the fide of each ftake, as you fee
defcribed in the figure marked G,X> X, I,
H. The ftick I, X, muft have two notches
at its ends ; one at X, there to place the
net at the end I, where the two fticks G,
H, arefaftened, and to the fide of each fti^k
the pegs L, I V and when you intend 10
catch larks, three or four men muft go
from one field to anothert which muft be
pretty even and not hilly, and pitch your
nets; the three fticks muft be faftened to-
gether at both ends and in the middle, and'
place the ftafi^ with the two pegs in the
middle, that the net may the more eafily
and readily turn, being guided by thia ftafiT^
which Will turn between the two fticks,
wLic^
L A R
vfhich you are to join in the ground : the
two other ends muft be oppoHte to one
mnother, infomuch that the four fticks will
be found to be fixed in a (trait line ; and
that the cord at the bottom of the net may
be very ftiff, get aftrong cord, 3, 5, twelve
feet long, one end of which you are to faf-
ten to the ftick 3, and the other at that at
5, which you muft pitch in the ground over-
againft thofe at 4, 1, 6: in like manner faf-
ten another cord, ten feet long to the
end of the ftick or ftaffy, with a peg 8 at
the other end, which fix in the ground to
the right of the others : pull it with all
your ftrength, that the upper cord or line
may be as ftiff* as that below ; you muft
have another cord, ten or twelve fathoms
long, which put on a pully, and at one end
fatten it to the ftick 7, and let the others be
tied to the ftake behind the ftand, which
Ihould be made of ftubble put round fome
fprigs or fmall branches of wood ; the pully
muft be held at the place marked 10, fif-
teen feet diftant from the net, with a cord
tied to the ftake 11, fo that the fpace be-
tween the pully and it's ftake muft be a
foot and a half long, and the pully advanc-
ed to within two feet in the infide of the
bottom of the net, that it may turn more
expeditioufly.
The whole being fet in order, let the
perfon take his ftand ; and let the other
perfons poft themfelves in fuch a manner,
that the game 19, ao, may as it were, be
between them three : 1 fuppofe one of them
advances from the place nrarked A, the
other from B, and third from C 5 but thofe
at A and B, muft move more forward than
the middlemoft; and thus the larks feeing
themfelves hemmed in, as it were on all
. fides, and being obliged to fly ftrait over
the nets i to forward them the more there-
in, take a good long packthread, tie one
end of it to the point of the fmall peg 9,
and a foot and a half, or two feet high, fixed
upright in the ground, within two feet of
the nets, and pafs it from thence over a
fmall forked ftick, cut of the fame height
as the other ftick or peg, and fix it like-
vile in the ground ^ the ether end of the
LAS
packthread muft be conveytd to the ftand^
To this packthread, tic three or four birds,
15, 16, 17, 18, by the legs, with other
packthreads, a foot and a half long ; and
when the perfon in the ftand fees the
flock of larks fly, he muft ftir the pack-
thread a little, and when thofe at lar^ per*
ceive it, they will make direftly thither^
and then is his time to hold the cord in both
his hands and draw it. Thofe live birds
tied to the packthreads, are termed calls.
Country people, when they are not pro-
vided with nets, make ufe of fprings, and
fuch like things, to take larks with.
When the weather is very cold, they
obferve thofe places wherein they delight
moft, and to allure them the more thither,
they flrew fome oats in the place where they
lay their fprings, putting on feveral ridges
of earth, near one another, packthreads of
about four or five fathom, to which they
faften feveral fprings or collars, made of
horfe-hair, and thereby take great numbers
of them,
LASK, LAX, OR? [in Horfes], is a dif-
LOOSENESS S temper occafioned byr
fuch a weaknefs of the ftomach, that their
food paflcs through their guts without any
alteration, which is a very dangerous cafe,,
and frecpiently fatal to them. It alfo
fometimes proceeds from the corruption
of humours, either collefted in thctlomach,,
or thrown upon it from other parts.
The external caufes, are eating too
much provender, feeding upon mouldy or
rotten hay, frozen graft, rye, ftraw, and
other unwholefome fodder, drinking very
cold water, or immediately after the eating
of a great quantity of oats, immoderate*
fatigue, excellive fatnefs, and fometimes;
want of exerci(e.
If the excrements voided, boil and work
upon the grounds it is a fign that the dH'-
temper proceeds from over-heated choler»
which is fcldom dangerous, nay it is fome-
times profitable.
Again, if the ordure be white, it is a fign?
of crude, cold humours ; if watery, it be-
tokens a great weaknefs in the ftomach*
Laflcs occafioned by drinking cold water
X- A S
in fomtncr, or melted fnow, or by eating
tender grafs, or other loofcning things, are
not :to be regarded ; but fuch as proceed
ivitbout any manifeft: outward caufe, are not
by any means to be neglected,
. For the cure. If the excrements appear
mixed with fmall pieces or fcrapings of the
guts, you ought immediately to endeavour
to prevent a deadly ulcer in thofe parts, by
giving him two or three times a day^ a pint
of cooling, foftening decodioni made as
follows^ viz. two ounces of barley, two
ounces of marIh*mallow roots, and one
ounce of the powder of fal prunella, boiled
in three quarts of water to one quart.
If the diftemper is caufed by phlegm,
you may make ufe of cordial powders or
pi)ls, and other hot medicines, proper for
flrengthening the ftomach and relaxed
parts.
Sometimes a lafk is a reafonable effort of
nature, to free it felf from a troublefome
load of humours ; but if it continues longer
than three days, with lofs of appetite, it
ought to be checked, for horfes are fome-
times foundered by it's long continu-
ance.
In this cafe, give the horfe for his food,
bran moiftcned with claret, or barley parch-
ed and ground, and the bed hay i but oats,
are in no wife proper.
A horfe is in the beft order that only
dungs once, or, at the mod, twice in ten
miles riding. Young and fiery horfes are
often very lax j but this weakncfs general-
ly leaves them by the times they are feven
or eight years old, if they had been proper-
ly fed and but gently exercifed. The fiery
fort fometimes continues to purge after any
extraordinary excrcife, for their digcftive
powers are, f( r the moft part, but weak ;
and alfo cat fo fpeedily, that they fwallow
their oats almoft whole, and eject them in
the fame ftate.
When a purging is habitual, or hap-
pens by accident, until the horfe feenns
to Jofc ftrength or flcfh, or both, it is
not neceflary to give him any altringent
medicines, as the difcharge may be only
a falutary eflFort of nature to throw off what
is eithef redundant or offenfive ; a gentle
purge may be given, and a few mafhes of
bran j which, perhaps, by aflifting nature,
may perfeft a cure : but if the difeafe conti-
nues, and the horfe lofes flefti, grows dif-
piriced and feeble, recourfe mud be had to
aftringents, when the dung is like that of a
cow, but the vigour of the horfe not im-
paired, he is faid to have a lax : but when
the ftrength and flelh fails he is faid to have
a fcouring or purging.
When a fcouring comes on at the latter
end of any obftinate and tedious difeafe,
as low, putrid fevers, farcy, &ff . they arc
ufually the forerunners of death, particu-
larly if they are accompanied with a dif-
agreeable difcharge at the fame time from
the nofe.
If the fcouring proceeds from cold, and
there is fome degree of fever, according to
the ftrength of the horfe and the violence
of the heat, bleed -, then give the follow-
ing :
Take of rhubarb, half an ounce, or fix
drahms; lenitive elcftuary, two ounces;
mix, and make a ball.
Repeat this, every two or three days, un-
til the fever abates: and betwixt the days
of giving the rhubarb, give the following
aftringent medicine once a-day.
jljlringeni DecoSion.
Take oak bark, grofsly powdered ; boil
It in a pint of water to the confumption
of one-third, then pour off the liquor for
one dofe:
Except the fever and purging increaied
together, great care fhould be taken not
to check the purging left the fever be in-
creafed thereby.
If little are no fever attends, after bleed-
ing> give the following folutive ball :
Take of aloes half an ounce i diapente,
one ounce; treacle enough to make a
ball : repeat this once a week, and if there
is much griping and diftention from v/ind,
the reftringent glyftcr will be peccf-
farv.
It may be proper to remind the reader,
that
LAS
^ that in thcfc complaints, glyfters fhould
..be fmall in quantity ; and if the difeafe is
violent, they fliould be repeated as. often
. as they come away. If there is great
p*in, forty drops of liquid laudanum may
, be added to one of the glyfters, and
repeated as the urgency thereof re*
. quires.
If the fcouring ftill continues without
relief, give two drams of ceratcd glafs of
antimony, mixed with one ounce of di-
acodium, or two ounces of cordial
ball.
Alum> Armenian bole, or other aftrin-
gent and abforbent medicines, are given
to one ouncej once or twice a-day, but
. ufually one or two dofes will anfwer, the
end.
If the caufe is a weak digeftion, which
. is know by the food palling nearly in the
£ime ftate in which the ftomach received
. it : the dung being very foft and pale; the
appetite fmall, and the horfe very lean :
. befide gentle exercife and dry food, fuch as
the beft hay, beans in larger quantities
than are ufually given, and thofe lb moift-
ened that the horfe need not drink much,
give the following ftomach-purge, and re-
peat it asoccalion may require.
Take of aloes, half an ounce : cream of
tarter and myrrh, each half an ounce i trea-
cle, enough to make a ball : and on the
, days in which this purge is not operating,
give the following
Stomach Brink.
Take of oak-bark, bruifed, half a pound ;
Gentian root, diced, one jpound ; ginger,
bruifed, two ounces ; infufe them in a gal-
lon of ale three or four days, and give half
or three quarters of a pint every night and
morning.
When a vifcid matter, obftrufting the
mouths of the ladeals, gives rife to this dif-
order, a fummcr's grafs, or, which is
fiill better,, the fait marfli, will eiFefl a
cure : where thefe cannot be obtained, the
ftomach purge before diredcd may be given
once a week,^
LAW
In any of the above cafes, where there
is a difcharge of (harp, (limy matter, with
fevere griping, avoid oily and greafy things,
but give the following in glyfters, viz.
Tripe-liquor, or very thin ftarch ; either
of thefe may be given to three or four pinfs
at a time, and liquid laudanum, to the
quantity of forty or (ixty drops, may be
added to one of the glyfters, to moderate
' the pains, and repeated a$ may feem need-
ful.
When blood appears with the excremen t>
it is called the bloody flux : in which cafe,
if there is great pain, and frequent motions
for a difcharge, there is alfo a great danger-
In this cafe give frequent glyfters of tripe-
broth, or thin ftartch, with thirty or forty
droys of liquid laudanum in each, until the
pain is abated in fome meafure ; and give
the fame medicines as above directed for the
more obftinate fcourings, particularly the
ball made with ccrated glafs of antimony,
and cordial ball. For common drink give
the following :
Boil a pound of burnt hartftiorn in ten
pints of water to a gallon, at the latter
end of the boiling, add to it four ounces of
gum arabic, continually ftirring until the-
gum is diffolved, then remove ^t be whole
from the fire. * \
LASSITUDE, OR Weariness ia
Horses, may proceed either from heat or
coldi either when he has a retention of
urine, has drank after being heated, or has
been put to his utmoft at once after long
reft; the remedy for which is reft. You
may alfo give him hog's fuet mixed with,
wine. (
If the laflitude proceeds from cold, or be
in cold weather, make ufe of fomentations,,
and anoint his head and back-bone with
ointment, in hot water or warm wine.
If he has retained his urine, ufe the fame
medicines, or rub his head and reins with;
hot oil, naixed with hog's greafc or hog's,
blood, and give it him to drink with wine.
L AUND 7 [in a Park], plain, untilled
LAWN I ground.
LAWING oj Dogs,, a cutting out the
halls,,
I
L
LEA
. balls, or the three claws of h\s forc-fect.
, 5tV T(? EXP£DIAT£,
LAX, See Lask.
LEAD, ahorfe going upon a (trait line,
. al>yays leads and cues the way with his right
foot.
The Duke ofNewcafile was the firft that
..ma()e ufe of the terrn^ and indeed it is very
. ^xpreffive. See Gai.lop United and Gal-
j«op False.
LEAD FOR Akgling. To lead your line,
do it with a Ihot cloven^ and then clofed
^xafbly on it, not above two on a line, and
about two inches diflant from each other,
and the lowed feven or eight inches from
the hook ; but for the running line, cither
. in clear or muddy water, nine or ten inches,
and in a Tandy bottom full of wood, fhape
your lead in the diamond fafhion, or that
of a barley-corn or oval, and bring the ends
very clofe and fmooth to the line ; but
make it black, or the brightncfs will fcarc
the filh. See Angling. .
LEADING OF LINES. The. fmall round
pellet or lead-(hot is beft, efpecially for
.ftoney rivers, and the running line.
LEAM, 1. [among Hunters! a line to
LIAM, J hold a dog in, otherwife
dcalle a leafh.
LEAP, an air of a ftep, and alegp. See
Step.
LEAPING-HORSE, one that works in
the high manage, a horfe that makes his
leaps in order, with obedience, between
two pillars, upon a ftrait line, in volts,
xapriolcs, balotades, or croupades.
Ufe, which in moft things has a fovereign
fway, excludes a gallop a terra a terra^ and
corvets, from the number of leaps, be-
caufe the horfe does not rife fo very high
in thefe.
Each leap of a leaping-horfe ought to
gain or make, not above a foot ana a half
of ground forwards.
LEASH, 7 a fmall^ long thong of lea-.
LEASE, ^ ther, by which a halconer
holds his hawk, twitting it about his
fingers. Alfo a line to hold in a hunting-
.dog.
LEASH OF Greyhounds, Foxes, Hares>
LEG
tsfc. or three of any kind of .^me; the
term being now reftrained to that number,
which was formerly double, or perhaps in-
definite.
LEATHER • MOUTHED, Lekther-
mouthed fifh are-fuch as have their teeth in
their throats i as the chub, barbel, gudgeon^
carp, &c.
LEEK-HEADS, a kind of wart, that
come about a horfe*s paderns or paftern-
joints; they are higher than thelkin, about
half the thicknefs of ones finger's, throw
out filthy (linking ftuflr, fpoil the leg and
are very difficult to cure.
Thofe that arife in the pafterns arc hid
beneath the long hair of the fetlocks^ and
are fonie of them fo extrcrriely malignant,
chat they make the hair fall off* all round
•them, and they themfelves grow up like
walnuts.
There are other again more flat, and not
fo much raifed above the fkin, yet are more
dangerous than thofe that arc the biggeft
and moft elevated.
Thefe leek-heads are eafily difcovercd,
being many mattery warts that touch one
another, and without hair: they fend forth
much matter for the moft part, but may be
dried up for a time.
LEDGER-BAIT, A bait that is fixed
or made to reft in one place, when you
(hall be abfent. It is beft to be a living
one, a fifti or frog. Of fifh, a roach or
dace is beft. Cut oflF the fin on the back,
and make an incifion with a fharp knife, tfe-
tween the head and the fin on the back, and
put the arming- wire of your hook into it,
and carrying it along his back, onto the
tail, betwixt the fkin and the body, draw-
out your arming at another fear near the tail,
and then tie him about it with thread.
LEGS OF THE Horseman, the aftion of
the horfeman's legs given feafpnably, and
with judgment, is an aid that confifts with
approaching more or lefs with the calf
to the flank of the horfe, and in bearing it
more or lefs off, as there is occafion.
This aid a horfeman ought to give very
gently, in order to animate a horfe, for in
It retching the ham, he makes the horfe
dread
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LEG
dread the fpur^ and this fear has as much
cfieA as the fpiir itfelf.
LEGS OF A Horse fliould have a due
proportion of their length to that of the bo-
dy ; the fore-legs are fubjeft tb rftany in-
firmitiesj as being the parts that Tuffer mofl:,
and are alfo commonly the, fmalleft and
"V^eakeft.
There are feveral marks of bad legs^ viz*
if they appear altogether ftraight, or as if
they were all of one piece.
A horfe is faid to be ftrai^ht upon his
members, when from the knee to the fore
pare of the coronet, the knees* Ihank and
coronet, defcend in a ftraight or plumb- line,
aod that the paftern-joint appears more, or
at leaft as much advanced as the reft of the
^^gi fuch leK^are like thofe of a goat,
making a horle apt to to Humble and fall ;
fo that in time the paidern is thruft quite
forward, out of it's place, and the horfe be->
i;omes lame»
Horfes which are ftraightupon their mem*
bers, are quite contrary to thofe that are
long jointed s that is, whofe pailerns are.
ib long and flexible, that the horfe in
walking almoft touches the ground with
them.
This is a greater imperfeflion than the
former, becaufe fome remedy may be ap
plied, to them, but there can be none for
this ; befides, it is a fign of little or no
firength, and fuch horfes are not fit for any
fatigue or toil.
Some horfes, though they be long*
jointed^ yet do not bend their patterns in
walking, being fomewhat long ; yet if they
are not too flexible, fuch a horfe will gal-
lop and run with a great deal more eafe to
his rider, than if he were fhort jointed.
Thefe are the only horfes for perfons of
quality, who feek after their own eafe and
pleaiure; and indeed thofe horfes may be
compared to coaches with fprings, which
render them infinitely more eafy than thofe
without them.
LEGS IN A STRAIGHT LiNE is an imper*
fcdlion in a horle, where his legs from the
Juire tQ the coronet, appear m a ftraight
LBS
line as the horfe ftands with them in thei>
natural polition.
The remedy is fhoeing ; in doing which
the heels muft be taken down almoU to the
quick, without hollowing the quarters ; and
if, when this has been done, the leg does
not fall back enough, but that the horfe
flill carries his paftern-joint too far forward,
then the fhoe muft be fo made as to go be^
yond or exceed the toe, about the breadth
of half a finger ; and alfo it muft be thicker
in that than in any other part : and in the
mean time, anoint the back finews of his
legs with the ointment oi MontpelBer % and
thefe things will reduce them to their pro-
per pofition.
Of the four legs, the two before have fe*
veral parts, each of which has a peculiar
name ; fo that by the name of fore-leg, we
commonly underftand that part of the fore-
quarters that extends from the hough to the
paftern-joint, and call it the fhank. The
part that .correfponds with it in the hinder
quarters we call the inftep.
. Bujc in common difcourfe, we confound
thc^fore and hind quarters, and without any
diftindion, fay, the fore leg of a horfe.
A horfe is faid to want the fifth leg ; when
he is tired, and bearing upon the bridle lies
heavy on the horfeman's hand*
LENGTH. To paflfagea horfe upon his
own» length, is to make him go round in
two treads, at a walk or trot, upon a fpot
of ground fo narrow, that the horfc's
haunches being in the centre of the volt,
his own length is about the femi-diameter
of the volt, the horfe ftill working behind
the two heels, without putting his croup,
•r going at laft, falier or flower than at firft.
LESSES [with Hunters] the dung of a
wild boar, bear, or wolf.
LESSON, is a word ufcd for the inftruc-
tion of both the horfe and the fcholar.
LESSONS FOR A Horse. When your
horfe will receive yau to and from his back
gently, trot forward willingly,and ftand (till
obediently, then for what purpofc foever
he is intended^ thefe general le0bns may
fcrve him.
Q^q With
L £ S'
With a large ring» that is at leaft fifty
pacc& in circumferencej labour him in fomc
gravelly and fandy placci where his foot-
fteps are difcemablc, and having trod it
about three or four times on the right hand,
reft andcherifii: afterurards changing the
hand^ do as much oo the lefc, then reft and
cherifli ; change again, and do as mwch on
the right ; ever dbfervingy upon every ftQp>
to maLe hkn ret'u-e .and go back a Itep or
two : coiuiiuie this till he (rot his fmg.on
what ii and you ple«fe> changifig within it in
form of the capiul Roman S ; and does it
readijy and willingly : then teach hkn to
gaUop them as he trotted them, and that
alfo with true foot lofty carriage aad toave
rein, erarxtbierving when he gallops to jjhe
right hand, to lead with iiis left fore>fi)oti
and when he gallops to the left-hand^ to lead
with the right fore-foot.
Stopping s for when you come to a place
of ftop^ or would ftop, by a fudden drawing
in of the bridlc*hand, fomewbat hard and
iharp^makehim ftop dofe, firm, andftraigto
in an even line ; and if hie err in any thing,
put him to it aoain, and leave him jiot till
you have made hbn uii^rftaod hiscnx>r and
amend it.
Ad vancing, with which if you aecompaoy
the aforementioned Hop a little ficom the
ground it will be better, and. may be done
by laying the calres of your legs ta his
ndes« and ihaking the rod over him as he
ftops : and if he does not underftand it
at firft, yet by continuance, and labouring
him therein, he will foon attain to it, efpe«*
cially if you do not forget to cherifh him,
when he (hews the ieaft token of apprehend-
ing you.
Retiring is another Idfibn, after (lopping
and advancing ; and this motion muft be
both cherifiied and incresUed, making it fo
familiar to him, that none may be more
perfeA $ neither is he to retire in a confufed
manner, but with a brave rein, a conftant
head, and a direft line ; nor flioold he draw
or fweep his legs one after another, but
take them clean, nimbly, and eafily, as when
he trots forward*
LEV££LET. A youBg h^, fo e^iUA
the firft year of her age.
LEVINER. 1 A houa4 of a Tmry fioga^
LYEM£R' J lar fcent, aad m imcoin*
parable fwiftnefe : this is m it were a nn»d«*
die kind, betwixt a hsarrier and a ff^^
hound, as well fpr his luod^ a^ the lorn) or
(hape of his body, ^This dog, for the ei£«
csUency of his isofiditiafl, viz* his iSstieUing
and iwift running, fcdlowing diegame wiCb
more eagernefs, a^d taki«:h the prey witli
great quicknefsi.
LIBERTY OF THS ToN,oir£, is a void
(jpace led in the middle of a bitt, to giv«
place to the tongue of a borri:^ ntii^e by th^
tett's Mfhiag in themid<Ue, aad.rifiBg tOr
wards thtiP^Wfif the wpiuh,
, The viarioiis fowK ^ the liberty gwn
name to the bitt.
Hence we iay a fcatch-cn»uth>a FJgnar»
telle, i. €. Drith the libeoy of Pigmtut^^.t
falhion ; a cannon-mouth, with tiw )iSawsf
like A pi^oo's fi^dc.
UOHT Hoa^Bt is ja (wiftntnaUe nm;
We likewsfe call ahpr&lightijiat issirdl
n3ade,.dBmieh he is^Kithfr fm'i&om^M&xm %
for in this laft expreflion we confider osftj
thie ihafie and tirahe i)f a jhorf<^ -witho^
gardrmhia.qjualifiies. ..
liGtiTvRQV^iaHs^D, A hode is
faid to he iudh, that has a: good tiii&able
mouth, aad does no(t reft too heavy upoft
the bitt.
Your hopfes that have iithia forehand,
i. e. fmall (boulders, are ooBioionly light
upon the hand.
We call a.CQach-fa^rfe light, nvhen Jie (lira
nimbly, and dreads (be whip ; or, when he
has a light trot.
All your light coach-horfes are good, and
a hard heavy coach-hocfe, that takes the
laibing eafily, is good £or nothing. l40!ttT
Hand. &tt Hand.
LIGHTEN. To lighten a hor(e» t»
make a horfe light in the fowp-hand, is to
make him freciand lightet in the forehand
dian behind.
If you would make your hf)rfe ligbt> iroa
ought
LIMT
ought to find Itiaii alwnjr&di^p^/dk t& ar gtl-
lop wheii you put bim to a^ trof> and after
g9tUopingfbme timej ptit hioi back to a-trot
again.
LIGHT-BELLIED Hok.sb, ia one that
commonly has fiat, narrow, and contra Aed
iides, which makes the fl^mk turn up like
tbuEt of a greyhound*
Such a horfe has but a little flank, he is
light- bellied, he travels and feeds but littlej
becaufe he has too much-mettte.
LIGS IN A Horse, are little puAes^
wheals or bladders, within the lips of a
horfe, md are cured by bruiHng wormwood
and ihirwort m a mortar, with x little ho-
ney, to anoint the fores with.
LIME-BUSH. A dcrice to catch birds ^
with s which is performed in this manner.
Cut down an arm or bough of any bufliy
tsee, whofe twigs are thick and long, yet
fmooth and ftraigbt, then neatly cut off all
the fuperfluous twigs, and having your
firong birdlime well mixed, wrought to*
gether with capon's or goofe-greafe, warm
and fit the work by daubing over of an equal
thicknefs the twigs or branches diat are left
within four fingers of die bottom, but the
body and arms muft be free ; place your
bu(h> thus preparedv on fonne quick&t or
dead hedge for a fpring feafon^ near a
town's-end, i^ farm-yard, &r. in iummer
and harveft, in groves, in hedges, or corn*
fields, orchards, Qzx, halm, or rape-land s
and m winter^' about barns, ftables, corn-
fields, and ftacks of corn, where chaff and
grain are fcattered up and down.
The bufli being fo fct, place yourfclf in
fome convenient ftation, where you may
lie concealed, and near the buih you are to
have about half a. dozen ftales fixed, whofe
chirping and linging will . entice others
thereto. You Aiould alfo be provided with
bird-calls of feveral forts. The bufh may
alfo be ufed in taking field -fares, by faften-
ing it upon a tree, and having fixed fome
ftales, beat the adjacent grounds to raife.
them, and when they efpy die ftalcGi, they
will light on the tree and bulbar ' c6n»^
pany. li ■
But ibr taking pheasants with thefe lime-
I
Li!*
budues and rods, take yow call and ufe it,
keep yourfelf fecret, and in one place, till
you Have enticed them about you, as they
are taken by the rods on the ground, fo
you will furprize them with your bufhes ; for
being feared from below, they will take
perch and fee what becomes of their fellows,
and when one is limed, by her driving and
ftr^glingy and the reft coming and gazing
to fee what is befallen her, they will be in
danger of being likewife timed. It is re-
quifite to number the lime-rods, for when
you have gathered up all the pheafants that
are caught, and find rods wanting, you may
conclude that fome pheafants are run with
them into the bulhes ; you muft hunt them
out with a good fpaniel.
LIME-T WIGS. Small Kme-twigs, about
three or four inches long, may be laid in
places where the birds haunt, or fluck on
the tops of hemp-cocks, or whcat-fhcaves ;
or little boughs may be ftuck among peas,
which the iinali birds will light upon ^
by which means the number of thete de-
(boy ers of corn, grain, ieed, &f^/may be
leflened.
A ftale of one or two livings night-bats is
proper to draw them to the fnare, but aa
owl IS much better. As for field-fares^
thrulhes, and the like, which in winter-
time ufually fly in great flocks, they ^are
eafily catched, by liming two or three large
boughs, to be fixed on the top of fome tall
tree, placing in them two or three dried
ftales of that kind -, the adjacent fiekls where
thofe birds feed may be beaten, and they
will in great flights take to the tree where
the ftales are.
To take great fowl with lime-twigs: get
plenty of rods, or long, finaU, a^ ftraightT
grown twigs, which are light, and apt to ply
to and fro.
Lime the upper part of thefe twigs, hold-
ing the bird-lime before the fire, the eafier
to befmear them.
Having a knowledge of the place where
thefe fowl refort morning and evening, ob-
ferve (before day for the morning-flight,
and before fun-fef for the evening-flight) to
plant your lime twigs zt the haunt of thefe
Qj] 2 ^ /owl.
LIM
fowl, flaking dosm one of the fame alive,
which you have caught before for that pur-
pofc.
Prick down your twigs in rows, a foot
diftant one from another, round about the
<lale, allowing him room and liberty to flut-
ter to and fro, covering all the place of their
haunt, fo that there fnalll>c no room left,
but they mud of ncccfllty pitch on the lime-
twigs.
Let the twigs be ftuck in the ground
floping, with their tops bending into the
wind, about a foot, or fomething more,
abovcithe ground. It will likewife be beft
to prick the rods fo as to crofs one another,
that is, one point into the wind, and ano-
ther flgainft the wind, by which means the
fowls will be entangled which way focver
the^go.
Alfo place a ftale at fome difliance from
the lime-twigs, and faft:en fmall ftrings to
it, which, upon the fight of any fowl, you
are to pull, to make the ftale flutter, which
will allure them down again.
When you fee any taken, you are not to
run inftantly and talce thcra up, if at the
fame time you fee any fowl in the air, for
their fluttering will induce others tofwoop
in among them.
It will alfo be ufcful to have with you a
well taught fpaniel, for the retaking of
Jtich fowl (as it is common) which will
flutter away with the lime- twigs about
them .
If you have a mind to ufe the twigs
for the taking of fmaller wild fowl, and
luch as frequent the water only, then you
muft fit them in length to the depth of the
water, and your rods muft be limed with
the ftrong water bird-lime, fuch as will not
be injured by wet.
Stick thefe rods in the water, after the
fame manner as thofe upon land, that, part
of the rods that are limed above the water ;
and alfo ftake down a live ftale, as a mal*
lard> widgeon, or teal, here and there
amoogft the rods. Thit^ may be done Jn
any fliallow piafli'orfen.
It will not be neceflary for you to attend
continually on your rods> but only to come
I
LIN '
three times a day to fee what are taken, t^. ^
early in the mornings at noon,: and late in
tbe evening; but bring your water-dog •
•with you, tor if you find that any of your .
rods are niifling, you may conclude that
fome fowls being fattened to them, are crept
into (oTflc hole, bu(h, or hedge, by the river-
fide, and the dog will be very neceflary to
find theni out.
Do not beat one haunt too much, but
when you find their numbers fail, find out
another haunt ; and in about three weeks
time the firft will be as good as before.
LIMER. 7 The fame as blood*
LIMEHOUND. {hound, a great 4og to
hunt the wild boar.
LINES FOR Fishing. To make them
after the beft manner, let the hair be round,
and twift it even, for that ftrengthens the
line; and fee that it be, as near as you can>
of an equal bignefs: lay them in water for •
a quarter of an hour, by which means you
will find which of the hairs ftirinks, and thea
twift them over again.
Some mix filk in the twifting, others
again difapprove of this, but approve of
a line made of all filk ; alfo of a line
made all of the fmalleft Iute-ftri»g, as.
very near as good, but it will foon rot ia
the water.
When you have prepared as many links-
as will fuflice to make your line long,
enough, you muft then tie them together
in a water knot, Dutch knot, or weaver's
knot. Then cut ofiP the fiiort ends iaboot
the breadth of a ftraw from the knot, and
thus the line will be even and fit for fifli-
ing. You may make the top of your line,
and indeed all of it, except two yards next
the hook, of a cbarfer hair. Always let the
top of your line, whether in muddy or clear
waters, be made of white hair, becaufe the*
motion of the line, when the fi(h bite,
will be far more difcernable. Never ftrain
your hairs before they are 'made into a
line, for then they will flirink when ufed.
To make the linehandfome, and eo twift
the hair even and near> givis *t ftrength ;^'
for if one hair is long and another ftiort»
the fhott one reccivio^Jio ftccngjtl) from the
long
LI N
rpng- one, confequeotly break* ; and- then:
the other, as too weak, breaks alfo. There-
fore twift thcna flowly, and in twitting, keep
tbem from entangling, wHich hinders their
right plaiting or bedding together: twifl:
them neither too hard nor too flack, but
even, fo as they may twine one with another,
and no more. When you have tied your
lengths together with the water-knot, cut
off the ihorc ends about the breadth of a
ilraw from the knot, that it may not undo
in the ufmg.
Do not arm, fix, or whip hooks to any
line, either for ground or fly angling, that
confifts of more than three or four links, at
the mod, the top of the uppermoft link
having a fmall loop, or water-noofe, you
may fix it to any line, and as eafily remove
it I there being another water-noofe at the
bottom of your line.
; To anflle for trouts, graylings, and fal-
mon fmelts, with the dub-fly ; let the two
firft links next the hook be. but of one hair
arpiece : but the hair mu(l be ftrong, and
of the thick ends only, and chofen tor the
purpofe. The next two links of t.wo hairs,
and next to thefe one of three hairs ; at
the- top of which have a water-noofe, or
loop to put your line to t which lowermoft
link confifts of three hairs, and has another
ifrater-noofe at bottom, or hook- link to fix
your fly to. Then let two of the next
links of your line be four hairs, and lb
proceed, by encreafing one or two hairs till
vou come to flx or feven hairs at the top.
Let th^ Angle hairs, or three or four of
the next links be of a white or light co-
lour.
. The artificial fly lineflK>uld be very flirong
at the top i by this method any young angler
will caft a fly well, and may quickly be*
come .an accurate artid ; and if he chances
to fallen his hook, and cannot come to
loofen it, he will not lofe above one link,
or two at moft, though he pull to break it ;
becaufe the line is. fo ftroag at the upper
end. You may angle; with ftronger lines at
the cad-fly than at ground, in a clear water,.
for the trout. For in a clear water at ground
for troutSjk graylings, and falmoa fmelt$>
LI K-
I never ufe a line made otherwift than withi
a fingle hair at hook, and fo on as above
direfted i only never have above four hairs
in any one link of the Ivne. At the bottom
of every line have a fmall water noofe, or
loop, that you may hang on a hook of any
fi%e,* whipt to a line confiding' of two or
three hooks.
In a muddy water, or one difcoloured by
rain, the running-line Ihould be half the*
length of the rod more or Icfs,. and the two
lowed links of three jiairs a-picce. Next
fliould be a link of four hairs, with a loop
or water-noofe to fatten it to another of the
fame number, having likcwife a water-noofe
at its bottom. Then proceed with links
of five or fix hairs a piece, to the end. The
three, lowermod links orgildards, fliouId^
be of a forrel, brown, or chcfnut colour.
Your cane or reed-rod muft have a top,,
neither too ftifi^, nor too (lender -, the rod to
be about three yards and a half long, and'
the top about one yard and a half, or two
yards, of hazle, either in one or two pieces^
or five or fix inches of whalebone, made:
round*, fmooth, and taper. All this will
make the rod five yards and a half long, or
five yards at Icafl:.
The line fliould have more lead in a
great, troublefome, rough river, than in
one that is fmaller, and more quiet; aa^
near as may be, always juft fo much as'
will fink the bait to the bottom, and per--
mit its motion, without any violent jog-
ging on the ground. Carry the top of your
rod even with your hand, beginning at the'
head of the ftream, and letting the bait rua
downwards as far as the rod and line will
permit, the lead dragging and rolling oa
the ground. No mor^ orthe line mud be
in the water than will permit the lead to
touch the bottom. For you are to keep
the line as flraight as poflible, yet lb as not'
to raife the lead from the bottom. When
you have a bite, you may perceive it by your
hand, and the point of your rod and line ;:
then drike gently, and draighr upwards 5.
fird allowing the fifh, by a little flackening'
the line, afmalitimc to take in the bait.
In a clear water, indeed, it has been found
bcflr
LI N
bcft to ftrike at the firft biting of the fifti,
when you angle for troutj graylings or fal-
mon fmelt.
. The bell colour for lines, are the forrel,
white, and grcyi the two laft for clear
waters, and the firft for muddy rivers ; nor
is the pale watery green to be flighted,
which colour you may make after the fol-
lowing manner :
Take a pint of (Irong ale, half a pound
of foot, a fmall quantityof the juice of wal-
nut-leaves, and the like quantity of allum ;
boil all thcfe together in a pipkin for half
an hour, then take it off, fet it by till it is
cold and then put in the hair.
Or thus ; boil a large handful of mari-
gold-flowers in a quartof allum-water, till
a yellow fcum arifes, then put in half a
pound of green copperas, and a like quan-
tity of verdigreafc reduced to a fine powder;
put thcfe with the hair into the allum
water, and let it lie ten hours or more,
then take out the hair and let it dry. See
Angling.
LINNET. A finging-bird, fo called be-
caufe flie feeds upon linfeed, making her
neft in black-thorn, white-thorn, and fir-
bulhes, but upon heaths more than any
where clfc.
They build them with very fmall roots,
and other fort of ftuflF like feathers, thofe
that build in the heath i but fuch as do it
in hedges, build the outfides of their nells
with mofs, and line it within according as
the place will afford.
Some ofthefc birds will have young ones
four times a year, efpecially if they be taken
from them before they fly out of their
nefts; and the better the bird is in rtiertle,
the fooner flic: breeds in the fpring: the
young may be taken at four days old, if you
intend they fliall learn to whiftle or hear
any other bird fing, for they being then fo
young, have not the old bird's fong, and fo
are more apt to take any thing, than if you
fgffer them to be in the neft till they be
almoft fledged ; but when they are taken
out fo young, care muft be had to keep
them warm, and to feed them but a little
at a time i their meat muft be rape-feed
foaked and bruifed, to which put full as
much white bread as feed ; frefh alfo (hould
be had every day, for if it be four, it im-
mediately makes them fcouraiid die:
neither muft their meat be given them too
dry, for in fuch a cafe it will make them
vent*burnt, and that is as bad as if they had
been fcourcd. If you intend to whiftle
them, let it be done when you feed them,
for they will learn very much before they
can crack hard feeds ; and hang them under
any bird, whofc fong you liave a mind he
fhould learn. Thefe birds, whicn young, are
exceeding apt for any long or cone, nay,
they may be even taught to fpeak. The
cocks may be known from the hens, firft^
by the colour of the back ; for, if it be of
the dark coloured linnets, the cocks are
much browner than the hens on the back,
and on the pinion of the wing : and (6 of
the white-thorn linnets, the hens are much
lighter than the cocks : but this muft be
noted , that a hen linnet of the dark colour,,
is darker than the cocks of the light co-
loured linnets. But the fecond, and fureft
way of all to know him Is, by the white in
bis wing.
Whereas this bird is fometimes troubled
with melancholy, when you find the end of
his rump fwelled, it muft be pricked with
a needle, and the corruption let out, and
the fame fqueezed very well, with the point
of a needle, then anoint him with an oint-
ment of frelh butter and capon's greafc, and
for two or three days feed him with leaucc,
beet- feeds, and leaves ; you alfo may give
him the feeds of melons chopped in pieces,
which he will eat very greedily, but when
you find him mend, take the melon-feed3
away, give him his pld diet again, and put
into hfs water twtt or three blades of
faflfron, and white fugar-candy, for a. week
or more, till you perceive him perfeftly
well.
The next difeafe he is infefted with, is a
fcouringi the firft fort thereof, which is
very thin, and with a black or white fob*-
fl:ance in the middle, is not very injurious^
nor dangerous ; but the other, which is be-
tween black and white, not fa thin as the
former^
LJK
Ibraier^ but veiy daammf ftod ftickingj h
never good in a bird. For his recovery,
fjive him at firft, melon feed fhred with
etcuce^ and i)eet-ieed brui-fed^ and in his
water, fomc liquorice and white fugar-can-
df, with a little flour of oatoocal therein ;
and diligence muft be ufed to obfervc him
^at Brfl: when he is fick, that fo he aiay have
a ftomach toest^ 4or in two or three day» it
willbeqxiite gone, and then it is difficult
to recavcr him.
The worll of all his difeafes i&j the white
elamniy fcouring, which is mortal if k be
HOC timely looked after ; diis proceeds
from bad 'feeds, and many times ffom want
Otf waller ; and the badkefs of the feeds
may arife fronti damage taiken at ,(ea, by
over-flowingj or laying in the wet too long
bdfore they have been houfed : if the bird
be npt helped at the iiril appearance, it
takes away his (lomach, and makes him
droop and fall from his meat i therefore to
cure him, give him flax-feed, taking away
aft other feedf, then fonae planuin^-ieed^ if
iefaegfecQ, or<lle it will do bimAO goods
but iffuch cannot be got, give him fomc of
the leaves ihred very ihuUl, and fome oat-
meal bruifcd, with a few crumbs of bread $
in bis water give him ibme white fugar-
candy and liquorice, with a blade or two of
laffron.
Another diftemper is the phthifick, and
may eafily be perceived, by ieeing the bird
pant and heave his belly faft, and fit me-
iancKoIy, with his -feathers fianding big
and ftaringi it is likewife d^fcovered by his
bc|ly> when itihews itielf more pufied than
Mdinoiy^ fuil of reddifb veins, and his
breaft very lean and fliarp ; he will now alfo
fpiit and ck& his fMd about the cage, not
caring to ^at at all. T fai& dcfeafe often be^
IMS them for want of water, liaving char.-
)ock^«eds mingled among their rape -feeds,
and for want of giving him a little green
meat in the fprin^ of the year. When you
perceive your biid begin w^ be troubled
with- this evil, cyt the end of bis rump,
and gif e him while fugar-cmdy, with two
or three bits of liquorice, or for .want of
f«ch fugdr-candy put in fine fugar ^ for his
LIP
uaeac yovibould give him beat and lecture-?
leeds tp feed on^ or fome of the herb
niercivy, which i^ very good againft thia
diftemjpcr for any feedrbircj. You may
likewiie give him melonnfeed chopped
fmall ; at the bottom of the cage lay H>me
gravel, with a little powdered fugar, and a
litcle ground oatmeal ; you may alfo put
in fome loam, with which the country
people daub their walls inftead of mortar
and faod, bruifed fmall, and it will bring
the bird to his fton^ach if he be not paft
cure.
- • •
This bird is fubjeft to the grains, or
eonvuUions of the breads for which you
are to feed Jiim with lettuce, beet, and
melon feeds, bruifed i diflblve fugar*caody
in his water, aod fome of the nightingale'^
pafte, with a little liquorice, Co much that
the water may tafte of it ; continue this
courfe for the (pace of four or five days,
now and then taking it away aixd giving
him planti^iii water ^ and the fame day be
fure to give him beet or lettuce-leaf.
The linnet is fubjed tp a hoarfenefs in
bis voice, which many times comes through
bis {training in fit^iog i and he often geta
a huflc in bis* throat which isfeldom helped^
to come fo clear oflT as ait firft ; itfrequently
alfo happens, if he be a ftrong 'inettled bird*
that he breaks fomey^ai: within hint), fo that
he will never come to fing again ; and far-
ther, the faid hoarfenefs proceeds from his^
being kept jap very hot, and on a fuddea
his cage opened to the air, which immedi*
ately ftrikesacold to his breaft and throat,*
and often kills him ; for if you have a bird
in the moult, you mufl: not carry him ta
the air, but keep him from the air till he is
moulted ofl^, then open him by dc^rees,that
he may not take cold, and lifter bis moult>
give bim beet-leaves, or fonFie liqxtorice in
his water, to cleanfe him. Now^o care his*
hoarfenefs,. the beft remedy is, to^put fome
liquorice and a.few anife-feedis in his water,
and then to fet him in a warm place. See^
Paste.
LIPPITUDE. A lippitude is a deflux^
ion of a fait, fharp humour from .the eyes^,
attended with an itching,, pain and rednefs;
the
LI ?
the . eye-lid fweUing, fo as to turn the in-
fide as it were outward { the fight grows
dull) and the eyes frequently clofed up : it
ufually attacks young horfes at about five
or (ix years of age ; it comes and goes once
in three months, or oftener, and continues
each timc» more or Icfs, from a week to a
month ; thus it goes on, perhaps, two years
or more, when all the fymptoms ceafe, but
end in a catarad.
The (harp humour abovementioncd runs
^Wn the cheek in greater or Icfs quanti-
ties, and is fo hot as to fcald and deftroy the
hair there : the veins in all the parts abput
the eyes are very turgid, fomctimes the eye
appears dull, at others cloudy> then again
clearer; but it is rarely fprightly: the
humour that diftils from the eyes is fonie-
times fo thick as to give up the eye-lids for
fome time.
The feat of this difeafe is the glands on
the infide of the eye-lids j and it may be ob-
fervcd, that if they of a good fixe, and well
(haped, if they are clear, and the light is
good, as foon as the (harp humours abates,
if the returns are lefs violent and more rare,
fome hope of recovery, without ending in
a cataraA, may be indulged; but it the
eye (brinks and grows lefs, a catarafl will
certainly enfue.
In order to the cure, if the eye is not in
a perifbing (late, and the horfe in low con«
dition, bleed ; then, once in eight days give
a cooling purge ; and, on the days free
from purging, give diuretics, particularly
nitre, to the quantity of two ounces in z
day : and, in order to (Irengthen the relaxed
glands, and membrane of the eye-lid, many
X light fcarifications may be made, with a
lancet, on the infide of the eye-lid, which
turns out; then the whole eve may be wa(h-
ed two or three times a day with the follow-
ing lotion :
Take of white vitriol, two drams ; cam-
phire,' one dram ; rub them well together,
theii gradually mix them with a pint of
water.
When by thefe means, the (harp humour
decreafes, give the following alterative
powder^ every n^iorning, for two or three
LIS
months % then, after an interval of the famo
time repeat it as before.
iterative Pcwder. !
Take of crude antimony, half an ounces
gum guaicum, two drams ; mix them for
one dofc« >
When the blood vcflfels about the eyes
and parts adjacent, are extremely turgid>
they may be well bathed, two or three timet
a day, withftrong vinegar. It is the prac-
tice of fome on thefe occafions, to take up
the principal branches of veins ; and iiifomc
other cafes, to tie up arteries ; but this me-
thod is rather hurtful than otherwife, hj
checking the circulation and depriving the
parts of nourifhment.
If the eye feems to (hrink, wa(h it with
the following, two or three times a day.
^he Collyrium*
Take of crude fal armoniac, two drams t
brandy, four ounces i lime-water, onepint>
mixt.
With this collyrium, try alio what a beC->
ter diet- will do ; allow him a moderate
quantity of oats: good iiouri(hment and
moderate exercife may give a favourable
turn ; indeed, in diforders of the tyc$, hard
labour fhould be univerfally avoided. It is
worthy of remark, that low keeping, after
good and plentiful feeding, greatly hurts
the fight ; and hard labour, added to the
fparing diet, aggravates the difad vantage
confiderably. Colts are often made to go
blinds by full feedings and early hard wor««
ing.
Thefe means not fucceeding, the laft re^
fource is mercurials; and, perhaps, the
moft proper will be the the turbith mineral*
which may be given as direded fpr the
farcy.
LIPS OF A Horse. If thefe be thin and
little, they contribute to a good mouth, but
the contrary if they be large and thick.
LISTENING. A horfe is faid to go a
liitening pace# Se^ £covt£»
^ L O.W.
- LOACH. Though it is a fmall, yet is a
fine fifh : his breeding and feeding, is in
littJje and clear fwifc brooks or rivulets, and
in (harp dreams ; gravel is his ufiial food, .
He is AnffHand (lender, feldom exceed-
ing three inches in length : he is bearded
like a barbel, having two Bns at his fides,
four at his belly, and only one at his taif,
and is freckled with many black and brown
Ipots.
The loach is concimonly full of fpawn,
i^hich is, with the flefh, a very grateful food
to weak ftomachs, affording great nourifli-
ment. He is to be taken with a very fmall
worm, near the ground, for he delights to
be near the gravel, and therefore is feldom
fceh on the top of the water.
LOCKS, are pieces of leather, two fin-'
gers broad, turned round, and (luffed on the
the in(ide, to prevent their hurting the paf-
tera pf a horfe, round which they are clap-
ped,
_?V LODGE, [among Forcfters] a buck
is faid to lodge, when he goes to reft.
LONG-JOINTED Horse, isonewhofc
paflern is flender and pliant.
LOW. To carry low.. See Car ry.
LOW-BELL AND Hand-Net. With
thefe inftruments birds are t-aken in cham-
pagne countries, as alfo in (tubble-fields,
cfpecially that of wheat, from the middle of
OSlober to the end of March, and after this
manner ^ when the air is mild, about nine
o'clock at night, the moon not fining,
take the low bell, which (hould be of a deep
hollow found, and of fuch a reafonable fize
as may be well carried in one hand, toll
this bell juftas a weather-Iheep does, while
he is feeding in pafture ground : you may
alfo have a box much like alanthorn, about
a foot and a half fquaiib, big enough to
bold two or three great lights, let it be lined
with tin, and one fide open to fend forth the
light; fix this box to your breaft to carry
before you, and the light will caft at a great
diftance before you, very broad, by which
means you may fee any thing on the ground
within the compafs of the light, and confc-
qiiently the birds that rooft therein.
L UP.
For the taking of them you are to have
two men with you, one on each fide, walk-,
ing a little after you, th«u they may not be.
within the relkxion of the light that the
lanthorn or box cafts forth ; and each of
them.fliould be provided with a hand^neti
about three or four feet fquare, wKich mufl
be fixed to a long ftick, to carry in their
hands, fo that when either of them fees any
birds on his fide, he is' to cafl: his net over
them, and fo take them up, with as littla
noife as may be; and let him that carries
the light and low-bell be the foremoft to
take them up, without being too hafty, for
fear of raifingothcrs.
The found of the low-bell caufes the
birds to lie clofe, and not to ftir while ypu
lay the net over them.
If you w.ould ptaAife thisfport by your-
felf, carry the low-bell in one hand, and in.
the other a net, about two feet broad and
three long, with a handle, which is to lay
upon them as you efpy them : but fome.
perfons, inftead of holding the light to their
breaft, tie the low- bell to their girdle, and.
their motion caufes the bell to ftrike : and
the light they carry in their hand, extending
their arm before them j but then their lan-
thorn or box, is not fo large as that hung at
the breaft.
LOYAL. A horfe is faid to be loyal that
freely bends all his force, iri obeying and
performing any manage he is put to, does
not defend himfelf or refift, notwithftanding
his being ill treated.
A loyal mouth is an excellent mouth, of
the nature of fuch as we call mouths with
a full reft upon the hand.
LUNGS. See Pleura.
LUNES. ? [in Falconry,] lealhes, or
LOWINGS. i long lines to call in hawks.
LUNETS. A fort of leather fpedlacle*
for vicious horfes.
LURCHER. A kind of hunting-dog,
much like a mongrel greyhound, with
prickt ears, a fliagged coat, and generally
of a yellowifti white colour : they arc very
fwift runners, fo that if they get between
the burroughs and the conies they feldom
R r mifa i
M A «
mifs ; and this is their common prafticc in
hunting j yet they ufc other fubtlcties, as
the tumbler does, fome of them bringing
in their game^ and thofe are the beft. It
is alfo obfervable that a lurcher will run
down a hare at ftretch.
LURE [in Falconry,] a device of leather,
in the fliape of two wings, ftuck with fea-
thers, and baited with a piece of flefli, to
call back a hawk when at a confiderablc dif*
tance.
JVlADNESS IN Docs. S^^Dogs.
MAGGOT-FISHING begins with
May and continues till Chrijimas \ but the
beft time for taking grayling in rircrs, is
from the middle of Auguft till November.
Maggots are conftantly of ufe in fifhing ;
for all forts of frefh- water fi(h (except fal-
jmon,' pike, and fhad) will feed upon this
bait ma very plentiful manner. It i^ the
beft bait for quicknefs of fport j for upon
throwing in a few handfulsupon them, by
little and little, before you begin to fifti,
you will by that means draw the fifti to-
gether, and they will pick up the baits from
the bottom, juft as the poultry will pick
tip their food from the ground.
Jt*was . formerly the praAice to bait the
hook with the maggot, and to bait the
holes with other fort of ground baits, which
could afford but little fport j for neither
tjout, grayling, nor perch will eat grains 5
ftewed malt paltes, or any fuch dead baits,
and therefore it is necelTary to bait the hole,
with the fame you put upon your hook ;
living baits, when thrown into the water,
being much more tempting than dead ones,
and make the fi(h more eager. If you lofe
a hook in a grayling's mouth, there is great
probability that in five minutes you recover
it, by ufing more caution the next time
you ftrike ; for when the fifh are come in
Ihoals to your baiting-place, the largeft fifh
preffes moft forward, and fooneft catches
your ba,it.
When you fifh- in rivers with this bait,
yourlh*ie fhould be fiticr than for pool -fifh-
ing, and leaded pretty heavy : the lower
M A L
link mufl: be a (ingle hair, or a fine lilk«
worm gut ; and always obfcrve that youf
{hot drags upon the bottom efpecially in a
ftream.
MAGPIES, GLEADS, and CROWS,
TO TAKE. When you have found any car-
rion, upon which crows, pies, kites, ^c.
are preying, over night fet your lime-twigs
every where about the carrion, but let them
be fmalt, and not fet too thick ; if they arc,
they being fubtle birds, will fufpcft fbme
mifchief defigned againft them* When
you perceive one to be fad, advance not to
him prefently, for moft commonly whco
they arc furely caught, they arc not fenfibl«
of it.
They may be taken another way, and that
is by joihingfeveral noofcs to a packthread,
and pegging it down about a yard from the
carrion ; for oftentimes when they have
gotten a piece of flcfb, they are apt to run
away to feed themfelves, and if the noo(M
be thick, it is two to one but the noofcs
catch fome oi them by the leg.
Mailed, fpeckled, or full of fpccks,
as the feathers of hawks, partridges, i^c. or
as the furs of fome wild beaft are*
MALANDERS, I a difeafc in . horfcs,
MALENDERS, I which takes its name
of melandare^ Itdliany to go ill. They are
certain chops, or chinks, appearing on the
infideof the fore legs^juft againft the bend-
ing of the knee, which difcharge a red ibarp
pungent water-
They are painful, and make a horfc go
ftifT, and fometimes to halt at his firft fet^
ting out of the ftable.
They are eafy to be difcovered, by the
ftaring and briftly hairs growing out of thq
afFefted part, and they are frequently at-
tended with a fort of fcab, either bigger or
lefler, according to the various degrees of
this evil forrance.
They proceed fometimes from corrupt
blood, hard labour, or being over-ridden ;
fometimes from want of clean keeping or
rubbing ; and moft commonly fuch horfes
as have the moft hairy legs'(a$ the Flanders
and Frieflmd horfes) are moft fubjcA to this
difeafe.
Thofc
M A L
«
Thofe things which arc good for the
firratchcs, and felahdcrs, {'mbicb/ee) arc all
good for this.
They proceed from the fannc caiife, and
confequently require the fame method of
cure, which confills in wafhing the parts
with old chamber-lye, or a lather of fgap-
warmed j and afterwards applying over the
cracks a ftrong mercurial ointment fpread
on tow, and renewed night and morning
till the fcabs fall ofF, and the cure is com-
pleated j when it will be neceffary to give
the creature a gentle purge or two.
Inftcad of a compleat cure, you ought
rather only to endeavour to allay the hu-
mouT, and (qualify its fharpnefs i and there-
fere content yourfelf with keeping the part
very clean, by fcouring off the corruption
that flicks to the hair or (kin, with black
ibap,. rubbing the malanders with it, and
Wafhing thcn> with urine, or good lye, or
oil of nuts fihaken with water j. or elfc to
anoint them with butter fryed till it bc-
comfcs black. . >; . .
But the furefl: method of cure, is to
mingle equal quantities of linfeed oil and
aqua vit^, ftirring them and {baking them
till the mixture, grows white, with which
anoint the forrance once a day, which will
dry a little, and* allay the (harpncfs of the
humour, fo that the malanders will neither
caufe a fwelling nor pain.
MALT-LONG, 7 is a cankerous for-
MALT-WORM, J ranee about the hoof
of an horft, juft upon the coronet, which
breaks out into knobs and bunches that run
with a waterifh, (harp lye, and humour,;
which -will, if let alone, envenom the whole
foot.
For the cure : if it be in fummcr-time,
pound black fnails and burdock- roots to-
gether, and lay them on the fore : renewing
the application once in twenty- four hours.
If in the winter-time, pound the fcrap-
incs of a pot or cauldron, with a handful
ot the inner rind of the elder-tree, and ap-
ply it to the forrance; renewing the ap-
jrtication once a day. Or you may lay a
like quantity of gadick, pepper, and honey,
ii^niped together, on the part afFcQed.
MAN
MANAGE, is a word that fignifies, not'
only the ground fet apart for the exercife
of riding the great horfe, but likewife the
exercife itfelf. The manage, or ground
proper for managing horfcs, is fometimcs
a covered place as riding-houfes in great
academies, for continuing the exercife in
bad weather j fometimcs it is open in order
to give more liberty and pleafure, both
to the hoffe and horfeman.
We always fuppofe a center in the mid-
dle of the manage, for regulating the
rounds and volts.
Sometimes this Center is diftinguilhed by
a pillar fixed in it, to which they tie the
horfe when he begins to learn ; upon the fide-
of the manage other pillars arc placed, two
by two in order to teach horfes the fore
quarters, by tying them with ropes« Se^
Pillar.
MANAGE, OR Exercise or a Horse,
is a particular way of working or riding
him. . .
Make your horfcs work upon the air and
the manage that you ufed to put theme* moft
to.
A horfe U faid to manage, when he works
upon volts and airs, which fuppofes him*
broke and bred.
A horfe is faid to be thorougtxiy managed,
or a finiftied horfe, that is well broke and
bred, and confirmed in a particular air or
manage,
HIGH MA N A G E, is the Righ or
raifed airs which arc proper for Icapingr
horfcs.
In chufing a horfe for the manage, maktf
dioice of a horfe of a middle fize, that is
likely, fuUoffprit and aftion, fhort truf-
fed, well coupled, having good* feet and
legs, and fhoulders very eafy and fup-
ple. ;;
It ought alfo to be oliferved, riiat horfcs
which, have thick, ftiff, and fliort joints,
that is no ways flexible or pliant, are unfit
for the manage ; for glib and bending joints,
if they be not too long, arc one of the chief
qualitie&requifite in a fine and delicate horfe
of manage.
As for tlic age moft proper ' to begin ta
K r ft work
MAN
work a horfe dcfigncd for the manage, he
ihould not be too young<» not only becaufe
his apprehenfion is net yet come to him,
but alfo becaufe a horfe of three years old
being but agriftlc, flopping and going back
will fpoil himj by draining his back and
ftretching his hams.
. MANE, the hair hanging down on a
horfe's neck, which ihould be long, thin
and fine i but i( it be frizzled, fo much the
better.
Manginefs in the mane, may be cured by
anointing it with butter and brimftone min-
gled together*
MANGE IN Horses, is caufed by over
heat or cold, hard riding or labour, by
which the blood is corrupted ; or it may
be occafioned by eating unwholefome
food.
The diftemper may be eafily known by
the daring of the hair, its coming off from
the fkin in many places, and a fcurf arifing.
thereon.
When the diftemper is caught by infec-
tion, an ointment compofed of flowers of
fulphur and hogs-lard, will efFedually cure
it,' if rubbed in every day immediately after
the misfortune is perceived. In the mean
time fulphur and antimony fhould be given
with his feed^, and continued for fome
weeks after the cure is performed, in order
to. purify the blood. If the fulphur oint-
ment fhould not be thought agreeable, a
liquorsEuade by fleeping tobacco in ftale
chamber-lye, will anfwer the fame inten-
tion ; but the fulphur and antimony fhould
be given with his feeds.
But if the diftemper has been of fome
continuance, or if ic owed its origin to low
feeding, and a povertv of the blood, other
methods muft be purfued, the diet muft be
mended and the horfe indulged with a fuf-
ficient quantity of hay and corn, and the
following ointment rubbed into the parts
afFcfted every day : Take of fulphur vivum,
half a pound: of crude fal armoniac, one
ounce : and of hogs-lard a fuiEcient quan-
tity to make the whole into an ointment.
Give him every day a feed offcalded
bran, and when the difcafc begins to dif-
MAN
appear the following purge j take of fucco-
trine aloes, tendranrisj of diaphoretic an*
timony, half an ounce ; and of frcfh jallap
in powder one dram : make the whole into
a ball, with a fufficient quantity of Barba-
does tar, and fixty drops of chemical oil of
an ni feeds.
If the cafe prove very obftinate, walh
tiie mangy parts with fublimai;e wafh, and
give the brimftone inwardly.
If poor feeding and hard work is the
caufe, the cure will be obvious.
Sublimate Wajb.
Take of fublimate mercury, half aa
ounce; lime-water, a pint, mixed.
When the horfe is thoroughly cured of
this diftemper, it will be necelTary to wafh
the floor of the, ftable very well with foap-
fuds. and fume it well with burning pitcli,
or charcoal. His cloaths alfo fbpuld be
laid in fcalding water, wafhedvery clean^
with foap and thoroughly dried, before they
are ufed again ; for if thefe precautions arc
not ufed, other horfes will be liable to the
infeftion. . , .
Another niethod oif cure is : Take ftaves*
acre feeds, two handfuls, infufe it in a quart,
of ftrong vinegar and hot afhes ; wafh the
mangy parts with this liquor, and it will
cure it in twice bathing,
MANGE IN A Doc, a diftemper with
which he is often aflTejfled, for wan? offrelh
water to drink when he is thirfty, and
fometimes by not being kept clean in his
kennel, or by foundering and melting his
greafe.
For the cure : Take two handfuls of
wild crefTes, and as much elecampane, and
alfo of the leaves and roots of roerb and for-
rel, and two pounds of the roots of fo'drels 5
boil all thefe well together in lee. and vine-
gar, ftrain the decoftion, and put into it-
two pounds of grey foap,- and when ic is
melted, rub the dog with it four or Ave days
fuccefDvely, and itwil cure him.. SeeSFA--
NiEL, and Dog. . .
MANGER, is a raifed trough. under the
rack
MAR
V tack in the dable,^ made for receiving the
grain or corn that a horfe cats.
To MANTLE i, [a term in Falconry] as
the hawk mantles, /. e. fpreads her wings
over her legs.
MARES, the female of the horfe kind,
is chiefly confidered here, under the notion
of breeding, in order to propagate their
ipecies s therefore fuch as are deflgned for
this purpofe ought to be as free from defcfts
a^ polfible, and ihould, no more than the
ftallions, have either moon-eyes, watery-
eyes, or blood'fhot eyes i they (hould have
no fplaint, fpavin, nor curb, nor any natu-
ral imperfection, for the colts will take af-
ter them i but choice fhould be made of
the bed and ableft, the- high fpirited, beft
coloured, and Hnefl: Ihaped ; and the natu*
ral defcds tha£ may be in the ftallion,
fhould be amended in the mare, as well as
that which is amifs in the mare, fhould
be repaired in the ftallion^ See Br^ed-
INC.
No onrares in the world arc certainly bet-
ter to breed on than our Englijh ones, pro-
vided you fuit them to your particular de-
fign J as for inftance, if you wpuld breed
for the .manage, or 'pa4s>. let your mares
have fine foreheads, with their head well
feton^ bu( nqt t;op;long^legS) broad breads,'
large and fparkling eyes, and great bodies,
that their jFpJ|l.s may have room enough to
lie, with good limbs and feep .; Jet them be
of agentle and gopd^difpoQiiop,' and their
roojcions naturally nimble and gra^^^fvil j in
a wprd, remember always/ that the ipore
good qualities yoyr ; nure3;have, the better
your colts will generally prove,
• But if you would breed for tracing or
Hunting,, your mares .mud be lighter,/ with
fhort backs, and long fides ; their .legs
rnuft befomething.longe/, and their breatts
not fo broad ^ and alv^ay^' ch^f^ fuch: as
you are . iure h^v/e good blood in their
v^ins.
If you have tried the fpeedand wind of
ai^y ,part|ic;ular marc, .and find, it good, you
may the futcr^ expcft-a good colt, provided
fhe ber iliU in her full health and vigour,
Z3^^ not a^ove fev^a, years old| or eight
MAR
at moR'; for the younger your breeders
are, the better your colts will generally
be.
A mare may be covered when^ (he is
paflcd two years old, though the beft time
is after four years, when (he will nourilh
her colt beft $ and though fhe may breed
till thirteen, yet when Ihe is paft ten, it
does not do fo well, for commonly an old
mare's colt will be heavy in labour. The
proper time for covering, is reckoned from
the end of the firft quarter to the full-
moon or at the full $ for thofe colts will be
ftronger and hardier of nature -, whereas it
is obferved in thofe that are covered after
the change, that they will be fender and
nice : but before the mare is covered, (he
ihould be taken into the houfe about fix
weeks, and be well fed with good hay and
oats, .well Cfted, to the end fhe may have
firength and feed to perform the office of
gen era t ion «
But if you would have your mare certain-
ly conceive, take blood from both fidea
her neck, near a quart from each veio^
about five or fix days before covering.
As for the manner of covering, ,fhe muft
be brought put into fome broad pla9e, and
tied to. a poft, then bring out fome ftone
jade to dally with her, to provoke her to
appetite, after which let the ftallion be led
out by two men, and let him leap her in
the morning fading, and when he is dif-
mounting, let a pail of cold water be
thrown upon her (hipe, which by reafon'of
the coldnefs will make, her ^£brink in and
trufe up her body, whereby Ihe is caufed.
to retain the feed the better* Take away
the ftallion, and let the mare be put out of
the hearing of the horfe, let her neither eat
nor drink ^^ fotir or five hours after, and
then give her a mafh and white water : you
may know if (he ftaods to her covering,
by her keeping a good ftomach, and her^
not neighing at the fight of a hprfe 5 fo
likewife if (he does not ftaleofi;en, nor/re-
quently open or ftiut her (hapc ; or that her
bcUy four days after covering be mqrc
gaunt, the hair more fleqk,and clofe to her
fkin^ and the like. . Some there arc who
put
MAR
put the horfe and mare together into an
empty houfe, for three or four nights, and
take the horfe away in the morning and feed
him wcH, but the mare fparingly, and
cfpecially they give her but little water.
As for the ordering the mare after cover-
ing, let her be kept to the fame diet as be-
fore, for three weeks or a month, left the
feed be impared before it be formed in the
womb ; and kt her be kept clean, without
any excrcife, during three weeks or a
month, and in the houfe till mid-day
with her feet well pared, and with a thin
pair of fhoes on : take her up again about
the latter end of Sip^emher, if not before,
and keep her to the end of her foaling.
If (he cannot foal, hold her noftrils fo
that (he cannot take her wi/id ; or if that
will not do, take the quantity of a walnut
of madder, difiblve it in a pint of ale, and
give it warm to her \ and in cafe (he cannot
void her fccundine, then boil two or three
handfuls of fennel in running-water, put
' half a pint thereof in as much fack, or for
want thereof, a pint of ftrong-becr or ale,
with a fourth part of fallad oil, mixed to-
gether, and give it her lukewarm in her
noftrils, holding them clofe for fome time;
or for want thereof, give her gockl green
wheat or rye, but the laft is beft, and they
are as effectual ; let her not eat her clean,
for it is very unwholefome, and will dry up
her milk.
When Ihe has foaled and licked her foal,
milk and (faroke her before the colt fucks,
which will both caufe her to bring down her
milk and make it to multiply, and keep it
fo that it do not clod •, and in cafe (he be-
comes dry, if there be need, boil as much
milk as you can get from her with the
leavesof lavender and fpike, and bathe the
udder with it warm, till it be broken, and
the knobs and knots be dilTolved : her water
now muft be white water, which is bran
put into water i and give her fwcet maflies ;
and a month after foaling, let her have a
malh with fome brimftone and favin in it,
which will be a great prefervation to the
olt ; after which, if Ihe be moderately
Sbour^d at plough or harrbw, both (he
MAR
and the colt will be the bettef, provided
Ihe be kept from raw meats while fcc re-
mains in the ftable, which will both in-
creafe her nnilk and caufe her colt to thrive
the better ; and care muft be taken not to
fuffcr the colt to fuck her when (he is hot,
left you furfcit the colt.
Some are of opinion, that the winter-fca-
fon is a very improper time for foaling, be-
caufe of the coldncfs of the weather, and
fcarcity of grafs, fo that the marc nmjft ne-
cefTarily be houfed and fed with hard meat,
which will dry up her milk, and ftarvc the
foal : yet experience teaches us that not-
withftanding all this, it is certainly the beft
time both for mare and foal too, being kept
in a warm houfe j and as for her milk,
(he will have plenty, if well fed, and that
more nourifhing than what is got at grafs,
which will make him more kifly, of greater
bone and ftature, cleaner limbed, more
neatly jointed and hoofed, and in much bet->'
ter liking, than the colt foaled inMay ot^
June, or any other of the hot months ; and
be(ide6 other inconveniences by the coitus
running along with the mare, he becomes
fb favage and wild, that if any infirmity
feizes him, his own unrulinefs being f&
.great, the cufe may be very difficult ;* for
infinite are the numbers that have periihed
in this ftate.
Now in cafe fome time after the mare
has taken horfe, you are uncertain whether
(he be with foal or not, pour -a fpoonful- of
coldwater or vinegar into her eir, and if (he?
only (hakes her head*, it is a fign (he is with'
foal i but if (he (hakes her head, body and'
all, it is a (ign (he is not j or if (he fcourt,
her coat grows fmooih and (hining, and
that (he grows fat^ it is alCo a fign fhc
holds.
In cafe you are defirous no mare fhould
go barren, in the month of y«/)r,-or the
beginning of ^uguft, get a marc or two that'
have not been covered the year before, and'
enforce them to be horfed ; when they
(hall be ready to be*c6vercd, you mu(t turn
them, with fome other which* you eftcem
not as your beft horfe, arhong yourftud of*
marcs, and by his iovering that marre or-
mares
MAR •
mares fcru turned in with him into the ftud,
it will caufc the reft of them, if any of them
have not conceived at their firft coverings,
to come to that horfe again ; and you will
be fure to keep no more Mrren all the year,
but have a colt of every mare, though not
of your beft horfe. You may fuffer your
horfe to run amongfl: your mares three
weeks or a month $ but if you turn him in-
to your (tud, putting in no mare with him
ready to be covered, he will at his firft
entering beat all the mares, and perhaps
hurt thofe that had conceived before, and
fo do more hurt than good.
Some reckon the beft receipt to bring a
mare in feafon, and make her retain, is to
give her toeat, far the fpace of eight days
before you bring her to the horfe, about
t^o quarts of h^mp-feed in the morning, ^
and the fame at night : but if Ihe refufes to
cat it, mi5t with it a little bran or oats, or
elfe let her faft for a while -, and if the ftal-
lion eats alfo of it, it w91 Contribute much
to generation^
It is a maxrm, that a mare (hould never
be horfed while (he is bringing up her foal,
becaufe the foal to which (he is giving fuck,
as well as that in her belly, will receive
prejudice thereby, and the mare herfelf will
be alfo focn^r fp^ht j but if you would have
ybur marecovcred, let it be feven or eight
days after (he has foaled, that (he may have
time to cleanfe ; and if it may be conveni-
ently done, do not give her the (lallion
ti41 (he defires him, and increafe, by all
means po(rible, that pafllon, by Itrong feed-
ing, &c.
Mares, befide the many diftempers they
are liable to in common with horfes, and
which will be found under their fevefal
names, have feme others peculiar to their
kind only, of which I (hall fpeak, and their
^ure. If your mare be barren, boil a quan-
tity of the herb agnus in the water (he
drinks j or ftamp a handful of leeks with
four or five fpoonfuls of wine, to which put
forrte cantharides, and ftrain them ^11 to-
gether, with a fufficicnt quantity of water
to ferve her two days together, by. pouring
the fame it her nature, with a glyftcr-pipe
MAR
made for that purpofc 5 and at three days
endofFer the horfe to her, and if he covers
her, wa(h her nature twice together with
cold water ; or take a little quantity of ni-
trum, fparrow's dung and turpentine^
wrought together, and made like a fup-
poiitory, and putting that into her nature^
it will do.
If you would have her fruitful, boil
good (lore of mother-wort in the water (he
drinks.
If (he loofes her belly, which (hews a con-
fumption of the womb, give her a quart
of brine to drink^ having mug-wort boiled
therein.
If through good keeping (he forfakes her
food^ give her two or three days together,
a ball of butter and agnus callus chopped
together.
If (he be fubjeft to call her foal, keep
her at grafs very warm, and once a week
give her a good warm ma(h of drink, which
(ccretiy knits beyond expeftation.
You are to obferve, that mares go with
foal eleven months and as many days as they
are yeats old; as for inftance, a mare of
nine years old, will carry her foal eleven
mouths and nine days ; fo that you may
order the covering of your mares, that their
foals may be brought forth> if you will, at
fuch time as there is abundance of grafs.
Se^ Stallion and Colt.
MARK ; a horfe marks, that is, he
(hews his age-by a black fpot, called the
bud or eye of a bean, which appears at
about five years and a half, in the cavity of
the corner teeth, and is gone when he is
eight years old ; then he ceafes tb mark,
and we fay, he has rafed. See Teeth and
Rase.
FALSE MARK, ;. e. counter-
marked. •
MARKS [amongft Hunters], the foot-
prints and treadings of whild beafts.
MARTERN, is about the bignefs of ar
cat, having a longer body, but (horterlegs,
with a head and tail like a fox ; its (kin is
commonly brown, white on the throat, and
yellowilh on the back; their teeth are i!X-
cecding white, anduntquttJ, being unrne^-
furably
MAS'
furably (harp 5 tlic canine teeth both above
and bVlow hang out very long. At one
vcar old it is called acub ; at two a mar-
tern.
. This, and the wild cat, are a fort of ver-
min which are comnionly hunted in Eng-
landy aud are as ncceffary to be hunted as
any vermin can be, for it is doubtful whe-
ther the fox or badger does more hurt than
the wild cat, there being fo many warrens
every where throughout the kingdom of
England^ which are vcrymuch infeftcd with
the wild cat.
Experienced huntfmen arc of opinion,
that fhe leaves as good a fcent, and makes
as great a cry for the time, as any vermin
that is hunted ; efpecially the martern ex-
ceeds all other vermin for fweetnefs of fccnt,
and her cafe is a noble fur.
The cafe of the wild cat is not fo beauti-
ful, but is very warm, and medicinal for
feveral aches and pains in the boaes and
joints ; alfo her greafc is good for finews
that are (hrunk.
Thefe two chaces are not to be fought
for purpofely, unlefs they are feen where
they prey, fo that they may go readily to
them ; but if a hound happens to crofs him,
he will hunt it as foon as any chace^ and
make a noble cry as long as they Itand up 5
when they can do it no longer, they will
take to a tree and fo deceive the hounds ;
but if the hounds hold in to them, and will
not give it over fo, then they will leap from
one tree to another, and make a great (hift
for their lives» with much paftime to the
huntfman.
When they are killed, you muft hold
them upon a piked itafF, and halloo in all
your hounds, and then reward them with
fome meat, for the flefli of thefe vermin is
bad for hounds.
MARTINGAL, a thong of leather faft-
cned to one of the girths under the belly of
a horfe, and at the other end to the mufT-
roll to hinder him from rearing.
MASH, a drink given to a horfe, made
of half a peck of ground-malt put into a
pail, into which as much fcalding-bot water
is poured as will wet it very well, when
• MAT
that IS done, ftir it about, till, by tafting,
you find it as fweet as honey ; and when it
has Hiood till it is lukewarm, it is to be
given .to the horfe. This liquor is only
ufcd after a purg^ to make it work the
better; or after hard labour, orinfteadof
drink in the time of any great ficknefs.
M A S TI G A D O U R, OR Slabbering-
BiTT, is a fnaffle of iron, ail fmooth, and
of a piece, guarded with pater-nolters, and
compofed of three-halfs of great rin^s,
made into demi-ovals, of unequal bignefs,
thelcffer being inclofed within the greajceft,
which ought to be about half a foot high. .
A maftigadour is mounted with a head-ftall
and two reins. <
The horfe in champing tJpon the mafti-
gadiour, keeps his mouth frefli and moifl:,
by virtue of the froth and foam that he
draws from his brain.-
To put a horfe to the maftigadour, is to.
fet his croupe to the manger, and his head
between two pillars ii| the ft.able.
Horfes that ufe to hang out their tongue,
cannot do it when the maftigadour is on,
for that keeps their tongue fo much in fub-
je^lion, that they cannot put it out
I0 MATCH, [amongft Cock-maftcrs],
to match . cocks, is • to fee they be of an
equal height, length and bignefs in body..
Ti? go to MATCH,, [with Hunters] j a
wolf at rutting-time is faid to go to match,
or mate.
Of riding a Hunting-Match ^ or Heats for a
Plate.
In order to ride to the beft advantage,
either a hunting-match, or three heats and
a courfe for a plate.
The firft thing rcquifitc is a rider, who
ought to be a faithful one, in whom you
can confide \ and he fhould have a good
clofe feat, his knees being held firm to his
faddle-ikirts, his toes being turned inwards,
and his fpurs outward from the horfe's fides,
his left hand govern the horfe's mouth,
and his right commanding the whip $ tak-
ing care, during the whole time of the trial,
to fit firm in thi faddle, without waving, or
ilandins
\ 1
^ *- ^ -.4^ ...
* • •• # ••-
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i»-i »':.»'. Lh\-j-, . .
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rv
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•f
MAT
(landing up in the ftirrups> which aftions
do very much incommode a horfc. notwith-
ftandihg the conceited opinioii of fome
jockies^ that it is a becoming fear*
In fpurring.his horfe» he fhould not (Irike
him hard with the calves of his legs, as if
he would beat the wind out of his bod^i
but juft turning his toes outwards, and
bringing his fpurs quick to his fides ; and
fuch a (harp lht)ke will be of more^fervice
towards the quickening of the horfe, and
iboner draw blood,
. Let him be fure never to fpur him but
when there is occafion, and avoid fpurring
him under the fore-bowels, between his
ihoulders and girths, near the heart, (which
is the tendereft place of a horfe) till the laft
extremity.
As to the whipping the horfe it ought to
j)e over the flioulder on the near fide, ex*
cept upon hard running, and when you are
at all, then ftrike the horfe in the flank
with a ftrong jerk, the fkin being tendereft
there, and moft fenfible of the lafii.
He muft obferve, when he whips and
fpurs his horfe, and is certain that he is at
the top of his fpeed, if then he clap his ears
in his pole, or whiiks his tail, then he may
be fure that he bears him hard i and then he
ought to give him as much comfort as he
can, by fawing his fnaffle to and fro in his
.mouth, and by that means forcing him to
open his mouth, which will comfort him
and give him wind*
If in the time of riding there is any high
wind ftirring, if it be in his face, he fliould
let the adverfary lead, he holding hard be-
hind him till he fees an opportunity of giv-
ing a loofe ; yet he muft take care to keep fo
clofe to him that his adverfary's horfe may
break the wind from his, and that he, by
ftooping low in his feat, may fliclter him-
felf under him, which will afiift the ftrength
of his horfe.
But, on the contrary, if the wind be at his
back, he muft rife exa6^1y behind him,
that his own horfe may alone enjoy the be*
nefit of the wind, by being as it were blown
forward, and by breaking it from his ad^*
verfary> as much as polfible*
MAT
' In the next place, obferve what grouncl
your horfe delights moft to run on, and
bear the horfe (as much as your advepfarjf
will give you leave) on level carpet ground,
becaufe the horfe will naturally bedeOrous
p /peed him more freely thereon -, but on
deep earths give him more liberty, becaufe
he will naturally favour himfclf there-
upon.
If you are to run up hill, don't forget bf
any means to favour your horfe, and bear
him fot fear of running him out of wind i
but if it be down hill, (if your horfc's feet
and flioulders will endure it, and you dare
venture your ncckj always give him a
loofe.
This may be obferved as a general nile^
that if you find your horfe to have the heels
of the other, that then you be careful to
preferve his fpeed till the laft train* fcent«
if you are not to run a ftraight courfe ; bqt
if fo, then till the end of the courfe, and [p
to huft>and it then alfo, that you may
be able to make a puih for it at the laft
poft.
In the next place you are to acquaint
yourfelf, as well as you can, of the nature
and temper of your adverfary*s horfe, aod
if he be fiery, then to run juft behind, or
juft cheek by joul, and with your whip
make as much noife as you can, thatyoa
may force him on fafter than his rider would
have himi and by that means fpend him the
fooner i or elfe keep juft before him, on
fuch a flow gallop, that he may either over^
reach, or by treading on your horfe's heels>
(if he will not take the leading) endanger
falling over.
Take notice alfo on what ground vour
opponent's horle runs the. worft, and be
fure to give a loofe on that earth, that he
being forced to follow you, may be in
danger of ftumbling, or clapping on the
back finews^
In the like manner, in your riding obferve
the feveral helps and correftions of the
hand, the whip, and the fpur, and when^
and how often he makes ufc of thefn j and
when you perceive that his horfe begins to
be blown, by any of the former fymptoms,
S s ail
I
MAT
ai clapping down his ears, whifking bis tail,
holding out his nofc like a pig, (Sc. you
may then take it for granted that he is at the
height of what he can do ; and therefore in
this cafe, take notice how your own rides,
and if he runs more chearfully and ftrongly,
without fpurring, then be fure to keep your
advcrfary to the fame fpeed, without giving
him cafe, and by fo doing, you will quickly
bring him to give.out^ or elfe diilancc
him.
Obfervc at the end of every train-fccnt
what conditk)n the other horfe is in, and
how he holds out in his labour, of which
you may be able to make a judgment by his
looks, the working of his flank> and the
flacknefs of his girths.
For if he looks dulU it is a fign that his
fpirits fail him $ if his Hanks beat much, it
is a token that his wind begins to fail him,
and confequently his llrength will do fo
too.
If his wind fails him, then his body will
grow thin, and appear tuckt up, which will
make his girths to the eye feem to be flack ;
therefore you may take this for a rule, that
a horfe^s wanting girting after the firlt fcent,
provided he were girt clofe at his firft dart-
ing, is a good fign } and if you find it fo,
you need not much defpair of winning the
wager.
After the end of every train-fcent, and
alfo after every heat for a plate, you muft
have -dry ftraw and dry cloths, both linen
and woollen, which have .been fteepcd in
urine and falt-petre a day or two, and then
dried in the fun, and alfo one or two- of
each mufl: be brought into the field wet i'
and after the train has been ended, two or
three pcrfons muft help you, and after the
groom has, with a knife of heat, (as it is
called by the Duke o{ 'Newcaftle) which is
a piece of an old fword-blade, (craped ofF
all the fweat from the horfe's neck, body,
iSc. then they muft rub him well down dry,
all over, firft with the dry ftraw, and then
with dry cloths, whilft others are bufy
about his legs> and as foon as they have
, rubbed them dry, then let them chafe them
with the wet cloths, and never give over
MAT
till you are called by the judges to ftart
again.
This will render his joints pliant and nim*^
ble,'and -prevent any inflammation which
might arife from an old ftraiii.
The next thing to be regarded, are the
Judges or Triers office, who are to fee that
all things are ordered according to the arti*
cles agreed on, which to that end ought to
be read before the horfes ftart.
That each Trier on whofe fide the train is
to be led, according to the articles give di-
rections for its leading, according to the ad-
vice of the rider, or his knowledge of the
nature and difpofition of that horfe on whicb
fide he is chole.
That each Trier be fo advantageoully
mounted, as to ride up behind the horfei
(but not upon them) all day, and to obferve
that the contrary horfe ride his true ground^
and obferve the articles in every particular^
or elfe not to permit him to proceed.
That after each train* fcent be ended, each
Trier look to that horfe againft which he is
chofen, and obferve that be be no ways re-
lieved but with rubbing, except liberty oa
both fides be given to the contrary.
As foon as the time allowed for rubbing
be expired, which is generally half an hour,
they fliall command them to mount, and if
either rider refufe,^ it may be lawful for the
other to ftart without him ; and having beat
him the diftance agreed on, the wager is ta
be adjudged on his fide.
The Triers fliall keep off all other horfes
from crofling the riders ; only they them-
felves may be allowed to inftruA the riders
by word of mouth how to ride, whether
flow or faft, according to the advantages
he perceives may be gained by his direc-
tions.
If there be any weight agreed on, they
fliall fee that both horfes briiig their true
weight to the ftarting place, and carry it to
the end of the train, upon the penalty of
lofing the wager.
The fame rules are to be obferved, efpc-
cially this laft, by thofe gentlemen who are
chofen to be the judges at a race for a plate,
only they ufually ftay in a ftand, that they
may
MAT
m^.. :d{|Lec .better fee which horfe wins the
heat,*;
In running for a place, there are not fo
manvobfervations to be made> nor more di-
regions required^ than what has been already
given I only this^ if you know your horfe to
be tough ac botconis and that he will ftick
at raark> to ride him each heat according Co
the beft of his performance^ and aroid as
much as poffible either hiding at any par-
ticular hone^ or flaying for any^ but to ride
each heat throughout with, the . bed fpeed
you can.
But if you have a fiery horfe to manage^
or one that is hai;d movtthed and difficult to
be held, then flart him behiijid (he reft of
the horfes> with all the coolnefs and gentle-
nefs imaginable^ and when you find that he
begins to ride at fome command, then put
up to the other horfcs, and if you find they
ride at their eafe, and are hard held, then
endeavour to draw them on fafter ; but if
you find their wind begins to rake hot, and
that they want a fob, if your horfe be in
wind, and you have a loofe in your hand,
keep them up to their fpeed till you come
within three quarters of a mile of the end
of the heat, and then, give a loofe and pu(h
for itt and leave to fortune aud the good-
nefs of your horfe, the event ofyourfuc-
cefs.
When either your hunting-match, or the
trial for the plate is endedj as foon as you
have rubbed your horfe dry, cloth him
up and ride hia> home, and the firft thing,
give him the following drink to comfort
him :
Beat the yolks of three eggs, and put them
into a pint and a half of fweet milk, warm
it lukewarm, put to it three pennyworth of
faSron, * and three fpoonsful of fallad-oil>
and give it him in a horn*
Having done this, drefs him (lightly
over with the curry*comb, brufh, and wool-
len-cloth; bathing the place where the
faddle ftood with warm fack, to prevent
marbles •, wafliing the fpurring places with
urine and fait, and anoint them with tur-
Kntine and powder of jctt, mixed together }
ter the ftable well, clothing him up as
MAT
quick as poffible, and let him (land for two
hours. .....
Feed him yfith 'rye-btead, with a ,good
mafb, giving him his belly full of hay^ and
what corn and bread he will eat.
Bathe his legs well with urine and falt«
petre, leave him corn in his locker^ and (o
Jet him reft till the next morning, at. which
time order him as before directed in his day^
of reft.
How to order a Horfe for a Match or Plate.
When you have either matched your
horfe, or defign to put him in for a plate> you
ought to confider that you (hould referve a
month at leaft, to draw his body perfedUy
clean, and to refine his wind to that degree
of perfedlion that is .capable of beitig at«
taincd by art.
Take ancxaft view of the ftateofhis
body, both outwardly and inwardly; whether
he be low or high in flefh, or whether he he
dull and heavy when abroad, and if this' has
been caufed by too hard riding, or, by means
of fome greafe that has been difTolved by
hunting, and has not been removed by
fcouring.
If he appear fluggifh and^ melancholy
from either of thefe caufcj, then give him
half an ounce of diapente in a pint of good
old Malaga fack» which will both cleanfi: hii
body and revive his fpirits.
For the firft week, feed him continually
with breads oats, and fplit beans,; giving
him fojnetimes the one and fometimes the
other, according to what he likes beft, al-
ways leaving him fome in his locker to
eat at leifure when you are abfent ; and
when you return at your hours of feedings
take away what is left^ giving him fre£»
till you have made him wanton and pilay-
ful.
To this purpofe take notice, that though
you ride him every day moraiogand even*
ing, on airing, or every other day on
hunting, yet you are not to fweat . him,
or put him to any violent labour, the de-
fign of this week's ordering beangitokeep
S s 2 him
MAT
titm iR wind and breathy and to prevent
purfivenefs*
But take notice of this, that your oats,
beans and l^^ad, are now to be ordered af-
ter another manner than what they were be*
fore ; for the oats mull be well dried in the
fun, put into a clean bag and foundly bear,
with a flail or cudgel, till you think they
are hulled, then take them out of the bag
and winnow them clean, both from hulls
and dud, and give them to your horfe as
occafion requires.
After the fame manner muft you order
^Four beans, feparating them from the hulls,
which are apt to breed the glut, which muft
either bt thrown away, dr given among chaff
to fome more ordinary horfe.
The bread, which was only chipt before,
•Aow the cruft muft be cut clean off, and be
otherwife difpofed of, it bein^ hard of di-
geftion, and will be apt to heat and dry the
horfe's body ; and befides, you muft make
a finer bread than before, as follows :
Take two pecks of beans, and a peck of
wheat, let them be ground together, but not
too finci to prevent too much bran being
io the bread i drefs one peck of the meal
through aiine range, and knead it up with
uSew ale yeaft, and the whites of a dozen
new-laid eggs *, bake this in a loaf by itfclf,
but drefs the reft of the meal through a
boulter, kneading it only with ale and yeaft,
and ufe it in all other points as the former:
the peck loaf is to be given the horfe when
jou fer him, and the other at ordinary
times*
This bread allifts nature, and much in-
creafes the ftrength, courage, and wind of
the horfe, (provided there be added to it
true labour) as any bread whatfoever,
, Having treated of the condition of thofe
horfes which are melancholy and low of
flelb, I fhall now fpeak of thofe which are
briflc and lively : if your horfe when you
lead him otit of the ftable, will leap and
play about you, you muft not only omit
giving him the fcouring of fack and dia-
pente, but any other whatfoever, for there
being no foul humours, nor fuperfluous
natter left in his body, for the phyfic to
MAT
work upon, it will prey upon tfie ftrength
of his body, and by that means weakenj
it.
If your horfe be engaged in a hunting-
match, you muft fweat nim twice this week
but not by hunting him after the hare, but
by train -fcents, fince the former on this oc-
cafion may prove deceitful : for though the
hounds fliould be very fwift, yet the fcent
being cold, the dogs will very often be at
fault, and by that means the horfe will have
many fobs : fo that when he comes to run
train-fcents in eameft, he will expeft eafe
for his wind.
Therefore lead your train-fcents with a«
dead cat, over luch grounds as you are like-
ly to run on, and t^ft agree with the hu-
mour of your horfe s alfo choofe the fleeteft
hounds you can get, and they will keep-
your horfe up to the heighth of his fpeed«
As to the number of train fcents that you
fhould ride at a time, they are to be ordered
according to the match you are to run, or
rather according to the ftrength of your
horfe, and ability for performing his heats ; ,
for if you labour him beyond his ftrength,.
it will take him off his fpeed, weaken his
limbs, and daunt his fpirit.
If you give him too little exercife, it will
render him liable to be purfive, and full of
ill humours, as glut, (^c. and incline hinti
to a habit of lazinefs, fo that when he comesn
to be put to labour beyond his ufual rate, he.
will grow reftive and fettle.
But fo far may be faid by way of direc-
tion, that if you are to run eight train*
fcents, and the ftraight courie,.more or left, .
and you are to put him to fuch fevere.
labour, t\ot above twice in the whole
month's keeping.
And if it be in the firft fortnight- it will
be the better, for then he will have a whole
fortnight to recover his ftrength in again ^
as for his labour in his laft fortnight, let it
be proportionate to his ftrength and wind i
fonoetimts half his tafk, and then three quar-
ter* of it.
Only obferve, that the laft trial you make
in the firft fortnight, be a.train-fcent more
thao.
MA:T
tiiao yrar'matcb, for by that means you whl
find what he is able to do*
As. to the proportion of his exercire>twice
a week will be fufficieot to keep him in
breathy and you will not diminifh or injure
his vigour.
Butif your huntingmiatch be to run fewer
trains, then you may put him to his whole
taik the oftfler> according as you find him
in condition ; only obferve, that you arc not
to ftrain him for ten days at leaft, before he
aides his match » that he may be led into the
field in perfeA ftrength and vigour.
Ifyou«deGgh your horfe for a plate. Jet
bim take his heats. according to dire^ioo,
only let him be on the place, that he may be
acquainted with the ground i and as for the
liouadft. you may omit them» as not being
tied up to their fpecd^ but that of your ad*
Tcrfary's horfe.
. As to the number of heats, let them.be
according to. what the articles eza£t; only.
ohienre^>'that| as to die ifaarpncfs of them,
theymuft be regulated according to his
flrength). and the goodnefs of his wind*
"When you beat lum, provide fome hories \
n^n the courie to run agiinft him ; this
will quidccn hia fpirits and encourage him,
when .he finds he ran command them at his
pkafure. .
And here too you muft.obferve the rule,
not to give the horfe a long heat for ten days
or afertnight before the plate be to be run
for s and let tfaelaft heat you. give him be-
fore the day of: trial be in aU bisvcloaihs,:
and juft ikelpi it ovel-) ; whkh will make him
nio the next ttfaie the more vigoroufly,
when he Ihall be ftript naked, .and feel the
ookl air pierce him.
Doving this month,, and on his refting*-
6iy%f and aftier his fweats on heatiag-dajrs,.
(if there be any ocofdianfor fwieating him ji-
Cw tmift obferve the fame rules which have
en given for the firft week of the third
fortnight's keepings only you i1ni:ift omit
sdl fcouitings bucrye-bdread and ma(hes> fmce.
wMir ho(fe being in fo perfefk a ftateof body, .
has no need of any, e»:ept you (hall know
fbere is occaGon i and if the horfe proves
ihirfiyyiibout eight or nine o'clock at night, .
MAT
you may give him the following julep, to
cool him and quench his third.
Make two quarts of barley-water, three
ounces of fyrup of violets, two ounces of
fyrup of lemons, and having mixed them
together, give them the horfe to drink, and
if he refuffs, place it fo that he may not
throw itdown,, and let it ftand by him all
night.
During the lad fortnight, you mud give
him dried oats that have been hulled by
beating, and havins waihed half a drike of
oats in the whites of a dozen or twenty eggs, ,
dif them together^ letting them lie all night
to foaki» fpread them abroad in the fun the
next morning, till they are as dry as they
were at iird, and fo ffive them to your horfe :
when thefe are Ipent, prepare another:
<)uantity after the fame manner. This food '
is light digedion, and very, gpod for his ,
wind.
. You mud order his beans'-as before, but
not give them fo often^ if he will eat his*
oata^ without them : as for his bread thit>
time, make that of three parts wheat to one
of beans, and order it as before direAed.
If you find your horCe indinable to be
codivcj givchim oats waihed in twoor threer
whites oreggs and ale beaten together, to>
cool his body and keep it. moid.
. Giv^ him no malb for the lad week-, only
the barley<-watcr before directed,, but let:
him have his fill ofhay, till a day before
he is to ride the match, when you may give
it him more fparingly^ that he may have '
tim& 00 diged what he has eaten, and then
and not before you may muzzle him with >
your caveflbn ; and be fuse that day, and
not till the morning, he is led out, to feed
him as much as poflible, forfuch a day's
labour will require fomething to ^ nuiataim
drength.- .
Therefore in the morning before you are
to lead out, give him a toad or two of whica
bread deeped in wine, which will invigorate,
him, and when you have done lead him outi
into the field.
But if you are to run for a plate, which ^
commonly is not till three o'clock in the af-
ternoon,, by all means have him out early
ini
MEL
in the morning to air, that he may empty
his body, ami when he is come in from air
ing, feed him with toafti in wine^; cbnfidcr-
ing3 that as too much fullnefs will endan«
ger his wind, fo too long fading will caufc
faintnefs.
When he has eaten what you thought fit
Co give him, put on his cavelTon, and having
afterwards well chafed his legs with piece-
greafe and brandy warmed together, or
train oil (which likewife ought to be ufed
daily at noon, for a week before the match,
or longer, if you fee caufe) Ihake up his
litter and Ihut the flable up clofe, taking
care that there is no noife made near him,
and let him reft till the hour comes that he
is to go out into the field.
MAY-FLY, an infed fa called^ becaufe
it is bred in the month of May^ of the
water cricket, which • creeping out of the
river, turns to a fly. It ufually lies under
the ftones, near the banks> and is a good
bait for fome fort of fi(h. See Angling.
MELCERIDES m Horses, tumours (b
called, from their refemblance to an honey-
comb.
They attack the joints, and fend forth
a glcwy matter like honey.
The way to cure them, is to burn them
with red hot irons, in order to bring away
all the matter, and to heal the ulcers with
wax melted with hogs-greafe, and to wafh
them with cold, but rather with fea-water,
if it can be got. • Some recommend the
burning them with brafs plates.
MELLIT, a diftemper in a h6rfe, being
a dry fcab growing upon the heels of his
fore-foot, which may be cured after the fol-
owing manner :
Take commorfhoney, half a pint, black
foap a quarter of a pound, mingle them
wjell together, adding four or five fpoonfuls
of vinegar, and the fame quantity of allum,
finely powdered, foaked in a hen's egg,
with two fpoonfuls of fine flour. Let all
be well mixt together, clip away the hair
from the part afifefted, and apply it to the-
forrance, after the manner of a plaifter, and
let it remain five days.
Then take it off, and having waflied all
MID
the leg, tootf and fore» wii;h broili t)f pow*
dered beef, rope ud his legs with thuntbahdi
of fcrft hay, wettea in the fameliquorj iuid
it will efFeft a cure.
Whenever you drefs the forrance, ,da n^ c
omit the pulling oflT the fcab, or.anycnifty
fubftance<that may be upon* rhe fore^ and
alfo to wafh it clean.
MERLIN, a fort c£ hawk the Icaft of
all birds of prey, which rcfembles the bag-
^ gard falcon in plume, fear of the foot, beak,
* and talons, and is much like her in con*
dition.
MES-AIR IS a manage half terra a terra
and half corverts.
' MESHES, the opening and vacancies in
nets, or net-works
MEW, a place where a hawk is fet du-
ring the time (he raifes her feathers.
MEWING [with Hunters}. a term ufed
of a ftag, i^c. ihedding his hocns. : an jold
hart cafts his horns fooner tbaa'ayctung ooe^
which is commonly in the raondts of Btbrm--
ary and March ; but it is to be obferved>
that if a hart be gelded before he has a bead
he will never bear any, and if he be gelded
after he has a head^ he will: never mew or
caft off his horns } again,, if hfirbejgelded
when he has a velvet bead, it will ;llwaya.be
fo, without fraying or burniihing. : j; I
Thefe beads have no fooner caft their
heads, but they in(imediately withdraw iota
thickets to hide themfelves, ia fuch conve-
nient places where they inay hive Areng
feeding and good water j but yoting!hafta.
do never betake themfelves to thifektti tili
they have bom their third .head, which is
in' the fourth year. » . -• '
After mewing they will, begin to button^
in March or jtpril % and as the fun groins
ftrong, and the feaibn of the year puts focdi
the crop of the earth, fo will their heads;
grow, fo as to be fummed full by^ the mid^
die of June.
MIDDLE-TEETH of a HOrsb, are
the fore teeth that come out at three years,
and a half, in the room oftyther fi>ur ibs^
teeth, feated between the nippers and idle
corner teeth, from which fituation they de^
rive the tide of middling.
There
MOL
There it one above and one below, on
each fide of the jaws. See Teeth.
J'be MINNOW, is a fifti without feales,
and one of the lead of fifties, but (in the
opinion of fome) for excellency of meat,
he may have been compared to any fifli of
the greateft value and largeft fize: the
ipawners are ufually full of fpawB all the
iummer long, for they breed often, as it is
but necefifary, being both prey and baits to
other fifti.
They come into the river generally about
March and Aprils and continue there till
the cold weather ftrikes them into their
winter quarters again.
This fifh is of a greenifti colour, or wavy
iky*coloured, his belly is very white, but
his back is blackilh ; and will bite fbarply
at a worm.
Anglers find them oftener than they defire ;
they feldom frequent deep places. It is a
fi{h not at all curious ot his feeding, for
aoy bait pleafes him, if he can but fwallow
it ; he will ftr^n hard for what he cannot
gorge.
The chief food he loves, is a fmall red
worm, wafps, or cad-baits.
MOLES IN THE Fields, may be de-
ftroyed by taking a head or two of garlick,
onion, or leek, and put into their holes,
and they will run out as if frighted, and
you may with a fpear or dog take them.
Or, pounded hellebore, white or black,
with wheat flour, the white of an egg,
milk and fweet wine or metheglin, make it
into a pafte, and put pellets as^big as a fmall
nut into their holes, they eat it with plea*
fure, and it will kill them.
In places you would not dig nor break
much, the fewming their holes with brim-
fione, garlick, or other unfavoury things,
drives them away ; and if you put a dead
mole into a common haunt it will make
them abfolutely forfake it.
Or, take a mole fpear or (la(F, and where
you fee them caft, go lightly ; but not on
the fide betwixt them and the wind, left
they perceive you ; and at the firft or fccond
putting up of the earth, ftrike them with
your mole •ftaflf downright, and mark
MOO
which way the earthfalls moft : if ftie cafts
towards the left hand, ftrike fomewhat on
the right hand, and fo on the contrary to
the cafting up of the plain ground, ftrike
down, and there let it remam : then take
out the tongue in the ftafi; and with the
fpattle or fiat edge dig round about your
grain to the end thereof, to fee if you have
killed her; and if you have miffed her,
leave open the hole, and ftep afide a little,
and pernaps flie will come to ftop the hole
again, for they love but very little air, and
then ftrike again ; but if you mifs her, pour
into her hole two gallons of water, and
that will make her come out fur fear of
drowning ; mind them going out of a
morning to feed, or come home when fed,
and you may take a great many.
MOLTEN GREASE, is a fcrmcntarion
orebullion of impure humours, which pre-
cipitate and difembogue the guts, and of*
ten times kill a horfe.
This difeafe does not commonly feize
upon any but over-fat horfes, over-rid ia
hot weather. See Grease.
MONTOIR, OR Horse-Block, is a
word derived from Italy ^ where the riding*
mafters mount their horfes from a ftone as
high as the ftirrups, without putting their
foot into the ftirrups.
In France no fuch thing is ufed, but yet
the word montoir is there retained, and
Ggnifies the poife or reft of the horfeman's
left foot upon his left ftirrup.
MONTOR A DOS, or, a foil ; i^ French
exprefllon, fignifying^ to mount a horfe bare
backed, or without afaddle.
MOON-EYES ; a horfe is faid to have
moon-eyes when the weaknefs of his eyes
increafes or decreafes, according to the
courfe of the moon i fo that in the wane
of the moon his eyes^ are muddy and trou-
bled, and at new moon they clear up, but
fiill he is in danger of lofing his eye-fight
quite.
MOOR's HEAD, implies the colour of
a Rgan horfe, who befides the mixture or
blending of a grey and a bay, has a black
head, and black extremities, as the mane
and tail. See Roan.
MOR~
p«-
M O U
MORTIFICATION. A mor-
tification may happen on any part of the
body, and in any age : but if aged horfes
arc the fubjcfts they rarely recover.
A mortification in its beginning is called a
gangrene ; its figns are a fudden, but a vi-
olent inSammatioA with pain i a deep red
colour inclined to a purple or a lead-colour,
&r. to black.
On the Brft appearance of thefe fymptoms^
make fcarifications to the quick, then
rub the part with the following embro-
cation :
Take oil of turpentine four ounces,
tinfture of myrrh and aloes, one ounce i
mixed.
Or, inftead of this embrocation, rub the
part with fpirit of wine.
Give one of the following balls three
times a day :
Take of Peruvian bark, four ounces i
Virginian fnake root,two ounces y camphirei
two drams ; mix them well, and make them
into four balls.
MOTION i this horfe has a pretty mo-
tion.
This cxpreflion implies the freedom of
the motion of the fore-legs, when t horfe
bends them much upon the manage ; but if
a horfe trots quite out, and keeps his body
flrait, and his head high, and bends his
fore-legs handfomely, then to fay he has a
pretty motion with him, implies the liberty
ofthea£tion of the fore-hand.
MOUTH OF A HoRSF, fliould be mode-
rately well cloven, for when it is too much,
there is more difficulty to bitt a horfe fo as
that he may not fwallow it, as horfemen
term it.
And. if he has a little mouth, it will be
difficult to get the mouth of the bitt right-
ly lodged therein.
A horfe, to have a good mouth, fliould
have a well raifed neck, and if it be fome-
what large and thick, it ought tobe at lead
well turned, his reins (Irong and well (haped,
and legs and feet likewife.
If all thefe prove right, no doubt but the
horfe has a very good mouth ; but if his jaw-
bones be too clofe, and he have alfo a fliort
<4ind thick ncckj fo that he cannot place his
M U L
head rights hi% having a good mouth will
avail but little, becaufe no ufe can be made
of it.
The compliance and obedieace of a borfe»
is owing, partly, to the tender! or quick
fenfeof his mouth, which makes;bim afraid
of being hurt by the bitt, and partly 1^ the
natural difpoGtion of his members, and hia
own inclinations to obey.
The mouth is called fenflble, Gne, ten*
der, light, and loyal.
Your horfe has fo Gne a mouth, that he
ftops if the horfeman does but bend his
body behind, and raife his hand, without
ftaying for the pull or check of the
bridle.
A mouth is faid to be fixed and certain^
when a horfe does not chack or beat upon
the hand.
A frefli, foaming mouth.
A ftrong, defperate> fpoiled mouth r a
falfe mouth is a mouth that is not at all
fenfible, though the parts look well, and
are well formed.
A mouth of a full ^pus^ or reft upon the
band) is one that has not the tender nice
fenfe, o/fomefine mouths^ but neverthe<^
tefs has a fixt and certain reft, and fuffers a
hand that's a little hard, without chacking
or beating ui>on the hand, without bearing
down or refifting the bitt, infomuch that he
will bear a jerk of the bridle without being
much moved.
If you go to the army, provide yourfelf a
horfe with a mouth that bears a full reft upon
the hand, for if you take one of a fine, nice
tender mouth, and anott\er horfe comes to
(hock or run againft him in a fight,. he will
be apt to rife upon his two hind feet, which
a horfe of a harder mouth would not do^
Set Appai.
A mouth that bears more than a full reft
upon the hand, implies, a horfe that docs
not obey but with great difficulty.
You will readily ftop this horfe, for his
mouth is above a tull appui upon the hand*
See Appui,
MUL£» 7 is of two forts, the one en-
MOIL, 5 gendered of a horfe and a fo*
male afsj and the <>ther t>f a male afs and a
mare.
Th€
N A V*
«
Th« (itft fcin3 ire QcntnWy very dull, M
partaking too much^ the afs, nor are they
fo large as the fecond, for which reafon the
latter are mtich more ufed and propa^
gated.
Though thrfc mules are of both fores,
yet being a mixt kind» they nev^er breed i
chough fome authors affirm, that there is a
fort of tbem in Syria that procreate in their
own kind.
Mules excel hories for burdens and fure-
footedncf?, efpocially in ftony ways : they
are alfo very good for draught, being very
ftrong .
They gO'eafitf, ahd are therefore much
better to ride than h6rfes for their waik <ir
trot ; but they are generally rough gallop^-
er9, though fome orthem that are of a long
make, are very fleet.
MULES IN' THE Leqs of a Horsx. Sei
ScRATCHli.
MUSEROLE. 'See Nose-Band.
MUTE, [amongft Hunters], hounds or
beagles are faid to run mute, when they
courfe along without opening or making any
xry.
N5^G, ttrrttVAQ, oft Tit, is ahorfe |
of a ftnali low; Bzc.
NARROW, a horfc that narrows, is one
that does hot take ground enough ; that is,
does not bear far enough out to the one
hand -or to the other.
• NAVEL GALL, is a bruife on the back
of a horfe, or pineh of a faddlc behind,
which if left alone long Will be hard to cure.
The hurt obtains this name, becaufe it is
dver-againft the navel.
The cure : Take oil of bay, oil of coftus,
fox-greafc,' oil of favin, of each an ounce,
a handful of great garden worms, fcour
them with fait and white wine, and put all
the ingredients together into an earthen
pipkin, ftop or cover it very clofe, and boil
them well ; then add an ounce and a half
of fallad oil 5 fet it upon the fire again,
and boil it till it becomes a^jpcrfeft ointment,
which ftrain into a gallipot : warm it
when you ufe it, and fo drefs the fotrance
with lints or hards dipt in it.
NET
If the place be only fwelJed, and the fkis
not broken, then rub it with your hand, or
a rag dipped in brandy, and it will take it
down.
NECK OF A HoRSB, fhould be lean, and
but little flefli upon it; and to be well
fhaped, it fliould, at its going from thp
withers, rife with a flope upwards,, dimi-
niihing by degrees toward the head.
In mares, it is a good quality to have
their necks fomewhat grofs, and charged
with flefli, becaufe their necks arc generally
too fine and (lender.
Deer Necks, or Cock-throppled, arc
thofe, in which eke flelh that (hould be next
the mane, ia fee qaitebelow, and next the
throat, which renders the neck ill-fhaped
and vgly.
A welMhaped neck contributes veiy
much to the making him light or heavy
of the hand, according as it is fine or
Courfe.
NEEZINGS J in order jtp purge a horfc's
head when it is flopped with phlegm, cold,
and other grofs humours, and to make him
nceze ; there is nothing better than to take
a branch of pcUitory ofSpain^ and tying
the lame to a flick, put it up his ooftrils,
and it will operate upon him without hurt
or violence.
N E I G H I N G, isthe cry of a horfe. .
Such a horfe neighs.
NET-MAKING ; by nets here is meant,
fuch as are ufeful to take fowl with ; for tHe
making of which, the inflrumcntsor tools
required, are wooden, needles, whereof you
(hould have about half a dozen of divers
forts, fome round, and others flat; alfo a
pair of flat, round gointed fcifTars, and a
wheel to wind off the thread : the pack-
thread mud be the bell and eveneft that can
be got, greater or finaller, according to the
fowl you defign to take ; the mefhes muft
be about two inches, from point to point, for
the larger they are, 'tis the better to entan-
gle fowl.
But the nets mud be neither too deep nor
too long, or that will render them trouble- '
fome to manage, but let tbem be well
T t * vcr^d
NET
^ irerged on each fide with a long twifted i
thread.
As for the; colourings the ruiTet ones are
made fo by putting them into a tanner's pit,
where they moft lie till they are well co-
loured ; and this tindlure is alfo an excellent
prefcrver of them.
To make them green ; chop and boilfome
green wheat in* water^ and rub your nets
therewitby letting, them lie in it twenty-
four hours.
The yellow colour^ is done by fieeping
the net in the juice of celanttine, and then
drying it in the ihade> for it mufl: not be
over bright^ but of the colour of ftubble in
harvell*time> for which feafon it is pro-
per.
For preferving them care muft be had to
keep them dry» for which end hang them
abroad ki the fun^ whenever you have ufed
them in the dew or rain ; apd fee the leaft
rent or breach be mended upon the firft
difcovery ; hang them at a diftance from
the wall, left they be injured by rats and
mice.
The readied way of taking great fowl
withnets^ is the making of the nets, which
. mufl: be of the beft patkthread, with great
> and large mefhes, at leafl: two inches from
point to point $ for the larger the melhes
are, (fo that the fowl eannot creep through
them) the better it will be^ for they entan-
. gle them the more certainly.
Let not the nets be above two fathom
deep, and fix in length, which is the great'
«ft proportion that a common man is abU
to overthrow. Verge the ttcts on the out-
fide with very ftcong cord,, and exteixd it at
each, end ~ upon long poles made for that
purpofe.
Being provided with nets, obferve the
haunts of fowls, or their morning and
evening feeding places, coming to them, at
leaft, two hours before thofe feafans> and
fpreading the net finoqth and flat upon the
ground, ftaking down the two Lower ends
firm i let the upper ends (land extended
npon the long cord, the farther end thereof
being ftaked fail down to the earth, two or
4bciB< fathom from the nct^, and. let the ftake
N E T
whleh fiaketh down the cord, ftand in a di«
reft and even line with the lower verge of
the net, (till obferving the diftance -, then
the other end of the eord, which muft be
at leaft ten or twelve fathom long, the Fow-
ler muft hold in his hand, at the uttermoft
diftance aforefaid, where he (hould make
fome artificial flielter either of grafs, fods^
earth, or fome fuch like matter, where he
may lie out of the fight of the fowl.
Take care that the itet may lie fo ready
for the gaiTie, that upon the leaft puU, it
may rife from the earth and fly over.
Strew over all the net, as it lies upoo the
wound, fome grafs, that you may hide ic
from the fowl. It will alfo be convenienc
to ftake down a live hern near your . net»
or (bme other fowl fo^^i)^rl v taken^ for ti
ftale.
When you fee a good number of fowls
come within the verge of the net, draw the
cord fuddenly, and eaft the net over them t
continue your fport till the fun be near wck
hour high, and no longer, for then their
feeding. i$ over for that time % but you may
go again in the evening, from about fua*iet
till twilight.
By this means yoo may take 'not enly
great quantities of l4rg4B wildfowl, but alfo
plovers.
To take fmall water-fowl with nets*.
make your nets of the fmalleft and ftrongeft
packthread, but the meChes muft not be
hear io big as thofe for larger fowl, about
two feet and a half, or three feet deep.
Line thefe nets on both fides with Imall
nets, every melh being about an inch and a
half fquare, each way, that as the fowl
flxiketh either through them or againft them^
lb the fmaller net may pafs through the
greater mefiies, and (aftreighten and en*
tangle the fowL
Thefe nets are to be pitched for every
evening flight pf fowl» before fun-fet, ftak*
ing them down oa each, fide of arivcr^.
about half a £bot within the water^ tb#
lower fide of the net being fo plunnbed^
thai it may fink, fo far apd no farther :. place
the upper fide of the net Oant-wife;, rnoal*
ing againft the water> yet not touchtog^cfae
wat^
NIS
water by near two feet, and let the ftringf
ifvhich fupportthis upper fide of the net, be
faftened to fmall yielding IVicks, pricked in
the bank, which as the fowl ftrikes, nnay give
liberty to the net to run and entangle them.
Thus place feveral of thcfe nets over dif-
ferent parts of the river, about twelve fcore
fathom one from another, or as the river or
brook will allow ; and you may depend
upon it, that if any fowl come on the. river
that night, you will haveyourihare of them«
And that you may attain your end the
iboner, take a gun, and go to all the fens
and plalhes that are at a diftance from your
nets, and (ire three or four times, which
vill fo affright the fowl, that they will fly
to the rivers ; then plant your nets upon
thcfe fens and plalhes.
In the morning, go firft to the river and
fee what fowls are caught there, and having
taken them up with the nets, if you efpy
any fowl on the river, difcharge your gun,
which will make them fly to the fens and
plaflies ; where go to fee what are taken.
By this means you will fcarce fail of catch-
ing fome, although there fliould be but very
few abroad.
NIGHT-ANGLING. See Amouwo.
NIGHTINGALE, a fmall bird, in big-
nefs much refembling a lark ; it has a brown
back, and is afli -coloured towards the belly.
The nightingale has the fuperiority above
all other birds, in rcfped to her finging with
fo much variety, the fweeteft and mofl; me*
lodioufly of all others.
Nightii^;ales appear in Englandf about
the beginning of Aprils none as yet know-
ing where their habitations are during the
winter feafon ; and they ufually make their
nefts about a foot and a half, or two feet
above ground, either in thick quick-fet
hedges^ or in beds of nettles where old
quick-fet hedges have been thrown together^
and nettles grown through ; and makp them
of fuch materials as the place affords ; but
ibme have found their nclt upon the ground,
ac the bottom of hedges, and amongft wafte
grounds.: aad fome upcm banks that have
been raiftd, and then over-grown with
thick graft. As for the number of their
N r G
eggs,it is uncertain,(bme having'threeorfour^
and fome five, according to theilrength of
their bodies ; andthofe that make their nellr
in the fummcr^ have fometirties fcven or
eight ; but they have young ones common-
ly in the beginning m May.
The nightingale that is beft to be kept,
(hould be of the' earlieft birds in the fpring,
they become more perfeft in their longs,
and alio hardier, for the old one has more
time CO fing over, or continue longer in
finging than thpfe that are later bred, and
you may have Better hopes of their living.
The young ones mud not be taken out of
their nefts till they are indifferently welt
feathered, not too little nor too much, for
if thelaft, they will be fullen, and in the
other cafa they are apt to die, and at the bcft
they are as much longer in bringihg up.
Their meat niay be made or lean beef,
(beep's heart, or bollock's heart, the fat
ikin whereof that covers it, muft firft be
pulled off", and the (inews taken out as clean
as poffible ; then foak a quantity of white
bread in water, and chop it fmall, as it
were for minced meat, then with a ftick take
up the quantity of a grey pea, and give
every one three or four iuch gobbles in an
hour's time, as long as they ihall endure to
abide in their nefts.
When they begin to grow ftrong, and
ready to fly out, put them into the cage
with feveral perches fbr them to fit upon,
lined with fome green baize, for they are at
firft lub)e£b to the cramp ; and put fome
fine mofs or hay at the bottom of the cage*
for them to fit on when they pleale, always
obferving to keep them as clean as may be,
for if they are brought up naftily, they,
as well as'all other birds, will always be fo &
fome fufier no day*light to come to them
only on one fide ; others, more curious, line
their cages on three fides with green baize.
For the difeafes incident to this delight-
ful bfrd ; as nightingales growexttaordinary
fat, both abroad in fields, as well as in
houfes where they are caged up, you are to
obferve, it is very dangerous when it be-
gins to abate, if they do not fing, therefore
they muft be kept very warm upon the fall*
T t 2 ins
N I G
mg of thtit fat, and mud have fome faffron
given then> in their meat and water; but
when they arr perceived to grow fat, they
«iuft be purged two or three times a-weck,
with fome worms that are taken out of pi-
geon-houfcs, for four or five weeks toge-
ther; and give them two or three fpeckled
fpiders a^day, as long as they laft, which
ipiders are found in Auguft. If they grow
melancholy, put into their water or drink-
ing^pot, fome white fugar-candy, with a
flicc or two of liquoiice ; and if they ftill
dompIatfl» put into their pot fix or eight
chives of faffron, continuing to give them
flieep's hearts and pafte, alfo three or four
meal-worms a day; and a few ants and their
€ggs: farther boil a new-laid-egg very
hard, mipce it fmall, and ftrew it amongft
the ant^ and their eggs.
Nightingales that have been kept two or
three years in a cage are very fufajcd to the
gout, in that cafe you muft take them out,
and anoint their feet with. frefh butter or
capon'is greafe three or four days together,
which is a certain core.
Th*e chief thing that caufes moft of the
difeafcs, is for want of keeping them clean
and neat; whereby their feet become clog'^
ged, and their claws rot off, which brings
tlie gout and cramp upon them: be furc
twice a week to let them have gravel about
the bottom of the cage, whieb muft be very
dry when it is put in, as it will nOt then be
fubjeftroclog,
> Thefe birds are alfo fubje£b to apofthm^ei
and breakings out above their eyes and
nebs, for which you are alfo to ufe butter
and capon's greafe. To raifc nightingales
when they are very bare, give them new
€ggs chopt very fmall,. anrongft their flieep's
heart and pafto, or hard eggs, and when
they are recovered,, bring them to ordinary
diet againi that you may continue to main^
tain them in their former plight; biflt as
foon as you peiKreive them growing fat, give
them no more eggs,
t Thcrtf is another difeafc incideat to thofe
birds,, called theitraighcnefsj.or.ftiAngHng
«i the breaft ; which proceeds very often
&om wane of care in poepafing. their food,
NIG
by mixing fat meat therewith ; and may be
perceived by the beating pain they were not
accuftomed to, which abides in this part,
and by his often gaping and opening his
bill ; it may alfo be occafioned by fome fi*
new or thread of the (beep's heart (for want
of fliredding with a {harp knife) that hangi
in his throat, or that many times cling about
his. tongue, which makes him forfake his
meat and grow poor in a very fliort time,
efpecially in the fpring, and when he is in
the fong-note ; as foon as you perceive the
fymptoms, take him gently out of his cage»
open his bill with a quill or pin, and ua*
loofe any ftring or piece of flefli that mxf
hang about his tongue or throat, and when
you have taken it away, give himfomewhite
fugar-candy in his water, or elfe diflblve ic
and moiften his meat with it, which will
prove a prefent remedy.
All that is to be faid more concerning thia
melodious bird, is touching the letigtk of
his life^ fome live but one, fome thrse,
fome fivr, and others unto eight and twelve
years i and they iing rather better and bet*
ter for the firiik eight years, but then thcf
decline it by degrees -, but if they have good
keepers, it will prolong their lives thnee or
four years ^ and wher^ there is one kc|>t in
a cage uatil that age, an hundred die, yet
the cace of iome have been fuch, that it has
been known nightingales have lived to be
iiftteen years old^ and to continue finging^.
more or lefs, for the moft part of the time»
Sie Paste for Birds.
. NIGHT* HOOKS fiiould hetfaw laid*^
procure. a fmall cord (ix teen yardsiopg, and
at equal diftancestie to it five or £atihemp^
en line, of the thicknefs of:thetrowling«
h'ne, about eighteen inches long a-piecc^
faftening them in fuch a manner as yo« may
iafily remoVe or :puc them to again. To
each of thefe whip a hook, and bait it with,
a minnow, loach, or bulUhead, his gillfina.
cut off; or, for want of them, witka fmall?
gudgeon,, a fmall roach, a piece of feven.
eyes of aboiit an inch, and the farightcft-
coloured you can .get, whiclnia .mud^ the.
moft preferUble baits fvtt* eelsyjor one of the^
fimll ttrood o£ eels^^ wkkbitefa ^rtbe padu
and
N O »
and tnaiTOW in an ox or cow's back bone.
If you bait with an; fifh, put the point of
the hook in at the tail and out at the mouth,
the head of the fi(h refting on the hook's
bent $ and cover the point of the hook with
a fmall worm : then at one end of the cord
fallen a (tone or a lead weight of about two
pounds, and throw it crofs the river in fome
iHU deep, or at the tail or fide of a deep
fb-eam. Faften the other end to fome
bough or dick on the water4>ank you Hand
on ; and in the morning you will feldom
fail to find filh enfnared. Ufe a great fifh«
needle to' draw the line through the bait*
and out at its tail, and then let it flip down
to the hook's bent/ the head being down-
wards, ^i^g tt^c t^il to ^^^ ^^^^ ^^th
thread^ and the top of the hemp line to the
cord.
Eels, chub, large trouts, and pike, are
taken this way ; but if you lay for pike,
keep the bait with ^ ftoot about a foot from
the bottom. For other fi(h let it touch the
bottom.
NIGHT-MARE. A malady incident to
horfes as well as human bodies, proceeding
from the melancholy blood oppreffing the
heart: it will caufe iht horfe to fweatmore
in thejiight than in the day, acid thereby de-
prive him of his reft.
You may difcover it by obferving him
in the morning, whether he fweats on the
flanks, neck^ and fliort ribs, which arefure
indications of it.
For the cure. Take a pint offallad oil,
a-quarter of a pound of fugar-candy, put in-
to them a handful of fair, mix them well
together, warm them blood-warm, and give
it the horfe two mornings.
NIPPERS are four teeth in the fore-part
of a horfc*s mouth, two in the upper and
two in the lower jaw i a horfe puts them
forth between the fecond and third years.
See Teetk.
NIPPERS. Smiths or farriers nippers,
are the pincers with which they cut the
nails they have drove in, before they
rivet them, and which they ufe int^ingoff
aflioe.
NQSE-BANDjt ok MusROtLji isthatjpart
OSS
of a head-ftall of a bridle that comes over a
horfe's nofe.
NOSTRILS OP A HoRsii, Ihould be large
and extended^ fo that the red within them
may be perceived, efpeciailly when he
fneezes : the widenefs of the noftriis does
not a little contribute to the eafinefs of
breathing*
• . -
OATS, fown in February or Martb, are
of an opeoiog nature and fweet i they
are the beft grain for horfes, others being
apt to ftop, which muft be injurious ; yec
oats gireain too great a quantity over-heat
a horfe.
Oats newly houfed and thr^ed, be^
fore they have fweat in the mow» or have
been otherwife thoroughly driedj^ are too
laxative.
OBEY. A horfe is faid to obey the hands
and the heels, to obey the aids or helps^
Thus :
A horfe is faid to obey the fpurs, that is,
to fly from them. '
' OPENING OF A HorsbVHbel is when
the fmith, in paring the foot, cuts the heel
low, and takes it down within a finger's
breadth of the coronet, fo that he feparates
the corners of the heel, and by that means
impairs the fubftance of the foot, cauBng it
to cjofe^ and « become narrow at the heels r
this pradice therefore ought always to be
avbided, fince if there be any weaknefs ia
the foot, it will of neceflity make it fhrtnk
and ftreigbten in the quarters, fo as abib*
•lutely to fpoil the foot.
ORTOLAN. A bird fomewhat fnwller
than a lark, having a red bill, legs, and
feet, the wings Lntermixt with black andyeU
low, the neck, head and belly of an oranger
colour, the breaftyeUow,. with orange-a>^
loured fpots*
It feeds upon millet, it is delicious food„
and ca(ts much fat ; they come to us ia
jipril, and go away in September*^ the time
to take them is in July and Augufi. 7 htf
are taken in bow-nets :. the places they moit
delight in,t are vineyards^^and oat fields near
them.
OSS£LET&«.(U LXTTu Soiua^afe haxxl
cxcrdcenccs
O IT T
excrefcences io the knees of Tome borfes, io
called in Fr^n^b.
There are alfo three kinds of ofielets,
'which are of the fame nature as fplehts,
and fome perfons take them for the fame
thing I but there is this diflFerence however
between tbem, that fplents come near the
knees^ and oflelecs near the fetlocks. Their
feat is indifferently within or without the
leg.
Thefirft is thefimple ofletet^ which does
not grow nearthejointof the fetlock or the
nerve.
This need not hinder any man from buy-
ing a horfe» becaufe it puts him to ao in-
convenience, and very often goes away of
itfelf without a remedy. The fecond is,
that which defcends into the fetlock, and
hinders the motion of that joint : this oc^
cafions a horfe to ftumble and fall, and with
a. very little work to become lame. The
third has its feat between the bone and the
iverve, and fometimes upon the nerve ; it fo
intich incommodes a horfe that he cannot
ftand firm^ but limps on tvcry little oc*
cafion.
OTTER. Some ate of opinion, that the
otter is of the beaver kind, being an am*
phibious creature, living both in the water
and on the land ; befides, the outward form
of the parts bears a likenefs of the beaver ;
fome iay^ were his tail off, he were in parts
like the beaver, differing in nothing but ha-
bitation, for the beaver frequents the fait
water as well as the frcQ), but the otter nc*
ver goes to the fait.
Though the otter lives in the water, yet
he does not, likefiflies, breathe through the
benefit of the water, he taketh breath like
other four-footed beaAs, yet will remain a
long time underneath the water without re-
fpiration.
If he wants prey in the waters, then he
will quit them for the land ; and if by pain-
ful hunUngon (hore he cannot fill his belly,
he will feed on herbs, fnails, or frogs i
neither will he take lefs pains in the water
to fatisly hi3 hunger^ for ht will fwim two
miles together againfl: the dream, that fo,
, w^n he has filled his bellyj the current m^y
O T T
carry htm down again to his deflgned lodg-
ing, which is always near the water, very
artificially built with boughs, fprigs, and
flicks, couched together in excellent or-
der, wherein he fits to keep him from the
wet.
In the hunting of fiib, he often puts his
nofe above water to take breath : he is ^
creature of wonderful fwiftnefs and nimble-
nefs in taking his prey, and for greedinefs,
takes more than he knows what to do
with.
He is a very crafty and fubtle beaft, and
endowed with a wonderful fagacity and
fenfc of fmelling.
The fiefii of this beaft it both cold^and
filthy, becaufe it fcedeth on (linking fifli,
and therefore not fit to be eaten, yet it is •
eaten in Germany ; and the Cartbiffian friars^
who are forbidden the eating of all manner
of flefh of other four-4botcd beafts, yet^
are not prohibited the eating of otters.
OTTER.HUNTING. This is performed
by dogs called otter-hounds, and with in-
iftrumcnts, called otter-fpears, with which
when they find themfclves wounded, they '
make to land and fight with the dogs
furioufly, as if they were fenfible that
the cold water would annoy their green
wounds.
There is indeed craft to be ufed in the
hunting them : but they may be catched in
faares under water, and by river-fides ;
but great care mud be taken, for they bite
much and vcnomoufly,. and if they remain
long in the fnare, they will not fail to get
themfclves free by their teeth.
In hunting them, one man mufl be on
one fide of the river, and another on the
other, both beating the banks with dogs,
and the beaft not being able to endure the
water long, you will foon difcover if there
be an otter or not in that quarter^ for he
mufl come out to make his ipraints, and in
the night fometimes to feed ongrafsand
herbs,
If any of the hounds find out an otter,
then view the foft grounds and moift places^
to find out which way he bent his head ; if
you
OWL
70a cannot difcover this by the marks, you
may partly perceive it by the fpraints i and
then follow the hbunds> and lodge him as a
hart or deer.
But if you do not find him quickly, you
may imagine he is gone to crouch fome-
where farther off from the river; for fome-
times they will go to feed a confiderable way
from the place of their reft, chufing rather
to go up the river than down it.
Pcrfons that hunt otters muft carry their
ipears to watch his vents, that being the ^
chief advantage} and if they perceive him
fwimming under water, they muft endea-
vour to ftrike him with their fpears, and i
they mifs, muft purfue him with the houndsi
which (if they be good and perfe&ly en-
tered) will go chanting and trailing along
by the river^fide, and will beat every root
of a tree, and ofier-bed, or tuft of bull*
nilhesi nay, they will fometimes take water,
and bait the beaft like a fpaniel, by which
means be will hardly efcape.
. OVER-DONE, Over- RID, or Over-
woRKSD ; a horfe is fo called, when bis
,wind and ftrength arc broke and exhaufted
with fatigue.
OVER-REACH. A Horfe is (aid to over-
reach when he brings his feet too far for-
wards, and ftrikes his hinder toes againft the
fpunges of his fore-flK>e.
A horfe over-reaches through a weaknefs
3n the back, or by being fufFered to bear too
much upon the (houlders.
OV7L. HoRN-9WL. HoRN-cooT. A largc
bird that keeps always in woods and great
forefts, being often bigger than a middle
fized goofe ; with hairy eyes, and rough-
.footed, great tufts of feathers on either fide
.of his head, bearing out like horns, his face
broad and large, his eyes great and fpark-
Jing, and his voice terrible ; but being a
bird that ufually fleeps by day, when other
fowls efpy briai„ they gather about bim,
both great and fmall, and attempt to kill
bim.
When a fowler has got fuch a one as
this, he need not want recreation,, after
.kaving made him fit for hispurpofe: to
which eact» let him firft teach him to come
OX
and feed oil his fiftj and then put him ln»
fome room or cock-loft, where there arc
placed two pieces of timber, one at each
end of the room, which Aould be two
feet high, and the upper fide cut like the
ridge of a houfe, declining on both fides,,
that the horn*coot may perch thereon 1
then tie a cord from one end of the faid
perches to the other, having firft drawA
it through an iron nng> or fome ftrong lea*
ther (Irap, to which fix a ftrap about three
feet long, and at the other end your horn-
coot is to be fattened by the legs, like a
hawk, but the ring or ftrap muft be Ioofe>
ib as to play forwards and backwards frona
one billet to another, that the bird may di-
vert himfelf when he is minded to change
places.
At firft, fet not your two perches or
billets above fix or fevea feet afunder^ but
afterwards you may lengthen by little and
little, as you perceive he comes on. Let
him not reft at any time upon the ground &
and let the ftrap by whkh he is tied be pro-
portioned to the height of the perches.
You muft alfo teach him to By from one
ftand to another, but never feed him on that
perch where you find him) but only (hew
him his food, to draw and entice tum to the
other perch.
When he has had a reward of two or three
bits, remove yourfelf to the other end, call*
ing him, and unlefs he comes to the other
perch give him no more ; and hereby in a
fhort time you will find he will be too quick
for you, and in two nrK)nths he will be per-
fe(5bed therein.
0X-F££T iif A Horse, is when the horn
of the hind foot cleaves juft in the very mid-
dle of the fore-part of the hoof, from the
coronet to the (hoe : they arc not common^
but very troublefomCj, and often make a
horfe halt»
OX-LEGS. An imperfcAion in fome
horfeS) which> though they have the back fi->
new of theif fore*legs fbmewhat feparate
from the bone, yet their fincwi are fo fmall
and fo little fet off, that their legs will be*
come round after £mall labousv
PACK
PAD
PACE. OF A ssES. A herd or company of
thofe beafts,
PACES OP A Horse. The natural paces
of a horfc's legs are three, viz. a walk, a
trot, and i gallop ; to which may be added,
ah amble, bccaute fome horfes have it na*
turally ; and fuch horfes arc generally the
fwiftcft amblers of iny.
Horfes which go (huffling or mixt paces,
between the walk and amble, arc for the
moft part of no value ; and this oftentimes
proceeds from their fretful fiery temper, and
fometimes from a weaknefs either in their
reins or legs,
PADDOCK-C0URSE.1 A piece bf
PADDOCK. J ground encom-
palTed with pales or a wall, and conveni-
cnrly taken out of a park, it muft be a mile
long, and a quarter of a mile broad, but the
farther end Ihould be fomewhat broader
than the nearer, bccaufc that moft people
defire to fee the end of a courfe, and who
'^ins the wager.
At the hither end is to be the dog-ht>ufe,
where the hounds are to be kept that arc to
ran the courfe. which muft. be attended by
rao men, one of them to ftand at- the door,
to flip the dogs, but the other rnuft be a lit-
tle without the door to flip the ttazer, to
drive away the deer.
On the other fide are to be made three
pens for as many deer as are defigned for
the courfe ; and there Ynoft be alfo a keeper
Cr two, to turn the deer outfirom the courfe,
which the deer dre to run all along by the
pale; and on the other fide, at the fame
diftance, ftand the fpeftator^ : befides all
^hich, thefe pofts muft alfo be placed along
the courfe.
1. The law-poft, which i-s next the dog-
houfe and pens, and dllt&ntfrom them about
an hundred and fixty yards.
2. The quarter of a niile poft.
3. The half mile poft,
4. The pinching poft..
5. The ditch : which is in Jieu of a poft,
being a place fo made to relieve the deer,
and to keep them from being farther pur-
fued by the dogs ; tfnd near this place are
made feats for the judges to fir^ who arc
ychofen to decide the wager«
V A I
As foon IS the greyhounds tfiat are to niff
for the plate or money, arc led in the dog«
houfe, they arc delivered to the keepers,
who by the articles of all courfes, are to fee
them 'fairly dipt $ for which end there is put
about each dog a falling collar, which is
flipt through the rings, after the owners of
the dogs have drawn cut^ which ihali have
the wall, by reafon that there Ihall be no
more advantage to the one than the other 1
then thedog-houfe doors are (hut, and the
keeper ordered to turn the breathed deer
6ut of the pens, which is no fooner done,
and the deer gone twenty, yards, but he that
holds the teazer, flips him^ to force the deer
forwiard ; but when he comes to the law*
poft, the dog houfe door is opened, and the
dogs let out and flipt. If the deer fwerve be*
fore he comes to the pinching^pofl, fo much
that his head is judged to be nearer the
dog-houfe than the ditch, then it is Judged
no match, and in fuch a cafe it muft be run
again three days after: bi^t i€ there be no
fuch fwcrve,.but that th&deer runs ftraight^
beyond tfhe pinchiAg*t)oft, tJi^ that dog
that is fieareft the deer, when he fwcrvcs,
oris blanched by any accident/ wins tlitt
match; but if no Ibch fwerVe happen, then
that dog that leaps the ditch flrft^ wins the
match.
PAINS IN Houses is a diftemper, a
kind of ulcerous fcab, full of a fretting
hiattery water, breeding in the paftcrns,
between the fetlock and the heel j which
comes for want of dean keeping and
good rubbing, after the horfes are come
ofF a journey, by means of which, fand and
dirt remaining in the hair, frets the (kin
and flefli, which turns to a ftab; and
therefore thofe horfes that have k>»g hair,
and are rough about thefcet, are niope fub-
jciSb to this 'difeafe, if they be not kept
clean.
' The figns arc thefct his legs fwell with
the vehement heat that is caufed from the
venom and filthy water which iiTues from
the fcabs, for it is fo lliarp and fcalding that
it will fcald ofFche hair,- and breed fcaJ)s«Gs
far as it goes. That whidi eniTS thic
fcratches will fcrvc to htai thde«
PAW
PALATE. The upper part or roofof the
mouth.
In a horfe> the palate .(hould be lean, for
if itbe fatj i. e. full and high, fo as to be
almoft, equal with the extremities of hi6 up-
per teeth, the lead height in the liberty of
a bitt will be troublefome, and make him
either chack in the bridle and be always
throwing up his head, or otherwife carry it
too low, which, befides the unfightlinefsj
will much annoy the rider's hand.
Horfcs are commonly bled in the palate
with a (harp-pointed horn^ to refrefh and
give them an appetite.
PALSY IN Horses, a difeafc that
ibmetimes deprives the whole body of fcnfe,
and then it is called the general palfy, is;
incurable ; but when the ufc of fome part
only is taken away, (which moft commonly
happens in the neck) it is then called a par-,
ticular palfy.
The figns by which this diftempcr is
known> are, that the horfe will go grovel-
ling and fide-ways like a crab, carrying his
neck as if it were broke, and will fet for-
ward crookedly, with his legs^ and beat his
head againfl: the wall.
The difeafc proceeds from foul feeding
in fenny grounds, which breed grofs and
tough humours, and being joined by.
crudities and ill digeftion, afFefbs the brain ;
or it may have been caufcd by fome wound
or blow upon the temples.
In order to a cure, bleed him in the neck-
Vein and temple- vein, on the contrary fide
to the way he turns his neck ; then anoint
his back all over with petroleum, or oil of
petre, and fwathe his neck with a wet hay-
rope, even from his breaft to his ears.
Then give him for three mornings toge-
ther a pint of old mufcadine, with a fpoon-
ful of the powder of opopanax, llaran,
gentian, manna, fuccory, myrrh, and long
pepper j but put notfo much of the laft in-
gredients as of the reft.
^ PANNAGE, 7 the man of the woods,
PAWN AGE, 5 as of beech, acorns, £*fr.
which fwinc or other cattcl feed on ; or the
Eooncy taken for feeding hogs with the maft
of the King's foreft.
PAR
PANTONS, OR PANTABtL-SttOEs, arc
a fort of horfe *(hoes that ferve for narrow
and low heels, and to hinder the fole from
growing too much downwards, fo that the
foot may take a better Ihape : they afTo help
hoof- binding, and are good for Flanders
mares before their feet grow bad.
When a horfe is (hod with a panton, it
muft follow the compafs of the foot, and
the branches muft not be ftraight : care
muft alfo be taken to keep the fole ftrong,
without taking any thing almoft from it,
otherwife the horfe will halt.
PARE, to pare a horfe's foot, is to cut
tte horn and the fole of the foot, with a
buttrice, in order to (hoe him. '
PARKS AND Warrens, arc places where
deers, hares, conies, 6?f, are enclofed with
pales, or a wall, fo as it were a ftore-houfc, ^
to be always ready to furnifh you with thofc *
animals either for ufe or pleafure.
The firft Roman that inclofed wild beafts
was Fulvius Harpinus. Varroy who Jived
28 years before Chrift, had the firft hare*
warren. The firft park in England was at
Woodftock in Ox/or djhire^ and was iiiade*
about the year 1 1 24.
A park (hould have three forts of land in
it, vix. mountainous and barren, hilly and
yet fertile, plain and fruitful i the moun-
tainous part (hould be well* covered with
high woods, at leaft a third part thereof;
the downs and hills^ (hould have one-third
part coppices and low woods; and the.
plains at leali one> third part meadows with
fome arable for corn.
A park (hould not want a river to run
through fome part of it -, alfo it ought to
have a fmall brook or fpring, but if nature
denies thefe conveniences, art muft fupply
it by ponds, made to receive and prefcrvc
rain that falls i and fuch ponds will be very
profitable for ftlh and fowl, in fome of
which may be made a decoy.
You (hould have your park well ftorcd
with many trees, as oak, beech, and chef-
nut, which are not difficult to be had, and
*are quick of growth, efoecially the two laft,
and they exceed the former alfo in fweet-
ncfs and goodncfs j neither fliould apple,
U ^ pear.
PAR
pear, and plum trees, be wanting, all
aflTording good food for them.
You fhould alfo have your park well in-
clofed, ifpoffible, with a brick or ftone
wall: or for want of that,* with a pale of
Ibund oak^ fo high and clofe joined, that
neither badger nor cat can ci-eep through,
nor wolf nor fox can leap over ; and for a
further defence* it is not amifs to have a
good quick-fet hedge, which (hould be al-
ways kept in good order.
Some part of the mountain and high-
wood, may afford a hernery, and fome part
of the middle may be for a coney or harp
warren.
In the whole, you may breed young colts
and horfes, nor is it amifs that in fbme
part of the low ground, you have a cow walk
duringthe fummer feafon.
There (hould be at Icaft five or fix in-
clofures in your park, that you may lliut
out, and let in, your deer, as you fee occa-
, fion 5 fbmetimes all together in yoin* high
woods, where in cold frofts and fnow they
maybe (heltered, and fed by the keepers
with hay atid provender.
You may alfo in fummer let fi.ich a pro-
portion as you intend to ufe, be fed mt bet-
ter ground than the others which arc for
fiore.
You Ihould make artificial holes and
caverns for the deer to retire into,, as well
in the hot as cold feafons.
It will be proper to fow therein gourds*
meceline-corn, barley peas, and the like, in
which hares generally delight, and will
thereby quickly grow fat*
And as for conies, if you found a trumpet
in fome of the burroughs, there will be
fcarceone in the whole warren but wilLftart
out.
PART OK. Depart,- a word ufed in the
Academies to fignify the motion or aftion
of a horfe when put on at fpeedw
fart: of a^ Horfes Body
I. As to the hair. The hair and hide,,
are in general all the hair and (kin of the
body Qi the horfc>
PAR
1. The fhaht.; the Ibng -hak eh Ac
horfe^s neck.
3. The topping; orfb're-top.
4. Th* fetter-lock, or fet-lock i the hiit
that gro\^s behind the feet.
5. The coronet, or cronet 5 the hair that '
grows over the top of the hoofs.
6. The brills: the hair on the eye-
lids.
Js to f&f Head^ Neck and Bn^.
i. Thecreft, brcrift; the ridge on thr
upper part of the neck> where ihe mane
grows.
a. The neck : is accounted all from the
head to the bread and fiiouMers.
3. The bfeaft, bri(ket or cheft, is the
fore-part of the neck at the flioulder down
the fore-legs.
4. The ftar is in the forehead*
5. The radie down to the face ; when the
hair there is 6( another colour, ditferetit
from the reft of thehead.^
Js to the Bodg:.
t. The withcfi*s ; ar* i?he top of the
Ihoulder-blades, at the fettiiig en of tfcir
neck.
2. The dock ; is the place where the
iaddle i&fet.
3. The navel -gall> on the back oppofite
the navel.
4. The reins ; is ail the middle of the
back from the mane to the tail y the ridge
of the back.
5. The dock or ftruht ^ is the tail of the
horfe.
6. The fundament, or tuel ; the afe.
7. The fway, or fwayed-back \ is the-
hollow^ or finking down of the back-^*
bone*.
8. The thropplc the wind-pipe*
9. The girth -place i. is the fore-part of
the belly.
10. The bellf 5 the middle of the bcHjt
where the navel is ; the navel-place.
11. The flank : is the hinder part of the
belly, next the flieath*
%%. T&e
PAR
I %: Th« groins ; are the hituler parts near
|h^ thighs^ on. each fide the flidath.
13. The iheath s is the loofe ikin within
Tvhjqh the yard is.
14. The yard ; is his byentall.
15. The nut; is the hob at the end of
his yard.
id. Tke codsi is the ikin in which the
.itones ^rc.
XT. The fillets : arc the fore parts of the
Shoulders next the breafts*
18. The fides ; the nearer- fide>i farther- ~
fidc> rifing-fide.
\ 9. The buttocks ; are the hinder parts
,of a horfe's body.
so. The top of the buttock; is that part
next the ridge of the back and tail. \
As fotbiTiighs and Legs.
t« The ftifBe, or ftifflle-joint ; 13 the
firft joint and bending next the buccock,
and above the thigh, which bends for-
*wards«
%. The thigh ; is that part between the
-chambrel and (lifflejoint»
3. The chambrely or elbow ; is the
.joint, or the bending of the upper part of
the hinder legs that bciids backward^ from
the body#
4. The ham and bight, or bought i is
the inward bent and bending of thechaiH'*
•brd y it is alfo ufed for the bending of the
knees in the foremoll legs.
. 5. The hough, leg, or (hank % reaches
.from the chambrel to the fet^lock, or paf-
tcrn-joint of the foot.
6. The fmall of the leg ; is the fmall
<paft of the legs, both in the hinder and
lore-legs.
7. The foul of the leg.
- , 8. The back-finews of the leg, is the
i)ack of the leg, above the fet-lock.
9. The paftern, fc.t-lock joint, or ancle ;
is the joint in the fct-lock, which bends in
all the feet forwards.
10. The coronet J is the foo.t above the
jioof of the ancle^^joinc, fp called in all the
feet.
11. The curb.
L
P A R
11. The (bounder ; is that part which ex«
tends from the withers to the top joint of
the thigh.
13. The thigh ; reaches from the bent
of the thigh to the knee.
15. The farther leg before *, is the right
leg before.
1 6. The next, or nearer leg before ; is
the left leg of the rifing fide before, or the
rifing-fide.' * *
As t9 the Feet.
.i« The hoof, or horn.
2. The cofEn ; is the hollow of the hoof
in which the foot is fixed, the foot fallen
oflP.
3. The fru(h ; it the tender part of the
hoof next the heel.
4* The fole of the foot.
5. The frog of the feet i which fome
call the ball of the foot.
€. The rift of the hoof; is that part that
ispared or cutoff, it being to long grown'}
thefpace between the frulh and the heel.
7. The heel ; is the rifing in the middle
of the fole; the narrow heel.
8. The toes; are the fore-parts of the
hoofs, the quarters, the in fides of the
hoofs.
9* The paftern, or feet ; is that part un-
der the fee-lock, to the hoof.
Parts of a Hor/is Body prcpit t& bkid in.
It is ufual to bleed horfes in the jugular
veins, which lye on each fide of the neck,
for the farcy, mange, repletion, and feve*
rai other diftempers ; and alfo by way of re«
petition twice a year, to all horfes that feed
well and labour but little.
Blood is ulually taken from the templet,
with a fmall lancet, for bites or blows on
the eves.
•
Farriers have a lancet made on purpoft
for opening of veins beneath the tongue,
for head-aches, or for beihg dirgufl:ed or
over heated by excefllve labour, or for
cholics, and the vives.
It is ufual to bleed horfes in the griftie of
U u 2 the
I
PAR
<
the nofe, without any regard whether they |
bit the vein or not ; and this is alfo for
cholics, vivesj and being much over
keated*.
Horfes are let blood in the middle of the
palate, above the fourth bar^ with a
lancet or (harp horn, when they have been
dlfgufted, barrafied, or over heated and
€tulh
Blood is taken from the bafilick, or
thigh veins of horfes, for (trains in the
fhouldcrs, or the mange in thofe parts.
Horfes blooded in the pafterns, with a
ftream or a lancet, for ftraina or infirmities
in the hams or knees^
They are let blood in the toes, with a
buttrice, or drawing iron, for beating in
the feet, and infirmities in the legs, iuch
as fwellings and oppre(nons of the nerves.
The flank veins are fometimcs opened
witha fmall lancet made for that purpofe,
for the farcy.
. Blood i$ drawn with fleams in the flat of
the thighs> for blows and (trains in the
haunches.
They bleed in the tail or dock, with a
long lancet, for a fever end purfinefs.
PARTRIDGES, being naturally a cow-
ardly, fearfnl, fimple bird, arc eafily de*
ccivcd or beguiled with any device what-
ever, by train-bait, engine> call, (tale,
I ihall in the firft pTace begin to con(ider
their haunts, which are not certain,, hut
various; and covert will fervc their turn,
and fometimes none at all.
The places they delight ia moft, are
eorn fields,, efpecialjy wbilft the corn
grows, for under that cover they (belter and
breed ; neither are thofe places unfrequent-
ed by them when the corn is cut dawn, by
reafon of the grain they find there, efpe-
eially in wheat Hubble,, the height of which
they delight in, being to them as a covert
or (belter. When the wheat flubbleis much
untrodden; and they will, in the furrows,
amongft the clots,. branabels> and long
grafs>. hide both themfelves and covies>
whick are fometimes twenty in number;
nay, thirty in a covey^
P AK
Whcp the winter-feafon is arrived, and
thefe ftubble fields are ploughed up, or
over -foilded with cattle, partridges- reforc '
into t&e up-land meadows, and lodge in the
dead grafs, or fog under hedges amongft
mole hills, or under the roots of trees;
fometimes they refort to coppices and
under- woods, efpecially if any corn-fields
are adjacent, or where grows broom^ brakes^
fern, 6ff.
In the harveft-time, when every field is
full of men and cattle, in the day time,
you will find them in the fallow-fields which
are next adjoining to the corn fields, where
they lie lurking till evening or morning,
and then they feed among the iheaves oif
corn.
When you know their haunts, according
to the Gtuation of the country and feafbn of
the year, your next care mu(t be to find
them out in their haunts, which is done fe*
veral wsys. Some do it by the eye x>nly ;
and this art can never be taught, but learn-
ed by frequent experience, diftinguifliing
thereby the color oi the partridge from that
of the earth, and how, and in what manner
the lodge and couch together •, by which
means you may come near enough to them^
they being a very lazy bird, and fo unwil-
ling to take the wing, that you may almoft
fet your foot upon them before they will
ftir, provided you don^t (land and gaze on
them, but be in continual motion, others
wife they will fpring up and be gone.
Another way to difcoyerthem, is by go-
ing to their haunts very early in the morn^
ing, or at the clofe of theevening, which
is called' the jucking-time, and there liftcn
for the calling of the codk partridge, which
is very loud and earneft, and after, fomcfev
calls the hen will an(wer> and by this means^
they meet together, wh^h you may know
by their rejoicing and Chattering one witk
another ; upon hearin^of which take your
range about them, drawing nearerand nearer
to the place you heard them juck in i caB>
ing your eye towards the furrows of the
lands, and there you: will foon find wher«
the covey lies.
The belt, furclt,^ and eajieft^way for. find-
ing.
PAR
ing of partridges, is by the call, having |
firft learned the true and natural notes of
the partridge, knowing how to tune every
rtote in it's proper key, applying them to
their due times and feafons.
Being perfeft herein, either mornings or
evenings, (all other times being improper)
go to their haunts, and havitig fecured
yourfelfin fomc fccret place where you may
fee and not be fetn, liften a while if you can
hear the partridges call, if you do, anfwer
them again in the fame notes, and as they
cnange or double their notes, fo muft you
in like manner ; thus continue doing till
they draw nearer and nearer to you : having
fhcm in your view, lay yourfclf on your
back, and lie without motion, as if you
were dead; by this means, you may know
their whole number*:
Haw t0 take tbem with Neis.
The nets fortaking of partridges muft be
every way like your phcafant nets^ both
for length and breadth, except that the
melhes muft be fmallcr, being made of the
feme thread, and dyed of the fame colour.
Having found out the covey, draw forth^
your nets, and takinga large circumference,
walk a good round pace with a carelefs eye,
rather from than toward* them, till you
have trimmed your nets, and made them
ready for the purpofe ; which done, you
fnuft draw in your circumference Icfs and
kfs, till you come within the length of
your net, then pricking down a ftickabout.
three feet long, faftenonccnd of the line
to your net, and make it faft in the earth
^ yon walk about^ for you muft make no
flop or ftay -, then letting the net (lip out
of your hand5> fpred it open as you go,
and fo carry and lajk it all over the par*
tridges. \
' If they Ihould lie ftr^ggling, fo that you
cannot cover them all with one net, then-
draw forth another, and do witli that as you
did with the former ; and fo a third if there
be occafion : haiwng fo done,, rufh in upon
them, who being iffrightcd, will fly up,
afiidfo be entangled in^ihe nets.
PAR
How to take tbem with Bird-lime.
Get the largcft wheat-ftraws you can, and
cut them oflf between knot and knot, and
lime them with the ftrongcft bird-lime. Go
to the haunts of partridges, and calf; if you
are anfwered, prick at fomc diftance from
you your lime ftraws ; in many crofs-rows
and rank6, crofs the lands and. furrows,
taking in two or three lands at leaft, then
lie clofe and call again, notceafing till you
have drawn them towards you, fo that they
be intercepted by the way by your limed
ftraws, which they fhall no fooner touch but
they will be enfhared ; and by reafon they
all run together like a* brood of chickings,
they will fo befmear and daub each other^.
rfiat very, few will efcapc.
This way of taking partridges \s only to
be ufcd in ftubble-ficlds^, from jinguft till
Cbriftmas r but if you will take tncm in
woods, paftures, or meadows, then you
muft lime rods, the fame as for pheafants,
and ftick them in the ground after the fame
manner
Ta drive Partridges.
The driving of partridges is more agree-
able than any other way of taking them :*•
the manner of it is thus :
Make an engine in the form of a horfe,>
cut out of canvas, and ftufFit with ftraw^
or fuch like matter, as in plate XV. With'
this artificial horfe and your nets, go to the
haunts of partrides, and having found our
the covey, and pitched your nets below,,
you moft go above, and taking the advan-
tage of the wind, you* muft drive down*
ward: leryournets be pitched flope-wifei*
and hovering. Then having your face co-
vered withTomething that is green, or of a:
dark blue, you mult, putting the engine^
before, ftalk towards the partridges* with ai
flow pace, raifing them oh their feet, but:
not their wings, and they will run naturally/
before you^
If they chance to run a by-way, orcon--
trary toyour.purpofe,,thcn crofs-thcmwrthi
yowr.
r"
PAR
your engine, and by (o facing them, they
will cun into that track you would have
them ; thus by a gentle flow pace, you
may make them run and go which way you
^ill and at laft drive them into your net.
To, take Partridges itiitb a Setting- dog.
There is no method of taking them fo
jood as by help' of a fctting-dog, whcre-
\orQ before we proceed to the fport, you are
to underftand what few fportfmen but alrea-
dy know, that a fetting-dog is a iufty land-
Ipanicl, taught by nature to hunt the par-
tridges more than any chace whatever, run-
ning the fields over with fuch alacrity and
nimblcncfs as if the^e was no limit to his
fury and deflre, and yet by art, under fuch
excellent command) that in the very height
of his career, by a hem or found of his
mailer's voice, he (hall (land, gaze about
him, look in his mailer's face, and obferve
hh dire£lions^ whether to proceed, ftand
Hill, or retire : nay, when he is even jqft
upon bis prey, that he may even take it up
in his mouth, yet his obedience is fo framed
by art, that inftantly he will either (land
dill, or fall down flat on his belly, without
daring to make any noife or motion till his
mailer comes to him> and then he will
proceed in all things to follow his direc-
tions.
Having a dog thus qualified by art and
nature, take him with you where partridges
haunt, there call o(f your dog, and by fome
word of encouragement that he is acquaint-
ed with, engage him to range, but never
too far from you ; and fee thac he beats his
ground juftly and even, withont calling
about, or flying now here, now there,
which the mettle of fome will do if not
Tcorrccled and reproved i therefore when you
perceive this fault, you mull inftantly call
him in with a hem, and fo check him that
he dare not do the like again fjr that day ;
fo be will range afterwards with more tem-
perance, frequently looking in his mafter's
Uce, as if he would gather from thence
whether he did well or ill.
If in your dogs ranging you perceive him
PAS
to ((op on a ftiddpn, or fl;and ftill> yoif
mud then make up ta hi(n, (for withquc
doubt he hath fet tjiQ partridge) and as fooq
as ypu ^ook: to him cofnnafUid him to go
nearer it, but if he goes opt, but eithqr
lies dill or fl;ands (Jiaking his tailj and now
and then looking back, then ceafe from
urging him further, and t^ke your cir-
cumference, walking faftj^ looking ftraic
before the npfe of the 4o& and thereby (cc
how the covey lies, whether clofe or (Irag-
ling.
Then commanding the dog to lye dill,
draw forth your net, and prick on? end to
the ground, and fpread your nee all open,
and fo cover as many partridges as you can s
yk'hich done, make in with a noife and
fpring up the partridges, which (hall no
fooner rife but they will. be entangled io the
net. And if you let go the old cock and
hen, it will be a means to increafe your'
fport. See Game- Laws.
PASSADE, is a treads or way, that a
hprfe makes oftener than once upon the
dime jcxtent of ground^ pa(ringand repa(nng
from one end of it's length to the other,
which cannot be dope without changing the
hand, or turning and making a demi-
tpur at each of the extremities of the
ground.
Hence it comes that there arc fevcral
forts of paflades, according to the diScreot
ways of turning, in ord^r to part, or put on
again and return upon the fam^ piUe or
tread, which wc calU cloCmg the paflfade.
. A paflfade of five times, or a demi-vok
of five timcs^ is a dcmi-tour mad^ at the end
of the (Iraight line, one hip ii\ five times
of a gallop upon the haunche;s, and at (he
fifth time ought to have clpfed the diemi-
volt, and to prelent upon the paflfadje line,
(Iraip^ht and ready to Aturp the d^mi-volc
of five times, or periods ; are tl>e moft com*
mon airs of changing the h^nd or turning,
that are praflifed in th^ academies.
To make thefe pajQT^des, you put y<Mir
horfe ftrait forward, and towards the extre-
mity of the line make a h;>lftlop, keepi^ng
the horfe flrait, without tr^verfing, when
you make the demi-^volt at three tignes, 19
fuch
P A S •
liicli at1ianficr> tliat the third tiitte thcharfe
prcfents ftraitupon the paflide- line, and is
rtady to fet out again upon a than gal-
Ibp.
You continue this fhort gallop half the
length of the paffade, then you put on fu-
riouQy at full fpecd, and at the end of the
paffade make a half ftop, and then a deoii-
voli of three tinnes.
This you continue to do as long as the
horfe's wirtd and ftrcngrh will hold.
This paffade at full fpeed, fuppofcs that
the horfc has an excellent niouth, and re-
quires ftrength and agility both in the horfe
atid horfeman.
There are but few horfes that are capable
-of it.
PASSADE OF ONE TIME : a paffade in
pirouette, or half pirouette of one time, is
a dcmi-volt, or turn made by the horfe in
one time of his (houldcrs and haunches.
To make this paffade, (which is the per-
fefteft of them all) the horfe fliquld ftand
ftraic upon the paffade-line, and then put-
ting forwards, he forms a half ftop, mak-
ing falcades two or three times, in fuch a
manner, that he is ftill ftrait upon the line 5
aTid at the laft time, he prepares to turn
nimbly, and retaSn or fix his haunches as a
center; fo that the demi-volt is performed
in only one time of the Ihouldcr j and
though the haunches make likewifeatime,
they make it in the center, or upon the
fame fpot, and de ferme a fermi, as the
French call it.
The raifed> or high paffades, are thofe
in which the dcmi-volts are made into cor-
vets.
In all paffages the horfe fliould, in mak-
ing the demi-volt, gather and bring in his
body, making his haunches accompany his
flioulders, without falling back or not going
forward enough each time ; and he fhould
go in a ftrait line,, without traverfing, 'or
turning his croupe out of the line.
PASSAGE 5 to paffage a horfe, is to
Bfiakehim go upon a walk or trot upon two
partes or treads, between the two hcels^
and iide-ways, fo that his hips made a trad
parallel to that made by his fhoulders. It is
but of lace that paffaging upon a trot ha&
PAS
. been uftd, fir formerly the word paffage
figniffed walking a horfc upon twd treads
behind the two heels.
A horfe is paflagcdupon too ftraight linca
along a wall, or hedge : he is likewifc paf-
fagcd upon his own length upon volts, in-
going fide-ways upon a circle, round a
center, the fcmi -diameter being above
his own length, fo that he looks into the
volt,* and half his fhoulders go before the
croupe.
In all paffaging, the hbrfe's outward fore-
leg muft crofs or lap a great deal over the
inward fdre-leg, at every ftcond time he:
marks.
In all paffages of a walk, and that of a^
trot, the motion of the horfe is the fame,
only one is fwifter than the other,
PASSAGE UPON A STRAIT LINE, is Z
fort of manage praftifed btft little in Francty
but very much in lialy^ and yet more ik
Girmany.
For this manage they chufe a horfc
that is not fiery, but has a good aftive
motion with him $ and leading upon a
ftrait line, upon a walk or trot, teach him*
to lift two legs together. One before and
one behind^ in the form of a St. Andrew^s
crofs, and m fetting thefe tWo to the
ground,, to raife the other two alternately,,
and keep them a long while in the air, and
that in fuch a manner, that every time he
gains a foot of ground forwards.
The beauty of paffaging confifts in hold-
ing the legs long in the air.
The motion of the legs in this paffage la
the fame with that of a walk ot trot, for
they go in the fame order, and the-
only difference is, that in paffaging upon^
a ftrait line the legs are kept longer in:
the air.
Your proud ftately horfesy and thofe*
which are accuftomed to this fort of paffage^
are proper for a caroufel, or a magnificent
fljcw.
The difference of a proud ftately prancing;
horfe, and a paffaging one,, confifts only ini
this,, that your ftately horfes do the former-
naturally, and do not keep their legs fo*
long in the air as in paflaging^ right, out.
Butt
PAS
But for a paflagc there is fo much art
required, that a horfe is two or three years
in breeding to that manage » and of fix
horfes, it is very much if two jof them fuc-
ci^ed in it.
PASTES FOR Birds, this is a general
food, and is made as follows :
Grind half a peck of the fineft -horfe
beans well dried, very fine, and boult them
through a fine boulter, fuch as is ufed for
wheat meal j or if your ftock of birds do not
require fo great a quantity, take in the fol-
l6wing proportion, viz»
Of the faid meal, two pounds; of the
beft fweet almonds blanched, one pound;
beat thefe very well in a mortar, to which
put a quarter of a pound of frelh butter that
is entirely without any fait : all of which put
into a copper faucepan, well tinned, mixed
all well together, and fet the pan over a
charcoal fire, that the paftc may not fmell
offmoak, and keep continually ftirring it
all the while it (lands upon the fire with a
wooden-fpoon, that fo it may boil gradual-
ly, and not burn to; then take four yolks
of eggs, and a little fafiron, and when the
butter is melted, having fome virgins-honey
ready, drop in fome by degrees, continual-
ly ftirring it, that all the ingredients may
incorporate.
This being done, take a cullender, made
with fuch holes aa will let through the
compound, which (hould be thin, and not
lie in lumps ; and the remainder of the
pafte is to be beat in a mortar again, and
if it will not pafs through the holes, fet it
upon the fire again, and let it boil gently,
and then try to force it through the cul-
lender, till it comes to fuch a quantity and
quality as is fit for the number of birds you
keep. Repeat this as often as you have
occafion.
This pafte may be mixed with any bird-
meat whatever, and is a ftrengthening
cleanfing diet, which will continue good
for fix months if you pour a little melted
clarified honey upon it.
PASTES FOR Fishing, are varioufly
compounded, almoft according to the an-
gkr's own fancy ; but there fhould always
be a little cotton wool, fitaved lint, or fine
PAS
Arx, tolceep the parts of it togetker, that
it may not fall of the hook. White bread
and honey will make a proper pafte for carp
tench. Fine white bread alone, with a lit-
tle water, will ferve for roach* and dace ;
and mutton fuet and foft new cheefe (or a
barbel. Strong cheefe with a little butter,
and coloured yellow with fgffron, will make
a good winter pafte for a chub.
Other partes are made as follow : Take
bean-fiour, or, if that is not to be got,
vheat-fiour, and the tendereft part of the
leg of a young rabbet, whelp, or kitten ;
as much virgm-wax and fheep fuet : beat
them in a mortar till they arc perfcftiy.
incorporated ; then with a little clarified
honey, temper them before the fire iuto a.
pafte. Some omit the bean and wheat-
flour, others the virgin-wax and fiieep
fuet, only when they ufe it for carp.
Take ftieep's blood, cheefe, fine white
bread and clarified honey: make all into
a pafte.
Take cherries without ftones, (beep's
blood, fine bread, and faffron to colour it
with, and make a pafte.
Take fat old cheefe, (Irong rennet, mut-
ton kidney- fuet, wheat-flour, and annifeed-
water ; beat them all into a pafte. If it be
for chub, add fome roafted bacon.
Take the fatteft old cheefe, the ftrongefl:
rennet, mutton kidney-fuet, and turmeric
reduced into a fine powder ; work all into
a pafte. Add the turmeric only till the
pafte becomes of a very fine yellow colour.
This is excellent for chub, as are aifo the
two following :
Take fome of the oldeft and ftrongeft
Cbejhire cheefe you can get, the crumb
of a finemanchet, or FrencbroW, and fome
flieep^kidney-fuct ; put. thefe in a mortar,
and beat them into a pafte, adding as much
clarified honey as will be fufiicient to fweet-
en it.
Take a few flirimps or prawns, pull off
their (hells and fkins,. and beat the clear
meat in a mortar, with a little honey, till .
it becomes a parte. When you bait with a
piece of this, let the point of the hook be
but lightly covered.
Take
PAS
Take fine flour and butter; with faffron
t» colour it» and make a pafte for roach
-and 'dace.
But among all the variety of paftes,
•there is none fo often ufedas the fimple and
plain one made with white bread and milk^
which requires only clean hands.
The following obfervations concerning
paftes may be of ufe to a young angler, be-
ing all founded on experience :
In Septemier, and all winter months,
when you angle for chub, carp, and bream,
with pafte, let the bait be as big as a large
hazle-nut : buffer roach and dace, the
bignefs of an ordinary bean is fufficient.
You may add to any pafte, afla-foedda,
oil of polybody of the oak, oil of ivy, oil
of petre, gum ivy, and many other things*
which fometimes wonderfully increafe your
fport.
When you angle with pafte, you Ihould
chufe a ftill place, and ufe a quill float, a
fmall hook, a quick eye, a nimble rod and
hand. The fame rules bold in regard to
all tender baits.
N. B. The fpawn of any fifli (falmon
efpecially) beat to ifi pafte, or boiled till h
hard as to hang on the hook ; or the fiefh
of any fi(h beat to pafte, or cut into fmall
bits, is a choice bait for almoft all fi(h.
Take coculus indicus, finely pounded,
four ounces, mix it with cummin, old
cheefe, and wheat*flour, about two ounces
c/each ; work them into a pafte with white
wine, then divide it into pieces about the
fize.of peafe, which throw into ftanding
waters } all that tafte will prefently be ftu-
pified and fwim to the top, fo that you may
catch them with your hands.
N« B. Some ufe brandy in ftead of wine,
and put nux vomica, finely grated, into
iche compofition.
Take goat's blood, barley-meal, and lees
of fweet white wine, mix them with the
lungs of a goat, boiled and pounded line ;
omake the whole into pills, which throw
into ponds or pits, and you may foon
irstch the fi(h, who will prove intoxicated.
See Anolivo.
PASTERN OF A HoRSX, the diftance .
:|
PAW
between the joint of the mane and the co-
ronet of the hoof.
This part (hould be fhort, efpecially in
the middle-fized horfes, becaufe long paf-
terns are weak^ and cannot fo well endure
travel : fome have pafterns fo long and
flexible, that the horfe in walking almoft
touches the ground with them, which is a
great imperfeftion, and a fign of little or
no ftrength, fuch horfes not being fit for
any kind of toil and fatigue.
PASTERN JOINT, the joint next a
horfc's foot, which is faid to be crowned,
when without being galled or hurt there is
a fwelling round it beneath the flcin, in
form of a circle, about half the breadth of
one's finger.
It proceeds from a humour gathered by
much travel, and fliews that the horfe 's legs
have been too much ufed.
When the paftern-joint fwells after tra-
velling, chafe it every morning and even-
ing with a mixture of two parts of brandy
and one of oil of nuts.
If the fwelling be large, apply the rtd
honey charge with a convenient bath ; and
if it be hard, lay on a poultice of rue boiled
in thick wine.
PATER-NOSTER.LINE, fin Anglingl
is when fix or eight very fmall hooks arc
tied along a line, one half foot above each
other.
PATTIN-SHOE, a horfc-ftioe fo call-
ed, under which is foldered a fort of half
ball of iron, hollow within : it is ufed for
hip-fliot horfes, and put upon a found foot,
to the end, that the horfe not being able
to ftand upon that foot without pain, may
be conftrained to fupport himfelt upon the
lame foot, and fo hinder the finews from
ftrinking, and the haunches from drying
up.
They likewife clap pattin-fhoes up*
on horfes that are fprained in the
(houlders.
PAW THE Ground. A h or Ce paws the
ground, when his leg being either tired
or painful, he does not reft it upon the
ground, and feara to hurt him&lf as he
walks.
X X PEA-
PER
PEACOCKS, are birds that fcrvt rather
to delight the eye than for profit : the bcft
quality belonging to them is, that they
cleanfe and clear the yard from venomous
creatures, fuch as fnakes, adders, toads,
newts, ^c. which arc their daily food j
whence their flefh becomes very unwhole-
fome, and is ufed at great fcafts more as ^
rarity than upon any other account. If you
roaft one of them ever fo dry, fet it by, and
look on it the next day, it will feem blood-
raw, as if it werc^ not roafted at all.
The hens generally lay their eggs abroad
in hedges and bufhes, where the cock can-
not find them, who othcrwife will break
them ; therefore as foon as (he begins to
lay, fcparate her from the cock and houfc
till ihe has brought forth her young, and
the coronet of feathers begin to rife in
their foreheads, theri^turn them abroad, and
the cock will cherilh them, but not before.
The hen's fitting-time is juft thirty days,
and then any fort of grain, with water, is
good for her : before the chickens go
abroad, feed them with good green cheefe,
and barley-meal, with water, and after-
wards the dam will provide for them. The
bcft time to fet a pea-hen, is at the new
moon, and if you fet hen-eggs with hers .
fhe will nourifh them both equally : the
chickens are fo very tender^ that the leaft
cold will kill them, therefore thev Ihould
not go abroad but when the fun ihines. As
for the feeding of peacocks, the labour may
be fayed, for if they go in a place where
there is corn ftirring, they will take care to
have part ; and a^s their flefh is feldom or
never eaten, thire needs no care to be
taken for the fattening thetn.
PEARCH, 7 is a filh that is hook-back-
PERCH, \ ed, fomething like a hog,
and armed with (HfF griftles, and his fides
with dry thick fcalcs. He is a very bold
biter, which appears by his daring 'to ad-
venture upon one of his own kind with
more courage than even the pike.
Some fay there are two forts of pearches,
the one falt-water and the other frefh 5 the
iirft has but one fin on his back, the latter '
two, which is more than moft fifties have.
PER
He fpawns'butonce a year, rn Fehruary
or March, and feldom gnxws ro aborre twb
feet in length : his beft time of biting is
when the fpring is fat fpbnt, at wHich dme
you may take at one ftandtng all that are
in one hole, be they ever fo many.
His baits are aminnow, or a Ikcle fiog :
but a brandling is beft, if well fcoured :
-when he bites give him time enough*.
He biteth well all day long in cool domd^r
weather, but chiefly from eight in the
morning till ten, and from three till about
fix in the evening.
He will not bite at all times of the year,
efpecially in winter, for then he is very ab*
ftemious, yet if it be warm he will bite then
in the middle of the day, for in winoeratl
fifh bite beft in the heat of the day.
If you rove for a pearch with a minnow,
it mufl be alive, flicking your hook
through his upper lip, or back iin> and
letting him fwim about mid-water, or
fomewhat lower, for which purpofe you
mull have a pretcy large xiork, with a quill
on your line.
You mufl have a ftrong filk line, and a
good hook armed with' wire, fo that if a
>ike fhould come> you may be provided
or him ; and by this means feveral hav^
been taken. Some carry a tin pot, or yef-
fel of about two quarts or three pints>
in which they keep their minnows or gud-
geons alive $ the lid of the pot ia full of
little holes, fo that you may give them
frefh water without opening ir, which
fhould be about every quarter of an hout,.
left they die. -
If <you tate^a fmall cafling^net witihyoo,
you may at a cafl or two take baits enough
to ferve the whole day^ without further
trouble.
When you fifh with a frog, you muft
faflen the hook thnough the (km of his leg,
towards the Upper part thereof.
The pearch ?s none of the itrather^mouth-
ed fort of fifbes, and therefore when be
bites give him time enough to pouch his
bait, left when you think all fure he breaka
hold, and fo you lofe your fift).
The beft <place to "fifh/or him^isin the
turn*
I
PH E
curning of the water^ or eddy, in a good
gravel fcour, where you will not fail of
them, and ruflFs.
If you would take a pearcb, you mud
take notice, that this fifli feeds well and
bites freely. Bait the ground where you fi(h,
over night, with lob-worms chopt in pieces;
and in the morning when you come to the
place, firft plumb the depth, then gag^
)rour line, aild bait your hook with a red
knotted worm, or a minnow, which is
reckoned the beft ; put the hook in at the
back of the minnow betwixt the fi(h and the
Ikin, that the minnow may fwim up and
down alive, being buoyed up with a cork or
^uiU, that the minnow may have liberty to
jwim a foot off the ground.
Thefe directions being carefully followed,
the angler need not fear his defircd fuccefe, ,
P£ARL $ called alfo pin, and web, or
aiiy unnatural fpot or thick filna over an
4iorfe'8 eye ; proceeds from fome ftroke or
i>low received, or from the (ire or dam.
The pearl is known by a little round
thick white fpot, like a pearl, (from whieh
it took it's name) growing on the fight of
rtbccyev ,
« As for the cure, it is the fame at for
-BiodD-storrEK Evis, vihicbjee.
'. PEARL £wirfL Hunters I, is that part of
a deer's horn which is about the bun
: PELT, The ifcin of the bcaft.
PERAMBULATION or a Forest, is
the furvcying or walking about the foreft
by Juftices, ar other officers thereto ap-
pointed, in order to fetdown the limits or
bounds of it.
PESATE, Pesade, oh Posadb, is when
a horfe is lifting or raifing his fore -quarters,
keeps his hind legs upon the ground
without jftirring, fo that he marks no time
^ith his haunches till his fore legs reach
the ground.
This motion is the means to fix his
»bead and his haunches, to make him ply
and bend his fore thighs, and to hinder
iiim from ilamping and clattering with his
feet, '
PHEASANT, a bird about the bigncfs
^>f a cock, having a ctopked bill iind icar- ^
PHE
thers of various colours ; it's flefli is deji-*
cious, and much coveted: To judge
aright of this bird for eating, a cock, if
young, has a (hprt fpur^ if old, a Iharp
fmall fpur ; fee that it be not cut or pared \
if fat, it has a vein on the fide of the bread
under the wingi if new, a fat firm vent i
if vou touch it hard with your finger, it
will peej 5. then if young, it has a fmooth
leg, and a fine frnqoth grain on the fleih 1
if old, it has a rugged wrinkled grain on
the flefli, and full pf hairs like an old yarcj
hen i if (he be full of eggs,* (he will have
a faft and open vent| if not full, a clofe
vent.
PHEASANT-TAKING i 2l rural diver.
JTion, performed with nets in their crowr
ing-time, which is about the end o( Febru-
ary^ and in March, before they begin to
breed : ic is done cither generally or partis
cularlyj the firft is, when the whole eye,
.viz, the old cock and hen, with all their
young pncsj or powts, as they flock or run
together in thick woods or coppices, arc
taken ; or particularly, when none but the
old, and fuch of the young as are of age
fit for coupling, arc taken 5 fo that you
cannot have any affurance with your nets
to ftrike at ipore th^n one or two at a time ;
for the pheafant is of a melancholy, fullen
difpofltion, and when once they have cou-
pled, do not accompany in flocks as other
birds.
In order to the taking pheafants with the
greater cafe, you muft be acquainted with
their haunts and ufual breeding-places,
which are in young, thick and well grown
coppices, free from the annoyance of cat-
tle or path-ways i for they being of a very
timorous nature, they efteem the ftrength
of their covert their only fafety, and do not
abide or breed in open or plain fields, nor
under the covert of corn fields, low (hiub-
by bufiies, or in large and tall trees.
Having found their haunts, next you are
to find their eye, or brood ; and here you
are to obfcrve, that pheafants come out of
the woods and coverts thrice a day, to feed
/iflifrefli p.aftpr^is, green wheat, or other
grain, and that is about ifun-rifing, about
X X a nooo^
P H E
nooDi and a little before fun fet. Now the
courfe to be followed, is to go to that fide
of the wood where you fuppofe they niake
their fallies, and watch the places where
they come out ; or by fearching their
haunts ; for you may fee the young powts
in that feafon flock and run together after
the hen like chickens. Again, if you go
to their haunts early in the morning or
late in the evening, you will hear the old
cock and hen call their young ones, and
the young ones anfwer them, and accord-
ingly direct your path as near as you can
to the place where they are, then lie down
as clofe as poffible, that you may not be
difcerned ; but withal, obferve how they
lodge together, the better to know how to
pitch your nets with the greater advantage,
both of wind, weather, and place ; and
take care that all be done as filently as
poflTible, otherwife they will betake them-
felves to their legs, and not to their wings,
unlcfs forced to it by a clofe purfuit.
But the moft ctrtain way to find them out,
is to have an artificial pheafant-call, where-
in a perfon Ihould be very expert in the
imitation of their notes, and the time when,
and to what purpofc they ufe them, which
calls are much the fame as bens ufc in
clucking their chickens.
The chief time for uGng the call, is in
the morning early, or about fun-fet, at
which time they fcek their food, and then
the note muft be to call them to food j but
though the(e are the beft times, yet the
call may be ufed at other times, only al-
tering the notes for calling them together^
or the like.
Having the perfect ufe of the call, the
knowledge of their haunts, and the times
to take them, chufe fome private place not
to be difcovered, and then call at firft very
foftly, left: any (bould be lodged very near
you, aird be affrighted at your loud note ;
but if nothing reply, raife your note higher
and higher till it be extended to the utmoft
compafs, and if any be within hearing
they will anfwer in as loud a note as your's,
provided it be tunable, or elfe all will be
fpoiied*
P H E
As foon as the phcafant anfwers, if it be
at a good diftance^ creep nearer and nearer,
ftill calling, but not fo loud ; and as you
advance nearer, fo will the pheafant to you,
fo that you will come in fight of her, either
on the ground or at perch, always imitat-*
ing her in her true note ; then ceale calliogy
and fpread your net between the pheaGuic
and yourfelf in the moil convenient place
you can find, making one end of the net
fail to the ground, and holding the other
in your hand by a long line, fo that when
any thing drains it, you piay pull the net
clofe together $ which done, caH again, and
as foon as you perceive the pheafant come
under your net» raife up and (hew yourfelf^
upon which being affrighted, ihe will
fpringi and fo become entangled in the
net.
In cafe you have divers pheafants anfwer
the call, and that from feveral parts of the
wood, then keep your firft ftation, and as
you hear them to make towards you, fo
gets your nets ready, fpreading them con-
veniently about you, viz. one pair of nets
on one fide and another on the^other, lying
clofe without any noife, only oFsvour call,
till you have allured them under your nets,
and then ftand up to affright theiWas afore-
faid^ that they may be entangled in your
nets.
Another way to take pheafants, which is
reckoned much better than the former, is,
to be provided with a ftale pheafant, a live
-Cock, which muft be fecret^r tied down to
vour net, who by his crowing will draw
others in : you muft lie concealed in fome
bufh or fecret place, and when you fee any
pheafant come to your net, then draw your
line, and the net will fall on him and take
him.
To tzkt pheafants by fnares ; when you
have found their paflTage out of the wood to
their^ufual places of feeding, there plant a
little ftake, with a couple of fnares of
horfe-hair, one to lie flat on the ground
for their feet, and the other about the
height of their head, to take them by the
neck ; and in cafe there Ihould be more
pafles than one you mufi; do the like to
every
P H E
every one of them : then fetch a compafs
about^ and when you arVin a direA line
with the phcafant and the Vuare that you
have fitted> there make a gentle noife to
affright them.
If by their dunging and fcraping you
perceive that they frequent any place, you
may then make ufe of fuch hedge-rows as
are dire£ted to take fowl with lines and bird-
Jime, only plant your running-lines from
them of a convenient height^ and ftill place
one to lie flat to entangle their legs.
To take pheafants or partridges^ and fo
preferve the game in a man's own ground :
when you perceive any eye of pheafants, or
covey of partridges, frequent fuch and fuch
ground, go thither, and in fome place
thereof, diftant from a hedge, buQ), or
gate, about forty or fifty paces, pitch up
four llicks, each a foot long, in a fquare,
and in the middle of the fticks fcatterfour
or five handsful of oats, barley, or wheat,
and as you walk through the grounds from
the (ticks, fcatter a few corns, which may
ferve as a train to draw on the game to the
great heap in the middle of the fticks : now
the pheaiants and partridges coming to feed
according to their cuftoni, will foon find
out the train, and confequently the great
bait ; they will not fail to return thither
next morning, in hopes of another repaft,
Againft which time let it be laid ready for
them, and pitch by every one of the four
flicks, a bu(h of furz j if they cat the fe-
cond time, which you may difcernby their
dung, notwithftanding the furz-buflics,
then againft the next coming crofs fome
lines of packthread, in form of a net j and
if for all this they come and eat, you may
be fure to take them when you pleafe
with the following device. See Plate IX.
Take away the fticks, furz-buflies, and
packthread, and there pitch the net defcrib-
cd as follows :
The four main fupporters of the net,
A» B, C, D, muft be fixed ftrongly in the
ground, that the net may be lightly fpread
on the top : the four fides of the net muft
be ordered in the fame manner as fliall be
now direfted by the example of one of
thcmj according to the defcription of the
P H E
aforefaid figure j lift up the fide of the net
defigned by the letters E, F, over the top
of the net that is fpread, for the fide mufl:
lie fiat, but ftand Hoping like a pent-houfe,,
fupported by fmall twigs, the bottom fatt-
ened in the earth, and the cord or verge of
the net retting on them ; then place the
four furz-buflies at each corner of the ner>
the more to embolden them : and be fure
the running-cord of the net be exa6t and
right ; the two ends thereof muft be tied to
a ttrong cord, defcribed by the letter G,
which cord muft reach to the next bufii or
flielter where you lie concealed, but withia
view of the net ; when all is fixed, fpread
the bait as formerly, but try once or twice
how the net will draw, that upon occafion
all may be in good order ; the bett time to*
wait their coming is at break, of day, whea
they are all buiy in eating the bait ; then
draw your line with a quick motion, and.
prefently fix it to the bufh where you are ',
and make all poffible hafte to the net to
prevent their efcaping.
If you would preferve a breed iof your
frounds> kill the cpcks, and keep the
ens till towards lent, in fome convenient
room, and then put them out into your
grounds, and they will foon find cocks for
a breed.
There is another way found -moft effedu-
al for the taking of pheafants in the winter-
feafon, provided there is no faow i get a
net in the form of a cafting-nct> but larger,,
with the meflies about fi?vc inches wide v
then take fome peas or whear,. and knowing
their haunts, which will be in young coppi«
ces of about three or four years^growth 5 in
fuch places feek out their path,, by their
droppings or dung,, which paths gfrnerally
lead from the young coppices to thofe that
are older ; and having found out any path,,
lay about a piat of the corn ia the place^
obferving where you lay it, fo that they
may come to eat ;. thus do for fcveral days
for about a fortnight, by which time chcy^
will be fo accuftomed to it that they will
come to expe<n: fome food, and b^ this
means, all, or mott of the pheafants la
that part, will be gathered to it.
Having thus trained them, and^hat you
cettaijilyr
y HE
•certainly know when you eome in the
fifiorning that they have becnj there, which
Mrill be found by their eating and the dung,
then and in fuch places fet your nets, only
one in one place, which is done thus, tie
the top of your nets to a bough, then fpread
it at the bottom, and peg it down to the
ground, on all parts except one, which muft
be raifed up aoove a foot and a half, like
an arched dodr, with an alhen dick ; alfo
fix to the faid arch fcveral rods made of
hazle, with the taper ends fo the earth,
within the net, fo that the pheafants may
come in by parting the fticks, but not get
out again.
Having thus fet your nets, which muft
be made of coarfc thread, fuch as rabbet-
bays, and *of a tanned colour, by putting
them into a tan-pit, cover your nets with
boughs to prevent them from feeing them;
and be fure to fet them lome diftance in the
wood. The ufe of the nets is from the
beginning of May to the latter end of Oc-
tober.
PHEASANT-HAWKING. A rural di-
verfion, managed with a gofhawk in coverts,
of which none but thofe of a ftrong and able
body^ with fpirit and courage, are fit ; for
thj^ flight Is different from that in the
champagne fields, where the hawk and the
^ame arc always in fight \ fo that you are to
'make her to tlbe pheafant and fuch like fort
of fowl, that always frequent the woods,
covcits, an^ the like obfcure places, which
♦hinders the fight, which (hould be your
guide in the flight. For the better eflFcfting
of this, you muft be very circumfpeft as to
the place you firft enter in, to the end flie
may be well guarded, and kept from taking
any diflike or offence at the dogs, which if
ihe does at the firfl entrance, it will be dif-
ficult to bring her to endure them again \
therefore to divert any fuch ill quality at
firft, ftie muft be better managed, followed
and governed, than in the field, fo that if
you would have her make a pcrfcft hawk,
and to be bold and venturous in thick woods,
with the Falconer, the dogs, and the game,
you muft make a good choice of the time,
place and dogs.
PH E
The time (hould be early tn theyeftr^ about
January^ Februayy^ or March, before the
approach of the leafs but the beft momh$
for pheafant*hawking, arc Nt^embcr^ De^
cemberj and January, after which you muft
be preparing her for the mew, that (he may
be early mewed, to fly in the field the next
feafon for partridges.
Having made choice of the place to fly
your hawk in, and that you have let her go
into her flight, be fure to command your
dogs behind you until you hare found her,
and if ihe has killed the game, ;c is fufii-
cient ; if not, but that you find Her on the
ground, out of an eagernefs of the fport,
(as many will be at the firft entrance) if
there be any tree that (he may wcU fee from
it, fet her thereon, otherwife keep her on
your fift, and beat for it again; then if (he
flies and kills it, keep the dogs back until
you have found her, and fuflTcr liter to plume
and take her plcafure for a timcj then
gently call in your dogs and walk about her,
encouraging her with your voice, that fljc
may be acquainted with the noife'-, and when
vou fee it convenient, ftoop to it upon your
knees, and rending the chaps, give her blood
in the throat, which will much pleafe her ;
pare away alfo the hartH5rain-»pan from the
reft, and give her the head in' her foot to
eat, the ground hiding the body from her :
then having your dog (which muft be under
great command) ciofe by, when (be has
done,- and begins to look about her, then
throw the pheafant amongft them, that (he
may, together with fome words of rebuke
from you, make them give way with fear
unto her ; but let them be in her fight, and
having fufliciently taken her pleafure, take
the pheafants gently from her, leaving the
head in her foot, and let her eat it on the
ground where the quarry lay, only referr-
ing a little to take her to your firft withal 5
then put on her hood and reward her, by
which means you will much win her love to
you. She will, according to tbefc direc-
tions, with a good keeper, fair flying, and
two or three ftaunch fpaniels, be brought in
a ftiort time, to good pcrfeftion in this
fport.
Again
J
PHE
Agtki, iii^>rder to embolden y^urhawki
tp make her take a pheafant from the perch
wif^ ^courage, obferve the dire&ions fol-
Ifmtog : before you fly her provide a dead
pheaiknt or Jive one^ inrhich is beft i take it
^ich you into the wood, and when you
are dtfpofed to call your hawk for her fup*
per, and as flie is drawing and attending af-
t^ you for the fame, having a convenient
pole ready for your purpofe, call your fpa-
niels about you to make them bay, and fud«
denly breaking the neck of the pheafant,
life it up upon a bough, that the hawk
may have fight of it, and with your voice
call and encourage her to come in and
feiA it, and if ibe pulls it down, be fure
that you rebuke the dogs in fuch manner,
and keep them fo at command, that they
give her way at her defcending, and that
fbe may plume and take herpltafure there-
on, which will fo embolden her in a fmall
time> that when (he fees a pheafant take
pearch, (he will immediately feize it and pull
it down i nor will Ifae be afraid of the dogs,
for when-they arc once managed and brought
into good fubjedion, they will know their
cilMy, and be tearful of tranfgrefling, fo that
if you are abfcnt you may venture them,
but remennber, by all means, to have no
flrange dogs, for one may fpoil your fport^
by drawing the reft into errors, and caufing
them to hunt after any thing -, nor is it con-
venient to hunt with many fpaniels, for two
or three couple is enough to range and beat
about a large wood, and to perch a phea-
fent*
PHEASANT-POWTS. Young pbea-
(antss for the driving and taking of which
within nets, when you have found out an
eye of them, place your nets crofs the little
paths and ways they have made, which are
much like fhceptrafts; and, if polTible,
you^ih^iuld *find out . one y}f their principal
haunts, which may be eafily known by the
barencJTs of the grouted, their mutings,.aDd
the feathers which lie fcattcred about ; and
always take the wind with you, for it is their
cuftom to run down the wind; place the
nets hollow, loofe, and circular-.wife, the
Bcther partmuft be faftened to the ground.
P H L
and the upper fide lie hollow, fo that when»
any thing rufhes in, it may fall and entangle
it.
Having fo fixed the net, go to the haunts,,
and if you find the eye fcattered, with your
call draw them together, and when you find
they begin to cluck and pipe to one another^
then forbear calling,and take an iaftrumcnt,
by fome called a driver. (See Plate V. fig.
6,) which is made of Itrong white wands,.
or ofiers, fuch as baOcet-makers ufe, which
muft be fet in a handle ; in two or three
places it muft be twitted or bound about
with fmall ofiers, according to the figure.
With this driver, fo foon as you fee the
phcafants gathered together, make a great
noife on the boughs and buflies about you,
which will fo frighten them, that they will
all get clofe together, and run away a little
diftance, andftand to hearken; then make
the fame noife a fecond rime, which will
make them run again, and continue the
fame till you have driven them into your
nets> for they may be drove like fheep ; but
if it happens that they take a contrary way>.
then make a croaking noife,as it were in their
faces, which will prefently turn them the
right way, as you would have them ; but ia
ufing the driver, firft obferve fecrecy, ia
keeping yourfclf out of their fight, for if
they efpy you, they will run and hide them-
felves in holes, under ihrubs, and will not ftir
till night. Secondly, take time and Icifiire,.
for rafinefs and over much hafte fpoils the
fport. See Pheasants.
PHLYCTiENE [in horfesj A difordcc
after inflammation of the eyes ; there fome-
times remains cither puftules filled witf^
purulent matter (thefe are called puftulcsV
or they are filled with a tranfparcnt hu-^
mour, and then they are called phlyc-
taene.
When puftules arife on the tunica con-
junftiva, they are reddilb at the firft, and
afterwards white; but when they are on the
cornea, they are dufky at the firll, and, in.
time, turn white.
The phlyftsene are tranfparent, hence
they take the appearance of the part they
lie on j : they jare more fuperficial than the-
puftules^.
PI G
puftulcs, and arc not fo difficult to re-
move.
All the danger from puftules, and from
phlyftasne, is their becoming ulcers of a bad
kind, which heal with difficulty.
The cure is the fame in both cafes. In
the beginning you may attempt to difpcrfe
them, by walhing them two or three times
a-day with a folution of ten grains of fac-
charum faturni, in four ounces of rofe-
water: and when they give way, you may
wafli them with equal parts of brandy and
water : but if they neither difpcrfe nor burft
foon, the beft way is to open them with a
lancet, and then drefs them with the fap-
phire water.
Sapphire Water.
Take of lime-water, one pint: crude fal
ammoniac, one dram j let them {land in a
copper veffel, or with a few bits of copper,
until the water is of a blue fapphire co-
lour.
PIAFFEUR, is a proud ftateJy horfe,
who being full of mettle or fire, rcftlefs
and forward, with a great deal of motion,
and an exceffive eagernefs to go forwards,
makes this motion ; the more that you en-
deavour to keep him in, he bends his legs
up to his belly : he fnorts, traverfcs, if he
can, and by his Bery action fliews his red-
ivencfs, when fome, though very improper-
ly, fay he dances.
Such horfes as thefe, or fuch as are bred
to paflage upon a ftraight line, are much
admired in caroufals and magnificent fefti-
vals»
PICKER. HoRSE-picKER, is an iron in-
ftrument five or fix inches long, bent or
crooked on one fide, and flat and pointed
on the other, ufed by grooms to cleanfe the
infide of the manage horfes feet, a: d pick
out the earth and fand that has got into
them.
PIGEON. A domeftic bird, very well
known, and fed in order to be eaten : Ifhall
chiefly mention thofe th^t arc bred in pi-
geon or dove-houfes ; fome there are, for
'want of the conveniency of fuch houfcs^
P IG
that are bred in coops and dove^coeea •, m
general we reckon but two fons of pigeons,
the wild and the tame; the tame rou^.
footed ones diflFer not much from the wild^
only they are fomewhat bigger, and more
familiar : the wild ufually perch upon trees»
being iVIdom feen on the ground, and are
very good food.
67 wild pigeons, are meant thole thtt
breed in woods, fea- rocks, &r. and by the
tame, fuch as are bred in dOve-houfes.
There are indeed many forts of pigeons,
fuch as carriers,- croppers, powters, horfc—
men, runts, jacobins, turbits, helmets^
nuns, tumblers, barbs, petits/owls, fpors,
trumpeters, ihakers, turners, finikins, &f^.
from which proceed, when they are con-
trarily matched together, baftard bred pi-
geons, fuch as are called, from the cropper
or powter, and the carrier, powting horfc-
men j from the tumbler and the horfeman,
dragoons : of the generality of thefe I ihall
fay but little, they being only kept for fan-
cy, and not for the profit of the table,though
the fame method is to be ufed in breeding
them.
There are diflTerent forts of runts, one
called Spani/b runts, generally of a blood-
red or mottled colour : they are very loofe
feathered, and large bodied, but breed not
(b often as the fmaller forts.
Horfemen are excellent breeders, and
are not eafily took ; the common Englijb
runt is a good fized pigeon, and breeds
well.
The pigeon called the leghorn, ia-a (brt
of runt, only difiinguifhed by a little wat-
tle over his noflril :'he is a full bodied pi-
geon, whofe feathers lie clofc to his body,
and is an excellent breeder, and generally
of a grizzled colour, ermined round the
neck.
To thofe who keep pigeons for the fake
of good breeding, I would recommend baf-
tard-bred pigeons, fuch as powting-hoHe-
men, powting dragoons, from a powter, or
cropper, and a leghorn j the reafon is, fucb
pigeons will breed nine or ten pair of yOung;
ones in a year, for the little pufl^ of wind
thrown la from the powter, gives them a
heat
PIQ
iKtt And mirth} they will contmuaily^e
playing or courting^ and when they have
young onesj will feed them well^ which a
cropper, by reafon of the bignefs of his
crop, fcldom doth-
Carriers breed but flowly, three or four
pair a year for them is much, by rcalbn of
their cold nature : they are conftant lovers,
and very, rarely tread any but their own
xpate, and therefore hard to match when fe-
parate ; they will often take three months
time.
; Oo the contrary, a powter will tread any
hen that will let him, at any time s and
take him. from his own mate, and he will
match CO another .in a day or two j for that
baftard-bred pigeons are mofl: ferviceable
ibr thofe who breed them to fupply the
table.
Great care mud be taken to make con-
venient places to breed in j each pair of pi-
geons muft be fure to have two ncfts, with
baflcets m them is beft, for before one pair
can go out of the neft, or feed themfelves,
the old ones will lay,, and be fetting : nay,
I have often feen a fecond pair. Be fure
when you take the young ones, clean the
neft} or put in a dean buiket, for cleanli-
nefs is a gr«at help.
Never lei them want meat, for if you do
they cannot be provided with foft meat in
their crop when the young hatch, which
if wanting, the young ones ceruinly die :
or if you feed the old ones by hand, they
will go feed their young immediately with
what they get, which they not being able
to digcft, kills them ^ fo that the belt way
is to let them have nieat always by them in
a box, with a hopper in it made for that
purpofe.
Breed young ones for (lock in the fpring,
thofe bred in the winter being generally
crampt, and never prove good breeders.
The reafon why I recommend baikets to
breed in, is, tame pigeons fcldom build
their nefts, the want of which a balket
fupplies* Be fure take care no vermin
come aihong them.
., Of thofe bred in pigeon-houfes, the grey
pigeonj inclining to alh colour and black,
PIG.
i$ beft I and (he generally ibews her fruit-
fulnefsby the rednefs.ofher eyes and feet;,
and by the ring of gold colour which is
about her neck.
There arc two feafons in the year wherein
you may (lock your pigeon-houfe, the firfl;
is Msty i for as thcfe pigeons having much
ftrengthcncd themfelves during the winter,
they are in a condition foon to yield profit
to the buyer. Secondly, in /iuguji there
are a great number of young pigeons that
have been well fed with the corn which
their dams, both cocks and hens, have
plentifully fupplied them with, from the
harveft in that feafon.
Youmufttake care to furnKh your pi-
geon-houfe according to the bignefs of it i
if you put but a few in it, it will be a great
while before you will have the plcafure of
eating young pigeons, for you muft take
none out of the pigeon-houfe before it is
well (locked.
Be fure to feed them in hard weather,
and in benting time, which is when the
corn is in the ear, and keep out the vermin,
and you will never want ftock.
It is good to give them loam,, mixed with
fait and cummin feed, mixed well, made up
in lumps and dried ; it provokes luft, and
helps them in breeding.
Be fure never to let them want frefli
watcn The beft food is tares ; the morn-
ings and evenings are proper times to give
them their meat, and never at noon, for
fear of breaking their reft, which they ufu-
ally take at that hour, which rooft is very
nece(rary to make them thrive with the
food which they eat.
To hinder pigeons from quitting the pi-
geon-houfe, take the head and ^et of a
gelt goat, and boil them together till the
fle(h feparatcs from the bone : take this
flefh and boil it again in the fame liquor,
till the whole is confumed; bruife intothi^
decoclion, which is very thick, fome pot-
ter's earth, out of which you are to take
all the ftones, vetch, dung, hemp, food
and corn i the whole muft be kneaded tOr
gether and reduced to a paftc, or doughj
which form into fmall loayes aboui the
Y y thick-
PI G
r1i1c}cncfs of two fifts, and dry them in the
Ain or oven> and take care it do not burn ;
when they are baked, lay them in leveral
parts of the pigeon-hpufe, and as foon as
they are fet there the pigeons will amufe
jhenrfelves with pecking them, and find-
ing fome tafte there ^hich pleafes them,
they will keep fo clofc to it that they will
not afterwards leave it but with regret.
Others take a handful of fait, which they
candy, and afterwards put into the pigcon-
houfe. Some cake a goat's head and boil
it in water with fait, cummin, hemp and
urine, and then expofe it in the pi^on-
hpufe, with which they amufe the pigeons.
Laftly, there are thofe who fry millet in
honey, adding a little water to prevent it's
burning; this preparation is a repaft to
them, and will caufe chem to havefuch an
affe6lion for their ordinary habitation, that
fo far from abandoning it themi^felveSj they
will draw^ftrange pigeons to it.
Pigeons willlive eight years, :but they are
only prolific for the 6rft four years, after-
wards they ace worth nothing, for when
they Are once paft that age, all they do is
to derive you of the profit you might
reap by .others that are younger. It is
fomething drfficult to know how to ditlin-
gmik their age.
If you would furpifh your table whh
young ones in the winter, and feed daintily,
you muft not tarry for them till they can
fly, but take them when they are grown
pretty ftrong ; pluck the largefl quills out
of their wings, which will confine them to
their nefts i others tie their .feet, pr elfe
l^rcak the bones of their legs, by whidh
means they will be fat in a very fhort time,
becaufe the fubftance of the nourifhment
they receive being then not fo much dif-
perfed, turns into fat.
PIGEON -HOUSE, a piece of oeconomy
of which a great deal may be faid, there
being an infinite number of things to be
obferved, in order to get a pigcon-houfe
that may be advantageous and profitable
to you. To begin therefore : the firft thing
^S ^^ pitch upon a convenient place, of
which none is more proper than in the
^middle of a court yard^ which iafuppofed
PI O
to be fpacious etK>ugh,<M' widiout thehoufe,*
by reafon pigeons are natursilly of a fea^fol
difpofition, and the leaft ndife they bcw
frightens them : hence h is, that they .al-
ways make pigeon -houfes with much care,
and a great deal of reafon, at fuch a dif-
tance that the rufling noife of the trees'
fliaken by the wind, and -the over-murmur-
in gs of tne water may not affiright thorn.
As to the bigneis of the pi^eon4iouie^
that depends upon the fancy or thofe who
build them ; but it is better they fhould be
fpacious than too Ittde s and fix- it's form
the round is to be preferred before die
fquare ones, becaufe rats cannot fo eafilf
cbnw at the one as at the other s and die
round houfe is al(b moce commodious^
becaufe you may by -the means of the4adder
turning upon an axis, eafily vifit all liiac
is wkhin the pigeon -houfe, and come near
the nefl without being ^propped, and take
the pigeons in them ; (6 chat you nuif
eflfeA that by the conveniency of this la^
derin around one which cannot be doae ia
a fquare pigeon- hoiffe.
To hinder rats from getti^ng up on .the
out fide into a pigeon-houfe, they fal^n tin
plates to a xeitain height, and in fuch
places where they forefee tfhe 4*ats might
pafs, at the outward angles -of a Iquare
pigeon-^oufe j thefe plates ought to be a
foot high and raifed above half afoot 'On- the
lides, to that when the rats come to diem
and cannot catch hold -of them, chey f ail
upon the iron fpikes which are ufually
fixed at the bottom, or the place* where you
forefee they may fall.
Care (hould alfo be had that the pigeon*
houfe (hould be placed at fome fmall dif*
tance froi;n water, that the pigeohs may;
carry it to their young ones : and the fame
being a little warmed in their bills, it will
be more whdlefome for them than when ic
is cold.
The boards whidi cover the pigeon-^
houfe (hould be -well joined together, in-
fuch manner that neither rats nor wind can
pafs through •, the covering (hquld be fuch
that no rain may penetrate through it ^
cfpecially, it ought to be raifed oogood^
folid
ibiict fbuHd'ati6A9» the AtMY ^odv Che
buiklihgf firm, and^Well ctfmtntedv bccdtlfd
plgAftiti^dutig has an ill prop^tf of mining
fbandarions ; they rtiuft be hatid'plaift^r-
cdi and* white-wfeiflied within sind wichoor,
that being the colour mod plead ng to' thd
pigebns» It rtioft be a donftant caution,
fhat th^re be no window or opening of th^
pigeon-houfc to the €a(tward, but they
ftiuft be always^ ds nrtu<?h as poflSble^
placed to the foiith, for pigeons love di-
te6tly to feel the ibn» and jdf^ially in
winter j but if by reafon of the Ihuation
6f tht phce, you can do no' c^thefwifc
than nnake the window bf the pigMti-
koufe to face to the north, y6u nnuft always
keep it fliut clofe in cold ^^athefr, ^hd&ptti
it in futtiiindr, that the cocking tAr may have
pafl^gc into" the plaoe, which is rcfrdhlrtg
ind ddlghtful tti'pigeohs in that iVafoiiof •
fhd-yeirt
The pigeon-houfe fhould have twd^cinfc*
fdt« bulk Without, eithffr of fre<f ftohe or
fai^gfet, of^e of iK^iich is to reach trt tfi^
Middk^ of thd pigfcoh-houfe, ahd thd oth^r
©fldtf the wii«loWi through which the pi-
tftfffrgoin and Out j thtft c#o itH^lc^t}f es ait
ftWcfe tin puJ-ptffc that the Wftfs may rift
Opdn thcitt When' th^y i^tUrhdiit of tH^f
fields : ydi}^ (boold haVe a pOrtcilllii at the
window before mehti(Kfed» (dt theegrefs-
Md ffegrefsofthe^igedfts, wliieh portcullis
irtuft be fomeihing httgtr than the window
6t apeftiire, #hkh fhould be Kntd with tin,
#cH faftcrtfed to thfiw'Ml, to fte*T^ thtf rats
fikMi coming tip : this poitcullis ttiity bt
rtfiftd up of^ pulled ddwn every morhirtg
ftfid et^ingj by thtf meani of a board faft^
cned to a pully, which is to be 6xed dbOtlt
ttMTAitd i^lndo^ i and thi* ctfttl'nvay hang
dbwn fti loWi thfit it may be reMhed vVith«
otrt ah/ trouble.
To rtiMiage this affair vrtW, the doof
ihotild.bi always placed in tight of the
rf#dBhg houfe, whether the pigeon* houft
Bte built witHih orwlthout the* court-yahf,
though yoO are obliged to mikc^ th^ door
to Open oh the north fide, from wketice the
vfitid that blowi is very incomModipii^ to
the DiscdM^ fa^dmfe the maOtr o( the f«^
PIG
milj? may keep- in awe thofe that! g^ iw
and come out of the pigeon houfe j and w
prevent the incoftveniency that msify artfe"
from the north vrfrtd, mak« a double doof
to it, and by that means defend' your pi-
gcon-houfc from the fc verity of the cold atr.
As to the ncftis^ or coves of tht pigeon-
houfe, fomc build chcm m the walfwith
flat bricks in fuch a manner, that they are
\mg and fquare, and darkifli aithe bottom^
which is a thing thefe birds CoVttt thofe
nells would have continued to' be ambng
the firft: rarik, if an^ongft others the inven-
tion of earthen pots had' not been fourttf
out I befide.v thofe built in the w*ail' haif^e*
very often feme chink or other, throu^
wiiich f^atsi mby get into tHem; whereas the
pot being all of a-piece, etitircly keeW
tKem oar^ unlefsit \itsk the mouth: Othfcrs
make iM of round tites^ placet! on^ updtt
siiodi^ry reprefenting the lhap<5 of a pipft
tol receive water in, and they fangtf thtrrt
ha»f jf foot' diftaht from' eafch other Ujkw
btidcsy fitted aboVe ai well air bc^ow to th^
robndiicfs of tHtfe tiles, whieh'alfbferve t^
feparare then efts': bilt thii is nbtfogooc!
as eithfcr of the others. ' Be A>fe their neff^
or holes b4^ made difls-fafliloried at the bot.
tomi (aS' diey d6 not always build rieftfe)
then the eggs^ill keep in the liiiddle, arid
the pigeon muft fet true upon theiri, which
if otherwife they will roll afide> and for
want of proper heat, even though the pi-
geon fets well in her neft/ will •chill and
certainly fpoil. But in \^hat manner fo-
ever thefe nefts arc* made, yoti muft bd
very exaft^ iihat they fljould bfe rather tb6
big than too littld, to the end that tht
cock afnd the henimv have rttom to ftand in
them.
The flrft range of thefe ne(b, be ihfey
Kte as ytw pleafe, muft alwayr be four
feet diftant fro^ the ground, fo that the
wall uhdcfm^ath being vtry fnidothi'the raft
may not be able to get up. You muft ob *
ferve in the fitft place, that if yoii btiild
theft nefts or coves wth earthen pots, to
placef them checqirer*wifei aitd not fquare
One? over another : ift the? nett place, you
muft not raift their nefts any higher than
Yy 2 wichiii
[
jr
F I G
within three feet of the top of thepigcon-
houfe 5 ?nd thirdly, you muft' cover the laft
range of thofe ncfts with a- board a foot and
a half broad, and fet flanting, for fear the
rats, which may happen to come down from
the top, may get in to them. All thefc
nefts (hould be built level with the wall,
which (liould be fmooth and well whitened.
Ypu may, and it will be very much to the
purpofe, place before every ncft-door or
mouthi 4 fmall flat (lone, which comes out
of the wall three or four fingers broad, for
the pigeons to reft upon when they go in or
come out of their nefts, or when bad wea-
ther obliges them to keep to the pigeon-
boufe.
TAME PIGEONS j of thefc there are
Jeveral fpecics.
Runts, the largeft kind of pigepns, call-
ed by the Italians, tronfo \ but thefc may
^gain bediftinguilhed into greater or fmall*
er: thofe which are commonly called the
Spanl/h runts are much.efteemed^ being the
largelt fort of pigeon, but arc fluggiffa,
and more flow of flight than the fmaller
fort of runts.; but the fmaller runts are
better breeders, anct quicker of flight, for
which they arc cfteemed. As for the co-
lours of their feathe/s, they arc uncertain^
fo that .a judgment cannot be made of the
fort Sy th^m.
The next which makes the largeft figure,
but is not in reality (he largeft bird,^ is the
cropper, fo called, becaufe they ufually do,
by attra£lii)g the air, blow up their crops
to an* extraordinary .bignels, even fo as to
be fometimes as large as their bodies.
This fort is the moft. valued, according as
it can fwell up it's crop, to the larger fize.
The bodies of this fort are about the
bignels of the fmaller runt> but are fome-
what ipore flender ; this fort alfo is of vari-
ous colours^ in the feathers.
The (bakers i thefc are of two forts, viz.
the broad'tailed fliaker, and the narrow-
tailed (baker : thefe are fo. called, becaufc
they are almoft cpnftantly, wagging their
)ieads and necks up and down -, the broad
are diftinguiftied frpm. the .narrow, in that
the broad-uiled Ibrt abounds with tstil fca-
P I 6
{ thers, about twenty-fix in number; but the
narrow- tailed (bakers have not fo many.
Thefc, when they walk, carry their tail-
feathers and creft fpread abroad likeaturky-
cock J they have Hkewifc a diverfity of fca-
therfe.
The jacobines, or cappers ; which are fo-
called, on account of certain feathers which
turn up about the back part of the head :
fome of this fort are rough footed ; they
are (hort billed, the iris of their eye of a
pearl colour, and the head is commonly
white.
The turbit, which fome fuppofe to be a
corruption of the word corieck, or curtbeke,
as they are called by the Duicby, which
feems. to be derived of the French, courts
lecy and fignifies a (hort bill, for which this
pigeon is remarkable i for the head is flat^
and the feathers on the breaft fpread both
ways, Thefearemuch of the fame fizc with
the jacobines.
The carriers, are pigeons fo. called from
the ufe which is fometimes made of them
in carrying of letters to and fro : certain it
is that they are very nimble mcfTcngers, foE
fome authors affirm that it has been found
by experience, « that one of thefe pigeons
will fly three miles- a rpinute, or from St.
Alban's to London in feven minutes > this
has b^cn tried by experiments.*
We have an account of their pafl!ing and
repading with advices between Hirtius and
Brutus, at the (iege of Medena, who had»
by laying meat for them in fome high
places, ufed their pigeons to (iy from place
to place - for^ their meat, they having
before kept them hungry^ and in a dark
place. '
Thefc pigeons are about the Cizc of com*
men pigeons, and of a dark blue, or
blacki(h colour, which is oneway ofdif-
tingui(hing them from other forts: they
are alfo remarkable for having their eyes
compa(red about with a broad circle of nak-
ed fpongy (kin, and for having the uppcc
chap of their beak covered more than half
from the head, with a double cruft of the^
Jike naked fungous body. The bill or
beakis moderately Ipng an^ blackt
-Thcftf
I'hefc birds have this qusiitj, th^t |
they arc carried many nvles from the place
where they are bred and brought up^ or
hav^ themfelves hatched or bred up any
youi^g ones -, they will immediately return
homb as foon as they are let to fly.
Wtjen perfons would ufe them for carriers^
they, mull order them in the following
manner :
TWo friends mud agree to keep them, the
one.at Lf»^»,.and the other at fVindJor^ or
any other place ; he that liveth at Wind/or
muft take two or three cocks or hens which
were bred at his friend's at London, and the-
pther two or three that were bred at
Wtndfort when the perfon at London has
occaiion to fend any advice .to bis friend
zifVtndfory he mud roll up -a little piece
of paper» and tie it gently with a fmall
firing pai£;d through it^ about the pigeon's
oeck*
But here you muft remember^ that the
pigeons you delign to fend with a letter^
muft be keptpretty much in the dark, and
without meat for eight or ten hours before
they are turned put, and then they will rife
and turn round till they have found their
wayj^ and continue their flight till they have
got home. .
yixxk two or .thiree of thefe pigeons on
each fide, acorrefpondence might be carried
on in a very expedicioxjs manner, efpecially
in niatters of curiofity, i^c.
. The Barbqry pigeoji, or barb, is another
fort, whofe bill is. like that of the tiubit^j
ihort and ^thick,, having a broad and naked
circle of a fpongy white fujpftance round
ab^ut the eye, like that of the carrier pi-
geon ; the iris of the eye is white, if the fea-
thers of the pinion. are inclinable to a darker
colour, but is red if the feathers are White,
as is obferyed in other birds.
Smitersj are fuppofed to be the fame that
the Dulcb call dragers s this fort ftiake their
wings as they fly, and rife commonly in a
circular manner in the\r flight, the males,
for the moft part, rifing higher th'an the fe-
males, and frequently filing and flabbing
with their wings, which makes a noife that
03ay be heard a great way oflF^ which often
PI G'
is the caufe of their breakiag or fliatterhig!
their quill feathers.
Thefe very much refemble the Tumbler
pigeon, the difference chiefly ^is,. that the
Tumbler is fomewhat fmaller, and in. its-
flight will tumble icfelf backward over its
head i thed^verfity of colours in the feathers
makes no difllerence.
The Helmet pigeon is dil^inguilhed from-
the others, becaufe it^ has the head, the;
quiU-feathers^andthe tail-feathers, alwaysi
of one colour, fometimes black, fometimesv
white, or red, or blue, or yellow, but the
other feathers of the body are of a diflereaCi
colour.
The Light Horfeman ; this is fuppofed>
to be a crofs ftrain, between a cock Crop-
per and a hen of the Carrier breed, becaufc
they feem to partake of both, as appears-
from th/e excrefcence of flefli upon their
bills, and the fwellings of their crops *^
th'efe arQ not inclined to leave the place of
their birth,.or the boufe that they have been*
ufed> to.
The fiaftard-bill pigeon is* fomething:
bigger than xhtBarbary pigeon j they have,
(hort bills, and .are generally faid to have
red eyes, though probably thofe coloured
eyes belong only to thofe that have white
feathecs..
Thereisa pigeon called theTurner, which'
is faid to have a tuft of feathers hanging,
backwards on the head, wJirch parts like a
horfc's mane.
There is alfo a pigeon of the fmaller fort„
called the Finikin^ but in- other relpedts jikO'
the former.
There is another pigeon called, the Spo'tj^
fuppofcd, (and with judgment) to take itsr
name from a fpot on the forehead, juil abov«
the bill, and the feather of its tail always of
tlie fame colour with the fppts, and all the
other feathers are white.
The Mabotiiet, orMawmet pigeon, fup-
poled to be brought (rom.T urkyy which i^^
lingular for its large black eyes, but the
other parts are like thofe of the Barbary pi*
geom . ; : J . . ,
To diftinguifli which are the- males and'*
females among pigeons^ itis chiefly kaown^
bv.
H I L
vlilch keep* the horfe in fubje^lon, "wd
hinders him from flying out.
To break fuch an unruly fiery horfe, and
make him go -forwards, put the cavtflbn
upon him, and makfc faft the rope to the
middle ring and to the pillar, trot him round
the pillar without any pcrfon on his back,
and fright him with the (hambrier or rod,
that he may know it, and ifly from the leaft
appearance of a blow.
'This done, you may mount him round
the piUar, and put him on, fo as that he
fliall not be able either to rear up or to ftop
in order to domifchief, for the dread of the
Ihambrier will prevent all diforders, and
hinder him from ftopping, . .
t The Duke o( Newca^le fays , this is the
only cafe in which the ufe of the pillar
(hould be fuffered, for in general, he is fo
far from approving of the pillar, that he
affirms, it only fpoils horfcs, becaufc round
it they only work by rota, and having their
eyes always fixed upon the fame objedbs,
know not how to manage elfewhere, but
inftead of obeying the hand and the heels,
know nothing but the- rope and the (ham-
brier.
In fuch manages as have not this pillar,
you mufl imagine a place where it Aiould
be, thar is, you muft conGder the middle ^f
the ground as the center, in order to regu-
late and facilitate manages upon rounds.
See Rope and Ropes.
The two pillars are placed at the didance
of two or three paces the one from the
other.
We put a horfe between thefe, with a
caveiTon of leather or cord, mounted with
two big ropes, that anfwcr from the one pil-
lar to the other. ^
You muft ply your horfe with the caveflbn
ropes, and make him rife between the two
pillars : when once he has got a habit of
curvetting with eafe, he will give you a
good feat on horfeback, and by the liberty
of his pofturc make you keep the counter-
poife of your body, and teach you toftretch
out your hams.
PINCHING [in Horfemanlhip] is when
A horfe ftanding dill, the rider keeps him
PIT
faft with the bridle-hand, and applies Ithe
fpurs juft" to the hair of his fidesi '
PIP. A diftcmpcr incident to hawks j' it
proceeds from cold and moiftneft in the
head, or by feeding on grofs meats in the
fummer-time, that have not been wa(Ked
well in cold water.
For the cure : give the hawk with Her
cafting at night, a fcouring pill of agaric,
or hiera picra, for two of three days toge-
ther, and wafli her tongue with rofe-watcr,
and anoint it for three or four days with oil
of fweet almonds j and when the pip is
thoroughly ripe, /; e. when it is white and
foft, take it off with a (harp awl or bodkin,
and afterwards anoint the wDund with oil of
fweet almonds.
If the hawk has the pip in her foot, then
caft her, and cut out the core or corn in the
ball of it, and apply a plaifter of gaibanum,
white pitch, and T^ifwiV^* turpentine, fpread
on foft leather, and ti6d on fo faft that it
may not come off, but yet not To ftraight as
to hurt her ; then let her ftand on a perch
foft lined, keep her^warm, and drefs her
three or four times a week till flie is well. '
PISSING OF Blood [in Horfes] ma/
proceed from divers caufes, fonietimes- by
being ridden over-hard, ortAoured btyond
his ftrength, and by carrying too heiavy bur-
dens on his body 5 at other times it may be
by fome vein broken in his body, on which
blood will frequently iffue out of his body;
or it may proceed from fome ftone fretting
upon his kidnies, and from ieveral other
caufes.
For the cure : take knot-grafs, fliepherd^s
purfe, bloodwort of the hedge, polypody
of the wall, comfrey, and garden bloodwort^
of each an handful, fhred them fmall, and
boil them in a quart of beer, to which add
a little falt-leaven and foot, and give the
horfe.
PISTE is the tread or traft, that a horfe
makes upon the ground he goes over.
PIT-FALL. A cheap device, with which
you may take a whole covey of partridges,
as well as fmgle ones, or indeed any other
birds ; there are pit-falls above, and under
ground ; the machine rcprefented by the
cue
,cut« i$ a fort of cage^ and made as in Plate
.IX. No. I.
This device is concipofcd of four flicks,
or pieces of wood* A, B, A, D, D, C, C, B,
jeach . about three feet long and bored
through ivich'in two inches of the endjwich a
hole big enough to tufn one's little finger
in it ; they mult be placed on each other, in
afquare upon the ground, and let into each
other about half the thicknefs of the (lick,
that they may hold together, in fuch a man-
ner as to make four angles ; then take two
hazletot\ghrods» about the bigncfs of one's
finger, each four or five feet long, which
rnuft be fixed in the fore-mentioned holes,
croQing them, over each other, ^hat their
other ends may be fixed in their oppofite
angles, as the corner Hicks in cages ufed
io be laid; then you mufl: have fome light
firaight fticks, longer than each ot herby de-
grees, and about the bignefs of one's finger,
•which you muft compile one over another,
the longed firft, and the (horteft laft, up to
the height of the crofling of tliie two rods,
fo that the whole will refemble a kind of
bcc-hive ; but you muft remenrfber to leave
a hole at the top, to be covered or uncove-
red with fome ftone, or the like, to take
out the birds when they are .in the pit-fall.
You muft at leaft bind the. end of your
fticks to the two rods with ofiers, ftrong
packthread, or fmall cord, and this is all
that belongs to the pit-fall; bat for the
erefting or piling it up, do thus : take a
iHck. of about three feet long, and about
the bignefs of one's little finger, which
muft be fmoothed above and below, then
tic the end F, No. a, with a little cord, to
the middle of the foiindation-ftick A, B,
the other end of the ftick F, G, muft have
a fmall notch in it about two inches from
the end ; then provide another ftick ly K,
about a foot and a half long, with a fmall
cord fixed at the upper end thereof, where
you may place another little ftick H, half a
foot long> having the end G fliaped like the
iharp end of a wedge j the lower end bf the
ftick K muft be fixed in the ground, which
being done, the fore-part of the pit-fall
D, C^ will come to be lifted up, and then
P I T
place the isnd H of the little ftick under th«
cage to fupport it, and the other cnd^
fbaped like a wedge, into the notch of
the ftick F, G;*thcn let the pit-fall reft
gently on it, and it will be ready fct^ with
one fide lifted up about a foot high, and
the ftick K, G, will be about three inches
from the ground^ then ftrew your bait under
the cage.
The fame pit fall will fervc to take final!
birds, hares, rabbets, or vermin.
When you have found out that par-^
tridgcs frequent either vineyards, woods,
or fome other place, you muft, before you
fpread your net, pitch upon a proper ftand
for yourfclf, cither near a hedge, a knot of
ofiers, or fome bufhes, that fo your pit^falt
may not be openly feen, and frighten the
partridges : when the place is fixed, take
five or fix handsful of barley or oats, parch*
ed in a frying-pan, or clfe fome wheat,
ftrew fome grain here and there, and make
a pretty long train, fo as to lead the par-
tridges to the heap ; and when you know
by their dung that they are Come thither,
then lay your pit-fall at the place where
they have dunged, covering it with (oittc
leaved branches, or broom, or leaved vine
branches, if the feafon allows it, and lay
down fcven or eight handsful of corn under
it, with a long train ; the partridges, hav-
ing been regaled there before, will not fail
foon to get under the cage to eat, and
being greedy will jump upon one another,
fo that coming to touch the little ftick F,
G, which keeps the machine extended, it
will by that means fall upon them. Whefi
the covey is large, fome often happen to
be without the reach of the pit-fall, but he
that is dexterous at this fport will know
how to catch them another time.
The two figures No. i and 2 defcribe the
pit-fall two ways 5 the firft fliews how it ig
extended front-ways, and the other fide-
ways, and they are marked with the fame
letters j the letter E ftiews you, that when
the pit-fall is ]ight,and the covey large, that
you muft put a ftone upon the top. of the
pit-fall, the weight of which prevents a fin-
gie partridge from letting down the cage
Z z or
FIT
«r trap, for othcrwifc you may take but ohc
or two : this artifice is well known to thofe
who follow the fport.
Pefidcs this pit-fall, for the taking of
partridges, there are others of the like na«
ture with which they take fmall birds ; the
former was above the earth, but thefe in,
and under it, and are excellent for taking
black-birds, thrufties, field-fares and the
like birds that (ccd upon worms. The beft
time for this fport, is from thebeginning
of No'wtmber^ to the end of March \ the
device is cheap, profitable, and pretty
•common j neverthelefs, in order to omit
liothing that may be ufcful in this work, the
following figures will demonftrate it to you.
The figure marked A, is a plain paddle-
ftafF, fuch as countryrhen ufe to carry in
their hands as they go about their grounds :
with this you are to cut up turfs, with
which the pit-fftU is to be clofed, which turf
xnuft at leaft b^ cut two inches larger than
the pit : th^Jfaid paddlpmay likewife fd-ve
to dig your pits, which Ihould always be
made in the fun, near fome hedge, where
birds frequent ; they may alfo be made in
great wopds, near holly- bufhes, for birds
in hard weather, refort. in fuch. places, in
cxpe&atipnpf. worms, by picking up and
lemoviog the dead leaves that lie on the
ground : the holes may^ be about feven
inches deep ; on the oppofite fide let it be
about four or five inches long, as defigned
Fig. VI. and from X, to O, there may be
a^difiance of about fix inches ; then take a
fmajl fticjc X, ■ being tapered, or cut finall
by desreeis, prick the . fmall end X, into
the fide marked' M, and Itrt the end V,
lie upon the ground pfee Fig. 8. then have
another (lick marked as. S, T,. about the
bignefs^of a fwan's quill, andfourinches
l^ig, which cat fiat, and fn^ooth on one fide>
ajid cut a notch at the end S, on the other
fide. 5^^^ Plate IX. Fig. 7.
In the ticy^i place you muft have a fork-
ed (lick,, marked as Y, and Z>. Fig. 9,
ibmething bigger than the other (licks, and
about five or fix inches long, the end Z,
bfting CM like the en(l^ of ^ wedge.. The
PIT
next thing is to make ufe of your turfs,
which muft be four or five inches thick,
the bigger fide to be laid over the largeil
fideof tbepitl
Take the end '.S, of your little (lick, and
lay the flat fide on the place M, upon the
end of the (lick which is pricked into the
ground \ then place the end Z, of your
forked ftick into the notch S, and lay oa
the turf, making the end of the forked (iick
marked Y, to bejuft under the place of the
turf marked K, then move and piace'thc
fmall ftick which holds the fork^ in fuch
manner that by the leaft bird that comes to
tread upon the end of the fticks, the turf
may fall down^ and fo catch the birds in the
hole
That you may induce the birds to comt
to your pit'.-falls, get fome earth-wormt
and ftick four or five of then> through ch«
body with fome long thorns, or fmall fticka.
for that purpofe^ and fo fee them in your
pits to be fecn by the birds that come near
it; and take care that the birds cannot
come to the pits any other way than that
marked O $ you may plant a little hedge-*^
row of fhort fticks about the two fides of the
pit. ' If it be hard frofty .weather, ftir up.
feme frefii earth about . the franc of tho
pit, which iwill dnuch entice the birds to
There is another fort of pit-fall which 19
not fo troublefome as the former, and Jioc
fo many fticks or devices required ; you
may ufe it in any liedge> bu(h, tree, or th©
like, and in all weathers.. ) It i^ ta be made
and ufipd accordixig to the following defcrip-i^
tioi> : '
Take a holly-ftick about the bignefs of
one's middU- finger, and about a foot and a.
half.:long, alfo another ftick of the fame*
bi^nidfs, but about two inches. (horcer,^ bend
thetn both like a bow> with a-good double
packthread, between yrhich place a flac
ftick about eighteen inches long,, as the
letters P, M, K, G, Fig. 10, ftiew i then tic
the end of the faid (lick G, to the middle
of thelclTer bow, to try if it be right, and
with Qne hand hold the end P„ of the fiat:
ftiffkj, and ^kxh the oxbev* haadpuU^th^ kr.
fcrv
.^.^ftjfeiflu
1?L A
fcr b6w tdwards you, tftd ifjrou l*t it fly
back it ^o(\ifns With a go^d force, it is a
iign ic is w#]l done.
' 'Pbeft tit upon your flat flick, about
three inches from the end ofit, at the ktter
P, a fmall packthread about nine inches
long, ahd as bfg bs a good quiIl, between
the faia packthread atP, and the letter K ;
about the letter M- tic the thread double,
aft N, O^ thtafpread d fmill nee oVer two
bows, and let the wbofe be like a folding-
Uool : the way to bend it is thus, lift up
the greSkter of the bows, and bring it over
the little 'itick Q^ R, then pafs a-thwart
the net the double thread N, O, with the
bait fattened thereih at N, and opeii the
end O, put it on the fend of the ftiek Rj
and it is ready fee.
For- the better comprehending it,' there
arc thrte figures defcribed, (the letters are
all the fame) one fhows how to mak^ it, the
other how to bend it or let it, and the laft
fiiews it ready bent. Sec Plate IX. Fig, lo,
iij artd 12.
Wh€h y6u fix it irt any place, ftrew feme
leaver behind it, and alfo upon the bottom*
of it before, to the end the birds may not
unbeifd it, eitdfept in the fort-part : you
iftoft bait abcof-ding'io the different feafons
^d nature* of} (hbfe birds you defign to
tftke ; in May and Junei for ^ics and jays,
in gardens and orchards, either two or
three cherries, or a piece or two of green
pear br Sppld, riiay Mo well : in winter,
black^biHSs/ thrulheS or iKc Hke^ two or
thr^^wor-ins will do the bufmcfs 5 at other
tifnes/aftd for fome birds, an ear or two of
wheat or barley is very good.
PLANliT-STRUCK, or Shrew-run-
ftiKQy as it is called by fome, is a diftem-
per in horfes, being a deprivation of feeling
or motion, not ftirring any of the members,
but that they remain in the fame form as
when the beaft was firft feized wich it.
It proceeds fometimes from choler and
ptiiegm, fuperabundantly mixed together;
fometimes from melancholy blood, being a
cold and dry humour which affefts the hin-
der part of the brain i fomenimesfrom ex«
tr^me heat and cold, or raw digeftion^ ftri-
P L A'
kiflg lifto the y«ins fuddenly 1 or'lallly, frowi
extreme hunger^ occafioned by long faft-^
ing ' ^
If the difeafe proceeds from heat, it may-
be known by the hotncfs of the horfc's
breath and the free fetching of his wind 5
but if from cold, by a Huffing and po2e in'
his head.
For the cure. Some prefcribe to hang a'
fliftt-fl:one over his head, or fome cold iron,
as an eld fcythe, ^c. others, to give him
fifteen feeds of fingle piony ; others pre-
fcribe cxercifc before and after .water, to
; mix hemp -feed in his provender, and to
caufehim to fweat, by giving him miQetoc
of the oak, muftard-feed, fted of black--
poplar, cinquefoil, germander, hyffop, and
Sf» JoMs wort.
PLANTED [with Farriers] a term ufed
of a horfe, who is faid to be right planted
on his limbs, when he (lands equally firm oa
his legs, and not one advanced before the
other i his legs fliould be wider above than
below, that is the diftance between his feet
fhould be Icfs than between his fore-thighs,
at that part next to the (boulders ; the knees
ought not to be tooclofe, but the whole leg
fhould dcfcend in a ftrait line, to the very
pftfternjoint, and the feet (hould be turn-
ed neither out nor in, the paftern being
placed about two fingers breadth more
backwards than the coronet.
As for the hind hand, his jarretsor hams
(hould not be too clofe, and the inftep,
which is betwixt the hook and the paftern-
joint, (hould ftand perpendicular to the
ground.
PLANTED-COAT. See Staring^
Hair.
PLATE-LONGE, is a woven trap,
four fathom long, as broad as three fingers,
and as thick as one, made ufc of in the ma-
nage for raifing the horfe's legs, and fome-
times for taking him down, in order to fa-
cilitate feveral operations of the farrier.
PLAT-VEIN IN A Horse, is a vein
tbt infide of each fore-thigh, a
on
Httle below the. elbow, fo cillcd amo
common f^^mcrss fome call it the bafnic
vein.
2 2 2 The
FLO
i Tlic bleeding of this vein may be ftop-
pcd'whcn cut, by filling the orifice with
the wool of rabbet, or hare, and afterwards
lewing up the (kin in two parts ^ upon
which a little matter will gather together,
but by greafing the wound it will be heal-
cd in eight or nine days*.
PLURA iw Horses. An inflammation
of the plura> lungs, diaphragm, <dc are all
attended with a violent fever, have rnoft'
of their fymptoms alike, and the general
method of cure is the fame in all : the
principal peculiarities are diftinguilhed as
follows:
The inflammation in the lungs is called
ft peripneumonia s an inflammation in the
pleura is called a pleurify ; an inflamma-
tion of the diaphragm is called paraphre-
Bitis, 6f^.
The figns of a pleurify are befides the
ufual figns of a fever, which at the firll
are moderate, but fometimes very violent,
with great difficulty of breathing -, he fhifts
about frequently, is very reftlefs i his
flanks work and heave exceflively ; his bel-
ly, for the moft part, feems to be drawn
vp :. at the firft onfet of the difeafe, he at-
tempts frequently to lie down, but fudden-
ly fiarts up, turning his head to one fide as
if he was griped; but in the gripes the heat
is fucceeded by cold, and this by heat
again alternately : when he lays down he
rolls, ftrctchcs out his legs, i^c. as may be
feen in the article Cholic ; whereas in the
pleurify the heat is conftant both in the
body, ears, and feet, with a hard and
quick pulfe i and what is yet more parti-
cular, when in a beginning pleurify he
attempts to lay down, he rifes up„ and
runs back as far as^ he can, and there (lops
and pants until he is cafier, or falls down.
When the inflammation is in the lungs>
the fymptoms are in general the fame as^
in the pleurify, except that in the beginning
he is not fo relllefs -, and during the whole
dlifeafe„ be never attempts to lie down ; he
kath a (hort cough ^ and his. mouth, inilead
of being parched as in a pleurify, hath a
lopey-flime conftaotly in Lt, which dribbler
away plentifully i and he hath a running at
FLU
at his nofe of a reddiQi yellow eokrar,
which by reafon of the great heat, becomes
very vifcid, his flanks fecm cafy, escepc
after drinking or ftirring a little, his belly
feems rather difiended,. and his ears and-
feet generally cold.
If the diaphragm is more immediately the
feat of the difeafe, the chief diflPerence from
the figns of a pleurify is, chat in this cafe the
jaws are fo fet at times, that nothing can
be got into the mouth. ,f
It the bowels are the feat of the inflam-
mation, and the violence of the fymptoms
threaten a mortificacion, this will be fuf-
pedlcd by the hard, black excrements,
which are ejeAed in fmall pieces, and
frequent efforts with feeming great
pain.
In the method of cure, the difference
is lefs than the fynnptoms which are the
diftinguifliing charaderiftics.
Early as pofllble bleed : if it hz ftrong,
full-fleihed horfe, take away fix pints of
blood 5 and if the violence of the difeafe;
feems not leflened thereby, take away
three or four pounds more the next day ^
and if need be, take away two pounds more*
the third day. On fpeedy and fre^e bleed-
ing in the beginning, the chief dependence.
is had. A weak, old horfe, will require;
much difcretion in thefe caf^s> his ftreagch
not admitting fo free bleeding.
The diet muft be cooling, relaxing, and
folutive, .and the treatment in general che
fame as in the firft five fedipns under the
article Fevers, only after each dofe of the
faline powder, or with it, as your difcre-
tion may lead, have a pint of pedtoral drink,
given hi)ii ; and if the cough, is trouble-
fome, a hornful of the fame may be giveiv
every two hours,, befides what is given witbi
the powdec
Peroral Drinks
Boil four ounces of Frtfub barley ioi
three quarts of water^ until the barley ia.
faft, thien add thereto of Oiced figa and
bruifcd raifins, each four ounces ^ liq^or^
ice coot^ bruifcd,, one ounce i boil theok
P L U
ir little while 9 fb that two quarts of liquor
may be ftrained off.
In obftinate cafes that have not given
vrzj to the above treatment, a ftrong de*
coffcion of the rattle-fnake root hath been
fingularly ufeful : it powerfully alters- the
inflammatory (late of the blood; in dif-
eafes of the breaft and lungs, it promotes
expe6tbration ; it promotes both per*
fpiration and urine i and it loofcns the
belly.
- Decision of Rattle-fnake Root.
'Takei-attle-fnake root, four ounces, boil
it in fix pints of water to four; then pour
off the liquor, and give it all in twenty-
four hours.
To the emolient glyfter, two ounces
of nicre 4 or of Glauber* % fait, if the horfe is
very coftive) may be added in thefe inflam-
matory complaints.
If, by the above, he begins to run at the
uofe, you may expc6t a recovery very
foon : and as the heat and figns of pain
decreafc, the* medicines^ may be given
jinore fpartngly ; and when he begins to
eat, the cooling* mfedicines may be omitted,
but edntinue the pedoral drmk.
As Toon as "you can lead him out and
exercife himj^ take care that his diet is
opening, light, and nourilhing : at lead,
for a tortfiight after he begins to recover
he may have three or four fmall feeds of
oats, bcfidcs a ma(h or two- of bran, or
of barley ftecpcd- in hot water until it is
loft.
There is alfo a falfe baftard pleurify ;
it has been called a cheft founder. It con-
lifts of an inflammation of the mufcles that
are feated betwixt the ribs, and is known
by a ftiffnefs of the body, fhoulders, and
forc'legs, uncomnK)ri heaving of the-
flanks, a flirinking when touched there 5
and fometimes a ftaring coat,, and a dry,
fliort cough. It (hould be remembered^
chat when horfes move with difficulty in
their fore-parts, from ftiffnefs or from, pain,
dicy are genepa% faid to be foundered
Uk ihcir bodies^i bu« ibr.tl>c.inoftpart,. tUe
p L a
caufe is in the hoofs, or in the feet. This
(hould be attended to carefully, and dif-
inguifhed from the baftard pleUrify.
In order to the cure, bleed, and rub the
fides- over the ribs; twice a-day, with a
mixture of two parts olive-oil, and one
part volatile fpirit of fal ammoniac : give
gentle purges at proper diftances ; and
let the diet be barley, boiled foft, or bran
given either dry or in mafhes. This difor-
der fometimes terminates with an abfcefs
on the fhoulder, or on the infide of the fore-
legs.
PLOVER, a travelling bird, about the
bignefs of a pigeon ; it has yellow, white,
and dark red feathers ; his bill is black,
fhort, fharp pointed, and a little crooked
at the end. There is alfo another fort of
plover which is fomething bigger, and
from it's a(h-coIour, called the grey plover,
marked with chefnut-coloured fpots ; his
bill is alfo whiter and longer. It is good
food, efpecially for thofc that are troubled
with the falling ficknefs, and a retention.
of urine. The flefh of it has the virtue to '
purify the blood.
Plovers ufually fly in exceeding great
flocks together ; that they have been {t^n
to the number of thirty thoufandof them in
one day. They generally come to us about'
SepembeVy and leave us in or about March ;.
in cold and frofty weather they go in queft
of their food on fuch lands as lie near and^
adjoining to the fea; in thaws and open>
feafens they go higher up in the country, lb-
that their whole labour is to rife and fall..
They delight much to feed in ploughed,
lands, efpecially iffowcd, and havmg £cd„
they prefcntly feck out for water to wafh;
their beaks and feet that are full of dirt.
When they fleep they do not perchoipon any *
thing, but couch- or fit on the groundlike-
ducks or geefe, far from trees and hedgcsi
when ihe wind docs not blow; They fleepj,
indeed, only in calm weather, otherwifc they
pafs moft of the night in- running up and
down to feek for worms as theycrecp out of*
the ground, and then they alWays make a;
little cry, on piirpofe to keep clofc togcrhcr,.
for at day- break they wrliall unite into^on^.-
btidyj,
P L O
•
bodyy and fb depart ; if in their flight they
chance to fpy any others on the ground,
they ufually call them to thcfn, and li they
refufeto go, they make a ftay, expefting
Tome booty. There arc many other fowls'
that accompany them, as lap-wings, teal^
and the like.
Th^y are eafier taken when notintcrmixt
with other fowl, efpecially in OSiober^ foon
after their pomlng, as being unacquainted
with the inftruments of their dcftruAion :
they are alfo caGly taken in the month of
March^ for then they begin to couple. It
1$ not advifable to fet your nets for them in
long froils, and continued cold feafonSi
but varied with the weather; of all winds,
the north-weft is the worft to take them ;
and as you ought not to fet your nets in
fome winds, fo you ought exaftly to place
your nets according to the wind, of which
more will be faid by and by. All fea-fowl
fly againft the wind whenever they dcfign to
reft on land, and therefore obferve to fix
your nets accordingly, to play with the
wind.
There are many little neceflary things to
be ufed in the taking of plovers : you muft
have two poles or ftaves, marked i and 2,
in plate X, about as thick as your arm, and
of a different length, one of which muft be
nine feet three inches long, and the other
nine feet^ let both of them be a little
notched at the fmalleft end.
Then you muft have two pieces of fome
pipe-ftave, as marked 3, a foot long, and
three inches broad, and pointed atone end ;
in the ntxt place you muft have a couple of
ftaves about the bignefe of one's thumb,
ten or twelve inches long, and pointed at
one' end, as that marked 4 ; get three
other pieces of wood, marked W-5, each
two feet in length, and about the bignefs
of a pitch fork, iharpened at the end : then
you muft provide yourfclf wich a fmall
hatchet, marked 6, the ftiarp fide not above
three inches deep, with a ftrong head to
beat in the ftaves : you muft have a bill,
or large knife, marked 7 ; alfo a ftick in
the fafhion of a billiard-ftick, as reprefented
by W-8, which muft be two feet long.
PL O-
from the letter At te B, ending in a pQioi^
at A i the other end B,;C, muft be m foon
long, bending,' and .it muft be cut. in
three angles at the letter C» ,
In the fecond cut is defcribed a pipe or.
whiftle. No. i. wherewith yoy majr call
the plovers j it may be made of the thigh*
bone of a goat, or a large (hcep, and cut,
off at both endsi abopt tl^ree inches long;
fill it at the end ^, witi) wax, at, the open-
ing E, then make the hole F, plain under
the bone, that the wind may come ; next
make a hole at the middle Fi juft- above,
big enough to receive a fmall goofe-quill,
andanothner a pretty deal - bigger^ towards
the end G, to give in the clearer found 1
and likewife pierce a fmall hole at H> to
receive a packthread, that you may hereb/;
hang it about your neck.
Then provide a fmall pannier^ 0^ baiket,
as in the figure W-a, fomewhat in the form
of an egg, which muft be big enough to
hold three or four live lapwings with a hole
in the top to pup them in, with foniiething
to fliut it, and a cord to carry it.
Be provided with three fniall reels^ as re*
prefented by thp third figure, which (ervc
to wind your tines upon : they confift qi.
two pieces of wood, Ij K, Li M, half an;
inch broad, and fiy inches long, which
muft be bored nearer theends^ in order &>.
fit the two ftaves 1, L, K, M, which muft
be fmaller than one's finger : you muft
pierce the two flat pieces of wood- in the
middle P, O, into >vhich put. two opbet;
pieces which may eafily turn, as you,. may
fee in Plate X. No. 3.
You muft have a commodious fack, or
wallet .to carry your things in, as the blrdsi
you have taken and killed, the packthreads,
and other necefi^ary utenfils ; it is mad^ ac-
cording to the defcription in plate X, No.
10, of three pieces of (quare wood, B, F, C
D, A, E, two feet long, and an inch and
half thick; they muft have three feveral
holes bored an inch big; take three or four
thick ftaves, three feet long, and bent like
a bow, which thruft into the holes in the
middle marked I, half in, then fix one of
the ends in the hole K» and the other in the
hole
< .
P L O
hole L, which faften with fmall wooden
wedges ; you maft pafs the other t\^ above
and below in the fame manner, and place
three fticks more, T, H,V, eighteen inches
long, between the two pieces B, F, and A,
'L» which fliould enter into the holes made
on purpofe to keep the reft in order : you
muH: tie two girths, leather ftraps, or cords
to the ftaff L, I, in the middle, and the
other two ends fhould be furnifhedwith the
Ihoe -buckles F, and D i or elfe tie a cord,
two feet long^ to the letter D, by one end,
and the other end fai^en at C ; and when
all this is done, cover it with fome coarfe
linen cloth, or canvas^ as you fee is rc-
prefented in the cut, and leave apiece of thci
cloct ^ove, as A, B, C, which mufl: be
lewed about a wooden bow : it will ferve
for a lid or cover.
Some make-ufe of another fort of pipe^
rcprefentcd in the next cut, 4, being no-
thing ^bgt\a piece of woodi leiTer than one'9
Ktrie 'finger, and- three inches long, cleft
at the end, unto the middle T, wherein
ix a. bay-Waff, to imitate the cry of lap-
wings« * ^
fiefides this, yoq mufl have two rods, as
in the fecond figure, each five feet and an
katflonSi and'ftrafight, light, ^nd flender,-
having ikt «hc*bigger ^nd B, a pegfaftened,
thrte'<M* four inched k)ng,with a packthread,
smd pretty clofe to the r^d; at the middle
6« tbat4«, nearer the great end, tie a cou-
plcof packthreads, each- two fce^long, with
a peg at each end D, and E, of the Ihme-
fee with the-former at-B; at the fjnall end.
c^the rod A, faften another flender pack-
thread, with adouble at the end, coclap
about the body of a lapwing, and the other
end, which is fiingle, mult be a good deal
longer, to fatten the tail of the bird.
Take an holm-ftick, about four or five
ftet' long, indifterent ftrong, at the great
eftd of which falVen two^egs, B, C, at each
fide, about the bignefs of onc'i little finger,
and fix inches long ; about a fooc and a
half from thence faften two packthrcadsi-
cftch two- feet and a half long, with a peg at
each end'F, and G, about the fame lizc
with.lhc. fofflfter. Thtli are. the main tm-
P L O
plcments to be ufed j now we come to treat
of their ufe.
After having provided yourfelf, befidea
thefe implements, with a net or two,
which are known by the name of leap-nets,
whofe meihes are lozenge wife, and two in-
ches broad, and whofe length (hould be
about two fathoms, and eighteen inches
deep; the bed place to pitch them for
plovers and fuch like fowl, is in large
common fields of green corn, where there
are neither trees or hedges, at leaft within
three or four hundred paces of the place
where you defign to go to wopk: if there
beany water in the place, endeavour to
pitch near it 5 for plovers, as before hinted, .
delight to wa(h their beaks and feet after:
they have dirted themfclves with turning
the earth up and down for feeds and worms :
you muft take care that the plat where you <
pitch be a little lower than your lodge, or
at Jeaft equal with it, for it muft not be •
higher. See Plare XI. Fig. 6,
Now fuppofe the plate reprefcnts the
form of' the meadow or field, and that the '
place .where ,you defign to pitch,v reaches -
from A, to B, that the diftartce between B,
and:E, be the fpaoc between the plat-fornV-
and your lodge^ and that the wind blows'
fouthr you muft have a packthread about
fourteen or fifteen feet long, and faften it
to a couple of pegs, A, B ; the pricked
line A, B, Js done on, purpofe to reprefent
this packthread, which fatten in the ground, .
to line OIK the place for your net; then?
take the billiard ftick, A 8, B, C, dcfigned >
in .one of the- preceding figures, and beat
the earth with the triangular end, as if yov *'
would cut ii, and lb pafs along the whole
length of the packthread, which is about-
twelve or fourteen fathom, the exaft length •-
of -the net: when your border is made,
then take away the packthread, and take.
the (hortet of >f he' two fticks marked 2, and -
drawn in the figures before, reprcfenting ^
the utcnfilsi place the fmall end at the bot-
tom- of the border i, -and the bigger at
numbers, not djreflly ftrait, but beiiding,:
at leaft two fe<M: i-nwards, jasyoumay fee ;
by 'the prk:kad. kAc-^tfav^r&^g JrefH-^ tho^r
i . hmd«)
P LO
cypher i, to 7. which is flrait, and not
the line 8 O i being thus Laid> hold it
/a(t with one hand, and with one finger
of the other, or with the handle of your
knife, trace out the form of its poficion,
xhat it may reft imprinted oa the earth ;
then with your great knife marked 7, in the
preceding figure, cut along your trace or
border ot your faid ftick, and with your
hatchet marked 6, cut out the tarth. be-
tween the two traces or lints, a t^ I 0^
beginning at the i. and ending with 8,. in
in fuch a manner, that at the end i, the
earth may be taken out but one inch over,
and at the end 8, four or five inches large,
that your ftick may be hid as it were in a
gutter.
This being <lone, carry the other* flick,
the longer of the two, unto the other end
of your long border, and plant it in the
felf-fame falbion at 3, 9, that it may be,
as it were, in a gutter, like the other ;
then take your ftick marked 3, which drive
into the ground at the end of your two
gutters, at 8 and 9, to hinder the two main
iticks from beating into the ground, with
the force of the net i drive alfo your two
fticks into the ground, about half a foot
from your border, at^ add 3, a little inclin-
ing inwards; the intention being to pre-
vent your ma-n fticks from returning back
when the net is ftraitned, until the cord
be pulled i befldes, (hould you place them
outwards upon the lines 9, 6, and 8, 2,
it would be impoffible to make your net
play, for then, the rpore you ftrained the
cord, the clofer would your main fticks
come under the other fticks>
The next thing is to remove all the loofe
earth, except an handful or two^ which lay
on the two ends 5 and 7, the better to raife
the other ends of the main fticks ;.'and then
your plat-form is ready prepared.
Now if you. make two other gutters, as
s, 8, 4, 9, on the other fide of the border,
oppofite to the two firft, then your plat-
form will ferve for two contrary winds, viz.
north and fouth*
It remains, you (hould fix the ftakes in
the ncceflary places i the firft that is be-
P L O
hind^ marked 14, which muft' be, {iitched
feven or eight paces diftaot from the end of
the border 3, 4, and on one fide abcmt half
afootoflf ; the fecond is a ftrongpcg mark*
ed 13, which ought to be driven into the
ground fix or feven paces from the end of
the border 1, 2 ; and as the other, (hould be
on one fide about half a foot from the palec
9, fofiiould this from that at 8, and the laft
H, muft be thruft into the earth behind the
lodge, about a fathom ofF^ more or lefs,
over againft the two palets 8, 9 ; but if it
be a north -eaft wind, you muft pqll up thefe
ftakes, and turn them to the other fide of
the plat form, placing them at the fame dif*
tances as before-mentioned ; and that at H
muft alfo be carried to G, and .the lodge £
to Fj and all will be right.
If you intend to take any pIovers> be on
the place where your plat^form is rcadf
made, with all your implements, early in
the moroiog. The following cut represents
a fimple plat*- form for a. weft wind. £r/
Plate XI. Fig. 7.
Place the main ftick in the giutters, and
take your net on your left Ihoulder, or arm^
and go towards the lodge, whieh is about
fifteen or fixteen fathom from the pUt-form^
and ihere place the buckle which-is at the
end of the cord of your net, and fo go
backwards towards your plat -form, letciag
the cord trail all along -, and being at the
ftake, or ftrong peg >, faft^n thereto the
cord of the pully T, fo that the puUy may
be in a dircA line with the two paleta or
pieces of wood QjO ; then when you come
to the form, let your net itfelf fall by de-
greeSy and ftitl retire backwards; when
you are at the peg behind, which is at R»
ftrain the cord until it be right and ftraighc
and then fix it to the faid peg, that it may
not fiip back.
It will not be amifs to defcribe to you
the manner of the knot, with which vou
fl>ouId faften your cords upon this occafion ;
fuppofe that the peg 7 be the piece to which
you have a mind to faften your cord ^, 4,
take it in one of your hands at i^ and
bring over the thread 2 in order to form
the buckle or knot 5) which pafi over the
P«g
i
■^i^
peg 7 i then mak^ another bow or buckle^
at 6y wkerein the thread 4 ia p90ed under,
aod fe clapi over your peg upon the top of
the othsr bow ; then ftrain the two ends e
and 4, and your knot will be complete, and
iwill fooner break than get loofe : you muft
be very exaft^and ready at it.
When the ends of the cords of the net
are thus fattened^ lift up yo\ir main (tick
P> Q^» 9^d place the great end. in the gutter
Q^, and drawing the cord of your net to-
wards the border, force it into the notch in
die foiall end of your main ftick, and let
femebody hold it there; but in cafe you
have DO faelp» lodge it in the gutter under
the peg P> and drive the (harp end of the
^Hiard into the ground to ftay there^ til]
you go to the other main ftick N, 0> and
there fix your cord in the notch at the end
M; it muQ: be fo (traightened, that a great
deal of (bength may be uied to get it into
the notch V then place your main dick in
the gutter under the peg N, remove your
UUiaod from^ypur-tnain ftick V, Q^» and
force vour net into the plat-form^ (b that it
be liid under the cord.
The next thing is to dired you in the
pUoing ybuncallo plovers and artificial lap*
wijQllBs, whicl) Jiuift be difpofed as you lee
i» the cyphers ^o^o : in cafe the wind be
Bot direftlycaft, but inclined a little cp the
feathy then your firfl; pelt, or counterfeit
bird, which isonly the (Ida of abirdftuffed
with chaff, 4»r the like Huff, marked Z, (hail
be placed half a foot from the border, and
about eight or nine feet from the end V^
the reft you may range in iiichxirder as they
are deftgaed by the figure, at about two or
thMe feet diftaace from each other : where-
as, in cafe the wind be north* ead^ place
your birds a good.deal furchf r from the end
V, chat is to fay, about fix feet further, be^
caufe wild fowl always fly c^ainft the wind ;
and theiH as they ufually pafs over the
ftales or artificial birds thf^t is between them
aad ibe hinder ftake R, it may fo fall ouc,
that fix^ nay patfe u^djsr the cord, for that
^U be Aiorcef by a third pajrt when it islet
loofe, and by batt a paDt whe^ (he wind is
flfoogi which f ou muftdiligeMly 4iibf<tfvei
PL©
but thcta when there is but little wind &ir^
'"flg>you may place tw.Q«thirds of your birds
behind the net, and if the wind be (Irong
one-third paf t is enough, the reft (hould be
before, becaufe plovers wilt come where
your birds are.
But as for your lapwings, let them not be
mixed with your plovers, but place them
juft by your gutter, as the fmall letters ^,^,
import*
The next thing to be difpofed of is your
live birds ; if you intend to ufe two, drive
one before and the other behind; if you.
have only one, place it behind in this man-
ner ; force your little picked fiafi^ C into the
groundi^yrhich is tied to the bigger end of
the rod, and then holding up the little end
F, fee if it (tands right with the lodge, and
if fo> hold it a foot high, while you ftick
the two pegs A, B, into the earth, thea tie
a live lapwing to it, with a loop of tlic
packthread about its leg, which packthread
(bould be piMty. lone, to the end the lap*
wing may not hurt itfelf 1 thea put the tail
about the end of the rod, and faften it with
another packthread, and fo taking one of
the reels, faften the end of the thread,
which is above a quarter part of the length
of your rod, to the place marked fi,
and the reel to the lodge i if you (dace a
couple of lapwings, you muft place the
other in the fame manner before your plat-
form.
Your holm-ftick muft be placed about
three or four fathom from the border, and
about 6x feet above the laft pelts or artifi^
cial birds : to fet it in right order, do thus,
drive into the ground the two pegs mark- .
ed at the great end M, in fuch a manner,
that the holm-ftick may move like the ,
axle^u-ee of a cart between two wheels :
take the little end X, . and lift your rod al-
nooft fbaigfai ujp, that it may be right to the
lodge, and then faften your two pegs H, I,
in the ground, to which the ends of the
packiihreads are tied 1 then faften the end of
yoiir liAe to one of the reels, at the middle
L <Mf ^c Pod, and cstfry the other end to
y^r todge-, the bafainklHck muft be tied at
theend X of ch^ Md, andctveMfd with
2 A. (bmc
PL O'
fome boughs, draw, or the like, that the
birds may not be frightened at the fight
thcFcof.
This holh[i-ftick is nothing but the two
wings of a kite or buzzard, which *are tied
with two or three hawk's bells, at the end
of the rod, for the purpofc which fliall be
(hewed hereafter.
The lodge is to b^ made^ after this nnan-
ner : take five or fix boughs, about three
feet high, and flick them in the ground like
a hedge; it muft be open at top, that you
rnay hear and fee the birds that pafs near
you ; the perfon muft be neither clad in
white, nor any bright coloured cloaths : the
]6dge may be eafily comprehended without
giving any defcripcion of it ; you may fee
it in Plate XL which reprefents two nets
managed by a- fingle perfon at the fame
time, from one and the fapoe lodge ; th«.
feat muft be of turf, about a foot fquare,
afid three or four, inches thick, which put
bejpcath the cord, in ,thc placed marked C,
where your cofds; crofs each other, and
where one may touch the hold-faft»/, ^, to
ftrain the nets; you muft lay a good hand-
ful of ftraw under the cord, upon the turf,
to prevent dtrting the cord, as well a& fpoiK
iqg the turf, and you had need t)f a. good
anm-£ul| in your lodge, to keep' you warm
and dry» as occafion requires : you mv&
likewifc cut two little holes in the ground,
dj e^ to reft your feet when you ttrain your .
cords. The fame thing muft be well ob-
ferved if you ufe but one net, but he that ^
will undertake to manage two nets, had need
to fee firft ,the manner of it \ at leaft obferve
the dire6tions following :
, Take a long cord, reprefented by the
pricked line K, I, which faften at one end
to the peg M, about two or three feet from
the fide of the.peg Y ; the other end faften
to the peg H, fo that the place K of the
packthread may be between five and fix fa-
thom diftant froai the end of the gutter O ;
when the fliorter of your two main fticks is
fixed, one end at K, and the other at Q^ ,
carry the bigger of them ten or twelve fa-
thom diftanty, the. one end being fet at I,
within half afoot of. (be packthread^ and
- •
P L O
the other towards L $ let them be ftooped
down, and then fix another packthread,, re^
prefented by the pointed line S, T, whick
muft be ftrained hard, after which, with
your billiard-ftick, make your border of
plat-form, Q^, R, P, then cut out your gut-
ters, and place your pegs and flicks as in the
former net.
. You may make this form ferve for two
w:nds if you make the gutters V, X, Z^R,
juft oppofite to the others, and then place,,
your main flicks in them ; when you wouLcL
change ypur wind, you muft>alib turnabout
your cords and tranfplant your lodges ; as
for example, the foregoing figure re{n"efeiits
two nets, which are fet for a wefterly wind ;
fuppofe the wind fiiould chop about, and-
turn eafterly, you niiift then firft of all puc
the end of the cord M to the letter C, the
ftrong peg A to i\it little />, and the fiake
H, to the little iv, the main flick K to the
letter X, the other I t6 the lettfcr V, and
. your net will then be fet to the eaft wind^
^ You ma^ like wife .tranfpoie the other ner»
.by turning the cord Y to the little n, the«
ftrong peg to the little o, andthat ftakebe^:
hind the letter N : you muft alfi> turayour
main fticks abbut, and iqake.ailow ifeaeait
the little ktteriy^ and drefs.up yimt lodgo»'
tbeire.| the xwo poiDted.lioes> « , hyj^ n^ inAr
^>^f p9 ^> do finally dembnftrate.how tfacr.
' nets ihould'bef)Uced when the wind is (uro-
»ing about ; your birds, both alive and dead^.
muft be fo altered as you &e, and you muft.
fet two or three counterfeit birds before the;
firft border with a lapwing occall-bifdi and.
another behind the platform : the reft oif the:
artificial birds may be fet before the border
P, Q^, and the holm-rod. behind the laft
net.
In the next . place, we proceed to gire
fome inftru£tions wheaandhow to call, and
alfo when and how to draw the nets for
plovers, and the like birds. Your imple-^.
ments being all difpofed in good order^ as.
already direfted, betake yourfelf to your
lodge, having your pipe hanging at yow:
neck % and being every way waitchful^ .whq;^
you efpy any game on the wing, give thena
a cal^aad eau& yourxallrbof ds so. fly a turn. .
P L O
cr two as often as occaiion may offers for
the game perceiving the lapwings to ftir,
andly from place to place, and your other
birds ftand as it were feeding, they will be
decoyed thither in expe6lation of fome food :
when they approach, be fure you do not
make your birds ftir at all, for in that cafe
they would foon perceive, by the force of
the motion! that they were tied, and they
would fly away for fear of being furprized
themfelves; neither muft you with your
pipe gire them fuch loud calls . as if at a re->
niote diftance, but lelTen your notes by de-
grees.
It is very difficult exaAly to imitate the
notes, without good obfervation and prac-
tice } but as near as you eab^ call in the
fame notes as you hear them, as they pafs
by you ; and be fure not to let fly your net,
though there were many of them, and that
they werc'jufl:. at the ner^ unlefs they come
flying againll the wind : when you perceive
they begin to defcend, and that they come
within eighteen or twenty fete of the plat*
form, let go your pipe, and lay both hands
on your cord, to let fly with all the force
you can, juft as you perceive the firftof the
Mock between the two (takes K^ I ; if they
jare about; or above eight feet high from the
grovisid let them pafs On, for they will
wheel' about arid take another turn, nay,
they will often pafs by.ybu nine or ten times
before you find them right for your pur^^
pofe; you will find that, . generally^ they
wtU pitch a good way from your net ; if
you perceive them fo inclined, make a little
Doife to prevent them ; if, nevcrthclefs, they
take ground, then get your afliftants, (for
it is proper there be two at the fport) to
ileal out at the backfide of your lodges
and fetch a great compais bdhifid the plo-
yers 5 and if you had, for that purpofc, your
artificial .ftalking-horfe, .or cbw^ it would
be of great ufc } but for want 'thereof, 'let
him go on all fours, or at leaft ftooping
with his head down, by which means, he
may by degrees drive them from fide to fiflb,
within ten or twelve (cct of the bocdeii - at
•which time let ,him thtoivjiip hisDhaMnd
give a great fliout, upon which they will
P O C
I take wing to fly over your nets, at which
inftant or time, draw in your cords very
brifkly, and take up all thofe that are under
the net.
When you have gathered up all, clear
the place of all the loofc feathers that
lie on the ground, and then fet your net
again in its former pofition, in order to catch
more.
If you have two nets planted, when a
flock comes, do not prefently draw, but let
your aflSiftant fetch a compafs and raife
them, by which means you may be aflfured
of them. '
When you fee a great flock coming, your
affiftant muft hold thedord of your holm*
rod, that is, the kite's wings, and draw it
jull when you direA him, that is to fay,
when the firft birds of the flock fly low, and
are within about fix feet of the form ; for
as foon as ever they perceive the holm rod
aloft, the lafi: of the flock will firft pafs on,
and all of th^m come within a foot. of the
ground, fo that you may take the greateft
part of thern, wcte they ten or fifteen do-
zen : you muft be fure not to ftir the holm-
rod till the birds arib* within feyeh or eight
feet of the ground.
; When fome guinets ^et In^o'your nets,
(which are birds not muctrbiggerthan larks)
do not bufyyourfelf with killmg them, as you
do the plovers, one after another, but give
them.hard blows wrth your hat, as you would
do flies, for they will very readily flip thc6ugh
inet thkt has large-mefhes ; you wilPfome-
times get above Jfive hundred of.thenrrae
once in your nets, and yet perhaps not take
above thirty.. f . -
. PLUMAGE. The feathers ofabriid, or a
bunch of feathers. • * : . ,
: POCKET^HAYJSS. . Are ceitam fliort
nets, to take phi^afautrs alive, - without fatnrtr<i
in^then*-; whofii\haUirtS; being found out,
place yourfelffor the, better view, onfome
trde, without noife ; and when you find diey
ere there,, ftriwa little barley, oatas, or
jwhear,- for a-triin, ao4 in fon;)e'likeJy place
lay. five: 6t fi^bandsful lo^ther , to which
they' win concie, .as^ being. dr4wn thither by
the train.
3 A 2 Then
TO I
;' Then plant t1^ pocket- net dcfcri bed un-
der the Articles, Calls^ Natural and Artifi^
eial^ Plate III. and f6 you may lay two or
three of them in other places^ and plant
crofs their walks.
Thefe pocket-hayesafe about a yard long,
and fixtcen inches deep : you may alfo in
other paths, place two or three of .your col-
lars of horfe-hair, in fit places, athwart
th^r paths, to take Them -by the legs'j and
be fure to Watch very narrorwly : the firft
that is taken will ftrug^e very hard to get
tSj and i^ill dfo rnake a great cry, which
may occafion the JFrighrening away of the
reft that are near \t handj fb that nrhible-
nefs is requifite ; befide^ if they be taken
by the ftrings, they h&zardthe breaking the
lines and their own legs.
POGK. A cold in a horfe's bead.
POINSON is a little pointy or piece of
Ibarp^point^d iron, fixed in a wooden handle,
which the cavalier holds in his rt^t^hand
when he means to prick a kaping-horfe
in the croupe, or beyond the end of the
faddle, in order to make him ytrk* out be-«
hind.
POINTS> or toes of a bow of a faddle*
See Bows.
. POINT* A "horfe is iaid to make a point,
when in working upon vohs he does hot
ebfenre the ground i^egularly, but pdttti^ a
little out of his ordinary ground, makes ft
fort of angle, or point, by his circular
tread.
POINTERS. Theff great utility and
excellence in (hooting psirtridges, moor, or
Keath-game, which make$ them ^worthy our
regard, are well known. ^ There is fo great
avarietiy of pointers of differexit tnake and
fize, and fome good of each kind s that it
is no wonder men fhould differ in their opi-
niona concerning them* The pointers moft
approved are not fmall, nor verv large ^ but
fuch as are well made, light and ftrong, and
will naturally (land. A fmall pointer, tho'
ever fo good in his kind, can be but of little
fervice in hunting, particularly through a
ftronjs piece of turnips, broom, or heath, and
the feet of a large heavy dog, will foon bt
P O I
tired by his own weight. It is proper for «
young fportfman to procure a dog that ia
well broken, and to enquire the method and
words he has befen ufed to by his formct
mafter, in breaking and hunting with htnn t
otherwife the dog will have a new leflbn tm
learn. But if a young %ortfman is defirotia
of breaking his o^n dogs, the following is
the method ad^nfed;
Haymg made ^choice 6f a whelp 'of a
known good breed, begin whenabout three
or four months old to t)each him to couch
at a piece of bread, caufihg -him to lies,
whilft you walk round him at fome diflamc^v
arid coine hearer to/him by degrees : .when
be Jias lainias long as you think proper, re»>
witrd him with the pieceof bread 'and fpeak
kindly to faim* Teach him to fetch and
carry, to bring a glove or a bird of anjr
foi't after you ; always oMerving t6 cheer
him with kind expreifionr when he does well^
and check or fpeak roughly to him when 1^
does not obey. Ufe'him t6obey by'whif*-
tie and figna with yourJiaad aamuehras pof-
fible \ for it is a bad way to make more
hallooing in the field than is neceflarjF.
When you dhafttfe hhn^ tt fhould be witha-
whip, fo as to make him remember iJG^
ufing a rough voice at the fame time v but
the chaftifement fhould not 'be tboferero^
and the words you ufe to him as lew as pbf-
fible. When he >is about five tnoioths oK^.
ufe him frequently to be tied up, let him
have his chain off for half an hour or an hmnr
morningand evening. It is befttooive
him his lefibns in a morhing beforeyou feed
him, i^ith'your own hand, that it mav'feem
as z reward, the more toendearyoutohim;^
but do hot overfeed him. Taike him out
whenever you walk, fometimes leading him
in a ftHng; fufier him to go a little befofc
you, and fdmetimes behind; but when
loofe, never fuffer him to go far from you^
unlefs you hunt with him ; and oblige hiih
to come to you at the word back, or here'*;
train him thus by continual leflbns, till his
attention is always on you to know what
iie ts to do. It will not be amifs freque^^-
ly to fire off'a little powder, and to make him
lie
U
t
» s
T
F/^ySm.
SameN-e^
Jparrow 27i^
2
tf/^artvwJ^it
•♦ . •
> t «■•' —
1
}'•:
• ♦« * f
4 .', JN*-*
4» A L
Kh down whilft jfnx load again, which will
not only teach him to (land fire, but will
alfb make him acqtiainted with his bufinefs
in the field j for the negleft of which he
would frequently fpring birds whilft you are
loading. At fix, feven, or eight months
old {iot 2X1 dogs will not begin to %unt
alike eafly) take him fnto the field the kitter
end of Auguft j ilnd if yoti have an old
ftaunch pointer, take him with yoo at firft
to teach the otherto hunt off. When your
old dog makes a point, if rftc young one be
not hear, bring hrm up by degrees *till he
fering the birds, a:nd let him enjoy the
K*ent, which will encourage him to hunt.
JVhen yon fihd he knows birds, and will
hunt, ?t isl^eft to take him out alone : ob-
fcnre whidi way the wind lies, and if you
€an conveniently, enter on that fide of the
|iece you intend to hijnt in^ which is oppo-
ntethe wind, and do nor fiiffcr your dog
to gp in before you, caft him oflT to the
right or Irfic, croft before the wtnd, watkrng
fioWly the feme way 'till he be got to the
fide off Ae piece, then whittle or give the
Word back, at the feme time walking the
Contniry way, pointing with yow hand the
way yoU' wotrld have 'him go ; bring 'him
back Bll^heeomes t6 i!he other hedge or fide
6f die Odd; advancing forward ten or
iwelvc y^rdSi every time he croiHfes you ;
repeat dib till you have regularly hunfted
through the whole field ; by which means
you will ceitainly find birds if there be any.
When he points, walk up to him, and 50
forward fii:mly towards the birds : when you
•hidk you are Within a, few yards of them,
if they lie and your dog be fteady, walk in
a circle round them, coming nearer by de-
grees *tillyou fpring the birds. If your
dog runs after them (as moft young dogs
win do), check him with rough words 5 but
if he continues doing foyoumufl: chaftife
hhn fmartly with your whip 'till you break
him bf that fault. It is very common with
m
yoting dogs that will ft and at firft, after-
wards, to break in and fpring the birds 1
%phtch you muft never indulge him in. Put
a fewfmall ftpnes in your pocket, and when
he ftands,. endeavour to head )nm, thit is,
r.
PL A
to get before him, holding up your hand
with a ftone ready to throw at him, to deter
him ffbm fpringing the birds, whilft you
can walk round him j or if it be convenient,
take a perfon with you on horfeback, and
when your dog commits a fault, or does
not obey your call or whittle, let him ride
after and whip him ; and at the fame tfrne^
if you whittle or call, he will naturally come
to you for protection. Thus he will learn,
to cottie t6 you, as he always jhould do,
when he has committed a fault j for if he
ptmiihed fevcrcly by yoiirfelf, you would
find he would not come near you when he
knew he had done wrong, which would
render itdiflficult to break him ; but if this.
method be obferved, by harih words and
ftioderate corredtion, he will foon get the
better of the foible and become ftaunch.
When he commits a fault, command your
tempet in correding liim, and let it be-
without paffion, and let no fault provoke
you to kick or ftrike fo as to hurt him.
The breed of pointers which^ has been
mixed with En^UJh fpaniels, futh as are for
fetting-dogs, (in order to have fuch as will;
run faft and hunt brifkly) are according to*
the degrees of fpaniel in them, difficult tO'
be made ftaunch, and many of them never
will ftand well in company. The method
already given is the moft likely to fucceed
with thefe,. but I would by no means^adviie-
a youg (portfman to meddle with fdch. If
you find your dog refraftory, and cannot
eafily make him ftand, yet find fome quail*
ires that induceyoo to take a good deal of
trouble with him (fuch as a very extraofdi«
nary f^igacity in fcent and that of a^ ft^ong,
bold hunter) when he knows birds well you 1
may hunt him with a leather ftrap three or
four yards long, faftened to his collari,
which by his treading on it firequently willi
Morten his fpeed, and render him theeafier
{ to be ftopped. Some will hunt him with
a collar lihcd with another, through whichi
feveral clout^headed' nails are put, the
points inward, and a line faftened thereto :.
which will not only check his running too
&ft, but ndien heftops, if the line belong.
enotighfbr you to getfa near as to fet your
foot
POL
foot on or take hold of it, if he bolts for-
ward he will be pricked fo as to make him
cemember it, and will endeavour to avoid
the repetition of the punishment. You
muft be very ftri£b with him, and not hunt
him in company with any other dog 'till he
be quite (launch : it often cods a great deal
of trouble to make him fo ; but fuch
dogs when broken, do often turn out the
beft..
Some are of opinion that the way to
make pointers (land well in company is»
when they are young, to take them out
conllantly with your old (launch dogs, and
they will learn by degrees to (land both
with or without company. But unlefs he
is of a breed known to (land naturally,
you will find more difHculty in break-
ing a vicious dog in company than by him-
fdf.
It is alfo common, not to begin to enter
pointers 'till near a year old ^ becaufe udng
them very young (hoHens their fpeed. Sup-
pofe there is truth in this maxim, and your
dog (hould not hunt altogether (b fad:, f
iufficient amends will be made for his want
of fwiftnefs, by hunting more carefully,
nor will he run upon birds or pafs
{hem unnoticed as dogs which run very
faflj arc Apt to do. For more/ee Sbtting-
DOG.
POLL-EVIL IN Horses, is a fort of
liftula, or deep ulcer between the ears of
the pole, or nap of the horfes neck, which
proceeds from corrupt humours falling up-
on it, or perhaps from fome bruife or blow,
or fome other c^ufe.
This difeafc is produced by different
caufes, and therefore muft be differently
treated. If it proceeds from blows, bruifes,
or any other external violence, let the fwel-
iing be often bathed with hot vinegar $ and
if the hair be frjctted oflF by any ouzing thro'
the ikin, indead of vinegar alone, ufe a
mixture compofed of two quarts of vinegar,
and one of fpirit of wine. Sometimes the
part will be affefted witha^troublefoi^ie itch-
ing, attended with heat and infltnunatloni
in i^is cafe let the creatuiie be bloode^, and
^uitices compofed of bread, milk, ar^ el-
POL
der lowers, applied. And if this be per-
formed at the beginning of the difeafe, and
at the fame time proper phy(ic given the
creature, the fwelling ■ will be often dif-
perfe4 and, the difeafe cured without fup-
puration.
Bat when the fwelling appears to be cri-
tical, and alfo to have matter formed in it,
the beft, and indeed the only efifedlual me-
thod, is to apply proper poultices, in order
to facilitate the fuppuration, and afUft the
burfting of the tumour. Sometimes it will
be necefTary to ppen it with a.knife, in order
to evacuate the forbidden matter. In this
cafe you muft be very careful not to wound
the tendinous ligament, that runs along th^
neck under the mane : and wtien, the mac*
ter is formed on both (ides, two apertures
will be nece(rary ; for you muft by no means
divide the ligament, though it will be ne*
celTary to give vent to the matter formed
on e?ich fide.
Sonietimes the matter will. Sow in large
quantities, refembling melted glue, and be
of an oily con(iftence. When this happens,
a fecond inciGon will be neceiTary, efpeci*
ally if you difcover any cavities. The ori-
fices muft be made in the moft depending
parts, and the wound drefled at [fifft with
the common digeftive liniment compo(ed
of turpentine, honey, and tindture of rpyrrh i
and after digeftion, with the. precipitate
ointment. Experience has alfo proved the
following medicine to be of very great ,ufe
in the poll-evil. .
Take of vinegar or fpirit of wiqe half a
pint ; of vitriol diffolved in fprin^-^water,
half an ounce : and of tin£tture of myrrh,
four ounces.
Wa(h the wound with this mixture twice
a-day, and lay over the part a fufficient
quantity of tow foaked in vinegar, and the
white of eggs beat together; obferving
that if the fiefh be vtry luxujciant, to pare
it down with the knife, before you wa(h the
wound.. And by this application alone,
you may often cure the poll-evil^ without
the trouble and expence of oxber/mediT
cines.»< ... . , - ' .\ ^
Bjiu.the ihorteft metKod of curing' this
' dif.
PO t
difeafc, is what the farriers call icalding ;
and this will fucceed when the wound is
fouh of a bad difpofition, and a large flux
of matter. The fcalding mixture^ gent-<
rally ufed, is made in the* following man-*
ner : Take of corofive fublimate> yerdi-
greafe in fine powder> and Roman vitriol,
of each two drams ; of green vitriol, or
copperas^ half an ounce; of oilof turpen*
tine and train oil, of each eight ounces -,
and of rectified fpirits of wine, four ounces $
mix the whole together in a bottle. Or,
Take ^gyptiac ointment, two ounces $
oil of vitriolyone ounce s oil of turpentine,
two ounces ; and of common fweet oil> half
a. pint. Or,
Take corrofive mercury, one dram ;
Roman vitriol, one dram ; verdigreafe, one
dram and an half; redificd fpirit of wine,
two ounces ;. and of common fweet oily fix
ounces.
This latter is ftronger than the firft.
This is the ftrongell coropofition of what
is termed the fcalding mixture : and very
often a milder will be fufiicient, which may
be made by changing the corofive fubli-
m^re for i:ed precipitate, and the Roman
for white vitriol.
: Jhclmannec^jf ufingthe above compofi-
tkai. i^-ihis : they firft dcai\ the abfcefs
very wi^ll with aiponge dipt ra vinegar ^
th^Oi tbey put a proper quantity of the mix-
ture inco^n if on ladle, with a fpout to it,
nti^e \% fcalding hot, pour it into the abh
Cofifyp andclofethe lips together with one :
orimoreilitfches. Tbey let this contiove two
cuc^rt/e Aays, when they open the .orifice,,
and examine the abfcefs ; if they find , it
good.nlacter and not in too great quantity,
they conclude that the difcafe will be cured
v^itbout any other application, except bath-
ing it with fpirits. of wine. But if, on the
contrary, the matter flows abundantly^ and
at the fame time appears of a thick confift-
cnce, the operation muft be repeated till
the flux of matter leflens, and acquires a
thick confidence. '
POLE-CATS, Wbasbls, &?tf. Thefe
creatures are very injurious to warrens, dove
kojufes» hen*rooAs,. &^. but the method
PON*
to take them, in hatches and finall iroir
gins, like thofe made for foxes, are fo wett
known that nothing need to be faid of
them^ only for prcferving dove-houfes
from being deftroyed by pole-cats, they
muft be erefted where a' ditch or channel
may be had to run round them, and thi&
will keep thofe vermin from making their
boroughs under ground.
FISH-PONDS f as for the making of
theie ponds, it is agreed, thofe grounds are
beft which are fullof fprings, and apt to be-
moori(h, for the one will breed them well,
and the other will prefcrve them from fteal-^
ing.
The fituation of the pond is alfo to be
confidered, and the nature of the currents
that fall into it ; likewife that it be re-
frefhed with a little water, or with the-
rain-water that falls from the adjacent hilly
ground.
It has been obferved, that thofe ponds,
which receive the ftale and dung of horfes,
and other cattle, breed the largeft and fat-
teft fi(h.
As to making a fifh«pond, let the hrad
of it be the loweft pare of the groucid, and'
the trench of the flood-gate or fluice have
a good fwift fall, that it may not be too
long in emptying when you have a mind to
draw it.
You may plant willows or owlers about
it, or both, and thencafl in bavins in fome
places not far from the 'fide, and in the moft*
fandy |>laces> ibr fifii b6th to fpawn upon,,
and to defend thenn and the younger fry
from the hnany fi(b, and alfo from vermin
that. lie ac watch ro defiroy them, efpecially
the fpawn of the carp and tench, when it
isJefc to the mercy of ducks or vermin.
LebauU^ Duiravius^ and others advife,.
that you make choice of fuch a place for
your pond, that it may be refrelhed with a.
little rill, or with rain-wacer running orfall-
ing into it j by which fi(h are more in clin-^
ed both to breed, and are alfo refreihed and"
fed the better, and do prove to be of a much-
fweeter and more pleafanc tafte;
To which end it is obferved, that fuch
pools as be large and have moft gravely.
and;
aifitf (hallows ^herefiib may {potttkitaCtirci^
do aiFord fiftiof the pureft tade. And note,
that in all pools it is bed Qo hare fiime retire
ing place i as namelf hollow banks, or
ihelves; or roots of trees to keep them from
danger ; and> when they think fit> from
^he e^trean;! heat of fummer $ as alfo, from
the extremity of cold in winter. And note,
that if many trees be growing about your
pond, the leaves thereof falling into the
water, make it naufeous to the fiih, and
-the filh to be fo to the eater of it.
It is noted that the tench and eel love
mud, and the carp loves gravelly ground,
and in the hot months to feed on grafs : you
are to clcanfe your pond, if you intend ci-
ther profit or pleafure, once every three or
four years, efpecially fome ponds« and then
let it lie dry fix or twelve months, both to
kill the water-weeds, as water lilies, can-
docks, reate and bulruibes that breed there ;
and alfo that as theie die for want of water,
fo grafs may grow in the pond's bottom,
which carps will eat greedily in all the hot
inonths if the pond be clean. The letting
your pond dry and foWing oats in the bot-
tom is alfo good, for the filh feed the fafter :
and being fome time let dry, you may ob-
ferve what kind of filh either increafes or
thrives bed in that water ; for they differ
much both in their breeding and feed*
ing.
Leb^uU alfo advifes, that if your poods
be not very large and roomy, that you of-
.ten feed your fifli by throwing into them
cfaippings of bread, c«rds, grains, or the
^entrails of chickens or of any fowl or beaft
that you kill to feed yourfelves ; for -thefib
afford fiffi a great relief. He fays that frogs
and duck^ do much harm, and devour both
the fpawn and the young £ry of all filh,
tfpecially of the carp.
Avoid much fiioodog at wild-fewl^ for
that frighten^ harms and deftroys the
Mtk.
• Note, that ^carps and tench thrive and
breed beft when no other fi(h is put with
them into the fame pond \ for all other fifli
.devour their fpawn, or at leaft the greatell
pare of it. And aote« that clods m graft
PON:
thrown ii»to> Mf pood, Aed any' czrp^ in
fumn^er; andthatgariden-^arthand parQer
thrown into a pond, recovers and refpe0iM
the fick fiflu And note, that when you
ftore your pond, jrou are to put into it two
or three melters for one fpawner, if you
put them into a breeding»pond ; but if in-
to a nurfe-pond, or feeding-pond, in Which
they will not breed, then no care is to be
taken, whether there be mod male or fe-
male carps.
It is obferved, that the beft ponds to
breed carps are thofe that are ftony or
fandy, and are warm, and free from wind^
and that are not deep, but have willow*
trees and grafs on their fides, over which
the water does fomerimes flow : and note,
that carps do more ufually breed in marle«
pits, or pits that have clean clay bottoms^
or in new ponds, or ponds that lie dry a
winter feafon, than in old ponds, that be
full of weeds.
As the method of ordering fifti«>ponds
is now very well known, and there are few
books of gardening i»ut what give fome di«
regions about it, it is hoped the reader Wilt
think the followingquotation ^m S^wlbtr
fufficient
•* When you intend to dock a pool with
carp or tench, make aclofe'ethering*>hedge
acrofs the head of the pool about a yard
diftance of the dam, and about three firet
iibove the water, which is the bed rehg&
fo« them I know of, a^id the dnly methtfit
to preferve pooUfilh j becaufe if mnf ^uo-
attempu to rob the pool, muddies the wa-
ter, or difturbs it with nets, moft of the
fi(h, if not all, immediately fly between the
hedge and the dam, to preferve themfelvesi
and in all pools, where there are fuch fliel-
ters and (hades, the fifli delight to fwim
backwards and forwards, through and round
the fanie, rubbing and fporting themfelves
therewith. This hedge ought to be made
chiefly of oris, and not too clofe, the boughs
long and draggling towards the dam, by
which means you may feed and fatten them
as you plcafe. The bed baits for drawing
them together at firft are, maggots or
young wal|)S; the next are^ bullock's-
brains^
/
PON
brains and lob worms chopped together,
and thrown into the pools in large qiianti-
lies, about two hours before fun-fet, fum-
mcr and winter. By thus ufing thefe ground-
b^irs once a day for a fortnight together,
Ihe fifh will come as conftantly and natu-
rally to the place as cattle to their fodder ;
and to fatisfy your curiofity, and convince
' you herein, after you have baited the pool
for fome time, as direftcd, take about the
quantity of a two-penny loaf of wheaten
hrcady cut it into dices and wet it j then
throw it into the pool where you had baited,
and the carp will feed upon it : after you
have ufed the wet bread three or four morn-
'ings, then throw fome dry bread in, which
will Kc on the top of the water : and if you
'watch, out of fight of the fifti, you will
prefently fee them fwim to it and fu;k it in.
I look: upon wheaten bread to be the belt
food for them, though barley or oaten
bread is very good. If there be tench apd
pearch in the fame pond, they will feed
upon the four former baits, and not touch
the bread. Indeed there is no pool-fifli fo
'Iby* and nice as carp. When the water is
difturbed, carp will fly to the fafeft (belter
they can j which I one day obfcrved, when
afflfting a gentleman to. fHh his pool ; for
another perfon difturbed the water, by
•throwing the cafting-nct, but caught not
a carp ; wheS-eupon two or three of us ftrip-
ped, and went into the pool, which was
provided with fuch a fort of a hedge in it
as is before defcribed, and thither the carp
had fled for fafety : then fifliing with your
hands on both fides of the hedge, that is,
one on either fide, we catched what quan*
tity of carp was wanting.
The bed way to^ niake the pond-head
fccure, is to drive in two or three rows of
(lakes about fix feet long, at about four
feet diftance from each oth^r, the whole
"length of the head, the firft row of which
i»to be rammed, at leaft,. four feet deep,
' that they may fl:and ftrong and fure.
• Or if you happen to find the bottom falfe,
cfpecially if it confifts of a running-fand,
you may befides lay the foundation with
quick-lime, which flacking will make it as
- hard as a ftone.
PON
Then dig your pond, and caft the earth
among the piles and flakcs» and when they
are well covered over, drivcf in another
row or two over them, ramming in the
earth in the void fpaces, that it may lie
clofe and keep in the water; and fo you
may continue (lakes upon (lakes, ramoSing
in the earth till your pond-head be of the^
heighth you defigned it.
•The infide of the dam muft be very
fmobth and ftrait, that no current may have
power over it.
if the pond carry fix feet water, it is
enough ; but it mtift be eight feet deep, to
receive the fre(hes and rains that (hbuld fall
into it.
It would alfo be advantageous to have
(hoals on thefidesi for thefifli to fuh them^
felves on, and lay their fpawn on ; befidest
on other places, fome holes, hollow banks,
(helves, roots of trees, iflands, £s?r. to fervc
as their retiring places.
Befides it is to be confidered, whether
or riot you defign your pond for a breeder,
if you do, never expcft any large carps from
thence, for the greatnefs of the number of
the fpawn will over-ftock the pond, and a
(lore-pond has always been accounted the
befl: for large carps.
If you would make a breeding-pond be*
come a (lore-pond, when you fue, fee what
quantity of carp it will contain, and then
put in either all melters, or all fpawners,
by which means, in a little time, you may
have carps that are both large and exceed-
ing fats thus by putting in but one fex^
there is an impoflibility of the increafe of
them ; but the roach will notwithftanding
nvultiply abundantly.
As to the fituation and difpofition of the
principal waters, a method mufl: be obfer*
ved, to rcfcrve fome great waters for the
head quarters of the fi(b, from whence you
may take, or wherein yo(i may put, any or-
dinary quantity of fi(h. You (hould alio
have (lews, and other auxiliarv waters, fo
that you may convey any part of the (lock
from one to the other, by which means
you will never want> and need not abound ;
^ B and
and farther, lofe no time in the growth of
the fi(h, but employ the water, as land is
employed, to the bcft advantage.
You are to view the grounds and find out
fomefall between the hills, as near a flat as
may be, fo as to leave a proper current for
. the water.
If there be any difficulty in making a
judgment of this, take an opportunity after
fome fudden rain, or the breaking up of a
great fnow in winter, and you will plainly
fee which way the ground cafts, for the
water will take the true fall^ and run ac-
cordingly*
The condition of the place muft deter-
mine the quantity of the ground which is
to be covered with water.
For example ; we may well propofe in all
fifteen acres in three ponds, or eight acres
in two, and not lefs; and theie ponds
Jhould be placed one above another, fo
that the point of the lower may almoft
reach the bank of the upper : which con-
trivance is no lefs beautiful thaa advan-
tageous.
The head, or bank, which by (lopping
the current is to raife the water, and fo
make a pond, muft be built with clay and
earth, taken out of the pan or hollow dig-
ged in the loweft ground above the bank ;
and that pan (bould be Ihaped as a half
oval, the flat of which comes to the bank,
and the longer diameter runs fquare from
it. See Banks.
POND-HEADS, to make and raise :
It is evident that if a dam be made acrofs a
valley, or low marih> where the water runs,
it will produce a pond : and as the dam or
bank is higher than the centre-point, which
lies againft the loweft ground, fo much the
deeper is the pond ; and if the hills on each
fide rife fteep and quick, the water ftopt
will cover lefs ground than if they had a
flow or gentle afcent.
For the making of the bank head, be
fure it be firm, and not apt to leak, which
it will certainly do if made of only earth \
therefore it is neceflary to carry up a bed or |
wall of clay, the whole length of the bank, '
with a good raniming a foot or two from
PON
below the furface of the ground, to fuch a
height as the water is defigncd to ftand,
allowing a fplit or two at leaft for that
purpofe, otherwife the water lying under a
great weight from it's depth, will work it-
fclf underneath.
As the clay is rammed, take care that
earth be brought to carry up the bank with
it, in order to prevent it's being fcarched
and cracked by the height of the fun, which
is of very ill confequence ; and therefore
when come to it*s full height, it muft forth-
with be covered and clofed with mould :
you muft allow three feet to the breadth of
this clay- bed, raiCng it to fuch a height as
you would have the waiter .ft and, and raife
it with earth three feet higher; though two
feet would ferve, were it not that the una-
voidable finking of the bank, will require
;it leaft one foot.
When feveral ponds or ftews are projeft-
ed to be funk at the fame time, there will
be had great advantage by the clay taken
out of them, that will be much more than
is necefiary for the bed, aa^ which may
flrengthen the bed, upon account of it's be^
ing prefled down by the tumbrels or cart%
on each fide of it, iind thc.bank will be
made very firm j it will likewife favc .the
breaking of the ground within the pond,
which is a great benefit in the feed of the
fiOi. '
As to the dimenfions, they are governed
by the manner of the hill rifing : for if -it
be fteep, then in order, to cover a fufficient
quantity of ground, you muft raife (he bank
higher, and of confequence it muft be made
ftironger than when the ground has a genie
afcent, fo as ,a moderate iieight would throw
the water upon ground enough ; of this
there is a great difference, for in fome places
ten feet high may cover as much as twenty
feet in others, which may be eafily difcovcr-
cd by the water-level, whereby you may
ftakc the water-line upon the ground to any
height^ and fix the determined height of the
bank.
PONT-LEVIS is a diforderly rcfifting
af^ion of a horfe, in difobedience to hisri«
der, in which he rears up feveral times run-
niog>
,l» o u
•
ning, and raifcs fo upon his hind leg$ that
he is in danger of coming oven
- POPE, QR Ruff. This fiih with a double
name, is fm^ll, and rarely grows bigger than
a gudgeon ; in fhapc not unlike the pearch,
but reckoned better food, being pleafant
in taftc. His haunts arc the deepeft run-
ning places in a gravel river, the exaft bot-
tom -whereof having found by plumbing,
and your hooks being baited with fmall red
worms, or brandling worms, you may fi(h
with two or three hooks, and you will have
excellent fport ; for he is a greedy biter,
and they are in great ffaoals together, where
the .water is deep, fmocth and calm ; fo that
if you would take a goodquantity of them,
bait the ground with earth, and fifli for them
.with a fmall red worm.
PORTER TO cARRr. IJkdxntht French
manage, for dirc6ling or pufhingon a horfe
jSLt pleafure, whether forwards, upon turns,
POULTRY is a term given to all kinds
of domcftic fowls brought up in a farm-yard,
as cocks and hens, ducks, geefe, turkies,
t^c. all of which we Ihall fpeak of, and begin
M^ith
P O U
.1
'Tiunghill Cocks and Hens^ generally termed
,i •. . .. Fewls.
irlie country yard cannot be faid to be
comp'lete, till well ftockcd with fowl, which
advantage will appear to tvcry one who
keeps them. The pboreft villager may reap
the fame benefit from the produfts as thd
'moft fubftantial farmer, they being abl« to
Ihift for themfelves the greateft part of the
ytzYy by their feeding on infeds, corn, Of
any thing, almofl:, that is edible by any fort
of animal.
. I (hall not enter into a minute defcription
of thei feveral forts of cocks and hens, only
advifc you to chufe thofc that arc the beft
ibrcedcrs, and the beft layers ; the oldeft
being always reckoned the beft fitters, and
the youngeft the bcft layers-, but no fort
"Will be good for either, if they are kept too
fat;' the beft age to*fct a hen for chickens
IS from two yeans old to. five, and the beft
month to fct them is February ; thouc^h
any month between that and Michaelmas is
good. A hen fits twenty-one days, where-
as gcefe, ducks, and turkies, fit thirty.
Obfervc to let them havfe conftantly meat
and drink near them, while they fit, that
they may not ftragglc from their eggs and
chill them.
One cock will ferve ten hens.
If fowls are fed with buck or French wheat,
or with hemp feed, it is faid, they will lay
more eggs than ordinary j and buck-wheat,
either whole or ground, made into pafte,
which is the beft way, is a grain that will
fatten fowls or hogs very fpeedily 5 but the
common food ufed is barley-meal, with
milk or water, but wheat-flour moiftened
is bcft.
A good hen (hould not diflTcr from the
nature of the cock ; (he (hould be working,
vigilant and laborious, both for herfclf and
her chickens j in fize, the biggeft and largeft
are the beft, every proportion anfwerable to
thofc of the cock, only inftead of a comb,
(he (hould have upon her crown a high thick
tuft of feathers.
She (hould have many and ftrong claws %
but it will be better if (he has no hinder
claws, becaufc they often break the eggs,
and, befides, fuch as have, do (bmetimc^
prove unnatural.
Crowing hens arc neither good layers nor
good breeders.
The elder hens are rather to be chofen
for hatching than the younger, becaufethef
are more conftant, and will fet out their
time J but if you chufe for laying, take the
youngeft, becaufe they arc lufty, and prone
.to generation j but do not chuic a fat hen
for cither of thefe purpofes 5 for if (he be fet^
(he will forfake her neft ; the eggs Ihe lays
will be without (hells, and befides (he will
grow flothful and lazy.
Thofe eggs that are laid when the hens arc
a year and a half, or two years old, are the
beft s you muft at that time give the hens
plenty of viAuials, and fometimes oats with
fenugreek to heat them, if you would have
large eggs; for thofe that are fat commonly
lay but fmall ones \ mix fomc chalk with
3 B 2 their
P o u
I
iheir food, or mix fomc bruifed. brick with
their bran, moidened with a little water, and
give, them their belly-full of half-boiled
barley, with vetch and millet.
Some hens have the ill faculty of eating
their eggs : to prevent this» take out the
Vhite otan egg, and put moift plaifter round
about the yolk, and fuSer ic to grow bard ;
and' when the hen attempts to eat it, and
finds fbe cannot do it, ihe will foon give
over breaking her eggs.
You may likewife pour a clear plaifter
upon the yolk of an ^gg, and let it harden>
fo that i( may ferve for a (hell, and put in-
to the neft; or you may fhape an egg of
plaifter, or chalkj and let that be for a nelt
Thofe hens that have fpurs often break
jtheir eggs, and generally will not hatch
them, and they will fometimes eat them $
thefc muft be fcowered, aa well as thofe
that fcratch and crow like a cock ; firft,
by plucking their great quills out of their
wings, and by feeding them with millet,
barley, and pafte, cut into bits, pounded
acorns and braa, with pottage or crumbs
ef wheat-bread^ fteeped in water, or barley-
meal.
Keep them in a clofe place, and at reft,
and pull the feathers from their heads,
f highs, and rumps. If a hen be too fat, or
has a loofenefs, (he will lay windy eggs
I A hen will fit well from the fccpnd year
of her laying to the fifth : the beft time to
fet a hen, that the chickens may be large
and moft kindly, ii in February^ in the in-
:<creafe of the moon, that (he may difclofe the
chickens in the increafe of the next. new
^noon, being in March ; for one brood of
this month's chickens is worth three of thofe
of any other month.
Hens may fet from March to OSlober^ and
rhave gO(A chickens, but net after that time,
for the "Winter is a great enemy to their
breeding.
A hen fits juft twenty-one days, and if
you fit a hen upon the eggs of ducks, geefc,
or turkies, you muft fet them nine days be-
fore you put her own eggs to her, of which
a hen will cover nineteen h but always fet an
P O tf
odd egg, what number foev.er you fet her
with. .
It will alfo be proper to mark one fide of
the eggs when you put them under the hen,
and to obfcrve whether (he turns them from
the one fide to the other, and if (he does
not, then take an opportunity when (he is
from them to turn them yourfelf. But a hen
that does not turn them herfelf is of the lefs
«
value.
Take care that the eggs you fet a hen on
be new, which may be known by their being
heavy, full and clear; this may be difco«
vcred by looking through them in the fun ;
nor do you chofofe the largeft, for they have
oftentimes two yolks, and though fomc are
of opinion that fuch will produce two chick-
ens, it prbves commonly a miftake, and if
they do, they generally prove abortive aiid
monftrous.
A hen muft not be taken off or difturbed
from her neft, for that will make her utterly
forfake it.
While (he is fitting you muft place her
meat and water near her, thar her egga may
not cool while (he is gone to feek her food.
If (he (houM be abfent from her neft, ftir
up the ftraw, and make it foft and handfome»
and lay the eggs in the fame order (he left
them.
It is very ncccflfary ta perfume her ne(t
with rofemary or brimftone, and you muft
take care that the cock does not come at
the eggs and fet upon them, for he will
endanger the breaking of them, and caufe
the hen not to like her neft fo well aa be-
fore.
When hens are laying, the old ftraw (houtd
be taken away, and frefli put in, that it may
not breed fleas, or other vermin, which much
incommodes them..
The maladies incident to hens are as fol-
low :
Setting hens are fometimes troubled with
lice and vermin : for the curcy pound burnt
cummin and ftapnifgar, of each equal quaa-
tities and mix it wich wine, and rub the hens
with it, or wafli them with a decodioa.of
wild lupines.
Jlf hens are troubled with a loofenefs, mix
a hand-
J^read-Nct
\
■ - r'
P ou
a handful of barley-meal and as much wax>^
in fome wine ; make it into a mafs) and give
it them in the morning before they have
any other meat^ or elfe let them drink a de-
coftion of apples or quinces
Hens, by laying too many eggs, fome-
times exhauft their flrength and languifh :
the fame likewife happens by hens fitting
too long ; to remedy this, take the white of
sn ^gS> ^hich you muft roaft till it looks
as if it was burnt ; mix this with an equal
quantity of dried raifins^ alfo burnt, and give
the hen this fading.
Your hen-houfe mud be large and fpa-
cious, with a pretty high root and ftrong
walls, to keep out both thieves and vermin 5
let there be windows on the caft fide, that
they may enjoy the benefit of the rifing fun,
ftrongly lathed and clofe (hut; upwards,
and round about the infide of the wall upon
the ground, (hould be made large pens of
three feet high, for gecfe, ducks, and large
fowls to fet in, and near unto the covering
of the houfe ihould be long perches, reach*
ingfrom one fide of the houfe to the other,
on which ihould fet cocks, hens, capons
and turki.es, each on fuch perches as they
are dilpofed.
At another fide of the houfe, at the dark-
eft part of the ground pens, fix hampers full
of ftraw fornefts, in which hens ihould lay
their eggs ; but when they fit to hatch
chickens, then let them fit on the ground,
otherwife it will be dangerous.
« Alfo let their be pins ftuck in the walls,
that the poultry may dimb to their perches
with the greateit eafe.
' The floor muft not be paved» but made
of earth fmooth and eafy. Let the fmaller
fowl have a hole made at one end of the
houfe, to go in and come out at when they
pleafc, or clfe they will feek put roofts in
other places 5 but of larger foWl, you may
open the door morning and evening.
It would be better if the hen-houfe
was fituated near fome kitchen, brewhoufe,
bakehoufe, or kiln, where it may have
the heat of the fire, and be perfumed with
fmoak, which is to pullets both delightful
tad wholeibme»
1
P o u
■ » •
As foon as your chickens are hatched, if
any be weaker than the reft, wrap them in
wool, and let them have the heat of the
fire ; it will alfo be very good to perfume
them with rofemary j the firft hatched chick-
ens may be kept in a fieve till the reft are
difclofcd, for they will not eat for two days 5
fome ihells being harder than others, they
will require fo much more time in open-
ing ; but unlefs the chickens are weak, or
then unkind, it will not be amifs to let
them continue under her, for ihe will nou«
riih them kindly.
When they are two days old, give them
very fmall oatmeal, fome dry, and fome
fteeped in milk, or elfe crumbs of fine white
bread ; and when they have gained ftrength,
curds, cheefe parings, white bread, crufta
foaked in beer or milk, barley-meal, or
wheaten bread fcalded, or the like foft
meat, that is fmall and will be eafily di<«
gefted.
It is neceflfary to keep them in the houfe
for a fortnight, and not fuETer them to go
abroad with the hen to worm. Green chives
chopped among their meat is very good,
and will prefcrvc them from the rye or
other difeafes in the head, and never let
them want clear water, for puddle water
will be apt to give them the pip.
Nor muft you Itt them feed upon tares^
darnel, or cockle, for thefe are verv dan-
gerous to young ones^ nor let them go into
gardens till they are fix weeks old*
If you would have them crammed, coop
them up when the dam has forfaken them»
and cram them with dough made of wheat--
en meal and milk, which dip in milk, and
thruft down their throats, biit let them not
be too big, left you choak them ^ and they
will be fat in a fortnight.
To diftinguifli whether a chrcken is gpod
or not : after a chicken is killed it will be
ftiff and white, and iirm in the vent, if
new killed ; but tender, and green in the
vent, if ftale.
If yoju rub your finger on the breaft of a
fcalded chicken, if it be new killed it will
feel roughs but if ftale, ilippery and
ilimy«
Acram*
P o u
A crammed chicken, if it be fat, -will •
have a fat rump, and a fat vein upon the
iide of the breaft of her, like a pullet.
In order to fatten chickens, you muft I
.put them into croups, and feed them with <
barley-meal ; put likewife a fmail quantity '
of brickduft into their water, which they
ought never to be without : this lafl: will
.give them an appetite to their meat, and
/atten them very foon j for in this cafe it
muft be confidered, that all fowls and birds
have two ftomachs, as they may be called,
the one is their crop, that fofcens their food,
and the other the gizzard, that macerates
xhefood ; in the lafl: we always jind fmall
ilonesand diarp fand, which help to do that
office, and without them or (omethingof
chat kind, a fowl will be wanting of it's
appetite to eat ; for the gizzard cannot
mafticate, or as it may be faid, grind the
food faft enough to difchargc it from the
crop, without fuch fand or ftones: and in
this cafe the brickduft is aflifting.
DUCKS.
Ducks are very ncceflary for the hufband*
man's yard, in that they require no charge
in keeping; jhey Jive on k>ft corn, wormsj
fnails, i^c. for which reafon they arc very
good for gardens. On€e in a year they are
very good layers of eggs, efpecially a fort
pf duck that turns up the bill more than the
common kind ; and when .they fit they need
little attendance, except to let them have
a little barley, or ofFal corn and water near
them, that they may not firaggle far from
their neft to chill their «ggs.
In general it is found more profitable to
fet a hen upon the ducks eggs, than any
kind of duck whatever, becaufe the old one
leads them when batched, too foon to the
water, where, if the weather be frofty, fomc
will be loft. They follow the hen a good
while upon the land, and fo get hardy be-
fore they venture to the water.
About thirteen eggs is the proper number
to let a duck fit upon ; the hen will cover
as many of thefe as of her own, and
will bring them up well : fo tliat every I
way (he is mote profitable /or that
purpofe.
When the ducklings are hatched they
require no care, if the weather be tole-
rably good; but if they happen to be
prodticed in a very rainy feafon, it would
be right to keep them under cover a
little, efpecially in the night ; for, though
the duck naturally loves water, it requires
the affiftance of its feathers, and, till
they are grown, is eaGly hurt by the
.wet.
The fattening of ducks at any age is
very eafy, and whether it be .the duck-
ling, or the grown duck, the method
to be ufcd is exadly the fame. They
are to be put in a quiet dark place,
and kept in a pen, where they are to
have plenty of com and water : any kind
of corn will do, and with this fingle direc-
tion,.they will fatten themfelves extremely
well in fifteen or twenty days ; and will
bring a, price that very well repays their
feeding.
GEESE.
The benefit' arifing from geefc arc, for
foodi their feathers,. and their greafe. They
will live upon commons, .or any fort of paf-
ture, and need little care and attendance ;
only they fhould have plenty of water. Tlie
largeft^ geefc are reckoned the beft, but
there is a fort ofSpan(/b geefe that are much
better layers and breeders than- the Englijb,
efpecially if their eggs are hatched under
an Englijh goofe.
Geefe lay in the fpring, the earlier the
better, becaufe of their price and of their
having a fecond brood. They commonly
lay twelve or fixteen eggs each. You may
know when they will lay, by their carrying
of ftraw in their mouths, and when they
will fit, by their continuing on their neft
after they have laid. A goofe fits thirty
days i but if the weather be fair and warm,
(he will hatch three or four days foonen
After the goflings are hatched, Ibme keje^
them in the houfe ten or t^welve days, and
feed them with curds, barley-ixie^J,, bran«
POXJ ^
tSc. After tiicy have got feme ftrength,lct
them out three or four hours in a day, and
take them in again, till they are big enough
t> defend themfelvea from vermin. One
gander will fcrvc five gecfe.
If you would fatten green gcefe, you muft
fhutthem up when they are about a month
old, and they will be fat in about a month
more. Be fure to let them have always by
them in a fmall rack fome fine hay, which.
will much haften their fatting. But for fat-
ting of older gecfe, it is commonly done
when they arc about fix months old, in or
after harveft, when they have been in the
ftubble fields, from which food fome kill
them, which is a good way^ but thofc who
have a mind to have them very fat, (hut
them up for a fortnight or three weeks i and
feed them with oats, fplittcd beans, barley-
meal, or ground malt mixed with milk, the
beft thing to fatten them with being malt
mixed with beer. But in fatting of all wa-
ter fowl you may obferve, that they ufually
ti with their bills on their rumps, where
they fuck out moft of their moifture and
fatncfs^at a fmall bunch of feathers, which
vou will find (landing upright on their rumps
and always moift, with which they trim their
feathers, which makes them oily and Qip-
pcry more tHan other fowls feathers are,
that the water may flip ofi*thcm, which, if
cut away clofe, will make them fat in lefs
time, and with lefs rheat than otherwife.
Gcefe will likcwife feed on and fatten well
with carrots, cut fmall, and given them j
or if you give them rye before or about
Midfummery it will ftrengthen them, and
keep th^m in health, that being commonly
their fickly time- •
In fome countries they ftiear the gecfe for
their feathers, and fome pull thcni twice a
year 5 ,hut this latter way is more injurious
to theiii, and therefore it is better ftaying
till moulting time, or till their death for
their feathers.
T U R K I E S.
Turkies are fowls that profpcr very well
lA open countries, where there is not fuch
PO U
fliclter to harbour vermin to- dcfimy ^S^ttn r
for they arc naturally inclined ro ramble.
The.hens likewife are fo negligent of their
young, that whilft they have one to follow*
them, they never take any care of the reft if
and therefore there muft be a great deal- of
care taken of them whilft they are young,
to watch them, and to keep them warm,
they being a bird that cannot bear the cold.
But fome, where they have a conveaiencv
of a fmall cover near the houfe, let them
take their liberty,'and feck their own nefts^
but it is only in fome particular places thae
they do well with fuch management. 1
knew a gentleman that had a ben turkey of
the wild kind from Vtrginiay of which, and
an Englijh cock, heraifed a very, fine breed,,
that bred wild in the fields, and always be-**
came tame when grown up \ they were »
very hardy breed, and much larger than
ours, and reared their young ones without
any care or trouble, breeding much better
than our Englijh.
If you keep them with corn, they are very
great feeders, and will devour a great deal %
but if left to their liberty when grown up,
they will get their own living, without ei-
ther trouble or charges, by feeding 00
herbs, feeds, £s?r.
Turkies being very apt to ftraggle, will
often be laying their eggs in fecret-'places>
and therefore the comnoon fort of them muft:
be often watched, and made to lav at home.
They begin to lay in Marcby and will fit in
AfriL Eleven or thirteen eggs are the rtioft
they fit on* They hatch in between twenty;
five and thirty days j and when they have
hatched their brood, you muft be careful
to keep the young ones warm, for the leaft
cold kills them. Feed thtm either witfi
curds, or green frefh cheefe cut in fmall
■ pieces. Let their drink be new milk, ot
milk and water. Some give them oatmeal
and milk boiled thick together, inta which
they put wormwood chopped fmall, and
fbmetimes eggs boiled hard, and cut in
little pieces. Tou muft feed them often^
for the hen will not take much care of them,
and when they have got fome ftrengthi
feed them ^road in a clofe walled place»
where
PR I
where they cannot ftray j you muft not let
them out till the dew is off the grafs^ taking
care to have them in again before night,
becaufe the dew is very prejudicial to
them.
For the fatting of turkies, foddcn barley
is very excellent, or foddcn oats for the
iirft fortnight, and for another fortnight
cram them as you do capons. They are on-
ly to be crammed in a morning, which muft
be given to them warm, and let out all day,
being fometimes fed with corn while out ;
becaufe, being a fullen bird, they are apt
elfe not to fat fo kindly.
Their eggs are reckoned very wholefome,
and a great reftorer of nature.
POUNCEb, the talons or claws of a
bird of prey.
PRESS UPON THB Hand : a horfe is faid
to refift, or prefs upon the hand, when
either through the ftiffhefs of his neck, or
fronri an ardour to run too much a-head, he
flretches his head againft the horfemar\'s
hand, refufes the aid of the hand, and with-
ftands the effeds of the bridle.
To prefs or pulh a horfe forwards, is to
a(fift him with the calves of your legs, or to
Ipur him to make him go on.
^0 PRICK, OR Pinch, is to give a horfe
a gentle touch of the fpur, without clapping
them hard to him.
Prick with the right : pinch with the left :
'pinch with both.
7$ PRICK, OR Pinch, is an aid ; but to
bear hard with the fpur, is corredion.
PRICKING OF A Horse's Foot, is the
hurt received by a nail drove too far into
the foot, fo as to reach the quick, or prefs
the vein in the horfe's foot when he is
fliod.
PRICKER, [Hunting*term] a hunter on
horfeback,
PRICKET, a fpitter, or young male
deer of two years old, that begins to put
forth the head.
PRICKING [with Sportfmen] the foot-
ing of an hare when (he beats on the hard
heath way, and her footing can be perceiv*
cd.
PRlCKTj otherwifc called acclotsd.
PUR
CLOYKD, OR RETRATs, 6?^. in refpcft to
horfes, fignifies only the having a prick by
the negligence of the farrier in driving the
nail$, by their weaknefs, ill pointing or
breaking them, which if not prcfently taken
oat, will, in time, break out into a foul
fore : you may difcern it by the horfe's go-
ing lame; but if you would know it more
certainly, pinch him round the hoof with a
pair of pincers, and when you come to the
place aggrieved he will (brink in his foot ;
er elfe you may try. where he is pricked by
throwing water on his hoof, for that place
where he is hurt will be fooner dry than the
reft.
PUNCH, a wcll-fet, well-knit horfe,
is (hort backed, and thick fhouldercd.
with a broad neck, and well lined with
flcfli.
PURLIEU, all that ground near any fo-
reft, which being antiently made foreft, is
afterwards, by perambulations, feparated
again from the fame, and freed from that
fervitude which was formerly laid upoq^
it. .
PURLIEU-Man, one that hais land
within the purlieu, and forty (hillings a
year freehold i upon which account he is
allowed to hunt or courfe in his own pur-
lieu, with certain limitations.
PURSE-NET, a net ufed for taking both
hares and rabbets, at certain times, and
three or four dozen of them are fufficient tq
lay over their holes : they are to be faften-
ed, by tying firings to fticks thruft into
the earth, otherwifc when the rabbets bole
out, they will run away and get out of the
nets *, but when the nets are fixed, and all
things in order, there muft be one or two
to lie clofe, to fee what game comes home,
while in the mean time you beat the bufhcs^
to force them homewards.
Another way to take rabbets with thefc
nets, is at their coming out of their par-
races : and they (hould be fecreted in this
manner.
Firft hunt them up and down, to force
them all in, then put in a ferret with a bell
about her neck, which gives the rabbet
notice of her coming, who endeavouring to
avoid
P T E
4iTold htT^ will bole out into the puf fe-net,
•from whence you muft immediately take
the purfe-net before the ferret feizes her ;
and when the ferret comes out of the bur«
rows^ put her in again ; but remember to
cope her mouth, that is» tie her chaps with
fine packthfead, which will hinder her from
feizing the rabbet and fucking her blood.
PURSINESS IN Horses, is a fiiortncfs
of breath, either natural or accidental. The
natural is when the horfe is cock throppled ;
for that his thropple -or wind-pipe being fo
long, he is not able to draw his breath in
and outwith fo much cafe as other horfesdo
which are loofe throppled, becaufe the
wind-pipe being too ftraight, that fhould
convey the breath to the lungs, and vent it
again at the nofe, makes him pant and fetch
his breath Ihort ; and in like manner when
his pipe is filled with too much fat, or other
flegmatic ftufF, which fuflfocates him^ and
makes his lungs labour the more.
Purfinefs accidental is fometimes caufed
by a horfe's being hard ridden after a full
ftomach, or prefently after driilking, which
caufes phlegmatic humours to diftil out of
the head into the windpipe, and fo fall upon
the lungs, where they fettle and congeal.
It aUTo proceeds from heats and colds, i^c.
caufes duUneis and heavinefs in travelling,
makes him fweat much^ and ready to fall
down upon every ftrain.
For the cure : pound af)nifeeds, liquo-
rice, and fugar-candy, .to a fine powder^
and put four fpoonfuls into a pint of white*
wine i brew them welU ^nd mix with them
half a pint of fallad oil. Give this to the
horfe ever after a travel, and a day before
he fets out on a journey.
PUT ; it is ufed for the breaking or ma-
naging of a horfe j as Put your horfe to
cttrvets^ put him upon cafrioles*
To put u horfe upon his haunches ^ is to make
him bend them in galloping in the ma-
nage, or upon a ftop. See Haunches.
To put a horfe to the walk, trot, or gallop,
is to make him walk, trot, or gallop.
PUTTOCK, a kind of long-winged kite,
a bird of prey.
PYE'BALD HoRSB, is one that has
white fpots upon a coat of another colour.
QU A
Thus there are pyc-bald bays, pyc-bald *
forrels, and pye-bald blacks, and fo of the '
reft.
PYROET ; [in Horfcmanfliip] fome are
of one tread orpiftes, fome of two.
Thofe of one tread arc othcrwife called.
Pirouettes de la tetea la queve, which are in-
tire and very narrow turns made by the
horfe upon one tread, and almoft in one
time, in fuch a manner, that his head is
placed where hiis tail was, without putting
out his haunches.
To make horfes take this pyroct with
more facility, they ufc in the manage to put
them to five or fix of them all running,
without ftirring oflfthe fpot.
In duels they arc of ufe to gain the ene*
my's croupe*
Pyroets of two piftes or treads, arc turns
of two treads upon a fmall compafs of
ground, almoft of the length of the '
horfe.
9UAIL, a fmall bird with fpeckled fea-
thers, and one of thofe wc call paffcn-
_ ^ dwelling in corn fields, or meadows.
Quails begin to fing in April ; th«y make
their nefts on the ground, and fit in the
month of May, at which time you muft not
difturb them : you may know the hen by
her flender neck, and that (he is not black
under the chin, but of the colour of baked
earth, and fo up to the head, her breaft
and belly arc almoft white, her back and
wings of a dark yellow colour-, but the
head, neck, back, tail, and wings of the
cock, are almoft black : his beak is alfo
black and feet fhining.
Quails are to be taken by calls, while
they are in their wooing-times, which is'
from April till Augufl ; the quail will call
at fun-rifing, about nine o'clock, about
twelve, about three in the afternoon, and
at fun-fet. The notes of the cock difFcr
much from the hen, fo that you muft be
expert in both, if you intend to do any
good in taking them j and when you hear
the cock call, anfwer in the hen's note ;
and fo on the contrary, anfwer the hen
in the cock'is note and they will both com©
J ^ to
CLUi
t6 you, that you may caft your net oyer
and take them.
If it be a fingle cock*quai1, he will come
at the firfl: call, but if he hath a hen with
him, he will not forfake her: fometimes
you fliall only hear one to anfwer your call>
yet three or four will come to your net, fo
that you need not make too much hade when
you find one entangled, for fome more may
be taken in a fhort time.
Quails are neat cleanly birds, and will
not much run into dews or wet places, but
chufe rather to fly, that they may not dirty
themfelves , you muft therefore at fuch
times place yourfelf as near your nets as
poflible, and if by accident the quail pafles
by one end of the net, call her back again^
and flie will foon come to your net.
The form of the call and how to make
them, are defcribed Plate XII. vix. the
firfl: A, is made of a fmall leather purfe,
about two fingers wide, and four long, in
ihape much like a pear ; it mud be (lufied
half full ofhbrfe-hair; they place in the
end a fmall whiftle or dcvite, marked C,
made of a bone of a cat's, hare's, or coney's
leg. or gather of a wing of an old hern,
which muft be about three fingers long,
and the end C, muH be formed like a flage-
let with a little foft wax; put alfo in a little
to clofe up the end B, which open a little
with a pin^to caufe it to give the clearer and
more diftindt found: fallen this pipe in
yoiu" putfe, and then to make it fpeak» hold
jt full in the palm of your left-hand, put-
ting one of your fingers over the top of the
wax> you muA (hake on the place mark-
ed A, with the hinder part or your right
thumb, and fo imitate the call of the hen-
quail.
The form of the other quail-call, de-
fcribed Plate XII. Fig. a. muft be four
fingers long, and above an inch thick,,
made of a piece of wire turned round, as
if it was curled ; it muft be covered over
with leather, and one end thereof clofed up.
with a piece of flat wood, marked 2 ;
about the middle you muft have a fmall
thread, or leather flrap 7, wherewith you
may hold it;^ £0 as to ufe it with one hand i
R A B
and at the other end, place juft fuch a pipe
as.is defcribed before in making up the firft
call.
Now for the calling with it, hold the
ftrap or piece of leather with your left-hand,
clofe by the piece of wood marked 2, and
with your right-hand hold the pipe, juft
where it is joined to the flagelet, marked 3,
and make the fame noife as the hen does
when ihe calls the cock.
The net commonly ufed, is called a hal*
lier, or bramble-net, which is managed as
in the following figure.
If you know where the cock is a]one> ^et
within fifteen paces : fuppofe the pricked
lines, marked with the letters. A, B,C, D^
E^> F> G, H» were the borders of the corn-*
fields and that the quail (hould be at the
letter P, fpread your net on the top of the
ridge adjoining to the corn, and pitch your
hallicr^ and fo the bird running crofs the
corn, may get into the net withottc per-
ceiving it ; then draw back into the bottom
of the third or fourth line O, where you
muft ftoop and hide yourfelf over-againft.
the middle of the net, in order to call the
quail.
QUARTER ; to work from quarter to
quarter, is to ride a horfe three times in
end, upon the firft of the four . lines of a
fquare ; then changing your hand^ and
riding him three times upon a fecond ; at
the third line changing your hand, and fa
pafllng to the third and fourth^ obfenriog^
the fame order.
JFal/e QUARTER, is when the hoof
has a kind of cleft occafioned by a horfe's-
cafting his quarter^ and getting a new one,,
for then the horn beginning to grow, is un-
even and ugly, as alfo bigger and (oitcr
than the reft of the hoof; and fuch feet
fliould befhod with half panton flioes; but.
if the cleft be confiderable, and take up a
quarter part of the hoof, the horfe will not
be ferviceable, and is nol wortli hay'^
ing.
QUARTER Behind, is when a horfe.
has the quarters of his hind feetjftrong^
that is to fay, the horn thick,, and fo capa--
ble of admitting a good gripe by the
nails. ^ Whcut.
A B
When a horfc's quarters or feet are waft-
ed and (brunk : Ft>r the cure : raze the
'whole foot with a red hot knife, making
large razes of the depth of a crown piece,
from the hair to the (hoe : and avoiding
the coronet, then apply a proper poultice,
and charge the foot with a remoladc. See
Remolade Poultice /(?r the ho9f -bound.
QUARTERS of a Saddle, arc the pieces
of leather, or ftuff, made fall to the lower
part of the fides of the faddle, and hanging
down below the faddle.
QUARTERS of a Horse, fore-quarters>
and hind-quarters ; the fore quarters are
the Ihoulders and the fore-legs ; the hind-
quarters^ are the hips and the legs be-
hind.
QUARTERS of a Horse's root, are
the fides of the coffin, comprehended be-
tween the toe and the heel on one fide, and
the other of the foot :' the inner-quarters
are thofe oppofite to one another, facing
from one foot to the other ; thofe are al-
ways weaker than the outfide quarters,
ivhich lie on the external fides of the
coffin.
QUARTER ^CAST ; a horfc is .faid to
caft his quarters, when for any diforder in
his coffin, we are obliged to cut one of the
quarters off the hoof, and when the hoof is
thus cut, it grows and comes on a new.
\ QU ITTER.BONE, a hard round fwcl-
ling upon the coronet, between a horfe's
heel and the quarter, which moft common-
ly grows on the infide of th^ foot.
It is occafioned many ways, fometimes
by fome bruife, ftub, prick of a nail, or
the like, which being negledled, will im-
pofthumate, and break out about the hoof :
now and then it comes from evil humours, {
which defcend down to that part.
Q^U I T T O R.
A quittor is an ulcer formed between
the hair and the hoof, moH: frequently
on the infide quarter. They are caufed
by' bruifcs, or by negle&ing to clean
away fand; gravel, i3c. that lodges in this
pare.
Q^U I •
If it is? fuperficial, the cure is eafily per-
formed, by battling the fwclling onceaday
with fpirit of wine, and applying to the ul-
cer a pledget of the ointmtnt as dircftcd for
fand-cracks, which fee.
\{ the matter finks under the hoof, part
of it muft be taken off, or the ulcer can
never be healed ; and the fuccefs in this
cafe depends very much on ihe-»dex ten ty of
the operator, and eafe to the horfe, with
which the piece of the hoof is divided and
taken away.
Sometimes the inatter runs under the
quarter of the hoof, in which cafe the
quarter muft be removed : in this cafe,
when the quarter grows again, it leaves
a large feam called a falfe quarter, which
weakens the foot and is never fairly
cured*
If the coffin bone be affefted with the
matter, the opening muft be properly en-
larged ; all that is decayed muft be taken
away with a knife, for that is the eafieft^
and when it is ufcd with Ikill, it is the fafeft
method ; after which drefs the wound with
pledgets of the digeftive ointment, with or
without the precipitate, as dircded for fand-
cracks, according as circumftances may
indicate.
If there is much pain or inflammation,
a poultice may be applied over the dreff-
ing, including the whole of the difeafed
part ; but it Ibould be taken off and
warmed again, three or four times a-day.
During the cure, the horfe (hould run
at liberty, and not be ufedfor any kind of
work.
RABBETS. The rabbet or coney is an
animal about the bignefs of an ordi-
nary cat, who hides herfcif in the woods,
or makes burrows in the ground, to retire
into for fafety : fhe has long ears, and a
fhorttail, but well covered with wool, and
is moftly of a grey and white colour. The
young ones are called fucking rabbets.
There are two forts, v%%. the wild, and
the tame ; thofe that are wild are bred in
warrens, and are fmaller and redder, have
J C 2 naturally
R A B
naturally more aftivc bodies, are more ihy
and watchful, and their flelh is more deli-
cious, from the air of liberty wherein they
breathe, and are not fo melancholy : but
the tame ones are quite contrary -, yet they
make ufe of them in fomc places, to fupply
their warrens; and there, in procels of
time, coming to be divefted of their heavy
nature, become more and more adtive than
before, v
The rabbet begins to breed at (ix months
old, bears at Icaft fcven times a year; flic
carries her young in her belly thirty days,
if flic litters in the month of Af*rri^, and
as foon as flie has kindled, goes to buck
again, but it is. better not for the fpace of
two or ^hrce weeks. Tame rabbets, above
all other beads^ delight in imprifonment
and folitarinefs; they are violently hot in
the aft p( generation, performing it with
fuch vigour and excefs, that they fwoon,
and lie in trances a good while after the
aa.
The males being given too much to cru-
elty, kill all the young ones they can come
at, therefore the females, after they have
kindled, hide them, and clofe up the holes
in fuch manner, that the buck may not find
them : they increafc wonderfully, bringing
forth every fix weeks, therefore when kept
tahie in huts, they mud be watched, and as
foon as they have kindled, may be put to
the buck, for they will ocherwife mourn,
and hardly bring up their young.
The huts in which tame rabbets are to
be kept, fliould be made of thin wainfcot
boards, fome about two feet fquare, and
one foot high, which fquare muft be
divided into two rooms, one with open
vylndawsof wire, through which the rabbet
may feed ; and a lefs room without light,
wherein flie may lodge and kindle i and a
trough, wherein to put meat and other ne-
ceflaries for her, before the light one ^ and
thus you may make box upon box, in di-
vers ftories, keeping the bucks by them«
felves, as aifo the does, unlefs it be fuch
as have not bred, with which you may let
the buck lodge. Further, when a doe has
kindled one neft^ aad then kindled another.
R A B
the firft mufl: be taken from her, and &e
putamongft rabbets of their own age, pro-
vided the boxes be not peftered> but that
they have eafc and liberty.
For the choice of tame rich conies, it
needs not to look to therr fliape^ but ta
their richnefs ; only that the bucks mufl: be
the largelt and richefl; you can get v and that
flcin is eflieemed the beft, that has theequal-^
left mixture of black and white hair toge-
ther, yet the black fliould rather fliadow the
white : a black flcin with a few filver hairs^
being much richer than a white flcin with a
few black ones.
As to the profit of tame rich conies^
every one that is killed in feafbn, that is^
from Martinmas till after Candlemas j is
worth five others, being much larger; and
when another flcin is wx)rth two-pence, or
three-pence at the mofl', thefc are worth a
fliilling or upwards. Again, the increafc
is more ; the tame ones, at one kindelling^
bringing forth more than the wild da ; bc-
fides, they are always ready at hand for the
difli, winter and fummer, without the
charge of nets, ferrets, cs?^. and their flcins^
always paying the keeper's expence, with,
intereft.
The befl: food for your tame conies^ is the
fweeteft, (horteft, and bcft hay you can get ;.
one load will feed two hundred couple a
year, and out of the ftock of two hundred^
may be fpent in the houfe as many as
arc fold in the market, and yet a ^ood ftock
maintained to anfwer ail cafualties. The
hay muft be put to them in little clovea
flicks, that they may with eafe reach and
pull it out of the fame, but fo as not ta
fcattcr or waftc any ; fweet oats, and water^
flaould be put for them in the troughs un«-
der the boxes : and this fliould be their or-
dinary and conftant food, all other being to
be ufed phyfically ; you may twice or three
times in a fortnight, to cool their bodies,
give them mallows, clover-grafs, four dock
blades of corn, cabbage, or cole wort leaves,
and the like, all which both cools and nou-*
riflies exceedingly ; but fweet grain fliould
be feldom ufed, fince nothing rots them
fooner. Great care muft be had^ that when
any
R A B
wny gnSs is cut for them where are weeds,
that there is no hemlock amongft it^ for
though they will eat it greedily^ yet it is
prcfent poifon to them. Their huts alfo
muft be kept fweet aud clean every day>
for their pifs and ordure is of fo ftrong and
riolent a favour, as will annoy them.
The infirmities to which tame conies are
fubjeft, are the rot: which comes by giv-
ing them green meat^ or gathering greens
for them^ and giving them to them with
the dew on ;. therefore let them have it but
feldom, and then the drynefs of the hay
will even dry up the moifl:ure> knit them
and keep them found.
There is a certain rage of madnefs, en-
J rendered from corrupt blood, fpringing
rom the ranknefV of their keeping, and
which is known by their wallowing and
tumbling with their heels upwards, and
leaping in their huts *, to cure which^ give
them tare thiftle to eat.
Wild rabbets do great damage to vinC"
yards, and all forts of corn, their teeth
fparing nothing that they come near j and
in fuch countries as abound with vineyards,
they will eat the young (hoots as foon as
they begin to appear, and will do them fo
much damage, that it will endanger their
Fuin without fome proper remedy ;. to pre-
vent which, take fome very fmall (licks of
willow, well dryed, dip one end of them
into fome melted brimftonc, and flick the
ether into the ground ; let them be about a
fathom diftant from each other, and fet fire
to them ; and this will prevent the rabbets
(who bate thefmell) from entering into any
vineyard, on the fide of which thofe (licks
arc let : the fmell will laflfour or five days,
at the expiration of which you mufl renew
k, and fo a third time, infomuch that in
about fixteen days, the Ihoots of the vine
will be fo flrong as not to be in danger of
the infults of thcfe animals.
The ways of taking thefc creatures are
various, particularly fuch as ftray from their
burrows may be taken with fmall grey-
hounds, or mungrels, bred up for that pur-
pofe 5 their places of hunting are among
bufhes, hedges, corn fields, and frcfh paf •
R A B
tureff ; and though you Ihould mifs killFng^
them, yet they are thereby drove back to
their burrows, over whofe holes you may
lay purfe-nets, and then put in a ferret clofe
muffled, which will quickly make them bolt
out again to the net, and fo are caught.
The ferret fometimes finds a rabbet afleep,.
which Ihe furprizes and kills, focks her
blood, lies upon her and fleeps there; in-
which cafe you are obliged either to kill her,
or wait till fhe awakes, which will be oftea
five or fix hours j and therefore you muft
fire five or fix times into the hole to awake*
her, upon which fhe will come out ; but
muft always let her fleep an hour before .
you fire, or elfe the noifc will fignify no^
thing.
When you take any of the does, you^
muft turn them loofe, that you may not,
depopulate your warrens, and flijt their ears,,
that they may not be killed by others, who
Ibmetimes lie in wait to fhoot them.
To force rabbets out of their burrows.*
without a ferret, take fome powder of or-
pine and brimftone, old (hoes, parchment,-
or cloth, and burn them at the mouth of
the burrow, upon the fide which the wind-
blows and fprcad your purfe-nct under the
wind. Some put a crab or two into the
holes, which will force them out.
Nets to take rabbets and hares ; thefc
nets muft be made in the fame manner as^
halliers, wherewith they take partridges.
You have, reprefenied in Plate VII, two^
fimple nets made of mcfhes lozcngc-wife ;,
you may make them of fquare ones : the
mefh fhould be an inch and half broad,,
made of good ftrong thread, and treble
twifted ; but if you would make meflies
lozenge-wife, you muft allow four-and-
twenty, and three fathoms in length, and
let them be well verged with long twifted-
thread, and of a brown colour.
But the net with fquare mefhes will do-
better, in which cafe they allow five feet
in breadth or height, and three or four fa-
thoms in length, according. to the place ;;
and in this no verging is required.
The firft of thefe nets arc to be placed in.
any path or t^aft, in any coppice or furrow j
' for
R A B .
for rabbet and hares always follow the moft
eafy and beaten path : you muft take notice
how the wind fits, that you may fo fct the
netj that the creature and wind may come
together ; if the wind be fide-ways, it may
do well enough, but never if the wind blows
over the net into the creature's face, for he
will fcent both it and you at a great di (lance,
efpecially a hare. Suppofe A, B, to be the
foot-path by which the game ufe to pafs,
take three or four ftaves, C, C, C, each four
feet long, and about the thicknefs of one's
thumb, fharpened at the greater end, and a
little crooked at the fmaller ; (lick them in
the ground, fomewhat floping, as if fo
forced by the wind, in a (Irait line, and at
equal diftances from each other j rhefe muft
only hold the net from falling, but in a
very flight manner, that if the game run
againfl it, it may eafily fall down, and fo.
entangle him. Be furc to hide yourfelf in
fome ditch or bufli, or behind fomc tree,
as at D, for Ihould you be perceived, your
expeflation will be fruftrated ; nor ihould
you walk in the path-way by which you
cxpcdl the game to come, for it will have
fomc imperfeft fcent of you : when you
perceive the game to be paft you, fire a
{hot, flinging your hat at them, which will
put them into fuch a furprize, that they
will fpring on, and run juft into the net;
fo you muft be nimble to take them, left
they break out and make their efcape: yet
this is not fo good in windy, as in calm
weather.
The fecond net is more ufed, and indeed
more Ctrtain, but alfo more embarrafling
than the former. This net muft be placed
in the fame manner as the former, in rc-
fpeft of the way and wind : cbferve the
hnes A, B, and C, D, denote the extremi-
ties of the path, and having two fticks K,
L, M, N, each about four feet long, and
three times as thick as one's thumb, they
muft be cut exaftly fmooth at each end;
and when you are upon the place, take the
two ends of the packthreads which are on
the fame fide with the net, tie them toge-
ther on the ftock pf fome tree, or a ftake,
within a foot and a half of the ground, but
R AC
on the outn4e of the path, as at the letter
H. Do the fame on the other fide at I,
and let the packthreads be fo loofe in the
middle, that they may bear the fticks be-
tween them, which you are to adjuft in the
following manner :
Take the ftick ^, L, and put it on the
edge of the way, at the cord or packthread,
L, which is at the bottom of the net 5 the
other cord muft be placed on the top of the
ftick at K, then go along behind the net,
fupporting it with your hand, and place
your fecond ftick M, N, juft as you did
the firfti you ihould endeavour to let your
net lean a little towards the way by which
you expeft your game to come, for the
game running fiercely againft the net, will
force the fticks to give way, and fo the
net falls upon him.
Thefe two nets are as ufcful for the tak-
ing wolves, foxes, badgers, and polc-cats,
as conies and hares ; but the following is
only fit for the two laft.
This net is not fo troublefomc as either
of the former, only it may be farther dif-
cerned ; neverthelefs it is excellent for rab-
bets, in fuch foot-paths where you have
fometimes three or four couple running
after -one another, all which may be taken
at once, for it does not fall like the two
former.
^ You may obferve what has been men-
tioned before, that the pointed lines,
marked A, B, C, D, denote always the
edges of the way ; ftick one of your fticks
at the letter E, and another in the middle
F, and fo do by the reft ; when the paflTage
is quite (hut up, withdraw to fome bulb,
or in fome tree, as aforcfaid; but you
muft keep at a greater diftance from this
net than the other.
The right time to fct thefe nets, is at
break of day, until half an hour before fun-
rifing : and from about half an hour before
fun-let, till dark night.
RACE; HORSE, fliould be fomewhat
long-bodied, nervous, of great mettle
veryfwift, and fenfibie of the fpursj he
fliould alfo be fra ft able, and no ways reftivc
or fldttifhi hh Acad (hould be fmalj and
flendcr.
R A C
flender, with wide noftrilsj and a large
thropplc.
He ihould be of an Englijb breed, or a
harb of a Jittle fizc, with a pretty large
rcach» his legs fomewhat fmall, but the
back finews at a good diftance from the
bone s ihort jointed, and neat fliaped feet^
for large feet are not at all fit for this ex-
crcife.
He Ihould be at leaft (ix years old, no
horfe under. ^ that age having fufficient
ftrength for a fix mile courfe, without run*
ning the hazard of being over-drained.
The next thing to be confldered, is the
limitation of time for preparing a horfe for
a match ; which is generally agreed by ju-
dicious horfemen, that (unlefs the match be
for an extraordinary fum) two months is
. Aifficient) but in this proper regard is to
be had to the fiace of the horfe's body.
if he be very fat, foul^ or taken from
grafs.
If he be extremely lean and poor.
If he be in good cafe> and has had mo-
derate exercife.
For the firft, you muft take two months
at leafi, to bring him into order, for he
will require much airing, great carefulnefs
in heating, and difcretion in fcouring.
For the horfe that is very poor, get as
long time as you can, and let his airings be
moderate, and not before or after fun-fet-
ting, feeding him liberally, but not fo as to
cloy him.
As for the horfe that is in good cafe, and
which has moderate exercife, a month or
'fix weeks may be fufficient.
You are alfo to confider bis particular
conftitution; if he be fat, and foul, yet of
a free and wafting nature, apt quickly to
confume and lofe his fie(h ; in this cafe you
are not to have fo ftri£t a hand, neither can
he endure fo violent exercife as if he were
of a hardy difpofltion, and would feed and
be fat upon all meats and exercifes.
Again, if he be in extreme poverty, and
' yet by nature very hardy, and apt foon to
recover his flcfb, and to hold it long ; then
by no means Ihould you have too tender a
baadj nor forbear that execcife you would
I
i
RAF
give a horfe of a nicer couftitution, weak
ftomach, and free fpirit.
As for the ordering a horfe for a race.
See HuNTiNG-HoRsB, Match, 6ff.
RACK, a wooden frame made to hold
hay or fodder for cattle.
RACK, a pace in which a horfe neither
trots nor ambles, but Ihuffles as it were be-
tween.
The racking-pace is indeed much the
fame as the amble, only it is a fwifter time
and (horter tread.
RAFFLE-NET, an implement fo catch
fifh with both by night and day ; but tho'
the way of making this net, is touched un-
der the article Net-makings yet it will not
be amifs to give you the form of it. See
Plate XUl.
Now as to its ufe : you muft be provided
with five or fix poles of fallow, or fuch like
wood, which is ftrong withal, and each of
nine or ten feet long, but more or lefs, ac-
cording to the depth of the water; (harpen
them at the great end, ihe better to fix
ihem into the ground at. the bottom of the
water: you muft alfo have a paring knife^
in order to cut away all the weeds, roots,
flumps, boughs, or the like, which are in
or near the places where you defign to pitch
your net, for they muft be removed out of
the way.
Faften one of your poles at either end of
the net, at either of the two wings 5 viz.
the cord below where the lead is, unto the
bigger end of the pole ; and the upper cord
where the cork is, to the fmaller end of the
pole; then in cafe you have no bait, con-
trive to get fome man on the oppofite fide
of the river with a cord in his hand, one
end whereof muft be faftened to one of the
poles, which are fixed to the net, according
to this figure of the pole.
The man having drawn over that wing,
muft force the great end A of the pole in
the faid net, into the ground, atlhe bottom
of the water C ; the like muft be done with
the other pole of the faid net, marked Z b,
on the faid water,juft ovcr-againft the for-
mer.
Then he muft throw over one end of the
cordy
• R A I
t>erd, wTilch fatten to the wing of the (aid
net J' C, when it is drawn oyer, you muflr go
along the whole length of the net. Your
poles being ready faftened at the two for-
mer, and ftraining the cords of your net in-
/difFcrently ftiff, drive the two latter poles
into the ground, as you did the two Erfl:. Be
Aire all be well and ftrongly done, that the
<:urrent n^ay not force away your fupporters -,
then with the faid long pole, you may fpread
the grafsyou before pared away, all over the
fiet, as well to fecure it from the fight of
thieves, as to give a: ihade to the filb, for
they covet (hade, efpecially in hot weather.
The cord N^ O, is your lock and key, for
by it you are fure no fi(h can efcape that are
in-^your net, you muft therefore be careful
to hide it: you may let the net ftand a day
and a night, and if the place be well (lored
with fifh, will you hardly mifs them. But
if you defign to fifli only by day, and not
to let the net lie in the water, then after the
net is planted, let a couple of men beat up
and down with long poles, taking a goocf
<:ircumference, and beating towards it about
the fides of the water, every now and then
thrufling their poles into the bottom of the
water ; and when you are minded to draw,
be fure in the fir(l place to firain in the
lock and key N, O, and then having a
-cord at each wing of the net, from the other
fide draw them both at once gently towards
you, and when they are near at hand, make
what ha(te you can ; and thus you may
make feveral fets in one day.
There is a triple, or countcr-mc(h net,
called by fome a raffle, wherewith they alfo
catch birds.
RAG, ? a company or herd of young
RAKE, J colts.
RAGOT, is a horfethat has (hort legs, a
broad croupe, and a ftrong thick body, dif-
fers from a gouifaut in this, that the latter
has more (houlders, and a thicker neck.
RAILS, Quails, Moor-Pouts, fc?r.
are very good flights for hawks.
Their haunts arc much the fame with thofe
of the partridge, only the quail loves the
wheat*fields mod ; the moor-pout the heath
mnd foreft grounds i and the rails love the
'
R A K
long high grafs, where they may He ob«
fcure.
The way of finding them b like that of
partridge, by the eye and ear, and haunt ;.
but the chief way of all to find them our,
is the call or pipe, to which they liften with
fuch earneftneis that you can no (boner
imitate their notes but they will anfwer
them, and purfue the call with fuchgree^
dinefs, that they will play and fl^ip about
you, nay, run over you, efpecially the
quail.
The notes of the male and female difler
very much, and therefore you muft have
them both at your command; and when
you hear the male call, you muft anfwer in
the note of the female ; and when you hear
the female call, you muft arifwer in that of
the male; and thus you will not fail to'
have them both come to you, who will ap-%
proach and liften till the net is caft over
them.
The way of taking thefe birds, is the
fame with that of th^ partridge, and they
may be taken with nets or lime, either buflu
or rod, or engine, which you muft ftalk
with ; or by a fctting-dog.
RAISK •, to raife a horfc upon corvets,
upon caprioles, upon pefades, is to make
him work at corvets, caprioles, or pefades.
Sometimes we fay, raife the fore^hand xrf
your horfe.
Raife is likewife ufcd for placing s
horfe 's head right, and making him carry
welli and hindering him from carrying
low, or arming himfclf.
RAISING, [with Horfcmcn] is one of
the thr^c aftionsof a horfe's legs, the other
two being the ftay, and the tread, which
fee in their proper places : the raifing, or
lifting up his leg, is good, if he perform it
hardily, and with eafe, not croffing his legs
nor carrying his feet too much out or in :
and that he alfo bend his knees as much as
is needful.
RAISTY, ] atermofcdinrefpcftofa
RKSTIVE,] horfe, when he will go
neither backwards nor forwards.
_ •
RAKE, a horfe rakes, when being (boul-
der fplait, or having ftrained hi^ four quar^
tcrs
RAT
ters^ he goes fo lacnc, that he drags one
of bis fore-legs ia a femicirclej wlucb is
more apparent when he trots than when he
paces.
RAiCE or Colts. SuKaq.
^0 RAKE A HosJiBj is to draw his or-
dure with one hand out of his fuadamentj
when he is coftive, or cannot dung ; ia do«
ing this the hand is to be anointed with
lallad oil, butter or hogs greafe.
RAMINGUE; a horfe called \nFrenib,
ramingue, is a reftive fort of horfe, that re«-
fifts the fpors, or cleaves to the fpurs, that
iv, defends himfelf wich malice againft (he
fours, fooietimes doubles the reins, and
frequently yerks \o farour his difc^di--
€nce«
RANGER, a fworn officer of a foreft or
park, whole bufinefs it is to walk daily
through his charge, to drive back the wild
beafk oat of the purlieus, or disforelted
places, into forefted lands, and to prefeot
$i\ trefpafies done in his bailiwick, at the
next court held for the foreft.
RANGIFER, a kind of (tag, fo called
from his k^honis,refembling the branch-
t% of trees : the blood of this beaft is ac«
counted an rxcttlent remedy tbt the fcur«
17, and his hoofs are eftecmed good for
the cramp.
RASE; to rafe, or glance upon the
ground, is to gallop near the groundj as
our Engk/b horfes dcK
f$ RATTLE [with Sportfmcn] a term
vfed of a goat^ who is faid to rattle, when
it cries or makes a noife through deli re of
copulation.
RATTLINb IN THE Shbata, a term
fifed of a horfe when he makes a noife in
the Ikinny part of his yard.
RAT-TAILS, a moft venon>ous dif-
cafe in horfes, not unlike fcratches, pro*
cceding fometioies from too much reft^
and the keeper's negligence in not rubbing
and dreffing them well : alfo by reafon of
good keeping, without exercife, the. blood
corrupting in his bod^r, falls down into his
legs, which caufcs the diftemper.
Thefe rat* tails come upon the back fi-
ncws, and may be known by the part be*
RAT
[ ifig widiout hair, (irott two or three fingers
breadth below the ham to the very paftem*
joint I they are ibmetimes dry and fome«
times moift, but always accompanied with
crufts and hard callofities, more raifed than
the seft of the leg ; when moift they fend
forth a fiiarp humour.
Tbofe that are moiflr, ufoally give way
CO drying applications, fuch as the follow<»
ing :
Take four ounces of vinegar i of aluni\
and white vitriol, each half an ounce 1
powder, isnd mix them.
The dry and hard fort, for the moft parr,
give way to the ftronger blue ointment :
bnt if they do not yield to this, apply tbe
following cauftic ointment :
Take foft foap, two parts ; quick-lime,
one pact I mix, and fpread it juft large
enough to cover the fwelling, but no far-*
ther, which mtift be prevented^ or it will
deftrof more than is required.
Coach*horfes of a large fixe, that have
tbek* kns ehargext with HeA, hair, &^. are
moft foojeft to this, and fudi like \nfintn^
ties, whaeh feldom happen to middle-fnMd
horfes.
The cure t ride the horfe well till he be
wamv which will make the veins fwell and
appear better ; afterwards bleed him well
on the Aitlock reiast on both fides, and
neat day wsdi the fores wn:h warm water^
aod than clip away all the hair about itt
and anoint the part aggrieved a^ith thefoU
lowing ointment :
Take green copperas. and verdigreafe^
of each four ouoces 1 of common Soney^
half a pound ; reduce the copperas and ver*
digreafe to a fine powder, and work theoi
up with the honey to a due confiftence (
uie this ointment till the fore be heded«
Or, take a quarter of a pound of Flanders
oil of baySf a quarter of an ounce of oil of
turpentine, and fix drams of quickftlvfer»
mix the quickfilver and oil of turpentine
well together, and then add the oil of bays,
and ftir all together till you cannot difco-
ver any of the particles of the quickfilven
with which anoint the horfe's legs twice a
day % and when he comes from exerctfe let
a D his
his legs be well wafljcd with foap and warm
water and wiped dry.
RAT-TAIL; a horfcis fo called when
he has no hair upon his tail.
RAZE ; a horfe razes> or has rafed} that
\sy his corner teeth ccafe to be hollow^ fo
that the cavity where the black mark was,
is now &lled up, and the tooth is even,
fnnooth, and rafed, or fhaved as it were, and
the mark difappears.
RE-AFFORESTED, is where a foreft
has been difaffbrefted, and again made fo-
reft, as the foreft of /)rtf» was by an Aft of
'Parliament, in the 20th of King Charles 11.
REARING AN End (in Horfemanfhip]
is when a. horfe rifes fo high before, as to
endanger his coming over upon his rider ;
in that cafe you tnuft give him the bridle,
and 'leaning forwards wi^h yo.ur whole
weight, give him both your fpurs as he is
falling down, but fpur him not as he is ri*
fiitgj for that may caufe bim to- come over
upon you. .
. To R^CHASE [among Hunters] is to
make homewards, to drive through the
place were the game was firft rouzed or
llartcd.
•. RECHASING, driving back the deer,
Or other beads, into theforefts, chafes, (^c.
from whence they had ftraycd.
. RECHEAT a certain Icffon which huntf-
tnent wind upon the horn When the hounds
have loft' their 'game, to call them back
from purfuing.a counter fcent.
iTd? REDKESS A Stag, [Hunting term]
is to put him* off. his changes.
, RED-SHANK, a bird that has red legs
and feet.
• RED-START, a bird fo named from its
red tail, the word Sferi in Saxon^ fignifying
a tail. This bird is of a very fullen tem-
per, for if taken old, and not out of the
neft, he is very hard to be tamed, and will
be fo vexed fomctirties as is hardly credi-
ble ; it is a forerunner of the nightingale,
and comes four or five times before he is
generally heard, being of a chcarful fpirit
abroad, and having a very pretty melodi-
ous kind of whiftling fong: the cock is
Ycry fair,, beautifully coloured and exceed*
ing pleafant to the eye; they breed thrice
a year, viz. the latter end of Aprils in May^
and toward the end of June \ this being
their ordinary courfe, except fomebody
fpoil or touch their eggs, and then they
may come later. They commonly build
in holes of hollow trees, or under hou(e«^
eves, and make their nefts with all forts
of things, fuch a^ dry grafs, fniall roots of
herbs, and leaves> horfe-hair,' and wool,
and fuch as the place affords them. It is
one of the (hyeft of birds, for if (he per-
ceives you to mind her when (he is build-
ing, (he will forfake it, and if you touch
^^ cgg> ^c never comes to her neft any
more, for ybu can fcarce go to it but (he'll
immediately fpy you, and if (he (hould
chance to have young ones, (he will either
ftarve them or break their necks by
throwing thetp over the neft; but if yoo
bring them up young, they change their:
tempers, and become tame and familiar to
the keeper ; they muft be taken out of the
neft at about ten days old, for if left there;
too long, they are apt to learn fome of *the
old bird's temper, and be very fullen ; they
are fed with (beep's heart and egg, minced
very fmall, and given at the end of a (tick
when they gape, about the quantity of three
white peasi for if you clog their ftonriacbs,
they will prefently caft their meat, and die
in a (hort time, . When you perceive theai
to eat oS^ the meat from the ftick, cage
them up, putting their meat into a pan^and
about the (ides of the cage, not ceafing, tho^
they feed themfelves, to give them a bit or
two, three or four times a day, for they will
hardly eat their fill for a long time, when
they begin to feed alone. But when you
have ufed your bird to eat five or (ix daya
without feeding, give him fome paftc, and
you'll, find him delight much therein : he
may be kept in what cage you plcafe, only
let him be kept warm iu the winter, and
he will (ing in the night as well as the
day.
REGARD, has a fmall (ignification^
when it is ufed in matters of foreft,, of which
Mr. Manwaod fpcaks, 3 bat the Eyre Gene^
ral Sejfions of the foreft i or Jufiice^Seat^ U /«•
hi:
RE L
i€ kepi nery third y ear ^ and ofneeeffityy the
Rcgardcr of the forefti.muji.jirft make bit re-
gard or view, wbicb is to be dene by tbe King's
iorit i and tbat Regardtf is to go through tbe
'whole forefiy and every bailiwick^ to/ee and
mquire of tbe trefpajfes therein.
. REGARD OF THx Forest^ is alfo taken
for that ground which is a part or parcel
thereof,
REGARDER, is an officer of the King's
forcft, who is fworn to overfee or make the
regard of it ; as alfo to view and enquire of
all offences or defaults^ committed by the
forefters, 4s?^. within the foreft ; and of all
the concealmeiits of them, and whether
all other officers do execute their refpedive
pfficesorhot.
REINS, two long Qips of leather fatten-
ed on each fide of a curb or fnaffle, which
the rider hoId% in his band to keep his hocfe
in fubjeiSion,
. The Duke of Newca^le beftowed the
name of reins upon two ft raps, or ropes of
tbe caveflbn, which he ordered to be made
fall to the girths, or pommel of the faddlc,
with intent that the rider Ihould pull them
with his hand, in order to bend and fupple
the t^Q]Xc of the borfe.
FalfeJECEl^y.U^ lath of leather pafied
foipqtimes through the arch of the banquet,
to bend the horfe's neck; The Duke of
Newcaftle difapprovcs the ufe of it, and
fays it flacks the curb and makes the bit no
more than a trench that has no curb.
, REINS on KiDNiEs OF A Horse ; a
horfe ought to have double reins, which is
when. be has them a little more elevated on
each fide of the back bone, than upon it^
the back ought to be ftraight, and not
hollow, becaufe fuch faddle-back'd horfesj^
though they are generally light, and have
their necks railed high, yet they fcldom
^ave much ftrength ; and it is alfo difficult
to fit the (addle that it do not gall them ;
befidcs, they have exceedingly big bellies,
which render them very unfightly.
RELAY, [Hunting-term] the place
"where the dogs are fet in readinefs to be.
cad off when the ^ame comes that way i
alfo the kernel or cry of relay hounds:
HEM
relays arc alfo fometimes ufed for frcfh:
horfes, or the ftage where they arc kept,
REMOLADE/ is a lefs compounded ho •
ney charge for horfes. To prepare it, take
three pints of lees of wine, half a pound of
hog*s greafe, boil them together for half an
hour till they be well incorporated one
with another-, add black honey, pitch.
Burgundy pitch po.unded, common turpen-^
tine, of each half a pound j ftir thefc witiv
the other over the fire, till they are melted
and well mixt, then add bole-armoniac, or
bole of blois, of each a quarter of a pound \
take the veflTcl oflT the fire, and ftir it for a
quarter of an hour longer. If the charge
is not thick enough, it may be brought to
a due confidence with a little wheat flour ;
and if it be too thick, it may be thinned
with wine or lees of wine.
If to this charge an ounce of quickfilver
be added, it will be little inferior to the
red honey charge, in removing old grief$ of
the flioulders, legs, fwaying of the back,
al3d fuch like infirmities.
You may firft kill the quickfilver in A
fmall quantity of turpentine, and then in-
corporate it by fliirring it.with the other in-
gredients.
A Remolade for the hoof- bound : take a
pound of Burgundy pitch, half a pound of
common turpentine, a quarter of a pound
of olive oil, and thicken it well with a fuf-
ficient quantity of wheat-flour j charge
the whole foot of the horf6 with tW\t remo-
lade lukewarm, after you have applied their
following poultice :
Take two parts pf fheep's dung, and one
part of hen's dung, boil them with water
and fait to the tbicknefs of pafte ; in ano-
ther pot boil as many mallows as is proper
to make a mafli, then add a convenient
quantity of linfced, powdered, and boil it
a little longer : afterwards pound them in
a mortar with an eighth part of raw garlic,
to a pafte i incorporate this with the follow-
ing poultice, adding a little oil of lilies,
and make a poultice J to be applied v<ry
hot to the foot, and cover it with fpl^nts. .
Renew the application five or fix times^;
once in two days, ever obferving to beat.
3 D 2 the
REP
tbe following poakice, and to nsix a little
frelh with it*
A Rmclade to diflbWe kernels to the
gtindcn before diey come to an hardnefs :
reduce half a pound of linfeed to fine Aour^
and mix It with a quart of ftrong vinegart
and boil it orer a clcar^ but gentle nret
ftlrring it continually till it begin to grow
thick, and then add fix ounces of oil of
lilies.
Another Rtmolade : mix half a pound of
wheat-ftour with white wine, to the confift-
ence of gruel, and boil it over a eentle fire, ^
ftirring it without intermiflion tillthe whole
n united i then having melted half a pound
ef Burgtmdy pitch, add half a pound of
common turpentine, and incorporate all
together : mix this with the gruel mode-
rately hot, take the veflel oflF the fire, and
add a pound of the oriental bole in powdefj
and make a charge.
This will bring down fwellings in the
legs occaGoned by blows, ^c. This is to
be applied hot, and repeated till the fwel-
lings be aflwaged.
Another cheap Rim$ladi for fwellings in
the legK, occafioaed by blows : Chafe the
part hard with ftrong brandy, and then
charge the whole leg with common honey :
renew the application once a day for fix or
(even days, wattling the horfe in a river
or pond twice every day. Set Swblled
Ijigs.
Or, Take half a pint of good vinegar,
mingled with half a pound of tallow, and
an ounce of flour of brimftone } or a mixture
of common bole, honey and water, for
fmall fwellings.
RENETTE, isan inftrument of polilhed
fteel, with which they found a prick in a
horfe's foot.
KEPART, is to put a horfe on, or make
bim part a.fecond time.
REPOLON, is a demi-volt i the croupe
is clofed at five times.
The Italians are mightily fond of this fort
of manage. In making a demi-volt they
ride their horfes (hort. To as to embrace or
take in lefs ground, and do not make way
enough every time of the demt*volt«
HEF
The Duke of ASwf^f/ir does Mt appnM^
of the repolons^ alledgioff that to make
repolons, is to galkp a horfe for half a
mile, and thien to turn aukwanUy and make
a falfo manage.
REPOSTE, is the vindiAive motion of
a horfe, that aafwers the fpor by the \ML of
his foot.
REPRISE, is a lefibn repeated, or a ma*
nage recomniended i as, to give breath to
a horfe upon the four comers of the volt^
with only one reprife % that is, all with one
breath.
RESTT, a lefty horfe, is a malicloua
unruly horfe, that Ihrugs himfelf fliortj and
will only go where he pleafes.
RETAIN, is what we call hold in, fpeak^
tng of mares that conceive and hold after
covering.
RETRAITSoR Pricks i if a prick widi
a nail be neglefted, it may occafioo a very
dangerous fore, and feftcr fe into the flefli^
that the foot cannot be faved without ex*
treme difficulty, and therefore ereat care
ought to be taken to avoid fuch fatal con*
fequences.
When a farrier is flioeing a horfe, per-
ceives that he complains and (brinks every
blow upon the nail, it fl>ould be immediate-
ly pulled out, and if the blood follow there
is no danger, only he mull not drive ano*
ther nail in the fame place \ fuch an accl«
dent feldom makes a horfe halt, and he mzf
be ridden immediately after it.
When a horfe halts immediately after he
is fliod, you may reafonably conclude, that
fome of the nails prefs the vein, or touch
him in the quick.
To know where the grief lies* take up
his lame foot, and knock with your flioeing
hammer at the found foot, (for fome (kit«
tifli horfes will lift up their foot when you
touch it, though it be not pricked) that yoo
may be the better able to judge whether the
horfe be pricked when you touch the lame
foot; then lift up the found foot, and
knock gently upon the top of the clenches
on the lame^ foot; theo lift up the
others, and if you perceive that he
fbrinks in when you ftrike any of the nails^
you
RIO
you ixit7 condbdt tmxi to be pntkiA in
chat jAact.
RE VENU£t Im Huntingl a fleflif lump
formed chUrfiy or aclufter otwhitifli worms
CD the beads of deer» foppofed to oacaGoa
dieir caftmg their horns by g&awiiig them
off the roots.
REVENUE^ U alfo ufed for a new uil of
a partridge, growine after the lap of the
former i this is manured by fingers i and
thus they fay a partridge of twoj three^ or
four fingers revenue.
RHEUM, is a flowing down of humours
from the head, upon the lower parts.
This diftemper in hories proceeds from
cold, which makes his teeth loofe, and
feem long by the Ibnaking up of his gums,
which wtllfpoil his feeding, fo that the meat
will lie in a lump in his jaws.
RHEUMATIC byes jm HorsO, are
caufed by a flux of humoura diftilllng from
the brain, and fometimes by a blow ; the
figus are the continual watering of the eye,
and his clofe (hutting the lids, and fome-
times attended wicha little fwelling.
In order for the cure of it, t. mix com-
mon bole armoniac in powcfer, with vine-
ger, and the white of two egss, till it be
reduced to a kind of pafte ^ and apply it in
the morning about the eye, for the com-
pafs of half an inch round, and bathe the
eye with aqu4 vits : or,
Roaft a new-laid egg hard, take off the
flielt and cut it through the middle, and
having uken out the yolk, put white' vi-
triol, about the bignefs of a nut, in the
middle of it, join the two halves of the egg,
and wrap all in a piece of clean fine linen,
infufe it in half a glafs of rofe-water, for the
ipace of fix hours, then throw away the
ioaked eg^, and put eight or ten drops of
the water into the eyes of the horfe with a
feather, morning and evening, and it will
quickly compleat the cure*
RIBS op A HonsB, fhould be circular
and full, taking their compafs from their
very back-bone.
RICHES^ (hunting fermj a company of
sustrtcms orfobks*
S'aRIDSB^ is tifed for learning the ma*
nage.
RIDGES, osi WjttNKUS or a Hoaas'a
MouTit, are the rifings of the Aefli in eke
roof of his mouth, which runs acrofs from
one fide of the jaw to the other, like flefliy
ridgo with interjacent furrows, or finking
cavities : 'tis upon the third or fourth ridge
that we give a ftroke with the horn^ in or«
derto Uood a horfe whofe mouth is over-
heated.
RIDGELING, the male of any bead
that has been but half cut.
Bkcdf RIFTS IK THI PALATX ^ A
HoftSE. Firft wafli the ibre place with vi*^
negar and fait till it be raw, then rub the
fore place with honey and the powder of
jet, and this will foon heal it : or elfe you
nuiy boil a handful of the inwsutl bark of
elm in a pint and a half of fpring water»
till it is half wafted, and to this add a little
honey, and ufe it warn two or three timea
a-<lay.
RIG, a horfe that hat had one of
his ftones cut out^ aAd yet has got a
colt.
RING-BONE w a Horss, is a hard>
callous, or brawny (welling, growing on
one of the tendons, between the coronet
and paftcrn-joint, and fticks yzrf faft to the
Kftern s ib that if it be not taken care of
times, it caofes incurable lamenefs %
fometimes it aj^sears at firft^ no bicger tbaa
a beaa» but afcerwands rifos to halfthe b^«*
nefs of a faiaUappIe, fpieadtng on both
fides the paflem, witli a little rifing betweef^
them.
This evil comes both naturally and acci*
dentally, the firft being from the ftallioo
or mare; whereas the other proceeds
fiKKn fome blow of a horfe, or a Ibaio
caufed by curvetting, bounding tuns, or
racea^
RING-TAIL. A kind of puttock 6t
kite, having whitifli feathers about the
uil.
RING-WAUC« A round walk made bf
Hunters.
R1V£T> is the extronity of iht nail that
feftf
ROA
rsfts cr leans upon the horn when yau flioe
a horfe.
ROACH; this 6(h is not accounted a
delicate fi(h ! and is reckoned as fimple as
the carp is crafty.
* They arc more to be efteemed which ar«
found in rivers than in ponds, though thofe
{hat breed in ponds are much larger. It is
n fiih of no great reputation for his dainty
tafte, and his fpawn is. accounted much
better than any other part of hina. . And
you may take notice, that as the carp is
accounted the water-fox fot his cunning,
ib ^e roach h accounted the water- fhcep
for his fimplicity or fooli&ineis. It is
looted that the roach and dace recover
ftrength, and grow in feafon a fortnight
after fpawning ; the barbel and chub in a
month, the trout in four months^ and the.
falmon in the like time, if he gets into the
fca, and after into frelh water.
• The feafon for frlhing for roach in the.
Thames' begins about the latter end of A-.
guft^ and coriti sues mtich longer than It. is
either pleafanror fafe ^to filb. It requires
fome flcill to hit the time of taking them
exaAly; for all the fummer Jong they live
en the weed) vrhich they do o6t forfjike for
t1i« deeps till it. becomes putrid^ and* that
IS fooner or later^ according as the feafon is
wet or dry i for you are to knov» that much
rain haftcns the rotting of the wjccd : I fay.
k requires fome (kill to hit the time i for
the fiffaermcn whoiive in all.che^owns along
the river, from Cbijwickxo Sunns, are about
cfais time nightly, upoa the warch^ as foon
as the fifli come out, to fweep them awa^.
with a drag-net ; and our poor patient ang-
ler is left baiting the ground, and adjuft-
mg his tackle, to catch thofe . very fifli
which, perhaps, the night before had been
carried to Billing^ate.
There is a kind of badard fmall roach,
that brceds'in ponds with a very forked tail,
and of a very fmall fi2e, which (bme fay is
bred by the bream and right roach, and
feme ponds are ftored with thefe beyond
belief; and knowing men that know their
differences iall thcm^ruds* they differ frcm
f be true roach^ as much as a herring from
i
115 A
\ t pilchard I and thefe tiaflfard breed of
roach arc now fcattercd in many rivers,
but not in the ^Barnes, which' affords the
largeft and fatteft in this nation. '
The roach is a leather-mouthed fifli,
and. h^ a kind of fawrlikc . teeth in his
throat.
Jn jfprilr "^the cad-ljait,' or worms, are
proper baits for him; in fummer angle for
him Mrith fmall white fnails, or flies, biit
obferve they mud be under water, for be
will not bite at the top : or you may take a
Afjy fly, and with a'plumb fmk'it "where
you imagine roaches lie, whether in deep
water^ or near the pods and piles either of
a bridge or wear i having fo done do not
haftily, but gent) v pull up your fly, and if
there be any roaah there, you will fee him
. purfue and take it neac the fur&ce of the
water.
In autumn you may angle for him with
pafte only, made of crumbs of line white
bread, tpQulded with $, little water in your
hands,, rill. it. become tough paftCj and co-
lour it but not very deep, v^ith red lead,
with which ypu may mix a little fiqe cotton,
or lint, and ^ little bvittei».i' thefe Uft ^re
to mak? it hold on, and not Waft ^off
your hopk» vjith. which bryoU moft fiOi
with niuch gircumfpeftiop, left yoii loft
your bait.. In: winter, you may alfo fllh
for roach with pafte/, yet gentles, ire then
better bait.
Ate.. ? • *
} There is afiother excellent bait exprerieon
ced to be very good, cither for winter or
^ fummer, viz. \ . ;
Take a handful of well dried malt, andi
put it into a dilh of water, and having
• grubbed and wafhed it between your hands
till it be clean and free from hufks, pour
that water from it, and put in a litde
; frefli water, fet it over a gentle Are, and let
it boil rill it is pretty ifoft, then ppur the.
water from it, and with a iharp knife turn-
ing the fprout end of the corn upward, take
off the hack part of the huflc with the point
of your knife, leaving a kind of inward
hu(k on the corn,. 9therwife you fpoil all;
then cut off a little of the fprout end thif
, the white may appear, and alfo a yzvy little
of
ROB
©r ihc other end, for the hook to en-
ten
' When you make ufe of this bait, now
and then caft a little of it into the water,
and if your hook be fmall and good, you
will find it an excellent bait either for
roach or dace.
Another good bait, is the young broodof
wafps or bees, if you dip their heads in
blood. As likewife the thick blood of a
fheep, being half dried on a trencher, and
then cut into fmall pieces, as will beft fit
your hook ; a little fait will prcfcrve it
from turning black, and make it the bet-
ter.
Or you may take a handful or two of the
largeftand beft wheat you can get, boil it
in a little milk till it is foft, then fray ic
gently with honey and a little beaten fafiron
4iflblved in milk«
f The way of fiihing for roach at London-
iridgej is after this manner : in the months
of June and July^ there arc great many of
tfaofe fi(h refort to that place, where thofe
that make a trade of it, take a ftrong cord,
at the end whereof is fattened a three pound
T^ight, and afoot above the lead is faften-
c4 arpackchread of twelve feet long to the
cprdj. and unto the packthread, at conve--
nientdiilances, are faftened a dozen ftrong
links of hair, with roach-hooks at the end,,
baited with a white fnail, or perriwinkle i
then holding the cord in their hands, the
bitingof the fiOi draweth the packthread,'
and the packthread the cord, which is a
iignal to pull up, by which means they
fometimes draw up half a dozen, but
feldom lefs than two or three at a
draught.
ROAN ; a roan horfe is one of a bay
forrel, or black colour, with grey or white
Ipots intcrfperfed very thick: when this
party coloured coat is accompanied with
a black head, and black cxcremicies, he is
called a roan with a blackmoor's head ;
and if the fame mixture is predominant
vpon a deep forrel, 'tis called claret
roan.
ROBIN-RED-BREAST; thefe birds
are feen in. winter upon the tops of boufes^
ROB
and roofs, and upon all forts of old min^,
moft commonly that fide that the fun»
rifes and fhines in the>morning, or under
fome covert, where the cold and wind may
not pinch him $ and therefore his cage
(hould be lined.
It will fing fwectlyi they breed in the
^P''ing, and commonly three times a-year,
viz. Afrilj May^ and June : they make their '
^fts with dry greenifli mofs, and quilt
thcm^ within a litde wood and hair -, they
have feldom above five young ones, and not
under four, and build in fome old hay*
houfe, or barn, or reck of hay i the young
may be taken when they are about ten days
old, and kept in a little bafket or box j but
if they are let alone to lie too long in the
neft, they will be fullen, and confcquently
more troublefome to bring up.
They muft be fed with Sleep's heart and
egg minced frriaU, as nightingales are, but
a little at once, by reafon of their bad di»
geftion> for they arc apt to throw up their
meat again.
• Be furc they lie warm, efpecially in the
night ; when you find them begin to be
ftrong, they may be ' caged, with fome
mofs put at the bottom of the cage, that
they may hang warm, and put fome meat
into a pan or box, both of fbeep's heart and
egg, and alfo paftc -, and lee them have
fome of the wodd*lark's mixed meat hy
them.
To take a robin with a pit-fall, isfo well
known, that I need lay nothing of ic; but
with a trap-cage and a noeal-worm man7
may fometimes b^ taken- in a day : make
choice of the bird you hear fing, and to-
know whether it be a cock or a hen, you'll
find the breaft of the cock more of a dark
red than the hen's, and his.rcd go up farther
on the head.
This bird is inddent to the cramp,: and a
giddincfs of the bead, which makes hini
often fall ofi^from his perch upon his back,,
and is prefent death ualefs he has ibme help
fpcedily given him.
As for the cramp,; the bctt remedy ta
prevent it, is to keep him w^rm andcleaii:
ifk his cage^c that his^ feet be oot Glogged,^
where-
''•^i'-f
ROC
wtiercby tke joims are frequently eaten off
and the dung is fo fad bound oo, that
it makes his oath and feet rot ofF, which
takes away the very life and fpirit of the
bird-
If you perceive, him drooping and (ick-
ifh^ give him three or four meal-worms
and i^iders, and it will refrefli him.
But for the giddinefs in the head, give
him fix or feven earwigs in a week, and he
will never be troubled with. it.
If yoa find he has litde appetite to eat,
give him now and then fix or feven hog*
lice ; and let him never want water that is
frefli two or three times a week.
And to make him chearful and long
winded, give him once a week^ in his water,
a blade or' two of iafiOron, and a flice of li«
quorice, which will advance his Ibng-or
whiftling much.
As to the extent of tht bird's life, he
feldom lives above (irven years, he is fo
fubjeft to the fiilling^fidcnefs, cramp^ and
opprefiion of the ftomach.
HOCK-FISHING, is to be followed
only during the iummer feafon> and is
cfaieflf pra(ftifed inthefouthand fouth-weft
parts of England^ and in fome places in
Jrtland. In this loft mentioned country,
the rodcs of Dunleaty^ which are eight or
ten miles in length, and the neareft part
about five miles eaftward of Dublin , are
remarkable for this way of filhing.
When you filh for haddocks, your lines
muft be deep in the water, and your hook
baited with two or three lob-worms : your
tackle muft be ftrong^ for they flniggle
hard, efpecially if they have arrived to a
tolerable growth.
As to the other part of fea fifbing, name-
ly, in a fliip under fail, y^our line ought to
be fixty fathom in length, having a large
hook affixed to it, and a piece of lead fuf-
ficient to keep it as deep under warer as
poflible*' Your line muft be made of
hemp, and faftened to the gunwale of the
ftip.
Cod, mackrel, and large haddock, are
the fi(h ufually uken in this way, and
fumetinacs ling : the bait for chenu except
ROC
for the mackrel, is a piece of raw beef» and
it is fcarce poffible to feel either of thenei
bite> even though you hold the line in your
hand, by rcafon of the condmial motion of
the (hip.
It is in vain to fifh for mackrel, excepr
when the fhtp lies by, or is becalmed. A
piece of fcarlet cloth hung upon a hook, is
the firfi; bait that is ufcd, wtuch never fails
of anfwering the intent it was defigned for.
And when you have taken a mackrel, cue
a thin piece ofi frooKhe tail, a little above '
the fin, and f^lace it upon your hook, and
you need nc^t fear taking many of them.
Thus one or two will fcrve for baits, till
you are liircd with the fport. One mack*
rel, if-drefTed as (bon as it is taken, will be
prderable to a dozen that are brought ta
Ihore.
RODS [in Angling] if you fifb with
more than one hair, or with a filk-worm
giit, red deal is much the bell, with hick^
ery top, and about four yards long tbe
whole rod i but for fn^all f^ with iinglc
hair, about three yards, very flender^ the
top of the ydlowilh hickery, wichwhale*
bcnre about nine inches, and very near as
long as die ftock ; the (locI&.of tirhite deal»
not mo ralh-grown ^ let it be thick at the
bottom, which will prevent it from being.
top-heavy, and make it light in the
hand«
A rod for falmon, or large eh\ih^ the
dock of red deal or aft, about ten (ttt, the
top about (even, proportioned as above &
• the top of the beft cane or hickery^ but
not too flender % get it looped, and ufe a
wheel.
The time to provide joints for your ^pds
U near tbe winter folftice, if poffible be-
tween the middle of Nwtmher and Cbri0^
mas-Day^ or at furtheft between the end of
Oaaber and the beginninff of Januofy^ the
fap continuing to delcend till towards iVp-
vmber^ and beginning of 7i«»atfiy, is oven
The (locks or butts fliould be of ground
hazle^ ground *alh, or ground - willow ;
though very good ones are fometimes made
of juniper, bay-tree, or eldcrlhoots. Stocks
ought not to be above two or three fett in
length.
ROD
iengtb, am) every joint beyond it Ihould
nrow gradually taper to the end of the top.
Chufe the wood that (boots direftlv from
the groundj and not frooi any ftumpt be^
cauie theft latter are never fo exaftly ihap*
ed»
Hazle-tops are preferred to all othen i
and the next to tnem are yewj crab-tree^
or black-thorn. Some^ indeed* ufe the
Bamho cane^ and fay it exceeds the belt
hazle.
«. fiut as the hazle is freed from knots, and
of the fincft natural Ihape* it feems fitted
for the purpofe. If they are a little warped>
.jou maybring them ftraight at a fire i and if
, they have any knots or excrcfcenccs, you
muft take them off* with a fliarp knife ;
, though, if poffible, avoid gathering fuch as
.have either of thofe'defefts.
For the ground angle, efpecially in mud-
49jr waters, the cane or reed is preferred for
*t ftock. It fhould be three yards and a
Jialf long, with a top of hazle, confifting
of one, two, or three pieces, all of them
together two yards, or one yard and a half
long at lea((, including the whalebone.
Your rod will then be in all five yards and a
Jialf, or five yards long at lea(l« The (liflT-
nefs of the cane is helped by the length
^od ftrength of the top, the pliant and
regular bending of which preferves the
line.
Having got an hazle top, ipade of your
defired length, cut ofi^ five or fix inches of
(he fmall end : then piece neatly to the re-
maining part, a fmall piece of round,
.imooth, and taper whalebone, of five or
fix inches long, and whip it to the hazle
with ftrong filk, well rubbed with the beft
(hoe-maker's wax. At the top of the whale-
bone, whip a narrow, but ftrong noofe
of hair, with waxed filk, to put your line
to^
The beft method to piece hazle and
hojae; at firft whip the end of the hazle
with thread, and bore it with a fquarc piece
of iron of a fuitable fize, and then make the
thick end of the bone to go into it, after' it
has been dipt in pitch i then fcrapc ofi^, file
the hazle, and whip it neatly.
rROD
But the neateft rod is thus made ; get a
white deal, or fir-board, thick, free from
knots and frets, and fcven or eight feet
16ng ; let a dextrous joiner divide this with
a faw into feveral breadths ^ then, with his
planes, let him (hoot them round, fmooth^
and ru(b-grown, or taper. One of rhefc
will be feven or eight feet long, proporti-
oned to the fir, and alfo ru(h-grown» This
hazle may confift of two or three pieces of
yew, about two feet long, made round^
taper, and fmooth i and to the yew a piece
or fmall, round, and fmooth whalebone,
five or fix inches long. This will be %
curious rod, if neatly worked : but be
fure that the deal for the bottom be
ftrong and round.
The rod for a fly, and running worm, la
a clear water, muft by no means be top
heavy, but very well mounted, and cxaft*
ly proportionable, as well as (lender and
gentle at top ; otherwife ic will neither
caft well, ftrike readily, nor ply and bend
equally, which will very much endanger
the line. Let both the hazle and yew-topa
be free and clear from knots, they will
otherwife be often in danger to break.
As the whitenefsof the fir will fcarc away
fi(h, you muft colour your (lock in this
manner : warm the fir at the fire, whcQ
finifbed by the joiner, and then with a fea-
ther dipped in aqua-fortis, ftroke it over
and chafe it into the wood, which it will
make of a pure cinnamon colour.
It is found very ufeful to have rings, or
eyes, made of fine wire, and placed upon
your rod from one end to the other, in (uclj
a manner as that when you lay your eye to
one, you may fee through all the reft.
Through thefe rings your line muft run,
which will be kept in a due pofture by that
means : and you muft have a winch, or
wheel, affixed to you rod, about a foo(
above the end, by which you may, if it
(bould be proper, give liberty to the
fi(h. -
Rods for roach; dace, tench, chub,
bream, and carp, (hould not have the top
fo gentle as thofc for fly, but pretty ftifF,
that fo the rod may exaftly anrwer the
3 E motion
R a p
Wnon of the hand : for roach and (face
only nibble, and if you ftrikc not in that ;
very moment, cfpecially if you fi(h with
paftc, or any very tender bait, you mifs^
them : and a ficndcr top fold« and bends •
^^'ith a fuddcn jerk.
Tn a time* of drought, deep your rod in
water a little before you begin ta angle.
Fallen tq the top of your rod, or fin, with
flioemaker's wax and filk, a noofe or loop
of hair, not large, biit ftrong and very
ftraight,- to fix yom* line to.
Your top for the running line muft be
ilways gently, that the fi(h may the
more infenfibly run away with the bait,,
and not be feared with the ftifFncfs of the
' To prefcrvc hazlcs, whether (locks or
tops, from being worm-eaten, or rotten ;
twice or thrice in a year, as you think fit,,
rub them all over with fallad-oil, tallow,
or fweet butter chafing it in with your
hand : but above all, keep them dry, to
|>revent their rotting,, and not too near the
fire, left they grow brittle t and in the
fprlng before you begin to ang]e, deep
them at lead twelve hours in water. See
Angling*
ROD, is a fwitch carried by the
tiorfeman in his right hand, partly to re-
prefent a fword,. and pvtly ro conduft the
horfe, and fecond the tffedUof the hand
and heels« .
ROD-NET, a kind of net for catching
black-birds and woodcocks.
kODGE. A fort of water- fowl, fome-
what like a duck, biit of a. leflcr fize,
ROE. The fpawn or feed of fifli ^ that of
the male filhes is ufually didinguifhed by
the foft-roc, or melt, and that of the fe-
male,-by hard^oe, or fpawn.
• ROE- BUCK, is called a hind the fird
year ; a gyrle the fecond ,. a 'hemufe the
third 5 a roe-buck the fourth.
ROPE, Cord, or Strap^, is a great
drap tied round a pillar, to which a horfe
is fadened when we begin to quicken and
fupple him, and teach him to fly from the
(hambrier, and not to gallop falfe; in ma-
nages that hav^ no pillar, a man ftands in
the center of t!ic ^grotind, Holding the tnm
of the rope.
ROPES OP TWO Pillars^ arc the ropet-
or reins of a* caveflbn, ufed to a horfe that
works between two pillars.
ROOKERY, a place where rooks hiiiVt
their neds, breed their young, and ufually
inhabit and red: in the nigjit, after they
have been abroad feeding in the day. Th^
may be taken the fame way as pigeon^:
which /ee»
ROUND,. OR. VoLTy 15. a circular
tread.
To cut a ROUND. 5^^rCuT.
Tb ROUND A Horse, or makb Htife
ROUND, is a general' cxpredion 'for all forts
of manage upon rounds ; fo that to rounti
a horfe upon trot, gallap or othcrwife, is tp-
nrake bim carry his Ihoulders and his-
haunches compaflly or roundly, upon jk
greater or fmaller circle, witbotu: trarerlijl#.
or bearing to a fide.
To round your horfe the better,, make
ufe of a cord or drap, held in the centef^
till he has acquired the habit of rounding
and making of points.
ROUSSIN, 15 a drong well knit, w«l:
dowed horfe, which are commonly carri-^
cd into France from Germany and Holland ;
though^ it is true, France itfelf produces-
fome fuch.
ROWEL, the goad or pricks of afpur».
Ihaped like the figure of a dar.
ROWELLING ofHorsfsj fird:; caft
the horfe upon fome foft place, makea^
little flit through the flcin, three or four
inches below the part aggrieved ; but Jet it
be no bigger than that you can thrud ai
fwan's quill into it; then raife the fkiii
from the fiedi a little^, with the coronet,,
and put in the quill, blowing the flcin
from the flefli upwards, even to the top, and
all over the ihoulder; ftop the bole witb
your finger and thumb, and beat the placr
blown aU over with a hazJe dick, and with
your hand diiperfc the wind into every part„
and let it go.
When this, is done,, take horfe hair,, of
red farfenet, half the thicknefs of your little
finger, and having put it into a rowclKng
ficcdlc
needir ofleven or eight inches- iti' lefigth>
thruft it m at the firfl hole^ and put it up^
^ardsj and draw it out above» at ktitft
fix inches: and if you willj you may put
it in another above thatj and then tie
the twa ends of the rowel together ; move
and draw them to and fro in^ ^he (kin i
but before you put thcni in yqu muft anoint
thefh with fweet butter and hog's greafe^
and every day after likewife^ for that
will make the corruption run out the bet«
tcr.
' OthefB, diQiking thefe rowels^ as making
too large a ibrc and (car, ufe the French'
nmtXf which is a round piece of ftiff lea-
thefj 1(rith a hole in the midft, laying it flat
beirtirMQ the fieih and fkto> the bole in the
itow^l joft againft that in the ikin^ fewing
ifwidl a needle and thfead drawn through
ttM hdle and the Ikiny cleaning it once m
two or three days and then aoointing it
«frelh.
ROTAL) [aoMag Hunters] one of the
ftaris of a dag's bea4.
RUBICAN COLOUR or a Hoksb^ is hfCf^
tttrtXj or black, with a little grey> or white
upon the fiaaks> but ib that this grey or
Wmte is nol predominans there.
RULES FOR BUYING HoRSES. What
hail been treated of under the name of
^traught-horfcy concerning buying* fliape,
tifagt> &f« being confined, in a manner,
mrholly to thofe employed for pkmgh and
tcart, fhefe rules are more generaland com*
prehenfive i and many things under this
head, are of great uie, and therefore mufl:
be particularized : as,
EleAioh; which is the end for which
#'man buys, ind is a thing only fhut up in
%\% breaft.
' Breed ; which nfuft be either taken from
-faithAil i^eport, a w^n's own knowledge,
or from Ibme known and certain charac-
ters, by which one ftrain, or one country,
is diffinguiftied from another.
As the Niap^lifalk horfe is known bf his
'fjt#k nofe^ the Spmifi by hisftnall limbs,
^e Stmrbaty by his' fine head, and deep hoof,
the Butck b)r th« raoighnefs of his kPgS| and
R U L
the jEngtiJh by his general ftroag kmttmg
together : and fo oidivers others. ,
The Colour i and though there are nont
exempt from goodnefs, yet fome are ao
counted better than others, as the dapple
grey for beauty i the brown bay for Icr-
vicer the black, with filver hair, for cou*
rage, and the liard, and true mixt Roan,
for countenance: as for the forrel, the
black without white, and the unchangeable ;
iron-grey, they are reckoned choleric ; the
bright-bay, fleabitien i the black with white*
aiarks are fanguinifts} the black, white,
yellow, dun, kite-glu'd, and the pye-bald^
are phlegmatic ; and the chefnut, the mouie^^
dun, the red bay, and the blue grey, are aie«
lancholy
For pace in general, with either trot,
amble, rack, or gallop i it muft be refers*
red to the end for which a horfe is bougbtt
particularly if it be for the war, runmagi ,
hilnting, or for a man-s own pleafurcj the
trot is mod: tolerable i and this motion is
known by a crofs moving of the horfe'a
Hmbs, as when the fore-leg, or near hinder*
leg, or the near fore-leg and the fore hio*
der kgi move and go forward in one in^
ftant ; and in this motion, the nearer the
horfe takes bis limbs from the ground, thf[
opener, the evener, and the (horter is hit
pace; for to take up his feet flovenlyji
fliews ilumbling and lamenefs; to tread
narrow or clofe, ihews intefering or fall-
ing; to ftep uneven, indicates toil an4
wearinefs i and to tread ftrong, fliew$ overt
reaching.
Ambling ; which is chofe for eafe, great
.men's feats, or long travel, is a motion
contrary to trotting i for now both the feet
of one fide muft move equally together,
that is, the kx fore-leg and tho far hinder^
legy and the nearfore-kd aini the near bin*'
der-leg; and this motion muft be juft^
fmooth, large and nimble, for to tread falfe
takes away ail eafe, to tread (hort rids no
ground, to tread rough ihews rolling, and
to tread flow (kews a falfe pace, (which ne-
ver continues) as alfo lamenefs.
Racking 2 a pace required for buck-hunt-
iiig, galloping on the highwtf^ poft
hackney, or the like: and it is the fame
nrtotion as ambling, Bnly it is a fwifter
thne, and a fiiorter tread -, and though it
rids not fo much ground, yet tt is a little
eafier.
Galloping is the laft^ and mud be joined
to all the other paces ; and this every trot-
ting and racking horfc naturally does, but
the ambler is a tittle unapt .to it> becaufe
the motions are both one, fo that being
put to 3 greater fwiftnefs or pace than for-
merly he had been acquainted with, he
manages his legs confufedly anddiforderly^
but being trained gently, and made to un-
derftand the motion^ he will. as well under-
take this as any trotting horfe whatever.
Now in a good gallop, you mud obferve
fh-d, that the horfe that takes up his feet
nimbly from the ground, but does not raife
them high, that neither rolls nor beats him-
felf, that ftretches out his fore-legs, fol-
lows nimbly with the others, and neither
cuts under his knee, (which is called the
fvifh- cut) nor crofles, nor claps one foot
on another, and ever leads with his fore^
f3ot, and not with the neari fuch an one
is faid ever to gallop comely and true, and
he is fitted for fpeed, or any fwift emploj-
ment ; but if he gallops round, and railes
his fore feet, he is then faid to gallop drong-
!y, and not fwiftly, and is fitted for the
great faddle, the wars, and drong encoun-
ters; if hegaDops flow^ yet fure, he will
ferve for the high road s but if he labours
his feet confufedly, and gallops painfully,
then the buyer may conclude, he is good
for no galloping fervice; befideSj it betrays
feme hidden lamenefs in him.
Hi« nature; which muft be referred to
the end for which a horfe is bought, evtc
obferving, that the bigged are fitted for
4lrong oceafions and great burdens, drong
draughts, and double carris^e : the middle
fize for pleafure and general employments ;
and the lead for eafe, fweet walks, and
fummer hacknies. But to be yet fome-
thing more particular as to the rule of
choice, it is contained in the difcovery of
natural deformitieSy accidental outward for-
ranees, or mward hidden mifcUeS, vMcft-
are fo many and lb infinite, that it is very *
tedious, though exceeding necefTary^ lo*
explain them. Wherefore you are, upo»
this occafion, to
Obferve how a horfe dands to view, tbtc
is, feeing kim dark-naked before you, and
placing yourfelf before his face, take a,
drift view of bis countenance, and the
chearfulnefs thereof, that being an excd-r
lent glaJs wherein to difccrn his .goodnefs
and perfedion.
On ordering him out, let no one be the
lad in the dable but yourfelf^ yon (hould*
alfo, if pof&ble, be the firft ii^ led tii^-
owner, or fome of bis quick emiflaries».-
take an opportunity to fig him ^ a pradicc
common anriong dealers^ in order to make
the tail (hew as if carried very high» whm^
in reality, the day after he will in appetiw
ance be five pounds wori<.
His ears ; which if they are fmall,. tfain^
Ihort, pricked,, and moving, or if they be
jiong, be well fet on^ and well caitied, it
is a mark of beauty, goodncfs, and mettle i
but tf they are thick,. kvcd» or lolling^
wide ict, and unmoving, then they arc
figns of duUnefs, dc^gednefs^ and ill oas»
turc.
His face f wfaich^ if wan, bis forehead
fwelling outward, no mark or feather in hi$
face fet high as above hifi eyes,. or at the top
of his evc« ; if he has a white dar, or white
ratch of ah indifferent fize, and placed event
or a white fnip on hifl nofe or lip, they are
all marks of beauty and goodnefs*: but if
his face be flat, cloudy, or fcouliog ; hit
forehead flat as a trencl^r, which is called
mare-raced, for the wuk in his forehead
dands low, as under his eyes 3 if his ftar
lOr ratch dand awry, or im an< ill poftur^
or in dead of a fnip, his nofe be raw or uiw
hairy, or his face generally bald, they 4II
denote de£brmity«
The proper time to examine his e^, »
in a dark dable, with a candle, or rather in
the day-time when he is led from the ftall^
caufe the man who leads him to dpp «t the
flable^door, jud as hiA hetd. peeps out, ai)d
all his body dill within. Never look at the
e^'fiittt but let your obfervatiotas be ob«
liquer If thf white of the eye appears red*
dUh ac the bottom, or of a colour like a
withered leaf^ I would noc advife you to
purchafe him* A moon-eyed horfe is known
by hit weeping, and by keeping his eyes al-
moft ihut at the beginning or the diftem-
per: as the moon changes, he gradually re-
covers his fight, and in a fortnight or three
weeks fees as well as before he had the dif*
order* Dealers, .when they have fudh a
horfe to fell, at the time of his weepings
always tell you that he has got a bit of
ftraw or hay in bis eye, or that he has re-
ceived fome blow ; they alfo take care to
wipe 9way the humour, to prevent its be-
ing feen i but a man fiiould truft only him-
felf in buying of horfes, and above all be
very exadt in examining the eyes. In this
be VM&^ have regard to time and place
where he makes the eyanpiination. fiad
eyes may appear good in winter^ when fnow
is upon the ground ; and oftcr good ones
appear bad, according to the pofuion of
the horfe. Never examine a horfe's eyes
by the fide of a white wall, where the deal-
ers always choofe toihew one that is moon-
cyed^
The moon-eyed horfe has always one
<eye bigger than the other, and above his
li<b you may generally difcover wrinkles or
circles.
If you obferve a fiefhy excrefcence that
procKds from the corner of the eye, and
covers a part of the pupil, and is in Ihape
almoft lilce the beard of an oyfter, though
leemingly a matter of no great conl'tquence,
yet it IS what I call a whitlow in the eye,
and if fuffered to grow, it draws away a
part of the. nourilbment of the. eye, and
ibmetimes occafions a total privation of
^ht.
His eyes $ which, if rounds big, black,
Ibining, darting or ftaring from his htrad;
if the black of the eye fills the pit, or out-
ward circumference, that in the moving,
very little, if any, of the" white appears,
-they f re all figns of beauty and goodncfs.
But if his eyes are uneven, and of a wria-
)ded proportion^ or if they be fnialljt which
RU U
in horfenMnthipi^called pig eyed, both are
uncoi^ely figrts of weakncfs: if they be
red and fiery, beware of moon eyes, which
is next door to blindncfs : if white and
walled, it betrays a weak, flight, and un-
neceflary uarting, or finding of baggards;
if with whi^e fpecks, take heed of the pearl,
pin, and web : if they water or appear bloody,
it indicate^ bruifcs : and if any matter^
it flaews ojd age, and over-riding, fcfter-
ing, rheums, or violent drains : if they
look dead or hollow, or much funk, be*
ware of blindnefs at the bed: if the black
does not fill the pit, but that the white is
always appearing, or if in the moving the
white and black be feen in equal quantity,
it is a Ggn of weakncfs, and a dogged dif-
pofition in him.
Cheeks and chaps: upon the handling,
whereof, if you find the bones lean and
thin> the fpace wide between them, and
the thropple or windpipe as big as a man
can gripe, and the void-place without fpots
or kernels, and the jaws generally fo great
that the neck feems^to couch within them,
they are excellent figns of great wind, cou-
rage, and foundnefe of heart and body ^
but if the chaps are fat and thick, the
place between them clofed up with
grofs fubftance, and the thropple little, they
all are figns of ftiort wind and much in-
ward foulncfsi if the void place appears
full of knots and kernels, beware of the
drangles andgbndcrs, the former of which
may be cafily difcovcred by a fwelling be-
tween the two nether jaw-bones, which,
difcharges a white matter. This diforder
ufually appears about three, four, or five
years oldj there is no young horfe but what
is fubjcft to it either perfeftly or impcr-
feftly; there is alfo a diforder which is
called the badard-ftrangles, which appears,
fometimes like, and fomecimcs different
from the true drangles. The badard-
drangles are what proves the horfe has
not. thrown. ofi^ his true ftrangles, but tha;
fome foul humours aie dill left behind ^
this diforder may come at four, fi^ve, fix, or
feven years of age. A continual languoc
at work, and fcemingly perpetually wcar/^
withourt
■
L
» tr'L
ivithotrt any viRblc ailmcnr, is a ccrtsfin ftgn
thac he is not clear of this difordcr, which
fomctimcs will afFeft the foot, the leg, the
Tiarn, the haunch, the fhouldcrs, the brcaft,
or the eye, and withotit care in this latter
cafe, may corrupt the pupil of the eye, as
the Imall-pox does in men.
Feel if he has any flat glands faftened to
the nether jaws, which give him pain when
you prefs him, and remember they indicate
the glanders.
There is alfo another diforder, much like
the ftranglcs, which is called morfounder-
ing, and appears by a running at the nofe,
but the fwcHing under the jaw is lefs. If
his jaws be fo ftraight that his neck fwells
above them, if it be no more than natural,
it is only a Ggn of Ihort wind and purfinefs,
or grolTnefs ; but if the fwelling is long,
and clofe by his chaps, like a whctftone,
then take care of the vivcrs, or fome natu-
ral impofthume.
His noftrilsj which, if open, dry, wide,
and large, fo as upon any ftrainijig the in-
ternal rednefs is difcovcred,andif his muz-
2le be fmall, his mouth deep, and his lips
equally meeting, then all are good figns
of wind, health, and courage; but if his
noftrils are ftraight, his wind is but little; or
if his muzzle is grofs, his fpirit is dull ; if
his mouth be (hallow, he will never carry
a bitt well ; and if his upper lip will not
reach his nether, old age or infirmity have
marked him out for carrion : if his nofe be
moid and dropping, when ifis clear w,ater,
it is a cold j if foul water, then beware of
the glanders*
His bfeaft ; look down from his head
thereto, and fee if it is broad, out-fwelling,
and adorned with many features, for that
fliews ftrength and durance ; whereas the
little breaft is uncomely, and denotes weak-
liefs ; the narrow breaft is apt to ftumble,
fall, and interfere before-, that which is
hidden inwards, and wants the beauty and
divifion of many features, indicates a weak-
armed heart, and a breaft that is unwilling,
and not fit for any violent toil or ftrong la-
bour.
In (hewing a horfe, a dealer or jockey will
R u:n
<f
generalty place hnm' widr hhi fore fooC ob'V^
higher ground than bis hmd'onei^ ib oitker *
that the Ihoulder ttOLy appear i^ther is hi«
back, and make him higher in fi§^t tbaithe
really is ; but be (isre to cattfe him to be led
on level ground, and fee that his fliotiklea
lie well into his back ; for an upright lhool».
dered hot^fe carries his weight too forward^
which is difagreeable, and unilrfe to the
rider. Have his fore tegs (hind even, ud
you will then have it in your power to judge
of his (houlder^. If you do not obferve
this, the dealer will contrive that his near
leg ftands before the other, as the Aoolder*
ill that pofition, appear to lay further is dte^
back. IT his iOYeesihifid nearfy-dofey Md
his tees quite in a Hfle> not ouming in, nof
yet turning out, be aflured he will not cut :
if he t^kes his legs up a moderate hei^i^
ahd neither clambers, nor yet goes cooneai^-
the ground, he will moft likdy anfivtrTOor.
purpofe*
Hrs thighsi look down from fais e}bow
to his knees, and fee that his fore-cb^i^
are rufti-grown, well hardened wtthiif,
finewed, fleOiy, and ottt^fwelliiig^^ thejr be«
ing good figns of ftrength; whcreaft the
contrary betokens weaknefsj and are uddif^
tfural.
His knees ; which, you are to lee if thef
carry a proportion> be cleao, finewf , ttd
clofe knit, for then they are good and cotae*'
ly, but if one be bigger aiS rounder diaa
the other, the horfe has received fome mii^
chief; if grofs, he is gouty ; if feared Of
hair- broken, it is a true mark of aftumbHiig
jade, and a perpetual fallen
His legs; which look down to from hii
knees to his patterns, and if they are found
to be lean, flat, and finewy, and the inwird
bow of the knee without feame or hair*
broken, it (hews a good fliape, and fobiSdC»
nefs ; but if therfe ^re hard knots on the in-
fide of the legs they are fpleints, if on the
outfide they are fcrewi or excretions; if
fcabs be under his knee on the infide, k is
the fwift-cut« ajid hfi will badly endure gal-
loping : but if above his pafterns, otk tHc
infide, fcabs are found, it fliews interferSlig:
again 9 ig the fcabs be generally over his
Itttj It'll extreme foo) keeping, or dfe a
tpict of die mange: if his kgs be fat>
jnoundj and flcfhy, he will never endure l.a-
teur: an4if ieamSyfcfibs, and hair-broHen--
«efst be found on the inward bow of his
^netSy it ikew$ a nMlandicrj which is a can^
serous ulcer.
Circled feet are very cafy to be known :
tllcy arc -when you fee liltle cxcrefccnces
found tiie hoof, which enclpfe the fooCj^ and
appear like fo cnany fnKiU circles. Dealers,
who have fuch horfeSj never fail to ra(p
•ound their hoofs, in^ order to make chem
fmooth ; and to conceal the rafping ; when
lief are tx> fbenr them for fale, they black
the Jbboof all over, for without that^ ooe
aaajrc^ily perceive wh«.haa:bMn done, and
fcein^ the mark of the rafp^ is a proof thaf
the hoffe is fubjeft lo this accident. As to
the caufe^^ ic.proceeds frofp the remains of
an old diftemper, or from having been
foundered $ tad the di^Ic being cuced>
without care being takci»:of «hc fe^t^ whero-
tipoii>the circulation of the l>UK>d not hein^
legnlariy mndcy efpectally rouod the crowoy
between the hair and the horn, the part
lofeS' i$s iiotirj(hnnent> nod contracts or en*
larges ii;r^f in {H-oportioa . asthe horfe is
worked. If tlicfe.circlea were only on thfe
IbfacCydiQJockies method of rafping^henn
down would then be go^^ for nothing ; bMC
ft^yfonnthemfclves alfo within the ^ec» as
well as'withouty and confequently prefs on
thcfen&ble part>.aad ipake a horfe Jiitip
miih ever fa Ucrie labour. One may jullly
compare a boxfe in this fituacion, to.a man
#hac;bas corns .on his fejct, and yet is obli-
ged to waUt.a long way in ihocs that are too
tight and ftubborn : a hor(e therefore is
worch a great deal lefs on this account*. *
jAtfter haviogwell eKsmificd the feet, (land
ikbout three paces frooir his (faouldersj and
look carefully dwtt he is not bow-legged^
which proceeds from two different caufes;
ftrft, from nature, when a horfe has been
got by a worn-out ftallion r and fecondly)
Horn hia having been worked too young ;
heither in the one cafe nor the other is the
hoHeof any value, .bec.au fe he never can be
fure footed', it is.atfo:a difagreeable light if
HfUtr
tbe«knees point forwardsj and hh legs turn*
.in under him, fo that the knees come much
further out than the feet : it is alfo called
a bow-legged horfe, and fuph an one ought
to be rejefted for any fcrvice whaifoever, as
he never can Hand firm on his legs ; and how
handfome foevcr he may otherways be, he
fhouldon no account be ufed for a flallioq^
becaufe all his progeny will have the fan\c
deformity.
Paftern-.and paftern -joints : the firft of
which muft be fliorty Itrong, and upright
flanding \ the fecond, clear, and well knit
together, for if they are fwcllcd or,big, be-
ware of finews-ftrains^ and gourdings : and
if the other be long,, weak, or bending, the
limbs »will hardly be able to carry the body
without tiring.
The hoof; which fhould generally be
Wack, fmooth, tough, rather a little long,,
than round, deep, hollow, and full of
founding, for white hoofs are tender, and
carry the Iboq ill : a rough grofs-feamed
hoof discovers old age, or over-heating :
a brittle one will carry no (hoe at all, and
an extraordinary round one is bad for foul
ways and deep hunting ; a flat one that is
pumiced, (hews foundering ; and a hoof
jth^C is empty and hollow founding, be-
•tokens a decayed inward part, through fome
4ry wound or founder. Then as for the
crown of the hoof, if the hair lies fmooi^v
and clofe, and the flefli flat and even, die
hoof is perfeft j but if the hair be daring,
thp ikin fcabbcd, and the Hefh ri£ng, you
may expcft a ring-bone, crown-fcab, o;-
quitter-bone.
You are to confider the (citing on of hi^i.
crcll, head, and mane. As for his head,
(land by his Gde, and fee that it does not
ftand too high nor too low, but in a direft
jine : that his neck be fmall at the fctting
on of hii head, and long, growing decp(?r
toxhc (houldcrs, with an high, ftrong and
thin mane, long, fofr, and Ibmewhat eurle
ing, they being beautiful chara(5lers,
whereas to have the head ill (ct on, is the
greateft deformity : for if thick fee, be
a(rured it will caufc him tp tofs up -his
nofe for want of wind, which caufes a horfe
to
R U L
to cany his head difagreeably high, *nd 6C-
cafions a tlcklifh mouth. To Jiave any
bignefs or fwelling in the nape of the neck,
ihews the poll -evil, or beginning of a fiftu-
la : to have a (hort thick neck, like a bull, to
have it falling at the withers, to have a low,
weak, a thick or falling creft, (hews both
thcivant of ftrength and mettle: to have
much hair on the mane, dc^tes intolerable
dullncfs: tofjave ic thin, fbcwsfury; and
to be without any, or (bed, fliews the worm
in the mane, the itch, or elfe plain mangi-
ficfs.
In the next place, you arc to conGder his
back, ribs, belly, and ftones. Firft view
bis chine, that it be broad, even, and ftrait;
that the nbs are well compared, and bend«
ing outward ;. that the fillets be upright,
ftro'ng and ihorrt, and not above a handful
between his laft rib and the huckle-bone :
his belly (hould be well laid down, yet laid
within his ribs, and his ftones well trufled
to his body, which are all good marks of
health and perfeftion; be careful in obferv-
Ing that he has no fwelling in his tefticles,
a diforder that ufually proceeds either from
fome ftrain in working, or from the horfe*s
having continued too long in the ftable, or
from putting one leg over any bar, and be-
4ng checked by the halter, or from any other
accident that confines a horfe, makes him
kick or fling, and bruifc his cods, and there
is no other way of knowing this diftemper,
but by fome outward fwelling upon the part.
To have his chine narrow, he will never
well carry a faddle without wounding : and
to have it bending or faddle-backed, (hews
wcaknefs : to have his rib^ flat, there will
be no liberty for wind j to have his fillets
hanging, long, or weak, he will never clam-
ber a hill, nor carry a burden •, and to have
bis belly clung up or gaunt, or his ftones
'dangling down, loofe or afide, are both
figns of fickncfs, tendernefs, foundering of
the body, and unfit for labour.
You inuft view his buttocks, that they
are round, plump, full, and in an even le.
yel with his body, or if long, that they be
well raifcd bcfhind, and fpread forth at the
fitting an of thctaili which is cohiely and
beauttfiil, whereas fhe mutMr^pta bittocIA
die hog or fwine rumip, and the &Uing and
downlec buttocks^ are ful of deformitfi
and Ihew both an injury in nature, and they
are neither fit nor becoming for paJ, fooc<>
cloth, or pillion. The horfe that is deep
in his girthing-place^ is generally of great
ftrength.
His hinder thighs^ or ga(kins \ which oiH
ferve that they be well let^lown, even to the
middle joint, brawny, full and fwelling,
which is a very good fign of ftrength and
goodnefs, whereas the lank, flendcr thighs
Slew the contrary.
View his cambrels s front the thigh-boM
to the hock it Ihould be pretty long^ but
Ihort from the hock to the paftera ; have aft
«ye to the joint behind, and^ it be boC
ilcin and bones, veins and finewa, or rather
fome what bending than too ftra]ght,ttis thes
perfeft, and a« it ought to be ; but if it
has chaps or for^ on the inward bow or
bending, then it is a felander: if the joint
is fwelled generally all over, then k bctokr
ens a blow or bruift t if the fwelling be
•particular, as in the pit or hoUow part» or
on the infide, and the vein fvll and proud^
and that it be foft, ie is a blobd-ipavio s if
hard, a bone-fpavin : but if the IWelling be
juft behind, before the knuckle^ thw jam
may know it is a curb.
His hinder legs; which, fee if they bt
lean, clean, fiat, and finewy, then all m
well, but if fit, they will not endure la?
hour: if fwelled, the greafe is melted ia
them : if the horfe be icabbcd above the
paflerns, he has the feratehes £ if ehapped
under his paflerns, he has rainSi andnon^
of thefe are noifome.
There is alfo adefed which i< more eom«>
mon in the hind than the forelegs, though
the latter are nor qeite exempt from it» and
it is called the rat's tail, and is thus known:
When you fee from the hind part of the
fetlock, up along the nerves, a kind of line
Or channel that feparates the hair to both
fides, this is a rat's tail ; and in fommer there
appears a kind of fmall dry fcab along thia
channel ; and in winter there iffiica out e
hunfudity like the water from the k^^ Ji
horib
R UL
rlidrfe may work notwithftanding this dif-
order^ for it feldom lames him ; it fome-
times occaHons a flifFaeis in his legs, and
makes them trot like foxes, without bend-
ing their joints. The hind-legs Ihould be
lean J clean, flat, and finewy ; for if fat,
they will not bear labour, if fwelled, the
greafe is molten into them ; if fcabbed
:above the pafterns, it is the fcratches, and
if he hath chops under his paftems, he
hath what is generally called the rains. If
ht has a good buttock, his tail cannot
ftand ill, but it will be broad, high, fiat,
and couched a little inward.
Having with care examined the horfe, let
him be run in hand a gentle trot $ by this
you will foon perceive if he is lame or
Dbt. Make the man lead him by the end
-of the bridle, as in this cafe yoo cannot be
deceived by the man's being too near him.
The far fore-leg, and near hind-leg, or the
near fore-legi and far bind-leg, Ihould
meve and po forward at one and the fame
time; and in this motion, the nearer the
horfe tfldceth bis limbs from the. ground, the
opener, the evcner, and the Ihqrter is his
pace.'
If ht takes up hb feet flovenly, it (hews
ftonnfcling or lamenefs; to tread narrow,
orcri6(s, ibews interfering, or failing; to
itfp uneven^ fbews wearinefs, and if he
treads long, you may be apprehenfive he .
Ibrge^; -fay which I mean, that when he
9ralks,.< or trots, he ftrikes the toes of his
hind feet agaiaft the corners of bis Ihoes
befbre, which occaflonsa clattering noxfe as
yoo ride) and this proceeds generally from
the weaknefs of his fore-legs^ he not hav-
ing Afength in them to raife them up fuffi-
tiently -quick to make way for the hind
oni?s« A horfe of this kind is not near {o
ferviceable as the horfe exempt from it, and
the dealers, to get rid of him, will make
abundance of pretences: if he has been
juft fhocd, they will fay the farrier has put
him on too long (hoes ; if his (hoes are old,
they will tell you he is juft come off a long
jiHifney, and is much fatigued \ you muft
not therefore be over credulous- to any
rhing a jockey or dealer affimis, for what
\
RUL
they iay m this maflner, is tO0 oFcen with
intent to deceive ; and it is very certain that
a horfe who forges can never be fure-footed,
any more than one who has tottering or
bow legs.
On his being mounted, fee him walk.
Obfcrve his mouthi that he pulls fair, not
too high, nor bearing down : then ftand
behind him, and (ee if he goes narrower
before than behind) as t^rtvj hor(e that goes
well on his legs goes in that manner. Take
notice that he bru(b«8 not by going too
clofe; a certain fign of his cutting, and
tiring in travelling. Have nothing to d0
with that horfe who throws his legs cofi^
fufedly about, and crofles them before: this
yoo may obftrte by ftanding exadly before
or behind him, as he is going along. In
his trot he fhould point his fore legs well,
without clambering, nor yet as if he were
afraid; and that he throws well in his
bind4egs, which will enable him to fup*
port his trot, and (hoot his fore*parts for^
wards.
In his canter, obferve he does not fret,
but goes cool in this pace; and in his gai-
lopv be flionld take his feet nimbly from
the ground, and not raife them too high,
but that he ftretcheth out his fore-legs, and
follows nimbly with his hind ones, and that
he cutteth not under his knee, (which is
called the fwift or fpeedy cut) that he crof-
fes not, nor claps one foot on another, and
ever leadeth with his far fore-foot, and not
with the near one. If he gallops round,
and raifes his fore-feer, he may be faid to
gallop ftrongly) but not fwiftly ; and if he
labours his feet confufedly, and feems to,
gallop painfully, it (hews fome hidden
lamenefs ; for in all his paces, you (hould
particularly obfcrve that his limbs are free,
without the jeaft ftifFnefs,
After he has been well e^'crcifed in
thofe different paces, it is your time to ex-
amine for an infirmity, not eafily difcovcr-
cd, and that is, what I call tottering legs :
you cannot perceive it till after a horfe has
galloped for fome time, and then, by let-
ting him reft a little, you will fce his legs
tremble under him, which i% the difordcr I
3 F mean :
, R UN
wean t "how handfomc focvei: the legs of'
fuch a borfe may be^ he never can ftand
well on chem ; you are therefore not to
^ind what the jockey fays when he talks
of the beauty of the limbs^ for if you oblige
him to gallop the horfe, or fatigue him
/pretty much^ (which is commonly done in
order to try the creature's bottom) you will
in all likelihood difcover this dcfcA, unlefs
you fufFer the groom to gallop him to the
ltab}e door» and put him up in a moment^
which he will certainly endeavour to dos if
lie is confcious of it, while the mafter has
another horfe ready to (hew you, in order
to take off your attention from what he is
afraid you (hould fee.
RUN : to run a horfe, is to put him to
his uimoft fpced, a furious, quick, and rc-
folute gallop, as long as he can hold it.
Some take running for a gallop^ but in
the academies ic fignifies as above.
RUNNING-HORSE 5 if you would
chufe a horfe for running, let him have all
the HneftQi apes that may be, nimble,quick
find Bery, apt to fly with the lead motion :
long Ihapes are fuflferable, for though they
are a fign of weaknefs, yet they are alfo
tokens of a fudden fpeed.
As for the ordering of fuch a horfe, let
him have no more meat than will fuffice
nature, drink once in twenty-four hours,
and d reding every day, once at noon only.
Give him moderate exercife morning and
evening, airing$, or the fetching in of his
water; and let him know no other violence
than in his courfes only.
In cafe he is very fat, fcour him often,
if of rcafonable cafe, feldom : if lean, then
fcour him with a fweet ma(h only, and let
him (land dark and warm, having many
clothes and much litter, and that of wheat-
ftraw only*
He ought to be empty before you run
him, and his food the fineft, lighted, and
quickeft of digeftion that may be,
Thofe fwcats arc more wholefome that
are given abroad, and the coolings moft
natural that are given before he comes to
the (table t his limbs muft be kept fupple
HUN
whh cool ointments, and let not any h6i
fpices come into his body.
If he grows inwS)*dly, wa(hed meats are
moft proper; if loofe, give him wheat-
ftraw m more abundance ; and be furc to
do every thing neat and cleanly about him,
which will nouridi him the better. S<^
Horse-Racing.
RUNNING KNOTS; thcfefortof knots
may be otherwife called flipping- knots, col-
lars, &^. which are ufed in taking of harei
and conies -, in the fetting of which, rub
them over (as . alfo the handles and fbles
of your (hoes) with the croflets of a hare^
orYome green wheat, or the like, for they
are of fo quick a fmell, that you will elfe
be difcovered ; and in placing the collar,
make the leafl: alteration imaginable, for
old hares are very fubtle, and therefore it
will not be amifs to plant a fecond running*
knot flat on the ground, juft under that
which you fpread abroad, by which means
the hare may be taken by the hinder parts $
this fecond being intended to furprize him
by the foot, and one or the other will fel*
dom fail. .
But as it is the nature of a hare, being
once taken in any of tbefe knots^ to puU
with all his ftrength, and feldom or never
turns about like a rabbet to bite off the
hold-faft> you fliould therefore ufe wile,
double twifted.
Set your knots thus> viz. Take a little
(lick twice as big as your thumb, and about
a foot long ; at the upper •d make a hole
big enough to receive the tip of your little
finger, then prepare your collar of ftrin]^,
packthread, or wire ; if of the latter, tie
the end thereof to any ftroi^ packthread,
draw it through the hole of the fttck, and
faften it to fdme ftrong bough, which mu(fc
be bent down towards the ftick.
After this put a (hort peg in it sd^out ai»
inch long, fo that the branch being let ga
may not flip your knot, but may ftand bent^
that being done, open your collar to the
largenefs of the mefli, and if any haves oc
rabbets be taken, and they turn about to
bite off tt^r chain, they pre(ently rub out
the
RYE.
Ac little peg, whereupon the bough flies
up and ftrangles them.
RUPTURE, Incordihg, or Bursten-
NESS IN A Horse, is when the rim, or thin
film or caul which holds up his entrails, is
broken, or over-ftraincd, or ftrctchcd fo
that the guts fall down.
This comes either by fomc blow, or by
fome drain in leaping over a hedge, ditch,
or pale, by teaching him to bound when
he is too young •, or by forcing him when
he is full to run beyond his ftrength : fomc-
times by a fudden flopping upon uneven
ground, where by his ftraddling and flip-
ping, his hinder feet tear the rim of his
The figns to know it, are his forfaking
bis meat, and ftanding Ihoring and leaning
en the fide where he is hurt.
If on that fide you fearch with your hand,
between his ftones and his thighs upwards,
towards the body, and fomewhat above the
ftonc, you nwy find the gut itfelf big and
hard in the feeling, whereas on the other
fide you will find no fuch thing.*
• For the cure : Take common pitch, dra-
gon's blood, powder of bole armoniac,
maftic, and frankincenfe, of each one ounce*
of which make a plaiftcr and lay it to the
horfe's loins, and upon the rupture, and let
it remain till it falls oflF of itfelf, and it
will cure him; yet conditionally that you
give him fome ftrengthening things m-
wardly. , , . ■
Let his diet be fcalded bran or malt, or
boiled barley, that his bowels may be emp-
tied as much as poffible. •
. Some prefcribe a bag to cover his ftones
with, in the manner of a quilt ; the method
of preparing which you will find under the
Article Stone-Swelling.
RUT, [in hunting] the vcncry or copu-
lation of deer. S^^Deer.
« RYE, linhawksj a difeafc which pro-
cieds from fudden cold, after heat and la-
bour; it produces a continual ftoppage m
the head, which in a Ihort time caufcs die
-frounce, or a perpetual dropping humour,
and of a very difficult cure. •
lawder to prevent this difeafe, hawks
SAC
fliould not be fct in any cold place, as in a
damp room; but on a warm perch, which,
at fuch time (hould be a little higher than
is ufual.
The cure : If (he be taken in time, is to
give her reft, and keep her warm, and by.
orderly feeding according to thefe direc-.
tions.
Let her food be opening, and of eafy di-
geftion, hot and moift, and it will be pro-^
per to give her fometimes at her meals, two.
or three blades of mace bruifed ; you mufl:
alfo give her conftantly with her meat^ ^
confeftion of clarified butter with rue, faf-
fron, and fugar-candy in powder, finely
made up into pellets ; give her alfo good
ftore of plumage, and keep her warm^
thefe things will loofen and open her, and
caufe her to throw with her head, and when
fhe once comes to do fo, then blow the juice
of daify-roots, with a quill or ftraw, into.
her nares an hour before you feed her, and
alfo blow the juice of (age into her nares
thrice a week in the morning ; thefe arc
both good to purge away tough, (limy,
cornipted, congealed filth, the body being
pre-difpofed to evacuate it.
The cold or rye in the head, being apt in
time to fall into her eyes, you muft in th^c
cafe apply the remedy for curing the rye^
which is the caufe thereof; but if it hal
caufed ainy fUm or web in the eye, then takc^
fome fine ginger finely fcraped,* and blow*
it into the eye with a c^uill; it will break
the film, and then the juice of ivy will be
fufficicnt.
OACCADE, is a jerk more or lefs vio-
1^ lent given by the horfeman to the horfc
in pulling or twitching ttfe reins of the
bridle on a fudden, and with one pull, and
that when a horfe lies heavy upon the hand-
or obftinately arms himfelf.
This is a corrcAion ufcd to make a hovft
carry well, but it ought to be ufed dif-
crectly, and but feldom.
SACER, [in ornithology] the Englijk
name for the blue-legged falcon, with a •
duflcy fcrrugineous back. See Falcon^
3 F 2 SADDLE,
I
SAD
SADDLE5 is a feat upon a hcrfe's back
contrived for the convenicncy of the rider.
A hunting-faddle h compofed of two
bows, two hands, fore boUters, pannels,
and faddle-draps; and the great faddle has
befidcs thefe parts, corks> hind-bolllersj and
Zr trouHequin.
The pommel is common to both.
A horfeman that would fit a horfe well>
ought always to fit on his twift, and never
en the bnttocks,which ought never to touch
the faddle ; and whatever difordcr the horfe
commits^ he ought never to move above the
faddle.
The ancient Romans are fuppofed not to
Itave made ufe of faddles and ftirrups, and
that they did not come into ufe till the time
^f Conftmitine the Greats A. C. 340, as ap-
pears from the Greik Hiftorian^ Zonaras^
who (throughout his whole htftory) nukes
AC mention of a faddle for a horfe^ before
fuch tmic as C^nftans attempting to deprive
his brother Conftantined the empire^ made
bead agaiinA his army, and entering into the
iquadron *where he himfelf was> caft him
befides.the iaddle of his horfe. But now
there are feveral fens of faddles in ufe, viz.
1. The running- faddle I which is a foiall
^ne with foundikiits.
2. The Burfcrd faddle, « which hath the
leats' and the Ikirts both plain.
3* The pad-faddle^ of which there
are two forts,' fome made with burs before
the feat,^ and others with bolfters under the
tbighs.
4. A French pad- faddle $ of which the
burs come wholly round the feat.
5. The portmanteai^faddie v that has a
tantle behind the feat, to keep the portman-
teau or other parcel oflf from the back of
the rider,
6. A warrfaddle *, which has a cantle
and a bolder behind and before; alfaa
£iir bolfter.
7. The j>ack-faddlc.
As for the feveral parts of a faddle, and
%he defcription ef them, they are to be
Ibund under the feveral heads, as they fall
€»£ 10 their alphabetical order, as Bars,
SAL
Buckle, Civet, Crupper, Buckle and
Straps, Girth-Web, fe?r.
SADDLE-GALL} when a horfe's back
is hurt or fretted by the iaddle, it may be
cured by bathing the part with urine, or
warm wine ; and (bmetimes when the fore
is large, with the fecond water, ftrewiog:
over it the powder of an old rope, or
flax, and eating away the proud flefh with:
vitriol, or colcothor.
SAL POLYCRESTUM, a peculiar me-
dicine for horfes, and is'prq>ared as fol*
lows :
Set a crucible, or iron pot in the ntiidft
of a heap of fine.caals, till it i& all over red
hot, eVen at the bottom i then caft into it
with a fpoon, a mixture of fulphur« or
brimflone and fine falt*petre, both in pow«
der, of each an ounce, which will immedi^
ately break out into a flame.
When the flame di&ppears, fiir the
matter at the bottom with an iron, to caufe
the fire to penetrate it more cflTedqally ;
tbcA cafl: in more of the lame -mixtvre by
fooonfuls, ftirring the matter as befbfc, after
the flame has difappeared, : between every-
ipoonful, and continue to do the fame till
the whole mixture is cad in.
Then cover the crucible and lay coals on
she top, and every where round the fides,
fuflrringit to cool of itfelf ;>when it ia cold
pound the matter to powder, which if it
be prepared rightly, will be of a pale rofe-
colour, or elfe white, when the falt-pctce
is not very pure; but if it be greyifii it i&
bad.
Two pounds of mixture will yield three
quarters of a pound of this (alt : this fait
will diQolve in water, and grow red in the
fire without wafting..
It is fo very cooling that it muft not be
given alone, but corredad with half an
ounce of juniper-berries. to an ounce of the
fait ; or with fcrapings of nittmeg in. moift-^
eoed bran. ^
If the horfe will not eat itfo, infufe it
all night in a quart of wine> and give it
him lukewarm fatting..
And for a beating of thcfiankv»da
baked
J
SAL
baked ^^efs of his dungi three or four
gliders^ with cwo ounces oflal polycreftum
CO each, will be very ferviceable.
SALENDERS, are cracks in the bending
of the hough. The difeafe is the fanne as
the niellandersj which is only fimilar cracks
in the bendir>g of the knee. As is the dif-
eafcj fo is the cure^ alike in both. See
MaLLEND£RS.
. SALM0N> isalargefifli, always breed-
Hig in rivers that are not brackifli> yet dif-
charge themfelves into the fea, fpawning
connmonly in Auguft^ which become fam-
lets in the fpring following.
The milter and fpawner having both per-
formed thfir natural office orduty^ betake
themfelves fo the fea ; and fome tell us,
they have known chat when they havegrown
£o impatient, chat clapping their tails to
their mouths, with a iudden fpring they
have leaped clear over a wear or any other
obftacle which ftood in their way \ and
fome by leaping fliort have been by that
means taken.
If they happen to meet with fuch ob«
ftruAions that they cannot get to the fea,
they become fick, lean, and pine away, and
die in two years time.
But if they fpawd in the mean time, from
thence proceeds a fmall falmon, called a
fkegger, which will never grow large.
It is the fea. that n>akes them grow large,
but the freih rivers make them grow fat }
' and by bow much the farther they are from
the fea up the river> by fo much the fatter
tbey grow, liking their food there the bet-
ter. •
From a famlet (which is but tittle bigger
than a mbnow) they grow to be falmon> in
as (hort a time as a goflin will grow to be a
goofe.
aALMON-FISHlNG -, they bite beft
at about three o'clock in the afternoon, in
the months of May^^ June^ J^hy ^^^ ^H^fty
if the water be clear and fome fmall breeze
ef wind be ftirring, efpecially if the wind
blows againft the fiream, and near the
fea. .
A falmon is eatched like a trout, .with
vormj^ Qrf^ or minnaw> and the garden*
SAL
worm is an excellent bait for him, if it be
well fcoured and kept in mofs twenty days,
in which time the worms will be very clear,
tough, and lively.
That the falmon hath not his conftant
refidence like the, trout, but removes often,-
-coveting to be as near .the fpring head as
may be, fwimming generally in the dcepeft
and broadeft parts of the river, near the
ground.
There is a particular manner of fiOiing
for the falmon, with a ring of wire on the-
top of the rod, through which the line may^
run to what length is thought convenient,.
having a wheel alfo near the hand.
Some fay there is no bait more attra<5Hve,,
and more eagerly purfued by the falmon
and mod other fi(h, than lob-worms fcentcd^
with the oil of ivy berries or the oil of*
polypody of the oak, mixc with turpentine ;.
and that afla-foetida is alfo incomparably^
good.
Take the (linking oil, drawn outof poly^-
pody of the oak by a retort, mixt with tur-
pentine and hive-honey, and anoint your
bait therewith, and it will doubtlefs draw the
filh to it.
The artificial fly is a good bait for a fal-
mon, but you mud then ufe a troll as for
the pike, he beingaftrongfifh, as the faU
mon is a large fifh, fo muft your flies be
larger than for any other, with wings and
tails very long.
Though when you ftrike him, he will
plunge and bounce, yet he does notufual- '
ly endeavour to run to the length of the linc„
as the trout will do, and therefore there is
lefs danger of breaking your line.
If you would angle for falmon at grounds
take three or four garden-worms, well
fcoured, and put them on your hook at
once, and filh with them in the fame man-
ner that you do for trou ts.
Be fure to give the falmon (as well as all
other filh) time to gorge the bait, and be
not over hafty, unlcfs your bait be fo tender-
it will not endure nibbling at.
SALMON-PEEL, is a fifti tnat agreej^*
with the lalmon in the red colour of it*a>
flclh> and perhaps alfo ia kind :. of thefc
there:
L
$ C A
there is fo great abundance in fome rivers
in Wales that they are very little valued,
and thb fiQierman fometimes throw tbeai to
the hogs.
SALMON-PIPE, an engine for catch-
ing falnion and fuch like filh.
SALMON-SEW:SE, the young fry of
falmons.
SALTS [in Horfemanfliipl the leap-
ing and prancing of horfes, a kind of cur-
veting.
SCAB OR Itch, a diftemper in horfes,
proceeding from their being over-heated,
and corrupt blood ; to cure which you muft
let him blood and purge him : for this
take of the root of wild cucumber, and re-
duce it to powder ; infufe it in a pint and
a half of white wine for three hours, and
'give it him to drink, and he will fooa be
well.
If the diftemper appears outwardly, rub
all the pans of the horfe's body that are af-
fefted, with ointment called jEgyptiacumy
or Unguentum jlpojiolorum.
SCABBARD, is the fkin that ferves for a
(heath or cafe to a horfc's yard.
SCABBED HEELS in Horses, a dif-
temper, called alfo the frufh.
Sometimes the frufli falls away by degrees,
by reafon of an eating fcab which penetrates
to the quick, and caufes fo great an itching
that the horfe cannot walk without halt-
ing ; but thefe fores are not fo dangerous
as they are troublefome.
Before the horfe grows lame, his feet
will ftink like old rotten checfe, fo that you
cafily difcoyer the nature of the grief, fince
you cannot poflibly come into the (lable
without fmclling it ; and befides the horfe
will fometimes beat the ground with his
feet, by reafon of the intenfencfs of the
itching.
To begin the cure, you muft pare the
frufti as near as you can with a buttrcfs, and
having quenched a good quantity of un-
flakcd lime in vinegar, and ftrained it,
boil it, and throw it boiling hot upon the
•frufti : after you have done this, apply a
rcftringent charge of powder of «nfl^ked
iime, mixt with the fecond. water, or the
8C A
blaek reftrlAgent, made 6f (bot, vlnegar;
and whites of eggs.
The following ointment, called the
CounieJ/% ointment, is alfo very ufcful in
thefe cafes : in half a pint of aqua-vitas boil
a pound of honey in a clean. glazed poty
over a gentle fire, flirring; it till the honey
is thoroughlyjicated and incorporated with
the aqua-vitae i then add verdigrcafe, yene*
tian bora^, and' gall, of each two ounces,
fearfed through a fine fearfe, with two
ounces of white vitriol pounded.
Boil thefe all together over a fmall-coaL
fire, ftirring them till they be well incorpo-
rated, and keep the ointment for ulc;
this will cure in three or four applications,
but the drefling . muft: be kept on wich
fplents.
If the difeafc return after the fore has
been cleanfed, then apply the following
ointment, which is* called the neat-herd's
ointment.
Take burnt allum and borax in fine pow-
der, of each two ounces ; white vitriol and
verdigreafe, of each four ounces, very
finely powdered j put thefe into a very
clean pot, with two pounds of honey, and
boil them over a clear fire, ftirring all well
together, till they be well incorporated ;
when the ointment is cool, Qdr two ounces
of ftrong aqua-fortis ; keep it well covered
for ufe, and ftir it once a day, for the firfl:
fix days.
This ointment will heal them, though
the internal caufe can hardly be removed j
and befides, the horfe may be let blood in
the toe, from time to time.
For prefervation, the fru(h ought to be
pared often, and the place rubbed once or
twice with the fecond water, whick will
wafte away part of the corruption, and dry
up the roots of the fcabs fo effeftually, that
they will not break forth again for a long
time ; then bathe the feet daily with the
following water:
Boil allum and white vitriol, of each a
pound and a half, in a gallon of water till
it be wafted to two quarts at leafts when
you perceive the itching to be gone^ melt
. ur.
SCO
t«r,t>r bUck j^ttchj upon the fcab»; and keep;
the horfe's feet well pricked, and free from
ckuft, or any other filth that may dry them.
Or take of re^ified fpirics of wine, and
the (harped vinegar, each two ounces;
tindure of myrrh and aloes, one ounce;
of JE^ptiac ointment, half an ounce ;
mix them well together.
After wafliing the part with this mixture
dip a pledgit of tow into it, and fecure it in
the bed manner you can.
Daring the ufe of this, it will be necef-
lary to give a purge once in fix or eight
days, and in the intermediate days the
diuretic medicines propofed for the greafe,
v^hicbjee.
SCATCH-MOUTH ; is a bitt-mouth,
differing from a cannon-mouth in this, that
the cannon is round, and the other more
oval.
That part of the fcatch-mouth which
joins the bitt to the branch, is likewife dif-
ferent ; a cannon being (laid upon the
branch by a fonceau, and a fcatch by a
caperon, which furrounds the banquet ;
the effe£fc of the fcatch-mouth is fomewhat
bigger than that of the cannoa-mouths, and
keep the mouth more in fubjeftion.
Commonly your fnafiles are fcatch-
mouths.
SCIATICA OR RHEUMATISM. A
diforder horfes are liable to; to cure
which take half an ounce of oil of turpen-
tine, and two ounces of camphorated fpirits
of wine> with which rub the part well, and
let the horfe have reft for a fortnight,^ and
the complaint will be removed.
SCOWRINGSfor Horses; are thofe
gentle, wholefome,.and natural medicines,
which, not (lirring up any great flux
of humours, only keep the body clean
from fuch as are apt to rife or grow, being
every way as wholefome in health as fick-
nefs, and nwy moft properly be termed
preparatives or preparers of the body, ta
entertain ftronger remedies. ^
There are feveral kinds of them pre-
fcribcd, but the mo(t gentle and natural is
gfaiB> whkb you fhould give him for fif-
SCO
* teen days together, after which time it will
fatten him.
The beft grafs for this purpofc, is that of
a new mown meadow, for that will rake his
guts very well, and not fatten; but if you
would have him fatten, you muft put him
into fome other pafture, which has not been
mown, next to this forage, i. e. only the
blades of green corn^ as wheat, rye, barley,
6fr. given him for fcven days and no
more, will cleanfe and cool his body i the
like al(b will the leaves of fallow, the elm,
or green thiftle, do»
A maQi of malt, taken in a larger pro--^
portion thaa is direfted under that head,,
mixed with a handful or more of beaten
hemp-feed i« alfo- a gentle medicine in this
cafe.
Other fort^ of fcowrings there are ; parti-
cularly after fweat, take half an ounce of
rofin, or jalap in powder ; as much of cream-
of tartar powdered, as alio of liquorice in
powder -, make them into balls^ with frefli*
butter, of about the bignefs of a fmall wal-
nut, and give him four or five at a time ii^
a hornful of beer, one after another^
One of a ftronger nature is to mix a hand-
ful or two of hempfeed with oats, or take:
a handful of the powder of dried box leaves*,
and as much of brimftone, and mix it
amongft his provender j. thefe two purge
the head,, ftomach, and entrails, will kill all
kind of worms, and dry up phlegm.
Another prefcription is, to take fallad*
oil half a pint 5 a pint of new milk from the
cowj brew it together,,and give it him luke-
warm \ or elfe take a pint of mufcadine^
and half a pint of fallad-oi], and give it himt
to drink > or the fame quantity of oil and
fack, mixed together, and give it luke-
warm \ this has much the fame efFeft as»
the others, and is good for any manner of
cold, flopping the wind-pipe i and if you*
add a a quantity of fugar-candy theretoi ic
will be the better.
But for Cuch horfes, whofc gfeafe muft:
neceffarily be melted, as running,.huntiogr
hocfes, and the Uke; firft take twenty rai-
fins of the ian^ with, the fiones picked ouc
.- »
L.
s c o
^f them, ten figs fplit round* wife, boU them
in two quarts of running water, till the wa-
ter be confumed and thickened : then take
powder of liquorife, annifced, and fugar-
' candy, finely fearfed, and mix it with the
raifins and figs, flanr>ping and working
them together till they become a ftifFpafte,
then making round balls thereof, of a to-
lerable bigncfs, roll and cover them all
over with frelh butter, and give as many of
them to the horfe as you fhall think fuits
his ftrcngth, provided the day before you
give him fuch exercife as will raife his
greafc, and thit immediately before you
give him the medicine, you alfo warm
him thoroughly, that the humours being
again ftirred up, it may the more efFeftually
work.
Another very good receipt to purge a
horfe from all greafe, glut, or filthinefs
within his body, is to take three ounces of
anifeed, fix drams of cummin-feed, a
dram and an half of cathamus, an ounce
and two drams of fenugreek feed, an ounce
and a half of brimftone, all which beat to
a fine powder, and fearfe them; then take
a pint or two of fallad oil, a pound and a
half of honey, and of white wine two
quarts; and this with as much fine wheat
fiour as is fufficient; make all into a fiifi^
pafte, and knead and work it well, which
you are to keep in a galley-pot, clofe co-
vered, for your ufe.
Now when the horfe has been hunted,
and is at night, or in the morning, very
thirfty, take a ball of it as big as a man's
fift, and diflblve it in a gallon or two of
cold water, and it will make the water look
as white as milk; then give it him in the
dark, left the colour difplcafe him; if he
drinks it, then feed him ; if he does not,
let him fad till he takes it, which certainly
he will do at twice or thrice ofi^ering; and
when he has once taken ir, he will rcfiife all
other drink for it ; and you cannot give him
too much nor too often of it, if he has ex- I
crcife.
For another fort of fcowring, when others
will not work : take a quarter of a pound
of fwcet butter, as much of Caftilc-foap, and
sen
• half ah ounce of aloes; beat tlictii togetfier,
' and add twofpoonfuls of beaten hemp-feed,
and of rofin half a fpoonful ; of fugar-candf
an ounce, bruifed ; work them all into a
pafte, and immediately after his heat, give
it him in balls, having firft warmed him
and ftirred up the greafe and foulnefs within
him.
SCRATCHES in Horses, a rfiftemper
of feveral forts and kinds, diftingailhed by
various names, vix. crepances, rat-tails,
mules, kibes, pains, &fr. being no other
than the fcratches, which ate certain dry
fcabs, chops, or rifts, that breed between
the heel and paftern joints, and do many
, times go above the paftern, to the very
hoof of the hinder legs, and fometimes are
upon all four legs, though this is not very
common.
They proceed from dry melancholy hu-
mours, which fall dow'n updn fhfe horfc's
legs, or from the filming of his own dung
lying under his heels, or near them : fbme-
times by his heels not beiWg cl^aifed, cfpe-
cially after a journey or hard labour; they
not being rubbed dry from thd fand and
dirt, after he is brought in frdrfi' Catering,
which burn^ and fret^ th*m, and fo caufes
fwellings, and thofe fwelHftgs thre fcritcl^es.
Sometimes they proceed from a corrup-
tion of blood, after great hCat^ taken now
and then by being bred in fenny, marftiy,
watery grounds j of laftly, by over-hard rid-
ing, whereby his greafe being nntettdd, it fills
down and fettles in his paftern atldfetlock,
and thefe produce this IbrrSnCe,
The figns to know thisdifttmper, are the
ftaring, dividing, and curling of th» hair.
It begins firft with dry fcabs in the paftern
joints, like chips or chinks, in fereral
ftiapes and forms; fometimes lohg-ways,
fometimes downright, and at other times
over-thwart, which will caufc thfe legs to
fwell and be very gouty, and run with fret-
ting, watery matter, and offenfive ftuff,
whiA will make him go lame at firft fct-
ting out, that he will be hardly able to go.
For the cure you muft be fure to kee{)
his legs from wet, all the while tou ufe any
application to them; clip away the hair
very
SCR
▼cry clofc from bis heels, or it will poifon
his legs ', and before you apply any remedy
to them, fcrape ofF the fcabs, and wa(h the
blood o(F with chamber-lee, and fait of brine.
There arc a multitude of receipts for this
purpofe, but I (hall prefcribc oaly fomc of
the chief.
Sometimes indeed the fcratches prove
very obftinatc, in which cafe the following
ointment (hould be ufed : obferving that if
^ny cavities Ihould be formed, to lay them
open ; for it is in vain to cxpe(9: a cure un-
Icfs you drefs the wound to the bottom.
Take of Fi?mV^ turpentine, four ounces ;
of crude mercury, one ounce ; incorporate
them well together by rubbing them a con-
fiderable time in a glafs or iron mortar;
and then add to the mixture honey and
iheep's fuet, of each two ounces.
>\noint the parts affected once a day;
and if the horfe be full of flefh, it will be
jicceiTary to bleed and purge.
1. Take brimftone finely powdered, mix
it with fweet butter, and anoint the part
with this once a day.
2. Take a handful of the tender tops of
cider-buds, and as many bramble-berries,
and before they are ripe, and when they
are red, bake them in two quarts of wort,
and aboujc the quantity of an egg-ihell of
allum, with^which. water, very hot, walh
the forrance twice a day.
3. Let the horfe blood in the fhackle*
veins, fpur-veiiis, and the fore-toe veins,
only let it be three days between the blced-
of the one toe and the other; then rub
the fores till they be raw and bleed, with
s^ thin hay rope;
Having boiled half a pound of allum, in
a quart of dale urine, and a quart of ftrong
brine, till they come to a quart, wafli the
fores well with the liquor ; afterwards hav-
ing procured, the fperm of frogs, in the
month of March, and put them into a pot,
and let it ftand for a week, in that time it
will look like oil ; fpread this, with what
round things appear in it, on a cloth, and
bind it on the fores, repeating this feveral
times. This has cured, when the difeafe
has been thought incurable.
SEA
Bat the bcft of all medicines and which
fcarcely ever fails to cure the fcratches, is,
if the horfe be of a ftrong body and good
ftature, give him an ounce and a half of the
beft aloes you can get, pound it to a very
fine powder, and mix it with very good
butter, working and mixing it very well
with a knife, then divide it into three parts,
every one of which cover again with frefli
butter, and make them as big as a good
middling wafli-ball ; give the horfe one of
thefe in the morning fafting, upon the point
of a ftick, and a little while after ride him
to warm his body. Which will caufe thend
to work the better: then bring him into
the ftable and keep him warm, and let him
faft two or three hours ; when you are to
give him a malh of malt, let hini eat a
little hay, and then ride him foftly /or twp
or three hours.
After the balls, pour down a horn or two
of warm beer, and if you find him purge
too much, fo that it takes his ftomach
quite away, give him two wild-briar balls,
pounded to powder, in a quart of warm
beer, and it will loon ftop it; or if you
have not the briar-balls, boil fome cinna-
mon, pepper, nutmeg, ginger, and bay-
berries in the beer.
But if the horfe does not purge at all,
ride him to fome green corn that is not cut,
or for want of that, to fome four grafs,
and let him feed on it for about a quarter
of an hour, then ride him gently home,
^^fct him up warm, and he will purge very
' kindly without danger.
SCQLK [with Hunters] a company, or a
fculk of foxes.
SCUT; the tail of a hare or rabbet.
SEA DRAGON; a fort of fifh that de-
lights to fwim in a ftrong ftream, called
alfo a quaviver.
SEAMS 1 IN HORSES, are certain clifts
SEYMS J in their quarters, caufed by
the drynefs of the foot, or by being ridden
upon hard ground; they^ are eafiJy per-
ceived by the horfe^s not fetting his feet
firm down in walking.
You may know them by looking upon
the quarters of the hoofs on the infide,
$ G which
S E R
which will be cloven from the coronet to
the very fhoe, quite through the horn, and
fuch quarters are comnnonly ftraightcned.
Some of thefe clefts do not rife fo high
as the coronet, and therefore are the lefs
dangerous ; fo that though they may be
recovered, yet it is an imperfcftion in the
feet, cfpecially in fat ones, which have a
thin horn, where fuch clefts frequently
caufe the fcratch on the coronet.
T hofe horfcs that are troubled with feams,
cannot work but on very fofc ground, for
upon (lony hard pavements the blood will
oftentimes ifTue out of the clefts.
For the cure of this malady, fee false
Quarter.
SEAN i a kind of long and large (iihing
nee.
SEAT ; is the pofture or fituation of a
horfeman upon the faddle.
SEELING) a horfe is faid to feel, when
upon his eye-brows, there grows white
hairs, mixed with thofe of his ufual colour,
about the breadth of a farthing, which is a
fure mark of old age.
A horfe never feels till he is fourteen
years old, and always before he is fifteen,
or fixtcen at furthefl ; the light, forrel, and
black, feel fooner than others,
Horfe-courfcrs ufoally pull out thofe
white hairs with pincers, but if there be fo
many that it ca'nnot be done, without mak-
ing the horfe look bald andugly^ then they
colour their eye-brows, that they may not
appear old.
SELENDERS, are chaps or many fores
in the bending of the horfc's hough, as the
mallenders arc in the knees.
SEPARATERS, See the Tbeth of a
Horse.
SERCIL FEATHERS of a Hawk; are the
fame that are called pinions in other fowls.
SERE •, the vellow between the beak
and the eyes of a hawk.
SERPEGER; the riding of a horfe in
the ferpentine way, as in a thread with
waved turnings,, like the pofture of a fer-
pent's body.
SERPENTINE: a ferpentine tongue is
a. friiking; tongue that is always in motion.
SET
and fometimes paflcs over the bitt, inftcad
of keeping in the void fpace,. called the li-
berty of the tongue.
SET-FAST. See Warbles.
SET FER J a fetting dog to catch fowl
with. See Pointer and Setting-Dog.
SETTING [with Cock-fighters] is a
term ufed after a cock has fought fo long ^
that he is not able to ftand, or gives over '
fight; then he is brought to the other
cock, and fet beak to beak, and if he does
not ftrike, the battle is loft. , 49^^ G amb
Cock.
SETTING-DOG; a dog trained up to
the fetting of partridges, i^c, from a whelp,
till he comes to pcrfeftion. You muil
pitch upon one that has a perfeft and good
fcent, and is naturally addided to the hunt*
ing of fowl, and this dog may be either a
land-fpaniel, water- fpaniel, pramungrcl,
between both, or indeed the fhallow-flewed
hound, tumbler, lurcher, or fmall baftard-
mafttfF, but none is better than the land-
fpaniel; he Ihould be of a good nimble
fize, rather fmall than thick, and of a coin
rageous meale, which though not to be
difcerned, being very young^ yet you may*
very well know it from a right breed, which
have been known to be ftrong, lufty,
and nimble rangers, of aftivc feet, wan-
ton tails, and bufy noftrils.
Having made choice of a dog, begin to
inftrudt him at four months old, or fix at
the fartheft; and the firft thing you fliould
do, is to make him loving to, and familiar
with you ; the better to effetft this, let him
receive his food, as much as can be, from
no other hand but your own, and corrcft
him rather with words than blows. When
he is fo far trained as that he will follow
none butyourfelf, and can diftinguifli your
&own from your fmile, and fmooth word^
from rough, teach him to couch and lie
down clofe to the ground, firft by laying
him often on the ground, and crying lie
cloP?, and then rewarding or chaftizing him»
according as he defervesj. in the next place
teach him ta come creeping to you, and if
he offer taraife his body or head, you mu(t
not only thruft the rifing part down, but
threaten
SHE
tlircaten him with an angry voice, which
if he fcems to flight, give him a fmall jerk
or two with a whip-cord lafli, and often
renew his leflbns, till he become very per-
fcft in them.
Then teach him to lead in a ftringor line,
and to follow y 00 clofc at your heels, with-
out trouble or ftraining his collar; after he
has learned thcfc things, take him into the
field, and give him his liberty to range, but
flill in obedience to your comniand, and if
he commits a fault, give him due correc-
tion.
As foon as you fee him come upon the
hauntof anypartridge(which may beknown
by his greater eagerncfs in hunting, and alfo
by a kind of whimpering and whining voice,
being very defirous to open^ but not dar-
mg) you ought then to fpeak to him, bid-
ding him take heed, or the like; but yet
if he either rufti in, orfpring the partridge,
or open, and fo the partridge efcapes, then
he ought to be fcverdy correfted, and caft
him off again, and let him hunt in fome
place where you know a covey lies, and
/«c whether he has mended his fault ; and
if you catch any with your nets, give him
the heads, necks, and pinnions, for his en-
couragement. For morejee Po i nter.
SEVIL OF THE Branches of a Bridle j
is a nail turned round like a ring, with a
large head made faft in the lower part of
the branch, called gargouille. See Bak-
QUET.
SEWEL, [with Hunters] that which is
fet or hanged up to keep a deer out of any
place.
SHAMBRIKR : is a lon^ thong of lea-
ther, made faft to the end ora cane or ftick,
in order to animate a horfe, andpunifli him
if he refufes to obey the rider.
SHANK IN A Horse, is that part of the
fore-leg, which is between the knee and fe-
cond joints, next to the foot, called a fet-.
lock, or paftern-joint.
SHAW-FOWL ; an artificial bird made
on purpofc for fowlers to (hoot at.
SHEDDING OF the hair. See Cast.
SHEDDING OF the seed, [in Horfesl
proceeds fometimcs from the abundance
SHE
and rankncfs of it, and alfo from drains, or
being over-loadcd, and fometimes from an
infirmity in the ftones and fecd-veflels, not
being able to recain the feed till it be di-
gcfted and thickened.
When there is a difcharge of feed drib-
bling frequently from the yard, plunge him
every morning into cold water, and give
him the following ball every night and
morning :
Take Venice turpentine, one ounce;
nriake it into a ball with a fulficient quan-
tity of bole armoniac.
If this fufficc not, and ulcers in the
urethra are fufpcdled, injeft a little of the
following up into it two or three times
a day:
Take balfam capivi, one ounce j difTolve
it. with the yolk of an egg, then gradually
add to it a pint of lime-water.
Some colts get a habit of rubbing their
yard againfl: their belly until they fbed
their feedi for this there is no cure but
caftrating, «
Or take a pound of Venice or common
turpentine, and the fame quantity of bole
armoniac finely powdered, and as much
wheat flour as will fuffice to make it up
into a ftifF pafte; roll it out between your
two hands, and break it off about the
quantity of a fmall wafh-ball, and give the
horfe three of them morning and evening,
I upon the end of a ftick, or in a horn full
of ftrong beer, till the flux of feed ftop,
which will be cflTefted once in ten days, or
at moft in a fortnight \ but before you give
him the balls, it will be proper to purge his
reins very well, for this will not hatten,
but perfcft the cure.
For the flaedding of feed, or colt evil ,•
mix Venice turpentine and fugar together,
and give the horfe every morning a ball,
until the flux be flopped.
If you add a little of the inner bark of
oak, or the powder of an acorn, they will
be very good.
This'diftempcr happens commonly in
Augtifty and in very hot weather in May.
For the colt evil take the powder of anni-
fccds, and leaves of bctony in equal pro-
3 G 2 portiott
S H O
iniifferent ftrong Oioe, wich a broad web
ready, let it be Rued to the foot> and pare
it not till you have laid the (hoe to the
loot, to the intent you may pare it to the
iiorfe's beft advantage, which may be done
if the fcant-fide be pared ; that is, moftly
the infide, more towards the toe than the
fuller and (Ironger (ide ; and where the hoof
is weaktft, there alfo the (hoe muft be made
ftrongeft, and fet this on with nine nails,
viz. five on the ftrongeft, and four on the
wcakeft fide.
5. In that imperfcft hoof> called the flat
hooft otherwife the promifed hoof, make
the feat of the (hoe plain, and take fome-
what off the toe, but the heel and ball of
the foot muft not be touched, but both of
them left as ftrong as they can be ; and the
(hoe for it muft be made with a very ftrong
web, for the more it covers the weak folc,
the better; and let the mid part of the
web that covers the ball of the foot, be
much thicker than the outfides, where the
piercings be ; and let it be fo hollow as to
touch no part of the ball of the foot, and
let it be large and long enough in all places,
fo that the horfe may go at cafe 5 and it
muft be pierced round about the toe, to
favour the heels, and make ten holes for
ten nails, viz. five on every fide.
6. For the over-hollow hoof, and confe- '
quently in imperfeft ones, pare it round
about, efpccially the feat of the (hoe, round
about by the edges, that fo the hoUownefs
thereof within may not be fo deep, but
(hallower than it was before, and let it be
always kept moiftwith ftoppingit, for fear
of hoof-binding, obferving as even a hand
as may be in your paring, in all points like
unto the perfeft hoof; and in like manner
make for it fuch a (hoe in order and form, as
was faid before, to ferve the perfc6l hoof,
7. As to broad fru(he8, which c^ufe weak
heels, there is little or no need of paring at
all; wherefore the toe muft only be pared,
aad alfo the feat of the flioe, as much as
(hall be judged nece(rary to the even ftand-
ing of the flioe, leaving the heels as ftrong
as may be i but for this fort of hoof, the
ihoe muft be ftronger towards the heel than
S H O
towards the toe ; and alio let the web be
fomewhat broad towards the heels, to favc
them from the ground ; and it muft be fet
on with nine nails, becaufe it is moft conr^-
monly a great foot ; but in all other refpeds
let it be made like the (hoe for the perfcA
hoof.
8, The imperfeft hoof, with narrow hcelsi
muft have the toe pared (hort, and the feat
of the (hoe muft be made plain and fair,
and open only fo much that there may be
fome little fpace between the frufti and the
heel, for the lefs you take off the heel, the
better : for this a light (hoc muft be made,
with a broad web ; and the fpunges muil be
fo broad as almoft to meet together, to de-
fend the heel from the ground, and pierce
it all towards the toe, fparing the heels as
much as may be : you muft fee that the
(hoe be Jong enough towards the holes ; let
it be fet on with eight nails, like the (hoe
that fits the perfeft hoof.
9. Now as to the paring and (hoeing of
the hinder foot, which is clear contrary to
the fore feet, for the wealceft part of the
hinder foot is the toe, and therefore in par-
ing them, you muft always pare it more
than the heels ; but in all other points ob-
ferve the order of parng according to the
perfeftion or imperfeftion of the hoofs, be-
fore declared.
Then in (hoeing, it muft be here^ftrongcr
at the toe, and pierced nigher the heel than
the toe, and the outfide of the (hoe (hould
be made with a calkin, not over high, but
let the other fpunge be agreeable to the cal- •
kin, that is, as high in a manner as the cal-
kin, which is to keep the horfe from Aid-
ing ^ but then it muft not be (harp pointed,
but rather fiat, and handfomely turned up-
wards, which is the beft fort of calkin.
But in cafe of a falfe quarter, if the hor(e '
halts, then make him a (hoe fitting to his
foot, tacking it on the quarter, on that fide
the falfe quarter is ; but if he does not halt,
then make it with a button or (houldering,
on the fide of the ftioe, and next to the
fole of the foot.fomewbat diftant from the
falfe quarter, towards the toe, which will
defend the fore place, that the flioc touch it
not;
^ "*''
SHO
not ; and you may travel your horfe where
you plcafc with this fort of Ihoe.
lo. For the hoofs that interfere : as they
arc n\ofl: commonly higher on the outfide
than on the inlide, you fliould therefore take
off the outfide with a bucteris^ to the intent
that the infide may be fomewhat higher, if
ic will be, than the outfide ; and then mak-
ing a (hoe for his foot, which fhould be
thicker on the infide than on the outfide, it
mud never have any calkin, for that will
make the horfe tread awry, and the fooner
to interfere. See Int£rf£Ring.
Laftly ; for paring and ihoeing the foot
that is hoof-bound i firft pare the toe as
fhort as may be, and the fole fomewhat
thin ; then open the heels well, and make
him a half (hoc, like a half moon. See
HoOF-BOUND.
Aad for the (hoeing of a coach horfe, fee
Coach Horse.
SHOLE, acompany of fi(h.
SHOOT, [with Hunters] a young
boar.
SHOOTING OF Fowl ; whether the
game be flying,^ or on a hedge or tree, al*
ways endeavour to (hoot as near as you pof-
iibly can, with the wind, and rather fide-
ways, or behind the fowl, than in their face i
nor (hoot at a (ingle bird, if you can com-
pafs more within your level.
If they be on a tree, hedge or the ground,
feek out for the moft convenient (helter you
can of a hedge, bank, tree, i^c. that you
may be concealed from the (ight of the fowl,
and being within (hot, and having a fair
mark, lofe no time, but let fly.
SHOOTING Flying, is by experience
found to be the beftand moft diverting way
of (hooting : it is nccefTary for* any gentle-
man who fports much to have two guns ;
tlie barrel of one about two feet nine inches,
which will ferve very well for the beginning
of the feafon, and for wood-(hooting : the
other about three feet three inches, for
opcn-lhooting after Michelmas^ the birds
by that time arc grown fo (hy, that your
ihaots muft be at longer diftance. But if
you Intend one gun to ferve for all purpofes.
SHO
then a three feet barrel, or thereabouts, is^
moft proper.
You (hould always have it cocked in rca-
dinefs, holding your thumb over the cock,
left it (hould go off when you would nor
have it.
It is generally accounted the beft way to
airn at the head, if the game Piies over your
head \ but to aim as it were under the belly,
if it flies from you j and it wilf be beft to
let the game fly a little paft you before you
let fly, for fo doing the (hot will the better
enter the body. Shot delivered from a gun
in general lofe or decreafe half the quantitjr
every ten yards, or thereabouts ^ fo that at
forty yards there will not be thrown in
above a fourth of what would be into the
fame fpace at twenty yards. From which
it appears, that if you take aim .a foot be-
fore acrofs (hoot at forty yards, you will be
the moft likely to meet the bird with the
center (hot ; and which is looked upon to
fly the ftrongeft, and to be the moft effica-
cious at long dlftances than the diverging
(hot ; for whether it be the (hoc ftriking
againll each other, or againft the air, at
flrft coming out of the muzzle, or what-
ever be the caufe of their diverging, it
muft in fome degree retard their motion^.
But if there be a bri(k wind, it will cer-
tainly bend the courfe of the (hot \ you
muft therefore con(idcr, whether the wisnd
blow with the bird, or againft it, if it blow
with it, you need little more than to oblerve
the general rule ; hecaufe the wind helps the
bird forward nearly as much as it diverts the
(hot : but if it fly againft the wind, the
(hot declines more than the bird is retarded,^
and therefore you ought to take aim at a
greater diftance before the bird^
One good pointer in the field at a time^
if you have patience to attend him> wiii
be fufficient for two men to (hoot with;,
but if you have an old fpringingfpaniel,
that is fo well under command thatyoucaro
always keep him near you, fuch a dog may-
be ufed with your pointer with great ad-
vantage : as he will better find bird^ that
ai'e woundcd> and alfo fpring fucb as> are
neair
S H O
^ifccar yoo, which you othcrwife might pafs.
But if you (hould be fond of hunting many
pointers together in a field, as is frequently
done, you ihould not have more than one
amongft them, who has been taught to
fetch bis game -, left by endeavouring to get
it from each other, they Ihould tear it.
Two pcrfons in the field with guns arc
better than more at partridge (hooting ; who
ihould withpatience pay a due attention to
each other. When your dog points, walk
up without any hurry, feparating a few yards
one to the right the other to the left of
your dog: if a covey fprings, never (hoot
into the midlt of them, but let him on the
left fmgle out a bird which flieth to the left,
.and him on the right a bird to the right,
that you may not interrupt each other, nor
both' (hoot at the fame bird, and readily
let fly at the firft aim. Let each of you
mark the fall of his bird, and immediately
run to the place j and if the dog does not
fecure it, or the bird (hould be only wound-,
ed and have run, put him upon the fcent;
but if your dog underftands his bufinefs,
and will fetch his game, it is better to
truft to him, and load again as quick as you
can. It will always be of great u(e, and
fave much time and trouble, to have a per-
fon without a gun to mark the flight of
the birds.
If a fingle bird be fprung, let him take
the (hoot to whofe fide it flics : the bird
being killed, caufe your dog to lie by it
whiUt you load, left he fpring other birds
that arc near you.
If you trace the birds to a hedge, dou-
ble the row by walking one on each fide,
taking your dog on the ditch fide : here if
you have a fpaniel he will be of great ufe;
as you may make him go along in the
ditch, and your pointer on the other fide ;
by which means you will not pafs a bird,
and one of you will moft likely get a good
ftoot at it. Your own judgment, with
Tcry little experience, will bcft direft wheie
the birds arc moft likely to be found at
different times of the day, according to the
grounds you have to bunt in.
S H O
Of Pheafant and. IVoodcdck Jhooting.
Pheafants or woodcocks generally lie in
cars or woods where there is much cover.
Spaniels are therefore the dogs moft pro-
per for this kind of (hooting. Some poin-
ters indeed, that are bold fpirited, and
have been a great deal ufed to this work, will
follow a pheafant very well .• but from the
generality of flow ftaunch pointers a phea-
fant will get off fo faft, as when fprung to
be out of the reach of gun-(hot; befides
they are not hardy enough to go into thick
cover.
The fpaniels proper for this work arc of
a middling fize, their legs rather Ihort and
very flrong : they muft be hardy, able to
bear great fatigue, difpofed to go into cover
freely and undaunted, to hunt very bri(kly»
and yet go very flow when upon fccnt of
game. You cannot begin too early with
thefe dogs, to teach them to fetch a bird and
bring it after you : which will prevent their
getting a habit of tearing or breaking the-
game. One of this kind muft be always
obliged to lie down whilft you load : and
as his bufinefsisto fpring game, you (hould
never fuffer him to go above ten or fifteen
yards from you j and therefore take him
out with others that are brought under
command, as foon as he is able to hunt.
For to have good fpaniels, they muft be
ufed a great deal. If you find any difii«
culty in keeping him to hunt near you,
put one of his feet into his collar, and hunt
him fo for an hour or two. Frequent re-
petitions of this puni(hment will bring him-
to a fenfe of his duty. One, two, or three
brace of fpaniels well broken, may be ufed
together ; and they will find work enough
in a large wood or thick cover. If two pcr-
fons intend hunting in a wood, it is be(l for
one to go round it on the outfide firft, whilft
the other goes oppofite to him a little
way into the wood, ^nd afterwards to fink in
deeper as you (hall findoccafion: unlcfs you
know the moft likely part to find game in :
in which cafe you may hunt the interior
part firft. Some perfons when they want
to
S H O
to hunt a very large wood approve of tak-
ing a brace of high mettled fpaniels that
have not been broken, to hunt clofe, and
turn them into the middle of the wood ;
whilft they with their well-broken fpaniels
hunt outwards* But unlefs you have any
extenfive woods to hunt, fuch dogs are
more likely to hinder than add to your
ijport; and it will be better to hunt with
patience with only fuch dogs as are under
good command^ let the woods or cover be
ever fo large.
If you defign to (hoot ducks^ ufe no
dogs to range> but only to follow you
ciofe behind^ for thofe kind of fowls will
rife faft enough.
TWsmethodof (hooting flying may alfo
be performed on horfeback, which is more
commodious and lefs toilfome.
SHORT- JOINTED J a horfe is faid to
be lhort*jointed chat has a fiiort paftern.
When the joint or the pattern is too
ihort> the horfe is fubjedt to have his fore-
legs from the knee to the coronet in a
firaight line.
Commonly your fhort-jointed horfes do
not manage fo well as the long-jointed ;
but out of the manage^ the Ihort -jointed
are the beft for travel or fatigue.
SHOT-MAKINGi fliot for fowling
ihould be well fized, and of a moderate
bignefs, for fhould it be too great, then it
flies thin and fcatters too much^ or if too
fmall, then it hath not weight and ftrength
to penetrate far, and the bird is apt to^fly
away with it : in order therefore to make it
fuitable to the occa(ion> it not being always
to be had in all places, fit for you purpofe ;
I have therefore fet down the following
true method of making all forts and fizes
under the name of mould-ihot. Its prin-
cipal good properties are to be round and
folid.
Take any quantity of lead you think fit,
andmelt it down in an iron veflel, and as
it melts keep it ftirring with an iron ladle,
ikimming off all impurities whacfoevcr that
may arife at the top : when it begins to
look of a greeniih colour, drew on it as
much auripigmentum^ or yellow drpiment.
S H O
I finely powdered, as will lie on a Ihillmg*
to every twelve or fourteen pounds of lead>
then ftirring them together, the orpiment
will flame.
The ladle fliould have a notch on one (ide
of the brim, for the eaficr pouring out the
lead; the ladle nriuft remain in the melted
lead, that its heat may be agreeable to that
of the lead, to prevent inconveniencies
which otherwife may happen by its being
either too hot or too cold : then to try
your lead, drop a Httlc of it into the wa-
ter, which if the drops prove round, thetj
the temper of heat is right; if otherwife,
and the ihot have tails, then add more or-
piment to inqreafe the heat, till it be found
right.
Then take a plate of copper, about the
bignefs of a trencher, which muft be made
with a hollownefs in the middle, about
three inches compafs, within which muft
be bored about forty holes, according to the
fize of the (hot which you intend to caft :
the hollow bottom (hould be thin, but the
thicker the brim,, the better it will retain
the heat. Place this plate on a frame of
iron, over a tub or veflfel of water, about
four inches from the water, and Ipread
burning coals on the plate, to keep the
lead melted upon it : then take fome lead
and pour it gently on the coals on the
plate, and it will make its way through
the holes into the water, and form itfelf
into fhot ; do thus till all your lead be run
through the holes of the plate, taking care
by keeping your coals alive, that the lead
do not cool, and fo ftop up the holes.
While you are cafting in this manner,
another pcrfon with another ladle may
catch fome of the (hot, placing the ladle
four or five inches (underneath the plate)
in the water, by which means you will fee
if they are defective, and reftify them.
Your chief care is to keep the lead in a
juft degree of heat, that it be not fo cold
as to ftop up the holes in your plate, nor
fo hot as to caufe the (hot to crack : to
remedy the heat, you muft refrain working
till it is of a proper coolnefs; and to reme-
dy the coolnefs of your lead and plate^ you.
3 H mufl:
.4rt
S H O
muft blow your fire, obfcfving that the
cooler your lead is the larger will be your
ihot^ as the hotter it is^ the finaller they
will be.
After you have done cafting, take them
out of the water, and dry them over the
fire with a gentle heat, ftirring them con-
tinually that they do not melt j when dry,
you are to feparate the great (hot from the
isnsM^ by the help of a ficvc made for that
purpofe, according to the feveral (izes.
But thofe who would have very lage (hot,
make the lead trickle with a iiick out of
the ladle into the water, without the plate.
If it ftop on the plate, and yet the plate
be not too cool, give but the plate a little
knock, and it will run again ; care muft be
had that none of your impleoients be
greafy, oily, or the like *, and when the
Ihot, being feparated, are found too large
or too fmall for your purpofe, or otherwife
imperfeA, they will lerve again at the next
operation. -
SHOULDER OF a Horsi , is the joint
in the fore quarters that joins the end of
the ihoulder-blade with the extremity of
the fore*thigh ; alfo that part of his fore-
hand that lies between the withers, the
fore-thighy the counter and the ribs.
SHOL)LD£R of a Branch, is that
part of it which begins at the lower part of
the arch of the banquet, over-againft the
.middle of the fonceau, or chaperon, and
forms another arch under the banquet.
The (boulder of the branch cafts a
gjreater or Icfler circumference, according
as4t is defigned to fortify or weaken the
branch*
SHOULDER-PEGGED Horsis, are
fo called when they are gourdy, ftiff, and
almod without motion.
A. horfe charged with fhoulders, is a
horfe that has thick, fleihy, and heavy
Aoulders.
SHOULDER-SPLAIT, a hoi fc is faid
to be fuch when he has given his fhoulders
Aich a Tiolent lhock> as to disjoint the
fliouider-bone from the body.
SHOULDERS of a Horse, Aould be
ftarp and narrow at the withers^ of a mid-
'
'
S H O
die n^r, flat, and but little flefli upon them i
for if he be charged with flioulders, he
will not only be heavy on the hand, and
foon weary, but trip and ftumble -every mi-
nute, efpecially if with fuch fhoulders his
neck be thick and large.
Some faddle-horfes, on the contrary, are
too fmall in the fhoulders ; that is, when
their breads are fo narrow that their fore-
thighs do almoft touch : fuch horfes are
of little value, becaufe theyhave a weak
fore-hand, and are apt to cut by croffing
their legs, and carry them fo confufedly
in galloping that they are fubjeA to fall.
The fhoulders of a well-fhaped horfe are
compared to thofe of a hare, and the dif-
unce between them fhould be little more
than half the breadth of his hind quarters.
SHOULDER-FIGHT in a Horsb, is
a malady, being the difplacing of the point
of the fhoulder by fome great fall, rack, or
pain, which may be known by one (boul-
der-point's flicking out farther than its
fellow, and alfo he will halt downright.
As for the cure, fwim the horfe up and
down in deep water a dozen times, which
will caufe the joint to go back into its
right place again.
Then take two pins of Afbwood, about
the bignefs of a finger, about five inches
long, and fharp-pointed ; flit the fkin ai>
inch above and beneath the poiAt of the
fhoulder, and from above thru ft one of
thefe pins downwards, fo that both the eada
may equally flick within the fkin : but if
the wooden pin will not pafs through ear
ply, you may firfl make way for it with att
iron pin*
When you have done this, make two*
other holes crofs to the firft, fo that the
other pin may crofs the firft right in the
midft, with a right crofs, and the firft pin
fhould be fbmevyharflat in the midfl, to*
the end that the other being round, may
prefs the better without flop, and clofe
niore exaflly together.
Then lake a piece of a line, a little big*
ger than a whip-cord, and make a loop at
one end, which being put over one of the
ends of one pf the pinsj^ fo that it may lie
bctweca
1
S HO
between the pin's end and the ikln ; faften
this laft end with your packthread to the
reft of the cord, fo that it may not flip :
both the pins and the cord (hould be firft
anointed with hog's greafe.
Then bring the horfe into the flable,
«nd let him reft for nine or ten days, but
let him lie down as little as may be : pur a
paftern fhoe on the fore*leg» and after nine
or ten days anoint the fere place with a
little dial th£a> or hog's greafe, lb turn him
out to grafs, and let him jrun there till the
pins are rotted off; if be be worked in ,a
cart after the end of a month, it will fettle
his flioulder the better, and make him the
fitter for riding. See Strains.
SHOULDER-PINCHING, a misfor-
tune that befals a horfe by labouring or
ftraining when too young, or by being
over-loaded.
This malady may be known by the nar*
rownefs of his breaft, and by the confump-
tion of the flelh of the (houlders, infomuch
that the fore-part of the (houlderbone will
ftick out and be higher than the flefli ; and
if it be of a very long ftanding, the horfe
will be very hollow upon the brifket, to-
watxis the arm-holes, and go wider beneath
the feet than above the knee.
For the cure : give him a flit with a (harp
knife an inch long, upon both fides, an
inch under the fhoulder-bone ; when it is
done with a large quill put into the flit,
blowup firft one Ihoulderand then another,
as big as pofllbly ^ou can, and even up to
the withers, and with your hands ftrike the
wind equally into every part of the flioul-
ders, and when they are both full» beat all
the wind places with an hazle wand, over
all the fiiouldcr; after that, with a flat
iron flice, loofen the (kin within from the
fie(h.
Then rowel the two flits or cuts with two
round rowels made of the upper leather of
an old (hoe, with an hole in the midft, that
the corruption may run out ; let the row-
els be three inches broad, and put in flat
and plain within the cut; this may be
as large as you think fit to lay the fame
open.
SHO
SHOULDER.SPLAITING, Ta malady
SHOULDER.TORN, ithat may
befal a horfe by fome dangerous Aiding,
either at home or abroad, by which the
(houlder is parted from the breaft, and fo-
leaves an open rift, not in the (kin but in^
the fle(h, and the film next under the (kin»
which renders the hor(e fo lame that he is
not able to go ; and it may be known by
his trailing his legs after him in going.
For the cure : put a pair of ftraight paf-
terns on his feet, and keep him in the ftabte
without difturbing him. Then take a pinc-
of fallad oil, one pound of dialthsa^ half a
pound of oil of bays, and as much fre(h
butter, which melt all together in a pipkin i
and with this anoint the part, and alfo
round about the fide of the (houlder; this
will caufe both the faid places and all the
(houlder to fwell in two or three days time ;
then prick all the fwollen parts with a ha*
met, or fleam, or a (harp hot iron, and
anoint the parts with the before-mentioned
ointment.
But if it ftill continues to fwell and ga^
ther lo a head, you muft lance it where the
fwelling gathers moft, and feels fofteft un-
der your finger, and tent it with green
ointment.
SHOULDER.WRENCH> a misfortune
that befals horfes feveral ways, fometimes
by turning and ftopping too fuddenly upon
fome uneven ground, fometimes by run-*
ntng too haftily at out at fome door % at
other times by (lipping or Aiding either in
the ftable or abroad, and by feveral others*
The beft receipt for the cure of it, is to
take up the horie's found leg before^ to
double It backwards in the joint, and fo tie
it with a lift, or fome (oft thine, fo faft that
it will not untie, and then to lorce him to
go upon his three other legs till he fweata
at the roots of his ears, flanks, and between
his legs; then untie his leg and let it down^
and this will caufe the blood to defcend
into the plate-vein, that it wiU be mor^
vifibly feenwhen it is tied up^ but if it
does not appear fo plain as you would
have it, wet it with warm water with your
hands, and ftroke itdo|^awards towards the
3H 2 placp
s no
place where you arc to let him blood, and
this will caufe it to appear more vifjbly.
Then tie up his leg again, and bleed him
in the common bleeding-place, between
his chell and lame leg, taking away two
quarts or more, according as the drain is
great or fmali : fave a quart of the blood,
and put a handful of fait in it, ftirring it
while it is running, that it may not clod;
and when he has done bleeding, and you
have pinned up the mouth of the plate-
vein wich a leaden pin or needle, to pre-
vent it from bleeding, and bound fome
hairs of the main or tail about the pin, to
keep it faft and fteady, till a day or two af-
ter that you take it out^ fmear him with
the blood ; but before you pin him up,
anoint him all over the Ihoulder and brea(t,
between his legs, and down to his knee,
with oil of turpentine and ftrong beer or
ale, in equal parts, fliaked and mingled
together very well in a glafs vial, clapping
and dabbing it well with your hand -, then
fmear all the faid places anointed, with
the blood and fait, chafing and dabbing
this alfo very well with your hand ; then fet
him up to his meat, and with a lill^ or gar-
ter, tic both his legs together as clofe as
you can; then the next day untie him and
walk him out, and if you fin4 that he goes
pretty well, ride him gently about a mile,
and then fet him up again, tying his fore-
feet together as before.
But if he does not go well the Brfl: day,
do not ride him, but only walk him the
fecond; and the third day, after his drelT-
ing, do not only tie his legs, but flat a
ftick on both fides, like a wedge, about
the bignefs of a fix-pence, drive this be-
tween the toe of his (hoc and the toe of
his foot, faft, fo that it may not come out ;
.and always while he (lands (till in the (la^
ble, tie his legs clofe, and peg him with
tJie wedge ; and when you take him out to
walk or ride^ untie his legs and take out
the wedge.
Do this every night and morning until
he is cured, which will be in a few days,
if the hurt has been newly received.
The Sicur d^ Solexfel, and others> prc*^
S I G
fcribe the following medicine for thefe ma-
ladies :
Take half a pound of new wax, the fame
quantity of rofm, pitch, and common tur^
pentine ; a pound of oil of olives, two
pound and a half of capon's greafe, the
fame quantity of badger's, horfe's> and
mulcts, and of the marrow of a (lag : oil of
turpentine, two ounces*, caflor, worois^
camomile, St. ^^i^^'^^ wort, linfecd, andof
foxes, two ounces : fet the olive oil in a
bafon over a clear fire, with the wax, ro-
fin, and pitch pounded together, ftirriog
them over the flame till they are dififolved;
then add the fats and flag's marrow^ and
then the turpentine, and let the whole in-
corporate over a gentle fire.
Then pour in the oils^ and keep ftirring
them for half a quarter of an hour } then
take it off the fire> continuing to ftir it till
it is cold.
When you apply this ointment^ rub the
afi^e£led part with a wifp of ftraw, and hav^
ing warmed your hand, chafe in the oint-
ment as hot as the horfe and your hand is
able to bear it, holding a hot fire-(hovel
near thepart to caufe it to penetrate : repeat
this once in two days.
SHRAPE, la place baited with chafFor
SCRAPE, J corn, to entice birds.
To SHRIEK,. 1 [with Forefter^l to cry or
To SHRIKE, J make a noife, as a.
badger docs at rutting- time.
SIGNS OF Sickness in Horses*. The-
firft fign of a horie's indifpofition, is his*
loathing his food ; then it muft be obfenr^
ed, whether he hath a wild and haggard:
look, for the eye of an horfe is, as it were^.
a glafs, through which you may difcemihe
inward difpofition of his body; obferve ^
like wife, whether his ears be cold, his>
mouth hot and foaming, or clammy, the
hair of his flanks rough and ftaring, and pa-
ler than ufual about the ends;, his dung
hard or black, or greenifii, and his urine
clear and undigefted like water.
In this cafe his eyes are fubjeft to weep>.
his head heavy and hanging down ; he is
apt to flrumble as he walks ; he is flow and
dull, though he was vigorous before ; he
never
. S 1 G.
never minds other horfcs ; contrary to his
fortntr cuftom, he rifes and lies down often
in the ftable, looking towards his flanks^
vrhich are doubled and folded in ; his heart
beats, which may be perceived, by laying
your open hands between the ihoulder and
feng]e> on the left fide ; and he is alfo in-
different and unconcerned at what is done
to him.
The Sicur de Sokyfel obferves, when a
]ior(e has been long fick, dales without
ftriding, and even without thrufting forth
his yard^ letting the water drop from the
flcin or flieath, it almoft always portends
death, unlefs in fueh horfes as have that
cuftom when they are in health ; in which
cafe, you muft draw no conjcftures from
this fignj though they continue to dale
after the fame manner during their fick-
ncfs.
Another no lefs fatal fign is, when the
hair of his tail, and on his (kull, can be
ealily plucked ofiv
It is a dahgcroys fign, when a horfe ei-
ther never lies down, or ftarts up immedi-
ately, not being able to breathe freely in a
tying pofture ; whereas if inthcdeclenfion
of this difcafe he lie down, and continue
loDg^ in this poftute, it is a vtty good
fign. »
When A fick horfe turns up the whites of
his eyes, you may conclude that he is in
pain, and that his difeafe is of long conti-
Auance'i
From thefe figns, you may conjefture in
general, that your horfe is fick, and after-
wards you mud endeavour to difcover his
particular diftemper, that you may be able
to apply fuitable remedies ;. for a difeafe that
is known, is half cured.
But to be more particular : heavlnefs of
the countenance, extreme loofenefs, or cof-
tivencfs, Ihortnefs of breath, loathing of
me^t, a rotten cough, flownefs of pace,
hollownefs of flanks, hanging down of ears,
fcff. but efpecially if an horfe, who before
was ufually of a chearful countenance, hangs
down his head, it is a fign of a fever, head-
ach, the daggers, or fore eyes.
S I G
If he turns his head backward on the
right fide, to the part iaggricvcd, itiiidi-»
cates an obdrudion in the liver, but if
down CO his belly, of the cholic, bots, or
worms.
If water run out of his mouth, it is a
fign of the daggers, or wet-cough.
The hoilownefsof a horfe's tennples, is a:
fign either of the drangles, or old age.
A fwelling about the'ears indicates the
poll-evil ) if it be under them, it is afiga
of the vives ; and in the mouth, of the can^-
ker, flaps, or tampers.
If he have a dinking breath, or foul mat*
ter iflTues from his nodrils, it is an indica-
tion that he has an ulcer in his noie or head;
if the matter be black, it is a fign of the
mourning of the chine, or the libc i and if
white, of the glanders ; if yellow, ttfiiews
a confumption of the liver, and rottennefs
of the lungs.
If his breath or body be hot, they indi-
cate a fever and heat of the domach ; when
a horfe's tongue hangs out and is fwelled,
it indicates the drongcr that his liver is in-
flamed ; if befides he forfakes his meat,,
that he has either the dry or moid yel-
lows,
Shortnefs of breath, and beating of the
flanks, indicate a fever, or the drangles ;
but if the paflfage of his throat be dopped,
it is a fign that the film of the lungs is
broken and the fpleen is troubled, or elfe-
that he is broken winded.
If a horfe eats and drinks little, it is a
fign of a cold livers but if he covets to
drink much, and eats a little, it is either a
fign of a fever, rotton lungs, heat in the
domach, heat in the liver, or the dry yel-
lows.
If there be a* fwelling under his throat, it
is an indication of the glanders : if about.
the roots of the tongue, of the drangles ;
but if there be nothing but little knobs,,
like wax kernels, they indicate no more
than that he has a cold.
Coughing, or an offering to cough, is a^
fign of the glanders, or a wet or dry cough,
or*
S I G
©f a confumption^ or foundering of flie
body.
If a horfe be fcabby, and ulcerous all
over his bodyy and about the neck^ it is a
plain indication that he has the mange ; an
ulcer full of knots, creeping about the
veins, Ihews the farcy : if it fpread abroad
only in one place, it is a canker ; when
hollow and crooked, a fiftula ; but if it be
a fpongy wart, full of blood, it is an an-
A fwelling on the left Gde, is an indica-
tion of a iick fpleen 5 in the flank, of a
cholic ; but if in the belly and legs, of the
dropfy.
The hoUownefs of the back is an indica-
tion of the dry malady of the dropfy.
Staring of the hair indicates a bad
fiomaf h or a foundering in the body ;
but generally a cold, or want of cloath-
Leannefs and gauntnefs, indicate him to
be hide-bound, in a confumption, that he is
.troubled with a dry malady, inflammation
of the liver, foundering in the body, worms,
cholic or the yellows.
. Staling with pain, (hews foundering in
the body, the ftonc or wind cholic ; and if
his urine be blacki(h and thick, a pain
in the kidniesi but if yellow their glan-
ders.
Trembling is an indication of a ftver, or
of foundering in the body; and if a horfe
trembles after drinking, it Ihows he has an
ague fit upon him, and he will afterwards
glow, and fometimes he will fwcat after
wards.
Laxativenefs, or loofcnefs of body, is an
indication of the heat of the liver -, and on
the contrary, coflivenefs indicates the dry
yellows, or dtfeafes of the gall.
If a horfe ftrikes at his belly with his foot,
it is a fign of the cholic -, but if in ftriking
he fifks his tail alfoi then either bots or
worms are indicated.
If a horfe lie much on his left fide, it is
a fign of the fpleen -, and if on the right
fide, of the heat of the liver ; and if he be
rcftlefs, it is probable it may be caufed by
bots and worms^ cholic or griping in che
S I G
belly J but if he fpreads hi(¥)felf abroad^ it
indicates the dropfy ; and if he groans wheii^
he is down, it betokens a fick fpleen, moift
yellows, bocs, or film broken ; but if he is
not able to rife when he ts down, it is a figa
either of a mortal weaknefs, or foundering;
in che body and legs.
Signs may alfo be taken from the urine
of a horfe ; thefe according to fome authors,
are accounted not fo material and certain
as thofe from the dung are, yet others
again fay, they are more certain. And
That if a horfe in his ficknefs flales rlear,
and it being faved and fet by, there be no
fedimcnt in it, it is an indication of a grow-
ing di (temper : but if the urine turn of a
reddilh or yellowiOi colour, and has either
a cloud fwimming in it, that is not black or
earthy, and a fediment falling to the bot^
torn, and begins to have a rank fmell, it
ihews that the difeafe is beginning to break ;
but if the cloud be of an earthy or black
colour, cohering in a body without parting,
it is a fign that the difeafe will prove mor-
tal.
Again, if a horle's urine be different at
different times, fometimes giving indica-
tions of foundnefs, and at other times of
ficknefs, it then intimates there is a malig-
nity of the difeafe, proceeding from an ia^
equality of the compofition of the blood,
which alio caufes an inequality in iCs mo-
tion.
Urine of a yellowilh colour, rather thick
than thin, of a ftrong fmell, and piercing
quality, is reckoned healthful, found, and
good ; but, on the contrary, if it be of a
deep red tindure, either like or inclining
to bloodj then the horfe has cither had too
great heats, by being over ridden, or ridden
too early after winter grafs.
If a horfe's urine be of a high colours
clear and tranfparent, like old March beer,
it is a fign there is an inflammation in his
body, and he has taken a furfeit > if it bear
a little cream at the top, it indicates a
weaknefs in the back, or confumption of
the feed -, but a green one is a kind of a
confumption in the body; with bloody
flrokes, is a fign of an ulcer in the kidnies :
and
S I G
mnd one that is black, thick and cloud/,
indicates approaching death.
The dung of a horfe is the bcft difcoverer
of his inward parts : the colour or complec-
cion of which ought to be well obferved,
vhen he is in beft health, and at bed feed*
ing s and as be is found to alter, fo a iudg-
ment is to be made, either of his health or
ficknefs. But to be more particular :
If his dung be clear, crifp, and of a pale
yellowjfh call, hanging together, and not
Separating, more than as it is broke by it's
own weight in falling, and is neither fo thick
nor fo thin, but that it will Bat a little on
the ground, and indeed both in fcent and
fubilance, refemble the ordure of a found
man, then he is clean, well fed, and with-
out imperfeftion*
If again his firil and fecond dung be. well
coloured, yet fall from him in round knots
or pellets, and the red: be good, it is not
much matter ; ^for it is only an indication
that he has eaten hay lately, and that will
always come away Brd ; but if all his dung
be alike, then it is a fign of foul feeding,
and that he has eaten either too much hay,
or too much litter, and too little corn.
When his dung is in round pellets, and
blackifli or brown, it is a fign of inward
heat in the bodys if it be greafy, of foul-
nefs, and that the greafe is melted but can-
not come away.
If he voids greafe in grofs fubdance with
his dung, and it is white and clear, and
comes away kindly, he is in no danger ;.but,
on the contrary, if it be yellow or putri-
fied, then it is a fign that the greafe has
lain long in his body, and, if not prevented^
that ficknefs will enfue.
Again ; if the dung be ftrong and hard,
it indicates that he has had too drong heats,
and that he will afterwards be codive, if
it be not prevented -, if it be pale and loofe>
it indicates either inward coldnefs of body^
or too much moid and cofrupt feedings
but if the dung is dinking, it /hews the
heat of the liver : but on the contrary, if it
have no fmell, the coldnefs of the liver i
but if it be iodigcded then it is an indica-
S I G
tion either of a confumption^ profz dtf
malady.
Signs may alfo be taken from the pulfc
of a horfe, which may be very plainly felt
upon his temples, and fore- legs ; but as that
method has not yet obtained, among tho
experienced in that way, I fhall pafs it
over.
But notwithdanding what has been faid,
in a more particular manner, as to the
figns of ficknefs in horfes, it ought to be
obferved in general, that it is a very diffi-
cult taik to arrive at any certain knowledge
of the difeafes of brute beads, and therefore
it ought not to be wondered at, that even
farriers themfclves are often midakcn, as
to the figns, becaufc they can only judge
by outward appearances i and efpecially be-
caufc there are many difeafes, that have the
fame common fymptoms j and although, a
perfon may, by them be aflTured that a horfe
has a fever, or a drangury, yet he caa
fcarcely at the fame time, be certain,
without a very nice examination, whether
he may not have an inflammation in the
pleura, or in his kidnies ; for the figns that
thefe animals ufually give in the affedtions
of particular parts, is their turning their
heads towards that part, and indeed that
is not always to be depended on ; for a;
horfe may turn his head to the right fide of
his belly, and thereby a perfon may be
midaken in fuppofing that didemper to bo
a difeafcd liver, as the hoife often gives the
fame Ggn in the cholic.
SIDE -, to ride a horfe fide* ways, is to
paflage him, to make him go upon two
treads, one of which is marked by
his ihoulders, and the other by hi^
haunches.
SIDE-LAYS [with Hunters] dogs fet \a
the way to let flip at a deer as he paflfes
by.
SIGUETTE ; is a cavefiiba with teeth
or notches, that is a femi- circle of hollow
and vaulted iron, with teeth like a faw,
confiding of two or three pieces joined with
hinges, and mounted with a head-dall> and
two ropes, as if they were th«caveffon shat
#
^
* ,
SIN
fff former times were wont to be put upon
the nore of a fiery, ftifF-headccl horfe, in
order to keep him in (ubjcdlion.
There is a fort of figuctte, that is a round
iron, all of one piece, fewcd under the
nofc-band of the bridle, that it may not be
in view,
SINEW, to unGnew a horfe, is to cut
the tendons on thie fide of his head.
A horfe isfaid to be finew Ihrunk when
he is over-rid, and fo borne down with fa-
tigue, that he becomes gaunt-bellied,
through a ftifFnefs and contraftion of the
two finews, that are under his belly*
SINEW SPRUNG, is a violent attaint, or
over-reach, in which a horfe ftrikes his toe,
or hinder-feet, agJtinft the finew of the fore-
leg-
For cramps or convulfions in the (inews :
thefe are violent contraftions, or drawings
together of the limbs, either throughout
the whole body, ot particularly in oi^ie limb
or member ; and proceed from caufes either
natural, or accidental; if from natural
caufes, they proceed cither from too great
fuJncfs or emptinefs.
When they proceed from fulnefs, they
arecaufcd by a furfeit, cither in eating or
drinking, or thfe want, of proper evacua-
tion.
When from emptinefs, they proceed from
too frequent, and too plentiful blood-let-
tings, or too much and violent purgings,
or too hard labour i all which fill the hol-
lownefs of the finews with cold, windy va-
pour, which are the only great caufes of
convulfions.
If they proceed from accidental caufes,
then it is either from fome wound received,
where a finew has been but half cut afun-
der, or only pricked, which prefently
caufes a convulGonall over the body.
The figns of the diftemper are, the horfe
will carry his neck ftiff, and will not be
able toftir it; his back will rife up like
the back of a camel or like a bended bow;
his crupper will ftirink inward, his fore-legs
will ftand clofe together, and his belly will
be clung up to his back*bone; when ht
.lies down he will not be able to rife, efpc-
S I T
cially from the weaknefs of his hinder
limbs.
The cure. Firft fweat him, cither hj
burying in a horfe dunghill, or clfc by
applying hot blankets double^, abbut each
fide of his heart, and body j then after his
fweat, anoint his body all over with oil of
Pttroleumj for that is «iuch better thaii oil
of* bay, or oil of cyprefs.
Then give him to drink the following li-
quor: .
Take one dram of aflTa foetida, with
annifeeds, feeds of fenugreek, and cummin
feeds, of each half an ounce; put thefe
into a quatt of ftrong white wine, and add
to them three or four large fpoonfufs of
olive oil, taking care: to 'keep him warm
after the drink, and to feed him with good'
bean, bread, and warm mafhes, made of
malt, ground, a4id warm water; and this
will, m a little time, reduce his finews ito
their former ability.
But if the convulfion came accidentaHy^
as by the prick, or half cut of a finew, then
fearch for the wounded finew, and, with
a pair of Iheers, clip it afunder, and the"
convulfion will ceafe.
But if it be only a cramp, and but in
one limb, riien rub or chafe the grieved
part with a hard wifp, or hay-rope, and
the pain will ceafe.
- SINGLE [with Hunters] the tail of a^
roe-buck, or any other deer.
SIT- FAST, 1 a malady in a horfe,
STICK-FAST,] being an hard knob,'
even as hard as a horn, that grows on a
horfe's flcin, under the faddle, faft to his
flefli, which comes by a faddle-gall, or
bruife; which not impofthumating, the
flcin falls down, and looks like a hard piece
of leather.
The method of curing it, is to take a
long nail, with a point turned inwards, and
with that, to take hold of the edge of the
dead Ikin or horn, which will rife from the
found flcin, and with a ftiarp knife, cut
away the dead and hard flcin from the found
flefli J and to heal it up, by pouring hot
'butter into it morning and evening, and-
when the flefli is made even, dry and fldn
it.
S K T
tCt eichier with the powder of honey and
lime, or with foot aad cream mixed toge*
tber» or wafh the wound either with urine
or white wine, and dry it up with the pow-
der of oyfter-ihells burnt, or bole armo-
niac.
SKITTISH Horse ; is one that leaps
inftead c^f going forward, and does not: fet
out or part from the hand freely, nor em-
{Joy himfelf as he ought to do.
SKY-LARK : there is a great difference
between one fky-lark and another, for one
may not be worth two-pence, when ano-
ther (hall be worth two pounds.
This bird is very hardy, and will live
upon any food in a manner, fo that he have
but once a week a turf of three-leaved
grafs.
' This bird is later than the wood-lark by
ftlmoft two months, for as the wood-lark
^th young ones in Marcbj the iky-lark»
{iftth rarely any till the middle of Mfy«
But though in winter we fee great flocks
of .theie birds, ytt wc find the feweft of
chtir nefta of any birds> that are known
to be fo plentiful.
Tiuy conmiooly build in corn, or high
Jrrtfs mcadowst and have ufually three or
our in a oeft, rarely, if ever^ exceeding
fluit Aun^er,
The young may be taken at a fortnight
old, and will be brought up almoft with
any meat ; but if tbey have at firft fheep's
heart, and egg chopped together, till they
be about three week's old, or till they will
feed then^fdves, it will not be amifs ; and
when they come to feed themfelves, give
thepi Oat^nrreal, hemp-feed, and bread,
mingled together with a little egg, but let
the hemp-feed be bruifcd ; but you muft be
fure at firil to chxife fuch feed a& have good
iweet kernels, or it will do them no
good.
Bbing brought up young, thefe birds
;m0y be trained to any thing, but you muft
,be Aire to ^ive them fand at the bottom of
dbheircage, and to. let them have a freflk
turf every week 5 but they muft have no
,|icrches in their cagds, as the w'ood^lark,
Jbdr thefe are fieUl birdsL ....
5KT
Now as to the manner of faking an old
(ky-lark, it may be done with an hobby
and nets, as the wood -lark is catchcd. See
Wood- Lark.
But there are alfo other ways for it in
dark nights with a trammel net, of thirty*
fix yards long, and fix yards over, run
through with fix ribs of packthread, which
ribs at the ends are put upon two poles,
fixteeen feet long, nriade lefler at each
end, and fo drawn between two men,, half
a yard from the ground tytry fix fteps,
touching the ground to.caufe the birds to
fly up, otherwife the net may be carried
over them, without difturbirg them; fo
when you hear them fly agaihft the net,
clap it down, and they are fafe under it.
This net will not only take flcy-larks,
but all other forts of birds that come near,
fuch as partridges, quails, woodcocks,
fnipes, fieldfares, iSc\ and almoft in every
dark night.
Another way of taking them, is with a
pair of day nets, and a glafs, which is fine
(port in a clear frofty morning; thefe nets
arc commonly feven feet deep, and fifteen
long* knit with French meih, and ytry fine
thread 5 thefe nets take all forts of birds
that come within their compafs.
Thefelarks are alio taken with alow bell,
with a great light carried in a tub, both by
one man, and the net by another, or the
bell is carried by one man, as alfo the tub
and candles, and the net by another ; and
the light and thefe little bells together,
fo amazes the birds, that they lie for dead,
and fo the net is tofied over them.
This method of birding has a great con-
venicncy beyond the trammel net} for with
the bell the fowlers can go among the
bullies, by rivers, and fliaw-fides, where
the fnipes and woodcocka commonly lie,
and it is a fure way of taking a covey of
partridges.
The laft way of taking larks, h in a great
foow, by taking an hundred, or two hun-
dred yards of packthread, fattening at every
iix inches a noofc made of horfe-hair, two
hairs are fufiicient, if they be twiftcd to-
gether I the niore line the better, becaule
3 1 it
S LI
It will reach the greater length, and of coh-
fequence afFord the more fporc.
Then at every twenty yards you mufl:
have a little ftick to thruft into the ground,
and fo go on till it be all fct •, when you
have done this, fcatter fonnc white oats
among the noofcs^ from one end to the
other, and you will find the larks flock
thither J when three or four arc taken, take
them out, or elfc they will make the others
fly i and when you are at one end, they will
be at the other end feeding j fo that you
peed not fear fearing them away, for it
makes them more eager at their food.
If the fnow fall not till after Cbrijimas^
thcfe birds fcldom or never prove good for
finglng; as for thofe you intend to keep for
finging, take them in OStobtVy and then
they will Gng a little after Chrijimas.
Of thofc chufc out the ftraighteft, largeft
bird, and he that has the moft white upon
his tail, for thefe are the mod: ufual marks
efa cock.
As for a cage, yon mirft let it be a large
ene, with a di(h in the middle of it, or at
one end, and put alfo fomc water, when
you place the turf in it, for the water caufes
the turf to grow in the cage. '
If you find him wild, tie his wings for
two or three weeks, till he becomes both
acquainted and tame ;. as foon as you per*-
ceive him pretty orderly, untie his wings,
ftill letting him hang at the fame place
that he did.
This old bird's food mud be henrp feed,
bread,, and a few white oats, for he takes
great delight in huflking the oatSf and
wlien he begins to fing, give him once a
week a hard egg, or Ihred him a little
boiled mutton, or veal, or (beep's heart ;
but you muft not give him, or any other
bird, any fait meat, nor. bread that is any
thing faltw
SLABBERING-BIT. See Mastica-
DOUR.
. SLACK A Leo, is faid of a horfe, when
he trips or (tumbles.
SLACK THE Hand, is to flack the bri-
dle, oi give the horfe head.
SLIMING [in Falconry] ^ ternt ufed of
SNA
a hawk, muting long-ways In a;i entire fub*
ftance without dropping any thing.
SLOT [with Huncersl the view or print
of a (lag's foot in the ground.
SLOUGHT [Huntingterm | a herd, or
company of fomc fort of wild beafts, as a
flought of bears.
SLOUTH HOUND, 1 a dog fo called
SLUTH HOUN D, ] in ScoilandSotne^
what larger than a rache, and in colour^
for the moft part, brown or fandy, fpotted.
Thefe animals are endowed with fo exqui-
(iteafenfeoffmelling,thattheywillfollowthe
foot-fteps of thieves, and purfue them with
violence, till they overtake them; nay
though a thief (hould take the water^, they
will follow him, and never be quiet, till
they have got what they feck for; for it
was a common cuftomin the borders of
England and Scctland^ where the people
were ufed to live much upon theft, that if
fuch a dog brought his leader to any houl^^
where entrance was denied them, then
they took it for granted, that both the
ftolen goods and the thief alfo^ were
therein.
SNAFFLE, after the £»//(/£ faihion, is
a very flender bitt-mouth, without any
branches: the Englijb make much ufe of
them, and fcarce ufe any true bridle89 buc
in the fervice of war.
SNAFFLE, OR Small-waterting Bittj
is commonly a fcatch-mouth accounted^
with two very little ftraight branches, and
a curb, mounted with a head-ftall, and
two long reins of Hungary leather.
SNAKES AWD Add£rs. To dnve them
from the garden plarrt wormwood in va*
rious parts of it, and they will not come
near it.
Or, fmoak the place with hart (horn, or
lily roots, burnt in^a fire-pan, and they
will fly from the place.
Or, old' (hoes burnt^ or other (linking
fluff,, will drive them awayi or afli-tree
boughs^ while green Uavea are on them^
laid about your ground, will havethe fame
cffea.
Or ,^ take a handful of onions, and tea
river crab fiflij beat them well togetheis
and
S N I
ami lay it in the place where they tomt^
and you may kill many of them toge-
ther.
SNAP. Snap-Angli}io is with two large
hooks tied back to back> and one fmallcr
tofixyourbait on. Your tackle muft be very
ftrong, and your line not quite fo long as
your roc}^ with a large cork float, leaded
cnaugh to make it fwim upright. Your
bait muO: not be above four inches long.
As foon as ever you perceive the cork to
be drawn under water, ftrike very ftrongly
without giving the filh time, otherwife he
-will throw the bait out of his mouth.
When you find he is hooked, maftcr him
as foon as you can, and with your landing-
oet under him get him out of the water.
Some prefer a double fpring hook, and put
the bait on by thrufting the wire into the
middle of its fide and through its mouih,
fewing up the mouth afterwards. See An-
. SNARE I a trap or gin to catch beads,
birds, i^c. among fiihermen, a wire-gin,
ftalKnet, or wile.
SNET [Hunting-term]thc fat of all forts
of deer.
SNIGGLING OR Brogqlinjq for eels,
is another remarkable method of taking
them, and is only to be pradtifed on a warm
day when the waters are low. This re-
quires a (Irong line of filk, and a fmall hook
baited with a lob-worm. Put the line into
the cleft of a (lick, about a foot and a half
from the bait, and then ihruft it into fuch.
holes and places before-mentioned where
he is fuppofcd to lurk; and if there be one
there, it is great odds but he takes your
bait. Some put that part ot the line next
the hook into the cleft ; but however that
be, it muft be fo contrived that the line
may be difengaged from the ftick, without
checking the eel when he takes the bait.
When he has fwallowed it, he is not to be
4rawn out haftily, but after he is pretty
well tired with pulling, and then you will
ijiake him more fecurc.
\ N. JB* When you broggle under a bridge
with a boat, take care it does not ftrike
S N O
againft.the bridge, nor difturb the water;
cither of which will drive them into their
holes fo far, that they will fcarcely ever
bice. The heft and largeftecls are caught
in the Merfey by this method.
SNIPES i in order to take fnipcs, take
a large number of birchen twigs, as fifty or
fixty, or more, at your pleafure, and lime
them very well together.
Having done this go in fearch after fuch
places, where fnipes do ufually frequent,
which may be known by their dung.
They will lie very thick in thofc places,
where the water lies open in hard, frofty,
or fnowy weather; and having taken notice
of the place where they moftly feed, fct
what number of your twigs you pleafe, at a
yard diftance one from another, and fee them
floping, fome one way and fomc another ;
then retire to a convenient diftance from
the place, and you will find there will be
fcarce one fnipe in ten will mifs the lime
twigs, by rcafon that they fpread their
wings, and fetch a round clofc to the
ground, before they alight.
When you fee any taken, do not ftir at
firit, for he will feed with the twigs under
his wings, and as others come over the
place, he will be a means to entice them
down to him.
When you fee the coaft clear, and that
there are not many that are not taken, you
may then take them up, fattening one or.
two of them, that the others flying over,
may alight at the fame place.
If there be any other open place, near to
that where you have planted your twigs,
you muft beat them up : the rcafon why
they delight to haunt open places, and
where fprings run with a gentle ftrcam, is
becaufc they cannot feed, by reafon of
their bills, in places that are hard and fto-
ny, and about thefe plafties in fnowy wea*
ther, they very much refort.
SNORT J is a certain found, that a horfe,
full of fire, breathes through his noftrils,
and founds as if hf had a mind to expel
fomething that is in his nofe, and hindrcd
him from taking breath.
3 I ^ The
V
SOL
The noife, or founds is performed by
the means of a cartilage within the no«
ftrils.
Horfes of much mettle, fnort when you
ofTcrj to hold them in.
To SOAR ; to fly high as feme birds do.
SOAR-AGE I in Falconry] a term ufed
ef hawks, to fignify the firft year of their
age- ' .
SOAR-HAWK ; is a hawk fo called
from the firfl taking her from the eyrie,
lill (he has mewed, or caft her feathers :
thefe as well as the branchers, are to be di-
ligently taught, and the falconer muft bring
them off from their ill cuftom of carrying,
by giving them large trains, by which
means they will learn to abide on the
quarry. See the article Sparrow-Hawk.
soldier's Ointment i a medicine for
a horfe that is fhoulder-fplaited, which you
may prepare after the following manner:
Take twelve ounces of frcfh bay-leaves,
ten ounces of rue, four ounces of mint -,
fage; wormwood, rofemary, and bafil, of
each two ounces j five pounds of olive oil,
one pound of yellow wax, and half a pound
q^ Malaga winej bruifc all the leaves, and
boil the whole to the confiftence of an oint*
ment, and keep it for ufe.
SOLE OF A HoRS£ ; is a fort of a horn,
that is much tenderer than the other horn
that encompaiTes the foot, and by reafon
*of its hardncfs^ is properly called the horn
or hoof.
To TAKE OUT THE SOLE; IS tO do It
without touching the horn of the hoof, for
if you take off the horn, you make a hoof
call.
Thefole is taken out for fevcral infir-
nnities,. and a horfe that has been unfoled,.
will recover in a month's time.
The fole ought to be thick and (Irong,
and the whole lower part of the foot, where
che fhoe. is placed, hollow; when a fhoe is
right fet, it (hould not at all reft upon the
foTe, and but very feldogi touch it.
Crowned SOLE; is when the foot is
fliaped like the back part of an oyfter-lhell,
and the fole higher than the hoofs fo that
M
SOU
the whole foot is quite filled up <yn the
lower part.
High SOLED ; a horfe is faid to be £oy
whofefolcis round underneath, fo that it;
is higher than the hoof, which: oftentimes
makes a horfe halt, and hinders the (hoeing^
of him, unlefs the flioe be vaulted.
The rtioe of a horfe ought to be fo fet
upon the hoof, as not to bear upon thefole ;
for otherwife the fole would be hurt, and
not only make the horfe lame, but corrupt
the flclh that fcparates it from the coffirr
bone.
SORE [with Hunters] a male deer front
four years old.
SORING [with Sportfmen] the footing
of a hare in open fields ; for then the huntf^
men fay (he fores,
SORRANCES; maladies incrdcnt ta
horfes, and arc accounted twofold, as either
an evil ftate or compofition of a horfe V
body, which is to. be difcerned. cither by^
the (hape, number, quantity or fight of the
member difeafed; or it is tfce loofcning^
and divifion of aa unity, which, as it majr
change diverfely, fo it has divers names ac-
cordingly; for if fuch a loofcoing and di-
vifion be in the bone, then it is> called st
frafture, if in any flefliy part, a wound or
ulcer; if in the veins, a rupture; if in the
fiiiews, a convulfion or cranip ; if in the
Ikin. an excoriation. For the cure^ See Wa*
TER far SORRANCES.
SORREL ; is a rcddifh colour, with-
which the mane ought to be red or white ;
it is diftinguifhed according to the degrees
of its deepnefs^ into a burnt forreli and a*.
bright or light forrel ;. but, general!)^
fpcaking, it is the fign of a good horfe.
SOUND ; a horfe is fuch, that does not
halt.
When a jockey fells a horfe, he warrants-
him found, hot or cold ;. that is, that he^
does not halt, neither when you mount him>,
nor when he is heated, nor yet after alight-
ing, when he (lands and cods.
SOUND, 7 [with Hunters] a temv
SOUNDER, ^ufed for an herd, or com^
pany of wild hogs, boars, or fwine.
SOURISs
S P A
SOtTRISi is a cartilage in the noftrils of
» horfe^ by the means ot which he fnorts.
See Skort.
SPADE; a gelded beaft, alfo a deer of
three years old.
SPANIEL; there are two forts of dogs
which ncceffarily ferve for fowling ; the firft
.findeth the game on the land and the other
on the water. See Watek-Spaniel, Dog,
fc?r.
Such fpanicls as delight on the land,
play their parts either by fwiftnefs of foot,
or by often quefting to fearch out and to
^ring the bird for further hope of reward,
or elle by fome ftcret fign and privy token
rfifcover the place where they fall.
The firft kind of fuch fcrve the hawk,
the fecond the net or trains
Thefirft kind have no peculiar nanoes af-
figned thenx, except they are named after
the bird, which by natural appointment he
h allotted to take> upon which account
fonoc are called dogs for the falcon, the
pheafant, the partridge, and the like: they
arc commonly called by one ris^me, vizs
i^aniels, as if they originally came from
Jfpmn.
' The fpaniel requifite for fowling on the
water partly by natural inclination, and
partly by diligent teaching, is properly
called a water fpaniel, bccaufehe has ufual
recourfc to the water, where all his game
lies, namely, water-fowl, which are taken
by their help in their kind.
His fize is fomewhat large, but not ex-
traordinary, having long, rough, and curled
hair, which muft be dipt at proper times, I
for by leffening the fuperfluity of his hair,
they become more light and fwift, and are
Itefs hindered in fwimming.
■ The principal game of thcfe dogs are
ducks and drakes, whence he is called' a
duck-dog, or dog for a duck, becaufe his
excellency lies in that fport. 5^^ Worms
ijf Docs bow td cure.
the Viftemper of SfanieJs.
The mange is a capital enemy to the
q*uiet and beauty of a good' fpaniel, which
• *
'S F A
not only torments them, but frequently af^
fcfts others.
For the cure : take a pound of barrow-
flick, three ounces of common oil, four
ounces of brimftone well powdered, two
ounces of fait well powdered, and the fame*
quantity of \voo(l-a(hes well fifted and
fearfed ; boil all thcfe in a kettle, or earthen
pot, and when they are all well incorf>o-
rated together, anoint the fpaniel there-
with three times every other day, either ia
the fun, or before the' fire -, then wa(h him
all over with good ftrong lee, and this will
kill the mange.
But do not forget to ihift his litter and
kennel often.
If the fpaniel lofeS' his hair, as it often
happens, then bathe him in the water of
hipincs and hops,, and anoint him with dale
and barrow- flick.
This ointment, befidcs the cure, will
make his fkin look flcek and beautiful, and
kills the fleas, that are difquietersof dogs,,
and enemies to their eafe.
If this be not Rrong enough to root out
this malady, then take two quarts of ftrong
vinegar, common oil fix ounces, brimftone
three ounces, foot fix ounces, twohandsful.
of fait pounded, and fifted fine ; boil all
thefe together in the vinegar, and anoint
the dog as before direfted.
But this medicine muft not be ufed in
cold weathers for it may then endanger the
dog's life.
But if the fpaniel be not extremely af-
flifted with the mange, then he may be-
cafily cured as follows :
Make bread with wheaten bran, with the
roots, leaves, and fruit of agrimony well
pounded in a mortar, and made into a paftc-
or dough, and then baked in an oven ^-give .
this to the dog, and let him have no other
bread for fome time, letting him eat as
much and as long as you will.
The formica is alio a fcurvy malady,
which very much affefts a fpaniel's ears, and
is caufed by flies, and their own fcratching
with their feet;
In order to the cure infufc gum traga-
canth four ounces, in the ftrongeft vine-
gar
SP A
gar you can get, for the fpace of a week,
and afterwards grind it on a marble (lone,
as painters do their colours, adding to
i; roach- allum, and galls reduced to pow-
der, of each two ounces ; mingle all thefe
together, and lay them on the part affect-
ed.
For a Swelling in the Throat of Spaniels.
By reafon of a humour diftilling from the
brain, the throat of a fpaniel will often
fwell unrcafonably.
In order to a cure, anoint the part ag-
grieved with oil of camomile, then wafli it
with vinegar, mixed with fait, .but not too
ftrong.
To help a SfanieJ that has loft bis Senfe of
Smelling.
Spaniels do fometimes lofe their fenfe of
fmelling, by reafon of reft and greafc,
fo that ihcy will not be able to fpring
or retrieve a fowl after their ufual
manner.
In order to recover it again, take
agaric two drams, fal gemma one
fcruple, beat thefe into j.owder, and
mix them well with oxyn>cl, making
a pill as big as a nut, cover it with
butter, and give it the dog either by
fair means or foul.
This will bring him to a quick fcent, as
luis been often experienced.
TJ^e Benefit of cutting of the Tip of the SpanieVs
7 ail or Stern.
It is ncccffary that this be done when he
is a whelp, for feveral reafons : firft, by fo
doing worms are prevented from breeding
there ; and in the next place, if it be not
cut he will be lefs forward in preffing haftily
into the coverts after his ganie, and be/ides
it will make the dog appear more beauti-
ful.
2"(? SPARE A Cock, in the general, fig-
nifics to breathe him.
SPARING, [with Cock-fighters] a term
SPA
^ ufed to fignlfy the fighting of a iK>ck with
another to breathe him, in which fights
they put hots on their fpurs, that they may
not hurt one another.
SPARROW, afmall bird, dwelling in
houfes, and frequenting barn doors and
the like places for food s but upon the
'gathering in of the corn-harveft,.thcy retire
into the fields for their fufteirance, and if
any thing remote from their ufual places of
abode,, will in the night take up their lodg->
ings or rooft in the neighbouring hedges,
and wiien no more food is left, or that it
grows fcanty in the fields, they return to
their former habitations : there are many
devices found out to catch fparrows, and
among tlje reft, that called the fparrow-net
is u(ed after fun-fet and before fun-rifing,
being the time when thefe birds are atrOoft*
See Plate XIIL
The fparrow-net is thus made; firft have
a long polc^ much like a hawk's pole, and
there muft be faftened ftrongly at the upper
end^ either withone^ two or more grains,
a fmall fquare crofs piece of wood, like
unto the head of an ordinary hay-rake, but
much larger for length and fize, and of a
little longer fquare, according to the figure*
See the Plate.
Then take another ftafi^ like unto thi^,
but riot above oac-third in length, and join
it to the longeft with a ftrong cord, fb
loofcly that it may fall at pleafure to and
fro from the longer crofs-ftafi^, and when
both the crofs<'ftaves meet together, they
may be both of equal length and height^,
and join together without any difference,
for othcrwifc they will prove ineffcdtual.
See the form of the fecond crofs ftaff.
The two crofs-ftaves being joined in this
manner, fit to meet together, fix both to
the one and the other a large and wide
purfe-net, having this liberty at the top, that
the crofs-ftaves may fall, and part the one
from the other a pretty diftance ; and the-
lower end of the net muft be ftraight and
narrow, and made faft to the fame hole in
the lower crofs-ftaflF, to which the fhorter
crofs-ftaff" before was fattened : then take
two fmall ,cords or Jines, which m^ft be
fdftcncd
.*• '
\
PJt-l--
\
» -*
• c ■> J
V
r "^ f
4^\^>'
S R A
h^ntd wich knots to each of the (horter*
crofs-ftavesi paffing through the two holes,
and fo through the holes of the lower crofs-
ftaff, through which they may go and come
at pleafurcj and then (hall the two ends of
the wards be tied on a knot together, at
fuch an even diftance, that. the (horter ftaff*
may fall at pleafure from the lower as far as
is convenient, or the widencis of the net
permits s and then another (ingle ward be-
ing made fad to the laft knot of the two
cords, (which fingle ward always earry in
your right hand) draw the crofs-ftaves clofe
together, and clofe up the net as you find
occalion ; and make with it the ftaves and
net to By open and widen, as the place re-
quires where you are about to fet it : here
i& the form and manner of the fparrow-nets
as is fixed together. See the Plate.
This fparrow-net is to be ufed early in the
morning or late at night, as already noted,
and nmft be fet or fixed againft the eaves of
houfes, barn^, ' dove-houfes, and fuch like
places ; as alfo againft ftacks of corn or hay 5
and if they were thatched it would be bet-
ter } and being fet clofe againft them, to
knock and thru ft the crofs-ftaves clofcagainft
the fame, making a noife to force them to
fly out into the net, and immediately draw
the long fingle line and (hut up the crofs-
ftaves clofe, and fo take the birds out.
HEDGE-SPARROW; this is not fo
defpicable a bird as fome imagine, for if you
will mind it*s fong, you will find very de-
lightful notes; and it fings early in the
fpring with great variety.
Old or young become tame very quickly,
and will (ing in^ a Ihort time after chey are
taken, if they have been taken at the latter
end of January^ or beginning of February :
they will feed almoft on any thing you can
give them.
They commonly build in a white thorn,
or private hedge, laying eggs much, dif-
ferent from other birds, being of a very fine
blue colour.
This bird is traftable, and will take any
bird's fong almoft, if taken out of the
neft.
SPARROW-HAWKS arc of fcveral
l(indS) and of different plumes.
S R A
SPAVIN, adifeafeamong'horfes, which
is a fwelling or ftifFnefs in the hams, which
caufes them to halt, and is either the blood-
fpavin, which is a Toft fwelling growing-
through the hoof ofa'horfc, and is com-
monly full of blood, and is bigger on the
infide, being fed by the mallcr-vcin, which-
makes it larger than the fwelling on the
outfide.
It runs on the infide of the hoof down to
thepaftern.
This malady proceeds from a corruption
of the blood, caufcd by hard riding when
the hoof is young and tender, which by
over-heating it, renders it thin and flexible,
fo that the humour defcending^ lodges in
the hoofy makes the joint ftiff, and caufes
the horfe to go with great pain and difii*
culty.
As foon as you perceive the tumoxir,
bathe it with hot vinegar, and apply a tight
bandage round the part ; and this method
will in general be fufficient to reduce the
vein to its original fize, and confequently
to cure the difeafe. But if this method
fhould not fucceed, you muft make an in-
cifion in the ficin, lay the vein bare, and
tie it both above and below the fwelling
by means of a needle and waxed thread..
When you have performed the operations,
drefs the part daily with a confumptibn of
turpentine, honey, and fpirits of wine.
By this means the turgid part will digeft
away, together with the ligatures, and the
cure be compleated ; or.
Firft fliave the hair away on both fides of
the fwelling, as far as it goes, then take up
the thigh-vein and bleed it well ; when
that is done, the vein above the orifice, and
let it bleed as much as it will ; then mak^
two incifions in the lower part of the fwell-
ing, as far as it goes, and after that prick
two or three holes in each fide of the hoof
where the fpavin is, that fo the medicine
mav take the better cfFeft ; and when the
blood and water have evacuated as much as-
they will do, having beaten together bole
armoniac and the whites of eggs^. bind the
part about with them plaifter-wife, upon
linen cloth,. and make it faft about the hoo^
' to keep on the plaifter ; the day following,
take.
SPA
take it olFand bathe the fore place with
the following :
Boil mallow tops and nettles in water till
they are fofr, and with this bathe the fore ;
then having boiled* together a fufficient
quantity of mallow roots, branck urfine,
oil, wax, and white wine, bind this warm
on the fore, round about the hoof, and few
a cloth round it, and let it lie on three
days more, and every morning ftroke it
down gently with your hand, that the
bloody humour may iflue our, and the
fourth day bathe and wa(h it clean with the
former bath.
Then take gum creana and ftonc pitch,
of each an ounce, and brimftone a quarter of
an ounce, pound them to a very fine pow-
der, and melt them all together on the fire;
and juft before you take them off, add half
ah ounce of ^^»/V^ turpentine, and having
made a plaiftcr, fpread it upon leather and
lay it warm to the place, and round about
the hoof, letting it remain till it fall off of
iifelfi but if it happens to come off too
foon, clap on another of the fame*
This is eftcemed to be the beft method
of cure for this malady.
When this fwelling appears on the in-
ward part of the hoof, the method is to take
up the thigh-vein, and to bleed it from the
nether part of the leg till it will bleed no
longer, and after to give fire to the fpavin
both long-ways and crofs-ways, and then to
apply a reftringent charge to the part.
BoG-SPAVlN; the very nature of the
tumour called the bog-fpavin, points out
f he moft proper method of cure ; for as it
is filled with a gelatinous matter, it is ne-
ceffary to remove it before we can hope for
a cure. Let therefore the tumour be
opened by incifion, and the gelatinous mat*
tcr difcharged. When this is performed,
ifit the wound be dreflcd with doffils dipped
in oil of turpentine, and once in three or
four days a powder compofed of calcined
vitriols allum, and bole, be put into it.
By parfuing this mothod, the bag will
ilough away, and the cure be completed
without leaving any fear. If through the
^pain attending the operation or dreiliAgSy
SPA
tb€ JQint (botild fwell or inflame. It muft
be fomented twice a day, and a poultice
applied over the drefOngs, till it is reduced.
BoNE-SPAVIN, a malady to which
horfes are incident ; it is a great cruft as
hard as a bone, which if let run too long,
will (lick, or rather grow on the infides of
the hoof, .under the joint, near the great
vein, ^and will caufe the horfe to halt very
much.
It comes at the firft like a tender griftl^
which arrives by degrees to this hardnefs^
and may be caused feveral ways, either by
immoderate riding or hard labour, which
diffolving the blood into thin homours, ic
falls down and lodges in the hoof, caufiog
it'firfl: to fwell, and afterwards to grow as
hard as a bone ^ fometimes it is hereditary^,
cither from the fire or the dam.
filiftering and firing are the only remc«
dies that can be relied on in this diforder.-
And when a fulnefs on the fore pare of the
hock, comes on after hard riding, or any-
other violence, which threatens a fpavia*
the part (hould.be bathed with coolers and
repellers. In young horfes milder medicines
Ihoule be applied, as they will io a ihocx
time, wear the tumour down by degrces^-
which will be much better, than to remove
it at once by more fevere methods^ wbickr
too often have a very bad effedt on youo^
creatures, and produce worfe confequences
than thofe they were intended to renxive*
But in full grown horfes blifterihg is al>»
folutely neceflfary i and accordingly various
authors have given prefcriptions for com--
pounding a medicine tha( will anfwer the
intention. I fhall not however enumerate
them here, as the bliflering ointment, witb
the addition of one dram of fublimate, is
the beft yet known, and has often been ufc<l
with the greateft fuccefs.
When bliftcring is ufed, the following
ointment and method are well adapted to.
fucceed.
BHJltring Ointment.
Take of the ftronger blue ointmeot^
three ounces ; x^iJFlandirs oil of bays^ one
ounce I.
SPA
ounce ; cantharldes three drams, fublimate
onedram, mix them well together; or.
Take cantharides,euphorbium, and fub-
limate, of each one dram ^ Flanders oil of
bays, one ounce ; mixed.
Before it is applied the hair mud be cut
off* as clofe as poflTible, and then the oint-
ment laid on very thick over the afFefted
part* It will be proper to make this appli*
cation in the morning, and keep the creature
tied up during the whole day without any
litter ; but at night he mud be littered, and
fuffcred to lie down; when, in order to pre-
vent the ointment being rubbed off, a
pitch pi aider (hould be laid over it, and a
bandage of broad tape applied upon it to
keep all fad and Brm.
After the blider has done running, and
the fcabs begin to dry and peel oflT, it fhould.
be applied a fecond time, in the very fame
manner as before; for this fecond appli-
cation will often have a much greater ef-
feft than the fird ; and in colts and young
horfes generally compleats the cure.
But when the fpavin has been of long
(landing, it will require to be often re-
newed, perhaps five or fix times. It will
however be neceflary to obferve that after
the fecond application, a greater interval
of time mud be allowed, becaufe it will
otherwife have a fear, or at lead a baldnefs
in the part ; therefore, once a fortnight, or
three weeks, is often enough to renew the
application, which will prevent all ble-
midies of that kind, and at the fame time
procure the fuccefs defired.
In full aged horfes the fpavins are ge-
nerally more obdinate, as being feated more
internally; and when they run amoiig the
- finuofities of rhe joint they are commonly
incurable, as they are then beyond the reach
of medicine, and become of an impenetra-
ble hardnefs.
Violent caudic medicines are generally
made ufe of to cure thefe cafes \ but it is
a dangerous practice, and often dedroys
the limb. The only method is to try the
blidering ointment, continuing according
to the dircftions already given ^or fome
moQxhs, if neceflary: the horfe being
SPA
worked moderately in the intervals : by
this means the hardnefs will be diflfolvcd
by degrees, and wear away in an infenfible
manner.
Sometimes the fpavin lies very deep, and
penetrates a confiderablc way into the hol-
low of the joint. When this is the cafe
it will be in vain to expeft fuccefs from
the medicines already defcribeB. The mod '
violent caudic ointments prepared with
fublimate, are the only preparations that
can fuccced, and thefe are fo dangerous,
that a careful pradlitioner would not chufe
to ufe them. Perhaps a proper cautery
made in the form of a fleam, may, by a dex-
trous handy be applied to the fpavin in fuch
a manner, at not to injure either the ten-
dons or nerves j by this means the fubdancc
of the fwclling will be penetrated, and- t1\c
running may be eafily continued by the
help of the precipitate ointment. This me-
thod is fafe, and diertfore worth trying; as
horfes of great value arc often, by this dif-
eafe, rendered unferviceable.
In defperate cafes the following has been
ufed j .take up the veins that feed it^ as well
below as above, and give it firej then
charge the place with pitch made hot^ and
clap flax upon it; after four days anoint it
with oil of populeon and frefli butter^
melted together over a gentle firci and
when, the fear is fallen oflf, apply bianco^ or
a white duff made of jeflfoes, continuing to
ufe this till it is healed*
Cleanfc elecampane root very well, wrap
it up in a paper, and road it till it is foft,
then ^all, ruo, and chafe it well, put it oa
and bind it hard, but not fo hot as to fcald
oflfthe hair; this will take it away at twice
drefling.
Mix two penny worth bf oil of turpen-
tine and as much oil of camomile together
in a glafs viol, and anoint the part ^g^
grieved with it and It will dou
Make a^ flit of the length of a barley*
corn, or loiiger, with a knife, upon the top
of the excrcfccnce, then raife the (kin from
the bone with a fine cornet, hollowing it
round the excrefcence', and no more; then
having fome lint dipped in oil of oriaga-
3 K nuiv..
S P K
ntim, threft it into the hole, cover the
knob, and let it lie till you fee it rot, and
that nature has caft forth both the medicine
and the core.
Put an ounce of common pepper pow-
dered, and as much roch-allum, into a
pint of an ni feed- water, and boil them to-
gether till one half is confumed, then ftrain
it and pour it into a glafs for ufe. Apply
this to the part once or twice as there is oc-
cafion. . , . , .
There is alfo the ox-fpavin, which is a
callous and grifly fwelling, hard as a bone,
and fo painful that it makes a horfe lofc his
belly i fome horfcs halt with it only atfirft
coming out of the liable, when thofe tu-
mours arc but young : a fpavin at its rife,
is larger towards the ply and bending of
the ham than behind it, and by degrees it
increafcs fo far, that it will at length make
the horfe quite lame. ^
The dry fpavin, which may be perceived
by the moft unlkilful ; for when a horfe in
walking, with a twitch lifts one of his hind-
legs higher than the other, he is faid to have
this kind of fpavin, and will often be aflfcft-
ed with it in both legs.
Thefc frequently degenerate into ox-
fpavins -, and there is no cure for them but
applying the fire, even that does not al-
ways cfFeft the cure.
SPAYARD, ? [with Hunters] a red male
SPAID, idecr that is three years
SPEAR ; the feather of a horfe, called
the ftrake of a fpear, is a mark in the neck,
or near the flioulder of fame barbs ; and
fome Turkey and Spanijb horfcs reprefent
the blow or cut of a fpear in 'thofe places,
with fome appearance of a fear as it were.
This feather is an infallible fign of a
good horfe.
SPEAR-HAND, or Sword-Hand, of
a horfcman^ is his right hand.
SPEAR-FOOT OF a Horse, is his far
foot behind, .
SPRIT-NET aR Garalet, a device
wherewith great filh as well as fmall may
be ukcn^. which is alfo knowa by other
S P L
names ; this is a common fort of net, and
made according to the figure in Plate IIL
The mefhes of this net muft be pretty
large, that you may the more cafily lift it
out of the water, or elfe great filh will be
fure to leap over it : you muft alfo do thus;
take a needle and thread, which draw
through the fides of your common earth-^
worms, but in fuch a manner as not to hurt
them much, to the end that they may move
their heads and tails with ftrength and vi-
gour, that the fifli at the fight of them may
imagine thcjr are at liberty; then tying
ttoth ends or the threads together, hang it
at C^juft over the middle of the net, with-
in eight inches of the bottom ; you muft
alfo have a long pole, as O, P, N, and
within a foot of the fmaller end fafton t^o
crofs fticks of the net, in fuch a manner
that they may hang about two inches loofe
from the pole, that fo the net may play the
better. When you put the net into the
water, make a little dafiiing noife there--
with, for the fifli are very eager af-
ter fuch novelties, and coming to fee
what the matter is, will perceive the roll*
ing of the worms : then they will chafe
after the fmaller fifh, and each at his fide
begins to pull for the worms: you may
know there are great ones, and good ftorc
of them by their tugging and pulling the
net, upon which the great end of the pole
muft be clapped between your legs, and a^
fudden mount with both the hands be given
to the net, and you may be fure of all within
the compafs of it: in holding the net, it
feems to be moft for your eafe to let the end
reft between your legs, with both hands a
little extended on the pole, for the better
fupporting it; and let it fometimes be fuf-
fered to lie fiat on the ground, as the place
will permit. See Plate III.
SPITTER [with Hunters] a male deer
near two years old, whofe horns begia to
grow up iharp and fpicwifc; th^ fame is
alfo called a brocket, or pricket.
SPLEEN IS HoRSBS, a difeafe, cured
as follows : boil a handful of agrimony in
the water which the horfe is to drink morn-
ing^
«.*
S P L
ings and evenings, chopping the leaves
fnnall when they are boiled, and then mix
them well with frelh butter, to be made
into balls, of which give the horfe two or
three at a time, in the manner ofpills, with
a horn of old ftrong beer after each pill.
SPLENTS ; a difeafc in horfes, which
is a callous, hard, infenfibte fwelling, or
hard grille, breeding on the ihank bone,
which when it grows big fpoils the fhape of
the leg, and generally comes upon the in-
fide; and if there be one oppofite to it on
the out-fide, is called a peg, or pinned
fplent, becaufe it does, as it were, pierce
the bone, and is extremely dangerous.
They feldom appear after a horfe is pad
fix or feven years of age : few colts are
without more or lefs of them, but generally
they difappear as (Irength increafes ; though
an inftance now and then occurs, in which
all means to remove them are unfuccefsful.
The fimple fplents are only faftened to
the bone, at a pretty diflance from the
knee, and without touching the back finew,
and have not a very bad confequence; but
thofe that touch the back finew, or are
fpread on the knee, will make a horfe
lame in a ihort time.
Horfes are alfo fubjeA to have fuzes in
the fame place, which are two fplents
joined by the ends, one above the other,
and are more dangerous than a fimple
fplent.
For the cure of this malady, (have away
the hair, and rub and beat the fwelling with
the handle of a (hoeing hammer; then hav-
ing burnt three or four hazle flicks, while
the fap is in them, chafe the fplent with the
juice, or^ater, that iflbes out at both ends,
applying it as hot as you can, without
fcalding the part*, after that rub or bruife
the fwelling with one of the fticks, and
continue frequently to throw the hot juice
upon the part, but fo as not to fcald it, and
continue dill rubbing it, till it grows foft.
Then dip a linen cloth, five or fix times
double, in the hazle juice, as hot as your
hands can endure it, and tie it upon the
fplent, where let it remain for twenty-four
hours, keeping the horfe in the liable for
i P L
the irpace of nine days, not fuffcring him td
be either ridden or led to watery by which
tinrie the fplent will be difiblvcd and the
hair will afterwards grow on it again.
If the hazle be not in full fap it will not
operate fo eflFcftually, ncvcrthclefs it may
be ufed; but then the part muft be rubbed
and bruifcd more ftrongly. If the fplent
be not quite taken away, but only dimi-
nifhed, repeat this operation a month after.
Another remedy, that is an approved
one, is the ointment of beetles j in April
or May^ you may find a little black, longifli
infeft, about the foot of the ftalk of the
bulbous crow-foot. It is no bigger than a
fmall bean, having legs, but no wings,
and fo hard, that you can with difficulty
bruife it with your fingers.
Take three or four hundred of thcfc, and
mix them with hog's grcafe in a pot, co-
ver it very clofe, till they are quite dead,
and then (lamp them to an ointment with
greafe, which, the longer it is kept, the
better it will be.
Then firft you are to foften and prick the
fplent, after the ufual manner, then apply
this ointment to it, of the thicknefs of a
halfpenny, caufing it to fink in, by hold-
ing a hot fire-fhovel againft it: this will
draw out a red water, which will turn to a
fcurf or fcab, in about nine or ten days, and
afterwards fall ofl=: But before you apply
this ointment, you mutt foften the callous,
or hard fwelling, with a poultice made of
two ounces of lily-roots, the fame quantity
of maifli-mallows ; of the leaves of mallow
and. violets, two handsful ; one handful of
dilJ, of wild marjoram, wild penny-royal,
or corn-mint.
Boil the roots in water for about an hour,
then mix the water with about three parts
of oil i then put the herbs to it, and when
they are well boiled, ftamp all to mafii,
Ihavc off the hair, and applv it warm to
the part.
S FLINT i a malady incident to horfes ;
this is very much like the fplent, though
fome authors take it to be different from
that difeafe.
This begins at the very griAle, and will,
3 K 2- if
/
S P L
if it be let alone too long, become as hard
as a bone, growing either bigger or fmall-
cr, according to the caufe fronfi which it
proceeds.
It is found, for the mod part, on the in-
iide of the (hank, between the knee and
the fet- lock joint, and is very hard to be
cured ; it is fo painful to a horfe> that it
will not only caufe him to halt, trip and
flumble, but alfo to fall in his travelling.
This malady is occafioned by too hard
travelling, and much labour, or by his be-
ing overloaded, which offends the tender
finews of his legs; though fome horfesare
alFcfted with it hereditarily, from their fire
or dam*s being troubled with it.
It may be known 'both by the fight or
feeling, for if it is pinched with the thumb
or finger, the horfe will Ihrink up his leg.
For the eyre : firft walh the place, and
fliave off* the hair, as is done in fplents,
and bon*ey excrefions; knock and rub it
with a blood-ftafF, or hazle ftickj and then
prick it with a fleam ; and having pounded
together vervain and fait, of each a hand-
ful, to an ointment, apply it to the place,
binding it up with a roller, and fewing it
faft on, where let it lie for twenty-four
hours^
Another method of cure is, to dip a (lick
«r feather into a glafs of oil of vitriol, and
to toxich the place with it, and it will
cat it away ; but if it happens to eat too
much, put a flop to it, by bathing the part
with cold water, or you may wafli it with
green copperas, boiled in warer, which will
not only cleanfc it from any piece of the
remaining fplent, but alfo heal it up.
In order to take away the fplent, lb as to
leave no fear behind it, take a red hazel
(lick, about the bignefs of one's thumb,
about a quarter of a yard long> and firll
knock the fplent very well with it, cut one
end of it very fmooth, and ftick a needle in
the pith of it, leaviirg out juft fo much of
the pointy as will prick through the flcin^
with this prick the fkin of the part full of
lioles> and then rub it all over with oil of
petre, bathing it in with a hot fire-fhovel>
ice four or fisVe days fucceffively.
S T R
You may here take notice, that the fall-
ing down of new humours may be ftopp<:d
by binding plaifters, as pitchy roGn, ma-
(lich, read-lead, oil^ bole ormoniacj and
the like.
Then to draw out fuch matter as is ga-
thered, you may make ufe of drawing fini^
pies, as wax, turpentine, i^c, and laftly, to
dry up the remainder, ufe drying powders,
as lime, oyfter- (hells, foot, iSc.
But remember that all fplints» fpavins,
and knobs, ought to be taken away at their
firfl: beginning*
SPRAlN.'JCin Horfes] a misfortune
STRAINi^which is the extenfion or
ftretching of the finews beyond their
ftrength, by reafon of a flip or wrench.
Strains in horfes are frequently called
claps: a (train is, when the fibres of a
mufcle or a tendon are fo ftretched as^
more or lefs, to lofe their natural elaftt-
city.
Flaifters or bandages, where they can
be applied, are the principal means of
cure in thefe cafes : refolvenc and (trength-
cning applications have their ufe, but the
common method of rubbing greafy fub-
flances can do no fervice, nor do they in-
deed do harm, any farther than, while they
are ufed, other more proper methods are
neglefted.
\( the ftrain is fre(h, and the horfe (Irong
and full of good blood, it nf>ay be necef-
fary to take away fome, to prevent inflam-
mation : if the part be fwelled, and a poul-
tice can be conveniently applied, mix braa
and vinegar, or bran and. verjuice together,
without boiling them, into a poultice, and
apply it cold, renewing it twice a day at
the leaft. If poultice and bandage cannot
be applied, and the part is fwelled and in*
flamed^dip flannel cloths in vinegar,, or in
two parts vinegar and one of fpirits of
wine, and dupe therewith, three or fouc
times a-day, for a quarter of an hour at a
time. ,
If the fwelling is not conflderabl^, and
the cafe a fre(h one, wa(h the part well
with vinegar, and with fpirits of wine,
alternately, and whea the fwelling ia
whoU]^
S T R
wholly fubridtd, ufe opodeldoc in their
ficad.
After bathing the part well, if the fitua-
tion will admit, let a ftrong linen roller be
applied pretty tight, but not fo as to
excite pain : let the roller begin a little be-
low, and be continued a little above the
affcAed part. If neither poultice nor ban-
dage can be applied, more pains muft be
taken to rub the part well with vinegar,
Ipirits of wine, or opodeldoc, as the pre-
Icnt ftatcof the cafe may require,
«
Opodeldoc.
Take of camphire, three ounces j diffolve
it in reftified ipirits of wine, half a pint ;
then add of the oil of origanum> two
ounces ; oil of turpentine, three pints i
and Venice {oz\>^ thinfliced> half a pound.
This opodeldoc may be ufed in cafe of
bruifes, numbnefs in any part, to difperfc
cold fwellings, or it may be given inwardly,
in cafe of gripes or wind from fudden cold,
ftrangury, ^c.
Strains in the thigh, and the ftioulder,
require a long time to recover i tlie parts
afiecled lie too deep to receive much ad-
vantage from external applications. In
thefe cafes, the horfe (hould immediately
be turned to grafs, becaufe the gentle
motion which he is led to by his own in-
clinations, fuffices to prevent the joint
from growing ftiff j and nv>re motion than
.he finds eafy to himfelf would foon render
him incurable. The advantagie of reft in
tWefc cafes is fuperior to the united afliftance
of all other means -, and a fmail failure, by
putting the horfe to exercife, which (hould
never be done before he is perfeftly recover-
ed, will overturn every other afliftance
that art can afford j fo that care and pati-
ence, as ta allowing reft, cannot be too
much enforced.
A ftrain in the flioulder is* called alfo a
fcouldcr-wrench, a fliouldcr-pight, or a
ftoulder-fplair. A frefli ftrain in the flioul-
der is not difficult to difcovcr ; but a lamt-
nefs there from any other caufes,. efpecially
firom aa afflux of humours,, is not & eafily
ST R
tliftingyiflied : very often, the difeafe af-
fecting xhe whole breaft, and the fliouldcps
on both fldes, the horfe will ftumble in
going or drop ; however, ufually, it may
be obferved, that when a ftioulder is ftrfin-
ed, to prevent the pain, he does not put
the leg of that ftioulder forward i he fets the
foot of the found ftioulder Hrmly on the
ground, in order ^to fave the other : whea
he ftands in the ftable, the foot of the lame
ftioulder is always advanced forward; if
you trot him in handy he brings the lame
leg forward circularly, and not diredlly as
the other ; if you turn him ftiort on the lame
fide, he ftill favours the foot of the lame
ftioulder^ exerting himfelf with the other
leg> and fecuring himfelf on the found
foot.
If the ftrain has but juft happened, or if
it be of fome days ftanding, if the pain
fcem confiderable, take away blood, accord*
ing to the age and the ftrength. Bathe-
the whole ftioulder well with vinegar or
verjuce ;, after fome days^ if there feems to*
be no inflammation or fwelling, rub it well,,
for a quarter .of an hour every night and
morning, with opodeldoc. But if the acci-
dent happened fome time ago, and there
is no fign of inflammation, begin by rub-
bing the part well with opodeldoc.
When ftraina happen to^ the whirl-bone
and the hip, the horfe drags his leg after
him y and when he trots he; drops upon the-
heel : in this cafe,, reft is chiefly to be de-
pended on. If the external mufclcs only are-
hurt, the cure is eafy, and admits of afllft^
ancc from good rubbing with opodeldoc, in*
conjunftion with reft i but when the inju.-
red parts are fufpedcd to lie deeper^, reft^
alone is the beft means.
When ftrains happei) in the hough, or in^
any part bebw it, medicines can be applii-
ed more immediately to the part, by con*
feqoence much relief may ^ expeftedi
from fuch means ; reft, the grand req,uificc-
in all ftrains, without exception, being in/-
dulged. If then the. cafe . is recent,, begin
with bleeding, if the ioflaii^iiation. requires
it, and then proceed to bathe the paft. well
with vinegar, or if any ,fweliiog appears,,
apgljw
S T R
•
^pply the poultice of bran and vinegar
above mentioned. When the inflamnoation
and fwcWtng difappears, or if the accident
hach happened feveral days fince, and there
is neither of thcfe fympton\s, begin by rub-
bing the opodeldoc well on the part.
Sometimes after ftrains in this part, there
remains hard fwellings on its outfide, which
are beft removed by blifters, repeated as
dircftcd for the bone-fpavin : thefe fwel-
]{ gs remaining on the infide they are rarely
cured, except by firing.
The knee-pan is called the ftifle bone ;
the ligaments that fpread over it, are fome-
times fo relaxed by ftrains, that it may
very eafily be moved about ; and when,
from accidents of this fort, a horfc is lame,
the common expreflion is, he is ftifled.
Some are of opinion that this bone is diflo-
cated ; but that cannot be without dividing
the broad ligaments. Lamenefs in theftifle-
bone is known by the horfe treading on his
toe, not being able to fet his heel to the
ground. If the accident hath juft happened,
rub the part well with equal parts of vine-
gar and fpirit of wine, two or three times a-
day, and apply a roller as tight as is con-
venient, without ftopping the circulation
or giving pain; but if a puffy fwelling
appear, ufe fome difcutient fomentation to
difperfe it, and finifti by rubbing with
opodeldoc, not forgetting reft, which
ihould never be omitted, nor bandage,
which ftiould always be applied where it
can. The knees are fubjeft to ftrains from
blows ; in which cafe, the diredions above
given will be proper here.
The patterns too are fometimes ftrained
by external violences, and arc, in general,
to be treated as before diredled j but if
they continue very weak, after fuch means
being duly ufed, let him run fomewhat
longer at grafs, and if this fail the part
muft be fired.
Strains in the back-finews are very fre-
quent, and are as eafily known by their fwel-
ling j and when the horfe ftands, his fetting
the lame leg always before the other. If
the cafe is recent, bleed in the fetlock-vein,
afterwards rub the finew well with vinegar;
^ T R
«
or, if much fwelled, apply the poultice of
bran and vinegar ; and when the fwelling
is nearly gone, rub it with opodeldoc
twice a-day : keep a light ftocking on, for
it is, if well fitted, preferable to any ban-
dage. The tight ftocking on, (which ftiould
be made of ftrong cloth that will not eafily
ftretch) is ufeful in any cafe, where acon-
fiderable relaxation is either a caufe or a
confcquence, as in the greafe, 6f^. But
fometimes when the back-finews have rc«»
peatedly fufftred in this refped, their re-
laxation is fo great, as not to admit of
relief, but by firing, and farther reft at
grafs.
When the coffin-joint is ftrained, it foon
becomes fo ftifi^ that the horfe can only ftep
on his toe, and the joint cannot be moved :
in this cafe bliftering muft firft be made
ufe of, as direfted in the bone-fpavin, and
repeat it until the joint is free, then fire :
the horfe all this time running at grafs.
Roxvelling is fometimes ufeful in grola
bodied borfes, when the fwelling hath beea
pretty confiderable. Some bore the flioulder
with a hot iron, and after that blow it up ;
but the operation is equally foolifli and
cruel, for it may aggravate the difeafe, but
cannot contribute to its relief. Thepra&i<^
of fome in pegging the found foot, orap«
plying a patten-ftioe, with a view to bring
the lame foot on the ftretch, is highly to be
condemned, as it can only be ufeful in cafes
of an oppofite nature, i. e, where the con-
traftion of the mufcles require their being
ftretched, and not farther to ftretch the too
feeble and relaxed. To conclude, let it be
remembered in all cafes of ftraias, thattlie
chief fervice is to be expefted from reftj and
thatparticularly at grafs ; or if that cannot be
obtained, let the horfe be where he can walk
about at his own pleafure : thus will the re«
laxed tendons beft recover their elaftic
force, and the voluntary motions of the
horfe will prevent the fynoyia of the joints
or other caufes, from obftrufting fo as to
render it immoveable.
Thofe in the back are cured in the fol-
lowing manaer :
If it be newly done, take a quart of
grounds
grounds of ale or beer, a krge handful of
parfley, and grafs chopped ; boil them to-
gether till the herbs are fofr, then add a
quarterofapoundoffwcct butter J when it
is melted take it bfFthe fire, and put it in-
to a pint of white wine vinegar, and if it
be thin> thicken it with wheat bran, and lay
it upon hurds, poultice-wife, as hot as the
horfe can bear it ; remove it once in twelve
hours, and give the horfe a moderate exer-
cife.
Others take five quarts of ale and a
quarter of a peck of glovers fpecks, and
boil them till it comes to a quart, and then
apply it hot to the grief> and remove it not
in five days.
Some beat Fenice turpentine and brandy
together, into a falve, and with it anoint
the grieved part, and heat it with a fire-
(hovel, and io two or three days doing it
will have a good efieft.
For a STRAIN in the Shoulder, or
elfewhere *, that is either hid or apparent :
take ten ounces of prew-greafe, melt it on
the fire, and put to it four ounces of oil of
fpikCj and one of the oil of origanum, one
and an half of the oil of Exeter j and three
of that of St. John's wort ; flir them all to-
gether, and put .them into a gallipot, with
which (being made hot) anoint the place,
rubbing and chafing it in very well, hold-
ing a hot fire-fhovel before it| do this
every other day, rubbing and chafing it in
twice a-day, and give the horfe moderate
exercife.
For a STRAIN int the Pastern- Joint,
OR Fetlock* Joint ; make a poultice of the
grounds of ftrong beer, hen's-duns, hog's
greafe, and nerve-oil, boiled together, and
applied two or three times, bound in a rag
will do.
For an old STRAIN on the Leg ; clip
the hair oflF fo clofe that you may fee the
paftern-joinr, then ftrike it with your fleam,
and let it bleed well, then having fhaken
oil of turpentine, and ftrong ale or beer,
very well together in a glafs, anoint the
grieved part very well with it, chafing it in,
witb a hot fire (hovel held before it ; and
when yov find that tne fwcUing is abated,.
lay the common charge of ibap and brand^'
upon it, and wet a linen rag in the fame*
and bind about it, and when the charge be-
gins to peel ofFanoint it once or twice with
the oil of trotters.
SPREAD-NET, ? a partridge-net, which-
DRAG-NET, i may be made with four
fquare mefhes *, fee it dcfcribed in the plate*
XIV. No. 3.
It is made of three pieces, thegreateft,.
ABFG, muft be fix feet long, and four
broad j the other two, P Q^I H, and K L,
X Y, four feet long, and one broad ; let the
grand beginning of them be fattened • at the
letter Q^ and then from Q^R, to the end
G ; leave as much length or fpace as the
fmall net is- broad,. which is a foot: its
length terminates at the point R, from*
whence begin tofow the two pieces Q^and
R, together, and fo get the letters P S, leav-
ing alfo an equal length of the great net^
from S to B, to that from Q^to G : fow
the other piece X Y, over^againft Y T, in?
the fame manner.
When you have joined the nets together^,
get four ftakes, the form of which is repre*
lented at CE^N ; let them be eighteent
inches long, and a finger thick, with a notch*
at the end N, in order to faften them at:
each corner, as R, S, T, U, where the netss
are joined together ; each of thefe flakes*
muft have a little hole bored in them,, with-
in half a foot of the end C, that you may-
put in the buckle or ring E, inade of iron'
or copper, and refembling the rings of bed«-
curtains.
Then take a pretty ftrong packthread, the
end of which you muft thruft into the ring
of the ftake to he tied to the corner .of the
net Q^, R, and from thence to the corner
of the fmall net, thrufting it through all the-
mefhes of the edge, and bringing it out at.
the mefh I, and then put it through the
ring of the ftake, at the corner P, S, and
from thence into the mefli, at the corner of
the fmall net fi, and fo quite about to the
laft corner G,. and finally into the ring with:
the other end j let each of thefe two ends,
hang four or five feet in lengthy, and then:
tie them together^ as at M.
TJic.
4. y
S P R
The following figure reprcfents the drag^
i)ct, fprcad in order to catch partridges.
No. a-
But you (hould firft^ a little before fun-
fet go into fomc field, or place where you
think to find fome fport, and there hide
yourfelf, and yoa may foon know if there
be any partfidges, by their calling and
jucking, and then they will take a fmall
flighty and fometimes two or three before
they go to rooft 5 and be furc to obfcrvc ex-
adly the place where they rooft, by making
fbme mark at a diftancc^ to the end that you
may not be to feek the place in the dark ;
then prepare two ftraight light poIes> which
muft be as long as the net is broad, which,
to do well, fhould be about fifteen or twenty
fathoms or more : they muft be as ftrong
a: one end as the other, they need not be
all of one piece, but of two or three well
joined; take your net, poles, and compa-
nion, with you to the place, for the fport
cannot, well be performed without an aflift-
ant:
Now the figure above, more particularly
reprcfents a piece of corn, where partridges
have been difcovered ; the ridges are de-
noted by the pricked lines, and the ground
between the ridges, is the fpace you find
between thele pricked lines \ and laftly, the
letrer R is the place where the partridges
are fuppofcd to ft op.
The net muft be fprcad upon the ground
by two men, in a place where there arc
neither bulhes nor other incumbrances, to
entangle it, and hinder the eflTcfts of it ;
then fafteriing the poles A, D, and B, C,
to each end, chey fix the net all along to
the places marked, by the fmall ends of the
thread, as in the figure; then they put
packthreads into the bottom of the net,
which they fatten all along the edge, at the
places O, P, Q^ Thcfc packthreads ought
to be about two feet arvd a half, or three
feet long, with fmall bufhes at the other
end, to trail on the ground, that the par-
tridges may be forced to fpring, when they
bear the ruftling noife •, and it may here
be particularly noted, that the red par-
S PR*
tridges are not fo forward to (pring, as the
grey ones*
When the net is extended, each perfoa
muft take hold of the middle of the poles,
lifting up the higher end of the net, about
five or fix feet from the ground, and fetting
the lower part follow floping about half a
foot from the ground, upon which nothing
muft drag but the three fmall branches O,
P, Q ; the cord and the bulhes muft drag
on the ground, and fhould not be above
two feet long ; when the partridges rife,
both muft let go their hands, and let the
net fall on the ground upon them.
Sometimes it fo happens, that the par-
tridges rife before the net is over them,
whichmay be occafioned by the too great
noife you make ; therefore be as ftill as pof»
fible, and if fo, let them reft two or three,
hours, before you attempt any thing again,
then march over the whole field with your
net ready fet, and it is a great chance but
you meet them at laft.
This fport muft not be followed neither
when the moon fhines, nor when it fnowsi
fome carry a li^ht, or fome fire with them,
the better to dilcover the partridges : which
when they fee, they take it to be day-light,
and are difcovered by the noife they make
in wakinjg, and fttetching out their wings ;
then they hide the light, and draw the nee
over them.
In order to carry fuch a light, they faftea
the bottom of a corn-bufhel^or the like, to
the brcaft, and the mouth thereof being
turned towards the partridges, they place a
tin lamp, made onpurpofe, in the bottom
thereof, with a wick or match, as big as a
man's little finger, fo that the light can
only be feen right forward, and not fide-
ways. Cither inventions there are, and
more may be found out, to carry lights for
this purpofe, with which I fhall not amufe
the reader : that perfon who has a mind to
take a covey of partridges alone ky him-
felf, muft prepare two poles, made of a
willow, or fome other wood both ftraight
and Light, bigger at one end than at the
other, and about twelve or fifteen feet
long,
$ P R
longi to which he is to faften his nefj as
Its may be fccn by the figure. No. i.
The poles muft be faftened along the
iidcs Q^ S, and T, R, with packthreads, in
fuch a manner that their thickeft ends may
be at S, T, the narroweft part of the net ;
ivhfch ipread-net being adjufted, let the
fportfman go into the field, and obferving
iwhere the partridges are, let him carty the
net in fuch a manner, that the edge S, T,
being agaiaft his belly, the ends of the
poles, Sj and T, rub againfl: his fides ; and
extending his arnr^, let him, with both his
hands lay hold on the two poles as far as he
can, to the «nd that preffins the cord S, T,
againft his beHy, he may nave the more
firength'*, then holding up the net four,
five, or fix feet from the ground, let him
walk along the fide of the corn- field, and
'let the edge of the net Q^ R, trail on the
ground^ on the right and left, without
qtiitting it, if no partridgies are found
under it; but if any, let hindf drop the
poles and iiet^ and hade to oatch th^
:gamc«
7b SPRIN<j Pahtridms or Phi^a-
-SANTS, is to raife them.
SPRINGS. Certain devices for the tak-
ing of fowl and birdyboth great and fmall ;
^hey are ufually made and accommodated'
thus : firft, knowing well the fowls haunts,
and the places where the flocks and <:ou-
pies do ufually feed mornings and even*
ings, and obferving well the furrows and
watcr-trafts, where they ufually ftalk and
paddle for .worms, flat-grafs, roots, and
fuch like things, on whk:h they feed ; • be
fure to take notice where feveral furrows
or water-drains meet in one, and after a
fmall courfe, divide thcmfclves again into
other parts, or branches, this middle part
being the deepelt, and, as it were, feeding
;thcreft; and alfo obferve which is moft
paddled, and fitteft for them to wade in ;
for fuch are the moft likely places for your
purpofe. Then take fmall and ihort fticks,
and ftick them crofs- wife, ovcr-thwart all
.the other paffages, one ftick within about
half an inch of each other, making, as it
were, a kind of fence, to guard every
S P R
way, except one, through which you would
have the fowl to pafs.
This being done, tak« a good ftifi^ ftick,
cut flat on each fide, and pricking both
ends into the water, caufc the upper part
of the flat fide of the ftick to touch the
water, and no more ; then make a bow of
a fmall hazel or willow, in the^form of a
pear, broad and round at one end, and
narrow at the other, and at leaft a foot long,
and five or fix inches wide, and at the nar-
row end a little nick or dent ; then take a
good ftiflP young^plant of hazle, elm, or
withy, beifl^ bufliy grown, and clear with-
out knots^ three or four inches about at the
bottom, and about an inch at top, and
having made the bottom end fliarp, faften
at the top a very ftrong loop, of about a
hundred horfe hairs, plaited very faft toge-
ther with ftrong packthread, and made
fmooth and pliable, to flip and run at plea*
fure, and this loop (hould be of the juft
quantity of the hoop, made pearwife, a«
before-mentioned ; then hard by this loop,
with ftrong horfe-hair, within an inch and
a half of the end of the plant, faften a little
broad, but thin tricker, made fliarp and
equal at both ends, after the following pro-
portion defcribed in the firft figure.
And then the bigger fliarp end of the
plant being thruft and fixed into the
ground, clofe by the edge of the water, the
fmalleft end with the loop and the tricker
fliould be brought down to the firft bridge.;
and the hoop made pearwife being laid
upon the bridge, one end ot the tricker
fliould be fet upon the nick of the hoop, and
the other end againft the nick made on the
fmall end of the plate, which by the vio-
lence and bend of the plane, will make
them ftick and hold together until the hoop
be moved : this done, the loop muft be
laid on the hoop in fuch a faftiion as the
hoop is propprtioned ; then from each fide
of the hoop prick little fticks as aforefaid,
as it were rtiakingan impaled path-way to
the hoop, and as you go farther and far-
ther from the hoop or fpring, fo fliali
you widen the way, that the fowl may be
3 L entered
entered' a good way in before they per-
ceive the fence, the firft entrance being
about the width of an indifferent furrow,
fo that any fowl falling, theyrrwty be
enticed to go and wade upon the fame,
where they (hall no fooner touch the fpring
with thck heads, feet, or feathers^ but they
fliall be caught J and according to the
flreiig4:h of the plant, you may catch any
fowl great or foiall.
For the taking fmaller fowl with tl^is en-
gine, as the fnipe, woodcock, pewit, or the
like, that ufe to feed in wet and marftiy
grounds, and annongfl: water-furrows or ril-
Hngs, fucking fronn thence the fatnefs of the
foil^ th€ device or erygine is the fame, with-
out any aheration, excepe that it may be- of
much lefs ftrength and fufcftance, accord-^
ing to the fowl it is fct-for, efpecially the
fweeper or main plant, which, as before
ordered, is to be- of elm, hazel, or withy^
and fo in -this cafe may be of willow, faliow,
or ftrong grbwn ofier, or aay- other yield-
uig plant that willbeiid and recover- its
ftraightnefs again: this kind of engine is
only for the winter feafon, when much wet
is on the* ground; but if th'erc happens
many great frofls, fo that you are deprived
of the advantage of the waters, then find
dut where thofe ft anding waters have any
defcent or fmnll paffages^ foas by thcfwift
Current the water is not frozen, and there
fct your fprings, andthe greater is the
froft, the more apt they are to be taken.
Now to take birds and fowl on trees,
boughs or hedges, with fudh or the like
device, after you have obferved any fiich to
which birds refbrt, as in the figure you fee
reprefented, then chufeany branch thereof s
for example : See Plate XIV. Fig. 4.^
The letter O, which is tall and ftrait, cut
off all the little twigs that grow about it,
from the bottom untilf you come within
four or five feet at the top, then pierce a
hole through the faid branch with a wim-
ble, at the letter H, which muft be about-
the bignefs of a goofe-quillj then chufc
out another twig, about four feet diftant
from the former, as marked N, and pare
away all the little branches *, and at the end
L tic »"fmall packthread, half a foot long,'
at which tie One of the running bows of*
horfe-hairi finely twifted, as the letter M:
you may alfo have a little (lick P, O, four-
fingers long, with a Irttle hook at the end'
O, and the other end round pointed j ftoop"-
down your branch or twig.N, to whicn-
yourhorfe-h'iir collar is'faftenrd;. and pafs-
the collar through the hole H, and draw ic
until the knot M be likewife drawn through f.
then faften very gently the end of the fmall*
ftick P in the- hole H, which muft be foi
neatly done as only to ftop, and no morcj •
the drawing of the* branch ^N J th^n fpread'*
abroad the collar upon your little ftick P^
O, and tie fome bait,* either of green pears,-
cherries, wheat, worms, or the like/ accord- -
ing to' the nature of the birds for which yovM
fet your device, at the letter Q^fo that ncy
bird can come to touch them unlefs hefets*
his foot 'on the fmall ftick, which will pre^-
fently«fail,> and fo give way* to the kno&i
M, then foHows the branch or twrg N, and**
the^ bird remains fnapc- by the legs..
The defcription and the figures are (oi
pkin, that a mtftak^ cannot well be made; .
however, here is the form of three of them^
two readybentv one before and the other
behind, and the third unbent, that yout
may obferve all the feveral pieces*- Ses Fig^
4.' Plate XIV.
Another way of taking fowl or birds bf i
fprings, fuch as blackbirds, thruflies) par«*--
tridges, pheafants,'Or the like, is defcribed.
by ' the following figure, which may be^
placed according to the game designed to-'
be taken, cither on the ground, or on>a .
tree, buflbi hedge, or the- like. Se^ Fig.,5*.
PlaieXIV.
Take a ftick of fallow^ or ^illowj five or:
fix kct long, ftraight and fmooch, about the^
bignefs of an ordinary walking cane, as R^
Z, ftiarpened at the end Z;^ and at the end:
R faften or tic a fmali wooden crook, as the:
letter G, then make a little hole at Y, .
about the bignefs of a fwan's quill, and /
another hole half as big at Y, then take anjr .
ftjck, which, being bent, will ipring back .
again and become ftraight, as holly, or the
like, let it be about threC' feet long^^andv
chruft
^hruft the great end of it into the hole e^pi
tie a fmall packthread at the other end,
rwith a collar of horfe<«hair/ which draw
through the hole V, and flop it here, by
^pegging it -very gently with a Jmall ftick
T» fo that it may only «keep it from flying
-back, and no more ; then open your run-
Jiing collar of horfe-hair, as at S, andfpread
it over the little flick T ; then tie at the
jetter R the bait you intend to ufe, and let
it hang xlown within three, four, or five
finches of the fmall ftick T, according to
the bignefs of the bird for which it is fet.
SPUNGE OF A Hqrsb-Shos, is the ex-
tremity or point of the flioe that anfwers
^o the horfe's heel, upon which the calkins
are made.
SPUR, apiece oT metal, confiflring of
.two branches encosnpafiing a horfeman's
Jieel, and a rowelin form of a ftar^ advanc-
ing out behind, to prick the horfe.
SQUIRREL, is larger in compafs than
jZ weafel, but the weafel is longer than the
fqufrrel .; the back parts and all the body
is redditti, except the belly, which is white.
In Helvetia they are black and branded,
iand are hunted at the 'fall of the leaf, when
the trees are naked, for they run and leap
/rom bough -to bough with a furpriGng
agility, and when the trees are clothed with
Jeavcd they cannot be lb well feen.
They ase of three colours, jn the firft
age black, in the fecond of a rufty iron co-
lour, and'When they grow old they are full
fif white hoary haiFS.
Their teeth are like the teeth of mice,
liaving the two under teeth very long and
/harp.
Their tail is always as big as their body^
^nd it lies continually on their back when
.they fleep or fit ftill, and it feems to have
Jbeen given them for a covering.
Jn the fummer-tinne they build their
ncfts (which fome call dray^) in the tops of
^the trees, very artificially, with fticks, mofs,
^and other things which the wood affords,
,and fill it with nuts for their winter provi-
jGons J and like the /ppine moufe, they fleep
jjaoft.part of the winter very foundly, fo
6 0^0
that they do not awake though you teat at
the outfide of their drays.
When they leap from tree to tree they
ufe their tail inftcad of wings, leaping at
a great diftance, and are borne up without
any finking, in appearance; nay, they wiH
frequently leap from a very high tree down
to the ground, and receive no harm.
To hunt this little animal many perfons
ought to go together, and carry dogs with
them J and the fitteft place for the excrcifc
of this fport, is in little and fmall flendcr
woods, fuch as may be Ihakcn by the hand.
Bows are neccffary to remove them when
chey reft in the twifts of trees, for they wiH
not be much terrified will all the hallooing
you make, unlefs they are now and then
kit by one means or another.
They fcem to be fenfible what a defence
a high oak is to them, and how fecurely
they can lodge there from men and dogs^
wherefore fince it is too troublefome to
climb every tree, you muft, inftead of that,
labour, ufe bows and bolts, that when the
fquirrel rcfts you may prefcntly give him a
thump by an arrow j the (hooter need not
fear doing them much harm, except he hit
them on the head, for by reafon of a ftrong
back. bone, and flelhy part«j they will bear
as great a ftroke as a dog.
If they be driven to the ground from the
•trees, and fo creep into hedges, it is a
iign that they are ti4^ed5 and fuch \$ the
lofty fpirit of this animal, that while her
ftrength lafts her, (he will fave hcrfelf in
the tops of high trees, but being tired, de-
fcends and falls into the mouths of thofc
yelping curs that perfecute her.
If what is reported of them be true, the
admirable cunning of the fquirrel appears
in her fwimming or pafling over a river}
for when (he is conftrained by hunger fo to
do, (he feeks out fome rind or fmall bark of
anfee, whi<:h ftie fets upon the water, and
then goes into it, and holding up her tail
like a fail, lets the wind drive her to the
other fide, and carries meat in her mouth, to
prevent teing familhcd by the length of
the voyage.
2^^ STABLE^
►
STABLE' i as to the Xttuatioo ot a ftable
k (hould be in a good air, and upon bard^
firm, and dry ground, that in the winter
the horfe may come and go clean in and
out; and, if it may be, it will be beft if it
be fituated upon an afcent, that the urine,
foul water, or any wet, may be oonveyed
away by trenches or finks cut out for that
purpofe*.
By no means kt there be any hen -roofts,
hog-fties, or houfes of eafemeajr, or any
other filthy fnodls near it, for hen-dung or
JeatheK fwallowed^ oftentimes prove mor-
tal, and the ill air of a jakes fometimes-
caufes blindnefs; and the fmell of fwine
is apt to breed the farcin ; and. there i9 no
animal that delights m^re in^ cleanlinefs,
nor is more offended at unwholefome fa*-
vours than a horfe.
Brick is better for building (lable^ than
ftone, the latter being fubjedl to fwieating in
wet weather, and the dampnefs^ and moi-^
(lure caufes rheums and catarrhs.
Let the walls be of a good convenieot
tiiicknefs, at leafl a brick and ahalf,,ortwo
bricks thick, both fof the fake of fafety
and warmth in winter^ and to defend hioi
from being anooyed with the heat in fum-
mer, which would hinder his digefling bis
food.
It will bo proper to have windows both
en the eaft and on the north fides^,. that he
rnay have the benefit of the north air in
fummer, and of the morning fun from the
call in winter.
Let the windows be glazed, nsd if they
be faflied it will not only be the handfomer,
but will be more convenient to let in air a.t
pleafore : . and let there be clofic wooden
ihutters, that you ipay darken the ftable in
the middle of the day, which will incline
the horfe to take his reft as well in the day
as in the night.
That part of the floor on which the horfe
is to ftand fhould be made of oaken planks>
for they will be both eafier and warmer for
the horfe to lie upon than Hones; and be
fure to lay them level, for if they are laid
higher before than behind (as they generally
are in inns and horfe-courfers ftableSj that
^heir hocfei may appear io more adrantage
.in ftature) his hinder legs will fwell» and*
he can never lie eafily, hecaufc hi& hinder
parts will be ftill flipping down..
Lay^ the planks crofs-wa]PS> aiod not
leoglhiway8> and fink a good treooh und^r-^
neath them,, which may fcceiiie the urine
through holes bored in the planks, and*
convey it into {opcxc common receptaole.
Raife the ground behind him even with^
^he planks,. that he nciay oontiaualiy ftaad:
upon a level ; and let the floor behind him.
be pavted with fmall pebble i and be fure
to let that part of the ftable where the
rack fiands be well waiofcotted*
Place two rings at each fide of his ftalL
for. his halter to run through, which flioold
have a light wooden logger at: the bottonv.
of it, to poife it perpendicularly, but not fo-
heavy as to tiro the hor£:,.or to hinder^iim.
from eating..
Some recommend a drawer or locker-
oaade in the wai afoot part tuonyj-atber than a:
fixt manger, for him to eat his oorji out of>.
whidi may betaken out < to deanfeat plea-
fure..
This- need not to be made large, Midi
fiherefbre will not take up muchxoom.
They alio advife not te make any^ rack at:
all^ butinfteadof iti (acording to the Ute--
lian fafhion) to give the borfe his hay on
the ground, upon the litter : or e}fe yom
may, if you pkafe, nail Tome boards in the
form of atroughi i^t which you may put:
his hay,, and the boards will prevent himt
from trampling on and fpoiling it. .
Some again difapprove of this way of:'
feeding, thinking it may^ fppil his dheft>,
^uid that his blowing upon his- bay will)
make it nauieous to bis- palate: but others .
again anfwer, that as to the fpoiling of hie
cheft, it rather ftrengthens it and makes it.
firm; whereas, on the contrary, the lifting
of his head up high to the rack, will make
him withy^cragged. But the way before
mentioned he will feed as he lies> which
will be for his eafe. And as to the hay,
that may be given him but by fmall quan-
tities at a time;, and there will be this ad-
vantage in receiving his hay on the ground^
the
o}d.
tfte proM fofture will cleanfe his head from
j^eum tir pofe, which he happens by any
ways to have gotten^ and induce him to
fiieeze and to throw out aQ manner of wa*
tery humours that may annoy. his head.
If you have ftable-room enough you may
make partitions^ and at the head, towards
Ac manger, board them to that height
l^at one h.orfe may not moled or fmell to
another^ allowing eaeh horfe room enough
to turn about) and lie down at pleafure..
One of thefe fialls may be made conve-
liicnt for your groonv to lie in, in cafe of
ai match> or the ficknefs of a horfe.
Behind the hopfes may be made a range
of prcfles) with- pegs to- hang up faddles,
Ikridkfy &r< And /helves for other utenGls> I dog-draw,
pots of ointment, &«• STAG.
And in order that the liable may not be
encumbered with oat bins, you may make
ufe of the method of a certain gentleman,
defcribed by Dr. Ploit^ in his hiftory of 0^
fordjbire^ as follows :
Make %■ oon vcniency to let the oats^down
from above><out of a vefiel like the hopper'
of a mill, whence they fall into a fquare
pipe let into the wall> of about four inches
diagonal».whicJi coones down into, a ct^-
board>*alfo fet into the wall, but with its
end fo near the bottom, that there ihall
never be s^bove a gallon or .fuch a quantity
in the cupboard at a time> which being
taken away and given to the horfes» ano*
thcr gallon prefently fucceeds» fo that in
t|>e lower parit, of the fkable, where the
feorfes fbuid, there is not an incdi of room
tsJoen up for the whole provifion of oats.;
irhioh hath alfo this further conveniency,
that by this motion the oats are kept con-
ftantly fwect, the taking away of one gal-
loo moving the whole mads above, which
oiherwife being laid in great quaniitiesi
w^oild be apt to grow mufty.
There alfo may be two of thefe made,
the one for oats« and the other for fpHt-
bMBS, and both let into the range of prefies,
oats and beans being feparatcd above by
STA
ing-room for your groom^ that no dull majF
fall from it upon your horfes.
There are alfo other requilites, as a dung-*
yard> a pump, a conduit^ and if fome pond
or running river were near^ it were the bec^
ter.
STABLE^STAND^ (intheforcft law]
a term ufed when a man is found at his
Hand in the foreft, with a crofs*bow or long-
bow, ready to Ifaoot at a deer, or elfe ftand-
ing clofe by a tree with greyhounds in «^
leafli> ready to be let flip.
This is one of the four evidences> or pre<*
fumptions, by which a man is convided of
intending to Heal the King's deer^ the other
three being back-berond^ bloody-hand^ and>
A red male deer of ^rt ycart^
,
partitions.
Let the floor over the liable he ceiled, .
whether you make ita-vgraoary, or a lodg--
STAG-EVIL iw A HoKsx,.a diilemper
which is a kind of palfy in thejaws, he be«
ing fometimes feizcd with fuch a fliffnefs in
the neck and jaws that he cannot move
them, but turns up the white of his eyefi
and is feized with a palpitation of the heart
and beating of the Banks at uncertain in«
tervals, which diCcafe frequently proves
mortal if it fpreads alLover the body.
It chiefly proceeds from the horfe's be« •
ing expofed to cold after a great. heat.
The firft remedy is to bleed plentifully^
unlefs the horfe be old^ low in fitfh, or
lately taken from fome hard duty, when
you muft not take away too much of his
blood. After bleeding give the following
ball: take of alTa^cetida half an ounce;
caftor powdered to drams i valerian root
« powdered one ounce: make the whole
into a ball^ with honey and oil of ^am-;
ber.
This ball may be given twice a day at
firft,. and afterwards once, walhing it down,
withadecoi^ion of valerian, fwectcned with;
liquorice or honey.
Care muft alfo be taken to keep the
body open with laxative purges, and qmol*
lient clyfters. And after this method has
been continued fpr eight or ten day s^ the
following balls n>^uld be given, and wafhed
down with the valerian dccoiflioa; Tiike of
cinra*
(Itnnftbar of antimony Six drams, of alTa-
fcetida half an ounce ; of birthworc root,
myrrh and bay-bcrrics, of each two drams :
make the whole into a ball with treacle.a&d
oil of amber.
By purfuing this method the horfe^ if he
(tanas the firft ihock of the difeafe, will>
in all probability, recover, unlefs the dif-
tcmper proceeds from bots in the ftomach,
which is often the cafe when men^urial me-
^cines, laid down in the article bots and
worms, are to be ufed ; after wrhich the
balls maybe continued tilUhe convuKieos
are removed.
It will alfo be ncceiffary to chafe and rubs I
the feveral parts that are contFafted i «nd al*
fo to rub into the cheeks^ temples, neck,
flioulder5,*fpines of the back and loins, -the
following linament : Take of nerve and
nrtarfhmallow ointment, of each four
ounces, and oil of amber, two ounces :
make the whole into a linament, with a
lufficient c][uanut7 of camphor^ited fpirit of
wtne.
' In this terrible diflempcr the jaws are
fometHTies fo fall locked, that medicines
. cannot be given by th& mouth, and then they
muft be given by way of clyfter j ^for the
.method too often praftifcd, of forcing the
jaws open, increafes the fymptoms, by
putting th[e creature into the greatefl: agony,
and therefore fiiould not be attempted. The
following infufion may be given for -this
purpofe : take of rue, penny-royal, and
camomile Bowers, of eacha handful-; of
valerian roots two ounces ; boil thefe in
five pints of water till one pint is wafted ;
ftrain the liquor from the ingredients, dif-
vfolve-it in anounceof aiTa-foetida, and add
four ounces of common oil. This clyfter
muft be given once a day.
But as the horfc, while he continues in
this melancholy condition, cannot feed, he
muft be fupported by nourilhing clyfter^,
.made of mtik, portage, broths, -and the
.like, given to the quantitjr of three or four
-quarts a-day •, by which means the creature
will be fupported till the <liftemper abates fo
/ar as to be able to eat his food.
JLt has^fo been obfcrved, that the ftiff*
iSTA
nefs of the jaws has contiAoed, ercn -afctr
the convulQons has been removed, in which
cafe the following medicines ihould be
gw«n t Take of Mathew'a pill and affa-
foetida, of each one ounce; make the
whole into a ball.
This ball will -generally be fv^cient ^
remove the ftifFnefs : but if aot^4t41?"''f^^
repeate^4-the following day, and the ner-
vous dcco£tiona recommended -above, coa«
tinuerf.
-It is very commonto make rowels in this
difeafe ; but they arc generally unfuccefs^
ful, and often mortify: fo that if they
are applied at all, they (hould be made
under the jaws and ki the brcaff.
.STAGGARD {wiih HuiitcrsJ z young"
male deer aged but fouryear^.
STAGGERS, 7 in Horses, a difeafe,'
ST A VERS, S being a giddinefs in the
brail), which when itfeizes the beaft oftea
proceeds to madnefe.
It owes its origin to corrupt blood, or.
grofs and ill humours which opprefs the
brain ; fometimes from its being too foon
turned outto grafs before he is cold, or by-
hard ^riding, or hard labour.
The figns ofit are dimncfs of fight, recl-i
ing or fi^aggering, and hk beating his head
againftthe wall, by reafon of violent pain,
and thrufting it into his litter ; he will
likewife forfake his meat, and have waters
ilh eyes*
For the cure of this diftempcr there are
various pr^fcriptions, fome of which arc^
firft to bleed the horfe, then to difiblvc the
quantity of a hazel-nut of fweet butter in a
fauccr full of wine ; when take lint, or fine
flax, dip it in it and flop his ears with it,
and ftitch them for twelve hours.
Some boil an ounce and half of bitter at
monds, two drams of an ox-gall, half a
penny-worth of black hellebore, made in-
to powder, grains of caftorcum, vinegar
and varnifh, of each five drams, which they
boil and ftrain, which put into his ears ai
before.
Soleyfel dircfls to bleed the horfe in the
flanks and plate vein of the thighs, and
then to giv9 him a glyftcr of two quarts. of ^
emetic
wnetic Wine, lukewarm, with Tour ounces
of the ointment of populcum, and after-
wards to let hini repofe a little j and when
be has voided that glyftcr about an hour, to
give him the following dofc :
Take two*ounces of the fcorlse of the li-
^er of antimony, finely powdered, in five
pints of beer, after it has had five or fix
walms>over the fire, then add four ounces
of unguentum rofatum, and injc(ft this luke-
warm.
Repeat this often, rubbing his legs
ffrongly w^th wifps of draw moiftened with
warm water, to make a rcvulGon : feed
Kim with bran and white bread, and walk
fatm from time to tioie in a temperate
jdace.
But if notwithftanding thefe applications
the difeafe does dill continue, then give
him an ounce of ^if»i«r treacle, diflblved in
a.quart of fomO'COfdial waters, and injefl
the following glyfter lukewarm ;
DilTolve two ounces of fal polycreftum
and Venice trcsLclc in two quarts of the de-
ooftion of the foftning hecbS|. and witli a
quarter of a pound of the oiPof rue, make
arglyfter. Or,.
Take the feeds of crefty, poppies, fnwl-
lagc parfteyy dill, pepper and faflTron, of
each two drams^ pound them all to a- fi'Se
powder, and put them into twoquarts-of
water, boiling hot from the fire, and let
them infufe. together for three hours i drain
it and give him one quart j fprinkle his hay
with water, and .thencxt day givchim ano-
ther quart fading ; let him have no cold
water for four or fivedays# onl/'whitC'Watcr,
unlefs fometimes a mafti. Of,
. Make a fmall tough, oaken or a(hen Aick
Iharp, and make a notch at one end of it,
like a fork, to prevent it from running too
far into the horfc's head : put it up his nof-
tril, jobbing it up and down to the top of
his head,. which will fet.him to bleeding
freely.
Then in the morning fading give him a
diank well brewed together, compounded
of an: ounce of temcric, and the fame quan-
tity of \annifecds, in a quart of drong beer
qmIc, a pint of verjuice, aftdaquartcrpfa
ST A
* •• <
pint of brandy, and ftpp his ears with aqua:
vitfie and herbage, well beaten together y
put of this an equal quantity into each ear,
and dop flax or hurds upon it to keep ic
down, then ditch up his earsfor tw^ntyrfour
hours.
The next d^y bleed hrni in the neck, and
give him his blood with a handful of fait in-
it, dirring it well together, to prevent it?
from clodding ; four or five hours after give
him fweet hay, and warm water and bran z>
night.
Then tie up one of his fore-legs, and'
drew ftore of* litter wider him, and leave*
him to take his red, and he will either re^^
cover in a day or two or die.
The- vinegar will make him dale/ and the
aqua vite caufe him to deep s-if hedoes nor
come to his domachy give him honey,-
white wine, andacordiah
A STALE. A living fowl put in any place
to allure other fowls, to a place where they
may be taken •, for want of'thefe - a- lark or*
any other bird may be ihot, his entraiU
taken out and dried in an oven in his fea-
thers, with a dick thrud through him, to
1 keep in a convenient podure, which may-
' ferve as well as a live one.
STALIKG OR DuNXJiNG, a fupprefiion
oY'doppage of thefe may happen to a horfe
feveral ways ; fometimes by being too high
kept and having too little exercife, fome*
times^by being travelled fuddenly after he
has been* taken up from grafs, before his^
bodv has been emptied of it.
The figns of knowing this is, that he will
lie downand tumble about by reafon of the •
extremity of pain^ jud as if he were troubled »
with bots.
In fuch cafe to caufe a horfe to dale, db
as follows :
Put a quart of ftrong ale into a two quart
pot, with as many radidi roots, walhed,
flit and bruifed, as will fill up the pot, dop
the pot clofc, and let it dand twenty-four
hours, then ftrain out the liquor, fqueezing
th« roots very hard, and give it the horfe •
fading; then ride him a litde up and down,
fet him up warm,, and lie will, quickly .
1 dale.
I ^ Take.
Tike three or four fpoonfuls of burdock
^edfiy bruife them^ and put thctn into a
quart of beer» and a good piece of butter^
beat it lukewarm and give it the horfe.
Kill a fufficient number of bees« dry them
vwell and reduce them to powder^ and put
them into a pint of white- wine or ale, and
give him abQut an ounce of them at a time;
this will open the fpaffagcs of the primary
▼eins^ by his haying taken two or three
.dofcs, and make him flale freely.
STALING OF Blood i a horfe fometimes
happens in the midft of fummer to ftale
pure blood, by reafon of immoderate exer-
cife •» if a veffel or member be broke» it is
mortal ; but if it only proceeds from the
heat of the kidnies^ he may be eafily cured ;
for in this cafe, all the urine that is tinged
like blood is not blood, for a imall flux of
blood will gire a red tin&ure to a ^eat
quantity of urine*
For the cure : firft bleed the horfe, then
give him every morning three pints of the
ini'uiion of crocus metallorum in white wine^
for fix or fcven days fucceflively, keeping
him bridled four hours before and after it;
♦his will both cleanfe his bladder, and heal
the part affe6ted«
If the diftcmper be attended with heat,
and beating of the flanks, give him a cool*
ang glyfter ; bleed him again, and give two
ounces of fal polycreftum, diflblved in
three pints of emetic wine, which is
to be got ready to be given him in the
morning.
If the fal polycreftum takes away his
appetite, or the emetic wine docs not effe6t
the cure, give him the following medi-
,cines :
Take two^unces ofVenia treacle, or (for
twant of that) of diateflbrum, with common
honey and fine fugar, of each four dunces ;
incorporate all thdfe well together in a mor*
tar, then add annifceds, coriander-^eeds, and |
liquorice powder, of each two ounces^
Mingle the mafs well, and give it the
horfe, diflblved in a.quart of claret, keep*
ing him bridled, for three hours, both
before and after i and the Aext day bleed
}him.
ST A
On the third day injeft the foUowng
glyfter : take two ounces of the fcorias, or
drofs, of liver of antimony, in fine pow^
der ; boil it in five pints of ' cow Vmilk*
whey, and as foon as the liquor begins to
rife in great bubbles, take it from^he fire,
and add to it a quarter of a pound of olive
oil ; give this glyfter lukewarm.
The virtue of thefe medicines hav^e beea
experienced ; but if the difeafe fhould flili
continue, you muft again repeat the whde
courfe.
STALING Blood -, this diftemper is of-
ten caufed by a (train : for the cure, bleed
the horfe, and give him fome of the hyflc*
ric liquor, about a lat^e fpoonfal, in a pint
of (Irong beer warm, and it will bring mm
into order.
STALLION is an ungelt horfe, defign-
ed for the covering of mares, in order to
propagate the (pedes ; and when his ftones
are taken away, and he is gelt, he is called a
gelding.
Now in the chufing ftone-horfes, or (lal^
lions for mares, you ought to* take great
care that they neither hatite moon-eyes, wsh
tcry-eyes, blood-lhotten eyes, fplenta, fpa-
yins, curbs, nor, if poffible, any natural
imperfection of any kind w^atfoever; for
if thcy^have, the colts will take them hefi&.
ditarily from their parents.
But let them be the bcfl:, ableft, highcft
fpiritedi fatreft coloured, and fioeft Ihaped^
and a perfon fliould inform himfelf of aH
natural defefts in them, of which none are
free.
As for his age, he ought not to beyoong^
er, to cover a mare, than four years old,
from which time forward he williiegec colti
till twenty .-
Let the (tallion be fo high fed, aa to be
full of lult and vigour, and then brought to
the place where the mares are 5 take oflPhis
hinder (hoes, and let him cover a mare ia
hand twice or thrice, to keep him fobcr i •
thenpullx>flr his bridle, and turn him loofc
to the reft of the marcs, which muft be 10 a
convenient clofe, with ftrong fcncett and
good food^ and there leave him till he has
covered them all^ fo that thqr wiU take
Jiotfe
ST A
horfe no more ; by which time his courage
will be pretty well cooled.
Ten or twelve mares are enough for one
horfe in the fame year : it will alfo be ne-
ceifary to hare fome little flied or hovel in
the field, to which he may retreat to defend
him from the rain, fun, and wind, which
are very weakening to a horfe : lee there be
likewife a rack and manger to feed him in,
during his covering-time, and it would not
be amifs if .one were to watch him during
that time for fear of any accident, and
the better to know how often he covers each
mare.
When he has done his duty, take him
away from the marcs, and remove them in-
to fome fre(h pafture.
Take notice, that when you would have
mares covered, either in hand or otherwife,
that both the llallion and mare have the
fame feeding, viz. if the horfe be at hay
and oats, which are commonly called hard
meats, the mare (hould be alfo at hard meat,
otherwife Ihe will not be fo fit to hold.
In the like manner, if the ftallion be
at grafs, you muft alfo put the mare to
grafs.
Thofe mares which are in middling cafe,
conceive the molt eafily ; whereas thofe
that are very fat hold with great difficulty ;
thofe of them that are hot and in feafon,
retain a great deal better ; their heat exci-
ting the ftallion, who, on his part, per-
forms the adion with great vigour and
ardour.
And when you cover 9 mare in hand, in
. order that (he may the more certainly hold,
let the ftallion and the mare be fo placed in
the ftable, that they may fee each other,
keeping them fo for fome time, which will
animate them both, and then they will
. hardly fail to generate.
For the ordering of a ftallion, fome give
the following inftruftions :
Feed theftalKon for three months at leaft,
before he is to cover, with good oats, peafe,
or beans, or with coarfe bread and a little
hay, but a good deal of wheat ftraw ; car-
rying him twice a day out to water, walk-
ing him up and down for an hour after
S T A
he has drank, but without making him
fweat.
If the ftallion be not thus brought into
wind before he covers, he will not be in
danger of becoming purfey, and broken
winded ; and if he be not well fed, he will
not be able to perform his tafk, or at beft:
the colts would be but pitiful and weak
ones; and though you fliould take great
care to nourifh him, yet you will take him
in again very weak.
If you put him to many mares, he will
not ferve you fo long,but his mane and tail
will fall away by reafon of poverty, and it
will be a difficult matter to bring him to a
good condition of body, againft the year
following.
He ought to have mares according to his
ftrength, as twelve or fifteen, or at moft not
above twenty.
As to Foreign Horfes. The Spatii/h horfe,
or Sfanijb jennet, is a creature of great fire,
of a middle ftature, and generally well
made in his head, body, and legs ; and
though his buttocks are fomewhat long, yet
they are ftrong and well (haped.
After one of thefe horfes has been welt
taught, there is none make a better (how
upon the parade ; but he is not a horfe that
will hold long in his full ftrength, becaufe
he hath rather too much fpirit ; for about
half a mile, there is not a fwifter cteature in
a race, but then his ftrength fails.
A Spanijh horfe is not generally thought
fit for aftion, till he is fix years old, for
they are not till that time grown to their full
perifeftion or beauty, and their too great
fire or mettle is not till then abated fuffici-*
ent to render him ferviceable.
Thelatt thing that is compleat in Spanijh
horfes, is the crefti the horfes of this breed
are naturally inclined to bound and to make
faults, raifing all four feet at once from the
ground ; but their limbs being weak and
fmall, they are vzry fubjeft to be finew-
ftraincd, or otherwife lamed, in a (hort
time after they are fit for fervice.
No kind of horfe has fuch open noftrils,
nor fnort more in all his goings, than the
Spauijlo horfe •, his trot is fomewhat long,
3 M irregular
S T A
irregular or Tvavtng, for which reafon fome
jockic.s have chofc to bring them to the
pace or amble.
The German Horfe. Thcfe horfes are
for the moft part very tall, and large of
body, not very beautiful in make, but fecm
to be of great ftrength, and being brought
into the manage, perform fome of the inofl:
difikult Icffons with agility enoirgh : they
gallop very flow or heavy, and trot very
high; but they are ftrong, and better for
tht draught or burden, than the ma-
nage.
The Hungarian Horfe. Thefc horfts arc
generally hook nofed, and have thick heads,
large eyes, broad jaws, but narrow noftrils;
their manes are rough and thick, commonly
reaching near the ground ; their tails, in
like manner, arc bufliy and long; for the
mod part of lean and thin bodies, and
weak pafterns : but although fome part of
them are not to be liked, yet the deformi-
ties are generally fo well put together, that,
taken all together, the horfes arc agreeable
enough.
They are of a tolerable good courage, and
will endure labour and fatigue, and for that
reafon are fcrviceablc in war.
The Swedijh Horfe. Thcfe arc of fmall
ftature, their fiiapc indifferent, and arc of
but fmall fervice.
The horfes natural to Sweden^ arc, for
the moft part, either white, dun, orpyed,
and wall-eyed ; fo that unlefs they are im-
proved by other breeds, they arc not to
be ranked with them that are of good
tfteem.
The Potijb Horfct Thcfe are much like
the Vanijh horfe, and are generally about ;
the fize of the Spanijh jennct,^ are of amid-
dlc (laturc, but their limbs arc much better
knit together, and are of a much ftronger
make,, than the Spanifi ones.
This horfe is in many refpefts like our
natural Enghjh horfe, except that their heads
are fomewhat flendcrer, like the Irijh hobby ;
but their necks and crefts are raifed upright,
ajid very ftrong : their ears arc very Ihort
aad {mall, aad their backs capable of bear-
I
S t A
ing aiiy weight *, their chines Ire brosKli
and their hoofs arc judgdd td be as good sis
thofc of any horfe in the world.
They arc very good for a journey, and
will endurie long ones, with more cafe than
any other horfes.
Flanders Horfes. Thcfe differ in (hape
but little from the German breed, they arc
tall in ftature, have fliort and thick heads,
bodies deep and long, buttocks round and
flat, their legs thick and rough.
Thefc horfes and the mares of the fame
kind, arc efteemcd chiefly for the draught,
in which, for ftatelincfs, they excel moft
horfes in Europe i bnt arc to be rcjcfbed
for the faddlc, being both fluggifii and un«
cafyr . .
The Flanders horfe and marc both have
a hard trot, but arc much ufed in the bar-
nefs with us in England.
^ The Neapolitan Horfe. Thcfe horfes arc
highly efteemcd for their ftrength and cou-
rage, which, together with their gentle dif-
pofitions, make them more valued.
His limbs are ftrong, and well knit to*
gether ; his pace is lofty, and he is very
docile for the performance of any excrcife ;
but a nice eye may difcover that his legs arc
fonriething too fmall, which feems to be his
only impcrfeftion.
He may be known by his head, which
is long, lean, and flender, bending from
the eyes to the noftrils, like a hawk's beak s
he aifo has a very full eye, and a Iharp
can
Th^ Sardinian Iriottt. Thefc, and thofc
of Corfica^ very much refemblc the Neapoli*
tan, but are (omewhat ftiorter bodied, and
of a more fiery difpofition ; but by good
management may be brought to very good
difciplinc
Turkijb Horfes. Thefc horfes are oirigi-
nally natives o( Greece, and bear an extraor-
dinary price with us, partly becaufc of thc)r
cxtraordii^ary beauty, and partly becaufc
of the great cxpence of bringing them
over-,
Thefc Turkijb horfes have fine heads,,
fomewhat like Barbary ones^ beautiful fort
S T A
hands, and (traifiht limbsj rather fmall
than large, are o? a mod delicate fhape,
their pace i$ genteel and graceful, and be--
fides they are horfes of good fpirit.
Their coats are fmooth and (bort, and
their hoofs long and narrow, which is a (ign
of fwiftnefs J in a word, they arc horfes of
great beauty, courage and fpeed.
Their colour is, for the moft part, grey
or flea bitten^ ihough there arc fome of
a bright bay colour; but moft of thefe we
have now in Enfrland arc grey.
Englijb Horfes. The true bred Englifb
horie, has been accounted a creature of great
ftrength and fpirit, and he has been, by
fonie authors, reprefented as of a very large
fizej but at prefcnt we have hardly any
that can be called a true bred Englijh horfe,
or that can befaidto be the offspring of
an horfe and mare, that were both lineally
defcended from the original race of this
country: unlefs we may account thofe
horfes to be fuch that are bred wild in fome
forefts, and among mountains.
Among them, perhaps the mares and
horfes were both of the firft Englijb race,
without mixture; however, it is not cer-
tain, but fome horfes of foreign countries,
of which many have been, and ftill are,
frequently brought over, were turned into
thole wild places, as convenient pafture,
and have mixed with the natives of Bri-
tain.
However, feeing we cannot feek for
Englijh horfes any where elfe than in fprefts,
and wild places, we will fuppofe thofe to
be the true bred Englijh race of horfes,
Thefe we find to anlwer the charadter, fo
far as relates to ftrength and good fpirit;
but they are not large, thaugh very hardy,
and will always keep good fiefh on their
iacks, and thrive where other horfes can
fcarce live.
It is not inriprobablc but that the race
might have been much larger than they
now are, becaufc in the firft time they were
at liberty to range any where, and take
their plcafure .where it pJcafeiJ them bcft,
becaufc all grounds then lay open, or elfe
ihcrr .verc but very few i:nclpfur?s, in com-
S T A
parifon to what there are now# And when
they had that plentiful Ihare of food, we
may naturally imagine that their bodiet
were much larger than they are at pre fen t ;
for it is a certain rule, that the lefs ihare
of nouri(hment any creature has during the
time of its growth, fo much the fmallef
will he be in ftacure.
But there are now very few of this wild
fort in ufe, in coniparifon to what there
were a hundred and fifty, or two hundred
years ago ; and thofe that are now taken
up, are not eafily tamed : but when they
are once difciplined, they will endure
more labour than any horfes in the known
part of the world.
Irijh Hobbies. Thefe are alfo of a wild
breed, and are generally well made, much
after the manner of the Englijh wild horfes ;
they have fine lieads, ftrong necks, and well
turned bodies, quick eyes, good limbs, and
other good qualities fufEcicnt to recom-
mend them i are briflc and courageous, and
very fure footed : but both thefe arc fub-
je£t to ftart, which, I fuppofe, proceeds
from their wild way of living, where they
have not had the opportunity of knowing
or feeing any thing but trees or bufces,
and therefore every thing elfe feems ftrangc
and (hocking to them.
But if they happen to be young, when
taken from the foreft, or other wild paf-
tures, this may probably be overcome ; but
if they are not fo, then I judge it irapoIJi-
ble ever to break them to it ; for they hav-
ing never known any thing but wild fcenes,
and been a long time habituated to them,
every thing that differs from them, will
fcem ftrange, if not monftrous, and will
ftrike them with fear and horror, never to
be correfted.
We are informed that thefe IriJh horfes arc
fo wild, that the only way of taking them,
is by aflcmbling a great number of people
together, and driving the whole ftud, both
horfes and mares, colts and fillies, into a
bog, where they caft halters over the heads
of thofe they, think fit for fcrvice^ letting
tfie others run again into the country.
Our Englijh Horfes in forcfts are not taken
3M 2 with
/••*^
ST A
with lefs labour^ for iDsioy artful devices
mud be ufed^ and. a great deal of labour
too is required in the taking them.
And after all, great care mud be taken
that they have moft gentle ufage, to make
them as familiar as poflible; and at the
firft, not letting them have ^ny thing to
eat, but what we feed them with out of
the hand, till they are grown very well ac
quaioted with their keepers.
It is not to be expefted that they will all
of a fudden'^quit their wildnefs, but thus
feeding them, and keeping them awake for
fome time, will tame them by degrees.
It ought to be obferved, both in the
taming or teaching of horfes, that they arc
to be ufed with tendernefs, rather than
roughnefs, and nopaffionate perfon ought
to be concerned in their breaking or ma-
nagement j but a man that undertakes this ,
bufincfs ought to be i^atient, and a mader of
reafon i and for want of thefe qualifications
being put in praftice in the management of
them, many a good horfe has been fpoiled,
having either been pulhed on by the paf-
fion of the rider to over-drain thcm-
felves, or elfe to dart and fly out of the
way, at the lead touch of a whip or fpui*,
and thereby endanger the rider -, or to hate
the rider, and take every opportunity of
doing him a mifchicf, either in mounting,
or when he is on his back, or at difmount-
ing.
There are many in dances to prove that
horfes have a memory, and will refent inju-
ries that have been offered them. I have
known fome horfes would not dand dill to
be (hod by a farrier, of whom they have be-
fore received fome violent ufage ; when at
the fame time would freely fuffcr thcm-
felves to be fbod by drangcrs. Others have
been fo provoked at the fight of a farrier,
with a leather apron, that they have endea-
voured all they could to do him a mifchief,
cither by biting or kicking. Nor arc wc
without the knowledge of melancholy ac-
cidents that have happened to grooms^
who have ufed their horfes with too much
Severity.
i iball conclude what has been faid of
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foreign horfes, the natural bred Englljk
horfes, and Irijh hobbies, with faying, that
when wc fee a fine horfe now a-days which
was foaled in England^ and bred of a marc
and horfe that was likewife bred in the fame
place, we cannot be certain that fuch a
horfe is of a true Englijh breed, isnlefs we
could know farther of his generation; his
grandfire or grandam might, perhaps, be
both foreigners.
But we lay thus much of horfes which
have been foaled or bred in England^ though
they arc the offspring of foreigners, they
will be dronger, and have a better fpiric,
than if the fame had been abroad 5 becaufe
the food in England for horfes is more
hearty and nourifbing, than in any other
country in Europe^ efpecially our grafs,
which is the principal food for horfes, is in
greater plenty in Britain and Ireland^ than
in any other European nation befides.
For which reafon in the hotter countries,
they arc forced, for want of grafs, to cul-
tivate clpver, faintfoin, 6fr. and feed their
horfes with thefe and chopt draw and corn ;
but chopt draw is only for them when
they arc grown fit for ufe, they having only
during their fird two or three years, clover,
faintfoin, ^c.
Of the crofs drains of horfes. It is well
known, that in Britain have been bred
horfes of all kinds bcforemcntioned, which
have not only been as good as thofc bred
in their refpeftivc countries, but have been
allowed to exceed them in drength and
beauty.
But this flionld be remembered, that of
every kind of horfe mentioned before, it has
JDcen thought proper in our trading, 4>ort-
ing, and warlike country, to compofe out
of the variety, fuch horfes as may prove
ufeful to every fort of btifinefs.
We have fome for carrying burdens^
fome for the road, fome for bunting, others
for ambling,, and others for the coach and
other carriages; fome likewife for racings
and fome tor the manage, to be trained
either for the war^ or divcrfion of great
men.
As. to the mixing of breeds, fooK are of
opinion^
S t A
opinioDj that fuch horfes ddigned to be
trained for the war^ (bould be bred from a
Neapolitan ftallion, and an Englijh rnare^ or
of a Turkijh ftallion, and an Englijh marc.
The next breed to be dcfiredj is between
a ^urkijh ftallion^ and a Neapolitan mare,
-which produce a fine race and of great va-
lue.
Some fay that ftallions of Corjica and Sar-
diniay coupled with ^urkijh mares, will
produce a fine breed ; and that the Spanijh
jennet, and Flanders mare, produce an ex-
cellent offspring.
But this we are certain of, that any of
-the aforefaid kinds of horfes covering true
born Englijh marcs, will beget a better colt
or filly, than if they had coupled with their
own race, in their own country.
And there is good reafon for this, be-
caufe no race of horfes in the world have
fuch hearty feedings as thofe of Britain^
where liberty renders every farmer capa-
ble of cultivating his lands, and provid-
' ing plentifully for himfelf, and all about
him.
This caufes all of our breed to be ftrong
and hearty, and when the mare is fo, the
race that proceeds from her muft be fo
much better as (he is flrongcr than the
mares that are fed in other cour>tries,
■where the provender is more coarife, and
lefs nouriihing.
\ As to the breeding of horfes for racing,
feme jgentlemen chufe to put a Barbary
horfe to an Englijh mare ; others will jiave
both the fires and dam to be Barhi others
again are for coupling the Barhary horfe
-with the Turki/b mare, and indeed any of
thefe couplings do produce horfes of great
ipeed.
The crofs ftrains of horfes we now have,
are not to be numbered > but if we were
to trace the breeds of the befl: rwining
horfes, we (hoqld find them to proceed
from fuch mixtures.
The nvany horfe races, fo frequently the
diverfion of our Englijh nobility and gen-
try, are chiefly performed by fuch mixtures
in breed.
For though one horfe truly bred of one
S T A
particular country, may be fwifter than
another, yet if he wants firength he will
be a lofer in the courfe, and will fail from
his fpeed if the courfe happens to be wet
and heavy ; but the coupling beforemen^
tioncd, when brought together by a man
of right judgment that way, may produce
fomething admirable at Newmarket^ &g.
As to hunting-horfes, which, are chiefly
the delight of the Englijh gentry,, thcfe
ought to be nimble>, full of courage> and
ftrong.
The original af the beft we know, have
proceeded from a crofs ftraih, between the
Turkijh ftallion^ and Englijh mare-, and
there is great reafon for this opinion, fince
we are already certain of the ftrength of
our EngHJb bred mares, and the good cou-
rage and fwiftnefs of the Turkijh and Bar-
hary horfes.
But every one who breeds fuch horfes,.
has his peculiar fancy; they employ fome
favourite ftallion, or favourite mare to raife
a breed from^ and are difTerenc in opinion,
about this,: one of any particular breed will
not be fo good as another, although the
fame care (hould be taken ia the coupling
the (ire and the damv
. All that can be faid is, that a ftallion of
vigour and fpeed ought to be chofcn, and
a mare of a ftrong and healthful body ; and
from fuch coupling may be expefted well
bred horfes of ftrength and courage.
The pad or ambling horfe, is chiefly dcr.
fired for ladies ; to produce fuch, let the
fire be a "Turky and the dam a Scotch poney,.
or Irijh hobby, and thefe between th^m will
produce a race that will be natural pacers.
And again, a turkijh fire, and an Englijh^
mare of a fmall fize, will naturally fall into-
a pace or an amblev /
Then as for the burthen or pack, the
German horfe will be a good fire for a Flan-
ders or Flemijh dara ; thefe wiU produce a^
breed ftrong and tall, fit cither for carry-
ing great, weights, or war*
If one of this breed happens to be twiried
for the army, his rider, with his. accoutre-
ments, win hardly be lefs than^ th-irty (tone.
- The Nortbamptonjbire breed of horfes a^e:
generally
S T A
generally coveted for this ufc, the origi-
nal of which came from a mixture of the
kind before mentioned.
Thefe are aUo good for the draught, ci-
their in the coach or cart, and many have
been of the opinion, that the mares of this
breed are as ferviceable in ftrength and ac-
tion, as the horfes: and the ftallions and
mares of this crofs drain are rather prefer-
able to the original fires or dams; being
more habituated to the food of the coun-
try^ or as one may fay^ naturalized to the
Englijh provender, than thofe that came
from their rcfpeftive native countries.
The crolfing of ftrains, or coupling one
horfe with another, has of late fo much im-
proved our breed in England^ that we
have them now of alt forts, and for all ufcs,
in more pcrfeftion, than any other country
in the world.
Some Englijb authors have obferved, that
the beft horfes are rather from the crofs-
ftrain, than immediately from the natural
breed of any country, for our Englijh mares
mend the breed ; they ftrengthen the joints
of the 4S^tf«(^ jennet, the flendernefs of the
limbs of the Turk or Barb^ and the too long
and rough hair about the paflern of the
Sfanijh breed.
In the latter cafe when the hairs are
long upon the patterns, it wouldbe difficult
for their keepers to preferve them from the
malanders or fcratches, which the Flan-
ders horfe or marc is frequently attended
with, unlefs that hair was fmgcd or burnt
ofF.
As for the age of a ftallion ; fome advife
CO try the age and courage of a itallion, by
taking up part of the (kin, and if it return
quickly to the body, and become fmooth,
it is a fign of his vigour and youth ; and, on
the contrary, if it remains fome time with-
out returning to the part whence it was
pulled, it is a fign that the horfe is either
old or infirm, but if on the contrary, he is
fit for bufineis.
Another way to try if a horfe be young
or old, is to take the ilern or tail, next the
buttock, between the finger and thumb,
and prcCing that part hard^ if they find the
« T A
V
joint there bt^er or more prominent than
thejoints of the tail (as big perhaps as a ha«
^le nut, or thereabouts, they conclude the
horfe to be under ten years old \ but if that
joint be equal with the other joints in the
rail, they fuppofe the horfe to be paft chu
age.
Another way is, to examine the hor(c*s
eyes, whether they be full ; his body, whe-
ther or not it is in good condition ; as al<b
whether he has courage $ if his coat be
fmooth, and if the hollow of his eyes be
full ; for if all thefe meet together, expert
jockies conclude a horfe is young, and fit
for generation. See Ao£ of a Horsb»
Mare, Stallion, Stud.
STALKING-HORSES without which
there is no getting to (hoot at fome fowl^ by
reafon of their fiiynefs, which ftalking-horie
(hould be fome old jade trained up for that
purpofe, who will gently, and as you would
have him, walk up and down in the water
which way you pleafe, flodding and eating
of the grafs that grows therein. See Plate
XV. and Article Tunnel-Net.
You rouft (helter yourfelf and gun be-
hind his fore-lhoulder, bending your body
low by his fidcj andlceeping his body full
between you and the fowl ; being within
(hot, take your level from before the fore-
part of the horfe, firing as it were bcti^een
the horfe's neck and the water, which is
much better than firing under hisbelly^ be-
ing lefs perceiveablc.
But by reafon of the trouble and time that
a real ftalking-horfe will take up, to make
fit for this purpofe, you may make an arti.
ficial one, of fome pieces of old canvas, flba-
ped like a horfe, y^ith his head bending
downward as if grazing j it may be fluffed
with any light matter, and painted of the
colour of a horfe, of which the be(t is
brown, and in the middle let it be fixed to a
ftaff, with a (harp iron at the end, to ftick it
into the ground as you.fteoccafiop, ftandiog
faft while you take your level.
Jt muft alfo be fp portable, that you niay
with eafc bear it.with one hand, and move
it fo as it may fcem to graze as you go.
It
S T A
It rmift neither be too low nor too high in
ilature, for the firft will not hide your body,
and the other will be apt to fcarc away the
fowl.
You may, inftead of this ftalking-horfc,
form out of canvas painted, an ox or cow j
this change is very proper, after you have
fo beaten the fowl with your ftalking-horfc,
that they begiato find out the deceit (as it
frequently happens) : then you may ftalk
with an ox or c6w> till the horfe be for-
gotten, and by this method continue your
Iport.
In low fenny grounds, the ftalking with
flags or red deer is very proper, where fuch
deer do ufually feed, and are more familiar
with the fowl> and fo feed nearer them than
cither the ox, horfe, or cow : which ftalk-
ing-ftag, or deer, are formed out of canvas
painted, with the natural horns of ftags fix-
ed thereon, and the colour fliould be painted
fo lively, as that the fowl cannot difcern the
deceit, by which means you will come with-
in a much nearer diftance.
There arc likewife other engines tn ftalk
withal, fuch as an artificial tree, bufli, or
ihrub, which maybe made into fmall wands,
and with painted canvas nude into the form
of the body of a tree, as a willow, poplar^
or fuch trees as grow by rivers> and water-
fides, which are the beft*
If you ftalk with a bufhor Ihrub,^ they
muft not be fo tall as your tree, but much
thicker j which may be made either of one
entire buft), or of divers buflies interwoven
one with another, either with fmall withy-
wands, cord or packthread, that may not
be difcerned : and let not your bu(h exceed
the height of a man, bur be thicker than
four or five inches, with a fpikc at the bot-
tom to ftick into the ground, whilft you take
your level.
if you defign thefe artificial ftalking en-
gines for fowb that flock together, efpeci-
ally water-fowl, they will fooa grow too
cfafty for thofc that »re unftuffcd •, but foi
pheafants, woodcocks, and the like> there I
cannot be a more ufeful and cheaper way>
than to ufe thofe that are unftuned ^ for
for when you have made the ftwt^ you n»y
S T A
roll up the engine, and keep it for another
occafion.
Take notice, that thefe fcveral forts of
engines before mentioned, are to be ufcd
only in the morning, or late in the evening,,
and are more proper for water than land-^
fowl i for when the fun is up, its refleftion
fooner difcovcrs the impcrfeflions of the
engine, which are better hidden by the
water.
STANCHING Blood •, in cafe a horfe,
6fr. happens to be cut or Jiurt, fill the cut
full ot the wool of a hare or rabbet, and
hold it in fome time with your hand, or
or elfc bind it on the part ; then burn the
upper leather of an old (hoe, and ftrew^
the afties among the wool, and let it lie on
for twenty-four hours, and it will fl:anch.
the bleeding. Or,.
Boil together honey, wax, turpentine-,,
fwine's-greafe, aud wheaten-flour, ftirring
and mixing them well together,, till they
are become an ointment, then take it off
the fire, and put it up in a gallipot for ufe 5.
but rf the cut be of any confiderable depth,»
put in a tent of flax, or linen cloth dipped
m the ointment, and lay a plaifter of the
fame over it, letting it lie on twenty-four
hours.
If a horfe happens to bleed violently at
the nofe, ftamp betony in a mortar with,
fait, and put it into his nofe, applying it
to the wound and it will fiop it : but if he
be taken fwldenly in the highway, &^. and
you cannot get the herb, fcrape a felc
hat or piece of woollen cloth with a knife,,
and apply it to the part, and it will ftanch!
it.
STARE. 7 A bird kept for his-
STARLING. I whiftlingi but the
great fault generally is, that they get them
too much fledged out of the neft, which,
makes them, generally retain fo much of
their own harfti notes; fuch therefore as*
would have them good, and void their own
natural fpcaking tone, muft ukc them
from the old one»at two or three days old •.
and this fliould be done -, by all birds thac
you defign to learn to whittle or fpeak,, or
would!
S T E
would have learn of another bird by hang-
ing under his cage.
STARS; are diftinguifhing marks in the
foreheads of horfes, and they arc ufually
made either white, black, or red.
The method of making which is as fol-
lows:
If you would have a white one in his
forehead, or indeed in any other part of his
body, (irft, with a razor, (have away the
hair, of the width or bignefsthat you would
have the (lar to be; then take a little oil of
vitriol in ^n oyfter fhell, and dip a feather or
piece of (lick into it, for it will eat both li-
nen and woollen, and juft wet it all over the
place that you have (haved, and it will eat
away the root of the hairs, and the next
that come will be white. It need not be
done aboVe once, and may be healed up
with copperas-water, and green ointment,
STARTING, in the manage a horfc is
faid to be ftarting, (kitti(h, or timorous,
that takes every objcft he fees to be other-
wife than it is.
This fault is moft common to horfes that
have defefts in their eyes : you Ihould never
bear a ftarting horfe in his confternation, but
get him to advance gently to the objcft
that alarms him.
STAY. To ftav the hand •, to (lav or fuf-
tain a horfe, is to hold the bridle firm and
high.
We likewifc ftay or fuftain a horfe with
the in-leg' or the in heel, when he makes
his croupe go before his (boulders upon
volts.
We ftay a horfe again wheri we hinder
him to travcrfe, when we ride him equally,
keeping him always fubjeft, fo that his
croxipe cannot (lip out, and he can lofe
neither his cadence nor his ground, but
marks ^'1 his times equal.
STEP AND LEAP; is one of the feven
airs, or artificial motions of a horfe, being,
as it were, three .airs ; for the pace or ftep
in terra a terra^ thc/raifing is a corvet,and
the leap finifhes the whole. .
The fteps put the horfe 'upon the hand,
jind gives him a rife to leap like one chat
xwi before be leaps, ana Jp many leaps
S TE
higher than he that goes every tintie a leap.
For leaps of all kinds^ give no help^with
your legs at all, only hold him with the
bridle-hand when he rifes before, that fo he
may rife the higher behind ; and when he
begins to rife the higher behind, then put
your bridle-hand a little forwards to hold
him up before, and ftay him there upon
the hand, as if h^ hung in the air \ and
time the motion of your bridle-hand, fo
as that you may take him, as if he were
a ball upon the bound, which is the g^eat*
eft fecret of all in leaping a hqrfe right.
STERN, [with Hunters] the tail of a
greyhound or a wolf*
STEW, is a kihd of fi(h-pond, contrived
forferving the daily ufe of a family, fothat
with little trouble the houfe may be furniOi*
ed with ii(h at any time.
This (hould be fo fituated as to be near
the chief manfion-houfe, and inclofed, the
better to be defended from robbers.
If you have two great waters of three or
four acres a-piece, it will be proper to have
four ftews, of two rods wide and three rods
long each.
In the making of thefe the fides (hould be
cut down (loping, carrying the bottom in a
continual decline from end to end, fo as you
m^y have a convenient mouth, as horfe-
ponds have, for the taking out your nets
when you have drawn for fi(h ; and if you
have room enough you may make a mouth
at both ends, and the deepeft part (hould be
in the middle, by which means your net
may be drawn backwards or forwards, and
the fi(h (hould not have fuch (helter as a
depth under a head will be.
Add to this, that we ii(h with delight in
coming upon the ftioals, and in all probabi-
lity thrive the better.
Thefe may chiefly be referved for carp,
but not abfolutely ; and if you perceive
your tench and perch to encreafe and prof-
per, you may make leflcr ftews to fervc
them a parr, and fo you may have thorn
when you pleafe, without difturbing the
other fifh.
But remember this, that perch will fcarce
live in ftews and fmiU water, in hot wea-
ther
S T I
thers btrt^ will pine» grow lean and thini if
not die ; (o that the ftews are to be their
winter quarters, but in the fummer they
fliould be in green ponds.
STICKLE-BACK ; this fifli is finall,
prickly and without fcales, and not worth
minding, but that he is an excellent bait
for troutSy efpecially if his tail be turned
round on the hook, M which a trout will
bite more eagerljF than at penk» roach or
initiiiow«
The loach Is alfo a good bait at the
ftickleback, provided you place either right
on the hook.
And that you may do it, take this^hfer-
vation, that the nimble turning of the penk,
minnow, loach, or ftickle-back, is the per*
fedlbn •f that fort of fifhing.
That you may do it the better, take no-
tice that you muft put the hook into the
mouth of any of the aforefaid baits, and
out at their tail, tying htm fad with white
thread a little above it, in iuch fort that he
may turn ; after this few up his mouth and
you have^ done.
T4iis way of baiting is very tempting to
large tronts, and fddom fsul the angler's
czpeftation. This filh is in fome places
called a bandftickle.
STIFLE Iff A HoRSB, a large mufcle, or
that part of the htnd-leg which advances
towards his belly, and is a moft dangerous
]>art to receive a blow upon.
STIFLING, is a malady that accidental-
ly bthU a horfe either by fome ftrain, by
leaping, or by a flip in the ftable, or on
travelling, or elfe by fome blow or ftroke,
which puts out the ftifle-bone, or much
burts and {trains the joint.
The fign of this^ is by the diflocated bone
bearing itfelf out, which will make him go
lame^ and unwilling to touch the ground
but only with his toes, till it be put in
again.
The common method of cure is to fwim
the horfe in fome deep water or pond, till
he fweats about hisears, which will put the
bone into its right place again, and when
he is thought to have fwam enough, to take
him out of the water and to throw an oU
S T I
blanket over him, to prevent him from
taking cold, and lead him gently home.
' Then begin in the ftable j they put a
wooden wedge of the breadth of a fixpcnce
between the toe and the fhoe, on the con-
trary foot behind, and when they find him
thoroughly dry anoint the part aggrieved
with hcn*s greafe, or oil of turpentine,
and ftrong beer, of equal parts alike,
well Ihaken and mixed together in a^
viaK
It is to be well chafed in with the hand,
one holding at the fame time a hoc bar of
iron or fire-fliovel, to make it fink in the
better : or you may apply to it brandy and
common foap, and ftrong beer, mixed to-
gether :
Or, tie down the horfe's head to the man«
ger, and faften a cord to the paftern of the
ftifled-leg, and draw his leg forwards, fo
that the bone will confie ri^ht by being
helped with the hand ; keep it in this pofi-
tion exaftly, and tie the other end of the
cord to the rack, fo that the horfe may not
pull his leg back fo as to diflocate the bone
for an hour or two, till after it has been
fettled and dreifed.
Then having ready melted pitch in a pot,
dip a bit of a clout tied to a ftick into the
pitch anoint the ftifiing, with it, to the
breadth of three or four inches, and the
length of ten ; and immediately hefoie the
pitch can cool, having ready a ftrong piece
of canvas cut fit for the purpofe, and very
well warmed by the fire, clap it fo neatly
upon the place, that the bone cannot flip
out again •
Take notice, that this plaifter muft not
be long-ways towards the foot and fiank ;
but crofs-ways upon the joint, as it were
about the thigh j for otKerwife it cannot
hold in the bone.
When you have laid on the plaifter,
anoint it all over with the melted pitch, and
while it is warm, clap flax, the colour of
the horfe^ all over the outfide of the can*
vas.
Let the plaifter remain on till it falls off
of itfelf I out if the bone be out, then put
in a Frc9uk rowel, a little below the ftifiing
3 N . place.
Ui.
S T O
tMs remedy as hot as you can endure it
with your hands> and bind it on very care-
fully :
Or, boil a fufficfent quantity of beans in
Ices of wine, till they are foft and tender,
then pound them to a mafti, to every pound
of which add a quarter of an ounce of caf-
torcum in fine powder -, incorporate them
well together, and few two pounds of them
tip in a bag large enough to cover the
ftones J firft anoint the cods with ointment
of the oil of rofes, and then lay on the bag
ashot as you can fuffer it to lay on the back
of your hand, binding it on as well as yoa
ean i let it lie on for twenty-four hours j
then heat the bag again in the fame lees of
wine in which the beans were boiled^ and
lay it on again ; repeat this continually till
the fwelling be abated.
If tht peritonaeum^ or rim that holds the
entrails, be relaxed, the guts willfaU into
the cods, which will appear vifible. In this
cafe you muft firft endeavour to put up the
feUen guts, and theiv apply the following
fomentation :
Take of the bark of the pomegranate
and oak trees, green oak-apple^ Cyprus
nuts, barberries and fomach, of each two
ounces : annife and fennel feeds, of each
an ounce> camomile meHtx>t, and ponae-
granative flowers, ef each a handful, and
.powder of crude*allum four ounces $ put
them into a bag large enough to cover the
horfe's cods (and if this quantity be notfuf^
ficient double it) few it up after the manner
of a quill, and put the firft quantity with a
quarter of a peck (or half for the double) of
beans in a pot of floe wine, or fome- thick
red wine,- and boil them for the ipace of
.two hour^ ; then apply the bag moderately
hot to his cods or ftones, cleverly faftening
it on with a bandage, put lound the flanks,
and tied on the rump. Continue this
application for fome time, heating the
<^uilted bag a frefli every time in the fame
liquor*
But after you have put up the guts» the
fureft way is to geld the horfe>. for then the
cods will ihrrink up, and the guca will not
any more come dow^ into them.
But if it be a rapture incording or borS*
ennefs, which is when the rinvt thin film^
or caul^ wfarch holds up the entrails, is
broken, or over-ftrained, or ftrctched, (b
that the guts fall down either in his cods
or flank : then ufe the following remedy :
Take eoninnion pitch, dragon' s-bloodt
powder of bole-armoniac, maftic, and
frank^ncenfcr of each ^ne ounce, mako r
plaifter of thefe, and lay it upon thaloinsof
the horfe^ and on th^ rupture^ letting it
abide on till it falls off itfelf, and it will
cure him ; but then you muft at the fame
time give him ftrengthening.things^ inward-
ly, of which there are many preferibed^ a$.
rupture-wort,' crofs^wort, valerian, 6?^.
Or, carry the horfe into a place where
there is a beam over-thwart, and ftrew ic
thick with ftraw j then put on four paftems^.
four rings on his feet together, and he will
fall, then caft the rope over the beam and
hoift him up^ fa that he may lie flat on his.
back, with his legs upwards, without
ftr^ggling > then bathe his ftones with warm
water and butter melted together s and
when they are become fomethinc warm*
and well mollified,, raife them up from the
body with both your hands^ being dofed
by the fingers, clofe together ;, and hold^
ing the ftones in your hand, work down tbe-
gut into the body of the horfe, ftroking it
downwards continually with both your
thumbs, till you perceive that fide ot the
ftone to be as fmall as the Qther^
Having thus retunied the gut to the right
place, taking a. lift of thje breadth of two
fingers, and having, anointed it very well
with frefli butter, tie his ftones clofe to-
gether with it, as ni^ the body as you can
poflibly^ but not too hard, but ib that you.
can put your fingers between.
Then raife the horfe,. and Lead Kim. gent-
ly into-the ftabU, fet jiim up and keea him
warm, and let him not be ftirred tor the
fpaceof twenty-one days ; but. do not omit
the next day to unloofe the lift,, andtotakc
it away, and to. throw a bowl or two oCcold
water upon the cods once or. twice for that
dajr and every day after; this will make him
ibrinlc
}
«
i
L
."< ; --
91
^»» •««. •*"»
' J' '*•* \
w^ m sm i^.,vm4'.« •-• ■".'
$ T R
(hrink vphrs ftones/and by tbat means hin*
4cr die gut from falling down.
At the end of twenty-one days, in order
to render the cure more effe&ual, take
away the ftone on the burften fide, and fi>
he will hardly be burften again on chat fide ;
;uid during the cure, let him neither eat
nor drink much, ar\d give him his drink
always warm.
STOP ; is a paufe or difeontlnuation.
To forma Itop> is to ftop upon the haun-
ches : to form a ftop of a horfc, you muft
in the firft place, place the calves of your
legs to animate him> bend your bodyback-
wards> raife the bridle hand without mov- \
ing the elbow, ;hen vigoroufly extend your
hams, and reft upon your ftiixups^ and make
him form the times and motions of his ftop,
in falcading his haunches three or four
tinies,
: After ftoppTng your horfe, mak^ him
give three or four curvets.
The oppofite term of ftop is parting. .
In former times» the ftop of a horfc was ^
called parade.
Half a ftop, is a ftop not finiihed but a
pefade i fo ttuit the horfe> after falcading
^ree or four times upon the haunches re-
lumea and continues his gallop, without
making pefadcs or curvets.
STOPPAGE OF URINE IN Docs, a.dif-
<temper which fometimes befals them when
.aheir reins have been over-heated, which
«aufes in them extream pain» and often en-
dangers their lives>, if a prefent remedy be
< sot applied,, by reafon of an inflammation
which is caufed in the bladders in which a
gangrene will enfue i which will then ren-
4ics the difttmper incurable.
For the cure :. boil a. handful of marfti-
mallows, as much of the leaves of arch-
. aogel, &iuiel-rootS]t. i^od bramble, whole
together^ in fome white wine,, till one-
«hird is confumed^ and give it ta the. dog
lo drink
STOTE.^ A kind of (Unking ferrets.
STRAIGHT f to part or go ftraightj. or
j^ght out, is to go upon a tread^ traced in a
Jkxaight linet.
STR
STRAIN. J A misfortune that befals «
SPRAIN. 5 horfe when his finews arc
ftretched beyond their due tone, by reafon
of fome flip, or wrench, by which meani»
their fpringingnefs or elafticity is fo far dc-
ftroyed, that they cannot recover their pro*,
per tone for fome time.
Thefe accidents are very common, and
afFeft various parts 5 fome of which are ca-
fily cured, and others require a very coi^
fiderable time and care
We ftiall confider the fcveral parts that arc
moft liable to thefe accidents^ and lay dower
the moft proper methods of treating
them.
When the (houlder of a ^rfc is ftrained^
he does not put out the leg like the other -,
but to eafe himfelf> fets the found foot
firmly on the ground to lave the other..
When trotted in band,, he forms a kind
of circle with his lame kg, inftead of put-
ting it forwards ; and when he ftands in
the ftable that leg is. advanced before the
other.
The firft thing is to bleed him, and 'then
bathe the flioUlder thrice a-day with hot ver*
juice or vinegar, with a piece of foap dif*
folved ia it. But if there be no fwelling
nor inflammation, though the lamenefs ftili
continues, let him reft two or three days>
and then bathe the part well with the follow*
ing. liniment, or opodeldoc : Take of Ja^
maica pepper four ounces ; of winter's^bark^
carraway-feeds,. bay and juniper-berries,
brui&d, of each two ounces ; of rofemary,
marjoram, and lavender flower, of each one
ounce; of reftified fpirits of wine, three
pint; : let them digelt in- a gentle heat ten.
days; ftrain out the iinfture, and add to it
Venice foap a pound and a half; of cam*
phire, three ounces ^ Baria Joes tar, four
ounces.: of oil of turpentine, fix ounces;,
and of oil: of amber,^ two ounces; let
thefe digeft in. the tinfture till the whole
becomes a liniment,.
This is an.excellenrmedicihei and will
do wonders, in ftrains, provided the creature
have proper reftj and a proper bandage be
added i
ST R
*
added ; for theft will prove of the utmoft
fervice, and often do more towards a cure,
than the moft powerful nnedicines.
When the (boulder is Gonfiderabljr fwcl*
led, it fhould be fomented with woollen
clothsj wrung out of hot venuice and fpirit
of wine,- which will prove of great ufc, and
xemarkablv facilitate the cure«
Strains of the Knees and Patterns. This
difcafe frequently happens from kicks or
blows i accidents that (hould carefully be
avoided. If the part afFefted be greatly
fwelled, apply the poultice above recom-
TOcnded-; and when the fwclling is affua-
gcd» bathe the limb with the medicines
iTientioned in the foregoing article
The French farriers itrongly recommend
the following poultice for old ftl-aihs; and f
know from experience that jt is a very effec-
tual medicine, and has performed cures
when all others have failed : Take of com-
mon tar one pound ; ftir it together over
a fire tilt ,it incorporates, then add two
ounces of bple armoniac finely powdered,
and a fufflcient quantity of oatmeal, to
bring it to the confiftence of a poultice,
together with lard enough to prevents it's
growing dry.: let this be apyplicd to the part
affedcd fprcad oh cloth, and renewed twice
^*day.
Strains in the Hock. Let the part be
•well foaked in cooling and repelling me-
dicines ; but if the li^ments are hurt and
the injury attended with weakncfs and pain,
fomcDt them with the cloths wrung out of
hot vinegar, or the decoftion abovementi-
oned, with the addition of crude fal armoni-
ac, and an handful of wood^afhes boiled in
it. If a hardnefs fhodlll remain on the out-
fide, it ihould be removed by repeated
hlitterings, for which piirpofe the following
ointment fhould be ufed: Taicc of nerve
and marfhmallow' ointment, of each two
ounces^ of- quickfilvcr bne ounce, well
iTubbed with y^ice turpentine i of Spamjh
flics powdered, a dram and a half; and of
oil of origanum, two drams; make the
whole into an ointment, and apply it pretty
thick to the part affected, after the hair has
l>ejea jcut as clofe as pofiible.
i
S T R
For Mher Strains : Take of hog^s-lardt
nerve-oil, bole armoniac> and Caflile-fozpf
of each half a pound : boil them .well toge-
ther, keepingthem ftirring till the compos
fition is cold, and put in apipkki forufci
and when you have occafion, anoint thd
part afflifted with this ointment^ wann»
rubbing it Well in.
For a ftrain newly done 2 take white-wiae
vinegar, bole armoniac, thf whites of eggs^
and bean flour, beat all. thefe into a (alve^
and lay it on the fore very hot. -
For a ftrain or grief proceeding from
heat I beat the whites of fix eggs with a pint
of white-wine vinegar ; oil of Tofes and
myrtles, of each an dunce j bole armoniac
four ounces^ as much dragon*s*blood, and
as miich bean or wheat-flour (the Brft is the
beft) as will thicken them ; make it into a
falve, and having fpread it upon hurds, lay
it U[x>n the part affected, but do not
rcnesv the application till the firft is growa
dry.
For a hew finew-ftrain ; take bole-armo*.
niac in powder one ounce^ of commoa
foap four ounces, the whites of- he w-laid
eggs, half a gill ^f brandy, a gill of white-
wine vinegar, and a quarter of a- pint o(
new wort, and half a -gill of ^\l of turpen-
tine 5 incorporate thefe very well together
with your hands, and rub and chafe the
thinneft of it upon the part aggrieved, a
hot fire-fliovel being held before it ; thea
daub it all over with the thickeft in the na*
ture of a charge, or hurds, and bind it up
with a linen cloth ; and if you fee occalioa
you may renew the charge.
The back finews are commonly (trained,
a misfortune cafily difcovcred by a fwcl-
ling, which fometimes extends from the
backfide of the knee down to the heel $ and
at the fame time, the borfe fets that leg bt«
fore the other. .
The moft effc6tual method of removing
this complaint, is to bathe the tendon three
or four times a-da/ with'hot vinegar; and
if the part be confiderdbly fwelled,- to apply
a refbringent poultice^' rtwde wi«A bran ar
oatmcalj boiled in vinegar, flffiHig b«si> ^
red
STR.
wtd wirte kcs, and a fufficient quantity of
lard added to prevent its growing thidu
When the fwelling is rentvoved, bathe with
the opodeldoc above mentioned, or with a
compoAtion of camphorated fpirits of wine,
and oil of amber -, obferving to roll a pro*
per bandage round the part. Some apply
to the part affeftcd, curriers fhavings wet
with vinegar; and others a compofition
cif tar and fpirits of wine : both thefe have
been found of great ufe^ But an injury
of this kind mult not be expefted to be
removed immediately? red is abfolutely
ncceffary ; and it would be of great fervice,
if the creature were turned to grafs, as foon
as the fwelling is removed, and the other
medicines have had a proper time to ope-
rate 5 or,
Put an ounce of Fmce turpentine into
three fpoonfols of brandy or fpirits of wine,
ftir them well together, and rub the drain-
ed part well with it, having firft warmed it
oyer a chafing di(b of coals ; repeat this
once a day, for three or four day&fucceffivc-
ly. If you cannot get Fenice turpentine,
oil of turpentine will do as well. ^
If the horfe*s fincws are lb drained, that
-the limb or member is rendered ufeJcfs,
<9kp caarharides, euphorbium, mercury,
and double the quantity of oil of bays to all
the reft, reduce the hkrd drugs to a powder,
ami pound th^m together with the oil to
a falvc, and apply it to the part aggrieved :
and though it makes it fore, it will give
ftrength andftraightncfs to the finews.
. Tne foire may be healed with the oint-
ment of populeum, frefli butter or deer's-
greafcj warm.
ji 'Sifdin in th Coffin.
' ' If a drain in the coffin joint is not difco-
%ercfd in tii«e, the part will grow fo diff
that the horfc will touch the ground only
«rith his toe ; nor can the joint be moved by
the hand. The only method that can in this
4C^fe be purfuedwith any hopes of fuccefs,
is repeated blidering, and then firing the
part fu^rficiaUy j or,
.li'fTttke'hogVlard, C^iftiU foap and bole-
: •
8 T R
armoniac powdered, and alfo nerve oil, of
each equal quantities, boil them together,
and keep them dirring whild they are on
the fire ; then put the mixture in a gallipot
for ufe, and when you ufe it, rub it in well
with your hand, and then pafs a hot iron
over it : repeat this once a day till the horfe
is well.
' A Charge for the fame. Take black pitchy
Burgundy pitch, and common turpentine^
of each four ounces, melt them together>.
and when they are well mixed, lay the
charge or falve, round the joint, as hot as
the horfe can well bear it, cover it immedi-
ately with flocks, and when that comet
oflF, lay on another charge if there be occa-»
fion.
STRANGLE in Horses, isnot, as fomc
fuppofe, a quinfey, but an inflammation in
a horfe's throat, proceeding from fome cho-
leric orbloody fluxion, which comes out of
the branches of the throat veins into thofe
pares^ and there breed fome hot inflamma-
tion, excited by a hard cold winter, or by
cold catched after hard riding or labour.
Colts, and young horfes under fix years-
of age, arc generally the fubje&s of this dif-
eafe i'and it never returns a fecond time to
thefartne horfe. • ^ ' . »
It is a hird fwelling between the hdrfe*s
•chops, upon the roots of his tongue, and
about his throat, which fwelling, ifnot prc-
v(inted, will dop hts windpipe, and fo
drangle or choak him.
The fymptoms attending this difordcr ace
great heat and fevcridinefs, a painful cough,
with. great inclination to drink without be-
ing able. Some horfes lofe- their appetite
entirely, and others eac but very little,,
occafioned by the pain refulting from the
motion of the jaws in chewing and fwallow-
ing.
This difeafe, though very troublefome,
as dangerous only when the fwelling turns
upward againd the windpipe and guUcty,
wh^n the horfe is liable to fuffocation, unlefs
it breaks foon ; or when the horfe runs %t
the nofe, a fure fign that the difeafe is of a
malignant nature, and hasaflTcftcd 6ther
parts.
The
STR
The ftranglcs is not, properly (^JCAlcing,
^ difcafe of itfclf, but a crifis of others \ an
effort of nature, which has thrown the of-
fending humours on thofc parts. It there-
fore follows, that we muft by all means pro-
mote a fuppuration. This is to aififl: nature
in her efforts to throw oflFthe load of offend-
ing matter, which clogs and difturbs the
anirtial machine. The fwcHings therefore
^ould be kept conftandy moift with an oint-
xpent of marflimallows, and the neck and
head covered with a warm hood. The fol-
lowing poultice will alfo be of great ufe in
promoting a fuppuration, and therefore a
very proper application in this difeafe : Take
of tne leaves of marlhmallows, ten hands-
ful ; of the roots of white lily, half a pound ;
of lii^d and fenugreek feeds bruifed, of
rach four ounces a' b^il them in two quarts
of water till the whole becoaics of a pulpy
<:onQftence j take ix off the fire, and add to
it two ounces of the oinccnent of marfiimal*
lows, and a fulBcient quantity of bog's-
lard to prevent its growing Aiff and dry.
This poultice Ihould be applied hot twice
;a-day, and will greatly facilitate the matu-
rky dT the dwelling i for the matter will be
formed in five or fix days, and open itfelf
a paflage through the Ikin. If the opening
formed by nature be capacious enough to
admita free difcharge of the morbid matter,
there <ixrill Jbe no ncpeffity to enlarge •, but
if not, you muft not fail to io it wkh a
knife or lancet.
When the fwelling is broke, and the ori-
fice of a proper fize to^difcharge the matter,
jdrefs it with the following ointment fpread
on tow $ but^ipply over the dreffing the
above poultice, in order to promote the di-
^eftion, and Temove the remains of hard-
Aefs oQcafioned by the infiammation : Take
of rofin and Burgundy pitch of each a pound
and a half; of .honey and .common turpen-
tine of each *eight ounces ; of yellow wax,
/our ounces; .^f hog's lard, one pound;
and of verdigreafe finely powdered, one
.ounce: melt the ingredients together, but
4o not, put in the verdigreafe till the veflel
Js removed from the fire, and then the
lOintment muft be continued ftirring jtil)
STR
€o\dj otherwife the verdigreafe will fall t^
the bottom.
Sometimes the fever and inflammation
are at a confiderable height at the beginning
of the ftrangies ; in this cafe it will de ne*
ceflary totake away a. moderate quantity of
'blood, and to dilute the remainder with
plenty of water-grueU or warm water,
malhes and the like.
If the running at the nofe, which, as al«
ready obferved ^metimes attends the ftnut*
gles, fhould continue after the fwellings are
broke there will be danger of weakening the
horfe. An ounce of Jeiuit's bark therdforcj
or a ftrong decoftion of guaiacum ihav«
ings, ihould be given him for fome time
every day, which will have a very good
effe^ in flopping their glandular dtf-
charges, and drying up ulcers of all kinds
in horles*
When the horfe has recovered his ftrenetfa
it will be neceflaiy to purge him ; and if
any hardnefs (hould remain after the wound
is healed, it may be difperfed by the mercu*
rial ointnient.
The fever may be moderated by cooling
and laxative, but not purging glyftcrs i or
by the faline powder, as direaod in ^he ar-
ticle fevers ; but be eareful to-avoid repel-
lents of all kinds.
As foon as the fever is nroderatedi if
there is any difcharge from the nofe, ^f3e
one ouiKe. of bark every day, and continue
it iintil the difcharge is abated % and if any
hardnefs remains about, the part where the
tumour was, rub it tf^rtxy d^y with the
ftronger blue ointment*
The baftard-ftrangles is a flight degree of
the true fori;, in which the horfe is reftlels,
feverifli, and will lay down very often, but
foon and fuddenly ft arts up again. Some-
times this name is given to fweltiA^ and old
horfes about the low^er, and ibmetimes the
upper part;, betwixt the vpper jaw-bones,
which arkesfromapoor, bad habit of tody,
frequent colds, and hard ufage.
3ut if itfiiould happen to brc^4nwardly,
then perfume his head twice or thrice a-day,
b^ burning frankincenfe or maftich luntar
hisnofej or.elft by puMiuig st Mc c<Mdjqpoa
wet
STR
wet hif, the fmoak of which let him re-
ceive lip his noftrils 5 or with a red hot iron
thruft a hole through the flcin on both fides
the iRreafon^ and after it has begun to matter,
mix butter^ tanners water, and fait to^
{[ether, and anoint the fore with it everf
<lay till it is whole : bleeding in the mouth
is alfo very good for this diftemper.
STRANGURY, 7 in Horses, a
STRANGUILLION, J dittempcr to
which they are incidenti which may be
jknown by the horfe's having an inclination
€o ftale often, and yet voiding only a few
^rops*
This may happen to a horfe divers ways *,
ibmetimes by hard riding,or much labour;
fometimes by hot « meats and drinks, and
ibmetimes by an ulceration of the bladder.
The firft application neceffary is to bleed
largely, and after the operation give the
following drink, and repeat it two or three
tinrics every two hours : Take of f^enice tur-
pentine, well rubbed with the yolk of an
egg one ounce ; of nitre, or fait prunella,
fix drams ; of fweet oil half a pint ; and
a pint of white wine.
The harfe (hould have plenty of marfli-
mallow deco£fcion, with an ounce of nitre,
the fame quantity of gum arabic, and two
ounces of honey diflblved in every quart
«f it : for it muft be remembered, that the
more a horfe drinks of this emollient decoc-
tion, efpecially when improved with nitre,
gum arabic, and honey, the fooner he will
recover ; as it will greatly tend to remove
the caufe of the difeafe, and confequent*
ly to terminate its eflfcfts.
Some bathe the horfe's loins with warm
water, and then temperate bread and bay
berries with butter, give him two or
three balls of it for three days fucceffively.
Or,
You may ufe powder of flint- ftone cal-
cined, mixed with an ounce of the powder
of parfley feed, and as much of that of ivy.
t>erries> and boil them a little in a pint of
claret, and give the horfe, and it will do.
Or,
A quart of new milk, and a quarter of a
t
j pound of fugar, brew them well together^
' and give it to the horfe to drink in the
morning fading, and keep him warm. Or,
boil a good quantity of hog^-fennel in the
water you give him to drink, and it will
cure him.
The following poultice applied a-crofs
the loins, over the kidneys, hath been fol-
lowed by good eflPefts.
, Take a handful of garlic, frefli gathered ^
of mu(lard-(ced and fre(b horfe-raddifh root
bfuifcd, each half a pound ^ camphire,
two ounces ; green foap, enough to give
the whole a proper conHftence ; fpread it
on a coarfe cloth, and renew it every
twenty-four hours until the horfe ftales
eafily.
STRAPS OF A Saddle ; are fmall lea«
ther ftrapsyiiailed to the bows of the faddle,
with which the girths are made fad to the
faddle.
STRIKE A Nail ; is to drive it through
the boffe's (hoe, and the horn or hoof of
his foot ; and to rivet it for holding on the
(hoe.
STRINGS OR Lines, devices wherewith
to take birds both great and fmall, and even
water-fowl ; they are made of long fmall
cords, knotted here and there, and contain-
ing in length as many fathom as the places
or haunts where you are to lay them require:
thefe are of great ufe in taking of all
forts of large wild-fowl, as alfo for plovers
of both kinds.
When you are to ufe thefe firings, they
miid be limed with che ftrongeft bird-lime ;
when coming to their haunts, if it be before
the evening flight, it mufl: be before fun-fet ;
if for the morning flight, at lead two hours
before day ; and having a bundle of fmall
dicks, about two feet long, (harpened at
both ends, and with a little fork ac the up*
per end, let them be pricked a little flant«
wife, fo that they may be within a foot and
and a half of the ground ; then (hall thefe
lime-twigs be drawn and laid upon the forks,
fon^e rows higher than others, and higher in
one place than another, like water waveSj.
till every row be filled, and the haunt
covered all over^ thenfaden the end wichtf
3 O flipping
()ip(>ing tdop, in fucb manner tTiatupoii '
any violent drain the whole ftring may
loofen and lap about any thing that touches
it, and by this invention *great numbers of
fowl, cfpecially plovers, may be taken, by
reafon of the great flocks they conK in,
and they arc generally taken at their coming
upon the ground, whofc nature it is to fwcep
clofe, ' and fo falling amongft the firings arc
jtaken.
There is no need you (houldbc conftantly
at watch, for being entangled they cannot
loofen themfelves •, when you have done
your fport, lay them up for another time,
only you mud new daub them with freih
bird-lime : you maymake ufe of thefc firings
and lines for taking water-fowl, and then
ufe the bcft and ftrongeft bird-lime you can
get, thcfe firings being laid over the rivers,
ponds, of plalbes of water where you defign
to take any, which muft be in fuch places
where their haunts are, and let the faid
firings almoft touch the water, arid be as
thick laid as before direfted for land-fowl 5
and this caution muft be carefully obfcrved,
not to ufe fuchftrings inmoon-lhiny nights,
for the (hadow of the light will certainly
create a jealoufy in the fowl, and fo fpoil
your fport. See Springs.
STRING HAJLT IN Horses, an imper-
feilion, which* is a fudden twitching or
(hatching up his hinder-leg, much higher
than the other ; to this the beft mettled
horfes are, for the moft part, more fub^edl
than others.
It feizes them after a fudden takiii|^ of
cold, after hard riding, or fore labour;
cfpecially by wafliing him while he is hot,
which chills his blood, and fo benumbs bis
finews, that it will fometimes take away the
fcnfc and feeling of a limb.
for the cure : Take up the hinder vein
upon the thigh, and underneath the fam^
there lies a ttring, which you muft cut away,
and then anoint him with butter and /alt^
and he will go well.
Some ufe a particular ointment for this
purpofc, prepared as follows :
Take oU of worm, nerve oil, oil of pc-
irolcum^ of fpike^ of piece or patch greafe»
S TIT
of each two oun>:es» of L^$ji trcttle fowr
ounces, of hog's greafe two pounds^, fet aU
on the fue> and when they are oielted take
them off, and keep ftirring it till it ia cqldj
and with this anoint the part affe£led cyof
day, and bind him with a foft thunvb-band
of hay, from the paftern to the top of, the
hoof •, repeat this for ten days together, rub-
bing and chafing in the ointment very well
for a long time^ boldiDg a red hot fire-
ihovel again ft it.
Then keep the parts warm, litter the horfe
well, and make the thuoob-bands lefa and
Ihorter every day, till you perceive the horfe
to fland on both lega alike, and be reco-
vering : but he muft not yet be riddea, fo
as to fweat much, for a month after : and
as foon as warm weather comes on» p«it him
to grafs in fome dry pafture, where he maqr
not wai)t water, but let him be taken out
again before cold weather. comQS» and while
he is in the ftable let him be kc^t wanxi»
and fo he will be free from the ftring-halt.
STUB. A rplinter of frefh-cut under*
wood, that gets into the horfe 's foot whea
h^ runs, and piercing the folc through the
quick, becomes more or l^fs dangerous, ac-
cording as it links more or lef^ into the
foot.
STUD. A place where ftallions ^nd
mares are kept to propagate the kind, or
elfe the word figniBes the ftallions and
breeding mares themfelves i it is ab^ute*
ly necefifary there fliould be a ftud, if you
would have an increafe of the horfe kind ;
the goodnefs of horfes depend partly 00 the
goodnefs of the ftud» and their good feed--
ing when they are but young : fine ftallions,
and fine breeding mares, generally produce
fine and good coks, which will always
continue fo» if they are well and carefully
fed.
Under this head it is not propofed to
fpeak of any^ fort of breed of horfes^ but
fuch as are defigned for Ubour and draught,
a«d therefore without mentioning thofe of a
great price, and fuch as are defjgned for the
ufe of perfons of the firft rank \ we fay that
a ftallion for this end ought to have a good
coatj be well marked, vigorous, and very
courageous :
8 T U
O0tnaeous : ewe ipuft be 1i«d <h»t Jie hw€
oone df the diftempm upon him that are
bcrediwry, for the foals wiU oerwinly jbe
fiibjeft to the ftntie : he o»ight to be of a
docile nature, wd be ought not to be made
tife of for covering of the m«rc before he
ift'fix years old, f^r if he is too young he
will dec«v« ^hem.
A«ood ooat is as effential to the mares as
to the ftallions, they Ihould be well made,
and as near as poffible co the fame mein and
ftatwre as the ftalttonj they ihould have
forighdy eyes, and be well marked : they
Mgbt not to be covured till they are three
years old, and then may continue to breed
dll tea i they (hoirid have but one foal in
tifo years, that they may have time to nou-
rilh and breed them up.
About a month or two before the ttallion
is tutned to the mares, be ought to be fed
-With gobd h«y and good oats, or wheat-
ftraw ; and he muft not be put to any nwn-
iirt- of labour, only be walked backwards
and forwards, from time to time, for two
h«ur$ every day ; you muft never give him
above twenty mares to cover, unlcftyou
wovld deftroy him outright, or make him
broken winded } and he will continue to
propagaw his kind froin the age of fix to
fikteen years. -. , .
The month of May is tbe ufual time
wherein marcs are to be covered, to the end
^t they may foal in April, for they go
«leveti months, and as many days over
as they are years old : and the reafon why
this month is pitched upon, is, becaufe
when they foal, the following year there
will be plenty of grafs for them, and con-
ftqticntly they will have milk enough to
Bourifii their young.
It need not be wondered at, that m a ftud
methodically managed, the mares fail not
to produce foals, fo much as thofe which are
brought to the ftallion, without ufing thefe
precautions which are neceffary for foch an
aOion ; for how many peifons are there,
who as foon as the mares cooie from their
fabour, take and lead them to be covered,
by which means they are very often difap-
pointed :if you would have your marc keep,
STU
yau onift (vScr litr to nw for about
eight days in rgood f)a{lure» and then let
the ftallioii cover her once or twice the
fame day, if he be inclined To to do ; and
after fhe is covered lee her be conduced to
her pafturej and there conci nue her for four
days, after which you may work her^ bat
with much moderation at the fird.
It is a thing worthy to be obferved^ and
what the countrymen ought poHtiveiy to
know, whether the ftallion he would have
to leap faismarcs is fed >yith dry meat in the
ftable^ or on grafs in the fields i if he is at
grafs^ and t)ie mares are fed with dry meat,
or if he is fed in the liable, and that the
mares are at grafs, their mares will run a
great hazard of cading their foals, or not
conceivinjg; at all, which they will feldom
do, if ufcd to the fame manner of feeding
with the ftallion.
Before you fufferyour mare to be covered^
hold her in your hand^ and for a ftiort time
in the fight' of the horfe, fo as (he may alfo
look upon him ; this will animate her very-
much, and caufe the ftallion to cover her
with the more vigour, and be a means to
make her keep the better j to bring about
this generation work you ought not to have
your mare covered but when (he is ripe for
it ; and in order to which give her a peck
of hemp-feed for eight days fucccflivcly,
morning and evening, and in caie (he will
not eat them alone, mix them with her bran
and oats, or elfe keep her fafting, that fo
hunger may bring her to eat them without
any mixture. .
A mare muft never be carried to be cove-^
red, whilft (be gives fuck to her colt ; and
that (he may laft fo muah the longer, (he
muft not foal, as has been obferved, above
once in two years ; but for as much as thefe
rules are unobfcrved by many, and thac
they will obitinatcly have their mares co-
vered almoft as foon as they have foaled,
they ought not to do it till eight days are
paft, and even then they ought to u(e all
manner of means that (he may have an in-
clination thereto*
Some perfons in treating ef this fubjeft,
ha?c obff rved» that in order to have male.
3 O 2 coltSj
\
S TU
colts, you need do no more than to letyour
mares be covered between the firft day of
the new moon, and the full, and that they
cannot fail in their expe^tions herein, pro-
vided the mare has a good appetite to be
covered ; but M. Cbomel mzkcs very flight
of this notion, and gives no manner of cre-
dit to it.
When your mares have been covered,
you muft fet down the day, to the end you
may avoid the inconveniences that may
happen when they come to foal, for they
of(^n kill their foal, either out of inadver-
tency, or the difficulty they undergo in
foaling, and therefore when the day comes
wherein they are to foal, you ihould narrow-
ly watch them, and fee whether they want
any help to bring forth, either by (lopping
their noftrils or ocherwife, making ufe of
your hand to facilitate their foaling.
The mare fometimes foals a dead foal, in
which (be runs a great hazard of ^er life,
without prefent remedy ; and therefore to
help her in this condition, yoir muft bruife
fouie polypody in a pint of warm water, and
make her fwallow it ; and if this will not
do, there muft be a fort of midwifry prac-
tifed, and the foal pulled from her, not
only upon this occafion, when no part of
it is come out, but even When the feet ap-
pear.
When the mares have foaled, they muft
need have fu£Fered much, and thereby muft
be much abated, and if they are not quite
gone you muft endeavour to keep them,
by giving them prefently a fmall ma(h of
three pints of warm water, wherein you
muft fteep fome meal, and into which you
muft throw a fmall handful of fait, and this
you are to continue three days, morning and
evening, and then turn them into good paf-
ture.
The fame author exclaims much againft
thofe who in two or three days after the
mare has foaled| put her to work, zs if (he
was then in a condition to bear any fatigue;
let them urge what preffing reafons they
pleafe, he accounts them murderers of both
mare and foal ; of the mare by putting her
firength to fucb a trial, and of the foal, who
I
sxy
finding not a ftafictent quanctty of milk ftr
his nouriftiment, comeson *but very flovly i
and therefore thi^ who woukl nve dieir
mares to^ be always ia a good coaditmi^
after foaling, and have the foal gn>w up to
their entire fatisfaftion, muft make ufe of*
quite contrary method ; or clfe they fliOuki
never have their mares covered, unleisthey
allow them a month's reft at leaft after their
foaling.
As to the time of weaning foals, or colts,
authors differ in their opinions : fome hold
that it ought to be done in the beginning of
winter, when the cold weather begins to
come (Ml, and about Martinmas '^ others
maintain, that they ihould be fuffered to
fuck all the winter, and that they will be
the better for it. Thofe who are the beft
(killed in ftuds, embrace the latter opinion
without any hefitation, who fay, that to
wean the foals fo foon, is the way to make
them unferviceaUe till they are fix or fcvca
years old ; whereas if you fuffer them to
continue longer with their dams, it will
harden their mouths, and conlequently in*
nure them the fooner to live upon dry food»
than when they are too tender ; a right
management of them in this reipe^ will
n>ake them fit for fervice at three or four
years old. There are thofe who hold it
proper to let the foals fuck till they are a
year or two old, but this is abufe, for you
are not only thereby deprived of the fruit of
their mares, but this praftice will alio make
the colts very heavy and fluggilh.
As to the iiiethod of managing the coks
after they are weaned from their dama, as
before dircAed, you a*-e to put them into a
ftable, which (hould be kept clean, and
where the manger and rack is low ; you muft
not let them want litter, and contrary to
the method pradifed in reference to hories,
they muft not be tied, and let them be
touched as little as may be, forfearolluut-*
ing them.
Let them neither want good hay, or bran,
which will provoke them to drink, and
confequently make them belly, and let
them have oats alio as ufual. It may>be juftiy
affirmed, that all thofe perfons who iay that
oats
STU
I
atcs ought Mt to be given to colts» Ibr fear
it Ihould make them blind, we -egregioufly
miftakeo s and ihoakl they happen to fall
under this incomreiiieocet when thejr are
fed therewith, the misfortune does not pro-
ved from this food, but from the orer hard-
nefs of the oats which they would chew; and
not beiug able to do it without fome diffi-
culty, they fo far extend the fibres which
pafs from their teeth to their eyes, that com-
ing at laft to breaks the fight muft neceflarily
be damaged thereby ; and for the truth of
this, you need only grind the oats a little,
and give it them, and you will find they will
be in a good condition, and have as good
eyes as any in the wold.
What has been here advanced, will ap«
pear almoft extraordinary to fome perfons
of the like fentiments with thofe we have
met with in the world, who when they have
weaned their colts, content themfelves to
keep them day and night at grafs, thinking
this ibrt of nouriihment wiU be fofficient
to make them grow finely, and be fit for
fervice in due time ; but they very much
impo(e upon themfelves, as they would do
upon others ; for fatal experience has fliewed
them, though they have not owned their
miftakes, that thefe colts will neven be fa
ftrong for draught, or ptherwife, and will
not do as good fervice as thofe that have
been fed with corn.
Jt is true, that when colts feed upon
grais, their teeth are. ufually fet on ed^e,
and for that reafon they eat their oats with
difficulty, but this is no reafon they ihould
be deprived of it : you need do no more
than to grind them as aforefaid, and to let
them have the oats fo at the ufual hour :
again this work will be of no longer dura-
tion than until their mouths are hardened,
which will not be above four months, when,
by degrees, they may be ufed to eat the
oats whole.
Let fuch perfons who have hitherto been
guilty of thefe miftakes amend them, i%
being quite contrary to the good of their
colts ; it is true, grafs is good for them all
the fummer long, but you muft not omit
to give them corn i and when winter comes^
STU
they.nroft be kept warm in the ftkble, an4
obfef ve the direffcioos aforefaid.
As to the manner of bringing up colts to
work, you are in the firft place to con*
fider, that fo much cannot be expcfted
from a young colt, as from a horle that has
been ufed to labour : the firft is naturally
apt to refufe you that which he does tee
know you require of him i whereas the
other comities, becaufe he underftaod*
your meaning s £>me with as little under^
ftanding as the colts themfelves which thcf
manage, ufe them very roughly to bring
them to obey them ; but others with more
prudence, teach them gently what the^
would have them learn, and it is this mild
way that will do to bring them to»
The firft time of harneffing them, ke^
them in, for fear if they fix>uld get loofe,
they might ufe fome eiSbrt to drag away
the load, which muft be heavy ; for (hould
the fame be too light, you may have reafon
to be apprehenfive, left they fliould draw
with too much precipitation s having thua
hamafifed him three or four times, he will
begin to come to.
In the next place make the colt draw a
fmall load but a little way, and never let
go the baiter, and thus tatting him a little
one day, more the next, and fo on, you may
manage him (o, that he ihall be entirelf
accuftomed to the work.
A good fervant who is dextrous at bis
bufincfs, whether it be at ploughing or
cart, after he has made his colts feel hta
whip feveral times, will afterwards fright
them more with his voice, than with blows,
and will be careful never to over-burthen
them, and make them draw beyond their
ftiength, efpecially at the firft, for it fpoils
them at once ; whereas by giving them
breath, they will go on well, and perform
regularly the work they are put to i that is,
fuch works or draughts as ase proportion-*
able to the age and ftrengtk of the colts«
Laftly, it ¥rill be neeeflary in the breed*
ing of your hories, lo confider the comodi>«
oufnefs of the place, and the pafturca vAere
your horfcs, cfr. are to run ; for thofe that
breed them in a place unfit for it,, lofe their
money
E T tJ
flKmef and cbeir painSj mnd never will hraye
good horfeS( tbt: groond niuft-iHOt bttoo
KUik of grtfs DOT CO bare, bac a firm and
f^et foil, fitipacc m a dear aikl wholeTome
slir, ^horc ithere itne hills and ronnrng
"«PMci«> with qaick-fircs and fpreading trees
€0 ihelccr them from die wiod, raio, and
§0i i nor Muftthvf be coacinued ^irnms in
ckbfaffie'pfliftuses, but often rcmored mto a
tetti, oUferving ftill to put them into the
flsoriftft feedings ukfammdr, «ad tfa»'ricfa^
eft in winder v ^ ivhfdi ibmpe of the year
fbty 'miifl: haive a hoveL or hay-rick, or
fiMiie comreoisttt place ^o flielcer them from
the leeiither.
: Further diitsftioas in relation to a (lud (nr
other ftraimt the phux appointed for this
fmPpoCc thuft by all means be d'lfpdfcd
with hills and vallies, that the colts or fil-
lies may be the better ufed to the diverfities
^ ground and feed : alio an eipecial re*
gard ought to be had to the health of all
breeding mares^; ifor fomc diftempers are
hereditary^ and the offspring from fuch will
«ece&rily receive it, as well as the imper-
feflions of either fire or dam^ in their
colour, ihape, or merit.
' Tlu^ is nothing dfftroys or injures a
race of any kind, fo much as the want of
due care, in providing the principles from
ifbich the offspring Ihould come.
When a (taliion is to be chofcn, all men
ef ^anderftandiag in horfe-Helh recommend
beauty of limbs, good oourage, and . the
age to be about five yeare for the horfe, and
Che iame ptrfo^lions in a mare i but ihe
may be a year younger than the horfe.
Some depend much upon colours ; as for
example, thofe that are black, they fay are
of a hot and fiery oemper and difpofition :
thofeof aforel colour are more wanton^and
difpofed to venery: the chefnut and
iH^n bay^ are reckoned to have ftrength
andfpirit: the white are always reckoned
tenderj and as much fubjeft to venery ts the
ibcrrly and for this xeafoo it has frequently
been obfeniied, that in coupling of horfes
with maRs of tbefe coioom, the mares have
flipped or foiled in their produftions.
STU
Ascft greys» it has beta elifoTed^
thafo which irod tSne.mdft m -falick, «re
ibdnger chfui the biig^hber greys. ;
Thcve ane befidcs thefe)* other ciAocue m
horfes, as thb nean, which feems co iie die
offspriftg of die bay and white» or the bef
and grey.
The rforrel end while, feeta to be the
auchors of d)e.ttun and icmam colour ; and
as fer thofe horfoa which are oailsd (icB^
bitceii, tsr ftmwberry, they pciofa&bly pro-
ceed from a coupling between a bright
grey and a. bay, aiid perhaps haveTuffcrcd
much in their younger tioie by ticks, ef*
iMxiaily if they have been ncgledfced upon
the foreft, among woods, or have not been
takeii up till^they were threat years old.
There are alfo fome hoi&s mottled or
red, (commonly called pye4)ald) either
block and white in fpoo, or chefnut awi
white.
iUow this accident happens^ is one of
theinooi: curious qucftions among .philofo*
phd^, and a certain ingenious lutoralift
hath attempted to refolve this nice quef*
tion ; but as from one cafe in natnre no-
thing can be determined, he therefore has
recouifo to other fubjefts, which feem to
him to* be nearer allied, and inftances ia the
foveral cafes following:
A variegated or ftriped plant, he takes to
be fomething like the pying or fpoctincrof a
horfe, or any other cattle, and that it may
(as fome imagine j| y^ry probably pipcesd
from the like caul'e •, or the white in the
hairs of beaftt^ or the white in the feathers
of fowls.
The queftion then is, whether the witite
in the hairs of beafts, or feathers of fowls^
is not a fign of weaknefs, as the colour
certainly is when it appears in the leaves of
plants i
If it be, then all horfes or cows, titst
happen to be of a white colour, would be
weak in their joints, or be fomewhat dif-
tempered from fome indifpoGtion in the
bodies of their progenitors. But this is not
yet determined.
It is therefore ntcefllry to be careful ia
^xamiqiAg
9TU
pammDg iirtoi the 4eiccnt of « Itoifc- «i4
mare, from wbtcH /oa 4efign to ii4ve f
breed*
One tbtng, which he chinks might come
arar towardi a folutioa of this queftioDy
would i>e to inquire into thofe families
where Ubck men have coi^iled with white
women« or white men coupled with black
women> in order to know if the father was
blacky whether thje child was of that co-
lour J or whether the child was blackj if the
mother was of that colour.
And| iporeover^ whether the crofs drain
will not produce fometiipcs whitty and
ibmctimes black children s or fooictimes
thofe of a tawny colo«rj or mulattoes i as
alfo it would he rcquifite toknow^ whqther
black children in two or three generations^^
do not produce children of a tawny or olive
colour I or whether the offspring of the
jblacks with the whi^s, inft«ad of wool^
do not bring long bUck hairs on their
heads> or perhaps white hairSj and a tawny
complexion.
H^ imagines that the people of Bartary,
and of all the coads of Africa lying oppoGte
to FMrape^ are of the qlive colour^ fronri the
coupling between th« Moors ^ndKur^p^mi^t
while they were endeavouring to make
their pn^refs inio Europ^^ but in Spain
dTpecially ; for there are found upon all the
African fide of the Mjiiiitrrwean^ a people
tA the mtdatto complexion, fome of them
-with-yery black beards and hair, and others
.very white, as molt people about London
obferved inftances of in the ambafladors
swd their retinue> in the year 1728.
One remarkable fubjcd relating i<^ the
cafe is, that feme years fince a perfon was
brought over from the Wtft-hdies^ who
was pyed in his (kin while and black, and
it is fuppofed that this man was the off-
ering of parents who were of different
colours, the one white and the other black.
But to take a little further notice of the
various colours in animals^ fuch as the
moctlings and fpottings of all creatures ift
their hair» feathers, i^c. they fef m to be
occafioned by crofs couplings* For (fays
this author) I know a gentleman ntzx Fam-
ST U
bmn iA Surrf^ who ha^ a breed. of w^te kxi^
for many years, without any crofs colour
mixing with thcmji 9fiA thefc to thif day
produqe calves* of the fame colour.
And another gentleman had a breed of
white fowls for about forty yearsj» (hat hat
not once (hewA the leaft difc^loured fear
then
He informs us likewire> that himxieLf ^a^
ji breed of white phcafan^,; which till
they came to be mixed with jphcafants of
the common colour^ always produced ]?Gm|i^
of a white feather 1 and «a foon a^ ihfqr
brought young ones from the Cfofa com>
plings, (he breed ws^ altered, and. t1)« fear
thers of the young fowls* did partakt; of
the common colour, as well as of chf whiter
L f. they were generally mottled or pjr^ '
unlefsnow and then all white^ 9^;c<)rd3ng (af
he fuppofes) the white pheafi^nt cock h^
been the impregnator of an egg, which hp
fuppofes hegpt at wi^h (pppc difficulty ;.for
the common pheafant cock was mafter ^
the pheafant peni and ufed commonly - ti| *
drive the others from the pen*
Again, thofe who breed Ca^fry> birdp
know very well, that when ihey begin with
a whitq cock and hen, they will no^ hwf
birds of any other colour, ynlefa thqr
couple thofe with others of ;hc commM
colour.
In like manner in warrens firft docked,
either with all white or ^11 black rabbats^
the breed will be a^^cordingly ei(hv ^
white ox all black, uqlefs th^y cfiiqe fi0 •
crofs coupling.
So alfo pigeons which arc of a white fea-
ther, will produce a breed of the fame 00^
lour conllantly, unlefs they couple; with
pigeons of other colours, and then they, will
produce a mottled race, or fuch as arc of a
mixed colour.
The fame author td}s us, that a gentle*
man of great curiofity and candouri afiured
him, that for more than eighty years, these
had not been any other than white hoi^ he**
longing to his farmly, except f^MKii aa wcae
bought in from pther breeds.
That the originals of hia x^fit weae a whis^
horfe and a white mve > whish, 4c (he time
of
\
s t tr
T>f their coming into his ftud, were ac^
counted great beauties. " •
And that a gentlenian,a neighbour to the
foregoing, had his fiud furniflied, many
years before, with horfes and mares of a
black ccrfour, and that keeping his breed
leonftantly without mixture of any other co-
louo the. offsprings are all black like the
fire and dam.
The fame author inftances in the varie-
gated or ftriped jeflamin among plants,
diat if the white is on the edge of the leaf,
Ifhat colour and difpoficion . will never be
loft in any that are raifed from it, but every
t>ne will be like the original plant.
• Again, that if the common jeflamin hap-
pens to be (trained with yellow on the
leaves, or pyed or fpotted with that colour,
(which is what the gardeners call a blotch
w bloch) all the defcendants of that plant
will be the fame.
/ He likewife informs us, that a certain
curious gentleman ftocked a pond with
tench, partly from a running water, and
partly from a fenny water, and in fome
courfe of time he had a mottled breed,
'between the black and the gold colour;
the river tench being generally of a bright
and golden colour, and thofe of the lakes
dve of ft darker colour, and tending to
black.
<An author of good credit, treating of
the mixture of breeds in cattle, and efpe*
oially in horfes, adviles, with a good deal
#f reaibn, to take care of the good <|ualitie8
of the horfe and the mare.
He fays, that an ill-bred horfe may be*
£\t a colt that may have a fair colour and
ape, appearing beautiful ; he may alfo
be flrong and vigorous, but of a vicious
<lifpofition, which may render him incapa*
ble of ever being brought to rule» without
half deftroying him.
* Sometimes the fault of a colour is cor-
refted by a fort of dying or ftaining, which
art fome of our jockies have got, efpecially
i^KMi greys, whites, and duns s and fome
noblemen have employed fome country
people CO buy them horfes of a certain
ftMdard in body, colour and mark, to
I
sTir
match with their fets,* did in a few tntmthst
when the4iorfe had (bed-tbttr ^coais, find
greys and other colours inftead of blacks« .
It is true, that wexannot fay that the
dying the hair of horfes will do the horfes
themfel ves any harm (for that they have been
healthful and ftrong» long after they receiv-
ed their original colours) any more than that
chymical water ufed by perlbns to change
the natural colour of the hair from red to
black (which is frequently pra&ifed) docs
injure their heads.
As to the choice of a ftallion, a peribn
of great {kill fays, that the dapple bay«
the bright bay, and the dapple grey, are
to be preferred ; but does allow of a horfe
of a pure black, provided he has a white
ftar, and a white foot ; but in the judg-
ment of others, he fliould be all of one co«
lour.
We find in many cafes, that a horfe of a
bright bay colour, with a black mane and
tail, are good as well as beautiful, and
thefe have commonly the tips of their ears,
and the extreme parts of the legs, black :
it is alfo common for a dapple bay to have-
a white mane and tail, with the former men**
tioned extremes white, foch as the tips of
the ears, and the extreme part of the legs :
but for other coloured horfes, except the
dim, we feldom find their manes and tails
of a colour different from that of the body;
but in a dun horfe the long hair in the nunc
and tail, is commonly black, and for the
moft part there is a black lift down the back,
which is not a little remarkable, as it is not
obfcrved in anyother creature except theafs
or mule, that I know of.
In a hoife indeed it is only a plain ftraight *
lift, but in the afs there is always a crofs
ftroke of black over the (boulders, fo that
if the (kin was to be opened and fpread, th^
black would exafUy rcprefent the figure
of a crofs, as it is reprefented ip paintings
or carving for a crucifix.
Some pretend to tell us, as to the crofe
upon an afs's (kin, that afles were not diua
marked before the Chriftian aera, and that
none are now without the fign i but upon
STU
«
^Wgobdauthoritftbejaflert tfiis, (know
not.
Sk>tne are of the opinion that the black
lift down the back, is a token of (trengthy
becaufe the'afs that is marked with it is ac-
counted the ftrongeft creature .in the world
aniong animals^ according to his fize.
. And for this reafon afles are ufed for
caff ying heavy burdens, and drawing heavy.
Idads.
If thi^ lift then is a mark of ftren^th ia
fltl^affe; we rnay well fuppofe it ia no iefs fo
in a borfe ; and likcwiie we may judge it is
dlfo a figA of ftrength in mules, and as tliey.
are produced by couplings between the horfe
and the afs. We may well fuppofe that thia
liftj geiterally fpeaking, comes from tbef
In the choice of a fiallioni great regard
jBiould- be had to his age, which fome fay
fliould not be under five, nor above four-
teen or fifteen years wjven he covers a naare ;
fb^ d«ri4ig' that time a horfe ia in full
ftrength^ and it is therefore reafbnable tor
conclude, that colts got by him in his
prime; ^11 likewife (hare of his vigour.
Indeed it is no unufuai thing in feveral
parts of England^ toilet a horfe cov^er a
maf^ at two or three years old, but fuch
<ioupling»ifeldbm fuGCeed well: for in the
firfl: placne they arc apt to fail or mifcarry,
if cither the horfe or mare is fo very young,,
dnd fometimes the mare is entirely fpoiled
for breeding ; or if ftie does happen to being
^ coK or filly from foch a couplings it will
never be either of large ftature, ok of great
llxength.
• Nor ihould horfes be put to cover marea
till they are fix years old, left the colts got
}S^ them (hould be liable to the fame imper-
feftions as thofe that are got by too young
horfes.
• Marcs indeed will breed till thirty-five
years of age.
An horfe that is kept for a ftallion, will
£e fit to cover marts the longer, the Iefs ier-
Vice of that fort he is put to.-
' A certain gentleman affirmed, that a ftal-
Iton of an extraordinary fort, which his fa*
piily had kept abovi thirty yeara tolerve
5: UK
ooly'aboiit Tour or five of his . own maresv
was then in as good plight z\ ever, while
other ftallioos about him, which had been
let out to any body that wanted them, were ,
incapable of this' fist vice at twenty years
with certainty, and that if the leap was cer-
tain, the colts furcly failed in their eyes,
STUMBLING in a Horse, comes ei-.
ther naturally or accidentdly, and is knownt "
by the fight : and feeling, by reafort tbae
the forelegs are fomewhat ftraight, fa that
he is. not able to ufe his legs wifh that
freedom and nimblenefs he fiibuld. The
way to cure him is, to cut him the cords ;.
that is, to' make a flit upon the top of hi»
nofe, and with your coronet raifc up the
great finews ; then cut them afunder, and
heal them up again with fome good falve,.-
whereby he may have the ufe of his legs fo
perfeftly, that he will feldom or never trip
more.* Such as comes accidentally, isei*^
ther by fplent or wind-gall, or by being
foundered, pricked, ftubbed, gravelled,
finew-^ftrainedi hurt in the flioulder, or
withers, or by carelefsly fetting him when
hot, which makes him go very ftifl^, which
ftiflTncfs caufes ftumbling*
SUMPTER-HORSE. A horfe that
carries proviGons and neceflaries for a jour*
riey,
SUPPLE, to fupple a horfe in the ma«
nage, is to make him bend his neck, (houl-
ders and fides, and to render all the parts
of his body mote pliable.
SURBATING m Doos, a malady with
which they are often afifeded, being furba*
ted in their feet, by running long in hoc
weather upon hard, dry, uneven ways^
among rocky and Jharp gravels*
For preventing this, their ittx. are to be
frequently examined, and if their feet are
become fore, they {hould be walbed with:
beer and frelh butter lukewarm, and then
a fort of fal ve made of young nettles chop**
ped fmall, and pounded into ^n ointment^
ffaould be bound to the foles of their feet.
Alfo foot finely powdered, and incorpo-:
rated with the yolks of eggs, and applied*
to their feet, is alfo very good, or the juiccf
S U R
of moofe-^ear is alio Tcrygood for the like
ufc.
SURBATING m Horsis^ an imperfec-
tion*
An horfe is faid to be furbaced, when his
fole is worn, bruifed or fpotled, by travel*
ling without fhoes, or being badly fliod ;
fometimcs it comes by a horfe being travel-
led too youn^, before his feet are harden-
ed> which often caufes foundering $ feme-
times it is caufed bv the hardnefs of the
ground^ or the horle's lifting up his feet
high ; and thofe horfes that are flat hoofed,
have their coffins fo tender and weak, that
they cannot avoid being fufajed to this dif«>
order.
The figfts of this imperfedion are, that
the horfe will hale on both his fore-legs, and
go ftiOy and creeping, as though he were
half foundered.
As for the cure : take a couple of Jicw-
laid eggs, prick the horfes fore-feet well,
and break the eggs raw into his foles, then
ftop them with ox or cow dung^ and he will
be well the next morning.
Or, melt fugar candy with a hot iron,
between the (hoc and the foot, and when
it is hardened, take nettles and bay fait
ftamped and lay to his folcs.
Or, you may firft pare his feet to cool
them, and (lop them with bran and hog*s-
greafe boiled together, very hot,, covering
the coffin round with the fame $ or elfe
ftop them every night with cow-dung and
vinegar, melted 4:ogether.
Or, firft pare the hoof, then open the
heels wide, then take a good quarvtity of
blood from the hoife's toes, and having
tacked on a iboe fomething hollow, then
roll a little fine cottonwool, or bombaft,
in frankincenfe, melt it into the foot, be-
tween the toe and the (hoe, with a hot iroa^
till you have filled up the orifiae, out of
which the blood was taken, then melt half
A pound of hog's-greafe, and mix it with
wheat bran, making it as thick las a poul-
tice and tlop up his foot with it, as hoc as
he can emlure it, and then cover it with a
piece of an old (hoe,iaRd fplentit, caufing
the horfe to ftand Hill for three or four days,
SU.R
andif vou fee occafion, renew it till die euft
is perfefted.
SURFEIT IN A HoRSB. A.furfei( i^ no-
thing more than^ the effeft of fome difeafe'
ill cured ; and therefore what is called sifur*
feit in horfes, is very difierentfrom thedif-
eafe of thefame name in the bumaii bc4y t
the latter being the beginning of a difeale^
and the former the relics lOr remans of ic
When a horfe has a furfeit his coat, will
ftare, look of a rufty colour, andieven dirty^
though the greatefi paina have been taken
to keep him dean. His (kin will be core*
red with fcales and dander, appearing tike
meal among the hair : and when clcauied
oflTwill be followed by a continual fuccef-
fion of the fame resteer, occa(ioned.fiBmi the.
common perfpiration being ' ob^ruft^^.
Some horfes will be covered witb a. kind of
dry fcab» others with a moid fcab^ attend*
ed with heat and inflancunation» «|id .the
humour fo very (harp^ and CftitfiQg f^ vio«
lent an itching^ that the : cireature ia in-
ce(rantlv rubbing himfelf, and by.that roeaqt
makes himfelf raw in feveral parry of bis
body. Some horfes have nettbtc fcales>
dander, orfcabs; but. look dqll, fluggiih,
and lazy ; fome are hide> bound ;t ^nd<otber^
aSi&ed with flying pttnsi and a ten^pon*
ry lamenefs. In (bort, tho. fympcoaia are
various, and almo(^ as nunoerous as thofe of
the fciu-vy itfelf. .
As the fymptoms are various, fo are al(b
the caufes : fome are furfcitedhy highifeed*
ing, and a want of proper ezcrcifei by
which a bad digedkion ia producedt and ill
humours generated. Some are furfeiied by
unwholefnme.food ; fome by hard riding ;
fome by drinking cold water when they ate
hot ; and others by bad and inofiroper
pbyfic.
The firft operation in curing furfcirs is
bleeding. When three or four pints (bouid
be taken away ; after which the following
purge (hould be given :
Take of fuccotrine aloes, one ounces of
gum guaiacum in powder, half an ounce %
of powder of myrrh, and diaphortic anti-
mony, of each two drams: make the
whole into a bail, with a fufficient quantity
of
SUR
^f iynipof bucktho^^ and liquorice pow-
' dcr. Or,
Take aloes, fix drams ; gum guaiacum,
tialf an oilhce ; honey, or treacle, enough
CO make a ball.
Onc^of thefe balls may be given once a
'week for fame time ^ and in the intervals
an ounce of the ibliowing powder in his
morning and evening feeds :
Take of cinnabar of antimony in fine
powder, half a pound ; of crude antimony
and gum guaiacum finely powdered, of each
fo«r ounces ; mix the whole well together,
anffput an ounce of it into his feed as be-
fore dircAed.
If the horfe be of fmall value, inftead of
the above powder, common antimony and
-folphur may be given in his feeds, and will
fcavc a very good eiFeft. *
Sometimes common purges are fufficient
"to perform a cure, efpecially if the fcabs
are rubbed Itrith the following ointment :
Take of^tjuickfilver, half an ounce; and
fub it in a mortar, with half an ounce of
turpentine, till the quickfilver entirely dif-
appears, adding by decrees one pound of
hog's-lard, and continuing the rubbing till
the whole is incorporated.
But if the horfe be of value, I would ad-
f ifethcpraftitioncr to purfae the firft me-
thod; though it will be often neccffary,
ieven then, to have recourfe to the above
ointment, which will caufc the fcabs to peel
ofF, and cli^anfe hisikin. But care mult be
taken to keep the horfe dry when it is ufcd ;
give him only warm water while the oint-
Vncnt is applied, which Ihould be about once
'in three ^ays; and when the horfe is en-
iffcly free from fcabs, a dofe or two of phy-
fic^ibould be given hifn.
When the ftabs are moift, and a (harp
tiumour flows from them, it is properly a
running fcurvy ; and the difeafe mull be
feuded like the former, by bleeding and purg-
ing, and then uHng external medicines of a
>epelling quality, particularly vhriolic'and
aluminous waters. But I would have every
pra6Htioner, into whofe hands this ufeful
work may fall, . to be upon their guard
agvnft fuch dangerous methods of prsK^tce;
U 'I
and after bleeding, aa already direfted, to
give the following purge t
Take of lenitive eleduary, and of Glau-
ber's falts, of each four ounces; of h-eili
jalap in powder, one dranf : make the
whole into a ball, with a fufficient quantity
of fyrup of marihmallows, liquorice pow-
der, and forty drops of oil of amber, and
give it the horfein a morning fading, after
his body has been well opened with fcaldcd
bran.
When you have given the horfe three or
four of the above ballsi mix two ounces of
liquorice powder, to make it into a ball ;
and nitre, with a fufficient quantity of ho-
ney, and give him one every morning for
a fortnight ; which in all probability will
entirely finifli the cure : Or,
Take diapente made with the roots of
ariftolochia of both forts, fine myrrh^ bay-
berries, (havings of ivory or hart's-horn,
and the roots of gentian, of each two
ounces; dry them gently, powder them
finely, and keep them in a glafs bottle in
a dry place.'*
Take of this three quarters of an ounce,
and give it the horfe in a quart of ftrong
beer, and add to it half an ounce of London
treacle, and four ounces of frefli butter;
let it be miik-warm.
SWAIN^MOTE7 a court that fits about
SWANI-MOTEJ matters of the forett,
held thrice a year before the verderors as
judges, and as rcquifite in a foreft as a
court of pie-powder in a fair.
SWAN. A known royal fowl, concern-
ing which there is a law, that whoever Iteals
their eggs out of the neft, fhall fuflTer im-
prifonment for a year and a d^y, and be
fined according to the king's pleafure.
Where they build their nefts they muft
be left undifturbed.
Thefe birds are very ufeful for keeping
ponds and rivers clear of weeds, upon which
and grafs they only feed, and not upon filK*
as iome imagine ; and are neither charge-
able nor troublefome to keep, if they havt
but room enough.
They commonly lay feven or eight egg»,
3'P a* - • ^ b'dt
but' fddom take pains to ha^li them^ aUj
four or five being their ufual number.
The hen fits brooding about fix weeks,
and if during chat time oats be fet once a
da7 in a though near her ' (in cafe fiie
has not plenty of weeds juft at hand) it will
prevent her leaving of her eggs ; as alfo if
lyou fet up fome boughs, or other (belter^
to fcrtcn her from the heat of the fun.
SWAYING OF THE Back in Horses^ an
injury that may be received fcveral ways :
1. By fome great ftrain, flip^ or heavy
burthen.
a. By turning him too haftily round, &ir.
The pain ufually lies in the lower part of
the back, below hb fhort ribs, and directly
between his fillets*
The malady may be perceived by the
reeling and rolling of tne horfe's hinder
parts in his going, he being then ready to
fall to the ground by his fwaying backwards
and fidclong) and when he is down^ he
cannot rife but with great difficulty.
The cure : Take two ounces of the fat of
the fruit of the pine-tree; of Obbanum
four \ of rofin and pitch as many i one of
bolearmoniac, and half an ounce of dra-
gon's blood, which mud all be well incor-
porated together, and laid plaifter-wife all
over the reins of his back, where you are
.to let it remain till it falls ofl\
Another good ;emedy for thefe infirmi-
.ties, is to adminifter fome ftrengthening
things inwardly ; as common turpentine
made into balls, with the powder of bole-
armoniac, and that of the dried leaves of
clary ; and to apply outwardly, all over the
reins of his back, a charge o( oxicroceam and
Jpdracfifus melted together, orxolewort in
fallad oil made thick, a poultice with the
powder of bole atlnoniac and bean- flour :
Or, take two pounda of blood from the
veins, tbe9 chate his back with a warm
hand, and apply two fcarifying cupping-
glaffes, one on each fide, where the pain
!4eems chieflv to lie^ or vfaere the cs^ravar-
^iated blood is lodged.
Then put the horfe into a frame apd hang
bini up» or by fome other way incloie him
it) ^rates> that he may. not be able to niove
his body ; and thu^ 1/et him ht.k^&fiS^t
or fix weeks ; then mix equal quoikltres of
fpirit of wine^ and oilof xurpefitl/ie.tpge*
ther, by (baking it in a vial^^l icloobs
white like milk upon his back, rubbing iji
in. • In the next place apply the red honey
charge, adding to it half an oubc^ of gaU^s
at ev,er;^ application ^ apiplying a frelb dfafgp
every time, without taking away the former:
Or, infi:ead of the honey charge, you may
ufe the ointment of M$ntpeli<r for two or
three days-, and then proceed to fomenta-
tions; but if the horfe voids blood ftiy at
the mouth and nofe, give hinx of (kl poly-
creftum, and juniper-berries, of each an
ounce, pounded to powder^ in a pint of red
wine every day, for eight days fucceffively^
and for the laft four days give him an
anodyne glyfier, after his fundament. has
been firft raked :
Ct^ if none of the former miuhods fuo-
ceed, make two or three incj^ons with a
large iron flice, and feparate the ikin from
the flefh on the reins, about the breadth of
half a foot on each fide the back-bon^ tiU
you come to the hip-bone.
Stop the holes with fllces of ^(^VlanJi
about the thicknefs of half-a-croWn, ^as to
hinder the (kin from flicking tathe fiefli.
Then rub the ieparated flcin with aa oint-
ment made with equal parts of populeoQ,
and ointn>ent of marihmallows, and cover
all the part with a lamb*(kin, the woolly fide
inwards, laying a faddle-cloth ovor that«
Then hang the hprfe in fuch a po(hw
that he .cannot ftir^ and give him a glyfter
of fal polycreitum every nighty and a pint
of wine every day for eight days» and after
forty-eight days. you may uncover the forc>
and if you find it tp be jmuch fwelled>;h ia
in a fine way towards a cure.
Then take out the lard, . and prefs out the
reddifii matter, and put in a piece of freib
lard» chafing all the part with the ointment
above-mentioned ; then cover the fore as
before, drefilng it after the faoie manner
for twelve days, once every forty-eight
hours : and inftead of the lard drefs it witk
the. duke's .ointment every day^ till the ibre
iahealec^.
■«••.• . •
You
^Xou fnzj take ,away the Ijunb^flcin tweor
ty-two clays ^fcer the be^inriing of the curq,
^iincl ten days after you may allow the hprfk
:to fttr a little.
Inftead of feparacing the (kirf^^you ma^
*giv^ him the fire (which i^ an eaficr rcmedyj
j)icrcirig jlie ikin with a red-hot iron, and
making. Ho]cs at the diftancc.qf ^n inch one
'from another, All over the fame ; then ap-
ply a goodplaifter, aqd two (Kcet$ of paper
'.over it : hapg the horfe up for a nrionth',
and when the fcales are fallen ofi^ dreis the
Jores with the duke's oiqtment, and prop
ceed as before.
[ To sSWtiEP [in F^lcohry] is ufcd of fi
liawk who wipes her beak after feeding,
and therefore they fay (he fweeps.
SWELLED Legs im a Horse, an ihfir-
mity he is fometi.gie.s^ fubjeflt to, by har^
'riding or q^iuch labpur, when he is too.Tac,
V carclefsly pu't to grafs, . or fct up in the
ftable too hot, whereby he takes c©!^,
'which caufes the blood, greafe, and hu-
inours, to fall down into his legs, an^ to
.make them fwell
Sometimes it comes by long (landing in
the ftab\e, when the planks where his fore-
feet ftand> are higher than where his hinder
'legs are ; which uneafy pofture makes the
blood fettle in the hinder legs, whereby
they are unhappily, brought to fwell.
. There, are feveral prefcriptioini for the
cure of this malady. .j
Some ufe nerve oil, black oil^' fpap, itnd
boards greafe melted, and anoint the place
therewith i or elfc bathe his legs wlth'but-
ter and bter, or with butter and vin^giar
melted together. ^ : . . ./ ;
Some bathe them, in water in' which fage^
mallows and rofe-cakes^iave been boifed,
putting in butter and fallad oil 3 or boiling
rqCn, frankincenfc, and frcfh greafe,, of
.each a Like Quantity, then ftrain it, 4nd
^ufcit.once a day, as there is occafion.
You oia'y alfo waih thehorfe^s legs in cold
|buii(tain waters or the horfe may be left
every day* to ftahd up to the knees 1n run-
ning water, till the fwelling is alTuaged.
Other$ bathe the horfc's legs w ith uicep'S
foot oiU traia oil>, w .utine wd fikh-peire
I
?ntine|ed j^etherj^ and weft}pg hay coptfs
rii*tnc ?ame Irquor^ roll' them from the
paftern to the kne^*. but care miift be taken
not to* bind them too hard.
Others boil primrofe^,.vjolet-leiives, and
ftrawberry-leaves, bf each a handful, in
new milk, adding nerve-oil, petrpleum,
(ind^optileoni ofeach ah dunce, and anoint
the horfe vnth' this for four or'fitt dtj^
fticceffivelyi . . !
. Others boll pitch, virgin's^waxi rofift
galbanum, myrrh, aedoary, bdelliunfi, ^ix-
plan itorsix, and the juice of ,hyfrop,'atid
when it is cdd, they. add bole-armon/ap
'ahd^'coftus finely powdtred'5 thefc ktin^
Well incorporated with the otheir ingred^
ents, they boil them all oVer agaiA,*and
when they life it, they fj:a*ead tten a pljdfter
and wrap . it about.th^ fwtjling, letting it
remain there tiil it dfops-offof itfeif? - *
Bur when a hdrfeVltgs are much fWelleif^
becatlfe of the {branches, boila handful c(f
bay- fait, a quarter of a pound of fbap,.
with a good qu^tity of foot, and a good
.handful of mifleroe chopped, in a quart of
urine or more, and 1(1 th this bathe i\\% icg»
v€ty f^rm, twice or ^^thrice a Ay, and
wetting a cloth with ir, .^vtap it clofe aboiic
his Jegs^ and it will allbage the fwelling..
See Remoladi^
SWELLED PiaziK IN HoRSM, is »
kind, of hardnefs which proceeds from the
parts being bruifed by riding, and is cured
in th^ following manner:
Take hplly*l^k, houfe.Ieek> and a little
plantane, l^ampad together with frcih but^
ter, and anoint His i^viAt with it twice a
*dayj. and if the pizzle be fore^ you nra^
^ift hia^, aiid waib his -flie^h aBdbi^iilt
^ery Wcrll' withwhite-wMte vftiegar • .tod If
i^tti ht ahy catikcrs, or holes in'the yartl^
then you muft put fome burnt iallunrhto the
vinegar, and walh it very well ; apd he will
mend .Without fail -in three times .dreiffin^
SWEi LEI> Vesit v,^tKit,^hich the
French call variee, is a crooked rein^fwel-
linje with corrupt 'blood in the teaqrfe^
belly, or legs Ota horfe.
, The cure : Open the Ikin of the hoHe^
^nd jbttui it with a boiiroa i dic».tub 'and
i
1
i
•i
4
/
*
1
TEE
chafie it wclj for ten 'diya with mUk tn^
oif^ ancj if f be. dlfcafeU not removed, let
him blooci/ and this wift e^ed the cure.
1 < • •
A^Poultici ta iijfolve a SweUii^ in Hta-Jes.
m I
ri,J*kq;;^ardcn o^^^^^^ and white
lows, pcuitory, pcnny-royal,\jbri^anum»
,c4amintj .and ruci of each a hanfiruli ca- -.
.inomile^ mellilot, .and jcldcr-flowcrs^ of
^cach half a haqdfijl j. gf^co annifccds, cpm-
!tnp0 fciin^Iy^ and ^nnjTiip'^feeds» of each
halifah ou^cci boil all'tficfe together to a
;^a(b, io watcif and whitc-wine vinegar j
^Rcn pound them in a ftone morur to an
even fmobth mafs, adding to them of tbe
4neal:pf lupines, ^nd of beans^ of each an
oiifice and % half, oil of camoipilc an oupce
and a.^air, oil of orrjce the fame quantity 5
!lmix thcna well, in the mortar, and then
heat them "again,' and apply this to the
part affcdcdi.in greater pr Jcff^r qu^i>d.tj;, .
according to th^ heat of the part.
' .Thli is a ^medicine extraordinary ufi?fxjl (
ifi' all tumours, and is the. more ne^cflVr^,, ;
'fincc tumours or Ywclfings |ire fo. rrc^uetit •
In.horfca, by rcaifo'n of hurts and/bf^ifes \
they are fo -often liable to, which if ;iot *
timely taken care of, and that jiidicioutty,
'do deg^nejate into jincurable fiftulas^^ and
cancerous ulcers ^.fpr jt is allowed by aU
Iiirgeons, that thc'.fafcft way to cure a^l)
iwcUings (to which they giv^ the hamp of '
tumours) except fuch as are malignant, i^ .
by diflblving them; if poffible, which 15 j
thjf'/^njo^ fuccpGffiU and which ou^bt to
<>?.Mfcd,^fipft9,W much'as'pbffiblc)
but ijf that cannctt be donc,^ tfaen.yoM oug;.ht
to eiideavbur to ripen them ks fbooaspol!-
fiiblyjcanbe. , , . . • ; . .
■ ♦
, Tajc?; the, rpnttt^ Qf^nqiarlhmal\owa, and |
thoft of white miqs^ of each a quarter of j
a poun^ir tjie jleayes ofgrouodfel, cortJxnoh
ca^j^^a handful I the flour ofTinleed and
fcnu^reeW-feeol, oil of lilici, afcd *gpa(e«
fat, of each three obricea i walK the roott
and nice thVm, then boil them in ^ater,
and after fome time put in the leaves, amt
66i1 air till the whole 'rnafs becocnes per*
feftly tender and foft : then ilrain out th«
decdftipn, and ppu'nd the fuMance that
remain^ in a ftone mortar, with a wooden
peille, ViII it comes to be a pulp; thea
put both the decoftion and pulp into a
ikillet, mi jcihg with them the noui' or meal
of fcna-fted, and fenugreek feed, oil of
lilies and goofe fat ; boil all together .over
a -moderate .fire, ftirring. the ingredients
from time to time, till the mafs is beconiie
of a fufficieiit confidence.
..This is a very ufcful medicine, bccauie
dangerous confequences do frequently hap-
pen^ to fwcUings, or tumours, in hoHet,
that will hot be dlfcufled^ that'is, not go
away of thcnifelves, 0/ ithit fi/ch a pbuf-
tice'.has'beefi wanting to brin^ them to a
fpeecly fuppuratidn.
' For if -a fwelling or tumour that cannot
be difcuITed, (hould remaih^coolongbefdf^
^ik bp brought to a fuppuratlon or ripening,
.ii'generally putrefies and turns to a fifltulouts
uicer, which, very rarely, admits of a cui'd*
SWINE PIPE. A bird of the thrulh
kind. * . ='
■I . . ' i
^T-iAl'L. The train of a beaft; fbwJ,
jTAIL of a floKSEi" (hdild W firm, the
dock or flump of it fbould be big, ftfff,
and placed pretty high •, thofe which haVQ
it fet too low have feVdoiVi good" reins j on
the other hand, fome of* them havcit^fft
tod high, which rhake th.cir buttocks "iap-
pear pointed and unfeemly. * • ; * fti
A great many affirm, that the dotk of k
horfe's tail ferves ii> point out bis fix^ 6r
feventh year, pleading that at that t?mc thfe
Jb^aclc fpcck, or eye of a|bcan, b<^gins'<(>
difappear, anc^ the c^avity V6'btt5fle^d,the
clock of the hkir bec6riies^l6ng<fr, by rekfim
thaf the vigour of ^thcyoun^ ^eafs be^hi
to'abW, and nature has Ji6t ftreiiBth
enough .to nourifli and If eep up the joints
iix khots^haf f6flii''tH^d6«fe; #that^WHtt
the
the horfe Is fix years pld^ on« of thefb joints
flackcns 'and begins to fall down, and a
year afcpr ano'^hcr defcendis in like .manner.
But ibis 'reraxa{jon'or down- falling/ hap-
pens fooner to fojiie than.btKers, according
as'jthcy have bfrtn well or ill kept^ with
reference to' feeding, houfing, and working.
Accordingly we find the marks of a horfc's
age, taken from the tail^ are fb erroneous^
tnat we fee a great many jockicis maintain «
that the firft joint! defcends when he is
Dine, and the fecohd when he is ten years
old. . '•
TAPASS'ANT [Hunting term] ufed of
ft hare when (he is lurking or fquatting.
^ fo TAPPY [with' Hunters] to lie hid as
a deer may do.
T£AL. A delicate fowl for the table \
but thofe that buy chem ought to be very
careful inchufing them; to know them^
obferve if the birds feel thick and hard
iipon' the oelly, if fo they arc fat^ but if
thin upon the belly; lean \ if they are dry
* footedj, they have been long killed \ but \i
li(iiber footed, new killed.
TEDDER, 7 a rope wherewith the leg
' TETHER, 1 of a horfe is tied, that he
iQay graze within a certain compafs. ^
TEETH; Are little bones in a horfe's
jaws, which ferve not only to facilitate the
tiourifhment, but likewife to diftinguilh
the age of horfes.
A horfe has forty teeth, including the
tufhes, which are diftinguilhed as follows ^
* Twenty-four of them are called grinders,
which are placed at the b ttom of the
mouch, beyond the bars, twelve bn each
fide of the channel, viz fix above, and fix
on each fide. '
Thefe teeth continue^ and do not fail t(i
give place to new teeth in their rodm, fo
that they are of no iife in diftinguilhing a
orfc s age.
However, they arc fubjcft to wolvej
teeth.
With reference to the other fixteen. tWelvc
of them are called in their infancv, rtiilk or
foal teeth, and the remaining foui* go^by
the name of tuflies. ' *
The twelve foal teeth are Ihoirr, frhall^
and white |cetb, fej^ed on the fore piut of
the mouth, fix aboi^e, and fix below.
Thefe change and caft^ to give place tdT
dthers; which, in procefk of ame, becooit'
I long, large, ^ and yellowilh.
Thefe new teeth are'di^inguifhed by the
different names given them> according to
tKeir putting forth, and it is the manner o^
I their coming forth, that gives us^to know
the firft years of a horfe. . ' ^ '
Now of thefe twelve, fouf afe called liip-
pers, four are called middlirf^ tefcthi'ahd
four go by the name of corhcr tecthl
The four riippefs ifre feafed on* the fore
pai-t of the mouth, two abdve,- and two
below» J . , r ' '
When a \ hdrfc ' has put fcirth jthferfe,' wc
conclude! that he goes froni tWa and a half
to three years*
The middling teeth ire 'placed hear the
nippers, or gathiM-ers, one above, ,and one
below, oh each fide.of the jaws. '
They come out and appear between three
and .a half and four years. '
The corner teeth are placed yet more for-
ward in the mouth, one above an^ one be-
low, on each fide of the Jaws.
Thefe begin to flioot between the fourth
and the fifth year, andarcig^ot abov^ the
gum at five yeari.
" When furmoonted the gum at that age,
• they become hollow, and mark commonly
till fevcrt or eight years*
, By marking wemeah, .that in the ItoHow
or cavity of the corner teeth, 'a li^le black
fpcck is formed r which, firom it> Veftni-
blanccj wc call the bud or eye 6f a beian.
But when the horfe pafles fix, the cavity
begins to fill, and the black mark difap-
pears by degrees { yet this diminution of
the cavity and the mark, continues from Bk
rill feven and i hatf; - / *. .
At eight years the cavity is filled. up,' and
tHe black mark gone, and in regard* that
the tooth is then. uiH, eten as if it had been
Ihaved, We then fay that tbe horfe has raz«
cd J \*hlch* happens ^ .^tlt .tjefore the
eighth year, and afll^.tft^t Ahe horfe d6e$
not mark ; fo that the*fiircf*^'kndwitflge of
h:s age is then ^iook from hii iiiflies; '
\
•. t
Tnc tuflics Are placed beyona the corner *
tect||i upoa the .^arsjt two on eagh fide of
Wj^w^f* .^'* .f; ,ftn4 above,, and one bclow,^
without being procedcd by any foal jec.th.
.. ^bjt two under tu(Bes cut (bmewnnfes at
three years/ Ibtnetimcs at three aha a half,
^nietiaies at four ; but the two upper tu(h-
e^ appear fometinies at four^ fometimes at
four and a half; fqmetipes before, and
fometimes, aCter .the corner teeth, withput
aity certain riile ; and till the age of fix they.
are chamfered 'within.
. , . Al)6ut ten years ot age the , two upper
tulbe$ appear much wornj, which iervesfor
that age. ' •
. i^ftcr that they growiout ia length, and
{>ecome bare of' nefh, becaufe the gum
ftirlnTcs and retires; and at laff, about the
fifteenth or fixteentb year« the horfe fb^Hs.
r A horfe is not capable of any great fa-
tigue till his tu(hes have cut the fkiri.
. Moftof ih9 Dutcb hor/cs are veiV ficlc
when their tufliescOmi; forthfi mares .hav<?
efaem but feldom, and when they have thenri
they arc but very fmall. iSV^.SjHEj-L-TooTH:
ED tf»//CduNTER-MARKEp
TEGG, [Hunting^ term] a doe in the fe-
cohd year' of her age,
' TEIGNESiM rtoRsfcs, a diftemper in
tjie^ootj. when the &ulh moulders away iii
pieces, and it ^oes the length of the quicks
tor then the itching pain is fo great, that
^rwiUioft^n cnakc the horfe halt.
^ JTElJJCK i a dtHcious frcfli' water fift.
that has bj^rlhiall fcales, yet very large and
fmoothiBns ; he lias a redckcle about the
eyesj itxd.z little barb. hanging at each cor-
ner of the fnouth. '
* This fifli delightsL mofc among weeds in
ponds^ than In clea^ rivers^ and covets to
feed in Very foul' witer, yet his fleflx is nou-
{;iihing,andpl.eafa^i;.^ '.
/ His flifiic is faid to be of a very healing
gysdity fi0.wauflde4,ftlb, and'upoi^ that ac-
<:o\int, has] obtained the title of the fifiies
fijj^rfic^^ thp 4eyourin^pikf is fyi4 to
Di? fo Je^fibiof>t bif vj^e, that h^^wiU nor*
-Wrt,A.tep(;h^tbQugh.ne will feize upon ^ny
fift 6fWs.lizj tK?t cqyijj&Hi W^^
^(ffipn the pike is uck or hurt^ he applies to
• ^ ■»
tlie Okit^\ incif .iS!nds cure c^* i^Uef, by rub-
bing hiVhrelfagaiaft his body/
'TENC^J't^sHiKG i'iUe proper' tinrie of
angling for "the tench, ii early and fate,
bbth 'mprhmg and ereningy in the n^ohtbs
6^ June ^ yulx^ and Augufi^ or all night ia
theftill parts tff rivers.
This fifli is obfervcd to be a great lover
df large red)'worm^9 and will bice moll ea>:
fecrly at' them, ir you have firft dipped
therh in tar : . he alfo delights in all forts of
pafies, made up with ftrong fcentedoils» or
with tar, or pafto^ made with brown bread
and honey ; he will alfo bite at a cad worm,
lob-worm, -flag-worm, ffreen*gcntle, cad
bait, marfh-worm, or loft-boiled bread*
grain.
^0 take Tench cut of a muddy Pond.^
., Yqu muft provide yourfelf with a verjj
good laVge caRing net, well leaded, and let
OOjf the mq(hes,' from 'the' crown* to a full
yard arfd a half, be too fmall,' for then, if
the pond be any thing of a depth, the fifh
will ftrike away before the riet coiT>es to^the
ground. ^ ^ ,,
The whole net ought to have a large mefii
and .deep tucked.
Make the place cle^n from (!akcs and
bufhes, and try the net before you go upoa
the (port^ for if it happens to hang, all
your pains would prove ineffcftual : tberc«
fore you .muft be fure, before you caft in
your nct^ to clear apd clcanfe the place
twicc'br thrice with' a rake.
• Then take a quarter of a peck of wheat,
baking It well in an oven, putting in near
three quarts of water : when it is well
baked, take five pints of blood and mix thq
Whfcat and blood well together, adding td
It as much bran 'as is fufiicient to make a
paAe o/it, and that it may the better hold
together, 'mix it iip with fome clay ; knead
it well together, with a quart of lob worms
chopped in pieces, and wrought into a
S'afte, a; has been before dircAed: pnakc it
p into'ballr as big as a goofe egg, and
throw it iatd the pond, within the circiun-
ference of your cafting net, and between
times
TEH
fimes throw in feme grains; when you
think the Blh have found out the baiting
placcy come in the clofe of the evening
(having baited^ very early in the nnorning)
and cafl: your net over the baited place,
taking a long pole^ with a large fork made
for that purpofe> and ftir all abouc the net,
for the carp or tench arc ftuck up above
their eyes in mud, and (land exaAly upon
their heads > but let the net lie for halt an
hour^ ftill ftirring with the pole^ if the
place be not too deep, and after having
covered the filb, you may go into the
pond and take them out with your hands ;
but if the water be deep when yoii find them
begin toftir> lift the crown of the net bolt
upright with a long ftaflp, that fo the fifli
may play into the tuck of the net.
. Obferve, if you (hould draw up your net
fuddenly, after you have caft it in, it is a
hundred to one odds whether you take one
of them i but letting the net lie, the mud
will choke them, if they remove not out of
it.
T B,R M S fbr tht Lodging of
Beasts ofChace, &r.
A badger eartbetb.
A boar coucbetb.
A buck Icdgetb.
A conty Jittetb.
A itixkenneletb^
A roe iiddetb.
A hare feaMb, or
formetb.
A hart barb$uretb.
A martern treetb.
An otter vtaUbetb^ *
For tbt Difl^dging tbcm.
A badger, to dtg^
A boar, fo rear.
A buck, to rouze.
A coney, to hit.
A fox, to unkennel.
A hare, toftart.
A hart, to unbarbour.
A martern^ to untree.
An otter^ to vent.
For tbeir Noife at Rutting Time.
A hzdgtr Jbrieketb. A hare beatetb, or
A boar breametb. tappetb.
A bttck groanetb, or A hart ftlletb.
troatetb. An otter -wbirnth.
A fox iarketb. A roe bellowetb.
TER
A goat rattletb. A Wolf bowletE
For tbeir Copulation.
.•V
A boar goetb to brim. A hart goetb to rut.
A buck goetb to rut. An otter bnntetb for
A coney goetb to
buck.
A fox goetb a click-
etting.
A hare goetb to buck.
bfs kind.
A rpe goetb to toum.
A wolf goes to match
or make.
Terms ^en ti^ey are in Company one with
anotber.
Aberdof harts, and
all manner of deer.
A bevy of roes.
A founder of fwine.
A rout of wolves.
A ricbnefs of mar-
terns.
A brai:e or leajb of
bucks» foxesa o^
hares.
A couple of rabbets»
A couple of coney$»
For tbeir Foot and Treading.
A boar, t\kt track.
A buck, and all fallow deer, tbe vh'oo.
Of iiU deer, if on the grafs, and fcarce
vifible, then it is ciWtd foiling.
Of a fox, the print, and of other fuch
vermin iht footing.
Of a hare divcrfly j fqr when fee is in open
field, (he is faid to fore, when (he winds
about to deceive the hounds, (he doubles t
when Ihe beats on the hard highway, and
her footing can be perceived, ti\c pricketb^
and in the fnow her footing is called the
trace.
Of the Inrt the Jlot.
Of an otter, the maris.
Terms of a Taili
A boar, the wreatb.
A buck, the fngle.
A coney, the yiri^r.
A fox, the brujb or drag^ And the tip At
the end is called the cbapt.
1 A'hare, thc/c*/.
3 Q^ Ahart,
T E R
A hart, x^efinghn
A wolf, ihc Jiem.
For their Ordurb:
Of a boar, the lejis.
Of a deer, fewmets^ or fexvmifiingi
Of a fox, blittmng^ and all other fuch
thtfuMts.
Of a hare, croiiUs, or crotifing.
Of a hart, the fewmets^ ox fumijbing.
Of an otter t Yitjpraints.
• • -^
When a hart breaks herd, and draws to
the tbtcket, or coverts, they ufually fay he
tokes bis bold^ or goe$ to harbour »
All kind ofdeers fat is called/i^^/; and
y^t you may fee this deer was a high deer
The fat of a boar is called |[r^^<r. The
fat of a roe only is called heavy grea/e.
^ Of a deer they fay, fie is broken up, of
a fox and hare is ca/ed.
Of fox cubs, they fay a litter j of rabbets,
u nefi \ of fquirrils, a draj^
9
(terms for the Attire c/Dzijl.
Of a Stag, ifpcrfcft, the bur y i\\t pearls^
(the little knobs on it) the beam^ the gut^
ieresy the avtler, the Jur-antlery rcyal^ Jur^
royaU &nd all at the top the creches.
Of a Buck, the 3i^r, the beam, ihc brow-
antler, the back-antler, the advancer, palm,
zndjpellers.
If t^e croches grow in form of a man's
hand, it is then called z palmed- bead, heads
bearing not above three or fourj three
croches being placed aloft of one height,
are called crowned-beads * Heads having
doubling croches, are caWcd forked-heads,
becaufe the croches are planted on the top
of the beam like forks.
If you are afked what a flag bears, you
are only to reckon the croches he bears, and
sever to exprefs an odd number : for if he
has four croches on his near horn, and five
#a bis far, you muft fay be bears ten^ a falfe
i
TEH
right on his near horn (for all that a beanr
bears are called rights). If but four oa
the near horn and fix on the far horn, you
mild fay he bears twelve, a double falfe
right on the near born ; for you muft* not
only make the number even, but alfo the
horns even with that didinflion.
^erms for flaying, ftripping, and cafing all
manner of Chases.
Of a hart and all manner of deer, they
fay they are flain. Huntfmen ufually fay,
take off that deer*s Jkin.
Of a hare, they fay (he xsftripped, or cafcdi
the fame term is alfo ufed of a boar.
A fox, badger, and all manner of ver-»
min are laid to be cafed, beginning at the
fnout. Or nofe of the beaft, his (kin being
turned over his ears down to the body, till
you come to the tail.
Proper Terms fot the Noifes ^Hounds.
When hounds are firfl caft off^, and find
fome game, or chace, we fay they chal^
lenge.
\( they are too bu fy before they find the
fcent good, it is faid they babble.
If they run it end ways, orderly making
it good, and then hold it together merrily,
they are faid to be infutl cry.
When fpaniels open in the firing for a
greyhound in his courfe) they fay, they
lap/e.
When hounds hang behindhand beat tea
much upon the fcent,. or place, they fay>
they plod.
When they have either earthed a vermin^
or brought a deer, boar, or die like,, to
turn head againft them, they are faid /»
bay.
Different Terms for Hounds and Gk%y^
Hounds.
Of greyhounds two make a brace ; of
hounds a couple ; and of greyhounds three,
make a leafi i, and of hounds a couple and a
T E R
hilf\ they fay let flip agriybound^ and caft
off a hound.
They call the firing, wherein a grey-
hound is led, a leqfe : and that of a hounds
a leam^ Ham, or lyome.
The greyhound hath his cellar, and the
hound his coupks.
Of hounds they fay a kennel, of beagles a
fta^k^
Thofc places are called entries where they
find a deer has lately paffed into thickecsi
by which they guefs at their largcnefs, and
then put the hgunds or beagles thereto for
their view
A layer is a place v^herc any deer has re-
pofed or harboured.
When the hounds or beagles hit the feent
of their chace contrary^ as to hit him up the
wind) when they (hould hit it down^ they
Jay fbey draw a mifl.
When hounds or beagles take frelh fcent,
hunting another chacc, until they ftick
and hit it again, they fay they bunt change.
When the hounds or beagles hunt it by
the heel, they fay they hunt counter. .
When the chace goes off, and comes on
again, traverfing the fame ground to deceive
the hounds or beagles^ they fay they bunt
tbefoiL
When they fet hounds in readinefs,
where they expeft the deer will come by,
and then caft them off, when the other
bounds are pad by, they call that a relay.
When hounds or beagles- have finifhed
their chace, by the death of what they pyr-
fued, and then in requital, are fed by the
ha^ds of the huntfman, or others, it is
(railed a reward:
When huntfmen go drawing in their
fprings at hart-hunting; and ufually make
dew rounds, they arc called ring-walks.
When deer caft their horns, they arc
faid to mew.
When a deer has been hard hunted, and
then betakes himfelf to fwimming on
any river, fe?r. they fay he takes foil.
The firft head of a fallow deer is called
the prick.
When huntfmen endeavour to find a hart
hy the flot, and then mind his flep, to
TE R
know whether he is great and long, thcf
then fay they know him by his gait.
When deer, after having been hard ran,
turn head againft the hounds, they are faid
to bay.
When hounds or beagles run long, with-
out making any cry, they arc faid to run
mute.
When hounds or beagles at firft finding
the fcent of their game, prcfently open and
cry, they are then faid to challenge.
When hounds run at a whole herd of^
deer, they are faid to run riot*
When the hounds touch the fcent, and
draw on till they rouzc or put up the chac^ .
they fay they draw on the flot.
When a roe croifes and doubles, it ia
called trajoining.
When a hare, as fometimes, (though
feldom) takes the ground like a coney, they
they then fay, Jbe goes to the vault.
When they beat the bu(hes after a fox,
they cal I i t drawing.
When a hare runs on rotten ground, or
in a foreft fometimes, and then it flicks to
her feet, they fay y&^ carries.
When a fox has young ones, in her they
fay^^ is with cub*
* When beagles bark and cry at their prey,
they fay, they yearn.
A red male hart of a year old, is called
z/pitter.
A rein deer is a beafl likcf a hart, but
hath his head fuller of antlers. I hofe en-
gines that deer are taken with, are called
wiles.
When hounds or beagles are fet in /ea-
dinefs, expefting the chace to com^by,
and then caft off before the reft come in,
it is called a vauntlay.
When they ftart a hiairc, they cry that
that, or there there. '
When hounds or beagles find where the
chace hath been, and made a proffer tB
enter, but return, they call it a bUm^b.
To a deer they fay bow.
A leiTon blown On the horn to comfort
th'e hounds, is termed ii<^/.
A recbeat is a leflbn blown en the hora«
3 Qw« The
TER'
' The mort or deaths is blown at the death
of any deer.
A hind in the firft year is called a calf,
in the fccbnd year a bearfe\ and fometimes
ive fay a brockefsjifier^ &c. and the third
year a hind.
A hare is the firft year called a leveret,
the fecond yczr^ bare, the third ytzxz great
h^re.
The iox is the firft year called a cuh, the
fecopd 2Lfox, the third year an old fox.
A coney is called the firft year a rabbet,
and afterwards an old coney.
When you fee about twenty deer, of
what fort foever, together, it is zfmaUberd\
about forty is a middle berd\ fixty or eighty
is a great berd, whether they be male or
-female. .
Upon view of a hart, if he be a goodly
deer, do not call h\m fair, hvt great; and
fo a great bind and a great bucki but a/ji>
and comely doe.
When a deer eateth in a corn or grafs
field, he is faid to feed, otherwife to browze -,
and if he ftayeth to look on any thing, he
is faid to Jtand at gaze ; when he forceth by
«pon force, he trippetb -, and when he runs
a pace htfirainetb.
• When he is hunted arid leaves the herd,
then heJsugUtb ; and when he foams at the
mouth, he isembofed-, when he fwelleth
or ventcth. any thing, they fay he hath this^
or that in the wind; when he holds put his
neck at the full length inclining, they fay
be isfpent j and being dead, /ay be is done. •
When a huntfman beats a. wood to find
a chace, it is called drawing of tbe covert -,
and when he fees where any deer hath been,
thtj fay bcre bd breaketb.'
When fome.few hounds are fet in readi-
Bcfs, by any place where it is fuppofed the
chace will pafs, it is termed a vauntlay*,
and when they tarry until the reft of the
hounds come in> it is called an allay ; but
if they hold ,till the kennel be paft> it is
called a relay.
When a hart cntreth a river or pool>
which is termed the foil, iz^y Jbe defcendetb i
when you fee him ready to enter water, fay
heproffereth \ and if he doth it the fecond
T E tl
time, then fay be re-profferetb ; and after
he hath once defcended, and you fee where
he hath trod, tbe water filling- his footfteps,
then fay - bere tbe bart defouletb i and the
flot or view that is found of fuch a deer on
the other fide of the water, is to be termed
as a deer defoulant tbe foil. ^
The hart, buck, and boar, oftentimes
take foil without being forced, and all other
beafts are only faicf to take water, except
the otter, and he is faid to beat tbe fir earn.
When they caft about a grove or wood
with the blood-hound, theji make a ring :
when they find where the deer hath pafled,
and plafh any bough downwards for a mark^
then they fay tbey blemifb, or make hle^
I mifhes.
When they hang up any paper, clout, or
mark, it is called fwelUng, or fetting of
Jewels.
When a hound meets a chace and goes
away with it far before the reft, they {vf fhc
foreloynetb.
When a hound hunts backwards the fame
way the chace is come, then they fay be-
bunts counter ; and if he hunts any other
chace but what he firft undertook, then he
is faid to bunt cbange.
When any deer, dr other chace, ufetb •
fubtilties to deceive th^ hounds^ then he
is faid to crofs or double.
When a hart or ftag breaks herd, and
draws to the covert, they fay be goes to har-
bour, or taketb bis bold, or be caveretb 5 and
\vhen he comcth out again, thx:n be di/cover-
etb himjelf.
There is a great diflPerence between the
frith and tht fell i the fells being taken for '
the valises, green comfaflures, and moun^
tains I and the friths for fprings and cop^
pices.
There is alfo a difference between the
word ways and trenches-, for by the filrft is«
meant the high and beaten ways on- the out«
fide of a foreft or wood; and-by the word
^rencb, a very fmall way,, not fo commonly^
ufed.
There is likewife a dtfierence between a
trench and apatb, which is a place where a
deer has only left Jlot or view.
Blanifies^
T EK
Btem^eSf are the. marks to know, where
a deer hLatiij> gone ia oi out, and cbev are
little boughs plafhed or broken to hang
^wnwafds ; for any thing that is hung up^
is called a Jewel.
Serins in Hawking^ 6?r.
^hnx,. the legs fromthe feet to the thigh.
Bau, 7 is a term ufed of a bawk> when
Batetb^ ^ibe flutters with her wings from
the perch to the fift) endeavouring to fly
away.
Bathings is wafhing herfclf.
Beak, the upper crooked part of her bill.
Beam leathers, the long feathers in the
Mrings.
Beavy of Quails y a brood of young ones.
Bewits, the leathers^ with bells> button
dbout hawk's legs*
Bowet^ \ a young hawk that draws any
• Bowefoi ^ thing out. of her neft, and en-
deavours to get on the boughs.
Bowfing^ is a hawk's drinking often> and
yet defircs more.
Brayier a piece of leather flit to- put upon
her wing to tie it up.
Branchery a young hawk, newly taken
out of the nell> which can hop from bough-
to bough.
Cage, that on which hawks are carried>
when deBgned for fale.
Cancellerhtgy or eancellaring, figniHes
ftoopiDg.
Carrying, a hawk is faid fo to do, when
fhe flics away with her quarry.
A Cafi cf Hawks, are two.
Ce^Oifg^ is what \% given her to purge or
deanfe ^er gorge% - -
Cataralf, a difeafe in a hawk's.eye.-
G^^/miij/n^ ironl^ are ufed in fearing..
CawHn^-time^ itt^\n^ or coupling time.
-Check, IS when (he (orfakes. her proper
game^ and flies at crows, pycs>or the like^
ibit'Crofe hei: in her flight.
Clap the nether part of the beaki
Ci^ingy is paring*
Cefping-hrsnsf^^c tho^fc trlfed for coping
er paring her pouQfita or talons^ wlien\they
are over*growa»
I
^ewfingif fs quivering or fhaklng, in tef*
timony of obedience towards the old ones»
C^vi^ of PariridgeSi a brood that always
accompany together with the old ones till
pairing time^
Crabbing, is when hawks that fland near
one another^ fight,
Ciray, a difeafe in a hawk.
O^^iii:^, -afmalllong limeoffmall, fine^
even packthread^ that is faftened to the
leafe of a hawk> when fhe-is firft lufed.
Crivets, 1 the fmall black hairs about the
Crinets, j lears or eye-lids.
Crock, a difeafe in a hawk.
Di/clojed^ is when the young ones juft
peep through the fhells.
Dropping, is%hen fhe muteth downwards
in ieveral drops> and not yerking it flraight
forward.
To Endew, v is when»ihe digefleth her
To Endue, j meat> not only difcharging;
her gorge of it, but alfa cleanfi ng her pan-
nel.
£»f^«/i&> when the feathers have black
fpots.
To En/eam, is to purge her of her glut
and irleam.
3> Enter, a term ufed of a hawk, when
fbe begins firft to kill.
Eyes, a young hawk jufl taken out of the
nefl:.
Eyrie, the plaee where they build and
hatch their young.
Feuiing, is whrping her beak after feed**
ing. -
Filander, a difeafe in a liawk.
Flags, the feathers next the principal fea^
thers in her wings.
Flying on k^d,. is . when (fee miflcs her
quarry, and betakes herfclf ta the next
check, as erows, pyes> &c^
Formale, the female hawk.
Formifa, a dife^e in hawks.
Frownce, A difeafe ib hawks.
Gleam, a term ufed after, a hawk hath eafk
and gleameth, or throwcth up filth from her
gorge. -
Gluf, the flimy fubftance that lies lathe
pannel^
CffrgCp
T E R
Cofge, the crop or craw of a hawk^; or
other fowl.
GurgipHng^ is Caid of a hawk.wfaea &\t is
ltii(Fed.up«
Hack, a place where a hawk's meat is
put.
Hac-Hawky that is a tackier.
Haggard'Hawki one that has preyed /or
ber^lft and is takea after Lent.
jacky a male hawk.
Jfffesy the fmall ftraps of leather that are
filftened to her legs, and fo to the leafh, by
the varvels.
To Impy is to put a feather into a hawk*s
wing, in the place of one that is broken,
Juke^ the neck from the head to the bo-
idy, of any bird a hawk preyt upon.
InUrmewing^ is from the firll exchange of
her coat, till Ihe turns white.
^9 Jonky is to deep.
To Leatiy is to hold to you.
Leafcy 1 the fmall long leather thong faf-
Lenjby J tcned tothe jefics, by which fee
is held fall on the fift, it being wrapt about
the fingers.
Lurey that which is cad up by Falconers,
CO bring a hawk down.
A Make-Hawky « an old (launch h^wk
A ^arry -Hawky \ make vfc of to enter,
young.
Mailsy the breaft feathers of a hawk.
Manning a hawk, is making her endure
company.
. ToMantUy is to flretch one wing after
one leg, and the other after the other..
MeWy the place where a hawk is-fet down,
the time ihe raifeth her feathers.
Mewting, the dung of long* winged
hawks.
Naresy the little holes in a hawk^s beak,
Pannelf the pipe next her fundament,
where (be digeftexh her meat from her bo-
dy.
Percby a place on which a hawk is fet to
reft.
Pelt, the dead body of any fowl (he has
killed.
pendant feather Sy thofe behind the thighs.
Petty fmgltSy a hawk's toe.
T E R
JPllly 1 that which, a hawk leaves of her
Pelfy J prey after (he is. relieved.
Tfae^/^f, a difeafe in hawks.
Plume, the general mixture of colours and
feathers,, by which the conftitution of a
hawk is known.
Phmagey the fmall feathers given a
hawk to make her caft.
. Pllmingy is after a hawk has (eized her
prey, and difmantles it of it's feathers.
Pounces of a hawk, her claws.
Poulty that is, killing poultry.
In Pride, is to be in good fle(h and
heart.
To Prune, is to pick herfelf.
Put over y a term ufed when (he cemoves
her meat from her gorge into her bowels, by
traverfmg with her body ; but chiefiy, with
her neck.
Quarry y the fowl a hawk flies at, either
dead or alive. /
§ifatry-bawky an old, entered, and re-
claimed hawk.
To rakey a term ufed when fiie flies out
too far from the game.
. Rama^e, or Joar-haimky is one that can
fly, havmg preyed for herfelf.
Rangle, is when (he has gravel given her
to bring her to a ftomach.
To reclaim a hawky is to make her gentle
and familiar.
Retrieve, is when partridges having been
fprung, are to be found again.
To rouzcy is to life up, and (hake her* .
felf.
To ruff y is to hit the prey, and not to^
trufs it.
Rufter-hoody a large, wide, and eafy hood,
open behind, being the fir(t that is made
ufe of..
Rycy a difeafe in hawks,
SaiUy the wings of an hawk.
Sear, the yellow betwixt her beak and
eyes.
Seelingy is when bemg firft taken (he is
blinded, with a thread run through her eye*
lids, fo that (he fees but little,; oc hop at all,,
that (be may the better endurelthe hood.
Seizing, is when >hc gripes the jyry with
her talons*
Setting Jnnh
TER-
Setting down, is wlieaihe is put intothe
iricw.
Slice J is the dung of a (horc winged hawk.
Sliceih, lignifies Ihe mewceth a good dif-
taace from her.
Slmetby cbac isj (he meweth without
dropping.
Staunch hawk, one well entered for the
ganne.
Stoopng^ is when (he is aloft upon the
wing, and defcends to ftrike the game.
, Summed, is when Ibe is in all her plumes.
Swival, that which keeps a hawk from
twifting.
Tajel, a male h^wk»
Tiring^ is when you give hej the leg or
piuion of a pigeon^ or the like to pluck
at.
ToweretJr^ is when Ihe lifts up her wings.
Trahti the tail of a hawk.
Trainj fomething alive or dead^ tied to
the ]ure to entice her with it.
Trujingj is when Ihe raifes a fowl aloft^
and foaring with it^ at length defcends with
it to the ground.
FarveU, little filver rings at the end of
Jejes, on which the owner's name is engra-
ven.
Unreclaimed^ is faid of a hawk while fhc
is'wild.
To unftrike the boody is to draw the
firings that it may be in readinefs to be
pulled off.
Unfunmed, is when her feathers are not
fully grown.
VriveSy nets to catch hawks with.
To weather a hawk, is to air her.
TERRA-A-TEBLRA, is a feries of low
leaps, which a borfe makes forwards, bear-
ing fide-ways^ and working upon two
treads.
In this motion, a horfe lifts both his fore-
legs at once; and when thefe are upon the
point of de&ending to. the ground, the
kinder legs accompany them with a ikort
and quick cadence, always bearing and (lay-
ing upon the haunches i fo that the mptioas
of t^e hinder-quarters are (bort and quick ;
and the hoffe being always weUpifc(!ed and
coupled^ he. lifts his fore-legs pretty higbj,
TER
and his binder-^lega keep always low> and
near the ground.
This manage is called terra-a-terfa^ be-»
caufe in this motion the horfe does not life
his legs fo high as in corvets.
• TERRAIGNOL. A horfe fo called, is
one that cleaves to the ground, that cannot
be made light upon the hand, or put upoa
his haunches, that raifes his fore-quarters
with difficulty, that is charged with (boul-
ders, and, in general^ one whole motions
are all (hort> and too near the ground.
TERRAIN, is the managed ground up-
on which the horfe marks hispifte or thread •,.
this horfe obferves his ground well-, he
keeps his ground well \ hQ embraces his
ground wel]> without enlarging or narrow*
ing more to one hand than to another.
TERRIER. A kind of mongrel grey-
hound, ufed chiefly for hunting the fox or
badger^ fo called, becaufe he creeps into
the ground> as the ferrets do into the co-
ney-burrows, and there nips and bites the
(ox and badger, either tearing them ia
pieces with his teeth,, or elfe hauling and
pulling them by force out of their lurking^
holes I or at leaft driving them out of their
hollow harbours^ to be taken by a net^ or
otherwife.
The huiitfmen have commonly a couple
of terriersi to the end they may put in a
fre(h one> as occafion ferve$> to relieve the
other.
The time proper for entering thefe terriers
is, when they are near a year old ; for if it
be not done within that time,, they wiU
hardly after be brought to take the earthy
aod this entering and flefbing of them majr
be performed feveral ways.
I. When foxes and badgers have young,
cubs, take your old terriers,, and enter tben^
in the ground ; and when they begin to bay^ >
hold every one of your young terriers at a.
particular hole or mouth o£ tht earthy that
they may llftea» and hear the old ones bay.
• After you have taken the old fox or
badger,, fo that nothing renaains within but:
the yovng cub$, couple ali your old terriers^i
and put the young ones in^ their ftead j^ en*
courage them by crying^ ta bim^ ta bim^
T E T
And if th'ey tak^ any young cob wkhin
the ground, let tbcm alone to do what thfy-
will with him; anddo not forget to give
the old terriers their reward, which is blood
and livers fried with checfe, and fome of
their greafe, (hewing the beads and (kins
to encourage them.
* Another way is, to take an old fox ^r
badger, and to cut his» nether jaw away,
leaving the upper to (hew the Fury of the
bea(b, though he can do no harm with it,
or elfe break out all his teeth ; then dig an
earth in fome * convenient cplace in chc
ground, making it wide enough, that the
terriers may the better turn therein, arid
have room enough for two to enter.
Cover the whole with boards and turf,
fir(l putting the fox or badger in, and then
your terrier^, both old and young ; which
when they have bayed fufficicntly, begin to
dig with fpades and mattocks, to encourage
them, againil fuch time' as you are to dig
over them : afterwards, take out the fox and
badger, with the chumps or pincers, kil-
ling it before them; or let a greyhound
kill it in their fight. See Harrier.
Tetter, otherwife called flying- worm
or ring- worm, a very bad forrance, which
runs up and down a horfe*s body; from
whence it receives it's name ; fometimcs
proceeding from the heat of the blood, and
engend^s a hot and (harp humour, ^nd
fometimes from bad and foul feeding, and
is raoft commonly found in his rump, which
runs down the joint till it runs into the tail ;
and if it continues there long, will turn in-
to a canker; but yet it will now and then
fettle upon fome fle(hy part of the body,
which will fo trouble him with itching, and
rubbing again(t walls and pods, that it will
bring away the hair, (kin and fle(h ; he will
tear With his teeth, if he can come at it,
the itching is fo violent. •
This diftemper may be known by the
falling away of the hair, and by his conti-
nual rubbing i but if it gets into the joint,
between the top of his rtmip and the tail,
then it is known by a fcab, which you may
firel with your finger; and if it be fcraped
or picked away, a thin water will come our
bf it bfidegreesy which being left loxig to
run, will, in time, get into his tail, jmd
become a caoker, * as aforefaid.
Things generally ufed in the cureof this
diforder, are, water found in tbedecayed hol-
low of a beech-tree, wherewith it is rubbed :
the juice of the leaves and roots of .fttnkuig .
gladwin, one pine of plaDtaUrwaxer,. twot^
beef-brine, boiled together, and clarified,
is good to kWh them :rfo ^reinuny more
things; but particu^larly, take two drauns
of precipitate, put into a fmall gla(a*vtal,
with fair water, much more than, will cover
'• the powder, and kept clofe (lopped ; witlu
which wa(h it thrice a day, and after you
have dre(red the forrance, (hake the glafs,
and let it ftand till next dreffing: but if ic
be in any fiefhy part, you may kill it by.
bathing the place with the juice of fouthera
wood, maudling, and rue, of each a like
quantity, and put them into three .quarts
of urine, with two bandsful ofbay-falt: Ice
it boil till <Hie quart be confumed: then
take it off, and with^a clout fafttned to m
(tick, wa(h .the forrance very hot, four or
five mornings together.
THIGHS OF A HaassMAN, the eiFeft of
the rider's thigh is one of the aids that fervea
to make a horfe work vigoroiifly in the ma*
nagc.
As foon as the horfeman clofes with his
thighs, you fee the horfe is enlivened and
alarmed, as preparing himfelf for doing
what is demanded of him, and dilpoling
himfelf for the manage.
THROSTLE, or Thrush: of this bfrd
there are five forts -, i . The miftle-throftle,
which is much bigger -end larger than any
of the others; her food: far different* and
very few of them to be feen \ and though
(he is exceeding beautiful, yet (he fings but
little, except (he breeds near a place where
is a quantity of mifietoe, and if it be pof*
fible in a thicket, or in fome pit $ for (he is
avery nrielancholy fort of bird: (he makes
as lai-ge a ne(b as the jay^ «ad lays as big an
egg, . boitding the outfide commonly with
i^tten heaps, and the infide with dead gnfs^
hay, or mofs, that (he peels irom trees :
flic feldom lays above &VO eggs, but aioft
I commonly
T H ft
commonly four; breeds but twice a year ;
has three young ones, never more than four ;
fircds all her young ones with the berries
of miflctoe, and nothing elfe* as can be
perceived ; for which reafon^ fome elleem
the fleih of the rhroftle as an excellent re-
medy againft convulHons and the falling
licknefs. The young birds of this kind,
taken about fourteen days old, are eafy to
be brought up, being very hardy ; ihey are
fed with bread, hemp feed, and a little
iheepVhearc between whiles. But their
fong is confufed and rambling, not lavifh,
and therefore they are not worth rearing,
yet they will breed like pigeons^ if rightly
managed.
2. The northern throftle or field-fare;
which comes to us after Mscbaehnas^ conti-
nues all winter, and departs the firft of
March \ his food is hips and haws in hard
weather ; and in open weather, worms and
young grafs, lying altogether upon meadow
and palture-grounds : they come in very
great numbers, and alfo go away in flocks :
sheir breeding-place is afligned to be near
the fc;a-Iide in Scotland^ where they are in
abundance9 and have young three or four
times every year : they may be taken by
bird-lime ; and are better for the fpic than
the cage, being excellent meat when vtry
fat, which is in hard weather; but in open
weather their fiefli is bitter^ and not worth
eating.
3. The wind throftle, which comes along
with the lalt mentioned bird, but fhe is
much fmaller, with a dark red under wing;
fhe breeds in woods and {haws, as the fong-
throftle in Scotland does, and has an indiffe*
rent f«ng, far exceeding the two former :
in January^ in fine weather, the fun-ftiining,
they will get a great many together upon a
tree, and fing two or three hours, yet they
are not melodious, and fo not worth the
pains of keeping, efpecially fince they will
not fing above three months.
4. The wood-fong-throftle, which is a
very choice fong- bird, for the great variety
of his notes, for lavilhnefs in his fong, and
* for his continuiiig longer than any bird in
fongi it being at leaft nine months in the
year. The heti builds her neft the begin-
ning of Marcby upon the ftump of an old
tree or fide of the coppice by a ditch, ac-
cording as flie finds food, and ftuff moft
convenient for her building, as alfo meat
j for her young. She fafliions her neft round
and deep, with mofs, or dry graft; and
whea flie has completed the firft part, (he
wonderfully, and after a moft exquifite
manner, daubs the infide with a fore of
earth called loam ; doing it fo fmooth ^nd
even, and all with her bill, that it is beyond
the art of man to perform the like with an^
tools : whereas this bird commonly leavea
a hole at the bottom of her nelt in the mid-
dle, it is fuppofed to be to this end, that ic
may not be drowned upon aAy fudden vio-
lent ihowers, or Long continuance of rain t
they generally breed three times a year, iC
they meet with no difturbance or cafuat*
ties by the way ; and if the weather be fine
and warm, they go very foon to neft. The
firft commonly is hatched in /tprU, and
fometimes the latter end of Marcb^ the fe«
cond in May^ and the third in June ; but
the firft birds generally prove the ftouieft:
and beft : they may be taken from the neft.
at fourteen days old, but muft be kept warm
iand neat, not letting them fit upon their
dung, if it fall into their neft, but to order
it fo, they may dung over their neft, while
they are ^oung and final K They Ihould
be fed with raw meat, and fome bread
chopped and mixed together with hempfeed'
bruifed ; which bread is to be wet and min*
gled with the meat» When they begin to
be well feathered^ put them into a lar^
cage, with fome dry mofs in the bottom^
and let them have two or three perches, tbac
they may fit and lie at pleafure; for if not
kept clean, they are fuojeft to the cramp^^
and will never fing» nor delight in them*
felves: you may, by degrees, leave off
giving the ftieep*s heart, for bread and
hempfced will do ; but be fure to let them
have frelh water twice a week, that they
may bathe and prune themfclves.
5. The heath- throftle, the fmalleft of the
three forts we have in England^ and is known
by his dark brcaft ; in fome countries they
g K arc
• «.
T I C
ere called Mavlfes; for they differ in their
colour, fong, and way of breeding : the
cock-heath throftlehath nauch fweetcr notes
than the wood-fong throftlcj is neater in
his plurne, and fo to be preferred befotc
him. The hen builds by the heath-fide,
cither in afurzbufli, or by a ditch fide, in
the (lump of an old hawthorn, and feldorh
haunts. the woods and (haws, as the other
docs ; her neft is very difficult to be found,
which (he builds with long green ground
mofs, making it much deeper, and lefs
than the former : (he begins not to hatch
til) the middle of y^ri/i breeds twice a year,
and is a fine, tame, neat bird, if well fed,
and kept clean from dung and vermin. Her
young are to be brought up in every refpedt
after the fame manner as is here ordered for
the other fort.
There arc feveral methods laid down fo
diftingui{h the cock from the hen : but to
avoid needlefs particulars, firft view his
gullet, whether it be white, with black
ftreaks on each fide $ then if he hath large
and black -fpots upon his bfeafl:, and the
colour of his head of a light (hining brown,
with black ftreaks under the eye, and upon
the pinion of the wing; if you findthefc
fharlcs, you arc right in your choice ; but
if you would not fail, bring up the whole
brood, and as you will find in a (hort time
after they feed themfelves, that they all
record to themfelves 5 yet take notice, that
the hen does it with (hort catches and jerks,
and continues it not long; whereas the cock
is full, and you perceive his gullet to ex-
tend much more than the others, and to
fing much oftener than the hen. Having
made this obfervation two or three times,
take him out of the cage, mark him, and
then put him in again.
. TICK, an infirmity in a horfe, when he
preflfes the edge of the manger with his up-
per teeth, and gives a kind of belch through
the throat, by which means he lofes part of
his oats.
TICKLISH IN THE Manage. A horfe
is faid to be tickii(h, that is, too tender
ijpon the fpur, and too fenfible, that does
not freely By the fpurs^ but in fome mea«
TIT
furc rcfifts them, throwing himfelf up^
when they come near and prick his (kin.
TIRING. If this befal a horfe in travel-
ling, or a hunting-match, or the like, the
belt helps you can give him, is warm wine
to drink, and bleed him in the mouth, and
to let him lick up and fwallow the fame ^
and if there are*nettles to be had where you
are, rub his mouth, and (heath him well
with them, and afterwards ride him gently
to his retting place, and fet him up warm, ,
and before you go to bed give him half a*
dozen fpoonfuls of aqua vitae, with as
much provender as he will eat : the next
morning rub his legs with lheep*s-foot oil,,
and it will caufe a frelh agility in his
limbs.
Some bleed the horfe in the neck vein^
and the next day give him a glyfter, with
an ounce and a half of fal polycreftum, and
afterwards caufe him to drink a pound
and half of olive-oil, and keep him^ bridled
for two hours after.
TIT. A little horfe, and fome call a horle
of a middle fize a double tit.
TIT-LARK. This bird is fliort in his
fong, and no variety in it, yet fome fancy
him for his whi(king, turning and chewing^
finging moft like the canary-bird of any
bird whatfoever. He commonly appears
the beginning of Jpril, and leaves us at
the beginning of September.
When they are taken, they arc fed as the
nightingale is ; they muft be crammed
at firft, for they will not feed themfelves^
by reafon they always feed on live meat in
the field j for which caufe he is unacquaint-
ed with the meat we oiFer him : when he
comes to feed of himfelf, he will cat what
the wood-lark eats, or almoft any other.
There is no taking the old ones but with
a net, fuch as all other birds are catched
with.
This bird breeds about the latter end of
jfpril^ or beginning of May, and builds her
neft on the ground by fome pond (ide, or
ditch-fide, or in a garden in high grafs, and
makes her neft of dead grafs and a few fmali
roots ; commonly lays fix eggs, or five at
leaftj and has her young by the middle of
May,
TOP
M^t which (he feeds with caterpillars and
flies.
Thefe birds arc very caGly brought up,
being hardy, and not fubjedt to colds and
cramps as other birds are, but li^e long if
prefcived with care.
TOE BEFORE, AND QuART£R B£H1ND,
[with Farriers] a rule which they obfcfve in
flioeing horfes, or, as it is commonly ex-
prelTcd, ieforc hbindf and behind before *
By toe before is meant, that you may
give the nails a good hold upon<he toe
of the fore feet j becaufe there the horn is
very thick, which it is not in the quarters of
the fore-feet, for there the horn is thin, and
you would hazard the pricking the horfe.
See Quarter behind and t>i^&NiNG a
Horse's heels.
TONGUE of a Horse, (hould be fmall,
or elfe it will be difficult to keep the bit
from prefling it j which caufes the tongue
to extend over his bars and to cover them,
will render his feeling of the preflure of the
bit dull, by hindering it*s operation and
cfieft upon the bars.
TONGUE-HURT, is what befals a
horfe by accident, or by a bit, halter or
the like.
Tor the cure *, fome boil water in leaves
of wood-bine, primrofe, blackberry und
knot grafs, with fome honey, adding a
little sdlum ; with this they wafli the horfe's
fore of his tongue two or three times a day
with a clout tied to a piece of flick, the li*
quor being lukewarm.
Or anpint with mel rofatiim i but when-
ever you drefs either tongue or mouth, do
not fail to tie the horfe up to the tack for
an hour after it.
Some take red honey, the marrow of
powdered pork, quick lime and pepper,
made into fine powder, of each a like quan-
tity, and boil them together till they come
to an ointment, and rub the part with it
twice a day*
TOP-ANGLING, with a worm re-
quires a line without float or lead« The
bait mufl be drawn up and down the dream
on the top of the water. This method ihould
only be ufed when the weather is fine, and
T R A
the water clear i it is fometimes fuccefsful
in fifhing for a trout and falmon-fmelts.
TORCHENISS, is a long fiick with a
hole at the end of it, through which we run
a ftrap of leather \ the two ends of which be-
ing tied together, ferve to ftraighten clofe-
\y and tie up a horfe's nofe, as long as the
ftick is (layed upon the halter or fnaffle.
This is done to keep the horfe from be-
ing unruly when they go to drefs him, or
upon any other occafion.
TOWRUS [with Hunters] a roebuck,
eager for copulation^ is faid to go to her
towrus.
TRACE OF a Hari, is her footing in the
fnowy diftinft from her other trcadings,
called doubling, fori ng and pricking.
TRACES, are alfo the treads of raven-
ous beafts, or wolves, wild bears^ &r.
TRACT [with Huntfmen] the footing
of a wild boar*
TRAILING. For trailing no rules can
be laid down with certainty, it depends on
the judgment of the huntfman, and his juft
knowledge of the feveral good and bad
properties of his dogs. A kennel of the befl:
hounds in Great Britain, not all alike t
fome are good for trailing and darting i
others excellent when the hare is on foot ;
others again, for hitting ofi^ defaults, run**
ning the double, or hot foil, or making
good the hard ways.
Some huntfmen, the infl:ant they find
where a hare has relieved, trouble them-
felves not at all about trailing to her, but
proceed with the company to threihing the
hedges for a widecompafs, many of whom,
being fo fparing of their pains, as often
beat over, as beat a hare up. But trailing
fairly and ftarting, is the nicefl: part of the
whole paftime, provided wind and weather
permit.
It is an undetermined point at trail or
cold hunting, whether the dogs challenge
from any particular effluvia that tranf-
pired from the feet of a hare, or remains
of breath, that in her feeding and ex-
ercife intermixed with and foiled the paft-
ure and herbage. Was it from the foot
3 R 2 aJone,
T R A
alone, the moifl: path would be caficr to j
challenge upon than the verdant fward.
If the hounds challenge on the relief, it
is a point of judgment iiot to let them
puzzle and (lick, but to rate them together,
and to make it good round the fences the
fooncr the better. Now the huntfman muft
depend abfoluieljr on his dogs; the tender
nofed hound generally hits it firfi:, and is
very often unjuftly deemed a babbler,
becaufe a tougher dog does not make good
what he opens upon ; whereas the differ-
ence too often is, that one hound's nofe is
fo exquifitely delicate, as to enjoy a fccnt.
twice as dale as another.
Obfcrvc fomc one or two open cheerily,
the whole pack runs in, not one, for want
of. equal talents, approves. But as they
proceed to warmer (cent, if others gravely
tiodcrtake to perufe the cafe, and, on due
confideracion, challenge but in fingle notes,
the whole kennel from every quarter hurry,
and with general yelp conBrm the report;
whilfl: the adiduous huntfman, glad at heart,
inn^ratory of his own, proclaims it good.
It is furprizing what a notable confidence
prefides among hounds, in proportion to
the reality of each other's aflurances. The
moft rigid fmcere perfon upon the earth,
cannot deteft or lefs credit the notorious
cheat or liar, than a ftaunch hound one
that opens falfe, or fpends his tongue fret
to little purpofe.
The notes of the hounds are certain
language in the ears of the huntfman, and
what he depends upon more than the judge-
ment of all his friends in the field.
According to the length of time a hare
has been gone to form,' do they more or
kfs alTure him of their likelihood to ftarr.
At the moft d'lftant part of her morning's
exercife, where the tendereft nofed dog can
but touch of the fcent, the true mufical
hound opens (ingle : perhaps a long hold*
ing note, or (according to the dog) only
what fome people call a chop. As they
gather on towards her, each old fophifter
confirms his opinion by an additional note,
and doubles bis tongue. When near her
form, and the fcent lies warm and llfong,
all double and ueble their notes.
T R A
beware of the counter-trailing, which
may happen when dogs are caft off*, fo as
to challenge about the middle of her works»
or nearer the form than the feed i there the
fcent lies fo equal, that the dogs, over eager
and bufy, often hit the heclway, or drzw
amifs ; this the huntfman moftjudge of by
the notes his dogs firft challenge in. If they
double and carry it on counter, they will
foon fignify their error, by opening ooljr
fingle ; for inftead of the fcent lying hotter,
and increafing upon their nofes, i( is the
contrary, and dwindles to no fcent at all.
Young hares tread more deep and heavy
than old ones, becaufe the younger they
are the weaker the joints. At full moor^
they make moft work, and go a great dif-
tance, relieving upon any fort of feed i
efpecially that which grows within ihade of
the hedge-rows and trees. At this time
the buck and doe often aflbciate together.
About this time the huntfman, if he is
clever and lucky in this particular, it not
only proceeds fromxfteem, but that defira-
ble token of it, field money, which makes
many a man negledt his dogs too much, ia
good trail, to myope about in the hedges
and brakes, in expeAacion of a fo-ho ! To
efpy a hare no rules can be laid down, Ihe
frencrally forms uncertain ; whofoever looks
or her, muft hivt the idea of a hate feat-
ed ftongly pifkored in his mind.
They very feldom chufe to form in high
woods in autumn, becaufe the leaves,acoms,
and beech-malt, are continually fallings
and in wet weather drops from the trees
difturb then*. They rather prefer the dry
brake, hedge, or ftubble.
In January, February^ and March, gen-
tlemen hunt in fome parts till the twenty-
fifth, the feat moft uncertain, and wander
fuch a vatt circuit, an indifferent huntfman
mav trail all day long, and not ftart. What
adds to their uncertain forming, befides the
feafon of bucking, is, they are fo liable un-
der warm dry hedges and brambles to be
peftcred with pifmires, or njolefted with
vipers, and fuch vermin, that they prefer
the open fields aAd plowed lands.
The httixtfman (hould now lay in his dogs
veU»
Lrii_l»J
T R A
well ; rather whtrpn* than bellow to them^
tUl they undertake it, and go on full cry.
Follow at a due diftance, and as occaGon
requires^ recheat them: if you have not a
horn call them two or three times together,
ibftly I fofcly 1 for nought but general emu*
lation reigns, fire with ion, and fon with
fire contend; inrtpetuous drive the dogs.
Beware the unexperienced fportfman, whe-
ther on foot or horfeback, be fure check his
forwardnefs ( many people think a chief part
of hunting conlifts in hoUowinc; loud, and
running, or riding hard, but they are mif-
taken, and fiich perfons, gentle or fimple,
muft not be offended if the huntfman fwears
at them ; he has a right to do fo. No
tongue can be allowed but his, nor, at this
time, no foot more forward than his own.
Aclofeoefs on the dogs, it is well known,
hurries them too much, being apt of them*
felves, in their firft heat of mettle, toover-
flioot the game* Many hours fad fport
has happened from driving the hounds too
fad, and confounding them with the hol-
lowing of the company, or a noify block-
head of a huntfman orwhipper in.
As pufs ukes her circuit, judgment is
often made of her gender. A buck gives
fufpicton by beating the hard paths, ftony
highways, and taking a ring ot a large ex-
tent in proportion to the compafs of his
feed and exercife, which may be guefled at,
from the quantity of ground the dog trail-
ed over. It being worthy of notice, that
in the progrcfs of the chace, a hare will go
over great part of the trailed land, and vifit
her works of the preceding night and
morning) unlefs (he takes endways, which
after a ring or fo, a buck is apt to do $ and
loiter a vaft way on frelh ground, without
offering to return.^
Tlie doe now and then doubles in a (hort
fpace, and feldom holds an end, unlefs knit ;
or at the end of the feafon has kindled. At
fuch times (he often runs forward, and
fcarce ever returns to her young, or efcapes
with life ; being naturally weak and uniit
for fatigue.
Yet notwithstanding all that can be ad-
vancedj both fcxes regulate their condud:>
T R A
Vuch according to the feafon and weather*
After a rainy night, in a woody country^
neither buck nor doe cares to keep the co-
vert, the wet and drops that hang on the
fprays offend them : therefore they hold
the highways or ftony lanes, for as the
fcent naturally lies ftrong; they beat the
roads that take the leaft ; not that a hare
j udges upon what foil the fcent lies weakefl:^
it is her ears that chiefly dired her i for the
hounds being oftner at default on the hard
paths than the turf, (he finds herl'elf not lo
clofely purfued, by being not much alarmed
with the continued cry of the dogs at her
heels. The larger the cry, the more (he is
terrified^ and fafter the fpeeds; the certain
effeft of which is a heart broke fooner than
with a kennel, in number and goodnefs
equal, that fpent their tongues lefs free.
The fame principle direAs her to feek
the covert in autumn, when the ground is
dry, and wind bleak and cold at north of
eaft ; then pufs runs the paths that are co^
vered with leaves, which are fo continually^
falling anil blowing aboyt, the beil hound
can make butthttc of her ; therefore her
alarms being not of long continuance, bur
feldom and (hort, (be refts contented where
(he is leaft difturbed.
If a hare is trailing to form, on that de»
pends great part of the fuccefs of the hunt
if (he is beat up, the firft ring is a foun*'
dation for the fucceeding paftime, all the
tucks and doubles (he afterwards makes^
being, in a great meafure> like the firft.
According to the ground (he runs, the
fieldmen are to ftation themfelves, no two
are to ftand prating together; let each pur-
fue the method he thinks beft for aflifting;
the dogs, and his own diverfion. This' is
the time to give proofof good judgment.
If any perfons are lying back, or guarding
the foil> it is recommended to ftand alone^
as quiet and private as poffible. Above all^
obferve the wind. Whoever fits in the wind
an hundred to one he does not fee the hare>
unlefs, at a great diftanee, (he drops
back> or leaps afide, for the reafons before
obferved.
On fight of the hare^ and (be happens ts>
T R A
^Mi, filence will be an argument of grei^
prudences if t^^ dogs are at default, let
t-hem remain fo, but if ihe goes forward
and will fpeedi the (ingle view hollow^ if the
huntfman is within hearings is allowable^
in order to encourage and give him in-*
formation what part (he bears for»
' Beware, above all things*, the vile prac-
tice of hollowing off the hounds, to lay
them in after a view i leaving unhunted
ground is the word thing that can poffibly
happen. Befides, it not only fpoils the
dogs, and accufloms them at every fault
to lillen for the hollow, but it is foul fport
ajid condemnable.
By this means, if (he doubles, he will
certainly prick her upon fome of thofe
places again and again, and be of lingular
vk to the Hounds, in drawing the hot
foil. As he pricks her, let him brufh it
out, and re-fmooth the places ; this is the
beft method of treading a foil, and if done
with judgment, no hare that holds her
foiling can efcape, if the hutfman is al*
lowed to put it in praftice.
It is a rule among fportfmen, when a
hare runs the double, to fet people to it
backwards, in order to meet, and oblige
her to take frelh .groun4> the confequence
of which often has been, that having met
and hooped her, fhe has redoubled back a
few rods, and leaped off into fome hedge
or brake, and there quat, till the dogs
(confounded in the midft of two equal
burning heats) pafs her, and come to the
dead default.
TRAIN SCENTS [with Hunters] a
dead hare or cat dragged along the ground
for the training of hounds.
• TRAMEL, a machine for teaching a
horfe to amble, which is formed after the
following manner:
. The fide ropes inuft be made of the beft,
fined, and flrongeft packthread, fuch as
Turkey thread, and twiftcd by the rope-
maker into a delicate ftrong cord, yet muft
qot be above the bignels of a fmall jack
line, with a noofe or loop at each end, as
ftrong as poffible can be made ; neither
ih<wld they be twifted too hard^ but gently
T R A
9nd with a yielding quality, whicK will
bring the motion more eaGly on, and
prevent the tramelfrom breaking.
The fide-ropes muft be in length thirty
fix inches for a horfe of an ordinary fiaturej
and either longer or ihorter, according to
his fize, and fo equal one ^ith anothert
that you cannot difcerxi any diiFerence.
1* The hofe which muft be placed in the
fmall of the fore-leg, and the fmall of the
hinder-leg above the paftern-joint^ muft be
made of fine girth-web, that is (oft and
pliant, and joined with double cotton*
Over the girth-web muft be fafteoed
ftrong tabbs of white neat's-leather well tal-
lowed, fuited to an even length, and ftamped
with holes at equal diftances, which may
pafs through the ooofes of the fide ropes,
and be made longer or (horter at plcafure,
with very ftrong buckles..
Thefe hofe are alio to be made faft about
the horfe's legs, with fmall buckles, and
the hofe of the girth fhould be four inches
in length, and the long tabbs with the large
buckles ten inehes. '
3 . The back^band which is fit for no other
ufe but to bear up the fide^ropes, fhould, if
you tramel all four legs» be made of fine
girih«web, and lined with cotton j but if
you tramel but one fide^ then a comnion
tape will ferve, taking care that it carries
the fide ropes in an even line, without
either rifing or falling: for if it rifes it
fhortens the fide*rope, and if it falls there
is danger of its entangling.
Js to the U/e of the TRAMEL ; bring the
horfe into an even fmooth path, and be be-*
ing made faft about his legs, untie the long
tabbs of his near fore-leg and near hinder-
leg ; then put to them the fide^rope^ and
take care that the horfe ftand at that juft
proportion, which nature herfelf has formed^
him in, without either ftraining or enlarging
his limbs, and in that even and juft lengthy
ftay the fide rope by the fmall tape faftened
up to the faddle; then with your hand en
the bridle, ftraightning his head, put him
gently forward, and (if.there be occafion)
let another perfon put him forward alfo^ and
fo force him to amble up and down the road
wi;h
T R A
with all the gentlcncfs that njay be, fuffcring
him to take his own time, that he may
thereby come to undcrftand his rcftraint,
and what motion you would have him
perform.
And although he ihould fnapper or ftum -
ble, or perhaps fall now and then, yet it
matters not j do you only ftay his head, give
him leave to rife, and put hinri forwards
again with all gentlenefs, till the horfe find-
ing his own fault, and underftanding the
motion, be will become perfect, and amble
in your hand to your fatisfaAion*
For the doing this with the more eafe and
lefs amazement to the horfe, it wiH not be
amifs if you give the fide-ropes more
length than drdvnary at his firft tramelUng,
both that the twitches may be lefs fudden,
and the; motion coming more gently, the
horfe may fooncr apprehend it.
But as fooii as he is arrived at any perfec*
tlon in the pace, put the fides to their true
length, for an inch too long is a foot too
(low in the pace, and an inch toofhort,. will
eaufe rolling, a twitching up of the legs^
and indeed^ a kind of downright halting.
When the horfe will thus ambk in your
hand, perfc6tly with the tramelonone fidc>
you may then change it to the other fide,
and make him amble in your hand as be-
fore ; and thus you mud do, changing from
one fide to another, till with this half-
tramel he will run and amble in your hand
without fnappering or (tumbling, both rea-
dily and fwiftiy.
Having attained to this, which may be
cffefted in two or three ho\irs labour, if
there be any traftablenefs, you may put on
the whole tramel, wiihthe broad, flat back-
band, tramelling both fides equally, and fo
run him in your hand at the utmo(t length
of the bridle along'the road feveral times ;
then paufe, cherllh him, and to it again :
and ply him thus, till you have brought
him to amble fwiftiy, truly, and readily^
when, where, and how you plcafe.
Then put him upon uneven and uncertain
ways, as up hill and down hill, where there
are clots and roughnefs, and where there is
hollownefs and filfe treading.
TRA
When the horfe is become perfeft In your
hand upon all thefe motions, you may fet
a boy or groom upon his back, making him
amble, while you ftay his head to prevent
danger, or to obfcrve how he ftrikes.
Afterwards mount yourfclf, and with all
gentlenefs encrcafe his pace more and more,
till he becomes pcrfeft ; and as you did be-
fore with your hand, fo do now on his back,
firft with the half tramel, then with the
whole, changing the tramel often from the
one fide to the other, *and alfo change the
ground, which (hould be done two or three
times a day.
When you have brought the horfe to pcr-
fcftion, you may lay afide the tramel and
ride him without it; but do this in a high-
way, and not in a private fmoothroad, wbicK
affords but a deceitful pace, and will be left
upon every fmall wearinefs ; therefore pace
hinj on the highway three or four miles in
a morning, and in cafe you find him forfake
his gait, cither through wearinefs, peeviih-
nefs, or ignorance, always carrying the half
tramel in your pocket, alight and put it
on ; and thus continue to exerci(e him,
giving him eafe now and then, and at la(t
bring him home in his true pace.
TRAMEL. An inftrumenr, or device,,
fometimes of leather, more ufually of rope,,
fitted to a horfe's legs, to regulate his mo-
tions, and form him to amble.
TRAMELLED. A horfe is faid to be
tramelled that has blazes or white marks^^
upon the fore and hind-feet on one fide, a»
the far foot before and behind.
He is fo called from refemblance of the
white foot to the hofes of a half tramel.
Caoss-TRAMELLED Hor$e, is one
that has white marks on two of his feet that
ftand crofs-wife, like St. AnJrtw*s crofs ;,
as in the far fore-foot, and the near hind- >
foot ;' or in the near foot before,, and the
far foot behind.
TRAM EL-NET, is a long net for the
taking great and fmall fowl by night, ia
champaign countries i much like the i\et
ufed for the low- bell both in J(hape> bignefs^.
and melhcst
It
T R A
It is to be fpread on the ground^ fo that
the necher or farther end of it, plumbed
v^ith fmali plummets of lead,- may lie loofe
thereon ; then bearing up the other part,
by the ftrength of men at the foremoft ends,
only trail it along the ground, not fufFering
that end which is bore up to come near the
ground by at leaft a yard ; when this is
done, at each fide of the net muft be car-
ried great blazing lights of fire, by which
men Ihould go to raife the birds^ and as
they rife under the net, fo take them ; after
whidi manner you liiay pafs over the whole
corn-field, or rather champaign ground,
^/^ Low-Bell and Hand-Net.
TRANCHEFILE, is the crofs-chain of
a bridle that runs along the bitt-mouth from
one branch to the other*
TRAVELLING-HORSR A horfe fit for
journeying, the choice of which confifts
chiefly in his ftrength 5 you are to obfcrvc
that his joints be (trong, his pa (terns ihorc
and ftrait, without bending in his going, his
hoofs tough and hollow ^ let his' nature be
temperate, neither too furious nor top dull ;
and being thus qualified, let him be fed
with good hay in che winter, and good grafs
in the fummer •, let his provender be good
dry oats,, peafe, beans, or bread, according
to his ftomach, whereof in time of red:,
half a peck at a watering is fufficient, but
in time of labour, as much as he can eat
with an appetite.
When you travel him, let him be watered
two bour« before? you ride ; then rub, drefs,
and lultily feed him, after which bridle and
let him (land half an hour before you back
him ; and on your journey let him be fed
betimes for all night, that he may the fooner
take his reft $ and in the morning; travel him
moderately, till his wind be racked, and his
limbs be warmed, and then proceed as your
affairs rcqjuire ; but at night be furr to wa-
ter him two miles before you come to your
journey's end, then the warmer you bring
him to his inn the batter; neither walk nor
va(h him, the one begets cold, and the
other foundering, in the Uct or body, but
fet him up warm, well ftopped and well
xubbedi with clean litter^ and give him no
TR A
meat while his outward parts are hotf or
moifl: with fweat, as the ear-roots, the Banks,
the neck, or pare under his chops; but
being dry, rub him, and feed him accord-
ing to the goodnefs of his appetite, which
to get in him, change his food, or walh his
tongue, or noflrils with vinegar, wine, falc»
or warm urine : again, ftop not his feet with
cow dung, till he be fufficiendy cold, and
that the blood and humours which were dif-
perfed be fettled in their proper places.
Look well to his back that the (addle hurt
him not, the girths that they do not gall^
and his (hoes that they are large, faft on,
and eafy : let him neither eat or drink when
hot, nor prcfently after travel ; as to the la-
bouring of him, let it be moderate, whca
the weather is neither extreme hot or cold,
that fo you may avoid extreme heats, and
fudden colds, and travel him not too late,
that you may fee him well dried and fed,
before you take your own reft } neither take
the faddle fuddenly off* his back.
He may be fed with horfe bread, made
of clean beans, peafe and vetches, are very
good, and all his meat and drink (hould be
exceeding clean and fweet ; ftanding water
is better for him than river water, which is
'too piercing : he (hould be tied in the ftable
with two reins, and often rid on ftony ways^
in order to his better feeling his feet, and
hardening his hoofs. /
The beft litter is a bed of ^eat-ftraw,
above his knees, though barley*ftraw is the
fofteft, but a horfe will covet to eat tha(
which is not wholefome for him ; whereas
wheat-ftraw, though it be not fo foft to lie
upon, yet it is wholefome for him to tat;
and as for oat-ftraw, it is the beft to lie
upon.
As for the dreffing part, let him be cur-
ried twice a day, and be rubbed well with
the hands with a rubber i his head ihould
be rubbed with a wet doth, and his cods
rubbed with a dry one, to prevent bis being
fcabby between bis legs ; and his foretop
mane and tail (hould be combed with a wee
mane-comb, obferving where the horfe*;s
hair is thinneft» to curry the geotleft.
He
T R A
Hcfhould be ckan and dry in the ftable,
no fwinc lying near it, nor any poultry fuf-
fcrcd to come within itj and for the liable
it (hould always be light, towards the fouth
and north, yct/o that the north windows in
winter may be (hut clofc at pleafurc -, ihe
planchers (hould lie even and level, that the
horfe may ftand at his cafe, and not prove
lanie by too much oppofing his hinder-feet ;
there (hould.be no mud-wall wichin his
reach, for he will naturally covet to eat it,
than which nothing is more vnwholefome.
In feeding give him chopt wheat-ftraw
amongft his provender, it being a great
deanKr of the body, and let the hay-bottles
be fmall, but tied very hard j for fo your
Jiorfe will eat with a better (tomach, and
make leaft wafte ; and as it will prove to be
very wholefome to fprinkle water upon his
hay, fo fenugreek is Sovereign upon his pro-
<yender, the firft being good for wind, and
^he other for worms. Let him be exercifcd
daily, which will beget him a good appe-
tite to his meat.
You may once a year purge him with grafs
or green blades of corn, called forrage, for
fifteen days together ; but before you purge ,
4iim in any cafe, let him blood, and while
he is purging, let him have no provender :
and as a horfe after travel has always more
blood than any other beaft whatever, it is
therefore good to take blood from him, in
t>rder to prevent the yellows or other dif-
;l:empers which may enfue.
In cafe you (hould come late to your inn,
i|b that tht journey be great and preffing, and
that the horfe refufes to eat till he has drank,
:^ough he'be hot, then let his drink be milk
given him id the dark, left the whitenefs
xnake him refufe ic, this being bothxordial
and pleafant; but if -you cannot get milk
enough, then mix it with water lukewarm;
and if the horfe by labour or any furfeit be
brought low, lean and weak, give him to
drink mare's milk for many days together,
twhich will ftrcngthcn him very much.
When he is at reft in the winter, water
him between fix and feven in the morning,
and four and five in the evening, but it is
4fiot good to wa(h him when he is hot, yet
T RE
he may be wa(hed above his knees, pro-
vided you do not wa(h bis belly, and thai
you ride him afterwards, and fo fet him up
and drefs him, and the purer the watec
wherein he is w.i(hed is, the wholefomer it
is, fo that it be not extreme cold ; if the
horfe be fick, he muft have his water at four
times, and not as much as he will drink al
once ; let him ftand two or three hours
every day without meat; and always ob^
ferve that rubbing much, hard and welt,
does preferve and keep both legs and body
in ftrength, and he delights much therein,
and it does much better than a great deal
of meat.
In travelling, alight at every fleep hill,
both to rcfrefli the horfe and yourfelf,
look often to the faddle, and his flioesi
and after his ioi^rney, pick and cleanfe tht
folcs of his feet, ftuffing them well with
ox-dung, as before dire^d, and anoint his
kgs with greafe,: tar, and turpentine. See
JOURNEV,
TR AVES, a kind of (hackles for a horfe,
that is in teaching to amble or pace.
TRAVERSE, a horfe is faid to traveric
when he cuts his tread crofswife, throwing
his croup to one fide, and his head to
anothen
TR A VE, 1 A place inclofed with rails
J
TRAVISE, J for (hoeinganunruly horfe,
TRAVICE, is a fmall inclofure or ob-
long quadrangle, placed before a farrier's
(hop, and con(ifting of four pillars or pofts
kept together by crofs poles s the inclofure
being defigned for holding and keeping in
a horfe that is apt to be unruly or diforder*-
ly in time of (hoeing, or of any operation.
TREAD OF A Horse is good, if it be
firm and without refting upon one fide of
the foot more than upon the other, or (ct*
ting dowiY the toe or heel one before the
other : if he fcts his heel firft to the
.ground, then it is a fign that he is foun-
dered in his feet, but if he fets his toes firft
to the ground, ic (hews that he has been
a draught horfe : therefore the whole foot
(hould be fet down equally at the fame
in ft ant of timei and turned neither out
nor in«
TREPINGERi
T R I
TREPINGER ; is the aaion of a horfe
who beats 'the duft with his fore-feet in
managing, without cnnbracing the volt j
iind who makes his motions and times
Ihort, and near the ground, without being
put upon his haunches.
' T his is generally the fault of fuch horfes
as have not their (boulders fupple, and at
liberty; and withal have fcarcc any motion
'with them.
A horfe may trepinger in going upon a
'ftraight light.
TKIDK, a word fignifying fliort and
fwift.
A tride-pace, is a going of fhort and
iwift motions, though united and eafy.
A horfe is faid to work tride upon
volts^ when the times he makes with his
haunches are fliort and ready. Some
apply the word only to the motion of the
haunches.
' 1 RIP, OR Stumblb 5 a horfe is faid tO
trip when he niakcs a falfe ftep.
TRIP [with HuntersJ. A herd, or com-
pany of goats.
TRIP. A Ihort journey.
TRISTA, I A privilege by which a
TRISTIS. J peribn is freed from his at-
. tendance on the Lord of a/oreft, when he
;oes a hunting i lb as not to be obliged to
lold a dog, follow the chace^ or ftand at a
place appointed. •
' TRIMMER-ANGLING is very ufeful
in a meer, canal, or pond, and even in the
(till part of a river. 1 his requires a round
cork, fix inches in diameter, with a groove
on which to wind up your line, except fo
much of it near the hook as will allow the
bait to harig about mid-water, and like-
wife fo much of the other end as will reach
to the bank, or a bufl^ where it is to be fatt-
ened. In this pofition you may leave it to
take its chance, whilft you are angling elfe-
where. As foon as the pike takes the b^it,
and runs away with it, the line unwinds
itfelf off the trimmer, without giving him
the leatt check. However, when you come
to take up your line, give it a jerk, as in
other filhing, and then your prey will be
more fecure. This is a good method of
iifliing in the night. • Sec Ahgling.
ir R o
7*e? TROAT, [with Sportfmen] fignifies
to cry as a buck does at rutting time.
TROACHINGS, (with Hunters] the
fmall branches *on the top of a deer's
head. . ^
TROLL. Ascertain way of filhing for
pikes with a rod, the line of which runa
out in a reel. Seefijhingfor Pjkb.
TROT ; .is one of the natural paces of
a horfe, which is two legs up in the air,
and two upon the ground, at the fame time
crofs-wife, or in the form of a bt. Andnnjo^^
Crofs.
As in the ambib, the horfe is to be itayed
upon the hand, and prefTed forward with
the calves of the legs of the rider, one
after the other; fo, on the contrary^ if the
horfe be walking, and you would havthim
trot, ybu muft flack your bridle-hand, and
prefs him on with both your calves, at one
and &he fame time ; which will oblige him
to advance the hind le^ of the fide, with
which he did not lead, fooner than other-
wife he would do, and fo move at tl>e very
fame inftant with the fore-leg of that fide
with which he began to lead, which is the
true a6lion of ^ the trot; that is, the hind-
leg of one fide and fore leg. of the other, at
one and the fame time.
^he TROT OF A Horse is good if it
be firm, without refting opon one fide of
the foot before the other, or fetting down
one toe or heel before the other : fohne
horfes, notwithftanding they raife, ftay, and
tread well, have a bad walk, and there-
fore you are to take notice whether he walks
quickly, and alfo lightly on the hand, not
prefling or refting too much On the bit^
but always changing a point, keeping his
head high, with a quick motion of his
(boulders.
He walks eafily when his fore and hind
feet make but as it were one motion \ and
furely, when he treads firm and fure, and
lifts up his legs indifferent high; but if he
does not bend them enough, he will be
cold in bis walk (as they calh it) and apt
to ftrike upon the (tones and clods.
TKOUbSEQyiN, is a piece of wood,
cut archwife^ raifed abpve the hinder bow
of
T R O
oft great fiddle, which ferves to keep the
holders firm.
There are feme Dutch faddlesj called
/eUes razeSj which have a low trouiTcquin.
TROUT. A delicious frcfti water fifh,
which is observed to come in, aad go out
of feafoiiy with the flag and buck, and
fpawns about OSoher and November, which
is the more admirable, becaufe mod other
fiih fpawn in warm weather, when the fun
by it's heat has cherilhed the earth and
water, making them fit for generation.
1'here are feveral forts of this ftfli highly
YaluabJe; fuch asi the fordage- trout, the
armcrly- trout, the bull-trout, inJ^ortbum-
herlandj &c« but it is obfervable, that the
red and yellow trouts are the beft ; and as
to their fex, the female has the preference,
having a lefs head and deeper body than
the male: by their large back, you may
know that they are in feafon, with the like
note for all other fifli. The trout is of a
more fudden growth than other filh : he
lives n#t fo long as the pearch and divers
other fiflies do, as Sir Franeis^Bacon hath
obilrved in his hiftory of life and death.
They are all the winter fick, lean, and
.unwholefome, and often found to be loufy :
thefe trouts*lice are a fmall worm, with a
big head, flicking clofe to the filh's fides,
and fucking moifture from him that gave
them being ; neither is he freed from them
till the fpring, or beginning of fummer,
at which time his flrength increafes \ then
he deferts the deep flill waters, and betakes
himfelf to gravelly ground, againfl which
he ceafes not rubbing himfelf till he is
cleanfcd from that loufinefs : from that in-
ftant he delights to be in fharp flreams, and
fuch as are fwift, where he will lie in wait
for minnows and May flies -, at the latter
end of which month he is in his prime,
being flatted and heft.
They are ufually caught with a worm,
minnow, or fly, either natural or artificial.
There are feveral forts of worms which are
baits proper for the angler ; as the earth-
worm, dung- worm, the maggot or gentle ^
but for the trout, the lo^-worm and brand^
ling are accounted the befl>.or fquirrel-taili
T R O
having a red head flreaked down the back,
and a broad tail. Take notice, that with
whatever fort of worms you fi(h, they are
better for keeping, which may be in an
earthen pQt with mofs, which mufl be
.changed once in three or four' days in the
fummer, and in twice as long time in the
winter.
To avoid confufion, it may be neceffaqr
to remark, that the fame kind of worm is,
in different placed, known by different
nfimes : thus the marfli and the meadow-
worm, are the fame; and the lob- worm,
or twache], is alfo called the dew^worm
and the garden-worm s and the dock-worm
is, in fome places, called the flag-worm.
The tag-tail is found in March and Aprils
in marled lands or meadows, after a fbower
of rain, or in a morning, when the weather
is calm, and not cold.
To find the oak- worm, beat on an oak-
tree, that grow* over a highway or bare
place, and they will fall for you to gather.
To find the dock-worm, go to an old
pond or pit, and pull up fome of the flags i
fhake the roots in the water, and amongfl
the fibres that grow from the roots you will
find little hufks, or cafes, of a reddifh or
yellowifh colour ; open thefe carefully with
a pin, and take from thence a little worm,
pale and yellow, or white, like a gentle,
but longer and flenderer, with rows of feet
down bis belly, and a^ red head : this is
the dock or flag-worm. An excellent bait
for grayling, tench, bream, carp, roach
and dace.
You are to t<ake notice, that of the
winds the fouth wind is faid to be befi^
Next to that, the weft wind is believed to
be the beft. The filh lies or fwims nearer
the bottom, )and in deeper water in winter
than in fummer ; and alfo nearer the bot-
tom in any cold day, and then gets neareft
the lee-fide of the water.
Fiih for him with a long line, and not a
little hook, and let him have time to gorge
your hook, for he does not ufually forfake
it, as he oft will in the day-fi(hing : and if
the night be .not da.rk, then fifh fo with an
artifiQial fly of a light colour, and at the
3 S 1 fnap :
TR
/BapV he wilt fometirnes rife at z dead
cnoufe^ or. a pi^ce of cloth, or any thing
f hat fecmi to fwim acrofs the water^ or to
fee in motion.
' The trout delights in fmall purling rivers
^nd brooks^ with gravelly bottoms and a
fwifc dream ; his haunts are an eddy, be*
hind a ftone^ a lo^, or a bank that projeAs
ibf ward rnto the nr^r^ knd sgainft which
^e ftrram drives ; a fballow between two
ftrramst or, towards t.he latter end of the
AinEimer> a miH-taiL His boM is ufually
in the deep> under (he hollow of a bank,
or the roQc of a tree*
1 The trout fpawns about the beginning of
N^vemi^r, and does not recover till the
beginning of March*
IVakon has been fo particular on the fub-
j<A of trout fi(hing» that he has left very
little room to fay any thing by way of an*
notation with refpeft to baits, or the me-
thod of taking this Bfh ; yet there are fome
directions and obfcrvations pertinent to this
Ibbjed, ^which it would not be conEftent
with the^intended copioufnefs and accuracy
of this work to omit.
When you fifh for large trout or falnaon^
a winch will be very ufeful : upon the rod
with which you ufe the windi, whip a
number of fmall rings of about an eigh^li
of an inch diameter, and at firfl: abowt tWo
feet diftant from each other ; but aiterwarda
diminilbtng gradually in their diftances, till
you come to the end : the winch muft be
&rewed on "to the butt of your rod, and
round the barrel let there be wound eighe
er ten yards of wove hair or £lk line : when
you have ftruck a fifli that mznf endanger*
your tackle, let the line run, and wind Iftim
isp as he tires«
You will find great convenience in a
%»ike made of a piece of the greater end of
a fwor^'blade, fcrewed into the hither end
of the butt of your rodd : when you have
. ft ruck a fifh retire backwards from the
river, and, by means of the fpike, ftick
the rod petpendicular in the ground ; you
)nay then hold on the line, and draw the
fiifa to you, as you fee proper.
When you angle iw a trout, whether
T II Of
with t fly or at the ground, 70a netd
make but three or four trials in a place ;
which, if unfuccefsful, you may conclude
there are none there.
In the night the beft trouts come out of
their holes; and the manner of taking
them is on the top of the water with a
great lob or garden^ worm^ or rather two»
which you are to B(h with in. a place where
the waters run fomewhac quietly, lor in a
ftream the bait will not be fb well difcerned.
In a quiet or dead place n^ar to fome fwifr,.
there draw your bait over the top of the
water to and fro, and if there be a* good
trout in <che hole, he will take it, efpe-
cially if the night be dark : for tiien be is*
bold, and lies near the top of the water,.
watching the motion of any frog or water-
rat, or mouie, that fwims betwiact him and
the iky ; thefe he hunts after, if he fees the
water but wrinkle, or move in oneof thefe
dead holes,' where thefe great old trouts-
ufually lie, near to their holds ; for you
are to note, that the great old tfx>ut is
both fubtil and fearful, and lies ck>fe all
day, and does not ufually ftir out of his
bold, but lies in it as clofe in the day, as
the timorous hare does in her form : for
the chief feeding of either is feldom in the
day, but itfually in the night, and then.
the great trout feeds very boldly.
Further Dire^$$nsf6r taking a Trent.
If you would do this with ground bait,,
in the firft place you mu(t have a neat
taper rod, light befcu-e, with a tender hazle
top« You may angle with a fingie hair of
five lengths, the one tied t» the other, for
the bottom of tl>e line,, and a line of three
haired links for the upper part; and (6^ if
he have rooin enough, you may take the
largcft trout in the river.
He who angles with a line made of three
haired links at the bottom,, and more at
top, may take trouts i but he who angles
with a fingie hair, thai I take five to bis
onej for this fifh i^ vtry quick-lighted,
therefore the angler muft keep outof fight„
whether it be day or night, and he mufl
angle
T ft 0
'^ngle with the point of his tod down the
dream*
He mud begin to angle in March, with
ground baits all day long*, but if it prove
clear and brights he noufl take the morning
nod etening^ or elfe bis labour will be in
vain.
He that angles with ground-bait, muft
fit his tackle to his rod, and begin at the
tipper end of the ftream, carrying his line
with an upright haiid, feeling his plummet
running on the ground fome ten inches
from the hook, plumbing his line accord-
ing to the fwiftnefs of the fl:ream that he
angles in i for one plummet will not fcrve
for alhftreams.
For his bait : let him take the red knot-
ted worm, which is very good where brand-
lings are not to be had.
The minnow (or as fome call it, the
penk) is a fingular bait for a trout, for he
will come as boldly at it, as a maftifFdog
at a bear. It will be advantageous to him
to ufe a line of three filks^ and three hairs
twitted for the uppermoft part of the line,
-and two (ilks and two hairs twitted for the
bottom, next the hook, with a fwivel nigh
to the middle of his line, with an indif-
ferent large hook.
The minnow is not eafily found and
caught till March, or in April, for then he
appears firft in the river, nature having
taught him to ttielter and hide himfelf in
the winter in ditches that are near to the
iriver, and there both to hide and keep
himfelf warm iji the mud or mi the weeds,
which rot not fo foon as in a running rivers
iii which place if he were in winter, the di-
ftcmpered floods that are ufually in that
feafon, would fuffer him to take no reft,
but carry him headlong to mills and wears
to hts confufion. And of thefe minnows,
firft you are to know,, that the biggeft fizc
is not the bett ;. and next, that the middle
fize and the whitcft are the bett : and then
you arc taknow, that your minnow mutt be
16 put on your hook> that it mutt turn
K)und when Vrs drawn agaiuft the ttream ;.
and that it may turn nimbly, you mutt put
11 da a. big-fi^ed hook 3, which is. thus ^ put
T li o
your hook in at his- mouth and out of his
gill, then having drawn your hook two or
three inches beyond or through his gill,
put it again into his mouth, and the point
and beard out at his tail, and then tie the
hook and his tail about very neatly with a
white thread, which will make it the apter
to turn quick in the water: that done, pull
back that part of your line which was Qaclc
when you put your hook into the minnow
the fecond time ; fo that it (hall fatten the
head, and the body of the minnow Ihall
be almoft ttraight on yourhookj this done,,
try how it will turn by drawing it acrofs the
water or againtt a ftream, and if it do not
turn nimbly, then turn the tail a little to^
the right or left hand, and try again till ic
turn quick ;. for if not, you are in danger
to catch nothing ; for it is impoflible that
it fhould turn too quick : and in cafe you^
want a minnow, then a fmall loach or a<
ftickle-bag, or any other fmall fiflj thair
will turn quick, will fcrve as welL
If you fi(h for a trout by hand, on the-
ground, take a lob or garden-worm, and^
put your hook into it a little above the
niiddle, and out again a little below the
fame^ then draw your worm above the-
arming of your hook,, making your firft
entrance at the tail, that the point of the-
hook may come out at the head.
When you fifti with the minnow,, chuft-
the whitett and middle-fized, thofe being,
the bett, and fo place him on your hook^
that he may turn round when he is drawn*
againtt the ftream.
The beft way of baiting with the min*
now is thus ^ put your hook in at his.
mouth, and out at his gill,, drawing ic
through above three inches j then put thc^
hook again into his. mouth, and let the-
point and beard come out at his tail ; then»
tie the hook and his tail about with a*
fine white thread,, and let the body of the
minnow be almoft ttraight upon the hook t'
thus done, try againtt the dream whether
it will turn •, which, it cannot dotoo faft J-
for want of a minnow, a. fmall. loach, ol*
ftlckk-back, will fcrv^c*.
The
T R O
The angler muft angle with the point of
his rod down the ftream, drawing the min-
now up the ftream by little and littlej near
the top of thi water; the trout feeing the
•baitj will come moft fiercely at it ; but the
angler muft not then prefently ftrike ; this
is a true way without lead^ for many times
they will forfake the lead, and come to the
minnow. When vou Bfh for a trout with
a worm, let your line have fo much, and
not more lead than wilt- fit the ftream in
which you fi(h i that is to fay, more in a
great trbublefome ftream than in a fmaller
that is quieter ; as near as may be, fo much
as .will (ink the bait to the bottom, and
not more.
How to tmgk wiib a Fly for a Trout.*
In the firft place let the angler fit him-
felf with a hazlc of one piece or two, fet
conveniently together, light and pliable.
The lower part of his line, next the fly,
muft be of three or four haired links ; but
if he can attaia, as aforefaid, to angle
with a fingle hair, he will meet with more
profit and pleafure.
Before he begins to angle, having the
wind on his back, let him try how far he
can caft his line, or at what length his fly,
and let him take care that the fly fall firft
on the water*, for if any of the line light
on the water, he had better to have ftood
itill, -than to have thrown at all.
He muft always caft down the ftream,
with the wind behind, and the fun before
him ; it is a great advantage to have either
fun or moon before him.
March is the month for beginning to
angle with the fly \ but if the weather
prove windy or cloudy, there are (eyeral
lorts of palmers that are good at that
tcime : the firft is the black palmer, ribbed
with filver ; the fecond a black palmer with
an orange' tawny body : thirdly, a palmer
whofe body is ail black : laftly, there is a
f-ed palmer ribbed with gold, and a red
hackle, mixed with orange c;ewel.
Thefe flies (erve all the year long, m6rn-
iog and evenings whether windy or cloudy
T U M
weather, but if the air proves ferene, he
may then imitate the hawthorn fly, which
is all black and very fmall i the fmaller the
better.
He may alfo ufe other flies, as the A&y-
fly/ i^c. as his fancy leads him. See the
Article Fly.
TROUT -COLOURED Horse, is a
white, fpeckled with fpots of Ulack, bay,
or forrel, particularly about the head and
neck.
TRUSSED. A horfe Is faid to be wcU
trulTed, when his thighs are large, and pro*
portioned to the roundnefs of the croup.
A horfe is (aid to be ill truflfed, when his
thighs are thin, and bear no proportion to
the breadth of the croup.
TUEL. The fundament of a horfe.
TUEL [with Hunters]. The fundament
of any wild beaft.
r/?^ TUMBLER. The name of this dog
is derived from the French^ Tumbierl which
fignifies to tumble ; and is called vertagus
in Latin, from vertere^ to turn or tumble,
. and fo they do ; for in hCinting they turn
and tumble, winding their bodies about
circularly, and then fiercely and violently
venturing on the beaft, do fuddenly gripe
it at the very entrance or mouth of their
holes and receptacles, before they can make
any recovery of felf-fecurity.
This dog ufeth alfo another craft and fub«
tilty; namely, when he runneth into a
warren, or fetches a courfe about a coney-
borough, he hunts not after them, nor does
any wajr- aflfright them y he fhews no fpite
againft them, but diflTembling friendfhip,
and pretending favour, paftes by with quiet-
nefs and filence, marking their holes dili-
gently, where he is feldom deceived.
When he comes to a place where there
is a certainty of conies, he couches down
clofe with his belly to the ground, pro*
vided always that by his fkill and policy,
that the wind be againft him in that enter-
prize, and that the conies difcover him cot
where he lurketh, by which means he gets
the fcent of the conies, which is carried
to him by the wind and air, either going
to, their hQle3, or coming outi either pal^
I fing
TUM
fing this wa5(, or running that way, andl>y
this circumfpcdlion fo orders hfs matters,
that the filly coney is debarred quite from
his hple (which is the haven of his hope,
find harbour of his fafety) and fraudulently
circumvented and taken, before he can
reach his hole.
Thus having caught his prey, he imme-
diately carries it to his mailer, who wafts
for the return of his dog in fome conve-
nient lurking place.
Thefe dogs are fomewhat leffer than the
hounds, being lanker, leaner, and fome-
what prick-eared.
By the form and fa(hion of their bodies,
they might be called mungrcl greyhounds,
if they were fomewhat bigger.
But though they do not equal the grey-
hound in fize, yet they will in the compafs
of one day, kill as many conies as (hall be
a fufficient load for a horfe ; for craft and
fubtilty are the inflrumcnts whereby they
make this fpoil.
humours or hard Swellings in the Legs*
When the tumours are hard, and of long
continuance, take a pint of the horfe's own
urine, or that of a cow ; half an ounce of
flour of brimftone, and a dram of allum,
boil it away to the confumption of one half;
with this chafe the tumour every morning
and evening, then dip a rag into it, and
wrap it about it. Or,
If there are hard tumours in the leg or
thigh, either in the fpring, autumn, or
before Cbrijlmas, take five pounds of green
mallow-root (at other times three pounds
of the dried roots) pound them to mafh,
boil them gently with five quarts of water
in a kettle for two hours, then pour in as
much hot water as was boiled away, adding
a handful and a half of fage leaves, and
continue to boil it an hour and a half, or
two hours longer ; then taking the kettle
off the fire, incorporate the whole with a
pound of honey, and half a pound of
black foap.
Let it cool till you can bear to thruft your
TUN
finger into it, and then add to !t a pfnt of
ftrong brandy.
Foment the fwelling daily with this bath,
and chafe it with a handful of the dregs of
it, and walk the horfe for half an hour after
It.
If you perceive it tends to a fuppuration
omit both, and apply bafilicon.
TUNNEL-NET. A net for taking par-
tridges, which fhould not exceed fifteen
feet in length, rK>r be lefs than eighteen
inches in breadth, or open for the entrance ;
fee the annexed cut, which fhews a tunnel
fpread, its length is from the letter A to G, ic
muft be made narrow cowards the end A,
fo as to have no more than five or fix inches
in height.
This net muft be made with a three twif-
ted thread, that muft not be too thick, die
it of a green, yellow, orruITet colour ; the
meOies fhould be an inch and a half, or two
inches broad, the lower (hould be three,
more or, lefs, accerding to the bignefs of
the melhes. See Plate XV.
To carry on your works, inftead of nnefli
G to proceed with, take that on the other
fide, at H, and continue working rounds
and fo to the fixth or feventh row, where
you are to take two mefhes at once in one
place only, in order to diminifh the net ;
you are to do the fame thing every fourth
row, that the net may become narrow by
degrees, and when it comes to the point or
end, have nonK)re than eight or ten melhes
round.
When the net is finifiied, you muft put
into the hind mc(hcs at the larger end, ^
pretty foMOth wooden rod, about the big-
nefs of a fuzee or muflcct rammer, of which
you muft make as it were a- hoop, and tie
both ends together on one another, to keep
it tight ; you muft add other fmailer ones
by degrees, at the place marked with the
letters F, E, D, C, B, which muft be fct at
fuch diftances from one another, as fuits the
proportion of the length of tunnel ; they
choofe to make ufc of thefe circles rather
than any other form, becaufe they may ea*
fily be pbced in the bottom, between two
ridges of corn or fallow ground; now in
order
TUN
order to join or faftcn the circles to the net,
it will be proper to put them into the row
of itiefties round, and with that fome thread
to tie both ends of the hoop together, that
they may always be in a good pofture •, you
muft faften to both fides of the circle of en-
trance, two (lakes or pegs, to keep the ex-
tended net (Iraight enough ; you cnuft place
another at A, of a foot long, at the end of
the net to keep it (Iraight and ftiff enough ;
you muft make two plain hallicrs to accom*
pany the tunnel net, whofe melhes muft be
lozenge- wife, or four fquare ; each hallier
muft be feven or eight fathoms long, and
when they are made, faften to them, at two
feet diftance, the pegs M, N, O, P, H, I,
K, L, about the thicknefs of a little finger,
and a foot and a half long, that fo tney
may be fet on both fides of the tunnel, when
you intend to ufe it*
In order to apply this net for the ufe in-
tended, of taking partridges, when you
have found out a covey, take a compafs,
and fo pilch the net at a good diftance from
them, but fomctimes farther, and at other
times nearer, according as the ground hap-
pens to be; and then furround them with
your ftalking horfe, or ox, and gently
drive them towards the net, not coming on
them in a direfl line, but by windings and
turnings, and fometimes ftandingftill, as
if the horfe grazed ; if the partridges make
a ftand and look up, it is a fign they are
afraid, and intend to take wing, therefore
make a (land, or a little retreat, and when
after a little refpiteyou find them quiet, and
that they are bufy in feeking for food, which
is a fign they are not afraid, you may move
nearer to them, and if any fingle partridge
lies remote from the reft, he muft be fetched
in by taking a circumference about him,
and thus they may be driven as it were like
a flock of ftieep into a pen : but a live horie
fitted for the fport, far exceeds the artificial
ilaiking-horfet or ox.
The wings of the tunnel muft not be
}}itched oh a direfb line, but inclining to a
emi^ciccle •, when the partridges are at the
.mouth of the tunnel, the oldones will ftand
jBi while as if to conftder^ but preffing gent*
Tun
ly en, fome of the young ones will ventui^
in, and then all the reft will follow ; upon
which make hafte to fecure them from
returning back, and making their ef«
cape.
It will be proper to obfervehcre, that
the letters Q^, R, S, T, V, reprefent the
partridges in the cut, and as to the ftalking*
horfe, or ox, or cow, reprefented by the
fecond figure, it ought to be made of a
piece of canvas, or linen cloth i X, R, G,
H, denote the four feet ; they few fmall
pieces of the fame cloth at the four corners
X, Y, H, E, F, the pieces muft be two in-
ches broad and fquare to put into them, and
to hold the two flicks O, P, that crofs one
another, and the top of the fork; thefticka
muft be. long enough to keep the cloth
well ftretch^rd, and are^ to be tied together
where they crbfs.
The fork ought to be four feet and a half
long at the leaft, having a ftiarp pointed end
at 1, that goes into the fmall bit of cloth
K, the fork and the two fticks are tied in
the middle at L, a piece of cloth G, Y^ if
Tewed to the fide like a cow's head, and on
the fame colour with the reft of the cloth,
having an eye and two horns, if it teprefents
an ox, or cow, made of fome pieces of hac ;
the uil is made of fome fmall twioe»
thread or any fuch thing ; at the other end
X, there Ihould be a ftick above at X and
Y to keep up the head and tail, which laft
fliould be at fome diftance from the body»
that it may wag in moving. M and'N
are two holes to fee the partridges through.
See Partridge and Stalking- Horsb. See
Plate XV.
TURKEYS. See Poultry.
TURN . A word commonly ufed by the
Riding-Mafters, when they direA their
Icholars to change hands. 5^^ Chanob and
Entire.
TURNING Straight [in the Manage!
an artificial motion of a horfe: of thele
there arefeveral forts, but I Ihall here onljr
fpeak of two of them, from which all turn*
ing are derived.
L. Is when a horfe keeps his hinder parts
inward, and clo(e to the poft or center, and
* fo
T UR
ft> coming about makes his circumference
with his fbre-parts, oppofing his enemy
face to face : in order to which you muft, to
the ring of the hind-part of the caveflbri,
fix a long reign of two fathoms or more,
and to the two other rins two (horter
reins ; then having faddied the horfe, and
put on his bitt, bring him to the pod : put
the reins of his bitt over the fore -part of the
iaddle> bolfters and all, and fix them at a
conftant ftraightnefs on the top of the pom-
snel^ fo as the horfe may have the feeling of
cbe bitt and curb.
If you would have him turn to the right
band^ take the (hort rein on the left fide or
the caveffon» and bringing it under the fore*
bolfter of the faddle up to the pommel> fix
it at fuch a direftion, chat the horfe may
rather look from than to the poft on the
right fide : this being done, fome (kilful
groom, or attendant, fliould hold the right
fide rein of the caveflbn, at the poft go-
verning the fore^pait of his body, to come
about at large*
• After that, taking the long rein in your
hand, and keeping his hinder parts inwards
with yoifr rod on his outfide (houlder, and
fometimes on his outfide thigh, make him
move about the poft, keeping the hinder
parts as a center, and making his fore*parts
xnove in a circumference. .
. Thus you may exercife him for fome
time on one hand, till he attains to fome
perfcAion, and then changing the rein of
the cavelTon, make him do the like to^the
•cher hand ; ply him in this ncianner feveral
mornings, and cherifli him in his exercife
according to his defert, till you have
brought him to fuch readinefs, that he will,
upon the removing of the rod, couch his
hinder parts in towards the poft, and lap-
ping the outward fore- leg over the inwanl,
trot about the poft moil fwiftly, diftinAly,
and in as ftraight a compafs as you can de-
fire, or is convenient for the motion of the
horfe.
1 From trotting he may be brought to fiy-
ing and wheeling about fo fwiftly, that both
the fore^legs rifing and moving together^ the
r w I
hinder-parts may follow in one and the fame
inftant.
When you have made him thus pcrfcft in
your hand*, mount his back, appointing fome
fkilful groom to govern the long rein, and
another the (hort : by the motion of your
hand upon the bitt, and foft rein of the ca-
veflTon, kc^p the horfc's head from the poft ;
and by means of the calf of the leg laid on
his fide, and your rod turned towards his
outward thigh, to keep his hinder-parts to
the poft ; labour and exercife him till he be
brought to the perfedion dcfircd.
Then take away the long rein, and only
exercife him with the help of the ihort rein
of the cavefiTon, and no other ; afterwards
take both reins of the caveflbn into your
hands, and exercife him from the poft,
making him as ready in any place where
you would ride him, as at the poft.
2. The other ftraight-flyingturn, is to
keep the horfe's face fixed on the poft as on
his enemy, and to move about only with
his hinder-parts, for which, you are to take
the fame help of the long rein, and the fliorc
rein of the caveflbn, and to govern them at
before fhewed ; only you are to give the
fliort rein to the poft«ward, as much liberty
as before, but to keep his head clofer to the
Soft, and following his hinder-parts with the
>ng rein, by means of your rod, make him
bring his hinder-parts round about the pofl f
and obferve, that as he did before lap one
fore*foot over another, fo now he muft lap
the hinder-legs one over another.
Continue to exercife htm till he be per*
fe£fc, as before, then mount and labour him
in like manner.
Laftly, leaving the poft, and all other
helps, ply him only in fuch open and free
places, as you (hall fee convenient.
TUSHES ; are the fore teeth of a horfe,
feated beyond the corner teeth, upon the
bars, where they flioot forth, on each fide
of the jaws, two above, and two below,
about the age of three, and three and a half,
and fometimes four : and no milk or foal
teeth ever comes forth in the place where
they grow, ^r^ Teeth.
TWIST s the ihfide,: or flat part of a
3 T nnian*s
V E if
man's tblgh ; upon which a true horfcoian
fcfts upon horfcback.
TWISTED. A horfc reduced to the
fame ftatc of innpotency with a gelding, by
the violent wringing or twifting of his tcf-
tides twice about, which dries them up,
and deprives them of nourilhmcnt.
VARISSE IN Horses. An imperfedion
upon the infidc of the ham, a little
diflant from the curb, but ^bout the fame
height : there is a bone fomewhat high and
raifed ; that part of the ham which is below
the faid bone fometiipes fwelU by a dif-
charge from the great vein, and is termed
varije ; this, does not oiake. the horfe halt^
but fpoils his fale by growing excei&ve
large. Reft and eafe (efpecially if the part
be bathed with fpirit of wine) will fo bind
and reftrain it as not to be perceived for the
lime.
VARVELS. Small filver rings about a
hawk's legs, having the owner's naoie en^
graven on them.
To VAULT A Shoe, is to forge it hol-
lowy for horfes that have high acid round
foles, to the end that the (boe^ thus hol-
low, may not bear upon the ible that ii
then higher than the hoof.
' But, after all, this fort of flioes fpoils
the feet ; for the ible being tenderer than
the ftoe, aflumes the form of the fhoe, and
becomes every day rouiKier.
VAUNTLAY [with Hunters]. A fel-
ting of hounds or beagles in a readinefs^
where the chace is to pafs, and cafting them
off* before the reft of the kenoel come iik
VENOMOUS BITES. Much^hathbcca
faid 6n this fubje^, ami great iftrefi hath
been laid 00 particular medicines s bqt> td
what Dr. Mead hath propoied, no valuably
addition hath been made. TheDodor*s
method of treating the bite Of anuiddog.
b as foUows :
Bleed immediately, and that freely;
then give three quarters of an otuicc of
the following powder, every nighc and
morning, fot ten days; at the end of
which^ plunge the horfe 141(0 cold water,
every mornings fea a nooath oc longcp.
VE R
Take afli- coloured groun(}«liverwort^ two
parts ', black pepper, one p^t i powder^
and mix them well together.
It fliould be obferved^ that the firft figns
of madncfs in moft animals is a trembling:
but, as to a dog, his being mad is thua
known. In the fir ft ftage of the diftemp^
he hath great hunger and thirft, his eyes
become more and more 6^rce and flamingo
he bangs down his ears, thrufts out hia
I tongue, froths at his mouth, barks u hia
(hadow» runs along with fcemiag fadnefa
and anxiety, often breathes as if tired wixh
running, draws bis tail between hia legs,
runs agaioft all that is in his way, bitiogi
whatever . he meets with, a^d fcems to bo
in hafle, but bis courfe is uacertam.
Every healthy dog is fo fagacioua as ta
difcern when ^Qother is mad, whether. thcjR
fee him, or hpu bis barking, and carefully
&un him.
A falivation^ by rneftna of tho turbith
mineral^ bath bocn faid to. have tiie beA
effeA, even when the fym]Homs of die
hydrophoibia arc becan^rxry confidcrahle.
The turbith thaytbus he given tadbgs.
On the fifft oigbt ^ve twelve grains of
turbith j it probably may pa(a off by vomit-
ing, purging, or both 5 the next night give
twentyttouc grains; andx on the chinJ^
forty-eight, and fo on until it (kllvatrs. A
copious faltvitiofi is what is depended on>
there/oDC give more, or Jq& of tbe turbith
as it may be neceiXary thereto.
Ta a horfe, the turbith muft be given 10
larger quantities.; foch as frpqi.twenty to
forty gcaiAs, and repeated as req^ired^ 6b-s
fervingitbe direftjons given. for its ufe, and
Ln.falivations„ tmder the. artick Mawx>x.
VEMERX*' The art qr exccdfe of/humw
iftg.wild. beifts, wJucb. ar«: called beafls of
yenery 1 as alfo beafts of foieft ^ and tJ^yi
are the harc^ hare^ hind, boar, and W4>lfv
VfiRDEHOR. Ao officer of a foreftv
&!c. whoie t^r'mcipal concens is. to look
after the vert or green hue, and to fee thac
it be oiaintaiDed >Jie is farther dcfirribed ta
be a judicial officer, of the king's foreA^
cboffiu^by the king's writ in the fbll county,
court of the fture where the foreft is, and
iCwoco
VE R
fworn Before the Iheriff to maintain and
keep the alDzes and laws of the fbreft, and
alfo to review, receive, and inroll all the
attachments and prefentments of all manner
of trefpaffes of the forett relating to vert
and venifbn.
The office of a Verderar much refembles
that of a Coroner, efpecially in this refpeA ;
that as a Coroner, upon notice of a perfoh
flain, is to go and View the dead body, and
to make enquiry, by the oath of twelve
men, how, and by what means the perfon
came by his death, 'and who, and wTiat,
V^as the occafion thereof; fo it is the duty
of a Verdctor, by his office, to look after
knd view the ivild beafts of the foreft -, for
if any of them be fouhd^flain, wounded, or
hurt, .upon notice given to the Vcrdcror,
he is to go and view the fame, and to caufe
^n inquifition to be made by a jfury of
twelve men out of four of the next towns,
'to kiiow hoiHr, and by whom, the faid bcaft
^irs killed, wOunded, or hiirt.
Alfo if an oak b^ifig an overt-vert within
*he foteft, be- felled or cut down out of the
king's demefne woods, the fame is to be
appraifed by view 6f the Vcrderor.
, The ttfficc of the Vcrderor at the court of
attachments, i's to fit there to fee the at-
tachmerits of the foreft as Well of vert as
venlfefi, *ind recervc the fame of the fo-
refters, and others that prefent them there,
' ami then to enter tiiem into their own rolh,
VERT, rn general, is every pfent grow-
* ing within a foreft, bearing a giieen leaf,
which niay hide or covrfr a deer under ?t ;
but then this word plant muft be ttnder-
ifood, to mean fuch plants as afe either
trees, woods, boibes, xyf fuch lft?e, '^'hich^
are of the nature either -Gf wb6d ^^r tfAd*-'
w^fl> and n6t of %h6fe ki^db of plants
which arCof tlwe itattire of herbs, ^ thlf^s,
an^d fuch like, which mity ialfo be toittpHc-
hended within the word plant, btit hot in
thisfenfe.
And when aftter inrtaking tHe tbat^Pit de fo-
'tiptiy foftie qucftioiifedp what was to -be ac-
-toiintefl vert : king Fsd^atd I. to Aiakcthc
• certainty kn<iwn -to iill men> fttadic a Jaw to
tiiiit*pofc:
cc
V -E S •
" Know ye (faith he) that all trees that.
(ball be growing within the foreft, as
'^ well thofc that bear no fruit at all, as
** thofe that do bear fruit at any time in the
" whole year ; and an old afli being in the
^' arable land within the foreft, thefe fliall
" be accounted vert, becaufe the king is
*' in poflcflicn of them."
• -And it is obferved, that by vert all trees
muft be underftood, as well underwoods as
grcit woods ; and overt-vert is all manner
of high trees, as nethcr-verc is all forts of
under-wood^ and brulh-wood is czflled
cablifti.
Some diftinguift vert after this manner,
viz. t;^/, is derived of veriditatiy in Latin»
and figfiifies any thing that beareth a green
leaf, but efpecially of great and thick
coverts.
Alfo it is of divers kinds ; fome of which
bear fruit, that may ferve for* food both for
man and beaft *, as fervice -trees, nut-trees,
crab-trees, fsfr. and for the fiielter and de-
fence of the fame.
Overt-vert by fome called baut-hois, from
the Frerub^ which figniftes high»trees, ferv.
ing for food and browfe, of and for the,
g'amie, ^nd for the defence of them, as oaks,
beeches, &?^. Some haut-bois for ftiel^er, -
browfe, and defence only, as aftieSi pop-
lars, Gsfr.
Nether- viert, called z\(ofub^boi^ or under
iwrood, are for brrowfc and food of the game,j
land for ihelcer ^nd defence, as maple, 6fr.
Some for browfe and defence, as birch,
fallow, willow, (^c. Some for fiielter and
deferice, afs elder, alder, fef^.
Of bl^fties, and other vegetables, are
fonrre-fer food and iheltCr, as the hawthorn,
bladkchdrh, '"^c. ^(Mit fo^ hiding and
belter, as<brakes, ^rch ^or gor^ heath, ^c.
VESSIGNON. A ♦iad-gall, or foft-
fwe^Kng on t1)e in and outftde of a horfe's
1io6f 9 that is, bocii on the right and die
left of it.
VESSIpN. An infiritoity in horfea, which
is a fort of wind-gall or fwelling about the
big^efs of hajf an apple, bigger or Icflcr,
bOrhpofedof a foft and fpongy filch growing
i>etwe%n the fleftx and the (kifl» in the YvoU
•3 T 2 low
')
• VIC
low next the hock, and beneath the big
fmew, a little above the capelcft and bending
of the ham.
This fwclling appears but very little, ex- I
ccpt when the horfe refts equally upon both
his hind legs, becaufe when he bends his
ham> it is not vifible at all ; neither does it
often make a hurfc halt ; it ^ifes on both
iides the ham, and fon>etimes only upon
one : thofe that come lower are not danger-
ous, and in young hories-may be difperfed
by moderate exercife.
VICES IN Horses, In order for the pre-
vention, correftihg, or curing them, you
may ufo the following direftions :
If a horfe carries his head or neck awry^
ftrike him twice or thrice with the contrary
fpur J but if he be very ftiff-necked on the
right fide, and plying or bending on the
left, hold the right'rein (horter than the
other, and when he inclines that way give
him fudden checks, having a (harp wire
(aftened in the reins, that ftriking in hisneck,
he may be compelled to hold it ftraight,
taking care to check him upwards, left he
ihould get a habit of ducking down his
head.
If a horfe is apt to ihake his head and
ears upon the leaft occafion, or move his
ears, when he begins to kick, or bite, or
call you, ftrike him on the head with your
wand, and at the faaie time give him a
check with your bridle,^ and a ftroke with
the contrary fpur, putting him fuddenly out
of his pace $ then make him ftopj that he
may have leifure to underftand your mean-
ing ; and do the like when he ftarts, or
when he winches, which is a fi^n of his de-
igning to bite or ftrike with hu heels.
If a borie ducks down his head, eheck
him fuddenly with the bridle, and ftrike
with the fpurs, that he may be fenlible of
his fault : if he be ftanding, make him
bring his head into it's right place, as he
ftands; and when he obeys, be furc to
* cherifli him, and he will foon underftand
the meaning.
If a horfe is fkittifli and apt to ftart, fo
that you are never free from danger, while
you ate on his back i in cafe it proceeds
VIC
from a weak ftgbt, whereby obie<5b may be
reprefented to him, otherwife than thejr
really are, give him time to view theoi
well, and then ride him up gently to them v
but if he be naturally fearful, and ready C(^
ftart at the hearing ftrange founds, you
muft innure him to thenoife of guns, drums^
trumpets, (£€. and in time be will take
delight therein.
If a horfe is reftive, • and refufes to go
forwards, pull him backwards, and perhaps
he will then go forwards; and though he
rebel a long time, the whip and fpurs will
prevail with him at laft, if they be given
fmartly, foundly, and in time ; when once
you begin, you muft continue them till he
fubmits, provided it proceeds from ftub-
bomnefs, and not from faintnels and fick*
nefs. \
If a horfe rears an end^ that i8> raifes fo
high before as to endanger 1i is coming over
upon the rider, you muft give him- the
bridle, and leaning forwards with your
whole weight, giving bim both your fpurs
as he is fallirfg down, but forbear to fpiir
him as he is rifing, for that may caufe him
to come over upon youw
\( he is fubj^ft to fall down upon the
ground, or in the water, nothing is better
than a pair of good fpurs applied when you
firft perceive he is going abot^ to do ioy
which will divert him from thiaking any
more of it ; but if he defifts, do not corre^
him again at that inftant,. for badhorfemea
occafion moft of thefe vices, by corre&iog
unduly, or put of time ; by doing which
they are fo far front making a horfe lenfihlc
of his fault, that they fright him, and put
him into confufion, and caufe him at Uk
to become reftive.
If a horfe is apt to run away> you muft
be gentle both with a Qack curb and keep-
ing an eafy bridle-hand ; firft walk him
without ftopping, but only ftaylng him by
the head by little and little ; then trot him
a while, and put him agaiafrom a trot to a
walk, (laying him by degrees^ and always
ch^rifti as fpon as. he obeys \ and when you
find him thus far peaceable, put him. off
from his trot to a gentle gallop \ from that
to
V I G
to • trot; and from a trot to a walk, (laying
him by degrees with a ftcady hand : by
iiHng this method for fome time with judg-
ment and patience, it is very likely you
may cure him of runnmg away.
. If a horfe is apt to By out violently, it is
certain, that the more you pull the bridle-
reirr, and hurt hini by ftraightening the
curb, the more he will tug, and run the
fafter : in this cafe, therefore, if you have
field room enough, whenever you find him
begin to run, let him go, by flackening the
bridle, and giving him the fpur continually
and iharply till he begin to flacken of his
own accord.
By treating hrm in^this manner, it is not
to be doubted but you will cure him at
laft, there being no remedy like this for a
runaway horfe.
Some horfes will not endure the fpurs
when they are given them, nor go forwards,
.but as it were cleaving and faftening to
them, ftrikcoutandflo back; if you prefs
them hard they will tall to flaling, and not
ftir out of the placS. ^
If he be a gelding, it is difficult to break
him of his humour $ but a ftone-horfe per-
haps may forget it for a time under the
conduct of a good horfeman : yet if he once
get the maftery of bis riders, he will be
very apt to begin a-new again.
To conclude, every gelding, ftone-horfe
or jnar e, that does not fly with the fpur5>
but obftinately cleaves to and kicks againft
ihem, Ihould be looked upon, as of a crofs
and dogged nature, and is therefpre to be
abfolptely reje£bed.
VIGOUR OF A Horse. In. order to
judge of this quality, the following rules
and remarks are of good ufe :
When a horfe is (landing ftill, keeping
him faft with the bridle-hand, apply your
ijpurs to the hair of his fides, which by
horfemen is termed pinching-, and if ypu
find him impatient under you, gathering
himfelf up, and endeavouring to go for-
wards, champing upon the bitt without
ahrufting out his nofe, it is a lign of heart
and vigour.
There are fome horfes that Ihew a great
V I V
I deal of mettle when pinched, but imme-
diatelv lofe the apprehenSon of it j fo that
thougn they have a very fenfible feeling,
which proceeds from the thinncfs of their
flcin, yet they are of a dull difpofition : of
fuch horfes it may be faid, that they are
rather ticklifli than fenfible of th^ fpur.
There is a great difference between a
mettled horfe and a fiery one ; the former
dcferves to be highly valued, but the latter
is good for nothing. A horfe that is truly
vigorous (hould be calm and cool, move on
patiently, and difcover his mettle but when
required.
Then the fureft method is to chufe fuch
horfes as are very apprehenfivc of ftrokes,
and are afraid at the lead appearance of
them ; which, at the only doling of the
legs and thighs, feem to be feized with
fear, and alarmed, and that without fret-
ting or fiercenefs.
A horfe that walks deliberately and fe«
curely,without requiring the whip too often,
and without fretting, goes from the walk to
the gallop, and from the gallop to the ftep
again, without being difquieted ; but con-
tinually champing upon his bitt, be trots>
with glibnefs upon his (houlders eafity,
fnofting a little through his nodrils.
If a horfe is well upon his haunches^'
has a light and eafy ilop, his head firm
and well placed, and the feeling of the bite
equal and jult ; I fay, if he has all thclc
qualities, you will feldom have caufe to
complain upon account of his price.
I fliall only add here, by way of advice^
that whatever good qualities a horfe may
have, that you never give a high price for
him, unlefs he be endued with thefe two,,
of having a good mouth, and being fenfible
of an obedience to the fpur.
VIVARY. A place either on land or
water where living creatures are kept *, but
in a law fenfe it is taken for a park, war-^
ren, or fiQi-pond.
VIVES, n Though this diftemper goes
AVI VES, > by three names, yet it is but
FIVES. 3 one and the faipe diffempcr,.
and are certain flat kernels, much like
bunches^.
\
V I V
■ ^
bunches of grapes, grovirig in a cluftcr,
clofc kDicted together in the part affcftcd.
They center from the ears, and creep
ilownwards between the chap and the neck
of the horfc towards the throat, and when
inflamed they fwcll, and not only arc pain-
ful to the horfe, but prove mortal by flop-
ping his wind, unlefs a Tpeedy courfe be
takeh for the cure.
They caufe fuch a difficulty of breathing,
and uneafinefs, that he will oftentimes lie
xlown and dart up again, and tumble about
after a ftrange manner.
This dif^cmper is occafioned by drinking
cold-water, after a violent heat; which
caufirig the humours to melt down they fall
too plentifully upon the natural glands or
kernels; alfo by eating too much barley,
oats, rye, ranknefs of blood, tfr.
The cure. i. If the vives arc not grown
fo large as that the horfe is in immediate
danger of being ftiflcd, do not open the
tumours, but rather endeavour to rot rhem,
by taking hold of the kernel with a pair of
pincers or plyers, and beating the fwel lings
gently with the handle of a fhoeing hammer,
or bruifing them with yourhand, till they
become foft enough ; and they will ^ter-
wards difappear ; but this is not to be done
tVll the fwellings are pretty ripe, which may
be known by the eafy feparation of the hair
from the Ikin if you pluck it with your
fif>gers.
Having rotted (or in cafe of neccffity)
opened the vives, let the horfe be let blood
under the tongue, and afterwards in the
flanks ; walh his mouth with fait and vine-
gar J and blow fpmc of the vinegar into his
ears, rubbing and fqueezing them hard
to make it penetrate j for this will confi-
derably afliiage the pain which it commu-
nicates to the jaws.
Then give the horfe to drink a quart of
wine with two handfuls of hemp-feed
pounded, two nutmegs grated, and the
. yolks of half a dozen eggs, and wa(h him
gently after for an hour.
Abcnit an hour after giving him that
draught Injeft the following glyite-, boil.
an ounce andhalfof falpolychreftum, finely
V I V
powdered in five pints of beer ; wh(in yoo
have taken it off the fire, put it into two
ounces of oil of bay^, and fquirt all in
blood warm.
'As to our praftice in England in the cure
of this diftemper; fome cut holes where the
kernels are, and pick them out with a wire,
then fill the hole with fait, and at three days
end it will run ; and afterwards wafli it with
fagc juice, and 'heal it with an ointment
made of honey, butter, and tar, or with
green ointment, and alfo ufc other means
with it ; but the efficacious receipts are thefe
following:
Take tar, tried hog^s-greafe, bay-falt and
frankincenfc powdered, of each as much as
will fuffice ; melt theth together, and witli
a clout faftencd to a (lick, (crub the place
four or five mornings, until tlie inflamed
part become foft and ripe-, then flit the
(kin with your incifion-knife, let forth tffc
corruption, and heal it Wrth tried liogV
greafc, and vcrdigreafe, made up into firfc
powder : melt therfi uopn a fire, and \tt ndt
the (tuff boil no more tnan a walm or two ;.
then put in fome ordinary turpentine, and
To ftill all together till it be cold, and then
carefully anoint the forraoce therewith till
it is healed.
Another excellent way is, to take a pchny-
worth of pepper beaten inta fine powder,
a fpoonful of fwinc's greafe, mix them very
well together, and convey the ftuflF equally
into both the ears of the horfe, fo tie ir
ftitch them up, then fliake them that the
rhedicine may fink downwards, and this
being done, let him blood in the neck*
vein, and temple-vein.
But the moit common way of eui*e, Md
fuch as our farriers uf^ is to tet him blbed
on both fides the neck-vein^, then to fear
the iSvellipg with a fmall hot irbn-, froih'Ac
root down to the bottom of tlie ear, tlAl ttie
ikin looks yelk^w 4 the fame iron being in
Ihape fome what like an arrow's head, with
three .or four fmall linfes drawn from tfjc
body of it; rfnd aftir fearihg. In order to
take but tht heat of the fire, and to mvkc
.it found again^ aiioint it with ftttk bt>tt%r,
'dr with hOgVgreafe, and he ihriildo well.
VIXEN
U L C
VIXEN or FIXEN. A fox's cubs.
ULCER. An ulcer is diftinguilhed from
a wound by its dry, hard edges, by its dif-
poficion to bealy and by the (harp, thin
numour that is difcharged from its furface.
It is a too common practice to drefs wounds
lyith fharp, fpirituous dreflfings, inftead of
lint and the cooimon dtgeftive ointment;
and thus wounds that would readily heal,
VC conve;rC9d.into troublefonne and tedious
ylcers.
Generally a bad habit; of body Is the
. c&ufc of ulcers, as well as pf their con-
tinuance, io. which cafe: qo Qure can be per-
fbi;med before the conftitution is mended.
But if it is. not owing to the fault of the
humours^ yoij muft endeavouif to change
it into a^ wound, by foftenjng th^ cdges^
and promoting the digedion. of the acrid
matter into pus ; this lad is done by dref-
fiog it wijth the mercyri^l digeftive, or by
rubbing the furface gently with the milder
blue oiBtmcDt, each time of drefling, and
tlien applying a pledget of the digeftive
qiognent; the edges are generally foftened
by. t;be f^fne oieans with which digeftion is
promoted > but, if that proves infufficient,
tjouch thenv at eaich drelli.n^ with the lunar
cauftic*
If great pa;A and ii)flammation attend
%Occrs, foment them w ith a decoction made
from worqfiwood, camomile-flowers, bay-
kave^, ^c. and if there is a, tendency to a
mortificatiop., add a pint of re6li6ed fpirit
of wine to each gallon of the fomentation :
twice a d^y may be. a geiieral rule for fo-
ipenting and drefling ulcers, where there is
much difcharge, but once a-day is enough
whjcrA tf\at is fmall.
. Sometupcs ulcers are occafio^cd hj a,
1^1 boae. which lies immediately unqer-
ipeath them> and which never can be. healed
lintil the faulty part of the bone is rc-
moyed : this^ is known tabc the c^afe when^
th$ fleih appears f^ft and Uke a. quagmire,^
a^nd licHeiL tpere is a difcharge of (linking,
greafy w^er, ^d> by paifing a probe
^rovgb the flefb., feu: then you. perceive
^h^ the bone is roughs which in 4 healthy
Ha^c; i# liQWf>4- ^ ^^ ^^k «^^ E^^
\
U L C
tleace is fometimes required : fometimea,
the cafe is trifling, and in three weeks the
faulty part feparates ; at other times a year
will hardly fufiice for this end , however,
if the ulcer is very fpongy, a cauftic may
be applied upon it as large as the faulty
fcale ; and when the bone is quite bare,
drefs it with dry lint every day; and if
there is much difcharge, let it be drcflTed
twice a-day : the dry lint will generaHy.
fuflice. If the carious bone be very foul
and flink, the lint that lays next the bone
may be dipped in tinfture of myrrh j if the
ulcer i3 deep, lint may lay next the bone„
and flne tow, made into foft doflils, may
do to fill up the hollow fpacc, and prevent
the flcfti from filling up before the piece of
bone is feparated, which muft not be hur-
ried by any forcible method,, but left en-
tirely to this gentle one, by which, if the
conftitution is, good, the end will be ob-
tainedi and, it it is bad, it muft, by^
proper medicines and diet, be recruited.
Ulcers niay happen on any part* of the
body : fometimes they are feated on the
eye, and theif chief diftinftions are, that
they are more fuperficial, or more deep;
more mild, or more untoward and difficult
to cure. For the more fuperficial and mild^
fort> the following may be ufed every three:
or four hours :
Take pure water, four ounces i^ fugar-
candy, half a dram^ fugar of lead, ten^
grains ; mixed.
If with this the ulcer begins to dry, but
becomes hot and painful, it may have more
water addcd^ to the fame quantity of in^
gredients%
For the. deeper,, fouler, and mpr^ ob-
ftinate kiiid,. the following may be ufect
three Of four timeS: a-day v
Tak^ four ouBces of water i fu^r-candy^
halfadf^in; wrhite vitriol, two fcruplcs^
camphire;^ ten grains ^ mixed.
Il'v^ith this the. ulcer is moift, qr be-
coovcs fbul>[ make it a little ftrooger by/
adding niore of the ingredients*.
Ulcers in the eyes> that are attendecir
with great pain> ai^e relieved by fenoeoting.
them with, v^arm it^^ tinged wuh^fafiroa.
(and
U L C
(and in vfhich a little gucn arable i$ diC*
folved), two or three times a-day«
If a foul blackifli water diftiUs from the
ulcer, drcfs it twice a day with the fol-
lowing : •
Take four ounces of pure water, and
add to it fifteen grains of verdigreafe, ten
grains of camphire^ twenty grains of
myrrh, and half a dram of fugar-candy.
A fiitulous ulcer frequently happens on
the withers from pinching there with the
faddle, and negleftipgi or improperly treat*
ing them : if the bruife is discovered at the
firft, rub it well two or three times a-day
with the following lotion :
Take white vitriol, two drams ; fugar
of leadj twenty grains $ water, four ounces;
mixed.
Care ihould be had to diftinguilh thefe
fwellings that happen from the faddle bruif-
ing this part, (rom thofe that follow, and
are the effed of a fever, i^c. this latter
fort (hould not be treated with any thing
but fuppuratives ; a warm poultice of
fcalded bran ihould be laid on, and re-
newed two or three times a-day, until the
abfcefs is ripe and burfts ; for, if an open*
ing is made before the matter is completely
digefled, whether the caufe of the abfcefs
was from a bruife, or from fome other
difeafe fettling there, it will equally en-
danger the part becoming a fpongy foul
ulcer, which accident, if it befall you,
will require a pretty large opening, taking
■care not to injure the ligament of the neck,
which terminates near the withers : if the
fungus and the difcharge from it be dif-
agrceable and troublefome, drefs it twice
a-day with pledgets dipped in the fol-
lowing :
Take of blue vitriol, half an ounce;
diflblve it in a pint of water ; add to it oil
of turpentine and reftified fpirit of wine,
of each four ounces ; (harp vinegar, fix
ounces ; oil of vitriol, two ounces i mixed.
Fistulous ulcers (hould be laid open to
the very bottom, or they will never heal
firmly.
ULCERS, OR Fistulas, in Hawks.
:^a»etimes hawks have ulce/s and fiftulas
VOL
in feveral parts of their bddies, which will
always run and fend forth a filthy, fretting,
thin and faltifii humour at their nares.
For the cure ; fyringe it often to the
bottom with flrong allum-water, and if you
can coveniently put a tent wetted in vinegar
and allum into the holes, that will haftea
the cure ; but do not let the tent reach to
the bottom of the fore.
UMBER. A fi(h which fome will have
to be the fame as the grayling, and only
different in name: it is of the tench kind,
but feldom grows fo big: very few, or
any, exceeding the length of eighteen
inches. He frequents fuch rivers as trouts
do, is taken with the fame baits, efpecially
the fly, and being a fimple fifli is bolder
than the trout : he hides himfelf in winter,
but after Aprils appearing abroad, is game*
fome and pleafant, yet very tender mouth-
ed, and therefore quickly loft after he is
ftruck. See Grayling.
UMBLES, HUMBLES orNUMBLES,
part of the entrails of a deer.
UNCERTAIN. We call a horfe uncer-
tain that is naturally reftlefs and turbulent,
and is not confirmed in the manage he is
put to, fo that he works with trouble and
uncertainty.
UNDOING OF a Boar [with Hunters],
fignifies the drefiing of it. #
UNITE. A horfe is faid to unite, or
walk in union, when in galloping the
hind-quarters follow and keep time with
the fore.
VOLARY. A great bird-cage, fo large,
that birds have room to By up and down
in it.
VOLT. This word fignifies a round,'
or a circular tread, and, in general, where
we fay in the Academies to make volts, to
manage upon volts, we underftand a gait
of tHo treads, made by a horfe going fide*
ways round a center, in fuch a manner, that
thefe two treads make parallel trafts, one
larger made by the fore-feet, and another
fmaller made by the hind*feet, the eroup
approaching towards the center, and the
(boulders bearing outwards. Sometimes
the volt is of one tread j as when a horfe
/ * makes
y o L •
tnalses volts in corvets, and in caprioIes>
fo that the haunches follow the (houlders,
and moire forwards on the fame tread. In
general^ the way and traft of a volt is made
Sometimes round, fometimcsoval, and fongic-
•times fquare, of four ftraight lines-, fo that
chefe treads, whether round or fquare, in-
-clofe a terrain, or manage ground, the
middle of which is fometimes diftinguiihed
hy a pillar, or elfe by an imaginary center,
which is there fuppofed in order to regulate
the diftances and the juftnefs of the volt.
Renv£rsed volt, a traft of two
breads, made by the horfe, with his head
to the centre, and his croup out fo that he
goes fide- ways upon a walk, trot, or gal-
lop, atid traces out a fmall^circumference
with his IhoulderSj and a large one with his
croup.
This different fituation of the (houlders
and the croup, with refpeft to the center,
gives this volt the name of renverfed, as
4>eing oppoGte in fituation to the former.
Renverfed volts upon a walk, appeafe
and quiet unruly horfes if they are made
methodically.
The fix volts are made ferra a terra^ two
to the right, two to the left, two to the
right again ; all with one breath, obferving
the groundVith the fame cadence working
(tride) (hort and quick, and ready the fore-
hand in the air, the breech upon the ground,
the head and tail firm and fteady.
To do the fix volts, you fhould have an
-excellent horfe that is knowing and obe-
dient, ' and has ftrengtb to anfwer them.
To make a horfe work upon the four
corners of the volt, is to manage him with
that juftnefs, that from quarter, to quarter,
or at each of the corners or angles of the
volt, he makes a narrow volt that does not
take above the quarter of the great volt,
the head and tail firm, and thus purfues all
the quarters, with the fame cadence, with-
out lofing one time or motion, and with
one reprise or with one breath.
In fpeaking^of volts, we fay, to put a
horfe upon volts, to make him Work upon
the volts, to make good volts, to embrace
the whole volt s that is, to oianage fo that
I
V O M
the horfe working upon vohs, takes in all
the ground, and the fhoulders go before
the haunches.
To paflTage upon volt, or ride a horfe
head and haunches in, is to ride him upon
two treads^ upon a walk or a trot.
Demi-VOLT. a demi-round of one
tread or two, made by the horfe at one of
the corners or angles of the volt, or elfe
at the end of the line of the palTade; fo
that being near the end of this line, or clfc
one of the corners of the volt, he changes
hands, to return by a fcmi-circle, to regain
the fame line.
When he does not return upon this linet
we fay he has not clofed his demi-volt.
Demi-volts of the" length of a horfe,
are femi-circles of two treads, which a horfe
traces in working fide-ways, the haunches
low, and the head high, turning very nar^
row; fo that having formed round, he
changes the hand to make another, which
is again followed by another change of hand,
and another demi volt, which crofifes the
firft. This demi-volt of a horfc's length
is a very pretty manage, but very difficult;
we may compare it to a figure of eight.
VOMITING. Horfes are often ex-
tremcly fick, but neither vomit, either
naturally or by art : the reafon is, a pe*
culiar contraction of the gullet, and icft
fpiral direction, before it enters into the
(tomach.
However, though the more immediate
efiefts of this evacuation are not to be
obtained, art hath its fubfiitutes, by which
the remoter advantages thereof are happily
eflPcfted, viz. ftich as excite coughing,
fneczing, and ftraining to vomit.
Affa-fcetida, favin, horfe-raddifli, green
juniper wood, -and other ftimulating and
ungrateful things, either fingly or mixed
in any proportion, wrapped in a thin rag,
and faftened to the bit ot the bridle, excites
a naufea and coughing.
If a dram of the powdered leaves of aflTa*
rabacca is blown up the noftrils once or
twice a-day, it will very effectually provoke
a'fneezing,
URINE.
SU
U R 1
URINE. A ferous w waterifh decre-
ment derived from the blood, which paffcs
from the reins, and is difcharged through
the bladder.
Sometimes a horf« is feized with an ex-
ceilivc flux of crude and undigeftcd mrine,
fefcmbling water, by which his ftrength is
drained by degrees : it proceeds from heat
and Iharpnefs of the blbod, or an inflam^
•mation in the kidnies, wbich^ like a cup-
ping glafs, fuck in the coacofted femm
from the veins.
The remote caufes, are clue rmmodcrate
and irregular working of young horfes,
cold rains in the beginmng of winter, eat-
ing of oats brought ever by fea, wfiicii^
being fpongy, draw in the fpirrta of the
fait water.
As for the cure> the horfe is to be fed
with bran fnftead of oats > giving him a
cooling gly{ter> next day let him blood,
the day foHcming injeA anotiker gtyfter^
the next day after that bleed him s^ain^
not taking away above the quantity ot two
pounds of blood at a time ; this done,
boil two quarts of water, and put it into
a pailful of common water, with a large
handful of oriental bole beat to powder :
mix all well together, and let the horfe
take it lukewarm for his ordinary drink
morning and evening, giving him foil li-
berty to quench his third, which, in this
difeafe, is exceflivc ;. for the more he drinks,
he will be the fooner cured.
As for remedies to provoke urine in
horfea, which are often necelTary,
Take about four ounces of dried pigeon*!
dung in powder, and boil it in a quart of
white-wine ^ after two or three walms drain
otit the liquor> give it the horfe blood
warm, then walk him for half an hour, and
he will ftalic if it be pofUble.
Another good remedy for si horfc that
cannot (tale,, is to lead him into a Iheep-
cote, and there unbridle him, fufFeringhim
to.fmell the dung, and roll and wallow in
it ; for he will infallibly dale before he
comes forth, if he be noc paft cure..
This quick t&c6k proceeds from a fubtile
and diuretic fait,, that dreams out from the
• W A L
fiieeps dui3g, and ftnke^ the brain $ finee
by reafoDof the corrcfpancknce of that wiih
the lower parts, it obliges the expulficve fiu
culty to avoid the urine.
The urinary paiTages are frequently ftopc
by thick phlegm, which will icarcc give
way to the abovc-mendoited medicines, and
therefore rrcoaric msy be had t0 tke foHow-
ing receipt :
Take aoi ounce of faiflWras-«wood wkk die
batfk, cut Bt fhoaU, and tnfufe it ia a quait
of white wine, in a l»ge gkfs botde well
ftoppsd, fo as two-thirds of the bacile Qiay
remain, empcy : let it dand on hot aflto^sfcr
about fix hours, then drain ^vt tbc wixie^
and give it tLe horfe ior. a laonu
This irenyedy will cevtaiaiy affonl reKc^
either by urine or fwcar, tkc aumes of wbich
is known to be the fame.
To cauSe a boric to ftale for hw bocfit in
foax cbodics, put two ownces of fiagar of
diahksea to a cpaarter of a pouod el Caftik
foap, beat ohem weft togetber, mafae pret^
big balls, and didfolfc one: a£ them in a
pint and a half of ftroog bctti fcakiiog hot;
when it is lukewarm give it him; ia a bom,
and let him Cad aa bmxr a&er.
For a Sioppi^ rf Urifte, tffStm a H^rft
Pound half a pound of annifecdsy and a
handful of parfley-roots ; or if yoo have not
I them, half an ounce of pardey-feeds, pound
them, and boil dbem in a quart <af ftrang.
white^wine, or for want of thac, as much
old drong beer ; tiien ftrain it off, and add
a dram of oyfisp-Siella findy powdered^,
give it the horfc miJk-wami«
URIVKS. Nets x^ catch hawks wkh.
WALK, is the flowefl, and kail raifed:
of a horfe's goings. The Duke of
Niwcaftie made this motion to be two legs,
diametrically oppofite io^ the air, and two-
upon the ground, at the fame time, in the
form of a St. Andrev^s. otofs,, which, in^
effeft, is the motion of a trot.
But latter authors agree, that lb great a«
mader was midakcn in this goint ; for in a^
walku
w^
WAR
walk (as any one may obferve) a horfe llfcs
t4¥o kgs of a fide, one after the other, be-
grnniog with the hind leg firft : as if he lead
with the legs of the right fide, then the firft
foot he lifteth is his far hind foot $ and in
the time he is fetting it down (which in a
ftep is always ihort of the ircadof his fore
foot upon the fame fide) he lifteth his far
fore foot, and fetteth it down before his
j^earfore foot.
.Again, juft as he is fetting down his far
fore foot, he lifts up his near hind foot, and
lets it down again, juft fhort of his near
forefoot, and juft as he is fetting it down,
he lifts his near fofe foot, and fcts it down
before his far fore foot.
And this is the true motion of a horfe's
legs upon a walk.
Begin this lefifon in a walk, and end it
with a walk.
When you teach your borfe to turn to
the right and left, or from one end to ano«
ther, make him walk at firft, then teach him
upon the trot, and then upon the gallop.
WALKERS- A fort of foreft officers ap-
pointed by the king, to walk about a cer-
tain fpace of ground appoif^ted to their
€ate»
WAR-HORSE. In order to the chufing
fuch a borfe, take the following direc-
tions :
Cfaufe one tall in ftature, with a comely :
head, and an out-£welling forehead ; a large
fparkling eye, the white of which is cover-
ed with the eye-^brows ; a fmall thin ear,
ihort and pricking } if long, well carried,
and moving ; a deep neck, a large creftj
broad brealt, bending ribs ; broad and
firaight chine, round and full buttocks i a
tail high and broad, neither too thick nor
too thin ; a full fwelling thigh^a broad, fiat,
aod* \cssi legj fhort pafterned and Ihort
jointed.
As for ordering him during the time of
his teaching, he muft be kept higb, his food
good bay and elean oats, or two parts of
eat^ and one part of beans or .peas, well
dmd and hardened ; halfa peck in a morn-
ing, noon, and evening, is enough.
On liis. refting days iet him bedrr fled be-
W AR
twcen five and fix in the morning, and
water him at feven and eight ia the even-
mg.
Drcfs him between three and four, and
water him about four or five, and alwaya
give him provender after watering ; litter
him at eight, and give him food for all
night. s '
The night before he is ridden, about nine
take away his hay, and at four in the morn-
ing give him a handful or two of oats; and
when he has eaten them turn him upon the
fnaffle, and rub him all over with dry cloths>
then faddle him, and make him fit for hii
eicercife j when he has performed it, brin;
him into the fi:able ail fweacy as he is, am
rub him all over with dry wifpa j when thii
has been done, take off his faddle, and hav^
ing nibbed him through with ,dry clothy,
and put on his houfing cloth, then lay the
faddle on again with the girth, and walk him
about gently till he is cool ; when fet hint
up, let him faft for two or three hours, and
put him to his meat : in the afternoon curb>
rub and drcis him ; alfo water and order
him as before.
WARBLE^ To chirp, fing, and chatter
as a bird does -, to fing in a trilling or qua-
vering way.
WARBLES AND SjET-FASTS, I in Farriery J
the fmall hard tumours frequently formed
on the faddle part of a horfe*s back, and oc«
cafioned by the heat or upeafy pofition of
the faddle, are ftiled warbles ; and if thefe
are fufiered to remain till they turn horny,
they are then called fet-fafts.
The former may be eafily difperfed by
bathing thenn with a mixture confiding of
two parts of camphorated fpirits of wine,
and one part of fpirit of fal armoniac. But
it will be neceilary to rub the latter with
the mercurial ointment till they are foften-
ed, and at laft drfibived. Sometimes in-
deed tbey will not yield to this treatment*
in which cafe they mufl: be taken out with
the knife, and the parts treated as a frefii
wounds
WARRANT A Horse. A jockey that
fells a borfe, is by an inviolable cuftom ob-
liged to warrant him^ that is, to refund the
g U 2 monc
WAR
money that was -given for h\vn, and receive
again the horfe in nine days after, the firft
delivery, in cafe he fold him when under
fuch infirmities as may efcapc the view of
the buyer, and as they are obvioufly difco-
vered ; namely, purfincfs, glanders, and
tinfoundnefs, hot and cold.
But he docs not warrant him clear of
fuch infirmities as may be feen and difcern-
ed.
And not only a horfe-merchanl or jockey,
but pcrfons of what quality foevcr, ftand
obliged by the law of nature, and will be
conftrained to take back the horfe, if he is
afFeftcd with the diforders firft mcniioncd,
and to repay the money.
WARREN. A franchife, or place pri-
Tilegcd, cither by prefcrrption or grant from-
the king, to keep beafts and fowls of war--
ren in.
The word now is generally' aprplied to
a quantity of ground fet afide for rabbets^
* A warren, as well as other things, requires
a proper place and particular fituation ; it
fhould be upon a fmall afcent, expofed to
the eaft or fouth ; the fori that is moft fuit-
able to it, is that which h fandy ; for to
snake a warren in a ftrong clayey ground,
would be the way to hinder the rabbets
from nrKiking themfelves burroughs with
cafe •, if the warrren Ihould be moorifh
ground, you would reap but little benefit
from them, wet being injurious to thefc
animals.
A warren, properly fpeaking, is a coppice
whrch is cut every ten, twelve or fifteen
years, according as the owner thereof thinks
fit ; and if it be made near his houfe> it is
the better ; otherwife he muft be content
to have it according as the fituation of the
ground will allow.
He ought to take all the due precautions,
that his warren be fo contrived, that the
rabbets may eafily habituate themfelves to
it : but how to fucceed therein, men*s fen-
timents differ : ancient authors, who have
wrote upon this fubjcft, fay, that it muft
be furrounded with walls; but others
thiak this extravagancy, and that the ex-
t
WAR
pence will by much exceed the profit 5 andl
indeed we find not many that arc fo inclo-
fed, but every one is at his own liberty as>
to that.
Mr, Cbomers opinion Fs, that a warren
ought to be encoTTipafTed by a good ditch ;
and though fuch an incloier cannot hinder
the rabbets frorp going out, atleaftifit
be not filled with water, yet it a>ay be hoped
no damage may accrue therefrom, whea
once they are accuftomed to the place, to
which they will keep, though there be nei-
ther walls nor ditches to hem them in. He
that makes a warren, is at liberty to make
it as large as he pleafes, the extent is not to
be limited i only this may be obferved, thac
the more ipacious k i»> the more it will be
to the owner's profit*
I do not know, fays the fame author, how
thofe who have wrote before me upoa the
fubjeft of warrens, have given their opini-
on, that it ought to be furrounded witb
ditches full of water; they muft either be
acquainted with the nature of rabbets, 0/
they muft not : if they were, why, fincc
they know moifture to be injurious to thefe
animals, they fhould adviie a thing that
moft contributes to it, by brining watei
abow by the means of ditches 2 Is not this
aAing agamft the eourfe of nature i and if
they were not fenfible of the matter, ther
could have no reafon to prcFcribe what muft
naturally tend to the detriment of a warren ^
and therefore without troubling themfelves
about what will become of the rabbets that
are put into a warren, let them make one ia
fuch a fituation as is before defcribcd> and
furrounded with good dry ditches, and it
will be fufEcient.
If you have but few rabbets to ftock your
warren with, you muft exercife the more
patience, to wait for the pleafure andl pro.fic
you may exped from it ; fuch things there
are in this world, time i^ required before
men can make their advantages of them,,
therefore you muft wait^ a warren is of fuch
a nature, that it cannot too iboa abound
with fubjeAs that are proper for it, fo as to
be in a condition to yield good profit to the
owner : thofe who defire to have a warren
' iboJ)>
WAR
feori, ought to furnlfh themfclves with a
certain number of does big with young ;
thele animals, by their young ones, will
multiply in time ; but they muft not
for the firft two years be hunted, and but
a little the third i but thofc who have moft
knowledge in this kind of management,
take care to ftock their warren, by the
means of a great number of conies, and it
is kept up the better when this is done.
WARREN, The next franchife in de-
gree to a park, is the liberty and franchife
of a free warren.
The beaft« and fowls whereof are faid to
be four, viz. the hare, the coney, the phea-
fant, and the partridge, and no other,
(being fuch as maybe taken by long-winged
hawks) that, for the moft, there arc no of-
ficers in a warren, but the mafter of the
game, or the keeper, and that there is no
necefBty of inclofing the fame, as there h
of a park.
And that becaufe a foreft, in dignity, is
both the higheft;, and the greateft franchife;
fo it doth comprehend in it a chace, a park,
and a free warren ; for which reafon the
beafts of the chace, and beads and fowls
of the warren arc as much privileged within
a forcft as the bcafts of the foreft are, every
foreft being in itfelf a chace, though a
chare be not a foreft,- but a part of it ; and
the like may be faid of a park or warren.
For which reafon, the huntings hurting,
6r killing any of the beafts or fowls of chace,
park, or warren, within the limits of the
forcft, is a trefpafs of the foreft, and to be
piinifced only by the laws of the foreft, and
not otherwifc.
Although it is faid before, that the bcafts
and fowls of the warren are the hare, the
coney, thephcafant, and the partridge, yet
my lord Coke accountcth all fowls fer^e na-
tura. There be both beafts and fowls of
the warren, faith he ; beafts, as hares, co-
nies and roes ; fowls of two forts, vi%, ter-
rejiresy and aquajiles^ (i. e, land fowl, and
water fowl) \ that the terrejires are of two
forts, /ylveJireSi i. e. of the woods ; and
4ampeJir€S i. e. of the plain fields •, the firft
are the pbeafant^ woodcock, (:?c» the fecond^
WAT
' partridge, quail, tail, ^c. the aquatiles, or
water fowl, as mallard, hern, ^c.
WART, An cxcrefccncc, or fupcrfluity
of fpongy flefti that rifes in the hinder paf-
terns of coach>horfes ^Imoft as big as a
walnut.
A wart fuppurates and voids red ftinking
matter, and is not cured but for a time,
for it returns again.
fTatf, or Jpongy Excrejcence near the Eye. of
a Horfe.
This imperfeftion proceeds from con-
gealed phlegm lodged there, which in time
caufes the eye to wafte, or to grow little,
if it be not remedied.
For the cure ; put three ounces of powder
of copperas inttf a crucible, on a charcoal
fire, keeping the matter ftirring from time
to time -, but take care to avoid the fteams >
continue a pretty fmart heat till the matter
grows fomewhat reddiftii then take it off
the fire, and when it is cooled, break it,
and beat the matter to a very fine powder i
then incorporate four ounces of this powder
with five ounces of album rhaCs, and mak«
an ointment to be applied cold to the
warts •, anoint them lightly every day, and
they will fall oflflike kernels of nuts, with-
out caufing any fwelling in the legs.
But you muft take care to anoint nothing
but the warts, nor muft you work or ridg
the horfe during the application of the
ointment.
As foon as the warts are fallen off, which
will be in a month's time,, drefs the fores
with the Countefs's ointment, and* it will
compleat the cure in a month more; for
the fores* arfc .ufually very deep where the
warts are large.
WATERS TOR FisK. If you have a
pond that is fupplied by a white fat water,
#pon grear rains you may put in at firlt
three hundred carps per acre, if there be
three or four acres of pond ; but otherwifc
you muft not put. in fo many : and it will
be proper to put in alfo forty or fifty tenches
for a trial j becaufe this fort of water is vtry
proper
WAT
jM-opcr for carp, but being laid dry fomc
time may do weH for tenchcfi alfo.
Perches may be added to what number
you pleafe, as ftippofe fix hundred, for
they are great breeders ; and being alfo
filhesof prey, they devour their own fpecies
as much, if not more, than any other filh.
And thefe are accounted one of the bcft
forts of fifli.
Take care how you put bream into thefe
waters, for they grow up very flowly, tho*
they will at length become very large, but
in the mean time they breed fo prodigioufly,
and have fuch a flimy, nafty.fry, as both'
robs and fouls the water, which renders it
unfit for other fifli ; but when a water is
ten or twelve acres in extent, and fed with
fome brook, winter and fummer, they will
do well ; otherwife not to be made ufe of.
As for pike, they are dangerous gucfts
in fuch ponds, for if they arc grown big,
they will devour the beft filh, and depo*
pulate the water; but if you can get one
hundred jacks once in two years, not ex-
ceeding nine inches, you may put them to-
gether with the carps, into great waters, fa
that your carps be not leffer than nine or
ten inches; but you muft not let thena
continue there more than two years 5 after
which time put them into their peculiar
ponds, where being duly fed, they will
grow to be very large and fine fifli.
It is not expedient to (look great ftand-
ing waters with eels, for they arc but of
flow growth J and being alfo but of an in-
different fize, they will be lean and dry ;
but fuch moats into which the finks of
houfcs drain, are places in which they will
thrive well.
Thefe difcftions relate particularly tathe
firft (locking of new made ponds ; but afwr
one, two, or three year«, (for they muft
not continue longer full) when you come
to re-ftock, andfo, on all occafions, y^
may put three or four hundred carps, and
eight hundred tench (if the water feeds
them) into an acre, befides perches.
You muft likewife take notice, that if the
fi(h with which you ftock your ponds, be
tjdcen out of ovcr-ftockcd ponds, which.
WAT
renderi them lean and poor, you muft at
the fame time double your fiock, or dfe
the too fudden plenty of food at the -firft
will furfeit them, and they will die of over*
much blood, as has been found by ex-
perience,
WATER PROPER FOR Horses. The
prefervation of horfes depends confiderablf
on the water they -drink while they are tia«
veiling : that which is leaft quick and pe*
netrating is beft j a river being preferable
to a fpring, or a fountain to a draw-welU
However, if a man is obliged to let his
horfe drink fuch penetrating water, iti>ught
to be fee in the fun, or fome of it warmed
to corrcfit the (harpnefs of the reft ; or it
maybe a little amended by ftirring it about
with the hand, or throwing hay among tt :
but if the water be extreme quick and
piercing, mingle warm water or wheat*
bran with it, and that will fufficiently cor«
reft the fault.
WATERING OF Horses. The due per-
formance of this requires the obfervanceof
the following rules :
All the while you are upon a journey, let
your horfe drink of the firft good water yom
come to, after feven o'clock in thenK>rn]og>
if it be in fummer^-timcj and after nine or
ten in winter.
That is accounted good water, which is
neither too quick and piercing, nor too
.muddy and ftinking.
This is to be done, unlefs you would
have him gallop a long time after drink-
ing; for if fo, you muft forbear.
Though it is the cuftom of England to
run and gallop horfes after drinking, wbkh
we call watering cour&s, to bring them
(as they fay) into wind,.yet fays M.deSoU
lexfeh it is the moft pernicious praftice that
can be innagined for hoi^fcs, by which many
are rendered purfy.
While a horfe is drinking, draw up his
head five or fix times, making him moveia
little between every draughts and notwith-
ftanding he be warm, and fweat very much,
yet if he is not quite out of breath, and you
have ftill four or five miks to ride, he will
be better after df iakiog a iittle, than if Jie
had
^■■i«»i»^i»-^w^
WAT
li«d drank norve at aU ; k ia trur, iiadeed,
that if the horfcis very waroi, you fliould
at conTingout of the water, redouble your
pace» to mal^ him go at a gentle trot> to
ivarm the water in his betly.
You ought to let him drink after this
manner during the whole time of your jour-
ney^ becauie if when you happen to bait,
lie be hot, or fweaty, you mult not let him
drink (ov a lang time* becaufe it would en-
danger hi& liie; and when his bridle is
udcen ofF^ bis excefUve thirft wiQ hixxier him
froa\ eating, lb that he will not ofier to
touch his meat for an hour or two ; which,
perhaps, your occa&ons. will not allow you
for a^baitiog time^ and not to have any
food will render hian unfit for trareL
. If you meet with any Cord before you
come ti> your inn, ride the boric through
it two or three times,, but not up to his
belTy ^ this will cleanlc hi:^ legs ; but the
coldnefs of the water will, bind up- the liu-
mouKs,. and pr&viuit them ftoin deicending.
If your horfe: has been very warm, and
you have not had thecoaveaiency of water-
ing him upon the road, he- will, when un-
bridled, eat but very little, therefore he
Ihould have his oats given him wallied in
ale or beer, or only £bme of them, if you
ifitend to feed him again after he has
drank.
: Some are of opimon, that horfes are often
fpoiled by giving them oats before their
water 5 becaufe they fay, the water makes
the oats pafs too foon, and out of the llo-
tnach undigefted. But M. ie Solleyfel af-
firms, that though it be the common cuf-
tom ROC to do it till aftec, yet it is proper
CO feed with eats both before and after,
c%iec]^Uy if the horfe be warm, and has
been hard rid, for they will be a; great deal
the better for it,, and in no danger of be-
«omiAg Iklu
Grem WaUr fvr many S^raMvesi,
Take an ounoe and half of JS^rmx^ vitriol,.,
and as muck voach allum, an ounce of ver-
idigre^fe, and two otances of copperas, re-
duoe them all to a very fine £owder^ and
WAT
put them Into a two-quart bottle,, into which
pour a quart of the beft and ftrongeft white
wine vinegar; then having tied fome pieces
of lead or iroa about the neck of it» thac
fo it nnay fink, put a hard roll of hay in the
bottom of a kettle, that the bottom of the
bottle may not touch the kettle ; then cut-
ting three notches in the fides of the cork,,
left the bottle Ihould break, fiop up the
bottle,. Cct it in the kettle upon the hay, (o
that it may Itaad upright i then put fo muck-
cold water into the ketd'e, that about two'
or three inches of tlie neck of the bottle
may remain above the water; then hanj
the kettle over the fire, and make it boi^
for half an hour, or fo fong till the vinegar
has diflblved the powders; taking the bot^
tie out now and then,; and fiiaking the vi-*
negar and powdeps together; and when you'
find that they are well mixed, take tnem
oflf the fire, and keep it clofe {topped wick^
a cotk,. for ule.
The Method of ujing i/ is as^ foUows r
Take an earthen pan which will hold^
about twelve q;uarts, fill this with ch^m-
ber-lee, that h^ been made by healthy,
foutki, and young perfons ; and the fi:aler
the chamber- lee is, the better it will be for
ufe. It ought to ftand in the pan at leaft
three weeks before you ufe it.
It will be proper to have a pailFui of it
aWays ready: and when you have occafion-
to ufe this medicine for a moderate grief,»
half a pint, or better,, of the above defcribed
vinegar, with a qpart of the dale chamber-
lee, or if you would have it ftrongcr, more'
of the vinegar ^ then they being mixed to-
gether hot,, (or though in winter) cold,>
with a foft i^g, bathe the legs, heels, of
parts of the hocfe afiedted with it,> twice a^
' As to the virtues of this water ; ir is the'
beft remedy yet known in the world, either
for the prevention or cure of many grcatf
and dangerous forrances, to which horles
are liable ; as malenders,. whichit cures ajc^
on;ce or twice dr^fiing.
\
WAT
• • •
The mangC) cither dry or wet, rat-tailf,
(cratches^ gourded or fwelled legs and
heels ; it alfo prevents^ and cutes the greafe
fallen into the legs and heels.
And it will alfo cure the farcfj, if to
thefe two laft named difeafes you purge the
horfe before, and once, twice, or three
times during the time of cure.
It is a noble cleanfer and healer of all
ilubborn and foul uleers and wounds in a
horfe ; preventing the breeding of worms,
and all proud flefh in wounds, as well as a
repcller or driver away of any flux of hu-
mours from any part; alfo clifts and cracks
in the heels, pains, &?r. preventing wind-
galls, by it's repellent and ftrengthening
quality.
The green water alone, without the
chamber- lee, is the beft of remedies for
the cure of all fiftula's, cankers, and galled
backs, not difpofing fuch forrances to rot,
fefter, arid grow worfe, as all greafy and
oily medicines do.»
^n excellent Eye-iidater.
Reduce lapis calaminaris to a very fine
powder i alfo take powder of the beft bole
armoniac, called Venetian bole, and the
beft white vitriol, of each an ounce : put
them into a new earthen pipkin, which will
hold four quarts, and boil them til} the li-
quor is confumed to three quarters of a
pint ; then let it fettle, and pour off the
.clear from the/oeces % to which clear liquor,
add two drams of faccharum faturni, com-
monly called fugar of lead -, ,falt of vitriol,
two drams \ camphire diffolved in fpirit of
wine, better than a quarter of an ounce \
tindlure of aloes, better than half, but not
.quite three quarters of an ounce ; red rofe
water, three quarters of k pint \ prepared
tutty, near, but not quite, half an ounce:
xnix all thefe together and keep it in a
bottle for ufe.
It is one of the beft eye -waters for horfes
extant, for all difeafcs of the eyes, as pin
and web, pearls, clouds, blood-lhottcn, lore
and running eyes, ialt, hot, and (harp
riicums, u]cers, jQiftvla's, - bruifcs, ftripes
WAT
4
(and if it be mixed with a little honey, wit&
as much as you ufe at thje time of uftng it};
alfo moon-blind, ftrengthening the fight to
a miracle, by only fyringing it into the t,^tx
a fyringe full two or three times a day.
As to its extraordinary virtues, a certain
author gives the following inftance :
A young unruly horfe being put into a
cart, in order to learn him to draw, was {i^
unruly, that two or three men could fcarce
govern him, fo that one of the men, by
violently whipping him over the face, he
happened * to receive a moft dangerous
ftroke by a knotted whipcord, in the eye,
fo that the cord had quite cut through the
firft coat of the eye, fo deep, that the dent
or wound would more than bury the whip-
cord; and that wolind was all along the
middle of the fight of the eye, which in-
flamed the eye and eye-lid to that degree,
that the eye grew as big as one's fift \ and
all thebeft farriers judged it impofllble to
recover the. fight 5 but thf eye-lid being
bathed with a rag dipped in a little hoc
beer, in which a little butter had beea
boiled, and a handful of fage leaves, a$
hot as the horfe could endure it, the fwel-
ling was thereby foon brought down ; and
then two or three fyringes full of the above-
faid water at a time being injefted into the
eye, and that two or three times a day,
made a pcrfefl: cure of rhc eye in leifs
than a week, and reftored the horfe to hii
fight as before.
Red Water.
This is a filthy humour ifluing from anjr
wound, fore, or ulcer, in a horfe, whicn
fo long as it remains in, does fo poifon
them, that they are not to be cured till it
is brought out.
To effeft this, take the root of the herb
called Good King Henry % or All Good^ and
boirit in water, and give it him ; or give
him a good handful of muftard-feed beaten
fmall in white-wine vinegar, two or three
times together, one after another $ but you
muft be £ure to keep his belly rubbed with
a good
W A T ' ^
« good long ftick by two men^ one at one
end and the other at the other.
WATERS OR Humours in Horses.
Their hind legs are fubjeft to certain whitCj
iharp, and corrupt humours or waters^
Mrhich happen very rarely in the fore le^s,
and arc difcovered by fearching the pafterns,
if a moiftncfs be found beneath the hair,
which is extremely (linking, and will grow
all round the paftern and padcrn joint, and
fometimes almoft up to the very ham.
Thefc waters do frequently caufc the paf-
terns to fwell, keep the legs (liff, make the
horfe lean, and feparate the flefli from the
coronet, near t|ie heels.
They may be eafily put a ftop to in their
beginning, but after they have been of fome
continuance, it is an error of thofe who in-
tend to difperfe them ; for although they
may dry them up for a time, yet they will
return and break out again.
As for the cure ; if it be begun in winter
time, they will occafion a great deal of
trouble ; but in the fummer time, the white
honey charge will produce fuch eScAs as
Art beyond expectation •
Fcr Waterf Eyes^
This infirmity proceeds either from rheu-
matic and moift humours^ or from fome
ftroke or blow> either with a whip^ itick^
or fuch like, and the cure is,
Firft bleed him in the eye-vein, then
melt pitch, maftich, and rofin, of each
equal quantities together, and fpread it
with a ftick over his temples; then lay
ibme wool ovpr it, fo as to lie flat to his
head.
Then having difiblved fome allum in
white-wine, wa(h his eyes with it ; or blow
fome powder of tutty into them ; or you
may mix a little tutty with fine honey, and
touch the corner of the eye with it, and
you will' find the plaifter wilf loofen and
fall ofi^, as the humour decreafes.
WATERY SoRKs in Hors£s. There is
a certain ftinking or fretting matter, which
ifiues out of the pores, and deadens the fkin
jof the paftern^ tetlock^ and fometimes of I
WAT
the whole leg of a horfe, and is fo corrofive,
that it loofcns the hoof. from the coronet at
the heel, appearing on the Ikin in form of
a very white and malignant matter, which
fhews the greatnefs of the corruption.
The breaking out of this matter, is al .
ways ulhered in by a fwclling, and accom-
panied with pain, and at laft acquiring a
venomous quality, it is fuccecded by warts, ;
clefts,, and nodes, which in procefs of time,
over-run the whole part, and render the
cure very difficult.
It commonly appears at firft on the fide of
the paftern, and afterwards rifcs up to the
middle of the leg, peeling off fome part of
the hair.
As for the cure; .as foon as you perceive
a horfe to be feized with this difteitiper,
let him blood fparingly, two pounds of
blood will be enough; then give {lim evers
njorning for eight days toget&r, adecod-ion
of guaiacum, or of box-wood, and after- '
wards purge him, obferving the fame me-
thod as is prefcribed for the farcinj^ tobicb
fee.
In the mean time you muft (have awaf
the hair, and if the leg be Rot gourded, rub
the fore places very hard with a wifp, ia
order to apply the following ointment for
drying up water fores :
Take a pound of black foap, an ordinary^
glafs full of fpirit of wine, two ounces of
common fait beaten fmall, and three ounces .
of burnt allum, with a fufficient quantity .
of meal : make an ointment of thcfe, to be
laid on the part without any covering or
bandage. The next day wafii the place
very clean with new made urine, and apply
the ointment feveral timesj waftiing it as
before.
Water-Jfaniel \ how to train and order bim
for the game in fowling.
The water dog is of fuch general ufe, and
fo common amongft us, that there needs no
great defcription of him ; but there are
great differences amongft themi as well in
p^portion as otherwife.
3 X As
A T
. M to colour^ the curious will make a
difference, as the black to be the befl: and
hardicft; the fpottcd or pied, quickeft of
fcent, and the Hver-hewed quickeft in
fwimmrng : but, in truth, colour is not
material^ for without doubt there are good
and bad of all colours, and that by experi*-
ence is found : but his breeding, training
up, ajid coming of a good kind, are the
chief things ; yet it muft be confeffed, that
as to handfomenefs, the colour is to be re-
garded, fo is the proportion as to the ihape -,
aiid then his head (hould Be rounds with
curled hair, his ears broad and hanging, his
eyes full and lively, his nofe ihort, his lips
like unto an hound's, his neck thick and
fhort, his (houlders broad, his legs fVraight,
Kis chine fquare, his ribs with a compafs,
his buttocks round, his thighs brawny^ his
belly gaunt, hispafterns ftrong and dew-
clawed, and his fore^feec long and round,
with .his hair in general long and curled,
not loo(e and (bagged i for the firfl: (heweth
bardioeli and ftrength to endure, the water,
and the other much tendernefs and weak*
ntfs.
Now for the training and bringing him up
you cannot begin too early, I mean to teach
bind obedience, when he can but lap, for
that is the principal thing to be learned ; fpr
being made to obey, he is then ready to do
your commands, therefore fa foon as he can
jap, teach him to couch and lie clofe, not
daring to ftir from that poftur^ without your
commands; and the better to effefk this,
always cherUh him when he does your will,
and cprreft him when he difobeys : and be
fure to obferve, that in the firft teaching
him you never let him eat any thing, but
when he does fomething to obferve ir> that
he may thereby know that food is a thing
that Cometh not by chance, or by a liberal
hand, but only for areward for well-doing ^
and this will make him not only willing to
learn,, but^ apt to remember what he is
taught without blows,, and to that end, have
no more teachers thanone, for variety breeds
CQofufion^ as teaching divers ways, io that
])e can learn no way welK
Another thing. is> you mud be. very con*
WAT
ftant to the words of direftion by which yoir
teach him, chuiing fuch as are moft per*
tinent to that purpofe, and thofe words
that you firft ufe, do not alter, for dogs
take notice of the found,not of the Englijb^fo
that the lead alteration puts them to a ftand:
for example, if you teach him to couch at
the word down^ this will be a known com-
mand unto him j and I am of opinion, that
to ufe more words than what is necefiary
for one and the fame thing, is to overload
his memory, and caufe forgetfuinefs in him.
And this method (hould be obferved, aa
to the fetting-dog.
You mufl: teach him alio to know the
word of corredlion, and xepreheniion^ ibr
no leffon can be taught without a fault;
and no fault fhould efcape without repr6*
henfion, or at lead: of chiding, and in
this be as cqnftant to a word ; as. Go io(k
Jirrahy rafcaly or the likej which at firft
(hould be u(ed with ala(b or jerk, to make
him know, that it ia a word of wrath or aa«
ger ; neither muR fuch words proceed frou\
you lovingly or gently, but with paffion and
roughnefs of voice, together with fierce*
nefs of looks, that the ^help rhay
tremble whea ho^^ hears you ipeak thus.
You muft have certain words or cherilhing^
when he hath done well, that he may be
thereby encouraged^ as, ^bafs a ga^d bwf^
Vifill don4> or. 3ie like, uGng therewith
chearfulnefs of fpeecb, nor without ak^ions.
of favour, as fpitting in his mouth, clap-
ping him on the back, and the like ; yoi^
muil alfo ufe fome words of advice> diaf:
when he is at his fport, he may the better
perfisrm the fame, and they may ferve tQ»
fpur or put him forward with more chear-*
fulnefs oif fpirit/ as, T^Ju beed^ bem^ or the
like.
When your whelp is broiughltoaiideji»
ftand thefe feveral words, viz, of ioftruc*^
tioR, carF€6ti<)nx cheri^thing, and aduicej.,
and that he wiUcouch and lie down at your-
feet, how> whe<i, and at^long;asyoupleafe,.
and that with a word, 00 lookool;^ then
teach him toieadin a lioe or collar^ aadto^
follow at your heels, wichout^romiog too*
clofft Off haag^ng^ hack ^ tbocOieaAJi^ of
tbisL.
WAT
tWs IS, to teach him to be more familiar
and obedient unto you.
Having brought hrm to perfeft obedience,
to follow you in a line, the next thing muft
be, to make him follow you in like man-
ner loofe, without a line, and always to be
at your heels, and to lie down by you with-
out your leave to the contrary : this is as
ncceffary a Icflbn as can be t^aught him, for
he muft be fo but upon fpecial occafions,
as to raife up fowl from their haunts, and
find our, and bring what you have (hot or
killed, untovou.
•
The next leflbn to learn him is, to fetch
and carry any thing that you (hall command
him ; and this you may begin to teach him
by the way of fport, as by taking your
glove, and (leaking his head, making him
to catch at it, and to play with it ; and
fomettmes let him hold it in his mouth, and
flrive to puli it from you i then caft it a lit-
tle way from you, and let him muzzle it on
the ground; then take it from him gently,
giving him cheri(hing, as, I'bafs a good
ioy^ w^H dont^ or the like.
After you have fpcnt fome time in this,
and that you find him to take it from the
ground, and to hold it in his mouth, as it
were^ from you, then begin to caft it fur-
ther and further, giving your command,
faying, Fetch or bring it^ firrnh \ and if he
brings it, then cherilband reward him with
meat, or a cruft of bread, and let him have
no food, but what he deferves by doing his
lefTon, and by your continual praftice he:
will fetch your glove, or any thing clfe you
throw out for him.
If at any' time he offers to runaway with
your glove, or to tofs it tip and down wan-
tonly, not bringing it you orderly, then
firft give him your word of inftruftion.
And if that will not do, your word of
Gorreftion ; and if neither avail, then pro-
ceed to blows, and give, him nothing to
eat as a reward, until he does as you com-
mand him.
When by this means you have made him
perfeft, and that he will fetch a glove rea-
dily wherever you throw it, bringing it
to you, although in company, and all call
1
WAT
him to come to them \ you muft then mak^
much of him, and reward him very well •
and having trained him to fetch your glove*
then proceed to teach him to fetch what"
foevcr you throw from you, as, balls, flicks,
ftones, money, or any thing that is por-
table.
As alfo teach him to carry live or dead
fowl, and with a tender mouth, that when
you have occafion to ufc him for the fport,
he may bring them to you without tearing,
or fo much as bruifing a feather.
As you walk with him in the fields, drop
fomething behind you unknown to him j
and being gone a little way fend him back
to feek it, by faying, Back^firrah^ I have
loft ; and if at firfl he ftan,d amazed, urge
him ftill, and ceafe not by pointing to him
the way you would have him go, until by
feeking out he finds that which you drop-
ped \ which make him take up, by faying,
Tbafs ity and to bring it after you j then
drop it again, going twice as far as former-
ly, cauGng him to go back to feek it, not
leaving him till you have made him find
it, and bring it to you, for which cherifli
and reward him; and where he fails, there
chaftife or chide him, fometimes with angry
words, other times with blows, and fome-
times keep him fading, according to hi^
offence ; and tjius do until he will hunt
the way back which you went, were it above
a mile.
But if your dog happen to bring you a
wrong thing, you muft receive it from him,
and cherifli him ; but fend him back prc-
fently again, faying. Away again, or Ihav^,
loft morcj and be not fatisfied until he hath
brought you the right thing; and if he re-
turn without any thing, then be Aire borh
to chide and beat him for his floch and neg-
ligence.
When he will thus fetch, carry and find
out things thus loft, then train him to iiunt-
ing, beginning firft with tame fowl, which,
by your help, (when they dive or otherwife)
you may with little labour make him take,
which will hearten. and encourage him to
the fport.
3X2 After
WAT
After this, make him ufe all his cunning
i^ithout your affiftance, whether he gets or
lofes the game, and according to his defert,
reward or correal him : by this praftice
he will become mafter of his game,
and befure dways that he bring his game
(when taken) to the fhore unto you without
hurting it.
Your next bufincfs Ihould be, to train
him unto your fowling-piece, caufing him
to follow, as it were, ftep by ftep behind
you, and under the covert of your fliadow
until you have (hot, or clfc to couch, or lie
clofe, where you appoint him, by faying, lie
clofe^ until you have (hot ; and then upon
the leafl: notice, or beckoning, fpeedily to
come and do what you command.
Some dogs are fo expert, as to have ^heir
eye upon the game, and upon a gun's going
ofF, immediately run to fetch it ; but it i$
adjudged npt fo good, for the piece (hould
hot be a warning to him, but your com-
mand ; and if you give him this liberty at
your (hooting,whea you come amongft your
nets or lime-twigs, and as foon as he feeth
the fowl entangled and (kuter their wings,
he will prefently ru(h in amongft them, and
will occafion the fpoiling your lime-rod,
and the tearing or entangling your nets.
The fpaniel is of great ufe in moulting*
time, that is, when the wild-fowl caft their
feathers, and cannot 6y, but lie lurking
about in fecret places -, which fcafon is be-
tween fummer and autumn : at which time
take your dog into fuch places where they
refort, caufing him to hunt about ; and when
he finds them, they are eafily taken, becaufc
they cannot fly.
In fenny countries, where fowl do much
refort, great quantities may be fo taken,
driving them into places where you muft
have nets ready fixed as in narrow creeks,
or the like.
Thefe fowl, if taken and kept tame, and
fed with beafts livers, whey, curds, barley,
pafte, fcaldcd bran, and the like, are ex-
cellent food, far furpaffing thofe abfolutely
wild both for plumpnefs, fatncfs of body,
and alfo for fweetnefs of tafte.
WATTLES i the gills of a cock, or the
W H E
naked red fie(h that hangs under a turkey's
neck.
WEAK ; eafy branch^ Set BANQUBTand
BANQi7BT-LlNE.
Weaning of a Colt.
When you have a mind to wean a foal,
take it from it's dam the over-night, and
put it in fome empty place where it may
r^ft, and out of the hearing of the mare.
The next morning give the foal fafting, a
fprig or two of favin, rolled in butter, and
keep him fafting for two hours after ; then
give him a little meat, as grafs, hay, or
cha(F, with fome clean water ; manage him
thus for three days one after another, by
which time he will have forgot the dam ;
and if you intend to make a gelding of him,
geld him \ and after the fwelling is a(rwag-
ed, put him into a pafture, with other
colt-foals by themfelves, and the fiUiea
into a pafture by themfelves.
Let thefe paftures be fpacious pieces of
ground, where they may run till they arc fit
for the faddle.
WEAR 7 a ftapk or great jdamin a river,
WARE 3 contrived (or the takingof filb>
or for conveying the ftream to a mill.
^0 defiroy JVeaJels.
Take fal armoniac, pound it, and with
wheat-flour and honey make it into a pafte,
with the white of an egg ; lay it in pellets
where they come, and it will kill them.
To prevent their fucking hen*s eggs, lay
rue about the rooft, and they will not come
near them.
WHEEZING, OR Blowing in Hoeses,
is quite different from putfivenefs : for thia
wheezing does not proceed from any defe6t
in the lungs, but from the narrowncfs of the
pa(ragcs between the bones and griftles of
the nofe.
And farther, thefe horfes_ do not want
wind; for notwithftanding they blow fo
exceflively when excrcifed, yet their flanks
will be but little moved, and in their na-
tural condition.
a. There
WH E
2. There are other horfes that are thick
ivinded, that is, have their breaching a little
more free than the fornfier; but neither the
one nor the other are agreeable^ or for any
great fervice.
Ypt a perfon may be liable to be mif-
taken in this cafe, for when a horfe has
been kept a long time in the liable without
cxercife, he will, at the firft riding, be out
of breath, although he be neither a blower,
nor thick winded.
3. There are fome wheczers or blowers,
that rattle and make a noife through the
nofe I but this impediment goes and comes,
and is only occafioncd by abundance of
phlegmatic ftuff; for their fl.mks will not
redouble, ^either will they have ^ cough
with it, and therefore they cannot be
purfv,
WHELPS i thofe who have fair hounds,
ihould chufe fair bitches^ and fuch as are
ilrong and well proportioned in every part,
with large ribs and Hanks.
Thp bed feafon for coupling hounds, is
in January^ Februaryy and March, for then
they will litter in a good time of the year
(that is in the fpring) fo that they will be
fit to enter in due courfe without lofs of
time, or of the feafon j for if bitches litter
in the winter, it is very troublefome to
bring up their whelps, and it will be dif-
ficult to keep them alive i cold being very
injurious to all young creatures.
The dogs that line the bitches mufl: not
be above five years old, for if they are older
(it is the opinion ofmany) the whelps which
they get will prove dull and heavy.
You ought alfo to be furc to get good
dogs for the bitches at their firii growing
proud, for fome perfons hav.e made this ob-
iervation, that if it be amaftifF, greyhound,
or hound, that firft lines a bitch, in all the
litters that (he will have afterwards, -one of
her whelps will refemble the dog that fxrlV
lined her.
And although the firfl litter of whelps is
not accounted fo good as thefccond or third,
becaufe they arefuppofed to be both weak-
er and fmaller, yet you (hould not fail to have
her lined at firft with a good fair hound.
W H E
'When a bitch has grown proud, it is not
good to cool her in the water ; for that con*
geals the blood within her veins and arteries,
and caufes the belly-gripes, manginefs, and
other difeafcs.
When a bitch begins to grow pretty big^
with 'whelp, fufFcr her not to hunt, or ufe
any violent excrcife, for that may caufeher
to caft her whelps ; take care to feed her
well, and provide her a clean and private
place to litter in, and keep them there for
a few days, that they may be familiarized
with it.
When your bitch has littered, chufe thofc
you wifli to keep, drowning the reft i there
will indeed be fome difficulty in chufing
the bcft j for according to the opinion of
fome, thofe will be the fwifteft and beft»
that are the lighteft while they fuck ; but
will not be the ftrongeft: others tell us,
that that whelp that fees the laft is beft t
and others advzfe to remove the whelps, and
lay them in feveral places, watching the
bitch, and that whelp which (he carries firft
to the kennel, will prove the beft.
Let the whelps have good frefti ftraw to*
lie on, and let it be often changed ; nor
do not let them be expofed to fun-fhine
or rain ; and it will be of advantage to them
to anoint their flcins once or twice a week
with nut-oil, mixed with fafiVon pounded,
which will not keep them only from being
annoyed witliiflies, but will kill worms of
all kinds. *
When the whelps are fifteen days old, let
them be wormed, and a week after, cut or
twift off one joint of their fterns ; when thev
can fee, give them milk to lap ; and whea
they arc two months old wean thcnn, keep*
ing them from their dams j they then ought
to be well fed, but not too high kept; and
now and then put fome cummin-feeds in-
their bread, to expel or keep wind out of
their bellies.
Some indeed advife to let the whelps fuck
three months, and afterwards to wean them,,
and then to put them to be kept in villages^
till they are ten months old : giving.a ftri(Sb
charge to thofe who keep them not tafuf-
fer them to eat carrion, and not to fuffer
them
/
W H I
them to frequent warrens^ which will be
injurious Co them. .
Let them be fed with bread made of
wheat, for rye-bread will pafs too foon
through them, and is fo light, that they
will be narrow backed i whereas hounds
ought to have broad ones.
They having been kept in this manner
till ten months old, take them up and put
them into the fields amongft others, that
they may be inured to live after the fame
manner; about which time begin by de-
i grees to couple them w ith others, that they
.may learn to go a hunting.^
Five or fix days -pradlicc of this may do,
And in order to make them tradable, in
• cafe they Ihould go aftray or open unfeafon-
i bly, let them now and then feel the fmart
•of your whip.
WHINE. An hunting term, ufed for
:the cry of an otter.
WHIPPING m Ancling. The faften-
ing a line to the hook or to the rod ; it is
aifo ufecTfor the cafting of the hook, and
drawing it gently on the water.
WHITE Face or Blaze ; is a white mark
upon horfe&defcending from the forehead^
almofi: to the nofe. S€e Ch anfrin.
WHITE FOOT. A white mark that hap-
pens in the feet of a great many horfes,
both before and behind, from the fetlock to
. the coffin.
The borfes thus marked, «re cither tra-
.melled, crofs-tratftelled, or white of all
Tour.
Some horfemen place an unlucky fatality
in thofc white of the far foot-behind. See
Chausse-Trop, Haut, and Trammeled.
WHITE footed, [in Farriery] A quality
of which it is faid there are four good
marks belonging thereto, and feven bad
ones.
The firfi: good mark is when the horfe
:has only his fore-feet, and the fecond is
;when he has his near hind-foot white.
The far hind-foot white is accounted a
bad mark.
The two fore-feet white, is accounted a
,bad mark, but not very common.
The two hind-feet white is a good mark,
efpecialiy if he hat a good ftar w blase in
his fore head.
The two forC'^feet^ and one hind-foot
white, is fomewhat better than the two fore^
feet alone.
Four white feet are an itidtcationof good
nature: but fuch horfes for the nrK>ft part
arc not very ftrong j and their fore-feet
will incline to be brittle, by reafon of the
whitenefs of the horn.
Two feet on a fide white is ft bad mark^
and fo likewife when a horfe is crofs whtte^
footed ; though this by fome is accounted
a good mark, to have the far fore-footand
near hind-foot white, efpecialiy if he have
a ilar with it.
Ermined WHITE-FEET. Are fuch aa
arc freckled with little-black fppts round the
coronets, an excellent mark. '
Laftly, the higher the white afcendsiipoa
a horfe 's lests, he is (b much the worie.
But after all, the judgment drawn from
marks and colour, is according to men's
fancies ; there being good and bad of all
marks, as well as of all colours.
WHITE-HOUND, thofe hounds which
are all of one colour are accounted the beft
hounds : in like manner, thofe which are
fpotted with red ; but thofe thlK 4re fpo^tted
with a dun colour are efteenned of little va*
lue, being faint hearted, and cannot endure
much labour.
But if they happen to be whelped coa)
black, which feldom happens, they com«
monly prove incomparable hounds*
But if white-hounds are fpotted with *
black, experience tells us they are never the
befl: hare hunters. White and black and
white and grey,ftreaked with 'white, are ai-
fo the moft beautiful.
A WILD BOAR, is called the firft year
a pig of the founder, the fecond year a hog,
the thifd a hog- freer, the fourth a boar ; at
which age, if hot before,* he leaves the
founder, and then he is called a fingler, or
fangler.
To take Wild-fowl wiib Ume Springs, &c**
Having found out anyplace where wil*-*
fowl
. fbwl refort, either great or fmall^ niake ufe
of this device.
procure a bundle of fticks about a foot
in lengthy fliarpen them at one end, and
let them be fuch as are forked at the other ;
flick thefe into the ground (lightly, only fo
as to bear up the lines or cords hereafter
mentioned, placing thefe fticks in ftraight
lines, and at equal diftances, all over the
whole place where they rcfort.
Provide a fufficient quantity of pack-
thread or fmall cord, and daub it all over
with ftrong bird*lime, if you deflgn it for
ftrongfowl, or to be ufed in the water; or
otfaerti ife ordinary bird-lime will ferve well
enough. .
Set the fticks not above fix feet diftant
one from the other, and let the fticks be of
fuch proportions as will be able to bear
up the lines, which are to be laid all along
over the forks,, faftening the ends of the
lines to the laft fticks with flipping knots,
that when any fowl comes to touch on any
part of the line, the whole line may give
way to enfnareit, fo that the more it ftfives
to get away,^ thefaftcr it will be held.
If you fet againft the morning fix the rods
er flicks over night I aod lay the lines on
at leaft an hour before dsy i for if they are
not laid fo fbon, it will, be great.odds but
the fowls will be there before you.
But if you fet for tfce evening, you mufli
ftt up fticks ^nd lioes before fun*fet$ left:
the fowls reforting thiiber, and finding you
there be frighted and avoid the place ; and
it will alfo be proper to ftrew baits.for them
to emioe them thither.
I£ yoU'place thefe rods in the water, then
you muft fet them fo, that the lines be not
above five or ftx inches ab^ve the water,
th^ the. fowl may touch on them as they
fwim^ to aod fro, ..and you may then fix one
end of the Ime,- and only let the other end
be with a.running knoci, ^and io you may be
afluredof finding what are caught.
If ypu fet over any water, the fticks -muft
b^ tkhcr longec or ibor cer> according to the
depah of the- water.
This device wjii not be fo good in light
At^a;. ^mih ibick aad daik u>gs itk very.
good, for there is no need to watcli them;
but only to go to the place every morning
and evening, and when you have made trial
of one place you may remove to another
haunt, and ftill preferve and fqpply the
fticks, lines, and lime, as you ifee occa-
fion.
If you fet for water-fowls, it will not be
amifs that fome of the lines be about two
feet high above the water, that they may •
enfnare the fowls as they make tljcir fiights, .
before they deftrend into the water, it hav-
ing been obferved that they are ufed to fly *
at about that diftance at fuch times.
WILD-GOAT. An animal as big as a ^
hart, though not fo long-legged, but flcfhy : .
they have wreaths and wrinkles on their
horns, by which you may know what age •
they are^ for according to the nuit^ber of
them, fo many years old they are.
Thefe wreaths this animal moves but not"
his beam, which if it be an old goat, it may *
be^s big as a man's leg : they have alfo a
large long b^ard 5 are of a brownifh gfcv
colour, very ftiaggy, having a black lift
down the ridge of their back, and their track .:
is lai^er than the flot of an hart.
Theyfawain Mayzs a hindprdoe dQ^$; .
they bring forth but one, which they fuckle
and bring up in the fame manner as the tame '
goat does her kid ; but about fawning time^ >
the females feparate froni the males till rut-
ting-time jin the-megn while they will run j
at man or beaft, .and fight as harts do one-.
againft another.
They go to rut about -rf//2rtf/^w-///fiy and i
continiie therein a month or five weeks j ,
when that^f9n is over they dcfcend from •
the mountain; and rocks, wbicfi are their **
cenftant abode fbr their fummcr-tfeafbni and t
herd themfcl vcjs .not gnly to avojd thp fnowi ^
but becaufc they can find Ro food any long-
er; yet they do not com^ very low, b^tx
keep at the foot pf'.thc hills till about*
Eafipr; when t^cy return again, tv^ry one -
chufing fome ftrong. hojd imhft rgcks.ass
the harts do in the thickets. ,
The male when lie go?s to rutj' h^s his*^
throat and neck- much bi^ggcf than \jfuai { 4
he hai a.very ftrong^back^^ud what ismoft t
ftraogcf.
itr^nge, though he (hould fall from on high \
ten poles length, he will receive no haraij
but will walk as fecurely on the (harp tops
o^ rocks, as an hare on the highway.
In the lad place^ this bead feeds like a
deer, only befides ivy he will eat mofs, and
the like (tuff •, in the fpring they make their
fewmets round, and afterwards broad and
flat, as the hart does when he comes to feed
V'ell
\VILD-GOAT Hunting. The chief
feafon for this (port is at Allballow^tidsi but
before you begin to hunt, you ihould take
great notice of the advantage of the coafts,
the rocks and places where the goats lie 5
then fet nets and toils towards the rivers and
bottoms, for it cannot be expefted that the
hounds Ihould follow a goat down every
ttcep place on the mountains.
It will alfo be neccffary for fome body to
(land on the rock and throw down Hones as
occafion requires ; and where the goat 'goes
down the fmall brooks or waters in the bot-
tom, there you (hould place your re-lays j
but let them never (lay till the hounds come
to it that are call off; this is the beft help,
for a man can follow neither on foot nor on
hprfeback.
WILD-GOOSE-CHACE. A method of
racing that takes it's name from the manner
• of the flight of wild-geefe, which is ge-
nerally one after another; fo that two hor^s,
after the running of twelve fcore yards, had
liberty, which horfe foever could get the
leading, to ride what ground he pleafed, the
hindmoft horfe being bound to follow him»
within a certain diftance agreed on by arti-
cles, or elfc to be whipt up by the triers or
judges who rode by; and which ever
horle could diftance the other^ won the
match.
But this chace was found by experience
fo inhuman^ and fo deftruAive to good
horfeij efpecially when two good horfes
where matched ; for neither being able to
diftance the other, till both ready to (ink
under their riders through weaknefs, often-
times the match was obliged to be drawn,
and left undecided, though both the horfes
lirpre ^uite fpoilcd.
WIN
This brought up the cnftom of train*
fcents, which afterwards was changed to
three heats and a ftraight courfe ; and that
the lovers of horfes might be encouraged to
keep good ones, places have been ereflcd in
many grounds in England.
WIND. A horle that carries in the wind,
is one that tofTes his nofe as high as his ears,
and does not carry bandfomely.
The difference between carrying in the
wind and beating upon the hand, is that
a horfe who beats upon the hand, (hakes '
his head and redds the bridle ; but he who
carries in the wind, puts up his head with-
out ihaking, and fometimes bears upon the
hand.
The oppofite to carrying in the wind, is
arming and carrying low ; and even be-
tween thcfe two, there is a difference in
wind. 5^^ Breath.
WIND BROKEN. Different authors
have been of various opinions, with regard
to its caufes, and why fome horfes Ihould be
more fubjeft to it than others -, but among
all the opinions hitherto delivered, that of
the ingenious Mr. Gil^fon fecms the beft
foonded. He thinks that its fource is
frequently owing to injudicious or hafty
feeding of young horfes for fale, by whicH
means the growth of the lungs, and all the
contents withia the cheft, are fo increafed,
and, in a few ycarsi fo preternatural ly en-
larged, that the cavity is not capacioua
enough for them to expand themiclves, and
perform their proper funftions. Nor is
this opinion founded on bare conje&ure s
horfes that have died broken winded have
been opened, and thelungs, and other parts,
found too large for the cheft.
But though hafty feeding is often the caufc
of this diforder, yet it is not always fo. A
narrow cheft may naturally produce it, and
it has been obferved, that horfes riftng eight
years old, are remarkably fubje£l to this
diforder.
The reafon why this diforder becomes
more apparent at the abovemeotioned age,
than at any other, may4)c^ecatife a horfe
then arrives at his full ftrengtb and maturi-
ty : at fix he commonly finiihes his growth
ia
WIN
in l^eightb, when he lets down hU belly and
fpreads^ and all his parts are grown to their
full extent j fo that the prcffure on the lungs
and midriff is now increafed.
Diflcftions of horfes that have died Wo-
ken winded, hare fufficiently proved what
we have obfervcd above, namely, that not
only their lungs, together with the heart
and its bag, werepreternaturally large, but
alfo the membrane, which dividesthe cheft,
and that the diaphragm, or midrifFwas re-
markably thin. In U>me the difproportion
has been found found fo large, that the
heart and lungs have been almofl: twice
their natural fize, perfectly found, and
without any ulceration whatever, or the
l^aft defedt in the wind- pipe, and its
glands.
From thefe obfervations it abundantly
:^>pears, that the enormous fize of the lungs,
and the great fpace they occupy, by hinder-
ing the Free a6\ion of the midriff, is the
principal caufe of this diforder; and as the
lungs themfelves are found much more
fieihy than ufual, they muft confequently
have loft a great part of their ipring and
tone.
As therefore the caufe of this diftemper
proceeds from the largeneis of the lungs,
we may corrclude, that is one of thofe dif-
cafes to which a horfe is fubjeA> that cannot
* be cured by art, and that the boaftings of
thofe who pretend to^cure it, are built on a
fandy foundation, as will prove in the end
vain and frivolous^ They niay, indeed, miti-
gate the fymptoms, and give fome relief to
the creature, but an abfolute cure, is not
in the power of any human being. AH there-
fore that we ihall pretend to dOj is, to lay
down fome rules, which will have a great
tendency to prevent this diforder, if pur-*
fued in time. But if they (hould not be
Aifficient, we (hall give the form of fome
remedies that will mitigate its force, and
r<end€r the horfe capable of < performing
good fervice notwithftanding his misfor-
tune.
Thcfirli fymptom preceding a broken-
wind is an obftinate dry coughs attended
vitb neither fickncfs nor lofs of appetite s
W I N
but on the contrary, a difpofition to foul
feeding, eating his litter, and drinking large
quantities of water.
, .When a horfe is troubled with this oh*
ftinate dry cough, and eats his litter, 6?^^
it ^i\\ be neceflfary to bleed hjm, and give
him the mercurial phyfic, already prefcri-
bed, and repeat k two or three times.- After
which, give the following balls for fome •
time, which by experience have been found
of the greateft efficacy in removing obfti-
nate coughs : '
Take of arum mofaicum finely powdered,
eight ounces; of myrrh and elecampane
pounded, of each four ounces j of annifceds *
and bay-berries, of each an ounce ; .of faf-
fron, half an ounce; make the whole into
balls with oxymel of (quills.
Or, as the aurum mofaicum, is not eafiljr
procured, give the following :
Take of gum ammoniacum, galbanum,^
and aflfa fcetida, of each two ounces; of
fquills, four ounces $ of cinnabar of anti-
mony, fix ounces; of fafFron, half an
ounce: make the whole into balls with
honey.
One of thefe balls, about the fize of 4i
pullet's egg, Ihould be given every morn^ .
ing.
But it is not enough to give proper me*
dicines : the diet of the horic muft be care-
fully attended to, if we wotild hope for
fuccefs 5 in order to this the horfc Ihould
eat very fparingly of hay, ^hich as well as
their corn may be wetted with chamber-lye,
or fair water, and this will make them \ti%
craving after water, which ihould by all
means be prevented.
The chamber-lye is beft for this purpofe,
becaufe the volatile falts it contains, will
be a means of removing their thirft. For
the fame reafon garlick is foufid very effica-
cious in this diforder ; two or three cloves
being given in each feed ; or three ounces
of garlick bruifed and boiled in a quart of
milk and water, and given every other
morning for a fortnight, have been found
very ferviceable ; and therefore fo eafy a
remedy ihould never be negledied i for by
warming and itimulating the folids^ and at
3 Y , the
W 1 JT
the fame time diflblviog the tenacious
juices, ^rhich choak up the vcflcls of the
lungs, it greatly relieves thefe complaints. -
Moderate exercife fhould never be omit-
ted in broken-winded horfes, and though
for the firft fummer after tbcy have not
been able to endure much labour, yet many
have been found lefs opprelTcd the fecond,
and fome fcarce perceptibly affedled the
third; and. even able to perform a long
journey, or endure great fatigue. And
were it pofllble to keep a horfe conftantly
in the field, and taken up only when ufed,
he would l^e able to do good fervice for
many years.
But it may not be improper to obfenre,
that thofe who hope to cure a broken-wind-
ed horfe, or even one that is troubled with
an obtUnatc cough, by gutting him to grafs,
will find himfelf wrctchedlv miftaken ; for
OA his being taken into the liable, and fed
with dry tneat, he will be much worfe than^
before, for want of that open and rnoifl:
food he had been accuftomed to *, and fome
which were only troubled with a dry cough
when they were put to grafs, have returned
hrokcaTwinded^. It fliould therefore always
he remembered, that if you have nor the
convcniency of keeping your horfe for a
conflancy. abroad, not to put him to grafs
ac all, as inftead of curing, ic will tend to
aiigment the diforder.
In fliort, the grand fecret of managing
horfes of this. kind,. conitfts in haying a
particular regard to their diet and eiBcrcife :.
a moderate quantity only of hay, com,, or
water, fhoukl be given at one time, aad
the former conftantly moiftenedj to prevent
their recjuiring. too great a quantity of the
latter : and giving them nnoderase exercife^,
but never any that is violent. By. this me-
thod^ aod.giving the following ball oocea^
fortnight or three weeks, the horfe will be
^le to do good- fervice. for many yc4rs>
provided his labour be never too violent.
Ts^e of fuccotrine aloes, fix drams \ of
lUyrch, gstlbaoum and ammonlacumj pf each
two drams ; of bay-berrieso half an ounce ;
mjtke the whole into ai>aU Mtith a fpponftil'
w r IT
of oil of amber, and a fufficient quantity
of the fyrup of buckthorn.
This brfll operates fo gently that there is
no need for confinement, except on the
very day iris taken, when the hoife muft
have warm meat and warm water.
Or, take mullet-leaves, dry them and*
reduce them to a fine powder^ mix them-
with common honey, make them up into>
balls, about the fize of a pigeon's eggj.
give the horfe three at a time for fourteen*
or fifteen days together, and let hinti not
drink any cold water during the time; let
his exercife be moderate, his hay fprinkled^
with water, and wet his oats with good ale
or bccrw.
Or, peel twenty cloves of garlic, and'
bruifethem in a wooden bowl, and roll the:
garlic in a quarter of a pound of butter, in-
to four or five bajis, about the fize of z^
walnut, and give them the horfe.
This medicine may be given to any horfe
of what (kte foevcr, if he>e affeSed either
with a cold, or pofe in the head, for xt
purges the head and lungs.
This is to be given in a morning fading,
and he muft be rid moderately for half an^
hour after ; and if you pleafe you may
r^Dpeat this dofe for three mornings fuc**'
ceflively*
WIND GALLS in HoasEs. A difeafc,
being bladders full of a corrupt jelly, which
being. let out, is: thick, and o/the colour of
the yolk of an cggj they are fometimes>
large, and fometimes fmaU» and grow oir
each fide of the fet-lock joints tjpon all foui^
legs,, and are often fo painful, efpecially in
the fummer feafon,.when the weather is hot,
and the waya; hard, that, they oa«4e him not
only to halt, buteiv'en to falL
They aire found on vasttous parts of
the body, where there are membmnou« op
tendinous eMpsoifions, but generally cheir^
feat Is about the back^finews, on the for^
and hind iegs,. aad moft frequemly oa the
latter.
When fcated near the joints, or upon tBte
tendons, their caufe is^ for the nK)ft part, a
bcuife or ftrain, and their contema are both
tr aod^aibrt o£ ^jcjly; l>u&vrhtli thean-^
terfticcs
WIN
«er(l ices between themufclet are thefeae^
their contents are only air.
fiefide their unfightlinefs, in hot wea*
ther^ and on hard roadsj they make the
iiorfe go lame : yet. weakly young horfes^
as they get ftrength, gcncraUy out-grow
them, though nothing h^th been applied
to deftroy them.
They arc caufed, for the moft part, by
extreme labour and heat, whereby the hu«
mours being dilTolvcd, flow to the hollow
places about the nether joints, and there
icttle, which is the caufe of this malady.
Thofe that contain only^ air, may be
opened and treated as a common wound :
chofe that contain a quantity of jelly, and
have their feat on a tendon, may be tried
^ith aftringent application and bandage,
fuch as a decodion of oaK-bark, with allum
in veijuice, with which the wind-gall may
be frequently wafhed, aud a fiannel rag,
dipped in it, may be' fecured on the part
with a proper bandage ; but the beft me-
thod is the application of blifters to the part.
Apply a little of the following ointment
every other day for a week, and a difcharge
will be brought on, but cannot cafily be
continued : when it ceafes, the horfe may
return to his labour a little while, after
which repeat this application, once in a
month, until the cure is effedted, which
will fometimes be a year or more. Thus
you prevent fcars,which are a neceflary con-
lequence, and indeed, fometimes a fulnefs,
or a fiiflnefs in the joint, when firing is
ufed.
BUftering Oin^mni.
Take of cantharides> two drams : eu-
phorbium, one drami Flander's oil of
bays, one ounce; mix them well toge-
ther.
The ufual method is, to open them the
length of a bean, and fo prefs out the jelly ;
and then to apply the white of an egg, and
oil of bay, with hards plaifter-wife thereto ;
or, after the jelly is out, wrap a wet woollen
cldth about it, and with a taylor's hot pref-
fing-uron rub upon the cloth, till all the
"WI T
moifture is dried up ; then daub it all over
with pitch, maftich, and rofin boiled toge-
ther, and lay hards over all, but you muft
firft (hate away the hair, and open the for-
rance.
At the firft appearance of a wind -gall the
tumour Ihould be bathed twice a-day with
vinegar or ver}uice, and a proper bandage
applied to the part. Or you may foment
the fwelling with a decodtion of oak bark,
the rind of pomegranate, and allum boiled
in verjuice ; and after the fomentation ap«
ply a proper bandage.
Sometimes neither of the above methods
will anfwer the intention, and confequently
there will be a neceflity to have recourfe to
others, and accordingly feveral have been
given by different authors i but the beft is
mild blifters, which will never fail of draw-
ing off by degrees both the air and the fluid
matter, contained in the tumour, and con«
iequently of curing the difeafe. ' In order
to this, a fmall quantity of the bliftering
ointment (hould be laid on tyrery other day
for a week, during which a plentiful dis-
charge will be produced, and the fwelling
difperfed. This method will not only cure
the difeafe, but alfo cure it without leaving
a icar, or ftiffening the joint; both whicti
are the common confequences of firing.^
But you fhould ufe the mHder bliftering
ointment ; I thean that without the corro-**
five fublimate.
A wind-gall upon the finew, that grows
hard, makes a horfe halt, and, in the end»
makes him lame.
Your long jointed hories are apt to be
wind-galled, though they work never fo
little.
The wind-galls that we call finewy, hap«
pen commonly in the hinder legs, and no^
thing but fire can cure them; nay, fome-
times fire itfelf will not do. See Vfssic*
NON.
WITHERS OF A Horse, begin where
the mane ends, being joined to, and ending
at the tip of the (boulder- blades.
Thefe parts fiiould be well raifed and
pretty ftrong, becaufe it is a fign of ftrength
and goodnefs i they keep the faddle from
J Y A coming
WIT
coming forward upon the horfcV (boulders
and neck, which immediately galls and fpoils
him, and a hurt in that place is very diffi-
cult to cure} they fhould alfo be h'an and
not too flelhy, for then they willj^e more
fubjedt to. be galled.
As to fores in the withers : the origin of
thefe difcafes indicate the cure. If they ace
caufed by accidents, and rendered formida-
ble by negleft, care fhould be taken not to
let it incrcafc by time ; but as foon as they
arc difcovercd, attempt the cure, which
may in general be performed by bathing the
part wirh hot vinegar three or four times a
day. If this (bould not be fiifficient to dif-
peifc the tumour/ let an ounce of oil of vi*
triol be added to a quart of vinegar^ and the
part well bathed with it. You may difTolvc
an ounce ofwhite vitriol in a little water,
and add thefolutionof the mixture of oil of
vitriol and vinegar, which will augment the
repollenc quality of the medicine.. If the
fwelling be attended with heat, fmarting^
and little hot watery pimples, it fhould be
bathed with the following mixture^, inftead
of that given above :
Take of crude fal armoniac two ounces :
boil.k in a quart of lime water, or when
lime water cannot be had, in the fame quan-
tity of common viater, adding an handful
of pearl afhes ;*t^ke it from the Rrc, and
when fettled pour off the clear part of the
decodlion, and add to it half its quantity of
fpirits of wine. Bathe the part well with
this mixture, and afterwards anoint it with
linfced oil, or ointment of elder, which will
foften and fmooth the fkin.
. The above methods will be fufEcient to
cure any difeafe of the withers arifing from
external injuries j.but thefe are not the only
accidents they are fubjeft. to -,. tumours of-
ten arife there from internal caufes, as the
crifis of fevers and the like* Whenever
this happens you muft be very careful not
to ufc repellents of any kind, but do every
thing you can to afTifl: nature in bringing
the fwelling to maturity,, which cannot be
more effe^ually done than by a^ fuppling
poultice. Nor will any thing more be re-
ijuired than to renew.it at proper intervals
WO L .
till the tumour breaks of itfcif, for expend
ence has abundantly fhewn, that it is mucb
better to let nature hcrfclf open the tumour
than to do ic by incifion. Sut when thcr
tumour is broke, it will be neceffary to en-
large the natural orifice, and pare away the
lips of the abfcefs, thait your drefling may be
better applied to the bottom of the fore >.
taking particular care in your ufe of the
knife to avoid the ligament which • runs*
along th^ neck to the withers; and if it:
fbou'ld degenerate into a fiflula; the cure-
muft be performed in the manner laid down
in the article on ulcers.
While the outward cure of hurts in the
withers is performing, you fhould give the
horfe a dofe of cinnabar pills for two days.
together, keeping him bridled for two hours
before and after ta'ting of them ; and the
fame courfe is to be repeated after an inter*
val of two days.
WITHERS, of the bow of a faddle. See
Bows.
WITHER.BAND. A band or piece of
iron laid underneath a faddle, about four
fingers above the withers of the horfe, to
keep tight the two pieces of wood that fornix
the bow.
WiTHER-WRUNG. A horfe is faid-
to be wither-wrung when he iias got a hurt
in the withers; and that fort of hurt is very
hard to cure.
WOLF. A kind of wild maftifF, that
preys upon all kind of things, and will feed-
on carrion, vermin, &c. They will kill a
cow or a bullock; and as for a fhcep, goat,,
^r good porker, they will eafily carry him
off in their mouths, without it's touching
the ground ; and will, notwithftanding the
load, run away fo fafl, that they are hardly
to be flopped but by maftifFs or horfemen«
There is no bcafl that runneth faflcr than-
the wolf, and holdeth fo long in fpeed. A
dog wolf may be known from a bitch by
the tra<^sof his.ftet :, for the dog- wolf has
a greater heel,, toe, and nails, and a bigger,
foot ; befides the bitch commonly cafls her
fiants in the middle of the highway ;,whcre.«
as the dogs call them either on. one fide or
other of the path.
• When
y
WOL
•
IVh'cn anyone would hunt this crcatare,
ht muft train him by thcfc means: firft4ct
him find out fomc open place, a mile or
more from the great woods, where there is
ibme clofc ftanding to place a brace of
good greyhounds in, if occafion be, which
ihould be clofely environed, and fomepond
of water by it ; there he muft kill a horfe
that is worth little, and taking the forelegs
thereof, carry them into the adjoining
woods and foreftsj then let four men take
each of them a leg of the horfe, and drag it
at his horfe's^ tail ail along the paths and
ways in the woods, until they come back
again to the place where the carcafe of the
faid bea(l lies \ there let them lay down
rteir trains. Now when the wojves go out
in the night to prey, they will follow the
fcent of the train, till they come to the place
where the carcafe lies : then let thofe who
love the fport, come with their huntfmen
early and privately near the place; and if
they arc difcernaWe as they are feeding,
firft let them confider which way will be
the faireft eourfe for their greyhounds, and
place them accordingly, and as near as they
can let them fore-ftall with their hounds,
the fame way that the wolves did or arc
fij^ing either then or the night before \ but
if the wolves be in the coverts near the car-
rion that was laid for them to feed on \ in
fuch cafe, let there be hewers fet round ihe
coverts, to make a noifc on every fide, but
not that where ^he greyhounds arc placed,
and let them ftand thick together, making
what noife they can^to force them to the
hounds ; then let ttuUiuntfman go with hrs
leam hound, and draw from the carrion to
the thicket's fide, where the wolves have
gone in ; and there the huntfman is to caft
ofF the third part of his beft hound^ for a
wolf will fometimes hold a covert a long
time before he comes out 5 the huntfmen
fhould keep near the hounds, and encou-
rage them with their voice 5 for many
hounds will ftrain courtefy at this chace,
although they are fit for all other chaces.
This creature will ftand up a whole day
before a good kennel of hounds, urvlefs
greyhounds or wolf-dogs courfe him. If he
W O L
ftand at a bay, have a care of being bit by
him, for being then-mad, the wound is hard
to be cured.
It is beft entering of hounds at young'
wolves which are not above half a year old,
for a hound will hunt fuch more willingly,
and with }eirs fear than an old wolf-, or they
may bt taken alive with engines, and break-
ing theic teeth, you- may then enter the
hounds at them.
When the wolf comes to the greyhounds,
they who hold them ought to fufFer the wolf
to pafs by the firft rank, until he advance
further, and then let the firft rank let looft
their greyhounds full in the faccof tlic'wolf'5
and at the fame inftant let all the-other ranks
let flip alfo ; fo that the Hrft ftaying him but
ever fo* little*, he may be aflaulted on all:
lides at bnce, by which means they ihall the
more eafily take him.
WOLF-NET, a kind of net fo called,,
becaufe it is a great deftroyer of filh, as well
in rivers as ponds, and may not unfitly be
called the little raffle, as being exaftly the
fame, except the four wings. See Plate
XVI;
The firft figure reprefcnts it only with'
the traces or lines, that the form and pro-
portion thereof mray the better be apprc*
hended.
You muft begin to work it upon fixteen
me flies of lever, and to caft the accrues from*
four, to /our meihes to the firft row made,
near the fever, and continue the other rows
in the fame manner, making the accrues*
over-againft thofe^found at the ranges of the
preceding meflies, until thd net comes to*
be a foot and a half long, which will be
one of the gullets.
When you api come to this length,^ yuu'
muft give ovef making any more accrues,
and work without increafe or diminution j-
and when you have brought it to be three
feet more irt length,, leave anopenrng,
&^ Plate XVI.
Inftead of working all that you h^ve hi-
therto done to yournet round ways, return'
upon your work,, and when you come to-
the end, do the fame agairi, and continue-
this way of making the mcft>es till you have .
wrought
o
wot
wrought A foot in len^hi and then worH
rouna ways, as ac firftt till you have brought
It to be three feet more in length.
This trunk or coflfer will confift of feven
feet without the two gullets; then make
the fecond gullet^ by taking two meflies
at a time at each quarter of the round of
the net, in order to diminifli it to fixteen
meihesj as you had begun at the ^ther
end.
When this is done> fallen it to 'the hoops,
by putting the firfl: A, £, G, S, exaftly upon
the range of me(het, near the firfl:, where
you have cafl: your accrues ; and the other
D» Kj Vy F, on the other end of the coffer,
fthat lb the^other two hoops between both
.^nds, denoted by the letters, 6, H, C, I,
maf be at* an equal diftance^ then adjuft
.the gullets like thofe of the coffer of the
raffle, clofing the regard M, the four hoops
which you ufe to the wolf, will be as big
.as thofe of a tun, which may be mzdt ufe
of upon this occallon.
This net muft be Carried to the water*
^fide near the place where you intend to
wpitch, which to do well Ihould be Ibme
ground full of rulhes, fedges, and fuch like
water^grafs; then, with a paring knife,
quarter out a place for the nets bycleanfing
.jaway all the tralh and weeds near, it, the
larger the i^etter, efpecially if you cut two
.allies in a direiSt line, a pretty length, one
on each fide the net, by which the filh
might be invited, and, as it were,' guided
to the net.
Then you having rc^dy four fticks or
poles D, £, K^ U, about the thicknefs of a
jfnan's arm, and in length five feet and a
half, with holes and notches near their
ends ; tie them with cords iy)und the hoops
to keep the net tight, as is reprefented by
the letters A, B, C, D.
Let alfo four little cords hang to the
ilick G, H, I, K, in order to tie ftones to
them, to fink the net to the bottom of the
twater ; and alfo fallen a cord L, R, three
fathom in length, to the pole L, for draw-
ing the net to Ihore, that you may not be
.otuiged to go into the water for it, though
^er]uips yoiJ were/orc^ fo to do^ when you
WOO
laid a tberei this do, efpecially if yon ftb^ce
the net in the middle of any wide river ^
but if you place it within ten or twelve
feet of the bank, you may then caft in the
net, and fettle it afterwardsj^ according to
your mind^ by the help of a long pole, or
the like, though the former is the better .
way, but indeed more troublefomc.
WOLVES-TEETH. An inconvenience
that happens to a horfe, being two fmaU
teeth which grow in his upper jaws, next
the great grinding teeth, which are fo pain-
ful to him that he cannot endure to chev
his meat, but h forced either to let it fall
out of hia mouth, or to keep it ftill half
chewed,.
For the cure : Tie up the horfe's head
to fome pott or rafser i open his nnouth
with a cord as well as you can, and having
an iron inllrument made like a carpentet^s
gouge, with the left hand fet tlie edge of
the cool to the foot of the wolves teeth on
the outfide of the jaw, turping the hoUow
fide of the tool dowifwards, and knock it
out as fteadily as you can with a mallet,
and put fome fait finely powdered into the
holes.
Now if the upper jaw^teeth hang over
the under jaw^teeth, and fo cut the infide
of the mouth, then take your gouge and
mallet, and pare the teeth fliorter by little
and little, turning the hollow fide of the
tool downwards towards ther teeth ; for, by
fo doing, you fliall not cut the infide of his
cheeks ; then file them all fmooth with a
file, not leaving any 4GUggednel5, andwdh
the horfe's mouth with fait and vinegar.
WOODCOCK. A travelling bird, hav-
ing a very long bill, and fpotted with
grey. They commonly come into our and
the neichbouring countries about the mid-
die ofuilohcTi and go away again in Mitrcb.
They do not fi:ay above eight or ten days
in a place ; or if they tarry longer, it is
becaufe they are hurt, and b ftay there
till they are cured.
They feldom, if ever, fly io the day*
time, unlefs forced to it by man or bea|t,
and then they retire intathicie: woods» whem
there are void fpaces coveted on aU fides,
there
w o cr
tfierc they abide for the whole, day, fearcb-
ioR(or earth*worms under the leaves, (^c.
When nighr comes, they go out of the
woods in queft of water and meadows,
where they may drink, and wa(h their bills,
which they have fouled by thrufting into
the earth ; and having pafled the night, as
foon as the day begins to appear, they tjike
their flight to the woods. In their flight,,
they ufe fhady places,, and coaft it along a
great way in fearch of the talleft woods, fo
that they may be the more concealed, and
be more uhder covert from the wind. Thev
m
By always low, till they find fome glade to
go acrofs, and love not to fly high, nor
dare to fly among trees, bccaufe, like
hares,, they cannot fee well before them,,
and for which neafon are eafily taken with
nets fpread along the foreft, or in gladesv
Your draw-lie ts are very profitable in fuch
Qountries as are very woody, for you fome-
times take a dozen of woodcocks in them,
S4]ppo(ing> then that your range of wood-
Sie about three hundred paces long, more
w lefs, in fome place towards the middle
Guta W:filk through it, fo that there may be
a^ijpace of fix^or eight fathoms between the
Dree A,, and the tree B ; the pi ace ^mu ft be
well^ cleared^ and without trees^ bu(hes,
imder^wood, or ftones, and- fix fathom
fquare i then prune, or cm off all the front
boughs of the two trees^ A, B, to make way
Am* the net tp hang and play without being
entangled. Sec PJate XVI. j^. u
Tfa^^ext thing is^ to pmvide twodfoftg^
tegsiof wood j which open or cleave at the
biggeft endsy as marked 6, and D : tie
the middle parts:/aift to fome boughsof the
tfeC) as the letter E^ .mA F, dire^, and Jet
t^ tops hang over as G, and M, repfefent,
tQtht' end that the- ne« nray be a little
diftanced from tbe trees :. you (bould have
airways in^rcadioe^good ftore of puHies or
buckles^ madeofglafs, box^- brais, orthe
lliie, which'Ihouid be, about the bigncfs of
a. man's' fingen, . according to-the form de--
figned by the feocod figtire^ and fafteti one*
at^eaob end^thepetcbeaor leg^G, amd H;
Having tied* on your p^ltes ^bo»t two*
biMncbes^ .marked 31 .a^ oeruia cotd^ the-
WOO
thicknefs of one's little finger j then tie
another knot in- the faid cord, about the
diftance of a hand's breadth, from the knot
marked 4, and fo let the two ends of the
cord 5 and 6, hang down about a foot long
each, that therewithal you may fatten them
to the puUies^ which arc at the end of the
perches or logs, as reprefented by the let-
ters I, and 1^, clofe to the notches of the
perches G, and H^
Tbefe notches ferve to hinder the pulliesf
firom defcending lower than the pJace where
you would have it remain.
Then clap into each pull? a fmall pack*
thread, the end of each of which fhould^
reach to the foot of the trees> that by the
help of chem you may draw up two ftrongcr
cords into the fame pullies where yon hang-;
the net, and not alWays'be forced to climb'
up into the tree : thcfe latter you may let
aiway^ hang, prov4ded you live by heneft
neighbours.
The. Ikft thing to Be provided i^a ftand, .
to lie concealed, and wait for the comiijg.
of the wooacock : it matters not on what
firfe it be, provided it be over adroit, fix^
or eight toifes from the middle of the net,
as at the plaoe mat4(ed R.
About half a do2en boughil of about the
heightof a man, pitched up^ together, and*
interwoven^ may ferve for a ftand; you-
may fit upon a little hawn or fern, and at
three or four feet difl:ance from thence to-
wards the net, force a> (Irong ftake into the
ground, at the place marked Q^; whereorh^
fafl:en the Imes^ of the- net* when- it i3^>
dMwn up.
It is not nec^flafy to make uft of two '
puUieSi one only is- enough on a fide, as ac -
N^, and theot4ier at I ; they tie a long pole'
atone of its -ends,^ and ttie otherisfilftened*
to a tree a little above C, by the means 06
a cord, which gives the pole liberty to be'
^^ raifed up or lowered, as ymi would raifetip^
or lower thenet -, the (\)ortfmttn-fliould have-
one cord to'bdld, and plaee himfelf on the
, fide of the fre#* B^.-where; he may not^be-*
difcernedr •
Whena wdpdcock^s taken, the nertw^i
|jbe'lei<}owvi:ae readily: as* ppfflbfcf > fW^ he-
may;
* •
'i
woo
niay by {Iruggltng make his efcaptj and
then you mad break a wing and cruih his
head : the net muft immediately be fet up
again, for it may happen, the other wood-
cocks will come to be taken, which you
mifs, if tedious at your work.
If any beaft come athwart you, you muft
let them pafs under your net about five or
fix feet ; then make a noife with a fhout,
and fo let go ; the bea(t» at the firft noife»
will retire back, and fo become enfnared :
to be fure, if you let go while he is juft
under the net, he will either fpring forwards
or backwards^ and not be taken> but the
moft ilikely retire back.
It often happens, that a man perceives a
great thoroughfare of birds between fomc
coppice timber^woods over a certain piece
of ground, where he wants the conveniency
of a good tr^ee, tooppofe ibme other which
polTihly ftands according to his mind; but
whether he wants one or two, if he finds
the place Hkely, and that, in probability,
it will quit ^is coll ; let him theo take one
or two trees fit for the purpofe, and plant
them deep in the ground^ that they may
iland all weadiers.
If you would take wood^cks by nets in
high woods, by driving them into them ;
your net muil^e like the rabbet*hays, but
not fo ftrongt and about twenty fathoms
long, and you ibauld have two or three of
them.
Being provided with nets, and having the
aCftance of five or fix perfons to go into the
yrood with you, which (hould be at (even
or eight years growth, for the older the
better J go into fome part thereof^ about
the .middle, if k be not too large, and
pitch your^nets along as you do for rabbets,
but one joining to the other, flope-wife,
hai\ging over that way which you defign to
drive the coc|cs : your nets being thus
fixfd, let your company go to the «nd of
^e wood, at aboqt ten rods aAinder, and
havipg (licks in their hands, m^ke a noife ;
a^ alfp ufe their voices^ as if they twere
driving battle along, and fo go forward
and-forward) till you come to the plfice
ashcrc the netji arc .fc?, ju^ you will .ngt
WOO
fail 10 eatch thofe in that part of the wood:
then when that part of the wood is thus
drove, turn your net (lopewife on the other
fide, and going to the other «nd, obferve
tlie aforefaid directions : you may, by this
way, take them at any time of the day wiik
great eafe and pleafure.
«
3I9 caUb IF^pdcocks in the Woods hy Gins^
Sfrings^ or Noojes*
' Such as are wont to follow this vrork, af-
ter they 'iiavc fet them, need not lofe their
time, but go at four in the afternoon, and
the-efifeAwiilbemuch the fame: they muft
be provided with feveral dozens of thefe
fnares more or lefs, according to the place
in the wood where the woodcocks are;;
thefe noofes are made of good long horfe*.
hair, twifted together with arunning buckle
&t one end, and a great knot at the other,
which they pafs through the middle of a
ftick cleft with the point of a knife ; and
then open it, and put in the end of the
horfe-hair noofe, and then make knots to
keep it tight, to hinder it from pafling
through the cjeft : this fticlc; is about the
thicknefs of one'^ lUtle finger, and about a
foot long, being (harp-pointed at one end^
the better to fix it in the ground, to each
of which they faften a noofe or fpring. Stt
Plate XVI. Fig. 2* *
Having bundled theon up, you go into
a coppice^ that has moft leaves, in order ta
find it there are any woodcocks there ; and
this may be perceived by the leaves on the
ground, which are ranged both on one fide
and the other by the woodcocks, in fearch-
ing for worms under them, and by their
dung which is of a dark grey colour % when
you find there are woodcocks in that place^
then take a great round of about forty or
fifty paces off, which is reprefented by the
* following figure.
The moft proper places for this purpofe
are, amongft bulhes and fmall coppices, and
the manner is thus ; fuppofe the branches
marked A, B, C, Dy£, vrhere fomany ftumps
make a fmall hedge-^row of half a foot high^
Qf ^room> fur^^ tiramblesj &^. from one
ftuoy
t ' t •* »
/C '
woo
1
Hump *to aaother, leaving a gap in the mid-
dle for the woodcocks to pafs, as at F, G,
H, I ; fo that the woodcock walking in
the wood in fcarch of food, and iinding this
hedge-row, he will follow it till he comes
at the gap, for he will ricver fly ; and there-
fore you ihould fix the ftring there, opened
in a round form, and laid upon the flat
ground fupported only by fome leaves; and
the woodcock entering the gap, can fcarce
avoid being taken by the legs ; the form of
the extended fnares arc reprtfcoted in Plate
XVI. fig. J. .
If in walking in the woods, you Ihould
find nooftsi and the like, that are fet five
or fix inches above the ground, fuch as are
denoted by the letters F and G, it is a fign
partridges frequent that place, and that the
pcafants coaic to take them j we often find
partridges taken in the fame manner : there
are thofc who make little hedge-rows of
^ different lengths, and in different numbers^
as they think fit, according to the game
ihey fuppofc the place may afford.
It has been obferved, that woodcocks, in
the night time, frequent fprings, and the
like places, becaufc they do not freeze, and
thofc perfons who make it their bufinefs to
catch them, will not forget in the morning
to walk along the fides of rivulets, fprings,
toiarfties, and ditches, that are under the
covert of woods, in order to find out whe-
ther any woodcocks had been there the
flight before 5 for they will not fail tore-
turn thither, if they have been once there
before, and therefore they muft lay fnares for
them, according to the following figure
Suppofe the oblong fquarcj See fig. 2.
ihould be a ditch full of water, frequented
by woodcocks, and that its bank Ihould be
that fide reprefented by the figures a, 3, 4,
ftop all other places, by which the wood-
cocks can come at the bank of the ditch,
from aX as fv as A Z, with broom and the
like things, and on the faireft bank make a
fmall hedge, a, Y, P, 3, M, N, about
five or fix inches, and about half a foot
diftant from the water, but in this hedge
leave gaps, at the diflance of about five
or fix feet fjrom one another, more or le(s.
woo
I according. to the extent of the place-: thefe
' paffes arc denoted by the letters P, 3, M,
where the faares or fprings are laid : thofe
who follow this fport, fix at the edge of the
gap five inches high, and not fo thick as a
man's little finger, and within half a foot
of the other fide of the pafs, a fmall bow
two or (;hrec fingers high, yrhich forms, as
it were, a round gate or door facing the
fti.ck A. "
Then they have a fmall wooden flat cro^
chet, feven or eight inches long, with «
potch in it, near the end R, which is put
into the ftick A, and the other end paflc$
under the bow j they alfo take a fwitch of
hazel, or fome. wood, which being folded
will grow ftraight of itfclf j this rod, which
IS a- finger thick, and about, three feet long,
IS fixed in the fmall b«dge ; they tie to the
end y a packthread half a foot long, to the
end of which packthread they faftcn a
^orfc-bair fnarc or fpring, with a fmall
lUck cut at both ends, and made like a
wedge to cleave wood with ; the rejed muft
be folded and pafs the letter P underneath
the bow, and doing the fame alfo by the
end of the finall ftick, faften it under the
edge S of the bow, and raifing the bird-trap
or foare, fix the other end of the ftick in
the notch R, by which means the machine
will be kept light, then extend the fnare P
into a round or over the trap j but it muft
be fo pliant, that as foon as che woodcock
would pafs through and put his foot upon
the trap, the rejca; will immediately un. '
bend, and catch him by the leg.
Others falten a fmall circle to the trap,
that io the woodcock may have more roogi
for bis feet, and fo make the rejeft of ufe to
you, and catch him i for it may happen,
that as he croffcs the gap, he docs not pafs
over it.
This fecond device with the circle, is re-
prefented by the letter K j others make ufe
of fnares, which they adjuft, as has been
fliewn in the preceding article, and which
are fet forth in the cut, by the letters M. N.
See Draw-Nbt, PJate V.
^0 take Wwdcocks with Brrd-lme, &c.
Woodcocks and fnipcs arcjdifficujt iptJif-
3 2 cover*
woo
cover, they lying clofc, and not rcforting
rDuch together, efpecially in the day time.
The cuftom of the woodcock is ufuaily
to lie on banks b'- hcck>cs and ditches
againft the fun ; you may take noiice, that
on a-day after a moon-fiuny night, they will
fufTer one to come better to Bnd them than
after a dark night, and for this reafon, be-
caufe they can fee to feed in moon (hiny
nights, and will not be fo ftill and watch*
ful as when taking their reft.
The fnipes naturally lie by the fides of ri-
vers, when all plaihes are frotsen, ind always
with their heads up or down the ftream, and
not athwart it , and in order to find them
out a perfon mud be expert in the know*
ledge of their colours.
. Now in order to take woodcockl, &c.
with bird-lime, yoti muft provide yoorfelf
with fixty or feventy twigs, which you mud
daub with bird-lime neatly and fmoothly }
and having found their haunts, which yoo
may difcover by their dung, which is gene-
tally in lowplafliy places, and fuch as have
plenty of weeds, and not frozen in frofty
weather ) and at fuch places are the twigs to
be fet more or lefe, as you think fit, at
about a yard diftance one from the other>
fetting them fo as to ftand Doping, fome
CK way, and ibme another.
And if yottdefign to fee fporr> you muft
be concealed*
And if there be any other open place near
to that where you have fet your twigs, beat
them up, or elfe fet twigs there too.
It is laid that thefe birds put their bills
ioro the moift pkces of the earth where they
frequent, and (e jogging and moving them
about^ difturb the worms and caufe them to
come oet> and ib they become their prey.
WOOD-LARK. A fine bird^ not much
inferior to the nightingale in fang; but of
this kind, a^ well as all the reft, there are
&me that ht excei others in length and
fweetnefs of fong.
Though this i& a very tender bird, yet it
breeds the fooneft of any that we have in
E*tgland:\ it is aHb a hot and mettlcfome
ereatufe, fo that if the wood -lark be not
%^tu in Januarji^ or the beginning of Ft-* \
WOO
hruary^ they grow extraordinary rattk, and
pine away in a (hort time, by reafon of the
ranknefs of their ftones, which are found*
very much fwcUed in thern^ when they are
dead.
They delight much in gravelly grounds
and hills, that lie againft the ri^ngof the
fun, and in the Hubs of oaks.
1 he females couple with the males* the
beginning of February^ ac which time they
part with all their laft years brood, ttd im*
mediately go to neft»
They build mod commonly in layer
grounds, where the graft is pretty rank,
and grown ruflVt; ufing bennet-grafs, or
fome of the dead grafs of the field *, and at-
ways make it under a large tuft, to (belter
themfelves from the wind and weather,
which at that time of the year is commonly
very cold.
As for their young, they feed them with
a fmall kind of worm ^ but they cannot be
brought up to any kind of perfcdioti fronci
the neft, as ever yet could be found.
Jhe young branchers are firft taken i a
three months of the year, 7une^ J^fyt ^nd
Auguft. The next feafon of their taking, is-
their general flight time, which is the latter
end of Siptcmbcr, for then they- rove f rom^
one country to another ; and laftly,from the
beginning of January^ to the latter end 06
Fehruaryf at which time they are all cou-
pled, and return to their layers, or breed-
ing places*
Thofc that are taken in June^ J^fyi <»*
the beginning of Auguft^ are for the mofi
part catched with a hobby, after the follow-^
mg manner :
Go oat in a dewy morning on the fide of
fome hills, which lie oppofite to the rifio^
fim, where they moft ufuaily frequent i thent
furround them two or three times with the
hawk upon the M, and make him hover
when yo« come indifferent near r where*'
upon they will lie till yoo clap a little net
over them, which you are to carry^ upon the
end of a ftick.
Or elfe if three or four perfonsgo out to^
gether, and take a net mad^ in the form of
tboie ufcd forparti^idges,. when you go with*
a fietting.*^
•^fc
woo
.« 'iett!ng-dog, 011)7, the mefhes mufttbe
fmaljer; and then your hawk to the lark|
will be like a fctting-dog to partridges, fo
• that wiih fuch a net you may take the whole
flock at the draught: for thefe larks keep
company vrith their young ones till flight
time, and then they part.
• Thofc that are taken in Juney July, and
'^guft^ iing prefently, yet laft but a little
time in fong, for they immediately fall to
moulting, which if they withftand,- they
ac<MnnfK)nly prove very fweet fong birds, but
not fo lavifh as, thofe that are taken in the
fpring \ they arc alfo comnionly very fa-
miliar.
• Such as are taken at flight, are brave,
ilrong, fprightly, ftraight birds, but do not
ufually fing till after Chrifimas.
Thofe taken in January and February^
fing within two or three days, or a
week at the farthefl", if good conditioned j
and thefe laft commonly prove the bcft, as
being taken in full ftomach.
As for the ordering of wpod-*larks, you
muft ha:ve a cage with two pans, one for
mixed meat, and another for oatmeal and
hem|f>feed : boil an egg hard, and the crumb
of a halfpenny white loaf, and as much
hempfeed as bread ; chop the egg very
fmall, and crumble the bread and it toge-
ther, and then pound the hempfeed likewife
very fliarp in a mortar, or bruife it with a
rolling-pin, and mingle all together and
keep it for ufe.
Strew fine red gravel at the bottom of the
cagf, and renew it every week at fartheft ;
otherwife the lark will clog his feet with
his dung, and will not take half that delight
in himfelf, for he takes a great deal of
plrafure in baflcing himfelf in fand, which
if he has not pretty often, he will grow
loufV) and if he does fo, feldom, if ever,
comes to good.
The perch alfo in the cage muft be lined
with green bays, unlefs you make a perch
of mat, which thefe larks do take great
delight in.
• But ;f he be very wild when firfl: taken,
keep him three or four days without com-
pany, till he begins to eat his meatj and
WO R
f^ecaofeiTonMtimes they do not find th^ pan
till near familhed, ftrew hempfeed and oat^
meal upon the fand.
How to know a Cosk IVood4ark from a Hen.
1. This may be done by the Ipudnefs and
length of his call.
2. By the tallnefs of his walking about
the cage.
3. 1 he doubling of his notes in the even-
ing, which is called cuddling, as if he was
going to rooll $ but if you hear him fmg
ftrong you cannot be deceived, for hens
will upg but little.
^e Difeafi incident to JFood-Iarh.
They are tender birds, if not rightly or-
dered ; but when well managed have beea
kept fix or feven years with much pleafure,
finging better and better every year, and
at laft have fiing real variety of notes, even
to admiration.
The particular diftemper wood-larks are
fiubjefi: ta, are, the cramp, giddinefs in the
head, and to be very loufy, for though they
are not fo fubieA to it when they are abroad,
in cold weather, yet they have a variety of
motion, as flying and running, which thc[f
have not in a cage.
And befld^ if the gravel in their cage
be not often renewed^ their dung will clog
their feet, benumb them, and caufe the
cramp.
To WORK A HoAsE ; is to exerctfe Mm
at pace, trot, or gallop, and ride him at
the manage.
To work a horfe upon voles, or head m4
haunches in, or between two heels, is to
paflage him, or make him go fideways
upon two parallel lines,
WORMS IN Doos. All fpaniels hav«
certain ftrings under their tongues, by moft
called a worm *, this muft be taken out when
they are about two months old, with the
help of a fharp knife, to flit it, and a flioe*
maker's awl to raife tc up ; you muft be
careful to take all out^ or eife your labour
3 Z a IS
W O R
ii to )ittle purpofe -. for till tben» ht
be hard}y ever fat and right, as the
worm or itring will grow foul and trouble-
fooie, and hinder his red and eating.
WORMS IN bPANiEts : arc fomctimcs
bred in a wound, after a dog has been
hurt ; efpecially if it be jn a place where
the dog cannot come at the place to lick it^
for if he can, it will need no other cure.
For the Cure : Take powder of matre-
filva dried in an oven, or in the fun, and
ft'rew it on the afFedted part, when little
woims have been bred in the wound, be-
tfaufe they will not only much retard the
healing oi it, but alfo make it grow worfe.
To remedy which, put a little ivy into
the wound, and let it remain in it a whole
day,, then wa(h the part with white wine,
and anoint it with an ointment made of
bacpn greafe^ Oil of earth-worms and rtie.
If SL rpaniel be troubled with worms
within his body, give him the yolk of an
€gg, with two fcruples of iafFroh in a morn-
ing fafiing, and keep him fafting till the
next morning.
0/ JVorms bretding m the Huris and mangy
• Paru of Spaniels.
Thcfe worms obftruft the cure> either of
wounds or mange, and caufe them either
to continue at a Itay, or to grow wocfe and
worfe.
To ren[K>ve t\m obftru£lion> put the gum
of ivy into the wound, and let it remain
there a day or two, wafhing t)ie wound
with wine» and afterwards anoint it iwith
bacon greafe, oil of earth* worms, and rue.
The powder of wild cucunxbers is alfo
yery^. g0od to' kill thcfe worms, and will
prove a great corrolive, in eating away
the dea<^ fieih, and iocreafing the good.
If the worms be within the body, . you
9>uft deOroy them in the following manner :
. Caufc the fpaniel, fafting, either by fair
means or. foul, to eat the yolk of- an egg,
with two fcruples of faifroa pulverized, and
made a confedion with the fame egg» and
keep him fad ing.,after wards till night.
I^ a fgai^ielbehurt-ui a^lace where he
OR
cth eotne to Ikk his woand with his ton^i^
he will need no other remedy; and that will
be his bed furgeon : but when he cannot d«
thar, then fuch wounds as are not veno«
mous, may be cured with ihe powder of
matrefilvaj dried either in an oveo^ oria
the fun.
If the wound be the bire of a fox, anoint
it with oil, wherein earth worms and rue
have been boiled together.
If bf a mad dog, let him lap twice or
thrice of the broth of germander, and eat
the germander boiled.
Others pierce the 0cin of his neck with t
hot iron ju(t betwixt his ears> fo that the
fire may touch both fides of the hole made :
and afterwards plucking up the (kin of the
dog's (houlders and flanks, backwards
thruft* It through with a hot iron in like
manper, and by giving the venom this
vent, is a ready way to cure hinh
WORMS IN Horses ; are produced
froiti raw and indigefled humours.
To cure the fForms in Horjes.
Take antimony in fine powder a quarter
of a pound, of quick- filver an ounce; boil<
them in two pail&ful of water,: till it come
to one and a half, of which mix half a pail«
ful with as much water a& the horfe will
drink, having, firft drained it, and fo
continue till he drinks the whole. Se^
BoTTS, i^e.
WORMING ;. or the taking away the
nerve from under the tongue of a dog^
will prevent him from ever biting, if hp^
(honld grow mad.
WOKM-CHOLIC. A. diftemper ia
horfes, ocraConed by broad, thick, and
(hort wo£n)s> or trunchions, like little
beans, of a reddiih colour, which fome*
times bring violent diolic pains upon the
pooffbeaft u. they gnaw the guts,^and fome*
times eat holes uirough the maw, which>.
kills the horfe. The. voiding red wormst
along with the excrementSi is a fign of thisLv
diftemper^ for Ipng white, onesfeldom^
gripe a horfe; fo are hisi)iting hisi]ank&s
or.bis belly,. in .thc.extremicy ot thepain,^,
* 0?4
won
ir Ccaririg of hit fkiii, and thtn turning his
head looking upon his belly s you alfofind
him fweat all over, frcqireutly throw him-
fclfdown, and Aart up again, with other
uncommon poftures : feveral remedies are
fet down for this diftemper, but that which
follows being juftly reputed a fpecific for
this and other horfe cholicsj it is neceflary
it (hould be inferted.
Take roots of ma(terwort> leaves and
roots of radilhes, great centaury and tanfie,
of each halfa'pound, ail dried in the fum*
mer fun, or mtiderate heat of an oven in
winter ; half as much of each of thefe, viz.
germander roots, angelica and elecampane,
aJl dried in the Ihadc, fea mofs and liver of
aloes, of each two ounces i of galangal,
nutmeg, and fal prunella, one ounco of
each ; they muft all be pounded apart,
then mixed and kept in a leather bag, or
glafs bottle (topped up doie : the dofe,
according to the fize of the horfe, muft be-
from an ounce to two ounces and a halfj
to be mixed with three or four dmmt ofv
eld treacle, or an ounce of diateflerouior
mithridate, and given in a pint of whiter
wine; after Airhich the horXe muft be walked-
io his cloaths.
U you fufpefl 'Worms, an ounce and half
of this fpecrfic pswder mixed with half an
ounce of mercuriusdulcis.>mll infallibly kill
them ; and therefore an ounce of fpecific
powder noiay be mixed 'with as much aloes,
three drams of cohquintida^ as much^aga-
ric, s(nd half an ounce of turbith, giving
him the whola in a quart of white wine,
with a quarreri of a pint of the gall of an
ox, covering him after it, and walking
htim for a quarter of an hour -, 'tis, true this
will >at once both purge and kill the worms,
though it is only fit for great eaters, and
that about twa or three, days^ aftcj^ the
cholic fit is oven
If a horfe is troubled with, worms or
breaking out, taking a handful of box
l«»ves, and having dried them pound them -
te powder, . and mixing them with the fame.-
quantity of fulphur in powder, and after'
the horfe comeS: Jn from hunting oc any.
hird'iUbour^^rub him well, and drcfs him.
WO R^
and let him ftand a good while upon the-:
bridle, and let the lirft meat you give him
be a handful or two of well fifced oats, and '
a good quantity of this powder fprinklcd
among them.
But you muft do this with that cavtiouf-
nefs, that the horfe may not rake a diftafte.
to his meat on that account.
Or take hepatic aloes about five drams^.
reduced to powder, and make it up into >
pills with frefl) butcer, and give the horfe -
m ale-wort, a lukm^full of wofc tO' every^
pill : let him hai^ three of them. Or^
Take leaves of favin^ and^mix them welM
with honey and frefti butter,, andonaking ?
this* mafs into two or three balls K>r pills^-.
give them the horfe with^^ .horn .of. ftrong^
beer after each ball;.
WORMS FOR A^<G^INa:; : ar« the aih--
grubi a nr>ilk«whito worm 'wich a red head,,
and' may be had at any time from Michael—
Pkfs t\U*yuni^ It is to be found under the-
bark of an oak,.a(b) aider, or birch, if'^
they^ lie a. year after* thejr have been cu&:
down. You may likewife find it in the^
body of a rotten alder,, if you break it with^
anuaxe ;4is alfq under the bark of a decayed t
ftump of a tree. It is alfo a good bait for:
agrayling, chub, roach, and dace*
Thebrandling, gilt-tail, and red-w^m,.
are all to be found in old dunghills, or the*
rotten earth near them, but the beft are*
found in tanners yards, under the heaps of^
bark which they throw out after they have
done with it: the hrandJing is moft readily^
met with in hogs dung. Thefe are good 4
baits for trout, grayling,, falmon-fmelts,..
gudgeons, perch,, tench, . and. bream, ore
any fi(h that takes a womru
The dap-bait, or bou» is .Ibund under^
cow-dung, and is like a gentle, but bigger. *
You muft feek. for. it^ only.on land that is »
light andtfandy, for it is muchof the-famec
nature with the earth-bob^ and, may be-r
kept in wet mois fontwo or three days. It.*
is an excellent baii^ for a trout,, buft aUnoft ^'
every other>(i(h wili take it^^
The cod-^baitj caddis-worm^ and ftraw*-
Mforin, are only dif&rent names.for the fame.;
bait. They arc found in pits, ponds, brooks,^
aad^
won
MMd dtlches, and are oavered vtifk fcufka bF-
Aicks, ftrawsi orruihcs^ udftonrs* Thofe
with ftoncs or gravel hu(ks are peculiar to
brook s« ^ad diofe with ftraw ana rufbes IK>
2>onds, and all the three forts majr i>c found
at one and the lame time* They ave very
good baits ibr trouts, geayliog,. c^pp,
(tench, ?bream, cbub» roach> dace, falnaon*
fipelts, and bleak. The green fort are
found in March^ the j^eUov in Mty^ and
a diird fort in Augufi. Thofe covered with
Tufbes are always green^ and thofe (looe^
»hufks pfually yellow all the feaibn*
About a week or nine days in lAay cod-
bait fiChing comes in feafon % which is the
fird bait to be ufed in a noorning, and may
hz continued to the middle of the day.
It is an excellent bait till the middle of
JiMe^ and is to be ufed wich a hook leaded
on the ihanky and the cod-baic drawn on
to the top of it. It will take b deep waters
as well as in ftreams, by moving it up and
down about nine inches or a foot from the
bottom ; this is commonly called fink and
daw. There is another method of fifliing
with cod- bait, at mid-water» but then you
jnuft put a canon*fly at the point of your
hook.
This boic is a good bottom-bait, if the
water be clear : and is to be preferred to
ithe worm at leafl: three degrees lo one, be*
caufe all forts of popl fifli, and even the eel,
are great lovers of it. .
The earth--bob, or white-grub, is a
worm with a red head, as big as two nuig-
g^ts, and is foft and full of whitifli gutsv
it is found in a fandy light fqil, and may be
gathered after the plough j when the land
is firft broke up from grazing. You may
know in what ground to find tkem by the
crows, for they will follow the plough very
clofe where thefe worms are to be met with.
This is chiefly a winter-bait, from the be*
ginning o( November to the middle ofAfril,
and is proper for chub, roach, dace, bream,
tench, carp, trout, and falmon fmclts.
They are to be kept in a vclTcl clofe ftop^
ped with a fufficient quantity of the earth
they were bred in, and they will be ready
Vf O ft/
for ufe aH the winter. FromdilslM^
the May fly.
The flag worm, or dock^wwrn, u^
found in the roots of flags that grow on tfais
brink of an old pood. When you have puU
Iqd up the root, you will find among the
fibr^s.of itreddifb or ytrllowiftica&s; cbefe
you muft open with a pin, and ythi will find
a fmall worm longer and flenderrr than a
gjentle, with a red head, a pajilh body,
' apd rows of feet all down the belly. This
is an excoeding good bait for grayling,
tench, bream, carp, roach and dace.
Th^ lob-worm, dew^worm^ garden-
worn!!, or twatchei, as diSbreatly called,
is a proper b^t for falmon, trout, chub,
barbei,. and eels of the largeft fize. It is
to be found in gardens, or church-yardsy
by the help f^ a lantern, late in a (umnoer's
evening, lo great droughu, when they
do not q>pear, pour the juice of walnut-
tree leaves, mixed with a little ifater and
fait, into their holes, and it will drive
them out of the ground.
The marih-warm is ffot out Qf march^
ground on the banks of rivets, ^d is of a
blui(h colour x it is a likely bait for faU
mon-fmelts, gudgeon, grayling, trout^
perch, bream, and flounders, in Akircb^
Aprils and Siptembir^ though they ufe ic
from Candiew$as till AOebadmas pr^erablc
to any other.
The tag<*tail is of a pale flefl^rcolour,
with a yellow tag on his tail almoft half an
inch long ; they are found in marled land,
or meadows, after a (bower of rain, and are
a good bait for a trout, if you angle forthem
after th^ water is difcoloured with rain.
And here you mufl: obferve, that all
worms (hould be well fcoured in mo& tkac
has been well waflied and deanfird froip all
dirt and filth i after it is wrung, very dry,
both the mofs and worms fliould be put
into an earthen pot clofe ftopped, that taey
may not crawl out. This pot fliou)d ftaod
cool in fummer, and the mofs be changed
every fourth day i but in winur it (hould
. ftand warnx, and if you change the moia
once a week it will be fufficient*
Bofides
^ BefideS theft worms that arc to be frond"
in the earth, there are others which breed
iSpon different herbs and ttee^, which sf-
^rwards become flics. The principal of
thefe are, the pftlmer*w{irm> the crabtree-
^orm, anU the caterpillar. Ifhefe arc to
be kept in little boxes, with hdles to let
in the air, ^nd they muft be fed with leaves
of the Tame tree on which they were fmind.
Thefe are good baits for trout, chub, gray-
Hng, roach, and dac^»
. All forts of worms are better for being
kept, except earth-bobs, and in cafe you
have not been fo provident, then the way
t6 cleanfe and fcour them quickly, is to lay
them all night in water, if they are lob-
woi'ms, and then put them into your bag
with fennel t but you muft not put your
brandlings above an hour in water, and then
put them into fennel, for fudden ufe ; but
if you have time, and propofe to keep, them
long, then they arc beft preferved in an
tartheh pot, with good ftofc of mofs,
which is to be fre(h (hifted every three or
four days in fummer, and every week or
eight days in w4nter, or at leaft the mofs
taken from them, clean walhed, and wrung
between your hands till dry,, and then put
it to them again ; and when your worm,
efpecially the brandlings begins to be fick,
drop about a fpooi^ul of milk or cream
«pon the mofs ; and note, that when the
knot, which is near the middle of the brand-
ling, begins to fwclly he is fick» ands if
care is not taken, will die. If you want
lo fcour worms in a little time, put them
about an hour in grains and blood ; their,
put them into clean mofs. Gilt-tails are
iboneft fcoured by putting them in a wooK
kn bag, and keep them >n your waiftcoat
pocket. See Fi«hin€.
WOUNDS. Dogs as well as other ant-
snals, may be wounded feveral ways, and
for a general cure, take the jtricc of red
coleworty fi^uceze it int^ the wound, and
k will cure the animal in a few days r. thofe
dogs that hunt the wild boar are very fub-
jed to be wounded, and therefore it is very
Acceflary they Ihoold be readily drefled:
Atj arc comknonlf wounded in the belly >
Wo tr
btrfpi^6vfded the fame be only ript, tliougtr
the guts come Out, if unhurt, they are
eafily cured by a dextrous man, who it
gently to put the guts in with his hand,
which oilght to be clean ;waflied before, and
anointed with oil of olives, or fome good
tender fat : you fhould put a fmall flice of
bacon in the Votind, and few it up with a
iurgcon's needle, and fine white thread
twitted and knotted at the ends, that it may
not flip, and to prevent it*s foon rotting ;.
the fame may alfo be done by other places,
and the wound muft always be kept moift,
that the dog may lick it, which is the bcftr
^nd moft (overeign ointment of all : the
point of the needle ought to be fquare, and
the reft round ; dog keepers ought always-
to be furhifhcd with them, as well as good;
thread and bacon.
It often happens that dogs arc hurt by
wild boars, in running over their bellies,,
though they have not injured them with-
theiF tulhes ; this animal, which is heavy^.
fometimcs bueaks one of their ribs, or at
leaft puts them out ; in this cafe take care
fo fist them: but if there be a bruife or
hurt, take fimphiten root, the plaifter of
mellitot, pitch, or gum,, oil of rofcs, an-
e^ual quantity of each ; mix all together^
fpFcad it on a. linen cloth, and when yoii:
have cut off the hair on the place affefted,..
appty the plaifter to it as hot as he can
endure it : but in Savvy and Pigment they
prepare a fovercign remedy,, called Benjoin^
which they take fpom FU^ a plaifter made
of which,, will not faH off tili the cure is
perfefted.
WOUNDS. Hup^,. mentioned here as
they relate to horfcs, which' arc fuch fer-
viceablc creatures to mankind. Horfes re*
ceive hurts fevera! ways, and' in feveral
. parts of the body, and it is neccffary the*
• methods of curing them (hould be here fet
down. If a: horfe receives* a wound with»
the fliofc of gunpowder, the farrier,, in:
order to cure it, muft firft fearch if the
bullet be in the wounil; if fo, let him take,
it out with an inftrument made for that
purpose ; but in cafe it cannbt be got out,
1 patience muft be had, for nature itfcif will
wear
w o u^
^ctt It out of it's owa accord without an^^
{mpedimentylead being of ihat.nature^ it
ivill not canker : but :to kill the fire, let
'him drop (bme varnllh with a feather xo the
bottom, and flop up the mouth of the
wound with fome fort of flax dipped like-
wife in the fame« then charge all chefwol-
. Jen place with the f^iUowing chargei
Take a quarter of a pound of Jbole^ar-
moniacy half apouhdof linfeedoi^ beaten
into powder, as much of bean flowers, and
(hree or four eggs, fliells and alU ^ quan-
tity of turpentine, a quart of vinegar, which
>ming1e well together .upon the fire, and
being fomewhat warm, charge all the fore
place with part thereof, and clap a cloth
upon it to keep the wound warm; and fo
•continue every day for four <»* five days to-
gether i but on the fifth, leave oflT anoint-
ing it, and ^ent ic at the bottom with a tent
dipped in hogfslgreafeand turpentine melt*
ed together, renewirig ic once or Uwicc
every day till the fire is killed, which may
be perceived by the matter in the wound,
a^d falling down of the fwelling, for as
long as the fire has the gpper hand, no
thick matter will iflue out, but only a thin
yellowilh water, neither will the fwelling
dfiuage ; then take half a pound of tur-
• .^entine wafiied in nine feveral waters, and
,put thre^ yolks of eggs and a little fafFron
to it, tent it with this ointmentt renewing
lie every day till the v/ound be whole.
But if the fliot be quite through the
^wound^ .then take a few weavers linen
thrumbs made very knotty, and dipping
' £hem firft in varhilh, draw them through
the wound, running (Jjiem up in the wound
at lead twice or thrice a day, and charging
it on either fide upon the fwoUen places
with the charge atorcfaid, till , you per
fCeive the fire is killed i then clap a com-
ifortable plaifter upon one of the holes, and
tent the other with a tent in the falve of
wafiied turpentine^ eggSj and faifron as
aforefaid.
But there are fome farriers who are ufed
to kill the fire with the oil of cream, and tot
heal up the wound with turpentine, wax
and hogs greafe» melted together.
W OXJ
^ Or they kill it 'with fnow water, saA
charge the fwelled place with cream and
balm mixed together, healing up the wound
by dipping a tent in the yolk of an egg»
honey, and iaffron, well beaten tagethcn
Others in cafe of a wounded horfe, have
recourfe to the following pills, that cany
in them a wonderful and almpft incredible
efficacy.
Take the fineil and cleereft afla fcetida,
bay-berries of Province or Italy^ and cin-'
nabar, all in fine powder, of each a pounds
incorporate them in a brafs mortar, with a
fufHcient quantity of aqua vitas, and make
up the mafs into pills, each weighing four-
teen drachms, which nrKift be laid in a con-
venient placcto dry ; give two of thefe pifls
to the wounded horfe, once in two days,
or once every day, until he has taken eight
or ten, according to the greatnefs of the
wound, and let him ftand bridled two hours
before, and as many after.
Thefe,pills promote the cure of a wound
b,y purifying the blood, refilling corruption,
and may be kept twenty years, withouc
any diminution to their virtue*
When the wound feems to be at a (land,
and yet does not appear foul, ic requires
medicines that are enaued with a power to
make the flefli grow ; and the following
powder is recommended, as being ^f ex«
traordinary ufe in this cafe: Take true
dragons blood and fine bole armoniac, of
each half an ounce ; madich, olibanum,
and farcocoUa, three drachitis of each ;
aloes, round birthwort, and roots of flower
de lis, of each a drachm and an half, mixed
and made into powder ; but the effedfc of
it will be more powerful if mixed with
fyrup of rofes, turpentine or juic^ of worm-
wood.
This indeed you will find will make the
flefh grow beyond expedatioh.
If a detergent or cleanfer be required,
let the following water be ufed, which may
eafily be prepared thus, and it is called by
farriers, who love to keep people in igno-
rance, the Pbagedenical water : take two or
three pounds of unflaked lime newly made,
put it into a large bafon of fioe tin, and by
degrees
vro tr
iTegrees pour in five quarts of rain water,'
then fetting the bafoo in a convenient place
for two days, ftir the water often •, after
which fufFer the lime to fall to the bottom,
pour off the water -by way of inclination,
ftrain it through brown paper, and to two
pints of it add half a pint of good fpirit of
wine, an oun^c of the fpirit of vitriol, and
as much corroHve fttblimate in fine powder;
mix and prefcrve it for ufe in a- glafs vial.
If you perceive a great deal of corruption
in the wound, or any appearance of a^gan*
grene, add to the whole quantity of the
water, anounceofarfenic, diminilhing the
dofe proportionably, according to the quair<*
tity of water.
Now having laid down fcvcral ufeful
medicines for the cure of wounds, it will
not be improper to propofe fome certain
maxims, on which the true way of pro-
ceeding in the cure is grounded :
Firft, then, A horfe's wound muft be
probed very gently, and as feldom as pof*-
lible, by reafon his flelh is extremely fub-
je6b to corruption, and to grow foul on^the
lead contufion that happens.
Secondly, The wound muft be kept clean,
and free from corrupt flefli, which muft be
^^onAimed with- powders.
Thirdly, A revulfion muft be made in
the beginning, that is, you muft divert the
courfe of the bumoursii and prevent their
.falling upon the wound ; bleeding is the
beft revulfion, for it allays the heat of the
Jiumours,, and leflcns the redundant quan-
tity of them.
Fourthly, A horfc's tongue being as pre-
judicial to a wound as poifon itfelf, he muft
not be fuffered to lick his wound.
Fifthly; Never proceed to fuppuration if
the humours can neither be diflblved nor
repelled ; efpecially in parts that are full
-of ligaments and Hnews, or near the bones.
Sixthly, If a wound be accompanied with
a great contufion, or- is round or circular,
in fuchcafes incifions and^the application
of cauftics are required.
Seventhly, the wound muft be carefully
oovercd, for the air reLtards.the cuk..
w o u
Eighthly, The callous lips of a wound
muft be cut to the quick, before they can
be i-e-united.
Befides this general account of the
wounds and the method of curing them,
fomething- may be proper to be faid con^.
cerning thofe wounds or hurts- received, in
fome particular parts of a horfe's' body ;
and when he has received any fuch in h\i
back, you muft apply oyfter-lhells reduced
into a fine powder thereto, and let him eat
fome golden comfrey, cut into fmall pieces^
amongft his oats.
The wounds of the breaft, according ta
fome modern authors, are cured wrth tents
and foft folds of linen put over them^ fteep*
ed in a cQmpofition made of vcrdigreafci
vitriol) and alluni, of each an ounce, eight
ounces of vinegar, and a pound of honey,
boiled together till they become red.
Wounds in the belly are cured in the fame
manner as men*? wounds are in that part^
by fowing up ihe whole peritonaeum with a
very ftrong woollen thread, leaving the ex-
tremities without, and the ikin with a ftrong.
hempen thread waxed, joining the lips o£
the wound together in the form of a buckle,
and applying thereunto the common oint-
ment proper for wounds ; and in cafe any
inflammation happens, you muft apply fome
chalk diflblved in vinegar eo It.
When the guts of a horfe come out, yo» ?
muft not touch them, but put them in with^
a fponge fteeped in hot water, and then
fqueezed, to the end that irmay-only retain
the heat.
Some, in putting in the guts, endeavour
to make a- horfe vomit, by putting a feather
into his throat,- whic-h has been lleepcd in
0)1.
If the wound is not Urge enough to pu'C
them in through, you muft make it wider;
if the pannicles conrie out, you muft ci>:
it: when the guts are wounded or fwellcd,
there is no likelihood of a cure; no more
th^n there is when a hprfe evacuates blood
at. his fundament.
Thofe that are wounded nearthe groin,
eafily fall into coavulfions ;. and i.a fiich
4 A cafes
-Cafes -jovi nwft keep tbc horfe from drink-
ing, as much as poICble } cover him well,
and fuffcr him not to walk^ but give him
green things to eat.
Wounds in the knees, Jiccording as^^-
Jftes informs us, are difficult to be cured,
becaufe there is but little fle(h and (kin on
that part no more than on the legs ; and
therefore thofe medicines arc to be ufed
that are of a very drying nature: whereas^
>vhere there is (lore of flefli, you mult ufe
thofe that arc moderately drying.
When horfes are wounded with thorns^
jtnd other things^ but lightly in fome parts
of their bodies, you muft apply thereto
hoDcy and tallow boiled together; 4nd when
' rhe wound is confiderable, tui^pentine afid
oil, both hot.
Some, in order to take out that which
has run into the foot, and for pricks, put
nothing upon it but ^boiled clder^ and if
any thing (hould penetrate between the foot
and the hoof, it muft be pulled out, and
afterwards an ointment applied to it, made
of verdigreafe, and the like ; and care muft
be taken that the wound be well cleanfcdL
Or elfe you may melt fomc turpentine,
tallow and wax mixed together: it is ne-
-ccflary the medicines ifaould penetrate the
i>ottom*of the wound; and theceforc if it
he narrow, it muft be enlarged : and this
muit be obferved concerning all wounds^
To fay nothiqg here of feveral ointments
that are proper for wounds, and well known
generally to thofe who have occafion to ufe
them : if a nerve happens to be cur, you
muft clofc it, and ufe a defenfivc, to prevent
a concourfc of humours,; fome take the
tack of the root of an elm, with the dregs
<of oil of olives, and boil them till a third
part be wafted^ fo that there be but one
jx>und left, which you muft mix with two
ounces ofrthe powder of long ariftolochy,
apd four of an he-goat's greafe, or fat -,
you muft boil it fo much, that when you
drop fomc of it upon a ftoncit will grow
liard.
Some there arc who make a nuxture of
iaurelj aaife> maftich^ and .tarur» and in-
j
W Rl
corporate, them with cheefe and bogs greiffi^
to make an ointment of them.
If a nerve has received an hurt, you muft
foment it with fome oil, -wine, and honey;
then apply thereunto a .plaiftcr made of the
root of elder and honey, and the root of
If the nerve is bruifed, you muft apply
fomc fine flout, myrrh and aloes, mixed
with the fiefti of a tortoife to it i and if it
be a little torn, make a circle round it with
a hot iron, and draw a dozen lines acroft
in form of a little wheel.
In cafe the horfe happens to be wounded
with a bont^ bit of wood, or (herd, and that
the fame ftick in the flelh or hoof, you muft
forthwith take it out ; and after you have
cleanfed it, apply it to a medicine made of
verdigreafe, or fome other plaiftcr proper
for wounds ; put a tent into it, and the
next day;wa(h it with (weet wine, and
anoint with things proper to, heal, and put
Tome barley-flour and allum upon it.
Frbsh wound in a Horsik. As (boa
as a horfe has received a wound, apply oil
of turpentine, and it will prevent all ill
<confequences ^ or, if you cannot eaftly pro-
cure oil of turpentine, wafh the part with
warm water and brandy^ or wkh commoa
fpirits and warm water.
WRIST. The bridle wrift, ia the wrift
of the horfeman's left hand.
A horfeman*s wrift and his elbow ihoiild
be equally raifed, and the wrift ftould be
two or three fingers above ^thc pommel of
the faddle.
YARD-F ALLEN; a malady^n a horfe
which proceeds from want of ftrength
to draw it up within the (heath, (b that ic
hangs down between his legs.
This is caufed cither by the weakneA of
that member, or by means of fome refo-
lution in the mufcles and fincvtes of it»
caufed by a violent flip, ftraih, or ftroke,
on the back, or elfe . by fome great wcari-
nefs or tiring.
For the cure : firft wafh the yaixl with
white wine warmed^ and thea anoint it with
oil
T E "L
M>ilpf roles^ and honc^y miTred; then put
^liis Iheath in a lit|le canvas-bolfler, to keep
it from falling dowqi and drefs him thus
pnce in tweaty-four hours^ till he is reco-
Keep his back as warm as you can^Tboth
^with a clqth and a ehargeof plaider^ made
of bole-armoniac, eggs, wheat-flour^ dra-
gon's bk>od» turpentine^ and vinegar j or
eife lay wet hay, or a wet flack, next his
-back, and over that a dry cloth^ which will
'"Cjo very well.
YARD Foui. ; if a horfc's yard it fo
iboled or furred without, fo that he (tales
-in his (heath, melt frefii butter, with white
wine vinegar, and having pulled out his
^ard, and taken out all the filth, walh it
"With the liquor, and alfo injeA (bme of it
into the yard.
YARD Mattering iw a Horse, is mofl:
commonly occafioned by his over freenefs in
fpending upon mares in covering time ; and
-when the hoife and mare are both too hot,
^t bums them, caufing the running of the
reins.
The figns of it are the ifluing of a yellow
matter from his yard, and a fwelling at the
end of it, and when he (tales, he does it
with a great deal of pain, and cannot eaflly
"^Iraw up his yard again.
For the cure ; boil an ounce of roch-
^lum, and a pint of white wine, till the
%illum be diflblved. Inje(% the liquor blood«>
warm with a fyringe, throwing it up his
yard as far as you can, four or five times a ^
day. This will perfcftly cure him.
YEARN, [in Hunting] fip;nifics to bark
^s beagles properly do at their prey.
Tb^ YELLOWS IN A Horse. A difeafe,
the fame that is ufually called the jaundice
in human bodies, of which there are two
ibrts, the yellow and the black.
The yellow proceeds from the overflow-
ing of the gall, caufed by choler : and the
other from the overflowing of the ipleen,
caufed by melancholy, and are both dange-
rous infirmities i but the black is the moft
. ^ the horfc be young i{ is eafily cured
'I
but in old ones, where the liver has been
long difeafed, it becomes imprafticable.
This diftemper is known by the horfc *a
changing his natural colour of white, in
the ball of his eyes, to yellow; his tongue^
the infide of his lips, and the outward parts
of his noftrils, is alfo coloured •yellow. The
horfe is dull, and refufes all kinds of food;
a flow fever is perceived, but it incrcafes
together with the ycllownefs* The dung is
often hard and dry, of a pale ydlow, or
light pale green, His urine is commonly
of a dark, dirty, brown colour, aijd when
It has fettled, fometimes looks lik< blood.
He dales with pajo and difficulty.
The black is known by quite contrary
fymptomsj for the whites of his eyes^
mouth, and lips, will beof aduflciflicolour,
and not fo clear and fanguine'as before.
For the cure : diflblve an ounce of mith-
ridate, in a quart of ale or beer, and give
it the horfe lukewarm •, or inftcad of mith-
ridate, two ounces of l^enue trcsicle ; or if
that cannot be had, three fpoonfuls of com-
mon treacle.
Bleed him plentifuily, and as coftivenefs
is a general concomitant*of this diforder, a
clyfter (hould be given j and the next day
the following purge:
Take of Indian rhubarb, in powder, one
ounce and a half; of faff^ron, two drams ;
of fucCotrine aloes, fix drams •, and of fyrup
of buckthwn, afufficlent quantity to make
the whole fflto a ball.
If the rhubarb fliould be thoujght too ex-
tenfive it may be omitted, aad the fame
quantity of cream of tarter, and half an
ounce of Cqflile foap, with, four drams more
of allocs addedl This may be repeated two
or three times, and the following balls and
drink giv^ii immediately after :
Take of Ethiops mineral and millipedes,
ofeachhaif an ounce: and of Cafii/e fosip
one ounce : make the whole into a ball,
and repeat the fame feveral days fucceflivelyl
walhing it down with a pint of the follow-
ing decoction :
Take of madder root and turmerick, of
each four ounces -, of burdock root fliced,
half
Y E t
half a pound; ofmonk'* rhubarb, four
ounces ; boil the whole in a gallon of forge
water till it is reduced to three quarts s then
ftrain the liquor fromthe drugs> and (Weet-
«n it with honey.
If this methodbe purfued', the diftcmper
will, in aH probability^ abate in a week :
bat if it fliould prove too obftinatc for this
treatment, mercurial purges ihould be giv-
en, and afterwards the following medicine :
Take of fait of tartar, two ounces ; live
millepedes and filings of fteel, of each
three ounces; of fafiron h^f an ounce; of
Gaftile or Venice foap, half a pound ; make
the mafa imo ballsr about the fize of a pul-
ZAI
let's egg with honey, and girc one oT
them night and morningir waihing it down
with the above drink.
^0 YERK OR* Str*»kb in the Manacf,
is faid of a horfe, when he flings and kickv
with his whole hind quarters, linking out
the two hinder legs near together, and even
to their full extent.
YIELD OR Slack the Hand, {with
Horfemen] is to flack the bridle, and give
the horfe head.
ZAIN ; is a horfe of a^ dai4c colour^
neither grey nor vrhite, and without^
any white fpot or mark u£on him^
r r N 1 s;
%**a*««Mtfi
M»*M*M*
imm
■ »[» lOii^ .1 M
Jtm^
D I R E C Til O N S /^r Flacing^ the ? 1. A T T, S.
The Frontifpiece to face the Title.
Plate II. between Signature F and G.
III. between I and K.
IV. in the middle of L.
V. between F'and Q,
VI. between Q^and R.
VII. in the middle of A a a.
VIIE bctwccaG g and^Hh'.
;i^tate IX. between N n and Ob.
; X. and XI. between Pp and Q^^
, XII. between R'r and Ss.
^. Xllli in the middle of A a a.
XI V/ inthe middle of Bbb.
. XV.' between the third and fourth leaf i
of I i i.
; XVI. in themiddleofN nn.-
i
6'>
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