Stag beetles (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)

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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

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NATURAL HISTORIC

CI 1D\/CV

J FIELDIANA . ZOOLOGY

Published by
CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM

Volume 42 August 22, 1958 No. 5

Philippine Zoological Expedition

1946-1947

STAG BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: LUCANIDAE)

Bernard Benesh

The Lucanidae collected by the Chicago Natural History Museum
Zoological Expedition to the Philippines, 1946-47 (Hoogstraal, 1951)
consisted of a total of 57 adult specimens, representing 8 genera and
12 species. Eight species are represented from Mindanao, five from
Palawan, and two from Luzon. Two species, Odontolabis planiceps
Didier and Aegus impressicollis Parry, have not previously been re-
corded from the Philippines, and another, Figulus hoogstraali, is
herein described as new.

I am greatly indebted to Mr. William J. Gerhard, Curator Emer-
itus, Division of Insects of the Museum, for the privilege of examining
and reporting upon this collection. I am likewise indebted to Mr.
Henry S. Dybas, Associate Curator, for his help in segregating the
material for my study and to Mr. Rupert L. Wenzel, Curator, for his
suggestions in the course of preparing the manuscript.

Subfamily FIGULINAE
Genus Figulus Macleay

Figulus Macleay, 1819, Horae Ent., 1: 109.

Figulus hoogstraali, new species. Figure 16, c-f.

This species somewhat resembles F. foveicollis (Boisduval) 1832,
a species known from the Fijis, New Caledonia and New Hebrides,
but differs as follows : the canthus is narrower anteriorly than poste-
riorly (in foveicollis it is nearly rectangular and converges towards

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 58-133 Itl^ ^

No. 848 63 f,^b-r-'ii^>/^-'i

NATURAL , -^,-rj..-

64 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 42

the base), the pronotum is not foveate, the body is less parallel, the
legs less spinose, and the mentum lacks the two tubercles anterior to
the pits. The male terminalia of the two species differ radically : in
hoogstraali the parameres (fig. 16, e) are margined by translucent
membrane for one-half their width and the flagellum is fairly short
and stout; in foveicollis (fig. 16, h, i) the parameres are fully sclero-
tized, the apices are tufted, and the flagellum is very slender and
twice as long as in hoogstraali.

Black, shining. Head transverse, twice as broad as long, the anterior margin
nearly straight. Clypeus produced, bilobed, lateral anterior angles obtuse, thence
feebly emarginate to the canthus. Canthus broad, anterior angles arcuate, sides
nearly straight, slightly diverging to the subacute basal angles, thence obliquely
converging to posterior margin of the head. Eyes small, completely divided by
the canthus. Vertex of head with a transverse impression, which has a few minute
punctures and is limited in front by two broadly separated tubercles; frons and
canthi with scattered punctures. Mandibles slightly shorter than the head, arcuate
externally and laterally keeled, slightly bent upwardly, apex of the right mandible
more acute than that of the left; inner edge of right mandible bidentate, with a
large median tooth and a smaller posterior denticle, left mandible tridentate, with
a large median tooth, a denticle below and anterior to it, and another smaller den-
ticle posterior to and on the same plane as the median tooth. Antennae 10-seg-
mented, piceous, shining.

Pronotum nearly quadrate, longer than broad, the anterior margin sinuate;
anterior angles feebly produced and obtuse; sides diverging to beyond the middle
(the latter arcuate), thence obliquely converging to basal angles; basal angles
broadly arcuate and obsoletely crenulate; basal margin produced at middle; front
of pronotum strongly declivous, with a median tubercle; anterior angles with a few
punctures; disk impunctate.

Scutellum indistinct, cuneiform. Elytra elongate, one and one-half times as
long as broad, convex, glabrous; humeri feebly produced and rectangular; sides
parallel to apical third, thence attenuate to apex; with nine punctate striae, the
punctures ovate; the first and ninth, the second and third striae (counting from
the suture) united on posterior declivity; elytral intervals strongly convex, espe-
cially toward the base. Legs short and fairly stout; anterior tibiae broader than
the intermediate and posterior ones, strongly furcate, armed behind the furcation
with five to six teeth, these gradually smaller toward the base; middle tibiae with
a strong median spine, serrulate above the spine; posterior tibiae with a single spine
at apical third; tarsi slender, one-fifth shorter than the tibiae, fulvous beneath.

Maxillary palpi piceous. Mentum (fig. 16, c) transverse, feebly lobate ante-
riorly, sides arcuate, base straight and elevated; central area with two large, deep,
circular pits, the walls of the pits rugulose, the bottoms impunctate and shining;
the rest of the mentum rugose. Gula blood-red. Genae punctured, the canthi
sparsely setose beneath. Prosternal process simple. Metasternum and first ab-
dominal sternum cribripunctate. Abdominal sterna 2-5 convex, remotely punc-
tate, margins and punctures setose. Secondary sexual characters not evident.

a

Itnm

Fig. 16. al, b. Odontolabis planiceps Didier: ol, prosternum; b, mentum.
a2, Odontolabis latipennis (Hope and Westw.), prosternum. c-f, Figulus hoog-
straali, new sp.: c, mentum; d, head and pronotum, female, allotype; e, male geni-
talia; /, female genitalia, g, Figulus fissicollis Fairmaire, head and pronotum,
maximum development, h, i, Figulus foveicollis (Boisduval), male genitalia:
h, lateral aspect; i, dorsal aspect (same scale as c,/).

65

66 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 42

Measurements

Length Width

mm. mm.

Head ...1.5 4.5

Mandibles 1.5

Pronotum 5.9 5.7

Elytra 9.2 5.4

Holotype. — A male from the eastern slope of Mount McKinley,
at 6,400 feet altitude, Mindanao, Philippine Islands. Collected "in
a very dry interior of a large, dead vine, 50 ft. up on tree," Septem-
ber 8, 1946, by Harry Hoogstraal. In the collection of Chicago
Natural History Museum.

Allotype. — A female, same data and repository as the holotype.

Paratypes. — Two males and two females, same data and reposi-
tory as the type.

Remarks. — Because of the remarkable constancy in size of the in-
dividuals in the type series, measurements are given for only a single
specimen, the allotype. The variation in length was slight (15.7-
16.9 mm.).

I take pleasure in naming this species after the collector, Mr.
Harry Hoogstraal, the leader of the expedition.

Figulus fissicollis Fairmaire. Figure 16, g.

Figulus fissicollis Fairmaire, 1849, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 1: 414.

A minor form of fissicollis was figured by Benesh (1950, p. 51) in
order to illustrate the characters that separate it from manillarum;
the drawing (p. 65) represents the larger form of the species, which
has been described under two specific names, lupinus Kriesche (1922,
p. 131) and monochromus Didier (1930, p. 171).

Subfamily DORCINAE
Genus Cyclommatus Parry

Cyclommatus Parry, 1863, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, (3), 1: 449.

Cyclommatus dehaani (Westwood)

Lucanus dehaani Westwood, 1842, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 8: 124.

Material examined. — Mindanao: Mount McKinley (east slope),
second growth forest; 2 males (length, 35-38 mm.); December, 1946;
H. Hoogstraal and F. G. Werner. Mount Apo (east slope), alt.

BENESH: STAG BEETLES 67

2,800 ft. (Todaya), 4,300 ft. (Camp Mainit); 1 male, 1 female; Octo-
ber-November, 1946; H. Hoogstraal and D. Heyneman.
This species is also known from Borneo and Sumatra.

Cyclommatus zuberi Waterhouse

Cyclommatus zuberi Waterhouse, 1876, Ent. Month. Mag., 12: 173.

Material examined. — Mindanao: Mount McKinley (east slope);
1 male (length, 51 mm.); September 23, 1946; H. Hoogstraal.

Luzon: Mount Makiling, alt. 2,000-3,000 ft.; 1 female (length,
20 mm.); June 1, 1947; F. G. Werner.

The species is also recorded from Mindoro, Negros, and Sibuyan.
Didier and S^guy (1953, p. 124) record it from Wallis Island (Samoan
group), nearly four thousand miles eastward and twelve hundred
miles southward. Their record needs verification.

Genus Prosopocoilus Hope and Westwood

Prosopocoilus Hope and Westwood, 1845, Cat. Lucan. Coleop., pp. 4, 30.

Macrognathiis Hope and Westwood, op. cit., p. 5 (not Lac^pede, 1800).

Metopodontus Hope and Westwood, op. cit., pp. 5, 30.

Cladognathus Burmeister, 1847, Handb. Ent., 5: 364.

Prosopocoelus Parry, 1875, Cat. Coleop. Lucan., 3rd ed., p. 5.

Hoplitocranum JakowlefT, 1896, Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., 30: 172.

Metopotropus Oberthiir and Houlbert, 1913, Insecta, 3: 416.

Cyclotropus Oberthiir and Houlbert, loc. cit., 3: 449.

Pelecognathus Houlbert, 1915, Insecta, 5: 28.

Homoderinus Kriesche, 1926, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 87: 384.

Dorcus Arrow, 1935, Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., 88: 109 (part, not Macleay,

1819).
Cladognathinus Didier and Seguy, 1952, Rev. franc. d'Ent., 19: 223; 1953,

Encycl. Ent., (A), 27: 39, 103, new synonym.

Didier and S^guy (1953, p. 109) credit the spelling Prosopocoelus
to Hope and Westwood (op. cit.). However, the original spelling
used by these authors was Prosopocoilus. The spelling Prosopocoelus
was first used by Parry (loc. cit.) and subsequently by other authors.
Kriesche (1921, p. 92) returned to the original orthography.

This is a genus of wide distribution. It is represented from West
Africa to New Hebrides and from Manchuria to Australia. Of the
ten species known to occur in the Philippines, three are represented
in the present collection.

68 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 42

Prosopocoilus cavifrons (Hope and Westwood)

Lucanus cavifrons Hope and Westwood, 1845, Cat. Lucan. Coleop., p. 13.

Material examined. — Palawan: Puerto F*rincesa (sea level), in
second growth forest; 1 male (length, 27.5 mm.); May 4, 1947;
H. Hoogstraal.

Prosopocoilus ebeninus Albers

Prosopocoelus ebeninus Albers, 1892, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., 35, (1891),
p. 367.

Material examined. — Mindanao: Mount McKinley (east
slope), alt. 3,300 ft.; 1 female (length, 31 mm.); September 3, 1946;
H. Hoogstraal.

This species was described from Mindanao, without a precise
locality. The male is yet to be discovered. PYom the size of the
female, however, it can be presumed that the males are large, as in
the other Prosopocoilus species endemic to the Philippines. The
female is ebony black, polished and shining, without an opaque lat-
eral elytral stripe. Van de Poll (1895, p. 125, footnote) in his de-
scription of P. javanensis, refers to ebeninus as follows: "It is to the
forma media of P. cavifrons that P. ebeninus Albers must be re-
ferred." This view is erroneous, because ebeninus is black through-
out and lacks the mirror-like, broad sutural stripe that is present in
cavifrons; cavifrons is reddish-brown to dark chocolate-brown, and
has the elytra opaque laterally.

Prosopocoilus occipitalis (Hope and Westwood)

Lucanus occipitalis Hope and Westwood, 1845, Cat. Lucan. Coleop., p. 13.

Material examined. — Mindanao: Mount McKinley (east
slope), alt. 5,200 ft.; 1 male (length, 28.5 mm.); August 28, 1946;
H. Hoogstraal.

Palawan: Mount Balabag (south slope), alt. 2,800 ft., Manta-
lingajan Range; 1 female (length, 18 mm.); May 4-17, 1947; F. G.
Werner.

This species occurs throughout the Oriental Region. It is re-
corded from the Andamans, Borneo, Celebes, Formosa, Java, Loo-
choo (Rjoikyu) Islands, Lower Burma, Malay Peninsula, Nias,
Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao, Negros, Palawan, Sibuyan), Sima-
lur, Sumatra, Taliaboe (Xoella Archipelago), Tenasserim.

P. occipitalis varies greatly in appearance and coloration. It is the
only species of Prosopocoilus known to me that in some forms approx-

BENESH: STAG BEETLES 69

imates the forma capita^ of certain species of Serrognathus. The typ-
ical maculation of the pronotum consists of a small circular spot on
each side close to the margin and a small median discal diamond.
Certain variants have been given varietal and subspecific names. A
melanistic form in which the maculae of the pronotum and elytra are
much larger was named as a distinct species, roepstorffi, by Water-
house (1890, p. 35). This form has subsequently been considered to
be a race endemic to the Andamans. Concerning this melanistic
aberration. Arrow (1950, p. 149) has remarked: "In the Andaman
Islands the dark sutural stripe of the female dilates, whether invari-
ably or not it is not yet possible to say, into an oval patch of variable
size. The name roepstorffi, was given to this form. The type is a male
of low development in which the female coloration appears. A well-
developed male from the same islands has the typical coloration
found in continental localities." I have seen two female specimens
of this dark aberration, from Borneo and the Philippines; it prob-
ably occurs throughout the range of the species.

The insect has been recorded under various generic names, Lu-
canus, Cladognathus and Metopodontus, the latter name being utilized
by van Roon (1910, p. 24) and subsequent authors, although it does
not agree with the subgeneric character given in the key of Hope and
Westwood (1845, p. 30), namely "caput cf antice bimucronatum."
As has been previously noted by Benesh (1953, p. 29, footnote), this
character is applicable to males of maximum development. These
have a frontal crest or lamina that is emarginate in the middle and
produced as a tubercle or point on each side of the emargination.
Such crests or laminae occur in large forms of some species of Odon-
tolahis, Homoderus, Cyclommatus and Prosopocoilus, and even in the
minute Aegotypus armatus (Parry). All the intermediate and minor
developments of the males in Prosopocoilus and the subgenus Meto-
podontus are similar, with "caput maris antice planum hypostomate
excavato" (Hope and Westwood, 1845, p. 30). In addition it should
be noted that the large males of each species, to which the name
Metopodontus has been applied, have a different type of head orna-
mentation. The latter must therefore be considered as a specific
rather than a generic character. Because of this I have synonymized
Metopodontus under Prosopocoilus.

' In this form the head is greatly enlarged and bulbous and the mandibles are
much reduced in size.

70 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 42

Genus Serrognathus Motschulsky

Serrognathus Motschulsky, 1861, Etudes Ent., 10: 12.

Two species of this genus are known from the PhiHppines. One
of these is represented in the material before me. It is a member of
the gypaetus group, for which Didier (1931, p. 196) proposed a sub-
genus, Lasiodorcus.

Serrognathus (Lasiodorcus) cribriceps (Chevrolat)

Dorcus cribriceps Chevrolat, 1841, Rev. Zool., 1841: 224.

Material examined. — Mindanao: Todaya, Mount Apo (east
slope), alt. 2,800 ft.; 5 males (length, 30-43 mm.), 3 females (length,
25 mm.); October 27, 1946; H. Hoogstraal and D. Heyneman.

The species is also known from Luzon (Bataan, Laguna [Mount
Makiling]) and Negros Occidental (Mount Canlaon); it closely re-
sembles gypaetus (Cast.), from which species it can be separated with
difficulty. It is the only Philippine lucanid species in which the man-
dibles of the male are hirsute.

Genus Metallactulus Ritsema

Metallactus Albers, 1884, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., 28: 301.

Metallactulus Ritsema, 1885, Notes Leyden Mus., 7: 54, nom. nov. for Metal-
lactus Albers, not Suffrian, 1866 (Linn. Ent., 16: 248).

Dorcus Arrow, 1950, Fauna of India, Pakistan, etc., Coleop. Lamell., IV,
Lucanidae et Passalidae, p. 78 (in part).

Metallactulus is one of many generic names which the late Gil-
bert J. Arrow (1935, 1939, 1943, 1950) synonymized under Dorcus.
In my opinion, he failed to re-define adequately the genus Dorcus as
he construed it; hence I am retaining Metallactulus, among others,
as a valid genus.

In synonymizing Metallactulus (1939, p. 85) Arrow also placed
Metallactulus bennigseni Boileau as a synonym of Aegus alter natus
(without having seen Boileau's type) on the assumption that Boileau
had incorrectly figured the canthus and elytral striae. In deference
to Boileau's long experience with the lucanids, I feel that bennigseni
should be regarded as a distinct species of Metallactulus until exami-
nation of the type indicates otherwise.

Metallactulus parvulus (Hope and Westwood)

Lucanus parvulus Hope and Westwood, 1845, Cat. Lucan. Coleop., p. 25.
Dorcus carinulatus Nagel, 1941, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., 1941: 56, fig. 3 (new
synonym).

BENESHr'STAG BEETLES 71

Material examined. — Mindanao: Maco, Tagum, Davao Province
(sea level) ; 3 males (length, 13.5-17 mm.) ; December, 1946; H. Hoog-
straal and D. Heyneman. Matutungan, Santa Cruz, Davao Prov-
ince, alt. 2,500 ft.; 1 male; under bark of log; December 13, 1946;
M. Celestino.

Palawan: Bacungan (sea level), in second growth forest; 1 male;
March 22-26, 1947; F. G. Werner.

The uncinate maxillae of the female of Metallactulus parvulus in-
dicate a relationship to other members of the Dorcinae. On the other
hand, the structure of the female genitalia indicates a close affinity to
the Lucaninae. The mentum is semicircular, with the base straight,
similar to that in Cyclommatus. The discal tuberculation of the head
varies greatly and is inconstant; usually there are two closely placed,
oblong, posteriorly converging tubercles (sometimes united at base)
on a line with the bases of the eyes. Sometimes these tubercles are
lacking or supplanted by an impunctate area. The type of Dorcus
carinulatus Nagel (1941, p. 56) is a male with posteriorly converging
tubercles. An interesting fact, not previously recorded, is that the
frontal tubercles may occur in the female also. Females are rare in
collections. In more than 25 years I have examined approximately
500 specimens of this species and have seen only two females.

Other Philippine specimens are known from Calayan, Negros,
and Polillo. The species is also known to occur on Amboina (Benesh
Collection, CNHM), Formosa and Kotosho. The Amboina speci-
men (a male) differs from others seen by me in that the head lacks
tubercles but has two strong gibbosities behind the eyes toward the
occiput.

Genus Aegus Macleay

Aegus Macleay, 1819, Horae Ent., 1: 112.

Aegus impressicollis Parry

Aegus impressicollis Parry, 1864, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, (3), 2: 58.

Material examined. — Palawan: Brooke's Point, Tigoplan River
Valley; 2 males (length, 20-26 mm.); April 29, 1947; F. G. Werner.

This is an addition to the Philippine fauna; the species is also
recorded from Borneo, Malacca and Sumatra.

Aegus philippinensis Deyrolle

Aegus philippinensis Deyrolle, 1866, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 9, (1865), p. 32,
pl. 2, fig. 4.

72 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 42

Material examined. — Mindanao: Mount McKinley (east slope),
alt. 3,200 ft.; 2 males, 2 females; September, 1946; H. Hoogstraal.
Mount Apo (east slope), alt. 2,800 ft., Todaya, alt. 4,300 ft. (Camp
Mainit); 3 males, 1 female; October 27-November, 1946; H. Hoog-
straal and D. Hejmeman. Maco, Tagum, Davao Province (sea level) ;
2 males, 1 female; October, 1946; H. Hoogstraal. Matutungan,
Santa Cruz, Davao Province, alt. 2,500 ft.; 11 males (length, 12-
27 mm.), 4 females (length, 14-17.5 mm.); December 13, 1946;
M. Celestino.

Genus Gnaphaloryx Burmeister

Gnaphaloryx Burmeister, 1847, Handb. Ent., 5: 396.

Gnaphaloryx opacus burmeisteri Nagel

Gnaphaloryx Burmeisteri Nagel, 1926, Ent. Mitt., 15: 120.

Material examined. — Palawan: Puerto Princesa (sea level), in
second growth forest; April 26, 1947; H. Hoogstraal.

The insect is also known to occur in the Andamans, Borneo,
Celebes, Formosa, Java, New Guinea, Sumatra and Tonkin.

According to Arrow (1935, p. 113) the name burmeisteri was given
to the form which has been known as taurus (Fabricius), Nagel hav-
ing restricted the name opacus to the form in which the mandibles
have a tooth close to the terminal fork, or at least past the middle
and not basal to it.

Subfamily LUGANINAE
Genus Odontolabis Hope

Odontolabis Hope, 1842, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 9: 247.

Odontolabis planiceps Didier

Odontolabis planiceps Didier, 1930, Etudes Coleop. Lucan. du Globe, 7: 147,
fig. 108.

Material examined. — Mindanao : Mount McKinley, Davao Prov-
ince, alt. 3,300 ft., in mixed second growth and Dipterocarpus forest;
4 females (length, 46-48 mm.); July 17, 1946; H. Hoogstraal.

This species was described from Amboina, and the present record
is an addition to Philippine fauna. Didier compared planiceps with
latipennis (Hope and Westwood) and separated the two species
by the form of the prosternal process (fig. 16, al, h). Actually

BENESH: STAG BEETLES 78

planiceps is more closely related to 0. intermedia van de Poll and
differs from it in the following characters: broader form; head finely
granulate and shallowly punctate, occiput shining (in intermedia
coarsely pitted on frons and canthi, disk roughened and sculptured
by large, remote punctures) ; rugose mandibles with "trois denticules
sur le bord interne" (which is not corroborated by Didier's figure,
which clearly shows the left mandible tricuspid, the right bicuspid;
in intermedia coarsely pitted as on the frons, both distinctly tricus-
pid, the median cusp largest, the frontal cusp somewhat pointed, the
basal one rounded) ; prothorax "finement granuleux" (in intermedia
granulate on lateral margins, disk strongly polished and nitid) ; elytra
less attenuate posteriorly, basal half of margin opaque (in intermedia
shining throughout).

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74 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 42

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Oberthur, RENfi, and Houlbert, Constant

1913. Fauna analytique illustree des Lucanides de Java. Insecta, 3: 205-220,
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120, 155-163, 199-206, 218-229.

BENESH: STAG BEETLES 75

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1864. A catalogue of lucanoid Coleoptera, with illustrations and descriptions of
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Poll, Jacob R. H. N. van de

1895. Contribution to the lucanoid fauna of Java. Notes Leyden Mus., 17:
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RiTSEMA, C.

1885. Remarks on Hymenoptera and Coleoptera. Notes Leyden Mus., 7: 54.

ROON, G. VAN

1910. Lucanidae. Junk, Coleop. Cat., 19, part 8, 70 pp.

Waterhouse, Charles O.

1876. Descriptions of two new species of Lucanidae. Ent. Month. Mag., 12:

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Westwood, Josiah O.

1842. Insectorum novorum Centuria. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 8: 123-125.