910
CUCURBITA
CUDRANIA
of the pumpkins and squashes, see De Candolle, Origin
of Cultivated Plants; Gray and Trumbull, Amer. Journ.
Sci. 25:372; Sturtevant, Amer. Nat. 1890:727; Witt-
mack, Ber. der Deutschen Bot. Gesell. 6:378 (1888).
1136. Stem of Cucurbita moschata.
Large Cheese pumpkin
1134. Cucurbita Pepo var. ovifera.
Var. condensa, Bailey. BUSH
PUMPKINS. SCALLOP and SUMMER
CROOKNECK SQUASHES. Plant
compact, little or not at all run-
ning. Of horticultural origin.
Var. ovifera, Bailey (C. ovifera, Linn.). GOURD. Fig.
1134. Plant slender, running: Ivs. smaller than in C.
Pepo, usually very prominently lobed: fr. small, hard
and inedible, egg-shaped, globular, pear-shaped, oblate,
often striped. R.H. 1894:429. Sold in many vars. by
seedsmen, under the names of C. Pepo vars. pyrifor-
mis, depressa, annulata, etc. See Gourd.
moschata, Duchesne (C. melowe-
formis, Carr.). GUSH AW. CHINA,
CANADA CROOKNECK and WIN-
TER CROOKNECK
SQUASHES. Figs.
1135-37. Annual:
long-running, less
prickly and some-
times soft-hairy:
Ivs. more rounded
than those of C. ^Z^'-A 113S - Cucurbita
Pepo, but lobed, * afWfii < moschata.
often grayish: fl.
with a widening
tube, and large, erect lobes; calyx-lobes large, often
If .-like; peduncle becoming deeply ridged and much
enlarged next the fr. Possibly of E. Asian origin.
BB. Lvs. not lobed (except sometimes on young shoots):
stalks of frs. not prominently ridged.
maxima, Duchesne. SQUASH. Figs. 1138-41. Annual:
long-running, the sts. nearly cylindrical, little prickly
and often hairy: Ivs. orbicular or kidney-shaped, com-
monly not lobed, the basal sinus wide or narrow,
the margin shallqwly apiculate-sinuate : corolla-tube
nearly the same diam. at top and bottom (Figs. 1139,
1140), the corolla-lobes large and soft, and wide-spread-
ing or drooping : peduncle at maturity soft and spongy,
not ridged nor prominently enlarged next the fr. : fr. very
various, but not light yellow nor warty nor crookneck-
shaped, usually late-ripening, the flesh orange and
not stringy. Nativity undetermined. Var. sylvestris,
Naudin. A form found wild in the Himalayan region,
with fr. as large as a man's head.
AA. Plant with perennial root.
foetidissima, Kunth (C. perennis, Gray. Ciicumis
perennis, James). CALABAZILLA. Fig. 1142. Perennial:
long-running, scarcely prickly: Ivs. large, cordate-
triangular, grayish pubescent, the margin shallowly
apiculate-crenate : fl. nearly as large as in C. Pepo and
similar in shape, the pistillate on a peduncle 2-3 in.
long: fr. size and shape of an orange, smooth, green and
yellow splashed, not edible. Sandy arid wastes, Neb.
and Colo, to Texas and Mex. and westward to Calif.
R.H. 1855:61; 1857, p. 54. In its native haunts, the
root is tuberous, 4-7 in. diam. and penetrating the
earth 4-6 ft. Roots
at the joints. The (J)
plant has a fetid ,'///
odor. Sold by
seedsmen as a
gourd, but the fr.
does not often ripen
in the northern
states. Useful on
arbors and small
trees, when coarse
vines are wanted.
ficifolia, Bouche
(C. melanosperma,
A. Br.). St. very
long, stout, becoming somewhat woody: Ivs. pale
green, often marbled, in outline ovate or suborbicular,
cordate at base, roundly 5-lobed and the sinus rounded :
calyx-tube short and campanulate: fr. large (often 1
ft. long), fleshy, round-ovoid, white-striped, the flesh
white; seeds ovate, black. E. Asia, but widely cult.
in warm countries for its ornamental watermelon-like
frs. A var. mexicana, Hort. (C. mexicana, Spreng.),
is mentioned, with seeds twice the size of those of the
type, and said to grow wild in the neighborhood of
Mazatlan, Mex.
C. Andreana, Naudin. Allied to C. moschata: sts. long and root-
ing at the nodes: Ivs. large, marbled with white: fls. of the form of
those of C. maxima but much smaller: fr. obovoid, 8 in. long,
marked with white and yellow. Uruguay. R.H. 1896, pp. 542-3.
C. californica, Torr.
Canes cent: Ivs.
thick, 2 in. across,
5-lobed, the lobes
triangular and mu-
cronate: ten drila
parted to the base:
fls. 1 in. or more
long on pedicels
J-i-1 in. long. Calif.;
imperfectly known. C. digitata, Gray. Perennial, the root fleshy:
sts. slender and long, usually rooting: tendrils short and weak,
3-5-cleft: Ivs. scabrous, 3-5-palmately narrow-lobed: fls. 2-3 in.
long on slender pedicels 1-4 in. long: fr. subglobose, yellow, 2-4
in. diam. Calif, to New Mex. C. palmata, Wats. MOCK ORANGE.
Canescent: Ivs. cordate, thick, 2 or 3 in. across, palmately 5-cleft
to middle with narrow toothed lobes: fls. 3 in. long on stout
peduncles: fr. globose, 3 in. diam. S. Calif. L H B
CUDRANIA (derivation unknown) . Moracese. Woody
subjects cultivated for their foliage and as hedge plants.
Deciduous trees or shrubs, often thorny, with alter-
1137. Fruit of Cucurbita moschata Tonasu, a Japanese variety.
CUDRANIA
CULINARY HERBS
911
nate, petioled and stipulate Ivs.: fls. dioecious, in axil-
lary globular heads; staminate with 4 sepals and 4
stamens and 2-4 bracts at the base; pistillate with 4
sepals inclosing the 1-ovuled ovary, growing into a
fleshy subglobose fr. with a crustaceous rind. About
3 species, in S. and E. Asia and Trop. Austral., of which
only one is sometimes cult. It re-
quires protection in the N. and is
usually prop, by greenwood cuttings
in summer under glass.
tricuspidata, Bureau (Madura tri-
cuspiddta, Carr. C. triloba, Hance).
Shrub, or small tree, to 20, rarely to
60 ft., with slender, thorny branches:
Ivs. elliptic-ovate, acuminate, entire,
sometimes 3-lobed at the apex and
on young plants even tricuspidate,
nearly glabrous, 1^-3 in. long: fl.-
heads axillary, solitary or in 2's, on short peduncles: fr.
globose, about 1 in. across. China. R.H. 1864, p. 390:
1872, p. 56; 1905, p. 363 (habit). H.I. 18:1792.
Recently recommended as an excellent hedge-plant for
the S. In China the Ivs. are used as a substitute for
mulberry Ivs. and it is called silkworm thorn; the fr. is
edible. Between this species and Madura pomifera, a
hybrid has been raised, described as Madudrania
hybrida, Andre". R.H. 1905:362. ALFRED REHDER.
CULINARY HERBS are those herbs used for
flavoring in cookery, but the term has a wide applica-
tion, including species used for garnishing and some-
times as potherbs. The culinary herbs are of very minor
importance in American gardens, and yet a few of them,
as anise, caraway and coriander, are well and favorably
known. The species are mostly aromatic. They are
largely of the Umbellifera3 and Labiatae. No special
Basil (Ocymum basilicum). Labiatx. Annual. Uses: As flavor in
highly seasoned dishes; oil as perfumery. Propagated by seeds.
Borage (Borago officinalis). Boraginacex. Annual. Uses: Herbage
as potherb and salad; garniah; flavor in beverages. Propagated
by seeds in spring.
Caraway (Carum Carvi). UmbeUiferse. Biennial or annual. Uses-
Herbage eaten cooked or as salad; roots as vegetable; seeds for
flavoring; oil in manufac-
ture of perfumery and
soaps. Propagated by seeds
in May or early June.
1139. Staminate flower of 1140. Pistillate flower of
Cucurbita maxima Hubbard Cucurbita maxima Hubbard
squash. (XJi) squash. (X 1 A)
difficulty attaches to their cultivation, and little more
may be said here than to present an alphabetical list
with statements as to uses, duration of plant, and means
of propagation. They all thrive in mellow fertile
garden land. Usually they are grown at the side of
the main garden plantation, and they may add a
certain charm to the garden as well as to supply an
agreeable aroma to the kitchen products. See the little
book on "Culinary Herbs" by M. G. Kains, 1912.
Angelica (A rchangelica officinalis). Umbelliferx. Biennial or peren-
nial. Uses: Stems and leaf-stalks as salad, or roasted like pota-
toes; garnish; as "candied angelica;" stems blanched and used
as vegetable; leaves as spinach; seeds for flavoring; oil of angelica
obtained from seeds for flavoring. Propagated by seeds in
late summer or early autumn.
Anise (Pimpinella Anisum). Umbelliferx. Annual. Uses: Leaves
as garnish, flavoring, and potherb; seeds and oil for flavoring
and perfumery. Propagated by seeds in early spring.
Balm (Melissa officinalis). Labiatx. Perennial. Uses: Foliage for
flavoring and salad; oil for perfumery and flavoring beverages.
Propagated by divisions, layers, cuttings and seeds.
1138. Cucurbita maxima.
Catnip or catmint (Nepeta Calaria). Labiatx. Perennial. Uses:
As bee forage; leaves as condiment; formerly a medicinal
remedy. Propagated by seeds in autumn or spring.
Chervil (AnthriscusCerefolium). Umbelliferx. Annual. Uses: Leaves
for seasoning and for mixed salads. Propagated by seeds.
Chives (Allium Schcenoprasum). Liliacex. Perennial. Uses:
Leaves for flavoring. Propagated by individual bulbs or division
of clumps in early spring.
Clary (Sahia Sclarea). Labiatx. Perennial. Uses: Leaves in cook-
ery; wine made from plant when in flower. Propagated by seeds
in spring.
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum). Umbelliferx. Annual. Uses:
Seed in confectionary and as ingredient in condiments; flavor
in beverages. Propagated by seeds in spring or autumn.
Cumin (Cuminum odorum). Umbelliferx. Annual. Uses: Seeds
as ingredient in curry powder; for flavoring pickles, pastry and
soupa. Propagated by seeds in spring.
Dill (Anethum graveolens). Umbelliferx. Annual. Uses: Seed as
seasoning, extensively for commercial pickles; oil for perfuming
soap; young leaves as seasoning and salads; dill vinegar as condi-
ment. Propagated by seeds in spring.
Fennel (Faeniculum vulgare). Umbelliferx. Biennial or perennial.
Uses: Herbage as garnishes and flavors; as salads; seeds for
flavoring beverages, and for confectionary; oil as perfumery.
Propagated by seeds, and grown as an annual.
Finocchio or Florence fennel (Faeniculum dulce). Umbelliferx.
Annual. Uses: As a vegetable. Propagated by seeds.
Fennel Flower (Nigetta saliva). Ranunculacex. Annual. Uses:
Whole plant or seed used in cookery. Propagated by seeds in
spring.
Hoarhound, or horehound (Marrubium vulgare). Labiatx. Peren-
nial. Uses: Formerly in cookery and medicine; now for candy
only. Propagated by seeds in spring.
Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis). Labiatx. Perennial. Uses: Herbage
in salads ; oil in preparation of soaps, etc. Propagated by divisions,
cuttings and seeds in spring.
Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia, L.
Spica). Labiatx. Perennial. Uses:
Flowers and oil in perfumery; some-
times as condiment and in salads.
Propagated by divisions or cuttings,
or rarely seeds.
Lovage (Levisticum officinale). Umbelli-
ferx. Perennial." Uses: Young stems
in confectionary. Propagated by
division or seeds in late summer.
Marigold (Calendula officinalis). Com-
positx. Annual. Uses: Flower-
neads as seasoning; fresh flowers to
color butter. Propagated by seeds
in spring.
Marjoram (Origanum vulgare and O.
Marjoram). Labiatx. Perennial (O.
Marjoram treated as annual). Uses:
Herbage for seasoning; oil in per-
fuming soaps, etc. Propagated by
cuttings, division or layers and seeds in spring.
Mint (Mentha spicata). Labiatx. Perennial. Uses: Herbage as
seasoning; leaves in jelly. Propagated by cuttings, offsets and
divisions in spring.
Parsley (Petroselinum hortense). Umbelliferx. Biennial. Uses:
Roots as vegetable; top as potherb; leaves for seasoning and
garnish. Propagated by seeds in spring.
Pennyroyal (Mentha Pulegium). Labiatx. Perennial. Uses: Leaves
as seasoning; pennyroyal oil. Propagated by division, or rarely
cuttings.
Peppermint (Mentha piperita). Labiatx. Perennial. Uses: Oil
as flavoring; perfume in soaps, etc. Propagated by division or
running rootstocks.
1141. Stem of Cucur-
bita tnmrima Hubbard
squash.
Acr-M n,
THE STANDARD CYCLOPEDIA OF
HORTICULTURE
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
NEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO
ATLANTA SAN FRANCISCO
MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED
LONDON BOMBAY CALCUTTA
MELBOURNE
THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD.
TORONTO
XXI. Cherry. Specimen fruits of one of the heart cherries
THE JJNJV. OF
STANDARD CYCLOPEDIA OF
HORTICULTURE
A DISCUSSION, FOR THE AMATEUR, AND THE PROFESSIONAL AND
COMMERCIAL GROWER, OF THE KINDS, CHARACTERISTICS AND
METHODS OF CULTIVATION OF THE SPECIES OF PLANTS GROWN IN
THE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA FOR ORNAMENT,
FOR FANCY, FOR FRUIT AND FOR VEGETABLES; WITH KEYS TO THE
NATURAL FAMILIES AND GENERA, DESCRIPTIONS OF THE HORTI-
CULTURAL CAPABILITIES OF THE STATES AND PROVINCES AND
DEPENDENT ISLANDS, AND SKETCHES OF EMINENT HORTICULTURISTS
BY
L. H. BAILEY
Illustrated with Colored Plates, Four Thousand Engravings in the Text,
and Ninety-six Full-page Cuts
IN SIX VOLUMES
VOL. II C-E
PAGES 603-1200. FIGS. 701-1470
THIRD EDITION
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD.
1919
The rights of reproduction and of translation are strictly reserved
COPYRIGHT, 1900
BT THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
REWRITTEN, ENLARGED AND RESET
COPYRIGHT, 1914
BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
Set Up and Electrotyped. Published July 22, 1914
Heprinted May, 1917; March, 1919
peasant Press
J. HORACE MCFABLANO COMPACT
HARIUSBDRG, PENNSTLVANIA
:o
FULL -PAGE PLATES
Facing page
XXI. Cherry. Specimen fruits of one of the heart cherries (in color) Frontispiece
XXII. Carnations. Types of the American winter-flowering varieties . . . 630
XXIII. Cattleya Lawrenceana . . . . . . . . . . 686
XXIV. Codogyne cristata, one of the popular and easily grown orchids . . .710
XXV. Celery .--The cultivation under field conditions, at the hilling-up or banking
stage (in color) . ... . . . . . . 724
XXVI. Sweet cherry in flower and fruit . . ., . . . .741
XXVII. Coconut in flower and fruit. Southern Florida. (Fla. Photo. Concern) . 773
XXVIII. Stowell Evergreen sweet corn 803
XXIX. Cranberry -picking in a New Jersey bog. (Photo, by Elizabeth C. White) . 832
XXX. Chrysanthemum. Two of the florist's types (in color) .... 861
XXXI. The White Spine cucumber 901
XXXII. The Fay currant, one of the leading red varieties ..... 917
XXXIII. Cycas circinalis, the male plant. (Photograph by Henry Pittier) . . 931
XXXIV. Dahlia. Jeanne Charmet, one of the most beautiful Decorative dahlias
(in color) . . . . .953
XXXV. Dendrobium superbum as grown in the American tropics .... 978
XXXVI. A border of dianthus and digitalis . . ... 1009
XXXVII. Draccena Goldieana, a "foliage plant" from tropical Africa .... 1069
XXXVIII. The California poppy. Eschscholtzia calif ornica ..... 1120
XXXIX. Eucalyptus viminalis in California ........ 1148
(v)
/ i i ^
CABBAGE. The more or less compact leaf-formed
head of Brassica oleracea; also applied, with designa-
tions, to related forms of the same species, as Welsh
cabbage, tree cabbage. Closely related plants are the
kales (Fig. 706), collards, Brussels
sprouts, cauliflower. See Brassica.
The Chinese cabbage of this country
is a wholly different species from the
common cabbages. It does not form a
compact and rounded head, but a more
or less open and soft mass of leaves,
after the manner of Cos lettuce. It is of
easy culture, but must be grown in the
cool season, for it runs quickly to seed
in hot and dry weather.
The culture of the cabbage antedates
reliable historical record. Writers of
Pliny's time or before refer to variations
in growth and character which must
have resulted from selections and culti-
vation for many generations, under
conditions very different from those
which seem to be the natural
habitat of the plant on the com-
paratively barren chalk cliffs of
England, and in similar locations
in Europe.
It is indeed hard to realize that
the scrawny and somewhat starved-
looking plant shown in Fig. 628
(Vol. I) could be the ancestral
origin of such corpulent, overfed
individuals as are shown in Figs.
701 to 704. Such a change in habit
of growth can be accounted for
only by the plant's possession of ex-
ceptional capacity for using the
more abundant food-supply fur-
nished by cultivation for many
generations, and the storing of it in
a way that makes it available for
man's use rather than for the mere
perpetuation and multiplication of
the parent plants.
701, Conical form of cabbage
Jersey Wakefield.
702. Round-headed type of cabbage.
Characteristics of the plant and req-
uisites for best development.
The cabbage is classed by bota-
nists as a slow-growing bi-annual,
and has three distinct periods of
life: First, the more or less
rapid growth of leaf and plant.
Second, a more or less distinct
resting period during which the
formation of embryonic blos-
soms is started. Third, the
growth and development of the
flower and seed. The culti-
vated cabbages retain very per-
sistently these distinct growing
periods, but have added what
might be classed as another,
that of head-formation, which
is in reality simply a distinct
division of the first. This ad-
ditional head-forming period,
although essential to the plant's
value as a cultivated vegetable,
39
is not at all necessary for the growth and perpetuation
of the plant, which, when it has been held in check by
long-continued severe frost or drought, will often
revert to the original order of growth and pass directly
from the growing to the seeding stages
with no attempt at head-formation.
Cultivated cabbage thrives best in a
moist and comparatively cool climate,
and will not reach its best and rarely a
satisfactory or profitable development in
a hot dry one, nor where there are likely
to be even occasional days of high tem-
perature or hot dry winds. Even if
there is abundant moisture in the soil,
a few hot dry days, such as corn and
tomato plants would delight in, will
often not only check but permanently
prevent any vigorous or profitable
growth. This sensitiveness to over-heat
is most pronounced during the second or
unnatural period of growth, and the
least so during the first. Young
plants will often thrive in tempera-
tures in which it would be quite
impossible to induce older ones to
form a solid head. Excessive heat
is quite as injurious, and often more
so, than freezing, but the latter is
especially injurious to the younger
plants, particularly if they are grow-
ing rapidly, the older ones being
little injured by frost which would
kill rapid-growing seedlings. One
notable effect of exposure of young
plants to severe or long-continued
low temperature is that it takes the
place of the resting period, and thus
cuts out the second or head-form-
ing period, so that the plant, as
soon as established in the field, be-
gins to shoot to seed without form-
ing any head. The degree to which
the plant suffers from unfavorable
temperature seems to vary not only
with different varieties but in differ-
ent locations. In the Puget Sound
country, cabbage plants are often
killed by exposure to low tempera-
tures, which those of the same
variety and age growing in similar
soil and exposure on Long
Island would endure with little
apparent injury. In the United
States, favorable climatic con-
ditions are most likely to occur
in succession during the winter,
spring and fall months, as one
moves northeast along the
Gulf and Atlantic coasts, or in
the West along the coast north
from Portland, Oregon, and
in isolated sections south of
that point. Some of the finest
cabbages ever produced in
America have been grown at
points on the Pacific coast as
far south as Los Angeles, Cali-
704. A modem cabbage plant in head Early Flat Dutch, f ornia. There are also locations,
(603)
604
CABBAGE
70S. Section of cabbage
head, showing the thickened
rachis and leaf-stalks, and the
buds in the axils.
especiallv' ip" JSTew York; OKic, Indiana, Michigan and
Wisconsin, near the Greai takes, or where smaller but
deep .inland, lakes, abound, in -tfhich cabbage does
excerrtiou&Uj' weli, fcutrgenej-aljy , jn -common with most
cruciferous' plants',' they 'dtf better hear the sea, in such
locations as the Eastern
Shore of Maryland, Long
Island and Puget Sound
regions, than in the interior
or on the borders of even
very large bodies of fresh
water.
As the plant is a native
of the temperate zone, and
thrives best in it, and cannot
long endure high tempera-
tures, one does not think
of it as particularly sun-
loving; but there are few
garden plants to which abun-
dant sunlight is more essen-
tial and shade more detri-
mental than the cabbage.
In its native habitat, the
plants are found growing alone or in small open groups
where they are fully exposed to the sun. Similar condi-
tions are essential to its best development under culti-
vation so that it can rarely be profitably grown in the
shade or in crowded groups or rows, and "shooting to
seed" or other failure to form a head is often due to
the crowding of the seedlings in the seed-row.
The cabbage is one of the grossest and least fastidi-
ous feeders of cultivated plants, and while an abun-
dance of easily accessible food is essential for its profit-
able culture, it is less particular than most plants
as to its proportions and physical condition, if only it
has an abundance. Large crops of the best quality
are often produced by the use of fresh green and uncom-
posted manures in almost Limitless quantities. Some
growers object to the use of manure from hog-pens,
yet some of the largest, healthiest and best crops ever
seen have been grown by the liberal use of hog manure.
Strange as it may seem, abundant fertilization hastens
rather than retards the plant reaching marketable
condition.
The plant is more particular as to its water-supply
than its food-supply, and suffers even more quickly
than most vegetables from a lack of sufficient moisture
in the air or soil. On the other hand, it cannot long
endure an excess, particularly in the soil, and soon
succumbs to wet feet. A well-drained soil which at the
same time is fairly retentive of moisture is essential
to profitable cabbage-culture.
Even more than with most garden vegetables, the
physical condition of the soil is a most important factor
in determining the development of the cabbage. Large
and often very profitable crops may be grown on soils
which would be classed as clay, loam, gravel, sand or
muck, provided they are rich and friable, but seldom
a large, or profitable crop can be grown on even a
very fertile soil which after rains quickly hardens and
bakes so as to be impervious to air. Permanent fria-
bility rather than superior fertility makes some soils ex-
ceedingly profitable for cabbage, while it is difficult and
often impossible to grow a paying crop on others which
are even richer and better watered, but which are liable
o cake ^after every rain. This is especially true of
some soils that are generally classed as a very rich
clay or muck. Permanent friability is the most essen-
tial quality for profitable cabbage-culture, and the want
it the most common cause of failure to grow a
profitable crop.
Varieties of cabbage. Figs. 701-704, 707.
Few vegetables show a wider range of variation,
e are sorts that can be grown to edible maturity
-on a square foot and in 90 to 120 days from the seed,
while others can hardly be crowded into a square yard
or reach prime edible maturity in less than 200 days;
sorts so short-stemmed that the flat head seems to rest
on the ground, others in which the globular head
crowns a stalk 16 to 20 inches long; kinds in which the
leaves are long, round, or broad, smooth, or savoyed,
light yellowish green, dark green or so dark red as to
seem black, with surfaces which are glazed, smooth, or
covered with thick bloom. There are many early-
maturing kinds, each having characteristics adapting
them for different cultural conditions and uses, that
will, in fertile soil and a temperature between 60 and
80 by day, and never below 40 at night, form salable
heads in 90 to 110 or 120 days from the germina-
tion of the seed; others that mature in mid-season;
still others that grow the entire season and increase
in solidity even while stored for winter.
American seedsmen offer cabbage seed under over
500 more or less distinct varietal names, a large propor-
tion of which stand for different stocks rather than
for distinct varietal forms: here only the most dis-
tinct types and the most commonly used names are
mentioned.
Early York, Elampes, Large York, etc. Very compact, upright-
growing smooth-leaved sorts which are comparatively tender to
both heat and cold, and form vertically oval comparatively soft
heads of excellent quality, but better suited to European than
American climatic conditions and market requirements.
Early Jersey, Large Wakefield, Winnigstadt, etc. Compact-
f rowing, very sure-heading sorts which are very hardy to both
eat and cold and form comparatively small, but closely wrapped
hard sharply conical heads which are of attractive appearance,
but not of the best quality. Well suited to the general soil and cli-
matic conditions and very popular in America.
Enkhuizen Glory, Early Summer, Fottler's Drumhead, etc.
Second-early sorts, forming small compact to large spreading short-
stemmed plants, and nearly round to distinctly flat heads which
mature quickly, are of good quality but not well adapted for distant
shipment or winter storage.
Flat Dutch, Drumhead, Ballhead or Hollander, etc. Large
spreading comparatively slow-growing plants, forming round to
oval hard heads, having the leaves very closely wrapped and over-
lapping in the center. They are generally good keepers, often
improving not only in solidity but in quality during storage.
Savoys. A class in which the leaves of both plant and head are
crumpled or savoyed instead of smooth as in the preceding. There
are varieties of all the forms of smooth-leaved sorts. The plants
are hardy, butsare slow to form heads, which are likely to be small
706. Curled kale. Brassica oleracea var. acephala.
and more or less open or loose-centered, but they are of superior
flavor, and this class is worthy of more general cultivation in the
home-garden and for local market.
Red cabbage. A class of which there are many varietal forms,
and in which the plants and heads vary from purple shaded green
to deep red. The heads are generally small, but very solid and
are especially suited for use as "cold slaw."
Portugal Sea-Kale, Tronchuda or Chinese cabbage. These
are distinct classes and species of cabbage, intermediate in char-
acter between the more common sorts and the more distant kales.
They have never become generally popular in America, though
they are rather largely grown and used by the Asiatics, particularly
on the Pacific coast. The sea-kale cabbage is not to be confounded
with sea-kale, which is a very different plant.
CABBAGE
CABBAGE
605
These are but a few of the almost limitless, more or
less distinct variations offered by seedsmen, yet each
of them was thought by someone to be superior in
some location, under some conditions, or for some
purpose. The general recognition of the value of each
variation, and the consequent popularity of the sorts
in which the variation is best developed, are constantly
changing, partly because of local conditions of climate,
but more largely because of changes in transportation
and market facilities and conditions.
Cultural methods.
Ideal climatic conditions are found only in very
limited areas, and the common cultural practice in
each locality is largely shaped by the degree to which
local conditions approach them. In the country north
of Washington in which a well-lighted and heated
greenhouse and experienced help are available, the
simplest method, and one by which the very best of
early cabbage can be grown, is to plant the seed in flats
some sixty to ninety days before danger of killing by
frost is past, and as soon as the central bud or leaves
appear (which should be in ten to fourteen days) to
"prick out" the plants, setting them 2 to 4 inches
apart in other flats, according to the relative impor-
tance in that particular culture of earliness and cost
of production. The house should be given abundant
ventilation, and temperatures exceeding 70 or 85 by
day and 50 or 60 at night carefully avoided. Often it
will be found very advantageous, as soon as the plants
are well established, to remove them to well-lighted
coldframes. These should be carefully tended in order
to give all the air possible, and to avoid over-heating by
the sun or falling below 35 at night, and the plants
transferred to the open ground as early as this can be
done without danger from killing frosts. Some very
successful growers plant seed in well-protected cold-
frames so as to secure a thin, even stand, and by careful
attention secure a slow but steady growth through the
winter, and the seedlings are first transplanted to the
open ground as soon as danger from killing frosts is
over. A common practice from Philadelphia or Balti-
more southward is to sow the seed in the fall in care-
fully prepared beds in sheltered locations, and, as soon
as the plants are large enough, to transplant them to
flat-topped ridges about 30 to 36 inches from center to
center and as high as can be formed by two or three
back-furrows. These ridges usually are run east to
west and the plants are set on the south, the north or the
top, or sometimes in the furrow between them, depend-
ing upon the judgment of the planter as to which loca-
tion will give the best result on that particular farm
and exposure and in that particular season, as some-
times one and sometimes another location gives the best
results. In some sections and often only on certain
farms of a section this method gives large very early-
maturing and profitable crops, while in different fields,
even on the same farm, a large proportion of the
plants so handled will be killed by frost or will shoot
to seed without heading. In certain locations, notably
in the vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina, cabbage-
plant farms have been established, from which plants
in prime condition for setting in the field can be
secured by the million. The location and exposure, and
the character of the soil of the most successful of these
farms is such that the plants are rarely killed or seri-
ously checked by frost, but make a constant but slow
growth all winter and can be pulled at any time so as to
retain abundant root and vigor and be safely shipped
long distances. The seed is sown and the plant-beds
treated much as one would treat a bed of onions for
sets or pickles, except that in many cases the rows are
as close as 3 inches and the bed receives little or no
cultivation after the seed is planted.
Objections that are sometimes well founded to
plants from such farms are, that they are slow "taking
hold" and a large proportion of them "shoot to seed"
without heading, or the heads are small and of poor
quality; but such failures often come from the use by
the plant-raiser of cheap and inferior seed, or from the
crowded rows and careless handling, or from the
farmer sending for and setting the plants too early, or
from holding them too long before setting. Some
plant-raisers take pains to advertise that they do not
guarantee plants shipped by them before December
1 to give satisfactory results (though they often do),
but that they are willing to guarantee that plants
shipped by them from December 1 to April 1 will,
in suitable soil and exposure and with good cultivation,
produce full crops of marketable cabbage. Most
farmers who use 20,000 to 30,000 plants could grow
on their own farms as good plants or better than
they could buy from even the best and most reliable
growers, and often at materially less cost; but it is
707. Cabbage shapes: Flat; round or ball; egg-shaped;
oval; conical.
questionable whether many of them would do so, and
it is not surprising that the practice of buying plants,
particularly when earliness in market maturity is
desirable, is rapidly extending.
The best distance between plants will depend not
only upon the variety used but upon the character of
the soil, kind of labor available and the condition and
way in which the crop is to be marketed. Such small
upright-growing sorts as Early York, Etampes, or true
Jersey Wakefield, which are to be marketed when
still quite soft, can be well grown set as close as 6 or 8
by 18 to 24 inches, requiring 20,000 to 30,000 plants to
the acre; but in America such close planting necessi-
tates so much hand labor that it is seldom profitable,
and 8 to 12 by 28 to 30 or 36 inches, requiring from
8,000 to 15,000 or 20,000 plants to the acre, is usually
found the more profitable distance.
The best method of setting, whether by hand, hand-
planters, or machine, will be determined by local con-
ditions. The plants should "take hold" in two to
four days and start into vigorous growth in ten
days to three weeks, the time depending upon the con-
dition of the plants, and the way they are handled,
quite as much as upon the weather. After active growth
has commenced, it should continue at a constantly
accelerated rate until the head begins to harden, and
although toward the last the plants may not seem to
increase in size, the heads will gain in weight. The cab-
bage suffers less than most vegetables from mutilation
of the root, yet deep cultivation is undesirable because
unnecessary. The essential thing is to prevent any-
crusting over, and the keeping of the surface in such
good tilth as to permit of the free aeration of the soil.
606
CABBAGE
One of the best crops of early cabbage on record
was secured from what was regarded as naturally a
rather unfavorable soil that was not very heavily
fertilized, but received a shallow cultivation with a
harrow tooth cultivator every day (except Sundays and
on four days when the surface was so wet from rain
that it would puddle) after the plants were set until
the crop was in market condition.
The time of planting for fall and winter cabbage and
the general cultural methods most likely to give good
results in any particular location are the same for both
seasons, the time of maturity being determined more
by the varietal character of the seed than by method
of culture. The cultural practice usually followed by
neighboring and equally successful growers is often
radically different! One planter may always, on some
fixed day in May or June, sow seed in flats and as soon
as the seedlings are well started pick them out into
other flats, and then again into a plant-bed and wait for
a favorable day, if necessary until August, before putting
them in the field. An equally successful neighboring
grower may wait until as late as the last of June and
sow thinly in well-prepared seed-beds and transplant
from them to the field, while still another may wait
for favorable weather even until the last of July and
then plant seed in place as is the usual practice of some
most successful growers. In New England, growers
often drill the seed in place, and when the plants are
well established chop out the superfluous ones.
708. An outdoor method of storing cabbage.
The weight or quantity of seed used for a given
area varies greatly, as the size of the individual seeds
vary, not only with different varieties but with different
lots of the same sort. Some growers expect to get
plants enough for an acre from less than an ounce,
while others require two to five tunes as much, and
those who sow in place often will use four to eight
ounces to the acre. Superlative crops have been
known to be grown by radically different methods, and
very often successful growers have some peculiarity of
practice which they deem essential to the best results,
but which a neighboring and equally successful
grower regards as a foolish waste of labor; but, how-
ever the practice of successful growers may differ, there
are some points in which they all agree. Among these
are, the use of the best obtainable seed of some par-
ticular variety which they have found by experience,
or which they believe is best adapted to their condi-
tions and is uniform in time of maturity, so that all
the heads are in prime condition and may be gathered
at the same time, which is an important factor in
determining cost of production, while uniformity in
shape, form and color are equally important in
determining salability. The quality of the seed used,
while not the only factor, is generally the most impor-
tant one in determining the uniformity of product
of any particular culture. Unchecked and constantly
accelerated rate of growth are most important factors
in securing the best possible development of any par-
ticular culture. Every check, whether it come from
overcrowding of the seedlings, careless transplanting,
or the caking and want of friability in the surface soil,
tends to divert the energy of the plant from the
unnatural and excessive leaf-formation upon which
CABBAGE
its value as a cultivated vegetable depends to the
more natural but less useful formation of blossoms
and seed. Just how on any particular farm the
most favorable conditions can be secured cannot be
told in general cultural directions, but must be de-
cided by the grower from his knowledge of the
character and wants of the plant, the condition of the
soil, and last, but by no means least, his facilities for
controlling the conditions upon which the growth of
the crop depends.
Harvesting.
This is the simplest and easiest part of cabbage-
growing. With an easily acquired dexterity, each head
in five or six rows can be cut, trimmed and tossed into
a central windrow by a single well-directed stroke of a
well-sharpened spade or heavy hoe. Occasionally, be-
cause of some unnatural growth of the plant, or want
of attention, a head will need retrimming, but by the
exercise of a little care, practically all of them can be
kept in marketable shape. From the windrows, the
heads are gathered and loaded loose into cars, delivered
to factories or placed in storage. Yields secured vary
greatly, being influenced by the sort, the quality of
the seed, the character of the soil, loss from insects and
disease; they generally range from five to twenty tons
to the acre. The crop is usually readily salable in the
fall, delivered at factory or on board cars at prices
ranging from $4, or even less, to $10 to $20 a ton.
Marketing.
Cabbage greens. In
some sections, notably
southern Mississippi and
Louisiana, considerable
acreage is grown and
marketed as cabbage
greens. The seed is sown
in place or the plants are
set quite close in the row,
and as soon as they have
commenced active
growth and long before they have formed a distinct
head, they are cut and marketed much in the same
manner as spinach or kale, but this method of culture
and use is very limited.
Early cabbage is generally considered marketable as
soon as the leaves have closed into a head, even if this
is still so soft and loose that it would be quite unmar-
ketable later in the season. If cabbages are cut when
soft and immature, they soon wilt and lose all crisp-
ness and palatability; to avoid this, the earlier ship-
ments are made in small open crates containing less
than a score of heads, or sometimes in larger closed
ones carrying ice, and often in refrigerator cars. Later
in the season, as the heads become larger and harder,
they are shipped in slat crates about 12 by 18 by
38 inches, or in ventilated burlap-covered barrels
holding about two and three-fourths bushels.
Fall and winter cabbages are usually sold by the ton,
of much more closely trimmed heads than are con-
sidered marketable earlier in the season, and are com-
monly shipped in open and well-ventilated cars without
special container or packing, except as may be neces-
sary to protect from hard freezing. Many acres are
grown on contracts with shippers, packers of sauer-
kraut, and the like, who contract for the delivery direct
from the field to factory or on board cars, of the usable
product of a certain acreage at an agreed price per ton.
While this is sometimes a very satisfactory arrange-
ment, many careless and incompetent growers are
induced to contract, and their neglected crops become
infected with disease and insects which spread to the
fields of even the most careful growers, and the crop
in the. vicinity of such factories and shipping-points
soon becomes unprofitable.
CABBAGE
CABBAGE
607
Storing.
Formerly the most common practice was to let the
plants stand until danger of hard freezing, then pulling,
allowing the roots to retain what earth they would,
but breaking off some of the most spreading leaves and
crowding the plants together (with heads all up or all
709. Cabbage in winter storage in cabbage-house.
down and at a uniform height), with earth packed
between them, in long shallow trenches that were
gradually covered with sufficient coarse straw or litter
to protect from severe freezing. A variation of this
method is to pull, leaving what roots and earth adheres,
and set as closely and level as possible in a shallow
cellar not over 3 feet deep, which after filling is covered
with a roof of boards, tarred paper and litter sufficient
to keep out rain and frost, and high enough in the cen-
ter to allow of handling the cabbage. It is essential to
success with either trench or cellar that they be located
where there is the least possible danger from standing
water, rats and other vermin, and as well protected as
possible from severe winds and cold. Advantages of
this method are that heads quite too soft to be salable
become hard and firm, and that cabbages so stored
retain to a remarkable degree their crispness and
flavor, and are thought by some to be even better
than when fresh from the field; but when taken from
the trench or cellar, they soon lose their crispness
and will not stand shipment so well as heads which
were trimmed before storing. A very common method
is to cut and partially trim the heads and place in
piles 4 to 6 feet high and broad, and of convenient
length, built over a board-covered trench which is
ventilated by open ends and tiles up through the cab-
bage, the piles being gradually covered and the open-
ings closed so as to prevent hard freezing (Fig. 708).
In certain sections a large proportion of the cabbages
grown for late winter and early spring market are
trimmed and stored in bins or on shelves in frostproof
storehouses (Fig. 709).
Diseases.
Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicx). A soil parasite affecting
cabbage and other cruciferous plants. It thrives best in acid soils
and in some cases can be checked by a liberal use of lime, but its
presence in any field in destructive abundance is seldom suspected
until too late to save the crop. Planting cabbage or other crucif-
erous crops on such a field should not be repeated for several
years, during which it should have continued dressings of lime and
ashes. Care should be taken to secure uncontaminated soil for
seed-beds, and to destroy all affected plants before cattle have
access to them, as the disease may be carried by such refuse in the
manure from cattle who have eaten it.
Wilt or Yellows, Black-rot, Stem-rot, Fusarium, Phoma. Infec-
tious diseases which sometimes become so abundant in certain
sections as to prevent the profitable culture of cabbage. They are
all distributed by means of contaminated seed, by manure from
cattle fed on diseased refuse, by soil carried on tools from affected
fields; distribution in this way should be carefully avoided. All
diseased plants should be destroyed by fire as soon as noticed. The
soil used in the seed-beds should be sterilized by live steam or
soaked in a weak solution of formaldehyde (one part to 260 of water).
The seed should be soaked fifteen minutes in the weak solution of
formaldehyde, then rinsed in clear water and immediately planted.
Animal pests.
Flea beetles. The securing of vigorous plants is sometimes pre-
vented by the attacks of innumerable flea beetles, Phyllotreta, vit-
tata. This may be prevented by surrounding the beds with frames
made of 10- to 12-inch boards connected across the top with 2-inch
strips and then covered with 20- to 40-thread to the inch cheese-
cloth. This should be put on as soon as the seed is planted and
be removed, in order to harden the plants, four to six days before
they go to the field.
Cut-worms. These are best guarded against by keeping the
field perfectly clear of all vegetation for six to ten days before
setting, then mix four quarts of bran meal or flour, one cup of molas-
ses or sugar, and two tablespoonfuls of pans green, with water
enough to make about the consistency of milk, and sprinkle on
twenty to fifty times its bulk of fresh-cut grass and scatter over
the field the night before setting the plants.
Cabbage worm. Keep careful watch of the plants and if the
green worms appear in abundance and seem to reach full size,
sprinkle or spray the plants with kerosene and whale-oil soap emul-
sion, or paris green and water in the proportion of four gallons of
emulsion and one pound of paris green to fifty gallons of water.
After the heads are two-thirds grown, powdered hellebore, one ounce
to two gallons of water, should be substituted for the poisonous
paris green mixture.
Root-knot (Nematodes). Although seldom very destructive
north of Philadelphia, this is often the unsuspected cause of failure
in the South, particularly of fall crops in light lands. The only
practical remedy is the avoidance of affected fields or sterilizing
the soil by freezing or live steam.
Seed-breeding and -growing. Figs. 710, 711.
It is only through careful study of the practical value
and correlation of varietal differences, the exercise of
great care in selection and growing of the plants, and
in the saving of the seed, that this or any vegetable can
be improved or even its present good qualities main-
tained. Under favorable conditions the plant is capable
of producing abundant seed, a single plant having been
known to yield thirty-five ounces, enough to plant
25 to 40 acres, but such yields are very exceptional,
and one-half to four ounces a plant is much more
common. Although botanically the plant is self-fertile,
when isolated it seldom yields much and often
no viable seed. It transmits very persistently through
many generations any distinct variation, but often
without expression, although such hitherto unexpressed
variations are apt to appear in the seed of self-fertilized
plants, so that such seed is frequently less uniform than
that from a field of plants of the same ancestry. At
least one of our popular varieties is made up of the
descendents of a single isolated plant, but it is a curious
fact that in the second and subsequent generations 90
per cent of the plants, although quite uniform, were
very different in character from that of the selected
individual from which they were descended. The
originator of one of our best varieties maintains that it
is essential to the production of the best seed of that
sort that seed-plants of very different types should be
set together, and by crossing they will produce seed
giving plants of the desired type. In spite of these
facts, it is thought that the practice which will give the
best results with t ...
other plants is \Aj/ / v i , \\/ /
equally desir-
able for the cab-
bage, and that
first a distinct
and well-defined
conception of
the varietal form
desired must be
formed and the
stock started
from the plant
or plants whose
seed most uni-
formly devel-
oped into plants 710. Wild cabbage plant in seed. Chalk
of the desired cliffs of England.
608
CABBAGE
character, rather than from those in which it was
exceptionally well developed. Often even professional
seed-growers have but a very vague and constantly
changing conception of what a given variety should be.
The greatest profit is not from the field that pro-
duces even a good many of the most perfect speci-
mens, but from that in which the largest proportion of
the plants are most uniformly of the desired character.
In order to produce seed which will give such results,
one must first form a very clear conception of just
what one wants in plant and head, and learn the rela-
tion between easily noted but economically unimpor-
tant qualities, and others not so easily seen but more
important in determining value. Having selected a
number of ideal plants, one should grow these either
singly, or in groups of three or four that are nearest
alike. Save and number the seed of each plant sepa-
rately and plant a small sample of each number, care-
fully noting the numbers in which the product was
most uniformly of the desired character. From the
reserved seed
of the num-
bers which
most uni-
formly devel-
oped the de-
sired form,
one can start
a stock for
field plant-
ing. It is not
safe, how-
ever, to rest
there; one
must start a
new selection
of the desired
character so
as to contin-
ually renew
one's stock.
In raising
seed, plant-
ings should be made a little later than one would for fall
market cabbage. As the plants develop, each lot should
be repeatedly looked over and not only those which show
no disposition to form a head, or one in which the
inclosing leaves do not pass over the center, but also
those which show any departure (even if it be of itself
a desirable one) from the desired form, should be
removed. The plants should be left in place until there
is danger of the ground being closed by frost and should
then be pulled, a few of the larger leaves removed and
then packed into narrow trenches in sheltered and well-
drained localities, taking pains to pack the earth closely
about the roots and stems. Gradually, as necessary
to prevent hard freezing, they should be covered with
earth and with coarse litter, the aim being to keep
them as cold as possible without actually freezing,
and to prevent them starting into growth. As early
in the spring as possible, they should be set for seed-
ing, giving each plant about twice the space needed
for market cabbage. In setting, the plants, should
be more or less inclined, so that while the top of the
head is but little above the surface, the roots are not
buried in hard and cold subsoil. As they are set, the
heads should be scarred across the top, not deep enough
to injure the sprouting center, but so as to facilitate
its pushing its way through the head. The seedstalks
should not be cut until they begin to shed the seed,
which turns black and seems ripe before it is fully mature.
The entire plant should be cut and stored until quite
dry, when the seed can be easily threshed, cleaned and
spread not over ^ inch deep in full sunlight for a few
days and then stored.
Commercial seed-growing. Although one occasion-
711. Cultivated cabbage in seed.
CACALIOPSIS
ally sees heavily seeded plants in all parts of the United
States, cabbage seed rarely proves a profitable crop,
except in very limited areas along Long Island Sound,
the eastern shores of New Jersey, Maryland and Vir-
ginia, and in the Puget Sound region, where the yield
commonly secured varies from 300 to 700 pounds to the
acre, although exceptional crops sometimes reach 1,500
to 2,000 pounds. The common method of growing does
not vary materially from that described, except that
very often too little care is exercised in securing stock
seed, and it is sowed or the plants set so late that they
fail to develop sufficiently to enable one to do very
effective rogueing out of inferior stock. In Holland,
seed is often raised from much better matured heads
than are commonly used in America and which are cut
from the root, but leaving more stem than for market
use, and planted so that the top is level with or slightly
below the surface. Treated in this way, they root like
a great cutting and form loose, well-branched plants
which are not so liable to injury from wind, and are
said to yield more seed than would be produced if the
entire plant was used. It is possible that this method
might give good results in the Puget Sound region, but
it would not in the East. w. W. TRACY.
C ABO MB A (aboriginal name). Nymphasaceae. FAN-
WORT. Submersed aquatics of the western hemisphere,
used in ponds and aquaria.
Flowers small; sepals and petals 3, persistent; sta-
mens 3-6; carpels 3-18, separate: submerged Ivs. finely
dissected, mostly opposite. Six species.
carpliniana, Gray (C. aqudtica, DC., not Aubl.
C.viridifdlia,Hort.). WASHINGTON PLANT. FISH-GRASS.
Floating Ivs. green, oblong-linear: fls. axillary, J^in.
broad, white, with 2 yellow spots at base of each petal;
stamens 6. Ponds and slow streams, S. 111. to N. C., Fla.
and Texas. A.G. 15: 157. Hardy as far north as Phila.
if not frozen. The commonest plant for fish-globes and
aquaria; roots easily in earth, grows well, is dense and
bushy, and a good oxygenator; prefers water free from
lime. Prop, by cuttings set in earth in 1-2 ft. of water
at 55-70 F. Commonly sold for aquaria in bunches of
6^12 shoots 8 in. long, wrapped with lead at base;
without earth the bunch lasts 4-8 weeks, when it drops
most of its Ivs. and must be replaced. Var. rossefdlia,
Hort., is a form with reddish Ivs., less durable, and more
difficult to prop. A. G. 15:157. Var. pulcherrima,
Harper, has sts. reddish purple, Ivs. darker with nar-
rower segms. and petals bright purple. Ga. The true
C. aqudtica, Aubl., of Trop. Amer., with yellow fls.
and nearly orbicular floating Ivs., is shown in B.M. 7090.
H. S. CONARD.
CACALIA (ancient Greek name). Compdsitae. Peren-
nial herbs of wide distribution, some of which are
planted in the open for ornament.
Flowers paniculate or corymbose, the florets all
hermaphrodite, with white, flesh-colored, or orange,
exclusively tubular corollas, each of the 5 lobes with a
midnerve: achenes glabrous: Ivs. petioled, alternate.
The genus is by some considered as a section of Senecio,
differing in never having ray-fls. Species about 40,
about one-fourth Asian and the remainder mostly
American. They need protection in the North.
l&tea, Mill. A slender rather attractive perennial,
with alternate,, widely separated Ivs. half clasping the
St.: fls. orange-yellow, in heads about J^in. diam.,
corymbose. St. Helena; perhaps hot a true cacalia.
C. aiirea and C. liitea of .gardens may be Emilia. C. cocctnea,
N. TAYLOR.f
CACALIOPSIS (CacaUa-like). Composite. Peren-
nial, for garden planting.
Heads discoid, very many-fld. of perfect yellow
florets; corolla rather deeply 5-cleft, the lobes lanceo-
late: Ivs. palmate. One species, little known in cult.
CACALIOPSIS
CACTUS
609
Nardosmia, Gray. Stout, 1-2 ft. high, loose, woolly,
but becoming nearly glabrous: Ivs. nearly all radical,
not unlike those of Petasites palmata, long-stalked,
5-9-cleft or very rarely parted, the lobes dentate or
cut: heads an inch high, in a loose cluster at the summit
of the nearly naked st., fragrant. Pine woods, Calif,
to Wash. Intro, by Gillett in 1881 as a border plant.
CACAO, COCOA: Theobroma.
CACTUS, CACTI. The plants correctly designated
by this name constitute the family Cactacese. Scarcely
any group in the whole vegetable kingdom is more
remarkable for its strange and varied forms, the beauty
of its flowers, and wonderful adaptation to desert life.
It is not, however, confined to desert regions; for in the
moist forests of the tropics of the New World it is
represented by a number of interesting forms often
epiphytal or scrambling in their
habit of growth, with beautiful
flowers and sometimes with
delicious edible fruit.
"Botanical Features of North American Deserts,"
publication No. 99 of the Carnegie Institution of
Washington, 1908.
To the southward, the family extends to Chile and
Argentina. Giant torch thistles and echinocacti are
scattered over the pampas of Uruguay, and melon-
shaped echinopses amid the snows of the lofty plateau
of Bolivia.
The genus Mamillaria, so well represented in the
southwestern United States and Mexico, is almost
absent from Central America, the representative genera
of that region as well as of the warm Huasteca region
of eastern Mexico being Cereus, Pereskia, Pereskiopsis,
Nopalea, and Opuntia; while the "turk's-head" or
"melon cacti" are chiefly West Indian.
The peculiar structure of columnar, opuntioid, and
melon-shaped cacti is undoubtedly the result of exces-
sive dryness of the climates in which they occur, to
protect themselves from which they have been obliged
to store up water and to
reduce their transpira-
712. Tips of Rhipsalis
cassytha.
713. Skeleton of
Opuntia stem.
714. Pereskia aculeata.
715. Opuntia joint with leaves.
The Cactacese are confined to America, the only
apparent exception being the genus Rhipsalis, com-
posed of plants with the habits of the mistletoe, grow-
ing on the trunks and branches of trees, and bearing
small pellucid glutinous berries (Fig. 712). This genus,
endemic in tropical America, has found its way to
Africa, the island of Mauritius and even to Ceylon;
and several opuntias, or prickly pears, occur on the
shores of the Mediterranean, in South Africa, and Aus-
tralia, where they have made themselves so thoroughly
at home as to be regarded by many writers as
indigenous. The Cactaceae are not confined to trop-
ical or even semi-tropical regions. At
least two species of Opuntia extend
northward into British Columbia, and
species of Echinocereus, Echinocactus,
and Mamillaria are found in the state
of Colorado. The xerophytic forms
flourish especially in the southwestern
United States, the Mexican plateau,
the peninsula of Lower California, where
there are great cactus forests, and the
vicinity of Tehuacan, in the southern
part of the Mexican state of Puebla, a
region celebrated for its remarkable and
gigantic tree-like forms related to the
genus Cereus. For an account of the
vegetation of 'the deserts of the south-
western states and of Mexico, the reader
is referred to Frederick V. Coville's
"Botany of the Death Valley Expedi-
tion," published as Vol. IV of the
"Contributions from the United States
National Herbarium, 1893;" Coville
and MacDougal's "Desert Botanical
Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution
1903"; and to D. T. MacDougal's 716. Cactus spines.
tion as low as possible. They have a more or less pro-
nounced woody axis surrounded by pulpy cellular tissue
(parenchyma) in which the water-supply is stored. The
stomata are usually situated in depressions or grooves
in the leathery cuticle; and as an additional means for
checking transpiration, the cell-sap is nearly always
mucilaginous, while in some forms latex cells are present,
filled with milky or gummy fluid which hardens on
exposure to the air and effectively heals wounds in the
soft fleshy plant. Certain species of Echinocactus (viz-
nagas) are like great barrels studded with spines and
filled with pulp of the consistency of watermelon rind,
which is sometimes made into con-
serves like citron (dulces de viznaga).
Other forms, like species of Pereskia,
Pereskiopsis, and arboreous opuntias
have hard, woody stems and branches.
The reticulated skeletons of certain
species of opuntia (Fig. 713) are manu-
factured into walking-sticks, legs of
furniture, napkin rings, and even into
veneering for woodwork. In Lower
California and some parts of South
America, where other vegetation is
lacking, the stems of columnar cerei,
or "cardones," are used for construct-
ing habitations, inclosures, and for
timbering mines. Columnar cacti are
also planted for living fences, or hedges,
especially the "organ cactus" (Myrtil-
locactus geometrizans) of tropical Mex-
ico. Leaves are present in nearly all
cacti, but in some species they are
mere vestiges and can scarcely be seen
with the naked eye. In other species
they are large and perfectly developed,
either with distinct petiole and feather
610
CACTUS
CACTUS
717. Opuntia leptocaulis, showing
sheathed spines.
veins, as in Pereskia acu-
leata (Fig. 714), or sessile
and fleshy with only the
midrib and several paral-
lel nerves apparent as in
the genus Pereskiopsis.
They are sometimes
caducous, fleshy, cylindri-
cal or awl-shaped, as in
the genus Opuntia (Fig.
715). In the axils of the
leaves are peculiar cush-
ion-like areoles (corres-
ponding in all probability
to aborted branches)
clothed with down or felt-
like wool, from which
spines, and, in some gen-
era, also flowers, issue. In
the genera Opuntia and Pereskiopsis, the areoles also
bear minute short barbed bristles called glochidia,
which will penetrate the
skin and become detached
at the slightest contact and
are the source of annoying
irritation which often per-
sists for many hours!
The spines (Fig. 716)
are not connected with
the axis of the stem or
branches, but emerge from
the areoles. In some
forms they are simple and
straight, bristle-like, awl-
shaped, or short and coni-
cal. In others they are
bent like fishhooks or are
curved and horn-like, with
transverse ribs. Some-
times they are minutely
downy or hairy and some-
times even plumose or
feathery. They may be
either naked or enveloped
in a membranous barbed
sheath (Fig. 717). They
may be grouped in star-
like clusters, with straight
or curved rays spreading
from a common center, or
in comb-like fascicles, with
the radial spines arranged
in two rows on each side
of a longitudinal axis (pec-
tinate) . In addition to the
720. Leuchtenbergia principis, showing
transformation from scales to petals.
radial spines, there are
usually erect central spines
either straight and rigid,
or more or less curved. One of the most striking forms
is that of the organ cactus, Myrtillocactus geometrizans,
in which the stout erect
central spine resembles
the blade of a dagger
and the radials a guard
for the hilt. In contrast
with this may be men-
tioned the spines of
Pelecyphora aselliformis,
which resemble minia-
ture sow-bugs, or aselli
(Fig. 718).
The flowers in most
cases issue from the
upper portion of the
areoles, but in certain
mamillarias and allied
718. Extreme condensation of the plant body.
Pelecyphora aselliformis. (Nat. Size.)
forms they come
forth from between
the tubercles or
from their base at
the end of a dorsal
groove. Usually the
flowers are solitary
and sessile, but in
the genus Pereskia
(Fig. 714) they are
ped uncled and often
clustered. They
may be tinted with
rose-color, crimson,
purple, yellow or
orange, or rarely
with copper-color or
scarlet, but they are
never blue. Often
they are pure white
at first, gradually becoming suffused with rose-color
in age. In a few species
they are inconspicuous, as
in the epiphytal Rhipsalis
(Fig. 712). Some are diur-
nal, others nocturnal; some
open at sunrise and close
at night or when the sky
becomes clouded; others
open at a certain hour and
close at another fixed hour
of the day or night; some
last for only a few hours,
others for a day, and
some persist for several
days. Some, like the
"night - blooming cereus"
are delightfully fragrant,
while others are ill-smell-
ing or have no perceptible
odor.
The perianth is not
divided sharply into calyx
and corolla, although the
outer floral leaves are usu-
ally sepal-like and the
inner ones are true petals.
In one great division of
the family including Opun-
tia, which has been named
Rotatiflorse, the perianth
is more or less wheel-
shaped or widely spread-
ing (Fig. 719) ; in the other
division, Tubuliflorse, to
which Cereus belongs, the
floral leaves form a
tube, often
remarkably long and slender, and crowned
with a spreading limb. The floral leaves
are not arranged in definite series but
somewhat like those of a water-lily, the
scale-like lower or outer leaves gradually
becoming broad and petaloid as they
approach the center (Fig 720). In all
cases the perianth crowns the ovary,
and sometimes persists after withering
on the apex of the fruit (Fig. 721). The
stamens are very numerous and are
inserted on the petals or perianth-tube
(Fig. 722). The single style is longer
and stouter than the slender filaments,
and usually terminates into a radially
divided stigma (Fig, 723). Sometimes 721
the stigma is conspicuously colored and Cephalocereus
issues star-like from the center of the fruit.
CACTUS
CACTUS
611
722. Echinocactus flower, show-
ing insertion of stamens.
723. Opuntia flower,
showing styles and
ovary.
mass of stamens, as in the genus Echinocereus, in
which the emerald-green star contrasts prettily with
the golden-yellow or orange-colored stamens, rising
from a rosette of rose-purple petals (Fig. 724). The
ovary (Fig. 723), although formed of several carpels,
is 1-celled. The placenta? are parietal, bearing an in-
definite number of ovules, the stalks of which (funiculi)
become fleshy as the seeds develop and form a sugary
pulp around the seeds.
The fruits of the Cactacese are variable in form. That
of the leafy Pereskia is apple-shaped and bears a num-
ber of leaf-like bracts on the skin (Fig. 725), on which
account the fruit of P. aculeata is
called blad-appel, or leaf-apple, in
the Dutch colonies, while in the
British West Indies it is known as
Barbados gooseberry and is made into
tarts and sauces like real goose-
berries. In some of the pereskiopses,
the fruit is elongated and shaped like
a prickly pear, with watery rind and
seeds covered with cottony hairs. In
Opuntia and Nopalea the fruit is
commonly called prickly pear, or
tuna (by the ancient Aztecs, nochtli) .
These fruits bear small fleshy leaves
at first, like the flattened pads of the
plants, and when the leaves fall off
the areoles persist armed with the
irritating sharp-barbed glochidia de-
scribed above (Figs. 717 and 726). Many species allied
to the genus Cereus bear edible fruits, usually called pita-
hayas. Those of the tall columnar cardones (Lemaireo-
cereus) are covered with easily detachable tufts of wool
and spines but never bear glochidia. Those of Cephalo-
cereus (Fig. 721) are spineless. The triangular climbing
forms which are often trained over garden walls in
tropical countries, sometimes bear enormous juicy
fruits of fine flavor (Fig. 727). Those of Echinocactus
(Fig. 728) are more or less scaly. The fruits of certain
species of Echinocereus, called alicoches by the Mexi-
cans, are known to Americans as strawberry cacti, on
account of the fine flavor of their juicy pulp. Those of
Echinocactus longihamatus are known in northern
Mexican markets as limas de viznaga, or cactus limes,
on account of their acid
taste; and the small
smooth crimson fruits of
many mamillarias are
called chilitos, on account
of their resemblance to
small chili peppers. Very
much like them are the
fruits of melon cacti (Fig.
729) which issue from the
dense crown of bristles like
scarlet radishes or fire-
crackers tipped with a fuse.
The seeds of the Cacta-
725. Pereskia fruit. cese vary considerably in
724. Echinocereus flower, showing
radiate stigma.
726. Opuntia fruit.
the different groups, and are
sometimes useful in making
generic determinations. Thus the woolly seeds of
Pereskiopsis are sharply distinct from the black glossy
seeds of the genus Pereskia, with which the first-named
genus was at one time confused. In Opuntia and Nopa-
lea they are flat, hard and bony, somewhat ear-shaped
in the flat-jointed opuntias (Figs. 730, 733,) and usually
discoid and marginless in cylindrical opuntias (Figs. 730,
735) . In Cereus they are glossy black, with the testa
either quite smooth or minutely pitted (Figs. 730, 732);
in Echinocereus they are covered with minute tubercles
or granules (Figs. 730, 734). In Echinocactus, which is
not a very homogeneous group, the
seeds are pitted in some species and
tuberculate in others In one section
of Mamillaria (Eumamillaria) they
are glossy and marked with sunken
rounded pits (Figs. 730, 731), while in
another section, which should prob-
ably be made a distinct genus (Cory-
phantha) they are frequently smooth.
In the closely allied Ariocarpus they
are relatively large and tuberculate.
In the genus Pelecyphora, they are
sometimes kidney-shaped, as in P.
aselliformis, and sometimes of a pecu-
liar boat-like form with a very large
umbilicus, as in P. pectinata. In the
epiphytal Rhipsalis cassytha they are
kidney-shaped and finely granular.
The seeds of many of the species of Pachycereus ("car-
dones") are used by the Indians of Lower California and
Mexico for food. In south-
ern Puebla the fruit of
Pachycereus columna-
trajani, called tetezo figs
(higos de tetetzo) are a reg-
ular food staple, offered for
sale in the markets of
Tehuacan d u r i n-g the
month of May.
Other cactus fruits of
great economic importance
are those of the giant
Cereus of our arid south-
western region, Carnegiea
gigantea, locally known as
pitahayas de sahuara, first
brought to notice in the
year 1540 by the members
of Coronado's expedition.
They are not spiny like
the fruits of Pachycereus
and they burst open when
quite ripe. The fruit of
Lemaireocereus Thurberi,
known as pitahaya dulce,
although much sweeter,
bears clusters of stout
spines issuing from tufts 727. Fruit of Hylocereus.
612
CACTUS
CvESALPINIA
of wool. Closely allied to it is Lemaireocereus griseus of
central and southern Mexico, which yields much nutri-
tious fruit. The fruit of the organ cactus, Myrtillocactus
geometrizans, sold in the markets as
garambullas, either' fresh or dried,
must also be mentioned as of economic
importance.
Of medicinal importance is the
narcotic peyote or "mezcal button"
729. Melon cactus bearing fruits.
(Lophophora Williamsii}, used as an intoxicant and
febrifuge by certain tribes of Indians, and regarded by
some of them with superstitious reverence. This little
plant was regarded by some of the early Spanish writers
as a fungus and was used by the Mexican Indians to
produce marvelous visions.
For an account of the methods of propagation and
culture of cacti and their application to ornamental
Sudening the reader is referred to a paper by Charles
enry Thompson, on "Ornamental Cacti: Their Cul-
ture and Decorative Value," issued by the United
States Department of Agriculture as Bulletin No. 262
of the Bureau of Plant Industry, December 17, 1912.
See also Succulents, vol. VI. W. E. SAFFORD.
CACTUS (shortened from.Melocactus by Linnaeus).
Cactdcese. A single small species, sometimes grown in
under-glass collections and in open succulent gardens
South.
Stems globose or ovoid, with vertical ribs, crowned
at maturity with a "cephalium" a prolongation of the
axis densely covered with small
tubercles imbedded in wool and
bearing in their axils small fls. and
berries. The plant has the appear-
ance of an Echinocactus, but the
fls. and berries resemble those of
Mamillaria.
Melocdctus, Linn. (Melocdctus
communis, Link & Otto). Fig. 731.
Ribs 10-20, acute; areoles nearly 1
in. apart; radial spines 8-11, straight
or curved, subulate; centrals 1-4;
cephalium at first low, hemispheri-
cal, becoming cylindrical in time,
reaching a height of 8 in.; the dense
wool of the cephalium is pierced by
many red or brown bristles: fls. red,
slender: fr. %in. long, crowned by
the persistent remains of the fl., red.
W. Indies; called there "Turk's
head." B.M.3090. j. N . RosE .
CADALVENA: Kaempferia.
CADIA (Arabic name, Kadi}. Legumindsse, tribe
bophorese Small evergeen shrubs of Arabia and Africa,
remarkable for their regular mallow-like flowers.
^ Leaves pinnate: fls. axillary, mostly solitary, droop-
ing; stamens 10, free, shorter than the petals: pod
linear, acuminate, flattened, leathery. Four species
730. Seeds of Cacti.
1. Mamillaria; 2.
Cereus; 3. Flat-
jointed opuntias;
4. Echinocereus; 5.
Cylindrical opun-
tias.
Can be grown outdoors in Calif, or S. Fla.; in the N.
in the temperate house. Prop, by seeds and cuttings.
purpftrea, Forsk. (C. varia, L'Her.). A small shrub,
the branches woody: Ifts. 20-40 pairs, very narrow,
almost sessile: fls. bell-shaped, pedunculate, rose-red,
the corolla about 1-1% in. long and very veiny, not
spiny. Arabia.
C. Ellisiana, Baker, has few large Ifts. and rose-colored fls.
Madagascar. B.M. 6685. C. pubescens, Bojer. Lfts. 8-10 pairs,
broad-oblong. Madagascar. ^r rp Y LOR t
C^SALPtNIA (Andreas Cgesalpinus, 1519-1603,
Italian botanist). Leguminosse. BRASILETTO. Includ-
ing Guilandina, and Poinciana in part. Ornamental
tropical or subtropical trees or shrubs chiefly grown for
their showy flowers and also for their attractive finely
divided foliage; some species yield tanning materials
and dye-stuff.
Calyx with short tube and 5 imbricated lobes, the
lowest concave and larger; petals 5, clawed, usually
orbicular or obovate and nearly equal; stamens 10,
curved; ovary sessile with few ovules and a slender
elongated style: pod ovate to lanceolate, usually com-
pressed, often indehiscent. About 30 species in tropi-
cal and semi-tropical regions. The genus belongs to
the subfamily Caesalpinioidese, in which the fls. are not
papilionaceous, and is allied to Gleditsia.
Caesalpinias are armed or unarmed trees or shrubs,
rarely climbers, with finely divided bipinnate leaves
and conspicuous yellow or sometimes partly red flowers
in racemes, often forming terminal panicles. Many
species are very showy in flower and are favorities in
tropical and subtropical countries; in this country they
can be grown only in Florida and southern California
except C. japonica, which is the hardiest species and
will probably stand the winter in sheltered locations as
far north as Washington, D. C. They are also grown
sometimes in warm glasshouses.
Propagation is readily effected by seeds, which should
be well soaked in warm water for some hours before
sowing. A sandy soil should be chosen for the seed-
bed, and lightly shaded. After the plants show the
first true leaf, they should be potted off into small pots
of ordinary garden soil, not too rich, made light by the
addition of sand, if of a clayey nature. The plants
grow very rapidly, and must be shifted into larger pots
as their size requires for greenhouse culture, but in tropi-
cal climates may be transplanted into permanent posi-
tions outdoors after they reach a fair size in pots. The
dwarf species are elegant subjects for subtropical
gardening during the summer months in temperate
climates, provided a sunny location is given them, as
they revel in rather dry very warm soil, and do not
require artificial watering after being established. A
rocky, sunny situation may be given C. pulcherrima
and its variety flava, where they will bloom during
many weeks of summer, until frost checks them, if
strong plants about a foot high are selected in early
summer. Care should be taken to harden off plants
gradually in the house, so that they may not be chilled
when transplanted outdoors. While they will do well
in a poor soil, an application of manure or chemical
fertilizer may be given them to advantage, causing
them to make a more vigorous growth and give better
and larger heads of flowers. In the tropics, and also in
subtropical climates, these shrubs and trees are always
admired and are commonly planted for ornament.
The royal poinciana (C. regia, but properly Poinciana
regia, which see), and also the dwarf poinciana, or
flower-fence (C. pulcherrima}, will thrive in close
proximity to the sea, and are valuable for planting in
exposed coast situations. (E. N. Reasoner.)
A. Stamens long-exserted: fls. very showy: trees, unarmed
or nearly so.
Gilliesii, Wall. Shrub or small tree, with very many
small Ifts., scarcely J^in. long, oblong, obtuse, glabrous:
C^SALPINIA
CALADIUM
613
fls. light yellow, with brilliant red stamens protruding
3-5 in., in terminal racemes; sepals hairy-fringed. S.
Amer. B. M. 4006 (as Poinciana Gilliesii, Hook.). F.S.
1:61. R.H. 1893:400. G.C. III. 15:73. Gn. 76, p. 4.
A very showy and worthy plant which bears in Calif,
the popular name of "Bird of Paradise" like Strelitzia
Reginse. It will stand a temperature as low as 20 F.
pulcherrima, Swartz. BARBADOS PRIDE. BARBADOS
FLOWER-FENCE. DWARF POINCIANA. Shrub, with few
scattered prickles, delicate, evergeen, mimosa-like Ivs.
with 12-18 pinnae, each with 20-24 oblique-oblong
Ifts. less than 1 in. long, and very gaudy red-and-
yellow crisped fls. on the ends of the new growth: sta-
mens and style red, and long-exserted. Generally dis-
tributed in the tropics. B.M. 995. P.M. 3:3. Gn. 75,
p. 594. One of the most popular shrubs in warm cli-
mates, as S. Fla. There is a var. flava, with yellow fls.
731. Cactus Melocactus. (XK)
A A. Stamens not much exceeding the petals, or
shorter.
B. Lfts. very obtuse.
c. Branches unarmed.
pannosa, Brandeg. Medium-sized tree with slen-
der branches spreading horizontally and clothed with
white, deciduous bark: Ivs. decompound; pinnae 2-4,
each with 4-6 oblong and retuse Ifts. : fls. yellow, showy:
pod glandular, 1-2-seeded. Lower Calif. A rapid-
growing species which can be used for fences and is
therefore called "palo estaca" in Lower Calif.
cc. Branches prickly.
D. Pod smooth: shrubs.
sepiaria, Roxbg. Scrambling pubescent shrub: Ivs.
glaucous, slightly pubescent beneath; pinnae 12-20,
each with 16-24 oblong Ifts., rounded at both ends, %-
1 in. long: fls. yellow in simple stalked racemes. India.
Furnishes dye-wood; also used as a hedge plant.
japonica, Sieb. & Zucc. Loose, spreading shrub,
armed with stout, recurved prickles: Ivs. with 6-16
pinnae, each with 10-20 Ifts., oblong, very obtuse: fls.
in large, panicle-like clusters, canary-yellow, the sta-
mens bright red. Japan. B.M. 8207. G.C. III. 42:43.
R.H. 1912:60. Gn. 40:588; 61, p. 81; 76, p. 411. J.H.
III. 34:531; 51:181. Endures the winters in some
parts of England. The hardiest species of the genus,
probably hardy as far north as Washington, D. C.
Ntlga, Ait. Vigorous climber: branches flexuose with
copious hooked prickles: Ivs. glabrous; pinnae 4-6,
each with 4-6 ovate -obtuse Ifts. l%-2 in. long: fls.
bright yellow in large panicles; calyx glabrous: pods
ovoid-oblong, 2 in. long, indehiscent, 1-seeded. Him-
alayas and Philippine Isls. to N. Austral, and Poly-
nesia. Blanco, Fl. Filip. 150.
DD. Pod prickly: tree.
echinata, Lam. Tree, with prickly rusty pubescent
branches: Ivs. unarmed, glabrous; pinnae 5-9, each with
15-20 rhombic-oblong obtuse Ifts. ^-Min. long: fls.
yellow in axillary and terminal racemes; calyx pubes-
cent; stamens snorter than petals: pod oblong, 3 in.
long. Brazil. Fl. Brasil. 15, 2:22. Yields dye-wood.
BB. Lfts. acute or mucronulate: pod prickly.
minax, Hance. Diffuse shrub, thorny: pinnae 10, with
12-20 ovate-lanceolate glabrous Ifts. 1-1 % in. long:
racemes panicled, many-fld., with very large bracts:
fls. white and purple: pods 7-seeded (seeds large and
black), prickly. China.
Bonduc, Rpxbg. Climbing shrub, with prickly,
pubescent bipinnate Ivs., oblong-ovate mucronate Ifts.
13^-3 in. long, yellow fls., and a few large yellow seeds
in a short, prickly pod. Tropics; S. Fla.
C. bijuga, Swartz (Acacia Bancroftiana, Bert.). Spiny shrub,
with ultimate Ifts. in 2 pairs: fls. paniculate. Jamaica. C. kau-
aiensis, Mann=Mezoneuron kauaiense. C. r&gia, Dietr.=Poin-
ciana regia. C. vernalis, Champ. Tall climbing prickly shrub:
fls. in racemes. China. B.M. 8132.
L. H. B. and ALFRED REHDEB.
CAHOUN: Attalea Cohune.
CAILLIEA: Dichrostachys.
C A JANUS (aboriginal name). Leguminbsse. A
tropical shrub, grown for the nutritious peas. One
variable species, probably originally from Africa.
indicus, Spreng. (Cytisus Cajan, Linn.). GRANDTJL.
CONGO PEA. PIGEON PEA. DHAL. TOOR. URHUR.
Erect, 3-10 ft., villous or often tomentose: Ifts. elliptic-
oblong, exstipellate, resinous-punctate beneath: fls.
yellow and maroon, pea-like, continuing all through the
year, in axillary racemes: pod pea-like, hairy, con-
stricted between the many seeds. Much cult, in the
tropics for the seeds or pulse, being treated usually as
an annual. It varies greatly in stature and in charac-
ter of seeds: C. flavus, DC., has yellow fls. and 2-3-
seeded pods which are not spotted; C. bicolor, DC., a
smaller plant, has red-striped fls., and 4-5-seeded pods
which are spotted. See B.M. 6440 and R.H. 1874:190.
The pigeon pea is much grown in the W. Indies, some
varieties being preferred for human food and some for
live-stock; run wild. L. H. B.
CAJ6PHORA: Blumenbachia.
CALABASH: Crescentia.
CALABASH GOURD: Lagenaria.
CALADIUM (origin of name obscure). Aracex.
Warmhouse large-leaved plants, grown for the foliage;
also employed in summer bedding.
Herbaceous perennials, arising from large rhizomes
or tubers, acaulescent, with usually beautifully marked,
long-petioled Ivs.; the secondary nerves oblique to the
few spreading primary nerves: peduncles usually soli-
tary; spathe with the tube convolute, constricted at the
throat, the blade boat -shaped; spadix erect, a little
shorter than the spathe, the lower part naked, stipe-
like, the staminate part longer than the pistillate; fls.
unisexual: fr. a berry, white. A dozen or less species
in Trop. S. Amer. Two of the species are immensely
variable, and many named horticultural varieties are
in the trade. Engler in DC. M^nog. Phan. 2 :452 (1879) ;
also F. S. 13.
614
CALADIUM
CALADIUM
As soon as Caladium plants begin to lose their
leaves in the fall, water should gradually be withheld
until the leaves are all gone. The pots should then be
removed to a position under a bench, and laid on their
sides, or taken from the soil and placed in sand. Dur-
ing the resting period they should not be subjected to a
lower temperature than 60 F., and kept neither too
wet nor too dry. About the beginning of March the
tubers should be started for the earliest batch to be
grown in pots. Arrange the tubers in their sizes, and
keep each size by itself. The largest-sized tubers will
start quickest, and it is desirable to begin with these
for pot-plants. Start them in chopped moss in boxes.
The tubers may be arranged rather close together in
the box, and merely covered over with the moss to the
depth of about an inch. The new roots are made from
the top part of the tuber, so it is important that this
part should be covered to encourage the roots. For
starting, a heat varying between 70 and 85 will
suffice. As soon as a healthy lot of roots makes its
appearance, the plants should be potted, using as small-
sized pots as possible. The soil for this potting should
be principally leaf-mold, with a little sand. In a short
kinds are not so well suited for outdoor work as those
having green predominating in the foliage, but some of
the kinds, such as Dr. Lindley and Rosini, do remark-
ably well. Frequent watering with manure-water is
absolutely necessary to the development of the foliage,
both outdoors and in. (G. W. Oliver.)
732. Caladium bicolor var. Chantinii. (No. 17).
time they will need another shift; the soil .should on
this occasion be a little stronger; give a position near the
glass, and shade from strong sunshine. New forms are
raised from seed, this operation being an exceedingly
easy one with the caladium, as they cross-fertilize very
readily. The flowers, unlike those of the Anthurium,
are monoecious, the females ripening first. To pollinate
them, part of the spathe must be cut away. Seedlings
at first have the foliage green, and it is not until the
fifth or sixth leaf has been developed that they show
their gaudy colorings. Propagation of the kinds is
effected by dividing the old tubers, the cut surfaces
of which should be well dusted with powdered char-
coal to prevent decay. As bedding plants, the fancy-
leaved caladiums are gradually becoming more popu-
lar. To have them at their best for this purpose, the
ground should be worked for some tune previous to
planting out, with a goodly quantity of bone meal
incorporated with the soil. The tubers are best put out
m a dormant state, as then they make very rapid prog-
ress, and eventually make finer plants than when they
are first started in the greenhouse, as by this system
they are too likely to sustain a check in the hardening-off
process, and lose their leaves. The fine, highly colored
albinervium, 55.
hastatum, 50.
punctatissimum, 17.
albomaculatum, 16.
Hendersonii, 24.
Purdieanum, 9.
albostriatulum, 51.
Houbyanum, 26.
pusillum, 9.
Alfred Bleu, 16.
Houlletii, 18.
regale, 31.
amoenum, 17.
Humboldtii, 57.
Reichenbachianum, 41.
Appunianum, 56.
Ketteleri, 13.
Rogierii, 15.
aroyrites, 57.
Kochii, 38.
roseum, 14.
argyroneuron, 5.
Kramerianum, 20.
rubellum, 41.
argyroneurum, 5.
Laucheanum, 43.
rubicundum, 11.
argyrospilum, 36.
Lemaireanum, 55.
rubronermum, 42.
Baraquinii, 12.
Leopoldii, 15.
rubrovenium, 42.
Belleymei, 49.
Lindenii, 46.
sagiUxfolium, 31.
bicolor, 8, 11.
macrophyllurn, 39.
Schmitzii, 3.
Brongniartii, 32.
marginatum, 19.
Schoelleri, 5.
Chantinii, 17.
marmoratum, 7.
Schomburgkii, 1.
Connxrtii, 17.
marmoreum, 2.
Sieboldii, 25.
cordatum, 3.
Marlersteigianum, 17.
splendens, 14.
cupreum, 53.
mirabile, 33.
Spruceanum, 9.
Curwadlii, 37.
Mooreanum, 18.
Stangeanum, 21.
Devosianum, 28.
myriostigma, 58.
subrotundum, 6.
discolor, 29.
Neumanii, 40.
surinamense, 31.
Duchartrei, 35.
Osytnum, 52.
thripedestum, 7.
Eckhartii, 23.
Ottonis, 28.
transparens, 10.
elegans, 54.
pallidinermum, 30.
Troubetskoyi, 56.
Enkeanum, 45.
pellucidum, 27, 29.
Vellozianum, 9.
erythrseum, 3.
Perrierii, 22.
Verschaffeltii, 47.
firmulum, 9.
pictum, 4, 34.
viridissimum, 55.
Gserdtii, 15.
pictum turn, 48, 55.
Wagneri, 31.
griseo-argenteum, 39.
pcecile, 30.
Wallisi, 28.
Haageanum, 17.
porphyroneuron, 53.
Wightii, 44.
hsematostigmatum, 29.
It will be seen that most of the cultivated caladiums
are considered to be forms of C. bicolor and C. pictura-
tum. Only five species are concerned in the following
list: Schomburgkii, 1; marmoratum, 7; bicolor, 8; pic-
turatum, 48; Humboldtii, 57.
A. Blade not at all peltate, obliquely elliptical-ovate.
1. Schomburgkii, Schott. Petiole slender, 4 times
longer than the blade, sheathed one-third its length;
blade obliquely elliptical-ovate; midrib and 4-5 acutely
ascending primary nerves silvery, pale, or red; sparsely
spotted above, paler beneath. French Guiana to Para.
Runs into the following forms:
(1) Veins red.
2. Var. marmdreum, Engl. Blade dull green, with
brownish red nerves, bordered with yellow.
3. Var. erythraeum, Engl. (C. Schmitzii, Lem. C.
cordatum, Hort.). Midribs and nerves red. I.H. 8:297.
4. Var. pictum, Engl. With white or red spots
between the red veins. S. Amer.
(2) Veins silvery or green.
5. Var. argyronefcrum, Engl. (C. argyroneuron,
C. Koch. C. Schcelleri, Lem.). Midrib and veins silvery.
I.H. 8:297.
6. Var. subrotundum, Engl. (C. subrotundum, Lem.).
Lf .-blade rounded at the base, or shortly cordate, with
white or red spots. Brazil.
AA. Blade distinctly peltate.
B. Lf. sagittate-oblong-ovate; basal lobes united for two-
thirds their length, or more.
7. marmoratum, Mathieu (Alocdsia Roezlii, Bull. C.
thripedestum, Lem.). Petiole cylindrical, 12-16 in.
long, twice as long as the blade, variegated; blade 6-8
in. long, 4-6 in. wide, dark green, with irregular gray,
yellowish green and snow-white spots, glaucous-green
beneath, sagittate-oblong-ovate, the upper lobe semi-
ovate, slightly cuspidate, the basal ones unequal, one--
third or one-half as long as the upper, connate two-thirds
to three-fourths their length : spathe-blade pale green,
2-3 in. long. Ecuador. I.H. 5, p. 59, desc.
CALADIUM
CALADIUM
615
BB. Lf. not as above; basal lobes united one-third their
length or less.
C. Shape of If. ovate-triangular, or ovate-sagittate (8-47).
8. bicolor, Vent. (Arum bicolor, Ait.). Petiole
smooth, 3-7 times as long as the blade, pruinose toward
the apex; blade ovate-sagittate, or ovate-triangular,
variegated above, glaucous beneath; upper lobe semi-
ovate, narrowing gradually to a cuspidate point, the
basal ones one-half to but little shorter than the upper,
oblong-ovate, obtuse, connate one-fifth to one-third
their length. S. Amer. Intro, into cult, in 1773. B.M.
820. Very common in cult., furnishing many of the
fancy-leaved caladiums. The marked varieties are
as follows (9-47) :
(1) Lf. -blade and veins of one color.
9. Var. Vellozianum, Engl. (C. Vellozianum, Schott.
C. Purdiednum, Schott. C. pusillum, C. Koch. C.
Sprucednum, Schott. C. firmulum, Schott.). Lf.-
blade dark green above; basal lobes connate past the
middle. Brazil, Peru. R.B. 10:169.
(2) Lf. -blade more or less variegated.
(a) With a colored disk (Nos. 10-18).
(b) Disk transparent.
10. Var. transparens, Engl. (C. transparent, Hort.).
Blade with a pale green, nearly transparent disk; mid-
rib and primary veins red-purple.
11. Var. rubicundum, Engl. (C. bicolor, Kunth).
Petiole green, or variegated green and violet; blade
green, with a red, transparent, central disk, and a very
narrow red line between the disk and the margin.
(bb) Disk opaque.
(c) Purple disk.
12. Var. Baraquinii, Engl. (C. Bardquinii. Hort.).
Petiole violet; blade with a purple-red disk; beautiful
green between the disk and margin; nerves and midrib
red-violet. Para. I.H. 7:257. F.S. 13:1378.
13. Var. Ketteleri, Engl. (C. Ketteleri, Hort.). Peti-
ole crimson, variegated toward the base; blade with
purple disk, midrib and primary veins, sparsely marked
between the veins with many small, rosy spots.
(cc) Red disk.
14. Var. splendens, Engl. (C. roseum, Hort. C.
splendens, Hort.). Petiole green below, red above;
blade with a red disk at the middle; mid vein and
primary veins red-purple; green between the nerves
and along the margin. Lowe, 4.
15. Var. Leopoldii, Engl. (C. Leopoldii, Hort. C.
Gserdtii, C. Koch. C. Rogierii, Chant. & Lem.). Petiole
violet beneath, red-purple above; blade with a broad,
reddish disk; margin green, red-spotted; midrib and
primary veins dark red-purple. Para, 1864.
16. Var. albomaculatum, Engl. (C. Alfred Bleu).
Petiole green; blade green, with red disk, midrib and
primary veins, and marked clear to the margin with
many large, white spots between the nerves.
(ccc) Rose disk.
17. Var. Chantinii, Engl. (C. Chdntinii, Lem. C.
Connsertii, Hort. C. amoenum, Hort. C. Marter-
steigidnum, Hort. C. punctatissimum, Hort. C. Haage-
dnum, Hort.). Fig. 732. Petiole more or less violet;
blade broadly red-purple along the midrib and primary
nerves, rosy at the center, and with very numerous,
unequal spots between the nerves clear to the marginal
vein. Para, 1858. I.H. 5:185. F.S. 13:1350-51. B.M.
5255. A.F.8:129. G. 12:375.
(cccc) Light green disk.
18. Var. Houlletii, Engl. (C. Houlletii, Lem. C.
Mooreanum, Hort.). Petiole green, the sheath and a
little of the base violet- variega ted ; basal lobes of the
blade somewhat introrse, rounded, connate one-third;
blade obscurely green toward the margin, the midrib
and primary veins slightly reddish, and with a pale
disk marked with many irregular white spots.
(aa) Without a colored disk.
(b) Margins colored throughout.
(c) Red margin.
19. Var. marginatum, Engl. (C. marginatum, C.
Koch). Blade dark green, with a red line on the outer
margin.
(cc) Yellow margin.
20. Var. Kramerianum, Engl. (C. Krameridnum,
Hort.). Veins purple; yellow margin.
21. Var. Stangeanum, Engl. (C. Stangeanum, C.
Koch). Blade reddish; green along the narrow mar-
gin, yellowish toward the margin.
(ccc) Solid white margin.
22. Var. Perrierii, Engl. (C. Perrieri, Lem.). Petiole
violet-black; blade dull green, with many red-purple
spots, and white along the margin. Brazil, 1861.
(cccc) Spotted margin.
23. Var. Eckhartii, Engl. (C. Eckhartii, Hort.).
Petiole violet-blotched at the base, green above the
middle; blade green, with few rosy spots along the mar-
gin, and small white ones in the middle.
24. Var. Henderspnii, Engl. (C. Hendersonii, Hort.).
Petiole variegated violet and green, reddish toward the
apex; blade mostly green, reddish next the lower parts
of the nerves; midrib and primary veins red-purple
spotted; small red spots along the margin.
25. Var. Sieboldii, Engl. (C. Sieboldii, Hort.).
Petiole violet and green, reddish toward the apex; basal
lobes of the If. somewhat introrse, connate one-third
their length, dark green; midrib and primary veins
beautifully red-purple spotted, and a very narrow white
border, marked with small purple-red spots. A.F.
8:127.
(ccccc) Purple margin.
26. Var. Houbyanum, Engl. (C. Houbyanum, Hort.).
Petiole dirty green on the lower surface, bright red
above; blade bright green, with large pale spots, and
small red-purple ones between the midrib and primary
veins; a red-purple spot above the insertion of the peti-
ole, and a pale purple line around the margin.
27. Var. pellftcidum, Engl. (C. pellucidum, DC.).
Petiole reddish, variegated with violet; blade broadly
reddish purple spotted along the midrib and primary
veins, and more or less marked with transparent, red-
dish purple spots between the primary veins; a con-
tinuous purple line along the outer margin.
(bb) Margin colored only on basal sinus.
28. Var. Devosianum, Engl. (C. Devosianum, Lem.
C. Wdllisii, Hort. C. Ottonis, Hort.). Petiole green;
blade bright green, with small, irregular white spots
between the midrib and primary veins, and a narrow
crimson border at the sinus. Para. I.H. 9:322.
29. Var. haematostigmatum, Engl. (C. hsematostig-
matum, Kunth. C. pellucidum, DC. C. discolor, Hort.).
Petiole violet; blade dark green, with a purple line on
the basal sinus, and sparsely marked with blood-red
spots. Para.
30. Var. poecile, Engl. (C. pceclle, Schott. C. pallidi-
nervium, Hort.). Petiole reddish brown, or closely
streaked- variegated; blade dark green; midrib and
primary veins paler, often whitish; a red-purple spot
where the petiole joins the blade, narrowly purple-mar-
gined in the sinus. Brazil.
31. Var. regale, Engl. (C. regale, Lem. C. Wdgneri,
Hort. C. surinamense, Miq. C. sagitteefolium, Sieb.).
Blade bright green, purple-margined at the sinus, every-
616
CALADIUM
CALADIUM
where marked with small, confluent white spots. W.
Indies, 1710. I.H. 9:316.
(bbb) Margin and disk without color.
(c) Variegated green blade.
32. Var. Brongniartii, Engl. (C. Brongnidrtii, Lena.).
Very large; petiole variegated violet and green, red-
dish toward the apex; blade green, except along the
nerves below, where it is colored reddish, paler green
between the primary nerves, deep green toward the
margin; veins and nerves red-purple. Brazil, 1858.
F.S. 13:1348-9. I.H. 5, p. 58, desc.
33. Var. mir&bile, Engl. (C. mirdbile, Lem.). Petiole
green; blade bright green, densely covered with large
and small irregular pale green spots between the pri-
mary nerves and mid vein. Para. I.H. 10:354.
(cc) Blue-green blade.
34. Var. pictum, Kunth (C. pictum, DC.). Petiole
greenish, variegated beneath; basal lobes connate
one-fifth their length; blade thin, blue-green, marked
with large, irregular, usually confluent, pale yellowish
semi-transparent spots. Lowe, 43.
(ccc) Colorless blade. ^
35. Var. Duchartrei, Engl. (C. Duchartrei, Hort.).
The long petiole green above, variegated below the
middle with violet-black; blade colorless, except the
midrib and all the veins, or here and there pale rosy
or red-spotted, or even more or less dirty green. A.F.
8:129.
(cccc) Solid green blade.
(d) Dark green.
36. Var. argyrospilum, Engl. (C. argyrdspilum,
Lem.). Petiole grayish red, sparsely and finely streaked;
blade a most beautiful green, with a crimson spot at
the middle, and with many small white spots between
the primary veins. Para. F.S. 13 : 1346-7.
733. Caladium picturatum var. Belleymeii. (No. 49.)
37. Var. Curwadlii, Engl. (C. Curwddlii, Hort.).
Petiole greenish, slightly violet-blotched toward the
base; blade reddish purple along the midrib and pri-
mary veins, marked between the veins with large white
spots; otherwise dark green.
38. Var. K&chii, Engl. (C. Kdchii, Hort.). Lf.-
blade more rounded, dark green, with small white spots
midway between the midrib and margin. Para, 1862.
39. Var. macrophyllum, Engl. (C. macrophyllum,
Lem. C. griseo-argenteum, Hort.). Petiole green-
blade dark green, marked everywhere with many small
S p elv Confluent white or slightly rosy spots. Para,
1862. I.H. 9:316.
40. Var. Neumannii, Engl. (C. Neumannii, Lem.).
Petiole green; blade very beautiful dark green, with
scarcely paler veins, marked between the primary veins
with large and small white-margined, reddish purple
spots. F.S. 13:1352-3. B.M. 5199.
(dd) Light green.
(e) Not spotted.
41. Var. rubellum, Engl. (C. rubellum, Hort. C.
Reichenbachidnum, Stange). Blade green, with reddish
purple midrib and primary veins.
42. Var. rubrovenium, Engl. (C. rubrovenium, Hort.
C. rubronervium, Hort.). Petiole variegated green and
violet; blade small, oblong-ovoid, the basal lobes some-
what introrse, obtuse, connate almost to the middle,
pale caulescent or red-green along the midrib and pri-
mary veins; veins pale red or scarlet. Para, 1862.
(ee) Spotted.
(f) With white spots.
43. Var. Laucheanum, Engl. (C. Laucheanum, C.
Koch). Blade bright green, with white 'spots at the
middle.
(ff) With purple and white spots.
44. Var. Wightii, Engl. (C. Wlghtii, Hort.). Petiole
pale green; blade very beautiful green, marked be-
tween the primary veins with large, red-purple and
small white spots. French Guiana.
(fff) With red or crimson spots.
45. Var. Enkeanum, Engl. (C. Enkednum, C. Koch).
Blade bright green, marked with large and small red
spots.
46. Var. Lindenii, Engl. (C. Lindenii, Hort.). Blade
bright green, with confluent small red spots.
47. Var. Verschaffeltii, Engl. (C. Verschaffeltii,
Lem.). Petiole pale green; blade very beautiful green,
with few irregular crimson spots. I.H. 5:1 85. B.M.
5263. Lowe, 46.
cc. Shape of blade lanceolate-sagittate.
48. picturatum, C. Koch. Petioles usually green,
variegated below, elongated; blade lanceolate-sagittate,
cuspidate and submucronate at the apex, the upper lobe
nearly triangular, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, basal
lobes over half as long, lanceolate subacute, connate
one-sixth to one-fourth their length, separated by a
triangular sinus; primary lateral veins 4-7, erect-
spreading or spreading. Brazil. Variable, furnishing
many of the fancy-leaved caladiums.
(1) Transparent white blade,
49. Var. Belleymei, Engl. (C. Belleymii, Hort.).
Fig. 733. Petiole greenish above, variegated violet
beneath; blade slenderly hastate-sagittate, white,
translucent except the green veins and nerves, with
small green spots along the margin; basal lobes 1-5, or
rarely one-fourth or one-third connate. Para. I.H.
7:252. A.F. 8:127. G. 2:89.
(2) Pale green blade.
(a) With transparent blotches.
50. Var. hastatum, Engl. (C. hastdtum, Lem.). Peti-
ole long, stout, white, violet-spotted; blade hastate-
sagittate, slightly contracted above the lobes; dull,
pale green, very irregularly marked with transparent
blotches; basal lobe one-fourth connate, crimson
margined in the sinus. Para.
(aa) Opaque.
51. Var. albo stria tulum, Engl. Blade greenish white
along the midrib and veins, white-striped and dotted
between the nerves.
52. Var. Osyanum, C. Koch. Blade white along the
midrib and primary veins, with purple spots between
the veins.
CALADIUM
CALAMUS
617
53. Var. porphyroneftron, Engl. (C. porphyroneuron,
C. Koch. C. ciipreum, Hort. Alocdsia porphyroneura,
Lem.). Petiole pale reddish, variegated with dull vio-
let; blade broadly hastate-sagittate, dull, pale green,
slightly reddish on the veins, opaque basal lobes one-
sixth to one-third connate. Peru and Brazil. I.H.
8:297.
(3) Dark green blade.
54. Var. elegans, Engl. Petiole rosy, greenish
below, variegated; blade narrowly hastate-sagittate,
slightly contracted above the lobes, dark green above,
broadly red or purple next the midrib and primary
lateral veins; basal lobes one-fifth connate.
55. Var. Lemaireanum, Engl. (C. Lemaireanum,
Barr. C. picturdtum albinervium, C. Koch. C. picturd-
tum viridissimum, C. Koch). Blade shaped like pre-
ceding, dark green; midrib and primary veins pale
green or white. S. Amer., 1861. I.H. 9:311.
56. Var. Troubetskoyi, Engl. (C. Troubetskoyi,
Chan tin. C. Appunidnum, Hort.). Petiole red, varie-
gated; blade very narrowly hastate-sagittate, slightly
contracted above the lobes, dark green above, broadly
marked with pale red along the midrib and primary
veins, and with scattered, transparent, small white or
rose spots. F.S. 13:1379.
ccc. Shape of blade oblong-ovate, or oblong: plant small.
57. Humboldtii, Schott. (C. argyrites, Lem.). Fig.
734. Petiole slender, variegated, 2 to 3 times longer
than the blade; sheath slender, narrow; blade oblong-
ovate, or oblong, green along the margin, midrib and
primary veins, with many large and small transparent
spots between; shortly and very acutely acuminate,
the apical lobe oblong-ovate, twice as long as the
oblong or ovate-triangular, obtuse basal ones; basal
lobes one-third connate, separated by an obtuse tri-
angular sinus, the 3-4 primary veins of the apical lobe
uniting in a collective nerve remote from the margin.
Brazil. I.H. 5:185. F.S. 13:1345. Gng. 3:279. A.F.
10:197. Lowe, 22. C.L.A. 19:343. G. 14:501.
58. Var. myriostigma, Engl. (C. myriostigma, C.
Koch). Blade marked everywhere with small white
spots.
The following names are in the trade, or occur in the
lists of dealers and fanciers, but are not identified
botanically: albanense, Barrattii, candidum, Endlich-
erianum, Fenzlianum, Ortgiesii, Petschkanii, Rodeckii,
speciosum, Thelemannii, venosum.
C. esculentum=Co\oca.sia, antiquorum esoulenta. C. odoratum,
Lodd.=Alocasia macrorrhiza. C. pubescens, N.E.Br. .A new
species, distinct from those already in cult, by being pubescent.
Peru. B.M. 8402. J ARED Q g MITH
CEO. V. NASH.f
CALAMAGROSTIS (Greek, calamos, a reed, and
agrostis, a grass). Syn. Deyeuxia. Gramineae. Usually
tall or reed-like perennials bearing rootstocks. In-
cluding nay grasses and a few more or less ornamental
species.
Spikelets 1-fld., the rachilla prolonged behind the
palea as a usually hairy pedicel; lemma hairy on the
callus, awned from the back. Species about 120, dis-
tributed throughout the world in temperate and arctic
regions, usually in damp or swampy soil. The species
are often valuable native forage grasses. One species,
C. canadensis, Beauv., is a source of an excellent
quality of native hay in the northwestern states, where
it is called blue-joint. Another species, C. stricta,
Beauv., native of the northern states, is sometimes
cult, in a variegated form as an ornamental.
C. 6re{ptZt's=Calamovilfa brevipilis. ^ g HlTCHCOCK
CALAMINT, CALAMINTHA: Satureia.
CALAMOVILFA (Greek, calamos, a reed, and vilfa,
a kind of grass). Graminese. PURPLE BENT-GRASS. A
group differing from Calamagrostis in having awnless
spikelets and no prolongation of the rachilla. Species
3, in S. E. U. S. C. brevipilis, Hack., is cult, as an orna-
mental grass. This is a stout, tufted grass, 2-4 ft.,
with short, horizontal rootstocks, pyramidal purplish
panicle 4-8 in. Sandy swamps in pine-barrens, N. J.
to N. C. Dept. Agric., Div. Agros. 7:156; 20:84.
A. S. HITCHCOCK.
734. Caladium Humboldtii. (No. 57.)
CALAMPELIS: Eccremocarpus.
CALAMUS (Greek for reed) . Palmacex, tribe Lepido-
cdrpse. A group of interesting, usually climbing pinnate
palms of the Old World tropics, not much known to the
trade although over thirty species are in the European
catalogues.
Stems very slender, always more or less prickly, usu-
ally climbing and never bearing a terminal infl.: Ivs.
alternate, pinnate, often ending in a terminal some-
times elongated cirrus, by which they are attached to
their support; Ifts. narrow, with 1-5 nerves; If .-sheaths
at first completely inclosing the internodes, sometimes
split and open: spadix laterally attached at the summit
of the If.-sheaths, often elongate and slender and fre-
quently ending in a tail-like appendage (flagellum)
which is thorny; spathes long and narrow, hardly if at
all split, differing from Daemonorops which has a read-
ily opening spathe; fls. dioecious, paniculate or branched
2 or 3 times; corolla coriaceous, longer than the calyx
in male fls., as long as the calyx in the female: fr. glo-
bose, ovoid or ellipsoid, topped by a short permanent
style. There are more than 200 species, most of which
inhabit India. See Beccari's excellent monograph Ann.
Royal. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11, 1908.
Calamus is an easily grown group of palms, very
ornamental, even in a young state. Some of the spe-
cies have stems several hundred feet long, which enable
them to unfold their leaves at the tops of the tallest
trees. The leaves are peculiarly well adapted to assist
the plant in climbing, having numerous hook-like pro-
cesses arranged on a long continuation of the midrib of
the leaf. When accommodations can be given, these
plants should be selected, as their growth is rapid, and
they are capable of furnishing a large conservatory
quickly. Numerous suckers are produced, so that when
the main stem ascends the lower part is clothed in foli-
age. Calamus tennis (or C. Royleanus) and C. Rotang
furnish the rattan canes. Malacca canes are furnished
by C. Scipionum. Young plants thrive best in a root-
ing medium containing a considerable quantity of leaf-
mold. Older plants need soil of a more lasting nature;
a quantity of ground bone and charcoal in the soil may
618
CALAMUS
be used to advantage. Old well-furnished plants need
enormous quantities of water. All of them require stove
temperature. (G. W. Oliver.)
ciliaris, Blume. St. slender, climbing by means of
long axillary leafless branches, covered with short
hooked spines: Ivs. V/y-^A ft. long,. 6 in. wide; Ifts.
40-50 on each side, hairy; petiole 2 in. long with few
hooked spines: spadix of female and male fls. finely
hairy-hispid on the spathes: fr. globose, about Km.
diam. Java and Sumatra. F.R. 1:607. G.C. III.
2i:86. Intro, into cult, in 1869. To be grown in
tropical house.
asperrimus, Blume. St. slender, climbing by the
prickly cirrus of the Ivs. and the prickly branches: Ivs.
without stalks, about 18 in. long, bearing not more
than 8-10 thin, papery, irregularly placed Ifts. on each
side of the rachis: spadix simply decompound, about
7 ft. long, terminating in a slender prickly appendage.
Mts. of Java. Can be grown in a cooler house than
the preceding.
C. Andreanum, Hort., Pill & Mitterb=(?). C. calicdrpus, Griff.
=Dmonorops calicarpus, Mart. C. dealbatus. Hort,=Acantho-
phoenix rubra, Wendl. C. Lewisi&nus, Griff.=Dsemonorop3 Lewis-
ianus, Mart. JJ. TAYLOK.
CALAMUS or SWEET FLAG: Acorus Calamus.
CALANCHOE: Kalanchoe.
CALANDRINIA (J. L. Calandrini, Genevan botanist,
who wrote an important thesis in 1734). Portulacaceae.
Fleshy, spreading or nearly trailing plants, sometimes
cult, in borders and rockeries, or used for edgings in
sunny places.
Flowers red or pink or rose-color, of short duration;
petals 3-7; sepals 2; stamens 5 (or 3) to 12; style with
3 branches: Ivs. alternate, narrow. About 60 species,
Brit. Col. to S. Amer. and in Austral. Annuals and per-
ennials, but the latter mostly treated as annuals; not
much grown in gardens.
A. Fls. in a short umbel-like cluster.
umbellata, DC. Perennial, 4-6 in.: Ivs. linear and
hairy: fls. in a corymb, or umbel-like terminal cluster,
bright crimson. Peru. R.H. 1853:5. The C. umbellata
of gardens is hardy in many parts of the U. S.; in New
York it should be planted in a well-sheltered position,
or provided with ample protection in winter; sometimes
it acts like the biennials, but, as seeds are produced
very freely, young seedlings spring up constantly
between the old plants, and one does not miss the few
which may decay during the second year; the plant forms
a very neat, slightly spreading tuft; fls. are produced in
many-fld. umbels, terminal, numerous, and large, glow-
ing crimson-magenta, saucer-shaped, very showy. June
to Nov. Full exposure to sun, and light sandy soil, are
needed to bring out the rare beauty of these plants.
The fls. close up when evening comes, like the annual
portulacas, but they reopen on the following day. In
the sunny sloping part of a rockery, even when quite
dry, or among other low plants in a bed or border,
they are highly satisfactory. Although perennial, it
may also be treated like the annuals, as it flowers the
first summer as freely as afterwards. Can be prop,
by cuttings.
AA. Fls. in longer clusters, pedicels often more or less
drooping.
discolor, Schrad. (C. elegans, Hort.). Perennial,
1-2 Yi ft.: Ivs. fleshy, spatulate to obovate, purple
beneath, gray-green above, blunt: fls. bright light pur-
ple, 2 in. across, with yellow stamens. Chile. B.M . 3357.
Menziesii, Torr. & Gray (C. speciosa, Lindl.).
RED MAIDS. Annual: 3-12 in. high, with green herbage,
glabrous, or nearly so: Ivs. linear, or spatulate-oblanceo-
late: fls. rose-red or purple, rather large and long-
peduncled (petals Kin. long). Calif., N. B.R. 1598.
Variable. There is a white-fld. variety advertised.
CALANTHE
grandiflora, Lindl. Perennial, 1-3 ft.: much like
C. discolor, but Ivs. oval and pointed, narrowed to
petiole, green, 4-8 in. long: fls. somewhat smaller, light
purple. Chile.
spectabilis, Otto. & Dietr. Perennial, 2 ft.: Ivs.
lance-spatulate or rhomboid, IJ^ in- long, somewhat
pointed: fls. bright purple, 2 in. across. Chile. Said
to produce seed seldom; prop, by cuttings.
Bftridgii, Hort. Annual, 1 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate,
smooth: fls. many, small, copper-rose or brick-red,
in leafy clusters. S. Amer.
chromantha, Griseb. One ft., loosely branched: Ivs.
rather large: fls. and buds rose-colored: fr. orange-
yellow, persisting. Argentina.
C. oppositifdlia, Wats.=Lewisia oppositifolia.
J. B. KELLER.
L. H. B.
CALANTHE (Greek for beautiful flower). Orchida-
cese. Sub-epiphytal or terrestrial hothouse orchids
found in the eastern hemisphere, and sparingly in the
western hemisphere.
Scapes erect, many-fld.: Ivs. broad, plaited: fls. white
or rose-colored, rarely yellow: pseudobulbs angulate,
with grayish green sheaths in the Vestitse section, but
absent in the Veratrifolise section. Forty to 50 species
in tropics of both hemispheres.
Most of the species and the numerous varieties
grown are deciduous, losing the foliage about the time
of flowering, and, at this season, water is given spa-
ringly until the flowers are cut; then the bulbs are kept
in a dry warm place until signs of growth in spring.
All calanthes are terrestrial and should be potted each
year in fibrous loam, with a small portion of old manure
and sand mixed in. Use plenty of drainage as for other
orchids, and about 2 inches of soil; secure the bulbs
firmly by means of part of the old wiry roots; water
very sparingly until active root-action takes place; but,
when in full growth, weak manure-water may be given
at each watering. The young foliage is very sensitive to
sun, and must be shaded as soon as it develops; keep
the plants near the glass and give all light possible,
and the warmest treatment permitted in orchid cul-
ture. They enjoy a little heat, even in summertime,
from the pipes at night. The best place to grow calan-
thes is a sunken, well-heated pit facing south, lowering
the plant as the foliage nears the glass. Calanthe
veratrifolia is an evergreen species and may be treated
similarly to the Phaius. Calanthes are easily increased
by separation of the bulbs at the time of repotting.
Young bulbs are often produced from the apex of old
ones; old ones will start again the second year and
make increase. (E. O. Orpet.)
vestita, Lindl. (C. oculata, Hort.). Lvs. broadly lan-
ceolate, nearly 2 ft. long, from grayish green pseudo-
bulbs: fls. nearly 3 in. across, numerous, in racemes;
petals and sepals whitish, all more or less overlapping,
the former oval-oblong, the latter pbovate-oblong;
labellum flat, large, 3-lobed, the mid-lobe cleft; a
yellow or crimson blotch in front of the short column;
scapes from 2-3 ft. high, hairy. Blooms in winter.
Malaya. B.M. 4671. F.E. 9:325. A.F. 6:655. F.S.
8:816. A most popular orchid. There are many
forms, of which the following are the most important:
Var. gigantea, Hort. Larger in all parts: fls. white,
with red eye. Var. nivalis, Hort. Fls. pure white. Var.
Turneri, Hort. (C. Turneri, Reichb. f.). Fls. more
numerous, labellum with a crimson blotch; blooms later
in the season than the next. Var. rftbro-oculata, Hort.
Labellum with a crimson-purple blotch. Oct.-Feb.
G. 10:629. Var. l&teo-oculata, Hort. Yellow-blotched.
Var. Regnieri, Hort. (C. Regnieri, Reichb. f . C. Stevensi-
dna, Regnier). Pseudobulbs more elongated, with a
depression above the middle: labellum rose-colored,
with a purple blotch in front of column, less deeply
CALANTHE
CALATHEA
619
lobed than in the type. A.F. 6:655. Var. Regnieri
Wflliamsii, Hort. (C. Williamsii, Hort.). Sepals
white, sometimes shaded pink; petals white, rose-
bordored; lip deep rose.
veratrifdlia, R. Br. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, about 2
ft. long, from a creeping rhizome: fls. white, in dense
corymbose racemes; petals obovate-spatulate; sepals
obovate-oblong; labellum 4-parted, the anterior lobes
usually broader than the posterior or basal lobes.
Blooms May-July. Malaya. B.M. 2615.
Veitchii, Lindl. Fig. 735. A hybrid between C. rosea
and C. vestita: fls. rose-colored; labellum with white
spot near the base. Winter-flowering. There is also a
white variety. This hybrid was raised by Veitch, in
1856. B.M. 5375. Gng. 14:134. A.F. 25:1093. Forms
of this are var. bella, Hort., with pink fls.; var. nigro-
oculata gigantea, Hort., with stout sts., the fls. white
with an eye of reddish crimson; var. Sandhurstiana,
Hort., with crimson fls.; var. Sedenii, Hort., with deep
rose fls.; var. superba, Hort., has richer color.
Masftca, Lindl. Scape 2 ft. long, with large, many-
ribbed, dark Ivs.: fls. 1 in. across, the segms. overlap-
ping, deep violet, fading to lilac, the lip deep violet-
purple. Summer and autumn. N. India. B.M. 4541.
Var. grandifldra, Hort., is of greater size throughout.
C. burmdnica, Rolfe. Fls. mauve-purple, with yellow creat.
Burma. C. Clive, Hort. (C. Veitchii X?). C. Codfcsonii, Hort.
(C. Veitchii XC. vestita luteo-oculata). Fls. pure white, except a
blotch of yellow in the throat and a few lemon-yellow lines on lip.
C. Cornelius Vanderbilt, Hort. (C. vestita rubro-oculata X C.
Veitchii). C. discolor, Lindl. Sts. leafy: fls. with claret sepals and
petals and a 3-lobed white lip flushed rose. Japan. G.C. III. 35:
389. B.R. 26:55. C. Eyermannii, Hort. (C. vestita rubro-
oculata x C. Veitchii). Racemes shorter than in C. Veitchii,
with larger, more spreading white fls. with a reddish
blotch at the base of the lip. G.F. 4:17. C. gigas,
Hort. (C. grandiflora X C. Regnieri). Fls. nearly 3 in.
across, borne on a st. over 5 ft. tall; sepals
petals milk-white, the latter tinged rose at
base and apex; lip 4 lobed, bright rose,
striated with pale rose or white, a reddish
crimson blotch at the base. C. Hennisii,
Loher. Similar to C. vestita. Philippines. G.C.
III. 46:34, desc. C. madagascariensis, Rolfe.
Sepah and petals rosy mauve; lip dull ma-
genta with white spot at base. G.C. III. 28:
335, desc. C. McWilliamsii, Hort.=(?). C. Orpeti&na, Hort. C
,ri, Rolfe. Sepals white; petals much
11 purple, changing finally to orange.
GEO. V. NASH.f
only by constant syringing and damping down amongst
the plants; therefore the need for abundance of drain-
age is apparent, whether they are grown in pots or
planted out in a border. It is only by planting them out
with a free root-run that calatheas may be had in their
full beauty; and when so grown a collection of these
plants forms one of the most beautiful examples of tropi-
cal foliage. Particular attention should be given to
protecting them from all strong sunshine, the thin text-
ure of their leaves rendering them specially liable to
damage from this cause. Most of the species are of
easy culture providing the above conditions are fol-
lowed. Many of them spread rapidly and make quick
growth; therefore they require to be potted or over-
hauled every spring, but when once well established,
they may be fed with liquid manure once a week.
Propagation is by dividing the crowns, or by cuttings
summitenxe, Hort. C. Wdrj
narrower, white; lobed lip
Madagascar.
CALATHEA (Greek for basket, the application not
apparent). Marantdcese. Perennial foliage plants of
warmhouses, with maranta-like leaves arising in a
tuft from the crown.
Sepals 3, free and equal; corolla tubular, with 3
spreading lobes; stamens 3, petal-like, 2 sterile, and 1
bearing an anther on its side (compare Canna). From
Maranta the genus differs chiefly in technical charac-
ters. In Maranta the fr. is 1-seeded, in Calathea
usually 3-seeded; in the former the fl. -clusters are
branched and few-fld., in Calathea usually capitate
or cone-like. Of calatheas there are more than 100
species, mostly of Trop. Amer., but a few of trop. Afr.
The Ivs., for which the plant is grown, are variously
marked with shades of green, red, brown, yellow, and
white. They spring from the very base of the short
st., just above the rhizome, the rhi/omes themselves
more or less tuberiferous (Fig. 736). Monogr. by
Schumann in Engler's Pflanzenreich, hft. 11 (1902).
All the calatheas thrive in a moist tropical house
in a temperature that does not go below 65 F., with
a rise during the day to 90 or 95 F. For general pur-
poses, the best compost in which to grow them is made
of equal parts of good turfy loam, leaf -mold and sand.
Some of the more delicate species are best grown in
leaf -mold and sand only. Stagnation of the soil must
be particularly avoided by abundance of drainage, as
they require to be kept rather moister at the roots than
most stove plants. The close moist atmospherical
conditions that these plants require can be secured
40
in those kinds that
make secondary
growths, these cut-
tings being taken just
below the nodes. In
just before growth begins, is a
good time for this work. Tubers
may be used, if produced.
In Florida, calat'heas grow
exceedingly well in shady lath
plant-houses. The soil should
be leaf -mold and very old cow-
manure added to the original
natural soil. Commercial fer-
tilizer should never be used.
In very cold weather they
should be covered with pine
branches and leaves or pine-
needles. All the kinds soon
form very beautiful clumps. All of them need much
water while they are growing, but not in the winter if
they are planted out in beds. Each spring they must
be replanted in fresh soil. Then the clumps may be
divided, or if large specimen plants are desired, they
may be left intact. (Nehrling.)
The calatheas are a confusing group to the horti-
culturist, because the differences that he knows lie
mostly in characters of leaf and habit and these are
variable. The size of leaf and plant depends much on
the treatment, and in some species the juvenile leaves
are different from the mature ones. The coloration
of the foliage depends much on the age, and the way
in which the plants are grown. However, we may
roughly throw the species into two groups, the small-
620
CALATHEA
leaved and the large-leaved, although it is a question
where to place such intermediate kinds as C.Veitchiana,
C. insignis, C. leopardina, C. Sanderiana, C. nigricans,
and some others; or we may arrange them in two
groups by the red-marked kinds (of foliage), and by
the green-, gray- and white-marked kinds, but this
would not account for the juvenile and adult stages of
C. leopardina, C. imperial, C. Chantrieri, C. ornata,
and others. The botanical classification by floral
characters would be .of little use to the general horti-
culturist. Some plants known in collections as calatheas
are likely to be marantas, phryniums, monotagmas,
ctenanthe, or others. The radical tufted leaves and
capitate inflorescence of Calathea, and the zigzag stems
and branched inflorescence and small flowers of Maranta
are general characters of separation between these two
genera. In the present account, the attempt has been
made to draw the characters as much as possible from
cultivated specimens apparently authentically named.
Albertii, 15.
alho-lineata, 12, 35.
Alluia, 32.
angustifolia, 3.
argyrophylla, 39.
Bachemiana, 45.
Binotii, 42.
Chantrieri, 34.
chimboracensis, 5.
consptcua, 23.
crocata, 18.
crotalifera, 31.
discolor, 3.
eximia, 26.
farinosa, 8.
fasciata, 8.
flavescens, 10.
Foxii, 19.
Gouletii, 22.
gracilis, 25.
grandiflora, 10.
illustris, 20.
imperialis, 36.
INDEX.
insignis, 38.
Legrelliana, 30.
leopardina, 33.
Lietzei, 23.
Lindeniana, 28.
Louisse, 21.
Luciana, 9.
majestica, 35.
Makoyana, 16.
Marcellii, 14.
micans, 4.
Neubertii, 23.
nigricans, 40.
nitens, 17.
noctiflora, 25.
olivaris, 16.
ornata, 12, 35.
ovali folia, 8.
Pavonii, 2.
picta, 24.
princeps, 29.
propinquum, 7,
pulchella, 43.
pumilum, 4.
regalis, 35.
roseo-lineata, 1.
roseo-picta, 1.
roseo-striata, 29.
rotundifolia, 8.
rufibarba, 27.
Sagoreana, 11.
Sanderiana, 37.
Sophise, 41.
tigrina, 43.
trifasciata, 7.
tubispatha, 2.
Vandenheckei, 22.
Veitchiana, 19.
virginalis, 14.
vittata, 12.
Wagneri, 1.
Wallisii, 13. .
Warscewiczii, 44.
Wiotiana, 6.
zebrina, 42.
A. Markings of If. (upper surface) in red or In-own, at
least in part.
1. rdseo-picta, Regel (C. roseo-lineata, Hort.?
Mardnta rdseo-picta, Lind. M. Wagneri, Hort.).
Dwarf: Ivs. nearly orbicular, purple beneath, the upper
side dark green, the midrib red, and an irregular red
zone (sometimes two zones) two-thirds of the distance
from the midrib toward the margin. Amazon. F.S.
16:1675-6. Gn. 2, p. 3.
2. Pavdnii, Kcern. (C. tubispatha, Hook. f.). Two
feet or less high: Ivs. obovate-elliptic, short-acuminate
or cuspidate, thin, greenish beneath, lively green above,
and marked midway between the rib and the margin
with lighter green and squarish patches of brown.
Peru. B.M. 5542.
3. angustifdlia, Koern. (Mardnta discolor, Hort.).
Habit loose, erect, only slightly spreading at apex:
growths bearing 1-4 Ivs. from 1-5 ft. high; blade
lanceolate, unequilateral, %-2 ft. long, rich light green
with fine lines of purple-red above, rich shining red
beneath; petiole erect, stout, 1-3 ft. high, rich dark
red, heavily marked with light green tuberculate
spots; sheath extending from one-third to one-half its
length: in the juvenile form the whole of the plant is
densely covered with reddish brown hairs, but in the
adult plant, the blade is almost entirely glabrous.
Cent. Amer. B.M. 8149.
AA. Markings of If. mostly on the order of green or white
(exceptions in juvenile stages of Nos. 35, 86, 37
and others).
B. Lf. -blades small or short, usually less than 12 in. long.
c. Under side of Ivs. green, grayish, or yellowish (violet
informs of No. 14).
4. micans, Kcern. (Mardnta micans, Math. Phry-
nium pumilum, Klotzsch). Very small: Ivs, 2-3 in.
736. Tuber of calatljea.
(XH)
CALATHEA
long, and 1 in. wide, oblong-lanceolate, somewhat
acuminate, green and shining above, the rib in a feath-
ered white stripe, paler beneath. Brazil. Probably
the smallest cult. Calathea.
5. chimboracensis, Lind. Dwarf: Ivs. oblong-ovate,
8-12 in. long, acuminate, green above and below, with a
very dark green white-margined band running length-
wise the blade midway between the rib and each mar-
gin. Neighborhood of Mt. Chimborazo. I.H. 17:6.
6. Wiotiana, Makoy (Mardnta Widtii, Morr.).
Habit dwarf, spreading: rhizomes branching freely:
growths bearing only a single If. each; blade linear-
lanceolate, slightly oblique, 4-
12 in. long, undulate, acute,
upper side silvery gray with a
narrow band of light green
around the margin ; midrib green,
with a row arranged pinnately,
along either side of the midrib,
of dark olive-green blotches or
stripes; under side dull grayish
green finely striated all over
between the principal veins with patches of light
yellowish green; petiole 3-15 in. long, erect or spread-
ing-, light green, terete sheath entirely absent. Prob-
ably Brazil. A most beautiful species; thrives best in
leaf-mold and sand.
7. trifasciata, Kcern. (Phrynium propinquum, Poepp.
& End!.). Habit dwarf, spreading, with short free-
branching rhizomes: growths bearing 1 If. only; blade
cordate-ovate, unequilateral, 3-12 in. long, apex acute,
and half twisted around, upper side silvery gray shading
to green at the margins and with a row on either side
of the midrib of dark green stripes arranged pinnately,
under side light green, prominently striated on both
upper and lower sides with a network of fine veins
connecting all the principal lateral veins; midrib pale
yellowish brown on the under side and covered with
dark brown hairs in the lower half and extending for
an inch or more on the apex of the petiole; petiole 3-12
in. long, light green, glabrous except in the upper inch
or so; scale Ivs. reddish brown. Guiana. A companion
plant to C. Wiotiana, to which it is closely allied, but
differs in the broader and paler color of the Ivs. Of
easy cult.
8. fasciata, Regel & Kcern. Habit dwarf, compact:
Ivs. 10-18 in. long, reflexed; growths bearing 1-3 Ivs.;
blade broadly ovate or orbicular, acute or obtuse,
glabrous 5-10 in. long, slightly undulate; upper side
rich dark olive-green alternately marked by trans-
verse bars of silvery white; under side dull grayish
green; petiole 4-8 in. long, spreading, dull green,
covered with short and minute brownish hairs; sheath
extending up to one-half the length of the petiole,
upper part terete. Brazil. Gn. 2, p. 3. Considered by
some to be a variety of C. rotundifolia, Koern. C.
farinosa and C. ovalifolia are probably stages in the
development of this plant or perhaps slight varieties.
9. Luciana, Hort. Habit medium to strong, compact,
more or less tufted: growths with 2-5 Ivs., usually
with 3, arching over at the tips and J^-3 ft. high;
blade elliptic, oblique, glabrous, acute, slightly undulate,
3-12 in. long, upper side light pea-green feathered
along the midrib with pale greenish white and with a
concentric zone of the same shade near the margin of
the If., under side dull grayish green; petiole erect,
slender, rigid, pale green, glabrous or nearly so; sheath
extending from one-half to nearly the entire length of
the petiole, upper part oval, slightly flattened on each
side: infl. a short few-fld. spike; peduncle 1-3 in. long;
bracts spreading or erect, ovate, light reddish brown,
\}/2 in. long; fls. in pairs, yellow; sepals thin, linear,
one-third the length of the tube; corolla yellow; petals
elliptic, %in. long, spreading, acute; the 2 petaloid
aborted stamens obovate, J^in. long, bright yellow,
CALATHEA
CALATHEA
621
and striped or blotched with bright red; style curved,
^in. long, yellow. Trop. Amer.
10. flavescens, Lindl. Habit tufted, glabrous in all
parts: growths with 3-5 Ivs., 1-2 ^ ft. high; blade
elliptic, slightly oblique, 6-12 in. long, acute, light
green above, soft grayish green below; petiole 12-18
in. long, pale yellowish green finely spotted with darker
green; sheath one-third to one-half the length of the
petiole, upper part oval: infl. a dense globose short
raceme; peduncle less than an inch; bracts large,
elliptic, outer ones 2 in. long, bracteoles smaller,
linear or lanceolate; fls. in pairs, sessile or nearly so,
an inch diam.; sepal primrose, equal, lanceolate; petals
large, bilobed, obovate, bright yellow. Brazil. B.R.
932. Perhaps to be referred to C. grandiflora, Schum.
11. Sagoreana, Hort. (Mardnta Sagoredna, Hort.).
Habit dwarf and compact: growth bearing 2-4 Ivs.,
usually with 3, and from 6-18 in. high, erect at first,
arching towards the apex; blade lanceolate, unequi-
lateral, 4-9 in. long, pale yellowish green with a row
on either side of the midrib of arrowhead-shaped
blotches of dark green which give this plant a distinct
and pretty appearance, the under side in plain yellow-
ish green; petiole slender, erect, 6-12 in. long; sheath
extending only to about a quarter of its length, upper
part terete.
12. vittata, Koern. (C. dlbo-linedta, Hort. C. or-
ndta var. dlbo-linedta and Mardnta dlbo-linedta, Hort.).
Habit dwarf, compact, 3^~2 ft. high: growths with 2-5
Ivs.; blade elliptic-lanceolate, slightly oblique, 3-12 in.
long, glabrous, acute, upper side light green, pinnately
striped with white from apex to base, underside pale
dull green shaded between the veins with slightly
lighter yellowish green ; petiole slender, erect or spread-
ing, 3-15 in. high, light green, glabrous; sheath extend-
ing from one-third to one-half its length, upper part
terete. Probably Colombia.
13. Wallisii, Regel (Mardnta Wallisii, Lind.). Habit
strong, but neat and graceful, branching and forming
numerous growths: growths bearing from 2-7 Ivs., and
1-4 ft. high; blade broadly ovate, acute or obtuse,
6-12 in. long, rich h'ght velvety green along the margin
and midrib and with a row on either side of the midrib
of dark irregular blotches of olive-green, under side
soft grayish green; petiole erect, slender; sheath,
extending to half the length of the petiole, and covered
with soft hairs, upper part terete: with the exception
of the sheathing lower half of the If .-stalks, the whole
plant is glabrous. Peru. One of the commonest
species in cult, and of very easy culture. A useful and
decorative pot-plant.
14. virginalis, Lind. Lvs. soft-hairy below, broad-
oval, rather blunt, 7-9 in. long, 4-6 in. broad, upper
surface light green, and below, in the common form,
whitish green and lighter zones shown, as on the upper
surface, or in another form, which has been distribu-
ted in gardens as C. (Maranta) Marcellii, under side
shaded a light violet and without zones. Brazil.
A.F. 7:611. Allied to C. Veitchiana, but has bracts
with indurated tips rather than membranaceous.
cc. Under side of Ivs. violet, purple, or suffiised with red.
15. Albertii, Hort. (Mardnta Albertii, Pynaert &
Van Geert). Habit dwarf, spreading, less than a foot
high: growths bearing 2-5 Ivs., erect or spreading;
blade oblique, elliptic, undulate, acute, 4-9 in. long,
glabrous, upper side dark green feathered on either
side of the midrib with a band of pale yellowish green,
under side dull green suffused with light purple-red:
infl. a few-fld. terminal spike; peduncle 3-4 in. long,
pale green; floral bracts half reflexed outwards, orbicu-
lar or broadly ovate, %in. long; bracteoles 4-6, white,
scarious; fls. in pairs, pure white; sepals half the length
of the tube; petals lanceolate, J^in. long, tube %in.
long; 2 petaloid stamens slightly longer than the
petals^ obovate, fertile stamen hooded and curved over
the stigma; style and stigma short curved, white.
16. Makoyana, Nichols. (Mardnta Makoydna, Morr.
M. olivdris, Hort.). One to 4 ft.: Ivs. broad-oblong,
obtuse or somewhat short-pointed, the stalks red, the
If. olive-green or cream-colored above but marked
against the midrib with outspreading, dark green
blotches of oblong, oval or pyrifprm shape, the under
surface similarly marked, but in red. Brazil. F.S.
20:2048-9. G.C. 1872: 1589. Gn. 4, p. 87.
17. nitens, Bull. Habit dwarf; blade elliptic, acute,
glabrous, upper side bright green, with oblong acute
bars of dark olive-green, alternate long and short, on
either side of the midrib, under side dull green tinted
with dull red. Brazil. Distinct and pretty.
18. crocata, Morr. & Joris. Whole plant 12 in.
high: Ivs. sub-distichous; petiole 2-3 in. long, sheath-
ing most of its length; blade 4-5 in. long, erect, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, somewhat undulate, dark green
and veined above, rose-purple beneath: spike short,
the bracts bright saffron-yellow. Brazil. B.M. 7820.
G.C. III. 28:113. G.M. 53:265. J.H. III. 60:329.
G. 32 :263. F.W. 1876 : 161. A free bloomer and showy
when in flower.
19. Veitchiana, Hook. f. Fig. 737. Habit strong,
loose, and spreading, 1-4 ft. high: growths with 2-8
Ivs., usually with 3; blade ovate or elliptic-ovate,
oblique, acute, undulate, glabrous, 4-12 in. long, upper
side rich dark glossy green, feathered along either side
of the midrib with an irregular band of pale green and
with an inner zone of dark olive-green blotches and an
outer one of pale yellowish green (often shading to
white) between the midrib and margin; under side
similarly blotched, but in shades of purple -red and
rosy red; petiole J^-3 ft. long, stout, green and gla-
brous above, tinted with reddish brown and hairy in
lower part; sheath extending from one- third to one-
half the length of the petiole, upper part terete: infl.
737. Calathea Veitchiana.
622
CALATHEA
on erect densely fld. spike on peduncle 4-6 in. long;
spike 2-3 in. long, with a rosette 2 in. diam., of large
green foliolose erect or capped spreading bracts;
floral bracts erect, spreading at the tips, ovate, an inch
long, outer ones covered in lower part with brown hairs ;
fls. in pairs, primrose-white, tube %in. long, slender;
sepals erect, J^in. long, lanceolate; petals elliptic
Kin. long, reflexed; fertile stamen hooded, small, 2
aborted petaloid ones longer than the petals, obovate,
bilobed, with a bright violet blotch on the front;
style and stigma small, curved. Peru. B.M. 5535.
G.C. 1870:924. Gn. 2, p. 545. F.S. 16:1655-8. A
dwarf var. F6xii, Raffill, has recently been intro. into
cult, from Venezuela. It differs from the type in its
dwarf habit, rarely exceeding 10-12 in. high: Ivs.
broader, more reflexed, and with a bright rose or red
midrib; the color of the markings of the If. are darker
and of a slightly different shape, the dark inner zone
of green being more broken in outline, and running into
the midrib: infl. smaller, but the fls. in size and color
are the same as in the type.
20. illustris, Nichols. (Mardnta illtistris, Lindl.).
Habit dwarf and compact, 6-9 in. high: Ivs. spreading,
growths bearing 2-5 Ivs. 6-9 in. long; blade oblique,
ovate, acute, undulate, 4-6 in. long, 2-5 in. broad,
upper side rich dark shining olive-green, with a bluish
metallic luster over the whole, the midrib being feath-
ered on either side with dull silvery white and an irregu-
lar zone of the same color running the complete circle
of the blade, under side dull purplish red; petiole 2-3
in. long, spreading, dull greenish brown; sheath extend-
ing to one-half the length of the petiole, upper part
terete; petioles, If .-scales and under side of the midrib
covered with minute brown hairs: infl. an erect, capi-
tate, few-fld. spike, on slender peduncle 4-6 in. long;
bracts of two kinds, the upper 3 or 4 green, folio-
lose ovate, spreading over the floral bracts, and curv-
ing upward at the tips; lower bracts scarious, orbicu-
lar, light brown and shading to bright red at the point
of attachment to the rachis, bracteoles 2-4, lanceo-
late, shorter than the bract: fls. in pairs; sepals white,
two-thirds length of the tube, tube %in. long; petals
lanceolate, white, spreading, Kin- long; 2 aborted
petaloid stamens larger than the petals, obovate,
lower one heavily blotched with purple; stamen hooded;
style and stigma white, curved, J^in. long; ovary
minute, white. Ecuador. F.S. 16:1691-2. By some
regarded as derived from C. roseo-picta.
21. Louisae, Chantrier (Mardnta Louisas' Hort.).
Habit tufted, 2-3 ft. high: growths with 2-5 Ivs.;
blade elliptic, only slightly oblique, glabrous, acute
margins plain or slightly undulate, 6-12 in. long, upper
side light pea-green, feathered along the midrib with
white, changing with age to a soft greenish white;
under side light green tinted with pale purple-red;
petiole K-2K ft- long, slender, erect, green, covered
with soft minute brown hairs; sheath extending from
one-third to one-half the length of the petiole, upper
part terete: infl. an erect spike, elliptic in outline, on
a leafy peduncle 4-12 in. long; bracts creamy white,
reniform, obtuse or acute, bracteoles numerous, white,
scarious; fls. in pairs; sepals linear, cream, half the length
of the tube, tube %in. long; petals lanceolate, reflexed;
lip elliptic, with bright yellow disk reflexed with scarious
margins; column white or cream, linear curved towards
the lip.
22. Vandenheckei, Regel (Mardnta and C. GouUtii,
Hort.). Habit dense and tufted, 1-2K ft. high: growths
with 1-3 Ivs., usually 2; blade oblique, elliptic or
elliptic-ovate, 3-9 in. long, acute, upper side glabrous,
rich dark green, marbled with silvery white along the
midrib and an irregular undulating line of the same
color running the complete circle of the blade, the
intervening tissue in some cases will be also entirely
composed of this silvery white colored tissue and the
CALATHEA
green part reduced to a marginal ring Kin. diam.;
these two strikingly distinct forms of Ivs. will often be
found on a single plant in adjoining growths; in this
case it is not that either of them represent the adult
stage, as both are of frequent occurrence on the
same plant and both produce infls.; under side, dull
purple-red; petiole erect or spreading, dull reddish
brown; sheath reaching from one- third to one-half its
length, upper part terete or oval: infl. an erect narrow
spike, sometimes sessile but more commonly on a
peduncle 3-15 in. high; bracts erect, ovate, green
tinted with brown, closely adpressed and forming a
narrow cone-like mass some 3-5 in. long, the upper pair
of bracts always being enlarged and spreading outwards
like 2 small elliptic Ivs.: fls. in pairs, white; sepals
half the length of the tube; tube %in. long; petals
elliptic spreading; column curved, white with brown
stripe. A fine stove plant for large or small pots, and
on account of its tufted habit is of great use for decora-
tion. Of very easy cult.
23. Lietzei, E. Morr. (Mardnta conspicua, Bull. M.
Neiibertii, Hort.). Habit dwarf, spreading by means of
runners: growths bearing from 1-7 Ivs. K~2 ft. high;
blade obliquely elliptic, acute, undulate, glabrous,
3-9 in. long, upper side soft velvety green, striped along
the principal veins with dark olive-green and feathered
between the veins with splashes of yellowish green,
lower side dull purple-red, midrib brown; petiole 3-15
in. long, softly tomentose in lower part; sheath extend-
ing from one-half to nearly the entire length of the
petiole: infl. borne upon long slender leafy sts., which
later become swollen and root at the nodes and change
to runners, thus forming an easy means of prop: few-
fld., bracts green, ovate; fls. in pairs in axil of each
bract, pure white, Kin. diam.; sepals linear; petals
obovate. Brazil. B.H. 25:273.
24. picta, Hook. f. (Mardnta picta, Hort.). Habit
dense and compact, covered in all parts with soft
velvety hairs: growths with 4-10 Ivs. and K~3 ft.
high; blade elliptic, undulate, acute, 6-15 in. long,
upper side rich velvety olive-green, feathered on either
side of the midrib, pale yellowish green; under side rich
purple-red; petiole 3-18 in. long, dull red; sheath extend-
ing nearly the entire length of the petiole, the upper
inch or two being terete, and rather brighter in color
than the lower part: infl. a dense cone-like spike,
borne on long slender terete sts. 1-3 ft. long and bear-
ing 1 or more Ivs. which change into runners after
the fls. are over, becoming fleshy and rooting at the
nodes, forming a ready means of prop.; bracts 1-2 in.
long, erect, elliptic or ovate, pale primrose tinted with
rose or violet; fls. in pairs, 1 in. diam., primrose tinted
with violet. Brazil. B.M. 7674. G.C. III. 22:293.
25. noctifldra, Hort. (Mardnta noctiflora, Regel &
Krern. M. grdcilis, Hort.). Habit loose and spreading,
1-2 K ft- high: growths with 2 or 3 Ivs.; blade elliptic
or elliptic-ovate, 6-12 in. long, pendulous or horizontal,
upper side pale yellowish green, pinnately striped with
rich dark green bars along the principal veins, lower
side light green faintly suffused with dull red, the prin-
cipal veins being more strongly marked with a deeper
shade of red; petiole erect, rigid, 6-18 in. long; sheath,
extending to half its length, upper part terete, green.
Probably Brazil. Perhaps a true Maranta.
26. eximia, Kcern. (Phrynium eximium, Koch).
Habit loose and spreading: growths bearing 1-3 Ivs.,
usually 2, and from 1-3 ft. long; blade elliptic or ellip-
tic-ovate, acute, 6-15 in. long, upper surface alter-
nately striped with rich olive-green and light silver
tissue, and arranged in the form of a feather, midrib
channeled pale yellowish green, under side rich dark
wine-red, glabrous above, softly tomentose with brown
hairs beneath; petiole spreading, stout, 1-2 ft. long,
lower part light green, reddish brown above, beneath
extending from one-third to nearly the entire length of
CALATHEA
CALATHEA
623
the petiole, upper part oval or terete. Cent. Amer.
Gt. 686. One of the finest and most beautiful mem-
bers of the genus.
27. rufibarba, Fenzl. Habit erect, densely tufted:
growths with 3-7 Ivs. 13^-4 ft. long; blades linear-
lanceolate, 6-12 in. long, rich shining green, suffused
with purplish red below, undulate, acute; petiole %-
2 l /2 ft. long, terete above the sheath; sheath extending
from 2-10 in. of the base of the If., dull red heavily
spotted with green. Probably Brazil. B.M. 7560.
Densely hairy in all its parts.
28. Lindeniana, Wallis (C. lAndenii, Wallis & Andre).
Lvs. elliptic-oblong, short-acuminate (12 in. or less
long), deep green above with an olive-green zone either
side of the midrib, and beyond which is a darker zone
of green, the under side counterfeiting the upper side,
but with purplish zones. Brazil. I.H. 18:82. By
some considered to be a form of C. ruseo-picta.
29.- princeps, Regel (Mardnta princeps, Lind.).
Lf. elongated or elliptical-lanceolate, 7-10 in. long,
3-3 y% in. broad, light green above, with broad black-
green, flaming, broken band along the middle nerve,
violet-purple below. Amazon.
30. Legrelliana, Regel. Lf.
elliptical, pointed, 5-6 in. long,
2-33^ in. broad, above shining
green, with broad, white, flam-
ing, broken middle band along
the middle nerve and numerous
broken white linear small bands
between the side nerves; lower
surface whitish gre'en and
marked with red and green.
Colombia, Ecuador. A neat species.
BB. Lf .-blades larger, mostly upwards of
12 in. long.
c. Under side of Ivs. green (red in juvenile
states of Nos. 34 and others and in
No. 37 and perhaps No. 45}.
31. crotalifera, Wats. RATTLESNAKE
PLANT. Lvs. oval, abruptly acute at
each end, 1^-2 ft. long, and 10-12 in.
broad, yellowish green, with a white-
margined midrib, paler underneath;
petiole 2-3 ft. long, curved, sheathing:
peduncles 1 or 2, 8-10 in. high, bearing distichous
yellow-fld. spikes. Guatemala. Offered in Fla. The
spikes suggest the rattle of a rattlesnake (Crotalus)
whence the specific name.
32. Alluia, Lindl. Habit erect: growths bearing 4-10
Ivs. 2-4 ft. long; blade 1-2 ft. long, elliptic, arching in
upper half, light green above, pale silvery gray below,
margins slightly undulate; petiole erect, often as much
as 2 ft. long, green, striped with dull red on each side,
the sheath extending up to within 2-3 in. of the apex,
where it becomes terete. W. Indies. Alluia is a native
Carib name.
33. leopardina, Regel (Mardnta leopardina, Bull).
Habit strong and vigorous, quickly forming a large and
fine specimen: growths bearing 3-7 erect or spreading
Ivs., often as much as 5 ft. high, and arching over at
the tip; blade to 20 in. long, elliptic, slightly oblique,
acute, slightly undulate, and glabrous in all parts,
upper side rich green in the adult stage; in the juvenile
stage the Ivs. are dark olive-green in the center, with
an irregular outer band of paler green, forming a com-
plete zone between the dark green center and margin;
under side light green; petiole 1-4 ft. high, rigid,
erect; sheath extending from one- third to one-half the
length of the petiole, upper part terete, glabrous,
shining light green. Brazil. A near ally of C. Chant-
rieri, but not so brightly colored in the markings of
the If.
738. Calathea zebrina.
34. Chantrleri, Hort. (Mardnta Chantrieri, Andr6).
Habit strong and vigorous, erect, spreading and arch-
ing above: growths bearing 3-4 Ivs. and reaching as
much as 6 or 7 ft. high in the adult stage; blade elliptic,
glabrous; in the juvenile stage the larger part of the
upper side of the If. is a pale yellowish green with a
dark green irregular band running around the margins
and along the midrib, the under side is rich purplish
red, in the adult stage the color on both sides of the
If. is all lost and becomes a rich dark green, the inter-
mediate stages of development are marked by a gradual
loss of the light yellowish green on the upper side and
purple-red of the lower and the gradual encroachment
of the dark green color which predominates in the
adult stage; petiole 13^-5 ft. long, downy when young,
glabrous when old, spreading out-
ward; sheath extending from one-
half to three-fourths of its length,
upper part terete. Brazil. A near
ally, if not a variety of the older
C. leopardina, Regel.
cc. Under side of Ivs. in shades of
purple or red (or perhaps
green in No. 45).
35. ornata, Koern. (Mardnta
ornata, Lind. M. regdlis,
Hort.) . Habit vigorous, erect,
spreading with age: growths
bearing 1^4 Ivs.; blade ellip-
tic or elliptic-cordate, acute,
1-3 ft. long, rich shining green above
(in the adult stage), dull purple-red
below, the Ivs. in the juvenile stage all
beautifully striped between the prin-
cipal veins with rose or pink, which in
the intermediate stage changes to
white and disappears entirely in the
adult; petiole erect spreading with age,
often as much as 4 ft. long and thick in pro-
portion; sheath extending from one-third to
one-half its length, upper part terete, slightly
downy, especially in the lower part. Guiana
to Ecuador. F.S. 4:413-14 The forms this
plant assumes during the different stages of
its development have been distinguished by
some nurserymen who have distributed them
under separate names, C. regalis, C. majestica,
and C. roseo-striata all being stages of the one plant.
To add to the confusion they are also known in the
trade under the generic name of Maranta. The plant
known as C. albo-lineata or Maranta albo-lineata, has
been referred by some authors to this species, but it
has no near affinity and is a different plant from
C. ornata, C. imperialis or C. Sanderiana.
36. imperialis, Hort. (Mardnta imperialis, Hort.).
Habit vigorous,- erect, spreading in the adult stage:
growths with 2-7 Ivs. 6 in. to 5 ft. long; blade as much
as 2 ft. long when adult, elliptic-ovate, acute, entire,
shiny green above, rich purple-red below; petiole
stout, erect or spreading, dull green; sheath developed
about half its length, upper part terete. One of the
best species for decorative effect. This species presents
a striking dissimilarity between the juvenile and adult
stages of growth. The juvenile stage is much the better
for horticultural purposes as the Ivs. are then striped
with bright rose or pink between the principal lateral
veins. This color gradually changes as the plant grows
stronger and becomes vigorous, the stripes on the
lower Ivs. first becoming white and gradually disappear-
ing on the Ivs. that are developed after the plant
reaches the adult stage, until a stage is reached when
all the color and stripes on the upper side of the Ivs.
are lost and the Ivs. are a rich shining green color.
The high color is again developed as soon as the plant
is disturbed at the roots either for prop, or by injury.
624
CALATHEA
37. Sanderiana, Hort. (Mardnta Sanderiana). A
species closely allied to C. imperialis but differing in
the broader and shorter If.-blades, darker color of the
under sides of the Ivs , transverse striation between the
veins, the hairy character of the petioles and under
side of the Ivs. Habit erect, spreading with age : growths
bearing 1-4 Ivs.; blades ovate, or elliptic-ovate, up to
as much as 2 ft. long when adult, acute, green above (in
the adult stage), rich plum-red below; Ivs. in the juvenile
stage are striped with bright rose which become white
in the intermediate stage and entirely disappear in
the adult; petiole erect, stout; sheath extending from
one- third to one-half its length, upper part terete;
If.-scales, petioles and under sides of the Ivs. slightly
pubescent. Brazil. C. ornata, C. imperialis and C.
Sanderiana are probably all forms of one very variable
species.
38. insignis, Bull. Habit tufted, dwarf and compact:
growths bearing 2-3 Ivs. and from J^-3 ft. high; blade
linear-lanceolate, 3-18 in. long, undulate, acute, glabrous,
upper side highly glabrous, pale yellowish green shad-
ing to rich olive green at the edges, and with a row on
either side of the midrib arranged pinnately of alter-
nate long and short blotches of dark olive-green,
giving the plant a most distinct and striking effect;
under side a rich dark maroon-red; petiole 3-20 in.
long, rigid, slender; sheath only developed near the
base, upper part terete, green. Brazil. J.H. III.
45:218. One of the most beautiful foliage plants in
cult, and one which thrives well in a hot moist stove
in a mixture of leaf-mold and sand.
39. argyrophylla, Hort. A garden hybrid. Habit
spreading: growths with 2-5 Ivs. 1-3H ft- long, 12-20
in. long, elliptic, silvery white, feathered with pale
green above and rich reddish brown below; petiole 12-20
in. long, pale green, striped along the back with red;
sheath extending up to within 4-8 in. of the If.-blade,
upper part terete and slightly channeled on upper side,
glabrous in all parts.
40. nigricans, Gagnep. Habit loose, light and elegant,
erect at first, spreading with age: growths bearing 2-3
Ivs., 2-5 ft. high; blade elliptic, occasionally lanceolate,
acute, undulate, 12-20 in. long, rich dark velvety green
above, dull red below; petiole 1-4 ft. long, erect; sheath
extending to one-third the length of the petiole, upper
two- thirds terete, dull green in color: infl. arising from
center of the growth of the Ivs., an erect globose spike
with large fofiose; bracts: fls. 2-3 in the axil of each
bract, 1 in. diam., primrose in color, petals shaded
with purple; tube 1 in. long; bracts green, reflexed,
upper ones forming an umbrella-like mass under which
the fls. are developed in the axils of the lower bracts.
Trop. Amer. R.H. 1904, p. 576.
41. Spphiae, Hort. Habit medium to strong: growths
with 3-7 Ivs. and 1-3 ft. high; blade elliptic, acute, undu-
late, 12-18 in. long, rich bright velvety green with a
bright yellowish green channeled midrib above, light
red below; petiole erect, rigid, covered with soft tomen-
tum; sheath extending from one-third to one-half the
length of the petiole, upper part terete. Closely allied
to C. nigricans.
42. zebrina, Lindl. (Mardnta zebrina, Sims). ZEBRA
PLANT. Fig. 738. Habit compact, 1-3 ft. high: growths
bearing from 6-20 spreading Ivs. ; blade elliptic, obtuse
or acute, slightly undulate, %-2 ft. long, upper side
rich velvety green, with alternating bars of pale yel-
lowish green and dark olive-green, under side light pur-
ple-red in the adult stage, and pale grayish green in
the young stage; petiole J^-2 ft. long, pale green;
sheath large, canaliculate, and extending nearly the
whole length of the petiole; scape short. Variable.
Brazil. B.M. 1926. L.B.C. 5:494. R.H. 1865, p.
90. S.H. 1:164. Lowe, 1. The commonest species,
occurring in nearly all collections of warm greenhouse
plants.
CALCEOLARIA
Var. Bindtii, Hort., is a stronger - growing variety
with darker colored foliage, with Ivs. as much as 4J^j
ft. long. One of the finest and best stove foliage plants
in cult., of easy culture and one that should be in all
collections.
43. pulchella, Koern. (Mardnta tignna, Bull).
Weaker grower than C. zebrina, the Ivs. lighter colored,
with two series (large and small) of broad green bars.
Brazil. By some considered to be a form of C. zebrina.
44. Warscewiczii, Koern. Rather large: Ivs. 2 ft.
long, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, purple beneath,
dark, velvety green above, but the midrib broadly
feathered with yellow-green. Costa Rica. F.S. 9:939-
40. Gn. 17:560. Lowe, 17. One of the best.
45. Bachemiana, Morr. Lvs. unequilateral, cordate
at the base, ovate-lanceolate or rarely oblong, attenuate-
acuminate, smooth, silvery green above, finely striate,
with parallel greenish or whitish markings along the
primary nerves, purplish or greenish beneath. Brazil.
C. argyrssa, Kcern. Lvs. very short, unequal, oblong-lanceo-
late, short-acuminate, above deep green and ash-colored, beneath
purple. Country unknown. C. arrecta, Lind. & Andre 1 . Tall:
Ivs. oblong, red beneath, green above, with the nerves all prominent.
Ecuador. I.H. 18:77. C. bambusdcea, Poepp. & Endl.=Ischnqsi-
phon. C. Baraqulnii, Regel. Lvs. oval-lanceolate, green, with
bands of white. Brazil. C. fascinator, Hort. Dwarf: Ivs broad-
qvate-oblong, purplish beneath, green above and with blotches of
lighter color and transverse narrow bars of red. Brazil. I.H.
41:104 (as Maranta Fascinator). C. gigas, Gagnep. Eight ft.:
If.-blade lanceolate, 2 ft. long, 8-10 in. broad, violet-purple when
young but becoming green; petioles 5 ft. long: spike cylindric,
about 4 in. long, bearing 8 pairs of yellow-and-white fls. Trop.
Amer. C. hieroglyphica, Lind. & Andre 1 . Dwarf: Ivs. short-
ovate, short-pointed, purplish beneath, green above and marked
by many oblique bands or bars of silvery white. Colombia. I.H.
20:122-3. C. Kerchoveana, Hort.=Maranta bicolor var. C.
Lageriana, Hort. Lvs. large, dark red beneath, the prominent veins
rich bronze. C. major, Hort.=Ischnosiphon. C. Massangeana,
Hort.=Maranta bicolor var Massangeana. C. medio-plcta,
Makqy (Maranta prasina, Bull). Lvs. oval-lanceolate and
tapering to both ends, dark green, with the rib feathered with
white from base to summit. Brazil. C. musaica, Hort. (Maranta
musiaca, Bull). A dwarf-growing species with obliquely cordate
ovate Ivs. 4-6 in. long, glabrous, acute, upper side pale shining
green marked with numerous close set transverse veins of a lighter
shade; petiole 3-6 in. long. Brazil. C. Oppenheimiana, Morr.=
Ctenanthe. C. pardina, Planch. & Lind.=C. villosa. C. smarag-
dlna, Lind. & Andr6=Monotagma. C. splendens and splendida,
Hort.=Maranta splendida. C. villdsa, Lindl. Large: Ivs. 10:20
in. long, oblong-ovate, pale green, with dark brown angular
blotches: fls. yellow. S. Amer. F.S. 11 : 1101-2 (as C. pardina) ; also,
Lowe, 32. L H g
C. P. RAFFILL.
CALCEOLARIA (Latin calceolus, a slipper, alluding
to the saccate flower; these plants are sometimes called
lady-slippers, but the name is best used for Cypri-
pedium). Scrophulariacese. Showy-flowered herbs and
shrubs, grown both in the greenhouse and in the open.
Leaves mostly opposite, usually hairy and rugose,
entire or incised or pinnatifid: corolla 2-parted nearly
to the base, the lower part or lip deflexed and inflated
slipper-like, the upper lip smaller and ascending, but
usually saccate; stamens 2 or rarely 3, and no rudi-
ments (A, Fig. 739): fr. a many-seeded caps. About
200 species, mostly from the Andes of Peru and Chile,
but extending north to Mex.; also 2 in New Zealand.
Monogr. by Kranzlin, Engler's Pflanzenreich, hft.
28 (1907).
Many species of Calceolaria have been cultivated at
one time or another, but the number now grown is
few, most of the garden kinds apparently being hybrids
or marked variations from specific types. The genus
falls into two horticultural sections, the herbaceous
kinds, and the shrubby kinds. The former are the
only ones generally known in this country, being
treated more or less as annuals. The herbaceous
garden forms Rodigas considers to be offshoots chiefly
of C. arachnoidea and C. crenatiflora, and he has called
this race C. arachnoideo-crenatiflora (see I.H. 31 : 528, 536 ;
35 : 54) . In this work, however, the more inclusive terms
C. herbeohybrida of Voss is employed (Fig. 739); and
also the corresponding C. fruticoybrida for the shrubby
CALCEOLARIA
CALCEOLARIA
625
derivatives. C. crenatiflora seems to have left its impress
most distinctly on the greenhouse forms. The calceo-
larias are grown for the variously colored and often
spotted slipper-like flowers. The shrubby forms, grown
much in England, do not thrive in the heat of the
American summer.
The cultivation of the herbaceous and the shrubby
kinds of calceolarias is about the same, with the dif-
ference that the herbaceous kinds are nearly always
grown from seeds, while the shrubby varieties are
oftener grown from cuttings. Seeds may be sown from
the end of March until the first of September, according
to the size of the plant required. Those sown early are
more easily carried through the hot months than any
that are propagated in the end of May or in the month
of June. Sow the seeds in shallow pans with good
drainage in a compost of equal parts of sand and of
the day. For a first potting (which may be to 2-
inch pots) the same mixture in which the seeds were
sown is the best, and the seedlings should be big
enough to be easily held between the finger and thumb ;
and as the plants are moved along into larger pots,
equal parts of fibrous loam, fern-root, leaf-mold, sand
and dried cow-manure may be used, always having
this compost in as lumpy a state as can be equally
and conveniently packed around the plant. When the
plants are well rooted in their flowering pots, they may
be watered with manure water. An ordinary handful
of green cow-manure to about three gallons of water
may be used, and if any of the commonly used fertili-
zers are to be employed for a change, the same amount
of fertilizer to an equal amount of water is about right;
but always water with clean water twice between these
applications. If cuttings are to be used for the propa-
gation of calceolarias, they should be rooted in a
temperature of 45 to 50, kept shaded from the sun.
Cuttings may be procured from the plants that are
trimmed into shape during their growing period (in
August or September) and should have two leaves
attached and another joint to go in the sand. When
rooted, treat them as described above for the seedlings.
The varieties of the rugosa section are largely used for
bedding plants in Europe. Calceolarias are very sub-
ject to attacks of green- and white-fly; the best means
of keeping these pests in check is by fumigation with
hydrocyanic gas. In the evening is the best time to
fumigate, and the foliage of the plants should be per-
fectly dry; in fact, it is better if possible to use no water
at all in the greenhouse the day they are to be treated.
In the hot months of summer, a cool evening should
be selected and one-quarter of an ounce of cyanide
of potassium, one ounce of sulfuric acid and
two ounces of water to every 1,000 cubic feet
contained in the greenhouse may be used. (See
Fumigation.) The house at this season of the year
should be opened up in forty-five minutes after
the cyanide has been dropped into the liquid.
Repeat at intervals of about three weeks. In winter
the quantity may be doubled to the same cubic feet of
space, and the house may be kept closed until morn-
ing. When opening the ventilators after fumigating
in this manner, do not breathe in the greenhouse until
the air has changed, say about half an hour after, as
the gas is deadly to human beings. Fumigating with
tobacco will kill the green-fly, but it has no effect on
the white-fly. (Geo. F. Stewart.)
739. Calceolaria herbeohybrida.
the peat which is shaken out of fern-root that is to be
used for potting orchids, adding about one-fourth of
charcoal. All this should be sifted through a fine sieve.
This material should be well mixed and placed an inch
in depth in the receptacle that the seeds are to be
sown in. The surface should be made as level as pos-
sible, and the seeds, after being thinly scattered over
the same, may be pressed gently into the compost,
covering them very lightly with sphagnum moss sifted
through a very fine sieve. Water by dipping the pan
in a tank of water, allowing it to soak through the holes
in the bottom of the pan. This mode of watering is
not so liable to disturb the small seeds, as an overhead
watering with a fine rose on the watering-pot. A tem-
perature of 60 will cause calceolaria seeds to germi-
nate, but the sun should not strike them until the cool
of autumn comes. A greenhouse with a northern aspect
is best for them until the end of September, giving all
the air possible day and night. From the first of
October until the end of March, the plants will stand
the full sun, and should then be grown in a night
temperature of 40, allowing 10 or 15 of rise during
alba, 14.
herbeohybrida, 10.
plantaginea, 3.
amplexicaulis, 13.
Herbertiana, 6.
purpurea, 6.
arachnoidea, 7.
heterophylla, 8.
rugosa, 11.
ascendens, 15.
hybrida, 5, 10.
salvise folia, 11.
biflora, 3.
integrifolia, 11, 15.
seabiossefolia, 8.
Burbidgei, 5.
mirabilis, 1.
suberecta, 3.
corymbosa, 2.
Morrisonii, 3-
thrysiflora, 12.
crenatiflora, 1.
Pavonii, 4.
viscosissima, 11.
denlata, 15.
pendula, 1.
Wheeleri, 2.
fruticobybrida, 15.
pinnata, 8, 9.
Youngii, 10.
herbacea, 10.
A. Herbaceous calceolarias, some of them parents of the
florists' varieties of this country.
B. Lvs. simple.
c. F Is. essentially yellow.
1. crenatifldra, Cav. (C. pendula, Sweet. C. mirab-
ilis, Knowl. & Wesc.). One to 2 ft., the st. soft-hairy,
terete: radical Ivs ovate and long-petioled (the petioles
winged at top), undulate and dentate, sometimes
obscurely lobed, rugose and pubescent, paler beneath,
often purplish toward the tip; st.-lvs. shorter-petioled
and becoming sessile above: fls. in a forking corymb,
the slipper large, oblong or oblong-obovate, fur-
rowed or crenate, hanging, yellow, with orange-brown
dots. Chile. B.M. 3255. From this species we appear
to have derived the spots of calceolaria fls.
626
CALCEOLARIA
CALCEOLARIA
2. corymbdsa, Ruiz & Pav. (C. Wheeleri, Sweet).
One to 3 ft. high, the st. 4-angled : radical Ivs. ovate and
sometimes cordate, obtuse or nearly so, doubly crenate,
rugose and hairy, whitish beneath; st.-lys. smaller and
narrower, somewhat clasping, opposite: fls. small
(about half as large as in C. crenatiflora) , in a broad,
somewhat loose corymb, the slipper somewhat short-
oblong, clear yellow outside and marked with red lines
inside. Chile. B.M. 2418.
3. biflora, Lam. (C. plantaginea, Smith. C. suberecta,
Hort. C. Mdrrisonii, Don). Herbaceous, stemless:
Ivs. . ovate-spatu-
late, toothed at
top: scapes many,
few-fld.; fls. large,
yellow, lower lip
large and the
upper one small
and notched, the
under side of the
slipper dotted
with red. Chile,
Argentina. B.M.
2805. L.B.C.
15:1402. F.S.R.
2:312.
740. Calceolaria integrifolia var.
viscosissima. ( X 1 A)
4. P a v 6 n i i ,
Benth. An erect,
strong- growing,
herbaceous, or half
shrubby species:
st. terete, green,
stout: Ivs. perfoli-
ate, on short
winged petioles,
ovate or elliptic,
coarsely serrate,
5^9 in. long (in a
vigorous plant),
and a rich light
green in color:
sts. and lys.
densely hairy;
infl. paniculate, terminal, large and handsome; fls. rich
golden-yellow and marked in throat with brown, and
about 1 in. diam. Peru. B.M. 4525. G. 27:663. J.H. III.
50:489. J.F. 1, pi. 32. One of the parents of several
handsome hybrids.
5. Burbidgei, Hort. (C. hybrida var. Burbidgei,
Gumbl.). A garden hybrid raised at Trinity College,
Dublin, by Burbidge between C. Pavonii on the one
side and C. deflexa (C. fuchsisefolia) or possibly C.
amplexicaulis on the other: plant erect: sts. hairy,
terete: Ivs. light green, lanceolate, 5-9 in. long, serrate,
winged along the petiole: infl. large, in terminal free-
branching panicles; fls. 1 in. diam., rich golden yellow.
G. 25:547. Gn. 47:306. One of the finest of cool
greenhouse kinds and valuable also as a bedding plant
as it grows into a fine large specimen as much as 6
ft. high and branches freely from the base. .Readily
prop, by cuttings.
cc. Fls. purple.
6. purp&rea, Graham (C. Herbertiana, Lindl.). Sts.
erect, pubescent, 1-2 ft.: radical Ivs. spatulate and
acutish, with a strong midrib, sparsely hairy, rugose,
dentate; st.-lvs. broad-cordate and clasping, less
toothed: fls. in loose corymbs, small, purplish or red-
dish violet, the slipper somewhat furrowed. Chile.
B.M. 2775. B.R. 1313. Supposed to have entered
largely into purple-fid, varieties.
7. arachnoidea, Graham. St. a foot or two high,
terete, branchy, woolly, with appressed hairs: Ivs.
oblong or Ungulate, narrowing into long - winged
petioles, clasping, obscurely toothed, rugose, woolly
on both sides: peduncles in pairs, forking: fls. small,
dull purple, the slipper nearly globular and furrowed.
Chile. B.M. 2874. L.B.C. 16: 1557.
BB. Lvs. compound, or essentially so.
8. scabiosaefolia, Sims (C. pinndta, Ruiz & Pav.
C. heterophylla, Willd.). Often 2 ft., the st. terete, hairy,
and leafy: Ivs. opposite, with clasping petioles, cut
nearly or completely to the midrib; Ifts. varying from
lanceolate to broad-oval, acuminate, ciliate, dentate:
fls. very small, in small hairy corymbs, pale yellow, the
slipper nearly orbicular in outline. Chile, Peru, Ecua-
dor. B.M. 2405. This is sold by seedsmen as an annual
bedding plant.
9. pinnata, Linn. Often reaches 3 ft. or more: Ivs.
pinnatifid or completely compound, the divisions short
and nearly entire, obtuse or nearly so: fls. small, sul-
fur-yellow. Chile, Peru, Bolivia. B.M. 41. The first
known garden species, still sold as an annual.
10. herbeohybrida, Voss (C. hybrida, C. herbacea,
C. Yoimgii, Hort., and others). Derivatives of the
herbaceous calceolarias: mostly dwarf or small (2 ft. or
less), in many colors, usually with well-inflated slippers.
AA. Shrubby calceolarias.
B. Fls. yellow.
11. integrifSlia, Murr. (C. rugosa, Ruiz & Pav. C.
salviasfolia, Pers.). Two to 6 ft. high, branchy and bushy:
Ivs. glabrous, oval-lanceolate, crisped and dentate, the
short petioles winged: fls. in terminal clusters, small,
yellow. Chile. L.B.C. 10:942. B.R. 744, 1083. Variable.
Probably the chief source of shrubby calceolarias.
Var. viscosissima, Hort. (Fig. 740), is a sticky-hairy
form with sessile Ivs. and showy fls.
12. thyrsifldra, Graham. More shrubby: Ivs. linear
and clustered, toothed, sessile, not hairy: fls. small,
yellow, in a close, terminal cluster. Chile. B.M. 2915.
13. amplexicaftlis, HBK. A foot or two high: Ivs.
cordate-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate,
pubescent, woolly beneath and deep-rugose above,
clasping: fls. small, in an upright corymb, pale yellow
and spotless, the slipper hoof-shaped. Ecuador, Peru.
BB. Fls. white.
14. .alba, Ruiz & Pav. Shrubby, erect, branched, the
branches opposite: Ivs. linear, toothed above, with
fascicles of fls. in axils: fls. small, white, of 2 very
unequal lips, the upper one being very small, the throat
closed. Chile. B.M. 4157. G.C.III.22:141. Gn. 51:60;
75, p. 6. J.H. III. 61:419. A most beautiful species
in England when planted out in a soil rich in humus,
but should be shaded from hot sun. The plant dislikes
pot culture. This species has recently been used by the
hybridist in order to secure a race with white fls.
The new hybrid C. Veitchii is likely to prove a great
aquisition to gardens, and is partly derived from this
species.
15. fruticohybrida, Voss (C. ascendens, Hort., not
Lindl. C. dentdta, and C. integrifolia, Hort., for the most
part). Here may be grouped the shrubby garden
calceolarias that are derivatives of most other species.
They are marked by the prevailing under-color of yel-
low, orange or orange-red; sometimes they are yellow-
ish white or dull red.
C. andina, Benth. (C. Herbertiana var. pallidiflora, Lindl.).
Shrubby, glandular-pubescent: Ivs. orbicular-rovate, thick, rugose,
hairy: fls. small, yellow, the slipper crenate. Chile. B.M. 7326.
B.R. 1576. C. bicolor, Ruiz & Pav. Shrubby: Ivs. ovate, dentate:
fls. small, the slipper sulfur-yellow above and white below. Peru.
B.M. 3036. L.B.C. 18: 1783. C. cdna, Cav. Herbaceous, tufted,
scapose, 1-1 Yi ft.: Ivs. radical, oblong-lanceolate, spatulate or
obovate: fls. white with small purple or rose-colored lines and
blotches. Chile. B.M. 8416. C. Clibranii. Hort.=C. profusa.
F.E. 28:143. C. deflexa, Ruiz & Pav. (C. fuchsisefolia, Hemsl.).
Shrubby: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. yellow, panicled, the upper lip very
large. Peru. B.M. 6431. G.C. II. 15:269. Gn. 15:258. C,
flexudsa, Ruiz & Pav sJnrubby at base: Ivs. large-ovate, coarsely
crenate-dentate: fls. rather large, clear yellow, with very large
CALCEOLARIA
CALLA
627
green calicos. Peru. B.M. 5154. F.S. 22:2331. C. Forgetii, Skan.
Undershrub, 1-1 ^ ft., slender: Ivs. ovate, obtuse or somewhat
acute, serrate: fls. small, pale yellow with a large reddish brown
blotch inside the lower lip. Peru. B.M. 8436. C. fuchsix folia,
Hemsl.=C. deflexa. C. Henrici, Hook. f. Shrubby, evergreen:
Ivs. willow-like, small-toothed: fls. panicled, clear yellow, the upper
lip large. Peru. B.M. 5772. C. hyssopifdlia, HBK. Shrubby: Ivs.
crowded, small, lanceolate and toothed, or at top of st. linear and
entire, margins revolute: fls. rather large, in many-fld. corymbs,
pale sulfur-yellow, the slipper oboyate-orbicular and crenate.
Ecuador. C. Jeffreyi,H.vrt.,ia a hybrid group between herbaceous
greenhouse kinds and C. integrifqlia, produced about 10 years ago
in England: 2-6 ft., with branching panicles bearing fls. about 1
in. across of few colors. C. kewensis, Hort. Cross of C. Jef-
freyi with herbaceous varieties: more compact and larger-fld.
than C. Jeffrey!; colors of wide range: plant 1-2}^ ft. high and
about as broad when in good bloom. G.C. III. 39:390. C. lobdta,
Cav. Herbaceous: Ivs. triangular-ovate, palmately 5-7-lobed,
dentate: fls. in terminal clusters, clear, pale yellow, and spotted
on the up-curved slipper. Peru, Bolivia. B.M. 4525, 6330. C. mex-
icana, Benth., is a small-fld., pale yellow species hardy in England:
annual: lower Ivs. 3-parted or -lobed, the upper ones pinnatisect.
Mts., Mex., Costa Rica. C. petiolaris, Cav. (C. floribunda, Lindl.).
Herbaceous: Ivs. ovate, the lower ones wing-petioled, toothed,
rugose: fls. yellow in loose panicles, the lips connivent. Chile.
C. pisacomensis, Meyen. Shrubby: Ivs. ovate-cordate, nearly or
quite obtuse nearly sessile, irregularly crenate, margins reflexed: fls.
large, orange varying to red, the slipper up-curved. Peru. B.M. 5677.
-C. polyrrhiza, Cav. A dwarf and tufted species from Patagonia,
with dark yellow purple-spotted fls.: herbaceous, cespitose: Ivs.
crowded, lanceolate. S. Chile, Patagonia. For rockwork. C.
profiisa, Hort. (C. Clibranii, Hort.). On the order of C. Burbidgei.
A garden form of free-flowering habit. C. Sinclairii, Hook. Her-
baceous, half-hardy: Ivs. oblong-ovate, stalked, crenate-dentate,
hairy: fls. small, lilac or flesh-colored, spotted within, the 2 lips
nearly equal, not saccate. New Zeal. B.M. 6597. Now referred to
Jovellana (J. Sineclairii, Kranzl.) C. tenella, Poepp. & Endl.
Herbaceous, half-hardy, 6 in. high: Ivs. ovate or orbicular, small
(Jiin. long), nearly or quite sessile: fls. yellow, spotted within. Chile.
B.M. 6231. C. Veitchii, Hort. Hybrid of C. alba and a garden
variety: 3-5 ft., erect and branched: fls. many, rather small, pale
lemon-yellow. G.C. III. 51, Suppl. June 1. Gn. 76, p. 271. (See No.
14.) C. violacea, Cav. (Jovellana violacea, Don). Shrubby: Ivs.small,
ovate-cordate, deep-toothed, stalked: fls. yellow-salmon, spotted
within and without, the two lips not saccate. Chile. B.M. 4929.
C. virgata, Ruiz & Pav. Bushy, 1-1% ft.: Ivs. ovate, short-stalked : fls.
rather small, numerous, white. Peru, Bolivia. G.C. III. 51:50.
L. H. B.
CALENDULA (Latin, calendse or calends: throughout
the months). Composite. Flower-garden plants.
Small herbs , the common cult, species annual, others
perennial, with alternate simple Ivs., mostly large heads
with yellow or orange rays, glabrous incurved achenes,
plane naked receptacle, pappus none, and involucre
broad, with scales in one or two series, their margin
usually scarious. Some 15 species from
Canary Isls. to Persia.
officinalis, Linn. POT MARIGOLD. Fig.
741. Annual: 1-2 ft. high, more or less
hairy: Ivs. oblong and more or less clasp-
ing, entire, thickish: heads solitary, on
stout stalks, large with flat spreading
rays, showy, closing at night. S. Eu. B.M.
3204. V. 5:44; 16:165. One of the most
universal garden fls., running into many
vars., distinguished by size, color, and
degree of doubling. The color varies
from white-yellow to deep orange. This is
the marygold of Shakespeare's time. The
fl. -heads are sometimes used in cookery,
to flavor soups and stews. The calendula
is of the easiest culture in any warm,
loose soil. The seeds are usually sown
where the plants are to stand, but they
may be sown indoors or in a frame and
the plants transplanted. The achenes are
large and germinate quickly. The plant
blooms the whole season, particularly if
the fls. are picked. It is a hardy annual,
and in the southern states will bloom
most of the year. In the N. it blooms up
to the first frosts, sometimes beyond.
Sown in summer or autumn, it makes a
good winter bloomer. Florets are used in
medicine as a vulnerary and anti-emetic.
The flowering plant was formerly used for
removing warts.
suffruticdsa, Vahl (C. Noedna, Boiss.). More dif-
fuse, annual: Ivs. sessile, lanceolate, somewhat dentate:
heads bright yellow, not doubled, very numerous, on
long peduncles. W. Medit. region. Seeds are sold by
American dealers.
C. Pongei, Hort., and C. plurialis, Linn., will be found under
Dimorphotheca. T -^
L/. M. r>.
CALICO BUSH: Kalmia.
CALIFORNIA POPPY: Eschscholtzia.
CALIFORNIA YELLOW BELLS: Emmenanthe penduliflora.
CALIMERIS (Greek, beautiful arrangement). Com-
pdsitse. Good daisy-like border plants.
Calimeris comprises about 10 Asian herbs, now
mostly united with Aster, but horticulturally dis-
tinct, and differing from that genus in the hemis-
pherical involucre of few nearly equal scarious-mar-
gined bracts, and broad convex receptacle: achene
flat and hairy. Hardy perennials of low growth, suited
to the border in front of stronger plants. C. tatarica
is described in the genus Heteropappus.
incisa, DC. (C. incisaefdlia, Hort.? Aster indsus,
Fisch.). One to 2 ft., erect, corymbose at the summit:
Ivs. lanceolate, remotely incise-dentate; scales of
involucre red-margined: fls. large, purple-rayed or
almost white, and yellow-centered. Of easy cult, in
any good soil, making a
display throughout July and
Aug. The commonest species
in cult.
altaica, Nees (Aster altd-
icus, Willd.). Lower, pu-
bescent or hispid: lys. linear-
lanceolate and entire: scales
of involucre pubescent and
white -margined; rays nar-
row, blue.. L. H. B.
CALIPHRURIA: CaUiphruria.
CALLA (ancient name, of
obscure meaning). Ardceas.
A monotypic genus, contain-
ing a native bog-plant with
a white spathe.
Herb, with creeping rhi-
zomes and 2-ranked Ivs.
Differs from Orontium in the
parallel secondary and ter-
tiary veins of the If.-blade,
as well as in having a prom-
inent more or less fleshy
persistent spathe envelop-
ing the spadix, and in the
absence of perianth; lower
fls. perfect, upper stami-
nate; fr. a red berry. See
Zantedeschia for C. asthio-
pica, C. albo-maculata, and
others. The calla of florists,
or calla lily, is Richardia of
recent books, but is properly
Zantedeschia, where it is de-
scribed and the culture given
in this work.
paiuslris, Linn. WATER
ARUM. Fig. 742. Rhizome
bearing many distichous Ivs.
one year, the next only 2
Ivs. and the peduncle:
petioles cylindrical, long-
sheathed; blade cordate:
spathe elliptical, or ovate-
lanceolate, white. Eu., N.
741. Calendula officinalis, double-flowered.
(XH)
628
CALLA
Asia, and E. N. Amer. V. 2:197; 14:244. B.M. 1831.
An interesting little perennial plant, useful for out-
door ponds. JARED G. SMITH.
CALLIANDRA (Greek, beautiful stamens}. Legu-
minbsse. Evergreen shrubs and trees of greenhouse
culture, planted in
the open far south.
Leaves bipinnate ;
Ifts. numerous: fls.
usually in globose
heads or clusters;
corolla small, ob-
scured by the nu-
merous, long, silky,
purple or white
stamen s. A bout
120 species, widely
distributed in trop-
ics. Distinguished
from Acacia by the
presence of a thick-
ened margin on the
pod.
Propagation is by
cuttings placed in
sand over bottom
heat. Keep in warm-
house, with the ex-
ception of those
from Mexico.
742. Calla paxustris.
Lamb ertiana,
D. Don.) Unarmed;
Benth. (Acacia Lambertidna,
branches terete: Ivs. puberulous-villous; pinnae 2-3-
yoked; Ifts. 9-12-yoked, oval-oblong, obtuse at both
ends; peduncles 3-5, racemose, heads roundish; stamens
20-25, pink. Mex. B.R. 721.
tetragona, Benth (Acacia tetragdna, Willd.). Un-
armed; branches .tetragonal: pinnae 5-6-yoked: Ifts.
16-29-yoked, linear, acute, the outer larger: heads
pedunculate, axillary; fls. white. Trop. Amer.
portoricensis, Benth. (Acacia portoricensis, Willd.).
Unarmed shrub or small tree: pinnae 2-4-yoked; Ifts.
15-25-yoked, linear, obtuse, closing at evening; branch-
lets pubescent: heads globose, pedunculate, axillary,
the white fls. opening as Ivs. close; calyx ciliate on the
margin; stamens 20^25; filaments long, white: pod
straight, linear, tapering at base. W. Indies. Endures
temperatures as low as 24 F. in Calif. Var. major, a
splendid form, is known abroad. B.M. 8129.
Tweedyi, Benth. Unarmed shrub, lightly pubescent:
pinnae 3-4-yoked; Ifts. 20-30-yoked, linear, obtuse,
shining: peduncles axillary, 1-2 in. long, from large
scaly buds; calyx and corolla silky, lobes erect; stamens
long, numerous, purple. Brazil. B.M. 4188.
C. caHfornica, Benth. A stiff, hairy, much-branched shrub cult,
in Calif. It is native near Magdalena Bay and is the most north-
erly known representative of the genus. C. caracasdna, Benth.
(Mimosa caracasana, Jacq.) differs from C. portoricensis in having
garple stamens, but is probably not distinct. C. grandifldra,
enth. Not over .10 ft.: foliage glaucous: fls. scarlet. Intro, by
*ranceschi.=Mimosa grandiflora, L'Her.(?). C. Samdn, Griseb.,
e =.ritnecolobiuin Saman. TT * -r-r
HARVEY MONROE HALL.T
CALLIANTHEMUM (Greek, beautiful flower). Ra-
nunculacex. Two or 3 little herbs of the mountains
of Eu. and Cent. Asia, allied to Anemone, some-
times mentioned for outdoor planting. Lvs. radical
(very small or none on the St.), decompound: fls. ter-
minal, white or rose-color; sepals 5, deciduous; petals
5-15, showy, with nectaries at the base. The species
apparently intergrade. C. anemonoides, Endl. Three
to 10 in. high, blooming in spring: Ivs. as broad as
long, triangular in outline, bipinnatifid: fls. 1^ in.
or less across; sepals broad; petals narrow: rhizome
somewhat fleshy. Tyrol. Useful in rockwork.
CALLICARPA
CALLICARPA (Greek, beauty and fruit). Verbend-
ceae. Ornamental woody plants cultivated chiefly for
their brightly colored berry-like fruit appearing late in
autumn; also for the attractive flowers which appear
in summer.
Flowers perfect; calyx short-campanulate, truncate
or slightly 4-toothed, rarely 4-parted; corolla with short
tube, 4-lobed; stamens 4, of equal length; ovary 4-
celled, cells 1-ovuled: fr. a subglobose berry-like drupe
with 2-4 stones. More than 30 species in tropical
and subtropical regions of Asia, Austral., N. and Cent.
Amer.
Callicarpas are shrubs or trees, often with stellate
hairs, with opposite, usually serrate, deciduous leaves
and small pink, bluish or whitish flowers in axillary
clusters, followed in autumn by small berry-like lilac,
violet or red, rarely white fruits. The hardiest are C.
dichotoma, C. japonica and C. Giraldii, which may be
grown even North in sheltered positions, if somewhat
protected during the winter. If killed to the ground,
young shoots spring up vigorously, and will produce
flowers and fruit in the same season. If grown in the
greenhouse, they require a sandy compost of loam and
peat, and plenty of light and air. Propagation is readily
effected by greenwood cuttings in spring or summer
under glass; also by hardwood cuttings, layers and seeds.
A. Lvs. tomentose beneath.
americana, Linn. Shrub, 3-6 ft., with scurfy, downy
tomentum: Ivs. cuneate, elliptic-ovate, acuminate,
obtusely serrate, 3-6 in. long: cymes short-stalked;
corolla bluish, glabrous: fr. violet. July, Aug. Woods and
rich soil, Va. to Texas and W. Indies. One of the hand-
somest in fr., but more tender than the Japanese spe-
cies. Var. alba, Hort., has white fr.; very conspicuous
in fall and early
winter.
AA. Lvs. not or
slightly pubes-
cent below and
glandular: co-
rolla glandular
outside.
B. Peduncles longer
than petioles:
Ivs. glabrous or
nearly so below.
japonica, Thunb.
(C. Mimurazdki,
Sieb.). Fig. 743.
Shrub, 2-5 ft.: Ivs.
cuneate, elliptic or
ovate-lanceolate,
long-acuminate,
serrulate, 23^-5 in.
long : cymes pe-
duncled, many-fld.;
fls. pink or whitish:
fr. violet. Aug.
Japan. S.I.F. 1:70.
G.C. 1871:173. P.
F.G. 2, p. 165. H.F.
1861:12. Var. leuco-
carpa, Sieb. With
white fr-
dichotoma, Koch
(C. grdcilis, Sieb. &
Zucc. C. purpiirea,
Juss.). Shrub, 1-4
ft.: Ivs. cuneate,
elliptic or obovate,
crenately serrate
above the middle,
entire toward the
base, 1 ^-3 in. long : 743. Callicarpa japonica. ( X H)
CALLICARPA
CALLIRHOE
629
cymes peduncled, few- or many-fld.; fls. pink: fr. lilac-
violet. Aug. Japan, China. Gn. 23:540. Closely
allied to the former, but smaller in every part.
BB. Peduncles shorter than petio&s.
Giraldii, Hesse. Shrub: Ivs. broadly elliptic or ellip-
tic-ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 2-4 in. long, dentate,
glandular beneath, and sparingly stellate-pubescent;
petioles slender, l /y-Yivn.. long: fls. pink in dense cymes
on pubescent stalks shorter than the petioles: fr. violet.
W. China.
C. cdna, Linn. Shrub: Ivs. broadly elliptic, shining above and
whitish-tomentose beneath: fr. deep purple. E. India, China, Phil-
ippine Isls. B.M. 2107. C. longifolia, Lam. Shrub: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate or lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, 3-5 in. long, stellate
pubescent and glandular beneath: cymes short-peduncled ; fls. pink
or purple: fr. white. Himalayas, China. B. R. 10:864. H.E..
2: 133. -C. mdllis, Sieb. & Zucc. Shrub, to 4 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceo-
late, rounded at the base, tomentose beneath: fls. and fr. pink.
Japan. S.I.F. 1:70. C. pedunculdta, R.Br. (C. lanata, Schau.,
not Linn.) Shrub: Ivs. oblong-ovate, nearly sessile, and rounded at
the base, green and slightly tomentose beneath: cymes slender-
peduncled. E. Indies. Austral. Sieb. Flor. d. Jard. 4:97. C.
rubella, Lindl. (C. dichotoma, Hort., not Juss.). Shrub or small tree,
to 20 ft.: Ivs. cordate-oblong, tomentose beneath: fr. purple.
Himalayas, China. B.R. 11:883. F.S. 13:1359. I.H. 6:202. G.C.
1859:96. R.H. 1859, p. 106, 107. ^^ REHDER .
CALLICHRdA: Layia.
CALLI6PSIS: Coreopsis.
CALLIPHRURIA (Greek, beautiful prison; referring
to the spathe inclosing the flowers) . Written also Cali-
phuria. Amarylliddcese. Tender bulbs.
Distinguished from Eucharis by the stamens, the
filaments being petaloid, with 3 large linear teeth on
top, the middle one bearing the anther. The fls. ap-
pear with the Ivs.; perianth funnel-shaped, spreading
upward; stamens inserted at the throat of the tube:
caps, tardily splitting. Three species from Colombia.
Calliphrurias are warmhouse plants and should be
grown in a rich soil of loam, peat or leaf -mold and sand.
Propagated by offsets.
Hartwegiana, Herb. Bulb ovoid, 1 in. thick, stolon-
iferous, with brown membranous tunics: Ivs. bright
green, firmer and more closely veined than in Eucharis,
with an oblong-acute blade 4-5 in. long, 2 in. broad,
narrowed into a petiole, which is flat above and round
beneath: scape slender, 1 ft. long; fls. 6-8, in an umbel,
white; perianth 1 in. long and wide. Andes of Bogota.
B.M. 6259. B.R. 30, p. 87, desc. Intro, in 1889 by
Reasoner.
C. subedentata, Baker=Eucharis subedentata.
CALLIPR6RA: Brodisea.
N. TAYLOR, f
CALLIPStCHE (Greek, beautiful and butterfly}.
Amaryllidaceas. Three bulbous plants from Ecuador
and Peru, the Ivs. produced after the yellow or greenish
yellow fls., probably not in the horticultural trade.
Leaves thin, oblong and stalked: fls. many in an umbel
on a hollow peduncle or scape; perianth funnelform
with short tube, the segms. all equal and oblanceolate
to oblong; stamens 6, much exserted, attached at the
throat: fr. a deeply 3-lobed caps., with many seeds.
They require the general treatment given amaryllis.
C. mirabilis, Baker, has an oblong bulb 2 in. diam.:
Ivs. 1 or 2, blade 5 or 6 in. broad: peduncle 2-3 ft.;
fls. greenish yellow, about 30 in a dense umbel; stamens
three times as long as perianth and widely spreading.
July, Aug. C. aurantiaca, Baker, has an ovoid bulb
1 in. diam.: Ivs. few: peduncle 1^-2 ft.; fls. bright
yellow, 6-8 in the umbel; stamens green, twice the
length of perianth. Autumn and winter. B.M. 6841.
L. H. B.
CALLIPTERIS (Greek, beautiful fern). Polypodiaceae.
Ferns allied to Asplenium and Diplazium, with elongate
sori formed on both sides of the veins, and the veins
uniting to form meshes or areoles. Some 15 species are
known from the warmer parts of both hemispheres.
The following is the only one in cult. Culture the same
as for tropical aspleniums.
prolifera, Bory (Asplenium decussatum, Swartz).
Lvs. 3-6 ft. long, the stalks 1-2 ft. long, the pinnae
numerous, 6-12 in. long, 1-2 in. wide, with deeply
crenate margins and frequently with bulblets in the
axils; veins pinnate, with the branches of contiguous
veins uniting. Polynesia and Malaya.
L. M. UNDERWOOD.
CALLIRHOE (Greek mythological name). Written
also Callirrhoe. Malvaceae. Hardy showy herbs, for out-
door planting.
Perennials or annuals: Ivs. alternate, with lobed or
cleft blades or more finely dissected: fls. showy, axillary
or sometimes in terminal racemes, the petals irregu-
larly cut at the apex or truncate, differing in this from
the notched petals of Malva; involucel of 1-3 bracts, or
wanting. Nine species, native.
The callirhoes are of the easiest culture, and deserv-
ing of a much greater popularity. They are chiefly
propagated by seeds, but the perennial species may
also be propagated by cuttings.
744. Callirhoe pedata.
A. Annual: involucel absent.
pedata, Gray. Fig. 744. Height 1-3 ft.: st. erect,
leafy: radical and lower Ivs. round-cordate, palmately
or pedately 5-^7-lobed or -parted, the lobes coarsely
toothed or incised, upper 3-5-cleft or -parted, usually
into narrow divisions: fls. red-purple, cherry-red, vary-
ing to lilac. On plains and in sand, S. U. S., spring and
summer. R.H. 1857, p. 430.
AA. Perennial: involucel present.
involucrata, Gray. Height 9-12 in., plant hirsute or
even hispid: root large, napiform: sts. procumbent:
Ivs. of rounded outline, palmately or pedately 5-7-
parted or -cleft, the divisions mostly wedge-shaped,
incised, the lobes oblong to lanceolate: fls. crimson-
purple, cherry-red or paler. All summer. Minn, to
Texas. R.H. 1862:171 (as C. verticillata) .
Var. linearfloba, Gray (C. lineariloba, Gray). Less
hirsute than the type: sts. ascending: Ivs. smaller,
1-2 in. across, the upper or all dissected into linear
lobes: fls. lilac or pinkish. Texas and adjacent Mex.
An excellent trailer, especially for rockeries. Thrives
even in very dry soils, the root penetrating to a great
depth. A sunny position is preferable.
C. Papdver, Gray. A perennial decumbent or ascending plant
with 3-5-lobed or -parted Ivs. and involucrate purple-red fls. S.U.S.
Useful for very dry sandy places. jj TAYLOR t
630
CALLISTA
CALLfSTA: Dendrobium.
CALLISTEMON (Greek, kallos, beauty; stemon, a
stamen; in most of the species the stamens are of a
beautiful scarlet or crimson color). Myrtacese. BOTTLE-
BRUSH. Ornamental shrubs, thriving without irriga-
tion in California, where they are hardy and much
used; also planted to some extent elsewhere in warm
climates and occasionally seen under glass. Page 3566.
Leaves alternate, entire, lanceolate or linear, mostly
with oil- or resin-dots and fragrant when crushed : fls. in
dense cylindric spikes, at first terminal but the axis
growing out as a leafy shoot; calyx-teeth 5; petals 5,
deciduous; stamens indefinite in number, not united;
anthers versatile,
the cells parallel
and bursting longi-
tudinally; ovary
inferior, maturing
into a caps, which
persists for several
years. About 25
species, natives of
Austral., where
they inhabit arid
districts. Distin-
guished from Mela-
leuca only by the
stamens, which in
that genus are
united into bundles.
Hall, Univ. Calif.
Pub. Bot. 4:22.
The showy
flower-clusters, re-
sembling bottle-
brushes in shape,
and so giving the
common name to
the genus, are
highly colored and
render these shrubs
very ornamental.
The quantity of
bloom may be much
increased by judi-
cious autumn prun-
ing. The various
species are recom-
mended for parks,
depot-grounds,
school - yards, and
also for smaller
yards if kept well
pruned. Hardy only
in warm-temperate districts but endur-
ing temperatures less than 20 F.
Propagation from seeds is satisfactory: these are
gathered during the summer months by allowing the
capsules to open in boxes or on sheets of paper kept in a
warm place; sow in early spring in finely sifted mixture
of sand, leaf-mold, and loam, and cover very lightly;
the ordinary cool greenhouse is warm enough. 'Some
nurserymen state that plants from cuttings of ripened
wood or of wood which is getting firm at the base will
blossom earlier than seedlings; others find no advantage
in this method. Although adapted to nearly every
variety of soil, these plants make but slow growth in
heavy clay.
A. Stamens %-l in. long.
lanceolatus, DC. (Metrosideros semper fibr ens, Lodd.).
Fig. 745. Height 6-12 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, 1^-2^ in.
long, about ym.. wide, acute, reddish when young;
midrib and lateral veins prominent: spikes 2-4 in. long,
bright red, less dense than in the following species: fr.
ovoid, contracted at summit. Jan.- June. B.M. 260
745. Callistemon
lanceolatus. (X?i)
CALLISTEPHUS
(as M. citrina). Maiden, Fl. PI. and Ferns of New S.
Wales, 8. Attains 30 ft. in Austral, where the hard and
heavy wood is used for wheelwrights' work and for
mallets. Garden hybrids between this and other species
have been developed, especially in Eu.
speciosus, DC. Large shrub: Ivs. narrowly lanceo-
late, obtuse or acute, 13/2-4 in. long, about 34 m - broad;
midrib prominent but lateral veins obscure: spikes 2-6
in. long, bright red, very dense: fr. nearly globose, the
summit scarcely contracted. March- June. B.M. 1761.
The most highly colored callistemon, the golden an-
thers contrasting well with the dark red filaments.
There are many garden forms varying in color, habit,
and size.
viminalis, Cheel. Tall slender tree of pendulous habit:
Ivs. linear-oblong: stamens slightly shorter: rim of fr.
thinner. A handsome, graceful tree, very showy when
in full bloom. Grown at Santa Barbara, Calif. (For-
merly referred to C. speciosus, of which this may be a
form.)
rigidus, R. Br. (C. linearifolius, DC.). Lvs. narrowly
linear, rigid, sharp-pointed, 2-5 in. long, about K m -
wide; midrib and marginal ribs prominent; cross-nerves
often hidden by oil-dots: spikes deep red, large, dense.
March- July. B.R. 393. Stiffly branched shrub, the
branches inclined to become rangy; best form and
bloom secured by means of autumn pruning. In order
to have fine specimen plants, cult, well and now and
then give an application of commercial fertilizer.
linearis, DC. Scarcely more than an extreme form
of C. rigidus with very narrow Ivs. channeled above,
the midvein quite obscure: fr. more globular and con-
tracted at opening.
AA. Stamens %in. or less long.
salignus, DC. Tall shrub or small tree: Ivs. lanceo-
late, acute, 13/2-3 in. long, M~/4in. wide
(much narrower in one variety), very
distinctly permi veined : spikes yellow or
light pink, 1-2 in. long: fr. nearly
globular, with rather large opening.
Apr., May. B.M. 1821. Var. viridifldrus,
F. y. M. Lvs. only 1-2 in. long, thicker,
rigid; veins obscure: fls. greenish yellow.
B.M. 2602.
brachyandrus, Lindl. Slender shrub,
young shoots soft-hairy or whole plant
gray with a soft pubescence: Ivs. rigid,
nearly terete, %-13/ in. long: spike 2-3
in. long, the filaments dark red but
nearly obscured by the golden yellow anthers. The
slender habit, gray foliage, and golden bloom render
this shrub very desirable for ornamental planting.
HARVEY MONROE HALL.
CALLISTEPHUS (Greek words for beautiful
crown, said to be in allusion to character of fruit) . Com-
posite. CHINA ASTER. (See page 419, Vol. 1.) One
species in China and Japan. The genus Callistemma,
also erected by Cassini, is older than Callistephus, but
the latter is one of the "nomina conservanda" of the
Vienna code, retained because accepted and in general
use for fifty years following its publication. Under
both these generic names, Cassini described the China
aster as C. hortensis. It was first named by Linnaeus,
however, as Aster chinensis, and Nees subsequently
transferred this name to Callistephus, so that the plant
now would better bear the name Callistephus chinensis,
Nees.
Callistephus is closely allied to Aster, from which it
differs, among other things, in its pappus, which is
minute and forming a crown in the outer series, and
of slender longer barbellate and caducous bristles in
the inner series: annual, erect, hispid-hairy branching
herbs, with showy terminal fl.-heads: Ivs. alternate,
XXII. Carnations. Types of the American winter-flowering varieties. (Half size.)
CALLISTEPHUS
broadly ovate or triangular-ovate and deeply and
irregularly toothed; blade decurrent into a petiole,
those on the upper parts becoming spatulate or nar-
rower: heads in wild plant heterogamqus and radiate,
the ray-florets in 1-2 series and pistillate, the disk-
florets perfect and fertile; involucre hemispherical,
the bracts imbricated in many series and the outer
ones large and green: fr. a compressed achene. The
rays become much multiplied under cult., and they are
also variable in size, shape and color. The colors are
violet, purple, blue and white, the rays never being
true yellow. Widely variable under cult., and one of
the best of the garden annuals, growing from 6 in. to
2 l /z ft. high. It is the Reine-marguerite of the French
and the Sommeraster of the Germans. L, H. B.
CALLITRIS (from the Greek for beautiful). Includ-
ing Frenela and Widdringtonia. P.indcese. Evergreen
trees or shrubs, not quite hardy in the open in England,
but thriving well in the southernmost parts of the
United States; allied to Thuja.
Leaves scale-like or awl-like, in whorls of 3 or 4 on
jointed branches, or sometimes alternate: monoecious;
sterile catkins cylindrical or ovoid, the stamens in
whorls of 3 or 4, the scales broad and sometimes pel-
tate; fertile cones of 4-8 scales, and borne on short and
thick peduncles, either solitary or clustered, usually
ripening the second year and often persisting after the
seeds have fallen. About 15 species in Austral., New
Caledonia and Afr. Little known in cult. here.
A. Cone 6-valved.
robusta, R. Br. (Frenela robusta, Cunn.). CYPRESS
PINE. Ranging from a shrub to a tree 90 ft. high:
branchlets crowded, short and erect: sterile catkins
J^in. or less long, solitary or in 3's: cones solitary or
few-clustered, nearly globular, about 1 in. diam. ; seeds
usually 2-winged. Austral. Trees about 30 years old
are said to be growing at Santa Barbara. In S. Fla. it
makes good specimens, in 5 years becoming 10-12 ft.
high. The tree somewhat resembles red cedar, and is
reported as useful for tall hedges and windbreaks.
This is one of the "pines" of Austral., the wood being
used in building and for the making of furniture.
rhomboidea, R. Br. (Frenela rhomboidea, Endl.).
Smaller, reaching 25-50 ft. : branches somewhat slender
and often drooping, angled when young: cones usually
only one-half the diam. of those of C. robusta, globular,
the 6 valves alternately larger and smaller, the larger
valves having a broadly rhomboidal apex with a pro-
tuberance at the center. Austral, and Tasmania.
Timber used for telegraph poles and in construction.
AA. Cone 4-valved.
quadrivalvis, Vent. (Thitja articuldta, Vahl).
ARAR-TREE. SANDARACH. GUM TREE. Small tree,
with fragrant hard durable wood: branches jointed
and spreading: Ivs. very small, flattened, distichous,
reduced to scales at the nodes: cone 4-sided, small, the
valves oval and with a protuberance near the tip.
N. Afr., in the mts. L.B.C. 9:844. Furnishes varnish
resin (gum sandarach).
Whytei, Engler (Widdringtonia Whyiei, M. Wood).
The wood is dull reddish white, strongly aromatic,
and locally used for furniture and for doors and win-
dows. Tree attaining a maximum height of 140 ft.,
with a diam. of 5% ft. at a point 6 ft. above the ground,
the trunk being clear for 90 ft. : Ivs. on ultimate branch-
lets, deltoid and closely appressed opposite; on other
branchlets usually linear-lanceolate, spreading at the tips,
alternate: in seedling stage linear, spreading and about
1 in. long: cones 4-6 together, about %in. long and
%-l in. wide when open. S. E. Afr. It grows at an
altitude of 5,000-7,000 ft. on Mt. Milanji in Nyassaland
and is known as the Milanji cypress or cedar. Appar-
ently hardy in parts of Cent. Calif. L H t 3
CALOCHORTUS
631
CALLOPSIS (Calla-like). Ardcese. A single species
from German E. Afr.: C. Volkensii, Engler. Spathe
like that of a little calla, snow-white, 1J4 in. long by
1 in. broad, the spadix partly united to it (and yellow) :
Ivs. crowded, cordate-ovate, 5 in. long, shining, the
petiole about 2 in. long; semi-epiphytic, with creeping
rhizome. Probably cult, only in botanic gardens or
other collections.
CALLUNA (Greek, to sweep; the branches are some-
times used for making brooms). Ericaceae. HEATHER.
Low evergreen shrubs cultivated chiefly for their bright
rosy pink, rarely white flowers appearing in great pro-
fusion late in summer.
Leaves scale-like, opposite, in 4 rows, the branchlets
therefore quadrangular: fls. in terminal, 1-sided spikes;
corolla campanulate, 4-parted,
shorter than the 4-parted colored
calyx; stamens 8, with 2 reflexed
appendages: fr. a septicide, 4-
celled, few-seeded caps. One
species in W. and N. Eu., also
in Asia Minor; in E. N. Amer.
in some localities naturalized.
The genus differs from the closely
related Erica in its deeply 4-
parted colored calyx, longer than
the 4-parted co-
rolla. For culture,
see Erica.
vulgaris, Salisb.
(Erica vulgaris,
Linn.). Fig. 746.
From Yr-Z ft.: Ivs.
oblong -linear, ob-
tuse, sagittate at
the base, glabrous
or pubescent: fls.
small, in long, erect,
rather dense ra-
cemes, rosy pink,
sometimes white.
Aug., Sept.-ySome
of the most distinct
of the numerous named varieties are the following: Var.
alba, Don (and var. alba Hdmmondii), with white fls.;
var. Alpdrtii, Kirchn., of more vigorous growth, with rosy
carmine fls.; var. carnea, Hort., with flesh-colored fls.;
var. plena, Regel, with double rose-colored fls.; var.
hirsuta, Gray (var. tomentosa, Don), the branchlets
and Ivs. with grayish tomentum; var. nana, Kirchn.
(var. pygm&a, Hort.), forming low moss-like tufts;
var. rubra, Kirchn., with deep rosy carmine fls.; var.
pro strata, Kirchn., with the branches spreading and
partly prostrate, fls. pink; var. Searlei, Hort. (var.
alba Serlei, Hort..), fls. white, appearing late in autumn.
The heather is a very handsome small shrub, well
adapted for borders of evergreen shrubberies, or for
dry slopes and sandy banks and preferring sunny posi-
tions; it is also found growing well in swamps and in
partly shaded situations. Cut branches keep their
life-like appearance for many months.
ALFRED REHDER.
CALOCHORTUS (Greek for beautiful and grass).
Lilidcex. Incl. Cyclobothra. MARIPOSA LILY. STAR
TULIP. GLOBE TULIP. West American cormous plants,
the occidental representatives of Tulipa, useful as border
plants and to some extent for indoor culture.
Stem usually branched, and from a coated conn,
more or less leafy: perianth of unequal segms., the outer
ones the smaller and more or less sepal-like, the 3 inner
ones large and showy and bearing glands and hairs;
stigmas 3, sessile and recurved; stamens 6; fls. showy,
shallow-cupped on the inner segms., arching. From
40-50 species, mostly on the Pacific side of the con-
746. Calluna vulgaris. (Plant
632
CALOCHORTUS
CALOCHORTUS
tinent from Wash, to Mex., and some of them in the
interior country. Nearly all the species are in cult.
Monogr. by J. G. Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. 14:302-10
(1875); and by S. Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts
and Sci. 14:262-8 (1879). See also Colochorti in
the Sierra Nevada, by George Hansen, Erythea,
7:13-15; A. Davidson, Erythea,
2:1-2,27-30; Mallett. Gn. 1901,
60:412, vol. 61, pp. 185, 203, 220;
Carl Purdy, Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci., 3d ser., vol. 2, No. 4 (1901).
Calochprtuses extend into Brit-
ish America, and a few, belonging
to a peculiar group, are found in
Mexico; the remainder are natives
of the United States, from Ne-
braska to the Pacific Ocean.
While the generic characteristics
are unmistakable, the species and
even varieties
have the most
variable incli-
nations as to
soil, exposure
and climate.
The Colorado
Desert and
the summits
of the Sierra Nevada, the heavy
clay lands of Californian valleys,
the volcanic soils of the foothills
and the meadows of the North-
west, each has its own representa-
tives of this beautiful tribe. The
character of the genus can be
treated better under the various
groups. Nearly every known spe-
cies is in cultivation to some ex-
tent. Some are readily grown,
others present considerable cul-
tural difficulties; but while there
are some that probably will
always be difficult to cultivate,
there are many species and the number in-
cludes the very best that can be grown suc-
cessfully by anyone who is willing to give a little
special care to them; and there are a few that
possess such vigor and hardiness as to be
adapted to extensive cultivation.
All calochortuses are hardy in the sense of with-
standing extreme cold, but they will not endure alter-
nate thawing and freezing nearly so well; and thus there
is the paradox of their going safely through severe
eastern or European winters and suffering the loss of
foliage in mild ones. They should be planted in the
fall, and it is better to plant late, so that leaf-growth is
delayed until spring. Diverse as are their natural
habitats, one soil will answer the needs of all. A light
loam, made lighter with sand or sawdust, powdered
charcoal, or spent tan-bark, is best. Excellent results
have been secured with a mixture of equal parts of a
good light loam and spent tan-bark, with a little broken
charcoal. Wallace, one of the most successful English
growers, recommends making a bed sloping to the
south, composed of leaf-mold and road grit in equal
parts, with a smaller proportion of sharp sand. The idea
is to have a light and porous, not [too stimulating soil,
with perfect drainage. Wallace recommends covering
the beds with reeds to throw off the heavy rains. The
same end may be attained by such thorough drainage
that the rains pass through quickly. In New York,
they have been carried through the winter safely under
a covering put on before the ground freezes hard.
It is well to keep a few leaves about the shoots for a
time and to have extra leaves at hand to be used when
frost threatens. It is better to lift the bulbs as soon as
they ripen, and replant in the fall. Water sparingly at
all times. Under suitable conditions they are hardy
and tenacious of life, but excessive moisture, either in
air or ground, is not to their liking after the flowering
season arrives. Theoretically, all calochortuses of Sec-
tion A (star and globe tulips) should have shade, and
all mariposas (AA) sunshine; but the light shade of a
lath-house suits all alike, giving much finer bloom in
the mariposas. The flowering season extends over three
months, according to species.
They take well to pot culture with similar soils and
treatment. While not to be forced rapidly, they con-
siderably anticipate their out-of-door season. The
same treatment can be used in coldframe culture, but
they must not be coddled too much.
albus, 1.
Howellii, 19.
pictus, 27.
amabilis, 3.
Kennedy!, 21.
Plummerse, 20.
amoenus, 1.
Leichtlinii, 33.
pulchellus, 2.
apioulatus, 12.
lilacinus, 15.
Purdyi, 13.
alroviolaceus, 28.
Lobbii, 9.
purpurascens, 20, 27.
aureus, 22.
longebarbatus, 18.
purpureus, 37.
Bonplandianus, 37.
luteus, 24, 25.
robustua, 25.
Benthamii, 6.
Lyallii, 8.
roseus, 5, 27. ;
cseruleus, 7.
Lyonii, 31.
rubra, 5, 28.
catalinse, 31.
macrocarpus, 35.
sanguineus, 27.
citrinus, 25.
major, 5, 28.
splendens, 28.
clavatus, 23.
Maweanus, 5.
sulphurous, 27.
collinus, 10.
montanus, 28.
Tolmiei, 11.
concolor, 24.
nanus, 8.
umbellatus, 10.
Eldorado, 27.
nitidus, 16.
uniflorus, 15.
elegans, 8, 9.
nudus, 14.
venustus, 25, 27.
flavus, 36.
Nuttallii, 32.
Vesta, 26.
flexuosus, 29.
obispoensis, 20.
vestus, 20.
Goldyi, 4.
oculatus, 25.
Wallacei, 6.
Greenei, 17.
Palmeri, 30.
Weedii, 20.
Gunnisonii, 34.
A. Blossoms or fr. more or less nodding (unless No. 4)-'
inner perianth-segms. strongly arched: Ivs. long
and glossy, not channeled. (Eucalochortus.)
B. Fls. subglobose, nodding: st. usually tall and branch-
ing. GLOBE TULIPS. These have a single long
and narrow shining If. from the base, and slen-
der, flexuous, leafy sts., the perfection of grace in
outline. The fls. are exquisite in delicacy of
tints. Woodland plants.
1. albus, Douglas (Cyclobdthra dlba, Benth.). Fig.
747. Strong, 1-2 ft. high, glaucous: fls. globular,
pendent, 1 in. across, of a satiny texture, delicately
fringed with hairs, very strongly inarched or practically
closed. Calif. B.R. 1661. F.S. 11:1171. Chaste and
delicate. The form from the Coast Range is the Pearl
calochortus of gardens; the form from the Sierras with
fls. less strongly inarched and at length opening slightly
is the C. albus of horticulture.
Var. amdenus, Hort. (C. amoenus, Greene). Like C.
albus, but rose-colored, lower and more slender: fls.
opening in full bloom. Fresno and Tulare Co., Calif.
2. pulchellus, Douglas (Cyclobdthra pulchella, Benth.) .
Stout, glaucous, 8-16 in., usually branching: fls. yel-
low, strongly inarched but parts not overlapping;
sepals shorter than petals, ovate-acuminate, yellow
tinged with brown on the back; petals ovate, obtuse,
1 in. or less long, canary-yellow, with long silky hairs
above the gland. Cent. Calif. B.R. 1662.
3. amabilis, Purdy. Habit like C. albus: sts. stout,
usually branching in pairs: petals clear yellow, very
strongly inarched so that the tips overlap each other
much like a child's pin-wheel; gland lined with stiff
hairs that cross each other; petals margined with a line
of stiff hairs. Cent, and N. Calif.
4. G61dyi, Watkins. Possibly C Benthamii x C.
amabilis. Sts. several, freely branched, bearing 15-20
fls.: Ivs. narrow-lanceolate: fls. erect, 1 in. across, straw-
yellow, inner surfaces covered with long silky sulfur-
tinted hairs and a few shorter crimson hairs deep down
in the cup; petals rounded and 'very hooded. Appar-
ently of garden origin.
CALOCHORTUS
CALOCHORTUS
633
BE. Fls. bell-shaped, erect when open, mostly lined with
hairs, the pedicels becoming recurved: st. mostly
low, and fls. often more or less umbellate. STAR
TULIPS proper. Like the globe tulip, but
smaller as a rule, and the fls. dainty open cups.
All of the species resemble each other, and were
first included under the name C. elegans.
5. Maweanus, Leichtl. Plant low (3-10 in.), very
slender, usually branched: fls. white, purplish at the
base, filled with silky hairs, the gland covered by a
broad semi-circular scale: caps, long-elliptic. Calif., north.
B.M. 5976 (as C. elegans). Variable. Var. major,
Hort. Twice as large in all its parts: fls. lighter colored.
Var. roseus, Hort. Fls. tinged rose.
6. Benthamii, Baker. Sts. 7 in. high, very flexuose,
dividing into pairs: Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls. nearly
erect, yellow, the segms. Hin. long and brown at the
base. Sierra Nevadas, in Calif. B.M. 6475. J.H. III.
30:549. Var. Wallace! (C. Wdllacei, Hort.). Claw of
the petal dark red or nearly black.
7. caerilleus, Wats. Similar to small plants of C.
Maweanus, but lined and dotted with blue: low,
2-5-fld., the pedicels very slender; perianth ciliate
inside: caps, nearly or quite orbicular. Calif., in the
Sierras. Not variable.
8. elegans, Pursh. Similar to the last: petals green-
ish white and purplish at base, bearded, little or not at
all ciliate: gland covered by a deeply fringed scale.
Ore., Idaho.
Var. nanus, Wood (C. Lyallii, Baker). Subalpine,
dwarf and very slender: petals delicate cream-color,
narrow and usually more acute, more hairy and ciliate.
Mts. Calif., N.
9. L6bbii, Purdy (C. elegans yar. Ldbbii, Baker).
St. 3-5 in. high: petals white tinged green, broadly
rhombic-ovate, very deeply pitted and with the pit
showing as a prominent knob on back of petal. Mt.
Jefferson, Ore.
10. umbellatus, Wood (C. collmus, Lemm.). Low
and branching, 3-15 in., flexuose: fls. 5-10, white;
petals broadly fan-shaped, nude excepting for many
white hairs just above the scale. In open grassy places
around San Francisco Bay.
BBB. Fls. bell-shaped: like BB, but tall (1 ft. or more),
and stoutly erect, with several fine, erect cups,
similar to C. Maweanus. GIANT STAR TULIPS.
In this splendid group the very dainty silky fls.
and handsome glossy Ivs. of the star tulip are
shown with a stout st. a foot or two high, and
large fls. Unlike the others, they grow naturally
in open places, and have a vigor and health which
are a high recommendation.
1 1 . Tolmiei, Hook . & Arn . Stout, a foot high, generally
branched: petals often more than an inch long, tinged
lilac, with purple and white hairs: gland without a
scale: caps, broad-elliptic, acutish. Mt. Shasta, N.
Remains a long time in bloom.
12. apiculatus, Baker. Taller and stouter, 12-18
in., with umbellate straw-colored fls. N. Idaho.
13. Purdyi, East. Glabrous and glaucous, 8-16 in.,
rather stout, branching, 2- to many-fld. : fls. creamy white
or purple-tinged, filled with blue hairs, gland absent.
S. Ore. G.C. III. 23 : 395. Very handsome.
BBBB. F Is. bell-shaped, the petals naked or hairy only
at the base: low: If. solitary. MEADOW TULIPS.
These calochortuses are natives of wet meadows.
C. uniflorus and C. Vesta grow well in all soils so
long as well drained, and, as garden plants,
thrive everywhere. In habit they are low,
flexuous and leafy. The cups are open, erect
and numerous, an inch or so in diam.
14. nftdus, Wats. Low, 2-4 in., delicate: If. solitary:
fls. 1-6, umbellate, small, greenish white or pale lilac,
nude except for a tuft of 2 or 3 short hairs at each
extremity of scale, denticulate. Calif., in the Sierras.
15. unifldrus, Hook. & Arn. (C. lilaclnus, Kell.).
Handsome species, 4-8 in. high: fls. 4-10, on long
pedicels, clear lilac, hairy only at base: caps, elliptic,
obtuse. B.M. 5804. Grows naturally in wet meadows,
and makes offsets very freely. Often seen in a depau-
perate starved form, but responds at once to good
treatment.
AA. Blossoms on stout, erect pedicels, the sts. stout and
strict: fls. open-bell-shaped. MARIPOSA TULIPS.
Excepting in B, the mariposa or butterfly tulips
have slender, grassy, radical Ivs., stiff, erect sts.
bearing cup-shaped fls., and sparingly leafy and
with an erect caps. Bulbs small.
B. Caps, oblong, acute-angled or winged: fls. lilac or
white. These are hardy species, growing in the
meadows from Ore. to Mont., where they endure
much cold. They form a connecting link be-
tween the giant star tulips and the true mari-
posas. Their Ivs. are like those of the star tulips
long, broad and glossy. Like the star tulips,
also, the seed-pod is handsome, 3-cornered and
winged. The sts. are stiffly erect: the fls. cup-
shaped, not so brilliant as the true mariposas,
but very delicate: the plants are hardy, healthy
and vigorous, and are to be highly recommended
for cold climates.
16. nitidus, Douglas. Scape erect, but not stiff: If.
solitary, glossy, narrow: fls. 1-3, large and showy, lilac,
yellowish, or white, with a deep indigo blotch in the
center, lined with yellow hairs. Meadows, E. Ore. to
Mont, and N. E. Nev. Specimens from Yellowstone
Lake are yellow. Very beautiful and showy.
17. Greenei, Wats. St. stout and branching, 1 ft.,
2-5-fld.: sepals with a yellowish hairy spot; petals
lilac barred with yellow below, and somewhat purplish,
loose-hairy, not ciliate: caps, beaked. Calif, and Ore.
18. longebarbatus, Wats. Slender, about 1 ft. high,
bulb-bearing near the base, with 1 or 2 narrow radical
Ivs., 2-branched and usually 2-fld.: fls. erect or nearly
so, lilac with yellow at base, scarcely hairy except the
long-bearded gland. Wash.
19. Howellii, Wats. St. erect, 1 ft. or more, 1-2-fld.:
Ivs. very narrow: sepals ovate, short-acuminate; petals
yellowish white, 1 in. long, denticulate, slightly ciliate
near the base, brown-hairy inside, the gland yellow-
hairy. Ore.
BB. Caps, oblong, obtuse-angled.
C. Color yellow or orange or orange-red, more or less
marked with brown and purple (except in forms
of C. luteus): in cult, forms running into other
colors.
20. Weedii, Wood. Radical If. single, glossy, broad:
st. tall, leafy, bearing large orange-colored fls. dotted
with purple: petals triangular, square- topped : gland
small, hairy: bulb heavily coated with fiber. S. Calif.
B.M. 6200 (as C. citrinus). G.C. III. 16 : 183. Varies
to white.
Var. purpurascens, Wats. (C. Plummerx, Greene).
Similar, but lilac or purple and very showy. Calif.
G.C. III. 16:133. J.H. III. 29:289. Gn. 47: 80. A
fine form with fl. of large size and full outline, lined
with long, silky yellow hairs.
Var. vestus, Purdy. Petals much more truncated
and curiously fringed with brown hairs; reddish brown.
Santa Barbara.
Var. obispoensis, Purdy (C. obispoensis, Lemm.). Fig.
748. Tall and slender, branching, very floriferous:
petals yellow, verging to red at the tip and less than
half the length of the orange-brown sepals. Calif.
G.F. 2:161 (adapted in Fig. 748). Odd and bizarre.
634
CALOCHORTUS
CALOCHORTUS
21. Kennedy!, Porter. Bulb small and ovoid: st.
very low, 1-4 in. : Ivs. linear, tufted from the branching
of the st.: fls. 2-4, in an umbel; sepals broad with a
purple spot; petals red-orange to vermilion, not ciliate
nor prominently hairy, purple-spotted at the center.
Desert species of S. Calif. B.M. 7264. Gn. 43:108.
Brilliant and desirable, but difficult to grow.
22. avlreus, Wats. Low, 4-6 in., with a single
carinate radical If.: petals yellow, not hairy, the hairy
gland purple-bordered. S. Utah.
748. Calochortus obispoensis. No. 20 var. ( X J^)
23. clavatus, Wats. Petals yellow lined with brown,
the lower part bearing club-shaped (clavate) hairs,
the gland deep and circular; anthers purple. Calif.
In this excellent sort we have the largest-fld. and stout-
est-stemmed of all mariposas. The bulb is very large,
the single bare If . 1 or 2 ft. long: the st. is heavy, stout
and zigzag. The fls. are shaped like a broad-based
bowl, sometimes 5 or 6 in. across. The color is a deep,
rich yellow, and the lower half is covered thickly with
stiff yellow hairs, each tipped with a round translucent
knob, and in the light look like tiny icicles. There are
various strains: Eldorado, the largest, not so deep
yellow; Ventura, very stout, deep yellow; Obispo, Like
the last, but the upper half of the back of each petal
is olive-brown, which shows through the deep yellow
of the inside, giving changeable shades.
24. concolor, Purdy (C. luteus var. concolor, Baker).
Bulb large reddish: Ivs. narrow, glaucous: st. 1-2 ft.,
umbellate, if more than 1-fld.; not zigzag; petals a
rich deep yellow, tending toward orange, lower third
densely hairy with long yellow hairs above an oblong
gland. A desert species of S. Calif. Much like C. clava-
tus in general aspect.
25. Iftteus, Douglas. BUTTERFLY TULIP. St. 1-10-
fld., bulb-bearing near the base: Ivs. very narrow:
sepals narrow-lanceolate, with a brown spot; petals
2 in. or less long, yellow or orange, brown-lined, slightly
hairy below the middle, the gland densely hairy. Calif.
B.R. 1567. Variable. Some of the forms are sold as
C. venustus.
Var. citrinus, Wats. (C.
Baker). Petals lemon-yellow,
Var. oculatus, Wats. (C.
Hort.). Petals pale or white,
dark spot.
Var. robustus, Purdy (C.
Hort.). A very bulbiferous
luridly tinged in browns and
and also one of the hardiest.
venustus var. citrinus,
with a central brown spot.
venustus var. oculatus,
lilac or yellowish, with a
venustus var. robustus,
form having white fls.
purples. Very beautiful
26. Vesta, Purdy. BUTTERFLY TULIP. Tall and large-
fld. with petals more narrowly cuneate than in C. luteus
var. oculatus, and the gland narrow and doubly lunate,
color from white tinged through lilac to pink and lilac-
purple; fl. often laciniately gashed, above the gland
bearing rich maroon pencilings and markings. N. W.
Calif, in adobe soil. One of the largest-fld., showiest
and most easily grown of mariposa tulips. Named by
its author in compliment to his wife.
cc. Color prevailingly white or lilac, but sometimes run-
ning into yellows.
27. venftstus, Benth. BUTTERFLY TULIP. Stout, 6-36
in.: petals white or pale lilac, with a reddish spot at
top, a brown-yellow center, and brown base: gland
large and oblong, usually densely hairy: caps. 1-2 3/
in. long. Calif. B.R. 1669. F.S. 2:104. Gn. 46, p.
395. Very variable. The yellow forms (as var. sul-
phureus, Hort.) are often treated as forms of C. luteus.
To this group of calochortuses is properly applied the
Spanish name mariposa (butterfly), for their brilliantly
colored fls., with eye-like spots on each petal and
sepal, and other delicate markings with dots, lines and
hairs, which are strongly suggestive of the wings of a
brilliantly colored butterfly. Botanists have variously
divided this great group of allied forms between C.
luteus and C. venustus. Botanically all may be consid-
ered as either strains of one variable species or as a
number of closely allied species.
Var. Eldorado, Purdy. The finest strain of C. ven-
ustus in cult. It occurs naturally in a wonderfully
varied mixture, in color from pure white through pink,
to deep glowing reds and through lilac to deep purples.
In one locality a few may vary to light yellow. Some
of these forms have been named var. pictus for the
white form, var. sanguineus for the blood-red. The pur-
ple forms are entirely distinct from C. venustus var.
purpurascens. Sierran foothills from Eldorado County
to the far South. Altogether these plants comprise the
loveliest group of the mariposa tulips.
Var. purpurascens, Wats. Petals deep lilac or pur-
plish, darker at center, the fl. fully 3 in. across. Coast
Range. Strong grower. Gn. 46:394.
Var. rdseus, Hort. (C. rbseus, Hort.). Creamy white
or lilac, with an eye midway and a rose-colored blotch
at apex. Gn. 46:394.
Var. sulphureus, Purdy. Taller than the type:
petals light warm yellow with eye, and with a rose-
colored blotch at top. Lower part of San Joaquin
Valley, Calif.
28. splendens, Douglas. Tall and slender, 1-2 ft. : fls.
1-1^ in. across, deep purple with a dark spot on the
claw and with or without a gland covered with matted
hairs. San Diego Co., Calif . Known in horticulture as
C. splendens var. atroviolaceus.
Var. major, Purdy. Strong and tall, 1-2 ft.: fls. 2-3
in. across; petals large, clear lilac, paler below, with a
CALOCHORTUS
CALONYCTION
635
749. Calochortus
Gunnisonii.
darker claw and scattered long white hairs below the
middle. Coast Ranges, Monterey Co., Calif.
Var. montanus, Purdy. More slender than the type,
often bulbiferous: lilac to salmon-pink, densely hairy
with short yellow hairs about the
gland. High mts., S. Calif.
Var. rubra, Purdy. Large, with
deep-seated reddish bulb, 1-3 ft.:
fls. reddish lilac, pink or purple;
petals quite hairy, with short hairs
on the lower third. Lake Co.,
Calif.
29. flexudsus, Wats. Related
to C. splendens, but with sts. so
weak as almost to be said to creep.
The fls. are large and very bril-
liant, a dazzling purple, with a
darker purple eye, and yellow
hairs below. S. Utah. Intro, by
Purdy in 1897.
30. Pdlmeri, Wats. St. 1-2 ft., very slender and
flexuous, 1-7-fld., bulb-bearing near the base: sepals
with long, narrow, recurved tips, spotted; petals 1
in. or less long, white (or yellowish below), with a
brownish claw and bearing scattered hairs about the
gland: caps, very narrow. S. Calif. The C. Palmeri
of dealers is sometimes C. splendens var. montanus.
31. catalinae, Wats. (C. Lyonii, Wats.). Habit of C.
splendens: st. 1-2 ft., branching: fls. white to lilac, or
deep lilac, very large and handsome, a large round
black spot at base of each petal. A lovely species
between C. splendens and C. venustm. Remarkable for
blooming with the star tulip section, fully a month
before other mariposas. Native to Santa Catalina Isl.,
off S. Calif.; also to Calif, coast.
32. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. SEGO LILY. St. erect
and stiff, 1-2 ft., bulb-bearing at base, usually with only
1 cauline If., 1-5-fld.: sepals ovate-lanceolate, often
dark-spotted; petals 1-2 in. long, white tinged with
greenish yellow or lilac, with a purplish spot or band
above the yellow base and hairy about the gland;
anthers obtuse. Dak. and Neb. to Calif, and New Mex.,
having the widest range of any calochortus. There
are no more exquisitely beautiful fls. than these sego
lilies (the Mormon name) of the Great Basin. Most of
them are plants of the sage-brush deserts. The Ivs.
are an ashy green, the foliage scant, but the great fls.
are wonderful in tintings. There are shades in blue,
pink, lilac, and yellowish; also white. The sego lily
is the State flower of Utah.
33. Leichtlinii, Hook. f. Slender alpine species
(5-6 in. high), by some regarded as a form of C. Nuttal-
lii: fls. smoky white, banded with green and marked
with dark brown. Sierra Nevadas. B.M. 5862. F.S.
20:2116.
34. Gunnisonii, Wats. Fig. 749. Much like C.
Nuttallii: anthers acuminate: fls. light blue or almost
white, delicate yellowish green below the middle, pur-
ple-banded at the base, and bearing a band of green
hairs across each petal. Rocky Mts., Wyo. to New
Mex.
35. macrocarpus, Douglas. GREEN-BANDED MARI-
POSA LILY. St. stiff, the cauline Ivs. 3-5: fls. 1 or 2;
sepals acuminate, sometimes spotted; petals 2 in. or
less, acute, lilac with a greenish midvein, somewhat
hairy. B.R. 1152. N. Calif, to Wash, and Idaho
This fine species forms a group by itself. It has a very
large bulb, a stout almost leafless st.; and a large fl.
of an exquisite pale lavender, banded down the back
with green. Petals long, narrow and pointed.
BBB. Caps, linear, not winged or prominently angled.
36. flavus, Schult. f. (Cyclobdthra flava, Lindl.).
St. slender, 1-2 ft., forked: Ivs. 2 or 3 below the
41
fork, linear, long-acuminate: fls. yellow, upright;
petals and sepals acute, rhombic-oblong, with a darker
somewhat hairy gland, the petals hairy and usually
denticulate. Mex.
37. Bonplandianus, Schult. f. (C. purpureus, Baker.
Cyclobdthra purpiirea, Sweet). Rather stout, 3 ft.:
st.-lvs. short, acuminate-lanceolate: fls. yellow and pur-
ple: the sepals with a purple pit and the petals purple
outside: gland naked. Mex. CARL PURDY
L. H. B.
CALODENDRUM (Greek, beautiful tree). Palladia,
Houtt, which is the older name. Rutacex. One of the
handsomest deciduous trees at the Cape of Good Hope;
cultivated in northern greenhouses, and outdoors in
southern California and southern Florida.
The great panicles of white or flesh-colored fls. are
sometimes 7 in. across and 6 in. deep. It is a symmetri-
cal tree, with attractive evergreen foliage and many
interesting features. Called "wild chestnut" in Afr.
Prop, by cuttings of half-ripened wood under glass in
heat. A monotypic genus.
capensis, Thunb. CAPE CHESTNUT. Height in Afr.
70 ft. : branches opposite, or in 3's: Ivs. simple, decussate,
ovate, obtuse retuse or acute, parallel-nerved, 4-5 in.
long, studded with oil-cysts, which look like translucent
spots when held to the light: panicles terminal; peduncles
usually trichotomous; calyx deciduous; petals 5, linear-
oblong, 1 % in. long, 2 lines wide, sprinkled with purple
glands; stamens 10, 5 alternate, sterile, and petaloid:
seeds 2 in each cell, larger than a hazelnut, black and
shining. G.C. II. 19:217. Also written Calodendron
capense.
CALONYCTION (Greek, referring to the beauty
of the flower, and the night-blooming habit). Con-
volvulacese. MOONFLOWER. Twining perennial herbs
with large night-blooming flowers.
Flowers white or purple, fragrant, showy; sepals 5,
the outer ones with horn-like tips; corolla salver-
form, the limb more or less flat, the tube very long
and not dilated at the throat; stamens 5, exserted;
style capitate and obscurely 2-lobed; ovules 4: Ivs.
broadj alternate. Three species in Trop. Amer., two
of which are widely cult. By some, the genus is united
with Ipomcea, but it is well distinguished by the salver-
form rather than funnelform or bell-shaped corolla, by
the exserted stamens and style, and by the night-
blooming habit.
aculeatum, House (C. specidsum, Choisy. Ipomaba
Bdna-ndx, Linn.). Mo9NFLOWER. Fig. 750. St. 10-20
ft. high, with milky juice: Ivs. 3-8 in. long, cordate to
hastate, angular or 3-lobed, acute, glabrous: peduncles
2-6 in. long, 1-7-fld., equaling the petioles; corolla 3-6
in. long, 3-^3 in. wide, trumpet-shaped, white, some-
times with greenish plaits;
fls.fragrant,usually closing
in the morning, sometimes
remaining open till noon.
Aug., Sept. B.M. 752. B.R.
11:889, 917 (as Ipomcea
latiflora). Gn. 21, p. 259;
27, p. 473. V. 10:359.
Known in gardens chiefly
as Ipomcea Bona-nox var.
grandiflora, Hort. (/.
grandiflora, Roxbg. and
Hort., not Lam.), which
does not differ materially
from the type. Most of
the large-fld. and very
fragrant forms in cult.
may be referred here.
Var. grandifldrum, Hort.,
is sold under the following
names: Ipomoea Childsii,
750. Moonflower Calonyctioa
aculeatum.
636
CALONYCTION
CALOTHAMNUS
I. noctiphyton, I. noctiflora, I. mexicana grandiflora, I.
mexicana grandiflora alba, I. mexicana grandiflora vera.
These trade names represent strains of varying ex-
cellence. (C. grandiflorum, Choisy, is Ipomcea Tuba.) A
form with variegated Ivs. is offered. Var. heterophyllum,
has Ivs. 3-5-lobed and subhastate. The moonflower
is most popular as a garden plant, but it also does
well trained along the roof of a low house or against
a pillar. It is excellent for cut-fls. in the evening.
Little grown in the open N. because it does not
mature in the short seasons. It grows wild in swamps
and thickets in peninsular Fla., and is probably
indigenous there. Widespread in tropics of both
hemispheres.
muricatum, G. Don. (Convdlvulus muricatus, Linn.
Ipomoea muricdta, Jacq. Calonyction speciosum var.
muricatum, Choisy). Fls. purple, smaller than those of
C. speciosum, the
tube very slender
and the expanded
partof the tubenot
over 3 in. broad.
Tropical regions;
extensively cult,
in Japan and
India, and often
seen in American
conservatories.
C. tastense. House
(Ipomcea tastense,
Brandeg.) , is the third
speciesof Calonyction.
It is native to Lower
Calif., and not in
cult. C. grandifldrum,
C h o i s y. =1 p o m ce a
Tuba - L. H. B.
CALOPHACA
(Greek, kalos,
beautiful, ana
phaka, lentil).
Leguminbsse. Or-
namental plants
cultivated chiefly
for their bright
yellow flowers ap-
pearing in sum-
mer.
Deciduous
shrubs or herbs,
with alternate,
odd-pinnate, pub-
escent, and often
glandular Ivs.:
stipules scarious
or herabceous, adnate to the petiole: fls. papili-
onaceous, solitary or in racemes; calyx tubular with 5
nearly equal teeth; standard upright; wings oblong,
free, as long as keel; ovary sessile with many ovules:
pod pubescent and glandular, cylindrical. About 10
species from S. Russia to E. India.
The two cultivated species are low, prostrate shrubs,
with grayish green foliage, and rather large yellow
flowers in erect axillary racemes, followed by decorative
reddish pods. They prefer a well-drained soil and sunny
position, and are well adapted for borders of shrubberies
and sandy or rocky slopes. Propagated by seeds sown
in spring; the young seedlings should have plenty of
light and air, as they are very liable to damp-off if kept
too moist and shady. Sometimes grafted high on Cara-
gana or Laburnum, forming a very attractive small
standard tree with pendulous branches.
wolgarica, Fisch. Fig. 751. Two to 3 ft.: pubescent
and glandular: Ifts. 11-17, roundish-ovate or oval, Yy-
3^in. long: racemes long -ped uncled, with 4-7 fls.;
corolla over %in. long. June, July. S. Russia, Turkes-
751.
Calophaca
wolgarica.
(XH)
tan. C. grandifldra, Regel, is similar, but Ifts. 17-25:
racemes 10-16-fld.; corolla 1 in. long. S. Russia. Gt.
35:1231. ALFRED REHDER.
CALOPHYLLUM (Greek, beautiful-leaved). Guttif-
eracese. Woody plants of the Old World and American
tropics, with shining leathery leaves, sometimes planted
South.
Leaves parallel- veined at right angles to the midrib:
fls. polygamous in many axillary or terminal clusters;
sepals and petals 4-12, in 2-3 series; stamens very nu-
merous: fr. a drupe with a single erect seed. Sixty
species. Closely related to Garcinia, which, however,
has only 4-8 sepals.
In India, several species are of considerable economic
importance, especially C. ionophyllum, which is the
source of a gum, and the seeds of which contain the
well-known domba oil used extensively for lighting
purposes. They must be grown in a warmhouse and in
a rich well-aerated soil.
Calaba, Jacq. CALABA TREE. A tree, to 60 ft.: Ivs.
variable, dark glossy green, 3-10 in long. : fls. in axillary
racemes, white, rarely produced in cult., the petals
about 3 lines long: fr. about 1 in. diam. W. Indies,
perhaps intro. from the Old World. Timber and oil.
inophyllum, Linn. A medium-sized tree, with gray
smooth bark: Ivs. 4-8 in. long, 3-4 in. wide, shin-
ing on both surfaces: racemes in the upper axils,
the fls. about %in. diam. and pure white; inner
sepals petal-like: fr. about 1 in. diam., yellow,
smooth, almost fleshy. Trop. Asia. N. TAYLOR.
CALOPOGON (Greek, beautiful beard, in allusion
to the fringed or bearded lip). Orchidacese. A very
attractive native orchid, sometimes planted in bog-
gardens and rock-gardens.
Flowers magenta-crimson, varying to white, in a loose
raceme on a naked scape; sepals and petals all distinct
and spreading, the lip narrow at base but broader and
hairy above; column winged at summit, not attached
to other parts; pollinia 2 in each anther cell. One
species, in bogs and moist meadows, Newfoundland to
Fla. and westward. Cathea is an older name, but, be-
cause of its general acceptance, Caloppgon is retained
in the "nomina conservanda" of the Vienna code.
A moist and shaded position and very porous soil
are most suitable for this pretty plant, although it may
do admirably in a rock-garden only slightly shaded at
midday if the plants are watered very freely every day
during hot or dry weather. Propagated by offsets,
separated from the old tubers, but the old established
plants should not be disturbed very often. Collected
clumps of many native orchids are offered at very
reasonable figures, and these give immediate results,
while the small offsets would not be strong enough to
flower for several years, and require much attention
during the first year, or perhaps longer (J. B. Keller).
pulchellus, R. Br. (Limoddrum tuberbsum, Linn., in
part). Height 12-18 in., from a solid bulb or corm,
bearing a single grass-like If. at the base: scape 2-12-
fld.; lip bearded with white, yellow, and purple club-
shaped hairs; pretty. G.F. 10:505. J.H. III. 35:45.
B.M. 116. L. H. B.f
CALOSCORDUM: Nothoscordum.
CALOTHAMNUS (Greek, beautiful bush). Myr-
tacese. Australian shrubs (more than twenty species)
somewhat similar to Callistemon but more graceful in
habit; evergreen greenhouse subjects, and hardy out-
of-doors in California.
Leaves long, alternate: fls. showy, usually red, in
lateral clusters; stamens united in bundles opposite
the petals; anthers erect, attached by the base, oblong
or linear; cells parallel, turned inwards, opening by
longitudinal slits. For cult., see Callistemon.
CALOTHAMNUS
CALYCANTHUS
637
quadrifidus, R. Br. Height 2-4 ft. : Ivs. narrow, terete
or slightly flattened, heath-like, glandular-dotted : fls.
rich crimson, 4-merous; calyx 2-lobed in fr.; staminal
bundles nearly equal, of 15-20 or more filaments.
W. Austral. B.M. 1506.
C. rupfstris, Schau. Evergreen shrub, the branches densely
covered with needle-like small Ivs.: fls. in small clusters on previous
year's growth; stamens with crimson filaments and yellow anthers.
S.M. 7906. j BURTT DAVY.
CALOTROPIS (from Greek words referring to the
beauty of parts of the flower). Asclepiadacese. Milk-
weed-like shrubs, or small trees, grown in the Ameri-
can tropics and one species offered in southern Cali-
fornia.
Branching, glabrous or tomentpse-canescent: Ivs.
opposite, subsessile, broad: fls. with 5-parted calyx
glandular inside; corolla bell-shaped or somewhat
rotate, 5-parted with broad lobes; crown of 5 narrow
fleshy scales adnate to the staminal tube and free and
recurved at the base; pollinia solitary in each cell,
obovate-oblong and compressed, hanging from the
apex: fr. short horned gibbous acuminate pods mostly
in pairs; seeds with silky hairs. Three species in Trop.
Asia and Afr., sometimes grown under glass in col-
lections but in this country practically confined to the
tropics. The bark of C. gigantea produces a strong
fiber, and the acrid milky juice dries into a substance like
gutta-percha. The silk on the seeds is used in fabrics
by natives; that of C. procera is said to be exported
from the Cape Verde Isls. as kapok (kapok is usually
from the ceiba or silk-cotton tree).
gigantea, R. Br. (Asclepias gigantea, Willd.). GIANT
MILKWEED. Tree-like, 8-15 ft., with pale bark and
woolly shoots: Ivs. obovate to broad wedge-shaped,
entire, woolly beneath: fls. rose and purple, in simple
or compound umbels with involucrate scales, the
corolla-segms. bent downwards and twisted with age:
fr. 3-4 in. long; seeds broadly ovate. B.R. 58. India,
and planted or escaped in W. Indies.
procera, Dry. (Asclepias procera, Ait.). Shrub or
bush, to 15 ft. : Ivs. more oblong and acute than those of
C. gigantea, grayish: fls. white and purple in long-
peduncled cottony umbels; corolla-lobes erect: fr.
4-5 in. long, recurved; seeds ovoid. B.R. 1792. India.
Offered in S. Calif., and said to be known in Porto
Rico as Algodon de seda. L. H. B.
CALPURNIA (after Calpurnius, an imitator of Virgil,
because these plants are allied to Virgilia). Legumi-
nosse. Trees and shrubs from tropical and southern
Africa, cultivated out-of-doors in southern California
and other subtropical regions.
Leaves odd-pinnate with numerous Ifts.: racemes
long, axillary and terminal, the peduncles often panicu-
late, giving rise to a splendid showy infl. ; fls. yellow, the
calyx bell-shaped; petals pea-like: pods membranous-
winged on one side, often flattish. Ten species.
sylvdtica, Mey. Shrub, 6-10 ft. high: Ivs. 2-6 in.
long; Ifts. in 3-10 pairs, membranous, obovate-ellip-
tical, retuse or obtuse: fls. ^in. long; ovary glabrous.
Caffraria. Also rarely cult. N. as a greenhouse shrub.
lasiogyne, Mey. (C. aurea, Benth.). A taller shrub,
very rarely tree-like, with larger evergreen lys., more
coriaceous, more pubescent, and exactly elliptical or
oblong Ifts: fls. racemose, much like Laburnum, appear-
ing in winter, as do the fls. of most S. African plants.
The silky ovary at once distinguishes it. Natal.
N. TAYLOR.f
CALTHA (Latin name of the marigold). Ranuncu-
lacese. Beautiful hardy blooming marsh plants, the
largest and best of which are used about water-gardens
and moist parts of borders.
Succulent perennial herbs, glabrous, with a fascicle
of strong, fibrous roots: Ivs. simple, rather rounded-
cordate at base: fls. yellow, white or pink; sepals large,
deciduous, petal-like; petals none; stamens numerous:
carpels sessile, becoming follicles, with 2 rows of seeds.
About 10 species of temperate and frigid regions.
Monogr. by G. Beck, in Kaiserlich-Konigliche Zool.
Bot. GeseUschaft (Vienna, 1886), 36:347-363; E. Huth,
Monogr. in Helios 9:69-74.
Calthas flourish best in wet places near running
water. Though naturally bog-plants, they succeed ad-
mirably well in an ordinary border in rather rich soil.
They should be introduced more liberally into the
flower-garden, where they bloom very freely year after
year, and usually mature a second quite abundant
crop of bloom in the fall. The flowers last a long time
in water, and sell readily in the cut-flower market.
The propagation is naturally accomplished by roots
and by seed. The roots divide easily and several of the
species send out rootstalks. The divisions may be made
best in late fall or mild winter weather. If seeds are
used, they must be fresh and given a moist, cool place
in partial shade.
bifl6ra, DC. No true st.: scape slender, usually 2-
fld. : Ivs. as in C. palustris: sepals 6-9, nearly white or
sometimes bluish : follicles at maturity distinctly stalked .
Spring. Calif, to Alaska.
leptosgpala, DC. Stout scape, 8-12 in. : Ivs. all basal
or barely 1 on st.; nerves at base nearly parallel, other-
wise like those of C. biflora: sepals 7-10, oblong, becom-
ing narrower, white: fls. solitary: follicles scarcely
stalked. May, June. Alaska to Wash, and Colo. Gn.
30:340.
palustris, Linn. MARSH MARIGOLD. St. hollow, 1-2
ft., branching, several-fld. : Ivs. cordate or reniform, den-
tate, crenate or entire: fls. bright yellow, 1-2 in. broad;
sepals 5 or 6, rarely 7: follicles compressed, J^in. long.
Apr .-June. Wet ground. Carolinas to Canada and west-
ward. Gt. 47, p. 630. Gn. 59, p. 166. Used before flow-
ering in the spring as "cowslip greens." Var. monstrosa-
pleno, Hort. (vaT.fldre-pleno, Hort.). An improvement
on the above: fls. larger, of greater substance, and often
much doubled. Very beautiful. Var. Tyermanii, Hort.
A dwarf form with golden fls. G.M. 52:415.
polypetala, Hochst. Two ft. high: Ivs. 10^12 in.
across: fls. 3 in. across. Caucasus and Asia Minor.
The plant spreads rapidly by stolons and may thus be
easily prop. Gn. 69, p. 269.
C. data, Duthie. Fls. smaller than in C. palustris, golden yellow
with orange-colored filaments and black anthers. Himalaya. Gn. W.
21:666,desc. K- DAVIS.
CALTROPS: Trapa.
CALVOA (apparently a personal name). Melas-
tomdcese. A half-dozen or more herbs and shrubs in
Trop. Afr., often succulent, with terete or 4-angled
branches, enlarged nodes, long-petioled ovate 3-5-
nerved Ivs., and red, rosy or violet fls. in scorpioid
cymes. None of them is likely to be in commerce for
cult., although C. orientalis, Taub., is known in botanic
gardens. It is a small shrub with 4-angled sts. produc-
ing aerial roots: Ivs. nearly ovate, shining green and
veined red at the base, the petioles red: fls. red, becom-
ing violet, less than %in. across.
CALYCANTHUS (Kalyx and anthos, flower; the calyx
is large and conspicuous). Syn. Butneria. Calycanthacese.
CAROLINA ALLSPICE. SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB. Orna-
mental shrubs, cultivated chiefly for their fragrant
flowers.
Winter-buds small, without bud-scales, hidden by the
base of petiole before the Ivs. fall: Ivs. opposite, petioled,
entire: fls. with numerous imbricate sepals and no dis-
tinct petals; stamens many, short with innate anthers;
Eistils many, inclosed in a hollow receptacle: fr. caps.-
ke, formed like the rose-hip by the calyx-tube and
containing numerous achenes. Four species in N.
Amer.
638
CALYCANTHUS
CALYPSO
These are deciduous shrubs of aromatic fragrance,
with opposite rather large leaves usually rough above
and brown or brownish usually fragrant flowers,
terminal on leafy branchlets followed by a large capsule-
like dry fruit. Except C. occidentalis, the species are
hardy or nearly hardy North. They grow in almost
752. Calycanthus
floridus.
any well-drained and somewhat rich soil, and succeed
as well in shady as in sunny positions. Propagated by
seeds sown in spring; also increased by layers put down
in summer, and by suckers or division of older plants.
A. Lvs. densely pubescent beneath.
floridus, Linn. Fig. 752. Three to 6 ft.: Ivs. oval or
broad-ovate, acuminate, dark green above, pale or
grayish green beneath, 1K~3 in. long: fls. dark reddish
brown, fragrant, about 2 in. broad. Va. to Fla. B.M.
503. Gn. 21, p. 184; 33, p. 392. This species is much
cult, for its very fragrant fls. and is the hardiest
of all. Var. ovatus, Lav. (C. ovdtus, Ait.). Lvs. ovate
to ovate-oblong, rounded or subcordate at the base.
L.I. 24.
AA. Lvs. glabrous beneath or nearly so: fls. slightly or not
fragrant.
fertilis, Walt. (C. ferax, Michx. C. Uevigdtus, Willd.
C. nana, Loisel.). Three to 6 ft.: Ivs. usually elliptic or
oblong, acute or acuminate, green beneath, 2-5^ in.
long: fls. reddish brown, 13^ in. broad; anthers oblong:
fr. ovoid, contracted at the mouth as in the preceding
species. Alleghanies; from Ga. to N. C. and Ala. B.R.
6:481. Roots, Ivs. and bark used for their antiperiodic
properties. Fr. said to be poisonous to sheep. Var.
glaucus, Schneid. (C. glaucus, Willd.). Fig. 753. Lvs.
usually ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, glaucous
beneath: fls. paler. B.R. 5:404. Var. oblongifolius,
Nutt., with oblong-lanceolate Ivs. glaucous beneath.
occidentalis, Hook. & Arn. (C. macrophyllus, Hort.).
To 12 ft.: Ivs. usually rounded at the base, ovate or
oblong-ovate, green beneath and sometimes slightly
pubescent, 4-6 in. long: fls. light brown, 3 in. broad;
anthers linear: fr. campanulate, not contracted at the
mouth. Calif. B.M. 4808. F.S. 11:1113. R.H. 1854:
341. Gn. 33, p. 392.,
C. Mdhrii, Small. -Shrub, 2-6 ft.: Iva. ovate to oblong-ovate at
the base, rounded to subcordatfr or broadly euneate, densely pubes-
cent beneath, 2-7 in. long: fls. purple, fragrant, more than 2 in.
across. Tenn. and Ala. Little-known species, very similar to C.
floridus var. ovatus, but the fr. campanulate and not contracted at
the mouth. It has proved hardy at the Arnold Arboretum. C.
priecox, Linn.=Meratia pracox. ALFRED REHDER.
CALYCOCARPUM (Greek, cup-fruit, alluding to the
stone). Menispermdcese. A tall-climbing vine: genus
monotypic. C. Lyonii, Nutt., in rich woods, Ky. to
Kans. and south: woody twiner: Ivs. large and broad,
simple, deeply palmately 3-5-lobed, the lobes pointed:
fls. small, greenish, in long racemose panicles, in May
and June : fr. a globular drupe, the stone or pit hollowed
out on one side, ripe in Aug.
CALYCOTOME (Kalyx, and tome, a section or cut;
calyx looks as if cut off). Leguminosse. Ornamental
shrubs chiefly grown for their profusely produced
yellow flowers; also used for low hedges.
Leaves 3-foliolate, without stipules: fls. papiliona-
ceous; calyx turbinate, truncate, colored; standard
upright; keel obtuse, curved, shorter than standard;
stamens 10 with the filaments connate; ovary sessile,
many-ovuled: pod linear-oblong, along the upper
suture winged or strongly thickened, 2-valved. Five
species in the Medit. region.
Calyco tomes are low spiny shrubs with small 3-folio-
late deciduous leaves and fascicled or solitary yellow
papilionaceous flowers. Hardy only in warmer tem-
perate regions. They prefer a sunny position and well-
drained soil. For propagation, see Cytisus.
villosa, Link. Two to 4 ft. : branchlets grayish tomen-
tose: Ifts. obovate to oblong-obovate, densely silky
beneath, under Kin. long: fls. %in. long, 3 or more,
fascicled: pod villous. May, June. It is excellent for
dense low hedges.
spindsa, Link. Closely allied, but somewhat larger
in every part, and with glabrous branchlets and pods:
fls. solitary or few. B.R. 32:55. ALFRED REHDER.
CALYPSO (from the Greek goddess, whose name sig-
nifies concealment; referring to its rarity and beauty).
OrchidacesB. One of the rarest and most prized native
orchids.
A delicate bog-plant, 3-4 in. high, with a small bulb,
1 roundish or ovate striated If., and 1 pink fl. with a
spotted sac. For culture, see Calopogon; but more diffi-
cult to grow than that plant. A monotypic genus.
bulbosa, Oakes. Fig. 754. Lf. an inch wide and long:
scape 3-4 in. high, with about 3 sheaths; sepals and
petals similar, ascending, lanceolate, acuminate, pink;
lip larger than the rest of the fl., with brown spots in
lines and purple and yellow markings, woolly-hairy
753. Calycanthus lertilis
var. glaucus. ( X H)
CALYPSO
CAMASSIA
639
within; column petal-like, ovate, bearing the lid-like
anther just below the apex. Maine to Minn, and N.;
also Eu. Abundant in parts of Ore. and Wash. B.M.
2763. G.C. II. 16:656.
CALYPTROGYNE (from calyptra, hidden, and gyne,
woman, in allusion to the half-hidden gynoecium).
Palmacese, tribe Geonbmese. Short, almost completely
stemless and unarmed palms with unequally pinnate
terminal leaves.
Stems frequently stoloniferous, when present, ringed
below: Ivs. numerous, often with the pinnate segms.
joined together, in extreme youth 4-parted instead of
bi-partite as in most related genera; Ifts. somewhat
irregularly disposed on the rachis, broadly or narrowly
scythe-shaped, running at the tip to an abrupt point,
at the base revolute; petiole very short or practically
none: spadix simple or sometimes branched at the base,
long-stalked; spathes 2; fls. a little unequal, with 3
sepals, 3 petals and 6 stamens, the style half immersed
in the spadix: fr. oblong or obovoid, 1-seeded. About
4 species, all from Trop. N. Amer. From Geonoma, a
near relative and horticulturally a much more impor-
tant genus, Calyptrpgyne is distinguished only by the
almost stemless habit, and the purely technical charac-
ter of having prominently arrow-shaped anthers. In
Geonoma the anthers are pendulous, but not
sagittate.
Calyptrogynes are handsome palms, seldom seen out-
side of large collections. Special care must be given to
the soil so that it will be sweet and porous, especially
after the plants leave the seed-pan. Well-drained pots
and a little charcoal mixed with the soil, and the plants
kept in a uniformly moist state, are conditions essential
to the healthy growth of the plants. In this genus, C.
Ghiesbreghtiana is the most widely known species,
another garden name for which is Geonoma Verschaffeltii.
These are shade-loving palms, having leaves of compara-
tively thin texture, and consequently are subject to
attacks of red spider unless properly cared for in regard
to moisture. Calyptrogynes are most useful in a small
state, old plants in general being rather leggy and poorly
furnished. (G. W. Oliver and W. H. Taplin.)
754. Calypso borealis.
glatica, H. Wendl. (Gednoma glauca, Oerst.). Practi-
cally stemless: Ivs. 4-5 ft. long, the sheathing petiole
brownish, about 1 ft. long; Ifts. numerous, about 2-3
in. apart, with 4 principal nerves, and scarcely any
secondary ones:
spadix simple, dif-
fering from the
following species
in which the
spadix is often
branched, 2-3 ft.
long, the pistillate
fls. half hidden in
tiny pits. Cent.
Amer. G.C. III.
30:179. Not a
common species,
but young plants
are specially at-
tractive.
Ghiesbregh-
tiana, H. W T endl.
(Gednoma Ghies-
breghtiana, Lindl.
& H. Wendl. G.
magmfica and G.
Verschaffeltii,
Hort.). St. short
or almost none:
petiole 5 ft. long:
Ivs. elongate-oval;
segms. in 6 pairs,
unequal, almost
opposite, rather
remote, lanceo-
late, very long-
acuminate, fal-
cate, the 2 upper-
most on each side
very wide: spadix
often branched
below, the fls. half hidden in tiny pits. Chiapas, Mex.
B.M. 5782.
C. starapigu&nsis, H. Wendl. St. short: Ivs. 6 ft. long. Costa Rica.
G.C. III. 29:217, desc. C. spicigera, H. Wendl. St. evident: Ivs.
irregularly pinnate, 3 ft. or less long, the stalks flat on upper side.
Guatemala. C. Swdrtzii, Hort., is a Geonoma. j^ TAYLOR
CALYPTROSTfGMA. Diervilla Middendorffiana.
CALYSTEGIA: Conwlwlu*.
CAMAROTIS (a vault, in reference to the cavity in the
apex of the lip). Orchidacex. Epiphytic hothouse orchids.
Stems elongated, with short Ivs., and many-fld.
racemes: sepals and petals similar, spreading; lip
spurred, 3-lobed; rostellum and anther beaked; poll in i a
2, upon long thin sjtipes. Species 2, in E. India.
rostrata, Reichb. (C. purpiirea, Lindl. Sarchochllus
purpitreus, Benth.). Fig. 755. Sts. 2-3 ft. long, climb-
ing: Ivs. oblong-linear, bifid at apex, 3-4 in. long:
racemes longer than Ivs.; fls. crowded, about 1 in.
diam., rose-purple, the lip somewhat darker. India.
P.M. 7:25. A scarce plant, now offered in American
lists. Free-growing plant with aerial roots similar to
some epidendrums. The treatment accorded to the
vandas and saccolabiums with similar roots will suit
the camarotis. GEORGE V. NASH.
CAMASSIA (Quamash or Camass is the Indian
name). Sometimes written Quamasia. Liliacese.
CAMASS. West American spring-flowering bulbs.
Leaves all radical, long-lance-shaped, sheathing,
from a true bulb that is pointed and with a rounded
rather flattened base: sts. erect, 2-3 ft., bearing many
bracted blossoms that open from the bottom of the
raceme upward, in long succession: fls. blue, purple,
white or cream, with 6 spreading 3-7-nerved segms.,
755. Camarotis rostrata.
640
CAMASSIA
CAMASSIA
6 thread-like filaments, filiform style, and 3-angled,
3-valved, several-seeded caps. Five or 6 species in
the temperate regions of W. N. Amer. from Cent.
Calif, to Brit. Col. and east to Texas and Ark. They
have resemblances to Scilla, but are much handsomer.
The bulbs produce no offsets unless wounded. All the
756. Camassia Cusickii. (fls.
species vary greatly in width of Ivs., size and number
of fls., so that definite figures mean little. The large
bulb and broad bluish lys. of C. Cusickii, the heavy
St., regular fls., and twisted old segms. of C. Leicht-
linii, the irregular fl. and drooping segms. of C. Quamash,
and the time of flowering of C. Howellii, are good gen-
eral characters to distinguish them.
Camassias are natives of rich meadows, very wet in
winter and spring but dry in summer. Water often
stands on the surface at flowering time. While the very
best success can perhaps be attained by giving them a
rather heavy soil with abundant moisture in the early
season, they are most amenable to cultivation and
thrive in any loam (only avoiding too rank manures),
and they are perfectly hardy. They have been thor-
oughly tested throughout the region from Illinois east.
Plant in early fall, from 3 to 4 inches apart and 3 to 6
inches deep, and do not disturb thereafter. As cut-
flowers, they are excellent as they open in long succes-
sion. Seeds grow readily, but from three to four years
are required to make flowering plants.
Cfcsickii, Wats. Fig. 756. Bulbs very large (weigh-
ing 4-8 ozs.) : Ivs. numerous, broad, glaucous, somewhat
undulate (15 in. long by 1J^ in. wide): st. often 3 ft.
high: fls. 30^-100, very pale delicately blue; segms.
spreading, crinkled at base, faintly 3-5-nerved. Ore.
G.F. 1:174 (adapted in Fig. 756). The very large
bulb and broader and more numerous Ivs. easily dis-
tinguish this species. Very easily grown.
Quamash, Greene (C. esculenta, Lindl.). COMMON
CAMASS. Fig. 757. This species varies greatly; some
forms are low and slender, others 2-3 ft. high, stout and
many-fld.; it can be distinguished by the irregular per-
ianth in which 5 segms. are more or less on one side and
1 on the other: Ivs. %in. broad or less: fls. 10-40, varying
from almost white to intense ultramarine in the varieties;
segms. 3-5-nerved and a little longer than the stamens,
narrow and channeled at the base; pedicels not exceed-
ing the fls.: caps, ovate-oblong, obtuse, transversely
veined. Calif, to Utah and north to Brit. Col. B.R.
1486. F.S. 3:275. Gn. 46:338 and p. 339. Bulb
cooked and eaten by the Indians. The fls. vary to
white. The large ultramarine form is the one in the
trade. The withered segments fall down about the
pedicel irregularly.
Leichtlinii, Wats. Stout, often 3 ft. or even more in
height: fls. white, cream-colored, blue or purple, nearly
regular; stamens and style ascending; segms. broad and
flattened at the base, usually 5-7-nerved: caps, oblong-
ovate, emarginate, obliquely veined. The withered
segms. of the perianth twist about the caps, like
bonbons; this is an infallible distinctive mark of the
species. C. Leitchlinii is not common, but is distributed
from Mendocino Co., Calif., to Brit. Col. B.M. 6287
(as C. esculenta var. Leichtlinii, Baker). In Men-
docino Co., a clear blue form grows rarely in mountain
meadows. In the Umpqua Valley, Ore., the type is
clear cream approaching white. In the same region
and farther north, a very large deep blue or purple
form is found, while in Brit. Col., the cream-colored
form again appears but is rare. At their best, the sts.
are stiff and heavy, the fls. large and many, and the
masses of bloom approach the Eremurus in beauty and
are even finer in separate fls. C. Leichtlinii is the finest
of all camassias. Several color forms are described, as
var. atrovioldcea, deep purple, and others.
HSwellii, Wats. Bulb rather small: Ivs. few, 1 ft.
long and less than M m - wide: st. often 2 ft. high, many-
fld., with spreading pedicels twice or more the length
of the linear
bracts: fls. pale
purple, opening in
the afternoon, the
segms. J^in. long,
3-5-nerved; pedi-
cels longer than
the fls.: caps,
small, broadly
ovate and very
obtuse. S. Ore.
Intro, by Pilking-
ton & Co., 1892.
esculenta, Rob-
ins. (C. Fraseri,
Torr.). Scape 12-
18 in. high: Ivs.
keeled : fls. light
blue, smaller than
in C. Quamash;
segms. 3-nerved ;
pedicels mostly
longer than fls.Pa.,
west and south.
B.M. 1574 (as
Scilla esculenta) .
Var. angusta
(C. angusta,
Hort.). Very slen-
der, and Ivs. nar-
rower ( J^in . wide) :
fls. smaller, H or
J^in. long. La.
and Ark. to Texas.
CARL PURDY.
CAMELLIA
CAMELLIA
641
759. Camellia
japonica
Lucida.
CAMELLIA (after George Joseph Kamel or Camellus,
a Moravian Jesuit, who traveled in Asia in the seven-
teenth century). Ternstrcemiaceae. CAMELLIA. Woody
plants, chiefly grown for their showy white or red
flowers and also for their handsome evergreen foliage.
Evergreen trees or shrubs with alternate short-peti-
oled serrate Ivs. and large terminal or axillary white or
red fls. followed by
subglobose woody
caps.: fls. sessile, up-
right; sepals many,
imbricate, deciduous;
petals 5 or more;
stamens numerous,
more or less connate;
ovary 3-5-celled,
with slender styles
connate, at least be-
758.- Camellia
japonica
Abby Wilder.
low: fr. a dehiscent caps.,
with few large subglobose
seeds. About 10 species
in tropical and subtropical
Asia. Often united with
Thea, which differs in its
nodding and stalked fls.
with a persistent calyx
consisting of 5 nearly equal sepals. There is
a monograph of this genus by Seemann in
Trans. Linn. Soc. 22:337-352 (1859) and by
Kochs in Engler Bot. Jahrb. 27:577-634
(1900). Illustrated monographs of the horti-
cultural varieties are: Curtis, Monogr. of the
genus Camellia (1819); Baumann, Bollweiler
Camelliensammlung (1828); Chandler,
Camelliese (1831); Berlese, Monogr. du genre
Camellia a (1839); Verschaffelt, Nouvelle
Monographic du Camellia (1848-1860): the
last with 576 and the previous one with 300
colored plates.
Camellias grow like natives on sandy lands
and even on high pine land in central Florida,
but they flower best in half-shady somewhat
moist places. The half-double varieties of
Camellia japonica do best, while the very
double kinds often drop their buds entirely. The flow-
ers suffer very much from the sun and cannot be grown
much farther south than central Florida. Camellia
Sasanqua, single, half-double and double kinds, grow
much more satisfactorily than the varieties of C. ja-
ponica. They begin to flower late in October and early
November, and the double white C. Sasanqua is a
mass of pure white usually at Christmas time. All
the varieties of C. Sasanqua have somewhat fragrant
flowers. C. reticulata does equally well in Florida. It is
very distinct in foliage from the two former species
which have glossy leaves, while the leaves of C. reticu-
lata are dull green. All the camellias are extremely
slow growers if not carefully cultivated and fertilized.
A mulch of old cow-manure, now and then a little
commercial fertilizer, and thorough watering during
the dry season several times a week start the bushes
into a vigorous and healthy growth. They are so ex-
tremely beautiful when in flower that all the care given
them is well repaid. (H. Nehrling.)
A. Ovary and Ivs. perfectly glabrous.
japonica, Linn. (Thea japonica, Nois.). Figs. 758-
761. Shrub or tree, sometimes to 40 ft., glabrous: Ivs
very shining and dark green above, ovate or elliptic,
acuminate, sharply serrate, 2-4 in. long: fls. red in the
type, 3-5 in. across; petals 5-7, roundish. China,
Japan. B.M. 42. S.Z. 82. F.S. 20:2121. S.I.F. 1:73.
Gn. 24, p. 411; 28, p. 203; 36, p. 241. Var. alba, Lodd.
Fls. white. L.B.C. 7:636. Gn. 54, p. 243. J.H. III.
54:227; 64:397. Var. alba-plena, Lodd. Fls. white,
double. L.B.C. 3:269. Gn. 53, p. 244. Var. anemonifldra,
Curtis. Fls. red, with 5 large petals, the stamens
changed into numerous smaller and narrow petals;
the whole fl. resembling that of a double anemone.
L.B.C. 537. B.M. 1654. Gn. 44, p. 329. Var. magno-
liaefldra, Hort. Fls. pale rose, semi-double, with 12-15
petals rather narrow and half upright. Gn. 76, p. 31.
Var. apucaeformis, Rehd. (C. apucseformis, Jacob-
Mackoy). Lvs. bifid at the apex. For the numerous
other garden forms, see the above-mentioned mono-
graphs; also, Flore des Serres, L'lllustration Horticole,
and other older horticultural publications contain a
large number of varieties with illustrations.
AA. Ovary and Ivs. on the midrib above pubescent.
reticulata, Lindl. (Thea reticulata, Pierre). Large
shrub, glabrous: Ivs. dull green, not shining above,
reticulate, flat, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, serrate, 3-5
in. long: fls. 5-7 in. across, purplish rose; petals 15-20,
obovate, loosely arranged. China. B.R. 13:1078. B.M.
2784. P.M. 3:101. G.M. 35: suppl. Apr. 2. F.W.
1880:321. G. 25:59. Var. plena, Hort. Fls. with twice
as many petals, and more regularly arranged. B.M.
4976. F.S. 12:
1279-80.
Sasanqua,
Thunb. (Thea
Sasdnqua,Nois.).
Shrub of loose,
straggling habit,
and with the
branches pubes-
cent when
young: Ivs. ellip-
tic to oblong-
ovate, bluntly
pointed at the
apex, crenate-
760. Camellia
japonica
H. A. Downing.
761. Camellia
japonica
President Clark.
serrate, shining,
dark green ana
hairy on the midrib
above, 1-2 in. long:
fls. lJ^-2 in. across,
white; petals 5 or
more, obovate or
oblong. China, Ja-
pan. Gn. 54:142.
S.Z. 83 (except the
red vars.). S.I.F.
2:52. J.H. III. 43:
131. G.M. 36:51.
Runs into many forms. Var. semi-plena, Hort. Fls.
semi-double, white. B.R. 1:12; 13:1091. Var. anemo-
niflora, Seem. Fls. large, double, outer petals white,
inner ones much smaller, yellow. B.M. 5152. Var.
oledsa, Rehd. (Thea Sasdnqua var. oleosa, Pierre. C.
oleifera, Lindl.). Of more robust habit, with Ivs. and
the single white fls. larger than in the type. B.R. 11:
942. L.B.C. 11:1065. Var. Kissi, Rehd. (Thea Sasdn-
quav&r. Kissi, Pierre. C. Kissi, Wall.). Lvs. oval-oblong
to ovate, long-acuminate, to 3J^ in- long. Himalayas.
642
CAMELLIA
CAMPANULA
C. axillaris, Roxbg.=Gordonia anomala. C. cuspidata,
Hort.=Thea cuspidata. C. drupifera. Lour. Shrub, to 8 ft.: Ivs.
elliptic, long-acuminate: fls. \ l /i in. wide, fragrant, white, petals
obovate. Himalayas, India. L.B.C. 19:1815. C. euryoides, Lindl.
=Thea euryoides. C. euryoides, Hort.=Thea maliflora. C. hong-
kongensis. Seem. (Thea hongkongensis, Pierre). Tree with glabrous
branches: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, indistinctly serrate,
lustrous above, coriaceous, 31 in. long: fls. red, 2 in. across; petals
slightly emarginate; ovary pubescent. Hongkong. Trans. Linn.
Soc. 22:60. C. maliflora, Lindl.=Thea maliflora. C. rosifldra,
Hook.=Thea maliflora. C. sinensis, Kuntze=Thea sinensis. C.
spectabilis, Champ.=Tutcheria spectabilis. C. Thea, Link=Thea
Binensis - ALFRED REHDER.
CAMOENSIA (Louis Camoens, Portugese poet).
Leguminosse. Two species of climbing shrubs from W.
Trop. Afr., with digitately 3-foliolate Ivs., and large
papilionaceous fls. Calyx top-shaped; petals with long
claws, the standard orbicular or nearly so; stamens
free; ovary stipitate, with many ovules, the stigma small
and capitate: fr. a broad-linear flattened 2-valved pod.
C. maxima, Welw., has recently been offered by an
English firm. Described by Baker as "a magnificent
species" and by Bull as "one of the most gorgeously
beautiful of tropical climbers:" Ifts. pbovate-oblong,
5-6 in. long, cuspidate: fls. milk-white tinged with
gold and frilled on the edges of the petals, in short-
stalked 6-8-fld. axillary racemes; standard projecting
4 in. beyond the calyx, 3-4 in. broad; other petals
shorter and not more than 1 in. broad: pod 6-8 in.
long. Trans. Linn. Soc. 25:36. B.M. 7572. G.C. III.
20:597. L. H. B.
CAMPANULA (Latin, little bell, from the shape of
the corolla in some species). Campanuldceae. BELL-
FLOWER. HAREBELL. BLUEBELL. A large group of
attractively flowering herbs, containing some of the
most popular garden plants, especially of hardy her-
baceous perennials.
Annual, biennial or perennial, mostly the last, often
small and tufted: root-lvs. usually larger than the st.-
lys., and often of different shape and more or less tran-
sitory: fls. blue, violet or white, sometimes yellow;
calyx 5-fid; corolla 5-lobed or 5-fid; stamens 5, free;
filaments wide at the base, membranaceous; stigmas 3
or 5, filiform: caps. 3-5-valved, dehiscing on the sides
or (as in Fig. 762) at the base by 3-5 small valves;
seeds ovate, complanate or ovoid. Probably 250
species, nearly all in the northern hemisphere with the
center of distribution in the Medit. region; about a
dozen species are N. American. The species mostly
inhabit swamps or moist ground, or alpine and boreal
regions. Allied genera of garden
value are Adenophora, Jasione,
Lightfootia, Michauxia, Ostrowskia,
Phyteuma, Platycodon, Specularia,
Symphyandra, Trachelium, and
Wahlenbergia, in which genera
many species originally described
as campanulas may be sought. Of
these, perhaps the two best known
cases are Platycodon grandiflorum,
the "balloon flower," with its
characteristic inflated buds, dark
green, glossy, leathery Ivs.; and
Specularia Speculum (C. Speculum),
"Venus' looking-glass," a pretty
annual, which grows in the grain fields of S. Eu., and
is cult, for its violet fls. with a white eye. The calyx-
tube of Specularia is relatively much longer than in
any campanula. The most prominent campanulas now
in cult, seem to be the forms of C. Medium, C. carpat-
ica, C. persicifolia, C. pyramidalis, C. punctata, C.
pusilla (csespitosa), C. rotundifolia.
Botanically, campanulas fall into two important
groups, based on the presence or absence of calyx
appendages. The subgenus Medium has the appen-
dages, and Eucodon lacks them. These appendages are
often small and disguised. The genus may also be
762. Capsule of
Campanula with
basal dehiscence.
thrown into two broad groups based on the dehiscence,
the subgenus Medium with capsule opening near
the base, and Rapunculus with the openings near the
top. For the horticulturist, the most serviceable classi-
fication is based on the use that he makes of the plants,
whether as a garden vegetable, as border plants, or as
rock-garden or alpine subjects; and this is the division
attempted here. In cultivation, campanulas tend to
become taller and more robust, less hairy, more
branched, and more floriferous. Blue is the prevailing
color in the genus. A very few have white or yellowish
flowers, with no blue or violet forms. Any blue or
violet-flowered form is likely to have white varieties,
and double and semi-double forms are common in
three or four of the most popular species. All flowers
tend to become larger and more numerous on a stem.
In cultivation, the three-celled species are likely to
have five stigmas instead of three, and five-celled cap-
sules, often along with normally constructed flowers
on the same plant. The height is the most variable
feature of all, and in the scheme below C. carpatica, C.
punctata and forms of C. glomerata especially will seem
wrongly placed to many. But the characters used by
botanists are well-nigh useless to the gardener, and
nothing but a distinction of height can bring out
the two important cultural groups of campanulas.
For a recent garden monography of dwarf campanulas,
see Correvon, "The Garden," 59 (1901) pp. 276, 450;
60, pp. 51, 64, 111, 161, 218.
Cultivation. The genus Campanula is extraordi-
narily rich in flowering garden plants of merit. The
alpine section is distinguished by a charming grace
both in character of growth and size and bearing of
flowers. The peach-leaved class (C. persicifolia) is
characterized by the noble and beautiful form of single
and semi-double blossoms carried by thin erect stems
2-3 feet high. The luster and clearness of tints of the
bushy biennial Medium and calycanthema type are
remarkable, while the rambling habit and the marvelous
floriferousness of the varieties C. isophylla and its
descendant C. Mayii, indicate the wide range of orna-
mental usefulness of bellflowers. Considering the good
lasting qualities in a cut state and the great popularity
of the flowers of long-stemmed sorts for indoor decora-
tion, it is safe to say that campanulas will steadily gain
in importance as material upon the florists' counter as
well as for garden planting. The greatest curiosities
are C. punctata, C. macrostyla, C. Zoysii and C. rotundi-
folia var. soldanellse flora. For exhibition and for pot
culture and also for large single specimens, C. pyram-
idalis is most used. For edgings, C. carpatica is per-
haps the favorite. Of all wild forms, the best known
is certainly C. rotundifolia, the true harebell, or
"blue bells of Scotland." It is native in North Amer-
ica as well as in Europe, on rocky banks and shores.
Wherever rock-gardens are planned, alpine cam-
panulas have become indispensable. The greater part
of typical mountain inhabitants chiefly available
for this purpose being spring-flowering plants, the
summer flowers of campanulas are especially welcome.
One of the best bellflowers for rock-gardens is C.
carpatica, blue and white, with its var. compacta also in
blue and white, var. cselestina, sky blue, var. pelviformis,
light blue, and var. Riverslea with large dark-blue bells;
but there are a number of other very handsome species
possessing commercial value that deserve the atten-
tion of progressive growers. The demand is for a plant
material easy to handle, resistant and free-flowering.
As such may be recommended for rockeries, C. gargan-
ica and C. garganica var. hirsuta, both 4 inches high,
flowers light blue. C. pusilla, in white and blue, is
regarded as the hardiest low-growing alpine bellflower.
Excellent effect may be secured from a number of the
garden hybrids, when rightly employed; plantations of
C. Wilsonii, cross between C. pulla and C. turbinata,
dark blue, 6 inches tall, and C. Fergusonii and C. Hen-
CAMPANULA
CAMPANULA
643
dersonii, 12 to 18 inches, all blooming freely from
late in June to early August, are good examples. Cam-
panula glomerata var. acaulis, a clustered-flowering low-
growing form, violet-blue, June and July, answers the
same purpose, while C. glomerata var. dahurica, 12 to
18 inches, dark violet-blue and white, very free-flower-
ing, is valuable also as a border plant. Other good rock-
ery kinds are C. fragilis (which needs protection, but
makes a good pot-plant), C. pulla in sheltered position,
C. Portenschlagiana, and C. rotundifolia. Many of the
larger-growing kinds are also good for the rock-garden.
The best two representatives of the biennial class, are
C. Medium and C. calycanthema, both standard garden
flowers. In the northern states, especially, they do
exceedingly well. When used for mass effects, their full
bloom becomes a prominent feature of June. The deli-
cate shades of pink and pale lavender, the purity of the
white, and the rich tints in purple and blue are a reve-
lation. They transplant very easily, even in an ad-
vanced state of growth, and readily respond to mild forc-
ing under glass in spring. In a cut state, they show
remarkably good lasting qualities and are of excellent
value as material for filling vases. A few other good
biennials are C. sibirica, C. primulsefolia, C. spicata,
(p. 650), C. thyrsoides. The peach-leaved section com-
prises the most perfect forms of the bellflower family,
although C. persicifolia has been surpassed in popular
favor by the more yigorou < C. grandiflora varieties in
white and blue, which are really platycodons. C. iso-
phylla, native of Italy, is not hardy in Maine and must
be overwintered under glass. It is a very effective
basket- and balcony-box plant, its long hanging vines
being covered with large and attractive flowers in July
and August. The color is a delicate light blue, while
the bells of its garden descendant C. Mayii, have a
deeper shade. For the South, both are valuable acqui-
sitions for rockeries. Of the perennial species, according
to Robert Cameron, the best border plants are the fol-
lowing: C. carpatica and vars. alba and turbinata; C.
glomerata, especially var. dahurica; C. lactiflora; C. lati-
folia, especially its vars. eriocarpa and macrantha; C.
nobilis (about 2 ft. in height); C. persicifolia and its
numerous vars., especially the white kinds; C. punc-
tata (about 1 % ft.) ; C. pyramidalis, a very showy plant
when well grown, but not quite reliable in the eastern
states as to hardiness, making a good pot-plant for the
cool greenhouse; C. rapunculoides, which spreads rap-
idly and must be so placed that it will not crowd out
the other plants that are near it; C. rotundifolia; C.
Trachelium; C. Van Houttei, a hybrid, and one of the
best bellflowers. Campanulas are raised from seed
and also by division or cuttings. Seeds should be
started early under glass. Cover very shallow, and
place the shallow seed-pans near the light in an aver-
age temperature of 60. Shade at midday while in pro-
cess of germinating; avoid over-watering and "sticky"
atmosphere. Transplant seedlings into flats as soon as
they can be handled. Harden young plants gradually
and transfer them to the open ground in May. C.
Medium, C. calycanthema, and all the C. persicifolia
varieties, when grown for the cut-flower trade, should
be placed on beds where they are intended to pe flow-
ered and cropped the next season. They thrive best
in a rather light well-manured garden soil. Some of
the alpine species require a sandy humus with addi-
tions of fine limestone material. When grown for floral
garden effect, the open sunny position is preferable
throughout the North, while for the South half-shade
at midday is likely to prolong the flowering season.
Seedlings of single varieties come true to color to
a high percentage. Of the semi-double and double C.
persicifolia sorts, propagation is usually by division
in September. C. isophylla and C. Mayii are shy seeders
and are propagated by cuttings in spring. For winter
protection, a light covering of straw, leaves or ever-
green boughs is sufficient south of New York. In more
northern parts, hardy campanulas require a uniform
layer of leaves 2 to 3 inches thick. The annuals can
be raised in the border by seeds sown late in April or
May, or raised in the greenhouse and then transferred
to the border. The best of the annuals are C. ramosis-
sima and var. alba, C. drabifolia, C. Erinus, C. macro-
styla, and C. americana. (Richard Rothe.)
INDEX.
acaulis, 12.
grandis, 11.
pusitta, 46.
alaskana, 44.
Grossekii, 7.
pyramidalis, 16.
alba, 11, 16, 19, 32,
haylodgensis, 39.
Rainerii, 37.
39, 45, 46.
Hendersonii, 39.
ramosissima, 32.
alba grandiflora, 10.
hirsuta, 33, 34.
rapunculoides, 21.
alliariaefolia, 5.
Hohenackeri, 30.
Rapunculus, 1.
Allionii, 26.
Hostii, 44.
rhomboidalis, 19.
alpina, 29.
imperialis, 4.
riverslea, 39.
americana, 9.
isophylla, 40.
rotundifolia, 44.
arctica, 44.
lactiflora, 13.
ruthenica, 18.
attica, 43.
lamiifolia, 5.
sarmatica, 6.
Backhousei, 10.
latifolia, 17.
Scheuchzeri, 45.
barbata, 27.
latiloba, 11.
Scouleri, 41.
biserrata, 13.
lini folia, 45.
sibirica, 30.
bononiensis, 18.
longestyla, 3.
soldanella, 44.
csespitosa, 46.
Lorei, 32.
soldanellaeflora, 44.
calycanthema, 4.
macrantha, 10, 17.
sparsiflora, 12.
carpatica, 39.
macrophytta, 5.
speciosa, 12, 14.
celtidifolia, 13.
macrostyla, 2.
Stansfieldii, 31, 39.
ccelestina, 39.
major, 36.
stenocodon, 44.
ccerulea, 13.
marginata, 10.
superba, 12.
compacta, 16, 39.
Mayii, 40.
Tenorii, 38.
coronata, 10.
Medium, 4.
Tommasiniana, 31.
dahurica, 12.
mirabilis, 8.
thyrsoidea, 14.
divaricata, 23.
Moerheimei, 10.
thyrsoides, 14.
divergens, 30.
mollis, 28.
Trachelium, 20.
drabifolia, 43.
muralis, 36.
turbinata, 39.
Elatines, 35.
nobilis, 24.
urtici folia, 20.
Erinus, 49.
pallida, 25, 46.
Van Houttei, 25.
eriocarpa, 17.
parviflora, 3.
velutina, 44.
excisa, 47.
pelviformis, 39.
versicolor, 22.
eximia, 30.
persicifolia, 10.
verus, 1.
Fergusonii, 16.
Portenschlagiana, 36.
Vidalii, 15.
floribunda, 40.
pulla, 42.
Waldsteiniana, 31.
fragilis, 33.
pulloides, 42.
Wiegandii, 4.
garganica, 34.
pumila, 46.
Wilsonii, 39.
glomerata, 12.
punctata, 24.
Zoysii, 48.
C. primukefolia and C. spicata will be found in the
supplementary list, p. 650.
GROUP I. Kitchen-garden vegetable: roots radish-like:
a salad plant.
1. Rapunculus, Linn. (Rapunculus verus, Fourr.).
RAMPION. Fig. 763. Biennial or perennial, 2-3 ft.:
root spindle- or long-radish-shaped, %in. thick, white:
st. erect sulcate: lower Ivs. obovate, short-petioled,
somewhat crenate; st.-lvs. linear-lanceolate, entire: fls.
calyx-tube obconical, lobes
lilac, in a spike or raceme;
glabrous or bristly, erect,
awl-shaped, a half shorter
than or nearly equal to
the funnel-shaped corolla.
Eu., Orient, N. Asia, N.
Afr. The roots and Ivs.
are eaten as a salad. The
seeds, which are very
small, are sown in the open
ground in early May either
broadcast or in drills. A
little sand mixed with the
gives an evener sow-
ing. Press firmly, and
water carefully. Thin out
the seedlings if necessary.
Water freely in hot
weather. A fresh sowing
may be made in June, as
early - sown plants may
run to seed. Roots are
gathered in Oct. and may
be stored in sand for win-
ter use. "Rapunculus"
means a little turnip.
763. Root of rampion Cam-
panula Rapunculus.
644
CAMPANULA
CAMPANULA
GROUP II. Tall or border campanulas, characteristically
afoot or 15 in. or more high. Nos. 2-23.
A. Calyx with an appendage at the base of each sinus.
B. Caps. 5-celled and stigmas 5 (variable in No. 8).
c. Style excessively long, the stigma an inch or more long.
2. macrostyla, Boiss. & Heldr. Annual, 1-2 ft.,
branched from the base, hispid with rigid spreading
scattered bristles: branches stout: Ivs. scattered, small
for the size of the plant, sessile, bristly on both sur-
faces; lower ones ovate-oblong, acute; upper ovate-
lanceolate, recurved, cordate, eared at the base: calyx-
tube hidden by the bladdery appendages, small, broader
than long; fls. solitary; on stout peduncles, 2-2 > in.
broad; corolla
very broad and
open, pale pur-
ple without, dull
purple within,
marked with
violet, and hairy
toward the bot-
tom; lobes very
broad, short
and acute. Mt.
Taurus in Ana-
tolia. Gn. 15:
356 and 12, p.
209. B.M. 6394.
The very long
exserted style is
brown and spin-
dle - shaped be-
fore spreading
open. Self-sown
seeds sometimes
remain a year
before sprout-
ing.
cc. Style not ex-
cessively long.
3. longestyla,
Fomine. Peren-
nial, \y 2 -2 y 2 ft.,
more or less
hairy: basal
Ivs. lance -oval,
lobed, the st.-
Ivs. oblong and
sessile: fls. blue-
purple, droop-
ing; calyx-lobes
lanceolate-
pointed, the
appendages re-
flexed on the
peduncle;corolla
almost urn-shaped, dilated below the middle; style
exserted with 3, 4 or 5 stigmas: caps. 3-5-celled. Cau-
casus. Gn. W. 23:671. Var. parvifldra, Bois. Fls.
smaller. R.H. 1911:548; p. 549.
4. Medium, Linn. (Medium grandiflorum, Spach).
CANTERBURY BELLS. Fig. 764. Biennial, 1-4 ft.;
plant pilose: st. erect: Ivs. sessile, ovate-lanceolate or
lanceolate, crenate-dentate : raceme lax, many-fld.; fls.
violet-blue, varying to several shades and to white, 2 in.
long; calyx-lobes ovate-acuminate, the appendages half
as long as the ample ovate obtuse lobes; corolla bell-
shaped, inflated. S. Eu. Gn. M. 14:9. Two forms (aside
from thesingle-fld.) occur: thedouble, Fig. 764a, with 1-3
extra corollas, and the var. calycanthema, Hort., Fig.
7646, with an enlarged spreading and petal-like outer
part sometimes deeply divided and sometimes little
lobed or nearly entire (varying on the same plant) . The
var. calycanthema is the CUP-AND-SAUCER form (the
764. Campanula Medium, the Canterbury
Bell. Modified forms are shown.
name hose-in-hose, sometimes applied in Campanula,
would better be retained for Primula elatior); a fair
percentage come true from seed; usually a stronger
plant than the common C. Medium. G.C. III.
24:65. R.H. 1896, p. 301; 1897, p. 238. Gng. 5:88. Gn.
48, p. 295. F.S. 19, p. 152. G.W. 3, p. 291. G.Z. 17:
113. Var. Wiegandii, Hort. Lv&. golden yellow: fls.
blue. Var. imperialis, Hort., is a very floriferous form
or possibly a hybrid. Canterbury bells are most
commonly treated as hardy biennials, the seed being
sown in the open border, but they do not flower the
first year. They can also be treated as tender
annuals, the seed being sown indoors in early spring
and the plants set out May 1-15. They will then flower
well the first season, but always better the second year.
Sowings may also be made in April, May or later, in
pots, boxes or beds, and plants then be transferred into
some sheltered place where they can be slightly pro-
tected during the winter, and then transplanted in
spring to their permanent places into good rich soil,
where they will make a great show if they have had the
right treatment. Let them stand 18-24 in. apart. Seed-
lings potted up in autumn may be brought into bloom
readily indoors in spring; and even blooming plants, if
not spent, may be potted direct from the garden and
used in the house in autumn.
BB. Caps. 3-celled: stigmas 3.
5. alliariasfdlia, Willd. (C. lamiifolia, Bieb. C. ma-
crophylla, Sims). Perennial, 1K~2 ft.: st. erect, striate,
woolly, branched only at the top: root-lvs. large, heart-
shaped, crenate, tomentose; st.-lvs. on petioles which
gradually shorten upward, the highest being sessile:
fls. white, nodding, on short stalks, borne singly in the
axils of the floral Ivs. as in C. sarmatica, but the floral
Ivs. larger and broader; calyx a third or a fourth shorter
than the corolla, with margins rolled back, and appen-
dages less minute than in C. sarmatica; corolla always
white, 2 in. long, ciliated at the margin, and with char-
acteristic tooth-like processes at the base of each sinus.
Caucasus, Asia Minor. B.M. 912. Gn. M. 14:9.
6. sarmatica, Ker-Gawl. Perennial, 1-2 ft.: st.
simple, striate, pubescent: Ivs. remarkable for their
gray color, harsh, leathery, wrinkled, tomentose,
oblong-cordate, crenate, the lower long-petioled, the
upper sessile: calyx with minute reflexed appendages,
and a short, densely hairy tuft: fls. about 6 on a st.,
nodding; corolla about 1 in. long, and 1^ in. across,
pale blue, marked with 5 hairy lines. Caucasus, in
subalpine places. B.M. 2019. L.B.C. 6:581.
7. Grdssekii, Heuff. Has the habit and infl. of C.
Trachelium, but the calyx is appendaged; perennial,
2^2 ft., branching from the base, angled, pilose: Ivs.
hispid, the lower cordate, unequally petioled, doubly
crenate-serrate, the uppermost ovate-acute, narrowed
into a petiole: calyx setose-ciliate, lobes spreading,
reflexed at the apex, appendages lanceolate, a third
shorter than the lobes; corolla hispid, 2 or 3 times longer
than the calyx-lobes: fls. large, bell-shaped, violet, in a
long raceme. Hungary. Gt. 35, p. 477. G. 27:459.
8. mirabilis, Alboff. Biennial or short-lived peren-
nial, 1 ft. or more; whole plant forms a broad dense
cone with such a profusion of bloom as almost to hide
the foliage: lower Ivs. 4-6 in. long, obovate or spatu-
late, obtuse, coarsely toothed, petiole winged: fls. pale
lilac, erect, broadly campanulate, 2 in. across, the
corolla hairy on margins and back. Caucasus. B.M.
7714. G.C. III. 24:33; 42:144-5. Gt. 47, p. 192. Gn.
54, p. 454; 60, p. 58. G.W. 12, p. 445. A very beauti-
ful and remarkable plant.
AA. Calyx without an appendage at the base of each sinus.
B. Fls. rotate or wheel-shaped.
9. americana, Linn. Annual and biennial, 3-6 ft.:
st. erect, simple: Ivs. thin, serrate, somewhat pilose;
CAMPANULA
CAMPANULA
645
root-lvs. ovate-acute, subcordate, petiolate; st.-lvs.
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends: calyx-tube
long, obconical, the teeth linear-acuminate, almost
entire, spreading, shorter than the 5-fid, wheel-shaped
corolla; fls. light blue, 1 in. broad, in long spikes, soli-
tary or in 3's; corolla shallow, lobes pilose outside and
at the apex; style long, strongly declined and upwardly
curved: caps, cylindrical, grooved. Shaded low ground
Canada to Iowa, south to Fla. and Ark. Rarely
cult. It is possible that Phyteuma canescens is still cult,
as C. americana.
BB. Fls. saucer-shaped or broadly bell-shaped, i. e., the
tube shallower and the limbs more widely spread-
ing than the bell-shaped.
c. St.-lvs. linear-lanceolate, crenulate.
10. persicifolia, Linn. Fig. 765. Perennial, 2-3 ft. : st.
erect: Ivs. glabrous, rigid, crenulate; root-lvs. lanceolate-
obovate; st.-lvs. linear-lanceolate or spatula te, of ten 3 in.
long: calyx-lobes acuminate, wide at the base, entire,
half as long as the broadly bell-shaped corolla: fls. blue
or white, pedicelled, solitary, terminal and axillary, often
1^ in. long, 2 in. broad: caps, ovoid, 3-grooved. Eu.
B.M. 397. G.C. III. 43:384. Gn. 75, p. 30. G. 6:297.
Gn. M. 14:9. G.W. 3, p. 292. C.L.A. 13:478; the
white form in G. 13:71 and Gn. W. 23:Suppl. Jan. 27;
the double white in G.C. 111.27:409 and G. 3:563.
One of the best of all perennial campanulas. Var.
macrantha is a large-fld. form with fls. all along the st.
Gt. 44, p. 148. Gn. 48, p. 306. A.F. 6:383. S.H. 1:131.
Var. alba grandifldra and var. Bdckhousei are among
the popular white-fld. forms. There are double and
semi-double forms in blue and white. The double
white is useful for cutting. For portraits of var. grandi-
flora, see G. 27:458; 28:553, 673; G.W. 12, p. 433.
Var. coronata, Hort., is a semi-double white form. F.S.
7:699. The pictures hi B.M. and F.S. show distinctly
saucer-shaped fls. Var. Moerheimei, Hort. White-fld.,
double, 2-3 in. diam. : excellent. G.C. III. 27:414. G.M.
49:535. G.W. 6, p. 545; 12, p. 434. A.G. 23:497. Var.
marginata, Hort., has white fls. tinted blue on the bor-
ders. R.B. 32, p. 252. This species occasionally runs
wild, especially in England. The Ivs. are very charac-
teristic, and, once seen, are never forgotten.
cc. St.-lvs. wider and coarsely toothed.
11. latfloba, DC. (C. grdndis, Fisch. & Mey.) Peren-
nial, \-\ l A ft., glabrous: st. erect, simple, terete: st.-
lvs. 3-5 in. long, 4-6 lines wide, lanceolate, narrowed at
both ends, crenate-serrate: calyx-lobes ovate-acute,
broad, entire, erect, one-half shorter than the broadly
bell-shaped corolla: fls. blue, often 2 in. wide, sessile,
solitary or somewhat clustered, sometimes equaling
the ovate-acute, dentate bracts. Mt. Olympus. P.M.
10:31. H.U. 3, p. 137. Gt. 7:202. Fls. like C. persi-
cifolia. Quickly forms a dense carpet. Variable in
color. Var. alba, Hort. White fls. G. 19:440.
BBS. Fls. bell-shaped or tubular, not saucer-shaped.
c. Infl. a dense roundish head.
12. glomerata, Linn. One of the most variable:
perennial, 1-2 ft., typically pubescent: st. erect, simple,
terete: Ivs. serrulate, lower ones rough with very short,
stiff hairs, 1^-3 in. long, 1-2 in. wide, with a cordate,
ovate-oblong blade shorter than the petiole; upper ones
sessile, ovate, acute: fls. violet-blue to white, in dense
heads or glomes, 15-20 in the terminal heads, fewer in
axillary ones. Eu., Armenia, Persia, Siberia; some-
times escaped in this country. Gn.M. 14:9. B.M.
2649 is var. specidsa, which has the largest fls. L.B.C.
6 : 505 is var. sparsifldra, with much smaller clusters.
This is one of the earliest flowering and easiest of
cult. Fls. typically ^dark purple, running into lighter
varieties. Var. dahurica, Hort., is probably the com-
monest form: terminal clusters 3 in. or more thick, a
very characteristic infl. The fl. has a longer tube than
C. lactiflora and C. thyrsoides. G. 26:305. Var. acaulis,
Hort., is an almost stemless form with very large fls.:
sts. only 3-5 in. high. G.W. 9, p. 272. Var. superba,
Hort., is a cross of the dwarf variety with var. dahurica:
large heads of deep violet fls.
cc. Infl. a spike or raceme, dense or loose.
D. Color of fls. normally white or yellowish.
E. Corolla small, short-tubed.
13. lactifldra, Bieb. Perennial, 2J^-6 ft.: st. erect,
branching: Ivs. sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acutely ser-
rate: calyx-lobes very broad, acute, serrulate, one-half
shorter than the broadly bell-shaped corolla: fls. in a
loose or dense panicle, which may be 3^ in. long and
thick; corolla white or pale blue, 1 in. long, nearly 1}^
in. broad: caps, ovoid, erect. Caucasus, Siberia. B.M.
1973. G.C. III. 50:438. Gn. 61, p. 29; 63, p. 90; 71,
p. 418; 75, p. 89. G.M. 46:
168; 48:545. Gn. W. 23:623.
The normally milk-white blue-
tinged fls. are characteristic.
Var. ccerulea, Hort., has light
blue fls. C. celtidifolia, Boiss.,
referred to the above, may be
a strongly marked variety. C.
biserrdta, Koch, is also referred
here.
14. thyrsoides, Linn. Bien-
nial, 1-13^ ft.; st. grooved: Ivs.
all covered with long hairs at
the margin; root-lvs. sessile,
spatulate or obtusely lanceo-
late, 2^2 in. long, %in. wide,
in a dense rosette, lying on
the ground; upper Ivs. more
narrow and acute: fls. 40^-50,
sulfur or creamy yellow, in a
dense thyrse-like spike, which
may be 6 in. long and 2H in-
broad; style exserted. Alps
and Jura, 3,000-6,000 ft. B.M.
1290. L.B.C. 17:1644. Inter-
mingled with the fls. in the
spike are Ivs. which are longer
than the fls., which is not true
of C. lactiflora. Should not be
confounded with C. thrysoidea,
Lapeyr., which = C. speciosa,
(see supplementary list). Ap-
parently no blue or purple forms
are known. The picture in B.M.
shows a characteristic red-
tipped calyx. Garden hybrids
are reported with C. spicata (see Kew Bull. 1910, p. 322) .
EE. Corolla large, long-tubed.
15. Vidalii, H. C. Wats. Perennial, 1-2 ft.: st.
branching from the base: some branches short, sterile,
others tall, floriferous, all grooved, clammy, glossy:
Ivs. 3-4 in. long, oblong-spatulate, coarsely serrate,
thick, fleshy, firm, viscid, the upper ones gradually
becoming bracts: fls. 2 in. long, nodding, about 9 in a
loose terminal raceme; calyx-lobes triangular, thick,
one-fourth shorter than the corolla; corolla tubular,
swelled below, constricted above, white with a yellow
base. Azores. B.M. 4748. F.S. 7:729. A.F. 3:116.
G.C. III. 18:95; 34:330-1. Gn. 54, p. 299; 63, p. 297;
74, p. 402; 75, p. 410. J.F. 3, pi. 274. Very distinct.
DD. Color of fls. normally blue or purple (with white
varieties) .
E. Size of fls. large.
F. Raceme pyramidal or long-conical, usually dense.
16. pyramidalis, Linn. CHIMNEY CAMPANULA. Fig.
766. Glabrous perennial, 4-5 ft.: Ivs. glandular-den-
765. A narrow-flowered
form of Campanula per-
sicifolia.
646
CAMPANULA
CAMPANULA
tate, lower petiolate, ovate-oblong, subcordate; st.-
lvs. sessile, ovate-lanceolate: calyx-lobes acuminate,
spreading, half as long as the broadly bell-shaped
corolla: fls. numerous, in pyramidal racemes, pale blue
varying to white and darker at the base. G.C. III.
32:388. Gn. 45, p. 67;
48, p. 306; 51, p. 221
(a staked pot plant);
47, p. 86 (with exten-
sive cultural notes) ;
53, p. 535; 62, p. 254;
T. 64, p. 96; 68, p. 137;
,| 69, p. 4; 74, p. 548.
R.H. 1897, p. 238.
G.M. 46:612; 53: 811.
G.W. 1, p. 39; 7, p.
7; 11, p. 137; 13, p. 571.
Var. alba, Hort., has
white fls. Gn. 74, p.
645. J.H. III. 51:257.
Var compacta, Hort.
Dwarf er: fls. larger and
of better substance.
The compact variety is
very floriferous and
convenient for conser-
vatory, but lacks the
characteristic erect,
pyramidal habit. Gn.
73, p. 54. G. 18:64.
S.H. 2:97. C. Fer-
gusonii, Hort., is a hy-
brid of C. pyramidalis
and C. carpatica, re-
sembling a dwarf form
of the former in growth,
18 in.: petals more
pointed than those of
the latter: fls. bright
lilac. Gn. 66, p. 276.
Hybrids between C: pyramidalis and C. versicolor are
reported.
FF. Raceme not pyramidal, usually looser.
17. latifolia, Linn. Perennial, 3-4 ft.: Ivs. large,
doubly serrate; root-lvs. sometimes 6 in. long, petiolate,
cordate, covered with soft hairs; st.-lvs. sessile, more
acuminate: peduncle 1-fld.; calyx-lobes long-acumi-
nate, one-third shorter than the corolla; fls. 6-15 in a
loose spike or raceme about 8 in. long, erect, very large,
2^2 in. long, purple or dark blue, hairy. Eu., Persia.
G.W. 8, p. 445. Var. macrantha, Sims (C. macrantha,
Fisch.) is commoner in cult, than the type, a little
hairier, with a glabrous calyx and very large fls. B.M.
2553, 3347. R.H. 1897, p. 239. J.H. III. 60:263. Var.
eriocarpa, DC., has the st. and Ivs. pilose and more pallid,
and a hispid calyx- tube. There is a white-fld. form. It
is native to England, and is easily naturalized there in
wild gardens. The st.-lvs. are probably the largest of
any of the garden kinds, often 3^ in. long and 2 in. wide.
EE. Size of fls. small, less than 1 in. long.
18. bononiensis, Linn. Perennial, 2-2^ ft.; sca-
brous: st. simple: Ivs. serrulate, ovate-acuminate, pallid
beneath; root-lvs. cordate-petiolate; upper Ivs. clasp-
ing: calyx-lobes acuminate, one-fourth shorter than the
funnel-shaped corolla: fls. normally purplish, in a long,
loose, pyramidal spike, which may be 2 ft. long, with
60-100 small fls.; corolla %in. long and broad. E. Eu.,
W. Siberia, and Caucasus. Var. ruthenica (C. ruthen-
ica, Bieb.), has Ivs. wider and tomentose beneath.
Caucasus and Tauria. B.M. 2653. There is a white-
fld. form. The fls. are much smaller than in C. latifolia,
and the raceme is much larger.
19. rhomboidalis, Linn. Perennial, 1 ft., sometimes
2 ft.: st. simple, erect: Ivs. sessile, ovate-acute, serrate:
766. Campanula pyramidalis.
calyx-lobes awl-shaped, one-half shorter than the bell-
shaped corolla; fls. 8-10 in an almost corymbose
raceme, the lower pedicels of which may be 3 in. long,
the uppermost 1 in. or less; corolla purplish blue, 1 in.
long, and a little wider. Mts. of Eu. B.M. 551 (as
C. azurea). J.H. III. 50:541. Var. alba, Hort., has
white fls. G.W. 3, p. 14. It flowers in July and
August, after which the sts. and Ivs. die down quickly.
20. Trachelium, Linn. THROATWORT. Fig. 767.
Perennial, 2-3 ft.: st. angular, somewhat bristly (as
also the fls.) : Ivs. rough, acuminate, coarsely crenate-
dentate; root-lvs. cordate, ovate, short-stalked: calyx-
lobes erect, triangular-acuminate, one-third shorter
than the bell-shaped blue or white corolla: peduncle
1-3-fld.; fls. erect at first, at length tending to droop
in a loose raceme, which may be 12-18 in. long: caps,
nodding. Eu., Caucasus, Siberia, Japan, and run wild
in parts of N. Amer. R.H. 1897, p. 239. There is a
double-fld. form and variations in color. One of the
commonest and hardiest of the border plants, often
running out the other campanulas, and passing under
many names, especially as C. urticifolia.
21. rapunculoides, Linn. Fig. 768. Perennial, 2-4
ft.: st. indistinctly pubescent or almost smooth: Ivs.
rough, ovate-acuminate; root-lvs. petiolate, cordate,
crenulate; st.-lvs. serrulate: calyx a little rougher than
in C. Trachelium, the lobes linear-lanceolate, at length
reflexed, one-fourth length of the oblong-campanu-
late bright blue corolla; fls. soon declined or nodding,
in long mostly 1-sided racemes or spikes, bright blue.
Eu., Caucasus, Siberia, and common in patches on old
roadsides and about yards. Summer. Gn. M. 14:9.
22. versicolor, Sibth. & Smith. Perennial, 3-4 ft.;
plant glabrous: st. ascending: Ivs. serrate; root-lvs.
long-petioled, ovate-acute, subcordate; st.-lvs. short-
petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: calyx-teeth
acuminate, spreading, at length reflexed, one-half as
long as the corolla: fls. in long, spicate racemes; style
exserted: caps, spheroid. Greece.
ccc. Infl. an open, compound panicle.
23. divaricata, Michx. Glabrous peren-
nial, 1-3 ft.: st. erect, slender, paniculate
above: branches slender, divergent: Ivs.
sparse, subsessile, ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate at both ends, coarsely serrate: calyx-
lobes awl-shaped, one-
half shorter than the
tubular, bell-shaped cor-
olla; fls. small, nodding,
pale blue, in a very open
and compound panicle;
style straight, exserted.
Alleghanies, from Va. to
( Ga. Rare in gardens.
GROUP III. Low-growing
or rock-garden cam-
panulas, mostly less
than a foot or 15 in.
high. Nos. 24-49.
A. Calyx with an append-
age at the base of
each sinus , often
minute or disguised
in form.
B. Throat of corolla
spotted violet.
24. punctata,Lam. (C.
nobilis, Lindl.). Named
from the spotted whitish
corolla, the purplish
spots being inside and
showing through faintly
767. Campanula Trachelium. (x l A) in the fresh fl. but
CAMPANULA
CAMPANULA
647
more plainly in the dried specimen: like C. alliar-
isefolia. Perennial, 1 ft., with long and loose hairs:
upper Ivs. nearly sessile, and more sharply toothed
than the lower: calyx-lobes one-third as long as the
corolla, longer, looser and hairier than in C. alliarise-
folia, and the margins much more recurved: peduncle
1-4-fld.; fls. nodding; corolla cylindrical, 2% in. long,
white, spotted within, strongly ribbed. Siberia, Japan.
G.C. III. 38, supp. Aug. 26; 42:96. Gn. 73, p. 423; 75,
p. 458. G.M. 51 : 781. G. 29:595. C. nobilis has been
considered distinct. In F.S. 3:247 the corolla is dark
violet without, the limb hairy, while in B.M. 1723
(C. punctata) the corolla is white outside and not
bearded. In F. S. 6:563 (C. nobilis var. alba) the limb
is not bearded and the st. is red, and not hairy. The
three pictures show great differences in foliage, pubes-
cence and appendages. This is one of the most inter-
esting of all campanulas, and is, unfortunately, usually
considered more quaint than beautiful. The spotted
throat readily separates it from other campanulas.
BB. Throat of corolla not spotted,
c. Sts. commonly 1-fld.
25. Van Hoilttei, Carr. Perennial, 2 ft. : root-lvs.
long-petioled, roundish cordate, more or less lobed;
st.-lvs. sessile, oval-lanceolate, irregularly bi-dentate,
23^-4 in. long, more or less villous, strongly nerved:
fls. usually solitary, nodding at the end of a small
branchlet, 2 in. long, half as broad, indigo-blue, or
violet; calyx-lobes linear, spreading, 1 in. long. A gar-
den hybrid resembling C. punctata. Intro, into France
1878 by Thibaut and Keteleer. Var. pallida, Hort.,
has pale lavender fls.
26. AlliSnii, Vill. Perennial, 3-5 in.: rootstock
slender, creeping underground, sending up sts. at inter-
vals of %-l in. : Ivs. few, about 7 on a st., 1-2 in. long,
linear-lanceolate, sessile, slightly hairy, entire, midrib
distinct, lower ones in a whorl of about 5, upper ones
similar but more erect: calyx-lobes lanceolate, half as
long as the corolla, the appendages ovate, reflexed, one-
third the length of the calyx-lobes; fls. purple, with a
rare white variety, only one on a st., inclined or nodding,
1 ^2 in- long) and as broad across the mouth, probably
the largest for the size of the plant of any campanula.
A very local species, found only in the western Alps.
B.M. 6588. G.C. III. 52:52. Gn. 60, p. 51.
cc. Sts. usually several-ftd.
D. Margin of corolla bearded.
27. barb&ta, Linn. Perennial, 6-9 in.: st. pilose: Ivs.
villous, entire or nearly so; root-lvs. tufted, lanceolate;
st.-lvs. few, ligulate (?): raceme loose, 3-4-fld.; fls. nod-
ding, pale blue; calyx appendage ovate, obtuse, half as
long as the lobes; corolla bell-shaped, shorter than in
C. Allionii, and with a bearded mouth. Alps. L.B.C.
8:788. G.C. III. 48: 388. Gn. 48, p. 297. G.W. 12, p. 447.
There is a white-fld. form, but apparently no purple.
Readily distinguished from C. Allionii by the differ-
ent colored, bearded and smaller fls., which are rarely
borne singly, and by the dense, soft hairs of the st.
Alps, 2,400-6,000 ft., widely distributed; mts. of Nor-
way, and the Carpathians. Becomes coarse when grown
in rich ground.
DD. Margin of corolla not bearded.
E. Fls. erect.
28. m611is, Linn. Perennial, velvety gray, 6-8 in.:
sts. procumbent, about 2-fld.: root-lvs. tufted, obovate
or spatulate; st.-lvs. ovate or rotund: fls. loosely pani-
cled ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, erect, half shorter than the
glabrous, bell-shaped corolla; appendages minute,
shorter than the calyx-tube; corolla erect, dark pur-
Klish blue or lavender, with a white throat, the tube
>ng, segms. short, broad, spreading, acute. Spain,
Crete. B.M. 404. Rock or border plant.
EE. Fls. nodding.
29. alpina, Jacq. Perennial, 3-8 in.: st. furrowed:
Ivs. smaller than in C. barbata, more narrowly lanceo-
late, entire, hairy: fls. typically deep blue, bell-shaped,
with broader and shorter segms. than in C. barbata;
calyx-lobes proportionately very long, surpassing the
fl.-bud, and nearly as long as the flower, but widely
spreading. Alps of Austria, Lombardy and Transylvania,
6,000-7,000 ft. altitude. B.M. 957. J.H. III. 29:5.
There is a white-fld. var. The plant has a characteristic
shaggy appearance from the hairy Ivs. Easy of cult.
768. Campanula rapunculoides. ( X H)
30. sibirica, Linn. (C. Hbhenackeri, Fisch.). Bien-
nial or perennial, setaceous-pilose: st. erect, simple,
panicled above: Ivs. crenulate; root-lvs. petioled,
obovate, obtuse; st.-lvs. lanceolate-acuminate: calyx
hairy, the lobes long-acuminate, a third shorter than
the corolla; calyx appendages like the lobes but half
shorter and reflexed; fls. 25 or more, violet, with a
longer and narrower tube than in C. alpina, and longer
divisions of the limb. N. Asia, Caucasus, W. Eu.
B.M. 659. R.H. 1861:431. The type is rare, but var.
eximia, Hort., is somewhat commoner: it is dwarf er,
much branched, with long, scabrous Ivs. and pale
bluish to violet fls. Var. divergens, Willd., has larger
fls. and broader Ivs. than the type. G.C. III. 16:597.
C. sibirica usually does best when treated as a biennial.
AA. Calyx without appendages.
B. Fls. very wide-spreading, i.e., rotate, wheel-shaped,
almost flat,
c. Blossoms all erect.
31. Waldsteiniana, Roem. & Schult. Perennial,
4-6 in. : sts. rigid, glabrous : Ivs. fleshy, sessile, gray-green,
648
CAMPANULA
CAMPANULA
lanceolate, slightly serrate-dentate, the lower obtuse,
the upper long-acuminate: calyx-lobes awl-shaped,
spreading or recurved, one-fourth shorter than the
corolla: fls. 5-9 in a corymbose raceme 1% in. long,
in. wide, pale purplish blue; corolla rotate, almost
starlike, with a dark spot in the
throat; pistil large, white, twice the
length of the corolla, with a yellow
stigma. S. Austria. Gn. 8, p. 173.
G. 18:81. G.W. 12, pp.446, 710. C.
Tommasinidna, Hort., is an allied
plant, with very wiry growth and
pendent pale blue fls. C. Stdnsfieldii,
Hort., is a supposed hybrid, perhaps
between C. Waldsteiniana and C. car-
patica.
32. ramosissima, Sibth. & Smith
(C. Lorei, Poll.). Annual, 1 ft. or less,
branching: lower Ivs. obovate and
crenate; upper Ivs. narrow, entire:
fls. violet with white base and blue
intermediate parts, erect on long
simple pedicels. Eu. B.M.2581.
Var. alba, Hort. Fls. white,
cc. Blossoms not all erect.
D. Habit trailing or pendulous.
33. fragilis, Cyrill. Peren-
nial, 46 in. : st. diffuse, trailing:
root -Ivs. long-petioled,
roundish - cordate, ob-
tusely dentate, or cre-
nately lobed; st. -Ivs.
smaller, scattered, the
uppermost ovate-lanceo-
late: fls. pale purplish
blue with a white center,
m - wide, in loose
corymbs ; calyx - lobes
linear- lanceolate,
acuminate, erect,
almost equaling
the corolla; style
exserted: caps'.
Italy. B.M. 6504. P.M.
11:25. G.C. III. 43:378. Gn. 8,
p. 174; 47, p. 278; 63, p. 53. G.
18:120. G.W. 2, p. 381. Var.
hirsuta, DC., is a hairier form.
This is the best species for hang-
ing-baskets, window- and veranda-
boxes, and for covering large
stones in the rockery. Prop, by
cuttings in spring, the roots being too fragile to divide
well. Not so hardy as C. garganica.
34. garganica, Tenore. Perennial, 3-6 in.: st. diffuse,
with pendent branches: lower Ivs. reniform-cordate,
crenate-dentate; upper Ivs. ovate-acute, dentate:
raceme lax; peduncles 1-2-fld.; calyx-tube spheroid, the
lobes spreading, a third or fourth shorter than the
glabrous blue rotate corolla. Mt. Gargano in Italy,
and elsewhere. B.R. 1768. Gn. 48, p. 295; 43, p. 25.
G.M. 54:664. G.W. 4, p. 255. Var. hirsilta, Hort., is a
hairier form. Gn. 46, p. 253; 48, p. 297. Half-shaded
position. Prop, by cuttings or by'division.
DD. Habit not trailing or pendulous.
35. Elatines, Linn. Perennial, more or less pubes-
cent, 5-6 in.: Ivs. cordate, coarsely and acutely den-
tate, lower rotund, others ovate-acute: raceme lax;
calyx-tube spherical, the lobes spreading, linear-lanceo-
late, somewhat unequal, a half shorter than the rotate
purplish corolla; style exserted. Piedmont. Gn. 60,
p. 64. Rare rock-plant for light, stony soil.
36. Portenschlagiana, Roem. & Schult. (C. muralis,
Port.). Perennial, 6-9 in.: sts. somewhat erect: Ivs. all
769. Campanula
carpatica. (XJi)
alike petiolate, cordate, roundish, acutely angular-den-
tate: calyx- tube spheroid, lobes erect, acuminate, a
third shorter than the infundibuliform blue-purple
corolla: fls. racemose. Dalmatia. Allied to C. gar-
ganica, but the corolla not so deeply 5-cut. Gn. 61, p.
225; 72, p. 469. Var. major, Hort. Fls. nearly twice
larger than in the type, 13^ in. across, making a large
mound of purple-blue. G.C. III. 48:58. Gn. 60,
p. Ill; 63, p. 110. G.W. 3, p. 13.
BB. Fls. broadly bell-shaped, less widely spreading than
in B, wider than in BBB (except perhaps in No. 40).
c. Height 2-3 in.
37. Rainerii, Perpenti. Perennial, 2-3 in.: sts.
suberect, branching: branches 1-3-fld.: Ivs. subsessile,
ovate, distantly serrate, the lower smaller and obovate:
calyx-tube obconical, the lobes long-acuminate, erect,
half shorter than the broadly infundibuliform corolla:
fls. large, solitary, erect, dark purplish blue; style
short, not exserted: caps, obovate. Mts. N. Italy.
F.S. 18:1908. Gn. 60, p. 163. One of the choicest
rock-plants, but somewhat rare. Several forms of the
hybrid C. Wilsonii are often cult, under this name, but
their Ivs. are lighter green and less tomentose than C.
Rainerii. Thrives in a well-drained, sunny position.
cc. Height more than 2-3 in.
D. Style not exserted.
38. TenSrii, Moretti. Perennial, 8-12 in., glabrous:
st. ascending or prostrate: Ivs. leathery; root-lvs. long-
petioled, ovate, subcordate, irregularly serrate; st.-
Ivs. petiolate, ovate-acute, coarsely serrate: calyx-lobes
linear-lanceolate, spreading, half as long as the broadly
bell-shaped corolla: fls. racemose, blue: caps, spherical.
Apennines, near Naples. This is referred by botanists
to the Grecian species C. versicolor, which is typically
taller, but is kept distinct by Correvon and others. In
the garden, C. Tenorii resembles C. pyramidalis in
foliage and fl., but is shorter.
39. carpatica, Jacq. Fig. 769. Perennial, 9-18 in.,
glabrous: st. branching: lower Ivs. thin, long-petioled,
ovate-rotund, cordate, coarsely dentate, undulate;
upper ones shorter petioled, ovate-acuminate: pedun-
cles long, terminal and axillary, 1-fld.; fls. large,
often 13^ in. wide, bright deep blue; calyx-tube obconi-
cal, the lobes acute, wide at the base, subdentate-
erect, a third or half as long as the broadly bell-shaped
corolla; style not exserted: caps, ovoid-cylindrical.
Carpathian Mts. of Austria. B.M. 117. G.C. III.
46:412. G.W. 12, p. 436. Gn. 48, p. 297; 62, p. 326.
Var. coelestina, Hort. Fls. sky-blue. Var. alba,
Hort. Fls. white. G.M. 55:615. Var. turbinata,
Hort. (C. turbinata, Schott), is dwarf er, more
compact, with fls.' more bell- or top-shaped, and
often 2 in. across, purplish blue. It also has larger Ivs.
and more decumbent habit. Gn.
45, p. 171; 68, p. 179; 75, p. 201.
G.W. 12, p. 446. F.E.17:15. A form
770. Campanula pulla. (Detail x|)
CAMPANULA
CAMPANULA
649
with pallid fls. is rarer. Var. Wflsonii, Hort. (C. Wil-
sonii, Hort.), is a hybrid of var. turbinata and C. pulla,
with the large fls. of the former and the handsome dark
foliage of the latter: it is compact, dwarf, and small,
ovate, very hairy Ivs., with crenate-serrate margin.
Gn. 60, p. 219. Var. haylodgensis, Hort. (C. hay-
lodgensis, Hort.), is a garden hybrid, probably between
C. carpatica and C. csespitosa. Raised by Anderson
Henry, Hay Lodge, Edinburgh. Height 6-9 in.: root-
Ivs. tufted, roundish cordate, slightly dentate; st.-lvs.
light green, ovate-cordate, conspicuously toothed: fls.
light blue, bell-shaped, few, at the ends of sts. Var.
pelviformis, Hort., from Crete, has very large, pale
lilac, almost saucer-shaped fls. R.H. 1882, p. 509. G.C.
III. 44:64. Var. Hendersonii, Hort., is often referred
to var. turbinata, but is more robust; there is doubt as
to its origin, C. pyramidalis or C. alliarisefolia possibly
having played some part in it: Ivs. ovate and ovate-
cordate, \Yz in. long, Min. broad, slightly hairy on
both sides, folded upwards, serrate; petioles 1-13^2 m -
long: fls. dark blue, 1^-2 in. wide, in short, 6-9-fld.
racemes. G.W. 8, p. 65; 14, p. 581. Var. riverslea, Hort.
Fls. dark blue, 2-3 in. across: sts. 12-15 in. long but
spreading; parts of corolla often 6 or 7. G.M. 43:627.
Var. compacta, Hort., is a condensed dwarf form. C.
Stdnsfieldii, Hort., is supposed to be a hybrid between C.
carpatica and C. Waldsteiniana (No. 31). This species
is very variable in height and in shape of fls.
DD. Style exserted.
40. isophylla, Moretti (C. floribunda, Viv.) . Perennial :
st. suberect: Ivs. all of same form, petiolate, roundish
cordate, crenate-dentate: calyx-lobes acuminate, half
shorter than the broadly bell-shaped or saucer-shaped
corolla; fls. pale blue, 1 in. or more wide, corymbose;
style exserted: caps. ovoid. Italy. B.M.5745. Gn. 49, p.
483; 48, p. 297. A desirable
basket or rock plant in sun or
half shade. The white form, Var.
alba, is most excel-
lent: free-flower-
ing. C. Mayii,
Hort., is supposed
to be a derivative
of this species: Ivs.
soft and woolly.
Choice.
BBS. Fls. bell-shaped.
c. Style exserted.
41. Scoilleri, Hook.
Perennial, 3-12 in.: st.
simple or branched:
Ivs. acutely serrate,
somewhat hirsute;
lower ones ovate-acute,
petioled; middle ones
ovate - lanceolate ; up-
per linear - lanceolate,
sessile; calyx-lobes awl-
shaped, erect, one-third
shorter than the co-
rolla: fls. pale blue,
racemose, or more or
less panicled; style
exserted: caps, ovoid.
N. Calif, to Puget
Sound. The capsular
valves are a little
above the middle, while
in C. carpatica and C. persicifolia they are near the
apex.
cc. Style not exserted.
D. Color dark purple.
42. pulla, Linn. Fig. 770. Perennial, 3-8 in., tufted
or in clumps, showy: st. normally 1-fld.: Ivs. glabrous,
772. Campanula
rotundifolia var. sol-
danellseflora.
771. Campanula rotundifolia. (XI)
crenulate-dentate; lower ones short-petioled, ovate-
rotund; upper sessile, ovate-acute: calyx-lobes long-
acuminate, erect, a half shorter than the bell-shaped,
nodding corolla. Mts. of Austria, 4,000-6,000 ft. In
B.M. 2492 the calyx-lobes are short-acuminate, a
sixth as long as the corolla. L.
B.C. 6:554. Gn. 63, p. 440. C.
puttoldes, Hort., is a supposed
hybrid between C. pulla and C.
turbinata, with habit of former: 5
in. : fls. glistening purple-blue. Gn.
66, p. 203.
DD. Color not dark purple, but violet
or blue (varying to white.)
43. drabifdlia, Sibth. & Smith
(C. dttica, Boiss.). Annual, hispid,
3-4 in. : lower Ivs. oblong or ellip-
tic, dentate, tapering into a
petiole: fls. large, blue and lighter
on the tube, bell-shaped, on fork-
ing sts. Greece.
44. rotundif61ia, Linn. HARE-
BELL. HAIRBELL. BLUE BELLS
OF SCOTLAND. Fig. 771. Peren-
nial, 6-12 in.: root-lvs. petiolate,
orbicular or cordate, crenate-den-
tate: st.-lvs. linear or lanceolate,
usually entire: calyx-lobes awl-
shaped, erect, a third shorter than
the bell-shaped bright blue cor-
olla; fl.-buds erect. Eu., Siberia,
N. Amer. Gn. 53:42; 62, p. 59.
Gn. M. 14:10. This is one of
the most cosmopolitan of all
campanulas, and the true harebell or bluebell of litera-
ture. In the wild it is usually slenderer and taller than
in the garden. In shady woods it often grows 2 ft. high.
The type has a white-fld. variety which is much less
popular, but G.C. 1861:698 shows an excellent pot-
plant of it. Var. alaskana, .Gray. Dwarfer, leafy to the
top: radical Ivs. cordate, lowest st.-lvs. ovate and the
upper ones becoming lanceolate: calyx-lobes attenuate,
becoming deflexed; corolla ^2-1^2 in. long. Alaska.
Var. arctica, Lange. Rigid, 1- to few-fld.: corolla 1 in.
long, the calyx-lobes very slender and soon spreading
or deflexing. Canada north. Var. velutina, DC. Herbage
whitish pubescent. Var. Hostii, Hort. (C. Hbstii,
Baumg.), has larger fls. than the type and stouter sts.
The lower st.-lvs. are lanceolate, remotely dentate, the
upper linear entire: calyx-lobes longer than in the type,
a half shorter than the corolla. The white-fld. form is
not so vigorous. |G. 5:207. The most pronounced
variant is var. soldanellaefldra, Hort. (C. soldanella,
Hort.). Fig. 772. With semi-double blue fls. split to
the base into about 25 divisions. F.S. 18:1880. Gn.
60, p. 162. This curious variation is unique in the
genus. The alpine soldanellas are famous among trav-
elers for melting their way through the ice. They have
fringed blue fls. The name C. rotundifolia seems singu-
larly inappropriate until one finds the root-lvs. in
early spring. C. stenocodon, Boiss. & Reut., by some
referred to C. rotundifolia, is more slender and with nar-
rower st.-lvs.: fls. long and narrow, tubular, rich lilac-
purple. Alps.
45. Scheftchzeri, Vill. (C. linifolia, Willd.). Peren-
nial, 4-12 in.: st. 1-4-fld., usually 1-fld.: root-lvs.
roundish, ovate, or cordate; st.-lvs. linear or narrowly
lanceolate, sessile, denticulate, the lowest st.-lvs.
spatulate : calyx-lobes slender, linear-awl-shaped, nearly
as long as the bell-shaped dark blue corolla. Alpine
and subarctic regions of Newfoundland, Labrador,
Alaska, and Rocky Mts. to Colo., also in Eu. and
N. Asia. F.S. 21:2205, not L.B.C. 5:485, which De-
Candolle states is C. rotundifolia. Var. alba, Hort.
Fls. white. Gn. 60, p. 164. The st.-lvs. of C. Scheuch-
650
CAMPANULA
CAMPSIDIUM
zeri are distinctly serrate, while in C. rotundifolia they
are entire; the fl.-buds nod in the former, but are erect
in the latter. The calyx-lobes are relatively longer in
C. Scheuchzeri, and perhaps the bell is deeper.
46. caespitdsa, Scop. (C. pumila, Curt. C. pusilla,
Hsenk.). Perennial, 4-6 in.: root-lvs. tufted, short-
petioled, ovate, glandular-dentate, shining: calyx-
lobes linear, erect, a third shorter than the bell-shaped
corolla: fls. nodding, blue; pollen violet-colored. B.M.
512. Gn. 43:24; 48, p. 297; 60, p. 161. G. 25:307.
R.H. 1908, p. 223. Dwarf er than C. rotundifolia, with
root-lvs. never reniform, shorter-petioled, and lasting
until after fls. have gone. Perennial, quickly forms a
dense mat, and blooming from June till Oct. The
European trade catalogues usually offer C. csespitosa
and C. pusilla separately, and doubtless plants of dis-
tinct horticultural value are passing under these names,
but there seem to be no sufficient botanical characters
to distinguish them. Correvon says that C. pusilla
differs from C. csespitosa only by its less stoloniferous
character. Var. alba, Hort., has white fls. G.C. Ill,
48:96. Gn. 72, p. 143; 75, p. 368. G.M. 54:466. Var.
pallida, Hort., has pale blue fls. G.M. 53 : 612.
47. excisa, Schleich. Perennial, glabrous, height 4-5
in.: sts. slender, 1-fld.: root-lvs. spatulate; upper Ivs.
linear; calyx-lobes bristly, spreading, at length reflexed,
a third shorter than the bell-shaped corolla: fls. pale
blue, divided to about half their depth, with a round
hole at the base of each sinus, which easily distinguishes
it from C. pulla and all other campanulas. Rare in
Alps. B.M. 7358. L.B.C. 6:561. Gn. 60, p. 64. A
rare rock-plant. Likes cool, moist air, and not too full
exposure to sun.
BBBB. Fls. tubular, often long and narrow.
48. Zoysii, Wulf. Perennial, 3-4 in.: plant tufted,
glabrous: sts. few-fld. : root-lvs. entire, crowded, petio-
late, ovate-obovate, obtuse; st.-lvs. obovate-lanceolate
and linear: peduncles 1-fld., terminal, rarely axillary;
fls. azure-blue, large for the plant, terminated by a
stellar process before expansion; calyx-lobes linear,
awl-shaped, spreading, a fourth shorter than the
corolla; corolla long-cylindrical, constricted at the
apex, wider at the base, sharply angled, pale blue.
Austrian Alps, 6,000-8,000 ft. Gn. 8, p. 173. G.C. III.
20:183; 38:228. -A rare and abnormal species.
49. Erinus, Linn. Annual: plant hispid: height
3-9 in.: Ivs. small, glossy, ^-%in. broad, cor-
date, deeply cut, the pointed lobes conspicuous: fls.
sessile, pale blue with a light center, tubular, %in.
broad, with acute narrow lobes; style long, conspicuous,
colored like corolla: racemes long, semi-prostrate,
10-12-fld. Medit. Rare, short-lived rock-plant; also
for edgings and pots.
C. abietina, Griseb. Rare tufted rockery plant, with slender,
wiry sts. 9-15 in. high: fls. light blue, in loose branching spikes.
July, Aug. E. Eu. C. acut&ngula, Ler. & Lev. Dwarf, with trail-
ing sts. from a rosette of ivy-like Ivs.: st.-lvs. small, rounded and
toothed: fls. solitary on each St., rather large and star-like, purple-
blue. N.Spain. G.C.III. 50:220. C. amdbilis, Leicht.=C. phycti-
docalyx. C. Beaverdi&na, Fomine. Slender, to 2 ft., glabrous or
finely hairy: lower Ivs. oblong-ovate to broadly ovate, obtuse,
crenate-serrate: fls. few or solitary, slender-pedicelled, blue, IJi
in. across. B.M. 8299. Caucasus. C. calycdnthema, Hort.=C.
Medium var. calycanthema. C. cenlsia, Linn. A rare rock-plant
from Mt. Cenis and other mts. of the Alps, with solitary deep blue
fls. on sts. 2 in. high. Root-lvs. obovate, obtuse; st.-lvs. ovate-
oblong; all Ivs. sessile-entire: calyx hirsute, the lobes linear-lanceo-
late, a half shorter than the deeply 5-cut, spreading corolla. C.
grandifldra, Jacq.=Platycodon. -C. hederacea, Linn.=Wahlen-
bergia. C. imeretina, Rupr. Dwarf, branching, resembling C.
sibirica: Ivs. small: fls. violet-blue. Caucasus. C. incurva, Aucher=
C. Leutweinii. C. kolenatiana, Mey. Perennial, 9 in. or less: Ivs.
mostly radical ovate, about 1 in. long: fls. in long-stalked raceme,
bluish violet, 1 in. long, inside hairy. Caucasus. C. laciniata,
Linn. Robust much-branched biennial, 2 ft., somewhat pubescent:
lower Ivs. 8 in. long by 2J^ in. broad, deeply cut: fls. about 2 in.
across, upwards of 1 in. long, pale blue; Greece. G.C. III. 40:165.
C. Leutweinii, Heldr. (C. incurva, Aucher). Perennial, simple,
1 ft. or more: Ivs. cordate, white-downy, crenate, rounded at apex:
fls. pale blue, 1J^ in. long. Greece. -C. Mariesii, Hort.=Platy-
codon. C. michauxoides, Boiss. Tall-growing: fls. bluish white,
the segms. recurved. Asia Minor. C. Lamdrckii, D. Dietr.=
Adenophpra Lamarckii. C. nitida, Ait.=C. planiflora. C.
petrxa. Linn. Biennial, with ascending st., hairy, 6-12 in.: lower Ivs.
lance-oblong, narrowed to the base, toothed; upper Ivs.
ovate and sessile: fls. small, pale yellow, in dense terminal and
axillary heads. N. Italy. C. phyctidocalyx, Boiss. & No6 (C.
amabilis, Leicht.). Like C. Rapuneulus in habit, 2-2^ ft.: Ivs.
lanceolate or cordate: fls. 10-12 in raceme, dark blue with black
styles, resembling those of C. persicifolia. Armenia. C. plani-
fldra, Lam. (C. nitida, Ait.). Glabrous: height 3-9 in.: st. simple:
Ivs. sessile, leathery, shining; root-lvs. crowded in a dense rosette,
ovate or obovate-obtuse, crenulate, \Yi in. long; st.-lvs. linear-
lanceolate, acute, nearly entire: fls. blue or white, with double
varieties, in spicate racemes; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, broad, erect,
a third shorter than the broadly bell-shaped or saucer-shaped corolla.
Not American, though commonly so stated. Habitat unknown.
J.H. III. 33:283. Rock-plant, for sunny position. C. primu-
Isefdlia, Brot. St. hairy, simple, 1-3 ft.: lowest Ivs., lanceolate,
st.-lvs. oblong: fls. blue, downy at bottom, nearly rotate. Portugal.
B.M. .4879. C. Raddeana, Trautv. Perennial, glabrous, 1 ft.:
Ivs. cordate, long-stalked: fls. large, dark purple. Caucasus. C.
specidsa, Pourr., is a rare species. Most of the plants passing under
this name are likely to be C. glomerata. B.M. 2649 is C. glomerata
var. speciosa. C. thyrsoidea, Lapeyr., is referred here. C. Specu-
lum, Linn.=Specularia. C. spicdta, Linn. Biennial, 1-2 ft.: Ivs.
very narrow, nearly or quite entire: fls. 1-3, sessile, in a long inter-
rupted spike, blue. Eu. J.H. III. 47:267. C. sulphured, Boiss.
Annual: fls. size of those of C. rotundifolia, pale straw-color out-
side and sulfur-yellow inside. Palestine. C. urticifdlia. This name
is now abandoned. Plants are likely to be C. Trachelium.
WILHELM MILLER.
L. H. B.f
CAMPANUM^)A (variant of Campanula). Cam-
panulaceae. Twining or loose-growing perennial herbs,
with rhizomes or tubers, rarely grown in .greenhouses.
Lvs. mostly opposite, simple and often cordate,
petioled: fls. yellowish or greenish, broadly bell-shaped,
. 4-^6-lobed: fr. a berry. Five species occur in the
Himalayan and E. Asian region and the Malay Archi-
pelago. C. javdnica, Blume, and C. inflata, Clarke, both
with yellowish brown-veined fls. are mentioned in
gardening literature: the fls. are about IJ^in.; in the
former the calyx is nearly free from the berry, which is
hemispherical; in the latter the calyx is adnate to the
berry, which is ellipsoidal; both are twiners. C. grdcilis,
Hort., is of the genus Leptocodon, and C. lanceolata,
Sieb. & Zucc., is a Codonopsis.
CAMPH6RA: Cinnamomum.
CAMPION: Silene.
CAMPSIDIUM (alluding to its similarity to Camp-
sis}. Bignoniaceas. Ornamental vines grown for their
bright orange flowers and also for their handsome
evergreen finely pinnate foliage.
Evergreen shrubs, high-climbing, without tendrils
and without rootlets, with odd-pinnate, opposite Ivs.
and tubular, orange, slender-pedicelled fls. in terminal,
loose and short racemes: calyx turbinate, 5-toothed,
glandless; corolla tubular, slightly ventricose, straight,
with 5 short equal lobes; stamens, 4, the 2 longer with
the anthers exserted; anther-sacs parallel^ disk cupular,
flat: fr. a narrow caps, with many winged seeds. Two
species in Chile and in the Fiji Isls.
They are adapted only for subtropical regions and do
not seem to bloom readily, but even without flowers they
are worth planting for their foliage alone. In Old World
gardens, they are sometimes cultivated as stove plants,
but C. valdivianum, judging from its habitat, might do
better in the cool greenhouse. Propagated by greenwood
cuttings under glass. For further culture, see Campsis.
Campsidium filidfolium, from the Fiji Islands, has
never flowered in the writer's garden (in Florida) and
is cut down by frost almost every winter, but it is a
strong grower and worth planting for the foliage alone.
C. valdivianum has proved to be a very poor grower
and is very difficult to keep in health for any length of
time. (H. Nehrling.)
valdivianum, Seem. (C. chilense, Reissek & Seem.
Tecoma valdiviana, Phil.). Climbing, to 50 ft. : branches
angular, glabrous : Ivs. glabrous, 4-6 in. long; If ts. usually
11-13, sessile, elliptic-oblong, %-lH in. long, serrate near
the apex or almost entire: racemes pendulous, 6-10-fld.;
CAMPSIDIUM
CAMPSIS
651
fls. about l^z in. long, oretnge: caps. 3-4 in. long, nar-
rowly elliptic-oblong. Chile. G.C. 1870:1182. B.M.
6111. F.S. 20:2142.
filicifolium, Van Geert (Tecoma filicifblia, Nichols.).
Climbing evergreen shrub: Ivs. odd-pinnate, 5 in. long;
Ifts. 19-25, ovate, with 2 or 3 lobes on each
side, the larger lobes sometimes dentate. Fiji
Isls. F. 1874:280. ALFRED REHDER.
CAMPSIS (Greek kampsis, curve, refer-
ring to the curved stamens). Bignoniacex.
TRUMPET-CREEPER. Ornamental
vines cultivated for their strik-
ing scarlet or orange flowers.
Deciduous woody plants, climb-
ing by aerial rootlets, with oppo-
site, odd -pinnate Ivs., large
orange or scarlet fls. in terminal
clusters or panicles, followed by
large elongated
caps. : calyx tubu-
lar - campanulate,
773. Trumpet-vine Campsis
radicans. ( X K)
leathery, un-
equally 5-
toothed; corolla
f unnelf orm-
campanulate, enlarged
above the calyx, 5-lobed,
with spreading lobes,
slightly 2-lipped; stamens
4, 2 longer and 2 shorter
with diverging anthers;
ovary 2-loculed, sur-
rounded at the base by a
large disk : f r. an elongated
caps., loculicidally dehis-
cent, with the 2 valves
separating from the sep-
tum to which the seeds
are attached; seeds numerous, compressed, with 2 large
translucent wings. One species in N. Amer. and one in
China and Japan. By some botanists, Bignonia is con-
sidered the correct name for this genus, because the
original description was chiefly based on C. radicans,
while Tecoma is the proper name for the genus known
as Stenolobium.
The hardiest species is C. radicans, which may be
grown as far north as Massachusetts, at least in shel-
tered positions, while C. chinensis is more tender; the
hybrid is intermediate between the two in hardiness.
C. chinensis and C. hybrida, as well as C. radicans var.
speciosa, can be grown as bushy specimens and will
bloom freely on the young shoots, even if cut back
almost to the ground by frost. Such plants can be
easily protected during the winter by laying them
down and covering them with earth. C. radicans is
particularly adapted for covering walls and rocks, as it
climbs with aerial rootlets and clings firmly to its sup-
port. The species of campsis prefer rich rather moist
soil and sunny positions. Propagated by seeds, by
greenwood cuttings under glass, or by hardwood and
also by root-cuttings and layers.
Trumpet -vines in the South. The trumpet- vines
are very successfully cultivated in Florida, being well
adapted to the soil and climate, but to do their best
need to be planted from the start in rich soil; and in
addition they should be well fertilized at least once a
year. They prefer a fertilizer rich in nitrogen; and a
heavy mulch will also prove very beneficial. They
should be grown on posts and tall stumps, or they may
be trained over small oaks, persimmon trees or catalpas.
Other bignoniads of similar culture are Tecomaria
capensis, a half-climbing species with scarlet flowers eff ec-
42
tively used for decoration of the veranda, and Tecoma
stans. That and Campsis chinensis are the two showiest
bignoniads cultivated in Florida, the latter being a
climber, flowering abundantly in May and June, while
the first one is a large-growing bushy species opening
its immense corymbs of vivid yellow flowers the latter
part of November and early in December. The Chinese
trumpet creeper, C. chinensis, is the most floriferous
and gorgeous. In the writer's garden a large pine stump,
about 16 feet high, in May and June is completely
covered with masses of brilliant fiery orange-scarlet
flowers which can be seen at a distance of half a mile.
The flowers are much larger, more brilliant and much
more abundantly produced than those of the native
C. radicans. It is sometimes infested by a voracious
caterpillar, which devours the leaves greedily. The
lubber grasshoppers also attack the lower foliage. C.
chinensis grows well in the poor sandy soil, perfecting
luxuriant shoots 25 to 30 feet long in one season if well
fertilized. The native trumpet creeper, C. radicans, is
very common in the southern woodlands and fields.
There is a great variety in the brilliancy of the blos-
soms. This is an excellent plant for covering the bare
trunks of palmettos. (H. Nehrling.)
radicans. Seem. (Tecoma radicans, Juss. Bignonia
radicans, Linn.). TRUMPET-CREEPER. TRUMPET- VINE.
T R U M P E T-HONEYSUCKLE.
Figs. 773, 774. High-climb- ^
ing shrub, clinging with
rootlets: Ivs. odd-pinnate;
Ifts. 9-11, oval to ovate-
oblong, acuminate, serrate,
dark green above, pale and
pubescent beneath, at least - r 3
along the midrib, l%-2%
in. long: fls. in terminal
racemes; corolla tubular-
f unnelf orm, about 3 in. long,
with 5 spreading lobes, usu-
ally orange with scarlet
limb, tube almost thrice as
long as the short-toothed
calyx: fr. cylindric-oblong,
keeled along the sutures, '**
stalked and with a beak at
the apex, 3-5 in. long. July-
Sept. Pa. and 111. to Fla.
and Texas. B.M. 485. Gn.
22, p. 339. F. 1873, p. 220.
A. F. 12:34. Mn. 2:9.
Var. atropurpurea, Voss
(var. grandifldra atropur-
purea, Hort.). With large, "'
deep scarlet fls. Var. spe-
cidsa, Voss. Scarcely climb-
ing, usually forming a bush
with long and slender
branches: Ifts. small, oval,
abruptly narrowed into a
slender point often %in.
long: fls. orange-red, with
rather straight tube; limb
about 134 in. across. Var. *
prsfecox, Schneid. Large
scarlet fls. in June. Var.
aurea, Hort. Fls. yellow.
chinensis, Voss (Tecoma
grandifldra, Delaun. T. chi-
nensis, C. Koch. Bignonia
chinensis, Lam. C.adrepens,
Lour.). CHINESE TRUMPET-
CREEPER. Fig. 775 (adapted %
from Gardening). Climbing ?74. The Trumpet-creeper
shrub, with few or no aerial climbs by means of aerial
rootlets: Ivs. odd-pinnate; roots. Campsis radicans.
652
CAMPSIS
CANANGIUM
775. Campsis chinensis on a
clothes-post.
Ifts. usually 7-9, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, serrate,
glabrous beneath, l%-2% in. long: fls. in terminal
racemes; corolla funnelform-campanulate, shorter and
broader than that of the preceding species, scarlet,
about 2 in. across; calyx 5-lobed to the middle, about
as long as the tube of the
corolla: fr. obtuse at the
apex. Aug., Sept. China,
Japan. B.M. 1398; 3011.
F.S. 11:1124-5. Gn. 27, p.
94; 33, p. 348; 47, p. 373.
G.F. 3:393. F.R. 2:27.
Gng. 4:195. Less high-
growing and sometimes
shrubby; blooms when quite
small and can be grown as
a pot-plant, also suited for
forcing. Var. Thunbergii,
Voss (Tecoma Thunbergii,
Sieb.). Fls. bright scarlet,
with very short tube and
reflexed lobes. Often a var.
of C. radicans is cult, under
the name C. Thunbergii.
Var. Princei, Voss (Tecoma
grandiflbra var. Princei,
Dipp.), probably belongs to
the following hybrid.
hybrida, Schneid. (Te-
coma hybrida, Jouin. T.
intermedia, Schelle. T. radicans grandiflbra atropur-
purea, Hort. T. Princei grandiflbra, Hort. T. chinensis
aurantwca, Hort.). Hybrid between the two preceding
species: somewhat climbing, often forming a bush with
straggling branches: Ifts. 7-11, ovate to elliptic-ovate,
usually pubescent along the veins beneath: fls. in ter-
minal loose panicles; calyx divided for about one-third
into ovate long-acuminate lobes much shorter than the
corolla-tube; corolla funnelform-campanulate with
orange-yellow tube and scarlet limb, about 2 in. across
and 3 in. long. July-Sept. Garden origin. S.T.S. 1:47.
M.D.G. 1904:123. The fls. are almost as large and
showy as those of C. chinensis and the plant is hardier.
ALFRED REHDER.
CAMPTOSORUS (Greek, bent sori, alluding to the
irregular arrangement). Polypodidcese. Two species of
hardy ferns, with simple pointed Ivs., which take root
at the apex, and are hence known as "walking-leaf
ferns." A single species is native
mostly on lime^bearing rocks, and
an allied species is known from
Japan and N. Asia.
rhizophyllus, Link. Fig. 776.
Lvs. evergreen, simple, tapering
from a heart-shaped base, 4-12
in. long; veins forming meshes
near the midrib; sori
irregularly scattered,
linear, straight or
bent. Canada to Ala.
Sometimes grown
in rockeries and wild
gardens.
L. M. UNDERWOOD.
CAMPYLOB6TRYS:
Hoffmannia.
CAMPYLONEURON:
Polypodium.
CANADA: British
North America.
CANAIGRE: Rumex
hymenosepalus.
CANANGIUM (Makassar, kananga; Malay . kenanga).
Annonacese. Perfume-yielding tropical trees.
Closely allied to Desmos but differing in having the
apex of the connectives of the stamens prolonged into a
point, instead of being broadened into a hood-like
covering for the pollen-sacs: sepals 3; petals 6 in 2
series, valvate, nearly equal, flat, linear ; stamens many,
closely crowded on the convex torus, the connective
produced into a long tapering point; carpels indefinite,
CANANGA:|Canon-
776. Camptosorus rhizophyllus.
777. Canangium odoratum. a, flowering branch ; b, stamens;
c, longitudinal section of fruit; d, fruit cluster.
clustered in the center of the mass of stamens; ovules in
2 columns or apparently in a single column; style linear
or linear-oblong, terminating in an obtuse swelling;
ripe carpels (fr.) several, pedicelled, ovoid or oblong
and more or less constricted between the seeds. The
name Cananga, usually applied to this genus, was used
by Aublet in 1775 for an entirely different genus, and
cannot therefore be valid for the present one. Baillon
recognized this fact, and proposed the name Canan-
;ium, without, however, coupling it with specific names.
t was taken up by Sir George King in his Annonacese
of British India, 1893, and was applied by him to the
celebrated ylangylang tree, Canangium odoratum.
odoratum, King (Uvdria odordta, Lam. Unona
odordta, Dunal. Candnga odorata, Hook. f. & Thorns.).
YLANGYLANG. ILANGILANG. ALANGILANG. Mqso'oi.
MOTO-OI. Fig. 777. A tree bearing a profusion of
greenish yellow fragrant fls. with long narrow petals,
from which the celebrated ilangilang is made. The
tree is found in S. India, Java, the Philippines, the
Malay Archipelago, and many islands of the tropical
Pacific. It occurs spontaneously as well as in cult., and
its seeds are widely scattered by fruit-pigeons and other
birds. In the Samoan Isls. it is much beloved by the
natives, who make garlands of "moso'oi" with which
to adorn themselves, and they celebrate its fragrance
in their songs. The fls. yield a fragrant volatile oil
known in commerce as the oil of ilangilang, usua'ly
obtained by steam distillation. The natives use a much
simpler process in securing oil for anointing their
heads and bodies. Fls. are p'ut into coconut oil and,
after remaining a short time, are replaced by fresh ones,
CANANGIUM
CANNA
653
the oil being subjected to a gentle heat. "Macassar
oil" is prepared in this way, fls. of Michelia Champaca
being often added to those of the ylangylang.
Brandisanum, Safford (Unbna Brandisana, Pierre.
Undna latifoiia, Hook. f. & Thorns., not Dunal). A
tree endemic in the forests of lower Cochin China and
Cambodia, with very fragrant fls. resembling those of
C. odor alum but with the petals relatively broader, con-
stricted at the base, and thicker, and the Ivs. usually
cordate at the base and tomentose beneath, instead of
rounded at the base and pubescent beneath: the fr.
resembles that of the preceding species but with fewer
seeds arranged almost in a single row, but on close
inspection seen to be biseriate. The fls. yield a per-
fume similar to that of the true ylangylang of com-
merce. \V. E. SAFFORD.
CANARINA (from the Canary Islands). Campanu-
Idcese. Cool-house tuberous-rooted herb closely allied
to Campanula, but with the tubes of the calyx and
corolla grown together, and the floral parts in 6's.
Three species. C. Campanula, Lam., is a tender per-
ennial from the Canaries, about 6-8 ft. tall, with
drooping, inflated buds and solitary, bell-shaped fls.
more than 1 in. long and 1^ m - wide, dull yellow,
flushed and veined with dull purplish brown: the lobes
of the corolla strongly reflexed: Ivs. hastate, coarsely
repand-dentate : fr. a fleshy berry. B.M. 444. Intro,
by Franceschi in 1895.
CANARY-BIRD FLOWER: Tropxolum,
CANARY GRASS: Phalaris.
CANAVALIA (an aboriginal name). Including
Malocchia. Leguminosx. Bean-like plants, some of
them producing edible seeds and some more or less
grown for ornament.
Prostrate trailing or twining herbs, with pinnately
3-foliolate Ivs.: fls. in axillary racemes or fascicles,
often large, violet, rose or white, with bell-shaped,
2-lipped calyx, papilionaceous corolla, 9 stamens
united and 1 free for all or part of its length: pods large
and ribbed on edges. A dozen species, widely dis-
tributed in warm countries.
ensiformis, DC. (C. gladidta var. ensiformis, DC.).
JACK BEAN. CHICKASAW LIMA. Figs. 485 (Vol. I),
778. Glabrous or nearly so: Ifts. ovate-oblong or ovate,
mucronate: upper lip of calyx longer than the tube,
recurved and notched; keel blunt, curved: seeds white,
with a dark raphe.
Tropics of both
hemispheres. B.
M.4027. A.G. 14:
84. Grown in the
southern states for
stock, but the pods
make passable snap
beans when not
more than 4-6 in.
long. In warm
countries it is a
bushy plant, with
little tendency to
climb. The pods
reach a length of 10-14 in., the walls being very hard
and dense when ripe; the halves of the pod, when split
apart, roll up spirally often into an almost perfect
cylinder. The large white turgid beans, bearing a
very prominent brown seed-scar, are packed crosswise
the pod, imbedded in a very thin white papery lining.
The fls. are small and light purple, resembling those of
the cowpea (but larger) and of various species of
Dolichos. The Ifts. are large and broad (5-8 in. long
and half or three-fifths as broad), strongly veined and
dull, dark green, abruptly pointed and smooth. Beans
said to be used as a coffee substitute.
778. Seeds of Canavalia ensiformis.
(XI)
C. bonariensis, Lindl. Twining: Ifts. ovate, with the long apex
obtuse: fls. purple in drooping racemes that exceed the Ivs., the
standard large broad and notched. Uruguay and IS. Brazil. B.R. 1199.
H.U. 4, p. 129. C. obtusifolia, DC. Prostrate or climbing: Ifts. nearly
orbicular to oval or obovate, rounded or cuneate at base: fls. pink,
m racemes exceeding the Ivs.: seed brown, oblong. Fla. and Texas
south. Known as "mato de la playa" in Porto Rico. C. rusiosperma,
Urban. Large and tall, ascending highest forest trees: seeds red.
Known as "Mato Colorado." W. Indies. T tr r>
Jj. 11. 1 >.
CANDELILLO: Euphorbia antisyphilitica.
CANDLEBERRY, CANDLENUT: Aleurites.
CANDOLLEA (A. P. DeCandolle, 1778-1841, fa-
mous botanist of Geneva, Switzerland). Candolledcex;
formerly referred to Dillenidcex. Herbs or woody plants
sometimes grown under glass or in the open far South
for the mostly yellow flowers.
Shrubs or undershrubs or herbs, mostly glabrous:
Ivs. simple, mostly narrow, sometimes with margins
revolute: fls. few or solitary at the ends of the branches;
sepals and petals 5; stamens many, united into 5
bundles or sets, each set bearing several anthers;
carpels 2-3-5, with 1-3 ovules in each. As now under-
stood, probably 80-90 species, mostly W. Australian,
but 1 in Trop. Asia and S. China and 1 in the E. Indies.
Little known in cult., but the following Australian
species are now offered.
tetrandra, Lindl. Shrub, with branches angular,
pubescent: Ivs. narrow-oblong to oblong-ovate, obtuse
or short-acuminate, 2% in. or less long, clasping, mar-
gins not revolute: fls. much larger, paler yellow, the
petals 1 in. long and the acute sepals %in. long: fr.
with orange aril. B.R. 29:50. Offered as a green-
house plant.
cuneif6rmis, Labill. Erect shrub, 6 ft. and more,
with short crowded branches that are somewhat hairy
when young: Ivs. oblong-cuneate to obovate, truncate
or few-toothed at apex, 1 in. long: fls. bright sulfur-
yellow, sessile in the crowded floral Ivs.; sepals about
^in., and the notched petals somewhat longer. B.M.
2711. Offered in S. Calif., where it blooms March-
June - L. H. B.
CANDYTUFT: Iberis.
CANE-BRAKE: Species of Arundinaria (treated under Bamboo).
CANISTRUM (Greek, a basket). Bromelidcese.
Epiphytic or terrestrial hothouse plants, requiring the
treatment of billbergias.
Leaves in a dense tuft, acute, spinulose on the margin :
infl. compound, in a cup of Ivs., on a very short st. as
in Nidularium, or on a longer exserted st. ; fls. usually
green, rarely golden or blue. A genus of about 10
species, natives of Brazil. They are sometimes referred
to Nidularium.
Lindenii, Mez (jEchmea eburnea, Baker. Guzmdnia
frdgrans, Hort. Nidularium Lindenii, Regel). Lvs.
about 20, in a dense rosette, tomentose, green-spotted,
the bract-lvs. cream-white: fls. white or greenish.
amazonicum, Mez (Karatas amazdnica, Baker.
Nidularium amazonicum, Lind. & Andre". dEchmea
amazdnica, Hort.). Lvs. 15-20, 10-20 in. long, and
rather wide at the middle, greenish brown above and
light brown beneath, not spotted or scurfy, the bract-
lvs. greenish brown: fls. white, with a green tube, in a
dense head.
C. aurantiacum, E. Morr. (JSchmea aurantiaca, Baker).
Plant vigorous: Ivs. expanded in the middle: fls. yellow, 2 in.
long. S. Amer. B. H. 1873: 15. G EORGE V. NASH.f
CANNA (name of oriental origin, of no application).
Cannaceae. Popular tall ornamental plants, prized for
their stately habit, strong foliage and showy flowers;
much used for bedding.
Stout, unbranched: fls. mostly red or yellow, in a
terminal raceme or panicle, very irregular: caps. 3-
loculed and several- to many-seeded (Fig. 779, p.] ; sepals
654
CANNA
CANNA
779. The parts of the Canna flower.
(s) 3 and small and usually green; petals (ccc) 3,
mostly narrow and pointed, green or colored; style (e)
single and long; the stamens are commonly petal-like,
oblanceolate bodies or staminodia (aaab), 2 or 3 of
which are usually
much produced
and broadened,
and one is deflexed
and narrower and
forms the lip of
the fl. (6); the
pollen is borne in a
single-ioculed an-
ther (/), borne on
the side of a nar-
row and more or
less coiled stam-
inodium. In the
latest monograph,
1912 (Kranzlin, in
Engler's Pflan-
zenreich, hft. 56),
51 species of
Canna are de-
scribed from sub-
tropical and tropi-
cal Amer. and
Asia.
A generation or two ago, cannas were grown for their
foliage or mass-effect. They were tall and long-jointed,
with small and* late flowers (Fig. 780). An old-time
garden race of tall cannas was C. Anmei, raised by
M. Anne"e, of France, from seeds of the true C. nepal-
ensis, sown in 1848. The flowers from which the seeds
were taken probably had been pollinated by some other
species, most likely with C. glauca. In 1863, a new
race appeared, as the result of the union of C. iridiflora
with C. Warscewiczii. This hybrid was known as C.
Ehemanni (and C. iridiflora hybrida). This was of inter-
mediate stature, with showy foliage and better droop-
ing flowers. Under this name plants are still sold, but
they may not be identical with the original C. Ehe-
manni. This race has been variously crossed with other
species and forms, and from innumerable seedlings there
have been selected the dwarf and large-flowered cannas
(Figs. 781, 782), which have now practically driven out
the old tall small -flowered
forms. These dwarf cannas are
often known as French cannas,
from the country of their ori-
gin; also, as Crozy cannas,
from a renowned breeder of
them. Within recent years,
another race of cannas has
arisen from the amalgamation
of our native C. flacdda with
the garden forms and with C.
iridiflora. These have come
mostly from Italy and are
known as Italian cannas; also
as orchid-flowered cannas. The
flowers are characterized by
soft and flowing iris-like out-
lines, but they are short-lived.
Of this class are the varieties
Italia (Fig. 783), Austria, Ba-
varia, Burgundia, America,
Pandora, Burbank and others.
For a sketch of the evolution of
the garden cannas, see J. G.
Baker, Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc.,
Jan., 1894; also, for the his-
tory of the Italian race, Revue
Horticole, 1895, 516, and Gar-
deners' Chronicle, Dec. 14,
780. Old-time canna. 1895; Kranzlin, cited above.
The culture of cannas is simple and easy. They
demand a warm, friable, rich and moist soil. They
are injured by frost, and therefore should not be
planted out until the weather is thoroughly settled. For
dense mass effects, set the plants not more than 1 foot
apart each way, but if it is desired to show individual
plants and their flowers at the best, give three times
that amount of room to a single plant. Pick the flowers
as soon as they wilt, to prevent the formation of seeds
(which causes the plant to lessen flowering), and keep
the plants in tidy condition. Give the soil and treat-
ment that produce the best results with Indian corn.
New varieties are raised from seeds. The seeds
usually germinate slowly, and sometimes not at all,
unless the integument is cut or filed, or is softened by
soaking in water; these precautions taken, they germi-
nate quickly. Sow late in winter, in rather strong bottom
heat, in flats or pots. Prick out, and give plenty of
room. They should make blooming plants the first year.
Commonly, cannas are propagated by dividing the
rootstock. This rootstock is a branchy mass, with many
large buds. If stock is not abundant, as many plants
may be made from a rootstock
as there are buds, although the
weak buds produce weak plants.
Leave as much tissue as possible
with each bud. These one-bud
parts usually give best results
if started in pots, so that the
plant is 6 to 12 inches high at
planting time. The
commercial canna
plants are grown
mostly in pots. If
one has sufficient
roots, however, it
is better not to cut
so close, but to
leave several strong
buds on each piece
(as shown in Fig.
784). These pieces
may be planted
directly in the
ground, although
more certain results
are to be secured by
starting them in the
house in boxes or
pots. If strong
effects are desired, particuarly in shrub borders, it is
well to plant the entire stool. In the fall, when the
plants are killed by frost and the tops have dried a
few days, dig the roots, and let them dry, retaining
some of the earth on them. Then store them on
shelves in a cellar that will keep Irish or round pota-
toes well. Take care that the roots do not become too
warm, particularly before cold weather sets in; nor
too moist. Well-cured roots from matured plants
usually keep without much difficulty. If they do not
hold much earth, it is well to throw a thin covering of
light soil over them, particularly if they are the highly
improved kinds.
Cannas are commonly used only in formal beds, but
most excellent effects may be secured by scattering
them singly or in very small clumps in the hardy
border or amongst shrubbery. Against a heavy back-
ground of green, the gaudy flowers show to their
best, and the ragged effect of the dying flowers is not
noticed. They also make excellent centerpieces for
formal beds. The tall-growing cannas, with small and
late flowers, have given way almost wholly to the
modern race of Crozy or French dwarf cannas, which
usually remain under 4 feet high, and give an abun-
dance of large early flowers. The canna always must
be used for bold planting effects, because the flowers
781. Modern flowering canna.
CANNA
CANNA
655
have not sufficient durability to be very useful as cut-
flowers. As individual blooms, the flowers are not usually
attractive, but they are showy and interesting in the
mass and at a distance. The new race of Italian or
Flaccida cannas has more attractive flowers, but even
these are most useful when on the plant.
It is impossible for the gardener to determine species
of canna in the common garden forms. In fact, the
species are little known except in herbaria and as wild
plants growing in their original habitats. The mon-
ographers do not agree as to the definitions of what
have been described as original or wild species. The
following account of species is included more for the
purpose of showing the range within the genus and
of making a catalogue of leading
botanical names than to set specific
limits or to indicate what species-
forms are in cultivation. The Crozy
experiments began with crossing C.
Warscewiczii with a variety of C.
nepalensis of gardens (C. flaccida?)
having large yellow flowers and very
long creeping tubers; and some of the
progeny was crossed with C. aureo-
picta (a garden form). The recent
attractive orchid - flowered cannas spring
largely from the C. flaccida forms.
Achiras, 3.
Altensteinii, 23.
angustifolia, 13.
Annxi, 16.
aurantiaca, 7.
aureo-cittata, 19.
Buekii, 15.
earned, 8.
cearensis, 12.
ehinensis, 10.
cinnabarina, 9.
coccinea, 17, 18.
commutata, 7.
compacts, 2.
concinna, 6.
crocea, 17.
densifolia, 7.
discolor, 6.
edulis, 20.
esculenta, 20.
excelsa, 1.
exigua, 9.
eximia, 12.
Fintelmannii, 14.
flaccida, 13.
flavescens, 11.
floribunda, 7, 19.
formosa, 18.
fulgida, 9.
INDEX.
gemella, 23.
gigantea, 23.
glauca, 13, 16.
helicpniifolia, 23.
humilis, 9.
indica, 17.
iridiflora, 24.
beta, 19.
lagunensis, 4.
Lambertii, 22.
lanceolata, 16.
lanuginosa, 3.
latifolia, 23.
leptochila, 10.
leucocarpa, 16.
liliiflora, 25.
limbata, 19.
longifolia, 16.
lutea, 7.
macrophylla, 23.
maculata, 7.
mexicana, 16.
Moritziana, 5.
neglecta, 23.
nepalensis, 10.
orientalis, 11.
pallida, 5.
paniculata, 1.
patens, 17, 19, 21.
pedunculata, 15.
Poeppigii, 22.
polyclada, 12.
polymorpha, 10.
portoricensis, 19.
recurvata, 19.
reflexa, 15.
Reevesii, 13.
rotundifolia, 6.
rubra, 18.
rubricaulis, 20.
rubro-lutea, 16.
sanguinea, 10, 21.
saturate-rubra, 10.
Schlechtendaliana, 16
Selloi, 21.
speciosa, 10.
spectabilis, 17.
stolonifera, 16.
sulphurea, 7.
sylvestris, 19.
tenuiflora, 17.
Tinei, 7.
variabilis, 8.
variegata, 19.
centricosa, 19.
violacea, 16.
Warscewiczii, 21.
xalapensis, 23.
A. Petal-like staminodia none.
1. paniculata, Ruiz & Pav. (C. excelsa, Lodd.). St.
very tall, slender, glabrous: Ivs. oblong or ovate and
acute, green and glabrous above and pubescent beneath:
racemes lax, disposed in a squarrose panicle, the fls. in
2's; sepals lanceolate, fin. long, obtuse; petals lanceo-
late, yellow-green, 2-3 in. long; lip rather longer than
the petals, crimson. Subequatorial Andes.
AA. Petal-like staminodia 2.
B. Plant woolly-pubescent on the sheaths and sometimes
on the If. -blades.
2. compacta, Roscoe. St. tall, stout, and green: Ivs.
many, oblong to ovate and acute: raceme simple and
densely many-fld., the rachis 3-angled; sepals ovate,
acute, Hin. long; petals unequal, narrowly lanceolate
and long-acuminate, 1J^ in. long, red-yellow; stamino-
dia oblanceolate, slightly emarginate, 1^-2 in. long,
scarlet or deep orange-red ; lip broad-linear, emarginate,
red-yellow. S. Amer.
3. lanuginfisa, Roscoe (C. Achiras, Litt.). St. green,
woolly, 4-6 ft., densely Ivd.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, acute,
green: raceme long and contracted, many-fld., simple,
the bracts obtuse, small and green; sepals ovate-lanceo-
late, greenish red, l /2\n. or less long; petals long-lanceo-
late, \Y<i in. long, tinged with red; staminodia entire,
red or red-yellow; lip the same color, and revolute.
Brazil, Peru. B.R. 1358.
4. lagunensis, Lindl. Differs from C. lanuginosa in
having long pale yellows fls., by some referred to
C. lutea: plant of medium size, lightly lanate on the
sheaths: If .-blades ovate-oblong, short-acute and apicu-
late, pale-margined: petals linear-lan-
ceolate and acuminate: lip strongly
revolute, red -spotted. Mex., Cent.
Amer. B.R. 1311, 1358. Aug.-Nov.
5. pallida, Roscoe (C.
Moritziana, Bouch6). Plant
medium height: If .-blade
elongate-elliptic, acuminate
and filamentous at end,
sometimes white-margined :
raceme simple and narrow,
the bracts broadly oblong-
cuneate; sepals ovate and
obtuse, green; petals lanceo-
late and -acuminate, green-
ish-sulfur-color; lip linear,
2-tipped, revolute, pale yel-
low, spotted. W. Indies and N. S.
Amer.
BB. Plant glabrous on sheaths and
jX If .-blades.
fcV> *'* c. Lvs. of 2 colors,
6. discolor, Lindl. (C. rotundifolia,
Andre). St. stout, 6-10 ft., purple and gla-
brous: Ivs. very broad-oblong, acute, the
lower ones sometimes 3 ft. long, dark green
and purple-margined, red-purple beneath:
fls. in a deeply forked panicle of lax racemes,
the bracts small and oblong; sepals lanceo-
late, obtuse, Hin. long, green, tinted with
purple; petals lanceolate, acuminate, 1}^ in.
long, pale green tinted with rose; staminodia
entire, 2H> in. long, bright red, exterior
yellow; lip lanceolate and emarginate, brick-
red. Cent, and S. Amer. B.R. 1231. C. con-
cinna, Bouche",is a related species with lance-
olate Ivs. narrowed at both ends. S. Amer.
cc. Lvs. unicolored, green.
D. Fls. narrow, the parts connivent.
7. lutea, Miller (C. commutata, C. flori-
bunda and C. densifolia, Bouche". C. macu-
lata, Link. C. sulphurea, Hort.). St. slender
and green, 3-4 ft., distantly foliated: Ivs.
oblong or broad-lanceolate, acute: raceme
lax, simple or rarely forked, the small
green bracts oblong and obtuse; sepals ob-
long, Hin., green, white-margined; petals
lanceolate, pale yellowish white, 1-1 % in.
long; staminodia pale yellow, often emar-
ginate, 1H~2 in. long; lip linear, pale yel-
low, emarginate. Mex. to Brazil. B.M.
Prince 2085. L.B.C. 7:646. C. Tinei, Tod., perhaps
lohenlohe. a hybrid, apparently is to be associated with
this species.
Var. aurantiaca, Kranzl. Fls. orange; lip yellow.
8. vari&bilis, Willd. (C. cdrnea, Roscoe). St. green,
3-6 ft.: Ivs. broad-lanceolate or elliptic, acute, bright
green: raceme simple and lax, the small bracts oblong
and obtuse; sepals lanceolate, green, J^in. long; petals
lanceolate, acuminate, concave, 1H in. long, pale
flesh-color; staminodia 2, spatulate-linear, mostly entire,
variable in color but mostly orange or rose; lip linear
or ligulate and entire: caps, small, globose. S. Brazil,
the particular place unknown.
656
CANNA
CANNA
DD. Fls. ringent or gaping, or open-spreading.
E. Infl. simple or only moderately branched.
9. h&milis, Bouche (C. exigua, Bouche). Low, 3
ft. or less, slender: Ivs. short-petioled, the blade oblong,
acute or short-acuminate, glabrous above and below,
10-16 in. long: raceme sub-simple (rarely paniculate),
bearing fls. large for size of plant (about 3 in. long);
sepals very unequal, ovate-oblong; petals long-lanceo-
late, concave, connate at base into a tube, scarlet;
staminodia spatulate, more or less 2-lobed at apex; lip
rather narrow, about 2J4 m - long. Farther India,
China, etc. C. cinnabarina, Bouche" (C.
fulgida, Bouche"), is a related species but
larger and with yellow and scarlet rather
smaller fls. Mex., Cent. Amer., W.
Indies.
10. speciosa, Roscoe (C. leptochila and
C. saturdte-rubra, Bouche. C. polymdr-
pha, Loud. C. sanguinea, Hort.). Large:
st. green, 5-6 ft.: Ivs. broad-
oblong, acute: fls. in an elon-
gated raceme or sometimes
paniculate; sepals lanceolate,
%in. long, pale purple; petals
linear-lanceolate, l^in. long,
erect, pale purple; staminodia
3 in. long, emarginate, bright
red; lip emarginate, yellow.
Himalayas. B.M.2317. B.R.
1276. C. chinensis, Willd.
(C. nepalensis, Wall.), differs
in having reflexed petals.
11. orientalis, Roscoe (C. flavescens, Link). St.
slender, glabrous, 3-4 ft. : Ivs. ovate-oblong, a foot
or more long: raceme lax, simple or forked, the
bracts oblong; sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse,
J^in. or less long, pale green and rose-tinted;
petals lanceolate, acuminate, 1^ in. long, pale
roae; upper staminodia 23^ in. or less long, bright
red, often emarginate; lip red-yellow: caps, globose
and very small. Malaysian tropics.
EE. Infl. much-branched; fls. purple.
12. polyclada, Wawra (C. eximia, Bouche. C.
cearensis, Huber). St. tall and very slender: Ivs.
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute: fls. (often in
pairs) in a long, much-branched panicle, the bracts
nearly orbicular; sepals lanceolate, H m - long;
petals long-lanceolate and unequal, acuminate, the
longest about 2^ in., purple; staminodia acute,
scarcely longer than the petals; lip oblanceolate,
scarlet-spotted. Brazil.
AAA. Petal-like staminodia 3 (exception in No. 18).
B. Lvs. lanceolate: fls. mostly yellow or orange.
c. Petals deflexed.
13. flaccida, Salisb. (C. glauca and C. angusti-
folia, Walt.). St. green and glabrous, 46 ft.,
very leafy below: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate to narrowly
elliptic, acute, green: raceme simple, lax and few-
lanceolate, acuminate, greenish yellow, lJ^-2 in.;
staminodia obtuse and entire (or 2-lobed at apex), 2-3
in., yellow; lip linear, strongly reflexed, yellow, mottled
red: caps, large. Mex. and Cent. Amer.
15. pedunculata, Sims (C. Buekii, Weinm. C.
reflexa, Nees). St. tall, slender, green and glaucous,
5-6 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, green and glaucous,
1-2 ft. long and 3-4 in. broad: fls. in a many-fid, long
raceme, with a hairy rachis and long-spreading pedicels,
the bracts small, oblong and obtuse; sepals oblong,
small and green; petals linear-lanceolate, greenish
yellow, reflexed, 2 in. long; staminodia
emarginate, about 2 in. long, pale yel-
low; lip oblanceolate, yellow: caps,
globose, small. W. Indies, S.
Amer. B.M. 2323. L.B.C.
7:622.
cc. Petals erect.
16. glaftca, Linn. (C.
Schlechtendaliana, Bouche.
C. A nnsei, Andre. C. mexicana,
and C. stolonifera, Bouche.
C. lanceoldta, Lodd.). St.
green and glaucous, 5-6 ft.,
from a long and stoloniferous
rhizome: Ivs. green and glau-
cous, oblong-lanceolate and
very acute, tapering both
ways (the middle of the blade
4-6 in. wide), white-mar-
gined: raceme lax, simple or
forked; sepals ovate-obtuse,
green, Min. long; petals
linear - lanceolate, yellow-
green, 13^-2 in.; staminodia
entire, 2J^-3 in., yellow, not spotted; lip
linear or obovate-oblong, emarginate, pale
yellow: caps, oblong, lJ^-2 in. long. W.
Indies, S. Amer. Var. rfibro-lfitea, Hort.,
has fls. deep yellow tinted red, or in some
portraits represented as deep purple. B.M. 3437.
C. longifolia, Bouche, from Mex. and Cent.
Amer., has the petals all free, whereas they are
united in a tube in C. glauca, and with curved
sulfur-yellow fls. C. leucocarpa, Bouch6, S.
Amer., has petals united into a short tube, the
fls. small, pale orange with broad leafy style.
C. violacea, Bouche, habitat unknown, has pet-
als united in short tube, fls. violet, strongly
gaping, plant deciduous-woolly above.
BB. Lvs. broadly oblong or elliptic: rhizome
tuberous.
c. Plant low or medium in height (mostly
5 ft, or less) .
D. Staminodia entire at apex.
17. indica, Linn. (C. patens, Roscoe. C. crbcea,
Hort. C. tenuiflora and C. spectdbilis, Bouch6.
C. coccinea, Link). INDIAN SHOT. St. slender,
783.
fld., the bracts very small; sepals lanceolate or ob- Italia canna - glabrous, green, 3-5 ft.: Ivs. oblong and acute,
long, acuminate, 1 in. long, green; petals broadly
linear-lanceolate to obovate and reflexed, to 3 in. long
(as is also the tube); staminodia obovate, sulfur-yel-
low, 2-3 in. long by \ 1 /^ in. broad; lip large, yellow.
Swamps S. C. to Fla., near the coast. L.B.C. 6:562.
G.W. 12, p. 253. Useful for its good habit and iris-
like fls. C. Reevesii, Lindl., of India and the Philip-
pines, has the outside staminodia acute rather than all
obtuse or emarginate as in C. flaccida, and fls. less than
4 in. across rather than about 6 in. across. B.R. 2004.
14. Fintelmannii, Bouche. St. green and glaucous,
4-5 ft.: Ivs. oblong or ovate-elliptic and acute, bright
green: raceme few-fld. and rather dense, the bracts
green and oblong; sepals oblong, J^in., green; petals
green, not glaucous, half as broad as long (1-1^ ft.
long) : racemes simple or very nearly so and lax, some
of the fls. in pairs, the bracts green and nearly or-
bicular; fls. small; sepals oblong and green, J^in. long;
petals lanceolate, pale green, about .1^ in. long; upper
staminodia bright red, entire, 2 in. long but narrow;
lip linear, red-yellow, minutely spotted with red : caps,
globose, 1 in. diam. W. Indies, Cent, and S. Amer.
Naturalized in parts of southern states. B.M. 454.
B.R. 776. L.B.C. 17:1693.
18. coccinea, Miller (C. rubra, Willd.). St. slender,
green, 4-5 or sometimes 6 ft.: Ivs. oblong, or oblong-
lanceolate, and acute: raceme simple and lax, with small
green, orbicular bracts; sepals lanceolate, J^in. or less
CANNA
CANNABIS
657
long, green tinged with red; petals lanceolate, acumi-
nate, \ l /z in. long, pale scarlet; staminodia 2, long
and narrow, mostly emarginate; lip yellow-spotted:
caps, globose and small. W. Indies, Cent, and S. Amer.
C. formosa, Bouche, Brazil, has 3 unlike staminodia.
DD. Staminodia 2-lobed.
19. sylvestris, Roscoe (C. portoricensis, Bouche 1 ).
Plant stout, 4-5 or 6 ft.: Ivs. long-oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, bright green, to 2^ ft. long and
one-third as wide: raceme slender, usually squarrose,
rarely simple; fls. narrow and elongated, red; sepals
lanceolate and acute, J^in. long; petals much longer,
lanceolate and very acuminate; staminodia sub-equal,
narrow-spatulate; lip narrow, strongly revolute. W.
Indies, Cent. Amer. C. limbata, Roscoe (C. patens,
Hook. C. aureo-vittata, Lodd. C.floribunda,C.variegdta,
C. recurvata, C. loeta and C. ventricbsa, Bouche), of S.
Brazil, has unlike staminodia, the largest being 2-lobed,
the medium one emarginate, the other entire, all red with
yellow margins. B.R. 771. L.B.C. 449.
cc. Plant tall, often up to 10ft. (No. 21 perhaps excepted).
D. Staminodia of medium length (3 in. or less).
E. The staminodia not united.
20. edftlis, Ker (C. esculenta, Lodd. C. rubricaulis,
Link). Rootstock thick and edible: st. stout, 8-12 ft.,
purple: Ivs. large, oblong, or ovate-oblong, green or
bronze, 1-2 ft. long: raceme lax, forked or simple; fls.
red or brick-red, usually in pairs, the bracts orbicular
or oblong; sepals oblong-lanceolate, Min. long, tinged
with red; petals oblong-lanceolate, 1^4 m -j staminodia
entire or emarginate, 2^ in. long, bright red or orange;
lip bright red or yellow-red: caps, large. W. Indies, S.
Amer. B.M. 2498. B.R. 775. Starch is procured from
the roots, and for this purpose the plant is widely cult,
in the tropics.
21. Warscewiczii, Dietr. (C. sanguinea, Warsc.). St.
claret-purple and glaucous, 3-4 ft.: Ivs. oblong and
acute, more or less claret- or bronze-tinged, Htt- long
and nearly one-half as broad: raceme simple and
rather dense, with ovate, brown, glaucous bracts;
sepals lanceolate, Hin., glaucous purple; petals lanceo-
late, acuminate, nearly 2 in. long, reddish and glaucous;
staminodia oblanceolate, entire, 2J/2-3 in. long, bright
scarlet; lip oblanceolate, emarginate, bright scarlet.
Costa Rica, Brazil. B.M. 4854. C. Selldi, Hort. (C.
patens, Baker), of S. Brazil, is tomentose: sepals ovate;
petals oblong-lanceolate, united into a tube; staminodia
strongly reflexed, one 2-parted.
EE. The staminodia united into a tube, or at least connate
at base.
22. Lambertii, Lindl. (C. Pceppigii, Bouche 1 ). St.
stout, very tall (to 10 or 11 ft.): green and glabrous,
12-14 ft. : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, green, acute:
raceme simple or forked, lax and few-fld., the bracts
large and oblong, green; sepals lanceolate, pale purple
or lilac, H m - long; petals lanceolate, acuminate, 1^
in. long, purple; staminodia unlike, obovate, entire,
scarcely longer than the petals, connate at base, bright
crimson; lip bright crimson-purple: caps, oblong, large.
W. Indies, S. Amer. B.R. 470.
23. latifdlia, Miller (C. gigantca, Desf. C. macro-
phylla, Hort. C. neglecta, Weinm. C. gemella, Nees.
C. Altenstemii, Bouch6). St. stout, very tall (10-16 ft.)
pubescent: Ivs. ovate or ovate-oblong, acute, green, but
purple-margined when young, the lower ones often
3-4 ft. long: fls. in several racemes forming a panicle,
the bracts oblong or the lower ones becoming several
inches long; sepals oblong and green, Kin. long, very
unequal, petals lanceolate, acuminate, 2 in. long,
scarlet; staminodia united into a tube, entire at apex
or one of them 2-lobed, somewhat twisted, brick-
red; lip brick-red : caps, large. S. Amer. L.B.C. 7:634.
C. heliconiifdlia, Bouche, Texas to Venezuela, has
the staminodia more or less connivent: fls. orange-
red: Ivs. long-petioled, more or less woolly, oblong-
acuminate: plant 7-8 ft. Var. xalapensis, Kranzl
(C. xalapensis, Bouch6), has narrower Ivs. and smaller
stature.
DD. Staminodia large (5 in. or less long), united into
a tube.
E. F Is. pendulous, rose-colored.
24. iridifldra, Ruiz & Pav. St. green, 6-12 ft.: Ivs.
broad-oblong, bright green, slightly pubescent beneath:
racemes paniculate, drooping; fls. large, beautiful rose-
color; tube of corolla and staminodia as long as the
blade; sepals lanceolate, 1 in. long; corolla-lobes lanceo-
late, 2K in. long; 3 upper staminodia somewhat longer
than the corolla-lobes, obovate, nearly or quite 1 in.
broad, rose-crimson; lip narrow, deeply emarginate,
rose-crimson. Andes of Peru. B.M. 1968. B.R. 609.
L.B.C. 10:905. R.H. 1861:110.
784. Stool of canna, showing how it may be divided.
EE. Fls. erect-spreading, white and red.
25. liliifldra, Warsc. St. robust, green, 8-10 ft.:
Ivs. many, oblong, green, 3-4 ft. long, spreading from
the st. at a right angle: fls. in a corymbose panicle;
sepals linear, as long as the tube of the corolla; corolla-
lobes lanceolate, 2-3 in. long, pale green, the tube of
equal length; 3 upper staminodia white, united into a
tube for half their length, the blade obovate and spread-
ing; lip oblanceolate, as long as the staminodia. Colom-
bia. R.H. 1884:132. F.S. 10:1055^. A fine species.
The white fls. 'finally become tinged with brown;
lonicera-scented. L. H. B.
CANNABIS (the ancient Greek name). Moracese.
HEMP. A widely cultivated fiber plant, and also used
occasionally as an ornamental subject, being grown
from seeds and treated as a half-hardy annual.
Hemp is dioecious: staminate fls. in axillary panicles,
with 5 sepals and 5 drooping stamens and no petals;
pistillate fls. in short spikes, with 1 sepal folding about
the ovary: Ivs. digitate, with 5-7 nearly linear, coarse-
toothed Ifts. : fr. a hard and brittle achene. C. sativa,
Linn., probably native in Cent. Asia, is now escaped in
many parts of the world: tall, rough and strong-
smelling, 8-12 ft.: Ifts. 5-11, linear-lanceolate, toothed,
the upper Ivs. alternate and the others more or less
opposite. Only one species, but various forms have
received specific names. In gardens, the form known
as C. gigantea is commonest; this reaches a height of 10
ft. and more. The seeds are usually sown where the
658
CANNABIS
CAPSICUM
plants are to stand; but if quick effects are wanted, they
may be started indoors in pots or boxes. Hemp makes
excellent screens in remote places.. It thrives best in a
rich rather moist soil. For field cult, for fiber (which
is derived from the inner bark), see Cyclo. Amer. Agric.,
Vol. II, p. 377. L . H . B.
CANTELOUPE: Muskmelon.
CANTERBURY BELL: Campanula Medium.
CANTUA (from Cantu, Peruvian name). Pole-
moniacex. Showy flowering shrubs, with variable
foliage, in greenhouses, and out-of-doors far South.
785. Capparis spinosa.
(XK)
Flowers corymbose; calyx campanulate, of 5 (rarely
3) sepals, which are much shorter than the long tubular
corolla; stamens inserted at the base of the corolla, but
exceeding it in length. -y-Six species in S. Amer.
One kind is recommended in Eu. as a coolhouse shrub.
No tenderer than fuchsias. Prop, by cuttings in sand
under a bell-jar.
buxif&lia, Juss. (C. dependens, Pers.). Much-
branched shrub, about 4 ft. high; branches more or less
downy: Ivs. very variable, generally oblong-obovate,
acute, tapering at the base, entire or serrate, downy or
glabrous: fls. 5-8, drooping vertically, in a kind of leafy,
terminal corymb; calyx pale, membranous, green-
streaked, 5-toothed, a fourth shorter than the corolla-
tube; corolla long-funnel-shaped, the tube 2^ in. long,
red, usually streaked; limb of fringed, obcordate,
crimson lobes which are much shorter than the tube;
stamens included. Peru. Apr., May. B.M. 4582.
F.S. 7:650. R.H. 1858, p. 294. R.B. 27:181. One of
the choicest of European greenhouse plants. Very
liable to red spider.
C. bicolor, Lem. Distinguished from the above by the entire Ivs.
which are shorter, about 1 in. long, and the solitary fls. with a short,
yellow tube, the limb not fringed. The fls. droop, but not vertically.
Peru. B.M. 4729. F.S. 4:343. Probably less desirable than the
above. C. pyrifdlia, Juss. Lvs. generally broader and more
toothed than in C. bicolor: fls. as many as 17, in an erect, terminal,
compound corymb; calyx red-tipped, nearly half as long as the
yellow corolla-tube; corolla about \}4 in. long, with a white limb;
stamens long, exserted. Peru. B.M. 4386. F.S. 4:383.
WILHELM MILLER.
N. TAYLOR, f
CAOUTCHOUC TREE: Hura, Manihot, Ficus elastica, Castilloa,
Hevea, Landolphia, and others, not treated here.
CAPE BULBS. A name applied to bulbous and bulb-
like plants native to South Africa. They are dry-region
plants, and often bloom with us in summer and
autumn. Some of the leading genera are Amaryllis,
Brunsvigia, Nerine, Ixia, Tritonia, Watsonia. See Bulbs.
CAPE'CHESTNUT: Calodendrum capensis.
CAPE GOOSEBERRY: Physalis.
CAPE JESSAMINE: Gardenia.
CAPER: Capparis.
CAPE-SPURGE: Euphorbia Lathyrus.
CAPPARIS (Greek, caper, said by some to have been
derived from the Arabic name of the plant). Cappa-
riddcese. CAPER- BUSH, or CAPER-TREE. Greenhouse
plants North, and suited to the open in Florida and
California.
Trees and shrubs, with simple Ivs.: sepals 4, rarely
5; petals usually 4; stamens usually many, inserted
on the receptacle, the filaments thread-like and free;
ovary long-stalked, 1-4-celled, with many ovules.
More than 150 species distributed throughout the
warm regions of the earth. Differing from Cleome and
most other cult, genera of the family in having baccate,
not capsular, fr.
Capers are pickles made by preserving the flower-
buds of C. spinosa, a straggling shrub which grows out
of old walls, rocks, and rubbish in Mediterranean
regions and India. Also rarely cultivated as a green-
house flowering shrub. Propagation is by cuttings of
ripe wood, under a bell-jar, in greenhouses, and by
seeds South.
spindsa, Linn. Fig. 785. Spiny shrub, 3 ft. high,
often straggling and vine-like: Ivs. roundish or ovate,
deciduous: fls. borne singly, alternately, and fading
before noon; sepals 4; petals 4, oblong, clawed, wavy,
white, \ l /i in. long; stamens 40-50; filaments purple
above, perhaps the chief beauty of the plant. B.M. 291.
What seems to be the long style with a short un-
opened stigma, is really the elongated peduncle or
torus topped by the pistil, which has no style and a
minute stigma. Var. rupestris (C. rupestris, Sibth. &
Smith) is a spineless form.
Mitchellii, Lindl. A much-branched shrub, usually
very spiny, and more or less densely tomentose: Ivs.
ovate-oblong, 1-1^ in. long, narrowed into a short
petiole: fls. few, axillary, white or yellowish, followed
by a tomentose globular berry 2 in. diam. Sand plains
of Austral. Suitable for dry places outdoors in S.
Calif.
C. acuminata, Lindl. St. shrubby, with flexuose, smooth
branches: Ivs. petiolate ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: fls. large, soli-
tary, white, the conspicuous stamens 3-4 times as long as the
petals. China. B.R. 1320. WlLHELM MlLLER.
N. TAYLOR, f
CAPRIF6LIUM: Lonicera.
CAPRI6LA: Cynodon.
CAPSICUM (name of uncertain origin, perhaps from
kapto, to bite, on account of the pungency of the seed or
pericarp ; or from capsa, a chest, having reference to the
form of fruit). Solanacese. RED PEPPER. CAYENNE
PEPPER. Herbs or shrubs, originally from tropical
America, but escaped from cultivation in Old World
tropics, where it was once supposed to be indigenous.
Stem branchy, 1-6 ft. high, glabrous or nearly so:
Ivs. ovate or subelliptical, entire, acuminate: fls. white
or greenish white, rarely
violaceous, solitary or some-
times in 2's or 3's; corolla
rotate, usually 5-lobed; sta-
mens 5, rarely 6 or 7, with
bluish anthers dehiscing
longitudinally; ovary origi-
nally 2-3-loculed : fr. a juice-
less berry or pod, extremely
variable in form and size,
many-seeded, and with more
or less pungency about the
seeds and pericarp. Fig. 736. Normal 2-loculed fruit of
786. The fr. becomes many- Capsicum, in cross-section.
CAPSICUM
659
loculed and monstrous in cult. -About 90 species have
been named, most of which are now considered forms
of one or two species. Monogr. by Irish, 9th Ann.
Kept. Mo. Bot. Gard. For cult., see Pepper.
A. Plant annual or biennial.
annuum, Linn. Fig. 787. Herbaceous or suffrutes-
cent, grown as annuals in temperate climates, but in
warmer latitudes often treated as bien-
nials. All of the leading commercial varie-
ties in the U. S. readily find classification
within the types or botanical varieties.
The species has never been found wild.
It is the pimento of Trop. Amer.
B. Fr. oblong-linear.
c. Calyx usually embracing base of fr.
Var. conoides, Irish (C. conoides, Mill.).
Suff rutescent : Ivs. numerous, rather small,
2-3 in. long, %-2 in. wide: peduncles
slender, straight, erect; fls. small; calyx
pbconical or cup-shaped, usually embrac-
ing base of fr. ; corolla greenish white,
spreading, j^g-^-gin. : fr. erect, subconical
or oblong-cylindrical, about 1% in. long
or less, usually shorter than the peduncles
and mostly borne above the Ivs., very acrid.
Coral Gem, Tabasco. Gn. 66, p. 381.
Var. fasciculatum, Irish (C. fasciculatum, Sturt.).
RED CLUSTER PEPPER. Fig. 788. St. herbaceous,
round or nearly so: branches few: Ivs. clustered or
crowded in bunches about the summit, elliptical-
lanceolate, pointed at both ends: fr. also clustered, erect,
slender, about 3 in. long by M m - diam., very acrid.
Var. acuminatum, Fingh. (C. chilcnse, Hort.).
LONG CAYENNE. Heroaceous, very branchy, about
2^2 ft. high, bearing a dense mass of foliage: fl. medium
size, spread l /2~%m.'. fr. larger than the preceding,
either erect or pendent. Chile.
cc. Calyx not usually embracing base of fr.
Var. 16ngum, Sendt. (C. dnnuum, Linn. C. Idngum,
DC.). Plant herbaceous, about 2^ ft. high, with com-
paratively few branches: Ivs. large, often 4 in. long by
2^ in. wide: fl.
large; corolla
spreading, J^-l^
in., dingy white;
calyx usually
pateriform or fun-
nelform, rarely
embracing base of
fr. : fr. often a foot
long by 2 in. diam.
at base ; flesh thick
and in some varie-
ties very mild.
Garden varieties
are: Black Nu-
bian, County Fair,
Elephant'sTrunk,
Ivory Tusk.
787. A form of Capsicum annuum.
BB. Fr. of various shapes, but not oblong-linear.
Var. grdssum, Sendt. (C. grdssum, Linn.). Herba-
ceous, about 2 ft. high, with few branches: Ivs. very
large, often 3 by 5 in., sometimes coriaceous, lower
ones usually pendent; petioles deeply channeled: pe-
duncles stout, about 1 in. long; corolla large, spreading,
%-l l /4: m - : fr. large, oblate, oblong, or truncated, 3-4-
lobed, usually with basal depression, more or less sul-
cate and rugose; flesh thick, firm, and of a mild flavor.
Emperor, Monstrous, Bell, Sweet Mountain, Golden
Dawn, Ruby King, Golden King, Brazilian Upright,
Golden Upright, Squash, and others, are garden
varieties.
Var. abbreviatum, Fingh. (C. umbilicdtum, Veil. C.
luteum, Lam.). Suffrutescent : Ivs. broadly ovate, 2-4
in. long: peduncles slender, straight or curved, as long as
or longer than the berry : fr. about 2 in. long or less, vary-
ing much in the different horticultural varieties, in gen-
eral ovate, quite rugose, ex-
cept in one variety, some-
times turbinate. While this
variety is used to some ex-
tent for pickling, it is noted
more as an ornamental plant.
Some garden forms are : Celes-
tial, Etna, Kaleidoscope, Red.
Wrinkled, Yellow Wrinkled.
Var. cerasiforme, Irish (C.
cerasiforme, Mill.). Suffrutes-
cent: Ivs. medium size, ovate
or oblong-acuminate, about
lJi-3}^ in.: calyx seated on
base of fr.; corolla large,
spreading, Vy-M/i in.: fr.
spherical, subcordate, oblate,
or occasionally obscurely
pointed or slightly elongated,
smooth or rarely minutely
rugose or sulcate; flesh firm,
fa-y^m. thick, extremely
pungent. Garden forms are:
Cherry, Yellow Cherry, Oxheart. t
AA. Plant perennial.
frutescens, Linn. Fig. 789. Shrubby
perennial, 3-6 ft. high, with prominently
angled or somewhat channeled st. and
branches: branches loosely spreading or
trailing: Ivs. broadly ovate-acuminate,
3-6 in. long, 2-3 J^ in. wide: peduncles
slender, 1-2 in. long, often in pairs, usu-
ally longer than the fr. ; calyx cup-shaped,
embracing base of fr. ; corolla often with
ocherous markings in the throat: fr. red,
obtuse or oblong-acuminate, %-l)4 in-
long, J^-^in. diam., very acrid. Cult,
only S., as the seasons in temperate lati-
tudes are not long enough to mature fr.
Var. baccatum, Irish (C. baccatum, Linn.). Plants not
so tall, but more erect than the species: branches slen-
der, fastigiate, flexuose: corolla small, spreading, about
J^in. : fr. ovate or sub-round, about %in. diam.
H. C. IRISH.
CARAGANA (Caragan, its Mongolian name). Legu-
minbsse. PEA TREE. Ornamental shrubs chiefly grown
for their bright yellow flowers;
some species are also used for
hedges.
Leaves abruptly pinnate, often
with persistent spiny-pointed
rachis; Ifts. small, entire; stipules
deciduous or persistent and spiny:
fls. papilionaceous; stand-
ard upright, like the wings
with long claws; keel obtuse
and straight; stamens 10,
9 connate, 1 free; ovary
scarcely stipitate: pod
linear, terete, straight, 2-
valved, with several seeds.
More than 50 species from
S. Russia to China, most of
them in Cent. Asia. Mono-:
graph by Komarov in Act.
Hort. Petrop. 29:179-388
(1908), with 16 plates.
The caraganas are decidu-
ous unarmed or spiny shrubs
788. Capsicum
annuum var.
fasciculatum.
789. Capsicum
frutescens.
660
CARAGANA
CARALLUMA
with yellow, rarely whitish or pinkish flowers axillary
and solitary or fascicled, followed by linear pods. The
cultivated species are quite hardy, except a few Hima-
layan species. They grow in almost any soil, but best
in a sandy soil and sunny position, and are well adapted
for shrubberies. C. arborescens is the only one which
grows into a small tree, and is of upright habit, like
C. frutex, which is about half as high and more grace-
ful; most of the other species are low shrubs, of usu-
ally spreading habit. C. arborescens is one of the best
hedge shrubs for the prairies of the Northwest.
Propagation is by seeds sown in fall or in spring; if
kept dry during the winter, soaking in tepid water for
two or three days before sowing will be of advantage;
also increased by root-cuttings and layers, or by graft-
ing on seedling stock
of C. arborescens in
spring.
A. Lfts. 12-18, y^-y ?
in. long: rachis
deciduous.
microphylla, Lam.
(C . Altagdna, Poir. C.
arborescens var. aren-
dna.Hort.). Fig. 790.
From 4-6 ft.: Ifts.
12-18, obovate, pu-
bescent when young,
grayish green, H m -
long or shorter: fls.
1 or 2, yellow, %in.
long; pedicel about
as long as the fl.
Siberia, China. L.B.
C. 11 : 1064. Under
this name a dwarf
form of C. arborescens
is often cult. Var.
megalantha, Schneid.
Lfts. bright green, %
or sometimes Kin.
long: fls. \Y in. long.
790. Caragana microphylla. ( X H)
AA. Lfts. 8-14,
in. long: rachis
deciduous.
arborescens, Lam.
Shrub or small tree,
to 20 ft.: Lfts. 8-12,
obovate or oblong,
sparsely pubescent
beneath or glabrous
at length: fls. 1-A,
pale or bright yellow,
%in. long; pedicels usually longer than the fls.: pods
about 2 in. long. May, June. Siberia, Manchuria. G.O.
H. 67. Var. pendula, Dipp., with pendulous branches, is
the most remarkable; it should be grafted high. M.D.
G. 1897:425. Var. Lorbergii, Koehne. Lfts. linear to
linear-oblanceolate, about 1 in. long. A very peculiar
and striking form.
fruticdsa, Bess. (C. Reddwskii, Fisch. C. arborescens
var. arenaria, Sims). Shrub, to 6 ft., very similar to the
preceding: Ifts. 10-14, oblong-elliptic to obovate, cu-
neate at the base, rounded at the apex; stipules herba-
ceous or somewhat spiny; pedicels and calyx puberu-
lous, calyx-teeth very short: pods about 1 in. long;
seeds brown. Amurland, Korea. B.M. 1886 (not good).
AAA. Lfts. 2-4.
B. Rachis of the Ivs. deciduous: pedicels as long as or
longer than the fls.
friltex, Koch (C. frutescens, DC.). Fig. 791. From
6-10 ft. : Ifts. 4, approximate, nearly digitate, cuneate,
obovate or oblong, rounded or emarginate at the apex,
glabrous, ^-1 in. long: fls. solitary, %-l in. long, yel-
low. May. S. Russia to China. Gt. 10:348. S.B.F.G.
3:227. Var. grandifldra, Koehne. Fls. somewhat
longer than 1 in.: Ifts. usually large and broad. Var.
latifolia, Schneid. (var. obtusifolia, Hort.). Lfts. more
than an inch long and about K in. broad: fls. as in
the type.
BB. Rachis persistent, spiny: pedicels shorter than the fls.
Chamlagu, Lam. Shrub, 2-4 ft.: spines long: Ifts. 4,
in 2 somewhat remote pairs, chartaceous, obovate,
emarginate or rounded at the apex, glabrous, %-%in.
long: fls. solitary, reddish yellow, 1% m - long. May.
N.China. G.O.H. 30.
pygmaea, DC. (C. grdcilis, Hort.). One to 3 ft.:
spines short, J^in. : Ivs. nearly sessile; Ifts. 4, approxi-
mate and almost digitate, cuneate, linear-elliptic or
linear-lanceolate, glabrous, ^-^in. long: fls. solitary,
%in. long, golden yellow. Caucasus to Siberia and
Thibet. B.R. 12:1021. Grafted high on C. arbo-
rescens, it forms a graceful standard
tree, with pendulous branches.
C. Altagana, Ppir.=C. microphylla. C.
arborescens arenaria, Hort.=C. microphylla.
C. arenaria, Dipp.=C. aurantiaca, Koehne.
C. aurantiaca, Koehne. Allied to C.
pygmsea. Fls. orange-yellow; calyx as long as
broad; ovary glabrous. Siberia. C. Boisii,
Schneid. (C. microphylla var. crasse-aculeata,
Bois). Allied to C. arborescens. Shrub, to 6
ft. : Ifts. 10-12, obovate or narrowly obovate,
about yivo.. long, silky pubescent beneath at
least when young, whitish beneath; stipules
spiny: fls. solitary. W. China. V.F. 57. C.
brevispina, Royle (C.triflora.Lindl.).
Spines 2-3 in. long: Ifts. 12-16,
pubescent: fls. 2-4, on a common
peduncle. Himalayas. P.F.G. 2:
184. C. decorticans, Hemsl. Allied
to C. microphylla. Shrub or small
tree, spiny: Ifts. 8-12, oval, less than
J^in. long: fls. 1-2. Afghanistan.
H.I. 18:1725. C. frutescens, DC.
=C. frutex. C. Gerardiana, Royle.
Spines 1 ^2-2 in. long: stipules large,
scarious: Ifts. 8-12, densely pubes-
cent: fls. 1-2, short - pedicelled.
Himalayas. C. grdcilis, Hort.=C.
pygmsea. C. grandifldra, DC.
Allied to C. pygmsea. Lfts. cuneate-
oblong, glabrous or pubescent: fls.
1 % in. long; calyx gibbous at the
base. Caucasus. The plant some-
times cult, under this name is a
variety of C. frutex. C. jubata,
Pall. Sparingly branched shrub
with very thick, spiny and villous
branches: stipules large, scarious: Ifts. 8-14, linear-objong, villoua
beneath: fls. whitish, 1 in. long, short-pedicelled. Siberia. F.S.
19:2013. L. B. C. 6:522. Gt. 10:331. A very distinct and curious-
looking species: hardy. C. sophorsefdlia, Bess. (C. arborescens X C.
microphylla. C. cuneifolia, Dipp. ). Lfts. usually 12, oblong to elliptic,
cuneate, acute: pods %in. long. Garden origin. C. spindsa, DC.
Spines 1 in. long: Ifts. 4, rarely more, approximate, cuneate-lancec-
late, glabrous: fls. solitary, short-pedicelled. Siberia. C. spinosis-
sima, C. Koch=C. spinosa. C. tragacanthoides, Poir. Spiny: Ifts.
4-8, cuneate, oblong, pubescent: fls. solitary, short-pedicelled; calyx
villous-pubescent. Himalayas. C. trifldra, Lindl.=C. brevispina.
C. vulgdris, Hort.=C. arborescens. ALFRED REHDER.
CARAGUATA. By the latest monographer referred to Gut-
mania, which see.
CARALLUMA (aboriginal name). Asdepiadacese.
Low succulents, sometimes seen in collections; about
40 species, from S. Spain and Afr. to Arabia and
India. They resemble stapelias, and require similar
treatment. The sts. are leafless, somewhat branched,
erect, 4-sided and the angles toothed : fls. near the sum-
mit of the sts., more or less clustered, purple, brown and
yellow, and other colors; corolla rotate and 5-parted: fr.
long and slender follicles. The carallumas are probably
not in the American trade. Some of the names that
may be expected in collections are C. adscendens, R.
Br.; C. affinis, Wildem.; C. campanulata, N. E. Br.
(Boucerosia campanulata, Wight); C. commutata,
Berger (sometimes grown as C. Sprengeri); C. fimbri-
ata, Wall.; C. inversa, N. E. Br.; C. Luntii, N. E. Br.;
CARALLUMA
CARDOON
661
C. Sprengeri, N. E. Br. ; C. Simonis, Berger (Boucerosia
Simonis, Hort.); C. torta, N. E. Br.
CARAMBOLA: Averrhoa.
CARAWAY (Carum Carvi, Linn.). Umbelliferfe.
A biennial or annual herb grown for its seeds, which
are used in flavoring bread, cakes and cheese; also oc-
casionally for the young shoots and leaves, which are
eaten. It grows a foot or two high, has finely-cut, pin-
nately compound foliage, and small white flowers, in
umbels. It is of the easiest culture. The seed is usu-
ally sown in spring and the crop of seed taken the fol-
lowing year. It thrives in any garden soil. The plant
occasionally runs wild. See Carum.
loose corymbs surrounded by large sterile fls. : calyx-
tube cupulate, adnate to the ovary; petals 5; stamens
numerous with filiform filaments and suborbicular
anthers; ovary inferior, incompletely 3-celled; styles 3,
short; sterile fls. with 3 large sepals: caps, loculicidal.
Three species in Japan and China. Tender plants,
thriving in any good garden soil; best in a partly
shaded and moist position. Prop, by greenwood cut-
tings under glass.
alternifdlia, Sieb. & Zucc. One to 3 ft.: Ivs. broadly
elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, tapering into a very short
petiole, coarsely serrate, sparsely pilose, membrana-
ceous, 3-7 in. long: fls. pink, lilac or white. Summer.
S.Z. 66, 67. Gt. 14:486. ALFRED REHDER .
CARBENIA : An incorrect or doubtful name for Cnicus, which see. CARDINAL FLOWER: Lobelia cardinalis.
CARDAMINE (Greek name of a cress). Cruciferas.
Small mostly leafy-stemmed perennials (the annual
species apparently not cultivated),
growing in low rich land, blooming
in spring or early summer.
Flowers sometimes large for size
of plant, white or purple; petals
obovate or spatulate: pods linear
and straight, more or less flat-
tened, the wingless seeds in 1 row,
valves usually separating elastic-
ally from the base: Ivs. simple or
pinnate or lyrate : root often tuber-
ous or rhizomatous. About 50
species, largely in boreal or alpine
regions. Of easy cult. Only C.
pratensis is much known among
growers.
pratensis, Linn. CUCKOO
FLOWER. Fig. 792. Plant slender
and usually glabrous, 12-20 in.,
somewhat branched : Ivs. pinnately
divided; Ifts. of root-lvs. small and
rounded (^iin. or less across), those
of the upper st.-lvs. oblong or even
linear and entire or somewhat
toothed: fls. l A\n. long, in a
corymb, white or rose-color, pretty.
Eu. and Amer., in the northern
parts. In the gardens it is chiefly
known in the double-fld. form,
which probably has been derived
from European rather than Ameri-
can sources. There are other forms
of it. It is an excellent little plant to grow in moist
places, particularly along creeks and about springs. It
is also useful in drier places, as in rockeries.
trifdlia, Linn. Attractive spring bloomer, 6 in., creep-
ing: Ivs. ternate, the toothed parts or segms. irregularly
roundish: fls. snow-white, on a naked scape. S. Eu.
B.M. 452.
angulata, Hook. Erect, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. 3-5-f olio-
late, the Ifts. ovate or oblong, and the middle one
usually coarsely toothed: fls. rather large, white,
in short, few-fld. racemes. Mts. of Ore. and
Wash. Intro. 1881 by Gillett.
L. H. B.
CARDAMON: Amomum and Elettaria.
CARDIANDRA (Greek, heart, and
man or stamen: alluding to the shape
of the anthers). Saxifragacese. Orna-
mental half-shrubby plants, rarely
cultivated for their white, lilac or pink
flowers.
Suffruticose deciduous plants with
alternate rather large Ivs. and small
pink, lilac or white fls. in terminal
792. Cardamine pra-
tensis. Root-leaves not
showing.
CARDIOSPERMUM
(Greek, heart-seed, from the
white heart-shaped spot on
the round black seed ; hence
the plant was thought a
cure for heart diseases).
Sapinddcese. Tendril-climb-
ing tropical herbs.
Leaves alternate, biter-
nate; Ifts. coarsely serrate:
fls. small, white, polyga-
mous or dioecious, in
axillary racemes or
corymbs; sepals
and petals 4, in
pairs; stamens 8;
ovary 3-celled, fol-
lowed by a mem-
branous caps.
A dozen
species wide-
ly d i s t r i b-
uted. The
most popular is
the interesting
balloon- vine,
which is a rapid-
growing, woody
perennial, behav-
ing as an annual,
curious for its
inflated seed-ves-
sels. Fig. 793.
Prop, by seeds.
Halicacabum,
Linn. Fig. 794.
BALLOON- VINE.
HEART-SEED .
HEART-PEA.
Height 10 ft. : sfr. and branches grooved: Ivs. glabrous,
oblong-acuminate, deeply dentate: balloons an inch or
more thick. Trop. India, Afr., and Amer. B.M. 1049.
A general favorite, especially with children. Grown
as a garden annual.
hirsutum, Willd. Creeping or ascending perennial
vine with densely hairy grooved st. and Ivs. as in the
preceding, but usually hairy on the under surface: fls.
not showy: fr. pointed, hirsute; the globular choco-
late-brown seed is borne on the detaching parachute-
like dissepiment. Afr. A useful perennial in S. Calif,
for covering arbors; evergreen and blooming continu-
ously. N. TAYLOR.f
CARDOON (Cynara Cardiincidiis, Linn.). A thistle-
like plant of southern Europe, cultivated for the thick
leaf -stalk and midrib.
It is thought to be of the same species as the arti-
choke, and to have been developed from it by long culti-
vation and selection. See Cynara. The plant has been
794. Ballooi>Vine Cardiospermum
Halicacabum.
662
CARDOON
CAREX
introduced into South America, and has run wild exten-
sively on the pampas. Darwin writes that "no culti-
vated plant has run wild on so enormous a scale as the
cardoon." From the artichoke it differs in taller and
more prickly growth and smaller heads. The cardoon
is perennial, but it is not hardy, and is treated as an
annual. Seeds are sown in spring, either in pots under
glass or in the open where the plants are to stand. The
later sowing is usually preferred. The plants are given
795. Leaf of Canada thistle. Carduus arvensis or Cirsium arvense.
rich soil and should have abundant moisture supply,
for they must make continuous and strong growth.
When the leaves are nearly full grown, they are tied
together near the top, straw is piled around the head,
and earth is banked against it. This is to blanch the
plant, for it is inedible unless so treated. From two to
four weeks is required for the blanching. The procedure is
not very unlike that adopted for the blanching of celery
or endive. If the plants are late, they may be dug just
before frost and blanched in a storage pit. The plants
are usually grown 2 to 3 feet apart, in rows which are 4
feet apart. They are sometimes grown in trenches, after
the old way of growing celery. Cardoon is very little
known as a vegetable in America except among
foreigners. L jj 3
CARDUUS (the ancient Latin name of these plants).
Composite. THISTLE. Spiny-leaved annual, biennial or
perennial herbs, sometimes grown in borders and rock-
gardens for the interesting habit and the heads of
purple or white flowers.
Carduus is sometimes united with Cirsium, but is here
kept distinct, being separated chiefly by non-plumose
or only indistinctly serrate pappus-bristles (see Cirsium) .
The common weedy thistles are referred either to
Carduus or Cirsium, depending on the definition of the
genus. Fig. 795 shows the spiny leaf of one of these.
Under the restricted use of the name, Carduus com-
prises about 80 species, from the Canary Isls. to Japan.
For C. benedictus, see Cnicus.
acanthoides, Linn. A much-branched perennial
about 18-24 in. high: Ivs. bright green, pinnately
parted, the nerves very prominent beneath, spinose
margined: the solitary heads long-peduncled, the fls.
purple and showy. S. Eu. Scarcely known in Amer.
C. Mari&nus, Hort., is a Silybum, and C. tauricum, Hort., is a
Cirsium. Both are advertised in England, but are unknown in
N. TAYLOR.f
CAREX (name of obscure origin). Cyperdceas.
SEDGE. Grass-like perennials of very 'many kinds, a
few of which are grown in bogs or as border plants.
Flowers unisexual, in spikes, the staminate naked
and subtended by a bract or scale, the pistillate com-
prising a single pistil inclosed in a thin sac or perigyn-
ium; monoecious or rarely dioecious: sts. or culms solid,
not jointed, mostly 3-angled: Ivs. grass-like but 3-
ranked. One large group has 2 styles and a lenticular
achene, and the spikes are commonly androgynous or
contain both sexes (Fig. 796) ; another division has 3 styles
and a triangular achene, and the spikes are commonly
unisexual, the staminate being above (Figs. 797, 798).
Carices are very abundant in cool temperate regions,
both in species and in individual plants. There are
more than 800 known species. Many of them grow
on dry land, but the largest species grow in low grounds
and swales, and often form much of the bulk of bog
hay. Carices coyer great areas of marsh land in the
upper Mississippi region and are employed in the manu-
facture of "grass carpets" or Crex fabrics. The species
are difficult to distinguish because they are very similar,
and the study of them is usually left to specialists. Some
of our broad-leaved native species make excellent bor-
ders and interesting clumps in corners about build-
ings and along walls. Of such are C. platyphylla,
C. plantaginea, C. albursina. Many of the low-
land species are excellent adjuncts to the pond
of hardy aquatics. Others have very graceful
forms, with drooping spikes and slender culms
(Fig. 798). The following native species, and
probably others, have been offered by collectors :
C. aure'a, C. eburnea, C. flava, C. Grayi (one of
the best), C. hystricina, C. lupulina and its var.
pedunculata, C. lurida, C. paupercula, C. penn-
sylvanica, C. plantaginea, C. Pseudo-Cyperus,
^' reirorsa > C- Richardsonii, C. riparia, C. Tucker-
manii, C. utriculata, C. vulpinoidea. The species
present no difficulties in cultivation if the natural habitat
is imitated. Propagated readily by seed sown in late
fall (germinating in spring) .or by division of the clumps.
M6rrpwi, Boott (C. japonica, Hort., not Thunb.
C. tenuissima, Hort. C. acutifolia, Hort.). Fig. 799.
Lvs. stiff and evergreen, long-pointed, in the common
garden form with a white band near either margin:
culm 1 ft. with a terminal staminate spike and 2 or 3
slender pistillate spikes (1 in. long) from sheaths:
perigynium small and firm, somewhat excurved, 2-
toothed, glabrous. Japan. G.C. III. 13:173. .R.B. 20,
p. 9. A very handsome plant, suited for pots or the
border. The stiff clean white-edged foliage keeps in
condition for months, making the plant useful for
decorations in which pot-plants are used. It is per-
fectly hardy in Cent. N. Y.,
holding its foliage all win-
ter. A useful florists' plant.
796. Carex (C. scoparia),
with androgynous spikes and
lenticular achenes. (XI).
N. Amer.
797. Carex (C. lurida), with
Staminate terminal spikes and
trigonous achenes. (XM)- N.
Amer.
intumescens, Rudge (C. tendria, Hort. C. tenera,
Hort.). Slender, but stiff, to 30 in.: Ivs. narrow, rolling
more or less when dry: staminate spikes long-stalked:
pistillate spikes 1 or 2, short-stalked, short, with few
large, turgid, tapering, shining perigynia and awl-like,
rough-pointed scales. N. Amer.
CAREX
CARICA
663
inans, Berger (C. Vilmorinii, Mott.
C. V ilmoriniana, Hort.). Densely tufted,
with many very narrow Ivs., and filiform
culms \ l /2 ft. or less high: spikes 5-7, the
terminal staminate, linear and short-
stalked, the lateral pistillate (or perhaps
staminate at base), oblong or cylindrical
and dense-fld., about 1 in. long, and with
aristate scales: perigynium 3-angled
(stigmas 3), lance-ovate, attenuate at base
and with a 2-toothed scabrous beak. New
Zeal. A good hardy edging plant when a
tufted grassy effect is desired.
Buchananii, Berger (C. lucida, Boott,
var. Buchdnanii, Kuek.). Allied to the
preceding: densely tufted: Ivs. leathery,
semi-terete ,very narrow, brown-red : spikes
5-8, the terminal staminate and linear-
cylindrical, long-stalked, the lateral pistil-
late and cylindrical, \Yi in. long, densely-
fld.: perigynium plano-convex (stigmas 2),
produced into a long margined scabrous
deeply bidentate beak. New Zeal. Grown
for its reddish foliage.
Gaudichaudiana, Kunth (C. vulgaris,
Fries, var. Gaudichaudiana, Boott). Culms
erect, 1-2 ft.: Ivs. long and grass-like:
staminate fls. in terminal spikes: pistillate
fls. in 2-3 cylindrical, sessile or subsessile
spikes: perigynium lenticular, small, very
short-beaked, obscurely 2-toothed, finely
nerved, longer than the narrow scale.
Japan, Austral. New Zeal. Useful for
bog planting.
Fraseri, Andr. (Cymophyllus
Frdseri, Mack.) Lvs. 1 in. or
more broad, stiff, but with no
midnerve, flat and thick, ever-
green: culm 16 in. or less high-
bearing at its summit a single
whitish spike which is staminate
at top: perigynium ovoid, thin
and inflated. Rich mountain
woods, Va. B.M. 1391 (as C.
Fraseriana). Rare, and a very
remarkable plant.
C. bdccans, Nees. Robust, with
curving Ivs. to 2 ft. long and }^in.
broad: fr. berry-like (whence the name),
crimson or vermilion, in clustered spikes
standing well above the Ivs. India. G.
1:461. Useful for pots or for planting
in a conservatory, for its ornamental
fr., but probably not now in cult, commercially. C. gallica variegata
is offered abroad as a "very elegant, showy and charming" carex.-^-C.
ripdria, Curt., a rank-growing lowland species of wide distribution,
is sometimes grown in a variegated-lvd. form. The name has no
botanical standing. With the exten-
sion of wild gardening, and particu-
larly of bog- and water-gardening,
many other species of Carex may be
expected to appear in the trade lists.
L. H. B.
CARICA (a geographical
name) . Papayacese. PAPAYA.
Small, rapid - growing, un-
fa ranched trees, commonly
grown in greenhouses as foli-
age plants and often bearing
fruit under such conditions.
Juice milky.
Leaves large, soft, long-
stalked, in clusters at the top
of the trunk : usually dioecious,
the male fls. on long axillary
peduncles, funnel-shaped, with
10 anthers in the throat, the
pistillate fls. larger and with 5
distinct petals and a single 799. Carex Morrowii.
798. Carex (C. longirostris), with termi-
nal staminate spikes and drooping pistil-
late spikes. (XJi). N. Amer.
pistil with 5-rayed stigma, sessile in the axils of the Ivs.
-Perhaps 20 species, all native to the American tropics,
but C. Papaya is cult, throughout the tropics for its
delicious edible fruits. See Papaya.
The soil most suited for caricas is a rich loam, having
perfect drainage. As the stem is succulent and tender,
great care is necessary to avoid bruising, hence pot-
grown plants are much to be preferred to seedlings
from the open ground. Seeds should be selected from
the best and largest fruits and sown in a well-worked
bed under a slight shade. If seeds are quite dry or old,
they should be soaked in warm water before sowing.
The seedling plants are delicate, and require close
watching at first to avoid damping-off. As soon as
plants are well up remove the shading, and after the
third leaf appears they may be pricked out into a larger
bed, or better, potted off in fairly rich soil. After plants
are a few weeks old, and have been shifted once into
larger pots, they may be set permanently outdoors in
the tropics. Caricas seldom branch, but usually grow
upright like a palm, hence cuttings are not often avail-
able. Sqmetimes small branches form, and these may
be cut off and as readily rooted as most tropical deco-
rative plants, provided the cutting is not too young
and tender. This method has been found in Florida
to be too slow, and what is evidently a better method
of propagation, by means of graftage, has been devised
by Edward Simmonds, of the Plant In-
troduction Field Station, Miami, Florida.
Numerous shoots are formed by the buds
at the leaf-scars when a papaya tree is
topped, as many as fifty or more being
produced. "One of these shoots is taken
when a few inches long and about the
diameter of a lead pencil, is sharpened
to a wedge point, the leaf surface re-
duced, and inserted in a cleft in a young
seedling which has been decapitated
when 5 to 10 inches high, and split with
an unusually sharp, thin grafting-knife.
At this age the trunk of the young seed-
ling has not yet formed the hollow
space in the center. Seeds planted in
the greenhouse in February produce
young seedlings large enough to graft
some time in March; these grafted trees,
which can be grown in pots, when set out
in the open ground in May or the latter
part of April, make an astonishing
growth and come into bearing in Novem-
ber or December; they continue bear-
ing throughout the following spring and
summer, and if it is advisable, can be left to bear
fruit into the following autumn." Varieties of superior
flavor and better size and shape for shipping, as well as
hermaphrodite varieties, may
now be successfully main-
tained. For complete descrip-
tion of this method see "The
Grafted Papaya as an Annual
Fruit Tree," by David Fair-
child and Edward Simmonds,
Circular No. 119, Bureau of
Plant Industry, 1913. In tem-
Eerate climates, caricas have
een found to be good decora-
tive plants for both conserva-
tory and summer bedding, the
deeply cut, palmate leaves
forming a striking contrast to
ordinary vegetation. In bed-
ding out, select open, sunny
exposure, with perfect drainage,
and make the soil rich and
friable. Constant cultivation
with a light hoe will cause a
664
CARICA
CARLUDOVICA
luxuriant growth under these conditions, and the
planter will be amply repaid for his trouble by beauti-
ful showy specimens as tropical-appearing as palms.
Papaya, Linn. (Papaya Cdrica, Gaertn.). PAPAYA.
PAWPAW. The commonest species in cult., sometimes
growing to a height of 20 ft., with large palmately
7-lobed Ivs., sometimes 2 ft. across, and fr. shaped like
a roughly angled melon up to 12 in. long and half as
thick, hanging, especially from the lower axils of the pis-
tillate plant. B.M. 2898-9. From the frs., which vary
in size up to 15 Ibs. and in number to the tree from 20-50,
is extracted the papaya juice, which furnishes the papain
of commerce. This is obtained by slashing the fr., and
collecting the milky juice in porcelain-lined receptacles,
where it is allowed to evaporate. When evaporated to
a granular condition, it is ready for the market and
brings from $4-$6 a Ib. in the crude state. The papaya
has of recent years become one of the commonest table
frs. of the tropics. The flesh, which is usually of a
salmon-pink or yellow color, is excellent when one
becomes accustomed to its peculiar flavor, and resem-
bles somewhat a most luscious muskmelon. From its
large content of papain, it may be eaten without injury
in considerable quantities and assists in the digestion
of other foods. As the tree grows with great rapidity
in tropical climates, it may be treated as an annual, the
seeds being sown early in protected beds, well cared for
and transplanted to their permanent places when well
established. They will then bear fr. late in the suc-
ceeding autumn. The method of graftage described on
p. 663 is preferable, however. The frs. have a consider-
able cavity, which, in the smaller rounded frs., is well
filled with the small brownish or blackish seeds. The
firm skin, the firmness of which may be increased by
selection, will permit of shipping to a distance. The
plant is sometimes polygamous, and from such plants
in Hawaii there have been bred types which appear to
have great promise as a shipping fr. The green frs.
are frequently used as vegetables, and the Ivs., if cooked
with tough meat, are said to make it tender, due to
the digestive principle.
candamarcensis, Hook. f. (C. cundinamarcensis,
Lindl.). This is a more hardy ornamental species with
numerous Ivs., dark green above and pale beneath,
rounded-heart-shaped, \ l / ft. across, 5-lobed to the
center with pinnatifid lobes: fls. green and pubescent:
frs. small, pointed, 5-angled, golden yellow. B.M. 6198.
Hardy in S. Calif., but the frs. of no value as such.
quercifdlia, Benth. & Hook. (Vasconccllea querci-
folia, St. Hil.). Lvs. shaped like those of the English
oak, palmately 3-lobed, and containing a greater per-
centage of papain than C. Papaya; frs. small. Hardy
in S. Calif.
gracilis, Solms. (Papaya grdcilis, Regel). Habit of
C. Papaya; trunk simple, 4-6 ft. high, slender, very gla-
brous: Ivs. 5-digitate, the lobes sinuate-lobed, the
middle one 3-lobed, the whole blade suborbicular in
outline, petioled. Brazil. Gt. 1879:986.
S. C. STUNTZ.
CARISSA (aboriginal name). Apocynacese. Very
branchy spinose shrubs of the tropics of the eastern
hemisphere, cultivated for ornament or hedges, but
here mainly for the edible berry-like fruits.
Flowers white, solitary or in cymes; lobes of calyx
and corolla 5, the 5 stamens free and included in the
throat, the ovary 2-loculed: Ivs. opposite and thick,
simple. About 30 species. Used abroad as greenhouse
plants but grown in this country only in S. Fla., and
Calif. Prop, by seeds and cuttings of ripe wood.
Carandas, Linn. CARATJNDA. CHRIST'S-THORN. Ever-
green shrub or small tree, with dark green ovate or elliptic
mucronate entire Ivs., strong axillary spines (which are
often forked) and fragrant white fls. in clusters of 2-3,
the corolla twisted to the left in the bud : fr. the size of
a cherry (1 in. diam.), reddish, pleasant-flavored. India.
L.B.C. 7:663. Reaches 20 ft. Half-hardy in Cent. Fla.
The frs. are eaten from the hand or made into a jelly
much* like currants when ripe, and pickled when green.
bispindsa, Desf. (C. ardulna, Lam.). AMATUNGULU.
MAKITZGULA. Spines strong, often 2 in. long: Ivs. ovate
and subcordate, mucronate, glabrous and entire: fls.
white, the corolla twisted to the right in the bud. S.
Afr. A choice evergreen shrub, rather hardy, with
thick camellia-like very glossy Ivs. : fls. large, fragrant,
white, and borne profusely and continuously: fr. dark
red, size of a cherry, good. L.B.C. 4:387. Closely
resembles C. grandiflora, but fls. slightly smaller and
frs. in clusters; seeds lanceolate.
grandifldra, DC. NATAL PLUM. Spiny shrub: Ivs.
ovate-acute, tapering to the base: fls. large, white,
fragrant, solitary and terminal, twisted to the right,
heterogpnous: fr. red, 1-13/2 in. long, resembling cran-
berries in flavor when cooked, and having a papery skin,
milky juice and few small almost circular seeds. Sauce
made from this fr. is almost indistinguishable in flavor
from cranberry sauce, but the frs. ripen so irregularly,
although almost continually, as to make the fr. suitable
only for home-garden use unless handled on a large scale.
Said to be the finest hedge plant in S. Afr. B.M. 6307.
acuminata, DC. Spines weak: Ivs. smaller, ovate-
acute, subcordate, mucronate; peduncles short, forked,
axillary: fls. with lance-acuminate calyx-lobes, the
corolla twisted to the right in the bud. S. Afr. Per-
haps not different from C. bispinosa.
C. edulis, Vahl. A straggling shrub with small purple edible fr.
from Trop. Afr. Intro, from Abyssinia, but has not yet been
thoroughly tested. The plant in the American trade under this
name is described as much taller than C. Carandas and more vigor-
ous: Ivs. persistent, ovate-acuminate: fls. 10-25 in axillary clusters,
white and pink, jasmine-scented: berries oval, red but turning
black at maturity, 1-seeded. C. ovdta, R. Br., from Austral., a
more open shrub than any of the preceding, the small frs. of which
are edible and used for jams, has been intro. by the Office of Foreign
Seed and Plant Introduction as a possible stock for the more ten-
der species, in the hope of extending the range of these frs. C.
spinarum, DC., a small edible-fruited evergreen shrub from India
is said to be an important element in reforestation since it persists
on the poorest and rockiest soils in spite of being greedily eaten by
sheep and goats. g> Q SxUNTZ.f
CARLINA (said to have cured the army of Charle-
magne [Caroh'nus] of the plague). Composite. Low
rather coarse annuals, biennials or perennials, with
thistle-like foliage, large white or purplish heads, a
feathery pappus, and chaffy receptacle: outer involu-
cral bracts coriaceous, usually spiny, the inner ones
colored or shiny and petal-like: fr. a silky-hairy achene.
Some 15 or 20 species in the Medit. region.
An open sunny place and ordinary garden soil are
all they require. They are capital for the sunny part of
a rockery. Propagated by cuttings or seeds.
acaulis, Linn. A very dwarf hardy perennial; height
3-6 in.: Ivs. glossy, pinnatifid, divided, with spiny
ends: fl. rising barely above the foliage, solitary, very
interesting, the scales surrounding the fl.-head being
long and narrow and ray- or petal-like, silky, shiny:
head 6 in. across when expanded, white. June, July
and late fall. G.C. II. 13:720-1. G.L. 19:178.
acanthifclia, Linn. A white-tomentose thick-lvd.
biennial, the Ivs. oblong, the upper pinnatifid and spiny:
fl.-heads 4 in. wide, yellowish purple. S. Eu. July and
later. G.C. III. 47:68. Little known in U. S.
N. TAYLOR, f
CARLUDOVICA (Charles IV, and his Queen Louisa,
of Spain). Cyclanthacese. Palm-like, sometimes merely
herbaceous plants, of tropical America.
The plants are stemless, or sometimes with a lax
creeping st., and usually have stalked, sometimes ses-
sile, flabellate lys. : fls. mono3cious, the two sexes being
on the same spadix, which is inclosed in a 4-lvd.
spathe; staminate fls. with many stamens and many-
CARLUDOVICA
CARNATION
665
lobed calyx, 4 of them surrounding a pistillate fl. the
latter have a 4-sided ovary, 4 barren stamens, and 4-
lobed calyx: fr. a 4-sided, many-seeded berry. The car-
ludovicas are usually regarded and treated as stove
palms by gardeners. They are useful for decoration.
The family Cyclanthaceae is exclusively tropical Ameri-
can, of about 45 species and 6 genera (Stelestylis,
Carludovica, Sarcinanthus, Ludovia, Evodianthus,
Cyclanthus); it is often united with the Pandanaceae
or screw-pine family.
The genus is an important economic one, as C.
palmata, and perhaps other species, are the source of
Panama hats. In making these, the leaves are cut
young, the stiff veins removed, after which the leaves
are slit into shreds, but not separated at the stalk end.
It is said that hats of superior quality are plaited from
a single leaf, without any joinings. U. S. Dept. Agric.,
Fiber Investigations. Kept. 9:112 (1897).
800. Carludovica palmata.
Carludovica palmata is the species most frequently
met with under cultivation. Under favorable condi-
tions it grows to a height of about 8 feet. All of the
kinds need stove treatment during the winter months;
in summer they may be used for subtropical bedding
with good results. They have a certain palm-like ap-
pearance, but the leaves are of a softer texture than any
of the palms. They may be propagated by division,
choosing the early spring for the operation. C. palmata
seeds freely. The fruit, when ripe, has an ornamental
appearance for a short time after bursting open. The
seeds are very small, and should be carefully washed
free from the pulp, and sown on the surface of a pan of
finely chopped sphagnum moss. Germination takes
place in two weeks from sowing if kept in a brisk, moist
heat. The species are not particular as to soil but the
drainage must be perfect, as the plants require an
abundance of water when growing. (G. W. Oliver.)
A. Lvs. S-5-lobed.
palmata, Ruiz. & Pav. Fig. 800. No trunk: petioles
3-6 ft. long, glabrous, terete and unarmed; blades
4-lobed, the lobes again cut into narrow segms., dark
green, gracefully spreading, and drooping at the mar-
gin. Peru. R.H. 1861, p. 36. The common species,
and a very useful plant.
rotundifolia, Wendl. Much like the last, but more
compact under cult., owing to the shorter petioles, but
growing much larger: petiole distinctly pubescent;
If.-blade large and orbicular, 3- or 4-lobed. Costa
Rica. B.M. 7083.
elegans, Williams. Blades with 4 or 5 lobes, which
are very deeply cut into straight strap-like divisions.
Probably of horticultural origin.
AA. Lvs. 2-lobed.
atrdvirens, Wendl. Blades very deeply 2-lobed and
very deep, rich green (whence the name, dark green),
glabrous. Colombia.
humilis, Poepp. & Endl. Dwarf: blades angular,
2-lobed at the summit, the segms. more or less jagged
but not divided, a foot or less broad. Colombia. R.H.
1869, p. 327. One of the best.
Plftmerii, Kunth (C. palmsefolia, Sweet). Caudex
erect: blades with 2 lanceolate and plicate divisions,
bright green above and pale beneath: spadices pendu-
lous. Martinique.
imperialis, Lind. & Andre 1 . Caudex short and pros-
trate: blades with 2 ovate-lanceolate entire segms.,
with very prominent veins, the lobes about 5 in. wide
and shining green ; petiole purplish, canaliculate, tumid
at the base. Ecuador. I.H. 21 : 166 (by error 165).
The following species are in cult, in this country but not as yet
known to the trade: C. funifera, Kunth. Stemless or sometimes
creeping and with a round, sparsely branched St.: Ivs. alternate
1-2 ft. S. Amer. C. incisa, Wendl. A much cut, low plant from
Cent. Amer. C. macropoda, Klotzsch. St. scarcely 1 ft. long: Ivs.
faintly 3-nerved, deeply 2-parted, 1 ty-2 ft. Colombia. C. micro-
ctphala, Hook. f. St. a few inches high: Ivs. numerous, 10-18 in.
long, split into 2 8-nerved segms. ; petiole slender, purplish at base.
Costa Rica. B.M. 7263. C. plicala, Klotzsch. St. short: Ivs. di-
vided into 2 1-nerved segms.; petioles channeled: spadix about 6 in.
long: the thick woody caudex may not rise more than 1 ft.
Colombia. C. scdndens, Cowell. St. creeping, often 25 ft. long:
Ivs. several at the summit, about 18 in. long. St. Kitts.
N. TAYLOR, t
CARMICHJELIA (Capt. Dugald Carmichael, Scotch
botanist, who wrote on the flora of the Cape and cer-
tain islands). Leguminbsse. Shrubs, leafless or usually
becoming so, either erect or depressed, with reddish or
purplish small fls., rarely cult. There are about 20
species in New Zeal., very difficult of delimitation.
Lvs. 1- or 3-5-foliolate, wanting or deciduous after the
bloom has passed: fls. in lateral racemes; calyx cup-
shaped or bell-shaped, 5-toothed; corolla papiliona-
ceous, the standard orbicular and usually reflexed, the
wings oblong and obtuse and somewhat falcate, the
keel oblong and "incurved and obtuse; upper stamen
free : pod small, leathery, oblong to orbicular. C. grandi-
fl6ra, Hook, f., is recently offered in S. Calif.: it is
much-branched, to 6 ft. high, with compressed and
grooved glabrous erect branches: Ivs. pinnately 3-5-
foliolate, appearing in spring and early summer and
then caducous, the Ifts. glabrous and obcordate-cuneate :
fls. about %in. long, in drooping racemes of 5-12, white
or lilac. C. odorata, Colenso, has pubescent drooping
branches, and much smaller fls. in 10-20-fld. racemes:
pod smaller (J^in. or less long) and longer-beaked.
L. H. B.
CARNATION (Didnthus Caryophyllus, Linn.). Cary-
ophyllacese. Choice and popular flower-garden and
greenhouse plants of the pink tribe; in North America
grown mostly under glass as florists' flowers. PL XXII.
The carnation is a half-hardy perennial, herbaceous,
suffrutescent at base: height 2 ft.: st. branching, with
tumid joints: Ivs. linear, glaucous, opposite: fls. termi-
666
CARNATION
CARNATION
nal, mostly solitary; petals 5, flesh-colored, very broad,
beardless, margins toothed; calyx cylindrical, with
scaly bracts at base. June-Aug. S. Eu.; occasionally
met in the wild state in England, where it was intro.
through cult. A single-fld. and undeveloped carnation
is shown in Fig. 801. A section of a single fl. is
depicted in Fig. 802, showing the 2 styles and the 5
stamens; also the bracts at the bottom, in 2 series,
beneath the calyx. In Fig. 803 some of the beginnings
of doubling are shown.
General development. (By Geo. C. Butz.)
Theophrastus, who lived about 300 years B.C., gave
the name Dianthus (Greek dios, divine; anthos, flower)
to the group, probably sug-
gested by the delightful fra-
grance. The specific name
^aryophyllus (Greek, caryon,
nut; and phyllon, leaf) has
been applied to the
clove-tree (Caryo-
phyllus aromaticus) ,
and because of the
clove-like fragrance
of the carnation
this name was ap-
plied to it. The
name carnation (Latin, carnatio,
from caro, carnis, flesh) has ref-
erence to the flesh-color of the
flowers of the original type. This
plant has been in cultivation
more than 2,000 years, for
Theophrastus (History of Plants,
translation) says: "The Greeks
cultivate roses, gillyflowers, vio-
lets, narcissi, and iris," gilly-
flower being the old English
name for the carnation. It was
not, however, until the beginning
of the sixteenth century that the
development of the carnation
into numerous varieties made
an impression upon its history.
The original flesh-color of its
flowers was already broken up
into red and white. The garden-
ers of Italy, France, Germany,
Holland and England, with their
respective ideals of beauty in
this flower, contributed so many
varieties that in 1597 Gerard
wrote that "to describe each
new variety of carnation were to
roll Sisyphus' stone or number
the sands."
There have been many at-
tempts at classification, but
most of them, like the varieties they serve, have dis-
appeared. Two of them are as follows: A French
scheme arranges all varieties into three classes:
Grenadins (Fig. 801), including those with strong per-
fumes, flowers of medium size, either single or double,
petals fringed, and of but one color; Flamands, includ-
ing those with large flowers, round and double, rising in
the center to form a convex surface, petals entire, either
unicolored or striped with two or more colors; Fancies,
including those with colors arranged in bands on light
grounds, the petals toothed or not. The English classi-
fication of these varieties makes four categories: Selfs,
or those possessing only one color in the petals; Flakes,
or those having a pure ground of white or yellow and
flaked or striped with one color, as scarlet, purple or
rose; Bizarres, or those having a pure ground marked
as in the Flakes, but with two or three colors; and
Picotees (Fig. 804), or those having a pure ground of
801. A single-flow-
ered Grenadin carna-
tion. (XJi)
802.
Section of normal
carnation flower.
white or yellow, and each petal bordered with a band
of color at the margin. This last class has been regarded
with the distinction of a race.
In the early part of the nineteenth century, English
gardeners exercised very great care in the growing of
carnations to ma- A^ v n\ .. . ^ * *. ~
ture only perfect (\[\' :
flowers. Imperfect
and superfluous
petals were ex-
tracted with for-
ceps; petals appearing out of
place were arranged in a perfect
imbrication; the calyx-tube was
cut partly down between the
teeth, to prevent excessive split-
ting at one side and to give
more freedom to the expansion
of the flower. These and many
more tedious details seem to
have wrought the depreciation of
this flower about the middle of
the nineteenth century.
All the foregoing has reference
to those types of carnations that
are little known or grown in
America at the present day; the
varieties so common in Europe
are usually kept in coldframes or coolhouses during
the winter, and as spring approaches the plants are
brought into their blooming quarters, for no flower is
expected to appear until the month of July, when there
is a great profusion of blossoms, but for a short season.
Therefore, they can all be classed as a summer race.
They are also grown permanently in the open.
Development of the perpetual -flowering carnation
(Remontant, Monthly, Forcing, or Tree). Figs.
805-807.
The perpetual-flowering race of carnation, which
has been brought to its highest state of perfection by
American growers, and which is generally regarded as
the "American carnation," really originated in France,
and was grown in that country from its origin in 1840
until about the year 1856, before it was introduced to
America. A French gardener, named M. Dalmais,
obtained a constant-blooming carnation by crossing
(Eillet de Mahon, which bloomed in November, with
pollen from (Eillet Biohon, crossing again with the
Flemish carnation, the first-named sort being dissemi-
nated under the name "Atim." By the year 1846 varie-
ties in all colors had been secured and the type per-
manently fixed. These were taken up and improved
upon in quality by
other enthusiasts,
among whom were M.
Schmidt and M. Al-
phonse Alegatiere, of
Lyons, France. The
latter succeeded in
securing varieties with rigid
stems which in 1866 were given
the name "tree-carnation." M.
Schmidt's most prominent varie-
ties were Arc-en-ciel and Etoile
Polaire, which were grown for
several years. But the strong
rigid-stemmed varieties obtained
by Alegatiere, which were
termed tree-carnations in 1866,
proved of greater value com-
mercially, and became more gen-
erally cultivated. About the year
1852, a native of France who
had settled near New York City, are leafy, showing one
imported plants of this strain, process in doubling.
803. The anthers
CARNATION
CARNATION
667
804. Carnation, Picotee.
and cultivated several varieties for a number of years.
About the year 1856 the firm of Dailledouze, Zeller &
Card imported plants of La Purit6, a rose-colored
variety, also Mont Blanc and Edwardsii, white, and
Manteaux Royal, red-and-white variegated. These
were used for crossing,
and the first variety
produced in America,
about the year 1858,
proved to be a great
improvement on exist-
ing varieties. It was
named "Mrs.Degraw,"
and with another white
variety named "Flat-
bush," was dissemi-
nated about the year
1864. Other varieties
followed, and the work
was taken up by other
growers, among whom
were M. Donati, who
raised Astoria, a yellow
which is conceded to
be the ancestor of all
the yellow varieties
grown today; Rudolph
Heintz, who raised
Heintz's White in 1876 ;
Chas. T. Starr, whose
most famous variety was Buttercup, introduced in 1884;
Jos. Tailby, whose Grace Wilder became and remained
the standard rose-pink variety until the introduction
of Wm. Scott in 1893; John Thorpe and W. P. Sim-
mons, who introduced Portia, Tidal Wave, Silver Spray
and Daybreak in the eighties; Sewal Fisher, whose
Mrs. Fisher appeared in 1890 and became one of the
leading whites; E. G. Hill, whose most notable pro-
ductions were Flora Hill, the leading white for several
years, and America, a scarlet; R. Witterstaetter, who
obtained Estelle, Aristocrat, Afterglow and Pres. J. A.
Valentine; John Hartje, who raised the scarlet Jubilee;
Peter Fisher, whose Mrs. Thos. W. Lawson, Beacon,
and Enchantress with its several sports, became leaders
in their respective colors; C. W. Ward, who dis-
seminated Governor Roosevelt, Harry Fenn and Mrs.
C. W. Ward.
The late Frederick Dorner conducted the most sys-
tematic work in developing the carnation, and succeeded
in producing a strain which is recognized as the highest
development of the American carnation. His records,
which cover a period of 22 years, contain a complete
list of the many thousands of crosses made during that
time. This strain is distinguished for its easy-growing
habit, its freedom and steadiness in producing blooms,
the diversity of colors and its adaptability to commer-
cial growing. His labors produced such varieties as
Wm. Scott, Mme. Diaz Albertini, White Cloud, Mrs.
Goo. M. Bradt, G. H. Crane, Lady Bountiful, White
Perfection, Pink Delight, White Wonder and Gloriosa,
all leaders in their respective colors.
Through the rapid strides in its development, after
being introduced in this country, the carnation estab-
lished itself as one of the leading flowers for commercial
growing and now stands second only to the rose in
commercial importance. Not only does it share equally
with the rose the bench space in most large growing
establishments, but many large ranges are devoted
entirely to the carnation. Growing methods have been
perfected by the carnation specialists until the practices
employed during its early history have been entirely
superseded. Since its first arrival in America, over
1,200 varieties have been introduced, and the quality
has been improved until the highest developed varie-
ties produce blooms measuring 4^ inches in diameter
and are carried on rigid stems 3 feet long.
43
In 1891 the American Carnation Society was organ-
ized to promote the interests of the carnation. By hold-
ing exhibitions annually it has assisted materially in
popularizing the flower. A system of registering new
varieties is in operation, which prevents confusion in
nomenclature.
From this country, the improved strain of the per-
petual-flowering carnation has returned to European
countries, being grown in increased quantities each
year and displacing all the older types of carnation for
commercial growing.
Culture of outdoor or flower-garden carnations. Fig. 808.
Americans are not sufficiently aware of the excel-
lence of some of the forms of the flower-garden or bor-
der carnation. While perennial, like the greenhouse
carnation, many of them bloom profusely the first
year from seed and are described as annuals. The
Marguerite type is one of the jinost useful. These
forms bloom by midsummer from early-sown seeds, and
with some protection the plants will pass the winter
in the open and bloom again the following spring.
The Margaret strain, distinct from the Marguerite,
bears double flowers,
sulfur-yellow, and also
blooms the first season
from early-sown seed.
The Chabaud strains
behave similarly. The
Grenadins (Fig. 801)
bloom the first year
from seed. They pro-
805. The modern florists'
carnation. High-centered
dark-colored bloom.
806. Modern florists' or
forcing carnation.
668
CARNATION
CARNATION
duce fine singles, of simple form and strong fragrance,
although more than half of any sowing from improved
seed may produce various degrees of double bloom.
Riviera Market and others bloom in autumn from
spring-sown seeds. The culture of the hardy or flower-
f . garden carnations is
- /I / 7 very simple. Their
profusion of sum-
mer bloom makes
them desirable.
ThePicotee class
(Fig. 804) is little
known in this coun-
try. It is a hardy
perennial in Eng-
land, and the fine
strains are often
Eropagated by
tyers (Fig. 809).
They also do well
from seeds, bloom-
ing freely the
second year.
The Malmaison
strain, which was
the leading carna-
tion in England
before the advent
of the Perpetual-
flowering strain,
has been found of
little value in this
country . On ac-
count of its large
size it was used to
some extent for
breeding purposes,
but with unsatis-
factory results.
The border car-
nation is a more
condensed and
bushy plant than
the long-stemmed
few-flowered plant
seen in the Ameri-
can greenhouses,
although there are
different families or
groups of them as
there are of phlox
or snapdragons.
Some forms are
dwarf and some
tall-growing.
American methods of culture for indoor bloom.
The modern method of propagating the carnation for
commercial growing is by means of cuttings which are
taken from either the blooming stock or from plants that
are grown for cuttings alone. The old method of layer-
ing (Fig. 809) would prove too slow in increasing stock
for present-day needs. Millions of cuttings are rooted
each season for planting the houses for blooming pur-
poses. So much depends on the quality of the cuttings
in keeping up the vitality in the stock that expert
growers have learned to discriminate in their selection.
The best cuttings, if taken from the blooming stock,
are those from near the middle of the flower-stems
(Fig. 810). These will not only show greater vitality
than those taken higher up or lower, but they will
prove more floriferpus The tip cuttings are likely to
give a flower-bud immediately and, if this is pinched
out, develop into a weak plant. Those taken from the
base develop a large spreading growth known as
"grassy." The cuttings are severed by an outward pull
807. Carnation,
Little Gem.
A striped flower.
and are afterward trimmed of all surplus foliage before
being inserted in the propagating sand. Have a sharp
knife with which to trim and a pail of fresh water into
which to throw the cuttings as they are trimmed.
Make a smooth cut at the base, near the joint, so that
the lower pair of leaves will peel off readily, leaving a
half-inch of clear stem to go into the sand. Shorten
those leaves which turn outward, leaving those which
stand fairly upright. The removal of part of the foliage
is to avoid crowding in the bench and also to prevent
flagging while the cutting is giving off more moisture
through its leaves than it is taking up through the stem.
The cuttings are inserted in the sand about %inch deep
in rows across the bench, placing the cuttings about
%inch apart in the row and the rows about 2}/z inches
apart, according to the size of the cuttings. Use a putty
knife for making the cut in the sand. The sand is kept
constantly moist and the cuttings are protected from
both the sun and drafts by means of muslin curtains.
Frequent spraying should be avoided, though it must
be resorted to at times to prevent flagging on warm
windy days. The most favorable conditions for propa-
gating are usually secured during the months of Decem-
ber, January, February and early March. During that
period, ventilation is limited and a fairly even bottom-
heat is easily maintained. Keep a bottom temperature
of about 60, while the overhead temperature should be
about 52. Any bench that can be protected from sun
and drafts will prove satisfactory.
The bottom of the bench may be of wood or tile, the
latter being preferred on account of more perfect drain-
age and a greater retention of warmth. The sand should
be 3 inches deep after being packed down by means of a
tool made from a 2-inch plank about 6 inches wide and
808. Flower-garden or outdoor carnation, showing the condensed
bushy habit and short flower-stems.
12 inches long with an inverted V-shaped handle. In
about four weeks the cuttings should be ready for pot-
ting (Fig. 811). Those that come out of the sand
February 15 or earlier should be potted first into 2-
inch pots and later on shifted into larger pots as needed.
Those potted later may be placed directly into 2^-inch
CARNATION
CARNATION
669
pots and left until planted out, the object being to keep
the young plants growing steadily until they are planted
in the field. Stunted, pot-bound plants will be slow in
breaking and are likely to develop stem-rot in the field.
Use a moderately light soil and only fairly rich.
When the young plants begin to run up to flower,
they should be topped back to about four joints above
the pot (Fig. 812). A low-branched plant will stand up
better and will give less trouble in supporting later on.
A second topping may be necessary before planting-
out time, on early-propagated stock. A slight harden-
ing-off of the young plants before planting out is bene-
ficial, though not essential. This is usually done by
placing the plants in coldframes about two weeks
prior to planting them in the field. Late April or early
May is the time for planting in the field, according to
latitude and climate. A rich loam, inclined to sandiness,
produces the finest plants in the shortest time. In a
heavy soil the growth will be heavier, but slower and
less branching. Set the plants about 8 inches apart in
the rows, and if hand-power is to be employed in cul-
tivating, space the rows about 16 inches apart. Space
farther if horse-power is to be used.
When a large business is done in young plants or
rooted cuttings, a part of the stock is grown espe-
cially for cuttings alone. Thes.e plants are benched the
game as those for blooming, but are not allowed to
809. Layer of carnation. The parent
stem was severed at s. This method is
now employed only in special cases.
bloom. As the shoots begin to run up to flower, they
are broken off a few joints higher up than is done when
topping in the field. The young shoots which result
from these breaks are taken off for cuttings, the very
finest cuttings being secured in this way. These are
trimmed and handled the same as those taken from the
flower-stems.
When packing cuttings for shipping, moist sphagnum
moss is used in which to pack the roots. Cut papers
(newspapers are used mostly) into sheets about 10 by
18 inches. Lay a strip of moss about 3 inches wide
across the middle of the paper lengthwise. Then lay
the cuttings side by side with only the roots on the
moss. When twenty-five have been laid on, begin to
roll from one end until all the cuttings have been taken
up. Then turn in the lower part of the paper and con-
tinue to roll until the end of the paper has been reached
and tie around with any kind of cord. There is little
difference in the returns from plants grown for cuttings
and those grown for blooms, providing a fair market
is found for each.
In shipping plants from the field, the soil is all shaken
from the roots. The plants are then set upright in the
shipping-cases with moist moss between the roots, a
layer of damp moss having first been placed on the
bottom.
Cultivate as soon as practicable after each rain, and
in the absence of rain at least once each week. Shallow
cultivating is recommended, just enough to maintain a
loose mulch on the surface.
Do not water carnations in
the field under any con-
sideration. Cultivation will
preserve moisture in the
soil without causing soft
growth. Keep topping back
the young shoots as fast as
they begin to run up, thus
building up a shapely
bushy plant.
// plants are to be placed
inside during the summer,
the benches should be re-
filled and made ready for
planting as soon after May
1 as possible. It will be a
great help to get the plants
under way on the benches
before hot weather sets in.
Fill the benches the same
as for field-grown plants
and set the plants where
they are to bloom. Indoor
culture is practicable and
Erofitable only when the
enches can be spared by
early May. If a good mar-
ket can be found for the
May and June cut, they
will more than offset the
slight advantage derived
in the fall from indoor
culture.
If the blooming plants
have not made an exceed-
ingly rank growth, they
may be cut back sharp
early in May, cleaned off,
mulched with long manure
and grown on for blooming the following year. This
should not be attempted, however, unless the plants
are free from disease or insects and in good condition
to break freely from the lower part of the plant.
Carnations are grown successfully on both raised and
solid benches. Perfect drainage is essential, and must
be provided for, if solid beds are to be used. There will
be no difference in the quality or the quantity if both
are properly handled.
By the end of June
the old blooming plants
will become exhausted,
and refilling the benches
to receive the new plants
from the field will be in
order. Clean out the old
soil, whitewash the in-
side of the benches with
hot lime and allow to
dry before refilling with
the new earth. Four
inches of soil is enough,
and should be of equal
depth all over the bench,
especially along the
edges. The soil should
be fairly moist, but not
wet when the plants are
set, so that the roots
may draw moisture
from the soil rather
than have the soil draw
the moisture from the 8ll. Strong cutting, well rooted.
810. a. Desirable cuttings.
b. Weak cutting, too high up
on stem. c. Too low on stem.
670
CARNATION
CARNATION
roots. On the other hand, soil for potting or planting
should never be handled while in a wet condition. If
too dry at the time of filling the beds, water, and let
stand long enough to dry to the proper state before
planting.
Apply a light shade of lime or whiting to the glass,
to break the fierceness of the summer
sun until the plants become estab-
lished. This shade should not be too
heavy, nor intended to darken the
house, else a softening and weakening
of the growth will result. Lift the
plants carefully by means of a spade
and leave a ball of soil about the size
of the fist on the roots. This ball of
soil will greatly assist the plant in re-
establishing itself in its new quarters.
However, no serious harm will be done
should all the soil crumble from the
roots without breaking the roots to
any considerable extent. Set the plants
just about as deep into the soil as they
stood in the field and space them about
9 by 12 inches, if plants are of ordinary
size. Larger plants may need more,
smaller plants less space. It should be
borne in mind that the highest quality
may be expected only when the plants
are not crowded.
After setting a few hundred plants,
water each plant individually, satura-
ting the soil thoroughly around each
plant, but do not soak the whole bed
until the roots become active and the
surface of the soil has been worked over
and leveled off, which will be about
ten days after planting. Spray the
plants overhead several times during
each day to prevent wilting. Keeping
the walks wet will also help to maintain
a humid atmosphere until the roots
are able to supply the plants with moisture. This
transplanting is an ordeal during which the plants are
unable to draw on the roots for support until they
have taken a new hold on the soil, and wilting must
be prevented by artificial means during this time. To
allow severe wilting means loss of foliage and a loss
of vitality, which results in inferior qualitv in at least
the early part of the season.
As soon as the soil has been leveled off, and most of
the weeds gotten rid of, the supports should be put in
place. Large growers use one of two styles of supports,
or a combination of the two. Wires run lengthwise
between the rows, with cotton strings crosswise, plac-
ing two or three tiers one above the other to suit the
height of the plants is extensively used. Another
device is the carnation support, consisting of a wire
stake with wire
rings to surround
each plant.
Yield of bloom.
Plants that were
benched in the
latter part of July,
or early August,
which is the time
to plant for best re-
sults, should begin
to yield blooms
early in September.
If flowers are not
desired so early,
the stems may be
broken off about
the time the bud
813. Undeveloped five-petaled carnation, appears, but no
812. Showing where to top (a) or
to head back.
general topping should be done after the plants are
housed, if a steady cut through the season is desired.
Cut the blooms during the early part of the day. They
are then fresh and retain their natural colors, much of
which would be bleached out of the delicately colored
sorts by the sun during a warm day. Place in water at
once in a cool room as near 50 as
possible. Sort the blooms in separate
colors, making two or three grades of
quality, tying them into bunches of
twenty-five blooms. Cut the stems
even at the bottom and replace in
water. Avoid crowding the blooms
while they are soaking up water, as
they will increase 25 per cent in size
during the first twenty-four hours in
water.
During a season, running from Sep-
tember to the end of the following
June, an average cut of twenty blooma
per plant may be expected from most
varieties. Varieties differ somewhat,
according to the size of the blooms, the
smaller-flowered sorts usually being the
freer bloomers.
The preparation of the soil for grow-
ing carnations is of the greatest im-
portance. Choose a piece of land which
has not been tilled for some years, if
possible. If covered with a heavy sod,
all the better. The soil should be a
loam of good substance, with an incli-
nation toward sandiness. Break this
sod in the fall and leave in a rough
state during the winter. In the spring
plow again and sow to cowpeas or
some other leguminous crop. After
plowing this under in the fall, manure
heavily and leave until the follow-
ing spring when it should be plowed
again. This soil should be in first-
class condition for use the following summer. In
working or handling soil, always bear in mind that to
handle it while it is wet is to ruin it for immediate use.
Only freezing will restore it again. If it will crumble
readily, it is safe to handle. Soil which has been pre-
pared in this manner will be rich enough to carry the
plants until after the first of the year, when light feeding
may be given. Feeding should be done judiciously
during the short
days of winter, to
avoid softening the
growth and bloom.
Pulverized sheep-
manure, dried
blood and wood-
ashes are used
mostly for this pur-
pose. The manure
and blood improve
the size and quality
of the bloom, and
the ashes strengthen
the stem.
Ventilation and
temperature. The
carnation being a
cool-temperature
plant, abundant
fresh air and ventil-
ation should be pro-
vided for. A steady
temperature is
essential to success 814- carnation flower showing the
in growing carna- ca iyx w hich has split on account of
tions. Splitting of poor shape.
CARNATION
CARNATION
671
815. Carnation flower showing a
well-shaped calyx that will seldom
burst.
the calyx may usually be traced to either irregular tem-
perature or to overdoses of feeding. Any point between
48 and 52 will prove a satisfactory night temperature
for most varieties, providing it is evenly maintained.
The temperature should be 10 higher during the day.
Care should also be exercised, when building, in plac-
ing the ventilators,
so that the atmos-
phere in the house
may be changed
without causing cold
drafts to strike the
plants. By placing
the ventilators alter-
nately on both sides
of the ridge, this may
be accomplished. The
side ventilators are
used only during
mild weather.
The modern type of
carnation house runs
east and west, is of
even span and is 30
feet or more in width,
having ventilators on
both sides of the
ridge and in the side
walls, if houses are
detached. Many
ranges are connected
by gutters 6 feet or
more from the
ground. When econ-
omy in ground is necessary, this is a good plan, but
such ranges always contain some benches inferior for
growing stock on account of the shade cast by gutters.
The single detached house is ideal. See Greenhouse.
Varieties.
The leading varieties in cultivation in this country at this time
are White: White Perfection, White Enchantress, White Won-
der, Shasta, Matchless. Flesh-Pink: Enchantress, Pink Delight,
Mayday, Pres. Valentine. Rose-Pink: Rose-Pink Enchantress,
Dorothy Gordon, Gloriosa, Mrs. C. W. Ward, Philadelphia Pink.
Dark Pink: Rosette, Washington, Peerless Pink, Northport.
Scarlet: Beacon, Victory, St. Nicholas, Herald, Commodore.
Crimson: Harry Fenn, Octoroon, Pocahontas. Yellow: Yellow
Prince, Yellowstone. White Variegated: Benora, Mrs. B. P.
Cheney. Any other color: Gorgeous, Rainbow. New varieties are
being registered with the American Carnation Society at the rate
of about twenty-five each year. Few varieties remain in cultivation
longer than ten years, so that the list changes continually.
Diseases.
Stemrot (Rhizoctonia) is the common wet stemrot which does
perhaps more damage than all the other diseases combined, and it
is also more difficult to control than
any of the others. Its presence does not
manifest itself until its damage is
wrought, and the plant is seen to wilt
and die. The cause of the disease is a
fungus which exists in the soil, and
which will lie dormant in the soil for
several years if there are no plants to
attack. Hence no carnations should be
planted for several years in soil which
is known to have this fungus present.
Species of Fusarium cause a slow
rot of the heart of the plant; the treat-
ment is same as above.
Carnation-rust ( Uromyces caryophyl-
linus) is more common than stemrot,
but not nearly so destructive. A slight
swelling of the outer tissue of the leaf
is the first sign of its presence. Later on
this bursts open, releasing a brown-
colored powdery substance, comprising
the spores by which the fungus is pro-
pagated. Keeping the foliage dry and
the atmosphere buoyant and bracing
will prevent the appearance of this dis-
ease. Spraying with bordeaux mixture
has been found effective in combating
this disease after it has gained a foot-
hold.
Fairy-ring (Heterosporium echinula-
tum} is perhaps the most destructive of
the spot diseases. It is brought on by a humid or foul atmos-
phere, and must be fought with remedies which will produce the
opposite in atmospheric condition. Bordeaux is the standard
remedy for all spot diseases.
Bench rot may be caused by any one of a number of organisms
attacking the ends of the cuttings in the propagating-bench. It
is frequently a very serious disease. The fungi most frequently
causing the trouble are in the sand and under the ideal conditions
of temperature and
moisture of the propa-
gating-bench spread
very rapidly. The use
of clean sand, free from
all organic matter, and
the securing of new
sand for each lot of cut-
tings and cleanliness in
the propagating - house
will help to control this
trouble.
Insect pests.
A green plant-louse
(Myzus persicss) is fre-
quently troublesome on
carnations. It also at-
tacks a large number
of greenhouse and gar-
den plants as well as
several fruit trees. Nic-
otine applied in one of
the many forms will
destroy it. Spraying
and vaporizing are both
817. Carnation flower Pink Delight,
showing nearly entire-edged petals.
employed successfully as preventives of the attacks of aphids.
Thrips (Heliothrips hasmorrhoidalis) are equally destructive and
more difficult to control. The same treatment as for aphis is sug-
gested. Sweetened paris green used as a spray is also effective
(three gallons of water; two pounds of brown sugar; two table-
spoonfuls paris green).
The punctures made by thrips and plant-lice cause yellowish
spots on the leaves, a diseased condition known as stigmanose.
Red-spider (Tetranychus bimaculatus) is found mostly where
plants grow near steam-pipes, where ventilation is poor, or in
houses kept top dry. Persistent syringing with water will usually
destroy them if the spray is applied to the under surface. Use
much force and little water to avoid drenching the beds. Sulfur
as a dust or in water will also destroy them.
The carnation mite (Pediculopsis graminum) injures the buds by
transmitting the spores of a fungus (Sporotrichum pose) which
causes them to decay. The injured buds are easily recognized and
should be promptly gathered and burned to prevent further spread
of the trouble.
Raising new varieties.
It is a long way from the undeveloped five-petaled
carnation (Fig. 813) of early days to the perfectly
formed full bloom of today. This filling out of the
bloom has evolved gradually, and has been assisted
by cross-fertilization and selection by the carnation-
breeders through the many years in which the flower
has been cultivated. This crossing, which has been the
means of perfecting the American strain of the perpet-
ual-flowering carnation, has been prosecuted continu-
ously ever since the arrival of the first plants in this
country. Many men have found both pleasure and
profit in the work, and those
with scientific inclination will
find no subject more inter-
esting. Not only have the
blooms become larger, but
the color has varied widely,
the "substance" has been
much improved, the calyx
has been developed for non-
bursting (Figs. 814, 815),
the keeping qualities of the
flowers have been improved,
and the stems have been
lengthened.
The operation of pollinat-
ing the bloom, or transferring
the pollen from one flower to
the stigma of another, is a
simple matter, and is per-
haps of less importance than
other parts of the work of
producing desirable new
varieties.
816. Cross-section of carnation flower showing
reproductive organs.
672
CARNATION
CARPENTERIA
818. Carnation flower Radiance, showing
deeply serrated petals.
The Fig. 816 is a section of a flower showing the repro-
ductive organs; a shows the pod which encases the ovules
or forming seeds, b. From the tip of the pod rises the
style which has usually two, but frequently three
curved ends, or stigmas, c. When the stigma is in
the proper stage to be fertilized, which is indicated by
the fuzzy appearance of the upper part, the pollen,
which is the powdery substance released by the anthers,
d, is applied to
the fuzzy parts.
To prevent self-
fertilization, these
anthers should be
removed from
flowers intended
to be pollinated,
before the pollen is
released. Within
one to three days,
if fertilization has
taken place, the
bloom will wilt,
the ovary will
begin to swell and
within a week the
seed-pod can be
seen to increase in
size. As soon as
the bloom has
wilted, the petals should be removed and the calyx slit
down the sides to prevent water from standing inside
the calyx and causing the pod to decay. In six to eight
weeks the seeds will be ripe and should be sown at once.
Each seed may prove to be the beginning of a variety
which will be one of the milestones of progress in the
improvement of the carnation. Not one should be
discarded until it has bloomed.
The seedlings should be potted as soon as the first
pair of character-leaves appears. Later on they may be
shifted into larger pots and bloomed, or they may be
planted in the field and marked as they bloom and only
the promising ones housed in the fall. The selecting
of the plants for further trial is of the very greatest
importance and requires a thorough knowledge of the
subject. There are many points in the make-up of a
first-class carnation, and a combination of as many of
these as is possible to get in one plant is the object
sought. No carnation has ever been found which was
perfect in every way. The hybridist must be able to
judge correctly as to the relative value or loss repre-
sented in certain characteristics shown by a seedling
plant. This discrimination between the desirable and
undesirable calls for the clearest judgment, and a valu-
able variety might be discarded through the failure of
the grower to see its good points.
Among the seedlings will probably appear variety
of colors, shapes and sizes of bloom, different types of
growth, perfect in some respects and faulty in others.
From these the hybridist is to select those which most
nearly represent his ideal of the perfect carnation. This
ideal should be of a pleasing shade of color, pure in tone,
so as to hold when the bloom ages. The form should be
symmetrical, resembling as nearly as possible a half
sphere with just enough petals to fill the bloom nicely
without crowding. The petals may range from the
smooth-edged, as seen in Fig. 817, to the deeply-ser-
rated, as seen in Fig. 818. The texture of the petals
should be such as will resist bruising. The odor should be
strong clove. The size should be as near 4 inches across
as possible under ordinary culture. The calyx should be
strong and large enough to hold the petals firmly at all
stages of development. The stem should be 30 to 36
inches long, and strong enough to hold the bloom erect.
The plant should have a free-growing habit, throwing
blooming shoots freely after a shoot is topped or a
bloom is cut. It should also be healthy and disease-
resistant. The American Carnation Society uses the
following scale of points for new varieties :
Color 25
Size 20
Calyx 5
Stem 20
Substance 15
Form 10
Fragrance 5
100
The most uniform results have been secured by con-
fining the breeding to separate colors; as, for example,
crossing white with white, red with red or crimson,
pink with pink, and so on. This method has been
proved to produce the largest percentage of self-colors,
which are considered the most valuable commercially
in this country.
New varieties are frequently secured by sporting or
mutation. A variety of a certain color may produce a
bloom of another color, and by propagating the cuttings
from the stem which carried the odd bloom a new
variety is established. The securing of a new variety
in this way is purely a matter of good fortune, as no
method for causing the sporting is yet known.
Leading books on the carnation are: "The American
Carnation," by C. W. Ward; "Carnations, Picotees and
Pinks," by T. W. Sanders; "Carnations and Pinks,"
by T. H. Cook, Jas. Douglas and J. F. McLeod;
"Carnation Culture," by B. C. Ravenscroft. The last
three are English. A. F. J. BAUR.
CARNEGIEA (named for Andrew Carnegie, phil-
anthropist) . Cactacese. The giant tree cactus of Arizona,
California and Mexico.
Large columnar plants, usually single, strongly
ribbed, with numerous spines, those from flowering
and sterile areoles quite different: fls. borne from the
upper areoles, diurnal, funnelform; petals white: fr.
an oblong edible berry; seeds black and shining.
gigantea, Brit. & Rose (Cereus giganteus, Engelm.).
STTWARRO. (Plate III, Fig. 819.) A tree 20-60 ft. high,
usually single, but sometimes with one or more branches:
ribs in mature plants 18-21 : fr. 2-3 in. long. B.M. 7222.
A.G. 11 : 451, 528. In rocky valleys and on mountain-
sides, S. Ariz, and Sonora, with 2 stations in Calif.
[reported, but probably not to be found, in Lower Calif.].
This great cactus does not do well in cult., although
large plants are often brought into greenhouses and
grounds about railroad stations in the S. W. It is
not suited for small collections. The fr. is gathered in
great quantities by the Indians of Ariz, j N ROSE.
CAROB: Ceratonia.
CAROLlNEA: Pachird.
CARPENTERIA (after Professor Carpenter, of
Louisiana). Saxifragacese. Ornamental shrub culti-
vated for its large fragrant white flowers.
Evergreen: Ivs. opposite, petioled, usually entire:
calyx 5-parted; petals 5; stamens numerous; ovary
almost superior, 5-7-celled; styles 5-7, connate at the
base, with linear-oblong stigmas: fr. a many-seeded
dehiscent caps, with numerous oblong seeds. One
species in Calif.
This is a highly ornamental ever-
green plant, with rather large oppo-
site leaves and showy white and
fragrant flowers in loose and terminal
corymbs. Hardy only in warmer tem-
perate regions. It requires a well-
drained, light and sandy soil, and
sunny, somewhat sheltered position;
it especially dislikes moisture during
the winter, and its perishing is more
often due to an excess of moisture
than to the cold. Propagated by
greenwood cuttings under glass in
819. Flower of
Carnegiea gigan-
tea.
CARPENTERIA
CARPINUS
673
summer, and by suckers, which it produces freely; also,
by seeds sown in spring.
californica, Torr. Shrub, 6-10 ft. : lys. elliptic-lanceo-
late, entire or remotely denticulate, bright green above,
whitish-tomentose beneath, 2-4 in. long: fls. pure white,
2J/J-3 in. diam., fragrant; petals orbicular, concave.
June, July. B.M. 6911. Gn. 31:100; 34, p. 75; 36, p. 26;
54, p. 248; 76, p. 376. G.C. II. 26:113; III. 40:6, 7;
44:112. R.H. 1884, p. 365. J.H. III. 29:251; 45:107;
59:61. M.D.G. 1913:121. G.M. 31:25; 40:300. G.
29:695. Gn.W. 4:569. ALFRED RKHDER.
CARPET-BEDDING: Bedding.
CARPINUS (ancient Latin name). Betulaceaz.
HORNBEAM. Trees cultivated for their handsome
foliage, assuming bright autumnal tints; also for the
light green attractive fruit-clusters.
Deciduous trees or rarely shrubs: winter-buds con-
spicuous, acute with many imbricate scales: Ivs. alter-
nate, petioled, serrate, with deciduous stipules: fls.
monoecious; staminate catkins pendulous, each scale
bearing 3-13 stamens, 2-forked at the apex; pistillate
catkins terminal, slender, each scale bearing 2 ovaries,
the bracts and bractlets of which develop into a large,
leafy, more or less 3-lobed bract, embracing the small,
nut-like fruit at their base. About 20 species, most of
them in Cent, and E. Asia, 5 in Eu. and W. Asia and 1
in N. and Cent. Amer. Monogr. by Winkler in Engler,
Pflanzenreich, Betulacese, hft. 19, pp. 24-43, quoted
below as W. B.
The hornbeams are trees usually with dense round
head, rarely shrubby, with medium-sized, bright green
ovate to lanceolate leaves and rather insignificant
flowers appearing with the leaves and followed by pen-
dulous catkins consisting of large bracts bearing a small
nutlet in their axils. The wood is very hard and close-
grained, and much used in making tools and other small
articles. The handsome foliage is rarely attacked by
insects, and assumes a yellow or scarlet color in fall.
The most beautiful are C. cordata, with large leaves,
and C. japonica, of graceful habit and with elegant
foliage. The European hornbeam bears severe pruning
well, and is very valuable for high hedges; it was for-
merly much used in the old formal gardens for this
purpose; it makes, also, an excellent game cover, as
it retains its withered foliage almost throughout the
winter.
The species are of comparatively slow growth and
thrive in almost any soil, and even in dry, rocky situa-
tions; most of them are quite hardy North. Propagated
by seeds, sown usually in fall, germinating very irregu-
larly; if they do not appear the first spring, the seed-
bed should be covered until the following spring with
moss or leaf-mold, to keep the soil moist. If intended
for hedges, the seedlings should be transplanted after
the first year, and allowed sufficient space to prevent
them from growing into slender tall plants, unfit for
hedges. The varieties of rarer species are grafted in
spring under glass, or in the open air on seedlings of one
of the common species.
A. Lvs. with 7-15 secondary veins: mature catkins with
spreading narrow bracts.
caroliniana, Walt. (C. americana, Michx. C. virgini-
ana, Michx. f.). AMERICAN HORNBEAM. BLUE BEECH.
Fig. 820. Bushy tree, rarely 40 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong,
usually rounded at the base, acuminate, sharply and
doubly serrate, glabrous at length, except in the axils
of the veins beneath, 2-4 in. long: fr.-clusters peduncled,
2-4 in. long: bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, %-l in.
long, with 2 broad and short unequal lateral lobes, and
a much longer middle lobe, usually serrate only on one
margin. E. N. Amer., west to Minn, and Texas; also,
in Mex. and Cent. Amer. S.S. 9:447. Em. 1:199. Gn.
24, p. 418. Bushy tree, with dense, but slender and
often somewhat pendulous branches, and dark bluish
green foliage, changing to scarlet or orange-yellow in
fall.
Betulus, Linn. EUROPEAN HORNBEAM. Tree, to 60
or 70 ft. : Ivs. similar to those of the former, cordate or
rounded at the base, ovate or oblong-ovate, of somewhat
thicker texture, and the veins more impressed above:
fr.-clusters 3-5 in. long: bracts over \Y^ in. long, with
ovate, lateral lobes, and much longer oblong-lanceolate
middle lobe, the margins almost entire or remotely den-
ticulate. Eu. to Persia. H.W. 2:17, pp. 31-33. W.B.
29. F.S.R. 3, p. 153. Gn. 24, pp. 418, 419, 420. The
most remarkable of the garden forms are the following:
Var. incisa, Ait. (var. asplenlfdlia, Hort.). Lvs. incised
or lobed, smaller. Gn. 24, p. 419. Var. pyramidalis,
Dipp. (var. fastigidta, Hort.). Of upright growth. Var.
purpilrea, Dipp. Lvs. purplish when young, green at
length. It
grows into a
taller tree
than the Am-
erican species,
although the
former is of more vigor-
ous growth when young;
the foliage turns yellow
in fall, and remains on
the tree throughout the
winter.
AA. Lvs. with 15-25 pairs
of veins: mature cat-
kins with loosely
oppressed ovate and
dentate bracts, of
cone-like appearance.
japonica, Blume (C.
Carpinus, Sarg. Distego-
cdrpus Carpinus, Sieb. &
Zucc.). Tree, to 50 ft.:
young branchlets pubes-
cent: Ivs. reddish brown
when unfolding, oblong- 8 20. Carpinus caroliniana. ( X Ji)
ovate or oblong-lanceo-
late, 2-4 in. long, acuminate, rounded or subcordate at
the base, unequally serrate, with 20-24 pairs of veins
deeply impressed above, bright green and glabrous
above, beneath brownish pubescent on the veins at
first, finally glabrous or nearly so : mature catkins ovoid-
oblong, 2 in. long, slender-ped uncled; bracts inflexed
at the base inclosing the nutlet. Japan. G.F. 6:365.
R.H. 1895, p. 427. S.I.F. 1:24. A very graceful
species and quite hardy; sometimes cult, under the
name C. laxiflora, which is an entirely different species
with the Ivs. having only 10-14 pairs of veins.
cordata, Blume. Tree, to 40 ft.: young branchleta
hairy at first, soon glabrous: Ivs. ovate or oblong-ovate,
acuminate, distinctly cordate at the base, 3-^6 in. long,
unequally serrate, with 15-20 pairs of veins deeply
impressed above, pubescent on the veins beneath or
glabrous: mature catkins 2-3 in. long, slender-ped un-
cled; bracts not inflexed at t the base, but with an
opposite bractlet about as long as the nutlet. Japan,
Manchuria, Korea. G.F. 8:295. S.I.F. 1:24. A very
handsome species and quite hardy.
C. americAna, Michx. =C. caroliniana. C. duinfnsis, Scop.=
C. orientalis. C. laxiflAra, Blume. To 50 ft. : Ivs. ovate or elliptic-
ovate, long-acuminate, 2-3 in. long, with 10-14 pairs of veins.
Japan. S.I.F. 1:25. Very attractive in fall, with its long and slen-
der catkins. Var. macrostdchya, Winkl. Lvs. ovate-oblong: fruit-
ing catkins 2^-S l A in. long. W. China. H.I. 20:1989. Recently
intro. C. orientalis. Mill. Bushy tree, to 15 ft.: Ivs. ovate or
oblong-ovate, 1 H~2 in. long, with about 10 pairs of veins. S.E. Eu.
to Persia. Gn. 24, p. 418. C. Pdxii, Winkl. =C. Turczaninowii.
C. polyneiira, Franch. (C. Turczaninowii var. polyneura, Winkl.).
Small tree: young branchlets pubescent, soon glabrous: Iva. ovate-
lanceolate, long-acuminate, usually rounded at the base, 1 K~2 Yi in.
long, with 15-20 pairs of veins; fruiting bractlets ovate to lanceolate,
serrate. W. China. W.B. 39. C. Turczaninowii, Hance (C. Paiii,
674
CARPINUS
CARROT
Winkl. ) Shrubby tree: Ivs. ovate, acute, 1-2 in. long, with 10-12 pairs
of veins. N. China. C. virginidna, Michx. f.=C. caroliniana. C.
yedoensis, Maxim. Small tree: branchlets and Ivs. beneath pubes-
cent: Ivs. ovate-elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, with about 12 pairs of
veins. 2-3 in. long. Japan. S.I.F. 2:11. ALFRED REHDER.
CARRIEREA (after E. A. Carriere, prominent
French horticulturist and botanist, died 1896). Fla-
courtidcese. Ornamental tree chiefly cultivated for its
handsome bright green foliage.
Deciduous: Ivs. alternate, long-petioled, serrate:
fls. dioecious; sepals 5, broadly ovate, pubescent out-
side; petals wanting; stamens numerous, shorter than
the sepals; ovary 1 -celled with numerous ovules, rudi-
mentary in the staminate fls.; styles 3-4, 3-lobed, short
and spreading: fr. a dehiscent caps.; seeds winged.
One species, or possibly two, in Cent. China.
This is a medium-sized tree very much resembling
Idesia in appearance, the apetalous flowers with large
white sepals in terminal corymbs or short racemes, the
staminate usually many-flowered, the pistillate few-
flowered, rarely solitary, and with large capsular long-
pointed fruits. It has proved fairly hardy at the Arnold
Arboretum. Propagated by seeds; can probably also be
propagated like Idesia by greenwood and root-cuttings.
calycina, Franch. Tree, to 30 ft., with a wide-spread-
ing flat head: Ivs. elliptic or ovate to oblong-obovate,
3-6 in. long, short-acuminate, rounded at the base,
821. Last year's umbel of wild carrot.
lustrous on both surfaces, glabrous, crenately-serrate:
sepals broadly cordate-ovate about %in. long and
nearly as broad, white: caps. 2-2}^ in. long, pubescent.
Cent. China. R.H. 1896, p. 498. ALFRED REHDER.
CARROT (Daucus Cardta, Linn.). Umbelliferse.
Garden vegetable, grown for its elongated subterranean
crown-tuber.
The carrot is native of Europe and Asia, and one of
the bad introduced weeds of eastern North America
(Fig. 821). The improved succulent-rooted garden
varieties are thought to be descended from the same
stock, though this has been denied. It seems probable
that the horticultural improvement of the species was
begun in Holland, and it is said that the cultivated
forms were introduced thence into the gardens of Eng-
land during the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The carrot
is now very generally, though not extensively, cultiva-
ted everywhere, both for culinary purposes and for
stock-feeding. It is sometimes forced under glass, but
to no great extent. Carrots are most useful in culinary
practice for soups, stews, and salads, and as this class
of cookery has never been reasonably popular in Amer-
ica, this vegetable has not received the attention it
deserves.
The carrot is hardy and may be planted as soon as
the ground is in fit condition to be properly prepared
for seeding. When grown as a market-garden or truck
crop, this early seeding is essential to maximum re-
turns. The best soil for carrots is a medium to light
loam, rich, friable and comparatively free from weeds.
As the seed is slow to germinate, it is a good plan to
sow some quick-germinating seed with the carrot seed
so that the rows may be noticed in time to keep them
ahead of weed growth. Lettuce serves well for this
purpose. When the carrots are thinned, this lettuce is
pulled out. The carrot seed is best sown in rows 12 to
15 inches apart, using enough seed to produce a plant
every inch or two along the row. When the carrots are
3 to 5 inches high, they should be thinned to stand 3
inches apart in the row. The only further culture
necessary is frequent tillage to conserve soil-in ois-
and to prevent weed growth. The early crop should
be ready to pull and bunch for sale seventy-five
days after sowing. Early carrots are an important
crop on the market-garden and truck-farm. They are
pulled as soon as they have attained sufficient size and
tied into bunches of three, six or seven roots, according
to the size of the roots and the market demands. The
earlier the crop and the more active the demand, the
smaller the roots which may be salable. A later sow-
ing is made for the main or winter crop or for live-
stock. This may be from four to six weeks after the
first sowing. The crop is handled in the same manner
as the early crop except that it is allowed to continue
growth as long as the weather is suitable. It is then
pulled, the tops cut from the roots and the roots placed
in frost-proof storage for winter sale.
The expense of production of carrots is consider-
able, but the returns are usually satisfactory. The
fall crop should yield 500 to 1,000 bushels to the
acre. Truck-growers of the South ship many bunched
carrots to the large northern markets in March,
April and May, where they meet a ready demand
at prices ranging from 35 cents to $1 per dozen
bunches.
There are several distinct market types of carrots,
the variation being chiefly with respect to size and
shape. The smaller varieties, as they mature more
quickly, are used to some extent for the early bunching,
while the larger kinds are always more popular in the
general market.
The varieties of carrots differ chiefly in respect to
size and grain, with differences in earliness closely cor-
related. The following are now favorite varieties:
French Forcing (Earliest Short Horn). One of the
smallest and earliest; root small, almost globular,
orange-red.
Oxheart or Guerande. Small to medium in size; root
2 to 4 inches long, growing to a blunt point, of good
quality and popular in some sections for an early bunch
carrot.
Chantenay. Large to medium in size; root 3 to 5
inches long, more tapering than Oxheart; of good
quality and a better carrot for the bunched crop than
the above.
Danvers Half-Long. Six to 8 inches long, 2 to 3 inches
in diameter, at top tapering to a blunt point; the most
popular garden carrot grown.
True Danvers. A long carrot, 8 to 12 inches; tapering
to a slender point like a parsnip; grown more for
live-stock or exhibition purposes. The Half-Long has
largely displaced it as a market sort chiefly because
of the greater ease with which the latter strain is
harvested.
Half-Long Scarlet. Top small, roots medium size,
cylindrical, pointed; much used for bunching.
Early Scarlet Horn. Top small, roots half-long,
somewhat oval, smooth, fine grain and flavor; a
favorite garden sort.
Large White Belgian. Of much larger size than the
above-named varieties, of less delicate flavor and
coarser texture; a popular variety for live-stock.
CARROT
CARYA
675
The variation in the different strains of carrot seed
is marked and it is important to secure seed from care-
fully selected roots true to shape and color. Carrot
seed may be produced in any location in which the crop
of roots is grown successfully.
The carrot may be successfully forced under glass and
is grown in this way to a limited extent. The small early
varieties are used, such as French Forcing, Early Pari-
sian, Early Scarlet Horn and Golden Ball. These will
usually be grown as a catch-crop between tomatoes or
cucumbers. When grown in this way, the carrot is one
of the most delicious of all vegetables, and deserves
much wider popularity. See Forcing.
The field cultivation of carrots for live-stock differs
little from the garden or horticultural treatment except
that earliness is not desired, and the longer-rooted later-
maturing kinds are mostly used ; and less intensive cul-
tivation is employed. See Vol. II, Cyclo. Amer. Agric.,
P- 540. p. A. WAUGH and H. F. TOMPSON.
CARTHAMUS (Arabic name, alluding to a color
yielded by the flowers). Compdsitse. Hardy annuals.
Plant 2-3 ft. high, with spiny Ivs.: involucre with
spreading and leafy outer scales and the inner ones more
or less spiny; receptacle chaffy; corolla 5-fid, nearly
CARYA (Karya, Greek name for the walnut tree).
Syn., Hicdria. Juglandaceae. HICKORY. Trees grown
for their handsome foliage and strong habit, and some
species for their edible nuts.
Deciduous: branches with solid pith: Ivs. alter-
nate, without stipules, with 3-17 serrate Ifts.: fls.
monoecious, apetalous, appearing with the Ivs.; stami-
nate fls. in axillary, slender, pendulous catkins, each
fl. with 3-10 stamens, borne in the axil of a 3-lobed
bract; pistillate fls. in a terminal, 2-10-fld. cluster or
spike, consisting of a 1-celled ovary inclosed by a 4-
lobed involucre: fr. globular to oblong, with a husk
separating into 4 valves and a bony nut, incompletely
2-4-celled. About 18 species of hickory, all in E. N.
Amer. from Canada to Mex.; the Chinese species
recently described by Dode from nuts only is probably
not a Carya. See Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 7, pp. 28-42, pis.
1-23, and Rep. of U. S. Dept. Agric., Div. Pomol.,
Nut-Culture (1896), cited below as U. S. N. C. (the
first number referring to the plate, the second and third
to the figure). By some, Hicoria is considered to have
priority, but Carya is retained as one of the "nomina
822. Garden carrots of the shorthorn type.
regular, smooth, expanded above the tube: achenes
glabrous, mostly 4-ribbed, the pappus none or scale-like.
A genus of 20 species, from the Canary Isls. to Cent.
Asia. Of easiest cult., from seed.
tinctdrius, Linn. (Cdrduus tinctbrim, Falk.). SAP-
FLOWER. FALSE SAFFRON. One to 3 ft. high, glabrous,
branched: Ivs. ovate, spiny- toothed, almost as broad as
long: fl.-heads with upward-tapering involucre, and a
globular crown of orange florets. Asia. Florets used
like saffron; they have diaphoretic properties and have
also been used for dyeing, especially silks; and in making
rouge. N. TAYLOR.!
CARUELIA: Ornithogalum.
CARUM (probably from Caria, in Asia Minor).
Umbelliferse,. Glabrous annual or perennial herbs, some
of which yield aromatic and edible garden products.
Leaves pinnate: fls. white or pinkish, small, in com-
pound umbels with involucres and involucels, the calyx-
teeth small: fr. ovate or oblong, more or less ribbed,
glabrous, or sometimes hispid : root usually tuberous or
filiform. Twenty or more species, widely distributed
in temperate regions. The genus is variously defined
and understood. C. Petroselinum, the parsley, is here
kept under the genus Petroselinum.
Carvi, Linn. CARAWAY (which see). St. slender but
erect, furrowed, 1-2 ft.: Ivs. pinnately decompound,
with thread-like divisions. Old World. Sometimes
runs wild.
Gairdneri, Gray. St. solitary, 1-^4 ft. : Ivs. pinnate or
the upper ones simple, with 3-7 linear Ifts., the upper
Ifts. usually entire, but the lower ones often divided:
fr. with long style. Dry hills, in Calif, and Nev. and
to Brit. Col. Intro, in 1881, by Gillett, as an ornamental
plant. Roots tuberous and fusiform. L t jj_ j} t
CARtJMBIUM: Homalanthus.
conservanda" of the Vienna code of nomenclature,
because of its long-established usage.
The hickories are hardy ornamental, usually tall
trees with rather large, deciduous odd-pinnate leaves,
small greenish flowers, the staminate ones in conspicu-
ous pendulous racemes, and with rather large green
dehiscent fruits inclosing a mostly edible nut. The
hickories are among the most beautiful and most useful
trees of the American forest, and are all very ornamental
park trees, with a straight, sometimes high and slender
trunk and a large, graceful, pyramidal or oblong head
of usually light green foliage, turning from yellow to
orange or orange-brown hi fall. They are hardy North
except C. Pecan, C. aquatica and C. myristicssformis, but
C. Pecan thrives Tardy in Massachusetts in sheltered
positions. Most of the species have heavy hard strong
and tough wood, much valued for many purposes,
especially for handles of tools, manufacture of carriages
and wagons, also for making baskets and for fuel. The
nuts of some species, as C. Pecan and C. ovata, also C.
laciniosa and some varieties of C. glabra and C. alba, are
edible, and are sold in large quantities, mostly gathered
from the woods, though in later years orchards of
improved varieties have been planted. A large number
of insects prey upon the hickory, attacking the wood,
foliage and fruit, for which see the Fifth Ann. Rep. of
the U. S. Entom. Com., pp. 285-329. There are also
some fungi sometimes causing an early defoliation of
the trees.
The hickories generally thrive best in rich moist soil,
but some, especially C. glabra, C. alba and C. ovata,
grow equally well in drier localities. They are of rather
slow growth, and difficult to transplant if taken from
the woods; therefore the seeds are often planted where
676
CARYA
CARYA
the trees are to stand, but if grown in the nursery and
transplanted several times when young, trees 6-10 ft.
high may be transplanted successfully.
Propagation is usually by seeds stratified and sown in
spring in rows about 3 inches deep; named varieties
may be grafted in. spring in the greenhouse, on potted
stock of C. cordiformis, which seems to be the best
species for this purpose, veneer- or splice-grafting
being usually employed; sometimes also increased by
root-sprouts. For further horticultural advice, see
Hickory-nut and Pecan.
alba, 8, 10.
amara, 4.
aquatica, 3.
borealis, 6.
cordifprmis, 4.
fraxinifolia, 10.
glabra, 5.
Halesii, 10.
INDEX.
illinoensis, 1.
laciniosa, 9.
microcarpa, 6, 10.
myristicaeformis, 2.
Nuttallii, 10.
obcordata, 6.
obovalis, 6.
odorata, 6.
olivseformis, 1.
ovalis, 6.
ovata, 10.
Pecan, 1.
porcina, 5.
sulcata, 9.
tomentosa, 8.
villosa, 7.
A. Scales of buds valvate, 4-6'- fr. with winged sutures;
nut usually thin-shelled: Ifts. 7-15, usually falcate.
B. Nut mostly elongated, almost terete; husk thin, splitting
to the base; kernel sweet; cotyledons entire or only
notched at the apex.
1. Pecan, Engler & Graebn. (Juglans Pecan, Marsh.
Hicdria Pecdn, Brit. C. illinoensis, Koch. C. olivseformis,
823. Foliage and pistillate
flowers of Carya Pecan.
Nutt.). PECAN. Fig. 823. To 170 ft., with branches
pubescent when young: bark deeply furrowed, grayish
brown: winter-buds yellow: Ifts. 11-17, short-stalked,
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate or doubly ser-
rate, tomentose and glandular when young, usually
glabrous at length, 4-7 in. long: staminate catkins
almost sessile: fr. 3-10 in clusters or spikes, oblong,
1K~3H in. long; nut ovoid or oblong, smooth, brown,
irregularly marked with dark brown, 2-celled at the
base; kernel sweet. From Iowa and Ind. south to Ala.
and Texas; also in Mex. S.S. 7:338-9. A.G. 12:273-
275. U.S.N.C.l, 8, 9. This species is the most im-
portant as a fr. tree, and many named varieties are cult.
in the southern states, but it is tender N. The wood
is less valuable than that of the other species. Hybrids
are known of this species with C. cordiformis, C. alba
and C. laciniosa, for which see Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 7,
pis. 20-23 and Gng. 2:226. See Pecan.
2. myristicaeformis, Nutt. (Hicdria myristicaefdrmis,
Brit.). NUTMEG HICKORY. Tree, to 100 ft., with dark
brown bark, broken into appressed scales: winter-buds
brown: Ifts. 5-11, short-stalked or almost sessile, ovate-
lanceolate, the uppermost much larger and obovate,
serrate, scurfy-pubescent beneath when young and with
brown scales above, at length dark green above, silvery
and lustrous beneath, 3-5 in. long: staminate catkins
peduncled: fr. generally solitary, short-ovoid or obovate,
about 1^2 in. long; nut ovoid, reddish brown marked
with irregular spots and stripes, thick-shelled, 4-celled
below; kernel sweet. From S. C. to Ark. and Mex.
S.S. 7:342-3. A very decorative species on account of
its handsome foliage, but not hardy N.
BB. Nut usually so broad as long, compressed, with irregu-
larly angled or reticulate surface, thin-shelled, 4~
celled below; kernel bitter; cotyledons deeply 2-lobed.
3. aquatica, Nutt. (Hicdria aquatica, Brit.). WATER
HICKORY. BITTER PECAN. Usually small tree, rarely to
100 ft., with light brown bark separating into long, thin
plates: winter-buds dark reddish brown: Ifts. 7-13,
sessile or short-stalked, lanceolate, long-acuminate,
finely serrate, yellowish tomentose when young, gla-
brous at length: fr. 34, ovoid to broadly obovate,
in. long; husk thin, splitting to the base; nut
obovate, much compressed, irregularly angled and
ridged, dull reddish brown; kernel very bitter.
From Va. to 111., south to Fla. and Texas.
S.S. 7:344-5. U.S.N.C. 12, 7-8.
4. cordiformis, Koch (Hicdria minima, Brit.
C. amara, Nutt.). BITTERNUT. SWAMP
HICKORY. Tree, to 100 ft.: bark grayish
brown, broken into thin scales: young
branches and petioles glabrous : winter-buds
bright yellow: Ifts. 5-9, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate,
acuminate, densely serrate, pubescent when young and
glandular, almost glabrous at length, 3-6 in. long: fr.
2-3, broadly obovate or subglobose, winged from the
apex to the middle, %-!% in- long; husk thin, splitting
somewhat below the middle; nut slightly compressed,
roundish, abruptly contracted into a short point,
smooth, gray; kernel bitter. Que. to Minn., south to
Fla. and Texas. S.S. 7:340-1. Em. 226. A valuable
park tree, with handsome rather broad head, growing
in cult, more rapidly than other hickories.
AA. Scales of buds imbricate, more than 6: fr. not or
slightly winged at the sutures; nut usually thick-
shelled, 4-celled below: Ifts. 3-9, not falcate, the
uppermost larger and generally obovate.
B. Buds small? %-%in. long: husk thin; nut slightly or
not angled.
C. Lvs. glabrous or only slightly pubescent while young:
nut not or only slightly angled, thin-shelled.
5. glabra, Sweet (Hicbria glabra, Brit. C. porcina,
Nutt.). PIGNUT. Figs. 824, 825. Tree, occasionally to
CARYA
CARYA
677
120 ft., with usually dark gray fissured bark and slen-
der, glabrous branchlets: Ifts. 3-7, almost sessile,
oblong to oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate, sharply
serrate, almost glabrous, 3-6 in. long: fr. usually ovoid
or obovate, the sutures usually slightly winged toward
the apex and the husk splitting mostly only hah" way
824. Characteristic growth of the pignut hickory,
Carya glabra.
to the base; nut usually brownish, not angled; kernel
mostly astringent. Maine to Ont. and south to Fla.,
Ala. and Miss. S.T.S. 2:179. A.G. 11:386-7. U.S.N.
C. 12, 5. A very handsome park tree, with rather nar-
row-oblong head, and slender often pendulous branch-
lets. A very variable tree.
6. ovalis, Sarg. (Juglans ovdlis, Wang. Hicbria mic-
rocdrpa, Brit. H. glabra var. microcdrpa, Trel.). SMALL
PIGNUT. FALSE SHAGBARK. Figs. 826-829. Tree, similar
to the preceding: bark close and furrowed on young
trees, shaggy on old trunks: branches first hairy, soon
glabrous: Ifts. 5-7, sessile, oval, oblong or ovate, 3-6
in. long, acute or acuminate, rounded or narrowed and
unequal at the base, coarsely and shallowly toothed,
glabrous; terminal Ifts. cuneate at the base, short-
stalked: fr. subglobose to short-oblong, %-l in. across,
densely scaly and slightly winged, tardily splitting
nearly to the base; nut slightly flattened, often broader
than high and usually rounded at the apex, sometimes
slightly angular, brownish, shell rather thin; kernel
small and sweet. Mass, to Wis., south to Ga., Ala., and
Miss. A.G. 11:381-388, 1, 2, 5, 8, 10. TT.S.N.C. 12,4, 6.
Var. obcordata, Sarg. (J. obcorddta, Muhl. /. porclna
var. obcorddta, Pursh. C. microcdrpa, Darl.). Fr.
nearly globose or ovoid; nut
angled, broader than high,
sometimes obcordate. S.S. 7:
354, figs. 5, 6, 7, 9. Var. odor-
ata, Sarg. (Hicbria glabra var.
odordta, Sarg.). Lfts. generally
broader, ovate or oblong-ovate,
glandular: fr. subglobose or
higher than broad, with dis-
tinctly winged sutures, split-
ting freely to the base; nut
gray, very slightly ridged,
825. One form of pignut slightly higher than broad.
C. glabra. (Natural size.) Conn, to Pa. and Mo. 8J3.
7:354, fig. 8. Var. obovalis, Sarg. Fr. obovoid; nut
much compressed, pointed or rounded at the apex,
and rounded at the base. Mass, to Va. and Mo. Var.
borealis, Sarg. (Hicbria boredlis, Ashe. C. boredlis,
Schneid.). Bark scaly: Ifts. usually 5, lanceolate: fr.
ovoid, flattened, about %in. long, very narrowly
winged and often incompletely
splitting; nut ovoid, ridged,
whitish; kernel sweet. Mich., Ont.
B.T. 236.
cc. Lvs. hairy beneath: nut
angled, thick-shelled.
7. villdsa, Schneid. (Hicbria vil-
ldsa, Ashe. H. glabra var. villdsa,
Sarg. H. pdllida, Ashe). Tree, to
20 or sometimes to 50 f t. : branch-
lets slender, pubescent mixed with
silvery scales, later glabrous: Ifts.
5-9, usually 7, sessile or short- 826 ' Fruit of c - ovalis -
stalked, oblong to oblanceolate,
3-5 in. long, acuminate, narrowed
the false shagbark.
(Natural size).
at the base, coarsely serrate, when unfolding glandular
above, hairy below and with silvery scales; petioles
pubescent and with tufts of brownish hairs, finally
often glabrous: fr. subglobose to pear-shaped, %-!%
in. long, winged; husk thin, splitting to below the
middle or nearly to the base; nut slightly angled,
somewhat compressed, thick-shelled, pale or light
brown; kernel small and sweet. N. J. to Fla., Miss,
and E. Texas. S.S. 7:355. G.F. 10:305.
BB. Buds large, %-l in. long: nut angled; kernel sweet.
c. Bark not shaggy: branches and petioles tomentose:
outer bud-scales falling in autumn: husk not sepa-
rating quite to the base.
8. iilba, Koch (Hicbria alba, Brit. C. tomentbsa,
Nutt. Not to be confounded with C. alba, Nutt., which
is C. ovata). MOCKERNUT. BIG-BUD HICKORY. Tree,
rarely attaining to 100 ft.: Ifts. 7-9, almost sessile,
oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate, usually finely ser-
rate, glandular and tomentose beneath, very fragrant
when crushed, 4-8 in. long: fr. globose to pear-shaped,
827. Carya ovalis, the false shagbark.
678
CARYA
CARYOPHYLLUS
1^2-2 in. long; nut light brown, globular to oblong,
slightly compressed, angled, narrowed toward the apex,
thick-shelled; kernel small, sweet. Mass, to Ont. and
Neb., south to Fla. and Texas. S.S. 7:350-1. U.S.N.
C. 12, 1-3. Em. 222.
cc. Bark shaggy, light gray: branches and
petioles glabrous or pubescent: husk
very thick, separating to the base:
outer bud-scales persisting through the
winter.
9. lacinidsa, Engler & Graebn. (Hicoria
laciniosa, Sarg. H. acumindta, Dipp. C.
sulcdla, Nutt.). BIG or BOTTOM SHELL-
BARK HICKORY. KING- NUT. Tall tree,
occasionally to 120 ft. : branchlets orange-
red: Ifts. 7-9, oblong-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, serrate, pubescent when young, usu-
ally glabrous at length, 4-8 in. long: fr.
generally oblong, l%-2% in. long; nut
yellowish white, oblong, but sometimes as
broad as long, slightly compressed and
obscurely 4-angled, pointed at both ends;
kernel sweet. N. Y. to Iowa, south to
Tenn. and Okla. S.S. 7:348-9. U.S.
N.C. 11.
828. Twig of 10- ovata, Koch (Hicoria ovata, Brit. C.
C.ovalis. alba, Nutt.). SHAGB ARK HICKORY. Also
LITTLE SHELLBARK HICKORY, although
the latter name by some is applied to the preceding.
Figs. 830, 831. Tree, occasionally to 120 ft.: Ifts. gen-
erally 5, sessile, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, serrate, densely fimbriate, pubescent and glan-
dular when young, glabrous at length, 4-6 in. long:
fr. subglobose, about 1>-2H in. long; nut white,
oblong to broadly obovate, 4-angled; kernel sweet.
From Que. to Minn., south to Fla. and Texas. S.S.
7:346-7. Em. 217. U.S.N.C. 10. A.G. 11:386, 6, 9;
387, 3; 388, 11. Gng.7:51. A.F. 14:339 Next to
Pecan the best as a fruit tree, especially for northern
states, where the
pecan is not quite
hardy. Several
named varieties
are in trade, of
which probably
var. Halesii,
Hort., with large,
thin-shelled nut,
is the best known.
An ornamental,
often very pictur-
esque tree; the
stout branches
forming a rather
broad, usually
somewhat open,
head. Var. Nut-
tallii, Sarg. (C.
microcdrpa, Nutt.
in part). Fr.
smaller; nut
rounded, usu-
ally obcordate,
much com-
pressed and
prominently
angled, about
J^in. across.
Mass, to Pa.
and Mo. Nut-
tall, Silv. N.
Am. 1 : 13. Var.
fraxinifdlia,
Sarg. Lfts. 829. Habit of the small-fruited pignut,
lanceolate or Carya ovalis.
nearly pblanceolate, the terminal one 5-6 in. long and
l%-2 in. wide: fr. generally smaller, ovoid, pointed,
13^ in. long; nut long-pointed. W. N. Y.
C. arkansana, Sarg. Allied to C. glabra. Tree, to 70 ft.: bark
dark gray, scaly: branchlets pubescent: Ifts. 5-7, lanceolate, densely
pubescent when unfolding, glabrous at maturity, 4-7 in. long: fr.
ovoid or obovoid; husk usually splitting to the middle; nut slightly
obovoid; shell very thick and hard; kernel sweet, small. Ark. and
Okla. S.T.S. 2:181. C. Buckleyi, Durand (C. texana, Buckl., not
DC.). Allied to C. alba. Tree, to 50 ft., with dark, furrowed bark:
Ifts. 7, lanceolate or oblanceolate, pubescent on the veins below, 3-6
in. long: fr. subglobose or ovoid, 1 J^ in. across; husk thin, splitting
to the base; nut reddish brown, veined; shell hard; kernel sweet.
Texas to Okla. and Ark. S.T.S. 2:182. C. carolinx-
septentriondlis, Engler & Graebn. (Hicoria carolina3-sep-
tentrionalis, Ashe). Allied to C. ovata. Branchlets
slender: Ifts. 3-5, lanceolate, glabrous: fr. smaller; nut
thin-shelled. N. C. to Ga. S.S. 14:720. C.floridana,
Sarg. Allied to C. cordiformis. Buds valvate, brown-
ish yellow: Ifts. usually 5, elliptic-oblong to lanceolate,
densely scaly beneath, 2-3 ^ in. long: fr. obovoid, about
1 in. long, husk tardily splitting to the base; nut obovoid
or subglobose. Fla. S.T.S. 2:177. C. megacdrpa, Sarg.
Closely related to C. glabra. Bark close: buds larger:
831. Fruit of Carya ovata, the shagbant hickory.
830. Twig of The cross-section is to show structure, not to show
Carya ovata. a good horticultural fruit. (Natural size.)
Ifta. to 8 in. long: fr. broadly obovoid, to 1 Y-> in. long; husk thick,
tardily dehiscent to the middle; nut obovoid; kernel small, sweet.
N.Y. to Mo. and Fla. S.T.S. 2:180. C. mexicana, Engelm. Tree,
with shaggy bark and tomentose-pubescent Ivs. : f r. depressed, with
rather thick husk and broad, sharply 4-angled, white nut. Mex. The
only species not native to the U. S. C. texana, DC. (Hicoria texana,
Le Conte). Similar to C. Pecan, but Ifts. broader, less falcate,
almost sessile: nut smaller, much darker, with somewhat rough
surface; kernel bitter. Texas. S. S. 14:719. C. texana, Buckl.=
C. Buckleyi.
ALFRED REHDER.
CARYOCAR (from the Greek word for nut). Caryo-
cardcese; formerly included in Ternstroemidcese, and
by some referred to Rhizoboldcege. Trees, or rarely
shrubs, of about 10 species in Trop. Amer., one of
which is well known for its large edible nuts. Lvs.
opposite, digitately 3-5-f oliolat e, leathery, often serrate :
fls. bractless, in terminal racemes; calyx deeply 5-6-
parted, the lobes prbiculate and strongly imbricate;
petals 5-6, imbricate; stamens many, somewhat
joined at the base; ovary 4-6-celled: fr. drupaceous,
with a hard stone or stones and very large seeds. C.
nuciferum, Linn., produces the souari-nut or butternut
of the American tropics. Although native of Guiana,
it is cult, in some of the W. Indies isls. : tree, attaining
100 ft. or more, producing durable timber used chiefly
in ship-building: Ivs. trifoliolate, the Ifts. elliptic-lan-
ceolate, glabrous: fls. large, purple, the stamens white
and very numerous: fr. several inches in diam., nearly
globular or becoming misshapen by abortion of the
contents, containing 2-4 hard-shelled nuts the size of a
hen's egg, and which are flat-kidney-shaped, warty and
reddish brown; kernel or meat white, with a nutty or
almond-like flavor, and yielding oil when subjected to
pressure. B.M. 2727, 2728. The nuts now and then
appear in northern markets. The closely allied C. vil-
losum, Pers., of Guiana and Brazil, is reported as a
notable timber tree; and the oily pulp surrounding
the seed is eaten boiled and the kernel of the seed is
eaten raw. L. H. B.
CARYOPHYLLUS, the clove tree, is now referred to Eugenia.
CARYOPTERIS
CARYOPTERIS (Greek for nut and wing). Ver-
bendcex. Ornamental woody plants grown for their
lavender-blue flowers profusely produced in autumn.
Deciduous small shrubs: Ivs. opposite, short-petioled,
serrate: fls. in axillary cymes; calyx campanulate,
deeply 5-lobed with lanceolate teeth, spreading and
somewhat enlarged in fr.; corolla 5-lobed, with short
cylindric tube and spreading limb, 1 segm. larger and
fringed; stamens 4, exserted, 2 of them longer; style
slender, 2-parted at the apex: fr. separating into 4
somewhat winged nutlets. About 6 species in E. Asia.
These are glabrous, pubescent or tomentose shrubs
with small blue or violet late flowers. Free-flowering
and very valuable f9r their late blooming season; not
hardy North; even if well protected they will be killed
almost to the ground, but the young shoots, springing
up freely, will flower profusely the same season. They
require well-drained and sandy soil and sunny position;
if grown in pots, a sandy compost of peat and leaf soil
or loam will suit them, and they will flower in the
greenhouse until midwinter. Propagated readily by
cuttings of half-ripened wood in summer or fall under
glass, and by seeds sown in spring.
incana, Miq. (C. Mastacdnthus, Schauer. C. sinensis,
Dipp.). Fig. 832. Suffruticose, 1-5 ft.: Ivs. petioled,
ovate or oblong, coarsely serrate, pubescent above,
grayish tomentose beneath, 2-3 in. long: cymes pedun-
cled, dense-fld.; fls. small, violet-blue or lavender-blue.
Aug.-Nov. China, Japan. B.R. 32:2. B.M. 6799.
R.H. 1892:324. R.B. 19:273. G.C. II. 21:149; III.
42:409. Mn. 5:5. S.H. 2, p. 89. G.W. 6, p. 197. Gn.
24, p. 523; 76, p. 24. G.M. 43:7. Known in the nurs-
ery trade as "blue spirea." Var. Candida, Schneid.
has white fls.
CASIMIROA
679
exhausted. Seeds are offered by most dealers. The
young plants should be grown in a warm, moist atmos-
phere, the soil consisting of loam with about one-third
of its bulk leaf-mold and sand in equal parts. They
sometimes lose their roots if kept too cool and wet in
winter. Prop, is by seeds and suckers. (G. W. Oliver.)
mitis, Lour. (C. soboiifera, Wall. C. furfuracea,
Blume). Caudex 15-25 ft. high, 4-5 in. diam., sobo-
liferous: petioles, If .-sheaths and spathes scurf y-villous:
Ivs. 4-9 ft.; pinnae very obliquely cuneiform, irregularly
dentate, upper margins acute; pinnules 4-7 in. long.
Burma to Malaya.
ftrens, Linn. WINE-PALM. TODDY-PALM. Caudex
stout, even in cult, specimens 60-80 ft. high and 18 in.
thick, much higher in the wild, not sobolif erous : Ivs.
18-20 by 10-12 ft.; pinnae 5-6 ft., curved and drooping,
very obliquely truncate, acutely serrate, the upper
C. mongdlica, Bunge. Lvs. lanceolate, almost entire: cymes with
fewer but larger fls. R.H. 1872:450. ALFRED REHDEE.
CARYOTA (old Greek name). Palmacese,
tribe Arecese. FISH-TAIL PALM. Spineless
monocarpic palms, with tall stout ringed
trunks, at length bearing suckers.
Leaves disposed in an elongated terminal
fringe, ample, twice pinnately divided; segms.
dimidiate-flabelliform, or cuneate, entire, or
split, irregularly dentate, plicate, folded back
in the bud; rnidnerves and primary nerves
flabellate; petiole terete below; sheath keeled on the
back, fibrous along the margins: ligule short: spadices
usually alternately male and female: peduncle short,
thick: branches long, pendent: spathes 3-5, not entire,
tubular; bractlets broad: fls. rather large, green or
purple: fr. the size of a cherry, globular, purple.
Species, 9. Malaya, New Guinea, Austral. G.C. II.
22:748.
These palms are remarkable for the delta-shaped or
fish-tail-shaped leaflets, which make the graceful,
spreading fronds very attractive. They are excellent
warmhouse palms, very useful for decoration, particu-
larly when young. They are frequently planted out in
protected places for the summer. C. wens, the wine-
palm of India, yields, when full grown, about twenty-
four pints of wine in twenty-four hours. The beverage
is very wholesome and a valuable article of commerce.
There being so many different genera to choose from
in selecting plants for moderate-sized conservatories,
the members of this genus are not very popular for
providing small specimens. In a high, roomy structure,
however, they are among the most ornamental of the
tribe. They are quick-growing, with large broad leaves,
finely cut up, the small divisions resembling the tail of
a fish; hence the name "fish-tail palm." After reaching
maturity the plant begins flowering at the top, and
continues downward until the vitality of the stem is
exhausted. Suckers are freely produced by some spe-
cies, but these, as a rule, do not become so robust as
the parent stem, owing probably to the soil becoming
832. Caryopteris I margm produced and cau-
incana. date; pinnules 4_g j n . ; petiole
very stout. India, Malaya.
A.F. 12:295. Gng. 5:131.
A.G. 21:533.
Rumphiana, Mart. Lvs. 2-pinnate, several feet long,
the pinnules thick, sessile, 6 in. long or nearly so,
oblong. Malaya. Var. Albertii, Hort. (C. Albertii,
Muell.), is in the trade. It is large and free-growing,
the Ivs. being 16-18 ft. long and two-thirds as broad;
If .-segms. fan-shaped and oblique, toothed.
C. Blancdi, Hort., from the Philippines, has been listed in the
American trade. It is probably a form of C. urens.
JARED G. SMITH.
CASAREEP: Blighia.
CASCARILLA: Croton.
CASHEW: Anacardium occidentals.
CASIMIROA (named in honor of Cardinal Casimiro
Gomez de Ortega, Spanish botanist of the eighteenth
century). Rutacese. Evergreen trees, one of which is
grown for the edible fruits.
Leaves alternate, long-petioled, digitate, 3-7-folio-
late; Ifts. petiolulate, lanceolate, entire or slightly ser-
rate, smooth or pubescent beneath: fls. regular, poly-
680
CASIMIROA
CASSIA
gamo-dioecious; calyx 5-parted, small; petals 5, oblong,
valvate, apex incurved; disk inconspicuous, circular;
stamens 5, free; filaments subulate; anthers cordate;
ovary sessile, on disk, globose, 5- or occasionally 6-8-
lobed, 5-celled; stigma sessile, 5-lobed; ovules solitary
in the cells, axillary: fr. a drupe, large, depressed-glo-
bose; pulp agreeable to taste, edible; seeds oblong, com-
pressed, exalbuminose. Four species in Mex. and S.
edulis, Llav. & Lex. WHITE SAPOTE. COCHIL SAPOTA.
Large tree: trunk ashen gray, with warty excrescences:
Ivs. dark green, glossy: fls. greenish yellow, small: fr.
greenish yellow when ripe, with strong, thick epicarp,
3^in. thick, about the size of an orange; seeds nearly
1 in. long and hah" as wide. Mex. The fr. of this spe-
cies has a delicious flavor, similar to that of a peach.
It is used in Mex. as an aid in inducing sleep, and the
Ivs. as a remedy for diarrhea. It grows on the coast of
Mex. to an altitude of about 7,000 ft. See Sapote,
White - H. J. WEBBER.
CASSABANANA: Sicana.
CASSANDRA: Chamsedaphne.
CASSAVA: Manihot.
CASSEBEERA (from a German botanist). Polypo-
diacese. Small Brazilian ferns allied to the maiden-
hair, but rarely seen in cult. There are 3 species:
sori terminal on the veins, oblong or nearly globular;
indusium within the margin and distinct from it. They
require hothouse conditions. C. pinndta, Kaulf., has
fronds 6 in. long, pinnate, the pinnse linear-oblong and
crenate. C. triphylla, Kaulf., has 3-5-parted fronds, the
parts linear-oblong and crenate. C. gleichenioides, Gardn.,
has twice-pinnate fronds, the pinnules 4-cornered.
CASSIA (ancient Greek name) . Leguminbsse. SENNA.
Herbs, shrubs or trees, a few of which are in cultivation
in America, as border plants and under glass.
Leaves even-pinnate: fls. nearly regular (not papilio-
naceous), with the nearly equal calyx-teeth mostly
longer than the tube; corolla of 5 spreading, nearly
equal clawed spreading petals; stamens 5-10, frequently
unequal and some of the anthers abortive, the good
anthers opening at the top: fr. a stalked pod which is
either flat or terete, containing numerous seeds and
often partitioned crosswise. Species nearly or quite
400 in the warmer parts of the globe, some of them in
cool temperate regions. See page 3566.
The cassias delight in a sunny exposure. Most of
those cultivated in the United States are herbs or herb-
like shrubs, attractive for the finely cut foliage and the
showy flowers. Some of them are cultivated only in the
extreme South. C. corymbosa is probably the best gar-
den subject. Cassias are summer bloomers, for the
most part. Propagation is mostly by divisions and seeds,
the annual species always by seeds.
Senna leaves, used in medicine as a cathartic, are
derived from various species, chiefly from C. acutifolia
of Egypt, and C. anguslifolia of India and other Old
World tropics. The "Cassia lignea" of pharmacopoeas
is the product of a Cinnamomum. Cassia pods of com-
merce, used in medicine, are the fruits of C. Fistula.
Many of the species contribute to therapeutics. Some
of them provide tanning materials.
A. Hardy border plants: Ifts. 5 or more pairs.
marylandica, Linn. WILD SENNA. Perennial, gla-
brous or nearly so, sts. nearly simple: Ifts. 5-10 pairs,
oblong or lance-oblong and entire, short-acuminate or
nearly obtuse : fls. in axillary racemes near the tops of
the sts. and often appearing as if panicled, bright yel-
low, wide open: pods linear, flat. New England, west
and south, mostly in wet soil. Grows 3-4 ft. high, and
has attractive light green foliage.
Chamaecrista, Linn. (Charmecrista nictitans, Moench).
PARTRIDGE PEA. Annual, erect or spreading, 2 ft. or
less high: Ifts. 10-15 pairs, small, narrow-oblong,
mucronate, sensitive to the touch: fls. large, 2-5 to-
gether in the axils, canary-yellow and 2 of the petals
purple-spotted. Dry soil, Maine, south and west.
Sometimes known as Magothy Bay bean and sensitive
pea, and formerly recommended as a green-manuring
plant. See Cyclo. Amer. Agric., Vol. II, p. 309, for
account and picture.
AA. Tender plants, grown far south, or under glass:
Ifts. few or many.
B. Tree, with woody indehiscent pods.
Fistula, Linn. PUDDING- PIPE TREE. GOLDEN
SHOWER. Lvs. large, the Ifts. 4-8 pairs, and ovate-
acuminate: fls. in long lax racemes, yellow, the pedicels
without bracts: pods cylindrical, black, 3-furrowed,
1-2 ft. long, containing 1-seeded compartments. India,
but intro. in W. Indies and other tropical countries.
Sparingly cult. S. Furnishes the cassia pods of com-
merce.
grandis, Linn. PINK SHOWER. Lfts. 10-20, oblong,
abrupt at either end, more or less pubescent beneath
and above: fls. in long drooping axillary racemes, rosc-
colored, without bracts subtending the pedicels: pod
3 in. or less long, compressed-cylindrical, glabrous,
transversely rugose. Trop. Amer.; offered in S. Calif.,
and grown in many tropical countries.
BB. Shrubs or herbs, with more or less dehiscent pods.
Sophera, Linn. (C. schinifblia. DC. C. Sophora,
Auth.). Shrub, 6-10 ft.: Ifts. 6-10 pairs, lanceolate-
acute: fls. yellow on many-fld. axillary and terminal
peduncles, which are shorter than the Ivs.: pod thin,
tardily dehiscent. Oriental tropics. Intro, in S. Calif.
corymbdsa, Lam. (C. floribunda, Hort.). Shrub,
half-hardy in middle states, 4-10 ft.: Ifts. 3 pairs,
oblong-lanceolate and somewhat falcate, obtuse or
nearly so: fls. yellow, in long-stalked, small axillary
and terminal corymbs. Argentina. B.M. 633. G.C.
III. 31:252. Gn. 50, p. 139. J.H. HI. 61:139. G.
25:553. H.F. II. 3:252. G.W. 3, p. 421; 6, p. 391.
The best-known -garden species, being an excellent con-
servatory plant for spring, summer and autumn bloom.
It is an old favorite, now coming again into prominence
(as C. floribunda and var. A. Boehm, corrupted appar-
ently into C. Boema) as a pot-plant, as a tub specimen
for lawns, or for plunging in the border; winters readily
in a dormant state in a cellar; very free-flowering.
tomentdsa, Linn. Shrub, 10-12 ft.: Ifts. 6-8 pairs,
oval-oblong and obtuse ; white-tomentose beneath: fls.
deep yellow. Mex. Said to be a good winter bloomer
in S. Calif ., and naturalized in some parts.
artemisoides, Gaud. Bushy shrub, soft-canescent
and gray all over: Ifts. 3-4 pairs, very narrow-linear:
racemes axillary, 5-8-fld., the fls. sulfur-yellow: pods
flat, shining brown. Austral. Intro, in S. Calif. With-
stands drought.
bifl6ra, Linn. Shrub, 4-8 ft. : Ifts. 6-10 pairs, broad-
oblong or obovate-oblong, very obtuse but mucronu-
late: fls. large, yellow, on 2-4-fld. peduncles, which
are shorter than the Ivs: pod 3 in. or less long, oblong-
linear or narrower, membranaceous. S. Amer. and W.
Indies. B.M. 810. Sparingly cult, in greenhouses.
C. Isevigata, Willd. Shrub, glabrous: Ifts. 3-4 pairs, ovate-oblong
or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: fls. yellow in terminal and axillary
racemes: pod leathery, 2-3 in. long, nearly cylindrical. Tropics.
C. occidentAlis, Linn. HEDIONDA. Annual or subshrubby, widely
distributed in the tropics as a weed, the seeds used as a substitute
for coffee; it is the "fedegosa" and "negro coffee" of Afr.: Ifts. 4-12
pairs, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate, and a gland near
the base of the petiole: racemes short and few-fld.: pod glabrous,
oblong-linear compressed or nearly cylindrical; the small seeds pro-
duced abundantly C. spUndida, Vogel. Shrub, 6-10 ft., much
branched: fls. bright yellow, very large. S. Amer. Recently cata-
logued in S. Calif. Others of the numerous species of Cassia are
likely to appear in cult., particularly some of the native kinds; but
as a whole, the genus is not rich in horticultural subjects.
L. H. B.
CASSINE
CASTANEA
681
CASSINE (a name said to have been used by the
Indians in Fla. ; see Ilex Cassine). Celaslracese. Some
20 or less erect or climbing glabrous shrubs of the Cape
region in Afr., apparently not known in cult, in this
country. Lvs. opposite, thick, entire or serrate: fls.
email, white, in axillary clusters; calyx 4 5-parted,
minute; petals 4-5; stamens 4-5, on the disk, which
encircles the ovary: fr. a 1-2-seeded drupe, with a hard
pit or stone. C. Colpoon, Thunb. (or C. capensis var.
Colpoori) is the ladlewood of the Cape, the wood being
used in the making of small articles. C. Maurocenia,
Linn, (now placed in a separate genus, Maurocenia
capensis, Sond.) is the Hottentot cherry. H.I. 6:55 2.
CASSIOPE (Greek mythological name). Ericaceae.
Ornamental small shrubs sometimes cultivated for
their handsome delicate flowers.
Evergreen: Ivs. very small, usually scale-like and
opposite, rarely alternate and linear: fls. solitary, axil-
lary, or terminal; calyx small, 5-parted; corolla cam-
panulate, 5-lobed or 5-cleft; stamens 10, the anthers
with recurved appendages; style included: fr. a 5-
valved caps, with numerous minute seeds. Ten spe-
cies in arctic regions and high mountains of N. Amer.,
N. Eu., N. Asia and Himalayas. Formerly included
under Andromeda.
Cassiopes are graceful, delicate plants, adapted for
rockeries, flowering in summer. They are of somewhat
difficult culture, and require peaty and sandy moist
but well-drained soil and partly shaded situation,
though C. hypnoides grows best in full sun, creeping
amongst growing moss. Drought, as well as dry and
hot air, is fatal to them. Propagated readily by cut-
tings from mature wood in August under glass; also by
layers and by seeds treated like those of Erica.
C. fastigiota, Don (Andromeda fastigiata, Wall.). Ascending:
Ivs. imbricate, in 4 rows, with white-fringed margin: fls. axillary,
white. Himalayas. B.M. 4796. G.C. III. 47:379 (habit). Gn. 43,
p. 189. G. 
