Postage stamps of Canada

-POSTAGE STAMPS

OF

CANADA

Fred Jarrett

mes.

HE
6185
C24BI
J36
1923

a complete check list of
stal Stationery of Canada,
L. Derwent Kinton, M.A.

Preface

In the following pages au attempt has been made
to give serious collectors of B.N.A. stamps the in-
fonation they require in a form which permits of
easy reference.

No values have been given for the different items,
it being considered that those who make use of this
book are familiar with values aud not always gov-
erned by existing catalogue pices.

The author xvishes to express his appreciation of
the fine spirit shown by the mauy collectors and
specialists who have placed their collections at his
disposal for the purpose of cleariug up doubtful
points.

Where possible, credit has been given for informa-
tion taken from writiugs by other authors. It is
unfortunate that just eredit cannot be given to
original authors for much of the data now commonly
used by writers on B.N.A., and which must have been
seeured in the first instance at considerable expendi-
ture of time aud intelligeut effort. In mauy cases
the vord (Ilowes) ,ppears in brackets, iudieating
that information has beeu obtained from or eorrob-
orated in "Canada, lts Postage Stamps and Postal
Stationery" by Clifton A. Howes.

FRED JARRE'[T

2

PROVINCE OF CANADA

IMPERFi;RATE

Engraved and printed by Messrs. Rawdon, Wright,
Hatch & Edson, New York. All values with the
exception of the 7' 2d and ld were printed in sheets
of 100, ten rows of ten. hnprint of makers appears
on all values except 10d and 12d. These two values
were believed o have been printed in sheets of 120,
and no imprint has been recorded.
Imprint occurs eight times on each sheet. In the
case of the 3d Beaver it is opposite the third and
eighth stamps on the horizontal and vertical rows,
with bottom of imprint next to stamps. In all cases
it reads up on left, down on right and upside down on
bottom margin. Printed in small 'diamond' type.
The thin and laid paper printings bear no imprint.

Queen Victoria. Albert Irince Consort. Queen Victoria. Jacque Cartier.

' _,d
Issued August, 1857. Total issue 3,389,960. Nor-
real shade is deep rose. Pale rose and bright rose
frequently seen. Prepaid postage on newspaper in
Canada.
VARIETIES
1. Stitch waternmrk vertically on right.
2. Double transfer. Lower portion of left frame line
double. There are everal similar varieties of interest
to the specialist.
3. Short diagonal line extending outward from middle of
right frame line. .
4. Peffoted 12. (January, 1859. Approx. 79,440.
issued. Shades are deep rose and lilac-rose.

8

hard wove. Chronicled by early writers
ribbed paper but considered very doubtful.

PAPERS
Thin hard wove.
Medium thick hard oe.
Thin soft horizontal ribbed.
Thin soft vertical ribbed.
Very thin soft.
The perforated ,:_,d comes on the mediuln thick
on thin

3(I ilEAVER

I)esigned by Sir Sanford Fleming, then civil
engineer and draughtsman. A Beaver skin was a
standard of triode in the North West in the early
dab-s of the I ludson's llay Company. The coins later
issued by this company bore a Beaver as an emblem
of value. The beaver was later officially used along
with the maple leaf in the coat of arms of Canada.
The 3d prepaid postage on inland letters and to
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Cape Breton and
Prince Edward Island.

First supl)i.v received from makers April 5, 1851.
On sale April "' o, 1851. Total issued to postmasters,
3,100,01o approximately.

SHADES

1. Red (laid, xvove, ribbed, all thin soft papers).
2. Deep red (wove paper}.
3. Brown-red Iwove paper).
4. Rose red Ithin wove paper).
5. Scarlet-vermillion.
6. Orange-vermillion (laid paper).

The paper on which printings were made had much
to do with the shade. The dark brown shade is due
to oxidization.

strength to the belief that none of us know what we
are talking about, and the existence of this variety
has yet to be correctly explained.
The theory is advanced by tlowes that this plate
variety in the 3d was caused by a slight impression
of the transfer roller in the wrong position on the
plate previous to the heavy impression sunk in the
proper lzosition. This theory is usually accepted as
satisfactory.
But the doub!iug does not occur at one side of the
design or extend all the way across the design at
any point--it is most pronounced in the center of
the desiga while the fine frame lines o tile right
and left are normal. It ould seem impossible for a
steel die having its cutting surface parallel to the
surface in which it is to be impressed, to cut into the
center without cutting at either end.

Isst:ed May 15, 1851. Total issue 35,478. Fre-
paid postage on letters to United States except Cali-
fornia and Oregon, which required 3d additional.

SH A DE,

Grey violet or slate, and greenish grey, on the laid
and early thin wove papers. Pale greenish black,
brownish black and grey violet on medium hard wove
papers. Dull purple on thin hard wove and thin
soft wove. So great is tile range of shades that a
l,undred copies might all differ.

VARIETIES

1. Stitch watermark. (Thick hard wove paper).
2. Double transfer. Upper right numeral "6" shows
doubling. This occurs on several stamps at upper
right corner of plate.
3. Bisected diagonally (3d) on laid, ordinary wove and
thick soft wove papers.

44.--Smith's Falls, ['.C.
45.--Stanstcad, L.C.
46.- -Strat ford, [.C.
47.- I'crth.
(Three Rivers?)
4,q.--T,,ron/o,

40.--\Vhitby, U.C.
50.--ll'indsor. ['.C.
51.--II'oodstock, l_'.C.
52.-- ).rk, U.C.
Clifton.')

The numeral "21" is a comparatively common one,
being assigned to Montreal, the largest city. A
second type is known for Montreal, Quebec, and
Ilamilton, Nos. 5. 6 and 7 respectively.

5 6 7

Most of the early postmarks were used as cancel-
lations.
Postmasters were instructed to "carefully post-
mark letters on the address side with the nmne of
the post office, the month and day of the month in
which posted, and, except when prepaid by postage
stmnps, to mark the rate of postage in plain figures."
If the postage was paid in cash when the letter
was posted they were to stamp or write the word
"PAID" against the postage rate and nmrk the rate
in red ink, but if unpaid the rate was to be nmrked
in black ink.
If the reeeivino" postmaster found that a letter
had been under rated be was instructed to nmrk the
additional postage with the words "MORE TO PAY"
and his initial on the letter, No. 8.

MORE TO PAY FORWARDED

s 9

13

Cancellations are in various colors. Black of
course predominates. Blue, red, green, brown and
pink are found, the latter colors being rarely seen.
Belleville cancellations me invm'iably in blue.
Ottawa and Kingston frequently used red, and
Brantford blue.

Nos. 10 and 11 are among the rarest postmarks.
The earliest date seen by the author is Kingston,
July 21, 1852, in red, on cover to Toronto bearing a
pail" of 3d Beavers. It differs from those illustrated
in that no number is given under the year. As
Quebec is No. 8 we assume the existence of at least
eight "steamboat letter" cancellations.
Most of the town postnmrks had their origin many
years prior to 1851. England claims the invention
of the postmark, and the earliest known type, used
in London in 166,, is closely related in design to
those used on Canadian letters. Nos. 12, 13 and 14
are examples of earlier types used in Canada. In
No. 1.1 a designating letter is shown under the date.

12 13 14
It was the practice of some postmasters to write
their initials inside the postmark, as in No. 15. Dates
were sometimes written in. The double-lined type,
No. 16, was used by Cobourg, July, 1858.

14

15 16 17

All three Toronto postmarks illustrated give the
location of this city differently, i.e., "Canada" "Can-
ada West" and "Upper Canada."

1  19 20

The letters LC represent Lower Canada ; UC Upper
Canada: CE Canada East and CW Canada West.

The amount of postage required was written in the
upper right corner of the cover, or stamped with the
amomt in black, Nos. 24 to 31 inclusive.

15

Narkings which combined the work PAID with
the rate were also used, Nos. 37, 39 and 40. No. 37
exists in a slightly smaller type.

39 4o
In Nos. 41, 42 and 43 we have a date postmark
combined with the PAID mark. Type No. 42 is
noted as earl.v as Nay 1, 1851, in red on cover Tor-
onto to IIarrie. The Toronto mark, however, has
the word PAID at the bottom. No. 43 appears on
cover from Quebec to Enghmd dated Oct. :28, 185-I.

It is really a British postmark, and is invariably in
red. The smal! letter before the date is the private
mark designating the stamper, each stamper in the
Liverpool office between May 1851 and 1858 being
supplied with and retaining his own individual date
stamp.
The marking "MONEY LETfER '' did not denote
that the letter contained money, but that the post-
age had been paid in money. There is a second type
one-third smaller than No. -14. No. 45 is found on
mail to be forwarded to destination by ship, as, for
example, letters from Halifax to Boston or New
York.

MONEY-LETTER SH IP

44 45

17

Portions of No. 46 are often seen on Canadian
stamps which prepaid postage on letters to England.
It is a British postmark, invariably in red. No. 47
appears on a hlONEY LETTER cover from Quebec
to England dated Oct. 28, 1854, and is interesting on
account of currency rate being shown as well as
sterling rate.

LIVERPOOL
AU 29
C57 ,

46

Lette to the U.S. usually bore the CANADA
mark No. -18. Extract from first postal convention
between Canada and U.S. signed May 25, 1851:
"Offices designated for the despatch and receipt of
U.S. mails on the side of Canada will stamp "CAN-
AI)A" upon all letters sent into the United States
for delivery." Additional markings, Nos. 49, 50 and

CANADA
PA I D IO

48 4q

51 were used to indicate that 1)c postage had been
paid, 6d being accepted as the equivalent of the 10c
rate required for U.S. letters.

PAID
CANADA-10-CENTS CANADAIOC

5t 51

18

ln.tructions to Postmasters

"On letters to the U.S. when stamps are affixed
representing less than the amount of postage to
which the letters are liable, the stamps are to be
cancelled and the letters rated with the full rate of
postage as unpaid."

From "tlistory of the Postmarks of the British
Isles" by John G. IIendy we learn that at the time
the first adhesive stamp was issued, a letter was
written by Rowland l lill stating that "all sorts of
tricks are being played by the public, who are exer-
cising their ingenuity in devising contrivances for
removing the obliteration by chemical agents and
other means. One contrivance is to wash the stamps
over before the letter is posted, wit isinglass or
something else which acts as a varnish, and as the
obliterating stamp falls on this varnish it is easily
removed by soap and water."

The REGISTEREI) markings, Nos. 52 and 53 are
noted as early as October, 1855, but doubtless exist-
ed as early as May, 1855. An agreement was made
with the Fost Office Department of the U.S. in
October, 1856, whereby letters passing" between the

REGISTERED
5':'

RECI,STERED

53

two countries could be registered for the additional
fee of 3d, and if desired, a continuous record had
of its transmission from the point of mailing to the
point of destination.

19

Nos. 54, 55 and 56 are Railway Post Office mark-
ings, of considerable rarity as cancellations.
NOV 4

54 55 56

A contemporary ruling was in effect in the Lon-
don, (England) l)istrict Post Offices that letters for
the night nmil could be posted for an extra payment
of one penny up to 6.-15 p.m. and 7.3o at the chief
office. Letters on which this "LATE FEE" had been
paid were impressed with a distinctive mark. It
would seem that some similar practice was followed
in Canada, presumably in the larger cities like
Montreal. The marking "TOO LATE" was stamped
on letters posted too late to catch the mail for which
they were intended. Nos. 57 and 58 illustrate these
markings.

TOO LATE

57 58

Government and official correspondence enjoyed
franking privileges, and bore markings similar to
Nos. 59 and

FREE

ANADA 2

59 60

2O

PEN t'AN(ELLATI( )N

Extract from Post Office Department Circular
dated Toronto, 21st April, 1851: "Stamps so affixed
are to be immediately cancelled in the office in
which the letter or packet nmy be deposited with an
instrument to be furnished for that purpose.
Post Offices not so furnished the stamps are to be
cancelled by making a cross (X) on each with a pen."

1859 ISSIE

Perf. 12. Date of issue July, 1859. Engraved
and printed by "The American Bank Note Co., New
York," fo3nerly "Messrs. Rawdon, Wright, Hatch
and Edson," the firm name being changed 1st May,
1858. hnprint occurs on all values except the 17c
as described for the pence issue. The 10c bears
the portrait of Albert, Prince Consort, and the 17c
the portrait of Jacques Cartier.

lc RitSE RED

Pale rose-red.
Bright rose-red.
a. Imperf.
b. Faint background for "One Cent"

Note: A guide dot may be noted on the left side of colored
oval background for Queen's head.

27,475,450 issued to June 30, 1868.

21

2c RSE

(Issued 1st August, 1864)

Pale rose.
Bright rose.
a. Imperf.
b. Outer frame line at top and right
continued till they cross.

5c BEAV ER

Deep (lull red (July, 1859).
Brick re(I.
Pale red
Double transfer.
Worn plate.
Bisected (21.,c) diag. (Montreal ? 1S68).
I mperf.
(39,792,172 issued to June 30, 1868).

10c PRINCE

Red violet.
Dull violet.
Dull purple.
Brownish purple.
a. Imperf.
b. Bisected diag.
Brown.
Black-brown.

(5.799,69, issued to June 30, 1868).

22

63

A cover dated April, 1867 is noted, bearing a four-
ring numeral cancellation for "Clifton." Clinton was
assigned the numeral "9" for the pence issue, but
no mention is made of "Clifton." It is possible that
some of the pence issue numeral cancellations
changed their identity for the 1859 issue, in which
case it would be impossible correctly to identify the
four-ring numeral cancellations of the pence issue
by means of 18.59 covers.

65 66

67

68 7o '71

Postmasters made use of cancelling marks of their
own design, a few examples of which are shown,
Nos. 65 to 71 inclusive.

No. 73 is similar to type No. 20 used for the pence
issue, but it will be noted that this mark gives the
additional information that the letter was posted in
the morning or afternoon. The letters "AM" and
"PM" were added to the postmarks used in the large
cities. Nos. 74 and 75 are similar to pence issue can-
cellations, but with the addition of the letter "A" in

2

The rate on drop letters containing price lists
was lc per ounce and we find such covers bearing the
mark No. 91 or having the words "Printed Circular"
written in the corner.

RETURNED-FO R
PO S TACE
92

Portions of No. 93 may be seen on Canadian regis-
tered mail to En.o.'land, usually in red. No. 94 is an
interesting "t'AIlY' postmark used only by Mon-
treal. The "Too Late" mark of the Pence Issue ap-
pears in a new form for the 1859 issue, No. 95.

PAID
dU22
1861

.. CANADA

95

Some of the larger companies stamped their mail
upon receipt. Examples of two of these markings
are shown in Nos. 96 and 97. In rare instances

96 97

portions of these markings fell upon the
stamp, to the confusion of the collector.

29

postage

lc RANGE AND ORANGE-YELLt
Deep Orang'e (Jan., 1869).
Orange-yellow (May ? 1,69).
Pale oralge-yellow (Sept.
l mperf.
(11 millions of lc stamps were issued, of which
amount probably two-thirds were of the red-
brown ).

2c GREEN
Grass-green.
Deep greem
Pale emerald-green (171).
Bluish green (IS;,).
a. Watermarked.
Bisected vertically { lc).
Guide (lot lower left corner.
Fine lie parallel with side and bottom of (lesign
extending so as to cross at lower left corner.
(See cut.)
(Approximately 10,000,000 issued).

3c R El)

Red.
Rose-red.
Laid paper (Aug. 31, 1868).
Dry plate.
Defective plate--upper left figure 3 shows defect.
Watermarked.

5c (tLIVE GREEN
(1st Oct., 1875)
Olive Green.
Grey-green.

6c BROWN
Deep brown (Apr., 1868).
a. Watermarked.
b. Bisected diagonally (3c).
Yellow-brown.
(Approx. ten millions issue(l).
31

1868 ISSUE

Pt)STMARKS AND ('AN('ELLATI(}NS
With the advent of the new issue.for the Dominion
of Canada, a change was made in the system of de-
signating the important offices by" number. Type
No. 98 was used, consisting of two thiek concentric
rings enclosing the number. This type vas supplied
to sixty offices. A study of the few offices identified

99 100
9
by means of covers would suggest that the numbers
were given out in order according to the size or im-
portanee of tile city or town, and not alphabetically.
The following numbers have been definitely identi-

fled:

1.--Montreal.
2.--Toronto.
3.--Quebec.
4.--Halifax
5.--Hamilton.
6.--London.
7.--St. John, N.B.
10.--Sydney, N.S.
ll.--Fredericton, N.B.
12.---St. CaCharines.
14.--Guelph.
21.--Woodstock, Ont.
26.--Owen Soun (?).

30.--Pictou, N.S. (?)
32.--Battle.
36.--St. John's P.Q. ?
42.--Sherbrooke.
43.--Windsor, N.S.
4 l.--Owen Sound.
45.--Perth.
47.--Napanee.
49.--Prescott.
50.--Pietou, N.S. (?).
54.--Truro, N.S.
56.--Brampton, Ont.

Type No. 99 affords another cancellation mystery.
The number 627 is enclosed in four concentric rings
as in the Pence Issue type, when the numbers went
as high as 52 only. A similar cancellation in tile
1859 issue gives the number 516. No information is
available as to the significance of either of these high
numbers. A new type of "37" appears for this
issue, No. 100.
35

Nos. 101, 102 and 103 are for London, Ont., the
first being" a duplex postmark. It will be noted that
London retains the same desig'nating" number as in
the two-tin,o" numeral cancellation.

c) N D o
L DEZ3 J 69
ON'

102

There are several t. pes of "home-made" cancella-
tions for London, of which No. 103 is an example.
The duplex cancellation, No. 104 g'ives ]Ialifax a
letter instead of a number as in tile past.

"IIome-made" cancellations were used frequently
in many of tile offices. These present some very
interesting" designs. Nos. 10S to 108 are given as
examples. For some reason tile space for the
numeral is left blank in No. 107.

105 106 107
36

Nos. 109 to 112 are fu'the" examples of the "home
made" cancell.tion, No. 109 being" used by To'onto.

109 1 l3 111
The "leaf" cancellation No. 112, is but one of several
types, some quite crude and other's most elabo'ate.

112 113
Nos. llJ and 115 are types of town and date post-
marks int'oduced during this issue. Nos. 116, 117
and 118 are otSci,l bar cancellations commonly used,
the latter two in New Brunswick.

114 115

116 117 llS

37

No. 121 is a tlalifax cancellation. The "WAY
LETTER" eaneellation, No. 122, was used previous to
confederation in Nova Seotia and New Brunswick,
where a regulation required mail couriers on the
coach roads to aeeept letters for mailing when these
were offered at a distanee of not less than one or two
miles from the nearest post ol'fiee, and to place sueh
letters in a locked letter pouch provided for the pur-
pose, posting them at the first post office, where the
postmaster stmnped them with the words "WAY
LETTER." After eonfederation this postmark con-
tinued in use in some of the oees as a eaneellation.
It is extremely rare as a eaneellation on stmnps of
the 1868 issue.
No. 123 is the Vancouver, II.C., eaneellation whieh
continued in use for a short time after British
Columbia entered confederation.

([35))
121 122 123

Three types of due and paid marks are illustrated,
Nos. 124, 125 and 126, all used in New Brunswick.

124 125 126
No. 127 is a distinctive type of town cancellation
used in New Brunswick, the date being written in
ink. Nos. 128 and 129 are types of "Registered"
markings used for Fredericton and St. John, respect-
ively, after confederation.

1870
SMALl. CENTS ISSUE

PERF. 12

Engraved and printed by the British American
lhtnk Note Co., Montreal & Ottawa. Three papers
were used for the Montreal printings,
(a) medium to stout wove fro'm 187 to 1880.
(b) thin soft very white wove from 187t to 1872.
(c) wove paper of thinner and poorer quality,
which we find on the stamps issued 1878 to 1897.
The Ottawa printings were on paper (c) and often
toned grey t)r yellowish.

H A I F ('EN T

Shade and Date Paper
(;rey-brown--(July, 182) (c)
Grey (c)
I mperf.--( 1891-18.q3 ? ) (c)
Imperf. between pair (c)
Lateness of issue of ..,c due to continued use of the large
168 .,c, of which there was a large stock (n hand.

(tNE (ENT

Shade and Date
Bright orang'e--(About March, 1870-73)
Orange-yellow--( 1,73-1876 )
Pale dull yellow (1877 ?)
Bright yellow--(1878-1897)
(a) Imperf.
Bisected vert. (.c.

Paper
(a) (b)
(a)
(a)
(a) (c)
(c)

Printed both sides. Not offset. Mint Block of four sold
by T. Allen, Londou, England, 1921.

4O

In some stamps the color seems to have permeated
the texture of the paper, giving it a toned appear-
ance. A yellow-ochre shade is sometimes found.
the author's collectio, there is a strip of three
stamps mounted on piece o" white wove paper with
the word "Error" written across the three stamps,
the shade being quite distinct from either orange
yellow.

The bisected variety was used in New Brunswick
for newspaper rate. The specimen examined is on a
New Brunswick newspaper bearing a Post Office
notice stating that the lc stamp could be bisected
and used in this way.

TW<) ('ENT

Shade and Date
Deep green--( 1872 )
Pale gree]--(1872)
Blue green--(1889-1,91)
(a) Vert. .z used as :lc lScott)
(b) Diag. ] used as lc (Scott).
Dull sea green--(Jan., 1888).
Impef.--( 1891-1893 ? ).

Paper
(a) (b)
(c)
(Oct. 22, 1884).

The vertically bisected 2c in the author's collection
is postmarked "tIalifax October 22nd, 1884." The
diagonally bisected appears on cover with an entire
2c, making 3c rate which prepaid postage from
Brantford to Elginburg. Postmarked 1886.

41

the 10th and 11th stamps, twice on the bottom
margin, beneath the 5th and 6th stamps and the
15th and 16th stamps. There were no side imprints.
The denomination appears in the top margin e.t
right and left, and in a new style of letter, reading
ONE CENT, 3-WO CENT, TIIREE CENT, etc. The
2c value had a distinctive imprint 49ram. long, 2ram.
wide, or somewhat larg'er than the Ottawa imprint
of the other values. As the sheet was ten by ten
with imprint at top and bottom only, this imprint
was probably used prior to the smaller one described
for the ten by twenty sheets.

! "%! !' E R F( )R A'I" E
The imperforate 8tamps were sold by the Mon-
treal Post Office and possibly post offices in other
large Canadian cities. They are of course much
more rare in used condition, preferably in pairs on
original cover. Collectors are warned against singles,
it being possible to cut the perfs off the common
variety, leaving sufficient margins to deceive the
unwary.

I'ERF()RATI()NS

The standard perforation for this issue is Gauge
12 or slightly under. Gauge 11' .,x12 was also used.
Double perforations are frequer(ly seen on the dif-
ferent values. A variety of the 3c and 10c
exists with the figures of value above the Queen's
head, as a result of careless perforation.

FREAKS

Stamps printed on creased paper are found, which
when soaked and ironed out show blank spaces across
the face of the stamp. A lc value showing the let-
ter "c" distinctly watermarked may also be noted.
Nearly all values may be found with the design
printed in reverse on the back, the sheet having
received an offset impression by being laid on other
stamps freshly printed.

45

Howes' figures show that approximately 520,000
of each value were used, but standard catalogues
place a higher value or, the 50c. The writer's obser-
vations lead to the belief that the 50c stamp is much
ommoner than the 20c.

"'IFFI('IAL" AND "ERVICE"
The stamps and postal stationery of the "Small
Cents" issue are occasionally seen bearing the above
words surcharged in black, blue or red, vertically
and diagonally.
They do not belong to the legitimate emissions of
Canada, and were discredited by the Post Office
Department in a letter d.ted 18th May, 1885.
A stamp collector and dealer residing in Halifax,
took it upon himself at the time of the Indian out-
break in the Canadian North West in 1884-85 to
8re'charge the stamps and stationery as above. Ilis
explanation of their use was that mail matter ad-
dressed to members of the militia of the various
provinces required some means of distinguishing it
from ordinary mail matter, in view of the prompt
measures which were taken to call men to [he ser-
vice.
But while not official, the surcharging did not im-
pair the postal value of the stamps and envelopes and
they were permitted to pass through the Canadian
mails.

BILl, STAMPS ISED Pt)STALI,Y
Bill stamps were sometimes used postally, al-
though not authorized. The writer's collection con-
rains a cover bearing alc yellow between two lc
brown bill stamps, the three paying a 3c rate. Dur-
ing the continuance of this issue the bill stamps
were doubtless often affixed in error and did duty
as postage stamps, due to the similarity in shade .and
design, especially in the case of the large 20c and
50c.

P(]STMARKS AND CANCELL.,Ti()N
It was customary for postmasters to make their
oxvn cancelling instruments by cutting corks in de-
signs to suit their fancy and purpose. To list all of
these would be impossible, but some of the more
artistically inclined postmasters used cancellations
that are worthy of being recorded along with the
official cancellations of this period.
Most of the pence issue cancellations, and those
belonging to the 1859 and 1868 issues, appear on
this issue, especially on the earlier stamps. A col-
lection of colored cancellations is an interesting side-
line, as many odd cancellations may be found in red,
Iflue, green, purple, etc.
Varieties of concentric "ring eaneellatina were
used, types. 130, 131 and 

Duplex cancellations were now in common use, and
two new types are illustrated, Ottaw being now
designated as No. 1 and ]Iamilton as No. 5, types 133
and 13 I.

JU 15
--
133 134

Registered mail was stamped witl types, 135 to
140, the former being the earliest and of consider-

able rarity. Type 136 existed in several sizes and is
still in use.

1 :I 6 1 :]7

Types 138 and 139 appear on registered mail from
Ottawa. The "crown" cancellations are as rare as
the "Way I,etter" cancellations of the 1868 issue
and are as nmch sought after by collectors.

RECISTEZRED
OT T AWA
AU I 85

138

140

Types 1d[ to 1-15 are examples of home-nmde
initial letter cancellations cut out of cork.

141 142 143 144 145

Another type of cancellation may be named the
"star" type, of which there are scores of exmnples
somewhat similar to No. 146. Types 1-17 and 1-18
are examples of Dead Letter Office markings of this
period.
49

147

116

148

The "Ilouse of Assembly" marking is known as a
postmark, a f'ank, and a cancellation. Type 15(I was
used by l,'redericton, N.B., as well as Toronto, and
doul)tlcss other important offices. Type 151 was
used by Quel)ec, Ilalifax and other important offices.

149 150 151
The "CALL" markino', No. 152 denoted that he
letter was to be called for at the General Delivery
wicket.
It was durino" this issue that the "precancel"
privilege was introduced, of which two of the earlier
types are shown, Nos. 1.53 and 154. \Vhole sheets of
stamps were thus cancelled and handed to the pur-
chaser fo" use on mail of a certain class, which was
required to be taken to the post office in bulk, when
it was allowed to pass without further cancellation.
These first pz'ecancels were applied with a roller.
The date might be placed at 1892. Mekeel's Weekly
Stamp News tells us that "the stamps were obliter-
ated by a revolving self-inking canceler and were
issued for use on 5th class matter, i.e., parcels,
etc., to post offices with an annual revenue of $3,000
and over."

5o

the stamp from a collector's point of view. It is a
Montreal duplex for 1896. No. 158 is self-explana-
tory.
I 5o

Type No. 159 is an example of a frank which is
sometimes found impressed through error on the
stamp. The Postmaster's Office, Toronto, employed
a frmfi in 1888 consisting of an oval band contain-
ing the words "l'ost Masters Office Toronto" with
the month, date, and year enclosed, usually im-
pressed in blue. This is not known as a cancellation.

16 0

No. 16( purports to be the postmark of the first
Military Field Post Office ever established in Canada,
at Niagara Camp June 16, 19o9. tlowever, an
earlier cancellation may be recorded reading "Royal
Review, Exhibition Park Camp, Oct. 11, 1901, rot-
onto Army Post Office," in pale purple on five lines.
A very striking design was used for a military post-
mark during the Great War. A circle surmounted by
a crown, contains the wording "Canadian Overseas
Expeditionary Force," with a maple leaf in the cen-
ter over the date "Oct. 15, 1914" and the words
"Feld Post Office."

52

IMPERIAL PENNY POSTAGE C(LMMEM(RATIVE
STAMP

I)ecember, 1s9.. Perf. 12.
Known as the "Map Stamp." Designed by the
lion. William Mulock, Postmaster General. Design
in black, lh'itish possessions in red, oceans in colors
given. Variety xvith ocean in bronze or rusty brown
is due to chemical action after stamps had been
printed in regular colors. The author has examined
sheets of thee stamps on which this chemical action
las set in, althou'h the owner knew the stamps to
be normal x hen placed in his vault at time of issue.
Imprint "American Bank Note Co. Ottawa" ap-
pears in small capitals at top and bottom of sheet.
La'ender (7th December, 1898).
Pale lavender.
Greenish blue.
Pale greenish blue.
Red color all omitted.
I m perf.

KING EDARD ISSUE
Issued 1903. Portrait of King Edward VII. Peff.
12. A c,_'own replaces the maple leaves in upper
COFIlel'S,
-- --  lC Pale green (1st July, 1908).
(a) Perforated through centre of stamp
vert.
Deep green.
2c Rose-carmine {1st July, 1903).
Pale rose-cmanine.
Pale rose-carmine.
_. {a) Imperforate.
(b) Hairline.
The 2c Imperforates first existed as pnters
58

waste which came into posesssion of a collector who
realized their value and proceeded to realize on it.
The Post Oftiee Department defeated the enterprise
by issuing in a regular manner large stocks of the 2e
imperforate. These could be obtained from the
Ottawa Post Office at face value up to, if not later
than, April 1920. They were printed from two
plates, and the imprint, at top of sheet, reads
"OTTAWA No.-13" and "OTTAWA No.-14" re-
spectively.
The Ilairline variety shows coarse lines of color
extending diagonally across the stamp.
5e--Blue on bluish (lst July, 1903).
lndiR'o on bluish.
(a) Imperforate (July 1907--S.G..
(Not known to author).
(b) Fine crossed lines which form back-
l'round for "Canada Postage" and
"Five Cents" quite faint.
7c---Olixe-yello (1st July, 1903).
Bistre (.June, 1912).
10c--Brown-lilac (1st 3uly,
Pale dull purple.
Dull purple.
20c--Pale olive green 127th Sept., l.q041.
Deep olive green.
50c--Deep mauve (lgth Nov., 1908).

BO(}KLET
Blocks of four, corner stamps imperf, two sides.
le--Green.
2e--Rose-carmine.
Cancellations
An interesting cancellation is illustrated. This
appears on a 2e King Edward.
59

7c [tLl E-GREEN
Generals Montcahn an<l Wolfe.
10z VIOLET
Vieu of Quebec in 1700.

15c
Champlain's Departure for the
West.
20c DI LI. BR()VN
Cartier's Arrival At Quebec

PL'I'E NUMBERS AND QIANT|TIES ISSUED
lzc--Plate No. 1 2,000.000
lc--Plate No. 3 22,530.000
2c--Plate No. 2 85,100,000
5c--Plate No. 2 1,200.000
7c--Plate No. 1 700.000
10c--Plate No. 1 - 500,000
lac--Plate Nr,. 1 300,000
20c--Plate No. 1 304,000
NOTE--The plate Number ap-
pears at bottom of sheet in the
case of the lc value.

! MPER b'( }RATE
All values are known to exist imperforate. They
are extremely rare and are much sought after by
the more advanced collectors.
61

('(iLS
Perf. 12 Horiz.
On sale in automatic stamp vending machines.
lc--Pale green.
2cDeep rose-red.
Perf. 8 Horiz.
On sale in automatic stamp vending machines.
tc--Yellow-g't een.
Blue-green.
CHROME-YEI,LOW.
2cCarmine.
Rose-red.
Scarlet.
3cBrown.
Perf. 8  erl.
Sohl in rolls for use in automatic stamp affixing machiues.
lcGreem
CHROME YEI,I,OW {1922).
2cCarmine.
 ellow-green t 1922 }.
3cBrown.
a. Dry plate variety.
Perf. 12 Verl.
3cBrown.
Perf. 12 Horiz. with 2 Large Holes
lcGreeu. {ln 1918 the Toronto General Post
Office stamp vendin machine as supplied with
stamps havin in addition to the horizontal perf.
12, two holes 4,mm. in diameter and 7ram
apart.)

B(} }KLET BL[}('KS

(Blocks of 4 and 6).
(Corner stamps Imperf. on two sides).
lc--Greetl O11 uolle 1.
Green.
Blue-green.
Yellow-RTeen.
CHROME YELLOW.
2c--Deep rose red.
Pale rose red.
Deep carmine.
Pale carmine.
YELLOW GREEN.
3c--Brown.

63

"WAR TAX"
5c, 20c and 50c OVERPRINTED DIAGONALLY
5c--Blue, overprinted in black.
20c--Olive-green overp'inted in black.
50c--Sepia, overprinted in red.
An official circular dated 16th April, 1916 author-
ized the use of these stamps for postal purposes.
A copy of the 20c in the author's possession, on
piece of original cover, is postmarked "Toronto, Apr.
19, 1915." The stamps were therefore accepted for
prepayment of lostage one year prior to the date of
this circular. Copies are known used on registered
mail, which must be fully prepaid.
Quoting from a letter of 13th June, 1919, rom
Supe'intendent of Postag'e Stamp Branch of the Post
Office Department, Canada " ............ early in 1915 a tax
was imposed on wines and liquors, the Department
of Inland Revenue being allowed to surcharge a ce'-
rain quantity of these stamps as above. They im-
mediately became purely revenue stamps, losing
thereby all value for postage, and postmasters were
warned at different times not to accept them for
this purpose. The circular to which you refer did
not allow the use of these stamps for postage pur-
poses but referred to the one-cent and two-cent
postage stamps surcharged WAR TAX and engraved
in white, which up to that time could only be used
to pay the war tax."
The above statement is hardly acceptable as final.
The warning to postmasters "at different times" not
to accept the stamps for postage indicates that they
were being used for postage. Again, by whose error
were these stamps, which, according to the above
letter, were never intended for postal use, delivered
to post offices.
No doubt these three stamps were intended for
exclusive use by the Department of lnland Revenue,
but (1) they bear no wording to indicate this, (2)
they were sold by the post offices and (3) they did
prepay postage, not by accident, but on registered
mail.

66

REGISTERED
2c--Orange.
a. Imperf.
Orange-red.
Vermilion.
Brick red (1888}.
5c--Green.
Dark .'reen.
a. Imperf.
Blue-green (1,8S}.
,c--Bright blue.
Dull blue.
140,000 used I.

Issued November 1875. Pef. 12. White wove
paper varying from thick to thin. Engraved and
printed by British American Bank Note Co., Mon-
treal and Ottawa. Printed in sheets of 50, ten hori-
zontal rows of five.

Ell;liT

Imprint reads "British American Bank Note Co.,
Montreal & Ottawa" in pearled frame appearing four
times on sheet. Denomination TWO CENTS appears
on top margin, but for the 5c and 8c stamps only
the word FIVE or EIGHT appears. On the 2c
stamps there is a large numeral "2" which is
ram. high, over the last stamp in the top row (No.
5) but the 5c has none.

67

These labels are rarely found in collections for
the reason that the Post Office Department takes
every precaution to see that none leave the Depart-
ment. In spite of these precautions, however, rare
copies do get into the hands of collectors. The large
blue label is much rarer than its brown predeces-

SOl'.

Second Issue. 19t5

Third Issue. 1913

The number of officials authorized to use the
labels for the purpose intended is limited, as will
be appreciated when their use is explained. From
the wording we might correctly assume that the
labels were used to seal dead letters retained in the
Dead Letter Office. This is correct, but all dead
letters were not sealed with such labels.
An envelope which contained correspondence of
importance, or enclosures of value, and which could
not be delivered to the addressee or tetra'ned to the
sender, who might prove his identity and claim the
letter at a later date, was "officially sealed" by the
proper official. The presence of this seal was then
a guarantee that the original contents of the letter
were intact, should its rightful owner come forward
at a later date.
The above is the explanation obtained by the

69

writer from an Ottawa philatelist of repute whose
official position made it possible for iim to pursue
enquiries regarding the use of these labels which
from earliest records have proved so mystifying to
collectors. It will be noted that the use ascribed to
the labels is in direct variance with the information
given it Howes' book (pp. 222) th.t tmdelivered
letters contained i1 envelopes on which the writer's
name and address appeared on the outside and
which had been opened in error were the only ones
honored with one of these seals.

MAIL

The illustration (half-size) shows the only Can-
adian adhesive label with any status as an 'air mail
stamp.' It is not, however, a true postal issue, as the
following facts idicate:
The Aero Club of Canada had authority from the
Dominion Government to issue a label which would
designate mail to be delivered at Leaside Flying
Field and from there flown to the Capital, Ottawa.
These letters had to carry the correct amount of
postage and the Aero Club label was affixed on the
back of the envelope in accordance with regulations
quoted later. This label did not prepay postage and
was not a postage stamp in any sense, but without
it the letter would not go by aeroplane from Toronto
to Ottawa.
The labels were printed in the printing depart-
ment of the United Typewriter Co., Toronto, on
ordinary commercial gummed stock, perforated
gauge 12. They were printed two on each piece,
the paper being previously perforated and divided
into pairs. An impression was made on the left ball

7O

and the piece turned about so that the second im-
pression covered the right half. This vas necessary
as there was but one block from which to print, and
it was on this account that all pail's are tte bche.
Under date July 2, 1920, the Secretary, Post Office
Department, Canada, writes: " ........ no postage stamps
were issued by the Post Office Department in con-
nection with aerial mail tlights. Stickers were, how-
ever, gotten up by the Aero Club of Canada, 30
Yonge St., Toronto, and these were sold to be affixed
to the back of letter carried by aeroplane. There
is no objection on the part of the Department to the
use of stickers, provided they comply with the postal
re,'ulations. One regulation on the point reads:
'The affixing on the face or address side of letters or
other mail matter of stamps isued in the interest of
charitable institutions, etc., is not penitted, but
there is no objection to such stanps being placed
on the back of letters or other mail matter as stick-
ers, provided they do not resemble postage stamps
in folnn and design and do not bear numerals or in-
dications of value. Letters or other mail matter
bearing stamps of charitable institutions etc., on the
face, will be returned to the senders as violating the
postal regulations."
The Aero Club was authorized to print 3,000 only,
and to retain possession of the plate or block when
this number had been delivered. The block was
delivered to the Secretary of the Club by the author,
personally. The authority granted by the Govern-
ment for the printing of these labels was doubtless
necessar.v on account of the 'numerals or indications
of value' vhich appeal" in tile corners, each label
having a value of 25 cents.

CANCELLATIONS
A distinctive cancellation was used by both Toronto and
Ottawa. A sing'le-lined ornamental frame enclosed the words
(in four lines) "BY AERIAL MAIL, Aug. 27, 1918, OCtawa,
Canada" on letters from Ottawa. Letters from Toronto to
Ottawa bore the cancellation "AERIAL MAIL, Auff. 27, 1918,
TORONTO, CANADA" in three lines enclosed in a double-
lined parallelogram. Both cancellations are in purple.
71

CANADIAN POSTAL STATIONERI

By T. L. Derwent Kint,Jn,
The field of Canadian Postal Stationery is 3he
which has not received th,t measure of attention
which it deserves. Even specialists, who devote their
entire attention to Canadian stamps, have but a fair
representation of the issues, varieties, and errors
which exist in this interesting field. The stmnped
envelopes, postcards, letter cards and wrappers of
the Dominion of Canada are well worthy of careful
study, and, it is to be hoped, tlmt they will receive
that measure of attention uhieh is their due as
postal issues of this country.

Stamped envelopes were first issued in Canada in
1860. The month in which they appeared is a moot
question, but t was very early in that year. Feb-
ruary is given by l lowes, and may be correct. The
earliest date the writer has seen is March 16th,
1860.

There were two values, the five cent red and the
ten cent black brown. The stock used was a good
quality of laid paper, watermarked "Ca" over "'POD"
and was very similar to the paper used for the
United States envelopes of the same period. They
were nmnufaetul'ed by George F. Nesbitt of New
York, for the th'itish American Iank Note Co., who
then held the contract for supplying Canadian
stamps.

Onl.v one issue of the ten cent envelope was
required, but a second supply of the five cent value
was called for in 186 L This resulted in a variety
with a less rounded flap than the previous issue.

After Confederation the Government did not issue
stamped envelopes until Oct. 6, 1877. This is the
design illustrated and designated type 2. The values
were le and 3e and the colors were blue and red
respectively. The chief point of interest in this and
::ubsequent issues down to 1896, was the varying

72

width of the cross vergures, m" parallel laid lines
running at right angles to the close laid lines of the
paper. [hey were 18ram. part in the issues of 1877,
and in the issues of 1888 they were 2 hnm. apart. In
the case of the lc deep Iflue" of 1896 the cross ver-
gures were 27ram. apart. A few envelopes of the
first issue had tongued flaps, but it was evidently an
experiment, as the pointed flap is the type for all
remaining issues down to 1896. One further variety
remains to be noted in this series, and that is a 3c
envelope on wove paper. I believe Mr. George A.
lowe first called attention to it.

In 1895 a special issue of lc and 3c stamped envel-
opes was made IJy the Government for a firm in
lh'antford. They were ordered by Mr. Frederick
Burnett. In a letter from him he states "that five
thousand of the lc and three thousand of the 3c
stamped envelopes, ocial size, of buff paper, were
issued by the Post Office Department." They were
evidently made to meet a special need and are the
only instances of any sort in which the Post Office
Department has catered to the wishes of a private
firm, with the single exception of the C.P.R. Letter
Sheets.

On June 14, 1895, a 2c envelope was issued. It
was intended for "drop letters" or letters mailed and
delivered within municipal limits. The stamp was
rather fantastic in design (Type 3).

When the contract with the British American
Bank Note Co. expired in 1897 it was given to the
American Bank Note Co. The latter company has
invariably used a wove paper for stamped envelopes.
Type 4 was the fist issue by the new company, and
appeared in April, 1898. 3he 2e violet was isbued
Jan. 2, but was changed to red in six days, to con-
form to postal regulations. 10,()0{) were issued. In
addition, the size of the envelope for all values has
remained constant, until December of 1922, vhen
size F made its api:earanee. The design of the stamps
of the envelope is very well done on the whole.

73

A curious and very rare error appeared in 1884 in
the case of the repl.(" card. The stamp was printed
at the left of the banderole and not at the right
hand side. This is due to the design being in two
pieces. It is simply a printer's error--and they are
not uncommon. The claim, that this error was due
to cutting the cards incorrectly is easily proven to
be false by the use of a millimeter scale. The very
strict order that followed the appearance of these
cards, calling for their immediate reurn to Ottawa,
is the chief cause of their scarcity. In some cases
the cards and the notice for their return were re-
ceived at the same time.

Subsequent issues down to 1896 followed the de-
signs of the wrapper stamp, and the illustrations are
sufficient. The large business card of 1893 proved
too cumbersome and was soon discontinued.

Ill the case of the cards the new company used the
design of the stamps then current. Thus the Jubilee
post card bore a stamp similar in design to the
Jubilee stamp. At this point we may note an inter-
esting error in the Jubilee card. It exists without
the usual inscription in its olamental bor, ler.
The stamp alone was printed on the card. In the
case of the four maple leaf reply card, there is a
very rare error due to the reply portion being printed
on the back of the message card. The reply portion
is a complete blank.

The Edwardian and Georgian cards call for little
comment, with the exception of noting that Geor-
gian cards conform to the color changes introduced
in 1922. Thus for the first time in its history the
Canadian post card is printed in orange.

The business post cards were introduced in 1898
and were intended to allow firms to print advertising
matter on the face of the card. The inscription "The
space below is reserved for the address" indicated the
poion of the card that might not be used for any

75

other purpose. ]t was printed in the center of the
right half of the card. In the first Georgian business
card this inscription was in French as well as in
English. In the next issue--about 1915--a colored
line was substituted and in addition a vertical line
joined it at the left. This was soon omitted and
now the colored horizontal line is used to indicate
the portion reserved or the address.

The Postal Union Cards are the most beautiful
cards that Canada has issued. They have all been
line engraved and are in a class quite by themselves.
The 2c post card to the United Kingdom was issued
just before Canada was admitted to the Postal
Union. It had a border very imilar to the first post
cards. The first card in this series bore the inscrip-
tion "Union l'ostale U,fiverselle." It likewise had
the ornamental border and the stamp was slightly
different in design.

A new card was issued in 1896. The fl'ame or
border was omitted and the design and inscription
is as shown in the illustration. It is unquestionably
the handsomest card Canada has ever issued. The
normal color is a brilliant orange-red, but there is a
very scarce carmine shade.

IIere too, subsequent issues follow the design of
the stamp, but the inscription has remained the same
as that of the 1896 card. The color of the stamp
has been a blue of varyiug shade. Early in 1922
the Georgian card in this series was surcharged
"6 CENTS" in reddish brown with a solid block of
color over the fol'mer value. The new value was
enclosed in a hollow rectangle.

The letter cards introduced in 1893 did not prove
very popular, and remained in use for about ten
years. The fact that the gummed edges stuck to-
gether and that the perforated strips were easily
severed, probably hastened their demise. Howes'
list is complete in the case of the letter cards.

76

ENVEL(I'ES

Province of ('anada
l,aid paper, watermarked Ca POD Size 51.', x 3,, t)pe 1.
18({0 Feb. 1 (?) Cream toued paper, flap rounded.
5c--Brit:'ht red.
lOt--Black browu.
Bri.'ht red {error?)
1864 (?) Very white paper, flap more pointed.
5c--Bright red.
Unofiicial reprints ou pieces of white wove or vertically laid
bu ff paper.
1868 5c--Bright red.
10c--Dark red broxn.
On diagonally laid white or buff envelopes xatennarked POD
US. Size 5ex3 ihcbes.
5c--Bright red.
!0c--Dark red brown.

I)()MINI()N [)F ('ANAIt t.
(Type 2)

SIZES
A. 51..,x3's in. D.
B. 6 x3,fi iu. E.
C. 9-x5' in. F.
Laid paper, cross vergures, 18mm. apart.
:1877 Oct. 6--White paper.
Size A: lc--Pale blue, deep blue.
3c--Red, rose.
Size B: 3c--Red, rose.
Same paper, tongued flap.
Size A: lc--Blue.
3c--Red.
Laid paper, cross vergures 24ram. apart.
1888 (?) Cream toned paper.
Size A: 1c--Blue, deep blue.
3c--Red, carmine.

57sx312 in.
(; x3 ., in.
9 .',x4 s in.
Poiuted flap.

Pointed flap.

78

Type 2

Type 5

Size B: 3c---Re,l, cal'mine.
Cross vergures 27ram. apart.
Size A: lc--Decp blue.
White wove paper.
195 (?} Size B: 3c--Carmine.
I.aid paper, cream toned.
1S95 June 14. Size B: 2c--Blue green, type 3.
196 (?) Size A: lc ultramarine, type 2.
Manila amber paper.
19; (?) Size C: 3c--Red, type 2.
Size C: lc--Ultramarine, type. 2.
\ ore paper, cream toned.
l!), April (?} Size D: 3c--Bright red, type 4.
1899 July 22 Size D: lc--Dark .'reen, type 5.
199 Jan. 2 Size D: 2c--Deep violet, type 5.
1S99 Jan. , (?) Size D: 2c--Bright red, vermilion, Type 5.

SURCHARGED 2c IN BLUE-BLACK.

1899 Feb. 6 (?}Capital C: Size D: 2c on3c red of 189S.
Lower ease C: Size A: 2c on 3c red of 177 white paper
pointed flap.
Size A: 2c on 3c red of 1,77
2  (Also surcharged in violet.)
Size B: 2c on 3c red of 1877.
Size A: 2c on 3c red of
Size B: 2c on 3c red of 1888.
Size D: 2c on 3c red of 1898.

EI)ARDIAN: (In very hite wove paper.
1905 Jail. 12 Size E: 2c bright red.
Mar. 1 Size E: lc deep blue green, pale green.

79

from the lines in the plate to the paper pressed
upon it, giving a fine sharp impression, and there is
a perceptible body of ink transferred to the paper
from the cut lines.

The actual beginning of a stamp is the artist's
sketch showing a suggested design. If this is not
discarded for another, the artist proceeds to perfect
it, and an engraving is then made on steel. This
design may finally be discarded in favor of some-
thing more desirable, when it becomes an "essay."

The desigu of a stamp having been finally ap-
proved, the question of color remains to be decided.
The beauty of a stamp may be enhanced by proper
choice of color. Proofs are made in vrious colors,
and a choice baying been made, everything is ready
for the isst:ing of the "regular" stamp.

Proafs are occasionally seen with heavy pen-
written strokes, and a portion of the proof missing.
This is a tested proof, the possibility of removing a
cancellation without changing the natural coloring
of the stamp baying been the subject of experimen-
tation. After pen strokes have been made on the
stamp a corner is cut off and kept for comparison
with the remainder after it has been subjected to
chemical experiments with a view to removing the
cancellation. If the shade of the treated portion
differs from the shade of the part held for compari-
son, it is sufficient evidence that any dishonest effort
to remove a cancellation would change the color of
the stamp.

Particularly skilled in his art is the engraver who
can in the space of a thumbnail reproduce perfect
portraits of important personages, whose privilege
it is to criticize the slightest defect. Many difficult-
ies must be overcome before a satisfactory "head"
has been engraved and accepted.

Sometimes one engraving of a head or central
design is used for a series of stamps. The engrav-
ing for each of the other values of the set is with-

86

out the center, and the master eng'raving of this
center is used to complete the design. The blank
oval in the stamp will be slightly larger than the
size of the central design to alh):v for any slight
variation in the centering which would otherwise
mean an overlapping at some point.

The en.9.'ravings for two of the heads used for the
early Canadian stamps were used in later issues.
Proofs from the original engraving of the head
alone, as illustrated for the 7'.,d, are very rare.
This illustration shows how a stamp design is "built
tip."

Proofs of stamps in color of issue bearing the
word "SPECIMEN" were sent out to the chief
postal administrators of all countries in the Postal
Union, for purposes of reference, when a flew de-
sign or change of color or any other obvious dif-
ference vas made in the stamp, and if the P. O.
Department deemed the difference important.

Quoting from Mr. R. Roberts, of I.ondon, England,
"The usual number of sets surcharged "SPECIMEN"
I understand to be about 1200. No single colony,
however large o1" important, receives more than five
sets of each. The higher values are not nearly so
numerous, lma.o_.'ine the rarity of any ordinary issue
of 1200 sets. tlow far would they go round even if
all came on the market. Most of them, however,
are retained in official archives for reference pur-
poses, and only those which are superfluous or not
likely to be required actually come on the market.

"It is probable therefore that with very few excep-
tions these specimens are very, very much rarer than
the stamps which are issued to the public. Collect-
ors as a whole have not yet realized their true phil-
atelic interest and value. A few pioneer collectors
and specialists do and have done so for many years,
and it is only a question of time when every serious
collector will realize that here is a group of very
collectable varieties full of philatelic merit, of con-
siderable scarcity, to be had at very moderate cost."

87

Red-lilac.
Purple.
Purple-black.
Dull purple.
71d--Die proof of centre of stamp only, in violet.
Plate proof in black, SPECIMEN vert. carmine.
Plate proof in orange.
Plate proof in green.
Plate proof in black.
10d--Color of issue, on coarse yellowish wove paper some-
times mistakeu for genuine stamp of issue.
Black, SPECIMEN diag. carmine.
Blue, SPECIMEN vert. carmine.
Black, thick paper, gummed.
Pale (}live green.
Pale violet.
Pale pink.
Pale rose.
Orange.
12d--Black, SPECIMEN vert. carmine.
Black SPECIMEN vert. carmine at left.
Black, SPECIMEN vert. green.
Orange.
Blue IDle Proof).
Brown (Die Proof).
Lilac o, bond paper Die Proof).
Greeu on same piece with 10c, 1859 IDle ProofS.
Blue on same piece with 10c, 1,59 (Die ProofS.
NOTE:--In all die proofs of the 12d  defect may be noted
at the top of the letters "CE" of "PENCE."

1859 ISSI'E
1c--Rose, SPECIMEN vert. black.
Rose, SPECIMEN diag. black.
Deep rose.
Black.
Orange.
2c--Green.
Deep rose.
5c--Color of issue, SPECIMEN horiz, black.
Pale yellow.
10c--Grey-black. SPECIMEN diag. carmine.
Black SPECIMEN vert. carmine.
Yellow, SPECIMEN horiz, carmine.
Black-brown, SPECIMEN in small letters.
Black.
Pale red-brown.
Vermilion.
Orange.
Yellow.
Grey-black.
Blue, on thiu paper with 12(l (Lithographic Proofs}

89

This set was duly printed for the above purpose but was
mislaid and could" not be found when required for the pre-
sentation to his Hi'hness. The accompanying set was subse-
quently foun(I and presented to me by the order of the then
Postmaster-Gene'al, who had been particualrly interested in
the unique collection which I then had of proofs of Canadian
,talll ps."
The set is mounted on white cards size 5x7.

.I I'III,EE ISSUE
All values in color of issue, on thin to medium thick soft
 ove paper.
Same, with SPECIMEN in small carmine type horizontally.
Same, with SPECIMEN hand-stamped in small type.

O.l El,iN

3c--Color of Issue. Wove paper of finer mesh than stamps
of issue.
a. Various shades exist.
Imprint at bottom of proof reads "F-113" above "American
Bank Note Co., Ottawa." As in the proofs listed for the
Maple Leaf stamps we have here a "(lie" impression with a
"plate" imprint. It ill be noted that tlfis number "113"
is obtained by following" the system of numbering used for
the Maple Leaf stamps in sequence for the values of the
Numeral stamps, and we may therefore assume the existence
of similar proofs for all values.

KING EI)WARI) ISSUE

lc--Pale rose, gumnte(1, imperf.
1c--Grey, gummed, imperf.
These differ from the stamp as issued in the respect that the
figules of value are colorless.

92

I'RINCE El}WARD ISLAND

Electrotyped and printed by Mr. Charles Whiting, Beaufort
House, Strand, London. Yellowish toned paper.

Jan., 1861. Perf. 9.
2d--Rose .
a. hnperf, between pair.
b. Bisected {ld.)
Rose cm'mine.
8d--Blue.
a. Bisected (ld.)
6d--Yellov-green.

R(II'LETTED

2d--rose.

1862. PERF. 11.

1 d--B rown-oran ge.
9d--Bluish-lilac.
9d--Dull mauve.

1863-1868.

1d--Yellow-orange.
a. Bisected (Lod.)
] d--Orange-buff-
1d--Yellow.

PERF lliz-12

98

2d--Rose_
a. lmperf, beteen pair.
b. Bisected (ld.)
2d--])eep ro.e.
3d--Blue.
a. Imperf. between pair.
b. Bi.ected (lied).
3d--Deep blue.
4d--Black.
6d--Yellow-green.
a. Bi.ected (3d.)
6d--Blue-green (1868).
9d--Lilac.
9d--Red(lish-mauve.
a. lmperf, between pair.
b. Bisected (4_od).

PERF. CitMI)i['ND [tF 11 AND Iiz-12
ld--Y ello W-Ol'an ge.
2d--R,)se.
3d--BI ue.
4d--331ack.
6d--Yellow-reen.
9d--Re(hlish mauve.

1867-1868. PERF. 11![-12. ('()ARSE W(tVE BLUISH-
WHITE
2d---Rose.
Rose-pink.
a. Yariety "TWC".

94

3d--Pale blue.
Blue.
-ld--Black.
a. lmperf, between pair.
b. Bisected (2d.}

JUNE 1870. I'ERF. 12.
(Engcaved and printed by British American Bank Note Co.
of Montreal and Ottawa).
4Lod--[3d. stg.)--Yellow-brow.
Deep bro n.

1c--Orange.
Bro !-o rall'e.
3c---kose.
a. Stop betxxeen "Prince.Edward"
b. Bisected {l.,c}.

I'I'RF. 12 "1"1) 124 I...Riil,: ttt)I.ES

2c--Blue.
a. Bisected I lc).
4c--Yellow-g'reen.
lc--Deep green.
6c--Black.
a. Bisected [3c).
b. lmperf, between vert. pair.
12c--Ieddish mauve.

PERF. 12!z-13, S.iALLI']R HI)LES
le--Orage.
Browll-oratl'e.
c--Rose.

I'I':RF. ('(I II,(I|'ND I)F 11!z-12 x 12z-13
lc--Oranffe.
3c--Rose.
a. Stop between "Prince.Edward"
Priuce Edward Island entered Confederation 1st July, 1873,
xxhen the stamps were withdrawn and those of Canada sub-
stituted.
95

Essay

t

An enterprising American dealer issued a bogus
1 cent stamp which is herein illustrated. This made
its appearance at the same time as the "cents" series
of 1872, of which it was supposed to form a part. An
essay for tle 3c stamp is illustrated.

2

Engraved and printed by Messrs. Perkins Bacon
and Co. Design shows Royal crown and heraldic
flowers of the United Kingdom. On medium soft
wove paper. Imperf.
3dRed.
Pale red.
(a} Bisected (l2d).
(b) Watermarked large double lined "3".
{Sold by Burgher Bros., N.Y., 1921}.
Gd--Yellow.
{at isected {3d).
lsMauve.
la) Bisted (6d).
(hi Quartered /3d).
1890 REPRINTS
The reprints cannot be confused with the genuine
stamps, being on thinner hard white paper. The 3d
is pale orange, the 6d and ls violet-black.

96

N(}VA S('(}TIA

Engraved and printed by Messrs. Perkins Bacon
and Co. I lead of Queen Victoria on the ld, Royal
crown and heraldic flowers of the United Kingdom
on 3d, 6d and ls. llluish paper. Imperf. (The 3d,
6,1 and shilling stamps are similar to type 1 of New
B'u nswick. )

Si':I'TEll BER, 1851.

ld--Red-I)rmxn (May, 1,53)
3d--Deep blue.
(a} Bisected
B ri.'ht Blue.
{a) Bisected (l'.'2d).
Pale blue.
C)d--Yellow-green.
() Bisected (3d).
(b) Quartered (ld.)

6,I--Deep green.
(a) Bisected {3d1.
(b) Quartered (l'._,d.)
Is--Purple.
(a) Bisected (6(I).
(b) Quartered (3(I.)

The ld stamp is on a distinctly bluish laalaer.
Specimens on whiter paper are probably those from
which the bluish color has been discharged. The 3d
stamp is more often found on whiter paper.

1890 REPRINTS

All four values reprinted on thin, hard, white
paper. The 6d is deep green and the Is is violet-
black.

The ld is in a dark shade of brown which does not
correspond with the original. There should be nv
difficult:," in distinguishing the reprints from the
originals,

98

180 1'(J 1
(Engraved and printed by the American tank Note

Co., New York.)
I'A I'E It..

h ellowish Wove. Wh_;te Wove.
It--Jet Black ,,
(a) Bisected ,.
Grey-bhtck ,,
(b) Imperf. vert. pair) "
Grey ,,
2c--Grey-purple ....
(a) Bisected ,,
Purple ....
Dull l)Ui pie ,,
Slate purple ,,
5c--Blue ....
Deep blue ,,
8 .',c--Deep green ....
Yellow-reen ,,
10c--Scarlet ....
Vermilion ,,
(a) Bisected ,,
12 _oc--Black ....
Greyish black "

PROOFS AND ESSAYS
An essay of the 6d exists with the figure "6" en-
closed in an octagon in the centre of a minute pat-
tern of white and rose. "Six" is above and "Pence"
below with "Nova Scotia" on the left and right sides.
The figure of value also appears in each o7 the four
OOl'el's.
Proofs of the "Cents Issue" were printed by the
American Bank Note Company in almost every con-
ceivable shade, with and without the u-ord "Speci-
i]e. '

Two an(I one-half 3d dark blue.
Two and one-half 3d light blue.
6d--Half of shillinta' violet.
41.-,.d--One and one-half 3d dark blue.
3d--Quarter of ls violet.
Half of 6d yellow green.
Half of (;, dark green.
Half of 6d dark lateen cut vea'tically.
The Province adoptel a monetary system of dol-
lars and cents in 1859. The new stamps were en-
graved by the American flank Note Company of New
York and were on sale October 1st, 186o. They were
printed in sheets of one hundred arranged in ten
rows of ten, with imprint on all sides.

( It'., NTrFI EN INSIt Ell
le--l,150,000 (N)t inclusive of remainders).
2c--- 1,000,0(}0.
5c--3,950,000.
N  -, c--600,000.
! 0c-- 1,000,000.
12 ., c--l;00,000.

llI,'4EI'TI,:I .T,Mi'S "'('I,;N'i'S" ISS[E
Although there was no necessity for bisected
stamps in this issue, they were nevertheless used and
were passed without question. Counterfeit "splits".
were made up in the early nineties by the Coombes
brothers of St. John's, New th'unswiek. Splits of
this issue should be scrutinized carefully, and the
cancellation should appear on both stamp and cover.
As in the Pence Issue the splits were invariably cut
diagonally.

('HEI'K LIST [IF KNI}WN VARIETIES
15c--10c and half of 10c.
13c--122e and half of lc.
10c with 2c and half of 2c.
12c--10c, 2c and half of lc.
Two and one-half 5c.
10cSzc, lc and half of lc.
5cHalf of 10c.
5cHMf of 10c vertically.
5cHMf of 10c horizontally.
5cTwo and one-half 2c.
2cHalf of 5c (County rate).

101

4i4154

CANADIANA

RESERVE

Jthor - Auteur
arrett, Fred

Title - Titre
Postage
]923

Stamps

CANADIANA

of

Canada

RESERVE

I