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STANDARD PEACTICAL PLUMBING. 



STANDAED PEACTICAL PLUMBING, 



B^Mcot^ 



TO THE 



DPLTTDidZBinSTGi- OE-^E^T. 



This work having been, accepted and appreciated by everyone who 
has seen it, and its merits acknowledged by thousands of letters, including 
one from His Royal Highness Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, K.G., 
authorised by letter from Sandringham, Norfolk, dated the 19th day of 
January, 1896, wherein it sdys that ^v His Royal Highness will be happy 
to accept the copy which you hav% been so good as to send him," I 
humbly acknowledge my grateful s^ase of- such general appreciation, and 
as a practical working Plu;nber most respectfully dedicate this work to 
Practical Plumbers, and hope that the Second Volume will assist in facili- 
tating the teaching of practicaF and technical Plumbing, and in every way 
promote the spread of our ancient trade in this our nineteenth century. 

Your very obedient Servant, 

PHILIP JOHN DAVIES, 

Member of the No. 1 Lodge of the United Co-operative 
Plumbers* Association of Great Britain and Ireland, 
and Registered Teacher of Plumbings Gresham College, 
London, 1882. 

78, Earl's Court Road, 

Kensington, London. 

V of January^ 1896. 




DOUBTLESS my fellow- workmoa thought that « second volume of this work wa-i never coming. 
In fact, I have be<'n told, over and over again, by tho8o who have bad some little dealings 
with the work, that I should not be able to complet« it. 

However, 1 am pleased to say that 1 aui not one of those to tbmw up the sponge at anything 
that ia not an impoaatbility. 

Tlie work ia all tho belter for being kopt back. becsTue I have bad another t«n years (thas 
making in all tliirty-flvo years on the work) to put in matter, which wotiM have been impossible had 
I i>riutetl tht? secoud volume when it was announced, viz., iibout tho year 1886, since vhioh time 
there liu^'o boon some big atridvs made with witter companies and bacteriological knowledge. Besides 
this I have been able to devote the greater part of this Lime to auciont water supply, which 1 
troKt will be bnth useful mid intoresiiug. I havo atso been able to get sifitiatics from foreign 
oountriee, of whicli I knew notliing ivlien I piiblishod the firat volume. 

I have also been able to complete my experiments in cbemistri', the whole of which I have 

lat«Iy It ■w»it(r-i oat, in conjunction with well-known chemist*), in order to make it more certain 
and trustworthy. There is also the hydraulic ram work, which could not have been in this volume 
ten years ago, nor coiild I hiwe put in thoHO useful and intere»ting iUustrations of the injectors 
and ejectors, to aay nothing about tho pumps and turbines, so that you will be amply repaid for 
the waiting. You will &ud that 1 have trou.tvd the pump work most exhaustively. Many of the 
things tberuin ooritainod are most oncienl;, though quite now bo the presont age, to say nothing of 
the many new lavatories and baths which have l)een ailded. 

My object ii&st been to make this work what itfl name implies, viz. — a standard trade work, 
giving the history of whiit bos been done ; for it is a common occurrence to find old methods brought 
out under new titles, and ]mliiii;d upon tlie workman as something cjuite new, but which more often 
than not turn ont to bo old disused articles. This is not all, I have endeavoured to guard my 
younger reailei's against doiug work twice over, and to look out for the future, especially my country 
brethren liavlng to do with drainage and water supply, and to steer clear of all chances uf water 
contamination, or loung the sources of water supply. 

I have also given him a fair drilling against assuming tho title of sanitary engineer, bnt to stick 
to his old tmde name, and raise himself above the condition in which the trade was, when T began to 
write this work in the ye-ar IHCS. 

And it will lie remembered that about a month before I commenced this work, we tost one 
of the brightest men that ever Knglund possessed. I refer to the late Prince Consort. Now I 
Itesitatingly say that in the middle part of this century, through the neglect of those whose duty it 
•4 after hyyienic principliss, such as VocU'n, SamUtrg Etviinfrrx, Arrhit^fU, and HuiUen, 
all, by not looking after their work as became them, as a body, became dilatory, and 
' midon and Ihe country was grossly neglected. 



PREFACE. 



The plambers were equally to blame ; this was not all, bnt they became maaterd of the aiiaaiiMi, 
prood-strioken, thinking themselves above everyone with whom they came in contaot. They by n 
doing, created an ill-feeling amongst those that employed them, and sooner than have some of these 
plumbers in the house they would rather employ an ironmonger. These ironmongers saw that they 
could substitute inferior metals for lead, whereby the blacksmith's handicraft could be employed. 
Now the ironmonger, to make himself appear an important individoal, arrogated to himaelf the title 
of SutiTABT ENawEEB, and from that day to this the title is largely used by rank outsiders. AAd -the 
builders were equally at variance with the plumbers, and they sought a cheaper way to carry oat tbe 
work, and would only employ those belonging to the Trade Societies if they could help it, boqanae 
here, if a man misconducted himself, or did bis work slovenly, the individaal would be brought to 
book, but wfaeu the blacldegs found that they had to behave, they would not join the Trade Society, 
but worked a day here and a day there, or got into some builders' firm (under price) who knew little 
or nothing about the real plumbing work, and thus they went from builder to builder until the builder 
again bad been bitten. 

Kow this was intolerable ; the builder was compelled to get his work done at a price, which was 
the cause of zinc roofs and gutters, iron soil pipes in lieu of lead, iron service or communication pipes, 
and when once they could see that they could oust the plumber they lost no opportunity to do ao, 
making all sorts of excuses, such as lead water pipes are poisonous, rata eat leaden soil pipes, and 
looh like nonsense, and by the introduction of this, they have been the main cause of the loss of teas 
of tbousands of lives from typhoid and other fevers. 

Now we, of the present d&y, are saddled with all this, but happily now, we who have respeot fw 
our work, are regaining the individuality of our forefathers, who established for themselves legitimate 
and practical Trade Societies which at that time none but practical plumbers were allowed to enter, 
which we are now rapidly resuscitating, and there is every prospect of the status of the trade being 
as it was of old, and let it be so. 

In the first volume I thought it proper to apologise to my readers for the apparently extreme 
length of this work, and if it were necessary to do so then, it is doubly so now, but I may really 
exoose myself from this second apology because of the many difficulties that I have had to surmount 
during the last ten years. You will find that the historical part of the water supply has been almost 
lost, and I have had to get it through -old and almost forgotten documents in the King's Ubrary at 
the British Museum (the admission ticket of which I have held since April 2nd, 1879, No. 11-15, 
A 11), and also such places as the Record OfiSce, hunting books, the greater part of which aru iq 
iktin and Greek, so that the expense incurred has been fabulous to a plumber who has all Lis 
liiiatime had to work for his living. 
V 



INTRODUCTION. 



~rN Uie Introduction to Vol. T.I said tbat plnmbing, " u practised in Enftland.demandaaTeryextos- 
sivQ range of koowledgc." Truer words were never writton, for tktue are to-day man; ao-ouU«d 
excellent irorkmen, advanced in life, wlio liave never reached tbe platform of technicality in conneotioa 
with their calling. Tlicy have masterod many simple roof joljR, or making joints, and fixing a few of 
tlio sanitary contrivances to be fonnd in the market; but many of these proud-stricken individuals 
are at a sad toss should thc-y have Bomc out-of-thevay apparatus to fix, such aa a sulphate plant ; 
more ospcciaUy should they get a bit of good cast sheet lead to work. In point of fact, I have seen 
them terribly put about by turning or Hanging dovn Uie inlet of a caat lead trap, and personally 
have bod many a time to show (hem bov to go about tlic job without spUttiog (he lead. This is a 
DomraoD oocurrcncc with the flash joint-wiper and qnasi-pl umber. Utliers huvo on idea that 
it is a sort of hereditary affair, always boasting about what their fathers or uncles did ; some even go 
back to swagger about what thuir grandfathers did, and think that they are the only men that cannot 
be approached. 1 need not say that such men ore, as a rule, httle else than mei e automatons. These 
are the men that have let the wbitcsmitlis, braziers, bollhongorB, gasflttera, and general iromnongera 
into the trade, for you must understand that these hitter men are not, usually, dunces, and can see 
the flash jointer's and fiiuusi- plumber's folly. 

Plumbing Aooa not merely consist of hanse plumbing, viz., making joints, lieniling a bit of soil 
pipe, or putiing in a gutter, wliich am oImhI. the first things a lad should learn. This, in reality, is 
only the preparatory educotion of a plumber ; in fact, I much question whether we have any limit to 
what is rt>quired for a plumber to know, for, no matter what business it is, the chances ore tliat you 
will i!nd thut the plumber has had some 6nger in the pie. Take, for instance, the building trade, 
What is more important than this, though small, portion of the plumber's work ? In the omntry 
und in London he is the lirst on tlie scene with his pnmps. or the building supply. Ho next is engaged 
running up suitable pipes, which, if done in the corcosing, is done cheaper and in many cases ninch 
better, and, finally, be is engaged on the roots and fixing sanitary fittings, &e. Then wo will look at 
the plumber's work on board ship. Here his work has to be nf the very best class. Then in the Gas 
Works , the plumber is a ntoiil important individnal, and suchirork must be of the A 1, copper bottom. 

•■ for he is often called upon to make eaturators with sheet lead from |in. to lin. thick, and fix 
most intricate forms of tlie like substance. Next we will t^ke the Oil Mills and Oil 
Iso tlie work hns to be of the very best class, especially the tanks for relioiug 



xU INTBODUCTION. 



oottoQ oil. Then we will take you into the Copper Works. Here tlie plnmbcr has g%antio leaden 
apparatus to make and look after for making sulphate of copper, which work requires a thorough 
knowledge of pumps, injectors, acids, and of the proporties and qualities of lead. Then the plumber 
is one of the most useful men in Brew Houses, Distilleries, Sugar Refineries, and lasUy, the Chemical 
Works, and in scarcely one of these places ia the work of a plumber alike. 

I could name scores of other places where the plumber is required, and, de facto, looked np to 
as one of the most important mechanics in these manufactories or works. 

Now, what do we find in London ? Some very good men at what is known as tho London 
plumbing, viz., fixing closets and running the piping neccsaary for a dwelling. It is very rarely that such 
plumbers are good roof men. But, even let them bo good roof men, with such scanty knowledge they 
must, when they come to think of these things, admit that they have only a portion of the knowledge 
of a plumber, and remember this, that the London plumber has no chance whatever of doing well or 
ram work, and this is one reason why I have so exhaustively treated the subject of ram and pump 
work. But don't for one moment suppose that by reading, and even learning, this book by heatt 
that it will enable you to do the work without the practical part ; but it will teach you how to go aboat 
your work more readily, and if you combine my writings with your practical work, then yon will have 
a fax better chance of getting on than you could otherwise. 

Of course I am not pitching into the house plumber alone, for many of the plumbers found 
about Chemical Works are equally as much to blame. They seem to be bom, and many of them 
buried, at one place, without knowing how to properly make a joiut ; and as to touching a bit of 
house plumbing proper, why I would sooner give the work to a carpenter I 

Then there is another thing — some of the house plumbers have an idea that they ought not 
to do lead burning. Then some of the Chemical Works' plumbers cannot do house plumbing. On 
the other hand, some of the plumbers of the Chemical Works think that the house plumber should not 
do work in a Chemical Works. But this is a sad mistake, for no plumber that is wortliy of the name 
of a plumber in 1896 should rest at this, or encourage such thoughts', for a plumber should know 
every branch of his trade, becanse it is not a difficult trade — in fact it is a simple trade — covering a 
large range of work ; and without a thorough knowledge of such he cannot go about it systematically 
to make it pay, nor can he tell where to look for and guard against defects. Bcmember this 
any ordinary person can teach himself to make a joint, to bum load, apparently welt ; but look at 
the difference in the time the properly-taught or well- versed workman takes compared with that of the 
nnsystematioally-tanght workman. The first keeps the trade together and the other drives it away, 
and accounts for tho status of the plumbing trade, which Is ever changing. 



INTRODUCTION. 



Mil 



This worit is original, antl n iMwk tlint lifui come rn>ni nothing but prMtiee. It wm Uw pione«r, 
tx^UQ is 1B62, and a large portion has ^ooe tiirougb (lifTereDt Irade jotirnals, cspoctally the liuilder, 
^JitiUdi»fi .Vfir*. F.»4ili»h .V.vA.iHj>, I'lHiiilifv and Dfforalor, and at least a dozen ollicr joumalii 
Bsides, and ainoo tbo &rsl publiunUon of this work, if yoa l<iok around you will find many books 
wbich are nothing more nor loss tlmn copies. 

In concloaion, I mnst thanit my thuiisanibt of readers for the extraordinary amount of praise 
vbidi they bnvo lavished upon tbcst; writing's, and especially over tbu first volume. I liare 
answered many of tliein personally, and have App«nded a fawmiU of two, oat of at least 6,000 or 
6,000, wbich I am prottd of. Tb« ^vriter of tlie. lirst of these, no far as I can remember, I have 
never seen or heard of before. 

I shall always be glad to continue answering questions, and giving my readers any bints or 
instructions witbin my power, by their communicating direct to 76, Karl's Court Road, Kcnsiogton, 
London. 










fWrtw^-T 






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INTKODUCTION. 



The Mlowing is the second l«tl«r rafernd to:— 



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OONTEWT8. 



TAGS 

Dedfcfttion ... vii 

Preface ix 

Intzoduction xi 

Water snpplf, wolb, and pnmps 36$ 

Working pompa . 423 

Fire engine pomps 43v 

Hydiaulio rams ... .. '... 456 

Tomi water uad other Hupply, nncicut and modem... 472 

Antnont London water sappljr ■-. 472 

London water Buppljr up to 189S 488 

Rain BtaUsUcs 494 

Water analysing ... .. 606 

Solphar and BulpburouB titlcti 635 

Analysis of tin and load, aW plumbers' oolder ... 523 

ICoro-organiBnifi and sanitary science ... o27 

Uicro-genns and tlioir names o28 

T^jdins baoillns and bacterial standard purity of 

watOT 529 

Useful hints and facts for plnmben 53 ) 

Town water supply and plumbers' fittings connected 

therewith 632 

QtotaHifj for plumbers, specially written , . S73 

MeehMUOS for plumbers, spectally written 602 



PA(» 

Boof woriE of every dengription where lead is used ... 60B 

Lead laying ' 616 

DorraerB, welts, and beads , fitl 

Flats and seam rolls SM 

Hips and ridgee 661 

Valleys, lead 666 

Louvre and other ventilators, tumts, apiros, domefl, 

&o 667 

Ornamental lead rain-water heads .. 686 

Fiiiialsand weathercocks 096 

Sinks 700 

Lavatories... 706 

Hot-water, gas, and iron pipe woA 726 

Hot water, theory and eiperimento on the circulation 

and expanrion thereof 728 

Rrilets 7U 

(Also see heating by hot water.) 

BathwoA 748 

Cock and valve repairing 762 

Cooking with hot water and steam 767 

Injectcffs and ejectors ... 760 

Hr>ating by hot water and steam 776 



NOTICE. 

Owing to the multitude of letters of onquiry, &c., sent to tlio 
Publishers of this work and to the Author, it is eamestiy and 
respectfully requested that, to avoid delay, all technical and other 
communications be forwarded to me, the Author. 

I shall then be able to answer any questions in reference to the 
subjects contained in the two Volumes, or relating to the Plumbing 
Trade in general. 

A stamped addressed envelope must accompany all letters of 
enquiry. 

PHILIP JOHN DAVIES. 

78, Karl's Couut Boad, Kensinoton, 

London, EnaiMiD. 



THE NEW YORK 

PUBLIC LIBRARY 



ASTOR, LENOX AND 
TILOEN FOUNDATIONS. 



STANDAED PEACTICAL PLUMBING. 



WATEU SUPPLY, 



I 



I 



I 



WAltS. 

IN the renwilcflt of iijf«s of nntiituity. Ui« men in the 
l&ut m-iinitltTi-d lliL- irtiwO-wtioii of woUe. fountalii*, 
mkI cutvnw Uf Ik> one 'if llir ^nutfrst ocM of liensv<ilci)i'D 
t^^y could pcrfomi UiwnutU thrar fi'llnw-creaihirt*. In 
fact, rirfi men wniiii«i*d it a niurul duty to dovoUi a 
wrtJiin wirUiai n( their woiiltli lo tJie dJ(tgiB(r of wpII« hwI 
iho btulding iif cuBtrnw (ur thii supply of the thinly 
travi-Uit. 

W" w-ill now pnwwxl to "the detwription and diDitnttiOD 
Df smtif uf Uio innut nnrliMit wolla, muiiy "f wlikb dat« 
nwiriy ihrw thomuinil yeikn before th« ClirialUn era. Wo 
vrQl vunuioniw with thv oldcnt uf which, we hnvo wiy 
rwaid, iiMin'ly. Uiiwe duK Vy Alirnham, nt Bf-tTNlmha, 
over 4. ICO yotPfi ayo. Of rinm".', tlit>iii«nd« i>f ypars 
naxB-d lipfore miui woji «iiiii>lW witli tht' micwary Uwlx 
l<.>r di^giri^f iiiii-Ji wi-lln UM iit BittnhK^bn. Th" m-Xt i& puinl 
oif niili'iuity, ulthuunli i-f nmoh inon- importunuH, if J«ob'« 
Well, u dria^ptiotk of which hIi'-uU inlervBt all i'otinDiTh<d 
with 1hi» iiubirfll, rooro espcciftlly on V^vunt of Su ktvM 
nittiiiuilr. it nnviafj bf«n mndi- «t l/Minl 3.(11)0 yearn npi), 
nnd of lUi wunilfrfiilly tM?rfii-l *taU- of iJi-cwtv.iti-m. 'Hii" 
well ietdtUBtcd ut S;i:hu.i-, "ti (lu- mad t" .Ti>niiintrm. mid ia 
I05fL iI«T>. and lifl. in diiimntcr. siuilt iuto Oil- solid rock, 
lu Htaikdiriff dpiitli of wiifrriH abimt 15ft. Nott wo c-jioo 
toJooeph'd wdII »t Cairw. Jt is of itn nljlong «liiiiw, and 
KUiik thniUKb tbesoUd nwk, and nu!H9rurx.<9t ISft. by 24ft, 
Tho deptli of thp finrt wtiH b lO.fft., whioli ia •hnwn at 
D, 1-V 7;o.piwrr3fl6. At thlfl point thor»M ■ Ur([«ch«mber 
rut ill n liilirnd dirtxitiou u at 1-:. Thh in for Ch(* bapMf, 
mulae. W iiwm;" *" wiirk tho lnwi-r w.]l-biipli«tii. Titi* 
MDtmd well i»t UOfl. by Ml. The tobd d.iplh of ili« wdl 
fmm fUADrivfito thf^^srcl buttuintk 29«Ct., 2ft. Iwing 
allowed forthc dipiun^ buck^ta at R. ^ 

Thntw iirt' vnriiiiu ojiiuioun rrnpn'tinjf thin W<-1I And iln 
diit4.' : BOtue nttiibutv it tu Baladiii, wlitUt olJitn 1ii.'1i«V(^ it 
to be tho workuf a inure «cHentiflc people. pn:>lu>l>tr tlii> 
prodnetinn of thftiw that biiiU tins wuntlcrful Pyramid wid 
tbfi tinriviilled niotinmpiit of ThHiM, Ifendanh, and 
Ktoeuubaul. Vwit »liiiiild ulw know thai Cuiro in •impo««l 
to owtipytiw !dl« of Etfyptidii Bu^jyk'U, niid tliU well I«lic 
th« Tvtaaaui of ihnt ikamnt city. Thpru is alto ii (wml 
rT««uu (or it« nblonn; nlaiic, vb., to bolter niligbtni its 
intvrtur by Britniorriiivivina; and rcitaitiiti); luuKvr tb« niyi 
rt( the sun. Kearly LVgty wrilcr ou history hu.4 h-id «uiue- 
Uiing to my ikboiit wrlU. 

In Iiim-Ji i.( war utlln w«e covpivd Up iind the lait-my 
thereby dcfcatnl, V.v-n Darid took thin i^oiirsf a^iiii<it tho 
Amaionitc*. Tlw Itible in fidl uf mention nn wrila and 
riivn. itnd a PfTHiikn ucury ia told of Aniani^n pitiiiar>'1i<i 
«oiuvolod wvitnd yitm in a wt-ll during tb>_' 
• ot Iha CJhruiLiaiv under UiMlclian and 




WH1« itand as landtntrkfl for the nort celebnted citlen 
nf thf nni^if-nt world, Hrliopoliii, Sycnr, and Bahyl'in in 
K^ypt; uf Tyre, SJdou, roluivm, Nluerel], OartbaKti, 
Utico, mid Bona aro all gone, {iut tbedr wbUs BtiU ai« in 
Dxixtmec : Jcrvwlrm'it Tomplo hax ^onc to the wtndK, btit 
SlLmUi'm fount/iin atUI Huwm, and lh« Keilnm >■ nlil) 
flowing' through the ruiW of Jeha«liaphat. Th«ri.< i* ulwj 
to ho B«aD thu pool of tivtbcvdn, ISOft. by 40ft.. with iU 
ixTgr-. curl) KtonbH wt:II craniped with imn, and Unod with 
cT-meut lUid flint. 

Well Heads. 

CTarh* or pampc^tA were goncmlly plueod round the 
mcrutlix of wi'lls, uod of a very coatly nature, oftun of 
maaaive nittrblL>, ornamented with higlily wrought tumlp- 
tnm from '20ia. Vj SUin- in huuht. I Laru juat aom 
two itneh <mrhH or wolt liAtdn matlc from Corinthian oapa 
at the Olytiipia, Wiwt Kenaiiixlon, and ahduld advice my 
reader lo icmpis-t Konui if he gt-M hnlf n chnooo ; and 
though tljf4M.' huuh* 010 uf rvout dflt«, Lhey ^ve tbo 
OATTect idea nf thiMS af the ansicnte. 

Muiy of Tiiy jiuiiiir iMidnro may a.ik why it i« tluit aonie 
w<*11h an.- wj iiiulIi d«tpnr tlioii othern, whiUt uUiena may wit 
fur a kliort ac^ttiunt of ihe tlioory of apriugi. Tlio fattor 
qaunlioD. wlwti anawurudi will fufly expliua tho fonner. 

Rain, Origin of. Springs. 

It nuty inlncHl you V> know i^inicthinff raipecting tlut 
rnuftf of tain («M8un*H lUy:-., rh-ttun- "^f cJimate in South- 
Woiteru Ana, and Stonin ui lli>t Wniur iutmduL-tiim, abo 
eoo pau^s 13f> and 136, Vul. I,, wheiv 1 liave drnwii your 
attention to the fttoiual amutint of niinfnll in Eiii.-huidj. I 
now will briefly explain what produce tbio rain. 

In tlio fint plaoo it is fonncd by tho mixtura of two 
KOMii, namely, oxygen mid liydrogv-n, ilui fnrmrr bnin^ 
Hlit«ca timoa hearier than the lutltr, tb««« ituat» coui- 
hinitig in the proportioiiH by volumo, of one volomu of 
nxyni-ii til twii of hydnip-ti, priklumt wnirr, and tlw jvro- 
dui'tion of watt-T by iht- uoinbiualioii of hydrogi'ii in Uib air 
iiutT L« catiily dLtnoUBlratMl by the ditfonrnce iii tomperotures 
of Uu' toHideiind the outkidn of a window, or by brin^n^ on 
iii«t>tlod cold.diy.briglit (rliuMt orjar ounlaiiiinff airovrrlbe 
fluniii of the hyilnviTn blow pip*", ■"? t"'g. "!*• Vol. I, 
^vitfivnl ikf uia of mr or uitii), wlu.il tlie glCM or jar at 
onou hccntntut dimmed, owing to the 'rondcnsatlon ol water 
m nnal] droixt upon tho dry, oold mirfnoe of tho ^laa*. 
Now, throufth tlii-w two mxm rni'In:liti^ thn whcdp <^urlh, 
w© are purtinlly iiidebftti to it (or our wa(«r supply, 
tojivtliiT with tho constant changes vf hoat ami uotd. 

Air at a ifivon tcnipfmtnm con only ronlain a (vrrtain 
quantity uf luui^-tun? in mlutiou, niid whi-it iLiw luaiiniuin 
cjunntily in arrivn) iil ii in <uiid to !■> wi'itnii'i^tl with aiiui^MiH 
vnpjur. and ih- warmer thw "lir ihv gnuii-r will U- lh« 



866 



WATER SUPPLY. 




Fjo. 770. 



amotuit of vapoor oontained, snd when this satmted air 
is suddenly cooled (an in the ez|)erii&ent with tbe hot sir 
uid cold glaas), water is depoatted in veij fina globaks 
forming a miRt, cloud, or fog, and which is known as a 
nin cloud, which rain cloud if OTerchaiged with thin 
Gondenxing vapour the aqueoiu vesicles of the gathered 
mittt at fii^t grow large and heavy, and Heniral of them will 
coaleHce and form themiielves into a liqoid drop, which, 
when it hati reached ^th of an inch in diameter, deaoends hj 
the influence of iti* weight through the air, and ahoola 
the rain drum ci>mniencc falling from a, comparatiTely 
Hpcaldng, high or chilled region of the ati&o^>ha«, it growa 
larger aH it reaches the warmer and moiiter r^fimu Iwlow, 
and hero eondcnwa more moisture upon itself until it has 
attained large dropa f iilty a quarter of an inch in diameter, 
which will at timen acquire a velocity of 34fL per seoood 
in falling, bat never mure, on account dt the leaistance M 
the air, which prevents any further inoTMue of speed 
beyond that amount. A drop of rain ^th of an inea in 
diameter cannot pounltlv acquire a velocity of mora than 
13ft. per necond in faUing through the air, and a drop 
the wventy-fifth part of an inch in diameter can never 
OMiuire mure than Sft. spocd per aeoond, and a dn^ one- 
thousandth part of an inch could only attain a velocity of 
21 n, per oeoond. 

It fhould uImo be known that when rain dn^ tall 
through a long dintBiice of, comparatively speaking, dry 
air, ther natumlly evaporate, and consequently the drops 
diminir'n in hI/c kn they descend, which is tlie reverse of 
that of fulling into a warmer and yet moister renm: and 
not uufrequcutly does it happen that Urge rain cfoads will 
bo giving wattr above our heads, and yet not a uptA will 
reach the earth, but in entirely dissolved and taken up by 
the air, or cvl'ii carrieit milen au'ay by warm currents 
of dry air. 

No doubt my rvader hns noticed in fiat lying countries, 
eniiecially in the Hiring time of year, rain clouds poozing 
out their grey banilx of rain near the horizon with a kii^ 
of rag fringe of attenuated ends, which hang down below 
fheni, and tuwiirds the ground, but without touching. 

I may mention that dew, mist, and fogs, whichform a 
large ihirtioii of our water for Hprings, i;c., ve nothing 
more nur lews than the air sHtoratcd with condensed vapour 
formed as fcilliiWM :- - 

If the Nurfiu'e of the earth be hotter than the lowm air. 
tbe liqueoux va]Hiur ueur the earth is cfaiUed by the ooU 
air, and so prnduiTes dew: but if theloww air be hotter 
tliaii the eartl). then the vapour given off from the anrfiwa 
of the eiirth quii-kly riMM into the colder legkaiB and 
becomes (^Uitvls. Such phenomena is well OIUBtrated with 
stoHin, steam U'itig Invisible, but when it eomM in contaot 
with (^jbl air it is immediately eoudensed into larger mole- 
cules, whitli, like the clouds, become visiUe. To prove 
that steam is invisible, l(H)k into the water gangs of a 
boiler, or at the spout of a boiling kettle, &c, , from wbitA 
t,U-Ki\i i* allowtil to ftr-cly issue, you will not he aUe to 
discern the steam close to the spout of the kettle or pipe, nor 
within half !in inch or so, and according to the state of 
the atmosphere into which it issues. And the raJn and 
atmosphere is not at all unlike even to this Kupb 
cxperimGnt. 



Evaporation. 

For instanr*. in hot regions the erapon 
than in the ciilder. The Kiver Jordan is c" 
into the ]>Ciid Sou. which, nutwithatan 
evaporation at a level of more than ) ■ 
the IrIe<lit>TniiiGan. Taking the ■ 
evitporatiou from a free surface < 
equal tn the rainfall. The effi 



ilU 



WATER SUTTLY. 



8G7 



ipf>xit to Ik pninpiliitcd in Uu' ftmn of 
A ^*iiU>r iknil nion^ A'lntinUNl chill 
or brtii)^ nun, imil, Mr imnw, Wliil.-, |i.nr(>v(T, in 
UlCpi'n plum them U !■■»( ni:t) nt a iTirmiilpniMo bci^it 
•bOT« ill" in^uml Utiiii al Ihe Hurf>u^\ ivim>-u Idtr tlitti-rviil 
oonilitioii.-) pn-vail in minntaiiioiin •livcrinlo. for iho mtnfnll 
fatenaat-K, bh a rule, in iiMvntlintf tlur !t]<i}«> <'if a moiintnin. 
^Rki quant'ly of rninlHll •>! niijr nxiitlty in iii tL*' luiiiii 
doptinilillt 'in tl)'' juMtinfi of l)ip moiinljiiii ninffm »ai\ tli(> 
provailinp dirrv-ltnti of Hvr ^tniU. Fur iriMtniiiv, Itullii, 
with ila. iniuiw^ii'*, art^nlaa (."kkI •'inniplcnf ihiifict, tlio 
^'hlit9■ or muiiiilain-i tuvunf the win<la fri<ni the m'ii hc-iii^ 
»ul)jC!Ot«ai to an alnindatit minfiill ; nhtV, uii tlia otlx-r 
tianil. TilR-t in iii«rljr rniiiU>tM. tlic llJinalayu moiiiitaUis 
flfii'tiuilly nctin^ aii couik-uJiM^ tii tlie viipoiir-bcAriTi^ 
wiiulK. In Eii^nnd, th«> :inniial ninfnil. on I tia%-f 
luiid on puirw li<-> ntuL t3C, Vol. I,, varit^ frmu at«.>ul 
Itoiii. at ^iMthwaiu% in CumborUnd, tu a littlo moro 
thau 20)11. ill fioinc- partn of Korfolk anr) LinoolnKtiiro, 
huE tho auniial vnriHtum io vrt/ ipent. TIic flucttin* 
Ui.nt <if raiiifnll i* nijirvullouti, ana i«m)I<m have made 
it a i->inii>l<Hc Etiidr. and found tliat in aaj p«irL tif this 
cowtitry tiwi wrtT^'it j-i-ar voiiM haro a mmfal] of ni-arlv 
bnlf w miiirh n^iti'iiH the nwan: rho dri>!^t yi^r would 
li;!!* lOC-tliiiTl !''«' thmi tJii" miitn ; thf iljii-«t. Iwii oon- 
eeculi^'u jtarw wmiJd enth have oiif^(|iinrti'r !*■« tliini tlii- 
mean ; and tlio dri"Ht three <ion>«outiv>> yiaM wuuld pacb 
ha*-* (jnft-lifth iciw tJinn th" mfun. It ha« h«-n piiiiit<Ml nnt 
that tlivrv mitxt, on bi^^i numiitainH. I>e nn «|>p(r Hiidf of 
tlio inaUBium anuMwt of rain. 'Ittp drn'tviiw 14 ti>m- 
pnntturc, with ianrauunjf ulrvalioii. itivulvr.! ■ d>.-nTyiM> in 
tho atniiunt of raponr h^d fn the air, aitd th« inaxlmum 
rainfall ia, thoreforo. lu ho «xyc*-AM nt th<> height nt which, 
aa m rula, unDdaimiii^n waa hn>t pruduocd. 



Floods. 

In En^nd Ihp rapid larltiog d imov In a fiwiumt 
and priiK^ipn! miuw i4 fbcida. p>p«>-iiillr in di'>tn>iHH cjii- 
xisting of pi>r\iu> mhI, tlu> ■urfniii- iif whirii hurl lir*>n hiinl 
frvxeu Wfuri- the miuw fill on U. Tln' aiiu.>uiti aiul i|uality 
of the watt't mjpply (r-;!!) a eivcn ammint t4 rain in nuwt 
immMlialrly ■iintiri't'<d witli tJui ^-oloxiiml rhiirurl'-r nf thr 
□unnliy iu which the raiu falln. Ii a ttai't of cuuiitry 
oxlHted of liBJv, )inpei"vioM", miliutiimi mnk, the piirfaoti 
bring tmv<T>ud liy vitUiiyx i-oiiw3-(ii|c iw iiw Tiuuiian 
outlet, the whiilfl i.f lIm rain, Ii-is khih; ituall quourity 
curried off by ptrajmrnlioii, would he iHiM-nil by that 
DUll«t. I'l itukti-ad «{ I'liniplvti- \-alW-i>y*ti-inK, tltarv 
hapw-nud to hu •lei)r>''>M3d p»nioiu funnin^f hauins, lak«« 
woiiid he fumuxh wbir-li aiiiriit I".' riihiTr iiormanent or 
teai|>>irary. If, imU'tuioi th« iY>ck Iwiuif )<'ir't, t.h^r« U a 
L'crtiiin amount of aiLin-i-liiiiAl soil and T<'^talto<ti. any 
nwidentle "hoaw wiMild b" atiwii-iiwi by tbr *ail and planti^ 
and htit liltk «-Ht«T would tmeh thi.' uut1i<1. A few day* 
nf fiiir^ wt-atlur 111 ■.niumeT wuuld rcudiT iho fniptfficia] aoQ 
nKaifi dry and ahwirl^nt, tt that tlifl water pancintr to the 
outlet mi)tht iH'.ir hut a Mnall pivportiou to thi.' min that 
felt ; but in wiiiLcT these prajnTtiooa would he tminedinlttly 
itK.T«aM<d. In Iho cMtt of iroptiTiaiui but (b«iin^ ronkr. 
the oxiolmri- ol thi! fia<uz« would Leail to multa not 
uiatrrinllv dilVi-rintt finm the prenen"* of lalH>-ban'n« within 
tlw ann. liup'tviuo" n^-k" arc ni^lly fuund in elevated 
~ cbuntry. when? il«* rainfall U uAunlly gnvt. and 
ptn of thi* mini ill lin<linff itn n-.iy into stnjnit 
li' bn;'' In (h'- Lvli K.»tritiii district, 
fpi ' ' ' " ''I wii" l<)3in, in 

iliwlmrifwl ftviin 
.irr- ir>ju' .f Jlin. 

I tho w lith r fruoi that 



itfl way anK-m^ th<rj>arti<:^:a r.( th*' wnil. The now 
itnw at l-ii-rrrixiid »• fuiiuil Iji ahwirb ;'jt'd "f Ha 



wbleh nmdtea bom rain fallii^ an fupcrnoiu rock, na In 
Ary aeaB(HM>«lay U tU^in-d bj ooamfitlan. and thoogb 
pmi^imlly impprvi'iiiH. it io by nomMnn uiinbwrbent : but 
Iwuvy t'luy UiidH an- luiw urlitii>iallr ilniiiiM. and ttwi 
fturface (i<xM not bwotiie walw-luioP-'d *>• fomtrrly. B'>th 
in ('lay dii^trirUi and th<iac formed ojf inipf'nn'«bl4> rnvlcn. It 
frojiii-fitly liapjirnn tbut tbiTc arr- iiii[V'i^r-iFi| ]ulRh<'>i of 
dT'iff, ;{Tavob< or ■.iiidn of an iilmnrhi'iit n'll.urr' ; t)ii-M>, iift^T 
hf'ai-y niin, lionimn ■■Iiiirirtil with wal-'r, .«0'ni.".if whlt'h l» 
MibiotitMuilIv ili'livi^nxl at tb- lowi-^t '■■iifnll". fonniiiM; laud 
-prliiffs. A)^iii. on iic-nii/^bl^ roi'l*' tli'-n' an- mMiJiiniiaHy 
{HitchL-a of )iujiriincaDlo oiny. Hindi a.« thi- tertiary otitliunt 
on the chnUt. Mr. Di- Kniiri- ba» publiitlwd a hydro- 
gDolayioal nwit of EtiK'land. in which he hns dlvldi.\l ttin 
ohnraoler of uii" ;«il iiil« tin- iniperuw^tJi'. tin- imtliully 
pflrau8,t1i» "dupra-p'TYioHM, " and iht'p»»nnnaWi>. fUaiirhty 
Nuoaklafr- thv wtatttni ]iarl <'f Knaland and Wuh-* i»iiiKt44» 
at impernunhlo and partially pon.ua ro(Ju<. ami the gumIcth 
nf th« " «nmv-pcT\-iiinF? " and tb- permeable. Many rivet- 
hnHliia niDKiiit of Iwii iir miirR cl tlii-M' ditfiTcnt, lcin<li of 
will, and ijie Aow of trntcr in thmi [ima?<i>wnlly varifn tunch 
fruni tiinc' to tinu* : m wet weuthcT tlioy aiv subjec-t to 
ttin^abi. A larp' [<nrtinn of Kntflnnil rNm^LOa cit more or low 
abHir^x-nt iwk, Hoderlyraff a sfiU more al>«rhent Fiiperflria! 
umI, anil it i* tolhi» fart that the fomparativi' p<>rtnaTi,^nt 
chargiclvr of xnw riv.'r" i" dm.'. Any imAi wti- niti fillintt 
on an ah«orliMit iioll at onot.- diuippMr:! from ihe Htirfu<» 
and tiodn itn 
ml iiariditii 

own weight of wat>»r, of which nliout fino-biilf will Dot 
drain awny. Iu loose nod nod <.-Iuilk thr ul>4 •Tuition ia 
from ,'^th to Jth of the wettfht, or ar. th» ral« of J ^'^IIh. 
to the rulac fi'Hit. A cubic fuot of uoUtof and litiM- 
aTimrx would ahwrh ID to II pint* of wnlvr. With 
cuntinmtl rainfall. auythinK bt-yuul what rould be-TeMincd 
byeapJllaryattTadiion, trradiuilly gra vitatM do WB-mrds, until 
it :irriv(?a"at a point where th.; rmk i" nlrr«dy chaiwrti 
witJi wilier. In Uii- iKitlnm of valley- with »tn-smii runniiiff 
alonirT llii'in, ih^ fatiinitcl n>% wi'iilil !■' r'oiind near thv 
lurfa/^', bnt thcnia fallintt nn liil!j>mik'ht dtxtiid hundrodf 
'>f f<it Vtf-fom Brrivin(( at thi^ point of -aluratkm. Friction 
prrw^U Un- wattT niidtT tl»<; iiilS '--ripioti: n-a>lily . other- 
wife 'he surfs'.* of the ■mtnTnt«l ni-lt would pn-iu'nt nt'iirly 
a dfisd IfTel, and tlu* niiu would How olT at tin- lo»'tr-t n-nl 
ttlnirrtt At i)iii(ilily m it ]M'ii«'irBit<>l the pro'ind. At Driirtilou 
lilt* xirfHiv iif till- Nitiu'ilM [Mrtii.n of rh>" • h.ilk ^nkdniilly 
»ln]«« iipwiinl' ai il iniili-* fiMiii th"- wa, lltm rii<*liiDiLii>n 
h<-ini,- di«- to iho frictioniO rvM-iaiiee ojip-".*! by the ohalk 
M th<i pii«*in> of the wiitrr. Tb'i h-vrl ol tlw.- on'tfull raritv, 
but the Ilea i« m-vr-r ahU' to penrlralt- ajiy -liAanre into tba 
dialk, and ih<- niiiifnil kuflict:* to km'p up an iiiclinalioo 
eeawarde in i.1i>' witirr-lin" in thi rhalk. Tlir >nhtpmmMUt 
watrr-hnvl in H< rtford.<hirc, in int1uvuvi.iI by thi' hHOn and 
ralloy.', thu l.-vrl cf the water h.ina: m-J*lly ullii'd to tbMt*, 
though ihiT ini-liiialion in mufh W-m in Avjcm>. In the 
inid41',> ehnlk in Hiitford'^liitv tlit' i>l»pc iw uliciat 12ft- 9in. 
to a milp. in thr lower white chalk about lUft, Cin., and in 
Miiue ]iailN tit Kent im m\wh a^ tOft. to tho mile, After 
heavy rainfalN thp inrltnntioua are uiitcli Btt^'ier Where 
the puiiijiink,' from a Will in jmrotin nffc i« I'xce-Jiio', an 
invprtod cone of d<jptvM<iun la ft'niK-d iu thv planu vf KSturt* 
tion. Ihf an^e of which ia determined by iho ainoattt of 
fricliun iu iIk ruck. 



Bourties and Watercoupees. 

Wat^ reaJilv findu it'< %-^y alunv layerif of ninta in tbe 
chalk, ao that, in boring, an aci.v.^'ioa of water U obtataad 
directly a layer of flint i^ travorv^. Frtjtn divn iKirfngi 
the watia" gnncTally ricj^tat a liifjhf r h-mperatum ma.'ci ^.i^wn. 



nw 



WATER 8UPPLT. 



on}iii«rr «pnii|ir"- "nw wntcr from Iha ortMan wsll at 
GrvnvlU*, elune tn I^ari" (bnTnfiw atxn tn br niiDbii tifi, 
wlii«b u inim a <li-pth u( I.ttOOft., ttu n h.'tn|)i-nitiLn! of 
82* KKbrenboit, betn^ aboat UO' aboro tbe Fpnngn in thr 
■tistriirt. ThttwNtioratUibbntUMBof « bnrinK l.&Mfl. dorp 
at RicbiDonil ha* n tenitM^nlurr- nf Tfil". Wlien- chalk m 
ovoriata liy rtifl elaj-. itroiigh wliirh. h'un'vw. it in plaixw 
pcVfitnUxt), trn-.-ill<iw-h(ilox iira fomml, iititl the rain falling 
nil thf! impi'-nniiun olaf, titrtu.t ittrrturui, w)il<?h nuiko their 
war tiiti) Hiii'li HWHllitw-holM aiid ditt-tppear to Hut dialk ; 
and thi», too, iit lb« ori^fii] uf tnibtvniLni-at) vrnfctrxniyv* bi 
liaiM'toiu) (Untrib'M. 



Percolation. 

'RKp^"'"^'* ^ ^'^ [importion nf priwotataon thT^inieli 
alMiiit 3!l. of ainl to llus raiiifull tm tJi« ■urdiitt wcit mmti' 
by Vt. J(J)n Daltnn, of Maiu'licwbr. aiwl Mr. Maurine, nf 
GmovK, alwut tl)«i cnduf last cv^tury. Tlic prinvipln ou 
whid) the cxpuimpnla <ni itomilaUnn w<-m cnrrinl out 
WD* miii'lt lli<- fMRu? in all <;AHeit, null waa ttcn'rllx'']. IHm.-li 
hiul hii-n di'iKi in tliin dirHTtion by Mr, ITharli* 4in>ariui, 
Sir J. B Liiu.li, Mild III. MiltBTt. Thi- tvn* iiHl<T ircntU>- 
mcD had fuimd llinl, for tb<j U-n yearn, Wl to IMSD, uui r>f 
k mriLii niiiifati of lltl-ilin., irOIOin. piiM«d tbrou^cb 
'JOiti. uf naH, and l!t-24]ii). tbniu;(li (iilin. -, nttd that, out <>f 
Ifl'Sfldin, qC nnninwr rain, atily 4'tlliii. found iU> way 
llijvafcb OOtn. uf aoil; wbllv iii lL<? \riul"r diora ]:•>£»«(! 
»-130in. uuttif a lalnfullot ln-0S6in. The lato Mr. John 
I>ijckiDM>D baa the hoiicmr of Mof; tiw (inl in Uii» «niiiliy 
to roppnt tho oxptTinictitu nf Ur. iMltmi. Ilin npiTilii'ii'q 
bvgau In 183S ; but m>w ki>uk<m «xiv fixed ut Niuh MilU, 
HunelHempEtcod. HvrtfordAkirc. in ISi:>, and rilMin-ali<uut 
iiara been contiiintd ever dincA. Ur. Kviina. of the katuc 
place and wxnlM, luw nrranguil Utti mmltn nf tliirly yc<nni' 
ubaarratloiifl. The aventRe whuweil tliat, out uf a total 
•nnoal tninfall of 2i-S43in., ii-61U'iii. patwHl thrangh Sfi. 
of aoil, And lO-uOUin. tJinnigh Ihi^ Mimo dppth uf chnlk. 
Tha DToportiou of tli» ^n-ni'Iiitinu ui tUn rainfall variod 
vraatfy inmi tinio to tinit', wen for Uu- buiuu Ksaoua, 
niKtancMi et whiub wriv fjn\'(-n. It tnntiot bo too often 
rppfiutM that every gii!l«n of wal«r piunjiMl nod earried 
away from (in iibiwnrlwEil. district U m> iiiiil-Ii abNtraut«il 
from till- ftdnr nf t>in strpnnu> of that dintript. In inUiid 
diftricta dii> streama funii«d aa vxu'^t Kuutrc of tho ttxacMA 
of tha rainfall orrr tho watpr carriod ott by (^vapiimtion, 
and &Tiy artificial diniinutimi of tho wntor miut ntfixt the 
atnaina. 



London Water Supply: How to obtain. 

If thi- antiiml noiiply of ^in. of ralu woiild. fmm 
rvi'CT H(uan) mile of luuiiLry, itiw a daily miiintitv nf 
nMirly IGOjOOttjfall. ut walir, wliitli, nt :i'>'ir»]l pir !»(ul 
|1PT diitn. it will niiiHiv for a pUDulati'Mi nf 3,0(1(1. A 
pjjiulatiuu of ^,^1l>^'.00l). Iiki> LtnuV^n. wonJd. lliiTi'fwr*, 
it supplied fn>m dcop v.dlii in tho Hiulk, ala^irh tho Mini 
Ti-awr Mipply of KOI) wjiinro miW .if ouunlry, or of :iii urc-a 
uiio quurlrtr lar^-tT tluiii Ihr nmnt.y nf llrrrlidrd, ami tlia 
-Kh'ilc' of the fiiirfaoi; nlrt.M[»>i ocer [hi» ljir),t> an-ii would, 
in dry y«at», dimppcor. 

Mr, J. T. Hamiion'a wbetnn for obtaining watw by 
menu* of tiinni^p ia tine chalk of the Tbiiiiii^ mlW nuavly 
in'-iin.« Ibnt nil thn wairr dnriviiil from lb<- tiuuiclH \rould 
••iliiiT be inI*Tt«pt4^d an it» wuy ^J tb<.' rivur, or filtw into 
llw tunncia frvin tlw bed of ihff riwr it«<-lf, Tho flow of 
th«ThiunM U-Iow wonld be diuiiniitlifil hr just tbn winu] 
MmouDtof malt-r aa LLul afawlnictod by nu.nnn of the tunnolfl. 



I think that I Iiatd writl<m fiiriflDient abont vbcrv ws 
pri our aiipgily uf water frcon, but it may utrilni mow of, 
my rvudvn, uh it diil a abarp appmntioA that alutid with h' 
noatli wido open, UMeaioK to ouv of ny leotorca on wat 
mipiily. Ur called out, "QoTtrnior.whav did the Inadilat' 
ontUejnt thrir wat«T fmn when In the waterleas wj)d«r» ] 
noniil' And ulthouKb tbe (junrfiuu watt a MnijJt one, it] 
R^lUnd a lot of ihiiddn)! about, in ordf r that llu' iivuwtion I 
floud lie natubotorily atixwvn'd ; yet, likv all other tliiumj 
when kunwn, It U aa nttiipl<' an ym or nu. ITerp ia tbe truff] 
«>xplanation. Abo aou Town Wiiti.>r Supply. 



Change of Climate and Watet* Supply In 
South-western Asia. 



How (lid thi> nattltf uf tho Ifim«litn« ruIhIkI in lb* 
wtklimi-w!' Tbo«i> wlio sMik it do au on a't.nunt of tmriip 
unawam that Che whnU clinukt^ uf Ruiilh-nVxii-ra Aida 
ha.H oban^d i!uHn|f the last ftrv lhoii«aiid year*. Thia 
chaiiftn h.ia iMfn ifotn^ nn ovpd in ivrwiit tinuv. Kapotaa^ 
f'lr ctaniiilr, whh (iucvib uf Faluiyrn, and wat ifr-fi^ttd bjr 
llic Ranuuia : but Uus Mti} of tbv ruiut uf Faluiym in oow a 
huwline wildi-mMn, wliiati ohrioualj it coald nut b»T« Umib 
when Paltnym won a pn|niluii« metroinlia. Xor in Ihw 
onae of rnlmyra by niiv uieana an bolatvd odo : ruina an 
rutiftaatly fpokan uf \>y ImTi'Ui.'Tii na found in waun-lcsa 
dftwrt/< : and thn tn^vllr'rM nut imfrKiiimtly iittrib:it« th» 
df^wlaliim to •mitav niynti'riuus chan^ro which th«y auppoaa 
tn linv tiiki'Ti pliu^ in the <u,U. flat the nauav ia,pcY>bM4f,] 
only thu Liulc of wat<.-r : tin- oUniatr hiu Iwooma mtt ; 

mil haa beoonte duit, and t)u! Mtnd fn^o Nandy tnobi 

blown about thron;^ not boin); held tocher by maiataM' 
and by voj^tTtitticm urhiili Miulil nu InnKi-r j^niw on it whi 
it beoamo drv. CSinlwiiiponirj- tniveUent. ajipiin, are lu-rtg. 
weary of pritiiunu: iIh- l-nlliaiuy tif tJii> ulimiilL- of Rtrypt, 
iinil, iniliid. of I^mitr F^tQ'pt. fnrlbM- than wlij.h'tbi 
iiiiijurily of tlit-iii Jo mil ja'nelruti?. But by Iht* ^itictrti 
l-lip p|iiriii)j' (if l''>rvi>t wan iioiinii!vTi«l to lie thi? rinel""? <>£ 
brilliant, and aa liico mm Uii' tldrtoeiitb otitlury an Arubias 
((Mignpher writM of it as da.rk and gloomy. Tho reaonn 
of thia ia easily intcUi^bie. Tlio whol« oonntry w; 
anutoritly irrigatnl by mmalu li-tulinK front tho Nile, wboaa 
waters wen •wuffht uiid ovapi.<rut^-i Iiiftt^ad of fluwlnjf in 
bidk tiRclowly to tho ModitcrTuntun ; anil, 
rt;marki'd, tha aiiniinl ornporatioo of an imniiii'M^ mam 
watvr muat have rondewd the air muoli miin- i-luudv tl 
it now in. The canals wen> nllowrd to become uooleiM 
the lutiT mixfort until of Tliryjii, and whatovvr winda bio 
frivm Kgypt arc now dry in-tbtad of heinff maiat. Tln^ aama 
LMinK* haa noon nlao ofwratiro tu tho valley of tlw TiuriaaiMi 
thi- KiipbniliHi, and rsmahu* of thnw raiiali> .-iro utill to 
acva ; but thi.-y bat c tulluii into ruEu. tho wati'rv of titc t 
fn'eat nwn run uselcfv^ly into the pprtian liiilf, )h<' 
<iiiuntry iadrinl up, and tliij winda whitili hluw fmiu il ari 
■WdiT. To (bin (.«uw uthcn iiuvu unWlity bwn added, 
but, Inldn^ it alone atid by ilM'lf, il tn prctly t-kar that it 
would bo ablo to pnidwrr nui"t irni*irt«nt n-xultd. Ni-i 
miirh in mpiiml bi turn tliu huiIu, in a tnijiicul ur 
Inipinal douulry, In fiit'txirof drynow* i and when 
amount of vctf.'talii^ bugriiu* to diRiln!:di tLtougb 
aridity, tb* diminution t^rul.'* to lie pn'jn*P.t.tive, 
]iliitili< Mid trit'M liring dnwu rain and Lultl the mo: 
tho pjirth, '[Tin fiiwrr of tlirnn tbimi ui», tho leaf 
fidU, and m<iTv of wliai di«a fall riiiiH lo wiwto; 
producefl a itlil funh<>r diiniiiutijn ut rt'7i''Tntir>n. 
la fnllowod by a fiirchiT diminuti'in in tbr i liiif^ill ; ui 
iH>D[i, till a lounlry wLii-h wus ooitt a juu^It- uuy bnou 
a «iituH««8 d«aort. 




lh«^ 




WATEB SUPPLY. 



80!] 





Fi«. rn. 



VULTiX. 



I 



w«ris. 

AftCT the foTp^oin^ It will bo •e«a thitt Iho rain, miw. 
Ml-., wlii'ili fiill iHi the Mirf«« of Ore c«rtli, will jioiitiMti> 
gniaiiii,aaiMl, gruvcl, aiul nthcn- pnroiui Biiliabitiri-H, until 

""^fc Bmim wiHiI -uWitriiw jm nuk, or wnif plutio 

ok,Vi or other impcrviwtut tniilrrinlif, aiid if oot 
hnpotindnl or eoutintxl. tho Huid irlll fjtiito In a Intrral 
dirnctiiiii until it flniU Nomi! ktiul iif {H-rviiian niiitcrial. <>r 
wxiii- i.'{H*riiii);, niK'ti nn a fimure ur civtt in a rrx-k, whr<n it 
traii-clh tliroiiirh the oarth, uften for eoom (rf niiKw, until 
it KniU a InwcT Irrrl, and will nn niprily well:) or tMHyiinc 
ibd iipi-irwiirv Hpriti^. For »n illitHlmtii'iTi i>( Ihiit. I will 
Tvtir \;n to t'ig. 771- A{ U, «, I), H, O, w tli" Linil 
wlicivupuu the rniu tulL^ Suu]m)iu- it to bu ordinary 
ntandow Uuid, with thp ordinnry \uimv> noil nud rock Im-Iow, 
M at A, Fmiu ■\ t'l oiijwwiitc O it i* of wjnvcx Kluipc. 
Tfi'fv a mrt^in 4in<iiuit m thi- niu waliT irill !■• lirlil, iiud 
if n tliaft, aa at U. i* tmok l>> this watt'r k-nl. w« at unw 

Ke anuM tli« iqirin^. iind tho dociKT you dig: into tliiM 
I) <if iiiuTM the mori' ooitioim will thi^ su|>pl}r be. Now 
FxaniiDu Ou! liiuSt ai H: thin Ik Miuk iiilo tliv j>ol>bli.-M, 
hiiving no rlty or ri>ck U^lwnwi it »nd Ihn top of tho 
ofaann K. Hen no water vmn be obtuitiod. tKoauM it all 
'JjbbBta. aitd dropH into iho chasm. B.r ditfgnng furtlior yiiu 
inuld, in the Miurw of time, tnoct with wliat !■ not at all 
ttnknown to tlw weUHOnbi-i^— " Ibv drop," Mimv4in)cn to 
Us oertaln destariHtioii, and other limr» to hiv great joy. 
Tfain waa tbo ckm with tho bociny rodH of "it. Muli>t, wlii-n 
boring for the pelebrated wall of (In^nnlk^ in tho Pajia 
InHiti, of which f ithnll hoieaflGr fcirc fiilkrr piirtjculiirx. 
Aft«v htiring for iivrr t.S(l2ft., at ImIUm- hnrinjf mdn and 
toolN mado a Auddcu drop of w-ritml yanic. Uft fnmi thu 
brittiim of the dwkft It to tlui liotloin of thi- choMii K. 
I'^tif. 771. But in tlm rjiw of lliiji irnll, nrarty nil m^iIirJ!'!* 
abovv vrvrv im;ii-r<rioii», atid thtT watiT nnf ini|«iai> i 
HiK-h n tnaoui-r, Ifaut on tinpinK il tltu w-tliir tr- 
ronnidcmhle h^ffht atw-v. ' , r ' 'V. 7 

may ho Mwca wnlw nba:, - b 

met with in )i>' ■'- ■■■■ vtM 

water drops OT 
the Dc«re«t ^i^ i 
int<) n (.'iiiMiJ. {"'rtiui i' ' 
rook, whirh altowo thn - 
into tlx? ■.■Jinain P 
Uimujjb the mi 
into it. wh( 
diirk •|N>L, ti 
whi'H.- tl)» ■! 



Artetian Wells (London). 

I will now give you noinia itlua at our London artoiiiiii 
wcUa 

For tfiin piirpoctc rrfer to Fig. 77'I. A rcpro«cntt< thi- 
■nirfiuH* «( lliif fiirlli. R tliii Iioiidon clay, tlio top ijf whirii 
is iioLiinlinff to ilii- dii^rlL-l, K in the pbtstio olar, F Ui« 
thrdk frgm whcnoe wo pjt our best water. It will h* Mmi 
tJiat thriw nCreta afof a Ciirvfil form, their Mida mmbifr 
up til till! ■iirfari'. Ihr jiliiJtic^ tlay ut E, and tlio chalk at 
St Al^l:lnH mid Kmx-kliolt. Tlio ruin water falln upon thf 
cnilsof tho ehalk at DutiittabtL-, Knockholt, fto., ice, and 
Ia co]]KittA 111 tho tioil (>f thfi i-hAlk at V, H. It caanot 
gti away by ivujon of tlw tntpcmtMiblo iilrata uf fire cbiy 
and iriiult rtiy, whii'h in thin i-am.' aimwrr Uip Minin purjHMU 
M tho rock iu Fi'if. 771. The rviii wat^ la at-tumulilMl in 
the joints and ctevi«?if of the eboJk, and will overflow nt 
K on Uk' linn H, T, wliioh ia one of tho kiuoki of Ihft 
(Tatifr Biip|ilit?d bj lh« New Riwr CMnpany, of wlwtb 1 
stull aguin rcf«r to ^l^tlu•^ on in my town water sv|q>lT 
Tho draper tho woU, of ouutvu (lis boltor tbo mpply. If 
you want a hett«r nuptily than your neighhoum, you may 
Dt tiiuM gvt it by HLuKing dLvper. 

For iniiCaniv, auppuw.' the bottom of tbo sunk wrll J. G 
to be lOft. below th<« water lin* S. T. here, if not other- 
wiMt interfered with, you will ^ret tOft. of walor. But 
MippuM tJte wull V to bo mink ^fHt. i1n<p, and tlm pimipn 
ktTit at work, which woidd keep the walfO" kiTol iu wwU V 
\ivhiw the >K>ttoni of the well J. then J will haw to bo 
mink lowiT, mon- cHpoi-ially in nnrna parta of the chalk, 
)>«v^'nii>«.' t1iti^ do uol fiupply oiifficttnit lor the two wellfi -, 
whtlitt in othi-r p-nrtu you stay rink tiro wella dose togelfan* 
and then ff-t a full nnpplydf waii^, or it may Ixt thnt 
out will giM a jjfiiod Btipiily vrliilst thii othi^ will l«i dry. 

1 ni»v Imro rMiiiirk iWt ih"? mcrp borinR of a hole into 

rbu (Mrtli H not at all tiim^ii imAlriont to rnouix^ a good 

Ii u-(iti-r "upply, for in mniiy nlni'i'* yim may bcire a 

:>ml hiivi' lo pnm throuKti luna, *h)ngli«, &e., 

' ^<H ivi|uit«> tti<m<.> kind of piix.-* to kc)'p tliv bnlo 

'lie KUid. JiV. Iu London vol] dix^iug work 

' the wpU mnki'r. Imt in many [virM of tbu 

I I plumber has the manayvniiul of »tu*h work. 

<sr wh^rn a,~>i gvt tfati wiiti^ fti^m und one way to 

ihc l»j«i'li of tlic •■■irib : uod n.i IIiib i" a work 

I phnll uvt K' I'ltp-" tod to go much lai'i wdl 

e, (i.,r<(..'. 1 -> 41 onlT^ircyiiuagntrral 

' iinena yen to g:l a wucfc 



WATKIt SCri'LY. 



Well Sinking. 

VTiSl tiaiaag it ibuplj ihe di^n^: and mil »t«inmg 
b tih<- lititB^ of ihc> PXravBtcd nrt with brickwart: or 
ooncnt. Jfcc. ^ut St tiiau i^jrliiMer* 'j{ mm sr« wh4', 
«)diA nkT be -flin. to anj thii-kiicM brickwork. 
^Sm R|:».'77*. 81^. SOS. A.-.] Kor iiwtnw*, n loKw* 
poand «1U n^nim i-vrrj fiRuuiliun to >tetn tho work 
«r Mf <tf ilw wf>D tn k HitMUiiiUl nunnfir. w)ul«t in 
«•(« ol hod pxcsvadag-. nclt u tiuvogb bard vlulk w 
nvk. tbr opom^Nt 'if kUinin^r I'tu li« diMWnucd with. 
Wella mre itwn era lljr of a (Tirv-uLir fonii, um u tkv tml 
ft]w|<t' tu {ir^rmt lli*> «d» (ftUinif in, uul uf » Miitubk tixo 
inr a man !•< work [n rvrali>rUtilr. Somt^liini^ ibo devper 
llw; are tw Iv Muik the huigcr ihry abould br in diuiic<«r at 
ihe top. «• in womte caan tie steiBitif will iminire lo be 
tufer at top oD amm^ uf ibv loownev af ibr ■urttcr Mil. 
[8m Flf. 774] Of ''<mn«. larfp.* wella th|UUv thkkor 
fiTilifliy ihsd unall uon. Fur iitsliina<. n Wi.-II itt. In 
4iraMt>r Qavmgh ■ otiS rln;- will nnW nxjiuiv a 4}iii. 
l^rfBillj. wlwrau MM duublr lbl> dimiieier will m(nim a 
ttn. rtRbfay. Samgtilffl it U iu\'rurBrv to w^rk thtg 
ht iA»u rt i «ilk oenrat. whil^ at othi-r ttauv [lu« ix not 
nqiiini^ the Indw fceui)( Mni|>]}.- )>U«)d ruDiid tli« well 
■• K kind of ]i*i^klB^ nolj. SiMiieliinie*, wbprc bind njirinir* 
■fcMmd. it will lie neowBMj to Ik wry utnful aUiiut tliv 
Mrhdug hi-tnir pwldIM behind In aria to keep utit tk« 
lM»d ur auHarv i*nt«r. vt ioafeead «S puddled ciUjr ccinmt 
or nificrrt* maLjr V- - - . V or rvrn mm cylindnv Tho 
Iti-'k* cnplnyodf' i tttlioald be beat ntwib, hard, 

wvU homt. nod vi . --Lufv ; Mulu paviiw* ia taany 

(■)*« alMMlkl b» Biwd. 

Tbc nU airlhod of ttflininp-, and fvmi tliAt which la now 
pnetlMd in amav pttTl«, to wr ^iinplo. It io dnnr bj 
■^lojriBK ■ «Twd curb or cjtIiimit. Fig. *'3. about lifl. 
Inag lijr In. diiunrti^, tnailt^ out of. nty. liti.floor b.tnrdf. llw 
•1«Tat Lctnir i>rc(cnl>1,r nniWd ckw ti.i)^'tbi.T. tiv , whitn 
tbc gmmd h bad or Iomp ; nt nthrr litw- it >« ihimIi' with 
the M»v« or Iword* kept ui iiicl) or bu )i]wn. Nuw,tb« 
«nb bcitig RiD0Ti4 from the bottom und iImi caih buing 



Hj±y 



WBLL snoMuto cvsa. 



loaded with brit'k* all miiml the inmiili-, n{>»on tike top, it, 
with thb euticr^lrudtit*' or HHtrbt. no thi- mrtli U dttg 
inatiaiA&r th« turli IiIok, niiiK* inwlually douii, and a» 
ibe work ji^M'i'nbi, i-Mtv (■'infr li>k«n nul t<i >li|^ tutirt- awnT 

^^onifinw Mtdr lltaii aiiiidiiT, ur llir wrUmill intt Ihi wiuk 
pliuab wuUs. Tbti) a^f' >nx tintll lh» <«ir)> will oiiik 
■ futher. owin)c to (!)■-' *nrth M<k<4lliiv. or pivwiiiir njiiiiiiNt 
ib» mdm of tbc ciirh, hi whi> h • aop a tn-w lurli oAmi tnuot 
h» anplnjiiil ciDalUir than tlw l)t*L (an' Fijr- •T'K tl, K 
being tbv top tiirli ur Mc4iL)itg iiIm«« tho uiMUtrr- Soiiiv 

^^nara^ w^Acw (^ ^rouod bokiw U lou*. ft 'o nv(.venrf tw 



haw an Mtm tMrlmrt* Mow. m nt E, F, F«r- 97B. Tbo | 
-leiuiiij:. whin the wt"Jil inirh i-not cwploywl. iftcuwilied by i 
uiKkintr th- lirii'kx |nnU dry and jMril.T willi ooment, tAo ■ 
lultt-riitintJ.v bi'iii>rftvmU(rwtofourcout>"of lirtekwork lit 
tveij Mt. or Hrft. Iciigtk. \>r, in oIIkt wofds at inlpriiila 
Ulwi*ii the i«irli.inti of dfT l>nrk work, which mwl b« 
ivku1«I>h] bj tlm iiatmv of the ^rroiiiid (»<^ Kig- "ilj. A 
U-luif the brickwork Ui i^mctn, ^nd B tli^ jmrtiou la ba^ 
ftllcd op bctwoon thi' rintn of oemoiil work, oa troial 
A to D. Tbe oarb Uiim built should be kept wvll biukl 
agaimt tbe earthwork, an the frii^'io actA ut a kind of 
nmport to tbv brick*, ai>d ao prvvem-. tbcm rJippin^ ; Ibo 
hlUcr bdnff ofta pm,'wnt«iby artifirin! ^nl■lUll^ iiiich im 
hr the nee of «i;d(K*, or by liic u**' of n Uitul at tho hmJc 
of tbo brii-kirork. Oi iv.iir^. muh Mi-iuiiiir wm tmlr Ihi 
done in finn trounJ. "uili a* iliy. A-'., winiljr tind Ii>i»* 
ground inii-t Ik- wurki-i with a itirb, &•■. ; or it can be 
Worked without & rurb by luiti^ ccmmt all up, vti.. ae tbi- 
lii«t ib-M-ribrd milbxil. ' &i>rottiiii*-> i-.isl iroa fUrt» an; 
eiiiplori'd wIkiv the Innd xprniir* niu*t he kept out. Or 
«bi*re thu gtuoDd a Iuuk ui-uth<riwt>v Ud. 



Stelntnj. 



,d 



rio.n<- 



. Tlw method of laying the bridki for woD Et^ining 
gntcraUT Inigtbwajrs, broalring the j«nte of cwh la; 
aH ill oniiiMiy brfckwnik, but tutoi-tinm the lirirk* arv ] 
titdwfcT". \ii.. »ho tmd of the_ briiV* jmiitiiii^ tuwai * 
nut I* of tlir well, but lhi« » nol «> uwd n plan 
(uniM-i. Siim>o.i«-, ill botli ra.ws, ibe bricki lo li« 
iT'iTi*'Dl. tliv )«irk* hitd karthwufF pTMt with iht-fa- 
tiitun Wfd;|[i-> iiJ M-iuenl. whilst tlunr laid mUwnys 
upini ibrir "id<^ npou tbo i«iiit:-!ii. 
ihitt ih«* t'riokf. mow vndwnyb 
the wi'lL 

fMafTt^ nhoultl hv worki^l ew-ry 
ru ni H^. 87^ and 6TS. ti; Gx tM 

tbr' pi|««. &V 



aii4_ Uw. c)>'<ri' 

o titri- 

ahoi 
*rpunii 



WATiift SUPPLY. 



a7l 



■ 
■ 



I 



History of Walt Boring, 

The Chin£«A hold tlie tild<<vt ncujd lA wcD boring. 
ThaitiiBiMl» of biirod vnrlh lii-L- U> tm fuuiid in the i>roviii«e of 
(»u-Ton|cKiito. Tbtw wdla an.< fn.>ni l.fiODft, to 2,00Dft. 
davp. aud iroja Wn- to Oin. boH'. Thi-v an- bcircd by firwt 
digging dnvn ii con\Tntt>iit dupUi, iiai aevtmuu Uii- miii 
wiiirr, lanil t>])riD^«, &«'., from getting inU> the ircU. Tlien 
tlivy ]irvc«fd mucli abuut the Mtmc n> thr' top oiiin nt Ibc 
leT«r JD ¥ig, j75> t>iic inctpwl nf a iltain mid iiiikotA': ^Li- 
CbincMUw ft nipewiOm ld»d of bt^xvydn^ tiiiuv«u weJKtit 
flx^.l tA the «Dd of it. Hnring MArtcd thu Wfigfaied drill 
arTAiigt>m«nt a ynrd or mo, tbe miui at tlx- i?«ii of the \tvtT 
bt'^ns lo lifi it up, whitlt, by thv ti^mun of tW n-pr, cauMa 
tW weiflrhl nni (frill to imrk round, then lie le^ it drop, 
iiudso, bf acoiitiniLal liftinfir&nd dropping tli« well iaborod, 
(NMiietiiue* tskinK tour lo mix rvim' cDiintaiit work to txna- 

plotV. TllO WOlKill >* "IXlUt -t L'Ulli. 

Tbe ground for foaudatioaa of buildinfnt. tic., U often 
bored, ha vrfut that of Ht. PauVf. Lnnil<>D : in fart, Ihh is 
lb(- firxt nipntiiiii of t-artli buriug in En^ltind. AVclla an 
kIsu burcd fvr mineral oib. 

Oa» Wslli. 

Till" nppcan- jlrunjtc to K"m'?p'>«iiili> : Imt thc'T*" arts nuinf 
(mi-h vriU iicnr Pittrbur^h. Tflo Buro" miB wfll. thirtf- 
firc inilea from Pittsburgh, und« out ].Oltr.U"U cubic feet 
of gHs per hour, weigluntr 6H| toua. TbU tfns ountuiiu 
*0 per i.viit, wf curbyii uinl 20 piT wnl. of h j<Jn)x*-ii. ami it 
1ia« thr Pitornioua pressure of SOOlU. y.-t iqiiatv iiii-li. 
Tliis -.upply is thiTcfoTP I.IOS tf>n*i per aii,r. or l.lJt lono 
of rnrbon iUid IJS'i Uma of lijilnifn-n, MlUiil lo l.ittO tOUB of 
aiitlirinitr eoal, or stifilcieiit to ^laelt ore nioujrh lo makv 
TOU tocecf pig ii\jii. 

Deepest Sort Hole in the World. 

P<tt1ia['* tilt iicfpc«t boTfl hole known is at SpcrHibirrir, 
abuul tweiity.four milea nuulii of Birlin. In ISflTaliorv 
bote, I9in. or w in iliitnetc-r, wim liKgun in tb« fn-pciim 
rwk, anil sunk 2T;ffi . wbm Hiitrydtii^ of lUue wa.i found, 
but on bftrin;; annihcr 3lt. or •^i ro^t pnit was trn*!. which, 
oil l)orinK to a <!o[ith i-f 'J^lft, fn.ni thi- •.urfiife. w.oi 
fotinil I'l hf quti« put*'. Thi" hurt liule waxconliiiui-d till 
tbu ond of 1nS9, wlieri it Touehcd DMft . with a diameter of 

l'J}iii..aDd ihr«i' H'tA of iron lube*- bad been inanttd. 
BiniuK n^^iii (omnimrrnl in IHAV, b; At^am j>t>wn, and at 
ihn md (ij lb« yt-ar tin? well rmilied :t dt-plb of 'J,-^'.;7ft.,&nd 
tbe boriwr ifviitg continowl to the otid of IS7(*. ibp well 
3.«79ft^ d>cp,And at tbc uuldk' of tic year IS71 It wax 

i|170 f'^t deep. The strata of loik aalt here is 3,76!l(t, 

The Serpentine Well, Kensington Gardens- 
It uuy be uf iat«net to eoBUi of my London nvdon t« 
know ibut tbe ^londtd Serpentine Uke (wotaine oo« of tb« 
pUTMt auppUcA of wnt«r m the world. It u flnt sunk 
303ft. d«ep, and with tlio following tbickuesae* of brick- 
woril — 

Mft. 



UIB. 

Sin. 



Total 



ftTft. 

MU 
lOft. 

Mt. 

»lft. 

2l>aft. 



The ramviindrr of th* well is liiwd with iron cylltidera, 
biivinif o <lii»uK-tt-r of ifl, 6iD. Tlu%o cylindrrs come to 
within 17sft. of the anrfaee. The water liaea to within 
loAft. of tlwiimrfttce. 

TheM ato tbesubetutns met witli — 
lr>>ni I*LUTIC ClAT. 

SutfRCC. 



l-.'2ft. MimI» ^rround and LondimClKT 

t-'7ft. SbeUaandSBBd 

I37fu Mottled CUy 



Thli^hnaM. 

... 1 22ft. 
... Aft. 
... lOfl. 



^, 



i=» 



Utft. Sand and Tebbl.^ 4ft, 

HMt. UTottleiK'lAr.Grvoii Sand, and Pcbbleft Iff. 

I4t>ft. Grwrncolourul SandandPtobMM ... *tt. 

lAL'fL fire^ii roloured Sand ... -ii, ... 3ft. 

IMfl. Grey Siiud „. ... Jift. 



11. 



l9Mlt. Layer of Flint* 
29eUt. Chalk 



... Jft. 
... llWft. 



Totol ... ZOdjft. 



Thin veil U nid to bo 33lft. deep, but how they make it 
I know not. 



Well fiorlng and Artesian Well Tut>os. 

3lany n-ueins of baring have hcr.i> tnwntfd, and many 
nn pnicliiuxl to thia day, andalthouich the principle* urB 
exlmnuly mnipV^ yet uiv work re<|uirei> nkill ainl curv. 
After sinkinif the veil tu tin depth to which rou think 
your Kilter will rU*. yoii can ciiinmcni^o l>-jriiig\v any of 
Ihi- followin^ii lotum.' Boring with a ropu ia nill<Ml tbo 
C'liinuse nriierri. Hwrt the bntf'r i» »aspendcd by a tvnv, 
which, wbeu tho toul is worked vertically up and down, 
inmartAby ii^ torsion a L-Jrciilar motion to thn tool, Pitch 
tool bei lift fntTr-tiniinl by nn in^in tube. Ih« collected c-arlh 
in the circul.ir Kpmv br-iii|f brotiffht to ihi> Aorfsoc in viirioua 
w:iT^. I ihiidi rery litilf of tlie aWvi- niclbod. 

The cidiiiury pliin of boring is shown at Fljr, 77fi, vijt., 
with an auger a.i fcliown at .\, Vig. 777. wJiicb diffora 
iiiY^iMtiiig to iW ti»tmfi uf Ibt- gpjiuid. Thusc augvrs are 
geiu-rally workoil a-ith r-ibi of lUffcrcnt leuj^lhit from 8ft, to 
12ft~, u c-irtutur motion bcuig girvn with a lorar by one or 
two men walking round in a cirrlc aa Uluatratcd at A, 
Fig. 77''>. the boring tools txdng ]«ni«Uy auapendod by a 
lever, vt otherwtar, u> ahowu ut L, E. F. 



Men Tubes. 

Aj> aoon aa tbo bole ia bor^i lo n r«aaon«blc depth, or 
ibrougb the oImt. > tube of iron or of copper. per/tfitUtd at 
tb» botiant. if tbe apring is in the >and, Ih let down into the 
bore hole l>i hiK^p ont the adM, or to {irfvenl. tbe und, &r., 
fruju gilting into the bor« hol», thireby preveutiiig tbe 
Virc hole becoiuiiit; t^hukvd up. A-« shown at Tube, 
Fig- ?7ft, tboae pipes are betiL eovwed t'other, and 
mini be einiDiilh nn tbrir outer wdo »i> ns lo ullow thrm to 
]uiMi throu;(L the Ujn-- Iiolu witboat i>bKtni(.'tiDn, and sa 
abown at Srivw, Fig. 77^. 8onietimei» twu ]oi« of lubea 
aio wml. vuv lo bring up tlie sand mpriuK water, and tbe 
other fontinuid iiiio tli<-' ibnlk for itic chau springs water. 
See the l>onblo Tube Well, Fi«. 770. 

Uf Gouiao.tlio latter lupci^oin.Mnalk'r boro, aiiduoiilinutd 
U-yond till; Mind «iJriuK Icvil. Sitcb a woH it in action at 
8l. Omgu, iu Fruncf'. &.« Fi^. 77fi. 




■^'■-^ niOl fTriii;? an 

a luid xi^riiin to 
bo on STdnuiun 
Ilill. KM> ing. 773. 
Bum u liole into 
the bottom of ibc 
well to the chalk. 
iLiw! jriiii will Winn 
find a dry Iniid 
Btiriii^ -Weil. Sto 
Brim. WvU. 



Well Boring Tools. 
Tho veil boring tuuti* fftiifrully ia qm nro dinwn at 
Fig. 777. Augi-rt ■!« nw<d for day nr nthrt Uhk* nuilft, 
irhilat t^liUelx uiKi hucIi likv nrv luwd-for tlie morf (li>ii>aa 
nuitvriiil, nnd l\tv ]'xmk partiok'tt rUip|mt fruiD Hiv nnk, &l-., 
&» iiickiHl ut) und niiHti] bi thr Mirffu-if vnth aii uugiv, 
huviii); a kind of viiliv in iu Liwit [Mrt, lifati tlml Hhovrn nt 
B, FifC, 777, arifl kisiiwii UH :t iiiiiu.*r. 

Sh»idd lliti n>iU VV, V, FiK- 7T7. uf tliv U>rinK loola gei 

tirokoo in tho bore Lok*. tlioy can t«> rccuvtrtd with euuh 

toola w am Kbnvm At F, 6^ J, ft«.. I'l^. 777. Thu tubcA 

■n auidetuiMui towered wttb a tool ntcdi an in kbowii a1 H, 

yifl. 777. Of uourae, U)»re are many other tuob ninilt; for 

»j'*'*Timt purpomM, ptifitMt for cutting the Ijoiti kole round tW 

^«j!«(,A« ow^, anrf ^ briiii^itir up the gtrtjut, kr.. in Oio 

«".P*'ai'»««»j5i)fflJrt:ft></'.£afe-; «.icJ» « tool may bosoon 



Fj«, j7S. 

nt I, I-'ip. 777, and I miiv add Uut different wHI b«ir«i» 
li«To diHiivnt I'm!" lu^rnri^tritr in riiii<*j", bnt the t'l-lc beni 
idiawD»<rrp tl) ((ivo llx' miiL-r a f^ncvsl iiiAi^ht into thr 
work. I t>linU conclude tlti> nmnint of well iMtriiiir by 
fflving my rwuWn an wwiuut uf n frw wclU wiiinh 1 hnva 
owu «>niu^>tfd witJi, viz,, t.wi> vi'll* whicb siiiiply thai 
fiiiuitiuii* at Tniin!g:ir 8i|uiiii-. Chrtfing Crosc. I/niidon, Midi 
BO awuDut of tho artosiLti wi'lt M Cin-ni lie, l'nrv«. 

'iTin artmiui 
wll» at Trafal- 
^'df .Sfjuare are 
L'notM.'iL'tMl l^ a 
bft. diiunutor 
Jrillway. Tho 
ijnti in front of 
t hi- K n t inn al 
Giillvrv in Munk 
!ib«\rt 1 80ft. 
dis'j>. und in 4 w 
Eiiti. in diomctu'; 
III'- other ia ia 
<)r:u)f{i' Street, 

ii|>>Olll UlL- UtUWl 

depth, bat «ft. 
In dJami'titr, and 
with Die drtft- 
wny wi 1 1 nt timoa 
otiUiiii 123,000 

»"!■.. in. «■•'«- At 

(lottinn of thcM.- KfWa tho lioriii^ eonMnoioed, and the on« 
the front of tho National GallCTj ia 395ft deep to 
nurfiuv.-, wtdlst the ono fit Onup Stmt is only about aootu 
to tlie Hurfaov. 

Th«f">llowin|?l«fi noption fit Uii* two wnIU:— 
OiUxoK Stbest Wkll. 
Dm iy. 

Made KTouiiil lo 

Gnivi-1 .. ... 6 

Ijoam and GraTel 10 

liondiinClfty ^ 

Thin layer of ShoUa 

I1a«tio tJiay 3« 

OrawL and Stone* 

Qraen Sand 

BovedGhulk 





WATEB SUPPLY. 



8Ta 



WkIJ. IM F«0!<T 09 THE NAtUMtAI. GxLtJUir. 

HmIc UrMind 

Orari-I 6 

iShiftuiK Ssud 7 

Grmvrl ... a 

I/wl.m fliiy U2 

11<iii Irfivcr Iff SlutlLa ... ... ... — 

J'lii»li.> TUt 30 

Onrii S,ii,<l. Flob)ilc». te. U 

On>«i Siind 42 

B(imlt3ulk NT 

Total 3M 



Artridiiii «'i-tl ftt GrcneUt', Pn-rirt. Tbiit ^■cll wim hnrnl 
lor the piirpiwe of siipplri'ig' th*' iihnttnir (ntnu^hU-r hmiaeit] 
,1^ H. MuIdU A(Ut i.iRlit jiMH"' lubour. with nmuy 
' " nto, na the 'JSih tVliniftnr. ISIl. M. Mulut nucticd 
■d^]rt}i<^ l,8U'.'ft.,nnd wa» crowiiod with ttir niii>Y-t><i of liia 
[ftvAl iiii<l(<irtHkin;t, who fur jmimbud l»i':i MiiTrvil nl by thf 
iiicrvOuluiiii. T)i« iiunionfiiH diffiuiiltica AltvtidiuK ihin wiirlt 
wwiv u( th« moBt trying i-liaraclc-r, iiri<qng from iho bn.'ali- 
in^of thorMlftandKncih likp. Kftr«y, uf^,^T tHirine l.aoOft,, 
VTUft. of tJiu fikIh fiillitiff III iJii.' iHitliitii, lirt'iikiiif{ tii(i> 
KV»nil i>ipL»-ii, Mnd ihon buvin^ t"» (hi H*h'>il up n^'aiii with 
m wiow Un> ; Uck vat fifl^n tiwjnth"' tr^uMit mid labuur. 
AiUT ihix. in tiui ronr IHIU. a rhit«l fell ^) tho butUnn and 
biiri«d ilorlf ill iht) mliii i-hxlk. In thin ohm it was 
nmiuuu'y t<> rltuir nil n>und tliii> timl ami tci gr»[}])l)> it up ttm 
bef'Tv. A^Ut lliUa nWIl f<--ll lo th>> ImttDin, vlik'h liau U> 
bo pu)vh«d OH ODO Ndo in oflcr (u cy>i]tiuuo th(> IwHiitf. 
'lliinilrinn. nod aftrriLnoibm' threi^ months' work, h« hud out 
tliruuj{li Iha fuUiiwtnf; ■ulatutuiva : — 



Drift Gnro] 

Hotid, n«y. TjifirnltiM, and rt'pUi-ing Ihi; 

CitlciLire OruHHier ... 
PragmpnU oi Chalk in n nivuivs uf Clay 

CliaSk 

Chalk MrH 

U&ull. Cloy, and OreenSiuid 



Ft. 
33 

lOfl 
l«i 
l.STK 
SB) 
I8« 



Total 1.802 

And hen At th«> dr-pth of 1,802ft. n runh nl waUr «-ai> 
Scard, iiiul in next to d» limu it wan ht«ii to fluw nt the 
HnnminiiH nibiof MOO. Q(>" gallon*^ jxt day. nnd tonlieight 
of 12'2ft. alxivL- tbo h'*il »f tlui fortli at a uonoliuit 
tdnprratiirn of SIHI' Fnh. Tlic cont of thiH wfrll wiu* 
400,000 fmiii-B. nr £16.000, 

1 ttiiuk tli« IfirKVst, thiitijjh nui tin* dtH'pcHt. nrlndnn well 
i« at POmy, iti I'liri*. T!ii* wiOl in mink fhimnrli the diolk 
tiiUi thn tn^v'n wind, flni«hiii]c witli id. in th>' hiirp. and i* 
1,913ft. diL-i) : !i wiu Mil rran and nini' racinlhn alMiiit, nnd 
FMld* a.TOVnnfl ^fultonsp^r >l«y, the i^wl of wliit'li wiw 
(O.OOO. It vrnH liu<.^ with eoUd mosoury to i4 depth «( 
ft., then iiMt) tiihinif wojt fl><<d l.NOtft. frr>m thv 
i&ao, and IkIuw thin waa fixed a lenffUi of nrpp-r tuljc, 
t, pi«iv«d with hotpN, 



Brlinfl Wall at, Kisslngen. 

IVrlmiw ih.' dwp«t wcU l».ii>il b tfaat at KiMiiiigm, Ilk 

Bavaria, Ovnininy. Tlii» U a hrino wrll, htumn in the wnr 

mm. and In lTs<><' wat«r WM roocbad at a di-iitb of i,s;'<4ft.; 

•^ this il« di^ptli waa incnoaed to tho Ktk iMlt ot u 

iif l-.tiuoft. Th« WHtn- immea al tho nilv of lUO i^ihin 

miimtr. The ejcvtiu^ Con» la »uppci«ed to uuuo 



fton > aubtaTaiieoaa a U n »i ] i ha m of earitouir add ipui, 
|«puwlng wMi a fone equal to liitty onnoepbcm. The 
coiwirurtinn nf thii tube wril in nut like thorn bi<f(i«T> 
explabuv], iiiaaranch tu thi^n) ikIk^ ore L-onreuthc, vntur 
ruling btlwtvfi nil outi.T uitd niiddk- Inhir (xiniilm' I 'i that 
idiovni at i'iff. T""!- Iln' wiititr i«ii>»i^ ditwn ln-tunii tbm 
niidiUi- and uut«.T lulvn uud itiui tin* ru-'k Holt, wbttv )l 
bccoRii:'^ »tnnitod, and then it in tiumA up tlio middle tube 
til tho ti>p of th't well iU> lirinr'. 

1 tnay ii<Id Uiat •■»iii.-ltnii'f> tliu la>n- linin Is'tyniiMi Miailtnl 
with «iuul, kf. A* iirlv .1* tliM year l"fU nev have m'l.inlx 
vt ttimn mul bliH'kintr tnmblrn in w-ll buring. A Ur. 
Valliamr, of Nurbiidfl. Tnif nhnni, txitr lyimliin, niink » 
w*ll iSf'it. di"«-i> ; f«arintf t" »itik ftiilln-r, he <.iiiiini<.4ii:«<l 
[i (kniMo tliiokni.'w of Ktoinliig. ivorhiri^ Oft. frvni t)H> 
bot1<iin upwurdn, and h'lnui to Nim irilh a n'ln. niiffi^r. an<l 
n i.-oppcr pipe wns drivt'u duwn the bora Imtc tu a di-pth of 
!J4ft.. at wnich driilh thn bomr piiTTvl iliniit^h ili4- nick 
iuiu till.- vnttT •••tb a »nAim rfr-y. [S>-r Ktjr. 'Tl.alll.] 
Hnv u mixture of irtuid and wati^ i&.-tAiitlr riL'hod up tlw- 
ro|>TK>r tnl>c, iind in .kvMi minute* tbfit; troji l^Ilfl, of wiitcT 
in llu- wdl, iitid in one limir nnd twnity miiiutea the water 
jyttf to within 17ft, "f Iht- ("urfaw.-. 

Tlio WW diiy «-at);r won dnwu out to nbuul Mt., but 
in ti Hh'irt tlttii; It ayain mm t<> within 17ft- of thr mirfooi-. 
A M'Und lino woa ihin k-t down in milL-r lu try \\a dtjith. 
whon it wmt dinriivrrml th;iL th(< wvll »'!i« iml. wi dr<ip by 
iVfift. Thi- (suiiw vfOA um-rtaincd, sml wind wii" tin- o-iiult. 
After a few dnyit the vnb.r wa<i n^^nin loivfiril lOft., but it 
did not rtw A^in by at U-ii»t oiu- fi»t n* iH-furi'. 'I'hin wait 
iiK»iu nnd uk")" n-jirutrd. mid m<~)i time tbi' wat«T did iH>t 
tiw ao high by iibaiit onvfuot. At lowt ih«iuiiid whs T^nnbed. 
and m mntinuins ti< Wilout th<:* wntcT th'.- rnnd KhKWfd 
tt«olf quite dry imd liitrd. Thir< tuid ««as thftti utfabi Anix 
nut lo ubuut ijiJft. At IhiH ixiliit IIk' wiitt't ini-tanlJy iijfuin 
ruiitip«l nil thii citpiwr tnlx- witK j,-ir«t fume, nnd almnoi. 
nutTm-'atM tlu? man who hod been <-n;,'u;;i-d in tin' digtcinir. 
■nd in n Khart time the wntOT tmc again to williin tTfl. of 
tho l>ll^fa'M^, hut on letting di'ivn tho Miiinding lino Ihr wrti 
wim .!■ tn-fitrc fill-ud with »and to almut Ihu H«niu lunJ. Thi:' 
nuxt ihini; wan vo vet to with ii^in bucket* nod dmw up 
thf *<aiid bpforo it could get hnrd. and by kcciiinj; otmnifintly 
■it lliin Ihf watAr rAv in tliA well, and at loot lh« dlffif.iilty 
waa uwniiEiMf, and a raiif-tanl ovuTHoviu^ took plavi;, 
xhowinK that wlum tlia t-and vroa tboro it kvpt tbo 
wal«e iwwD. 

Cor or Djaacro a.<ci) Boiu.vo Wrllb. 

Kat«« ado*pt«d for unking a woU in Oakdonion Rood, 

Lundon. 

Sinking a 6ft. Shaft, tbo fint 3flfc. 

Do. do. mvmd aoft. 

Do. do. thinl 30ft. 

Do. do. fourth SWt. 

Do. do. fifth :t»ft. 

Do. do. «ixtL 30ft 

Boring |ier foui a lOlin. bole... 

]>o. du. T^in. in cliiUk 

For PftrffiniteiiCopprr Pipo" fiiod pcrfontO 10 

Of ootirap, tbo my \M\T\ <i( tho aluvti clinfl w.is Huuk 
much wider tlion tift., viz.. to 9ft. lifn. dtARi<-t«r, to olbiw 
for the Qin. brickvork and l-'iu. of pnddb'. tbiK wa.-> ivrrird 
down ti> a dt^tb of lltfl. , nnd nfti<r thin tb>> I'xrjiTiitiini wnn 
inly Tft. Oin. in ilijtiiii-lDr uml ,>ft. d>H-)>, lun) ihi- lui^'k 
Kh'inintr uuly of half ii bmk in tliii'kn*.-Hfi. co^.niilvlnl with 
cement. Thi-w xiinlhir t^ft. nrjtvation^ worit madu in 
miOMiMion, iind th'' tH»i':k rt^ininv only iu each rnw nam> 
pbitcd, until thn Ijundoii blun rtiiy wax roaubed at a depth 
of soft. The inner lOeioinK w«« tln-n carrii-d up in r'^rtluud 
commit and widl tfruut«d to tl>o buck »tduiiiK. QC <nnxw-. 



£G7 10 


D 


57 





6R 10 





60 10 





01 10 





67 ID 





1 2 





I " 





•ntO 10 


£ 



&74 



WATER SUPPLY. 



tli« iniiET stoiiiinii wm brvufrfat up Uf ihv boo of tlio 
finl pi»niiin of ibe pmJwrtiiiK Oiii. linokwnrk, im an to 
uiulerpiu tliL' f)r»t iHirtioii of this Din. Inirkworb wtiicli luul 
at Krnt Uttn iiinipIcUxl ; Uiiw t}it< liinil xjiriiiga won 
vtfn.'tuBUr tihiit mil. Aflt-T (Iiih, lliu work wvul. 'ni w |icr 

ETtce ana spcciBottion, to a it^pHi uf lAOft, Hsiv Hune 
»M niEMt (Inrk mnd irait mot. whtili wnuM tint atford 
B miffirimt fiiiiiidiitiiKi for tbi' briL'kwurk. Tbv vriitcT 
cvuld U'Jl bo inani>ed out or the wmd would "P** uj). 
■ixL Wra rust iron oylindm? wtrr ummI. dft. in auuoctcr 
anrt I ill. Uiiok for the iteluiti);. Tlir K|ieeiH«lioti for rap- 
[ilytiig the cjliiiders Ui lieu uf brick rAeinia^ woa tlien 

ETnTidwl for iirid "liw to suiqivnil the pramt bnrk Rt<'iniiig 
r imii nid* frum tliu Ixiitum, up Ihe ahaft, U> truM bMiiiii) 
at tlic top of vgU. and to vxcuvutp ttnd 6x tho ca.^1 iron 
i^urb viih iitlftruil fUngox. aaA to projirrl; p»c\t and bolt 
the tunc tngnthitr willi itud <«mciit, and ^J oirrjr thrai 
down Ihrmigfa the upper Mikd nod drivu ih'> Iowit «od 
firaly iuio the clftT. und fj coiicn.*lc bcliiud tht uppor 
rjlinder n-llh gnitfi and icmitit, (k> u to i^nm a foolmK 
for llie lower Meinin^r mul fur NMppiofr «it ih* water, and 
U> provido aJl rpnuirvJ mnl^rinls nl t7 2». M. pW liniwHl 
fivjt, I hnre Mid iLat tbt- xtciniuir Lad tu be i»u{i)iurl<.-d 
fr»ni fAUintr into ih<i sand l«!ow. Thin wha dcitit' \iy H^ing 
i>!i|>i<onA of dm under llic brickwork, and Mipiiirtiii^ it 
wiiii fuur IJiii. rodii to two rfnuuK U--am« lunju llii- mi-iiLh 
of ih«w«U (kooK'tlmas th^K iron vuclw are put toother 
in chcMi [HiyT*, vix., ia vcctiuni', in oitJvr tv vrt them down 
IlitwclH. To kif)i the (Tlindfrn pliuni) fu^ir Tin, by'J^iti. 
lultetu wirn used. SOfl. Ii.mg. tlinie wen.- Rx«il to tli>< lower 
part of tfa« atciniiiff. which, whfn RsihI, tormvd a fmnv for 
iht fijrlinden to idiatt tlttuujrli. The first i.')-liiidc'r wm u<jw 
lowered to the hMUm, and th«o propcrlj- put to^'ihtT, and 
iIm^i sni'Diir was added on tho tnp of tlie niu- ju.-'t Itiwetvd, 
aw) Our juiiit* on tlic flaiijrea made f(<iaA. uud the othi-n 
w«r« added, which made up JOft. of rntn iron c'ar)>iii^ bi>forv 
tlie frxcaralion wa« procc^cd with. In ihis way tlu.- tnw 
dircdlftn of Mi* rrlinden vaa RiAininiiii;<l. and the miUM 
dcM-'end^d into it« plaoe aa thi> vi-'uvnling <>g. rnlher, borinir 
wa* lurried ita. ThU borinff w;i> ii<iii<- witli n Ift. lOiti. 
uuir<>rt whi^'li was madv lu work ju->t wiiliiu the cylinder*. 
Here ea-'h time tbc augt'r v»k wtihdnwn thf lylinder* 
wnuE'l H-tl.Li- <li>wti rni iin nvcrtkfr<> iif about ?iii. nl Ou-b 
drawtufr-uj) uf tlie au|.-vr. The ntrHlum uf itaiid wa> abuiit 
3>lft dt<ep, whicb, bad it Ixyn a qiiickn-iud atratitni, the 
diRicully would not Uiiv biiii jfrmtiT. Viii'u tli<! Klratoiu 
of naiul was cm through hanl mottled diy waa itift wiib. 
where Ibe i.-}lii>ders wcn- with a heavy dolly limdy beddcii, 
wliiob pn.'vcut«d th« Miid water fvrcinET lU war into tbo 
w^. now the water, whieh had abood abow tnc top of 
the aatfl. wai punipt^ »ul. and the well remained dry, 
wli«D boring rimmenr^iil wilh a 10{)n. nugrr (iiuili-ad of 
tlK- I'.'iti.. which wu* t<ri|ni>aUy mei;tioued iii the pi<ecin- 
catioD) and carried forward to th« chalk. Aftvr una an 
Sin. pipe wax tixM, and left standing Cft. np into tho well. 
Tliiit well yii-'ldcd about SOO KnUona per bonir, and tiic 
fyUturiag i» a. sectioD of th« well: — 



8kT10!(. Pf. 

Y«1)'!W clay ami ([ntvd ... 30 

BluerUy ' .- lOO 

Mottled clay 19 

Dark loamr Mnd and wiLfer 18 

Hard moltled cluy and aaiid without Wftter 17 

Dark naiiid with little watgr ,„ ... S4 

liaid flint 1 

Chalk at 



Ft. 

DtMtaoeeof bottom of ^m^'k nhaft In tnirfacc ... 163 

Iliotanoo fnrni tiiji of iron •■yliiider to fiiirf«oe 139 

Distniiw; ftMUi huttwm of iiim rylhvdrr lii siurfueo 170 

DiAtitni'o fiUBi bottom of ir"a i^jKiif; <« nurfiioo... 230 

t>iHtaiM« from top of cnmn-r pipuijr to fturfaea ... 220 

ItUtnme from iHiltoui oi Kipjier piping to surface 'J-)9 

When boring tliniuRb ehalk will the nua^r. th* ntdw of 
the ekalk nt^'etwarily lieiTiuiti hanlrncd, and >f it i-i puwiible 
to pump cmt ihu water »> fanl a» it enn nin into the w-rll, 
it iri" y ■■- •' ■ *> Tuflml effect of ftvcing the »id« of Ojw 
bu: If writer will be likely to percolate 

tbiv "1 the bore hole. 



WIndla&MS and Buckets. 

Thnn*andji iif ynint ago the RtiTii>iiiM oM^d Ihe windlaiw 
for nU«liiif bui'kets of waUT Ivjth wells. The lainpl* 
windlanA i^ fluswn at fig. 815, and in thi' pnwenl anrc ta 
loo well kiv^wn to n-fjiiire cxpliuiation. I Miall thcrcfora 
pruceed to Fl^. "!'&, which ia an eit^rariug of Wamtr't 



Total depth 370 



improved well wiiidlaas. with well corcr complete. TLia 
modification of the wimlliiM hr ougwbccb i9 for the simple 
purpUM! of gaintng |uiwvr, wtiieli were alvi wi-tl known 
to iliv OR'eka and KonLanri, atid ereii ihe I'ainpeiani 
uuiployi.-d iLuigwlMHibf and p'nionn. This p4ylff of rai^ig 
vaUT from deep wHLt Ih no duubt an Kimph' a method M 
can be drrvi^ed, and a luttliod whieh will nr> doubt be 
eonlinuiH] until donniHlay. No iloiiltt tb'> abf.ive machine 
la at p«rfeut a wiiiilhiM lut ovvf eaii Iw dtaignvd. itji 
tnaduukical parts being lliat of pBtfeutiua. 



I 




PUMPS. 



87S 



Hot Springs- 

The temptrnturf nf wjit.« fmiu wulU mttiik to innrctTC' 
mt Ibv MM of nbuut luT for tivvty lOOtt. b^w Umi Ibul of 
thfi ccMutani Kinperaturc. 

Ilut nja-'ijif* mxv lo be fnund in mitnr purl* nf Ihc glolw, 
«iii|>«nally in volcmiic] cuunlHtv. lUfl u fi-w i-xUt wiLli •■((itnl 
Tiguur where Ifao ground in nut Mibjti'ie'l to iiiierRAl 
commotioD, mad wliiob nuj Iw-. lUKnimted (or th^'Ugb nhmo 
lontl diiilnoktiMi of atnta, &«. Tbe deupedt njinn^ lukv« 



die sreatttit iiniuuiit r<f Itmt, tuid will nftrn ipiHli out 
babUing nnd txrilin^' toTTYiitr^ full of niioorkl mhI gMemiA 
iugrrdiiuitn. mirh lu xiilLa. irnu, biliinii'ii, &«.-. 

Tilt' sprint; whloli mipiiUcn tlic Kiti[f'« Batb, nt Batli, 
hftK o toiDprmhin' (if 11.' F^., whUflt tfaofleot Orenae, lu 
Ltii!li™i| imvri » tt;mperftture of ISO'. 

Wo Kin now pracwd to that whicli iti mot« Intensling 
to ih» plumbvr, «ii., bin pump irork for Water Work. 



PUMPS. 



I 



The pomp i» r. hydranlic mnpliinr iitr ntiajn^ v»tfr hjr 
nauMof Mtmimpbcrir prFKiui^. or lijr oUtrmUv liUiiif,' or 
fonini? ii Willi » bupkpc, pui-ttin. or iMinivnlnnt tneniin, 
Thfisp mnchJiK-E an? very wotKitrfiil It.' pfjpl" wlw hIwitxo 
their KotinD fi>r the fir>t tiin«, nnd nianr u maa Iiax lo»i his 
bead over tbMG simple inachiuM. Nrtiriv .lU tJiiiik thi^y c«n 
on •omothinff now out iif th^ni, but no uju>, it'itiiioir fn'xb 
(■ to be found — ttliK-k nnd |n>run, t^m: fan, iMickri, rnm. 
BL-nw, air or ncsra Li all itav go imu will be. Ii it \-4>ry 
imc«rtain by wtiom or irbcn ir wiw mvtnt«i. !^oini- iu«^lw 
it t() Ctcjiibinii, fif Alrxutidria, 2'11 R.G. wbilnt others ancril* 
it to DniMBK. W« hart>, howov«r. vtirr gnod nuMuoo for 
btrUaviug tliHt till- pump w-n» Viiowii Ut tW nacivnt 
E^Tplbin.^ Amim^ M>m<- r,( thi- Tn<Kl>-m inttreuitln^ die- 
fiomuo iu tilt- Ktr>'[>liu]i iii'jiiuint-ut.- -nere boUom, irbirh 
miMt h«*e bp^n wnrkm] irilh '-Isi k>. miilplum] in tlii- ti>iub 
of 'Xliebo*, niid wVi'ili b(-ar tliu ii'iitu' •>( Tbothmen III. . a 
Pfaatunh, ^ad i-tirilMni'-rar^* with Mom.'*. Then H^r'id'jtut 
(IrfiiirMifn Snii l>liii'>t>. \''rl. I., pntp- :il, Clm I. figj writi-;* 
alujut ibi- B'tnTiinliiv! I.iiji;iv whuw- tvii[|ilvr ftan iirrjciiiiil at 
tW Hm-knmitii'- fnn/T', "'S-rinK tli> •iiiilh'ii tn-n hcUf**", 
be iiifcrrcil thcv wtiv tli« two wind.-." 

The two h<-lli)W» w«n' fiir th-' ptiT]»o* r.f iriving a f-on- 
tinii'>u* bttiNt. as our iloubic tM.-liiiv pun)|M. For mir piirl. 
I N-lic'Vi' that pnmpit tucd for watvr hare been kuowti iit 
Wat 3.000 Jl.■ur^, 



Trea Pumpt. 

Thf< old nvtlii^l u( nLiLin^ aiiH l-nriiiur ihv andi-nt tn-c 

Einipx, wliioli to ihiia (liii i> iiiuoh pr.n liiHil in the W^-nt ■■( 
n|,'iiind, Ice, xanj laUirvi nianr of lov render)!. Fur thii 




Ki?r to the pttuailiulator or frainc, ^'lJc. 77 V. It ia fruta 

tho pmntioal work of 0. Grejrorj-, D.D . 1807, and ia n 

^'—ne c t dravfiii^,' .tT » (nine mudi tiaed b^ my late rndi- 

■■ w41 "inki-r, Ik'-., of St. John't". WorewMw. and 

, » ■dt-o and other pmupa iim to hf mvd in 

'looaalrauL thai and the adjolninif ivmnlicn. 

t constant aw for orpr fifty yenrt, and ! 

■e fnune u> utill luod hy tha h>iu u( the 



abon', who /tro now lirinif in Hcrefordahira, when? woodro 
pijui|in art- bUk) very well kiinUTi. 

This kind of camaon^ fRiiiiv ww aUo wed for maViiiir tko 
•l.ni'- wtttpr-iripro. maur of which may to this day be awn 
ill thf yard uf iho Wwt MIddloKX I'limpibg Kngiiic 
Sttitinn nt lIninniE'rutiilh. 

Thr inrthul of U-rinu tbr- nUivc Im*» will 1* plain. The 
angr rod" II iin- Ki-ncmlly. hIwd at work, «!• iJi liiis oim, 
•"> (nr mn rptrardh Init^ or rti-iprtK-iitinn motion, a fixLuru, 
iitthi'ii^rh iiiad"^ t.1 ran uji^ii llii- i,'ni')Vi^ wljtti M, atui tho 
tr(-e FK mode lo inovn ii])nTi Uio i^arhngv or fnuni- B, whwh 
trBrrti iijNin the V'Khapvd riuuicr-wlit'cls hi u V-*hit|i^] 
(inxiTo txii'kwitrda aiid forwanU. Sut-li uii>ti'.'i> 
to tlic carriajre frnm tho vheelff i. and fKim tt> 
aitic and rnrd E E, wfaii-h p«»M>HoiYr pull-yn iil i.:. 
tbt' 1u«'cr frama, and tw-k to (lie [op frmiir, us Khon-n Ml 1} 
uml K. Of coiuiM-, il will t-n«ily I-.- •<vti that n«ii>(iK-iitiriK 
itiotiuii may bu giTcu to tbn nn^j- rtxln, an alw ft the lop 
frame, ana that. rmdM- iht' t-iri-un».*t«n'.»s, tli« rods nrfnmp 
inu>r, movt- in a iru'- ■tniii.'lit linr with i-«'-h otbi-r, •ivl if 
thi- aiigi-r null, nre uiiidf t" rim upon jfro'JieJ wlituls or 
ruiiwt*- ill « ii«iil :<trai?iii luit^ wiih thf tt-nirt' •>! ilio trw-^, 
it (ollowr- that lli<> tn^r- i»iii>t he l<»r<il truly lhtiiu>rti.>Ht. At 
timen the lairiii); is txuiimni't'd by hm boring n vuiall liule 
with Ml) iirdi»»ry hit auger, aft^ whii-h a ditforent rixn\ 
and tnppr )iu {>* uaed to enlarui? tb<> )*m. Of nour^c, ax the 
boring i>itk-,i-<1h, the tiv*- i^ w<>rk'-<i tjuit^bward^and fonrirds 
to i-lear the Irfirins^ or thij*- (ruiii Ih.- U.rt-. In the abOf« 
<-iirri-»pi- fratiif. )k'at«r, >tNim, or hoi-«r {viwrr may !» tued. 

Siinic jiipi-lwinrD, and wi-Il ^iukc^! do not um- * t-Hrriage 
fraroe, but xiuiply Hx thf tree in an tibligiM' dirvinitni, iv 
(but th'.' wi^i^hc Lif ttii> bnriiig ntAa will torm^ the aii^vT 
(rhrwar^i They une •' Htraddlc otrala " for Uie nappoM of 
lliu ix.irtiix rmbi ; but this method reqainw iminh prartirv 
for gm<l work, as thi- i-ipo ia apt to hu bored out uf iht- 
tnui Ui».- or twntrc of the tics. Of caarac. thic kind of 




boring ifl ouJy duuv by hand. The vnda sn ■hafi'x) ^ ^ 

into ciu-b otber bf in*><uiD •jf a <.onc-«hsp«d fnsideand uut- 
)>i(lc lUlt^T, or ntii«rwim>. and in uith » Hiaunrr thai, wh^n 



the two ar*- imt t*>gelh»r thi-y Jit etutlly, »> »howii at t^. 
780, or if the fit bi> not perfoct, luain, aenMut, and low amy 
bw empluyod. 



876 



PUMPS. 



The tree pomps ore made of elm and oak — the latter ia 
the bettor. £ldier is also used. 

When oak is used, for the flnt two or three months the 
water has a very nsuseoufl taste, owing to tiie iron stain 
getting into it. Hony a score times have I had to pnmp 
wells cuy to rid them of this kind of water, bat aft«r they 
are once rig^bt sach pomps are by far the beet, in a sanitary 
point of view. 

Wells should be properly ventilated when wood pumps 
are used to prevent the wood becoming mUdowed, which 
sets up a serious kind of rot in the wood work, especially 
in coft wood, suob as deal. 

When the tree pnmp is bored too green, and fixed 
exposed to the snn and wind, it will split and crack, some- 
timen With cracks as mach as 18in. long and Jin. wide. 
When such is the case, and you are called in to repair same, 




BUABT 
HOLES 



FlO. 781, 

yoo must first dry the place, then paint it, and with a good 
putty-knife fill the crack with stiff red and white lead, 

Slaatering it well over the crack ; then get a piece of sheet 
ad long enough for the crack and about 2in. wider, and 
with some lin. clout nails nail the lead over the crack. ThiH 
is known as pump -stopping, and is one of the first jobs the 
plumber's apprentice has to do in my part of the country. 

It may be asked, why wooden pumps still continue to be 
made. The answer is that in many parts of the country 
leaden pipes are objected to on account of the material ; 
and, for my part, 1 say that I prefer wood or stone, 
especially for some kinds of water. 
jPor tbe Sxinff oS the tree pump, see Fig. 781. Aistho 
bottom trco, which raits apon the bottvm of the well ; the 



holes shown at A are the blast holes leading to the bored 
part. At C is the oone joint, made watertight. Upon 
the upper end of the tree, as at £, is fixed tJbe olack or 
lower valve, which in this case is nailed in the top part of the 
bottom tree. The wood-seating or face part of the valve 
requires to be nicely faced true, so that the leather may' 
shut down fairly upon its seating, in order to prevent ttie 
water mnning back into the bottom. There are manv 
different methods of forming these clacks or valves, whi(^ 
will be seen throughout this work (see Figs. 783, 783, 784, 
786, 786, 787. 789, 790, 791, 792, 793, 794, 795, 796, 798, 
799, 820, and 823, ^c), but the one hero shown at E, Fig. 
781, is the oldest (known as the bellows olaok ; the name 
clack is taken from the peculiar noise which the bellows 
clack makes), and is still in use in many part« of the West 
of England. The great objection to them is, that when- 
ever the leather is worn out, tho top part, or tree, has to be 
lifted^not at all a pleasant job to do. When this top is 
off, simply with a oold chisel knock out the dout nails F, 
and take off the clack; bat do not damage the face or 
seating of the valve. Kext, with a suitable sized piece of 
good tanned sole leather, ^in. or more in thickness, with all 
the fleshy part ground off, which is done by rubbing it 
with water upon a pieos <^ sandstone, or other such Uke 




Mail 



Fia. Tea. 



Fio. 7S3, 



surface, until tho flcwliy part is all worn off, make the clack 
as shown at Figa. 782 and 783 ; but before you can do so, 
yoo will require tho lead clack, which is made as follows ; — 



Load Clacks. 

These clacks are cast in a two-sided mould (see Figs. 
24 and 26, Vol. I., and for a full size clack, see F^g. 2o). 
C is the clack : rivet is the ^rt which holds the ctack upon 
the leather ; also see i-icef , Fig. 782, which illustrates the 
rivet turned over the leather. For a plan of this clack, see 
A, B, C, D, Fig. 783. 

Having the clack cast, cut the leather to tho sine of yoiur 
clack seating, and rivet the clack on as shown at Fig. 782 ; 
then, in the case of the tree piunp, Fig. 781, it must be 
nuled on the seating formed ou the top of the bottom tree, 
great care being taken not to let the rivet bo too much 
spread ao as to prevent tho leather from shutting down fair 
over the whole of the seating. Also, see that the leather is 
not too large to work up against the barrel of the pump. 
There should be a clear space of 4-in. all round, except 
where the nails come at clout nails, Fig. 783. 



Pump Buckets, " Sucker Boxes," and F 

We have seen ho^ *- *- **•- loathored clack 
fashioned wood ' '•% meth 



PDlifPfl. 



877 



be »e>:-D, &«, fwr e<xiRi|i|p, tlio wooil mwkrr bo*, H, FiK- J**- 
IlliH box cut! bo uaod with tha tn^' putnp or otliirwiae, iiikI 
it linUy lmflii-r«il in thi- folktwing manner :—C lit u t>imf> 
of l«Bt3>i-r Ihexliane ol E. F, Ci, EI. J, Vitc. TKtf, tbi-n liLjr it 
fpnt Ibc hohj iu Uto box. "wl witli a *cribtir ur peiiL-it frutri 
bfllov, maA tha Idathvr nil ruutid ttii.' hole- ; lift tho Wthor 
off, and pridk the oentra of tlu> holo -, next cui Uiii hulc fur 
the Tint, but let it fit miikUin^ wvll. llien place tha ImiI 




Km. Tt)4. 

dack ujinn tho mibudc part <A the leather, niid n-iih tho 
tiwt Ihrxu^li, ]>]aiw thL' bftrk of the liMid f[itc\'k upon niim^- 
thiiiK hanl. hnc'li n« an iiitiI. inin wcitftit. orlari^ ntiiiM, 
ntiil ium thci rlvpL nimi nnil triii', lu ulionn ftt tig. 782. 
Tbcrivtft, If propurly tunioil. will LXimriil, iiiiJ m) lit ilw 
Imtber tightly. A". B, — -</*raj/ii p»l the jl,-th tub t/ Us 
UalAtr Anenwirti* to Jit iivrf Hir imliitf, or, it •ilhtf trorrfi, 
in/A th( gnit or imtMlh tult itpnaic/t. AH bitfkei Iralkfrn 
inn li* jinh nitf Jlj'at to rut tufuintt lltn fiarrrt. Having 
lumfd thd rivot, mst tiiltn u fiiw (."x"! dunt ii«ih<, for J^iii. 
itiul Sin ■tiii'ki-ri lin. lonjf, .^IlJ wilh n fiiiP Imi.Juwl biire 
t)ie hoI<-n Ibmii^'li U\v ItMttbt.^r, tmt iii.it iiitii llio w>>im1, thi'Ot 
imII the li-.-itliiT iin to thi* niinddrr Uti. uh Hbuwit ut Fi|;. ^S'•^, 
«ul nt F. Fig. "Hi. AbttJ nee Fljf. .39. 



Towing or Comontlnfi "Sucker Soxos." 

Next ia urilcr Ls tho fixing the (<>v- Mimd the- suclrer 
hax : thtH IA vrry Hiinply liutir, but ixiuiritiif fivmt cnto. 
It is doiii- tu< fuUuw* : — Tiilo.' a liuudful of tow, i-ima ynm, 
Of flni. ill* lnn),ir» th" IwtUT, and lmii(( tho pnilx Ia poiiitfi 
u tbduu^i j'ou wuro piiiiK I" Uirt'iul tli'- i-yc of u nivillr, 
UUK' vi'nip it niL'c and tnie but tieht ruimd ilio cnatn! of 
tho box. QA at A. Ki^. ZHa. Ia-I it bul^' in tint oonlfv 
*■ •hown. and with miino tint! twiui? tie it round. Hi<n 
Taur low IK not nv^Kivl or Ukimp. tior too haife or 
to I'M-r-T tiw piini|i barTvl, iiur u>d ntuJI w oa tv 
■Uclnw. 



Pump Hookt. 

Now jrou ntiutrB u tmiiip lii«ik. Thin ia nv)1 ilhi^ilraled 
«l Fign. 9 and 8, Vol, I il ic thy Ui»i'r hth'w f.T ncivwiiiK 
into till- lend i-hiuk.Mohow-nmF. Fi>,-. 786, A,B,C.E,F, 
Fi)fii. S luid 1>. iUiLttmli- tbt' f>ai'ker honk, the end of vluch 
ia pojuwd IhrouKh the huU' iii tht- Haokcr buXt a> «h<-ti in 
th« iiot of Mltinif or dntwioif tho Rockvr Iwx. 



Sucker Boxes Chitting op Setting). 

Now M lie jwoi-w-d III (is ihi- Mtckrr Imx itito llw piimp 
banvl. Ml ut A, E, Fifjr. Ttuc. Firat ilirow n |iulful of dvuQ 
vattv dowu llie pump ti-> wnKh out all grit, Ac. frriit Ibc 
bnnvl : Ibm takt- :■ nmuU Udlrfiil (if mutton nti^t uiid 
muki' it iHiiliiig hot; |iliii'<* xhe siii'kr'r lajx. ("i^, *Sii, iipiiii 
tti" Rooi', aii<l huld it thrTc l^'twiH'H tbi.' tvr^. Nitw Ikkc 
ihn HUckcT hook ami iwn-w it inrn the hip of tho riack, not 
too fur. bill; iu«t f.tiffi>iciit Xa carry it. Be careful not to 
Wu t«o iniicli iju iioi' nicb' with thn "miekrr h«ik" when 
■Mivwiofir ihc wri'w iiitii tho r'ni'V, i>r thf \h>x will oTurtiini, 
and Uif! <liiun'<'»i an' ihat llic puiul <it tho wirw will bixjik 
or ruu into jonr f<H>t. Now tnkr> thr nunkitr hi>uk uud 
wMkcT in your left tuuid, and Ibv hot nuct in jiiiu- riu;ht 
hadd, and |iiiur it oi-i>r tbi> b)w, at tbe ■dniif limi- liiniiiiK 
tlu> "•iir-ki« liox" roiiuil to pruvimt the- fal nuiuiu>r un 
thf low, tut Jtfiv tJw fal tf Ou UAlktr and fntt t-f the 
ciatk. W)ii-n ynu h«v^ [■•lUivd in im iuui--b MvyX n» tlw 
fa«np will ubnurb, torn tln> KtU'krr ilrin-nw>ril)> und 'vin-fiilljr 

[mt iL iiitiv its pbin-. sh -tliiiiiMi at A, Fii;. TH<i ; lbi.-ii |>nw« 
t dou'u , thin will prevent the box Ciuiuu^ round ; duw 
tjiuckly uiwTi'W Ibr pump hook, pnl! it uH^ inni tho 





Piu.ns. 



Pia.7WL 



hocik. mid with thd Hut pirt A. Via. 9, kniiok fho "tHrkcT 
Imix down with, miv, tliti-c i>hnrp bli>wi> ; thin will fiA ijui 
■ncki-r Ihii, ubi]< iht' fat or oi-mi'til w hot, iiiid tho i>un)|l 
ia ready for thf putting in of tlit' bucluit, 

Tlierp are oihpr kiiul^ of om-kor Ikixcm im\' B. A. 0, 
V\K. 787). B i« ■ brow «urkvr box with liftinif Kpur ur 
bow for thf! pump hook. A in Ihe ■onut kind of Uun|£, hut 
with diSurvut groovw. 




UiOtliCT wIvauUK^ ill u«Iux ihe^ "racber lioxn«"i it w 
^at Uwy may be cMnrntml iulu the cvnv uf tl>i- Ixirrvl, ur 
t»idnv^. Whtn thr Utit U duti«, It k grncnUj in the 
nuinnrr a» kbowu at E, F, Fi)(. 788, and M lollows :— Fiml 
nneu ibe vsd of th« ■uclion pipo, an at A, wid<^ rm>u){h lu 
jta/ait the ralva A, thiu tin tlw vnlve auil n'tji^ n tnfi-joint 
** irAfH-ii j)f S; lii'xt pn'panr the foot <■<{ thp banwl iw 
*aawa, and wipe tb<' Juiat (f. F, buZ take can not to melt 



the xi\Atr on th<> tnridi*. The proper wajr to do thittiM to 
wipo tlx* inniM" joint «rilh a cnarMrr Mtldrr than the outM' 
jttnil, lilt- Jiiniipr nf wliit-h will ivajitin- a ktw"!"^ hrnit to 
rn^lt it. Of coiirnp. tht- fi)iiiKlh> can W rviulilr boulml up 
iiv wlial irt rallitl n "b"rt b<M>k '.tt- Hf <\"%lr^ lin^^», A. B, 
Fi>r- H), i>lit <if tin' hiirri-I whrn n<>|iiin<<l fur r<-fMin>, nr 
tI>eM> vft1vi«i amy Iw Ii<k>1»^ up or n't w illi a luxik attuehad 
t" apu'rat of utriinfC "Irinit, c^pwiany in d(><tp well*. 

Wlicii wWiiub' tlicw- viKcK Hf' Unit tlu' ypitidk' if) lon^ 
rnnii*.')), and thiii iiw briil^n' Ia irrll ogmti ooiu'- Unified tii 
nllnw tbr '-iid i.if Ihc npiiuil^ tn <iri>p i-ruuly iulu Uif brid)^. 
Altli'iiix^i ihf-iv viilrcK Bif very fcr*><l nod haadjr, there 
ia au ulnt-cti'^n lu tht'tr um- in miuiv punpa udIcm judici- 
oady wlix.-tiid, rut., Inivi.' t-nDiitcb in tlM< vatfr waj thftj 
mIiduIi) biT twin.' tht^ hiva iif rlif [ii]H>ii. If lh« lift ia tm 
irniit, ibe vidirt>, wb^n tiw punifi ui wutlu'd <juii'kl}-, jionpit 
Kju hit:li. 00 much at 6in. to Tin., md durinir itti dMocikt 
■UnwH t^K- watJT to baf'k. tbrrrby to a Rertnin devrat 
Aji»i1ii]>r tb<- utM-fid rff«!t. «f ttu' .itmkn of tlin pump, wbMi 
is not w) madi tbp caw with tbe cbvdi valve D, fly. 787. 



Chemical Worha, Valves, and Pumps, — 
Perraau s Rubber Con« Valves and Bucket. 

ThcMt vah-M nir illiiMfntod at Tig*. 7(19 and 790. Thcj 
an* tuadr bf iudianibto-r. and nfb-r ihi- nuuinrr of tlw 
Dalund valvr* »f the lii<art. 'nH>f bi(> t^pwiaXij anitod 



END VIEW. 




'*^*' I 



Ku. :tio. 




PU^tPS. 



»70 



fur ccitein work «xeoatod lo dMNDkul workii, nod «UnJ 
very w«U. Fig. 191 in >. fieotioa tif the biuiltDt Iq mutch 
the rubbni vh]v«. Of ooiuw, it will lyi mtdily w«n that 
tbo taIvi] m»y bo wrannM] lirlwfvn tbe fliuigtia of «d iron 
or other pump, ati B shown Iwlow. 



f^J 




*^o|s. 



Ffn n« 




S:UluAtnbr« Hw ftbovo rnlvcfixiH] bctirMn (lie 
iatB. C, Fig. ',Vi. AIm »ee EIk 7^7- 



Chamber, Tall-Pipe, and Ralief and Retaining 

Valvoft. 

Tl* lail-piiie ^-slvw, n« illiiJ(lT:tt'<i] nt. A, B, C, nnd E, 
FSk- 794. aro viiU-rafurfixiuK *>ii thi- inii-iiiiii piw; in fiiot. 
tbey taawer the hiuii« punuae as tbo suukn'T VHltc, and nro 
nothing mon> nor lew itinii »uK^ritnt''« (nr the nu'ker 
valve oc box. Tbo old nrh^il .if jilumbeni wet* very fond 
of nmng th^«e valves u]xiii iticir pum^i jiiirtiiiti pipe*. 
e>ip«dally in plat?rii whftv theru wiiH » k'tit; lfiJK<h t*f 
hmKontal pipi-, fny :iOfi. to Atift, liurird in the gruiuid, 
etc, !ii Huh pli»i'« it i» «iiut«.' ;iH wt'll to UN.' cnr. The 
plnrc fur H»ina; in uboiit ''ft. di>«"Ti th«i wi'!!. l«t wlitre 
8Uph vxlveii arv fixi^ ilic ^iiitip will WL<rk a Uttl« bardw 
«r hoarier on srcouiit c4 the weight of the valvi^ and thv 
vttra frioticii at the waliT through tbn additional valvfr. 
The rcvvMin why ibc?* Talves ar« used on Ibe nuiliim i§ 

nivr^nt ihe litji or swkw valve rci-^idne thf bta\-j kLiri 
*1l which tuk<is place in \'nin Ir'niftliH of pipi.'* wlieu 
Ha <it tiib pump in wurk'id aud iiW])[M.il ttjo quicUj 



from the band atnko on to the hack i4ro)ir, or. In other 
w>Hfd^, from thf down cirokp to th-? up atroke. It i« 
ii^rlain tbnt wbcn vjtur ia mpiwtrtvil l^ ibc aimrjtphent, 
i>rwb»t in pTn-T^ 11 T known %» li-inn Iti-ld up by tbi- <'Iark, 
that « priniul riicuum i" »J-ily 'renKHl in bLiitt l^nfflliB. 
viz.. if tlm wiikT iit anratixl "ndii-niy. Take n<)(i<v'--the 
9tn)kea in niiinpiiiK' '"^ knnwn to i>iiinp-miik<T^ and Iiimm 
iiA " hand ui' " biuik " itlnwe, aiui alM> an *' furwurtl" or 
'■ha«k " atmko. or an "in" or "nut" strnko, wbethnr tho 
fodi are worhtiiK in » hurimiiud. vbliijtio, or vertical 
ptwiifion. Borne pliimbfrft will nay '* up AtrJce" or "down 
nlTiike" : (bin will tinnwcr wh^ii tho nid* do tint ti-^ivi- a 
roi'lcitiK motinn, nr whrti &X'tl in a Lori/onlii! j)i.''.ili.)n for 
remjirtHJttlu(rBit^'n ; but. ihi' reifuhr pump-hand in known 
towy "h«[id" or'*baak" stroke. Th(>Mterm«ai«B)aciu««d 
iu >ibiLftiti>f tinrinif n mtnrr ninti..Ri. 

ThtMe lail-vdvim are ofti-it fixed upon thi- rtjuii^ niniiiH 
to n>lio\-e tha val^-e uu the outlet of Idq barry^l, or to Item 
th^ fvinotant. wriitlitnf the water otf the HUiRinft-lmx and 
}in\g li-iiKthi u( pipi>!i. Tbirr an! Ihcii known !■¥ the name 
of iwtaiiiiiiK i'alv(w, A. Via '''t. i* tl»* unlinary tail- 





ralvc ; B i» the retaininff valve : C is a •wrtioD : V i" knovm 
a» tli0 foot-valvr ; K u a rvlaifiiiitf or tail-falvi^, linvinsjtbe 
plat? for taldn([ out the valvu K for repnira. Ice. Tliiii 
■rronKVUiWl often tavn a l<it uf truubU nnd hiMvy woik 
in puBiBif tha frfpw apart wh«o the valvea require to bs 
leathered, &a. 

Flanite Lenth«ra and Valves. 

These laitlicfn arc iUui-tntTod ai Fi({tt. ll'i and 799, Um 
tatter of which ia ranvos, ftfr luit wa^T, ice, epcrialty mado 
and fold by braaalini»lt«n.pump-ma]icn, &o. Bjrncning 




¥tu. 7K. 

to Fir. nOO.et A. viDbo w«n nRopfte : tha Imtlior between 
thi» flange furma the " "irfcir \i»Ivi'" B, fur a plan lit 
which aee A, Fig. 796. Vfbai uarkiug thcM leath«ta«.-«&^ 



PT7MP8. 



Bor VATSB cupru rAvna mm tmcKwn. 




tltriLTKE' UOt WATKfl IHimW. 

nuak tin viUvo ur flnt pnrt «« f>>tluw>>:~Willi tlio ouni- 
ft— r atrikf the rin:V H I J K, and wiUi Thn pompniM-A 
BN llwj KTi' *e(, ilividi! lliu nircte tiilo ux cqmtl piirta, Imii 
uf •rL!''li urri m[uirv(l fur tlu> hiiitfn A ; ix'Xl, r-ut tfai.' Ii'ili* 
B. WhlTi ruUitiK 'Jilt (,lii.iH- Iiiitlii-rK L"«iti lOiouIil ho tuk<!tL 
to cut tbc upeo part C iiii'^ aiid >'Iouii, ur u-u>>. Of imtn^. 
jroamnefDlxTUiatwhciiil4-Hcribm^'»i('ki:Tb<>x^ IcxplAiiini 
DOW to tnat Um' IcaUirr, Iij rubl>iuj|( uS nil lli<- llii>li}' ^uui 
For Ruikiii)f cup katlien, ««» pump cup lewttuT makiUK- 

Earthonware Pumps and Feather Ouido 
Sucker Valves. 

Id vhnnical worlw imd curl bni whit injmjiii it h a rammom 
tfciiiK ki mw "•lu^kcr" ntid (itlicr vuh-t-H ii ■ vine fen Uiemd 
(pai£«, nieh u illuntnttrd ot Cj. K, Fi(;. 707 ; P in x pliin 




of th* Tslrp. T]i« fpwUior t' mitut, of Mntrw, <7xtoiul 
«nwH« thff nilw {wioiip'. miil lij no doiti^ it bUickii iii> Hm 
beft part uf thf kiiiii'. ofCiii to iLo (m'ul iuii<lrn»r-i? oi tti'* 
Hni<l tji hi- jnimiwl. llmDy r<>nKinirt4.>(l wah-r vulws are 
ufb-ii )uall(^ witii tlH'ir vdIti-h tliin tJiaw, TItc w>>rl[in^ 
mrix iif tliin pump will In- pxpUincul fiirllii'r cm. *>f ttnirw, 
in t4wi wrtlicimnn; piun]<, tlii« oliMpud TuUe raunot be w.>1l 
»oided. 

Pump Buckets and Handles. (ShFI?. 784.) 

Of liii*»o iht-ro an- vArirttu kiinU, Th* Hlmplnrt., ami th« 

•DejKiKTallv tim<J uh>^ut I»iiiloti, i>^ tluit ■liuwn ut L P K, 

.'V /»/. £>/* /Ac rwt>lM-t f..r Ihi' Ax\nff nt th« Icftlher. 



K-hlcb Mbunlcl bvout bnck sbout ^iiv. to a Jin., wttli m ]tige 
u at O, Pi^. 'HI. Thfl mlibct m the bucket cn^cnvvhiir, 
Fi^. 7R4, IH rut nitlm- too miirli ^uu-h nt the lioUom ; it 
■hiiuld b)t morv Ukv thiit nhown at B, Ti^. HOS. K in the 
watjnii; tor llio I'Inck, n plan of whkh Im »bun-n at N, 
Tig. 781. A. B, C, D, &o.. Fig. 781, u iHa luindlo uid 
biirkol-riid, iiuitabli> tor ltu> abovi> burki-t. And icriMrnill/ 
nuuii' with It liMr«TMg« of 5 air fi to 1 : ave Fi^. 7til, xbumy 
patnp ffiimna nnd liiblni. Thc> mMhtid t>f fixing tb« buelwt 
upon Uie Wd in ua foUown :— Al P. Pijr. 781. will bo aeat 
A hftle bored thnrnjirh the ealid wood. Tak<> ihr l-iirkn-rad 
nnd mcnMiin* it]»ii tho w>lul pmrt of th<- bui-lcrl. frum P tu K 
thf xxwL diHtuiioc fnim tlie mIhiuMlt at K, niid tbc ryv ol 
bm'ket'Fod fi'r tlw key F, (■> w-wlj^ the bui_'krt flnuly upuu 
the buokE^nHl. Next iiuikc Oto end of tiic biiok«t-rod 
ml hiA, and piiHli U;l- nnmi- tbniiiKli tbr bak- iti tW biii<k«t, 
anil witlidrnwitijf it n» iitiirkly :ui piNwiMo, bo ■■ not Ut 
bnru tbo h'.>lo tixi ]ikrm''> Uiijn lit tho rod cool, afhr vhtch 
fix ihf bu( k<-t fVitnlr ni^ti tlu> hhI. ThiH i* Aarus hy fint 
pW'iiiif uti iriiii Hraii]ii?r uudor the koj. tlicii with a wnlm- 
M)iBpo<r flcit iplit iiMtnp-kc^, Nocfa %» nhawn at I>, Fig. 7^7) 




VHK na. 






Flu. T!lO. 

■i3rii't-ii into tin* «yi'. «* nbown nt F, Fikr. 781 (al*» hoc tJift 
rvd mid tuuki-t u) UbiMrai-^l i!4>ini)1i-tf nt H.H, t. Fiu:. SOJ), 
wedire thr pump-baikrt tirmii' wpi>n tbc puinp-rwl. iift«r 
wluL-h turn ihi' fiid» irf llii.' Vi-y ruuiid in fonh ii iiiutinor 
that it ninni'l • -■ nitrb lb>- i 

lutrrvl. Alv >' nf ilii'i>)il ' 

far ntongh. hi< a- u'l (•' k ruoJi the \iarr 



■ pump 
-■■*» in 



PUMPS. 



881 



• 



Leatharind Buckets. 

ynil U* tlark «n firat. 

Wlicn IcftUicrinfr wnodim burlki?tM for piunps. t])C Icnthcr 
Ah(iu]d bo of thi< beet ivtc Iciitticr Ktul cut nliuut \\'a\. to 
liin. wide, nnrl long moDKh lii g^n txtuiid tlw hurliit iiii^l 
lap fmm jiii. to Jiii. Tb« iiottnm oiiIiimIl' (xl^ BhouM U- 
pared off th? oat<>r iriilti iif tlio tiHiili-cr fur nlmut ^in. up fur 
tbo luilinifi lIiu l^Uuwtt tliO uail> tu ntauil Ijiiuk an wiuhii 
Ht FifT' TS^ : tl>o cndu of the lfvith«r HfaouM aI-h) he tntitl 
down w) tbat thpy will fold otpt r«ili nJ.hfr witVimit f»-iiiff 
rlumiijr, iw nt W^ Fitf. 806. Wlaii iiHiiiii)! tlit kiitln>r mi 
•e« that it ^\s prKjvrly ; first, it «bnnlil. ■Khm\ «tivtcbed nni, 
appew a littlo (in ibo riirvT', %ei nilow for thi? tnper of Ihe 
miRltot. Tim Hivlij Nub; nf tlie IruUiiT niuxt bo outaide. 
Bei^in to nuU im by fint drivlii)j; & nnil nboul ilin middl* of 
tho iMlher nod c^i^rr jlu. ur nu until it \% iiiul(<d un, u« ■! 
Qi I'ip. 80n, Tt wiJl be an w<>11 if yon hniv throti);li IIK' 
ImtliGJ^ and kbout Jiii. into thf wikjJI, with e. fiac. Tt^tuid- 
pnioted bnuUwl, U<fon> piiitinK' Tour ro^i/wr noiU in, 
tho Ivii^th ui wUii'li will vurjr ui'i'drifinK tu lliv i>izi- uf ibo 
buckol ; a 3in. buL^ct will require jlo. Dnib, and n 3in. 
buTcl «-il1 tAkp oitlr n Sjin. niiml bucket in utfotMrnufnU. 
Stimntxmf* Ifm biic-knt Ifinlhcr wiU Iw.' Iiio itrnall, i( f«i, rut 
tho lealh^T a llttlv on Iho Kpl^y Ui t-mitio it to upL>n it HtlJi-. 
Whon tmdcT pn.'MiiLRi (lk<.- viit niusi U- duiiu mj m tu allow 
the iiwthiT to iiprn nnd vet Rt tho i^Hun i>( tho borrd. Out 
it u aliDini iu ihe pku at W, Fig. t)U4. 



Short Buckets. 

Hwo arf iniK^li tMxl in l[i(> Wcxt of Rns^lnnd iind In 
mailjproviiit-iul iLiwnHniid vjilairen Lbrou;;houl thi: i^mntry. 
For lni« kind "f lnn'k.-t «*• V, i'ijr. TSI, iilno Wg. 7WI. 
Q, I. is itiu wwd bucket, wbeKiiii ibt- k-nthtr A bt nailed ; 
£ the puiup-rud. 1'hr< bnrkpt in nttnchml i>i 1i\e puDip-md 
ncuu en thti two forkii V J K, known ao th<> lniiffDCt ; 
1 la faat«tu<l with rivelo. mfowk. ur otlm Hptirskiits an 
nt I. Thi" kind of bncVpl it gi'>"<inl!y tint*! in wuod 
pump— iu fart, I have nvvt-r put tltt: l>nji wm)d liiicJtut, 
na diDvn at LP, Fig'. i!t4. Uito wmm)^ ptunpH. W« 
grartally toki' the old one out, and aend il to tW wood 
tumenio haVL- uuf madi- fo iiu ttnni. Ixt'aitM'then' nn- no taany 
difTerent sixn in llic boiv of thew? piiropH. uwi njf ti) ulht and 
tsar, ysxt, wi! Itnm thv bruM or inin-nit^Iiil pump biu-kot, 
as flluNlrab-d at K and F, Tin- '^3. Th.^^w tnjtLki-t.t xin-w 
on to tho end of the pttniji-rud u.t h and F. Htf G, Fii^'. KdO j 
kuch puinp>roda am, rut a rulti, nuub' nf copwr. Thoy 
work through a ■toffliitcbox, an nbuwu at M, Fi^. 840, the 
una end ban^ screwed into tliu pump buchot at f r, whilnt 
the ath«r la noiiiii<rti^l willi tbr- C'vir at Y. U. Fi^ 7'J9. 
ia the caji l«ailii'r. and fi, Pig. 7iJ6, ia a (iiiilh-d cup 
bgcfcct, aiutable for hot water. 



Hydraulics, or Atmosphei*io Jack, or "Suction 
Pump"; Action of. Also Alp Chamber*. 

lift 11" now pxaniini; tho thoory of puinpu (o.ncntUv. 

WrittTB up to the prosont tiinu have iMM-ninl tfiat all 
puinpH urn birth piwiumatio nod hydmulic ; Imt when thrj 
«V that al! punipn an- >o, tli« nawirticin t.- lu.t iiiirrtt. 
wuicb oiin Ixi prrjvpij br tho (-xh mi nut ion "f Fijj. ''■''^. "f ici 
fiwl, any pump wbuM \ian\'l is iiubmn-trcd iiburv the buehtt 
lino. At tho Kun« tinw, I eiitirelT witu-ur with tbonn who 
hay«t wrilvn ■■ whoever nnderxbuid.* the uoi-. will bi- iil no 
k>« to undiT^land th<' oUii-r." Without m>iii» knitwlt<Hgp 
nf th« nninnn of ]ineuiuaueji, it la next lo liupi«aible Im 
•'and hydratdifx. It will b« nooonarjr fnr ms to 
'ifiacnt of pmninuiiica to enaUa yvu to imdeMtsmd 




the priiicipk- uf the " «uotiaii-p<tanf." I nae th<.- word 
fHrtion bcoaiiae it U anircraaUj' moenlDod by plninbcTB, 
and it if rommnn amnnf^ them to ml! « jwck-pnmp n 
•' ttuc-Liuu-puuip.'' anil turi tftii. In fart, it la TWy nircly 
that you nirvt wilb apiKiip -a-itbout a anotlon>p{pe in wmo 
wluiiK' <iv (t>nu. AH Jaok and pliitunt-pitntiw, aim moel of 
thfl hft-piirapw, have ii *' BUi^iion-pipi>." Thfi torn, 
" iniction, ' in rvliition to <>H imni|», ia >rc'nG rally aiiwptMl 
Ktid euatniunly umkI l>y jiltunbnv ; hvuce thv ranaOB why 
I we it. 

Experimental Pump. 




Fni. BOO. 

X, Fig. 800, i* the aw^on-uipe Ie*diii)f to the aouroe ot 
water supply. H is the aocaer-ialTc openinir upwanU, 
so callod Mcatiw thit woEtfht of tho wttt^r rrmn hdow 
alwnyn trnda, an it were, lo suck thj* \a.\vp tlimuifli ita 
•H.-utJn^. or it iimi tw thi? wutrr nboTc t>'niliuK to fore*- it 
iipiin iu iraljnir. W i" tlw wurkintf barrel, nn eallMl 
biwviitop thin ifl thii chamber wbcivin tho bucknt G i^ miula 
to work. I i" the outlet vntev wrvy. licaJin^ rithrr lo a 
Clock or Kponf. and nfti-r into a i intam, or olherwiac. ITwni 
■he u]iiH.-r jiHi-l of tliin waUT way. nt V, is a Talre-Mftlnf, 
ot cuur!«, i-peidntf tipwanLi. Oiio uf the tail tsIvcb, 
.^, It, Fi, or C. Fiif. THI, will anawer hero; but aa ynu 
pni^TTi^'ct you may find that for lb* rtai ai'ljoii of till* 
pump, the Tftlve U not rvqiiintd, an io thp Csvau with that 
■ hown ill Fix- ^^'^ > but noUi tho dilfpreiire in Fl^'. BIO, 
Uie rifliiMr muin v&lro musl bo used Himply bci-auiie ibtTe 
ia no valrc in the biinlurt, w, n« la the ea^e hen; plunK«r. 
Q, FSfT. BOO, in an air cbanilier, whieh *houId hn ni loatt 
iMi liini-H the i-jipacity uf the workiiijit In-rrt-I, or rjf tlie walii 
Uftgd at each «tnpk«. But for my part I go further, and 



382 



PUMPS. 



mikr til? Mm rif Ibe nlr obarab«r la yropa/iKn to the 
iK-itrhl f>f l)i'< rolunin i>( vrMer lifiod. ui lh« bij^brr it is 
liftal the moiv will ihr Air wiUthi be eompRMMl, ft* 



Air Chambers Explained. 

SimMiMi the wr-cbAtntier la tw full nf ittr. Nmr, mppoM 
It totm pumped liidf -ftill of w&tor : il loilutr* tlmt th« uir 
hua been oorapnwwd to onv-liKlf of it* original bulk . uni], 
tfacrafon, ita aprins in Iwloe ■» KKat iw at flnt. uid will 
i«i4m. « column of water in piDponifin. }I«Ttt the pw ni ia 
of Oio >ir in the wntcr. and iiit^mnl jMirtti of th» nlr 
(ihaniber. will br, mr. Ifilb. vu Uic Hiuun: iuch, anil wQl 
fau rqiuil Ian ir<^ »»y tnat a 30fL oolumn of water will equal 
Ifilb. per nqxtarti inoh) W tbo prcuwan' nt the bottom of a 
ftnlurnii of wntir 'Mitt, in hni;^L Ftic inir w<irlc thii in 
pni'rtiw will bt- qiiiw noar vaQOglt, but for more Etmmnlo 
work Mw boediniiH, "Atmoqi^unc Preaaan and 8i>«ufiv 
<;r»rity of Water," alao tee '• Pntmm of Water per 
SipuuK Inch"; " Hjdtwrtatioal Paradox." Ac, Kow, 
•xippnae tbe air la be noinpmw>d to two-thinla at itn 
anginal bulk, ilw Hprinj; will W llinv liinva aw powerful «« 
it wwiitilnt. aadvrill fun.-<.' tliewiiter twioo IGltt., or aolb., 
to tiio aquan) incb, or up a pipn ooft,, known aa two 
atmo»p]iciT«a. Comprtaa mc iiir to nnv-f-iuriU. Uirn Uu; 
wator will riw thre* atmcMiiliena, or 90fL. and mj on, 
aooondiag to Um following table : — 



Hdslitaf 


SdringoB 


Air 


NuDibcr 


llelfht •!( 


■MM' 


tbtt 


mnnnaMd 

laWlk. 


of 


waiartn 


ie pl)w. 


01 air. 


UmaajilivnB. 


ohambn. 


30 


t 


^ 


1 


L 


AG 


3 


= 


2 


1 


90 


4 




3 


1 


ISO 


« 


= 


4 


} 


150 


B 


= ■ ■ 


a 


I 


ISO 


7 




6 


1 


110 


8 


= ■ 


1 


S40 


ft 


= 


8 


9 


170 


10 


«A 


B 


A 



If jou fxumtno tbc but ftffum in tlu< tJililc, ya\i will 
Mw Ihnt tb<' nir 1a Aomnmawd into a vRrj ^mnll nviui'. 
Nuw, tlu^ uMtful etT«ct of the air in the ehniiiln'r i* nvfuMid 
ia H mininiiiin, ninn-limtlm nf i\» rapncity hcins filled witli 
walur. Now, Id uiaku tbe air t-liauVr work u-itfa propor 
eftwC, nnrc air \a rorinired within it — whicli air, in neli^, 
fomu a ■^nnhioii, w)ii»i' ■-lantiiatT' nnrviintn the Kuddm 
atnduM, jdrkx, or bluwn (kunwri a» llu- mtlliu^) iipun tbr 
bucket, valvea, and njdp" of i.iio pip.-s <.ir ynimp. The 
following nt«lhod i» the nne 1 eomo tw^nly-firt \-enrvitgn 
adoptdl, null I b«li>?vp tluit I waa thi- lint t» dA vo. 
Harinu tbe water within the riaiug nwin, aud the piunp 
pyponjr uhargvd. opva the eock C, Fijc. SOO, and [mmp air 
fnto tAe alT chaaiber: or from a Htup-oock. mj*. at TT, 
Fi>r. SOO. or at A. ¥%«. 801, pump tho air-efaumlwrfntl of 
air: whr>n ttir rliamlmr ii> full, thi> air will bnbblr thinujjcb 
the riaiug luuiu, uml if yun du not look out It will blow all 
the water out of the liUng main, tliciefon pump alawljr 
aod leave off when jmi think you have enongb. The 
pump will now not onlj work witli a more oontiiuiouo flow. 
Mt if worked by band and lover, it will work eiMier. Of 
oonm. mmnlj bvcawv the cushion of air is ineiea^ed 
(thoiij^ unoL-r the |iiu«uiu of the oahimn of water within 
the pipMl to it» original mae. Stx " Bxpansiab of Air and 
Om tj HMt. " 



ConcuaatoA In PIp«» <Prev«nt«d]. 

Id long KK-tion or ri»iag naiaa, eapoeiallT with 
.bairal puinpw, owing to tho oonttBual etoppuitA-fl and'' 
m-i>tarting waU>r otdiimnf iIm oi>ni-ua«ion iaver^ imtii-oildr, 
and may alwajH bo ato|)pi<d hy the u«e o( tbe air vhiunbcx. 





rio, «Ji. 

"nieRo air cliumben are notbinir nioro '>r leMi tlwn 
vi^m-l*. often hnviiiK ftirrnd <if the nning main ttrmi 
niiir the lioltoiii, an lit S, Tim. ^'"' • '"• '" "lliiir WdindAi 
hnving u'k ciiiHet whatever, iriore than on(y<Uiini o( the 
diuuct4T of tbe riidug luain aboro ibt bottom. Su^ 
the riiing main, R, to be 3in., then itt end may he Im: 
to within lin. of the bottom. Sit in fMrn/H lilt Ihat 
Fh/. KOO lal't nirr that (An fipr Jim n»t ivmt a^aitut Ikr t, 
a/ tht tlh'' irAm (Ar rfi/i'« it itp, othorwbw tlu- pump 
work eircedinglr hatd, an Mcoont oS tbe great frietioai 
of the wati^r when puMring through a partially cUmo 
aiwrtiirc. X, Fijf. MOil, ia the rnckinK atandardi wbirj 
o^lloWH the handle to t>e lifcctl. and whldi, if not mova 
upon tlio joint Z und P, would prerait the handlo 
worked. Tbirt is a cheap kind of puinp-gvarinfir. bat 
•o good art the ordinHry lift purop gear, tOiown nt Vi. 
R42. R.j«, &o. Now. wippniwi the harml W, K« MO, ti 
full "f filter, ae ithowu oy the wat«r liiit», aud tlu- iHiiiom 
valve fi to l>e holding it up, the bucket litA the Mden of I 
hUTfl ijiiite tnilr, and nolire thu, thut the gn-nti-r 
pnrH(un< upon tlie bitcket the lighter will it fit thi- nidts 
the banvd, nhnply bpunnM the bucket has nn oiilnidn e4i«i' 
of eUnit leather, which expands latomllr with tlie pn 
fiYim aho-ve. The outer edgee of lhi.'< U'Athcr am 'digb 
hcvilli-H. ax Nhown at A, Jng. 7B8- In thi^ wntrc of 
bucki-t. Fig- BOO, ui llm 6iip-valve K, wliiidi ojmtiib ii])w; 
and nllow" the bucket to dc^rend freely. (>n pulUng 
bucket up, the fljip-ralrc J K inntxnily cloee*. and the 
leather expands bAoauae tlie weight of the mibinin of w 
above thi> bucket haa hern liflf.'d i>ff that lielow ; and 
tlir valve B waa perfeutly idiii^il, cir a Htnn-eoek wiped 
the HUedon-Eripe, and (^iwod, then' would ueu be a 
parting oi the water below and tlio bm-ket. Suppoee 
to be one faidi of wat^r below thi> biirket and th" top ' 
valw B, and that the bni^ket t« lifted 9iii.. then 
wunld be an empty spsoe of the Din. Thin i« a truly enplT' 
Kwux!, void of all matter or air, luid U called a vacamb. 
Now. let go the handle of the pump : the liut-kit will lli 
go bark, but n-ill the wmiua atiJi fie in the barn'l of t 
pump? The nn^wer i». YceJ U will now idtow iUeJ 
at I. below the outlet valfe : and the water that waa 
tbe point 1, will, by grarilAlion, fall baek upon tbe bucket.^ 
Open the eiKk H, and what will be the- ctfi^t? Air «-ill 
ruah into the barrel to till up the empty N]ini<e or vaouiim. 
But,KiipiH-«', instead of opening tho rock II, the 
h/id brvrn opiinpd below the bucket, would the air t) 
niikhcd in and ij]«-iiih1 the Ha|»vaKe K ^ Vt» ! Ni 
otf the ooi.-ke, and agMtu fill Lbv barrel h* liefore, 




I 



PUMPS. 



889 



I 
I 

I 
I 



tofliff the '• buctiini'pipo " (wWrh invn nol exited i'tt.— 
i or 6ft. would •Hit. l-m-r; rliniil. Now pull np thf> hiidK^ 
Mill )i»utl»-r var-uiiiit u pnnlm-cd. Tile Uip rnlvi- V will 
prnvciit dio wdWfT OT air rplurniiig. •n'l y>u """v ""* wart 
the butikoi frwly up itnd cttwii ihv bnrrpl i'ou know 
tluit when the mck }[ wn^ opcnt"! th.-it IIh- nir rsclivt) 
intA tbe burel. Now, |i1mi»; tli<_- riA of tfa« "ffuctloti- 
pipe," dty, 2 cir 3ft. liam. into w»Ut. anil opeu Uie 
«um>M«<l t*jp-oook on the Miction- i*iiw, Tbp "<»n"pqiKTKyi 
wul be tliiit WI1T4T will nif^ up tiia suutivn-|npc 
inobwd of ntr. Rut. wh;-? Simple hrtvkiiflf the end 
of ttii? !<tu-lLi]ti IK <:<uT«rOd witb -mti^, und ii<j fur ctiii ((vl 
iat'i U« pii>? by rewwn Uiot iho wawr u thTii !ind thr air 
or ft-iiiwplicri' ip not strctDg enough or of aiiffinient weight 
It) |l^jI thruu^li tlic w»trr. (Shimld the* p'p" h" to"* ^^ff^ 
ioT the wsW h) »i«w ll*?lf in th« bnifol. perh«p« .-i f<>w 
etrc4»^ of the hjiiidlf will " fetch " it ; or, for ibo [nirp"»« 
of Ulufttmting thit lurtjon, n imutlt OoBipo. pipL* 111117 ^ 
iu«d, wIhjbc li-DK''h ut m iiniportiaii lo the mii« (if ttio 
ljnrn«l.) Now theijurrel is full of wiiter, lut aUw the wiintino* 
i'lpf, opva thu wck F, tiiid lur will rtuih iu, ami ullow thu 
KCudiDB' vsWr wjtliin liw otictlon-plpi^ to desceDd. Biif 
why? oimplj beoaune the Hir is allowed to prwM with thp 
NUiifi fnrw nn thn nutituv ol the higbirst pnitit of thn WNtrr 
huid« tliA "suvtii,'ii-piu;" mi on (ha vuUid*. Tuni thu 
rack F tiff again, atul V-ngtheu th« t<iurti<m-])ipo to 31ft., 
and let the water h* "rlixicti" (whi(^ in an ordinal^ 

Eliimb«r'i> Tihrano) rortimliy t.hiit diaEnnco. [^imp «w»iy im 
ffurv. ^o wiit^r CIU1 bo obtAiiivI. But whrF Tou dkvq 
the vacuum a^ bcfora, when the ■' auRtion-|Npc " stop'Oock 
wan t.urucd r.tT. tmd the wat^r U standing in th« mictiim- 
pip"-, nnil witliin !ft. or bO of thfl barrt'l or v»lvr B. 'ITiiji 
u whut in kiMiwu as the pomp being out of draught. Tu 
pru\x' thi», fthiit oft UM ucfuR-metitiuned imaginary 
" mirtioii "-pip"' iiloi>-n>irk, whow dinliuirio friiin the vulve 
B in, B»y. Mt.; iel F be ftied 3fl. frum the v«t>-e B : wpi'ii 
the cock TP, aud roii wiU find « slight rush of air enter the 
9xk, after which th« ooluiuu of wutor raojs unt ; but not 
with the kind of cock flhnwn ut F, )K-o>tii.io thi> trorJc 
■nawom iho pur)iuM< of a [-iAtvni tu a bnn>iiiRtt'r. siid 
pnnjiitH till? oir witering ouly to the degr-pc of one cnminnn 
•tmonulivrr. An ordinnry ground-to llib-c<K^k, iia ut C, 
will admit tho atr. (Noiire.— It. often happcnjitbaC m»i, 
a plumber, hare to titni off tbi) wiit^'r finni a L-istem wnoa» 
pipw are OHvd vertimlly, and »> ■mitigiHl thul tlmy ohntdd 
draui thmiMilnM vmpty). You niro uiT the itup-cuck near 
tlu' rJirt*!m, and open Uie Wb-outJc Ivlow, whioh. if of the 
wrew-down kind. Hdcb as th>- KuliiiTiiiu, firight'jn. or 
the diaphntgoi pattern ax at F, t)i>? whIt will bi-. by the 
atmospheric premurc, b(.'M up to the Ixifjiht of 30 to 3vlft. 
ahffro the cock : but should tluTO btr n oninmon gruiuid-in 
oock on a highor lc»d, tlii^ the highiwt ttvk. if npentd. 
will allow air ti> eiitnr the pil«^'. anil the watttr inipftMUtM 
within the pipe to f»Il lo th" oiM-k belnw. yon linve seen 
that the wHtiT will only rinc up the suutlon-pipo I" ihr 
hrifibl of ,10 or 33ft. TiVhy i» this ;- I intwt my tlmt it wuuld 
not run- till, wen- it not f.trce«i np, Von know that when 
you had a rBciiiim in thr l:>urri.<I tlK- air rushed iniu ic on 
opening tho nocks H and C Tliou thi-ro wiui a proof that 
thnm niuiil be pr%«sure upon tbo outer side of the pomp 
barrel. Ttii* prwwum in at, nil tiinrs prvmitig ujini every 
part of th'j wvrld'i" mrfai* tu tho extent of aV-ut l-Jlb. to 
ihe Miuim incji, mor^^or lew. Tliis atmo^phTio proBBnre 
mu fairly ritijainofl nt Fig, 2H6, "'Hn- J'rinoiplo of 
Sphimagti in Irapa," anil ahutild Ik- thumu^hly miuitand. 

Expansion of Air or Oas by Heat. 

■I* on the Hubjeet of air it wiU Iw as well to 
■xpanda or eontrnctj lilw omM other suLatauews, 



Convrrt Pahr. drg. into GenL dag.; tbon, as KSMB 
oKpand glitd part of their Tolumo at 0" C. for erary 
inaroan of J" C, it is (mdont that 273 roluraea erf a gu 
tonanurcd at 0' C, whm In-atod ('> 

r C. will booomo 274 toI. = '273 + ,J, of 273) 
S*C. „ 275 „ = (273 + ,i, of 27S) 

30'C. „ ao3 „ = (27a + ^"j of 27a) 

With ri'gtml tii thn pTMsurv, the rolome of a gaa b 
imerm-ly an the prviuQiv whii-h it sustains, if iha Imn- 
pi^ratuw rcnutin the same. Thiw, aupi^vo lOIJ vi.U. o( a 
lfa.1 aro nioiu(UTT->l olf at iho slnndiird letup, and prcaauru 
(u* C and 7d}nuu. bar.] and it in nQC|uixvd to nnd tho 
voluau occupied by thv gaji when tha prsMUiu is nduoid 
to 7<')0inin,, the tomp. Tomaining the aane. lite volaine 
will )■! inverwiy pruuurtiiinal tu Iha jmnoro: 730 : 760 
' 100 : ,1: = 104 1 v(4ti. at 730mm. (2) Then Es ao gcnoral 
law remiAiag tho oxpoDUoa of liquids, as all lit^uids 
fxpand alftonmtlj. 

"Suction" Pipes (Length of)- 

I told r<ni that by roamn of th« vacnnm 30 or 33ft, of 
water had rlM-u in llii* " imotioB "-pipe. Kow, tetUc that it 
was 30ft.. and iliat orenr foot in heiirhe is equal ta Jib. 
in wHgbt on a Mtanre inch ; it follows, therefore, that 3Ufl. 
will equal I&lb. ; thin, tlie iit,in<wphLTriu prciwiirv, in, witli thn 
^i>fl. oolomn, tnily balanced, and the consM^ueo*.* is that no 
higher eau thv water be forml up within the '* snctioti "- 
pipe of a pump by aimpli' external ur atnio«pherio 
piresun?. It should bo borne in mind that the further Ha 
piimp is HxnX riTticnlly Cram the stirfan of the water, the 
niLiTD slugKJ^ly will thv airpnaa the water up tlie" auelfoii" - 
pipe ; eoU!«iiucntIy It is best to fix the hiirrel within l& or 
l»ft. of thr wafer. I rarely <rxurod lOft. I had belter 
liRTT ruui.irk that harijn.intal diKtanom art) not taken intu 
(^jiiKiderstian with ■tmo'pberii' preasures, or with the aetion 
of thi; atraonihcric ptiuip, or with vertiral height of the 
"auotiflD " -pipeof a pmnp, as this tdndof piirap may be nuuli- 
to draw miles boriionlAliy, provided the larrel dues not. in 
hcitflit. (tinned tli>! litnitinl dixtancr of ^Oft. But it would 
be by far better to Ulc the water l» this heiiflit and then let 
il find its Wei br gmritatiDn. as t)i<: HUrting and stopping 
of tjkc eoiumii of water in li'>ng Ii>nigthH ct hohzmtlMi piping 
Tujuireji muuh (vroa tu put it into at-tiou, f ta-, auddeiuy. 

The Lift Pump rAotlon of.) 

We now kn<iw t.hi> antioii of tba atmospheric pump ; let 
UsptOL-cod toexamiui; the action of the lift pump. For 
tliia purpose Ice us ag^in refiT l» ^g. »ua. Kuppoae tlie 
barrel to be nuite full of wat<T up to the vnlre V . let thia 
valve bu flxol down on it* Keating, nr, nay, {mrfnc.tly elmed ; 
push up tho handle 0. this will iaua: the bucket tu dascwnd 
' und the ralvo J K tu i^-n. Now. pult the handle down, 
j and Che rain- J K ckMm*, and rim will Iniid tlie wholn thing 
I will not move. It It hj* rigid as a puat. Why i* Siiuuly 
' because thu cup leather fita truly, tbo bucket valve tignt, 
and that thojn is no outlet above. It is no uw tTJittg to 
oomprcas water ; in faiit, yon may luiy tliat with thtx bind 
of timi it is one of the impossibilities vt tv>mpress water. 
Bome idoa <'f this iiiuy be galhvrcd when I inform my 
readcm that under the oommuu atmcit^heric prcnsun otf 
ISlb, to the square inch, wiilrr ha« be>:n iliininivtod in btdk 
only to ftbotit ia purt» in ono mtllinn, mid that under the 
enonnous pcensure of IS.OOOlbia. to the i*iuare im-li, it was 
only oompnsBod by about iV of its vulume. ThiA cxi>cri- 
ment was trinl in a l>ronxe solid (last and bored 3in. tnlie. 
KiD- tiii>k, and WHS rvnt in halvoa by this euormoua pre*- 
sure, yet with all this, water is exceedingly eUstk- when 
notixinflned. 

03 



884 



PUMPS. 



'niijf b^lV ibe mao thilt w« onitiot rvry ruQj corntirMB 
vmifT. we mnrt iinTidi> ui outlet Wure wp am wort tht> 
IiumUo of the jmmit. Tig. 800. Open the valve V sod the 
mrk I' ; tlw< {)utu[> heing worknl, the wiiUir vill floir tip, 
•od out of tb« coiA U. which uuir dua>>, kImi clnM ta<- 
ristDiT ButB T with m vtnp-euok, the wvtur will mw rive iu 
the air chaniboT Mcontibtr m it w ooiuprewwl wilhin thn 
cJuudImT, and fts nhnwn in tltc uhle. 

Of wunw. hf cuiit'iiiuiiiK tho action of pumping, gnat 
pnnuro wUl be ao'iimnlnlixl in Ute sit (thamber, ana, in 
latt. it will bunt if prt^i-viltJ ^itli. But now «pn tlu- 
Rtupi^trii on tbr^ rioinj^ main, anil the prMMin of the air 
UD tho •nirfiu.i' i<f Um water wilt caoM tlio inter to Heund 
Id piwi*riy thi- uuD» w»jr u the air doea when prmitDg- 
nptm Ibc Mirfacv of the water in a well, and when the air 
i» ralie*^ or cxbauatrd in thf Kucti<m-[iipc of a pump. 

You ba*v a^ai *>•>" of tin- importatit iwu <if wt^ air 
dHUnbcr. Tbi-rr i* anutlier (nvat rwmi far iU tue. It 
ia BKMt mfwtial in all dn<-cDir)iiu> : without it wt> Hbould 
not g^t tlutl Tc^Urit^ In thr jet, in fact, tbo jot would be 
a «>Dllnnati:in of junii*: but, by tha OM of the air 
chamber, there i» a coti>tADt pn-^wun' mainlaiuMl, and ttii» 
fCtrcAtlw decind offeet uf a evtititiuoux otrmini. It ia nt 
UnuM iwod on "stiction"-|)ip«a, mm; Fig. 802, and aa nwir 
the baml of the pomp a« conTP4iictit. 




rtn. sot, 

ISg. 801 OtiiatrMea dtflecent air chnmhen*, whieh are 
irvDetally niiLdu at eoppcr. A B C ih w Motion, D aii 
«tevatloa, F O ia an olevrntion ol unu K«>oTaUji- lued for 
fln-enirinoaoii bwud ship. A la the ittl*^, 11 n pipo onninit 
towitmn a fewincliea of the bottom, C ibe outlet. Bui. 
a» a matter of cfnuw, it in not nmeamry that tbo fijMs It 
■botild [WW through tji« toi> of the ch.tnihicr, htit maf rout'' 
oS M at A. or na at M. Hg- «29 ; m.r in it nl nil iipooaaarj- 
that th« outlet should bu lit •Ninu^.-liou wicii thu air 
obainbcT. For n fuitbrr exptatwlinii iif the air chumber. 
Me "■iu('Liu>i"-|^]KKani.liuiiinii, FifT- s D'J, iil«o Fi?. (ill, &e. 
tty hnviii;; rlinw-n luiil itluj-trattil llii' tbt-^n-lirnl nnA prn^- 
tioal working uf tliw pum[), yoit will now bt- in n jxMittuu 
Ht foltow tac, atep b^ slop, tbr^m^h Uit.- ronuiininK portimi 
of pump-work, whirb will r"f[Qir.! your partimliir study. 
hin«niu(-h a« it i* my iiit^ntiun to <>\|ilain tbonniKlily all 
the priut.'i]ial piirta of ihv 'UtTi.TiiU [lunipH u^il for the 
Tarioua diLMc^ of work whlth I havo met with duriuK 
thu hurt. ftiHy-fire itairs ; after iib>h. ToU will lift ilUo to 
aelent puropa and fitting* miitJiblu fur aity (1am of work 
which may bo miuirvd— a gnat deaaeratum to the 
plumber. 

Tree and Lesd Pumpa. 

SatnetJiau* It happt^nn tltut the tmi purip U only uaed in 
pini-pi wlM-n? it in t>xpiir«<l to Very fMUgh, frofty WTOtlurr, or 
wht-n- tbi- liwil pump i« likely to get atolcn. In thia naw!, 
the lop<trve m Wnvl of (be pninp in mnibi on uMial. aiMJ 
let dinm bto the aarth, Ry, 3 or itt., Ui kevp it vtcady. 



Thm a laaden pipe Ja langei] to Uw aida «r ' 
nod laki?n a abort way In a huriaoalvl dfaevtlaiL 
through the crown of the wall and dnwn to the wktsr (or I 
wrnie caam, the lead pipn it imly imoI for the horfaaonta' 
pari of the work] ; but tuke core to harp the pipo laid 
with a good fall towanla Um woU, ao tbnt it will empty 
iteelf when nquirod. If otherwlM left, the ooofined air 
lying within tlie pipas tonna a tmp anmctinu-A known as 
a pockets which will Iv difficult to ronoro. SiMh a pocket 
luajr he aeen at P or E . Fig. MKi . In Mii^b r«in> fix a ititalninit 
I'r cail-Talre on the -'Baotktu"-pip« In the w«U. aa ahuwu 
at tall valve, Fig. W^. fVluin trao and lead (lunip woric hjive 
ta be done, ta£i> Mtre to make the flange lane cam 
ft«r nailing, »o that it may be pofectly air-tl{^t to 
trm. If tba hocinntal diataaoo or depth bv gnat, a con 
aidenblo ooncnMlan, when th^ pmop is <iui<'kly workn 
will takenlaoe; ttten uaaa Nuction or vaouum lur-i^hiKnlK^.. 
Hxcd aa atKtwn at Pig. i^O'J, uud a« noar aa poaaiUe to tbe 
tree ur baml of thu yianp, seuFiga. 611, 8Uui)dS13. 



Air Pocket* or Trap* In Suction Pipes 

Wh«n Riingn Miction nr J.*i-k pump havinj; U'nji hrn^tl 
uf horizontal pipe. ttn?a( i-ari' ohuuld bu lAkcii It lis it 
Riich a manner that kt will fall tnwariL) the will, 
without air pockets or traps, aa iUujttrHted at P^g. 8U3, . 



N 






l^---/: 



X^ 



^],i^^^ 






Pw. KB. 

whi<Ji majln andoratood fmm lh<^' tollowintr- A la 
ht-nil iif tht anotlon pipe, which ia thr highest point. Kti 
folinw thin lii>e of pipo to K (f. It la clear that when ; 
tint work Uh> pump to nrvt entire, that you munt put 
IntQ lh<; bnrrvl of tJio piunp. und thrn thp ,iir bet<r<«ii 
watrr in the bonvl and tin.' wuler u-llhiii tin; weU in 
fiii«L Von work nwnr nt tho pump hiindlc, anil piinipi 
-iifHi'iciit air lu allow the wittier frvira the trill l^> rua- 1 
(•end nt A, wkon il p>i« onr in a ■nuiU dritiSliug I 
lUid niiu dowu the vucliun tw H U , at the aaniu tutu 



PCMPS. 



aafl 



MiftiAti pinr not bctna filled iriih tbe mntiiiiff wmtori the 
nit fniiu K liult* bade hi A. iind c\cry Uiav Um: bMndla U 
wwkt^, this Rtr nitin {r«m A t<> E, itnd >K"ii> breaks 
throiurh llio vhUt (iiK'-^iti [MMHtntf lu Al. aa iko wirtei 
iIkwiuIlh ibeU oul in U^e liue u( pipe hcnrcrii A luul £. 

In tame caae> you cnn |fvt nrt-r this lijr nnliicij)); the d)ei< 
of tlu niotion ptp* Intwveii U mul A m> u lo utiuu tlk« 
wnter to flow T«ry repi'Uy ihrouKh th» pipi-x ■■> a» not tu 
Allow tha nir to nturu. Or M ouivn, yuu C4u niaiiiitfu tliix 
by UkinK vmr (iiii-k ntrnk^.-i, and iiki> *i nuinvvprj- Ftiul(l>>ii 
MiabrlMK of Uk- haiuUu, MjiecuLlly iht up>>>lr<ilcc, g^-t tiu- 
Huolioii pipe ufi<v fHlnl lip. But if jron uMnuut uMiugtH tu 
do this, utcn fix a fuut vkIvu as at M Inlvw the tritur 
Icrvd, Mill Kx u hIiuii. 1i-iik>1i of pipe nnd stopcook m at J, 
Bud KU the Huolinn until the wiitiT ntiu> mit nt the nonhs— 
the pump trill Uiifi work |uup«lj ; but b« mm to haw n 
good foot riUitt, Kod a Ib«ai>ufrh1y (tknI m><.'k al K : cr, 
wfaiit b <4)Mp«r, and I think, prrbatx ht-tun, wipe on u 
l(n. txwk-bon or frmili>, luiO srrew Cii a tfovd iruD jduif 
with n<d Icud . but Ih- ixirv tlint thr iiipn J in pc<Tnotljr 
futt nf wiitn- whLti tbo Nlopc-jt-k h lun>M off, or tbo phag 
mtivitmI ill. This in of tho gnatcst impoctanoe. 

Hai>u>tiiiiw thv Mootiun pipe is Iitid in the tn-tKih without 
tlM> ImuK rvxsH to ilK fnll, oltmL fKllin^ finl oaa viijr i1m»i 
tbo oCber, lu Khovra by tlii> dotted lium. Wbeu Uiia to thci 
CAWr, it w very difiicult to lunum Ibe air, and tlu plumber, 
if he ma/ bo <Mllad hf that name» ii|fhtlx got* the tmak fur 
hi" lOavcmlinnn. 

Tlw nU)V« diiitfnin '» >i *kcl«h u( a piunp n-hiili I tiXMl 
32 vfKn a\ro at Wjlloy Court fur tbo Aojrl iff DiuUif, and 
«l]wh workM Tf-ry wt'll. 

Siinii yiit.ni n^o wIird onllMl in tii i^aniiiio u triunp flor 
iSr. KMiipMii, III (hi> Viramxv, ■Hloke Laiy. IIcTeTtinwMii*, 
I itoi mvr thiH iiir i<in -ki't dilbfolty by phu.'inK a llitp rvXn 
(■urh n- in nkiiwH nt R, Vi)C- lit), on tlio xUi'ition pipe 
IN-Hr wlit4v tlit^ pipe bet^init tu mu Itai-k, my at T in tM 
«r<4vl HVi^iOTi ; llii" pivVi-ntH the w:iti-r IxiltiuK Ini'kwaida, 
and ahw prvvcnlt chu nir bviu riaiiiK tu tliu hiu^kef point 
of th« miction, bat n>i>' miiHt bi> iiik<.ii tx> Ax it the rifht 
wny up. Of iwurw. K in thi» •■.«<■ iiiit«i Ui iti* Irtp Ui 
allow uui valvf to diH», and Kn-nt cun- ch'iiiM 1>f- takt-ii to 
wlcei ■ latif^-wiioufcb pump barrel tu wi<!I till up tht< horv 
of tlu fluotion pipo at anA stroku •>£ thr puuip. Thn <iuti; 
of t)u> netkin pipe iihottld b^ " at b!ik->T. nitfhiUf the 
dianvtor or uiie-fnuitli tlic iirva uf thi> burFrl," but wilh 
Um F!g. B03, thi> »uo uf «ijoticni fnim thi' "top cock to the 



InTTel ahaald nnt rxoe-xl otip-Udnl tlw ntu oT thv Iwrn-I— 
vi2,,> Sin. baml ahmild haw a |tn. pipe; tind vnn iu 
•Jnw «uaK I >.bon]d reduoo it to oii«' - fourth —ria., trhifit the 
d iata a ee betwcr^ niop cork and luirT»l i> mvitt. 

I shonld alnij nUib- that tt thi< noixV- uf thf> pump ia 
Ii»<-<1 \ie\ -w thv top of tliB Utiil whcru tliv stop eodt b 
wii<ed <in, that the dilRmlty of clciiring the air -will be 
jfiimtar, hikI In thi» i!(uo th« biu-k<-i should bn taken oiit 
uiul the bairel plug-jfwl, »o •» to h«Jd the water faat-k 
wbiUt tbo Huctioti pipf b lj.it.K Hll«i. whirh, when once 
doiip. thi- atop ootik nr plnjr muM l*r tonii.'d lefon tJi* 
plug in the bnml b rcino»ed: othowiBe the wot^r vill 
run out and again Wve the air pookeU 

Lead "Jack "•Pump. 

In many f-jxuitry nhdjM, plnRilaTu bavn to make up thvit 
own ]«ad ptimpA fmni n rtratKlit lunffth uf pump barrel a> 
fiJIowa:— tflko a Iruftth of, aay, Sin. or 4in. pomp bsnti, 




rtu. Mi. 



Fin. 9M. 



Pw. dOS. 



thni Mw off about 2ft. 6in., and with a dnsMer Iwat th» 
oooe-nliapcd nui-knr^bui koJ La tbn nlMpn iihnwn al A, PItr. 
M4. Tbo n>n<- h ttenerally tnidc fnxu tb« xhuulivr to the 



w 





n 



^K 



riu, ma. 



rii>, en. 



no. MM. 



«M 



PUMPS. 



lliiH tninff thi< nam that wei OKiinut vrry <';iiiil5 oomtiroM 
watrr, we muat providr im nutlet beforct wo van wiirk the 
handln of tho pump. Fiff. 800. Opcm thi> valvo V snd tho 
ififtk V ; tho pump btiiijf wiirkod, tlie wiitor will flow up, 
and out of the cook U, which now oIum), hIw cIdm tn<' 
rininv main T with h Hbip-oook, tho water will now Am in 
tlwiltr ch«nlM>r HooonliTift m it i* ooinpn-iUK.<d within tho 
ohnmbn, and m nhown in tho tnhlu. 

Of ouurno, by ointinuinK tlii> action <it piimpinfT, KToat 

Jinumro will lit' aniuniiiktt'd in th>i air cTiamlwr, atidi in 
act, it will burnt if pnici'pdcid witli. Hut now opt-n tl»' 
HU)p-co(ii[ on tiwi rialiiK main, and tho nmwura of th« air 
on thv Niirraco of tho wutt<r will rauM tlio water U> awoiul 
In prtxrtwly tho wamo way an tlitt air <loofi when pm»nin|r 
upon tho pturfatM- of tho waU>r in a wi'tl, and when tho air 
ia rdievni or txhauatod in thn Hui)tion-})i|)o of a ])unin. 

You htivo iwytn ono of the important umm oI thti iiir 
ohamtwr. Thcru in anolhor ifrv^t reawin for iU une. It 
ia moat onNiitinl in ail flro-cuK>no« : without it wo ahould 
not (pit that regularity in the jot, in fact, tlio jot would bi' 
a continuation of jumpx; hut, by tho um> of tho air 
ohaimbfir, thoro iit a oonKtant pn-wnro maintained, and thin 
(fivoa tho doairod offoot of a oontinuotM Htrcaro. It ia at 
Umea uaod on "aaoUon "-pipox, moo Fig. 80'J, and aa near 
the baml of tho pump aa oonTooieut. 




r 



Fig. 80t UluatrateM difforont air rhomborK, which am 
irraenilly mado of ouppor. A B C ia a nention, I) an 
elevation, F ia aa elovatinn of ono gcnorallv uaed for 
flre>ntfnneH on board Hhlp. A la thn inlot, II a pipe oominir 
to within a few Inohea of Uii< iHittom, tlio ouUot. But. 
aa a matter of oourw. It ia not riOMwinry that tho pipi> It 
ahould jHuw through lh« top of tlw i<humlHir, but may oonir 
off aa at A. or as at H, V^ff. H'JU ; nor in It at all ncooaaaiy 
that the outlut ahould bo in i'<iniuvtiiiii with tho air 
ohambor. For a further oxplanatiim of the air cihambor, 
Nee"tnu>tion"-pipo«andnialna,Flfr, HO-J, iiUi I'Ik.HH, &o. 
Hy havinfc idiown and illtwtratod tlio thoi)r«tical and prac- 
tioal working of the pump, you will now bo In a poaiUon 
to follow mi>, iitf^p by Htop, through tho rornaininK portion 
of pnm]>.wi)rk, whinh wAl niiuin) your partitmlar atndy, 
iniinmui-h aa it in my int^-ntiim to oxpialn thoronjrhly ail 
thn prini'i{)al pnrta of thf difforoiit jiumpa uand for the 
variniia cIomwh of work which I have mot with during 
the liMt thirty-ltvn riikrH ; aftt-r which, you will he nblo tu 
Hflftit pumpn and nttingit nnitiibln for any claaa of work 
whiiih may bo rctjulrvd— a groat dotddoratum to tho 
plumber. 

Trae and Lead Pumpt. 

Somotim*-!! it hii]>pi<nH that tho tron pump ia only uaed in 
pla>«M whcro it in vximmiiI to very n)ugb, fronty WMther, nr 
whoro tho ImuI pump in likoly to got Btt)Uin. In thia oMo. 
the ton-tnw or imrrol of tho pumj) ia madii aa UNual, and 
■ ■ • III ■* ■■ May, 3 or 4ft., to kwp it steady. 



Thon a leaden pi[)o ia flanged bi tho nido or otlicrwiMO, 
and taken a abort way in a horizontal dlrootion, and 
through tho crown of tho well and down to tho wator (or in 
Nomo i'aM<M, tho load pipe ia imly uaod for tho horiaotita' 
]>art of tho work] ; but tako oaro to havo tho nipo hUd 
with A good fall towarda tho woU, no that it wAl ompty 
itaulf whoa n<<tuin>d. If othorwiae li>ft, tho mmflnod air 
lying within the pipoa forma a trap wnnotinkcN known oh 
n itocki't. which will )n< difficult to romovo. Huch a pocket 
may Im M>onatForK,Fig. 80:). In MUnhcaaonflxarotHlning 
■>r t«il-valvi> on tho " HUctiou"-piii« in the woll, oa nhowu 
at tail valvo, l^lg. HIIJ. When troo and lend jwmp work have 
to be done, tako oaru to mako tho flango largo enough 
for nailing, no that it may Iio perfontly air-tight to tho 
tri<o, if the horixontal lUatanra or dupth bo gnmt, n oon- 
Midcrablo oDncuaalon, when thn pump ia quickly worked, 
will take plane ; thnii uao a auction or vacuum alr-ohamhcr 
flxod an iiAowii at Fig. HO'i, and aa near aa puaaible to the 
troe or banvl of tho pump, aeoFlga. itll, tllSaadSlS. 

Alp Pookat* OP Tpftpt In Suction Plp«i. 

When fixing a auction or Jack punip having long Icngtha 
of horiiontal pijM', gn-at can' Mhnuld lai taken to fix it in 
aiich a manner ttiat it will fall towanla tlio wi'll, and 
without air pookota or trmpa, ua illuatratod at Fig. b03, and 




Fni. 803. 

whiiili may bo nndnmtood from tho following. A ia tho 
iK'nil of the auction pipe, which ia thn highcat point. Now 
follow tliiM lino tif i>ii>n to K (1. It ia nlcar that when you 
flrxt work tlio pump to got water, that you tiuiat juit water 
into the liarrel of tiio pumn, and then Uin air botwocQ tlio 
wilier in U>» bam'l and tiio wnti'r within thn well i* eon- 
flnod. You work awav at tho pump handlo, and miinp out 
nufliciont air to allow the watur fntm thn wuU U' nw to tim 
lamd at A, when it jiopa ovur in a nnall drihtiUng IkmIt. 
and runa down tho auoUun to S U ; at thv muuo tuuo {tau 



Mv-tinB fip Ml biteK tiki mUk As mniM mtMl lb' 
■k fruA K boatt bwk to A. aad anrj ttM tt« budb i* 
wackod. Ikb ftir r«iik tram A to E. aud ufkhi ljn«k> 
lllKHUfc tb» wmtor (unbi p — u^ to A<, u i1m> ntrt 
iftmUimU (wt la ^ Um ol pipe l»«>«n> A u4 iL 

la MM* flMM joa uaa sttt vrv (Ma by ivdadiqr tfan aur 
ti Ifaa wotion ftp* l«(«H)ti O and A m MtontiiV U>* 
vmtar ba low W7 r«pdlr tbiDOtfl) tW pipM «• m» boI lu 
alknr tb* *b to noon. Ur nt nuMm. joa on npungt Oil* 
^ ulday rrrf qald Mnbci^ ud Ube bv kbaj Ttij ««Aini 
MiilrhfM (rf the haadlK, dfaoUlf Ai ap ■ini><. gnl ihc 
MKtkMB piM Mww fp«4 op. Bat tf *oa laoaiAiMUiMB bi 
4b «Ua, tton fts « kot T«lnr u »i X Mdw IW watar 
Ind, aad 1U a Aott Wacdi at yipt and •topoixft m at J. 
aad fill Um) Midiaii utdfl tW water ra&> oitt at tbo iiwitt 
ihe panp will tbMi wuck prajwAr , but Lb burt to ham m 
gout Inrt '•vlv*. «a4 « t£nr>N«t«i7 unod mmk at K ; «r, 
^at te ebvptr, aai I tliiak, |ntaH Inltar, vtpe lai ■ 
Ua. Mofe-bn* Or fcrralr. nr--* — ~- Hi a gn4 mn pluf 
wU lal Ivd j lait W m. pi» J U pM««Ur 

Mlaf anUeraiam ll<^ •t'l- : 'ii »ff. or tJw |4t||[ 

ia- tlhi- '"V- 

Ik . 'r^^trh witboal 

ft»lM«l«0Md bi tU tall. L<Ct«l UU11 w»7 dirfi 

lfc««lM-. mAovm In tlw 4altod Uar- .i* u tL. 

eaMi, b y varjr dUkuIt to map** Ike *u . m.^-^ ...- |i1vbW, 
If WnajrWcalU ^ thai aana, ri^Uljr «iito tbn aak &s 
Uai ilmrMillaM^ 

Tim >t»ir dtittmni ia u akHah irf • mum|i wblrl) 1 fttad 
K vmr* >K<> >■ W)iW c^.urt f<*' iJto Aut -f nudlrr, and 

lua^ ;v«r« ajTi «lH-t< ii«DL-d in bi naatin** a jaimn Inr 

'. KMapHNi, at Uv Vif-antr^, Stakf Lw^, UaMortUHrt, 

'»•«■ Ifaiaafa- jxK^H <)i<ni<iliT I'jr |m«ia|C a (bp valrc 

B> ■■ Aun at E. Ki)f. 'vt.. oa Aa MaMioo {■)}*- 

tlw ntot tegina b> ran bark, mt at T lu iIm- 

<iv ; lk» |avraate Ibp water lailluiir iBiiwank. 

, al»j itn wmi b t tbm air b<aa linag to Uw liiffLaT puint 

Uv ncdoB. but Gar> WM la lafan to &« it tlie riirht 

m. 0( oaaiM. £ ■• tlw uaw aiua b« ilw top to 

r m valvir to vbae, b«1 gtial aua Auald tw takta to 

• ■ lary mmwij^ paoip buttd to mU CU np Ok lam 

dHaaewafJpB «l tM^ atnA* uf tlMpwnp. TVab* 

dw MOtka yffc t^ooU b* " at laut tau>-lulf tlw 

■•tor er «n»-laiirtk llta una of tba faam4," hal wltb 

> fl|r. MS. tba liK «4 ■aottw ftaaa tW rtup ack tt> thr 



laot 



Til., a aia. banri ab^akl Imt« a lia. pipa; and rtrm I 
mmke mmm I abuiM fMaot it to omn'tamrth—ns., wbaa tl 
•livtaww bvtwwB "Ipp rvik aad lan^J l* irtraL 

I dmild alM itair tlMt H tb<t aiiccW »( lb« pmp b' 
txad bd <w tiM to|* of tiia VMtd wlwa t^ aim «wfc b 
wifad uci. thai IW dtflraltj at ckartsr tka afr will ba 
lIMatar, aad in tUa oM tlw budtrt alwaU t^ takoi oat 
Wkd ibe baffvl planMl, ao a* to boU the wabw bM^ 
wbOM tho MWtioQ 1^ ia bni>ir filM, wbW^ wbM 1 
dOMu tla. miM vxi fw pfatff ■»!».< hp twMd ktea 
pla«r M tba hunt m nmimd ; trtbvwm tk« nter 
roa wot aad mgida iMira iba dr paohM. 

L«ad "Jack ".Pump. 

la aiaax fntatn abApa, plamton hava to tmk» m tbdr 
owa laad pun]* btaa a rtnt|rbt Uiftb cd pinn Unri m 
fcaknrar-trfca l«i«th of. wj. Sia. or iia. poiap barnl. 




■w 



ibrn WW otf aboal Sb. fin., and wttb a diriMr tml lb* 
no aa Jiapad itodtir bm tad to lim ahapF abown at A. 1*% 
M4. Tba aoor ia gmmtUy Btt>lr hwoi ibr *b<iaUir to uir 






n. 



i'^ 



tm. 



rm. 



ftU-MM. 



860 



PUMPS. 



cihI 4in. to J)\n. laaif, but for thia «« tim of *-Biu>t)oii 
nipi^H" further Ml, as this vill Imvo KnneUdiig 1o do vitli 
uui Imgth of Itir rttni; lut Uiat ym mar make it neam Ut 
tlu- nntflft of n<[itB«. Xexl pT«<paiv Ine noit^Ce ; thia U 
wndv M folluws : —Take a pitir nf l^in. ui 2in. pm> 
uoofdinf to the idnt of the ' ' aiKiiuu-piiH! " (or tM.-tU'r nwl, 
if one <ijBC Inr)r<-T pipir be uaadj, and vine it into Lh« bumJ 
(Ut kIuiwh at I), Ktul at about 9iii. frotii tlio lop. 'Vh» flntigv 
K is wiped on, or ii l^nu] tumnl ovnr. tw ynu chunv; ii^'xt 
trip« on tho ^xi»K Aauhi.*^ C aiul F, Fi^f. ^04, and the laid 
work in (»mitlnt.>d. Xfiit ia the lixinjf ; biit brforo pi»- 
CLinluif; willi ihi*. let XII Mt.- whiit nt.bi-r kindiif jack-pvnnp* 
tuv ttf be macip, Fnr tlii« n-'ior to FIk. SOB. whtcxi in ii tuuiu- 
maAa "jack" mountnl oti a plank with tacks ns at Sf, iind 
-will ba readily oiukntood as wo pioc^cd with tho wnrk. 
Fig. 410 ia the kind of pump uivd itbiiuL Uil' HuburlM nf 
XfOodcm. It has a nut-bam-i. tii}7jcEi>, and n mn]p«TiiuitiiiK 
or wpilatluiir head as ahown ut L, aud wliich iwiuch the 
flow of water to be mom contintiiiiui than wh^it tb<r ii(ixxlf> 
I* hranohod dirrvt iotii Uic lumtl, aM shown At D, Fik- '^O-t. 



London<made Lead "JBok ' Pumps. 

Ill London, and fiv about twenty milix iimund, load 

Cri^oi nrc nuulr nmtlur to that lihdwu at K>^ NOT. vi''.., 
nil, licwl, auil noMile, oa«t •pparutrly niul burnt i-r 
Doldravil up. The fonnOT, if doim by a inideMiiau, U-ing 
mudi thD t)Mt 1 but I have moulds for Mating thi> 1u( in 
unn pieiM'. 

At FJK- 808 may h? *r*T\ the nmrMary iniu work for 
Filch puiupM. und Fik- R09 mt A aod 1(, the wnrnJ hwkpt 
and mii'kfT lio* wKli'h i» ubiijUj «.nt wit, when oixlivrini; 
tlu'w jiuitipi fTiiiii th<- li-Ni] nivn linnfj". Illit t.i tiiukc Hiuv- 
of hniiiijf tlu'lot <N)inpl"toit U btnt loonier ImkI pURipswitli 
liuti Work biwkft and tuiokcr bus, eitlwr liiitlwtiMl or imt 

Making up Lead Pumpi. 

In Pip. BIO, M in th.- nfiMk, and N the banvl : thew 
purtfl im cnMt in iruu or ffiMi-iiutii] mid <>lhi.-r nUiit-iip 
tiii'iiM)! with Hiiurtitly tip-r viTr*, IhL'ii Ki>ldt-rod up hh 
fulKiWfl : — Sta! tLu iiu-idu of the' front L of tlio i-Jimptmiatiny 
hud. Xest cnt tlic bolo whcm n:qiur>;d for tlic ti»i:tli*. 
leaving an iifh or »o of mom for the wiiti r to ntaiMi in ihi- 
head, and fit thn nox^li' in up li> tliu nhv-iildpr V : Iheu [nke 
It out and Bhavo thvinade purC of the hnlii witliiit tlicfaiwd, 
I {in. all round : niter whioh. wnl th<- inf>idi' piirt of tli<.' 
tinnle, and Nl«i(r a dean fmt vtui of jMkpi^ into 
lbs end V (but with it* end quite U'vel nitfi thr IkiVj 
vS the DO"!", iind nhnvi.' niund tlu' oiiUidi- d(iw:i (u tiin 
■bonldor, after whii-li fix it tuul wildiT it into thi' hmA hv 
BiakinKa tlan^' joint. Nr-xt tit tlv Imrrol intti th« h<?nil. 
•oil and*ha*« it, Miy, fri>ni 1 jiit. t» I Jin. nil nuiiHl ; ni*xt 
eoU the oubFJdv pnrt '>i thi.- Wnvl ■ti>'tildc-r itt X, in.i], by 
tilaolnif tho head iipnidi- driwn, y»u lau ruadily solder ilio 
jboml on to it. winn tin- piunp i» readv fnr lixinir, or ferr 
thv «uctian to Ini ninldirrd »o. A'oti.r, t.tii- lop of ihi- bami 
•hould protnidt' Uirou;(li the butlom of thf Lend, wiy lin. ; 
tlUB pnvfOita bitj>- of brick, gravel, tiv., itvm <■> rvndily 
fallia^ down the hnml. Tlii^ gare line to the iutrodiictian 
of llw head tu lead jiu^k pump;-, flr^t done 1iy my old friwi, 
Mr. Ijaagvare, plnnibvr, nlioiit Uh' voir 1!^.>I. Tlir bivul i» 
M timaa iiuid« round, and at iithor tiiui-v with round fcuiit 
and Alt hack, ao that it L-an bo fixed witli mn. as at X. 
Ftv. 8U4, otfaiaat a poxt nr plank, i\» nhowii at A, Fig. BIT. 
f lri^ttm<<. the plnnk fnr sutniorli tnav t»' &xm1 in a ■■hoc lu ul 
URST, Fiff. W0,ora«at K.Fi|f. btl4. or U-t into tbv^iirth; 
or it nuiy ha fixed agaiiutt a wail with a handk- workiutr 



from tltn lock of a plaivk, lu nt K. fiff. BIT- The fixing 
of thfinp piiiniK, wli«ii expoH«d. ix Mib^ii-t to thicv ctilit— 
namely, the fnmt tif winter, tfapft. »nd the pomihility of 
chUdraii piittinff thinp> into thr baml ; )>iit wlien tixoil aa 




PiJL mo. 

nt Fi)f. 817, it can W midcc-d wfrJi wtwl, felt, &r., and is 
priitfxHo'l frciu tlivft . A b«tit nux»le prevent* tlie childtvn 
puttiiiff ■tfiiii'* into thi> lumJ. SootsUBUa iron ciuw* uror 
the lead, or braiut nponts ant uaod to prereiit thi^ vf 
Doxalrv. 

■'Suction" and Rising Main Pipes (Size of.) 

It i" importnnt that the " suction " and riMii^' Iimin pipe 
i^oulil l«? 'if II xnfKi-innt diiim-'trr M allow lii" wuHir V> pa™ 
without unduf frici-ioa ; fur in»t.in(n', •iipjio^ tbi' liurml 0, 
Vig. 810, to be 4iii. dlaiiifler, and t1ii.< fiii('Uuii-pi{iH K In be 
lin.. by working the handle it will be pliiin that the wnt^T 
wh«n TUUMiafT through thn lin. mintion ppt- will tmrul lit 
timm latJtT ihiui thr<>u|fh thu 4iu.. eihI nt the «xpt>nMi of 
itn^ltBU labour, which i* luili'ly ejinxxl by frirtifin, mognifnta, 
&c. Thiai«»pt lo V' 'ivi-rl(>oV<d by iiiiH.1 w^U'u plinuU-ni, 
but it ia of more imporiaiioo tiiiin iu i^-nonUly puppoMjd, 
CRpooiany in lon^ longthn nf pipe. In pnirtiw it may ho 
oboerved that thi- pitnipn which work liniitcft on the bund 
ant thfl trwpMmpa, Why!* Simplv benain* thi-ir ttore in 
of n Iaivi>r dtainet«r, and ns n rulv tfiu buukrt is nut too far 
from the imrfa«> of Ui>' wmt«r withiti thii well. 

Aa before Mud ni^arly !ill ntic-tion-pipM and rinin^ iiiaiiM 
nhonld bo at UoAt nnn lutlf l.be diiimpt4'r, nr onn-foiirth tlip 
atea of the barn's ; that in to iiay, a 3in. Ikiiti-! kboulil have 
a ons and a half inoh suction pijv, uud if of a y<it>- Iudi' 



PCMPS. 



887 



lengUi, thin miction pipe nhoutd bo Urinr, or 2in. Ut 
ooUBtvrtMlikDiyi thn ofTr^t ^if HUrlintr <uid oioivpiiiff cif Uu' 
ir«ter, which in jJnin. \I loii LituHiilcr Ibnt l£i- inilt4' will 
move lilQWpr in a iMiy pijw thnn in ■ krimII oho. nx- (lant'.' 
mlo hold* KMxl fur dimblc-iictiiiif puiD[»i, bm cuoh buml 
loraea or dravA the itaU^t at diSen^nt uitcrTnL«, or, in othor 
word*, iiltem«t4'1v. 

Z hare nfiinea to, aiiil ex]iln!n«I ihtt uw-, ciic, awl 
aotioD of, Uic air-chaiuWr. awl naly bavv to f»y tliat 
whenerer a Riidd>>n jnk in felt upon tbi! k^tr. or n 
ohatti-rin^ or fhiimpin>r iint^ ii to da Ik^rd vithln llit.- 
|M|>«> c>f u [luup. i«lj(Ttbi.'r it lie on the auL'tioo or riuuf^ 
muD, an uirThiiinl'>T i* n>ij-i tired, and nf Ku9i"ii>nt am 4u 
pcevent tbii, wliicli la dii(.> to iht^ Dudi]<.-u kt^ipplit)! of tbo 
adraocdnir ooluniii »( wnttrr at Mx-h hand or liAi Icfltralte of 
tbe panp ; tfaia i» not iu> murli f«lt in wbeol or frame 
IHunpii, Out actMnt being rvvular. Should tliGr<' bt an atr* 
ebiaaber fixed, tntl th>yii thb chattt-rinir notM; hfard, ic !i> 
nrat^ certain that it i« in the WTonif pliu'^. or out of ntdtr. 
Tha air-(ihambrr nhonlil (r' fixvil an hl-ut (■■ tfat piutij) im 
po w nMe : it maj b« ih&t the chamber ix full of wnur bj 
niaauD of tlw air cwapiotr thioiurti u pinh-ilir, iic., in iliv 
material or it may ho raurtci] hv bud bntidni^. Kolderin^, ke. 
or perhaps, &j) I oiiue found uiii- lu tho well, «otii(> 200 ft. di>(^, 
at Fiiirfii.'ld Iloiiap, 1loni>«'y,iii-)irI<nnd<iu,li:(rd upHidrdowii. 
Tlii* lultvr puiup t-ii>in;f nuiin, olttKnijfli u fniitii- oi' ikbi<tfl 
pump, wa^ a coatiimu.! nuiKann'. on iiocuuut uf il* burTtinjf. 
Ilio IjimlDn ithirahiT who tixcii {bo piunp had for mimi- 
inuiitbK A rr-f^liir n'painn); jub. I w^'< uaoled in. anil ut 
oniw, oudi««uveKtig'th'i.'cliattt'riii^, conclnded thiit tliere wiu 
no oir-chaatbcT ; t»ut, tU' my vn.ut siirvriiw. tLvm mmu ! I 
btquirvd if it livlcfM), iin an nir-ehiuulMfr If ItMilcy will dian- 
tlicwBtor niimiDK duwn th(>aidift.unleiwt)ie Wk i^in tin.' dip- 
pipn, whichi«HtboU)MindcJwxicw>itaonot)iiitil-i«ii»t. Then- 
WM no l(Ht)iafrc. I know HonwtliLDfi w«» tbRiiiK. ;iuJ down 
t wfflt. Thf air-ebanvhor waa of the ahapo sh.iwn at V, 
Kig. sol ; bill tbi-oiii- -lii.wn at Tl, i-V-f^^'- '• "'« "•"«* 
blii'lj tu Ik> futinil fiinl u]H)di' dawiL, niinply buaiiutu tlin 
lop in the 1ar)p>«t. and many Lnndon pliinilwT». tliougli 
fxccllnit roof and donrt Imnd*, laki' it f'lr i.T»ntal that tliio 
ifi t^f> iKittiini, and ar>fiii- Uic point that tb<^ water Hbonld 
niu fniiii U to A. t>ii wi-ouul of the l»pH.'r, which at fin>t 
■ijthi uritinH rrry rpawinnhlo. A irinipld niiitlsud of WHwr- 
tainiiiK n-ht-tbur tJiv air cbunlwr is ulnirircd i>r not i»i by 
Kiiinding it, or by pricking aaniall long Iiolr (on tho topf, 
hiy with thr rnd i>f n r itrpimtftr'H nharp uhlaol, or the point 
of a peti knifu ur fiiu! bruibiwl. Thia I did, and ftiiiRa the 
lUr-cIuLlnher to bo full uf Kntj>r. Thn itir-riuini1ii-f wiu L-ut 
out, wbi-n. iaat4»adof i\x\t wiitir ruiuiiiiK out, it rtiuiainod 
full, wbirh at onoe ahowi-d that tho air-chamber wan fixed 
" wronjif way about." if yon tiirti t.Iic air-cbitmii^r ABO, 
Pifl. 801, uprido dawn, 3M>u will itra tliat Uie -wnlur cauuot 
vetaway, becauK th« dip pipe holdait »p. ■Whim you gvl 
u» cjlindrical-ihupod air-eluunbor, um iibiiwii at X Z, F^^. 
KOI, inati^ of itib coiilool, you cjux di^tinpaiidi the top 
Iran Ibe bottom, by pouriii); a little water into it, or liy 
jmiuair a alick down tlK> (mt> vml, whvu you will fuel ilic 
«tnd of the dip-pipe. Tlie dip ia alvsjR the aaau an tlui 
dip of the D-lmp. 



Aip-Chamber "Suction Pumps," also known at 
"Cifttern Pumpa." 

IW. 811 ID a iwctinn nf thia pump, and Fif[ fll'i ia an 
<>1«ratioD. J i* the vacuum airHsbatuber and otatem, 
wlwnrin U fixi<d Ibe barrel B and bucket. In ttu air- 
tdiBinberF. I in thr tiiV, vrhi^rrrin wnrkft thr bnr.kct rod. 
vhich alao (on topi wi>rk.-< tbniuyb u .-il.DilliiL^ box K. The 
tube 1 K prpt-niiLn llio air in top air-ehiLnilxar A from 
wofkiniiC i>ut ut thv stuffing box. Thvai.'tiuu UasfoUowii:— 



On mtaiiifr thr handle tbe mokjns' standard N gvnt wty, 
and the eonnn tiii^ '^ ^ prvTiiila any lateral alrain trvai 
b>Tin^ put upon the piKlun or Iniub't'rod wH^iR the buck«t-rifd 
iliwncndis nnd 'iii ific down rtroke tin- bucket aw^^-nds and 
brinifn with it the w'ai<:T out of the li^Wrn J wlthonL any 
recoil in the nn<utian pl]v, no matter Ikiw ijiiirkly it way Ii4 
worked, or if the druiiyht bo ju»t within ihn Iniiii (.f, aay, 
!26ft., thv HUnuitphcrii: |irti>«iin? ijuickly, or if iu a loDtf 
draught, alowly prcaai-s iliu water up into the datem J, and 
by tlio linw the bu'krl in down afrain plenty more mater it.' 
in the dstera, ad that thin ci>lem in a rvady rarana of pre* 
v<-n!iDg tbe suction pipe fnnn kii^king or uhattaiinK- Of 
"mr"o, th«> air>ebninbi>r A I auHwvre its omal purpose, 
bliDuld tlia pump u«>uIq Ik< Kt^ppod up and a riiitng main 
RxeA on at A, or A hose fixed on at M, for gaideti or othrr 
uae. 



rio.«ll. 



fla. ftU. 



Parallel Motion Qear. 

In the F^ipi, Hit and 812 ia nhown a Kiin)ili^ OMsna of 
prududn^ a jiarallcl or pvivendloular etrok« auits^le for 
paini> t-tkIk : J. bving a nxea atandarl juiutrd at I^, and 
wliich alliiwi UiL nuking Htundard N to more vithont 
atraiu being thrown on the piaton rod of the pomp. 



Continuous " Primod" Pump*. 

This pump ia illustnted at Fi^r. SI3, tho Irattom of Ilia 
hiarrvl hrta n vntw, whieh di]i> Into an outer cjEnder, whiuh 
is nuppIiMl with watL'r from near itn ^)pedM>at the flubgo 
on the righc. Hoppoae the pump %^lI«• ti> lot by. and thw 
HUctiniL and Huliig main to be cmptv. an the water falla ut 
the bottom clack ao will the air folloM-. but ivt kioq oa it 
paMr-9 throngh thii* valve, it will then quickly bubble 
tbrxtiigli tbo watirr contained In the outer cthaniber. and ao 
allow the water in the auction pipe to fall, and of noon aa 
this is all out, the wati.T contained in tlie outur ehainler 
Mia baok, and pert o^pun voca Into the pump baml for 
the bucket to dip into, and Qiiu the pmnp ia oontimMUidy 
primpd : a brttxr arraDgvmaat of these pumpn la bo be rten 
at Fig>. 83S and eS2. 



9RR 



Pl'MPK. 



■ — H-.T^'SJ- 



vm. Bia. 
Foul Air in Wet)«, and Afp Pumps. 

BefoR rou tntcr aiy wi-U be careful lo />*r»iiittfs/ oxnminD 
the Mtnc far the pnwnw of fold air, tnvt ii« otii*, (or you 
oaDtutt hr- Um •'iirvfiil wttli y»iir '>wii lifi- : htiiiilrttU of inrn 
bK«« luait Ui<-ir livM in wi'lln llamu)tK ti-uotiiiK <u uUtiini. 
RriiwinWr that wirllx whidi bavi< bocTi ffnind ti> xapixirt llfev 
MMi IwurafurwardN hnvc Ixiti (uutid to dentni^ It )>,v HHUian 
of the preamce nf carbonio n.nid g»d , and eaporioUj romantwr 
it !■ abiioliiMx neMMirf bi tout fur Ihiit fotil nir ut nil tiiii«* 
vkitn jrmt bmrv ooauiioii lo lUMiovnr » «r«ll. 

A nuiD ii a fo(d to nioh ImmmUddi; intn bin )rrav« \*y 
itMrnaHag into • npncc filtod with niHKinici add, a iru 
which cutBol imppoK life, n>>r (-an it heicm, ImtltwiQ 
MDdllier the ■troujf««( nnimal ia t)i«<«<<rld. Alwaj- a lowor 
H li^btvd bUtow nanillo ta tlm wittf^ tir nistrlr m iH'fntv 
jDu doMMaid iiiU MDf w«U ; If tbo cauiUe tjunis, y«u ara 
lafa; i^ HA^, rfo H«4, M/WK «ity fviiiiilfrvilt/tn, vt<nU\n- doim 
nnUl uin dnullrniid trokchrroiiH tiii'my i* drivrii out or 
vlttarad miTftj, wliioh in diinu an futlowH, vie., bjr lowurinfi 




•ajrdilny to cuim hr«t. w u to mt«fy tho sir, or In- 
Uowini* air (nun u bluwuifr-ituuliim- : a Snl nl« bk>w«r & 
ahovm «1 Fitf. il3, and in liidit to ciarrj* obmit, aivl ran W 
uwd with Dio ordiunr7 j iu. rublwr tubinit, w aiiollivr 
Uover, but fltfl limes the ezpi>iu«, awl no IwWt. ia abomi 
ftl Fi|f. KI4: or hf tho nw> of it gai> and hot vat^r, or 
Uackmnilli'ii jnrlal^lr (<irgt>, or to blow diitni a lot □( in>n, 
india-rabber, or ijtber pipc«, and whic4 tua»t reach dowu 

10 til* water, or nouly. B-mmtiniia tb« riainK duuiu (not 
having tall or (ibutiDer-valrea) btv made luw oi for ihiit 
fUimprn^ down frt>sL air. Tliia in dtme by Axin^ a ball 
ctop-onrk upoik th« muin [liiM' bNir the barrM, or jiwl- attirv 
Uio retniiiiuK riilvp, with n t'inc luitdiutt tu th« aurface uf 
tho inter in the well. Such iKall-eadn, if we nay um 
the term, arr! hn<t wnrk'tl vith roda rcaditap from top to 
boltiiiti. 11* hIiowii nt A, Fi;;. 7'i. Of cimntu. lijr uWuMttif 

11 rubber hoiw on ibr outlet of tho nmin, and hy vininpiiig nir 
dovra tlio nmin in liu-in'iiimiitiUi.'H, ihu fuiil aic will nouit 
minirle with ihc tn-^ air luid ruto to Uic sorfaoa, whcii tlio 
Mn£e will bnn. 



Wall Windlass. 

aUateePig. 1222, iwf <irtfi->/(<c>i. [Mfthntitei fur I'lnmicrM.) 

It nay he SAkal, "IlownTn I lofrM down a wetlP" Yon 
atwnld bu let dowii hy tbi- mid uf n wieidlan*, nad wo<nid up 
npOQ a ropn anrh ni «hQir(i nt sofh, I-'ij^. Rl '>. 



rin. t,u 




rvt.a%. 



Two nan take tho irlndlAH*, nnn nti ca/ili aide. Tbr- 
other handle !r not ihovm on the wheel, l.til tlint: da«« not 
fdiniify. Hit acnuui tho uuni.K wiili thf min- ln-twinm yowr 
l*g», auil «t (!i»*, iiuljl vmi un- mmJ to liic work, with n 
|rfo«i of naith «ml orer ihi? risrht nhooliler roimd tlw njoe 
and under the Mt unnpit. and iiwny ynu jfii ftrandlr to lh« 
bottom HlaKv. U you faitv« nr^Tir lioii Ipt down bvfon, you 
will ham MUDS Toiir p«cBlinr fe<-lini{ii an you domnd, and 
wfll be full ei wooilMVi^iit a* to wbctlior' the hrirkwork u 
taie t ore the ataiEea nfc i and wfll anything fidl ^ la it a 
way down ! SuppOM that th* rope nliuutil luriak. nr thraw 
on the top abonul iuirid«rnUy lot gn thr winoliw \ Theu yoa 
wnnd<>r if ihero in ajiy funi olr in llio wvll. All this ia 
ninointi thmiiifh your mind of you fin-t go down. Hhall I 
fsOoflf Tlinn, If a very difp well, you muy aeo that Ihit 
briekwork i> winding, and iJie cJianiwa am, that ynu will 
any to yminaOf, " Thw ia not a sole wcH/* Piirham thm' 
are a few hrioka out in idaoaa, or that you may ha in n 
daogaroua well ; tUau you will, trotn the firat inomeut of 



PUMPS. 



am 



-ymiT javnt, irbh Tonndf an top ignm. All thin will 
[)M» tlir<xi^)> vfMir mind* md tU« In ttl^ very tiling, if jou 
krr in laife nnd tniBl>' tuRi'it bmnds, tlint yuu mtut f«r)^t, 
for it miljmnkenjvit inorenwrou*. ttml nndor tbe tollucwe 
of vwOi wntrfapd foclingH, mm faavo Imn known to fntnt 
Lind full Aff, 4J) thoujrli f<)*>l Ktr wiu hi th« vt^ll. A pluiiil«T 
^hiui DO rtK'ht to enter a well if he bna an ideu IhnI lie i-Diiuot 
tbe finrt horrnrm i>f wvll woric, moiv wuMtrijillT if it ba 
I danyeniu well. For vxamnlc KonuitiinvK yuo will lutve 
D duaoBtid AOft. or IWft., uid tluvn valk alno? a headlnf^ 
prrliap) AOft. or tl)Ofl.,orrvnu I.OOtfl. (in tiii»liitt«rciaaeit ia 
wim' 10 Milk iniothor shaft, tJum tlip hmding' tiiunly raqnSnid 
pfw thovuedoti tii]]o tolay ID), then ftv down ■uothervell 
crtiKpA hf tnc Muiie mpo piuaag nndcr and orer, 
pntlpj- whcclx, kc). the Mcuml wrll Iwuig 
rr 'iiift., or M>tni;1 tiOM vvun 50(t. or lOOfl. de«|h 
I aro ibA wdin vi-h<''r(rin the dAUgcr Kan, Mtd jrot, Kfler 
a little vhiV. you Ihh-uiiic thoron^ly at hoffl« in mieh 
vcIIk. It nninimt <'(ii>nilnni:« nml gninl >kill tn Buldny 
^,|in>)i«r vxuuiiiatiiw uul pifiuinitioiw evisy tiins jroo ent^r 
.well 
SonMrtlBiEH il hnppeus tJutt jnii wnric off taddt^Di fitnn 
[irtiigv tu *tmep. fee. Whon ^nc-'h i* thi> ci>-«. (ako caro that 
Ton fix tiw) TadiUT unWy. and tJiat iho xu^m u>-» louMit, fin- 
It la not at all an luiiNMiimoiL (r.vtimnco tu find liin Btairm >if 
old wells, and, indci^l, in miin)* new wells, not pri)pivly 
vpntiiHlcxt, to find tJw tirjihiT tviltcn thn>tigh a kind »f 
Biild<-w or w"-t !>)(. and f<ir mirh tiiiiU-n- to 10*0 "fay unilt-r 
. oiw'« fet. lo U»B hoTTur and diimuty erf thu pi«T*on den- 
|c*iiding-. My advioc la, wrvvr to d«se«nd into n w<iU fnno 
n^ to nUifT^ on laddoro. uiilrw }roii arc quite certain Uiat 
« aUKMare ■afr'. I alia nniteud that all fAtigvn ^mild 
[^ of lion, yTBiiiir. or (run-metal. Sw-h ftApn will bi> 
^iiutntod an we pn^wd wiili our deco-well pumps ; bat 
Eoce entcrhijT npou thL-i it will bo uat to cxpliin the 
npler kinds of piunpa to fix. 



Fixing Jack or Suotlon Pump. 

ft will now procM'il with ibi- Riioft of ll»r "jarkor 

Sod -pump." Aj^in n-in to Fi|f. 810. H<*e yon have 

till' wi-Il «r ISfl. dttTi, with on*> itagc. oc xhown at W. 
In iklx i-a4>i thri ■•UfC*^ iv nti oak ninnk hav 'Mix. by l>in. 
wide, bavin); n Ixili' Uirfl, and a litlli* i-uiiiit«-r-Mink mi 
tho top aidr ; the holo hIil'uM [WO" ibniojfh thr rpotn-, lial 
iiMimr to oiir end ihin thr othtr. hbt 8tii. fiom the brick- 
work. Niiw [■ix-iKitt- yowr rui.tiun-pipe for iiailtiig n Work 
of oalc. nav Oai- i-ituirf or muud. itiid 13iti. I< •lift, having 
onc Miii (Oiaprd w* lAowii at onk hliwk, Fig. KIO, l>i eiitwt 
tJir end of the Biu-lion ; tlivn Iwn- a quantity of jbi. or tin- 
•* lihat hols " muiid Ihi- liitlom of the pipi', aa abowi at 
falaM IwJtv. Bon< PiiuiiKb of Ihcni. If vim hare a '2io. 
pipr, Iww many iiii- hfli-* will you^n.'qtiirel' Ajwwer, 10. 
Hti'^iL-r you have a 3:n. lioV, and tlie •••luiin' of i bi-ing 4, 
villi Miiiin- )hi' Jill, ntultiplird by >. wbiirh U|iialN 10. 
*rhcn Uin- half iLN luHiiy iiitnin. nml your ))HOiii will work 
nu<i<T, b<«aui>c in (ho M Imlt'" tbi" friction will hr ■ixti-ni 
'.iiiM-D lu great ait tJimugh the 'liv, pi|K'. 

Siuiu' piunibi-r*, iriKtiiid of ui-in^r tturM iJoal-bolefl, Btmply 
rut tbrvi'ir fiiiir ImiffciiU with tli>i> chipping knifo ; thrMo 
iHtiea alliiw iiiu thiny to g?t out irf thn bam-l inti* thv wrll. 
ahonld It fall in wboi npain. an' guingoii. Ar. 'fhiw, in 
■onv cif^f. *n»won« better, thouirh blu*1-liok-» nrv i^vncntUy 
iiw-d. Thn blork hhould not iw filial \wffiVf tbc pipe fa put 
Ihrvuirh tl(4^hoIei inthn ntngi- ; il" n"l fix yotirhlork before 
yonr blast Iwlr* are Imre-l, or ibtIhim ■mnl! Inf« of Wd 
will pet into tbi> piiw and TOiinnt K- gi't out, and whlrb 
will w.*k up and intorfcrc with tlic nuflker valves a/>tion. 

Thir flniigi-* may t«" cart, or if too nimdi trouble to cai4, 
-qt up«n a {iwce m your vuction-pipa for tbo fiun^p. Say 



th« ]4pc hi Sin., ihim yotir pirrp of pipe for the SnnpfR Sin. 
iimg, hiid with till' ibippiiig kuifi- >-ut it down, nml nfli-r 
thin, with ihr' tuni]>iti dnvru tfanuigh. tin.- piiiv nf ]iipi.< is 
mnilv (ija-tifil. Flatten it <Mit. nnd tlion cm or hunt, with 
a rwl-boi plumUug-inm. or olberwiw, a hiilu thmtigh llu- 
ocntiv, large cnoo^ to alip over the auction-ijipe. Now, 





I- iu«. 81* 
villi a niw* of *a).h-rtir<i fnn.i the knot, aa ahown at Fig. 
8I«. nuilciiig two liulf-hitvhi--, and slip tbcin over tho end 
of thp jdpe an kIidwu. Bnug thr cniti togvlber, and with 
the l.mK.'Ht end fomi oii-^ half-hitcli (whii-h is really unly 
ono of tlio former hiti-lw-!., it> ■hnwn at 1. 2. 3. 4. Rg. il6] 
over the rod. Hiy uImxiI I2in. down the lend i>I[h- ; tlteti 
wiUi UiP aid of uiie niiui on top of tin- n-ell bohiintf up lb* 
|Mpe you untcrtbo well. Now Nlip ibe pnil uf tb»- •mciioa* 
pipo thtnogfa the oak abtffe, and with ixipfwr nutlH uall uaj 
the hli«-k on the auctimi ns lAown at Fig. KIO. then lower ' 
it soil nljp tbn Ituid flanp- owr ii^i pnd, then turn tin- flange 
otrw fur a taft joint (i»e Pi^. 140, l-iO. anil I6lj. |^( a ni«> 
wad of pnpor or.-«mielhiiig to Mull into tho iripe. Next 
pnrpaiT the i-iint A. Fig. KID, .rf the pump t<jt an nniki- 
hatiili-d urotbrr jnint, 11* ><h»wn iit Fig. 122, and wijii' on 
the Wigll: A 111 F n-ady f'T fixing thr pum]>, fhi' ii»«!l' uf 
which «bouldnvr<'xiTrd aft. in lu-igbt. Krubdn- Oii'gmtmd. 
The buck ahnuU In- Hiol agiiiiinl a wall, or if uo wall la 
iimrflx itnpright, and make the flange juini V.', Fig. 810; 
hut takii earu lliat no lend aliaring" >it othtr haid aiiUtOlic 
gilt into the pipen. It ia now nudy fur the i-aipcaln- 
luaku and fix tiia fnuue to, aa shown at Fi^f. 617. 

Wood Work or Framee ter Pump*. 

The Kuiqwrla. A, B. arc, my :iin. deiU or oiher (inih*'r, 
hard wwal In ho«t (oak), Ifl di>wn intJi Ihp gimnd, and 
having piexien or gnmrm pwt out tn reoe^vw ibo head, as at 
E to U, and F In J, tbiw nupjiirrto the pump and nt^^iliea 
it: the bock in m-xt nailed on, and thm felt, ftc . put in 
Bgouut frmi, and then tho fmni ix fiml. from thi> iinit/I« 
upwarda with waww*. or aouuitiiun a dimr is n«wl. Slunild 
thwe bo no rtgulating head, then tin- (lungiv F C, Fig. «Ui, 
fit into the KHjovM E. a. F. J, Fig. SIT. wblrb krt-pa tKe 
■ •umii uitright and ateady. Tlv aliA K, an alau Uie luJc B 
for the fover and pin, may Ni pn^iwred licfdnt tlie frame is 
Used : but ■■nrt' uiunt b<^ takiin to Hi thit lerer (Jot in it" 
proper poaitiou to work t>i« bucket-rvd. Flunb over the 
iwntreof the burr»l- SoinetiiOM tb««e Ja-k pump hmkift- 
tvAk anr worked with a rod and aling. a<i fdiown at Fig. 
819, but witli tbt stay or guide fljud on pknk. 



S90 



PUMPS. 



I lurvo alrwdr emlaJned bow to wt tho «i«li»r-box. anA 
the vuioiukbiaii of pump buokotK. Souo plumlxin amy 
a-Jc, WhM Ja the UM of th« M^.k aiiA pipes, F. C. II. 
Fi}^. 8t0? Th« niDinrcr in. to nlluw tlie witlcr t<i luii ttx-k 
into tt>n wvll itaring the wintor. Thcrw «n- miuij wkvo to 
fret over lliU diflioultj [m>u Fi|i. 8'iOI, her« the bookui 
itoTnea dovn on thfl spit F, whirh tilts tho valve whon 
rrfiairod. Now Ruppohe i^verjthiiiic tn In- fiiiisliwl, nitil 
vihIm' mi]uiied hi Hin punip : 5«>ii will liuv-» t^rxl to fill Llm 
beiFTvl will) dean wuter, nod tiuicklr woric tLo hmiUc, aud 




Fi-i. M7 

in a moment or m ynii will fe^l thi? bandit) lo work n Utile 
^mviM' uid hpNvirr. nrttl tlii- wulor in ■(<«ti running out of 
tli« aiHiut or uui'lv. Kit-p u|i Uio pumjiitVK' fur n iiiitiiiU' 
or two : Uib vrJU brui»; luiv Miiall Hul>i>luu<?« up tnmi thi- 
Buokpr-box, which bv ifTcidtmt amy hav» got there. Of 
rourac, nothing xliould !«' tlriTr. hut ik^ntftimnt it hnppnti* 
that Uien* in Now atup [jiiiii|)Jiik. mid ii<>lii% wliHbrr thi- 
w«t«r ilribbliM a \niig tiiw nfU'r tho jiuntpiiig hiut ccniu:^, 
II it tUMf. It w Mini to be " rinrht." If nut, " tliu micktr- 
hoxtanotrlirht." 

Repairing Pumps. 

BoOMlfalnfc i» under tlic V4lv^, the hox taajr niU W pm> 
parlf eementsd in. nr tijv viilvc i* buJ, tlii' tivtUtt^r iimjr Iw 
■ fana an«, or ba1f-a>do/»ii ntWr thjngk. Somctliing in thff 
matter: die pump "Iikh* water," "it miw buck." In 
thi« t*i*. lAko out tho biifkpt, pot the pnnip hook, E, F, 
A, U, i'ig*. 8 ftiM 9. "crcw the wfcw into thi' lokd ctack. ajt 
•liown «l Fijt- "f*-''- Now tlii» uliu-k will nut innvv, boeaUDu 
it haa been prvin-riy mt, ^>r minevu^} m. If it i.-* Iqimc. it 
ia bad netting, I>t rea<>o» of not N-iiij^ pn>pi'rU kuouki-l 
■liiwn, or not Mtt(Kci«ut fat i>r taw nM-d, nml n-ill nuaiy bo 
puUtnl lip. Or, periiap«, the lentlici' hiw not bovn jirxjpvrly 
saiM on the endin'-box. If tho latter in tho uuw tbmi 
tb* daok irill ho Vocm', if i>o it in cacily dnin-ii : it -will 
1)e loose In tiie bolUiiu uf thi.- banvl, and tht- niii-krr or 
pwup-hook niu»t Iw Tiiipd rarffiiJlj-, nr yon m»y tijKtil 
ifaa mw rf ibr widw-r-lx'X. Alwuj-ji Uy fur thi* by pti^hin^ 
ibe point of the Ku>ak<<r-hi)uk lightly over thi- f m of thi^ 
elaok. Ptrhape all will >>c firm; if iw> «tpip the hcpmt 
into thi! dark, Horew tt li^hliy in, and dci not m-tvyr Iht- 
n>d ruuud witliuut pmwiiiK wvll uti the tup, tiL>r tuo for 
If it i^ bald to draw, the cW-k is nailed on properly, and 
requires n krttlofn) of hot water poured into the bnm-1 ; 



hsU fill tba faaml and let it ataad for a few uiniilM. 
Now pull tho clack ap«n, let th« beat ptrt of the water 
mn book, and diut it again : thi« alluwa tho water to run 
ihniogh, and vrumi up ih« mutton Auot or other oument. 
Now pull (he iluf^k up. Gl«nendly tin- box aud all will 
oomo, an it <dir>nl<l, together, but at tbaM tho olaok Mfuea 
away fruia Uil- bux : if *o, aft<^ the obMik i» gvt up, oa 
befiin> directed, pni the pump hook can-fully through Ifac 
hotc ill the mtrk>'r Ixti, until tlic hunch or bonk ia tielow 
the b('tti<m of Ibo box, an shown iit C, K, F, Fig. 9. Now 
^ivc a guod pnll. and the thing iv up ; but iierhaiw It 
won't cumv : then gM a piece of dog-chain, or a strong 
pierc of ptnf-liMird. an<i Ihrt-juUc it ttmrngh tho cje H, and 
pnj» up the hiHib with tlic aid uf lh« handle «r lever of 
tho pump, or t<uhatitute a lover a^ Ixut joa caa. "Die box 
ia now up, and pi-rhap« it i* fmind that n Intup of brick, 
a pinon of M>ld<'r. or sumtrthiug, m bruiight up with it, or 
that th« faw of the box or k-ather U bail, or flue uothinff 
is foutid. If EO, take a puil uf water and euddeuly empty 
tho lot down tho purap ; thi> will wunh any umidl atuET 
through the blosl-iiDlen and tntc (hi' will. T aIwayn'>do 
thin IwfoTfl I apt n >iuck#ir<hox, e«peCT«lly Ju .'i now pump 
Hvt hailing a lail-ralrf. Ni^iw, an bvforc oxplotiLcd (at 
niicker>boxert, fitting and aettiag; h-ad cisrka, pump 
bucketa, &c.], pn?pan> j^oiir clnck and ducker-boxi th«n 
■wt it again, anil hx thr pnciip^bui'-knt, tilt up the pump- 
barrel M'iih clean wat«r, aud "fotoh the water." I( !■ 
now aU right, iiml the pump " htliff uatn." meaning that 
the pHmn i» "eonnd. ' Pertiapit aomrthing ohm ia the 
ntatti-T. for aft«r "Bhc" hiiti nliiud (or aw hour we have 
(o pump fur a minute or so before ihv water oomea, and at 
first it li all fruth, or vn a fvam. " 8hv draw* air," that 
in. thf^to JK a pinhole tti the Huction.pipe. or tb<> jjnlnt A, 
F^g. KlU. iH bad. pcrtuipH porous. U tne t<uck F It uM«i, 
|ierhupi*. it ia there : whabnvrr it in, it moxt be found. For 
thiK puri>uw, the irrouiid nni^t be Ktripi>ed oil thi; p>P^> 
and rlii> wrll iiniM.ven>d. If Ihp piiw is an nld one niort 
Ukel.v till' i-honiu«l» Juld in tb<- i-arlli linvf ■piitiii h"lo" into 
th» Inad, or twi.inty uUmr tluiign ninj- !"■ wrun^. Tbr jiin 
or iiii-'hole, huwuver, niunt be f juiid aud wddfrtsl up, ui- a 
now ■aiclion<pipt3 fixud. 

A* yiiii priM'i-iil with thi* ditfri-i-nt etajMcn of punipn, ynn 
will iiioro rpwlily u tide rot mid the repuirM which w in I'ono 
quilt' naturally to yon ; hpniH' why I plao: su uiniiy kiiidx 
of |nuDp» before my yi>unti n^JwUr, for, though I Hiiy mi, 
I do not expect yon will ever wi' n ijtuirti^r of thf pnrop* 
I ahow, bucaujK! it will luvolvo alijioiit a Uftituue tu count 
aeruaa anoh a vurirtjr. 



Tube Well and Pump, or Abya&lnian Pump. 

ThiA kind uf pnnij) waa luui-h omhI by ihtt EiigliiJj 
aoldicni during the Aby^innian wtir, bmce the name, 
Figit. SIH an- iliuatrntitma <^f thcae pnmjM, nhi.wiug (be 
.auction A. E, F, driven into a water-bcimiig ■Iruta at 
A, D. E : il wifl be plain tliat if you drlvii the tube 
ft, F, K, A, through thi' «oil, .ki-,, hh pxplaimv! in Ihc 
giHihih'ii'a.l wiKxlcul, Fig. 771 or "TJ, or into n wut«'r- 
liearinir ntrutiim, nn nhown, you i-an pump np tlie wu'it 
iu duo )<rop<jrtioi] to tbt^ nioL^lun- of thi.- iiuid ntniui at the 
hla«t-buleA, und that by continual pumping tho rannim 
|nodtu«d by the auction will cnu«c tli<< wairr Iu ll-.w 
tjjwardu tixf blurt -h<jli-ii- Surh in thn runntmrHnn of rhe 
tiibe-uifllx. 1 luiiy add that, howivi-r iim-lii] thew.- wHIs 
may hare boen found in timofi of war, &c., yon mast uiil 
at all timet eijin-t nurh wrlU M yifld tluit plentiful -upr.ly 
whieh can bi- oblaitied from the digging of a pmp rly*. 
eoafltraeted wHI, nor can you expert thrw! kind* <if piiiujM 
will woilc with tho nnw caan that tl>e '■ iai'k [iiiuip 

dne« whoa fixed in an ordinary well f^uujily 

becfiuue in the tuhc-piunp jou are tm lhr> 



pr^fps. 



801 



.^: 






NS 



i^v->:-;v- 



W 



>i- 



'^ 



rta*. sia. 



be minMKiifuUjr ilrivm thrDugli tlu> clinUc, brralrmg Ihruugh 
tli« flinU irhkifa 10117 ubntnn;! Its puuifo dowuwiud ; but 
whdB nek ur vtuop in reaehed nnd uu Go be ]ii(>rcrd, ^Mcml 
tneiina dI drilUnir tuw to Ix^ pr>it-id»I for it. mnn 
caminjc upon rock ur ilonv, ibe biwt pixn t>> tn pull ii[i tha 
tuhai ntiil trf in Mi'ith^r opot ; thb appliw hIwj whan devp 
In-dti of day an- dri<ron into, fur it in hotter to pull op 
the CobM UM go a little dlMAixyt off uid tott agMtn, u in 
inanj cum hy so dobtf water will lie fuund. 



inivrnpted proMuni of the utnuHpliuTe for ut^tanoe, and 
vhicli w hlnuend by ita poBiibg tbiunglL tlui diffenmt strata 
of ibii Mulfa htion it can gM to thr water ticar tbe 
biaat-hoV', mid to wkiih la 11 gruut extra t tlif tulieiri'll 
owvn itA ■uiinw of Bupplj. I hsvci »hi>wn two pumjin, llir 
tallwt liBTing a clack cWn^inn d«ur at butt'MD, lfa« other 
or abort pattpm tx^in); a nliorl vritl<^ buml. 



Abyssinian Tube Well Driving. 

Iir) u I'll tut orrlinnrily uard i* nut ilileuded for 

or piHd (itouo fouEidatioiiit, but it ia oapKbU' 

tety bud and ivrnpoct loil*, uid canaLn 



S 



Fraa. 819. 

Driving Tube Wells. 

G^ncmll/ BiMViking two mm am tuMMsarj for tfa* work, 
but OH a rule plf-uij^ of bacidK ai* to ho fonad wil^g to 
■uudot in tlii> u:UitiA»n work of ohtatoin^ drinkmg water 
by w.-U«. TU.; tuU-". kc„ at Rg*. 819 too WBll!fiti«tnit« 
ibo work tu iicftd further comment, fiXMptiDjr jiut ib« 
tralini:^! poini*. The "dainp" Kliuuld bo nmlv flxfld 
Upon the tut». and l-hi> iilidin); rnH fixed for ffuidmg tlie 
monkey or <triviiig wi-tftbt. whii-h bitter in generally 
actuatM by ropm runoia); ov<^r the puUry* a* ■biivn, and 
with n moTCtncnt of my .>ft. or fift.. aooordinff lo tlte 
■lentL. hiirdneiw uf tin* jfTound, At*. One nian IioMh tbe 
tubft just fof a alart, tL« otliec wotka Uw uioakoy or 



sn 



PUMPS. 



ntli«r In^anent nnrvwotr^ for driving tlw CUb^. Caie 
■hoold be bOu-ti l» Hx tlie tutie pi>r|mriiculiirly. HoviuK 
dw tabo Axed pltimb nod lu suiinl bj iiwlf both rji-h 
work nwajr at thr Hririnir. «nil If cUinr" be ased tu dimjf 
tiic i>i[>eH tbor kUduIiI Iw lixwipiied niid n-ttxril Abmii tvarv 
'iff.., and thf piilkvB inljiinti>il ■coonliiiKlj'. If Ihe graniitl 
bn vary Imtil il will W fuuiuL b<->t lo nx \hf rlnni[« til-ont 
IHiii. or lenA Irifin tlic irrouDil. 01 coune yon ilrivr «wuy 
At thAM^ tiibM and po loo^hon thi^ b^ Kcrcnrlusr uthux 
oil until tho work in fiiiialii^ ; niul Ulcv c«n- t)ie JLiiut» nro 
raadt' <)uite souud iji you iiciiifrpM with the ilriviiig'- Tnkv 
fnjqwnl tenia vtth a pluitiiiiK tur itic wntiT, hjkI when 
tJiv Cube jn drivm into tnn nruh.T lii^arinrf Atmtum, tbc pump 

kIuiuIiI be ti]i|i1icil ».H ■.liiiwii a1 Fif-n. HIS. 0( rT^irwo ynu 
will require to prixiei joiir pump in tlic- iinijutl unr by 
throwlniT ■ litU^■ wiilrr luty tlio Imrn-l. Yuu 111H7 iM-rimie 
impatient nnt tioi' job, ifpfxtiiiUy If the Hlratntn bn n cIimd 
ur Aomprutt 0110. Tbi- puitip laoM bo wrltoii tjulclily tind 
witli idiort Mtmltrv at iirot. 

Tho wutCT lit firil i* )ni.<r>> or Imm muddy, aonvrdia^ Ui 
thvDHtareof tliL> elratnm, but by itcwly pumpuiij it will 
fn ttmn rir-xr up mul ho tif for iiw-. 

Sljould ttii' ffiiiiiiiil Ilirou^'b «lii4-li llii> tul« bn* Ixvli 
drivi-ii pxiivu of Miii'b II rlnytiy nr mmdy iijitum »« tn (uid 
itii way tliroutfb the pcrfunili^il lube to nny i-sii-ot, h> ibat 
Then thp pump ti* pnt on, the wHtrr i-nimol pcnrtrntc 
thrciii^b tlio nci'iiiiiitbilion in the tiilic. it ti> ncirwukiy ti> tiw 
till! Miisll i-li'urin}(-iiul tulipji. A nuHirimit tmiiiber of tliow 
mniit b« HorowcHl lo^rftlitr to tviuAi lo the Kiivmi of the wrll 
tub*. The rt-ducing Hoi:ktt haf to bo Htrvwf*! on to tbi 
upper end of ttio miihU iulxn, htid tht pump In i>i:n-iv-t"L 
into tbia ■ockrt. Tlii* done, tliv wutpr wtimli hnn bi^ii 
jioaniil dowi) tho wpll tube will by di:')rrvcn moiiti-ti Uii' 
viirth, wbivib cuii bi> inuupvd u]> Llimuirli tho huikII tube, 
whilo frcnh wiit4'r t-- bving ponwfl d<i»ii tho well tuba : 
until, by tlii* nit«as. aU tL« earth which bim ucciiniiiliitnl 
in Ilia tnbn hkn beoa dwuwd »uc. Wb'-ti tliiii hu* bt«Ti 
■ooomplished, the vnall tubes van be witlidrawn, nud tlie 
iwmp uviny been wnwod on to the weLl tabe, tho mil 

To tuL-ilitftti- litlttiff tlio wtJI tnbp, for tli« piupoM of 
«li-tining it out, n funnel in uwd, nliicb 0111 be ncreivpd on 
to the well tube. 

Il mifht »if€< liKppcn that th>- well tit)ie may hnro b(>eo 
driven Utruueh the wstcr-beiiring •trottun ; sfaould ihia 
flcvur, the wwl tube can In nadily dmwn up to llie nrat^r 
■tntom H^n. 

In drivinK tht- ttibo, f>1ioalil nxk be met witli, or front 
Uijr other caiii^ it is fi^iitid iiiy<i--'vuiry to itithdniw, this tnHy 
bv nooompliahed by tMtouin^ tlir '■kiiip to thv lube m few 
iti^heii tmm the grouod, and by itpplytii); a Itmr at radi 
Bidv. ndM il A »hnrt diatAnoc, lowering tli<? rliimp nf Irr ench 
mioccmve lift. Aoothrr pbin uf wiUidrnwiiif^ the tubn in 
to put the monkoy ou the pipe t>ie revi>n(> way to what it 
ie vhsn driviiiit ttie w«'ll, and then fiUfU-D tbo pUmp on 
the tnbo also llio rerorefr wiiy. nbotit oni' foot ahovf tht 
monkey. A nuin on canli aido pulls up th'' inonkf'y nffitiiiat 
tlie olamp. and drirfs it npwiim "Ut of lh(> (ground . itIimii 
all the tutjca mi? willidrawn thi-r may U- ri-drivcai in 
auother opol. In withdrawiuK we tubce, each lengtli 
ma«t 1>e UDBCTPWcd an it in raiitpd. 

In Mnne rery nolid ntrata it in ntcfMary, in ordirr to 
open up the w8ti>r-w»y tn rh-n well tiihe, to nao a foroe- 
]Mitnp iin the lop vf the tubi', nnd by tordntf wnlcr down 
uudiv KTOat preeeuiv the strata will bt: funi-d. and vntrr 
oumunnlcatioiw openrd to the woU tubi^ : aud wliou wni^T 
llowi fn-ely down tint tubr vritliout fnrr-inH', tin- ojwration 
ia f^urmlly iximplete. Thii appIit-Htiiin of the fon-e-pmrip 
tn aloi of jfTwil "Tvice whpn Uif wcU may be in a " iwt 
of day. in thi^ imniadlalM rininitr of wnt^r ; for by foniing 
mter down, a water-wiy ia oprtiMl to the wabT- bearing 
■tralum, and a good wpU is thics obtained. 



Cheap Pump*. 
Cottage or Iron JncK-Pump. and Tilt Sucker-Box 
VrIvos. for Places exposed to Frost, Theft. &C 

For thi» kind of ptimp rrfrr to Piy, 8W, with aad without 
toalun){ nbnidard. This jiump is 11M.1) ini nopuuiit of itn 
ohmptRv*. o;»v'lnlly by f(nnleui.-r>i. II10 ti);iire on the right 
in rbesper than that od the Itrft which hiu a ivckin); cir 




irioa KW. 




)^a. ML 



ruMPs. 



»08 



vilinitinif vljiD'lurd J, wlui^li u liiu>^ nt L, K . l)ir^ tiumj)- 
rod wgrV» thnmjrfi n h*iU> in thn top, h> tluit. rhildran 
ranootnnt xtnnno, &«., in tko barrel. E (h tlie stivtUm- 
pifv, F th<> tilt-valvp fnr Pinpt^^ Lho twrr^l in winter, 
whii^h cftii Iw flxod <fpr-n by Inwrripg tlw bnoket to tiw 
iHittmn of ihi) iMrnil in aurb n nuuiiDTT tliot tbe bottom of 
tlw; liiuJcLl will real upon tho spiir F of ihe v»lv». Th» i» 
wry haady in tbr vinu-r. Tbo |nunp in wmred dtrwB 
opnii plankK, i>^.. ili n-t N. Fi}f. K'Jl is th« mniA flliM o( 
nuiii)), but fittod «ritb a Hucker box, naS loagm in th« body 
lor wiurto and alleys. 

Overhandffd Actlan Pump*. 

Hkbo pumpi are inMdo bj J. Fell k Cu., for fixloff io 
plwes wh«re UiiC urdinaiy pnnip bnndl" fnuuor- bo wnrWt. 
or whar* it nx>uid bo m tbu way, ico J^. &i'2. Th««tt 




n«. at!!. 



pUTHpa tnnv be had to fix un a wall aa Hhowo, or tlio body 
may be lu'nt Fige, 821, tl'iS, ice. 

Full^aiud Iron Pump, with aooawlble Suokar-Sox 
Plat*. 

In thio ptimp, 'P'ifc 823, Iti to Iw «<ti a valTe bnx B. 
rovL-nxi b_v II yWie K, and w)ii<.'h in vary cuDV(<iiji?iit wbm 
npairing th<> itiir-k«T>riilTe. The biickrt, iw titiiT ho an-a, 
wwrk» witliiii til' b»m:l A, itnd h*i> a lourr ntp^c. SiicJ: 
)nutnw arp handy where tliiM« u much koocliiiiK about, but 
fuv iiiitl fur fliiit«T work im uneinitil "f lliti fn»i. Of r*nir«p, 
♦K.. amnr [iiuiiu timy bf fitted wilh iraUrit fiiwl dirwl uiidiT 
*nvket. Sm'li ralvvH arv ihinni nt, N nnd M iii thp 
'tram. Thcpe ralr -• H^v^l Ittwreu flaam'*- 

• A rocker-box n _ a« at N. 




rin. »1S. 



Party-Wall or Double-Handle Pumps, 

Tbw*' )ttiiu{w itn- uw-d for donWo dwC'lliiij.'-liiu*** 
baring party- wiillft, the pump boiiiif built ia the briclfsork 
and hiiving KwinjfinfT limidlpti on «wh «dff, »• idinwn at 
C D, Fijf. H-il. Thp »|ii.ut «f tJia pimp. A, Fik. 8i6, nin» 
inlo a Knd of HlidiHii di»h, or troti^li B, Fig. M&, th« 
Ix'ttvm pari vf whicfa bu ii partitiun, and twt) (-onipartiiieBt* 
with nozslcD an lihown at D, F ; ihlit KlidlnK lUflb roceptaola 
rc«ita upon the bri<tkwoi-k or wall G. nud in wwknl as 
fnllcrWH. SiippiMp till- tii'n|ili> on tin- I) wih- of thn wall 
require walor, tlic oUdt- B in ri^lit tijr the water to run from 
the nonJe into the slide, and hi>m thaica into the oompart- 




Fiu. in- 

intmt C, nnd nut nt T). Ilut mmMMv that wat«r im wautcd 
iu th« poiiii«rt4ui-ut E. Uit-n tt»- «li.l<' It rinwf, with the 
band, b« piilldd by the linndle K over tb? |KirtitiijD, mt thai 
ths idldi' limy Linpty into tlie oompartniivt E, wbra ttio 
water nill nm t.ui at the .itxriit Y. Of courw it ia uot 
aiweMUiry that the well should Iw midrr the wall, but may 
lieatanr dLrfann' awav, lu Bhnmi nt Fig, 810, 823 ; au^ 
when, if deep, it »iiii«t Iw w<irk>.il by rodit, Ac, to be ber^- 
■iflm'XTilained, mid furwhiih »ee E, F, G.H.and H,}<,0. 
I'. Q, Fl|f. 888. k<:. 



894 



PUMPS. 



floating Pole Pumps; Fixing Iron Pumps; 
Wood 8tAg«*. 

For thit clOM of puni]> retet to F U, Tigf>. 826 aod S27. 
pjt» F, (or actuAtlug the buikct S>, tad wUl bo nwdlly 




ria. fisa. 




udenUxxl fnam the illnhtmii'in nml llip follnving dcMtrip- 
ttetu Mont uf tlic uld wuudco inuu|M luid thcM flmtaij; 
pokm. 



Fiu.ua. 



A, Fig. 836, Lt ih<> Ktninor or blut^faolw, wbkh muxt Iw 
Kxcd iipMti » ^wi Aijlid (oosdiLtiim. tmloM) otherwiflO fixed 
upon »(»>:«'«, or itt the- top of the well, which is (Wimclimwi 
done by >'iiltm); twn scmicirruliir !ii.!i-« in twii 6in. liy liiti. 
tir 1 liti. |iiri«i uf liml«r. nud by fixing; thi> tlaii)^- G iif the 
pump, »«« ut r, K({, 82", butnceD tLow timbers [for thin 
we AB, CD. Fig. a2»]. Vtm (.ui)j«.i- iili l.i hfl ^Tn-wcd 
totir(>l]ier. «n illiutrnlMl ia Uio above disfrraiun, thD butUnn 
or Ixirrcl part beinft Kiipptirtnl or nt^uulipri liy llic Aai^ 0, 
a pUii of w-hirh in shdnii nl Fiw 818; A *C in ihe cuuiu 
•MfR) and B 1> tho clip blook, whi<^h in bolted to tba main 
Btogc flritli tli« tmlts A. (J. 0, IJ. Thoro it- on iidTitnUK« in 
iuIr^ mth HtdgM aa tlumc : thn alugu in nut woiikfuod far 
boring a Inrfto holo t.bmuuh the i^cwtrv <>f the ii-i><<d, and 
another i* Itint ilicy holiT the pi)".* iia tirui iti> yuu ma; 
duKH Id K-R'n- thu bluulc ta tbo main i«tafcc. Of couno, 
Mich dtagtw rmr bn of iron or ifUii-tuMHl. Hnvinp pvrry- 
tiling in tlic wull ri^lit, mat prurido thi: puin|i-pi>t(', which 




rio-ssa 



nliimld }» ni kuul from l|tn. lo 2iti. diameter, made uf oak, 
or uthcr (food Liotinir mafaniid. Fiwt^^ th- fgrkx of Ibc 
inunp-r<.>d to tin- pnU:. il« >i1iowu at E, Vig. 8-je, iiud Uy the 
muskflt AX at I, J, I*!^. TVS ; and aim tho roupling at II Ut 
the punip hnndle. It iiutjr hnpprii IhrU «» exim iMmpHit^ 
will w Trtjuirwd li> fonnBTl two or uvitv polm tojp-ihpr, nr 
Lhin may bi> d'KDC with twi> itim. tilotra with tho polo 
bolted between Ihrm. Karinif tlic fut thr ex^rt len^h, 
and the niirkiT b<ix flxrd, pnxved to invn thf finrt pule, 
thtm the iioxt in Ixjltctl cm. niuil th^ nciit. until tht- dmircd 
Ivagth in obtsilird. Now imtir Hituu wittxr intn thi> piiTiiji 
ttoawvA the buudli-, a* before expUiunl in jmk-piui)|iH. 
Thft pumritij^ at lir»t will han^ rciy hearf on iho hniid, 
and niDtt likely I'nck thn handle, biit aa tht wat^r riM^* np 
thft puDiJi, iKi tin- nxln will flctat, and the wlml*- tliiuji 
IxHxiiiie Ittriit oil the hand. Stii.'h piinpn (cmrnillj wotk 
lightly, nud will lant a lont; tiiriA; hut. if wilt rr-ndily Im* 
Mi-n that tluT luiiiniA throw nritcr abuvt iLt- IiuiiiUh- ; but 
hfiiipilv we fill' «ilh !iniilJi'-r kii il. Siirh n piiiiip I itiinij> 
Hud lixwl thirty yvim ago ttt HiiiiyxT Hill, mid if A]wiimtvd 
at Fi^. »'i3. itftv U a load pump bum'l rvHchiuir fn<m>| 
bultuni btagv C to tho top. Of criunr, thi' ordinitry ilackl 
■iirJi?r box may Iw iuk<ci in coDJonr.tiun witli tliia tniekvt ' 
and floatiiifr pol«. It in uaail; repaired aud wirk* widi 
freedom, dthcr frum a fnmo ur any of tfau htuidli'H lo bQ i 
hcmtftrr nifriTwl to. 8« Fto. 8«8. 877. SM. ftc Thto^ 
pump. Kij,'. B'J'.fc, is known by lae name of a lift luid furwf- 
pnnip ; and is an «xsinpl« nf dning away with thp miog 
main -cliirk ur vain*, anil w<«i1ck like a lia-vr migiTic pump. 
Now it Is lime Ui tiinsitlcr what will bo thu pret^ure u|)oa 
tho Hidca (if thi^ barrel and bn<'kr-i of punip^ In thin case 
mrppim' thri witII tn lip a il«Y out- ; thi-n ymi miml ii^' a 
jm)up-l.-iim'l of fiiiit'ibl* "i/e for rhp tiwy wiirking. and tli* 
matcriak of proprr thit^knraH tt> witlu-laud tlii' prrtHun.-. 
Take into arooiint tho height n( Ihn pity or riNing mainJ 
which in uarriwl abuvt.- the lop of the wi4l, bMatev lliia, a* 
a matter u( oourvo, add« extra prennm to tha water witbin 
tlio puxup-bom-I. 



pUMrs. 



MM 



C U 



/ 



rio. an. 

PreftButw Table for Pumps and elao for Atmospheric 
Pressure and Weight or Water per tquarg Inch- 

Tbi- TiTMBtiTQ at Ifilb. tv the vquiitv iDi;h nuiy bv uudvr- 

Mo-*! mnn tho follnwin^ nlniplo llluAttntioii, hnt, tor riiit 

iMirtKiK' wi! will lAf 15 lb. &titko«pheric hiuaIh d 'iOH. 

■ai lA water, trnta farther "ii. Sjippoup yim hnvn m 

v-tlv lit). Nimro W st I), Fife. fiM, uiul n N|uiiru 

•mill in or otfaenruG) ntado to lit air and wat«r- 

tiiir tnbc : no«r my thnt l.hi* sqniuv wi^lit 

' 161t>. nu B. U:t from A, tu B, be SUft. 



Noir fin lltia pipe with water, ttad the wvi^l at B will 
juBt btlniM the onlami) nf wirtor. ITerp the 161b. irciglit 
la a.lKi halancMl br the oolunm of wnUir. 8uiipu<« iho 
ww'irht to be lib., tbi-n only lib. ppB^nurr tnthin tlw rabe 
» nqoiml to buoy up tu« wc-lxfac. >'uw Bup[KH»e that 
initeed of a ennsre tube wn om a round oiil>, tLo ana tl 
wliieb u HHAllar than th« squnrr. \^'hKt iriti be the 
atmovpheric ]imKun- (iiuppoiiiiig it tu be lAlb. tu the Mioare 
iaoli) npon ma lln. oircour pipe, oot taking dcdnaih into 



-U 



V^ 



BTDBnrrATio 
PjUIADOX 

6ee IM^fe ZM. 

¥w. 831. 



cotuddnntion ? The miottct L», nfnarly ISlb, TbeT«^Ire, a 
ronnd I21K wriffht; anti/i* rmjiilnM in a cirrolnr p«]» to 
withialAiid llif Iftll*. lo thr wffnaiT irifh pipu : or, in olhiT 
wordu, wiiwK^t tbnUittum ol tliTwujd pipe with the l>tii)"ni 
of the ■qnari! oiiv, und llib muori iMb. wdirht, and ihe 
roiiml rilh. weight will Atatta at one water lerd. Till* 
beitiff tb(i ffivl^ it i* tnny to tiud Oia dilftwenoQ betweeu Ibe 
Mqiiam AiidLlHicinttif, at liMut, D<«rvaough for osr porpcNW. 



Circlet Bnd Squaree, Relatlonthip of. 

Tho foUuwinir an luinplo ru1» for doinv tliis:— 

Rule I. IfuUipIy lialf (he din-iuuferetiL-o by half the 
dijunvt^T fnr Iho Ann, ilk for rxninplc, nippcwc thn piimp 
to bo It tin., My lliv tdmimfvniuM.- \* 12iu, (fur a uumr 
calciiUtioii say r.Jlin.), half of which ia Gin,, this multi- 
plkd by b«U tint diiimctor, whirh i.-i Sin., will give I2in., 
the areaueur (.■imuK'b fur t]ii* jnirpjM!. 

Another mora pri'dw role is tQ inoltii^ the w]«an o( 
the dinitirtor by '"HA* for thp ftn^». 

Ray, rmiffhlj" "jicaldti;!, tluit tin- an-a of a 4in. pump- 
bucket: ia l'2in,, that a rolamn of witter ha* to tv lifted tn 
th? hdKht of llOfl.. and Oiat tlio prvMsurp feqiiircd ia 30lb. 
lit tlto wiiiare inch : licm we bavp 1<> multiply the I2in. by 
30!b., vnich will lie «jiial to 360ll>. Hcrp vim nxjiiiro a 
dead lift vi IIBOlb., !■> i>nr tinthiiig' n[ fricticni (it in tlilii 
ftirrtion, &«., which nuiki< It never ■-tinie out iu praotiiw), 
before you oan oTeroomo the nMatance of the ooliunn uf 
wntff', or. in other wnrda, lift the biioket. Thr nrdinarr 
h^vtrafte uf a pmnp-handlt ia fnmi 5 or 6 to 1, and 
the pnwer rxi-riiwl iinon the handle 'rf a jnimp by an or- 
dionry werkinif nmn w X^\h., Uiatiii ty ^ay. if he l> to w«A 
fMiimimuls/, «41l not lixceed 'jaib. jw*«mrv on the handle. 
Nnw multiply the "Mh. by 6 timen the lever, nod wo 
got l&O lb., tiot half ruuugb t<> wiirk the ptUB^ 



800 



PUMPS. 



RwIiluc Uif cildnui of tratar to 30R., or, fnr u\it |niFpoM, 
tn l->lb. ta Ui<> siiiara inoh; Uivu I2iii. W-inir tlic iqwov 
n4 th« ptimj>-^)n'^ltnt, mnldplj du* IJtb. bjr Uut ar«K of 
^M* piuiip-hifki'l. iiunicly. I'Jiu : Wrc wl' |c«t l(«l<ll>. 
lUa will iit< ijiiilp rnniipli fur nny tnoti U> lift, aiiA 
Lou miK'h fur t»mtiiii|iuui n^tkiiiK (•' mwl /•* rrntfmhntW 
tMat jMtMp* itn MWitfif ait tl-tu ^ hnttd, e>t4 it i* hirt trhtrt 
tkr hanl tfnli *tuni<t m), bikiiiif (rlrtion into TOTmidrmtion : 
thwi it ffillimn thmi it would fx.- )im!|«.vi for u* U' fi« n. liii. 
|niiiip tiOft. de«p, and to cxpoot on^ mni) t<> wurk it. 

Selecting the Size* or Pump BnrrQis for djITercnt 
Heads of Water. 

lu order tlint t}u> pump »bull wurk ^^b^^. i> prupcr-NUfl 
Iwirrel miwl W tf\fx-tr^ iind cniiiLoTcd. Tlii" tln^nry <if tliin 
■M rt|4ain>-() ubuvc, but, tlie folluwlii); tali!«n wall he (iiitiKl 
Ui*<ful. 11J1 I liiivp wiirhoil thp table nut ■uil.tiilo fur wtill* of 
diffurmt dcptlu tv bv wwtkcd by mi unllimrv |!iuiip*Ic>LT vt 
Hlmat S bt I. Somii inmp-tnBlwrH irivo thu luvciu^iv uk 
uuly £ tu I. It nhauld btt obwrrLtl (Kitt (lii^ fiicn uf the 
iMrrrbi nhiiuld iii'»tir cicwd thtme ni\ira fur ilio mliuini of 
WHter, but ratlipr under. Yon will noliw thut tlie dejitli of 
m well is not 111! thnt i* to be aiottdurcd, but fnna tlia wntor- 
IdycI til thr wr-U tr> thn riaaa of Ibi diteAaryt. Of oounie, 
p(-r{»iidi('ular ur t«itiau brifrlit only, i* to b« tkkmt intu 
onuaidt-mion, WTO imd axfiqit tlwfriotian uid mouitiituui, 
tint UtUT i4 irUdijdiiys aulmixirtantptuiiiipump* wtirki(.<d 
br band and Icrpm^. mpcHally tliow not hnvinK nir- 
cuwnhcr«. In fac-t, n> niitr'n in tbiit thn cnm', timt I liuvc 
uu inuiij' ix-'iiLxiimi u'orktil t)i« onUunry jtu^k jiimip vrJIliMUt 
tliB iiiu?ker-viilvp over cIumdk nft<-r it linn rmiis opmcd until 
tlio pump in lit nwt. The ohom- <if tlil* !«■, tlut llio ^rat^r 
hod adt flViBclenc timft ta Mop, and thcrrf.4v iimmhi thmi^li 
tho pipm in n onRtinnonu rtrenm. Thu caii ^«rT nurily hn 
doB* wilh pumpii bavin^ kinff Inn^fUi* (if liinixoiitat iinitliuu. 
Should jou like to xpe tbooamc thing', wurk thohiindiD with 
TPfy Abort fltmkcv. and rcjy tiidckly, like *» manv unituhL-Hj 
tliMnoiiinDtiHu o1 ibe wiit^r Vmyk* up the bu. W-nurker, 
And the Kiuldeii Minlr.-b tioiiix i|iiii'A('i' miil fi^UT Uwn 1^6 
ditwniiK i~r>iiirui of wiitcr, thf tmilii't.indvti Bj^in l-Iobi'h. 
Aiul yuiir ix'n-i-r in iipiiu upplivd t>j lift tlno wulcr onwun) 
tluTiiigh Inr pnnip mid pip<«i. 

fhiii hciii^ Ml wi- will tmvr for Biriring at Ila tnoinr>ntA, 
HiiiijHwclbiit ai'oliiiiin «f water '20ft. luuf(, weighing IOODih., 
tu K' iii'.'tiDtf Ai thi' mte "f 1 0ft. per ■ncond, Ami by h vaIvu 
iartanlly r>t"p|>c<I. tbi» would airuc n Mow in proportion to 
tbii ii)i<ivi> wi-iffbt of wabT muliipliiil by its speed ptur 
urvnd; nud ituiiuit bo olwcrr^l thiil roii muHt inakA jour 
CAknlstiuD nroordiu^ tu tL<' lawwuf mecliatiiiui ; foroiam- 
ide, U tho wldfily at a body be n>|)n<«cntt>d by 5, and Jte 
wrii^t by C, ittt ninmftttnni will hn .10, atid «i on, whitih 
will oxputin the cinck aImvu nut ctoMU||; in Umc. 



Atmotpherlo Pressure, and Specific Gravity 
of Water. 



Alaa tbi? weiiihl nf watir 



f.Jot 



lir?r f 

one lacdi wiiuu*-. I have alwnyi hvU\ 



a vrrtionl pipe 
llinl the aIiiio- 
■plien cxi-m a prewui« of l-i'lb. tv tbe M|unn> inch, 
bocanee thin ia llie Enfrliidi Niandiird. And Miy ftfTAfai 
fur tonwiiii-no! wtk:* tbal a 30ft. vuluiun ntiuires lAlb. 
to baUntv It. Thiti we jiliinib*ni penrmlly work t'l; but 
Mlthougfa vt vroA to thin nde, it Ik not nuitJicnintieally 
mnvet, thou^b it In mry iniitable fur ineiiliO cvleulatiqinf^ 
and may be naid to be noAr enough for niir piiTpnnr. The 
Trnl tliiri)! in an fnllnwn: fiM'mmiit workiu^r we luunt firnl 
»tudy (fur atuirnipberio pump*) the denwty "f tbn ilijnid And 
state uf the bart>ineter. Say that !( nuw xlniid'' at 30in., 
the RaI weight of atmonpherr li I lib VHtx. t Mitne wonld fro 
nearer and auy U'^ilb. uti tbe iM],uara imiu Xov ebffnU 



it rUo or full one inob, what will be tlw diffen-nw in 
weight? The Mbwpt ia THo*. T/n- irriyAf of lit tenUr ptr 
tyuorr iiftt ant foot Aifft. '{"hii" heiiiK the fiuTt, let im Mtp- 

(iciHe that wi' have a oiimiiitiii jai^k pumji which ha« [>> niiju' 
iqiiiti wbone Bpeeifie gravity i* 1-:; tn the height of l-lft ; 
lei the AreA wf tlie btn-ket be Sin., mid tht- lever 3ft.. wilb 
A piiwer of 12 timcw, tieing' at lean twiee the »rdliiiir>' 
power— whAt will he the niuwer^ 4lb, ISiox. lint tbii, 
niretr of working in tii) pnuticod use to tho juumU'r, unUnw 
(t Ik Tor exiiiiiiiialion fnirptiaei. 

I£xsuuupthe lir^>t ptinip in Uie Uible. Here i" a T^tn. 
pump, whii^h in liftinif water lOft. jil dn- nite nt '2,\SH 
y^lllniin fxr huur, expending ft veiirht uf lltllb. 'Jin. h)>rh '2'i 
tiin«*evi>ry minute. Vciw tnWr tlicfiu'Lfijnirein thn table, auil 
yi.iii will H'e lliAt llu' oiilcr bits to lie lilleil l<'>ivrt., eiiiinf 
'jiU-'utly a ■ntuiUer piiinp-biii.-ket niiist tie umxI. Thu i\i|iiin~4 
1111)1* p"iwiT III wiin* Ibe piirnp thim wnn ivi-f^MnxTv for the 
Hin. piitnp. 'riwi 'Jiii. pnnLp-linrri'l re([iiirwi u |M>nier t>f 
"<l3lb. ; but Tiotiei' uhiitnii xniirmoiiH p^iwer a 7^<o. pump 
would rcipiite fvr n well "f Oiin di-jilh- im U-» thuti ■2,80Slb. 
(hco tublc uf dbmcli'-T of puiupn), uud if wurkedat tbentuii*; 





r. J. 


turiiz'a ri.'iip 


TABLK 

WAlet 
uni tier 


[RBOtBTBIUm). 




3 


5ej 


OlM 
TaJH 


iitlt} III 

IlA nil 


t^^M 


• 


H 


^Mf 


IiKiu. at t-'inlnikn 


Stzs 


' ? 


itt 


per iiihiAtv. 




i^ 


"jf ^ 


m 






fllh 

lit 


III 


ik 

-1 


3 

s 

b 

c 

ii 
11 


i 

a 

1 

II 

it 


^ 
£ 




si? 




a 
S 




■1.33 2 


11 


It. 


In. 


gal. 


sal. 


It. 


n«. 


ll«. 


10 


7i 


2I6S 


2877 


JO 


191 heavy 


31 


10 


7 


ISHO 


2.107 


10 


im 


27 


10 


Qi 


lfi2l 


2I6i 


10 


143 


23 


111 


» 


MM 


IHll 


to 


Vi-£ 


20 


16 


5i 


iird 


1o4fl 


In 


Ifc! 


2A 


20 


6 


9o(l 


1279 


■in 


ITO 


2H 


I'fi 


*i 


777 


103« 


25 


171 


28 


ao 


4 


611 


(<I0 


ao 


103 


27 


36 


•if, 


tTll 


ml 


35 


14« 


24 


•10 


3t 


4711 


627 


40 


16S 


S7 


46 


3i 


4711 


027 


16 


IM 


31 oxac4 


60 


Z 


3((i 


462 


6(1 


162 


2.1 


■15 


S 


311) 


liiU 


66 


168 


2Rciact 


f.0 


:i 


3111 


tdi 


ISO 


IH3 


30 


65 


3 


■Ma 


4«2 


65 


1 98 heavy 


33eMit 


70 


•1 




210 


3V0 


<0 


14S 


21 


7A 


2 




«n 


3*J0 


7fi 


159 


2lt 


M 


:! 


■ 


•J(0 


320 


80 


l«9 


28 


ns 


2 


■ 


240 


320 


M 


188 


31 


DO 


2 




210 


320 


90 


191 luary 


31 


m 


■2 


i:i4 


204 


V6 


12V 


21 


11)1) 


■i 


ISl 


204 


100 


lan 


22 


HO 


1 


164 


204 


no 


149 


24 


Via 


2 


164 


204 


120 


las 


27 


I. '10 


^1 


I'Jt 


204 


ISO 


176 


21) 


uo 


'1 


1-5 i 


204 


14(1 


190 bear J 


31 


ISO 


2 


l.'il 


204 


160 


2U3tuuu)iieh 


38 



PUMPS. 



HOT 



DIAMETER OF PUMP TABLE OK WATER PRESSURE TABLE. 



Vertical 
Hdght from 


Lbs. per 

M. in. at 

ISlia. to the 






DuvBTBB or Fuxps. 








Bottom, 






— 


. 






















infect. 


30ft. oalimm. 


2 inoh 


2^ inch 


3 inch 


3^ inch 


4 inch 


4} inch 


6 inch 


6^ inch 


ft. 


Ibe. 


Ibfl. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


ibB. 


Ibe. 


10 


5 


13.696 


21.244 


30.591 


41.584 


54.383 


68.830 


84.977 


102.821 


20 


10 


27.19 


42.48 


61.18 


83.16 


108.76 


137.66 


169.95 


205.64 


30 


16 


40.78 


63.73 


91.17 


124.75 


163.15 


2U6.49 


264.93 


307.46 


40 


20 


64.38 


84.97 


122.36 


166.33 


217.53 


276.32 


339.90 


411.28 


60 


25 


67.98 


106.22 


152.96 


207.92 


271.91 


344.15 


424.88 


514.10 


60 


30 


81.67 


127.46 


183.44 


24P..i0 


326.30 


412.98 


509.86 


616.92 


70 


35 


95.17 


148.70 


214.13 


291.00 


380.68 


481.81 


594.83 


719.74 


80 


40 


108.76 


169.06 


244.72 


332.67 


43>.06 


550.64 


679.61 


822.68 


90 


45 


122. :16 


191.19 


275.31 


374.25 


489.37 


619.47 


764.80 


926.38 


100 


60 


136.96 


212.44 


305.91 


416.84 


643.83 


688.30 


849.77 


1028.21 


110 


66 


149.5.1 


233.68 


336.50 


457.42 


698.21 


757.13 


934.74 


1131.03 


120 


€0 


163.15 


254.92 


367.09 


499.01 


652.60 


825.96 


1019.72 


1233.86 


130 


66 


176.73 


276.17 


397.68 


640.59 


706.98 


894.79 


1104.70 


1336.67 


140 


70 


10C.34 


297.41 


428.27 


682.17 


761.36 


963.62 


1189.68 


1439.50 


160 


76 


203.94 


318.66 


468.86 


623.76 


815.74 


1032.45 


1274.65 


1542.31 


ItiO 


80 


217.63 


339.90 


489.60 


665.14 


870.13 


1101.26 


13-59.63 


1646.13 


170 


86 


231.13 


361.14 


620.04 


706.93 


924.51 


1170.11 


1444.61 


1747.95 


180 


90 


244.72 


382,39 


550.64 


748.51 


978.90 


1238.9t 


1529.58 


1860.77 


190 


95 


258.32 


403.6:1 


581.23 


790.10 


1033.28 


1307.77 


1614.66 


1963.60 


200 


100 


271.92 


424.88 


611.82 


831.68 


1087.96 


1376.G0 


1699.54 


2056,42 






6 inch 


6J inch 


7 inch 


7i inch ■ 


8 inch 


9 inch 


10 inch 


12 inch 


ft. 


Ibe. 


IbH. 


Ibe. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lb». 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


10 


6 


122.365 


143.611 


166.267 


191.195 


217.539 


276.326 


339.909 


480.466 


20 


10 


245.27 


287.22 


332.53 


382.39 


435.07 


550.65 


ti79.82 


978.93 


30 


15 


367.90 


430.83 


498.80 


573.68 


652.71 


825.U7 


1019.72 


1468.39 


40 


20 


490.54 


574.44 


665.06 


764.78 


870.15 


1101.30 


1359.63 


1957.86 


SO 


25 


613.17 


718.05 


831.33 


955.97 


1087.70 


1376.63 


1690.54 


2447.33 


60 


30 


736.81 


861.66 


997.60 


1147.17 


1306.23 


1661.9.1 


2039-45 


2938.79 


70 


35 


858.44 


1005.27 


1163.87 


1338.36 


1523.77 


1927.28 


2379.36 


3426.26 


80 


40 


981.08 


1148.88 


l;(30.13 


1529.56 


1740.31 


2202.60 


2716.27 


3916.72 


WS 


45 


1103.71 


1292.50 


1496.40 


1720.75 


1957.85 


2477.93 


3059.18 


4405.20 


, 100 


50 


1226.35 


1436.11 


1662.67 


1911.95 


2175.39 


2763.26 


3399.09 


4894.66 


' ■ no, ■ 


aH 


1348.98 


1579.72 


1828.93 


2103.14 


2392.92 


I 3028.58 


3739.0n 


5384.12 


■ 120 


60 


1471.62 


1723.33 


1995.20 


2294.34 


2610.46 


, 3303.91 


4078.90 


5673.68 


, -ISO 


65 


1594.25 


1866.94 


2161.47 


2485.63 


2828.00 


■ 3579.24 


4418.81 


6863.05 


' 140 


70 


1716.90 


2010.65 


2327.73 


2676.73 


3045.54 


3864.56 


4758.72 


6852.52 


■ 160 


76 


1839.52 


2154.16 


2494.00 


2867.92 


3263.08 


4129.89 


6098.63 


7342.00 


160 


80 


1962.16 


2297.77 


2660.27 


3069.12 


3480.62 


4405.22 


6438.54 


7831.45 


170 


85 


2084.79 


2441.38 


2826.54 


3260.31 


3698.16 


4660.64 


5778.45 


8320.92 


ISO 


90 


2207.43 


2584.99 


2992.80 


3441.51 


3915.70 


4955.86 


6118.36 


8810.40 


IBO ' 


95 


2330.06 


2728.60 


3159.07 


, 3632.70 


4133.24 


5231.20 


6458.27 


9299.86 


200 ' 


100 


2452.70 


2872.22 


3325.33 


3823.90 


4350.77 


5506.52 


6798.2 


9789.32 



Tite as the one on the first line of table^namdy, 25 strokes 
per mimite, it would only throw up the same quanti^ of 
WKter; that is, with a 9in. stroke, 2,158 gallons, and with a 
12in. stroke, 2,877 ^onh. 

I think I have said sufficient on this subject to enable my 

readers to know and thoroughly understand what sized 

pomp to select under the nuuiy difFerent heads of water, 

ud in Buoh pump work as the plumber is required to 

vndertake, aaa shall conclude this part by gi^-ing two tables 

''"iwing the power required to work a pump from 2iii. bore 

''^forwella taagii 'H. to 200ft. deep; aW 

it tfaa tqtiMn 'uh sized barrel; this 



table is also handy for ascertaining the pressure per square 
inch on vertical lengths of piping. 

Water Weight and Capacity Notes. 

Acnbio foot of soft water weighs 62'42olbs., and ood* 
tains 6-2355 [approximately 6^] gallons ; 1 gallon of such 
water weighs lOlbs., and contains 277274 cubic inches. 
Gallons x 0'16 = cutnc feet. I ton of water = 35'9 cubio 
feet = 224 gallons ; 1 owt. of water = 1 '8 cubic feet = 
11-2 gallons. Each quarter-inch of rain-fall gives 13 
gallons on every 100 supnfidal feet of area. 



808 



PUMPS. 



Wkter, Weight of. 

Before ezammixg the water pressure table it will oot be 
oat of place for me to draw f onr attentioD to an easy, and 
simple method for oalotdatmg water preesure, per square 
inoD ; first remember that a oubic foot of ordinary oold 
water is generally taken to weigh. l,000ozs. Kow on the 
base of a square foot there are 144 square inches, therefore, 
if you divide the l,OOUoza. of water by ths 144 this will 
give you the exact weight of one vertical foot, whose base is 
lin. square, and which is 6}}, or 7oz. nearly. 



Uiample : 



144)1,000(6^, or 7 neM-ly. 
864 



136 
144 



H-8 = H 



For the area of pumps or pipes see Pipe Area Table. 

Table of Lengths and working strength of lead pipes. 
Also see Xjead pipes, Strength of (m Town Water 8u|^t). 

I shall now Dere continue my table on the streugtn of 
lead pipes of large sizes, hut for the smaller sizes see page 
36 (Table of Lengths and Working Strength of Lead Pipes) . 
This table will give ^ou tlie strength cd lead pipe suitable 
for pump-work at different depths, &o., and ia the result of 
practical observation, and or long ai^ careful watching 
whilst at work, experimentalising, &o., and consequently 
may he relied upon by the workman. Take notice, tliese 
pipes are made of soft Bpaniah lead, the harder the lead the 
greater the strength, and teeted when quite cold, and have 
not been subjected to powerful jars, but simply tested under 
a powerful force-pump. I should here remark, then, when 
fitting up pumps in wells, &o., it is not at all necessary 
that uie pipes should be of uniform thickness throughout 
the lengui, but th^ may be worked as in the table. If no 
air-chamber is used, use two extra substances to contpensate 
for the jars, &c. A table of caet iron pipee for pumps, &c. , 
may bo seen under the head of Lron Pipes, Strength of. 
Weights, Thickness, &o. 



Hydrostatic Paradox. 

I may here observe that I have made lead pipes ^ia. 
thick for conveying sulphuric acid where there was only 
20ft. pressure, and in the year 1890 fixed over one mile of 
such at Morfu workn, Swansea, the sizee were Sin. diameter 
and in 10ft. lengths, weight of each length SJcwts. Also 
a quantity of Ijm. pipe, Jin. thick for file acid injectors, 
&c., so that the tbicicneM of lead pipes must not always bo 
governed by the pressure. Having explained what is meant 
by the tSllw. to me square inch atmospheric pressure, also 
what constitutes water pressure per square incti ; there yet 
remains something to be explained, and that is, why is It 
that we get such enormous weights upon our pump-buckets 
and yet the rising mains are not haLf the size of the pum]^- 
barrels. This can be explained l^ the following experi- 
ment : Let A D, Fig. B3t, be a lin. square pipe 30ft, high, 
filled witlt water, here, according to our former calciilaUoDB 
(of ilb. to equal 1ft oolimin of water), we Rhould get ISlbs. 
to toe square inch, but let the top of tho bellows B, E, F, 
be equal to 144 square inches, what pressure would there 
be exerted upon tUe whole of ^is bellows top f 

The answer is simply 15 x 144 = 2,160. 
. Here it is evident tliat it is not the axe of the pipes 
which glvee tlie pressure per square inch on a given sized 
pnmp-bucket, but the vertical bdght simply, because the 
nature of fluids is to press equally in all directions, that is, 
the water presses upon the bottom, aides and top with equal 
force save the diflerenoe in the vertical hdght a tJie water, 
whidi in this ease need not be taken into conaideratiim. 



Lead Pciip-Ptps Tablb, EUn fob PBBBsmzs racat IOfe. 

TO 550ft. OB FBOX 5lB. TO 27Sia. TO THX SttUULZ IhCH. 



a 


^ 


B 




s 


^ 


a 




£ 


i^ 


^ 




e 


n - 


^ 


S 


E 
m 


e b 

r 


1 


A 
B 

a 
1 


5 

V, tJ 


II 


c 

Of . 


IDl 


ia. 


ft. 


lb. 


in. 


iu 


ft. 


lb. 


2 


' 


H 


■i5 


30 




n 


10 


36 


2 


'? 


QO 


4:^ 




21 


25 


70 


2 


H 


l-iQ 


48 




% 


4.5 


84 


2 


1 


2A0 


52 




70 


^A 


2 


! 


I 


500 


80 f 




■1 


100 


U2 


3 


I 


■10 


36 




■2 


l.-iO 


130 


a 


u 


m 


48 


fi 


3 


10 


42 


r) 


1 


100 


65 


« 


3 


20 


eo 


;■! 


1 


3iO 


72 


-6 


S 


35 


sn 


J 


1 


400 


fii 


S 


S 


60 


LOO 


a 


i| 


550 


Ofi 


G 


3 


90 


112 


3J 


ij 


100 


I'i 


fi 


3 


110 


120 






(not 




d 


3 


140 


UO 






■mmCSi 




4 


S 


ISO 


140 


^1 


■1 


200 


84 




S 




Ifl 


56 


ij 


300 


90 




3 




4.> 


90 


i 


2 


15 


3« 




3 




fio 


112 






4vni 






IS 




300 


120 






iCiuvlall 


■ 




3 


130 


130 




2 


Af) 


r>B 




3 




IM 


150 




1 


SO 


84 




3 




380 


166 




2 


100 


72 




3 




200 


ISl 




2 


■200 


84 


s 


4 


in 


56 




2 


.^00 


96 


8 


4 


■15 


70 




2 


400 


112 


S 


4 


40 


80 




i 


.iOU 


120 


S 


4 


70 


112 








1 


8 


4 


100 


140 










8 


4 


170 


160 








1 


8 


4 


190 


170 










S 


4 


210 


200 










m 


A 


70 


170 








1 


ii> 


^ 


no 


200 










ID 


S 


1.^0 


294 










Kl 


5 


200 


254 










10 


5 


300 


280 










Vi 


a 


250 


»00 










12 


G 


300 


314 










li 


6 


340 


;t33 



Pressure on Close Tanks. 

The pressure on tho sides of a boUer or hot water close 
tank, is in this manner calculated, and the strength of such 
tanks must bo in strict accordance with the statical water 
in the vent or air pipe, whioh is too often by the plumber 
overlooked. 



Fixing Lift and Force Pumps. 

Having endained the pump table and the weight or 
substance of kad pipe, for wells of different depths, &c. 
we will proceed with the fixing of the lead lift and force- 
pump, Kg. 829. 

First fix the stage 0, which ma" ~ -^ two nieces 

ot oak quartering, say tin. br 



ptmrs. 



809 




shown St F]g. mi3 (tV lAtlrr mttUrrlal b ntnch tho best for 
ditrabtlih') then Ax Uio *iii'tiuQ-[iipp' tm the bnrrel, And 
[in;piirv tM bottom for the Onngv joint D. Fkhi it IIiruu^K 
the Ind floiuv, to rvot upini Uio top of Hue enifv, which if 
of iim Bhoiiin imvc tvo parocti of brovn pBpcr or putts bmnl 
to keep thr I«i<l ftun^ uiT the colil itxKi (Liirinj; the boUm*- 
^_ ing. Aftvt thin ukii tliu liiunl awnj, aiid uIIqw th« lend 

^P ihave to not upon tho iitan ; tbcD flx the accond t^ge H, 
■ vliHii abonld not cxoeod Int. 6in., aext turn another fluiigo 
B jtifaic oTcr Uic lead collar, And m^c the joint M, utid m) on 
lutl>«toj>. Whnn im Uic liut>itii»n, oant I, ■ bnuiiii jaliil 
fnr the nnnfj m&in inuBl b« wiia.'j uu tuthc btm^I. "Wke 
can tbut «panaf Midor do twt cutua through thu bnirrl, 
M> u to pnveot the (ne pm^j^ g of dio bndcct. Now open 

^^^^^^Klf thi^ hsTTrl at R, &iid taft the top orrr tbolnd 
^^^^^^^Hrait'li pJiDuId be j ill. to (ill. iLii^k, mill Sin. largar 

Next t«lu) the HtufButf-box uud fliui|{e. Fiff. 831. ikoil u»- 
icroir the top of thp nimgc K. iind tin tho m1(^ <if ir. : after 
«h(oh tlz it (\uiU- rt-ntnJ Jind Initit upriglU with the IwittpI. 
and Mlder it with the top uf tJia pump baind to tlio fluogc 



W 



■3 . 





Km. bSS. 



na. 6Si. 



t'lu iX,. 



• at L B, Fig. 839, or, instead of rhLx Rtuifinf^-box, 

vhown in Ki^. B29. Rnothtrr kind Icnnwn am the I^tth )itiiffiim;< 

lux, aa Bhiiwii nt Fi|[. BlU, ituir 1h- iiwd. Tliui Inji has u 

wirciit at T. Fi^. 83A, inat^iul <if thp Hangv vcrpn-Kknaim 

»» KEiOwv, «M> " •"'■" 1 91. Of '»Brw. a« may !» 

63<}, an b is luwd instead a< a tcmv 



dnrctr. Tli« next thing requind la bo done in to fix thu 
•Dcit^r lx>x E, Fi^. 8V8, atidavt tho bucket fixnl rm to tlic 
punip [ulo. On lJ>c top uf ttn pump n>lo ia tinted a yi«i.< 
«f)-«ip*i ix^por f\>d, L, »w Fig. H38, woich worka through 



-«» 



rio.ua. 

tho ftuffinff-box. This nd k goieraUT sold iritli the 
rtafflnff-boz pnipprly mnvwA, and vith adjiurfiibk raoneo- 
lion nitta A B, to hold the bow cuon^rtiun, a« itbown at 
L K, Figr- 82S, a»d ahu at E, Fig. 897. You ataat Bt tho 

£i1e CO) the pontp-ivd with wrewnd, forked iroiu, u ran 
d at N, aJn at E, Tig. 7t>8 nutl »2a. Of murae the 
puinp-rud, Fi{f. !!29, mar bo worked with a lewr handle on 




Pill. 8S7- 

plaiik, aa fbowu at Fikm. 8S9, 890, Ae., or witb the oom* 
pciwating wheel 3, whinh TDtnte<i an a nhink, aa ahown in 
Ki^. 8'i9, or otherwi)w. Tbp t/ip tif Uie bow connection 
workii tiiiuujib » ^"idi'i V, whiuli kt«]M it prrrM-iuliuular, 
and pnrvcTit" the otmpor rod getting bent ; tftiit wiH bo 
further vxplutncd in Pump Rigging and Fixing. It ma^ 
be notiocd at Ct. Fi»;, K'i9, that thia wh«J haA a balanct^- 
WMght, which ma; he lundi:' ciH(.-lly U.v hnlf or tu whully 
bnlanna tha nuliimn of wntir, pump-nidi>, frr., and tiy tlio 
naeof auohan amngcinLMil il will be pliilu that a regular 
MWinging, pnmning motioD may be obtained. At I N mar 
be AMn an air^ohamUT, iind it ik mtti^ iniportjint that thui 
pomp ■honld llaw one fixtrl i-illirr at fl, trr I. Wlicu Uw 
^■00 ia nleoled as it Bhauld be. at O, and tho chamber ia 
Mprr dotted Itniv, it. will be «emi thn.t this barrel pawnw 
lliMu^ti the air-veosel, and n-ticn ■utli '» tho oaae liu. bole* 
ar oIiitK feiyr moHgh ahoold be borvd oil round tfas bamt as 
•howa at N. nut luora than Sin. up, or abovT the bottom <A 
the air-TesBol, tuid l^e oare tliat the Toiiu-b ed|f«A of tlie 
ho1«M oaivwd V/f the boring nre token otf uif> iuMdo of tlio 
bftirel, otherwiac Uiuy will prwvimt thi- pimidii^ of the 
biiohrt. It is » good plaii to bu]^' out the ban«l here a 
little which will allow the buokol to nue the holm without 
rabbiDg agniobt them. Of coiino Uie top and bottom of 
the nir-ebambrr muMt ha jinrperly mldored to the pipe. 
Thia air>cliambcr to drawn large in prinportioii, bMauac tho 
Uurel of the pump in made to paaa through it, aud wbi<!h 
. of oouiw groatlr reduces its capacity, IhaC la to wjr, so far 
U9 the DDcial enot of tho air-spaoo is ooncemed. 



400 



ruMPS. 



IM 



flu eM. 



Hanging Pumps. 

SiippOMe it is MquimI tu &c n dup 
iiT«U ]>utnp, wiv son. deep, witiunit 
vnt«ri:i|c tliv w*ull, rui<l wht-rv h ' rmotion 
pine' votild ivDt act, this w d(>nr> tm 
foHowi— ««• Kjar. 8»8. 'ITtc h.irrtl A 
», liy til*" hid uf tmD pi)<a<, Inldoirii to 
ruoi itpuun RoodKiLidfotiiidHtiuiiiDth«> 
both m of tEo wdU : but if Uiiw tuituiot 
be obluliicd, it roa; be onnuig. Of 
(iQuriC, it in Cbco itufipurtc^ hy »<uitAbl« 
Ktajv. &c., it Uicto]>, and tli<2 t';>p piui 
A nuidf f^^ond. Whra mieh fmmpH an 
need, Uikt care ihal the pipo (iron, 
fljppor, or bmiw] ii*rd ijt utronp, mid lu 
larini iw ii> iiwvwiiry fur (Ik- miiiiKirt 
of tJic bwrr porU, iind for the frc€ 
Working of trio pump-rridc, which 
(iliiiiitd ijiiL >'iriia<d Jin. .\ 2iii. vriiuu'liU 
imu hIi'uiu iKirrel, ur Hulid-ilrHwii tlikk 
bruirs Lubp, ni]] do for Uic pipiu^r. 
Tnu inn niyv M^Iwit a buirtl Miitabl* 
fur tlio ivurk . for which tee tatile, and 
for the oLtP of.pipM me Suction ukU 
Bwiuy Udiii Fipm. Tbotandl idiuuld 
b« doubk' tho aUmetcrof the HUotkni 
pipe, and work it» fmllowD. Let the 
iuT> of tbn rixinK nuiLn piir, B, Pijr. 
83S, afl^r dediictinjf the areii of ilit- 
pniDp Twb, tx2 l^in. lu tLo mctiou 
pipe tnbk, Wf (iud tlint h Uiu. VJU 
»uit II 3iu, rnmn>-bBrrtl. D, Fijf. 838, 
»boiil(l be uuH niw : und nntirii that 
n 3iii. biim.'l in titv ujrrvut m/mI pump 
for a 6Uft. well. Soinctitiuw tbo riaiti^ 
RDiin ia tbe Mine siM M tht bural ul 
thvwnfitn; tlion th* bucket and claok 
diLU bu wfthdiawn without pulling up 
the barrel. 

Thi- tiiin^n^ piimpn wv mikdc lu 
It varitfly uf patteruK hy MoMrs. 



abaft lalnM two beuinss, liai Iiaa (lu wdscbl of the roda 

dnngltnif I'ti it« tin« «im1, whilat that Id Kg. 8&5 baa tlio 



Shallow Well Wheel Pump, Framo Pump, Friction 
Wheels and Ball Bearings. 

Thia, Fi|r. K39, ia one which is natnetimen luwd when the 
W«lt ii> «hallow, and maj be iwed with advantage for 
platfiii>r witliio ii buildinit or outbuumr, thi* xiutl'^a ninniiijtr 
ncnizoii tally to tbc woU; by aduptinkr this frntaa when 
pnuitioahle. a muu vno work in cjnif<:>rr, and the ropain 
can be done without opciiinir thu well. Tbn Frame Pump 
wwkti imuti 4>uiiicr tbnii a Wheol Fump fixijd ujxin a iilank 
witli only ono shaft bcarinji, aimply booaUBO ui the latter 
there ia a Idnd of twiitt on the )>Tm«ws pin, or hole, of the 
wheel IfiirUiiii. eiamiije Fijf. H:i9). Here we »ce the wheel 
!■ working truly upon a pin. but the pump rod teodjt to 
poll tbo whole iowanis the fn»it, and tbc booriiitf in upon 
the top end a! Uie piu, and uti tfao imdcrvlde at the bank. 
td aar aothing of tendings alwaya to pull a^tiAt the front 
part, or head of tbe pin. The mne ii[)])lifM In the wheel 
in Fi{c. 95S. nnd alw.> Fiji- 96^1 but not tifurly iv iiiudi in 
>V' ^70. Xutiie the dLtforcnce In Ft(f. £71 ; hare the 




wui|Lrht equally diviilcHl ujuin <be twn liearinKv. All theaa 
nppnrtMitly iualiniificvint-Wkiui^liltb points in lltneheoOBM 
u bitf lot when a man ha« to work itwuy at thia gtindiDgr 
job for a day or ao Uwelhf r. and cvorythin^ to make the 
puRip go eaity ahould be oludiud. 1 har» litt«d wheel 
puTn[n with nxloH to run between friclionul wbcele and 
rollurs: I hitve nhio fltlod thoui to rim between baU 
beuriugn with good re.<>ulta. 



Jack or Plunge Pumps. 

It freqiiently happciu In the ooiuitry that (ho intelligent 
workUiK plunibiT in iwUoil upon to amuig^ and fii wane 
Himplii and i-Am/i hiuid-nade pump that will tlirow water 
out of a cellar, (juarry eutting, over and idiout a fann-yan! 
or garden, tu u el^eot datcrn, ic. The following ia one of 
the bovt Slid nuMt tdmple that he CJin make up, kc Fig, 810. 
This itt a piece of, say 4in. pump lianvl, tapcmd at O to 
rocdve tbo nucker : into thin, about '2in. above the mioker 
IvanbhajiieoeDf 'Jin. Iwd pli<c, oaat J, then inako the «!r- 
Uuunber in rixo to ten tima the tiuantity of water to be 
pninpnt at each otroke : mt it wok a Iflin. 9trok(?. and a 4i&. 
ptunp. th(5U tJiu niee for tiie tur<i]liiinilinr ididuld ba 2&in. 
long by 8Id. diameter. A pjeee of Oin. pump horrel of 
fuituble toQ^rth will answer thia porpoae. Otot Uie ond uf 
the 2in. i>i|ie Z. put a itoitt Inad Aim, W, and tafl m'i>r the 
L-nd of thr< 2in. pipe to mcL'ivi- a dbmrt '.'in. xnindle ralre, aa 
■howii nt I, Fig. n40, and wipp the Id) ''■■o W 

theovwrO on (o tlii> diiu:. and p* 
now wipe on the suction pipe I, aafi 




Pi; MPS. 



402 



tbo sooWt 7. 1*n>fmrt> the burhot nr pliuiifnr B, wbicli Is 
oothitgr niuN tLau u sulld ruuiid blouk Jiu. tetw tltitn the 
bam), hflviiig n niimn md vhii'h nhould ho jointed nexr 
Uto hiirkr-t >j> al A iinii K, >ni1 witJi two hnrk«t liutthcni A 
lujil D. fUnl on llin top aiid ruiiud tlif? biiHoin, or tbpue 
buokcts way b» as sbown, l.wa urdiiinry Nolid nip 1e«tlirn> 
ahowQ at G, Fig. 709. and butt«tl tuirrtlinr tw at A, D. 
Fig-. B(0. The artJAii fa aa followit : Upon tb<^ tluuyrnt of 
the }»ttloM tbri nir or iraler betwmrti D mid E bcouin«« 
pTTwoxl upon, and H ii* forrod ui) thn pipe J, K, wbeb tbe 
vniro K opevs, tiui \i\:Qa Utc daim Htroku of the IuumUs hmag 
tnlicn the vnlrc K <'1ohm to pnrcnt the wmtcr nmntD^ bat^, 
and wliich diajwn.'M-* with the atuftinjt box to the lift puuip, 
I^. 800. Here is ii place wbrrx- the rnlrr K muot bo uiud. 




Vow «b«a tbia dotm atnike of the lundle U taken t\u> 
ri^Mi A riaea, and liaidN to pnxliux; a pnrtiiil vacuum, and 
ike eztnnal atmaiphcrv fortv* v-at<ur up tlia auotJon pipe. 
andthniu^bUit>mlvi>Kiiil(illi«b»rr(>1. when EngHinolraw. 
Fix tltia pump ua n>u did thp jn'-k-puiiiu, Fi^. 944, 808. 
Uid 810, ur as l>aBt you i^an. Of (^ou^wt. m thla Fip. 810, n 
wbe>J may hn wn^id. Yon will fiud that W wmtiTiuiil 
plimpinir, the hhU:!' in »pt to till up tlic haiml ntid ovvr- 
how ; it in tbcrpfor* nisi:T«wry to Rx an oferftijw Jiip" a" I't 
P. and oarrj tL" *«iiic oiit*id*! the woodwork, li the pump 
iaaoplnved lliut it wiU Iw atfcctMl bjr thn front in -ninln, 
Ax a ecxic ant] piiiing a.-> at T. trhich anttwi-rs two purfiOM!*. 
vij!,. for 1 ha IhutpI and mi^^tinii pip"'. Btii5 in much n«-it*r 
Ibim two (i>ck« , thn witii^r iii bam*) iiln«7« uliwr^na tho 
ixKk wliitli pnvtnmi it druH-intr air by tip pIuiT- Theiv 
■bould aW be tliL' cook O, the litrfa-r nho'iiM nlvnys he fixt-d 
"W lo got wiit<T, and alm> to fiajity tbr ]>ipi'ii nncl air 
-_ At linK« ™it a joint in th« pump rod at A Uk«- 
Pig 



Uft'Pump. 

Thill pump ;Fi*f. H*l) w the wpU known lift-pnnip, and 
in pwicrallT (tsed ngaiiuit tho wall Dt'ar i^>ullcfi««, mnkii, 
una in wnali houHs , fto., and In um^ an n unctiDn pimp far 
tho MuCory, iiad othtr piirpcmos, abo aaa punip to lift 
water into ciali^m.1 fur watnri^oMla, Intlw, hot-witt«r 
cutems, &c. Tlie ui-liuii of tliiii pump ic oxactijf Ul<' Kame 
aa that at Ftff. 800, the only diflt.'renoo bcintr that in Fir. 
H41, tlw piston rod ia made to work with >riii^'> and rod, 
and lOinif instead of a rvx^cing »t«ndar<i, and tlwt thia 







Flu. Ml. 

laznl of the Itftpnmpiaof hrnwior ^nmetal, flaeA«1& 
mfat and boll» to • nlank, and ibv pLuik fixed I7 loo; lidto 
and nniA tn thr wall. Aj) tbJH pump i^ In gT«i:-Tal uac. and 
i>" by a (tUiiri* nt the diiiKTrtm it may hi' seen how to fix 
it, I nhall, aftur wliat I liitvi: nuid ati piunp-wnrlc, only hiiTv 
to point out tfaose partJ< which r<xttur« penodkul ru;iairiuh'. 
ana explain the miininT of doing iL U 7011 inll now 
uxamino Fig. H4'I jmii may nutim that this pump ii> fiiiad 
aa ahowu, with an air-rhamber (km Air>tiham)ifr), thoiiKl' 
this is not idwiiya tlu! cum, biit tli« rising ini>ia in at time« 
-nipMl on to the bop of thn oiiambcir-box, M. .VIwatk ict 
the riniuj^ luaiD pipo he b^nt with an easy bond, lu sfniwo, 
■I » better tn get ui« ffiinur ntf fur mpninitic tho valveal M. 
Wben tbe alr-ciuuubtrr !• not fIxM you wiu fitid lliv main 
often bmrtinir. and hi vn\l n<quir^ t-oat^tant uttiniion far 
repain: aerontUr. tho air-nhaniix-r not being fisHl. you 
will vtry likrly find ibi* cupiw-r pump-rud (o fTi-t brokriii. 
'ITiirdlT. tlie h?avy tlmmpmil bai^k waw'r Hpoii tht- valves 
[It M will oauao tho vulre U*tlirr«- Vj wi-ar nwav qiuciker 
than whun th^< air ohumber t* flsi'd. Fourtnly. Iho 
pumping vofl will be iiiu"h harder Fifthly, Ihrrc viU 
ofif-n bf an unptniwinl raltling nuiitr within tb« rieing 
main, evptwially if of a long lioriwntid lentrtfa. 



403 



PCX1P8. 



RepaiiSng Uft-Pumpa. 

To repnir Ihc Imith^r*, unacmr tha ncnv on the top 
Aan^ lift tiie Raiive uid liniiif umin, iind rrOratbor u 
Mom directed. Here, whan lifting the riitng main, yan 
will find the benefit of tbin pipe hciag bent iu tJie mitun^ 
baton) d«0orib«d. Nvxt ia the luckuT vnlw Q - thia in attrai 
00)7 lOin. or 12]ii. from tii* floor; it la no dm to anacrew 
tUs, thinVing to puTl tlm |»pe and flftng« on one 
~ «ii)c for rp • loth pri rig - 

'liiAl') So.vou must ^ to work 
(iiffpTTiitly. 1^tk«oatthc< 
■Uuir pin G, »t Din rod, 
and it nmy oftra b» lie* 
i«MU7 to iinnPiTW tho 
iruido xpindJr ^>r rod. 
Kov.ifytmUiitiltpiupcr. 
on PKMTw till- top.and care- 
folly tiiki'iiiit tlioliucki'i. 
fiut Ju iiotbeuil oruther- 
■. '■-■ iTijiiTP tlwr copper 
I 1 ■! rod. Next lake 
(li- liiirn'l off llie plsiik, 
iiiid nwnyfmin tVn"fl«ngT> 

'^ Q; >"i* "'*> ""W l^- 
li'ftthvr uiid reAx as W- 
forc. Nutnoc, rctot fix 
H lifl-jm«i» thni (lin-« 
nnt itlli>w III I^ing takm 
iitf Uio plniik /r«'(i /A'- 
Jnn', : whiiii* they nn- 
I nrrrwnl on from Iwhuid 
^r ''fy **""<'■' bo tnkirn nil 
Se -hoiild llic cucVer Iw ii" 
jiittdrmnlied, unlenathi' 
|ilikuk aurl p>ini[i t-iiri bi' 
r*>ni'ivo(l bixlily. Allrr 
n-p«ir)iijt thv val»r>«_iil- 
n'.ij> fllJ tho bwJTvl b«'- 
full putting ill the 
tiii''k'-1 : ^Ll CMtlllot 
(itJi«rwtM> K''^ wutifr into 
Ihv himl 10 priiuo. fftoli, 
or HUck ihu WKtiTf frrm 
the well. 

Vm. Ml 



Pump Screw Dog Wrench. 
It often hAppeiM that & rink or lomi'thiii^ in fixHl EKAinst 





mmp tCRKW 

J8& 




D B, at Ml angla of i&', nr nt ridbt MglM. ft will \» plain 
that ■ ttonw nisj- b« lunied wilfain a 9017 narrow or Itraitod 
Kpuce, and vlicm a mttow wrench or screw-drirer would be 
or im u-ie whatever. For cany repairiB^ pimpM Me A, ¥ig. 
8tiO ; such openinjpi are mado od paaijn bn al Fig. B24, las. 



Cottage, Iron, or Oftrden Lift Pump, with Rocking 
or Vibrating Standard. 

Tliid pump la Uliutntcd al Fi». Hl-l. It in rhmp, bat it 
is not fit for bard work, nor wm it tie fotinrt laatinc (yoa 
will nltio find tVcup iMilhi^nt wear outqtiickly), alUMnigh 
in ooTtaiD MtunlicniK il will h* found very handy. It i« 
mada ap as fcinowt: M in the plunk, A an iron bnrkct 
whcncm w M>en to rMt the pmu]- awl onctioD, Or lower 
flanftt^, and iijxin whirJi in fonoed the nuckeT valva Mmting, 
over whii-^i Btd Uie nuoknr vuItc Itulhcr : and atJLisflUad 



rii>. H). 

the pniAp barrd, and in each a position tbnt you canuot ^t 
the iH'i«wdn\-eir to torn out l.ha ]niiiip-wrew», F, L, tor 
rcrpuin. Wlum wwb i> the caae, you will lequire a punp 
■oraw dor-wmuih ; tbU tool is nothiny moio tluin Iwu 
pieetM of V". «4«el platce A, B, C. I) and F^ F, <i, U, Fig. 
iM3, fi»rd or wi'hlKl on tu ■ flut linr, E. M shown. IJy the 
flxiBft (if th<- platen so nhnnii, the "Mj* in the hmAm of tlu! 
parewa uoa b« got ut and thw w-rv«- luilunivd. Of courw if 
llw pfaitoa, F. U, nr« at an onj^lc of my iij", and tho plat«, 




the mction ^pc, at timw oomiMtnl with a not and lining, 
tir nnicm. Thr piiit|» rod L Q iit worked on a vihmtinr 
ntandanlJ: and tbepiatou rodiHalKonwdeto work tliiMujfh 
a Btufflng-boi. On tho Ttmtxlu, O, U Axed an air-chauiher, 
F, for UM1 when tiii> pump t« to be uwd a* n lift pump : and 
in RDcb MiNen the cap, E, in iwed a» a flop cap if> preretit. 
wntrr ninniiiR' nut iit the iiiixdo. 

Of coiinw, ihe rinlui^ luaiii pipes or hoee may be iKnrwed 
on to lh(' cud of the ciozule itiiitend of being taken (iff tho 
top (if t.hf nir-e-hiimlxTt nt 1', nr iti many iit,ln-r wni-x. The 
UiCcnial jMrt of tlii->H liunvln. i* itt liniett Uued wiili a bnaa 
or Gopp<.T tube, which pr('ventj> the cup l(»aUi«r wearing ottt 
•<0 c^airkW ni n-ill be found to he tho oaan when rubbing 
agaiwA tlie injii ImiitvI. 8ueh tube fa ooueuted with hut 
man and ■1111I: nn il rfinciitjng cih:\m into Moket« or boMwa. 



Jook-Pumpe with Ouide* and Sling*. 

It HonietlmeM Impp^on that n jack-pump having wrj 
mueh Vixirk ia tltl< d with (niides ;ui(] rlinu Wli>-ti nuoh u 
the fitM:, nny of thftfurmur rmLt (itid nlinpi wil' "••-—■—; byj 
the imi! I [irufur fur li-ftd |iiiiii{i wUuil nhoW" 
8tl9, and whkh la u* ■itnpla an luiy ; bat 



PUMPS. 



403 



]V!rhi|M tlut idiowa at Fiff. 84^ U iwt i;w<d u uiy. The 




f itt. Mb. 



1, and, OA nwf 1w kcd, Jh allwliril In thtf pump- 
ed bolow tbv nxl-ffuide, and nocdA no farther ducriptioo. 

Beer Englnoe. 




\V'hi]Kt KT nra tipon the ttahjeet of Rcwkin? SlaniUrds, 
vif., ft>r nnvluniiK n [mrtUl jinTiilM mnliun Iotk« jaiitiin or 
imiu]! ituli", 1 will iiitrJiluLi- aiKiOirr kiiiii mui-h uaeil in th« 
iioprr>i«rin>'wi:<rk, und which i« Ultiptratt-i] ni A J. Fib, 84fl; 
nnd lu t'ViTT itmntiy |iluii)l>cr htm mi-n or Iw* to So with 
the repium and ttsinp- ol tlir-so minijH. th^^ marc b the 
reuoii why I now intrndm-p il to hit nulice. It in the fint 
irt«p townrdji tlui sxplntiBtinn nf tiiv vibrkting lercr, for 
wmcjl Bce FiK. 869. 

)Fiy. Sis ifl the bMr-«rig4iis nnap, to which every 
AWEMT AhniiM fci\f hiH particolor ettcntion, not D«c«ni«rilf 
iM* Ita roiitt^tn bill fur Hxing and ropuin*. Tli«ra in no 
kind of piini^! inorp d(.-IicAtc Han tho becr^eiigine, aod Dodp 
gctA km ntttMiHon from the pltimber. Thiipump-rad. oa 
may 1m.' Nnn), wnriai im a ijiuulraiit, A J 0- Tbolnnir being' 
hinKfvl Bt A cRitaoa tli© rod ti> i«ll up nearly fltraij^fa^ owing 
to Uic lcT^■r pirt, A. J, bdag made to work at n^ht lughni 
with tlif pump rcid ivhm at half atmko. It in ry>iipl«d by a 
jmut at K. it hprc further vnlnnca the liahiltly ul the rod 
Iniii;! Iiriit. iinlnw ihc piimji-liiicket getx too high, nnd 
ih«r»l)y Kticbi hi the l>>ti •.•( tjic harrvl, wlunv tho buer han 
foRvd round the iiiMd«, then the rhaiuwi arc that thu 
hnckot will dtiik up. and if main forM< is owd to pnith tho 
liamlle and red* hiick, Ihny hrnd, nnd rmjuiru the altirtition 
of thf pliiuiher ti\ put in ut'u ithIr. 

Tluitv aro uthor unda of rocking or vibrating standiirdx, 
ut can be aeen on tho rl^hi hiind oidn of Fi^. H17. There 
are alao atandarda conipoBcd of u Hpriiig, which ribnto 
without joiint. 

Plumb«i^6 Popce-Pump. 

Far thin, and for the Bake of ouopUioi^, I wiQ refei yon 
to a diagram of tho wrll-knnwn pliunhpr'n for^—pump, 
wUcb evory ptunilvr h^m hud to do with, mvii for which 
(aoo Fig. S17}. Tho dia^nua on the rig'ht hand -tide i- ttiat 





tn geoHiat 
Rtood. l^ 
an tha ^ 



1^ 



n>i 



PUMPS. 



Pole and plunger- Pump. 

Th<> pnle H&d plun^n--piim{M> ui* cvnfniUr need where b 
very lasch prt-wtuiT u n-.juir«Ml. nnh nx bniirr f<^». Srr. 
Tlurir ooiuimKitiim diffcn. from luir of tdc loniitiT iiiuiip*. 
us tany be m.-«d I)T nUmacv to the Vi^. ft^H. U is uie KheU 
of liuf pump. All thv nonipf bi-f[>rv oxpluiiicd Iinrv had r 
horrfl wlnrrfn wi» naae to work a riip or bupltft-lf stiuir ; 
but in IbiH jiiuiip imiubstilute J, whith ix nitvply n Inilj 
liitnp'l [ailc nr iMiniffiT, trIiirJi hrvvh Wiring %>t tlt« pump- 
barrvl. uud nliii-h vurk<i thrwutrh a BtiiRlitK bo.x, sb<>tm iu 
Fl^, Kl* and »49. «r da hewe shown, through the cup- 
leathw Q, (iiwl bt-lwwn llnngi>:i K. It iii»y tw ooUcfd 
tbnt thv Mdt« of tlie [lulm aimwer to Uie uup-btttber 
Tirrdn ly the muuo aa the f'idt.'e of thi.' butrol to thv pttnp- 
Wtkci. I mAj mention thnt tlii* Icinil »t mp-liMthor wait 
hmkI in th* nhl pnmpM nt Yark-lniililingo vrMtrT'ivurkii, daW 




il wilLbe Mm that the plimRvr or pole worin Ifanmiffi 
•tiiffing-box Q. havinK lt<atb(>r wMbnv, *iid hemp or other 
jNukbg, which in auKwod down with tlie gbati D, and 



riu. MS. 

iinMl'll>. nnd in in priiK'ipIc r^nctljr tha nidip im thaw 

lU^ Kram»h in the hyflrmili*: prcw. 

AJIcT wlmt i liui'i' mill iipfni the iiriiicipW (if piiinp- 
trork. llii« plntignr pmiip will Im- rviulilv iitidiTKtiiui. lU 
actioii b> as (■jllyws : On mining the pluiijicer J, it d'w*^ Ihi* 
UDtlet valvo K. iind i>pm» Iht: HUi?tion-Tiilw 0, ut thi' Hikmc 
tuna drawn waU-r thnrugh A. and into lim ith^ll C. On t\n' 
dmnmt of the pltmtrer, thL' viiliv V i-lnaLti, and Ihi- nutfr 
awModa ihfi pipr- I' : valvu K i.' furtml «]>i^ii, aud tli<r liijuid 
forrcd fnioi thu HhcU iiitn the ritiinir mnin, and mo ou 
■llirnuiti'lT. For wry lii^'h I'rewnin! thi>v vnlvcw luv 
irnmiitl in met^I f>'iit)i<tn'<l or Hpiudli' viilvuw, iw iUudlmtnl 
a( K F, FifT' ^1^' Mi)n> will lie Miid mi the pluD^rcT-piimp 
whon wr oonie tu pn«H«. 



Plunger and Feed<Puntps. 

For thi" kiml iiI piiinp refw to Fijr. B59. It is l3i<- one 
(fOK'niJij' wlwled for feeding' boilem, nnd may be juicd (or 
many oiher purpi"^"*, »wsU w iu voda-water work*, 
machinery, hydmulii: ytt^t**, kc. Thew valrea an of the 
fMlhtr-Kuidi- K«n-Tiietal clain. tind of nonrwo arr gmimd in. 
The bottoni ilun^ K ia vn^w^ ou tu m plnuk. uiiil thi' 
pip«<i Lokon whtrr ni^uiri^.l, 'ilif mirrioii KhoiilH lU'ver 
exceed Gft. nr lUft. in 1<rnirth, 3ft. will Ix- <jiii(c Iuhk 
BDou([b if woiked very rapidly. On rufi-n;uui to thin putnp 




whii:^ anvw^n innttwd at n rnp-Wlhw, aa in l^g. 84S. 
Now let iin etuiiely extimlno the vup-lvuther and th« KluffliiK 
lilts with u viyw \t> tindiu^ out which i* the hftter. 



Pump Stufnng Box Packing. 

In tlif HluffiiL^-boi the ^l:iiid D muxt tie k*>pt tifrbt down 
U])OTi tlie pni'.kinif. TliU piii-kiii^ <•• notbini; iiuit* nnr ]»w> 
than a (innnllly of tfn-'iK'd litingi, which iii pot iul^i tlin tiux 
tm fol]o«-«: FiM for w>l(l wjilcr work, t ut two ^nkI leather 
WMheTH, th« dinmi-tt-r of U>i< liox, niul tc fit tlie pliiiij|ciT 
ti^tly ; now ifct murh> (iioid ntriUKbt bi-niii iir oiiiiiiynni, 
Hicffii-iiijit in igdiuil.itT tn liH thi- Ihix, pull the i.^iidA lo a 
tnjior, and dip It into hojuc hut lulluw, nc/ Imilimj, tuki' it out 
und Ifit ull the tnupltiH (itt mn o#, then pull the erlaaid D 
iknd nest tlio plun^rer. almiit ihr«e jMrtji of the way up ; 
perbiiiw thi'old pnekiti^ will rMinu- willi it, if uot, with a 
■iiitrililr tinit, Hltnrp, Iml roimd pijiutt.'d tool, pl<>k it out, 
aUvT which tiiUo ihc' prupiin-d hump, which if by tliiH time 
mid and the fat Mt< Nnw he'gin, m>t. ahi^nt fiiii. (nnn the 
t-nd (if thi- hrmp. trt wrap it n>un"l tW nliin^T. I<ri)i}{ ur 
wrap tho fboi-t end of tlii' lienip up tlio ]'luuft"'r, iinil in mit'h 
■ nmnni'r tbni. tlip <nid i-iirjmit work lliniiijjb tht- IcallHn' 
wruihtT and ititii tin* nlicll of the piimp. \ow. wilh ii iin. 
or other i>ii[1/)blo hliint-ii>~>lnt(-d. )fan)fL— nluijH-d UfA, puiOi 
tho litgnp down intu thr box, and wnip tbf n'niHiml.-r Ti>iitld 
thp pliingrer. put on the Iwilbi-r wimhiT. uhi'di Khi.nild fit 
thfl pintijcrr i{u\fr light, tlien put on the ij^lund, and Mn>w it 
down, i»il hill fun ti^ht, or yim will nhJ.-rt likrlv NjuLr/o all 
the fnt ont of yonr hrmp. Hcrt'w tin- ylmul down mdy 
auffld-C-iit t() niako Itn- pui^kin^ wiiti-r-ti((lit. If Rfniut^ loo 
tight, the frietion will be in pmporlinn all the ifrvaler. It 
i> the friction which in ao much ii){i(iii«t thi> eluae of pump. 
Now. if jTJii opiin refer to Fig. S»», yoii will lh«r»> w* that 
the frietiot) on the cup>)nnith«r lo onlv in prupiutioii to thn 
piVMure on the piunp. It clowe ngatnftt the pluuKvc bv tlio 
itid nf tbi' Hiiii] pn-iuure, und if tlu-ra !a no prawur** wlthiu 
the fthell of the puiii):!. Ilico' will lie do prewouv '■(.tt 
leather to tho "ide" uf tb" pltuigvr. Tlii- 
l)c the fact witli the Bti'""* *"** iat oi' 




I 



PUMPS. 



406 



tlglttij anttwtA dawn, it ranabut no unta wont nwnv. which 
im Mime mm* It doM qnidkly. Tbe ran-lMtluir wiU U*t iit 
ln«C tliiM oi four lot- of ptctdiig, ana th« pump will work 
■uufa nraer. Tou irill pwliBpi uk, Why nm tu tM^g' 
box it kU f The uuwer !• thai tfa« IpnllMrr will not alwHya 
rait yoor Alan* of work : fur inxtauoe. It <riU not Rdt bot 
-waiet. li«nttMO by tho host it wton gpu poculiccU but n 
noia wbIm it wilt Inat fur jeus without AtCeatlao, tIji., for 
«cdiauy poinpa. 



SuctionlftBS Pumpk and Coat Pit Pumps. 

Aftvf Hlial «■<■ hare Menaff>titffing<>r|«ukiii9-l>dxe«, and 
eap-lvAth'Ti lULHwcrioR tfaejr purpuoe. H may b« MkM if «rv 
BUinot duprii-r with thnin altofrctW. In scow iiurtmMB w« 
ran. Sm llic pumjw. Fik^. H3H and ftSO. ThMe arc a cbwof 
poinpa wIk'tviir tki piukiiig-liox ur nuclJini'pipe in rvqnlred, 
and althi-iiftli n<>t mu<-li kjtuwn to t)i» mndMti iilumbcr, tlw 
btter OKine^ially, w«re well kuvwii ftmr or fivi- hundred 
ynr* a^, and vnn twrd at tlii; crl«l)mt«d wator-wotka at 




Kl.). S6i), 

Murli, and at PwtNeuf, a Fr«icb wa1ct-w"rks of nbom 
tlw oatao inaffnltnd<>, cUan. nnd datt'. na our oritfina] wiiU-r- 
wufiu erMtM at London Brid^. Ilnrc a niorti «f juiprr 
OTW th« lino M. N, W> oover the linrcr biirrel. Tlio iimuiJ- 
barn-1, A. U then to lie mvn iiiul in a cii)t«m ; the bucket 
ki ndnfersed, and tbe rod workinn: tivm below la aotual^ 
^ 'i tin! vilmning-lerrr, F, O. and the pump- 
1 be "ten that if itio valve. C, be aJm 



mlmienied, that on pullinir down the bucket ita oladi will 
<-]<cu, and that tbo watur fpiio the valve Uj tho borkat. 
Iicin^ belciw the Wei of tbe water in the cijdetii, in not 
roquuvd to lip utibeld by the pxlemal almoapberic prxwiure, 
-ltd, thiTi'forB, tbrrt' in not tliat whioh in kiinmi in pump- 
work na a Miction -pipe, The advuiiiu^v of uniutf tbij< kind 
vf iiionp. ia that ligrhi pipea may be niwd for pumps miUv 
d^p, wtkioli will ntaiUlv ov "cni from what foUowa. fl'idte 
the paper o9 the liue UL N.) Happom the ridnjf main to 
be ], 000ft. long, you will aocofding to tho half ptnuid per 
•quare iuob lo the wrtieal fool, harv a pnMiiin ol SOUlb. to 
the aqnare innb on the boltaa {dpe. Now Ic irill be plain 
that if you hnvi: trn auoh eialwna, and ton aueh pspea aa 
that in llie illuHtrati><a. and that if thi:«> ten eiotenis un 
aupriied hna one bottom t-ljrtrai, the prmumrv an each iiip<> 
vilfonly be one-tmtb of tlio t.ltOUfl.. and eo on, acooiJinK 
u you fix the eiatenui. Of oonmo to gain tlii* nli^nrt, 
puapa o( any other olaaa may bo uaed. nwh a« nm lift- 
pumpa. or jn«c and plungtr, Ac. At J, Fig. ft^O. but bo 
M>en Bitut^tiini and Hft-punip, whi^h wfll mte at IrAot oiio 
cutem. borjiune you may huvc ■20ft. of auotiou anil, nay, 
Attft. to 80ft. of riaing-inatn. Bach pumpa mz* muoh iiaed 
ia mliiea, Ac. 

Continuout Action Lift and Piuniar Pump, 

Thix pump ia a kind of doiil>]e<A£ling, and ia doMgned 
for the purptMv of throwing a morn oontiimooa utmin than 
ran bo urown l.y any of tliu fonuvr unee. Thtj action of 
thia pump will fc r[ttilily uudcmtood by reftirenoo to Fig. 
851. O la the bnn^l in whirh the bu-iikct, F, aa alwi tbo 




r>u. BEi. 



plnaveTi '■ I" made to work. Tnln notioe, and yna will 
me Uat tbe water ia made to riae up tbe main pipe at the 
band and baekalrakoot the pump a* follown. Ktippow the 
plunger to bo baU th« ann of thi^ pump- bucket, it foltoiwa 



406 



PCMPB. 



thnt hf miaing tli^ bni^ket, ttw wtit-^T. u ifl usdaI, foUfms, 
Mil) llml ttie wali-r iu front in urg^il orwnnl »p tlir luim't, 
Koi into t)>o riiiiiig<nuun ; lint 4t Oio wum- tiuii', thn 
planner u iroliiif out of tbl^ bvim-I. and coiiHt.>c|nimtly leM 
yiiiUT liacA up Ui* muig-main, thereby muking iwani for 
vater M the oxtenl of t£o exact nxo uf thft nliingcr onl^. 
£inw giv« a b«cli ntiakv, and down goM the pluosur vritlua 
the buRvI, utd ftgain dupUma wnuir op into tao ximig- 
maia, in exact prapoitioa to ihc am or bulk of tlio plunnnr, 
M> ihnt witter iM mul« to poaa thnagh. tho ludng-niein at 
botl) liand and biurk atn)ke. Of ooutho, in Fig. 8A1, a cvp 
Imtbor, u ot Q, Fig- 848, majr bo uwd butaad of lli« 
Htnfin^box. 

Double-Acting Contlnuout Pump. 

Tliin rmmp is inuotnilml ml Fig-". So2 and Sfi.'i. and dlfftT* 
fruiu nil thn fonigtnn^ pTimpo, thuuith ni [iriiiLnplciliM Tnixrli 
aboint tbo laaue na the jack uzid pliuigv pump, Pig. HW, 



petpendietdar with tho riainir-niMa. Wh^n fixing theao 
pm^M horiumtalljr lit thonM that tkcnat^ will Im- at tof 
(I^. IU3) JMi tlml the ralnw iriU Kbut when fixi'd in th« 
horizoDta] positinn, Q R (Ki^. 8M) ia th* bow for -Mintivet' 
ing tbo pump-p^ to tba wofktng loinr. &o. ¥ig, MS ia aa 




IUb dumWc-aftJnfl pnnin i* winplj (mr bam'l, wKnw wi>rk 
boxacAIr double of alt iljo forntroing, hAvinp n plunger nr 
nirtoiii D, -worlting within: and to tlio pvimp-r«d. C, wi> 
namaatulting-hox, K, Ii; also, it will )f mrn thnC the 
ponip hiu> fuur \"^Ivi'«, two itUela, or « notion- valvM, B, K, 
and two outlets. I, F. A is the «uotiun-pipe. uud N tlic 

DUtlcl. 

Tho aotiiru 'm as follow*. (]ii puUiuff up t\ic pi-.luD, th<- 
valvM, B and F, r1om>, whiUt the watirr ahnrp lhr> piston 
raetdfm pranmrv, wbit^li tJiini upiio llii- vbItDi I| aitd tlw 
vater ia loroed Into the jviog-inain ; at the eaine tiino E, 
tff KMon of thf* tniPtion, al»o opt-tu* at the Mine time aw I, 
and allowK timii wattir to riae intu the bomd of t]ii> pwup. 
Jfaw give tlie bai'k stroke to thp pomp- plunder, xnd (rif> 
Tiltvn. & I, will cloHc, and B F will uputi NuiitltiiiK<oiu>lj. 
and M oo a]t<>niat«lr. Xution, I hare here agiiiii rc'f«rT<>d 
jroa tu hand aiid bade ftrohe. as thtit pump t« Mten fixed to 
thnt the bucket-md will Tvr.ipriiralv in n honmmtal. itutti-Hd 
of a pcrpvodJcular diivr'tiuii, lliu vufliuti. A, being fliwl 
dircet over the pipe loading nto the well, aad tbo outlul 




flu. hM. 

elornlion of tbi« pump, aiid which wnD iIIiiRlrat^a Qm 
fiiiU)cv» at B E F. it'-, uud whii-h takes ni«rt for rvlentiwr- 
ing thf> TalrpA. ThiK ptnnp in largely iii^ in fim m^nra 
and xhip-puiDiM. .Mm for htriwjng piir|io*M. The a^on 
uf thin piunp in Hiv muiie a.« tltat in tlu.> duuliltr -notion waato 
|irevenl«T. [Fig*. C41 nnd 04:2.] A« lb.- Snclton Fig. iW 
w now fixed it in n nonUuuouH primed pump. 

Fire Engine and Ship-Pumpa— Qundruple Action. 

Fig. 864 ill a welional nlrviiliitn nf n quadruplr acliim 
idiip-pump, or «nii' r.n|Nil>V of doiu^ tb« wtirk of four 
barreu— jujtt doulile lliat of Fi^. 8'>'2- It will bo s«m (hat 
in the pump there an two bamls A, K, ouu fixed above 
the othct, anrl in nurh a mann'-r that niilr oaf pump- rod ia 
required tu work tlio two piMoRx. jilimgiTo. or double 
Ijiickots. ()n th" oppoidt^) t»an of Iht- Imm'i ia fixed two 
I()ii(.'it«diniU cxti-rjinl •'hanl^er^. or wnu-r <.'1uidti«Ih, L, H 
isoo B. ilg. 8A6j and having inU't und outlet- vol vm 
I. (J. M!, N, whioh.inmititj, arftUfithingmorethnn tboaeat 
R, E, F, I, Fig. 852 ; but iu the dia^in «.)* nr* the two 
difllinfit barrels, workiug into and only liflititfono double wt 
of Tiilro«, wliix^h miuA hr lurgr^ to eompt^tiMitu for the extra 
fri<'tioi!. Tln-TT inTf two fttulliTig-boxi?n to overoome. and 
ih4> liiiutii p>~iiiit« "iiinc muttil tn-i>o when' thoj ahould nnlj 
■•iFjnc otirx", wbieli i» on atwouut of the very ahoft stroke (Ind 
whidi, of conrac, mtglit bo oltotnl to a looger uno) bvtwcen 
ir and T. 

The hvnA, V, forma rm atr-i^hnmbor, which ninj In.' ex* 
tended to any fiise though shown hnrr Kniolt. Tlic utiifHng- 
Iwxcs Toquin to bo kfiiit >uny«ni op Tcrj- tight. whir>1i 
meona more frirtiHin. With thin anitiiKiTmrut too nmnli 
labour ia rminircd to work the pump. Worit thn npindle 
atuffing-bnxoH a little- loom. Tlie aotton of tliia pump in aa 
foUowH : — Ttuik the wheel to ranite tho hiirJtPl tn ajan^id ; 
this nloses the valves I and N, nfli>r wliiih thf outlet valve 
M op«08 to alloir tlko wat«r to get into t^ hee** -^ -t — <ahcr 



I 




PUMPS. 



437 



Of main pipe: bat at tho tanur moimmt thnt il openi. no 
■1m doM llie eih-tioD -viils-e O, to rnHov fn-*li w»Ut to i-ntfr 
thaponpL Oirc a bm-M Nri^'kr. luid O M nil) diur ami 
I N uprn, nntl ho od. Of niuTM-, thin ]iiim{> ruiii l» worked 
by tU'.xm i>r otltor jwwet, u in aUwia firv vnx>nM, 4«. 

Fig. 855 ia ui cktvation of tbo *bkip-pump Ftp. 8A4, 
wlikii Utustnted the tvo bandln*, and also ue how ackI 




f IV. 9b6. 

fennch-pipe E ; it •liowa tJio apondU- ntuffing-boi, tlie Tftlvo 
diMini P (J, nnr! tiir triml>r.iH'k II - ntui it alnt nhnwii nni> 
m'.'Uinl (>f fixiuir <lio }'iun|> lx-lw«eii two iita,VK mode- ullfa 
uu«rU!riii)t, J(ii. Ilvtunt (ur n inunwnt la Fi^- K-'* : nitp|tunc 
IM pump til b« out of ordpr, nad Uutt ivi n-nter tan l>o 
(iblraod. WlvtilunUlxr fint dime uiukr ■ticli oiivmu- 
•laacMf Tlw Hmrcr h, Exialne the vuoker-valvefl t. 
lor AM of tfaem ia slmoat eerlatD lo be ont of order, which 
■nnr nWi nmder tltu atlitr uM-lnm, iinlnM th« uuUitI viiltfii 
utiil *lufflnK-boxes nrv pi-rfwtlv ti};bl. Tlii-i vulve iiiiiiti 
Iboi bv (filher vkKned out ur ivlttitduind. But BUinxwv )<'» 
IkKTe plmt; of iratn* In tlio btimb. Mid tlutt Uw pomp 
tluom «t tbo k*ni] or bMJc atroke unljr. Wbnt i» liicti boar 
diniP^ T1u> ■Minrrr tM, If it tlimm iWy at tbt* hnud 
vxtunine lliv uutlvt-rslrv un ttio btti^k vtroVo, fat it 
to be out of ordor. It tUowa tlu water to " ji|r"— 
V M the pliingrr worin up and down In tho baml. m 
tho wunc witer kem p^en with tlie plun^r^ : atid wfa; "r 
Simplf biBag— Ih* oatln-vii!rc allown tlir fm> piMnng of 
Ihit WBtor bttilnwda and lurwiinlH. nuiI m> diXMi uot utwwer 
Ita purpooe. vix., to atop tb» vnter ruiDiu^ ba«k i&ta the 
ham. [t is powlbl«. bnt imt very probnblrt, thikt botli 
iiull«t*nilv«« nutj- be out uf odIit at »iir tiini'. Shoukl 
•Wiha boiTOTt^r, w the r-aaw, tJio otliv'l will be tlmt there 
cmnnot be snj* vaUrr puin)ivd, bccauno thv iiietoii* will throw 
rhc wtttur boi'Ji. i<> ntippljr tlte navurHO utroke of the [iluo^r. 




nod TOO vOt be apt to think that one of tba Sttkar-Tolvea 
im nut of onin. Now. to df-t^nnino irbettsr It hs tbo top 
Viiln-H nr not, o|n!i) tlx? miuUI triol-codc B, PllT- ^^'> U 
water flnw* out. the bntlam vslvM »re aannd, nnd the two 
Um. or oatlct valvw out of order. Whatorer rAr« to the 
vnivf. of^on in thiit pump also wteta to the daable-actua 
pump, Fip. H!f>. 



DiaphpBgm Pumps. 

Thb kind of piunp ta illuxtrated at Vig. Mi. A ta th« 
chamber, with njin^ to hold the India^rabbor diaphtmgin 
K, and th«t KiiiTbou^Tidre B. with tbe outlet-TalTO E. The 
ooCioii Ea iw follows : — i^Il up the ptunp or chamber A with 
initer ; ohm tha pipe E up to the valve F, and work the 
haadk ; thki will soon prodooB the tieoeBeorr vsvuam ta the 
auc<tiaii-|upc. 

This pimp mar bn mnde to wtwk without tlie valve E bj- 
hradng * rnlva in the diaphragm that will t^ien outwards. 





fta UO. 



ria.ttT. 



Bellows Pumps. 

Tbesp nn my old kind of ponijw and nre HhowB at 
H I J, fig. 357. Alt tb:il i« tuNxwanr i* an InU^ and an 
outlt-t'Vidve, OS In the l«ad-bumlng bellowa. Fig. iMl. Tlu> 
pipes ohould be fixed npon the bnuam board, aiul the top 
may be worki^ b^ any meubanicol coatriiraiiM. TIm closet 
rvgolntor is of this class. 



D«ep Well Pump-Wopk and Rigging. 

W« bavp now Ar«n nnLrlf all the rnrlouii kinds of nonpa 
whiiih tbi- urdiuarj plumber luu> lo du with. I wiH, 
Uioiv4or(>, proiM!>ed witli our diimv-well work, mch wt Is 
illUBtnt«l at Fin. 958, wu] «xpbiin many of th«< difivnmt 
mo^ods of riygisK them ap, suitahlc for the nrioun kinds 
of jmmp-work wtuoh tho ooantry idumbcr hoa to necule, 
aooording to his distriot, Jtc. Fin>t, Irt iw examine the 
wdII whmin th« pump has to be fixed, as tit FI){. 8A8. 
This is a well of, so^, 20ft. to the stofro B. upcm which 
m>ts the bonrd .\ : Is F, the rising main : D U the aui^ou 
pipe which ia, mv. Hfl. long; K ia the mllrr fruidc ; H I. 
the pomp rodn : M tbn plunk ; P ths {T^idc, whiib in somt- 
cxum is not rviiutivd ; tJgerv ia also a W^LHixo-Pm on titv 
left. Ben: tho whole is expond to vfav, and is very almpk' 
to undf-rstaiul, and is one <n tho rfmplMt methods of deep 
wall punp fixing, oad lu^re two views i.rc iihown of Sxivg 
the pump and risiBC main. left and rig n hunded. 

I shall now tntrooooD !•■ your iiotiLY atiotluT mrthod of 
work, Knd a lltthi ImpmrGmont upon the Fitf. bit, Jnvt 



PIMPS, 




rapktncd. Fw (htx rHiir to Vifc. MO. H<>n> tb^ puni]> Li 




(Jur nMigc malti. In ttiiii wv harp thp pipe MimxirtM Oil 
fill- !<I)i|^t> vitti II llRiiifn joint, itnd iiImi an air rliiiiiibirr cm 
Ui'" rWiiK iniuii Hi V, w« Imvi- ii!»o an «iiiptyitig focli n* 
vlionti lit X. Thme. tliuutrh ilioy m»T ■??««• Irat aliglifr | 
inipPoviTnciiw, arc of arone iiiility, whVh mil he expUdned 
im wi- procn-d. But I Uiink I luavr rou My, Wlinl do va- 
want udth all thii parfi|ihemftlik for h in>tl only 2Dft. Hcvp, 
tts » donunoti jikck-puiBp would do Llip worlc^ (jiiit« tnio, 



r 

■ 


^-f* 




K|K(j 




' . 


nlMjf 


, 


c 


RwrViir 


! 


* 


ffid II v 


1 


1- 


HI ft 


:i 


i 


fK 


.1 \ 




hut nnticr, In thp ntmmpr mcmtfa ^ mtar In . 
<iub»idv>, or. nitrr yon hn.v«r niimiNl, «y, for "haU U 
:I]A wiitor in Itiwi-ntl. »uv. ilt. ur AH., hu that a j«dt-_ 
tniuld Iw twpltw* tor nufli wort, mid ihfrcfor* aDother 
faOfX \mi lucd. TIw Ik*!- kinil tor jour jiuqiiiw will !)• 
Iifl-patn)>, iu< Khitwii atFi)n<. 860,l»6l,$Si, uid 863. 
fully examiiH' Uiific pump-biim>l« nnd ecuiot that vl 
i-ou tniT thinW tigml iiuitaUlf In jour |>rir«>, unci for tbn job. 
fijr. Bi'l if t>iui{ily tli« mrae Viad of inimp'barrvl bk tbnt 
flxfd u]xjn t)i<? plank at Fig. 8ll, tho diSmnoo heiag thai 
tliu latter hiw lag" on thr- iitdc of the ImutfI for Mounng to 



l>L'Mrs. 



409 



Lift Pump Barrolfl. (Al» aue Fi^- 81^0 



I'M. saOL 



rtu. an 



Fw. «B. 



Kiu. MS. 



till pUok, whirli, if iiwd fnr deep-irell worlc, mm>t Ixi 
•euuTvly fiK(.<d wiOi <.<oui^h •rrewn, &c,. to the otdtiH af th«i 
ata^m. BH OH tbo fnmt of tbcr ittiifp> B i>nd A. Fitr. SA4. 
-whilxt Fig- K(]2 hiu> the liifcs no the boCton), aa xhown at B* 
Pi|{ Ktil . lu tlun lull«r fiKuro the pump hun to be lAkcn to 
paK«» lo 4>iiiui)i[ii> or trpnir tliv vtuvi!^ ; but Un- vaht-s in 
Fig. 800 nuiy bo i-tiuniuM or T^iuiEivd frvm the doom AorO. 
In all olliLT n'Kpt'fW tbcHc pump^ aru ozactly ihu Himi;. 
* my jnrt, I lUvoiiId nw Fijr- stiO. 

' wiU now jih-wriil wilh l>ic fixing-. Tliw lirri thiiijr 
wluil will Ijc tine Jtliul Wgbt that tLu 



wa tor han to he lifted^ ITie wkU, taltiti^' ihv nutwiiltnicof 
thti wnlor into [<r<tt«i(lrr»ticin, w, mi^, Mfl. dtvp, but It dooa 
not rat livro. The watur hiw< tu m Ufl«<d to a oiatcm, wjr, 
30fL above tbo gronnd level, thna maldjig in all GUft. I 
mny hi<iy! ranuirk that nil piinip* aiioukt bo rutary an at tba 
left. FJK. MH. if thi^y uiv liifii' routtiuuxBdj wnrictn), wtp^rinllv 
fgr deeji welii. The piuup in to U> wonted bj n inau with 
aa ordiniiry pamp U-vcr, w« ihowu ut ft 8, ^gr. b ^S bimI k£9, 
iph<i'«> Wf rfttrr- IK f. t« 1, The qm^tinn now li, irlial ■ivM 
bnnvl wtJl be pcupL-r fur jrou lu aeUct m> thiiE }ii> nuv work 
TO»ilj- niid fotitiniiQiiiiW f Turn to tto pump tutiin. and 
L-ou»ull (Ik- coluiuB uf f^-vt ui dO ; }u!rv you wiu imd titatiii 
the n^xt oolumn the lixo cf th^ barrel mitAblr for a lift of 
BOfl.. Id he wnrkod by tme mnn. «-ill be Sin. di-imetOT ; bijl 
notice tlmt tbii> ii> ()■<■ vtry uut>i(ln i.<f Om *va\^\ mid rvuiiiiVQ 
Mlb. OS the lover to work thn pump, not tiiklii^ irn^»\ 
Into con.'<ldrTation.- nnft nnd^r the cimuiiirtAtxe that (bin 
miteil pump U tot> larKi- for criTn a ■tning mnn ; it «-iII br 
qnito aa w^ll, thi>rrfura, io eoiioiilt tho uiunp iiibk- afMl'lo 
eeln^t tlio next fitc mutllcr, iiniiit;lj:, 'iiia. btirrcl. Onii 
jlAin. barrel a column uf va.UT 60ft. in bright (mt WftTSik 
nuSBSCBB TiBLH) will cxert a. prwiBuro on Ihe biwket uf 



l^iiimmiiii 



.t 



m--tN 



12T)b., or £6Ib. 1(bw thxn UiaI nii tlip .lin, biicki-t. \ow 
divide the 127 hy Wiv WiTSBe of 6 ii> 1, nnd yo« Bud we 
only huTc tu exort a pr»«urc of 2llb. upoD tlu> liandle, 
vbrn the piunp i* »atd to wittk liyhl on the hand. 

Aft'T m^iatl hiive mid, ytt« way select from tin- Inhlo 
H IwirrpI Hiiitnble for ii wrll of any depth. Hiil an we 
pruiTXiJ nc kliall luive to >iw vihrBtiug iiud vtWr tJonipuuDil 
lercmge, and wliidi wtU linvc Io be worked and taken into 
mnaidr^ration with the jnimp table. The next thing to 
mtmidi-r ii> Ui« vin- and ■nbNbuirr- ol tbr trad )<!;>", aititiible 
foCthepmit|>,audulKu(urlhe proav'treuf CUfl. ut, ttay, 901b. 



410 



ruMPS, 



to thfl Miuw bid.. (ttoe^TmbU! and UoffUi of WwW 
SuvnathW Load Pipe*.) Here wr hnv.- «'21Ib. ponn hmel. 
iindhtOltlicdiiMnetar will *>" the ■"t' i'>r tbepiiKsi ; ttirrrfore, 
n Uin pif "" "^ '^''*' '*"" *^'' ■'"^'"^' ""° "■'"K """"■ 
Now ttini to tl"' uiWo and liwk '*« '.il'''- l"«np. ""^ "> ','"; 
Mivnd coltrnin wiU b.- found liin. pnc; then m th» iWtd 
.«lun.i. nin your vye dowu to flo wh..^ .n«i.M GOft. «>l«mn 
of wnUT. on 1h« aune iiJiw "> ""«• ("urtn ouaumn will U^ 
•MO lilC flflWV 42. whici mi»«u« Umt Ibn wil»tiunif of tbi- 
afpe Aonld be 42lb. to tlio l^Tt. m luugtli, known m the 
ulda M ft l«msrth of No. Forty-twMi. 

Sow ihmt wo iia*''^ *!"> "'"^ "' borwl. auil nlxo tbe wwgfct 
or'mbMtance uf lead pipe. *" ""'J' jwvpun- to fix tlio boml. 
Fint •rtUo « tij tho «l>i't for Hw «t»({r wU.oIi, m thw cam, 
ii oanpuMd of two laoow of gwd oak.mmM ihe propor 
Wfrth t7lFo tliiough the bnrkwurk. Mid. *y. ftui- Or^. 
tbiclc bj 9fti. widv. First g«t the bwk rtu^> A. K^. MS. 
(„, .«.xt the fiwt B, or if y?",*'''oo«^r Kx OM pincc of 
timbpf, with tJ»»untioiipipphoIoE borod through lliecentpc. 




... . . .1. ij« .iiiirc C nftor which, with, wnoo good 

llOCiA 



E?"r^„'^ 'IM"".^ ' ihLr& *!«> ■.hown Qt Fig. SaO. i. 



Axed whvu the rods »n, but uo^iW tKatjrmi itx tho rtn^ BL 
Fi|;. 858, BO that the radii »itl play t)irougb t)i4- CAntM of 
the bole, which titfl tr plumb ufnV tim MH-tuni -pipe bnV. 
niid Au un nil im thi- wrDU. If iron itsgvs urv to U- uib<I. 
Huaib mn those iliown at Titn- 832 nnd 833, rup^iully ih" 
Litt«r Bhone, lu ehowii at A B G. Fig;. 83:1. miiA bs cemented 
into tho lirii-kwnrk, and tbo nidn Jf the etA;;** Mt^d down 
il|ioa thoakoF«. Sauii-i-timm it will bi.>Uwt ti> fi* jrour ■di^'". 
■> Ibftt the pipe mid k-Js will work nt the btiok and front of 
tb« Btago, wt Mhonii at Fig. N6i>. With suck Stapm, aorup- 
tinuM, jounayhavetouMiudonrfli^nifiMiihownat E. F, G. 
Fig. 8SG. The Fifr un tho riglit ■how« round huxd rollern, 
whtUt tluil. on thip left nhnn-H boUow lollen. "Hmmi im 
ooUtid woml Ktiitn^ rullrn. but ora often iwnl for the {nm 
MM(W, nud arp bult«d Ou thn side, ivx nhown at E F, Ft(f. 
Mio, nnd llii> pipe clipped to th« fnwt lu at K. 

The hnn^I niny tiuw he fixi-d, whiib iaduntp ivftt'r Um Mic- 
tion- iji|Bi u BMildnrcd on to tiie txil-pipe. Th* method of fil- 
ing tho hftn«l in by LxjICiit)^ tbulu)j;a down upwa iho Flam' i" 
^■ic'h II muDner that thi' plnton or hucket^rod tnity wt-rk 
quit*- uprlKbt within the buire! ; for tlii» purpuK. let full a. 
i-fiitTt ]ibiiii)>-bub t.bniiiftli thft Kbtgm above nod U> n-ntm 
itantf , h-ikI [iliiiiib over iin} ixoUv oil th^ mppcr piuii|>'nid 
K, Fi^. 8 19. «M thut tbo wholfl tloc of rod.'- m»v oo nuid" lu 
wotk pluinb. HnMD^ thn hnml iHiod, Kuort lui iiir 
(ihiutit>er. Now eoidcr on j-our ftir chumbiT lo tliu cbniuixr 
of tho pMiiin, iir, ftrnt wildi?r n piiv* of rixintf mniii ua uk 
ntiowB at Fijt 8^9. and tJx the ttir vbuDbcr by rra'aiu of n 
laft or flange joint ss at FigB. 8M or BtfS, nod continue lh« 
riain^ luatEL to the dstom, i>r wherp you roquirfi it. 

Take uotiw that you t-iioiild biivei tomu tneansof etupt>-hig 

tho pp<« in OUJK' uf froHt. Th1« tnity be done tm ihawn m 

tilt; Fis. KG7, and vrlui:b in uothing luotv th&ii a tiuuplAj 

ball-oo^ A aoldcnM intii Iho rising niahi BC, and w-nt4cnd 

by todd and n himdlu G H. The boM poaition for thii* mc\ 

4 tw low (li>wTi th'- nmin as pai«lb]e, but not below a tad or 

ulh(<r vidve. if t(»fd ut W. Fig. 8fi9, it wilt (runbk- you toi 

4'Spcl Ihv fuiil air by tiluwiuK duwu thu nuiiii. pi|ii' fnjin thV'' 

•:-oak X, or by t'l""'"!; the hose orer the muuth or uud of the 

min^ mun. 




PUMPS. 



411 






Am 



LlaanuAi""'' 



Aut ruxp. 



Fio. tm. 



Four Alp in Werts. 
{Alt«*n Fifi. 814.) 

Kow we are ragagod npoo tho fixing orrapatra, hMV will 
bo * gDud nppoTttiiiity to intradiioi! tlic foul air pu]n|tt. 

Tlinv arv nuuiy wujk of vloaiiii}; foul air rroim wvlla; 
and kArinir fiufforoil ihruni^h this, the plitmlwr'H ilead^ 
ntoiii,r, I frrl nlinij^H nti lh>T light with it, und Iibtg DMOC 
laimj kiiiiln u( triiitliiiiiEi to Imltlv willi it. aiul hftv» K{nUti 
■bown yon ill Fitf. 867 bow to [rot xiil of it. Simplofin, 
hdjiii^ v{ ni1>l>tT plawd uii tliu wmd uouk i>r on ttie 1111100 in 
All TDu m)iiin if ih>) blowor pnmp he naed, either at tbcMi 
nw^iiiHw will alnr tlio moxt tn^arliprouni uir in a fow 
minulw fnim i<tm wvlk; but bu sure Chat it i* tint hj 
jour lowering a u([hted dip tallow candle. Fi?. 847 ■«. 
idto, veiT fTood to nipply cool air into a w«U or othur cJoao 
platw whilRt the wncnuui i» duiiw biit work. ThorD am 
otlMT nwthodji of doaring foul air mmi woUs, luofa ms with 
Blacking lima oud ch«mivu]s, wbiflh alnorb carbtmlo add, 
tut 4» mt uti t/tmt,J»r yw are KMX4ijf tt«r m/t tcith «mA. 



Wftpning.Pipes and Pump Fixing Gearinf— Mn^ntMf. 

A iio. waming-piixi !«•«? ■flTAitJUNa-Pu'E. Fiir. 858) 
■hooldlw fixed (rom tfw tup of the cirU-rn to the puuiii- 
IhibiHi' (m •hovn), and in nuch a nutimrr that it will v'ivo 
wnniinK when thr nst«m i« filli-d, can- l>">iiig tmkra to lix 
it aa tluit it will drain itaoU dry, and aa a pcotACtiuu 



aeainiit fmrt. for if thl* i» no . done, hourB nf fruiOiwa 
IiShhit will often tai« place at tiniM wht-u the warning 
pipn ia fru/uii. UttvjTijf tlin ptimp-banrl and pi|)<* 
properly flsed, tbq nvst thiu^ to do i« to nt the 
«xact lentrtll of tlw rwds. Thw i" doon a* foQowa: — 
I>ut the lever (jnite down, nn <diown in Tig. BAS. and pidl 
np the ooi>])tr pump-rod, K, and burkeG the full hofght, or 
IIS far as il will ooinn. Kow push it down Sin. into tho 
bnmO, or piwl the port or oiitfi* hole, and lake the exact 
length, or von may lift the pump tiuidla right up a* far a» 
it will go. tliiii piMh tho piimp Duekot quite down into the 
hiirnti and pull il up »af lin, tmin the bottom of tho bntrel. 
and liinu lake tku esaut l(?n|{th. Uf the two plans the 
latter is the bottiir, beoauae then it i^ t«ii Uj one if the 
bucket liHither ever oomei> to within 2in. of the port or 
{Ritlirt hole, or touchis tlw bottom *alrc. Hariftp the 
oxaet leoirth, make lh»- toAa nnd wiuplinjf* aocorfliiielT ; 
thoTipe boat iaatened to the pump-rod tiym»in- of th.- 
bow cMttuetion. m ahown at B, Fig. SOO, uul al»o aw bow 
aaaaeotion at K, Fig, f-Al. B0 mn and aorew the 
coupling- tl((h*. "" that til" b-'P nut doea not work off or 
hcrnmo unMrr^cl, oOwrw iw the abort trarel of Wt motion 
will, br rcoMA of the sudden tako up or dt-noent. brwtfc or 
hniid the copper rud. I'orhapa a prerention aKaiot tliia i* 
|]ie B]aU«d key < onnnatiuii an ahowu at J, H, Fig- !*tll| 
whid should he titJ with enpperwimto tho rod by paariiig 
the otipper wire thivutth tLoliDlein the key, m* J, rigHBI, 
nod round the rod ; or u tapir split key may b« uocd, iw 
shown at l''t^- 78T. 



4U 



PUMPS. 



Wheel-pufnpBwlth Vlbrattng LeverB. 

We ROW oomtt U) that eUu of pmsp which In ^'enanllT' 
used fur d«ep wcUn, iiABielT, the whi^'l pomp (ww Fig. 
8681. It RUif \m M^rA, \Vh'iit w the ubl' of the wh(«l. dMH 
H giTw power, or what ? The ati»wcr i» nioiply thu, thai ibn 
A/ wheel iato nu>l:d<'ycMt to continnnlly put jour work iiili>. 
ami when the work u'rumI rc<iuiivd, it girw it out at th'> 
truuint rHiuuvd, thun vim are enabled to eonunnally pull 
and pusb (amard at thf Laodle or wluwt, which s^nin 
gxn» it up nt Mch up stroke, chuM mtrulailng thr work 
as required at the altcmaiire intorriib. A furthor 
Mplaaatiao of thia flr wheel i* that it in an ac- 
eomitUtor gf power, '^liiw jroa gaiu do pownr, xtill 
the worii tieia^ man uniform It Appears mwh uuier 
to do. Nor do Tou k^ui auythinx in pnwrr with rednung 
co^ whnnliL 'Hii'Y ^implv vtmbla rim to uac a largiv 
larrel, aiul mt n-duon tue atooiint of Mr-tiim ol tho 
imp jMthen, Bluffinif boMs, kc, tliow l*ina lei" in 
proportion wHb the sizv of tha barttlA. Id Um, Fi^. 8Q<), 




tb» bund and atUpM u* fixed in lh» nune nknaar ■» thorn 
exalainod In Hff. «49, but, beanp worked ^ a wb«xd, ^o 
rooB vQl he aiada to away two nocb. For etampte, 
mpnoae th/- Icnnh of (he (rank to be fiin., then th<- tiatb 
of toa erank w^l bo liiio., that mewia that the tup of tbu 
rod win away thin dUtanm. To nnFnxtiiK< thiH we we wbat 
U known w a vibratLug Iwvr. 5. Tin. 868, bett«r 
undMstood fron th(> illn»trati(>n. Fig. HiiV. In Fiff. 86B. 
the path of tl)«- iTiuik R i» riruwn as nt B T S W. Now 
HUppoao thi' path from B l>> S tu be l^iln. -thia in whnl ia 
known aa a 13in. throw— it will bv rl^r that the tup part 
tit thie omnectinj; rod C muwt rock I2in., that is, aen^tt 
(ram B to S, and if thiB go^ down to the pump baml it 
trill runk ai the atuffins-box in [ffoportioa to the length of 
nump-rodfl. Tbo rackiiitf of the pump-rod ia an erll wUch 
M wonderfully roduoed by the uite of tho long vibrating 



ne. we. 



« I M ... 



®u 



s: 






:4- 




riu.8M. 



IcTcr O, FS(t. 86B. For tho purponc of owr arpimcnl, 
umnnrt. tho pnil P of Ihp ooaneotin^ md ju*t E-iii. fn>m the 
rivft ur (iptndli' P «>f tin: vlbmtlnf; lever: aaj that it ia 
connect^ at 2. and plumb ava the epindlc F. Now turn 
the emnk I) A. which in 6in. limg', thi* will muee the 
vibrating rtd tu work fruin 1 to '2, thnl la. tliL- fiiu. Bnt, 
instead of making the oanne«liun at 2. «>' I'miiirrt on to 
the vibnttiu^ rod at D. Now turn ih(,' <muik A B ow n^und. 
The Dtlicr und of the oonncoCin^ rod D being caimeotod un 
the vilimting lev« will mcivc thp I'iin,, hot will be kept at 
a di*t4LEi(X' fnini th« HpimUv F, and will only be allownd to 
rock beiwwn tlie npiioe from C to T. and no on In pmpnrtioa 
to thir lerer, tw that the lonK^* ihv vihratinff loviT ^i, FIk, 
tltiH, the bottnr. Of ooutm, the punp rod J in <ujnneoted to 
this lervr at K. 



puups; 



Aia 



I 



Weir Rods, fto. 

Dnlliae hola'i in the vlbratJup UiTCr. ThU must Focrivn 
•liio Btli'ulidD iu (vJcT (o gvl ILp right Irntftli of puriip 
■tniiti Itmportattt), iir jnu nuv Sad thfi lot torn uji, nr tlic> 
rwlit )»itt, when dw pump b &n<t put iiiiu adiuu. 

It vrill be Mvn tlint UiQ Icrcrngv of the pump toat bo 
n^ikMl or iiicrraMvl nci^nling <i« thr hnlo:* atr clrillr<t. 
SupIniM' iLc wcU-rixl J, FiK' ^''^i t" bi- outinLirtfil at K, tlw 
ftrofcv uf th<> pump miinl U> toug<or ; but if si L iio much 
lb« vluiTtirr. How R-rvno tko order, aiid put tlii* oon- 
noatiB^ rod nn tii tiif^ hole L, toA the vell<rad on to thv 
Itolft D, iJir conitcctiDg foAk will then c*u<(t the well-roda 
to take a iiitiuh tiinifrr ntrokp, itud in duu prupurtiun to tlio 
dUtamwe in diat&tm hetweoo ii\« oentrrin^ of the two rods 
D, F, Mid thio MiitKi F. 

Parallel Motion Slings. 

lu F'm. 870 («1i!)ili in fixed bjr MiiekiDfr behind plAok), 
tbo ding is iDiLdo to work pofallcl. The ding hbbuxa to 




eli«i1}r iLe rod by rra»0D ibnt it worios dote up to tho ah«fl 
ut llif fly wbwl, uud m> pmrvnlH it fnun nioviag atilj In n 
pcrrpeodicular dlrtM'lion. Tt In not nt nil notriuMry tlint tJii' 
oonnectiii); ri.a] Htivuld be joiiit«d lit-liiw tbu *tiiy «jn, a* 
■hown, UN tbi« miij bo oontuvled nborc, nnd ihert-bj' « 
loUKVi «oiuieotiii]{ rad lued, vhioh irould hv bnticr for tlio 
mouiaiikal aotinn, m dicra ircuM not be thi- ntnituiit nf 
(rtntion Kgiunttt the Ride* of tiut ^ida vyv or nidej of tbe 
■liiijr- 

lliiB puiop i» mode in * firat^rate 6tyl« 1^ Ketan. Foil, 
utd if a Tory haudjr pump fnr many pofpoena. It is alao 
flxed mx A jtodMital, iva &t H, R, Ftg^. 868, 890, and alco at 
Fi(f. 811 1. 



The Rod Guide and Sling Gearing.— Fig*. 871, &T2, 
S73. 874, 875, 869. 8»», and S90. 

Wc han hsd the action of the Tibnitiiip levcn ; k-i \u 
now Rxanlae tLo rod guide and diag ifnuinp. fnr whicb 
»ee l-1fn>. 82B. Stl, tMS, 8fi8. tn Fi)f. K;|. ve N>e the mroe 
kind uf crink-mDiilm i^vrn at R, nit iit R, I'ift. 8<58, but 
the (ithereDd uf the uHinertinff rod iu Fi^f- STI isouuuvute'I 
tu a juiut ou ttiG iliuK at B. For aD enluged riev of thtK, 
•CO rip. N72. A ij< tlic jruidft (rvniTttlly acTcwod on tbo 
(iliinli. aud pluiub over the piiinp-nid. B tit the >ling and 
guide }(iin(>piii. K Is tbn ipiidr-Tod, and V tbe uling, and 
<unu(i"liui; rod P. [twill liemvn tliuL if tlivornidc ft, and 
top end of ronuvctiuK rud travel in a circle or nath, lay, of 
lOin., the other end bcln^' jninUHl ut I'. tiiunI, by reitMn of 
tbu rod and jniidi.-, work uiily iu uii iipn>,'lit(iTiH'rpoiidirailnr 
direotioii. The en>uk i» nuw iu tlie ml of pulling the 
punp-Tod tu Uii' right,' ur vtliorwiau puithiii^ it dowu, and 




1 10. fcTU 



Fto: VU' 



PUMPS. 



41o 



r '.'"' 




I 



pIuniHior-bluolra, vritli inuuiiatul boariogv 
f(ifTtii-nill,v nuKlc for Uin. jotinuila, a nide rifvr 
of wluuli 19 illiutrntod ut Fiif. 876. U, F!g. 
ST-**! npreMntd tbs tionnocting^ mli, (4>ii|iEine, 
■od biuhai or bnuwec fur Aulun ruiLtid tfac 
mak. to ttiis fict of grarinR:, the pliuumer- 
bl<»kii itrf iwrf-wd down iijinn ii wcuxl fmme, 
It, Q, 4c., Iwr Imrw- miiiI uUirr piiww ; but 
tba iMMe kind of tiling ii ofu<n (tone upon ■ 
emat-iron frnniv. m illiulnitcd ut i, 6, 7| 8. 
Figl. ftT7 and 922. 



Catt-lron Frames. 

lltmc bann in mailo kuimUc lor niagUi, doubU, or 
tntblfl ttmnr cmtiks. Tlia fmini* at Fig. KiT In A tnblr- 
tbmir. with fiimpdiind fnttr. TTio Imnillo 2, nud fiywbeel 
(niib* llwt fur tt r<^u«>ii. Iit^rt-uftar to U- pxp!.»iii«3, th» 
luutdlow ftn> ill thin tljujirrju iJiowu u-TotiKly> wm Fi|r. 8S1), 
■WHbuwn lix('*l tiiKjn » counbirahaftS, luid wnrltBAfaUava: 
Bu|n}AN0 till- iv>iiTit<'r>hnft to han* a pinion or ranaU wtiMl, 
wmowiiHt U, Fiif. S'9, luriuK, (4ty,tvri.iity twth, Imvee.or 
oofffl, and wtii-b runs iuUi u targ? Hpnr-wboel 6, flxttd on 
th» omnkaJmft a (Piit. ^77)- Nov, mipnnoo Ihi* Iaticc '<pur- 
whcel to littrc TJU t*>eth ot witr-, liun Un.- ti«ii[Ili! nfi tiimw 
TOand, iukI the rr;inlt« will mnkp one revoluticiii, lii-inu wi- 
my tlikt tbi' [nitiii- i.i ^«n^l for nix lu ntic, whirh lb ti 
BvnenI tliioK to do far easy wurkintr. Kow tnm l-ark to 
ihtf. sap. Thin IcTf r w u«>i(iliT Riinie 1 Gin. to IHiu, lonif,-, 
Uia to tlio iKujiurtiiin nf thr nidiuK »c Uimw of tlip rntnk. 
SuppoMi ihp piimp-i'Tkiik topi'i- mOju. Htniku, tlwt ik, iL4jiu. 
craiik. atul tlir liiuidic Icvcmim' t" be IStn.. bero tlie lover- 
mite U i)iulti)illi>d foor tnnn<. or fuitr ta orii'. Rht imppomt 
Ibi: i-raiilt (•■ Ih' a lOiii. tlirov. Ikr-n tli<- Ii'v<.-m^<i- in uk IK tn 
10. Htil "iippiiiK" tlin Ipvmijti* 111 Im' ir>iii. mid llir ■■miik 
<ia., wr tlw tliT'iw Sin., llioa tli>- k'li'i-n;" u-ill util) l-c fdiir 
tu ouc. uul if a man pul« i'Ah. on ihi.> bnndlo, wlticb ho 




Tin. 87». 

obotdd do, yon jii>t tbp USlb, multiptiml by four ^ 1001b. 
Now niter 1«> titr- 917. Yon mw tbut tbe wbwln wen> 
ge&rcd for six In one, and thai thp I^'vcmjfP ou the h&iuDp 
orur tiie crank wbi> four tu one. Put Ibr two top-tbi-r, and 
wbitt powor d" yoM ^p-t up-m "ni- "1 tbr rudn. Kiipjw.Hiiiii^ the 
vtbuT tg be uway'f Kirsl, bv tb" wincb yim jpiiiind fniir 
(iniM li6lb. := lOO, tlivn, with ihc lo^ 3-0U K»iu "ix timw, 
wliirb niHkiK » tntJil of 60O ihin^ or SOOlb. , which power 
wQl, roiiKbly ^pcnkluK' work a 3bi. pump Ht k d«ptfa of 
nbnut lUnft,, or n Ain. iit 7()ft.. or tbivc 2^is. piun|M *i • 
depth of 90 ft, t^iipprwing the burkctn to br drBiHnif nil at 
oivoo, two iHit iif lli(! ihnv ]iiuupM tn tiT' Klwara on uw lift, 
the fiOOlh. will work two ^in. pimiTM nt n drritb nf 70ft. 
Li;t u« further duinino ibio d(.«p will fnuiit< (Fij;. jl'T). or 
It treble throw cranki-d fnunc. wjt}i ^dtw, ^rnido-ndB. 
nnd uluifn [iM lUiown at S. 10, mul 12), cmmcctod flloM to 
th<( rrnnka, wliir.fa I tinrtimlikrlr ubjent to, bMaUK Ifa^ 
rwjujn* iMiiiHtnut alt«"nt{oTi for oilinp, &r,, or th*y will hi' 
Turr uo»r ; thoy ninkv ft kind of i-<i-utlnv uoumi or wmtid 
whirh w' vwy i!l<«jnT«ib!i». w f*y iiHjtblng of the extra 
lul'xtT wliii li ii r'Qiifhod liy friLliim. 

In Vi^i. S71) t)ir vilimlini; Icvrix, H and I. an iiMid, Mid 
will, if iimdi- \iiUK eiii>iit;h. niliiit' tht-frM'tWi trinniiniiRiim, 
»ud tiiiu^ tIiq HcIl-rcKU tuulmmt tipunUhi) wilbuoeho' 



410 



PUMPS. 




m»y br w<Ti, altki'UBli thrj artr '4 tiro rtutiiict MUcra*. 
ilcif it ma^ 1m) oa waU tri mrati'in that (ULhuofcfa xtte above 
fraiBra haw two nr thrpo crniikB, it due* not OBtea— rOy 
fuUuw Uint nil tlM> IuhtoIk un alwmjw to b* tiwd wt anoo. 
It ta on ettJj iuitU«r to lUMuniieci one or Iwu of tbtm, iod 
wort with tli0 adxr ; id tKrt, mb ii wUii i w l. It li Hf^MonV 
oliMcc, Tbero am maay ototbadii of gifanag pump* aocoid> 
nw to vircumMtaoom. Pur innbaun-, tli«i» mm •halluw veQa 
mlch abovo grouDil have a lunir verdoal rMnx nuiR, 
perbniB fnto tiro to thnm biitidrrd (<^t in Iwight: Mn tbo 
MUTDlit can be fixed ahcivf gniundat 13 and H (Ki|^. B7T^ 
lifnaiue the ruidrw ore cluw to Lb« vrauks. Anatber riwtbui 
In (hat whinti ia iihDwn in ttw diagniB {Vlg. 180), nr m 
tuttj other wAj-ii. Soe Hg. BMj a&s Rfk 8B1 ud &39. 



The Square Fram« fof Boarding Round, Ito. 

At Fir. 881 m aa iUaatnttoB of the tqiiarp trmtan imitaUe 
for btMiding igunl and oandlg in tLv wcU. It [• an i " 




riu. sao. 



In *M« frame tbo pininn* vhM>l U may he wen, wi &l»o the 
laiK" Kpnr-whiwj ; bjr reason u( it* bcinir a Kidi? view Dir 
oranlu »iv ii"t i" !"• i«pn, hnt hj I'«kiiiK nt tho tvrn Inumw 
[ir^tM «Ti lan^] !(;<»^ tl^ wh'ik uf Uu! wurlduK i>arta n>qiiii*-d 



Pi.>, SMI. 

fiwhiotiKl frame but a wry irml one, and miawer* two 
jmjpMM, Altboiigla it ia abowv wilbont compgaad pog 
irheda, tbej aiv aftm uai^ iiprin thin franw. 

ITie wotuid ua« of thi* fnuni' in, Uiat tho oranin nttd vbnft 
may be mntV'TMl from ihf< timniitr*, and > pcopTly jtiomaled 
ilnim widi nipa flxod for mininif i>r Iiiin'ring' tlie wurkuaa, 
ta iiiHjt Aim ttjt Up trtlkwl ktmlvti/ Am Ann' i^iiiMt M« wayi* 



puurs. 



417 



Covered In Clroulai' Framoa (tee Pig. 88fl). 

Thin IN h fmovf miirh iimiI for publifl veUs, and imj bo 
M<i>u ill tliL' old xquiLmi of l»ijL]r>it, knd in lOKiiy biwtm xad 
«-ilU)(i>ti Uiroughiiat the igtitit^. The &unmwut]( la 
tonavd iw Hbuwn bjr tlio tide rtuiauds, and tbe tm btmt or 
out in piMKM to the riikpp. TV fljrrhMil gamnOy works 
iBMdc, and the linndiM fixcA cm thn Hpindle and jfliimslH ofl 

lIoriLKT. UDG at Orvmch End, Ui Hax daj, n jiubliu woU, 
vluoh I hiiva pcnannllj^ ropurad many UaiM. 



Pump Counters and Indicators. 

l.ariuK <^x])luiQ«d tbe ai'lii'i) *'f the rotiirv pump, it will 
be IW wqU, befan I prooved further, to oxpliiiti ihv twllMtot 
oronmU-r. rnrtJiicnrfrtrto Pig. HSIL Thu iiintraiiuiiit ia f ur 
the piirpoM uf rrcmrdinK tbi- number t>f xtroktM or Tovolatiram 
w)ui:hftpiiiDphiuin«cl4>. Thc«(> rouDtera tm funtnUj fixed 
on tbe punipiufc mauliinrry in wnrkliouMi", jiuli>, JEc.fortho 
porpoBu at rooDidiuir the iLmoimt ol work doug by th^m; 
nantw tii do kik^K work. Thoy mar bo attanhed Ui the 
TibnoDi; len>r nr nluoft, iw nlxivru at B, Piff. 883. E u tlio 
connartjoa, which in Ibw <'4jje in Miinply an wx^ntrir, anil 
wbkb is nuttiiug mum than a i.-ircuuir pliito ur wbeol uut 




Fki. set. 

fairlj oentnd, and fixed u|i<jn tlu duft vLaro it in mada 
to mow abont a centre of iniMirin, aa Aanti m. the ahoft 
at C. Round tkin plate or imc<<ntH^ vrhetA ut RxoJ a buop 
which eneUj lita ihn JiUtA ur whml, ntid tn thin lunp ia 
fixed tho mnnnotiiitt rod II, wtiLh Ut kIm eoDDeutcd to the 
lererof the cuuntttr ut at I. It majbo iMGn that aa the 
abaft P, 0. n-volroB. m wiUjUiR i^mmtrir. and by nawnn iif 
it tii<l loitig rmtreid U|)ni)'t]i(r *lmf(, it will oaiue tlte 
0(.iui(n(iu>{ rud ttiraoveinabatikwiinlaudforwani ditwitton, 
wbicb will be in due prriportion tn ihn thmw of the 
eoDottHa, vis., thnni^ a cpnoo ojuul to tbu ditfemiDB iu 
tba oontniug vt tbe ^atc nr n.-lin<l upcm the shaft. Siippuao 
the oountsr to be fixed ui ph<i«i'u. sud ull to stand at soro. 
Nowfrfv^nina tvmfiundlliciii'tcx J will iudicale 9. Another 
liim will brintr It la 0, and R will Tppintn 1, and so on. 
1 for eV4*ry t«n tAimfi. Nuw Hti|tjiunu tlm nbitft ti> In wnrknl 
for one lumr at tbe raUi uf In rcvDlutionn por miiiuU-. tlilji, 
when nmltjplieil by SO, fo^w 1,600 pi.-r iKiur, and thu^ 
number will b« nffbtared u» Hh'-wn on tho mAax. for two 
liouTA 3,OtfO, andasan. Wh<^ Thr< fourth fl}riireluu<iniii>?at«d 
». then the fifth fi^rutewill rrf,H"trr I, wbicli mav Im lO.OnO, 
•d Ml on. B"* —■—.((, it tit stand at aay ^C,5U2, and that 




it ifi T«qutred la eoBinenM- pampiiig, and that it ia required 
tv Ih> KnoVB iriwi quantity of work haii been dona aft4!r 
(mi) hanr'« ]VUDipIofr : »t 25 nt^jke* per minute, been you 
will get anothiM- ].nuO. added tJi tfav SO.rrS:^, whluli will 
mi^ the iii(fiMt^r bUikI ut. ss.ii.-J2. But rappoBC it ia 
laquimi tn know tbr arn-mul of work dune in nny inter- 
Duoialv tinie, ur after a lontr turn nf puni}iinir, i^y tliat IIm 
regiirter before the cnmnionrrmrnt of the work utood at 
ll8.i:>3S. and that aft<T tbe wiirk in done it atwd at 97.011, 
here, if yuu dcdw-t tli« funnt^^r Blandint; fix^rra from the 
lalt^M- you will have a balance (if B,'Ji9 — the amoiinl. tA 
work duno. So tbut widi (Uuh au appaiutw no dwating 
eso take pUoo. 




Pm. mt. 



Thew (vnintvni lu* made by Ueaiini. Bailer to Tarioaa 
pnttcnM. Piir, 9At JlluMtntaa ii roand uim nndr by MeWR. 
BuUey, which iu fixed eimilariy ta thai shown at Fig- 883. 



418 



PUMPS. 



Water Depth Indicators, op Proving Deptha 

of Wat«r. 

_ Somciimm Uti? amount of labour u aaccrtoincd by BttUcy'ii 
(ittn|ile TDCibrMi of law«riD^ a lino and plnminct into iha 
ynttr, Ui ttc tiuw much tbt «r*ter haa men lowoitid witliin 
a ){ivi-n linu.-, <ir Iiy tlH> pntujiiiit; into » tank wbnfv n flimt 
or otber ixjotfiiiuicui taui be uiviL 

Id plBTM w)um floats oannot be emptored BaQ«7'e pntctit 
pomttnAtic Inductor raajr be \ued, as ^nwn til Fiji. HHS. 
Tills ooiimhIji of ai) uidirJiUir j»{nc«l lo a luiul of dJviiiff \^]1 
\'v tncniiM o( ■ HiuaU-iiizuI wutpu. or mbbor tube. Tim 
bell In iiluocil ut tbo boUom of Uw rMorvuii in wUch luM 
t» bo moodured thn dqilh of tlic liiimd. TtiG air oeotalned 
in thd boll otunot ettmpe, mid 1» Uifnfore mcw^ or 1ms 
m(n]irewod vownliog tu ths deptli vt tlw tit|ui<l. This 
ownpnMKiun Ih traiutnittcd from the bell ta the bvUoitar 
throiif^h tbtt tubo. to Iud^ dMnccc*, corroctlr sud innbm- 
tiinroualT. Tho titomirv nr lb« baixl fo tti*i (liiil, Fij^- ^^6, 
hlwvwH the doiilb uf tbv liquor in fcvl. or anj^ vaiiiitloDs 
ill tfaf' It'vcl tbnt may tau plac«. The action vt Uio 
••TcU-Tiiie" i/i not iDt«rftfi>d wilh.rilb'-r by tevart- fnwbt 
or exrcemvo auumu-r bmt. 'ITii- iininlt tutw is nevor ilnirffcd 
up, tui nothtog btkt air puaMv ihmu^b it; no lii^uid aui 
«ver gfA Inside if tbe tubr-<i htp wund. 




Fto. MS. 

Tim t\>.]Ah Indicator ran bo «aipkif«d to {udioato tLu 
depth <it wut^r in variotu* iilaooi at cms and thr msic ttntc. 
it only bt'tii^ uMwwarv to 'oonncct oinall branoh tub<?n >rii 
tbonuiin tabi*, otw bell lioiiig' ■nfliHiiit fur twenty or luun- 
dialx, wliich may tnlu- tlir> funii of tbut sJiowu nt i'ig. fl8fi, 
or that shown nl Fiif. ^st\. 

MTwn fixing t\\<^*e vnAivntnn the following nilw Hhould 
ho oliwriml :— Fin"! find twt if tberc urt niiy Ifstkagem at 
Lhe joiot with tha tudioator, or in tho length of tlw jdpo 




Fiu. aea. 

itoelf. Fill tho tVMTvtttrwith liquid nod plunin tha snd 
of tb« pipi^ tu tbo bottom, the indicator will then Im- 
mediatelv rot^inter maiB ntnubor ur olluir, and at Uiat it 
flgTit to rcnuun. Xf ufti-r about Hv« nuniiti» it doM not 
work bacik, yon may cundudo thut tlwrv aro tio loakagm, 
aui that the amjaratiu if in gurid wnrldc^ order. 

Can shoidd be tnkim tu b^l tbe boll and pipe drop 
rerticnlly into the water, und thcu tbi.i indiratwr wiU at 
onea Roister the bcight or depth uf thi- liquid. To 
Moertain when (^iiitcmii are full or tsapty, :fioiits, vorkia^ 
gleotric, or otliio' alunnn, ar« alw> oatA. 



Tasting the Pressure of Water on Pipe*, 
Matns, Ac. 



Some times it will 
hnpptqi tbat rtiu nuty 
rwiuiru to know the 
ptTflBiire of -wutcr in a 
pipo, and you Ntntiot 
maaBiixtt tlm vciiiual 
hdgbt. In Fii^'b raiMs 
you oau i^uploy a 
proamire gauge, aa 
»howu at f^g. 887; 
nioh KSujm are tnado 
by MiMfn. Bailey, to 
ffive tho preMure in 
fi.wrt ami iMKiubi cm 
Uii i>aui(.< dUL 




Kic. WT. 





PUMPS. 



419 



Horizontal or Rocking Shafting, Ac, for Distant 
W«liS, &0. 

W<i now <<(inio to horiiontnl Hh&fuDS for <Wp and other 
wpIU, fur vrhuh tore tJ> Fig. 88». A u iho ordinuy wA 
fir irou rtag«, ujxm which the pinnp-tmrrcl ui iwrawed or 
bo)l4>d : 1) tlie bow coupling : ti, ihe roller girder ; D, the 
pump-rod)) nnrrit^ tap to B, trliir.h iin> (xmnorted lu if 
U> i£e vibnlJiiK k-vtr, i:i:. At tliin juiut E U a cnok 
forxnL<d rm the hon&intal ghaftiiijf, wliirh works or TOckn on 
two iW moTrt pjiuntnrr Monbt, w ■! >*, G : »nd at tbo otbcr 
end b uniither cnuik, wliich intut be bnut ovtr od tlio 
•Mill' ud", a* at E. otberwitto tfao haod-vtRike wLU give 
ibe back-Mruko to the puop, unkea otltorwiMi armngvd. 



KQ- L,Kntllafltt«dright, and will work iiTopoly; w 

WDtald the rodJ, lif it wore not tar llui ntA ^iiig, thm^omt 
do nut fit It. 

TiuM iJtaft iihould run upon npri)t)it roUrrf or ru&ncn, as 
•iha«ii at O, P. At 1, 2,|3, auiy Ui :«(m ou <<iUart{ud now oi 
the crank Q, fur conncctniv du) mdnrQeatiny bboft ta the 

Siuiip-Kid which nutaca tnnugh Uip rollor guides at 8. 
oiuodmM tho rod £ Q ii eaimeeted ta m Tibnting Invmr, 
wbirh at tunan ia fixed on tb« atAge at 8, more aspmUly 
whcii the well b a shallow oiu, and fhm tho Uvcr to tlw 
pump-nd with bow-key conneotdcm orntherwiae. Althmigh 
I have, for canreaictioo aak«, tdiowo both thme homaolal 
roda abort) Kround, T«t' tlunr am Tory nftvn to Imi found in 
walla trtaa S^Mt. to ihOit. befow the aitifaov ; and wlivu, in 
roty daagBTOiM weUa, such work baa lu bu done, ktimI can 
»faaud be taken to aiMcnla it io a good, i>r>iiDd, and nib- 
■tantaal nauner : and the gmtaat can ehoold bo toka to 




Fm, eS8. 

Tbe flmnk H is fitted to tliv (iMiDo«tJiifr rod I »{ thf band]^ 
bf BHiaas of the giiidc-rod and oliu).' : Lh<.- latter t>f wtiich. 
In thiiKiM', ii> ulti-rlj iih-1i'i». ntid will in rlinrt Ipti^rtba of 
uiuiip roiU. iw -hou-ii fi>'i]i H to J. vn\y i>n'vv»( the rnnk 
H from wciUalinK, tliiit 'v if thn (cuide flbi the cycanjthlD^ 
Uke properly ; aimplT li.'<im>"> th<- orank 0Millat«d. and th* 
piidi' in 111 pn.'Vt'Dt llii- rod froiri ■■niii^tiK'. But notifir ibr 
ditffrvti(4- >i Iho piiii]>>hinidl< K. I4. M II»r(> tli<-')intidlt- » 
■wutj'<oiiil diri'i-t into tlw trauked Itarlnmlal cliaft at V, 
al*» iIk> Jiiift l" cmnkvdif J)f. hjt with an iiinritrbt rnuik 
and which in agaia t ^ *" » the TfL-i)irDt-uUtig ahaft 



fii vxLii I I iili^ mnnM«. and plummn boxes in a Btrolght 
Iin<-, •■'• itirii itii- shiiftiuK rniiDiil. tiiud or bite the udes uf 
idi? bruw.'*, At. Thy fiillowinK in a gotxl nde to adnpt : 
Wlii'ti ymi hiivf a Job of tlus kind, grt all your l)l'«k» or 
dcepcta in fur the I'ollotv, pliiinmuT IJ<H<bi, rraukK, 
&c., and lii; thrm in jumtiim, Uien pla«- tlie rode on 
tbcn, and oannrcl •■vt^rrthitiK' yini ma ti> work imiiwtbljr. 
Hub boni the holw hn tlw tmlls or («rttwi> to wrew 
down, and fit ti>c btuakK without u idoi-c. Yuu ant 
th«n nure ti> faav« the rud-> and #hjiftin|f In work witfaont 
jfiindir^g or biting thp Khiiftindr- Such Icvrnt (ir |nunp- 
liaudln an flzad iiu to tbc plank, a* *howii at. Figv. 889 
and K90. The 1att«T id a very t>ini)ilp nK-thm) of fixing Iho 
l(-v<T ihmuirh Ibf fdnnk, and silm- th<' gnide K. TLcaa 
plaiikii an' cjftrn iniirti!*^ into a plonk or alw^wr nrer the 
«r«ll, ur L>U](*rwi)« let into an litiii idini>, oji ahowu at K, X, K, 
Fig. 8<», aad at S, T, }{. Fig. BOO. 



■120 



PUMPS. 



Compound Handles top Pumpa. 

Soonetitnn ompouiut Wvcr hnndlca will hare to bo lunl 
lor plaodH Ktirii iia bn-wiTm' biiiltm, wuUir out*, and «ucb 
Uke, ot (or pUcee wherv the wfMut of a jaiik or motion 
p«Bp la fivv or tax toot abovB tho WdL of tlw fnnwd. For 
ar:^nient wt.k«, or la ahoir wfaM i* meatkt bj thli, refiv ti> 
S^ff. 822. Suppow • baudl« or lerer to be fulrntmcd al 
tbe Mrtragal (i. hnU way op tho Vidjaf tbr pump, mid 
tho buuuQ J cu be Bttacltoa by Unkii or odi^rwiBw t4> the 
flivt hnsdlf-. it irtll bf< plain tbaE on aetiutjng the lower 
hnndli- tlint thi- upnit handle will bo worlmd, thiia ronbling 
yuu t(i uw! Ml (Miliary jank pump, whm uthcrwiau jou 
wvuld haw Co lue it lift or pluogei pump. 



Distance Pumpa. 

SoootitDOB it will bappea that j-oo wHl want to gtt 
wtAer from a long diilMico that ron onnnol Mch il hy 
KtRKiqihrric pnwiure uwinif to thn wvel of tlm wat^'r bninff 
"oiilxf •Imiighti " when looh Is (he oaae jou caii WL'rk 
with Uiti fuUvwiug nuthoda : — 9appoM a well to be LfOO 







riQ. toi. 

fanlii ctiittimt fmm a bounr, (ukI, ttjr. 34ft. b&low. Let 
A,B, C,Z. Y. Fi;f. 801, bo tliepluiifj7?r-piin)nhHnvl without ». 
Kootioii'Titlvv. lu this bonvl ia k d'luUu cup le&ther 
pluigur A Rnd B. D, R i^ tlu" tail pipe leaAini; to the 
Dotton of tho hiU. &c. Thi' dutj of the pJun|reT at thi- up 
irtiTik«, in, if the well bo 34ft., to dnw the wiitrr «■ for uj> 
thvBug4Hm»ircii» poHiblt. aay tivm 30ft. to 24ft. L«t E 



:s 



be tfaft oith«r end of tb«> tail [rine bnnrhed lata luolhKr IrmA 
buralIj,K ; witliin IliU M-mnd burvl, At F, O, U a «rtd|^' 
Dlonger, 13 3, but luituut^l hy watvr mily. which I 
am danominatfld mj hTdnalJc «0tusttn? plimgcr. TUi 
plungor, haidsg a. otip lothcr F, im the liutlom, in frt« Ift. 
nuiVB apwarda, aiid uivordiBjC •» tbi? wat«c iJi foTtwd fmni 
till' plunmiT-piinip A, II. I>'l tj bo the outlet from thn 
M-uotid barrul ioiu a bnuurh tbIw pipo O ; below thi« bniiok 
pipe ia flxMa taU-ralre, T,U,V, na the raMkm-pipe V,V.r 
AlxiTe tho branch pipe ia aiiutber tail or cbaniber-val' 
tJ. R, fijinl [ID thi' riainy maiti pipf 9. H in a Stn. at 
cap aiid iKtvw, for )a-ttiii)r booch* to thu wvlrhtcd h 
avtualiiii; jpltuiiter. The ution will be Kuilr and 
and ia oa followa ;— Fimt takr off the oip ana screw M. 
all tbo pipvw cnaiKvit^ with llw pump, saj, bf b1m> 
out thi' pluimrer A, B, and pouring water down the 
until alt nrv quit* full. Next put the cap on, ud flQ mf^ 
the bturel A, B, C, then put the pluMRftv in. At th 
dawnwanl Ktri^ko thu waIot within the Wrrel A, fi wilt ii 
forct^ duwuwuid^, which in ita turn will lift the w«%htc4' 
hrdraulic plun^-rF, 0. H. 1. J. ThiH will nUi lift the wolor 
alHivo the piatim ihrouuh the bnucli pine O, aud cIma 
Hiictioii-i-iilrp ir, nnil ihvn opni the mitli't vnlt-e tj, w^i 
the wat»r wUl run up tlio rvun^ nkoin [^jv S. Nnw, IM it: 
houdto V, bo lifted. Thyi will ivliuve lIm! water IkIow tti 
hjdmiillo phingwr. to rhp oxl/mt of, way, 24ft. ; when ih^ 
hydra ulic pluiifp^, butng w<-igli t«l to (ivrnume the r^anminintf 
few fiN't, writi fall, ami tlie two plungen ootnbiDed will 
eauM the pump to work. Of t<Qune, it then foUowi, that 
if ihsK two pfungen ai't propi>rty. ttiA anTfit of the handle 
will canno the vnlve if, to cfxtc, and the iturtkin- voire 17* 
will opeu, and allow the vral«T tat bn bn^ced up llx? pi: 
•iqiin] to the ordiuary alnioiipherio ivewurv. If 
hydnuliu ii'.-ti'<n piston be wciifht^l to the eolumu of 
betwoen F. iiud A. tht-n the pinton A mnxt bn liftod in. 
proimrtiun tu tlie w(-i/fht<if llin watr* within tl«i xicliou- 
pipo V, X. I hIioiiI'I adil ihnt the b)-draulia aotion plnogor 
inuBt he w«i)jrht«d *uflicicat to allow for frictioo, and a nir 
oltowiuaoe for putting- th« witter into a nodcoatoly qidek 
motion. [ main tlte plun^r, F, O, of elm ; only on* ct^ 
leather ia nwnwuy, the biittorn imi<, hn^auao thn |itunger 
oup loatbev D doea the work of tin.' uii<.* at G. The wd|^ 
w velghta ore mode of aolid lead, about thn>e timee ae loo; 
00 they ore wide, and nay be put bi at the cap M. I>ut n>. 
until the barrel L, K b full-of water. To take them out m 
a pmnp-m-niw, |or fix > op at tlio bottom of tho barTrl. 
\Vhen win^htiu^- tliu iiluu^vr, F, G. il mu«t be burne t 
lulnd tliat yuu must allnw for tbo diftetwe of Its wugl 
when in wiitrr to thiit when out ; or, in otbiY word*, ai 
OcoordiiiK' C(] tlto rulmi of liydnjrtntica, the pluiiK^r bclni 
imniorMed in the water will not eM)n.J« w nooh i>o*er ' 
exootly clio wd^ht of the amount of wator which 
displnocit. The cup lonthor F, munt never be lower tlion 
thftt hIiowii lo int«n-upc Uiii iiJirt wat«r way 4. 

Tlie |niMip, big. 802, 1* aoniGwhat diiferpiit from th 
*liow^ lit Fin. sfll. Tlii* pump, whirh I ll»^'v uImi invtw 
for an AniiTicnn deiipwwU,dow not di-]K'ud uihui the wuKfai 
pluu^'rfoT filling tne banrel Mt., tIk- Mirikmi}. Il in \-(47 
■im[iU>. ntirt nnyonu hanog a klLowlMljfo of pump work om^ 
Rx il. I[ workri an filWwn: -Thr top barrwl i* valre-i 
luati : ti'iw by tiimiD^ thu Imudlf of tlio wlw^J, lh« doubl^ 
action ptiitip biiokxt tint wnda the wator oii« way thnmiih 
Un' ImiTi'l, itiid thuii aiiothiir. Stippoee the cpunetlioK ryl Ui 
bejuKtouLfao backfitroktf (vix,, jfoinR downwatd»i. TKfai 
fopecfl the plungvr bucket nnd tht.- wiiUt frum the bottom 
part of the Domd, and thniUKh thn hack KranxK riiit and 
inlu thn nntuntinv aeoond barrel J, and mi wiiidti the 
DxtnulinK uluugvr huokot dowuw.irda. and with it the punp 
rod N, which in itn turn fotv^^i tlio pnnip bucket oown. 
Kow, «uppom the hnuiilk- to be ItuTii-d mi aa to jrivn tbr 
hand or up Htnikf tn thn top hurkvt : thin fim>e« Ihi* water 
fmni above the bucket iu lliu top InnT'l and down thv Ituto 





PUMP8. 





nvon Pipx to tiui ■Rtuatini.' 
nrwcond barrel «t K, ami 
MfoKM tlu) plungrer btu>' 
ki:t up, which al«> bringa 
ii]> l)w piuup Tud uid pumit 
Inwket, wbich, of oourw. 
BBUaM ihn mttrr to Aoir np 
Ihtt rJMD]; main to Mir 
rrHHinil pluTf . It i« 

i>l<t'iiiii?i Ihttl tluM pump rony 
I'll inurkod at Hiiy dutanoe 
thniu|;h tbo luxn and 
luoc wxiDXK Pim. nnil 

K tiinr he auule to anr 
siw, uud thftvl.y ronip-mnd 

rwtr m»jf lno al>l>iniMl. 
hnve fixed four of theae 
fluinM. and think that thov 
iM liifi fiiily four ovpr (ixra. 
'rhu njH-rd for «'nrkui>r liiu 
. Limp iihoitkl lU't ex(W«d 
-t> »lrok<n> per miiiutr. Ol 
■ .ur«n iJit-rr an' r«ri(itirt 
ii.'ltioiU fiir flxiiift iiiii'li a 
I uiiiii JM here iliiuiU'utod, 
whivli can In vnrivd to 
i«ult i^ircninMtannoM. It Iti 
•It the better to tflke n 
fin. pipn vi'^ j/f/i rnct nff 
Uio n»lu)f njuim ai nlx^ut K, 
to th<> bottrfm r-f Ihc brtrr^i 
K. fn ki-cp it aiippticl wiUi 
wiit«i to nbout 10 tpelt prr 
ui'-nuir; Vig. 79* inu»t bo 
HamI ou ciio mKin abovo 
tb« ^in. snppljr jiipo. Jt« 
piirticular ai>uut tutiUuK 
iho tnp on t«i BUpply only 
tin- 10 iqwt* an Uk* puuip 
M-iIl lahArviAt b» taJbnif 
too iiiiixh wnt«r frou toa 
Hrin^f nutin. 



Double snd Treble Lilt-pump Barrels. 

Wr have upon tiow Uf fls many of the onliriMry pnmi « 
now iumnI, but. thrn; in utill k'ft Ui Ih^ n:(plniui-d the dunl'ln 
and tn>hU> Uim-lii. I>-t ii- t'XHiaine Ft|f. 893, Tbin U Hi'- 
duuUa bumil, witli tail \mxa oiiil cliiuubor-way B, nod with 



dtaaber-box und ports, E, lut mAjr bo aeen. The jMnnp- 
itxtd am kfiynd on, ao ahowii bf tlu> koTii at ¥ and K, and 
the bamla nervmA down upon ths pump >ta{[* by Uio Iur* 
B, fto. Tha me-tliod of flxinff la ptooJadj the muiio oa id 
filing u Dop-barrd pump. All tlMt baa to bo dims is to llx 




rio. SH. 



Fka.W. 



tJie b»mtlji nprufat, aAd kc^ tlia wt-ll-ml* In a-ork plumb 
QVOT the vikU of tba bucket of piiiD|i-T<>ln. at th« wuav tiiii« 
kiKp the wvU-rvd» quite atnugut, uud tnxi to wurk up and 



If) 




V\'.i. «uo. 

dovn, and vritlioiit ton munb play to oaasc too tinduo vibn- 
lion. Taki! <nte that thtv pump hur^kpt* do nut biunp 
Bi^iaat tbo bottom or tiip (if the IkhtcIh b^ the (tank throw- 
inir or liftisf; i--- '' ■'> it "(K'tw i*' dirpinp' too f«r into thp 
Wnwl. "B" • iiLim t<t the rut-f Uid down un the 

M^ttiti inRtiv pitmi« iIUh nwtj b« amidrd> 

Thtf 'L^t biivr- btvn mado c0DC«nuik^ the 

dvul I thi> trcLile turrvV 




riu, 8W. 



vi«ry ntiriDir. Il nUo fuUow« that, in conHmu^nuc (rf llio 
U'Utfth uf liic »tuBmir-lx>x uid stuffliitr. that uiv plvttgvr in 
kt-ft ucirig'ht, aikI, by it'' wnrltinf* on thut Innj; nnrfiuK, that 
thf! KTiiul Upon 1\k paiikiii>r i-i rr-'iluocd tir) n imuttciuni, nud 
(•onwwiuenllv irmv Iw? tvisini^lM dinvt wiUiniit giu(lo-n>di>, 
ete., to llic liHfulli' <jf thi- prnnit as "liywii. If tliiit )>1iiiitrcr 
ami liiii'.lei*t piiinii nr«> tiiMl iilnnilfift. dtiwn tho wi-ll, miH 
Uic fraiiiii uiiil wtiecl. Pi^iia. Sl'G or B'JT, iiaod. Ute pump will 
vrirk eojnor, tMH-aiiiw tlin aiih' iir Intpnl frirtiim in Hgwii 
. bj rowuu of Ui9 TibrntiiiK tvd*. 



Deep Woll Iron Pump with Flywheel and 

Compenaating Head, having AirChamber 

and Nozzle for Hom. 

This wrj haudj^ pump is illufltnit<<d at Fiff. Kflt, n 
from whiit h.vi tioon naid nbont thr "hip pntnp TFigA. 85 
and BfiS] itn j":(itni will Im mitdily uiiilrrstind- Tliin piimj 
if! iiic<x]x<uuvL', aiiil in initilc lui fulluwH :^Up(m the Ina 
'■tngv A rwt tho fluugi.^ vt the pump ; thia eta^ utoadu 
t-hc pipe nii'l pum^-banvl, anil provtit)1« tiiftn kwi 
nljiiiit in ihr wiJl wlulot the top Btaffe takes the ddwn 
thniHt of Ui4> pomp, thn top jmrt nf «-)iir>h in Ixiltcil down «q 
tho top «]Mpcw, tt» at S. Th'' crunk »i't4ou if firtvltviy iK 
Nunt> OH in Fi^. S21, i>itrcptiii>f tlukt in thia Agiiiv (K9l 
iLcro is no frado or jfttidr-nxl roquirtJ. and it "^ " 
■nriinil nir-r.hiiTiilrr whiiih P'ik'. K.^-t has nut, t>ut w' 
KIKfkcn uf wbi.li <li.«iiribiDg Lhat Bguni. 



PUUl-S. 



128 



WOUKING PUMI*S. 



HKvinjr now ilewribod tlw varimu Idndu of piiin|iK vhicli 
Uh! plniDlwr hna to fit up, mr work will not b« t<o«ipU't« 
n-itbuuL »LoiriD}r nnd ■ic«i^'nln^ the U«?fiU methods of 
working iiarh ptunpM. There uro huntlrcda of different 
mvthulii of wurldtiif pumpti, frmii tli« hiuitt at nmn to (be 
tion^ of lui osk. by wmd>iniU, stream, eUnni, unN. nil. or 
prtrolciiin vnpnrnt. or eveu a pump can bo wurkid \>y tbi.' 
bjrdrmulic nun (mw Fig. 9.S7). Firwt let uh fxamiau tlic 
iroU-kiunmiDeaiu v( tlui wKtcr-irLwl. 



WAter Wheels (Overshot). 



l^rlfiiflZr 



r*-d\'^ 



wX- 



^■t\ 



4 



PLUMMEH BLOCK : ._- 



na. (m 



For ttw loMhud of filing, rvfer to FUr- S99. H«n, st 
A, E, r, C, willbsKDniinoYeivboi walor-vliiw], worked by 
the ntcr Bowing down thomccZ, U. Tho (ihaftotnttinMr' 
jnimp fninic u in tlu» oum nonneclad dinv:! im to thu iiliKft 
or «x1q of thn KAt«r-wlteci] u diowu ut M . 'ITie i>no end uf 
thin wbi-o) uikM s bonring up<m tlio tuindnnl of Iho 
frnmn ah at 0, the ntli<rr rrid nf Hit whod aluift or 
itti[ipart«d npon « Hx£.d »taiidnni. whi^h fnny be nw 
of utmio, lirirkwrk, or itthmrUR, mid iJia ^AfoM 
fixw! tv niynvp iIh- kiuiI ail*r, II vfill 1* pl«ln t« 
ifant if tbc wnbT-whcel ix tume'l with a Nuirv-lLiit 
irAl«r. luid \\\f iihnft M, N of the pump cutmii 
direct, ur willi mullipljitig or (liiiiiiiihliiiiK 
, Ac., tbnt the |HUnp imut of tteccwdtj' l> 
Uttlo akiU ie nxiuind in Gxiug «uch a du 



thnt i« nqoired when Oxed w iUiutimtcd, is U>keepib«llD« 
of shafting H. K ia n dinct line, and li^vel, and tha wsler- 
vhcal voU up out of th« Mil waUv K, or %x Inutc an thnt 
the Imttom of tin:' whc«l ivnnuol toui-li or truil th« waato or 
tail wti,ti.-r nt tbrt l)uLbini of thn wbml. In fixing the ^kml 
rai-f, brinK the- end B piunt iho i-cucro of the wLut^, and In 
HUi'ti u nutnner thiit ikc water will fill up the bucket, and 
olwityit trtul 111 iiirii tho wli««>l :» Llliij>rmt«'l hy the kttow 
betwuvu A Mid K Th>: whcvl mot* iHwd not \k a eK|nare 
tmugh— a pipe gumni^d by a Htopcuck {>r valve may be 
luod : hut mo Above kind of race in goncmllj nacA, boinuRf , 
with this, th» watnr iqirviulB out intii n thin biywr, and filhi 
Up the buclw^ better. 

In wmo auoa, then the ra«< is vury quick, it will bo 
neoaomj to At a praatork. or diverging boartl in front, 
ntoh BA IB ahowii al B. FJ^- ^01, oiul alsurh an uiigl(> tliat 
it will oautw th*! wal«r to pl'j downwurd*. tuiri into the 
bui^kcts ; but with this kind of wheol. Fig. S99, the niou 
flhonld nnt ham toonuteh fall, or be too quick, Tinr shotild 
thi> whM'l trii^-cl too font. Three feet per Mwond ia a fair 
■prod for nil ovmntiot whmla. Whim wiirkrd mnch faid4ir 
or jiUiwvr. it in a Hljrii that the proper aiuount of work in not 
heinjr done 

If Uio wheel! ore vftty large, aay. froni 2Mt. to aoft., 
then ttipy mnr be worked at double thp abuvn ipecid. But 
for iny part, for all ovcnkut wlitmlf, 1 pwfwr the 3ft,, aud 
ncvDT to excMxl ift. per wooiid : aud t.hie thecrr is 
thfiFoughly borne out by the following ob«<omn«w. 
That, in mtrC/iin pn>poriii>ii. tlicalnwiT abixly bygraTitatioB 
deeocnda vbeu acting u|hw, my, the entvnutl rim of a 
walor-whoel, the longer will tliat force bo npnit npoD H, 
and Ih^ grmtri will iw tUe effect. Thin id predoeljr the 
ca«e with fh«- w:it«r in tlui buckptii of the water-whael. 
For ciample, miiipose th^ iwlooitT of thn iitniun or Iho 
falling Ijoiiy tti Ix) I6fl. jxjt wixaai, luid ih'.' wheel to bo 
travelling at tliin apfM, it in cridcnt that no work is being 
done, ami IT tbo wh<.«l he. loaded nith work equal to the 
powtv of the utri-Hm, then it would not novo at all ; but 
let it mow ut tliv rate of 3ft. per second, and the best work 
oun bo obtained. 

It will U- pvidi>iiL that if you can get, «ay. ti n gallona 
nor niiiiut« fnini u Kpriiig or oCiur itoiirce, and that thu fall 
DB, my, ^ft,, chut you can with an ovtrshot wbn>l, lui i11uji> 
tnitcd ai FiK- S1>0, and with pumpa. t&iMi a good portion of 
the waliTT expanded to the nnio height, because wnen water 
deMyrnda from n.ny level to il lowi^r onr, it« wrightdnring 
the du*r<Mit may Iv nHrd a* a numtianical ageiil. and Uii<ra- 
foro — the djjuDetcr of the ovcnhot being nearly equal to 
the dtlfcrenct.' of the lerabi of the water,- the wherl will, 
of oonuMitj (Mivn and oxnrpt friction, Ac.), HK<.-rl a jiowi-r 
or foree aeourdingly. For arnment, Mty tltat tht loaa 
oocadoned hy friction. &c. , ia 90 nor wot. (thus allowing a 
vei^- wiiln nuirgin^, then roa will be able to miMoSO per 

'railarheijfht of 3fl., 

-^ 4wnt., or ODD 

.., and w <ju 

I from a 
(ith from 

JCO of dii. 

.<tb. which. 

i. Now 

uid thia 

Mieund. 

Whed, 



cent., or on*' 

UUi) 



121 



i'UMI'S. 



Rag Wheel or Sprocket. 

It will M>miifiinnii li.i{>]^n tlijil jciU will nut. Iw nMn Ln fls 
nil OYtTKlii'l wlw'^l f'lr wiiiil. ^'t noun, ftr. WTiou thw ia Un- 
cwv, null iho fiLl] L<iMuQd<!nib1c, a kiud olcbuu wnUr-whc^l 
■U17 bti workod. 11ii» iit kuown lu thn ra^ or Kprochd 




Flo. wo. 

wjiwl. Via. HOO, und wLwi unly «. vwy limited iiiiiuiUty of 
waUt in abUunNblv, il wiUlx'fiiiiiicl ■■xMcdiiiK^- i<«ririoa<kble. 

ThivapDantuaounMstH nimiily nf twiiMidli.«>irtliaiiis R, Q, 
nwdv to DKlLff aver n kind ••) t^uitliod vrbuel M. L, K. ur u 
vlwel harlns piiu or ftpurs, whti li At Into the tbaiiui a« 
tliOMof w«t^ctr1w)luhiunH, and At<-Adit:d itt tl)i- bottom by n 
Uxy whr*l N, r, with th., I.U. krt» J. B, D, W, E, F, O, H, I, 
*■).. »nd whioti ini»y In- u( any iunt*.'r)«l, thi>ii((h I pr^fpr 
liffht ^lTiinizi<d I'tiflt imn. ntoiit |iii. ur w iti thirkii''>» . 
Thf Kiw of th(jw ViMcVct* murt lio in pruporliou f tit- full. 
Ui(! BHpply of wml«r, luid Itio o-mLiiiiit of work M'tjuJicd t'< 
he d'liiK 

Tin; itvti'iii i» ii" folWwn : — Tlic wiitw runt fnmi h tiiji nr 
Bpout M »1 A. Inr/i Lhfi bucket B, D, &<;. At lin>t. in t.vrd<-i 
toiitarttticiiiiKhiiM^. it i« iiLfj.*i"nry topnlll thin biiuTtct down 
nnd tillnw si)cithi?r to fill, llicn anuLlLOr. ivnd m> <>ii until th? 
waUir wStlibi llii' liuirVrt* tina luviuiiulated 11 wiiiglil Kufli- 
mat to ovtTi-oroc tho rc3»tiiiicc wf llm punn) r-r uf the 
irdftlil "T liwl u< br movfid «n thn whM M, L. K, or if 
prrfcrrwl tin- wut)c may bu Inkt'D oW ihii- U;:t whivl N, T'. 
Xliid d-nnfi tbi' wai»>r will roiifinur !■■ filt llir' liu«-hi*tH. wliicli. 
when tln-y d(.-WCIi>t to K, O. will fuipty thfni"elTi»i ; nnd in 
pNiportiun tu till- rato of flUing. ho will bo the spvod of tho 
my whctl. 



Vfhtm dw (all In conaidaniblp, Uii» kind of wIk<v1 nuiy be 
laadft it a mnoh kiwflr mlu tlian any uth^T kind nf wntor- 
wIinI, and lllx a vory fiimplr, ''1"^> andlaattiiff ■piMrsliw 
for vorldu)^ kll kitidn uf punim, TliiMC oluutiii and hiirksta 
T11.1T bomnElf' to work oliliquvry. Badi es down the ndv uf a 
hill, il-. 

ITiia muDlilue, whpn rpveriwd in iMtJin, i« mnch asod 
hy Mwcr foutrnctora, tto.. for ralKinj; wiil«r havin;; 
ruldiinli, &<!., in it, and wbcn mirh i« tlio citae. ita uttlou 
muat be that <if tb« umit uf [niwor; or it raiiat b« driven 
inrtvHd of it bcinir tlic jmiwot' obtolner, alnillar to the 
NORA pmnp. whirh •«. Aim wo ".rnacph's well." 

nieri- are otlur kiwbi uf wIici-J« wbii-li Cho nlnmlirr ban 
ti> fix fiir wiirkiii)f hii pumjia. TIk-w.' itro tne brcuBl or 
uudenbot whec-U, nnd althoajjcli I Iibvd miiplod tluon 
together, they arc iror]trd iiomRV-hnt ditfcrcotly from c»ch 
01 hw. 

Tldn brviLNt wivn'! in illi]*tn1-i>d nt Fip. tHOt, and will be 
readily nnrl<?Tetrj»Hl, Hen) ihu water, inM^-nd of tiu|iui)riiiff 
uu thi- t»p iwrt of thi' nhccl, niectd it iibout oite-Uiira m 
thiP wny lip, iiH rJiiiwTi i»l K, L, tj. The rate F la built to 
the Kftnifi L-oioiurju uHiitn- an tltp radiiiM of tliu whoul itMrlf, 
nnd in mai.h n tnniiiii'r tbat ihi* side* aball be p&rnllol to the 
uxlTvino vlruuiofun^nn of tho *^ithor purt« of thi> float boards, 
S, T, ftc. The floul hnardd way be iviiiplcd tajTCtbor, and no 
atmngthtTRpd. with ihe two uuturedifwuf tlie wht^^l. a* at 
I, S, &c.,iuuImi benwdetobold tb« vatmrithom allowinff 
it the ehai)o« of nudilng^ part tho lidea of thi- fluAt^ and tba 
vhU. When tliia ia the coae, tho watn u impHaoned to tho 




Via Jtu, 



wbcel. and ila inv^nl otfcH llirtvby itK-rwiwid. It will bo 
Koa that in thin wheel the wbolit fnrin' of the waU-r, fmin 
the hl^hf^t iiaint E of the oiitntncu in the ritrrmc tail 
watfiT at I{, oitn bo Likd : and, at flnit ftlanon, oti« would 
nii1.)irft,lty HiippoM! thiit thin rtuli of wnher would make ibis 
whwl (uoti- pnwerfiil tbim the< ovrrKliut wbotjl. But thia ia 
by no nmns tb« cB*f--far from it. Tlif bn^iiAt wheel ia 
vimfly inferior Ui tVin ovornhot whwl, h\ toBHouof tho want* 
of wiitur wliiL-li nubei uul tlir flontu, l,n nay notbinR of tlio 
ilift'cr. itc« in tho hpif{lit or fnll dI ilio water, nnd (ithcr 
dffi'ctf which only nbow tliutnci-lvcii in pnotioe. It will he 
found tbut ill thia whe<.'1, for the Munoumonntof work done, 
!>'> o'lnipnrcd with the ovrr^hul whrv], that noarly dotiblo 
the nunntily nf wnlor will Ih- nmaoniM. Itiit aa the ai-tiuB 
<■( tiiin wheel ditlor* rruni Uie oviTaliot wliocl, it will at 
onn; Iw wen in order to irct at itx power it will \tn nm^OMiarjr 
to iidiipt annthw method of eomuiilAtiim. ifere, in Pi|t. 
ll'Ol, at K, ihe watiir ia mininHi Iji Hnw wilJi tw mneti 
reWity as piMbh', and to atrike the flimla witli an impotua 
ttjuul to tloit of the ralovity and woii;ht of the wat^r tn il« 
descent. To onnpule th<! effoer, or powii^r of the wiitor 
playin); uu n liriMtitt whml, it. in uci-iiMiirv in l.to' fint placo 
lo Inuiw l.lu' ri^al vrliuity nf tho w.i(*-r inifiiiiKiiiff upon the 
ttoiilK. alnu tlH> i|iiiiiitily of water wlijfb plsy^ iipoa them, 
the iizo of whpol, 4c. The 1ir(.>a«l wboel, nl timcui, rnnct 
tday lit Ik dilfcrciit npccd to thut'of the orcmhol. The 



PUMPB. 



42S 



iter fihAuld tnvpl aooordtn^ to lime, but tlw bniut whot-l 

uuld trscr-I in ])m]><iiiir-ii t» tin' viWitj' of thi^ wai'T. 

ntc of thin vrbi'i-l nhiiiiltl he uiit'-thiril lu oiii--litilf lllnl 

wtilcr. yor t'xnriipl.B, Kuppii*.' tb>' vrliwitv i-i lli" 

la be 2<>ft. pur M'ouitd. Uum tba wli'iul ikoiild be 

'totmvd, »j, 7(t- or lOft. per aeoond. and m oa 

bllBl*>ljr. 

may add tbnt thi> diiT«r<mno lii-ttr«(«i Um bnniit wbfL-l 
•nd the undmsljut wbtvl in aliuwu nt (be dotted !inc^ 
Y. V. X And W, whi<t)i ^iU ahnn tli.it tiie ymtvT Mtrikcc Uui 
fluitt* undLT llir; Ixjdy nf tin? wbii?!, iHwl, in fiiiit. bjr Wliy at 
B fortlier explanatitm, tlu' iuid«niluit wbo-l ia oue thil 
BWy bo woriiM by lidal uction, as did tb^ nld wutpr w«rlcH 
of London, at tha oripuat London Bridge: or, fmiTi a 
■treNO, or irichout any piin:r[>tibk- Lmd «f irnl'^r, uve and 
flsc^t ibo Tcliwity of tbn wntor itHclf, and of ill wal"r- 
wIvmiIh tbo uiidiTalwt wbovl in, bu far as reg«rd« iM puwor, 
of OiD lt«at raluo. 



The Turbine. 

Thi« ia anotlier form nf watCT-whwl, vhic.h may 1» 
irorknl in a linrizDiitid [Hiiiitiim or iitbirwiNi.', niid tn puint 
of fwrt in tho walcr-wbwl [lorfwt.-d (mI*o «eo ItARK^Jt'K 
Uux, Fiu-. n-i), 

Thr-rr «r«- many makcrti of Ihis ufl(4iil moclilne, but I 
almll only abnu- toii thmv tif thf V-at tnakcr of Iho day. 
and whioh I wlnidder mait suitable for pnmp dnvin^ 
purpdw.*, und tnw you a fi'W liinta rrfra'^li'iK iJi'''' tliwjry, 
iM'lt^atiun, andmann)i(i^mr!nt. 

'I'hp tiirlpiut:, whioli wiiH tint brcvti)-bl into pnuninenoo, 
if not iiivcnlixl, )iy riiiirii.'yiuii. abimt tln« year 1823, ia 
a p^fwk-d fom <>f watcr-irhecl. 

The great diffi-^-m* l)rtwifn a tiirbinp and n water- whwl 
i«, tluit in a tiu-biciL- tbf riiviutuni ■lui' tu a uduiuti of watiT 
id uar<l in tumintr " Knuttl whc«l at a high aptHtl, wbfTviui 
In a waiL-r-whi-ol llif vralrr nmnly falln into tin- Iniclceta 
of tho vhMl and tum» it niiind tiy 'ixn w<>fj;;]it. 

Thencflrmt tolhc«:riijtrui>uwiitxL--wbM'l ia tho (tllUItD, 
■luda by Oilliprt (lilkpn iV: tV).. Ltd., and nhowu at 
OIRARl>, Fitf. 902. PUl« I, and for the dowrtptlon of 
-vrbich T rAnnnt do b«(t«r than upjiend chat of tho makom, 
■wbo but: — WlifH llic fill] of walr i« Tory bijjh th<' 
poripbei'y of u (urbitic- wtiiH'I niital muve at u vn-rv liiffli 
■jHwcl, nud if Ui".> Ti'volviinj whfL'l ift Kubmergfid, theTv i" 
iHinie ]nm iif jmw-vr in frii-tiDii of the wIhjpI covctb uKaiuKt 
ttie vatfr. Again, if the wheel Im nf rin nmall a diaiiioter 
Ki to wlmit of an arTunjieinpnl by wliidi it redoiwn tho 
vruttT all ix>iind, llir HtM^ of Iho axiw miMt bo rvry biitli, 
nrobuUr Inconvvnic-ntly no. It ia, clii.>twf'>n.-, in oa«e of a 
Ugh fall. noceMary to make a whoct of siich diamotfT aw 
to suit thi' rqu-cA of tho nni». mid lo ooimtrih-t it in aiicJi 
R ntaiutvr that it nw-d not rrcwivp ihr triitiT nil nmnd, mid 
vaed not niQ subiucrfftM) act diUM the VOKTKX, Fiir. D02. 
P]At« t. The tiniAHIJ turbine him no pr>-K.niri.i V*-twiyii 
fhc (fuidn l>tadi;H and whixil, and im tlit> water eiitiTV tlii- 
ibnoltrta with no prtaauro, it in frvc'ly dt>viut<>d by tbom, 
■nd takoa a connw quite indcpcndeiit of thoir ahaM. 

l%e action of tho imter nprni tho whiwl di-jmnaa nn tbo 
an^fi tliroii^h wliidi cttdl iMrticIo la dfriatcd whilitt frii'lv 
0nwing ov(T thti tiiukofa, and a* llww Inttcr are not fiilt. 
KbMe a nu dintiirbawx' of tJi« autivn us tUvy pa«« in front 
of or awsy from the jote. 

It will be Bc-n that thovatur nttt'n through the vaUf. 
and pwiw* dimtly intci n iliatrilinlinf^ cJiamlirrr, fmrn which 
jl ji>t« on to tlio biii'ki-tf of ihc n'lit.(.'1 tJirou|{h grate* 
Dr porfx, vnryintr in uiunbor aoconlintf to cin^unBtaacsB. 
*•"»«» there ia only tmf port tt oiin V rwluwil in rixf whm 
ia •ottRf-, or K-M piiirer rcqulrul, and whrnt. an U 
* the caap, 1hi>ro a||^A)|Bj porta, a niAliiient 



nurnlwr of them may bo naed to salt the requiroBiinita of 
tho moment. 

Thtr arraiif^iiTiit by vrhii-h lli.' ixiWi-r i» rwiu*^ is caaily 
worked i-ilbtT by Inti't or pivi-rtiur. 

K&viuj; K*n th ■ (iirml, we will now examlw* th« 
priociph'H of tho \'OIt'rKX turbine, and for thii) I will 
rvfrryou V> (tilbfi-t Uilki'i & Co.'t>nuk.-hini'andd<'JK'riptitiii. 
SKt-TiOM A, ViK- lH)'i, riate 2, tvpTv-wntii tho *orf4U 
pivsfun* jT-aotion turbtnn with mvcr rpmoved. and BtJi- 
VATIOM B ihowa t)ui lurbiuo omnplctir, m usually placed 
nl the bottom of tlio fall : A li the revolving whn-1 keywl 
on to thi- idiaft O ; H, .ini- of thi- Rwido bliMloM ; IJ. tbo bcU 
onuikii and abaltii >Dnii«.-tiii)T ttwi (ruidi- IJjiilm with tha 
nutAido hell crinkn and oouplinj^ rud* K : V. Ihi; j^ido 
bliule g«ar: O, tb« bnickct and scravr for mi«in^ tho pivot 
(tho pirnt cJiDnnt hn nam in thiji Nkntdi, »c*i (i. O io th* 
SPIRAL VORTBX) ; U, th« wheel ooi-vr ; I, tho «upply 
pini^ by which thi.' wator ooten the oaae. 

rho'vaKTEX.bytbraevnriviis impromnonU, pOH«c«M4 
Ipwit advnntagnt ovrr itlbcr turhiui-H, Inaamudi aa (far luai 
of W8t«T In reduoed In a nuntinnin by tho oae of theao 
nffnlatlDg bladoa, and tho powor ia obtain'^ with a «towcr 
TolocitT of wattv cffivtcd by the pMuliar balandn^ of the 
oMitrifttjral forou of tin.' water iu Ibt- tovuivuijf whetl ai^imtt 
tbo nroMiim du*> to half the h«ad. mi tliat only onv-hnlf of 
tha fall or hgad ifompli'yrd in K'^'inv vuloolCy Iu tb« water, 
thn Dtlier half acilnir nlmply in tJio condition of fluid 
pmaaure, liotioe the velocity irf the Wfit.-r in no part of it« 
force oxoeeda that dnit ti> tnu'-iinlf of tbr full, luui the loas 
from thu fluid friutiiiu and aKi'ation of the water in thua 
materially leaa than in uther tiirbiucs >vhoro tho walvr 
is requincd to not at nini-h hiehiT volocilicm 

It will tH< an'n tlint fruni Uii^ prinuiplc of iujectiOD of the 
wator from wiilmut loward* th» i:>:nfre. then reaulta 
another saving of ctfoct, Mnor it admits of tho u«i of Iook 
and wiclNfi.>rmnl rhnnncUi, by whit^h the watoT ia made 
gradually and nKularly to ruuvorga in uaaniiig from the 
outer chamber (whctv it in mmpumtiTi'iy at real) to tho 
pifint of ontmncx.- to the wlieul ihamber, vthen^ it* vt-locity 
jihoulil fu> th(- grfiit«t. 

Tho niivMulage of the** Minvwrgent ihannel" for tho 
transniiioiiiii of watitr with a minimtun luw* of eff«ct, a» 
comuarvd with t>hi>rt paaaagea, Bueh as are generally 
oninloyivl ia otbor turbiuM. ia well known. 

Fium the anmo prinoiriU of injii-tii'in towanla tho ocatK, 
thotw in an aouorilanoe bt.'tw««n IJm velocitiea of sU parts 
of tho moving wheel, and thy pro|ior voloritios of U>n 
water in its paaaigfl betwoOD thi.' pointa of vuLranue and 
diBi;hitr)<T'. 

It abould olao bu bunio in mind that nrbon tbt- wntxT ha.-* 
ita greatest velonity it ia ailmittixl tn thn oimiuifereuLw u( 
llio vhoi'l, whioh IM tJio most ra)>idly moving part, and 
whi-)i it has, an far ss jK»sible. imparted its power to Ihu 
whi-nl it L'avi'« ^it the luntrikl portion or axis, whii'Ji has 
she h-axt Eiioliiiii ; nuinuwr, t\ua wator bviiig luadv t^i 
impinge npon the outer draumferenoc of tho Wnixtl, muet* 
liardly any lona tiatu impaet. 

It will be uotioed that thne gnidi: blatles are made 
morahlo upon gudg«oiit>ur cantras near their pnlnia, molitni 
bciiwiinptirtod to them nmultaooooely by n bund whuvl, 
wliid] eau he pburcd in any position uasilr aonoaaibla, and 
Ity a vi>ry aliKht Tiiiitinn of th«B0 guide blades, tho orifir«S 
imty be o|>i*n<--d i>f eoutriu^ted at pleannre, hdA are thua tnadu 
to mit any qiiiuitity of wattT whiih it iniky be neoeasary 
or d(«irahle to use. Tho fultuwing imif <rtunt oonditianB 
of ef&Meiit appbiation -if the water arv fulfilled :—Fin»t, 
the ohannels are I'f » gTadiially con»'*ir''"t fomi. SoixOTdlr, 
tho walor ia unint*.Trunled iu ita coiirfo, and t-iittva tba 
wheel ehamber from tho narmweol part of the cliannel, 
and, oonsM]uently. att ins lis maximnTit reloolty at the 
|Mtint (if uiipltmliiin. Thirdly, tho water is admitled 
ii|iLally to till' wbolu eircuiiirenniee of tba whoal- 



puirps. 



PI.ATE 3. 




WwtSlB. 




Fiu. 90S. 



In miinv niimitinri" iln'ftminjfwmerit of tlio VORTKX, lut 
at VORTEX ami WKLL. Kiif. M2. Ilatu 2. may te 
adoptMl witli fTTvat iiilvADtdp^, Thun thr\ wtirvl itiny bo 
plaood ml aiiy li<-iKl>t l'» tiiim Ifift. iiliuvir tht; tiiil rui-i-. 
the fdU liplnw the whwl liuLnf;: rendwpd itvailiible hj what 
win 1h) boM kti'>wii na dr«tr or hucUuii pipno, diiN-vndiiiif 
frtMD th« centnl diHRliu-ifr oriAiv« Into ttio tall>w«t«r. 

Thi* VOBTKX Ami WF.LL urTAiipTtnrtit illiidlrAtM 
tkn mipnly pij» I til the tiirLitie (K, J, lii'iriK the uulli4i> 
whicb utiaulil Iw ooutiuuM \x\itv xhv mirfaiH- oi ibw trnler 
in tlio toil-ntd-), wbioh premiu Uiesc ixi»e ar mtcUon pipe* 



fraiD fw retdily eiiiptyinji tlrnnwhroi. Of coiiitu], . 
pipes may bo bum duwu on aalKnktnQiil. tn'll. or at 
wiM>. ti In ono of the trlAndn throniirh vhuh the nhal 
JtuMtt. Li« thi! puUojrorrrojfwhw-I fniiii vrliii-li Uir power 
U iAkt-n for driving the pump. 

WHEEL PLAN in Pi|r. 902. Plate 2, Tliw iUuitratw. 
a INirtiitu of 111* vortM n-volvtejf wbcwl. mid the (i.rm cif 
tb« voinn. some of which do not exlrtid to iho rfalrtl 
oriiioB. TVm ohjptit ill im millcin^ Uii'iu in tli^t tJiiry tnny 
not too tiiiiL-li fill up Ibe contTiwU^d iwirt of the X^iSMgi'v, 
ami tkus impode the lluw of the ' 



prMPa. 



429 



I 
I 



I 



The -whttiA ifi coRBtntctod oKber of KtceL or at roQod 
bfWM (tb« lutrr for >tinAU itixr-Jt), uid u tli« vtutM Ma thtio 
bo tnade very murh Lhiniicr t>ian of cast notal, their number 
aui b« iDtTvaMt). and perfect koouracy' in the I'lmatun' 
wvtmi. Honcv tbo wslcr ciilon) tlio whvcl witli 1cm 
iatemiptioti, nnd mum tfaroagh more exnotlj in the 
dirMt{(Mi iDtim^ed uaas. is the CAM where the v»at* are of 
gTMtvr thirkneM, and fo»«ir in nnmbm-. 

Hvm TanM B(« fiitd no caob iM* of a i>Iecl or br«»i 
plate, hErin^ a bon ia the centre lo awun; it npim tho 
Mh«ft,aDd dines or covero. in irlikhnrrleftdrcntArnpenin^H 
tbronuli which the wntvr pniwo after il hM duue its wurk . 
thoe half the watw Ji iliwharged on ««ch «idi> of the <rhec! 
H ■! TOBTEX ukI WELL 

Here U will be juM u well to otmpHra tbe dotitilu and 
aingle Tort«x wb«l : Ihia ia ehaulj shown at WHKKL*, 
Pitr. 903. VUt- 3- 

Tbe cfMeiidAl diffcrciMu betwcon the aiogle aad double 
TortttS wheel tiirbiDes is, that in the focnKr the WKtvr is 
diMshATgcd from on* tiie of thfi wheel only, the wlie»l of 
tiw iJn^ vortex bdn^, In fact, half of that uf Uti> double, 
tb« oantnplate of the latter nmnna tba ti^ aonr of the 
fonBar. "no yaitmt gaidtr blades altwt tba wftter on to 
iha sinirle wht«l in prMaely the nine mamur «a they do in 
the double vortex. 

^>ia Mnate vortox tturliinii !■ rarr wpll nutlod to roRdiiini 
and low Ub, w sbown at PIXKD 31NOLE VUKTKX. 
T\g. 903, IHale 3, where a conaidfrnble bodjr of wutrr » to 
he dealt with, and when it in (tesiial>le to hare the borUfU) 
left drj wbra the head of tbe water is *hiit off : and aa the 
water is onlj dlwhamd below tba wbwl, pau-t of the full 
mnr be ntiHaod bjr a oiug or nootlun pipe. 

From what has been written on the development of the 
OiDciV nirtex turbine, it will bo tet-ti at a gUncr tbnt it in 
cne uf tltn mniit iinofnl mitchinm fur driviii}; iiumpi, luid tli« 
tim^ modes of Hxio?. as shown at FIXED SINGLK 
VORTEX, and ah» that afaown ul the PtX£D IX)17Bt.E 
VOBTSX, reader it aa tdinple as poMiMe: and any 
Ofdinarr pittmber aliuuld be aUe to nx it, or take it to 
jitvm m OBJH* of repairs. 

I have frivcn thM) two drawing the fomtr in part 
farklnrork and part woodwork, to bIuiw Iba nmplieitjr of 
11m anangmni^t. 

Hsra b aiinplj a ■ircani nwD fmon above rii;bt into the 
siofle wbt^ turbuie. where tho water flow* thnxigb the 
Ttirtax whaal to ths tail water chunbo' briow. Hen, aho. 
Is shown the lem- airangnnent for brteginv m the bdon- 
ssenlioned pivotod spin^ of tho wheal sbcHud it bcoome 
worn. 

I mjkj also add thnt thin irpituUe worka u|»& UfroniB'TttK, 
and lafirktttM iijwif b^ the wal«r in vfairb it ts plaeed. 
Of ODorae, the wondwuik in fmot in niutially cnl awar to 
■howthafainjf of the tvrKne, whflst the FIXED DOUBLE 
TORTEX turbine UlustnlM the water bain? hrvattbt inm 
above, and throng ths strsint* on top. and doim a pipe 
Into the doutila tiimne, and needa no rurther dvaoriptioD. 

1 may here nmark that turbinea are madi^to raise water 
froB walls, and fae d afBtr th« niannar o( that shown at 
VORTEX and WELL, bat the fan or tnrUne h«U acta in 
(ha mane way lo fiiat which I hare atacody described. 
The tnrbina being than th« uaer of the power in at w w l of Ihe 
gfrcr. with the pulley L re^vrved, and It k nsnally driven 
by steam, or om it can be driven by a sooandary turhfaw , 
in which otse the streama in th« pipe I J would be rtvetaed. 

"Dm uahna of this turbine Lay it down thai the 
■Cataaey of tbrir tnrhiBe is foosd to ba *A pn- oent., but as 
it ia not aaay fcr anyona who h« not had (inetka in tliia 
partlndw affBaatioa of water power to judge with oett^aty 




how hut to ajnily It, or what daw of tnrUao la use, 
they ncctoiaaaa that, whm powibln, an anfriniyr, who is 
air«u*lanied to fixing tivliinm, shonid bn aflcKd I<i nria the 
Mte. Tbey liiy eKfiwiii] stn-iw im tho rmiut tliHt lIm- pipe* 
brinnrinit tno water {u tho turbiiio B]i'>iild be kept Inriio, so 
that the epted of the wat«r rthall tv>l eirtni] .tfl. or 1ft. ptir 
»eoand, aahivh KpeetlN of Bow involve coiiadervlJe luu of 
working heM, Thny nUo giro tho following example :— 
If a pt|ie H tbiiunniul fii.-t l'iti;f, with it hundred foot fall, it 
Tin. in dlamrter. and the iinautiiy of water Hoiiipg 
through it be 100 cnbio fMI p«r minute, tho opwKd is SfL 
wr necund. The pieanin- at thr bultum of iho pipn is 
•ISlbe. to the square indi when no water is passintr, but 
when 100 vubiv fn-t per minuto is ftowtnv taroiiKn. the 
preHsure is reduced to 33 Jibs, per miuare inuu ; this Is oq^aal 
to a loss of 23ft. head, and they would thm nooRameud 
a 9m. pipe, if it was important to tnako Iho most use of 
tlio wilvr power. Hie loa» would then be under 7ft., or 
only 7 per cvnt. instead of 23 per oeot. 

They have also gtrcn tho foUowing rules for the gutdauee 
of thoee abroad rr()airin)( IbHr turbines, in aaoertaining 
the quantity of wat«r rsiiuirsd to prodneo a given power 
to tbelr Iwcinea nnder a ffivm fall, or nw rrrtrf. 

The height of the fall in fest midtipUed by the number 
of niliic fc«t of watrr arsilablD per minute, divided by 70A, 
will K^nt tho actnal JVraJvHorM>Powar. The ho nw- power 
required malttpUed by 706, and divided by the huight of 
tho fall in feet, will give Ao ninnb«.<r irf cubic feel of water 
required per minute. When tho available quantity of 
wain-, and thu roquinte horwi-powcr are dvlenalned, tho 
horse-power multiplied by 706 and divided by the quantity 
of water ia cuUo loot per minute, will irive the haight 
of fall in feet that will bo required tn prnduno the hoiac- 
power. 

One other tropoctant point is, when torbiiMiS an wanted 
la out of the waqr, monntninoaa, nUnJag, or other diatiiels, 
great difBcnlty is heqtHntly- ezptcienoM in die tnnait) 
owing to the wieigM of the vuious part*. To obriate 
thb M msitii. Gitkce & Co. make largo turbine* in parts, 
not exeeading for tho hcavinrt piaeo 3D<Hba., so that each 
pieoB e.an be curried separately oa tha baok of a bone, 
eamcl, or rank. The ooet of transport OTar rough mouu- 
tains, Ac. is thus very much reduoed; but it would Iw 
well if Hut workman or engiaear slated the largMtt 
wci^l that could bo canJed. 



Fire Engines. Garden PtimfM. Act. 

Tha Fire Engine appears to bo of very remote dat*. 
No douK it was nsuu br tho Babykmlans and anoimt 
Bofnaas, for we road of "The bydmolio duums ot 
Ganymede neatly rmDing Cmar and bis soMieie at 
Alexandria." AjkI aa a met well rocorded, ApoUodotns 
or ViteuviuB employed foroins pumps as Are an gines 

£N the ^iritalit of Hann], TbM very nro and oxoead- 
gly old and inteccatlng woA oontaina an aoooant and 
au illustration of an ERTfi^an Ire engine made in the 
•miiHl rviitiiry b<4ora the Christian era, not po vmj mai^ 
unlikv that ehuwa at Pig. ffOS, except that the Egyptian 
eagine does aot run upon wheek, toe priadple and the 
mode of wovUng being exaetlv that of Ptg. 90tt, with 
double laver, valna and air cfaamtwr, but wltlxntl any how-. 
I win now give you a d t aeriptlon of those made at the 
pnaent day. 




(SO 



FUHF3. 



FIRE-ENGINE PUMPS. 



Efwry plumber, iind other inlcUiitrnl workman, sh'tuld 
hiirp B (hinMUffh Wivrkiijn? "* n>u^h-built fir<"*uKii»*> 
pump*, undafttr wlint him lirtiii <«iiJ »h*jiit lli* preceding 
pinps, rfpcdslly upon Fitc^ **''2 «ui<l RS*- thi» oiiuw of 
pnnip will be rentli)}' unduKilnod. I flJill (hi-nrloro only 
tfipLaiii mid ilUmirnta n fi-w of thp Ix-el-workiJ pumps of 
H»»-«n(fiii«" that «re, or ahrtnlil l*, kf pt rciidy (or Bcr^'ico 
Ml •T«7 funuboOM, (nil!, Imililpr'n yunl. iT nuiimiftn. W« 
will bd|[(u w!tb an ilhi^lnitidii nf n rcTy nniply inude hnivt 
pittiigw pump, Pi|r. 903. Il will br- ivoti tbat Ihia duublo 




no. MS*. 



aotioD pump in ruuIv lo nUnd In a puU. tub. or othwrniiw. 
whiUtrhiTiKhl orWt hand hold* iha how, tli*t I'lhor is 
Fiifmt,'«l iu pumpiri);, 'IIk' wotiT p«"iw^ under the /<■«'( 
riYiflJlfrti iitniiinT A (which in MJinutitiiisii fixed inli> n tank), 
iinii upiiitu iliebai-wl II, which fnnus iikind of iiir-thiiMit*r 
RH woll SA Iwiml. Thii" kind of ptinip. uUhf^uph not ihix 
derijn'-i""'"'l"'dliiini Me^fT*. lUywardTrlw* Cn. Tlie 
mr-Ouid u( it']>iiiriii(ir Ihi- pump in by unnrn-witiff tlic ftntiirp* 
and lvl*»'h".triiiK tbi' vjilviB ur )n'i"din|f tliriii iu I'ifC 90;iA. 
ifl n aiiniliir kiiid vi foiw jminp, but tixetl uinri « Bti.nd 



havinut a l^vcr and MMtion bn« tn plam tnta a ]Wtl or 
oiherwioe. Flir. uoi i« m prindpk nuulis aftiv tbi; >tylc nf 
the ordiDary j>liuiHi'>pninp, a* iUuatntMi at Vig. 840. Il 
thrown wat4-r tnui Uin tubi- Q, which arta aa an ab- 
ctiuuloT, and fmni tlmtv to the Imiicli or immzIo at E. 

^iiirrally lixnl wicjiin a Uwk. liki- ihnt i^nwn nt Vig. 958, 
AH ia alMk Fift. 90'i, whi.-h in. a* far lu rtf^nl* tbo action of 
Ihf ptifiip. vKHi^Lly th'' Kwmv u Fitf. 601. ti)i> onlr diffrrrniv 
bciti^ tliat the water iu Tig. 90') nun ex off th(- t4<p witli 
unin^nnl jcuntx inRl<-iui uf how. whiLit m tb<' firrnicr, Fig, 
UDl, it comeit uH gt the siUv, anil Ihnjiigh a boae. 



Barrow Pump. 

Fig. 907 ia an ordinjiry ealla^ or olbar pomp, with 
inMwd (uul h«M> to fit nnsxle. (Sw h'ign. 640. S44, 1154, 
Ad., &o., all of which may bv iiiiiiply Hxvi ujxm a frarw 
runninir au two wheohi.] H«rc ia nae i>( the Qbi»p«4, r wt 
iMi^ftil, mill irttw.tivr Iir«!-iti>fiiici' thnt it ia powrililr to i Ae. 
ami (•hoiild {n-Jouiid rmdgjirr nif al all timn on iMnty fnmi 
thniiifrhiiiit th4> i^nuntrj, and the farm laliuurera tiiiiKlit to 
work it, -Ay, vnw a Dumth. and keep it in wvriiing ords. 
A f-woud leather Mtvtititi iir valvn tdiniild nlwayn hf with a 
npitnncr tiiil on to tin- nide of the bnrrow. ntid a ddMu of 
loallief ur utliiDr bui-krt* lillid with wiilrr nlwiirn InhI iipm 
lh»BhsftMurhaodb?H of tin- Itoituw n-adj fir iitxrant tiw. 
Of mum, in the i^-inter linio, when tKiSl in al,out. the 
btUTow tdinuld Ua ki-pt Jt>-. Turn to Ih^ punip la>'l» and 
let ua He what ijuaiitity uf watvr cuu bu llir:]Wn, uy, 30fl. 





rio-Mi. 



hiffh in one hour, when the pum\i i» woiked by one 
man. A tin, pump at r 9iii. ftrokr 25 p"r na«u*«. 
will thn.w 9.^9 pilhwui. N..W Mim m Fiir 9(IS Hcr« 
ia a ver» itininU hut (rmwl imil (."ScrMliitiflr ix'werful 
flre-cnrine uf tWrlaw of the imth (■■-niury, «>"1 <onn«rly 
kfpt in niihwlmlti or in old \mT\*\i chnn'hv^, and M 
ijiiim tiv thf town "liiT III wnno out wf tlw way plaec. 
Thin piigin* ■■ fistd uiMrHftfrftnT! to run nii fyiir wheeli. 
1) U thv nmtitMu B-hiih -in-wc on the Lio'tom or '«''*» 
tbo BQction valve, Thw wati'i in thun drawn to th« haml 



1 



iniMre. 



192 




■■v. 



A 





Wtu. MT. 

t or J «{lli A f>lHtifd>r A* rh/iwa at B, D, A, Fig. fi'lO. It 
i» iben f')ix'«l lr>>iii Uif lairrel Uin>ugli « vnlnr, awl into 
tJiv ur L'b&mbvr IJ, Fi^. 90&, vid fn>iii tbenre Into tliD bow 
■nd tfamuKb lh« bntooh. Htm tho \p'rvr, N, P. N, u 
rapparted ny tlv tiilcmni on thn ii>p nf tb>^ air otiAnilicr, 
Mid oin be worluxi by four orsix iniii <>» mu^h ctid nf Iho 
lMV«r, MMT fira— tbnl in, flvu nii^i to mah pump, utiil Uii< 
beig^t tMl Uk vmlvT lisa 1u be lifted K miv, '2S(t. Hero 
m ouutd wnrk an F<iu. piiiop, nn<l hsvo jiowirr to .[{laro. 
A*«ininf; IImI th« )i'v«>nigi- ix oix to mir, ntKl twiiitj.fivo 
iLruVrH |>>-r mitiulauf Uin. i>tr<>ke, woiihiill ktA about 'i,4&i 
plloDB l«ic(*, or '1,909 frtUunH p^r huitr <nit of thU liltl" 
«i»t if oiilf t" bo nii>H() half iIik hciirl'N v" nmld 
,_bltt (bin iiiuuiiity wiUi tlin wiine amount of labiiiir, 
ing plenty for frii-tion, Ac. 

lm|iiprtuit.--'Bo nan to hum pinnty iif Kurtum luiii other 
bun, «Bd it iboidd be aln-nya kvpt ta Ruod wutUuk onktr. 
(8m Imrartioiu for t[oM>.j 

B«far« wtt ){o itnj fiirthrr <m tbia mginc, it will ht- M 
well Id i]««ribr Ni-WKliain'o. of Clotb Fair, I^niluti. uit«r- 
•MtiBK trials, wblcb U'gan ntMiiit tlio y««r 1710. llisfirFt 
pMtflBt dnlm IT'il, Ni>. tW, and *>ii« of hi* iiiffiiMM cmu bo 
Men ftt the Patent Miii«um. 8i^uth Kr-nninj^tiM. Tht? 
woridni^ amiigmienl of bia ll'l.'i [Kileiil wan with a 
avfrmont niul Irt'i-n. 8ti«no of bit rnfriiira «rr« hIm) flilnl 
with fiaiC rnttdbM, nnl llie i^iifiiu^ wIki-Ih wrae ({iiiiTallf 
made out of aulid biot-ka of wood, Tnllu-'r low, &im1 when 
HDrh MiifiiKW wiTP r(i{iiin!d tn gii an^ diitlunrn tlMiy •»■»> 
wrantM or. iru]|in(. 

Sfffwaluiin had » rainiieUtor, one Fowkc, of Wappiajti 
Londoo. Fowkp'atm jriti« worked withnot a rnolc ami wbMrl or 
chain, and nintwqunntly vnt mon- liki; the diiiff riiui Fiir. UtiS : 
but Puukp'i* ma^biiin wsn ntit up tu the riM>, Hiri-nglh, anil 
otfaL'T poJBti^ Mcmsary to producr tbo bwt rt^aultji in 
throwing wat«r j«tB. and It approrf from the Vuirrrnf 
Ma^aufir of 172'*. titc /HiUjf Jumiial. and tbo /JUi/y /Wf, 
that ibcKp ri*«b> niaib- ln-t* ru In whn>f> i-i>iriiH' rimki )|^ir«^ 
tlM l«wt nwull*. Fu«k>> cbnlb'tiilfd yvwuhiiiii lu plaj hia 
tnyiiH ■cHJniit htm ut Bridcwdl H<wpita], iti tbeprtmcvof 
Ibe EatI of !k«mdalr, l^ird Oavni. Ltinl ilowtr, ftnd the 
aoTpmon, wIm-ii Alderman PaKDD Kavi- i>ut llintNcimlinnr- 
mifiiM' lArrifd a miii-b cUnei atn^m and itovt'ral )iinU 
flirt btrr diitJincv. 

iliiwnviY, Kowkfl BKiiiii cballoBRrd a wsifvr. Nowaham 
prnpinnl !■• plajT inli> a bni4c or vevlr^ iwbirh bo noTcr dkl 
brfun' tbat t\u\ :, uki tlti-y that mtiUl pl.iy tin- ffttnUat 
qnantily al lli" ifri^i*nt dixtitiif^i- m-ru lo win . Thia wax in 
0reTj Wiiy aimi'iilde l-> ibp ni«tii</randL lu trt'furo aitrsud to, 
wUcb was rcfiuod, axui Uft to thu prajHT judgoa lu dodde. 



rn. flMt. 

bill lliiiididni>tsc«mafiT««hlA to Fowko'n pariy. Nevabnm 
npltnl, "Thnt bn dia not aen any accsniim tu Irnubli- iLrir 
Aieudo, when he had proposed a way wbcn-by an (rid 
woman might b« a judgfi," and to ncttlv th« tualtcr. 
«balItllf^■•l piiwkf? t4> [ilay hist, NowAbam'a eni^iw. airalunt 
that uf F<n«'kL''ii i)rt>r tin' Oramliiipp'T »t Ihf Ufiyiil 
Kichiin^. Now IIh' tiru-abiipiH-r <>n thi- R>>Tnl Kicbaiiir" 
(iJiit old Im^ditiirl Wfla lASft. liiifh. Tbia NiFWHliam dkl, 
vhirh wini'd t<) A^lllt' fnr «rer the quaillim KewahaiM 
MTJMJ Fowkr'" Firr Efi)nii''- 

On th«i riglit'band «il<' will l» i<«<mi a ikiiniltir vurktd 
engine, hut with the hjttidlp miidfi to wt>rk arnw* th« bid, 
niiS with a tiuik that inaj b« niipfiUed with buvheU, ft«. 

Modern Manual Fire Engine. 




Thiaduiof fttr i^ii- -tolhr l»fb nmiury, and 

ia thv vlatwtt ft lli< iiii' uui^ite, Tbia niniiii«l 

•■niri'ii' kaii d>>ne gixid ncrTtvc, and Itaa brvn bn)U|[Ut lu 
pt-rfwVUMi by Mi-ww, MtrtyWcalhcr. who liini out largti 

Jinaiitilim, and have takpn many (fuU and oiImt mvdala 
or deal^ and woriauuMbip tliereou 

The >■ Squire" Fire Engine. 

Tli<« bullur of thia rngine it ([cn»rally arr«n»»^ for 
bnruing i:"<»I, l>nt for wuod wbMJ norcnMry, which may 
!*■ lilt up by tlu- eitgine itn^lf, aiid itla-ian may l»e rained In 
till- workilip prvHBun in fifteen niinulut. I'bo la^nv 
(■!«• Fig. ffltl) IH no idmidt in conhtnicllon ibal It nwy Im 
workod liy a fann labtMircr of tttdinary intulligmev. It 
liiJiy U' quii:kly lakvn U' (atnulcada, ur la neisbbtiurin^; 
caUtea LU com <^ fire. 



PUMI'S. 



4S3 



valve and coppor feed cmnMttio&s ooatploto; sbo fitted 
with i«fi)ty inlvM, uiid «I1 naxmmxj fitting. 

Till' pump ii tr«rtii»], fitted (o the fntme in frin>t nf 
hoUcr, uid drinin by meani <rf « loose Uver .iml rmnk nuL 
and connuotinf: rod woirlda^ off exmak *>h«ft, urntuffi.'a tu 
bo nmdilj put in nul oat of gt^ bj rcnLUTing h bolt. 



rm^. . 



f^i% 



rS*w«* 



K^^ 



r> 



BC 



J^ 



5^iP^^ 



n 



'""■B. 



<,-■ 



*^ fa 



fKiTV 



.& 



** 



r"^^ 



— - — —Elsw*. 



nu.ou. 



Fuap ia o( frtra-motal, mv4 bu ui impnTed doiible-a«da^ 
aowiKement, bjr which » continiiooa Bow of iraUs u 
atcadilf nuuiilAined, uul i> ki arranfrvd an Ut bs oujlj 
aciVBMhlr- iar cWniiip aod csniniBattiMi. Il ia i.'ii|«ililv ut 
delivurinK I'-^O gatlvns p«i' miuule, utid ifi litted with 
rkpacioua poluhcd copper bdcuoti and d«lircTf air tiwmU 
aud 'ill ntfv-ivaxj Ktliun. 

llnf xii^nit w fitted with B cnwk ihoTt mhI tuned 
flywbii-«!, K> that a belt gild bw put on to drive muhimiiy 
when Uio pomp ia out of gnar. It Iim a inngla cylinder, 
■ltd i« litted Ingrihi-r with Mteid roda aiid boltn. Au 
efficient RtivBtnur ia kIdo pmvidod. 

The on^infl aiul boOer an iitiLtl ou a vtrcin^ iimii fnune. 
Btoved with fan>« BtRtoben, and pro^-ideil iritJi t>iuik<>i' in 
front for cnnyinK biMv, tools, &c., all mounted on hori- 
zomtal «t««! *)iriii!ir< ii front aiul fvaft with wnught iruu 
(nreoarriago uud hitch wood «pokc whralo. 

At the prceant momitnt Loudon j» cotmidLTod to bo well 
Mippliod with Jir«t<idaM« firw imgiiii<<i, I'o.nnhlii nf ihtnwinf; 
tuiu of watvr pur miriuto to tbo hiniicot »tvry uf any 
privata dweUiu)^, and the? dcaigii of tbew ^.'tij^M surpafieoa 
tCKj in the world : in fact, our cDginm an aiipplicd to all 
other nountrim, whi<^h will (firn my leadem a (^tiDnil idtm 
of what wi> are doing in the tOth c«Btiuy. 

BtfPT to diaffTum. Fi^. 911. Uere wv bars flw views of 
the WYirk of tliis "Sqnint" ^n-. ctigino, which ne^ds no 
lurlber expUnation to tho practk-ul plumber ; but for the 
infomintinn of th« cuTioUM, 1 will iwy thnt tho top lot ia 
mippwvd Co Ik- vnxaifivd pumivim wnlor to lupplr ■ 
naonoQ w)ien tba water supply to the wiitcr-wLevI B ij 
iiuufGcient dnnog tiioc^ of drought, &o. 

Tha aaeund part of our pii^tura illuMtratm the " Squire " 
viiftin'^ where it lh buHily driviDg at C llie ff«ar at a df«p 
well piunp. It can t^*tt bo cmpU<ynl to diira a oeatrii- 
ueaI puiup, and will in thin way lift 600 gallmifl par 
miuute I'Ju. high, and is thua suilublt- fur diHUunir ur Ini- 
gatinff purpOMe- It iaalaoengagvilnt CdriviniradyDaiBO, 
^indui^ cap(itri4]ity. and, h« may bo »«iii abova at D, 
when) it la rattltnff round a eirciilar aaw, or Instoad of a 
circuW aaw it may bd employod to drivo a thmdiiu^ 
iiinphioo, or n chall cutlius or turnip chopping machin'); 
in fiu:t, the toaohiue tau w vmA iot wore* uf purpoate 
upon a form, even from dra^g-Lnir a plongb to tho watcriiig 
orxwilllnjtd"wnof tnvn, pluntii, uri^^tion, r:mptying ponoN 
anildniuiin;!. &c..und witutciut bea tiiura uiiiMiflntit iniuhtu* 
than that in which it in ongagod on at the Iivit pni t of our 
dintfrain, wb<.T« it ii umd^ it* utmont Htniu^fth in iu 
natural capacity. I need not biMv gu into the incchouiral 
deliiilH of onginmn' work, aa the phirabor who ma^ bo 
callnd in t» uiidurtake KUtih repaint. Sir,, alunild engaipD 

auuUHod warkujcD (or the job, and he »liou1d be very 
lary about modJlinff with auch hi);b>«LBM machinee, for 
by hie fnUrferenoe with nuch, uiUcha h« \a well vcnnl in 
medionic*. and b capable of propurly working and other- 
wise handling, my, a mntal turutug lallin and metal 
pliuiiuK Riaomne^ I say it would servo hira rl^bt if ho 
oainc Iu grief ovtr auch foolhatdinCM ; for tho LiiKinrN 
■uid pumpeof tiiesw machinas ant liltoil wiidi stich lirrfat 
iiioety that ev«u a turn of a ecrew (uuUwa il be ii atidfiu^ 
or pucUiig nut, and eometimee thoo) may oauM iniduc 
looMoncM or additional (Hotton, which wotiM altngethi-r 
intrrfcru with iUt wurldlig. Of cuurau, I mid awara that 
we have toany Rn^linh plumbon (such ua Mr. Juin» 
PuUdu, juniur) who are vifjy fair uU-ronnd ougincers and 
%.Vbn* : in tact, in my own workshop, I horn tralnr^ one 
to do all aorta of fitting work in eoDii.ecti'jn with tbL> 
maldnjr uf my lead trap, and othi-r hiRh<t-liuu> tnmilda, 
anil l4uid trap hydraulic preasvo; nud thia iudividuAl ia 
wdII ablo and vftvci dooa work tbo lathv and planing 
machine. But eren these meii would biok twice hffor« 
Ihov uitdrrtook to pull to l»nooa, or otlierwlac meddle with, 
IL bigh-cliun atram tire mgine. 



494 



I'L-Ml-S. 



Flr« Engine Ho«e NoxzIm. 



B&lSOIt ilta SiML£L)i. 



nwjjow JKT iiowui. 



rUr KTBUDKU. 



jprr. 



^.•4iw — ■^■•.^^ 



A ■}■ 



it e 



nAB XXIPI Hi'SKAPIA. 



nD.»IL 



fir* SS^^flfiing ^ipantiuk It aliODld iti mido b> aa 
exfti.-t form, well-iiniiMirttoiied, aud acccrdiiiK to tht; height 
«ni) Mio of jet, and toe »vaUable ungMiiir Wiind it. 

According to thd ordinnry pnicUt«, a vtrvau t^tUi poMJut; 
LhmuKb n hix^' i>f, wT. 'J^io. (UuDeteriB rcducfKl to kbout 
l|iu. % Out BRA-NCH iiiul XOZKLK Aiul at A. Fi^. Q12, 
Mid tb« noixlo li Ciirrii.'M ihi* nrJuntiun jiA furtlicr to nuv 
Kile iioc«MUT for the wurk, ur lu K«t tho biMt poAsible 
fltnaiD hjr Tcaiudii^ m a.t B (to a ccrtaiti limit 1 ihe aisB of 
tlie tiuxm. Il«huii]il liDiloTio niUi a frratluiv], «uj-, and 
•moothonrw, till it nmv™ aL atioul C, Pijf. '112, thmi with 
tlio woWk of the LmniU y'iiiv frmn A to nboat 1), slmig-ht 
or pantlld (mrio nutkori iTiako thix juiniUul piut oh l-^ni^ im 
tli« rliameter of Ih^^ imtU-t of tlx.- Ti'^szlc onlji, when ll 
•Innilil ■JtfAf/yau</yiW(ru%i-x{iauil itself I'jithnfi to diikiiii'U-r 
to abuQt F, IwuvIuK u litllo U^v m at K, with ati cxt4>niitl 
lip or projection, not dibtoIjt for the protoolion gf tb« but* 
ft^iiml iriiK-iitntiijiiM. hut A.Ha protMitioii and to throw otf 
ttxiy iiiduLH-J I'arrrul of air cuiiM.'d br Ihr iiinuiTi)^ nlnvim to 
Irnil i n ut tin- bank ot tb<> Ktivam iw tt Ivaro* tliv uuzxie. 

This ii> iittbi'f kui| Kirtuiit. w nil jet Htrcatna. mori! or IftM, 
a^^ inti:rfirc<l witli by thin inilucod current of air, aitd 
which tt'uil* Ii> c:n.'ii^' » p»IJa1 yiu-utitii, nnd to dia.g 
Ihe tail end of thn *troain. With rsK""^^ *" tin- i\tli part 
expanding of the noziili:. thiHii not paid much attention 
to br fin» nnginp ninkini, tlit-y profpmn(r to kiwp the 
tio;i2l« (njiu C to r pwtfeilly parallel, in tmli-r to compact 
Ifavrtreuo and pn^uul apresuiiiK. 

Thvahnpfrof tbtwnoi«h-«h»jibiMii|ir»ttyTrellrxbau»t»'ct, 
biit fiir i>n« nf the nii»t nOiable abapon, I ndct you to 
tho ]irv^tini1 <,'X]>uriin<-ntM of Mr. U llerrrw«aUiL<r, about 
the yrar 1^33. mIulv vrhkb tiiuL- fw ulturativnt) uf any voloo 
IniVT b<«on made 

Ut. M. Ui^nywunther'asurniMaraaTS, " A« En^Uali fii» 
(Migadw uw luMe at a nuixiiuom diuMter of 2luu.,an4 



tLo hnuuliliQM Id uiw uro ooIt ftbout llins. ditmrtcr «t 
tho top. ft nilo'TM that ttar.xlc* of a 1>r^ sic« hiivA 
uocflssarilr to be rouHtrnct«d vitli duo rt-jptnl t<i thmv 
fauta, ana cannot bo llionr^itirallj n<vnrat(' in rvtiurd to 
form. Thu whulv ut tbe n:ducti(7n luu to take place fnun 
liini!. 

" If. for inittanco, iho »i/c of the bori^ b« 1 Jin., thrrnluo* 
(tun of nroa ia only uli^hl, irh(<roa« if tho bore ia lin., the 
rodiiRtifln in tu ^lli of thu unw vf the btvach ppc top. 
MaiiifKHlly in two nosxifa of about the mmc. length tbo 
n>dii(?Tiv>ii I'ltDtiut bccarricd out with, thcoreticully, Hgnal 
wititifactory nwidla." 

It mnnotbo doubted that lArpenoEsloau vtll oa mall 
onca aw uf tiio bwtt phapc tar fire hripudi* piiriicWH. dne 
regard beinK MumiiliTiil to thi- cmidiUoiip. menliunrd abort-, 
▼ia., fixed aizi'^ of brand) [>i|«! tijH ; and thi»di9li?iilty rould 
only bo p)t ovfT by cnrryinif dinorvnt uor-xlv* and how ot 
la^cr dlajBotun, which in inndvisible n.i)d cumbenuiine. 

Some of those nonlce. hnwfivfir, air- modi'' from 1 jin. to 
2jln. itiliorc, and for a aiuifta xt mam only, iindtba employ* 
Dii'tit of H 1 }in bmm'h pipe, trnuld Iw nwdaia, and largiir 
BizoH must be lutd v-ith liirgur nniipliugs and hoM. 

Going hack to thi: ijuunliun <if Lho noxili> iibnpp, it iniMt 
1)0 nlvayn tionin in niiud that tltp rvductiiai ahould bo 
tfradual from ihi- h'mi to the crlindrioal purt of the nomtle, 
and thu i:on«l jtarl should not liniith abruptly or with a 
KtttaR cAgf, nnd the length of Ihi- «.ylinJrii'nri)B.H nhontd 
bo bI h-oiit titia diami>t)>r long, for thin re&iKtn : that the 
MtivAui uuty b» ohapcd or pnimwd piTfect^y smooth and 
rjund and into a Bjlid atnam. which cannot ruuily 
brnak up intit a «nniy. iw dopn the ntreeLiu isauiug fium a 
tAp«rc<d jDt, whioti Inttrr Ux>n« to liri<:Lk up ■■ acton a* it 
raa?luiii t.b» iitTiio<iphi>r)>. th(><>i(emnl wiillnvf wutvr having 
bven ngilat«il by undue fri'^ttun cauM3d bj- the iiharp fdge 
of the ootte, uid thi-do oxtcmal wnlN ur(<, ao to ap«ttk, fIow to 
that in tba internal, and in a ouuipli:1o Npiutung oondition. 



I 



PUMl 



486 



7tl 


80 


»0 


»W 


75 


8ft 


HOO 


M7 


100 


V\ 


AO 


70 


no 


135 


19J) 



65 


Si 


B) 


$0 


7» 


81 


215 


300 


350 


40 


6U 


m 


S5 


130 


170 



Wat^r Pr«i»up» for Hove Noizlv*. 

TlepKHuni ratuired aiyi-vntnry lu tliniw vtTtwtiva ^tniMmii 
la diffrmit ilubtnoew will be fuiiiul of iiiiporUmce, nnd Ibe 
fullowiDK ^U Kivt' ■'■L appPDsiiriaUi mnilt fonliiTiTDtit #!(" 
nozzleo. aHnnmin^' the prtrMiirD to W ilinvt olf ttiti pump 
inl<' thv li«»>-, iitiil a frou way 'iUn. aiiiuuCii hu»e Ubul, 
wit))iiul a lot iif IknnrU, nod IHOft- in lon^h. 

Vi'« will t«kc 11^ l|iii., thu medium nizod avxxi<\ u* tbv 
one pnifeiral, to commmcA with. If ott a hydrant the 
prqjMitioa will be k little groatcr. 

Ijin. NoBSLB. 

TMlOil HcuAt in fmt 

nMmnUI I^otttnoc in fuvt 

Gil]aMperminnt« 

i'KKMirr <>n Nox^lr. Ihn. pfT oq, tneh 
PraMira on Pump, ILn. jicr kj. indi 

IJin. N'oxKLK. 

Tcrtinnl HeJKht in feet 

IlarisuDlAl DidmiM in frat 
Gallotis pn- minuto .. 
PreMtm fin "Sor-itlc, Wm. pnr *q. inch 
I'rcBBuro on Piimp, Ihw per kj, inch 

I (in. Koccut. 

i in hot 

j__ — _ , — DoeinfMt 

'6a9oiUfiertt]iinte 

Pmwun!aaI>fozx1«i, lb*, per hij. inch 

ftwBOre on Fiunp, lb». pur »q. iucb 

lie. NozziK. 

Verttcal H^ijflit in fort 

Hnri/otilAl nintaiiw iii fcwt 
Gallunii pi'r iiiiniito ., 
i'rewurt' ua Ncuxic, llw. prr*q. inch 
Prremm on Pump, Iba. per »q. Inch 

jin. NoszLB. 

Vertjeal Hf»i|i-ht in foet 

Ilnri/oiilAl lltHiaiica ia fc«t 
tiiUIiiUB pitr ininiiliT .. 
rrewaroon No/clv,)bH, i>ersi|. hirh 
PnmMTe on Pump, tlie. p>yr m^. iouh 

|in NrazLB. 

Vf^wil Hoiirhtln fMt 

HomvnUil IHiriAQM) in fcot 

OaUooa pia- niinnto 

LBMkanouNozxk, \i». pervq.inob 
'VnMuie OB Pump, lb«. per mi. iiuib 



65 


90 


90 


60 


70 


80 


2»r) 


•JiO 


?80 


10 


SO 


«0 


70 


no 


uo 



too 
too 

■ABO 
lUO 
210 



100 

no 
aio 

100 
ISO 



70 


80 


90 


60 


70 


80 


ISO 


■200 


236 


50 


70 


UO 


76 


100 


130 



60 


Tft 


8ft 


45 


SS 


6ft 


130 


140 


165 


10 


60 


80 


50 


7ft 


100 i 



fiO 


70 


Rfl 


15 


55 


(ifl 


Rft 


105 


120 


40 


60 


80 


45 


ca 


W 



Spreading Nozzles. 



FAN 



TbMe wo uiuneraus. Tb*> FtiinplvMt in thL> 
' 8PEEADER. tbe dnwins of whii;h f^xpLiinfi itself. 

TV Star KNIFK Sprcador is Another form, which abo 
cxpliunii ilMilf . 

Ttie Cone Spreadtr. 

SmwtiinaN an inTcrted Ctme ia lund iiirt«ad gf tbo 
"" '"i tlw Cuoc Spcradgr, 



The Ball Spreader. 

Thit is a spreader mtx^h aliout lliu mme aliAyv ria tbo Star 
KNIFR BpiTiiulfir, hnt ha^Tiiif; n «Ri(»ith bird India •rtibher 
ur i)th):r liaU [gqiuilttr fu Um buxki-l jvt iu Fimntain Jeu), 
whicli. owiiiK to tbe ahnpe of Lhf- nox/le, the w&t^r tenda, 
8u to Hpcak, tty upcn aa doM tho wind from » trampci, 
and thi* rlinuiiiff (if Lbai wal<T tn tha idiltw nf tlut Imll rono 
naturaUj' tvnos to split uptbe wtn-aio in tbe centre, pnttlns 
tbs RiuToiniding air, both inadp und ontaidc. into rapid 
motiaa, and thiia tendit t« fotm n partial vacaum in thr 
eentn of the iaeida atieani, a.nd to keep tlie ball drivtoK 
towmds the oeotn. [S«o Itidla Rubwr xnd otfavr bnlu, 
fttonm jet*. Ae.) 

Ball Speed to create a Vacuum through Air. 

Of L'uuntti. I am well awatf of how ftuA a bod^ iQiist 
iravvl tliroii^^h tti« air tn rTVAto ii vai-aum brJiind iL 
Tljwirtflittillj* iipcakiiii{, tliv vcliN'itj' wuidd have i/\ be iiltoat 
9IR milee per huur. Imt. praclii'ally Rueakintr, it ia 460 
iiulcs. ThPtheorcticalveKxitj-of tho air tJiat will flow into n 
VNCuuin, if whntly onnbirtnirtfnl, i» tX17'4fl- per wh-ohiI, 
wbtW ill praDtiLv it in only 4-'>2 61ft. It will be plain that 
tho bull, drif-iaBT towards the centra of tho issiuu^ streum 
(end onf<^ 1.h« ball Ix-ing therr^J, thn internal walb> of tho 
atroain (at tbe periphfcy of tho ballj ir-tvmaae, and &!t 
the balla npin aa the wal^ liu>h«a in at th" liark of Iho ball 
at a hiKli qnwd, and *o kiirp« it driving oKainnt the 
oentro point, wblnh hu ibc Iciutt raniManco. wbiW, owing 
to the w*t«r beerking on th^ biirk nirtof tbo tiJtll, jtboootaee 
•cntt«red, and, «■ otirfa, thn wliolu nutur Ktn-nni heconies 
agitated, and a spray ia tbe reanlt. 

Fire Hoae. 

Too moeb attention cannot be piud to Are boae, for, if 
aUeired Vt ha nin over or olhcrwiw) beoone Injuied, the t-vU 
may not ll■^ dL-miren'd jiutl at th« time, and when this 
iiupurtaut p&ri ix n-rjuirwl, it in tbeit thcreisth*' fulling off, 
ana many a hiiiliiinjr hu bn>ii totally wnM:Jii>d tbruuf^thia 
unf'^nixvca oatuxiroidie. 

Again, it in not imly netoal violenoo brought about by 
Ibe wboel tyrva of Iho vdliielc, biit tlion- arr other roawmu 
for injury, otm ia that the Iiobb in rtrv ollt'ii not ptwpcrly 
eared for after it^ bi'luK In iwe, often boing thrown into 
tho bunker or intu rotav mit-of-tho-wny placi', wbeiv it Iim 
fur months to^tli«r nitl) v»Wt tli(V«in, initt^'iid lA br-lng 
ulwuyit nicely rolled up to hu taken Ut itH ptatjon or other 
dcatlnatinn, and tb<.'ni pn>prrly hunt; by mir end uf tlio 
euupliniT to drain out, iiud otherwlae properly loukod after ; 
nna oan> abotiM hu tiikea that it doee not bccomo hturl and 
perinbod for tlie w*Tit. of a littln oiling, and other valiublo, 
thotig'h iinulU, ntlitiLi'iiui. 

Thare is another way in which hono often becotnoa 
injured, by putting ezceesiTe pnmire thi-mon by having 
An int^TiiwdiatA cock or talre on the outlet end. The 
prewure abaiild be governed by a Talve, asatK, Fig. 1.0'!7, 
or u at Fig. 1,079, or if tho cogine bo used with a oam. 
then the pmvnro thoDld be regntatedi tn tbo onlJet sido of 
the pump ; in feet, Duder no oanditkou afaonld Ifaeni be a 
o(Mk between the nox^ end theboee, when unto' veiy high 
prceeore. 



Rotary Pumpa. {AUa ov TW^nm.) 

Of theee there arc a great varietr (soo Fig. 913). 
Hare, at A. it will hn ulnnrYDd that tbe inuir mtlloped 
whuel eonlaina four rollera. wliiob^day between tbe slota in 
the soullgped whcot and tlio penphBTT of the eyliudrkel 
ehambrr. The action is at follows: By giving motiaD to 



««c 



prMPs. 





rM M 






the handle B, or to tlio «h«ol 0, thA MalkiiiMl roller wImmI 
will nv6]««, tlivrcby miiTTiiiif tha rollei*, which, ouniiw 
past dio niolum p(»-t-}u>l>>, cniwe njwitikl vmgiuun mm 
loren thr wn'cr up the ririn^ nuin. TImtc porapa tiMijr ht 
rnriorf tc iiuit cirrumnuuicm. Kod u their luuae w legion. 
Mtd the pluiuW Luvtuir liille to Au witli thcnt. it i» uuC 
iHHUMiiji t» fnrtbor oxpliiiti in thi* wuric, om be abunld duw 
be able tu tliiiik for hiiuvclf about pump work. 



CtiRln Pump*. (Sm ¥ig. 918.) 

71k-t« Are a rsrie^ of di^n pnmn. The priticiple \» 
nckrlr that of tho np wheel nrr<?nvd. Br taming- bade 
tu Fig. 91)1), fbDil itnaffitiiiifc the htukri F. C, II to bo 
dipiUDH into Iht! waUT, and tlin whtwl K to miikv pru^fRwa 
fTOtn L to M. it will bs nlajn that audi na appcntaa ransC 
hiing the K'n.twr from bolow in thw backtrbi ud diacfaargv 
thanuelTM into a mitable tnmgfa at th« t<^, m at Tig. ttlft. 

Ttt^a pampa an rny much lued for bringing wal«r out. 
of wtt axoamtlona, for Hwora. ieup cuttingv, and Knch-lilro 
plaooB. Thef arc cxoccdln^^lj hundy in plncw whom 
ahiiiglM and mi^h-likc, oron to brirkbtits. nhcuiiil. 

Anolhi^r kind of chuiti p-iiinp in to pintv diMs on xn 
oiidlf-n* chiiii], tho ujjwocd portion of wbidi paows through 
fto upritrbt tabo. 

Pumps for Testing Purposes. 

Tt nftrn hnpjHtn* that a plumber rmuiroH to toot hla 
valTM or oiNiks fur iH)uti(IneM. M;r wnrlc i^n pnnnp* will, 
therefore, not bo ooonplBto witbonl n-ftTrncn to tho imm: 
S«cb an appanlos ia tbown at Tig. 911, and bjr mnful 
vxawlBBtloii ytm will aoe thkt alnont any u ra wuro oaa \m 
pal uk to tho vairo or oook, which maj bo ftxed iw afaovn 



rtrxrrs. 



437 



fAcvI valvo bj & Knnr, wbicli kn-p* tbv valw ilown 
upon a Boitnblc innttiif; of kaditr, Uiruu|,'h wlioli pnrwcH 
tlio pipe fruiu the pump. After what I hiiTo ami mi 
ptimpv, Kuah a due as is addwii in this Ki^. iritl bw clewly 
undontood, ms iii rrnlity itn Bftiiin w tho mimi kn «t 
Fig 903 : Init tbla pN*LuK ■>' f<<ntiiJ)r pump, Fl^"- 9H, 
hu a putou ur plutigvr of vrry Bmatl diuncior, tvtm as 
■imI) ss, Mt}-. n wjiinrv half im-h. Nnw, siiiipnnin^ mich 
an npparutuH t(> Iid iti jour jiuRBviwiiuit, itod it to nqiured lo 
koow what prmsHTe juii cuu put p«r square hub upon tbc 
cock. Say the Irrcr i» Sft., tli« fvlcnun 'iia.. lurr wc 
hare a mnltinlloatioti of thirty tttni*. N'lw, siipi»iHin;; 
lUO Iba. wvi^nl to K- put ou ttio eud uf the lover. })etv joii 
tiarc Ihirl)- timrii 100 lbs. (.1,000 Hip.) tm'winft upcjn t.hii 
piaton (ir jiIiinjfiT, whicli, m hcfora lUiio. is half un inch 
nquun- am, aud. an lliutv are fmu- half inchea in tlio uuti 
(■quari' iiiili, it will ho plain thiit you will havci p*r square 
iaoti pnamitT' to ti>ii1(:]Hy Uio thirty UH) )ba. I>y funr, which 
l^quBls iini' himdrMl uuti Iwcaty lOU \hn.. or say I'J.OOO lbs. 
to tho aquiuv iadi Thin appnrataa is supplicsl with wat«r 
from tho ciatvru abovu, ur in luiy «thur way. 



Boiler and Tank Test«p«. 

ThJA eloM u[ tc»U!T is fihovn at f\(f. 91ft, aud vill bo 
readily uiidemtood. 



v^^ 



rtii. mi'. 
Both o( the aboTC pumps may ho had fruui Ucasra. BaUuy - 

HydrauJlc Lifts and PreaaeB. 

T««i harp wyn what enormuuM pn-muro oiii hi.- olilaintil 
by Iho Iwci fun-to'iitifr liinfrr'im*. Wp will now ncf? whal 
I be ddiw by the byilratiUo jjixi*. which, for simnlidty'a 
D, I havu dragnet Tur. Die. Hi>r«, nt C, B. I.. K. is 
itace pump, thn pinton of wbinh ia, say. for nimplc 
oalml&tiicm a aaVe, on» M|uiir<r inch, Uie Unrra^ of linnifle, 
multiplied hy rix, aay, <i|-2 lt«. Now, mv the ruDii, N, (o 
be wjual lo m m|iiiLre inches. l\m, iniilliplied by 672, 
lfi»*B a lift ' " 'be., or nvcr 13 tonn lift. HI<ro. in 

ihis finplo he «o*ri what etianamut power nufti 

bo obtttinoil ^nrr. 



"nmcUM 



■> at UNION VALVK. 



ssrsa LBS 



fiflj£J£^. 



i^LUWGtJt 



DetBS 

e 
entf 



/ 



UNIOM VALV& V 



Vltf. »10. 



Cupping Leathers foi* Pumps. 

Vou may Tcuniiv lo make a cup leather fur tho bucJcet 
Jli Fig. 817. This you cso do ■» nhown at Fi|f- 917. & 
in simply au in>& riuK uboul tb" m/v iiud lU-plh yoiL nqulrc 
as a cup loatb^'T, L ia the leather, K the pluK, the Aame 
nzc as Ihe ring, bar tli« thickntMos of tho lealhar. S a 



WCT 

l-eATHER 



I IT BENCH 



(>-' 



SCR^wv 
NUT 

Pin. ;>I7 



B 



iwTpw, nctiiatol bv fi uut iLndemeatb, and woriting thnragh 
H bulo in ihu hiiiul] fir othrrwiw. 

llaTing got the leaihwr tlie rigM aubslaoce and fii«e. 
vvlleocdK it. aud fix it us i^huwn. and K-row. orothorwiao 
prwB it Into the aodtet. nod let it xrand til] dry ; tiKin trim 
off the cdgw, and vou bare tli4.< cup Icathrr. 

Thefw nip Lrnlfiprn nxv liJtiiidly cupped up with tho 
latbe, H being a L-lii<.-k. K. n plug to fon.-e tl» Wthctr ^ac 
ititw till.' chock with tho back eejitrr, rhni the iHirphui 
leather <ian bn ttimmrd off with a cutting ("xd wlnUi fho 
latho wvolvtto, but, a« cteryono baa nut k lathe, tho i^g. 
givou. 



PUMPS. 



489 



Itiie taw«r. Tbo wiodmai itacK ia oF the irbwl typff. SS^ft. 

|iD difttnptcr, Knd fonwe «at«r 2,000 yurdi liurizontallr to & 
Bci^kt of 'i'.'3ft. [nio • 0fi,O(IO pvlliin roMTvoir — two cUvb' 
work. Tfaia mudmiU hui a fuundaliun 46ft. iiquw. lliai 
fTxini>ir(irk r^ts iipnn «ight pinn, one at Mvh rorner, uid 
onu uador tbe ovKiro u( mi«L, oiilu. Fur tho Anl l'J5f(. of 
the lower, Hk Iramio);: cnnsjstd of Iwary yellow piac, 
harinfl: Oin. wjhuyi Btrato At «Mti comer jiost, uid bin. by 
lOln. fur llio M-nlni anlumiut, »U bmoed toother by hniiTy 
timbKi, 'nuJTo Id about nix totuof iruuwurk ia 



jirTiviHi'^* 






th* frnmewoirk alocw. Th*r« »t* k miinber nf fllgbt« or 
ftorio* fiom 13ft. Ut Ifift. hi|{k, cgaDiretiKl by a lUucaN. 
Then is ut cfuy acocM to tbo top, wlikh U iOtt. nquare. 

Thix in ono of the bMt winamilla for ordinary pump 
wurk, tMiilnblc! for rabin^ wntcr l&Oft. hi^fa abovn tbo l)iti<I 
nf thi) wutor in llio w«lt. It ia nuilatite for wat'-r Mipply to 
nuiisioiie. •^i>tiit4^, fnmui, &c> : also appUcablo for dnutu^. 

Tim piimjiH ran be plnred in the mpporbi, or down tho 
Wi?ll, bdl .ilwajN wiUiiu Uii' drttu^bl of tbe wat«r. 

Th^ rlaiu <if pnmp to be unci should be of the mntiniioiu 
prinivd t'laiw. 

The jreucral height from ground lar«l to osntro of Mtil, 
is 10ft. to 50ft. 

A Ho. I, with 3in. pnmp, and IRft. to th» «<eatr« of 
Asil from (ground, with an nvrrnxg oifrht daya' wwk, and « 
hn.vtv of fgiirtcfu milea per honr, ahoiuil throw 260 gaUoiM 
lOOft. high per bflur, 

A Ko. 'i, with a Sin. immp, and 17ft. nnnlrr fmm Ihe 
ground, will throw 'JAO gnllotui loOlt. high |wr huur. 

A Ko. 2, with a 4m. punip, wilt raiao 400 g 
IWh. high [iirbour. 

8toriiiC(i ttkiiba should have n L'a]>acily of tit Icut aix 

darn' ru'linliniptlOIi. 

MfiihiH. UayuruttI Tj-I-t will gwuatiU*' thifl work. 

Thwc wmdnnlls lari' auu-mittlu nitlety nxifing. acU* 
faring tho wiiul, and hand n.'gulnliug' npparntUH. 

I luay add that ufleu windmill pumpn nrr nloo flttad 
with bnnm g<:ar Ut Work tho i^ump when th<.- wiud t* not 
aiifilcicut ; aW tlivjr are fittvd for band work, mm shown. 



Electric Pumpt. 



gallous 



m^ 



HAVv*/>«^Tr.E«^' 



n«. V3>. 



flu, vtl. 

IV- 921 iUuittratm a svt of pumpi* workwl hy eleotrioity, 
and nro Trry iiarfnl fn placm when? a ^le%m or gaa mgiue 
oannut br (rinpluynl. 

If you haw the «levtrie wir« ui,<ccMHiry for liKhtiu^ 
p urp ow w numinif by j our hooce or pnmiaa, all you want 
la a conneetloii. and lou hare what power you T«>iulro 
wheut'tiT you likr. H»n.- U anatbiT atroog wove by- 
Mca»n>. Ilaynuiil TyVr 



pmrrs. 



441 




Stationary St«am Engine Driven Pumpa, 

Vig~ 93- i* AD iihiaLraiiiiii ii( a m^ nf tlirw tlimw iniin|>a, 
■bowiniT U>o cuu{>nii|{ iirrtiJ<ir>;nK-iilJ> vt BfcMrv. Tjwr. 
Then U, with tbia Amnt^iuvnt, n Siwhwl, wlikh k«epfi 
tbp work BtMidr Bad ncgriiliir. no niaticr wbvthct joa work 
OOF. Iwu, or tliTr« Imitt-U at our timr. Th« ImitdIs, »» 
ima tw Mvn, aiv bolted witfa long nd» or bulta doim upon 
Che BtaiRi tni tndcr pu-t ol toe pninpi by nitaUc la^ 
Dmrthetopof thebanvlH. 

On tbe ngfat-hand aide of Piff. G22 in tu !>« Men n 
decidad improTenMnl in dp*^ w«l! putnp*. doMgned to meet 
the nqitireiiinitji uf fluciimtiuK Wirliu vf water in wrik. 
amunar or wiatcr. In this piin of the diagnm you will 
Nao tho workinr buret* ninng li«low th f aU gt; yon vill 
alao My. the hmght nf Lhn wat«r nt HIGHB^ WATER 
I>BVKL, and, aa » aUo abown. the latreat wat«r level. 
This mclbud of fixing paapa allows tha phnobBr Iw pui 
Di>w <rBp lAachent or Tuvm whan, the pump baAnlit Mtv 
below line vaUt. and will U> well OMCtvwod and «p> 
pnciat«d by th» irorkiaan. 



Pumping Station Engtnet. 

Tss WosTHtmiTtMt Siaui Pnu*. 

The TalTO motion ia the pro* 
minent aiid diattfiiniiahin^ p«eu- 
liarily of th« Wnrthintftim punp- 
Tu ii it owea ita ocMD|&te oxvinp- 
tfam ftom doIm or ooneaaaira 
notion. Two ateaio pvinp* (neo 
anetion aud wlevation, Vifn. 033 
and 9'27a) *i« placed dda by aide 
forming one miu>Line. and «o cum- 
blnod aa to lut tv<:i|mH»lty qiiob 
the alaam vaKe* ul eadi other. 
TIm one pinton lutu to give *t*win 
te the other after whkh It flniihna 
Ub own atmin!, and waitH for ita 
valvo to be utod upon before it 
oaa renew iU mutiou. Tliia pauao 
altowa all the Ruter ralm to aeat 
qolotly, and mnowii erorythiBg 
nka hiipOi ftrw t <■( motion. 

At oao or the othor of the nleam valTM mwt be always 

r, there eaa be wt d«iul point. Tho pnmp \», (harrfore, 
y« ready to ntarl wbi-n tltu nimtn m lulmittod, and ia 
mamgad by the rimplu opoing aud dhuttiug of liio thiottlfl 
valve. 

In ita appUmtion tn Nteam numpa for anlinory An-Tic«, 
aaweUaato water work* Ptigiiui* nf l»i>')*t ulnas, a onm- 
Uaatkai of nliabiUty. with i>couoniy iu rirst ooet, and 
in nraniDir mtntuMt. in attoiitod, not roaSiKd liy any other 
tyno iif iiiiiupiiiir iiiachiitery. 

It i* rl.iiiDHl tiint thin inarbinti l» dintinifiiiRliiid for fcm^t 
■implic'ilj aiid Ntrviitcth orvutiHtrDetiuii, liaviupr few niiitiug 
part#, with im> handi mutiuuB, aud not Bubjecl to frBctorv or 
other daraugvmtmt. 

in the amnifomcot lit the Wurtliinf^im Kl«un pump, 
arnoial car* Iim bat.<u taken to have tht* parta osjilly m^cm- 
■ndo for i iwpuctiuu or rvpain. All tlM moving pioooa bri»K 
mtitt to tfaugo. tlu^ ean be roadtly renewed. 

Ad-lnl Ut Un d unildlity. the ■iiiooth and noiaeleM action 
ol the Worthinglim «iriim punip makra it pmffrahlu rni 
mauv Ein]iiiriaiit tervkok. whcri- iIh* jnr •>! h aiii4fl« oylhidtT 
(>r onink and fivwbeel pump* would bo ubjoctiuiiBb]*] or 
d irtnii'liYti. 

11>r Muvinaful npplir.atiuli uf » pumpdcp^^daniUcb ■»» 
Ita prt>pi<r m-ira-tUni from among many pRttema diffanng 
fmiu »>tnli ntitcr in riao, pmiwrtion, material, and gonaral 
anangeiu«nt. 



The following nTv liv e^sntial polata lo snaly when 
aboat tn adopt lbi« in>|inrtant (tlaw M P*>*P = — 

lit,— Towhul ■■rvirr ia it lo Iw applied F 

Slid. — Tbei|aality (rf tbi.> liquid to b« pomped, whether 
suit, (mfa, add, d-.-ar ur unity ; and whetlwr it it tw be 
pumped oold or but. When hoi water la to be puniwd, the 
diffiiniliy of Ufling it by raetion iiMteaaM with tide hem- 
peratara. It ohonld tlmnt fon t Im> airanged bo flow into the 
pump ubambn. if *u hot aa lo raptirlae whca the prwiiiw 
of the atmofpbcR ie ninaval. 

3n).- To what A>^A( la the water to be lifted by «MertM, 
and what is the lengtii and diameter of the aaetioo and 
dianhargip pipoa ?" 

4tb. - Of wliat iBAterial ia the metioo pipe, and what i* 
ita geopral arrangeraoit aa regards othw pluoa leading into 

it, Af . f 

Ath.— To what hoigfat, or against what pn e au re Is the 
wat«r lo Iw pumped f ^^ 

nth.— What ia the greatest qnan- 
titT of water needed per hour Y 

'th. — What prsaanre of uleam t* 
uaedl 




Vui. ■tat. 

Wbeu calciilnLiag tht- cnpaoitr *>l lUu WuHhlngton 
pump, rcrocmbcT that It b(V)twod<]uule-actIiippIi)ngon*,Bnd, 
clutrt-foro, four times that of a aingto-aeting jiump of the 
auDo aim. 




Viu. tniA. 



442 



PUMPS. 



The QloMTatira, TIf ■ 923, U & HnHiDnitt \ir-v <■'{ •nx- ftidt^ 
or balf of a WurtUngloa DIkIi pn-AUit^ nUnut iiuiii)i ttl 
vrdiiiary conMtmctintt. Ib< obji^t in l<> nliihii i1)i> )j[rcul 
xiuiplirity <rf it* inttritir «miiiitt'nw.*«t. twiHtniillj- tlinl |>fv- 
Uimng U> UiAitbutm vnlrc. 

Hiia valnr, u nuij he w.-m Nt K, to «i ordinitrj "tide 
vb1v«>, wnrkiDg unin a ftnl fnoo u*nr iKirt* <>r u|imitiKf<- 
ItB Bimplicity oitii dumbility, in cnotriMi with sii}- ulhw 
form of tfteom rxlvr, nro well known. Althmik'li nununiiui 
ftttonpta huvt' Wm nia>k lo iiuiienM-tle it, it olill nukinUinN 
ite p|n(!« on luooniutiven and otijcr fomix 'if tii^)) {jrcxmii-v 
milk inHfines. No mnttiir hnw l<>ii^ llio i^i^i^i' iniiy oIjUkI 
injicttv«,s diilc niKr will not riu>i or mlticrv lu it* tvai.tnid 
is it1w»y» PWidy M Stan when re-qnirfd. No walfr tan 
ooUvct 111 ltd e»vitie" lo pr<«lurt^ tmuhlo by fneiinji- In a 
mird, it may Ix- iiJlixl iw i-iuijil'wl wiid iinjnl n-Iiiil>li' Blcntu 
«alvc )inovrn to «Q)^c«n. 

In tilt' 'U'orthlngtou cn^inp till' mntioii of thiH vatva ■» 
pn.>li)i.¥<l bj- n vibniUnp iimi, iwwn nt F, whirh i>wing« 
tbruugfa tliv «'hr)l(^ li!U|fUL of ihtf Mtruke, witb luu]; ftnil oiiiy 
IcTcragr^. Ar the moving purte am alwKj'B jo cooUot. tnb 
blow iuMrpAnblt; from thr^ tjipprt K^rNfm ijt avoidrd. Kran 
the truitiitti of Uiti wt'U-kivnii'ii tcoeiitriti upiin cniiik I'utontw 
ii nut OuBiiHtralilci lo ihio f>.>r riKula-ritte frirtiaii amJ ihini- 
biUty. 

Yoii iibotild nW dirrrt your Rrtcntifiii tii thr nimnjff niMil 
of Iho donblo'-nirtiiiK ]>Iuii),Tr, iiluiwu at B, wliii'li liifTcTs 
fmm nil our previous puimw. tltrrt^ tlio nUti-iii tn innn' Ilk*' 
B cylinder wurkin); UiitHigli it <|i-cp uit'tiillir' paikiiiK nnu< 
bt'iYtl tnun acAumti^fil, hc-inj; ii,dtli<'ri^liLMti« tioriuljiiiit4i)j|<i. 
Biitli tlie nuK iiud tbr plnii^'Vi' run l)e (inickty tnkm i>ul. 
and i^ilbrr rrtitt^'il nr I'li'.hiiiiK'd for iir>w mit^n ;il KTimll ('nut ; 
and if it U> drvlivd at nuy tiun' (o •■Iihuk'' I1j'> |.jrii|ii>rtiuu< 
btrtwonn the steam pistone aud pumpe. ii ptHUirer of m'Eeic- 
whAt larfcpr mm. or decrcued t.^ nny Hinitlli^r diamctrr, imiii 
bo ir«ilily ■tibatttiit4<d. Aorxai't ijnipurLiuun Wlwi'tui ihH 
puwvr uuO work iLre alwayK d^^irdbli-, if nut nocMfwory, thi* 
IS a vtry import-int adv&ntsiw. 

'riiin .■^y>l1l^t of n'^iii'u-iii tit tho workiii)^ pirtn liim l>cen 
jirvred by lutig ezperieuco to !» tlio l<!ii«t (fX|Mmiiii'H nnil 
luovt saiiid'iMtorT tor ordiuaiy woik. Tte plun^rer Is 
lovated mane iuoau abuvo thf sucliim vuIvok, t<> form a 
mibt^ing ubainlier, iiilu which nay frafigit Kutiatanee roar 
fall bekiw Ifao w^^nring Burfiuies. lliii eniiblon it t-n work 
longrr wilhcml rrnewnl tbun tLo iiamil fomi of piitmi pump, 
«m>ccIaUy in watvr ooutalulut; K^Jt or othir Mitid uiiiU-r-al. 
The W&Usr c&totv the pump from the Baotion rlianthcT C, 
through the Buotibn vu]v<--«, then pim»f!» imrtly jin-iirjd nnd 
partly by the end <jf tliu pluii>pT, thrmiH'b the riniiiK uutin 
valri^ ii(<nrly in & straight counK', into the di'liii-ry 
cbanibtT D, ihiu tmvcrMnjjr n very <tir*Ti imi] umpli; vat4.'r 
way. Thn bottiim and tap fiiutt^ fnmir<h a ln-gt- un-ii f>ir 
thn accommodation of tlie vhIvdh. T1ii-m- imuHiNt of ncvt'nil 
mnall iliKCM of niblH?T. or othiFr ■iiitAbln miitn'riiil, rmy ti> 
etamitte, and in«xjm;ui>tvf tu rvpluuv. 

As before iiaid. Fijr- 9'23 only shiw:* half of tho niiif'hiiw>, 
but, by <-inniining tho i^l^vtttiuii. P'i(f. 9'J3i.. tbo trhoV. or 
ain>aT'<ut, Iwii pumpi and vtviun cylind"r« vuu ho obt«r*t«d. 
I I'hyc flxc<l umny L<f tbt-ti tiumpn in thi-miml mid «thi-r 
work*, nnd the iptaulity of iViciu fluppHi-d In ilIukhI. if oot 
■|iul<.>. a f^uarautn' a* Ui tlinir pi'rr»niiaiii'i> nnd <|iinlity i.if 
workiriJiiiKliip : for whi'ii it i* iimiwii ihiii iil tin- jinm-tit 
nRiiiii-iil tbo tntjil daily capri<-ity of th>> WurOiin^fton 
pampiuif t-fnfiii»=> nn wat«T work wcrvico is elo«ie on tbrw 
trillion gallons, it is miutlhiiiif tu wnmuit <mn in myiniiC 
Ihal Ibia t'ompany !■ ono nf, if not tlie flrvil pijuiii riinki'tii 
in the worlil. And it uiuat not h- lost Hjflil of Uiat thi-SL- 
|iimpfl aro not only far ordiitirr WIll^^ piinipinir. ln;l, art- 
rondc tor pampinK air. midn. siid for ^'I'uciiil ulii!ini<'«] 
works Worlt, and uUii fur hi-ary liydrniilic lift*, \i'., Jiml 1 
baT» never luivwu oik- that 1m> not jpvvn (fvuml aaliit- 



This aloani pump, Fi^^. U?3&, is a i>|iJfiN)ld pieNr of 
nixrhaniMiii, uiorh iiH>d nt I'*IVC pumping i>liitii.iDs. It ia 
uiadv Vy <hp Piri! Appliuim' oiiojiaay, lo any uistiuiludtt, 
and is * troo>l piiH^- 1.( byilmollr engrniwrin^. 




MO. BBM, 



Water Motors. 



FifT- ^i^ illuatratM a WoHhiu^on water motor 
KKiall aUei. The larger t>Lze"> ditffr i<on]dd6nMy ia gvownl 
upp(>arum«. 

ThwM uiochinr* nn> dn^trnM to lie dri^-en hy watft 
pnawin; itiiit«i»il nf Mltiuii. Id Ihtfir oon*tnifHon ihry do 
iiid differ matorially froni tlit> onlinnry WortJiiiif(1»n •liwm 
pump, enomt thai tli«driviu)i rytitKlvra ar«> |>roTiil«d with 
porta and puttonv aiiltahlo for wator praentirv. 




Fio. fact, 

Thoyirfl ext^njqvcly ns«l In tho at-rvioc of aiippjTfnff' 
houBo tnnko with wntcr. where Ihf pri^e-ure in the 
sli-M^t id hi)t AuHii-icitl in ibo-lf to till tbi- t^nkn. In KuA 
ruMs n (Attain prii|iitrti<iu nf ilii.' w.-iiur frutn |]ii> main ia 
iiMvl ti> drivo Chd motor and lift ii tinalliT prop >rtion to iho 
Imik. 

Thiyjr arc «niRtru^t<^ of pifiporiifmM *nilHbV for any ^i 
cnndifjonx nf w>rvioi>, mill }iati> bo»ii l>uiU c-f large sixO'^H 
(ia liable of loimilyiiJjf t.iwn* or cities with water. In the ^| 
larger ulzum tSiv liriviiif.' cylinder valwsi sre JMiUnocd. * 

In di'Mi^iiig luotorM for no/ i^iren work, the following 
■louditions bIihijIiI lie ktiiiwn : — 

lot.— inj4" Lt'iLrhl to whiuh (he wtiliT in to bv elevated, 
id 

■ — '"''* P' 
under whi'oh like wat<>r to hp u*i<i] in drivini^ thu nodiine 



it« quiuitU)-, iiud thi- oi^e of conncctint; pipes, 
'ind. — The pn.vaure ptt M|U.im iiioh. or hoad in iHt. 



will nntor tko rylinditra, and thr> ij^iuintity tJiot OWI bo 
utiliM-d. 

:ird. — Whother the ksidi.' wnt«r that ia to he used in 
dririnK th« mtklor i* to lie pumped, or water from nnolhcr 

»uuri-i!. 

When tlmee data ]in> fnriii«[ii il. W Urlhington IXWtaBi 
wla^l^ for t^uy •orvi'-'u cnu bfi 



« 



ruMrs. 



448 



taar of Sibbb er Wateb Hotons- 



flrnt 



»t 



K < ] K 12 



ftO 

eo 
«o 

00 
48 
4ft 
iS 
40 
40 
40 



fliuHwnm. 




yW JrvifUMlr Ik* mam, gift (A* Mmmrttr of l^ien- C^li n4*rt «nit 
Ptmt/H'if CglinJtr*. anut Imflh vf Slrvkt ; atto tn Jty'retm-i, 

Useful Hints and Faets- 

To Bx ComnTTiirj TW Mfjcoby. 

One {mjwrinl Nmlltm = a77'274 cubic inctwf. 

OiU( imjwrinl K'>""<i = '"^ ctibiu foot. 

One impiTiaJ t(ulloa -^ 10 lb*, 

OiMj I'libio iiifjl uf vAt>?r = 'OiCOT lb. 

Ono cubic (.Ki( «if wnb-r ■= CW iin|MTuI 2>ll<!e:^ 

One cubic 1lm4 uf WBt<!t =^ S.!! i^wt. 

lino pniind of wntw ■= 2("i; ruble IdcIks.. 

Oiip )>uiui<l -jf wiiLcr = '10 impi'rijil ifsllgQ. 

One cm. of water = 1-8 mibic fftot. 

Oii« Icn iif water =^ 3-V!>«ubi>i: f<«t. 

Out! ton (>f wniar -^ i'l\ iiapdriiil giLllon*. 

A cotiinw of watvr 1ft. hii;h luic u [iKaituro at biiso of 

'4^1 lb. per aqoare lui li. 
A prcA^uitt iif I lb. pur nqunro incii ~ a cului&a 3'3I 

fetit \»^\i. 

Frlctional Losa In PIpat. 

AlTIKlXIIUTB Fl^W I'lUl UurtTTK. 

Kmrtifht pipe ItlOfi. lon^ will cut di>wti tlie hand and 
wind Um flow aa (oUows, in ponndt prtvHr*: — 




an the miiiarp inch frnm I to iSO fec4. and by ravmin^ Ilia 
vrAot fruin Ibn. tu fvul, <utn \» wen at a iHano*. 



Theoretical Water Preiaure Table per S«^uare Inch. 

For tliriHi! thill riinnm raiililf rnli-ulAlf, anil for ijuick 
- »h« fuUowtiiff worked out labk tA thn pivi!*me 



SI 5 
o 


III 

O7 




B a u 


ill 





e 


In 


^^1 


27-72 




AH 


in 


1 


0-43 


64 


55-01 


I'JO 


82-30 


3 


OM 


66 


2S 1.-, 


128 


59-44 


l»l 


82:j 


3 


1-30 


66 


2h-.'.B 


i-.*y 


66-88 


IW 


83-11 


4 


1-73 


67 


-.".i-i):; 


1:10 


56-31 


193 


83-60 


& 


3 16 


SS 


2!>4fi 


131 


5ti-74 


U14 


84 03 


6 


2M» 


Oi) 


20'»8 


132 


57-18 


195 


84-47 


7 


!IOX 


70 


:io-;i-j 


133 


S7-(ii 


Itli! 


84-90 


8 


3 -41) 


"1 


30Tfi 


134 


58-04 


107 


86-33 


9 


3S9 


T3 


31 18 


135 


58-48 


1SJ8 


86-76 


10 


4-3n 


73 


3l»K 


13(1 


68-Bl 


IfiO 


86-20 


11 


4-76 


74 


si-ois 


137 


59-34 


■.'00 


86-63 


13 


A '20 


7fi 


3-i 4a 


I3K 


5;i-77 


201 


87-07 


Vi 


fi-es 


76 


32 Ifi 


139 


(iO-21 


•202 


87-60 


14 


AM 


77 


33 35 


140 


oo-et 


203 


87 93 


1ft 


fl-49 


78 


33-78 


141 


iil-07 


201 


88-36 


n 


A'»3 


70 


34-21 


142 


61-51 


206 


8880 


i; 


7 38 


80 


34 65 


143 


61 -Jit 


206 


89-23 


18 


7-79 


81 


380!* 


144 


62-37 


207 


89'6C 


]& 


8 22 


»1 


sn-Aj 


145 


(>2-81 


208 


90 10 


2D 


8-iU: 


83 


3a-1>5 


lid 


63-21 


201) 


90-53 


21 


0-Ofi 


Si 


ati-iiu 


147 


63 67 


210 


90-06 


Vi 


tl-53 


86 


311 8-J 


148 


04-11} 


-ill 


9t-3t> 


23 


goo 


86 


37 25 


L49 


64-64 


212 


91-83 


24 


tU'3S 


87 


37-68 


160 


S4-U7 


213 


9-^-26 


26 


10 82 


88 


3SU 


161 


6S-4S 


214 


92-69 


20 


11-26 


89 


38-58 


152 


fi6-84 


215 


»3-13 


27 


11-09 


BO 


39-98 


153 


68-27 


216 


ea-5« 


2H 


12 12 


1)1 


. -i^Vi 


IM 


fili-70 


217 


B3-1W 


29 


is-ss 


9% 


39 '86 


165 


67 14 


218 


94-43 


30 


I2'.)i) 


S3 


40-28 


15a 


6-37 


219 


94-86 


'i\ 


13-42 


9i 


10 72 


137 


68-00 


■220 


96-30 


12 


13-80 


06 


tl-U 


168 


GS'43 


221 


05-73 


33 


14-2U 


96 


41-58 


151) 


68 87 


222 


M-IS 


a4 


u-'a 


97 


4'J 01 


ISO 


fi'J 31 


■j-i3 


96-60 


36 


15-16 


98 


4-J 43 


161 


«y74 


224 


97'«5I 


3S 


nb9 


99 


42-S* 


Ut 


70-17 


224 


B7-4fl 


37 


I6-0-i 


lUO 


43 -ill 


W.\ 


70-iil 


22t 


07-90 


S8 


16-46 


lOl 


43-; A 


164 


71-04 


2-J- 


98-35 


39 


ia-8a 


102 


44 18 


1A5 


71-47 


228 


98-70 


10 


17-32 


103 


44'Cl 


106 


7r!Ji 


22& 


Bfl-20 


41 


i7-;s 


104 


46-06 


187 


72-34 


230 


99-63 


12 


I81B 


lOS 


45-48 


168 


72 77 


281 


100-06 


43 


1862 


106 


46-01 


IQ9 


73 ^o 


232 


100-49 


41 


I9-03 


107 


4r.:u 


1:0 


73' 64 


■2n 


1(M)-V3 


4S 


ID-4i) 


108 


4t^;8 


171 


74-0* 


234 


101-36 


4fi 


10112 


too 


4T-1'I 


172 


74 oO 


■J 35 


l()l-79 


47 


20-36 


110 


47 04 


173 


74 '.14 


■.>3fi 


102-23 


4S 


SO-TO 


111 


48-<.i8 


171 


76--J7 


237 


10266 


49 


Sl-i2 


112 


48-51 


175 


7flSti 


238 


lD3-flU 


fiO 


2I-06 


113 


48-94 


176 


7a-23 


23W 


103-53 


Al 


32 OS 


114 


4H-;i« 


177 


7667 


240 


103-911 


A2 


22-52 


1(6 


49 »1 


178 


7; 10 


241 


104-39 


a) 


22i;8 


116 


iiV J4 


179 


7.-53 


24V 


IDI-iCI 


64 


23-89 


1(7 


AO'tltt 


I8U 


7c97 


2I» 


I0fi-2fl 


(U 


2382 


lis 


51-11 


181 


78-40 


214 


106OB 


M 


24-20 


119 


51-54 


182 


78-84 


245 


106-13 


37 


24-60 


120 


51-98 


183 


79-27 


216 


1U6-A6 


M 


26-12 


121 


52 -4 1 


184 


79'7u 


247 


100-9fl 


ftfl 


2«-&S 


122 


53-84 


185 


81114 


218 


107-43 


GO 


2S-W 


123 


53 --'8 


188 


80 57 


2I» 


107-86 


411 


2fi»3 


124 


5371 


187 


Bl 00 


260 


108-29 


(11 


2«-a4 


126 


54-16 


188 


81-43 






«3 


27-2B 


126 


64-88 


189 


81-87 







444 



pr^fps. 



Bonds and Lom of Head. 

Tho RviiUiUM? •■fftrrcd liy )h<iii1« in obaniielA or pi]>M lo 
tiw Bow ot water is oaodd«n1)l(i, and them tin: naay 
■MtbodH of calculnlinp the Lom, tiid tho folluTio^ in 
B ci d ino ro'g, w m tatAoA :■— 




A s head in ineliM, to ororcomo rAristonoo. 

I' = vdocJtT in inohiw, per amoiid. 
S K linn of angle. 
X = ORffilwr of bonda. 

- a Itj-dnmlio nieui dcpib of |iIjmi. 

Lom of hMd eniMrd hy Wndi* nhmild br in your caI- 
cuUtiona tiln^n or iledtut^d from Uhi h«ad, and tba 
tBlovlBtlons then roade with tho reduced bead. 



Tablet and Quostlonaon PIpos, WcIIb, Pumpe, 
Power, &o. 

>*ow that we hare B«ue thn>ii|rb th« (oregoln? pre- 

fisralOT^ work, whioh uan frivt-ii inj n-udcra a mnaral 
nudght inla Uw adenoe and art at the pomp, t will give, 
befuru proMiedinif further, a few taUes and rule* auitabla 
torphunbptu' mirk. 

Tho foUuwiux ruU« and tables wUl at tiiuM bv funnd 
nsefol to tho workings plumber: and, in order to nuk'O 
tliDin oa aiinple a* ]K)MJblc. I will Ite^io by cxt>bL(iiii)g tb« 
law iif fa11iu|t iHidim, ii)iii*h, if undimbMid, will ouablo ihv 
workirtan to caluululc the fluM' uf wiiter throui^h plpea 'by 
gnritation. I ehall ulfid ^vci ralca firr iitttxTtaining tlm 
iiniciiint nf friciiuti, »r l-nw of hpiul nl itiiU^r, wlico runuiiif; 
Uin>UKli luij^ iii]]en mid Iwiidn; iIjh uu-thod of cji]<:u1atiiiK' 
lliv arnwimi of wntor n pump will throw; powor rr<|iiirc«l 
to work it, ant] swh Ukv. Dut it idioiild bu dljituietlj' 
tuuIiTHtoDd that. Hiiiiptioitr is the great thing ninied at. and 
tbcn'furr in miiir (taACM Irir plain tiffurea will iiof. noAWcr 
ftJT ihuoroticj] wurk, but iti iill uaaca it will aiuiwiir owry 
puriJo»e for tlie practical plumber. 



Oravltfttion; 

Or the law of falling Imdins which Hirt-(im« th<> Sow nf 
water wbm fal1i»tc<hi\)itiih pinoBfaW for«iieti>ni plpw). — 
TImi iiluinlKir, iit order that be may toll the quantily of 
nal<:r which will flow through a Mintion pi|)C. i>r from a 
• IstFTR tlirmigh u trivMi xiii^ pil>" into a w.i;., Ac, in a 
Kiviv tiiuo, nhuulil luake hinjiwlf tJiwuitghlv acquainted 
with the foUowiug mlM of gTariUitiun or atLmcliva. or 
law of falling bodiM, 

FallfniE Bodiet. 

A Ijody falliiiK from a hoight will, spproximatoly tipeak- 
inv, fall left, in tlic fir-t Bvcimd of tiiuv ; but in rvulity it 
f«!U lOft. lin., which \»tu^ in practleu la not takMi into 
ooaaidtfTiitaaii. Siiy, I lift, in the first eroonil of time, it 
will, ID tilt- »w<ond wcoiul, fall thn-n linifw tlii« diatoncn — 
riJt,, -18fl. : flra timua 16ft. in Uiu tliinl necoiid; wvun 
time* that in th" fourth second, and so ua: tta velocity 
inrrwuiiaft duriuK fV-'t? tuocos-iirc Kflond U tho odd 
uumbrn run— via,, I, .1, A, T, 9, II, i:<, 16, Itc, Uir n^HiilL 
of which will bv fuuud iu the following table :— 



Lawr* of Falling Bodies: 



^'imout ralllDC 


la •Hood*. 


1 aeoond. 


SsKoada. I 


3 




i 




S 




s 


„ 


7 




S 




9 




10 





Space hltBD 

IhrouKli, 



16 feot, 
64 .. 



Ml 

2fiQ 

57 B 

TM 

t.03l 

i,2a(i 

1,600 



Hpan fallen 

ilirou(ti InlMt 

Heoaad. 



« „ 

8(1 „ 

111 ,. 

144 „ 

U« .. 

20lt ., 

24(1 ., 

■Hi ,. 

3(M .. 



Valodtraoiulrad 

ai theaiKl 

oT tii« tin* p«t 

■end (I. 



64 „ 

M ,. 

199 „ 

180 .. 

1S2 .. 

"« „ 



ExpUimtioii for wurkiiinf thii ahm-c tahlua. — For u«r 
pUTjKiw, mid for nimpHcity'ii wiko, aiippune we have a 
perfoctly »lr»ight line of vortical pipinu- 16ft. high; now 
drop a bullet throntfh tbut pipe and without tonrhiitg ibi 
ndoH. What will bo the velodty a«nuiveil ul ihf innl of 
the find aoucmd ? For anawvr turn to tho table, coluinu 4, 
wbkililudhwt«a32ft. 

Bnla for workiap. — Multiply the iiqnnro root of thf 
fadght by 8 ; this give* the velocity acquired per oecoud 

Cxamp9«.~v' Ifl = 4 X 8 = 32f t. por Noond. Sw 
oohimn 4 . 

(JuoMtion.— If a body of watortokn X aecooda in falling, 
wbiit will 1* the Yolottity of the wator t 

Itule. — Uultiply UiB time by 32 ; thin givp* the relooity. 

Kxamtilc— 2 1 aa = Mh. persecoud, Soo ool)imii 4, 
n.-cond Ime. 

Wo have M>en that a body will fiitl In the aeoondaecondof 
liinr nt t.ho Ditu of G4ft. ]jot us rovorie Uu* — The volodty 
t(j bt- 84fl. {M-r kcmntd, find the lime of it* falling. 

Kido— Divide the veloiHiy by 32. 

Esiimplo. — II I ~ 32 = a BctKtnda. 

(jiii'fltidti.^ — ir It Ivnly IaIcivi ,1 m^^nds tn fall, find the 
■i|MK'e fulled tbi-ough in tht.- InHt npt-i>tid uf titiio. 

Kul«. — Mulliiily the MiiMid* by 2. find thin pniducrt by 
16. iiiid fruui thin priMluiit di.'dui.'t IS; Lhid givoa thu ttpaM 
inWim through in the laat iioooad. 

Kianplc— 3 . 'i = fi « 16 -* 9fl — 1« = tMt. 

To fiiid tlio tyit<.-ii fiilk-u tlirough tluriug th« S loeondA of 
time. 

RhIo.— Squure the seconda and multiply by 16 ; thia 
givM Ibe iipuoe fallen through. 



Depth of Welle found by Falling Bodice In Tim*. 

Exomplff.— Tho oqiiare of 3 =- « : thia multipliod by la 
ginxa mii, — i1j« apiuin fallen tiirongh in the S aeoonda, 
ThiM ie a very baiuly rule for aiH^iHainitig 1b« doptb uf 
walta and hvight uf huitdingB, fto., withoutuitual nMsanii). 
nieiit;. 

To flud tlie time of faUibfr. 

Qiiotinn. — 'Ybf height of a falling body being 14411., 
how VniK i)> it falling F 

Rule.— Divide the height by 16, ttod the eqnore root of 
thin will givo the time in second*. 

ExanniV — 141ft. ^. 10 ^ 9, and the tuiuare rout of 
9 = 3, the number of KcrKwIii in fnlling. 



PUMPS? 



445 



I 



I 



Flow or Water by Gravitation. 

To find (he qiintilitjr iif %aU>r thnt will flow by mri- 
tatiun lkruu);li a. Kivini ni/i'it fiiiic in h f(iven tinto ; emm ft 
)>i(ie not to lie titk^n iiilo itittiiitVnitiiiti, Imt wiirkr<l by tin' 
Jihovr mlr. wlii'li iii n.'wlitv In mi iippiMxiiiintlnti. Smonth- 
biind ptjHA, of roiinw. vil) dolivL-r » Wgur pnjportiuu xtt 
wnt«c ihiMi thoM Iturin^ n>U);li xurftuxM. 



Qlu* Pipes and FHctFon of Water. 

A ffliui* pIpG bavjng ()]« Rnme bora as wt ordinajy iron 
(m<>, will deuTor mumdonbly morv wuur in a tfiv^tii tiatc. 
An ordlnnrj iMtli'ii [^pe muAt bn the nH^iuni^d pipe U) bo 
tiikcn into oomridonUJon 

QooHtiim. —Say Ui« lioigbt to bo 313ft. und tLo pjpo a 
'Jm., CJmo cmo hour. 

Ewniple.— v" 3« — X 8 •= 18ft. prr acoond x 3,8D0 
acconds per hour -^ 172,900 4- 3 = o7,6O0Tita. of watwrpcr 
boar; Ln«*itiK Ihrtu &7.dOO^'d»- of Sin- pipv, wbut ia iU 
oontitnt':' 

Rule. — iSijiifin' the diamoter of the piiw in inrhc*, and 
miiltipty by Iha Tnnbi in Irn^tth ; ilivi<l« Ltiia pmflurt by 10, 
whia-b will Ki*u il>v ooiit«ut IQ gallous. 

EsUDplo— 

la 

glflllons prr hour. 

If rtxiuirod jwr miniitr, diridn by tO, luiil if p<»r wirond, 
divide tnc last qwtiout by SO utfain . TIuih. :;.1,0<0 KiLllnn- 
per hour ia 384 ga'^^u^ P^r minuto, und 'ii t^Uoos per 
scm»d. 

I may hi-n' menliou tluit an itUu>ranoe of ID per uenL ia 
At tinn rondo tnr lovn hy frirtiuii : but Ihi* ^tnuitlj depntds 
npm UiQ vliiso ul pip'.*, iukI. if ritpiirr*! in iiiiuuts dwtluliH 
' be calculated by the followiiijf ratca : ~ 

Id tJ>ne nil(M> d <= diameter of pipe In luohea. 

L = leuKth In yanla. 

H •= bead of wntcr In feet. 

G = gnllona {wr ukuiiito. 
Then, «){«]», Umrc ia tint luaa uf bend br bends, 
jitD(rti(MW, or brvoubw, &o.. th« bitt«r I'^pi.vIaUy, whicb 
nniM great Dddtw, man oepeolftUj wbcu the jiuiotinik^ an 
made at ri^bt uiglaa. 



H- 



Capacity of Plpas, Pumps, &0. 

Qucation. — WTuiL am tlio contents of a pipo of giten 
bote and k-ngtb, Bay. 2in. bore and 24ft. lonv r 

Hub', Kqiihra tbo diametor of the pipo m incbcA, and 
multiply by Ibo yanli* in tnogth, and dirblo th« product by 
^ 10, wbJLb will give tbeoontvniain galluua. 

■ Ezaniplv.— 2 x 3 » 4 x B larde (or tbc 24ft.} ^ 33 -f 

■ 10 ^ 31 gallutui. 

^1 Having now Men the rnlcsuf gmvitntion nud aanerUiined 
^B tba quantity of wat^r which will npnmxliiu>«>ly flow by 
^T gnrt^^ ihniugh dUfcrtint tuftl pjpv#. I nitl givi' a rulo for 
^aximatdv ueoertiiialng the qiianUty of winter which 
ittfervDt tuMa will deliver per hour. 



Pump Table (Computation of). 

Quest ion. ^ What iraiotint of wiitT ia gnlkniB will a 
pump whoM> barrel in, Miy, 3gn. Lu diiLinat«r, with a lOin. 
i4rulcr, worknd 30 tiinoi per minuio, givo (theoretlvallj) per 
liLiur? 

Rule— Sqnnro the diameter of the boml in inobea, and 
multiply thi» liythrlengtJi of tho stroke in indiea, uulagBiii 
mu]liii>lj by tb» number i>f utrokea p«r miiinte, aad also 
multiply by 60, the iniunKv per hour, now divide tlio 
mwduct by 31^3, and the quotiant will he tho gallons 
ocUvtmd per honr. 

Example.— Square of 3 ™ 9 k 10 = 90- Now, 90 x 
1620CO 
3t) ^ 2TM K 60 =- -jjj— * 458 gala, per hour. 

{For poKtr to wvrk the aivn, wf Boru Aiwr.) 



Pump Barrel Proportions. 

To find tlii> Mizo flf liam'l rcqtiirMl to raiwi a rcrtjiin 
number of K^Ucna per hour with a lOin, Mruke, worked 30 
tiinn per miuatv. :}u.pp(»a ISasieO gallonfi aji> to bo 
rai««d per h«mr. 

Role. — Multiply thu number of gnllonn by SJiS and 
divide by 60, then divide thia quotient by the number of 
ito)be« per miDiito, say 30, and aKain oy llw Uiigth uf 
thestralln, whieh la, say, lOiti.. uid tlio nr]tuir« tout uf this 
liL«t quotimt gives tbo aize of barrel. 

Raamnln.— 1K.-15-464I x S&3 4- 60 4- SO -i- 10 — 35-999il, 
iiiiil v'3*9*541 = fi, oeitrly. 

Horn we get n number, but it in not practlr.allj corrent 
for lift or ja<>k pumpn aa naiially fixed, for the lumplo 
nuiHin that rtip leathort leak, or, m othrr wnrdii, let by a 
ei-rldlu purlirni of the water lietweon llio ai<I<;» of the cup 
leather and harrrl, to say nothing of thn w&t<T which often 
pn^acs tlici bnrkot I'lA'k. The loea of wnl4.-r pumped per 
uiinutc will bi' in pnjpurtJuu to the ti];htti<-*ii oi llio bncjEet 
with (he eidce iiF the bnrrol, kc. For thia it ia naual t> 
maku RJi allowanee of fruin 10 to IA pnr cent., which 
reducna the qaantjty of n-ater which wnuld ixt delivered 
i)0(.-urding1y. It alionld bo notod that if the pump backet 
flta the barnd au Uiat an vnitft jntucw, it muBt i>f neooaidty 
bv vo^ tight, and thcu ihi'rv wvuld fa^ a outudd«Table loaa 
of peircr oy nauuuMmiry friotiun. 



Horse Power, Pump Power, or the Power required 
to work a Pump. 

It (diould bo tint ot all known what a bom.|..n(.'r 
■igttifiea. Tbiit i»fnlon)aied from a powerful full-grown 
hone ; ho ahould, when fresh, be able lo raiMi, by aiutabln 
minJiinnry, 33,00Dlh. ton h'CJght uf Ift. in ont> minute of 
liiuo wheawaUihtg in a atroight Hue upon the btvol ground, 
l<ut wben going np a hill he oannot da (he uburi' HRiimnt 
uf wiirk by, KBy,ordiniuilyi>penking. about three -fifthH of the 
qurLiility ; but an honiea do uot walk tn a stmight line when 
turuing a pump, it may be niacin] when docc the horao exert 
if) Htrcnuth to tj>ft l^e^t adrnntag* wbm doing ciieolar 
work. From tiperit-UL* tLo cirefc should not br Iwn tJuin 
4nft. in dinmeli-r, mid if tho dmle be reduced to half, 
unuicly. 20fi., tht^ borvi-'a powur will bo rodueed two-fifths 
of theabo^'e33,0Q0lb. 

(jne^tion.— Kniso 4110 galliwia uer minuto to a h«ight of 
'ihfl., what pnw«r will bi) mnuirwl ^ 

Hule. — Miittinly the wvigtit tif water, which is lOlb. to 
the gallon, in Iba, deliveivd per minute br the heijrht to 
wkicJi it I* r.ii*^! In fiv-t, and divide the proiuot by 3,1.000, 
und the quotient ia the bone-power. 



446 



PUMPS. 



Example.— 400 x 10 x 28 -^ 33,000 = 3-39 h.p. (For 
prefBura to tho square inch on pump bucket and capacity of 
barrel, ooo examples.) But although these figurefl are here 
as 3'39 h.p., it would bo impossible for three horeee to do 
au3rthing like this amount of work in pumping water, even 
though they may bo working in a 40ft. circle, for the 
Rinple reason that in all pumps there is a certain amount 
of Miction, and this friotion in practice becomes a scrions 
item. Generally speaking, you may take it for granted 
that it will amount to at least from 20 to 25 per cent : 
besides, a horse, like men, does not want to be always 
exerting its maximum power, nor would a good owner 
allow Buoh to be done. 



Pump Labour. 

The following table at sight gives the number of gallonu 
which may be raised by a man, ass, or horse to tho height 
of 1ft. in one miiiute of time with the ordinary pumpe, 
according to certain durations of work in hours, from four 
to ten hours a day, and ia tho result of practical work. 
For increased heij^hta divide tho number ot gallons 1^ the 
additional height in feet. 



Taslb (Bboibtsbsd). 



No. of hours 
at work. 



From I to 4 
., „ 6 
., „ 6 

It •! " 



Hone. 



No. of gcola. 



1,653 
1,480 
1,360 
1,1G9 
1,040 



Au. 



No. erf gall. 



475 
410 
374 
323 
290 



Man with 

wiDCh. 



No. of gala. 



249 
222 
203 
178 

157 



Han with 
lever. 



So. of gals. 



205 
183 
167 
143 
130 



For the neoessaty sized barrel, see Pump Table (Computa- 
tion of). 

Manual Power Pumps and Qearlng. 

We have seen what one horse- power signifies, and know 
Uie neoosaaiy quantity of power required to work a pump 
of a given size, whoso duty it is to Uft water to a given 
height. Tho average strength of on ordinary labouring 
man is about ono-eightii (uiough some writers say one- 
flfthj the strength of a horse — viz., ho can raise 4,1 25tb. 
1ft. nigh per minute. That is to say, eight powerful men 
pulling at their best advtmtago can equal the strength of a 
good horae, and can accomplish the same amount of work ; 
but take notice that the horse worked under the best 
advantage, so should tho man. The horse works best when 
pulling in a straight level line, and is equal to twenty-seven 
men when pulling in a line with the horizon. 

A man exerts the grcutcttstrength when pulling upwards 
from the height of hi" knee, as in pulling from the knees 
npwaide to the level of his hips, as when pulling the winch 
of an ordinary wheel pump, and he exerts the least power 
when he ia pushing horizontally from about his own height. 
Soppoee a man when turning a winch to be able to exert 
26m. oontinuously the day through, if he has a mate 
turning the winch in the oppoaite aide, that is to say, each 
to poU and path alternately, as with the frame shown at 
Kg. 881. where from Q to about &ame high the man does 
the best amount of work ; and take notice of the difference 
of the winohea 1 and 2 in Fig. 877, where they are there 
panN)sely shown wrongly to illoatrate this example, but may 
euily be arranged as moae in Fig. 855. 

1^ two men when working the frame Fig. SSI, can 
niM 60lb. iiurtekd of 60, or 101b. more than when the 



handles are as shown at Ftg. 877, because in Fig. 381 at 
the weakest point of the one man is the strongest point of 
the other, so much so that an advantage of lOlb. is gained, 
and the men work more comfortably. Of course, I am 
speaking here of work appertaining to that done by horse 
and man when pumping witli ordinary every-day pomps, 
and for the man the work done will be greater if a 
proport'onately balanced flywheel, to counteract ibe weight 
of tlie pump rods, &a., be used. Or where a flywheel is 
not employed, put ttus balance at the end of the pump 
lever, or handle. Or this may be done by a balanced lever 
and weight fiiod uu the stage or guide stage, ho as to puU 
up the rods, &c., and assist the working generally. Or a 
weighted chain and pulley wheel may be lued. 



Pump Oearing {alto lee above). 

Tho mode of ascertaining the proportions suitable for 
pump gearing is as follows : see Fig. 838. K is the 
handlo of tho lever, J the leverage, which is, say, 16in. 
long. Now suppose tho crank (see A, Fig. 883) to be a 4in. 
or an Sin. throw, then the leverage will be four to one, 
and if a man should put, say, 25ib. power upon the handle, 
you would get 25 x 4 timcs^lOOlbs. on tho ciank. Now 
take into consideration the cog wheels. Say that the 
pinion, or small wheel M, Fig. S79, has 20 cogs working 
into the large spur wheel N, which has, say, 120 cogs: 
here is a ditfcrcnce of 100 — viz., it has six times as many 
cogs as the pinion wheel, and therefore yon gain in power 
six times, ami this added to tho power gained by the crank 
and lever will be oh follows r 

Example.— Lever power "iSlbs. x 4=100 x 6=6001bB. ; 
therefore, when 25lb8. in exerted on the handle K we get a 
pull on the pump rod of GOOIbs., bar, say, 10 per cent, for 
friction, Ac. Of course, the number of cogs in the frame, 
Fig, 879, are shown in smaller numbers than those quoted 
in the example, and may be varied to suit circum- 
stances, or an extra two or three wheels muy be employed, 
which, of course, entirely depends upon circumstances, the 
power of which may be computed by the rule laid down ; 
size of wheels and number of cogs to bo of the same pro- 
portions. 

Question. — To find the proportions of lovers and wheels 
of a frame suitable for luting, say, 7001bs. weight on a 
pump- rod. 

Rule. — First obtain the work to be done, which is, in thla 
case, say, 7001b8. Next multiply this by the radius of the 
driver pinion or wheel H, Fig. 679, and the crank in 
inches, and divide the product by the power in lbs. (this 
power is that which you apply on the hamdle). Now divide 
the quotient by the length of the winch in inofaea, and the 
reniilt is die radius of the largo spur wheel N in inofac«. 

Example. — (OOlbs. x 2in., the radius of pinion wheel 
^ l,400lbs. X 6in., the length of crank, = 7,000, and 
7,000 4 25, the power in lbs. on handle, -i- 16, tho length of 
winch, r^ njin., tho radius for tho wheel N. 



Overshot Water Wheel Power. 

^Vhon calculating the power which you can get from a 
stream, &o., upon a water wheel, measure the depth from 
the surface of the water to the centre of the orifice of 
dischai^. and extract Uie square root of the depth, which, 
multiplied by 6-4, gives the velocirt' • 4. Now 

multiply this by the area of the mout> id ttit 

gives the amount of water which • ■^- 

When this is known the height ai 
together with the power to be gi 
calculated. 



PUMPS. 



447 



£xuiipl«. — Say tbat 1,000 gallnnH, ur lO.OODltiH. nf 
wtlttr u fluwine or enipiTiiiir it«-W inlo ilw wbiijl per 
bniir. nn^ tii&c the (all is Lii. Hck va got SU.OUOIIm. uf 
putriT HO Urn whcfl per liour, wliiiih. thi-orrtiiMilIy Kpe«]E* 
ing, MiJI luiwi 60,O0OIU. uf wuU-r 1(1. tii(;h, or lO.UOOltM. 
6(i. bij[b( aB>l K cm but «« the whaA neirer cctn be 
eKfiocted to b'iva oat Uid umo omotiul uf work tbai ii 
reoriT(«, A Imr nllowtcn miuit be inado for friolinn, A:c., 
»[id ia pntetin) 700 mM wifslj Tookon the Iobs to t>o nt 
Icaut 2 J per C«Dt., tbcragb miuh mghianni my oiia>wvctil^i. 

^0.-1,000 tri^ui X lOlbti. = IO,DOOIb». X OU. 
•aCCI.OOOlbB. tMwer roretvcd per hour, leoa S& per uuut. 
f»r (ricliou ^ 4£,0001b« muwd lit. per hunr. If jicr 
ULinutc, tltTidv by 90. 



Pipe Area In Square Inchea oF Round Pipes and 
Pump &apr«l3 iReglstcred). 

(ALj Eteo rHiqiUoeiDeiit of Wa(er in Tunipe, Fipot, kr.) 



DlmoUr. 



It 



An*. 

InobM- 



•049 
-110 
•IM 
■441 

■;u4 

t-227 
1-707 



Inch** of 

Ibpneumt 

•In rip* I 

cnaile. 



Aim. 

IiichtK. 



3 It] 

4 '90S 

7-0fl8 



Dtoaufttf. 

Indie 



Ana. 

InchaL 



28-274 
38 <80 

201-00 
453-10 



"niis tnhlv i> iMcfiil in tlralinif nt n glnooo (he (jitiititit^or 
tiiimber nl utiuaro iuchoo ctiut'kiiiiud iu 11 pi|>ti or pump- 
tNunvlfnTm {in. tn Sliri., wtuh, bj cftkulaiuig the ndirlit 
ur perpendkiilnr lift of thn wilier in fc«t, n'ckaniiig lib. tu 
2ft,, nr hr Ibt* iiiotw lux-nratv rule bpfore irinliitiu^ {mi? 
W<d)riit oi W«t"»r. *c.l, will giv-« the uumWr of lbs. 
imjuirod to poll iip tbi- ba "Icct, ur otbenrim to lift the 
[ vertical oolamn of wM«r, whoso baao is any of the Abovo 
■mo. 

Hiis tnljln will »\to bo fimtid oxcMdingly tunfut t<i 
plumbora uud t(u»&tieT* wlti>ii laylug down taaxtia for 
BQpplpnK * trivcn tiumbtr of bntickra. For >rguin«nt, my 
It UrMilunil U> lix oi^'htj |in. pipoa tliroughnnt n liiiiMina, 
whnt will be tlia *uc of the mam {'ijw to mjuhI in buro ihm 
niitnbrr of otnall pijws P 

Rulo.— 80 X -110, tbu area of tbo (in. pipr«, ^ 8-8in. 
aqiuuc, then look In the right-hand noliimn for th« nutnod 
figaro oootAiuiug the«e niunbcr of (iquarc iuchu. mud Hut 
wiU give tha Bint cif Iho main i>ip» r<x[iitrtHl. 

Ofooane, thoBaincru1eappiJ«>twhi'iiHui]pljt)j);u.iiiuubcr 
of cotlAffM with water : but iu all t.ve* thci ctti]HiiiBb>-d Liiul 
und friHtitm niiiat Iw tii.k('n into ronniib tni.inn, fi>t t\>v fii>it 
bnuiob woold rewjiv-j the fiiU jinn^nn* >.>{ ilii> wiitcr, uid tbe 
lut uoo its ininiiDUin lii-nd, luidi of coiuv^', the main pipe 
miijit he nl inter\-nl.'> rvduted prupurtionntcl/ tu tho number 
«f j«t« takes oA. 



Pipe Proportional Scale. 

Thia in«fninH-nt cotuiikl* of h piwe of rinc or pardbonrd 

• diape uf tbe abuvc, tt» vliuwn, cut into Loches, if., 

'if euorsG, niual be lorifD enough to do the work 

ibe jttjM- K to be £iii., and L -Din. in dinmotflr, 
itoAbrinvh pipt- J, and it being roiuift.'d U> 



finii tha j>ttipr-T dJiiriiut'T fiir ihe Iimii' It pipo, IVowi^ willi 
tbo M'uUi iiK followiii : Fr'vm n 011 tlic diviHiDnul r<dgv Iw 4t 
ott the otlicir, draw a Uik' uh r^niwn I>y t!ie dnbtcd Iin«, ana 
tbtt length of (hi)) lint', mutMuiad with the mitiw K^le (>'iB., 
■^in.), will be Lbi> li'iigth hr tltodiaiDi-I<>r<if tii« briiucih pip", 
«hU'h will be CJiu : but Hupixi!^ ilm pipe J to be Tbo tcivtra 
firjs pipo df, my, Clin., dolivcTing inl<iFi6in. ontW,u«Bt 
K. and it Li n^uir-nl to Iciinw what ni.hi-r Him pipe J wUI 
f^i.pply, anal L. Fur thin, t ale Ih'.' divisional point fiuu 



TO 



th« edgn as a eentre, with thp fijin. radiui dmcribe an aro, 
oulting tbo outer dividod odftv, and t)i« number which Uw 
])oict i)f tho coinpaMca eiita will show the diameter of tlio 
pin^ miDinid. This will bo on tho divisional ttno 4}in, 

Thn inlliiwing in a Kiniplo UtbJp iinitiiblo for ardiuary 
idiuuliiiig work aiji] ^':u'liltin|j[', whii^li givuA Iba niiniba* of 
tiraiLcbcs which may Iw tak>;n vll pipt-a of variqu« diomttnti 
mngiug from |iii. Crnncli pi£>c ta ',>\u., anil luaiii pi pea from 
^in. tu ilia. 



P. J. Oavies' Branch Pipe and Main Table 
(Registered}. 



Dlwnatcr o( Brvocb Pipe*. 



iin.'lla. 


ItD. 


itn. 


llo, 


tin. 


Ilia- 


14 io. 


9 III. 


Vita, 


Ifa. 


faili. 


Ifi 4 


1 
















i 


«6. U 


4 2 
















Gl 10 


7 4 1 














1 


1 00 •!& 


11 6 3 














1 


144 36 


IG S 4 


S 












2&fi 64 


38j IC 7 


4 


^ 










s 


■taO 100 


44 


•Ih 11 


6 


4 


S 


a 






^ 


61& H4' 64 


3fi| 16 


9 


4 


2 






3 


1614 2fi6 114 


04 28 


10 


10 . 7 ' * 


^ 




4 


161>lt 400| 1171 100 44 

ill: 


34 


10 12 ' B 


4 


3 6 

t 



Snlo for ootDpttttsK tbe mimbvaf biudiwwUebiMU 
main ^pe will supply. lCiiiti|i^tb«iquraoi(thedfRiHter 
of Uia main pip* xa vgldfaa, and divlda hy Q>a tJinnwhfr of 
branch nipvH in olghtb*. 

Say that it in miaircd tu inipply a bnilding with 3£fi 
Jin. gnj> plpni or fnnnlaln jet», what i-lt« Riiiin pipe will 
you ro<|uirv!' Fur lhi« look in lbi> li.'ft-hAiirl c>Ouinti uf 
tsblr fiV tl^'' nuRihor 3uO, and anfouiU' U> this, in tho main 
pipe euluuin, will be found the nun.* uf main piiK> rctjuiri.'d. 



448 



PUMPS. 



Ifow, BuppcwD yo« hnvv Hi Jin. pipe*, 14 Jin. pilf*. 7 
|ln. pipea, 4 jiit. pliH*'<, t fir. jnpe, w)intri/« nwiu pipe 
will you require to Mipplj Uipin bmrchw? 
Rule.— 01 iui. pijun ^ 61 riglitliB, 

10 iln. ,, — <H „ 
J iin. ., — 63 ,, 
< l!n. M '-' 64 ., 
1 Jin „ ■" SC ti 

TotJil ,291 ,, 
Hcn>«vhavoK total of 201 el^litht. wliiol),MnFrdlTidedby 
M, giT^<4'390BdrriitoriiifliM. vrliich. by referring buck to 
tlir UMi' (if jiiiM: nm! immp liiim-l itrrns, yriil jjiivi" y<"i the 
t'ijxt of the loaiii pipe r«iiiireil — vl/., iUu. 

Olsplacoment of Water in Pump Barpela lain, 
long, in gallons. 

Al«-i for plnfc, bnl to he multiplied In i'^t nrivinima to 
Iheir vnri'itinfi-njttlis. [TlieoretJwilly.iitily nllow 10 pw wnl. 
formwxpoaf WA^^vrpdiit rtip Inntlien, pistons, and Nipb like i 



tKuDDtvr 


Aral. 


nkplftev 


OluiicLer 


.tn*. 


ninpiiuv' 

lui-nL- 


in liictiii 


S<i. Inoti. 


merit. 
QaUou. 


tu inche*. 


Sn, tjioh- 


12 


nan 


4 8^ 


H 


8'S8fi 


■3(63 


111 


103 8 


t"t84 


3 


7M8 


■aofis 


11 


«03 


4-105 


2 


5-939 


-2565 


lOJ 


M-Sd 


3-740 


2 


4-908 


•2130 


lA 


78-H 


3 am 


2 


3ft7« 


•1717 


H 


7(1 SB 


3-062 


2 


3'Ht 


■UM 


9 


0301 


2 747 


If 


2 ■105 


-1038 


H 


fifi-74 


2 161 


ll 


1-T67 


■07(13 


» 


60 « 


2171 


1 


1-484 


'0641 


u 


H17 


I -908 


1 


1227 


■0B30 


7 


31-48 


1662 


1 


■9Q40 


■042» 


H 


S3- 16 


1 433 


1 


■7854 


-0330 


tt 


S8'S7 


1231 


} 


•MIS 


■0250 


H 


23-7* 


1'0S6 


•441T 


•OliJU 


y 


10 (13 


'8480 


1 


-3068 


■0132 


*i 


ia-9o 


0868 


1 


-1963 


-0094 


4 


UM 


■M2« 


1 


•1104 


■0047 


SI 


U-Oi 


■4760 


z 


-O490 


■0021 


»-esi 


-4160 


* 


•OViZ 


■ooon 



Puleometere. 

Tbew pnntpe are exc«>dinjrly useful for contnietorB, or 
for ptncMi wh*ro Iaiw qiinntirjeji of woIct arc raquirod to 
Iw fmnijittl in the leoat iHiHaiblc timn, 

?nii, — 'Hipy are ex<ie«l!iigly iiwful wbon extinuat aCotiiii 
would bo B niuKuuoD. 

3rd. — They have no working' purtK. excepting jurt the 
mlTM. 

4Ui, — Thoy run W ui*««d in out nf the way plaon wbetv 
It would he dlHiiTult to apply iiiiy tfthiT eln«s of pump or 
injector. 

6th. Th<<y cin b« nmdo to forc« trattr lo lUmoftt atiy 
hciuht, duiiLTndcnl upon tb« nmi<iirr' id the builer. 

Tll0 imLKiinvler, Fig. 92o, ecimtiiitn at u ■ttiKlv (KPitintr 
oalM ttui body, whic^ in eompowd of ivro cUaiabeni (AA) 
jnfakod hUo w iddi', with taporinir nccW bent tonardA 
Mfih olber, and aurmouBtod by nnuthtr ctuiin^ cullnd thn 
iMCk (J) arraralcly Rtiid ncd hnlbul t" il, iii ivhieh tbu two 

CmgM tcniiiuult.' ill a t'vitiiu'jti Mvtiin uliambor, wLuro tLii 
U valvo (I) is fitted so as tt> be eupublo of osdlUtion 
bctiTMu (ioat« fanned in the jiinct.irjn. DovnwardA, tbd 
ohanvbt^m (AA) iltv connt-cted witb tlip Kuction piMVMt^ (0), 
frbcreiii iIlo inlet or •ucCion valrea [EK) are arruitfcd. A, 
ditoLiir^u DhamlMa, oonuiioa to boLh chiunbun, and ]aaiSag 



to tlie dinehnrpe pine ui hIho pmviiU-d, and lliiit aim nontaina 
ono or tiro valvw (r F), nfcordinit to the p'lrixxw to bo ful* 
fllW by Uio pump. The air-ehambor (B) rnmrnnnioatH 
with the unction. The ntiutioit mid din^tMri^- eliAiuben are> 
r.lniird by cnrvj* jHH) aiviiriit«Iy fitted w thn oistJetB liy 
plaij«d JuiiilM, iiti-i Toudily nmvri.'d wboii nnc«i>" t^ the 
vn]vos ia r^iitrod; in iht* larger RizeH bnitd liokv am 
proriHori in tncw eorers (00) tire jfi'Trl* wbteh rnntrol 
iho uinoutit of ()iiPiii«(( of thnviilvn (KK)- Small air<cooka 
lire nerewed into tbo cylicdoot and nir eh umber, for tma aa 
will bo faen-oftrr duatribod. Thuw niv ibo tp.-ue'tal outline* 




of thn onn!<tni>nrinri of the appantasji aadlhflf tm 
for Lliu unilerHt.-itidioK' <>f llie iwtiiro of tta tmnslfoaa. 

Tho Tiiinip Ii>-iii),' Hllod with nator, cither by poorinj^ 
wuier iIievukIi tbp pluir liule in tho cbambcr ^m As 
eleYRlioii. Flif. 927), or by dmwin^ tlio charge, a« eau 
Tendily be Hniie. i« retwfv for -aork. Stvant bttinK 
aihnitlrd tlmiugh tho atoam pipe (K) fby opeuin^ to a 
•mall extent thtt otop-ralva) paaaue down that ddc of tlio 
■tcniD iii.<ck 14-11011 ii left open to it l>y tlio portion of tho 
^to■Ul ball, miLd preaua upon tlic emajl aurfaoo of water in 
tho diunbor vhic^ ta expoMd to it, J*jira*ts •' KifAw^ my 



PUMPS. 



449 



afitmtiaa, ntul, (toni^tTifltitly. wiUi but vtny titi|fht mndviiM- 
UOB, nnil (Irivini; it tliniufch Uil- djjwliftrgp niMsinff siii) 
rnlv ttitit thr< riirinf^-iQaiit. 

Tint moDML'iil tliril tho luv^I of the wnUir ii svt low an Uie 
borixoatal oriGrf wfaicJi Icnilji ta tlif< iliiiahiir)^, tbv ■toiun 
Uovm tbtvuKli ^'itb ^'i-tuin unotmt uf duhncvo, siul bein^f 
f bfougbt ioto iniimatu oniitnct witli th(? ^rat'T hi tlic [)ip»<) 
1i<M<lin^ tt> till' iliH'liiiri^i 4:hauib<ir, «» ttttfiiHlMHfiini toml/rua- 
ti9n takft fitiuf, and h vuciiiiin ia ii) cotiiin)ii«iiefl ho rmpulltr 
fomtMl ill the jimt vmptletl iThniober thut the aU>iUD bsll js 
puUod ovtT into llio M«l tipiHwitc U> thut whUh it hul 
oooupled during tho ent[it}-iii)f of the rbimtbei', claniti); lU 



Xtaj Ml to Mit thnin by tlin Kmall nti t tlia L Qm f>e»t offcvt nwy 
tw pmJucwL Tlie aclUni uf tbt.- Mofaa biill ix <«r4ain, aiu 
no m-ilter linw loug tJio pump mny baro lic«-n ftttindiii]^, it 
will nlArt lu Kaiti lU <lry nUum in nilniifV'J. 

The Nttmni lial), if uitni msde inxt; wr-un: ilmtlf mkI it« 
■Iritis trne, a* It firix in if* ir>/ at ovt*ry fitfx)ki>, k> tbat no 
part uf its aurfam fnlls tirioc iu Bur^raBion upon ilin wnt. 

Fig. 9*26 iiboVB the [mWnieter with fliMiMt.' lalvt-n, nnJ 
l^if. 1127 ia Ml tleTatioo of thu pukonietia'. 



K 



l\V 



w 



- --\ -\i\-\ -'■ 



vr 



4'-ii 



W 



£:o\ 



V 



A^e. 



;--*r^ 



s 



Flu. Ii-.'u. 

' orifloA and provnntinictbo further ndmUriop of ■tawn. 
Kg tho vacuum to b<^- coiii|>1('b>i : water rtuhM in 
iiinnedial4!ly thmaifh tbr Hiintioii pii^'i lifting the iaM 
Tuivs r£]. and nutdly KI1« ibt- ubaiubi^r (A) agi^, ICatton 
niv now >n euurtiy the Muac sUt« ia th« Booood dutmber ait 
they vntn in tbn firM c^banilicr whon fhc deftrrijitlon 
comnitfDortl, Wid the tiaint nwultji tiiiiiu). Tliv rbanxt: i> xi 
rapid Uiat, cTf n tritiiiiat an nir Teaael on the dciliverj'. but 
Iiil]i> uunae ia viaIIjU- Iu tbe lb>w <jf wntar, and tbu »troaiii 
it. VDuer fiivminitilc oirciun^ttuicta. vfiry iioarly oontiunouii. 
Ail-ri'ik- are inlrfluf/xl to prevent tl«t Um rapid tilling of 
Iho chimbi-rn ou low liTCa atul fur olbrr i>ur|>uwii, and u 
nry IHUo iiractioe will enablo any iiu-lutW wutkmun or 



JlO. DZT. 

The adTUtww autmerttod a« bdonging ^prcially Iu 
tlio ptdaomMer bilta ^artaUHjr, ito ability to niaa eaad, 
&C., witlunit injury, its nnali rijto niid ooat and mnnal 
haudinem, «U] naturally auKgcct its adonticm, and hav^ 
already eatabUalwd Ita K|intataaii for tho alww nurpcMs. 

Tho nnnesM woodcut, Fi^. B28, fdiove tto way in 
wliiob it i-nii be moid esNily aot to work, iiii'l it will \tt> 
aridant that at n iwy «nij«II rxpminn it run l)t lowtn-d nn 
tlio wator in tlio indaTatlon, wrll, or cdlfpfdiuii ia 
lowered: adilitlonnl leu^ths of riiinir-roain K-injc udOod 
fn.ni nbovi- an rcquiiMl. By its n»c in tJiia way coDtnu-tora 
have in miiiiy iiiHtnniiiui liciii cnuliliil to ovcrcoine dilficnltioa 
wbiob, wflb olhi^ kindg of puinpa, seemed u]>u|>rTahl(i. 



F0UKTADI8. 



Ul 



Fountains. 

Veialy Drerjatut in the trade haa at one titno or a&otlur 
bad a tiint nt fotiaUin oonatrnottun : in fnct, nrfirtf crery 
flxita\>rT'ii njipmiitioe hoj got* in fur itucib Uuriti^* liic nppri4)- 
lioctltlp. Alany IngienkiUB d«vio» bavo l«oii irou^'tt uut 
))T ku<.-b mtm u Honint«, Horn, and tJm liko, lon^f iMfuro Uie 
Uhn^ttian tTA, an.'l pnniinid.tit.'), witti h^ilnintntii'-'t, iittgt'ljr 
ll|fur« in tbeir worlu U> eoiuitruL't artitioiul fotuiUimt iu the 
Bttapeof an turreuel. wsPlif. 043. jVmuidw the foimtiiiii di&bi 
Fiy. 931. to be ploecd uii tbu pipe iit G, Fi|f . 913, and • 
(unnll Jet flsed to play intu thU diob nnd«r air prv^Mure, 
ben- you can quicalF oontttrui't n (ounlnin which wiU play 
for a timo or until tiie air or w;il«r in f^Khauiiitd. Should 
it lie nir. tliiii add aii air pump [« aimpli' cup loathcr uaQod 
oa a w-i>od plunin^r will anev«r} on at C. aud pump aOK 
air inii> ttin vrurl. utiH tb>fnaittain taolTafpiii] till thv water 
ia alluiit. TlifTi K-t tLu wat«r run back, lifiaiiuitableitop- 
oook and pipe, or by a Uttk nnpla outttriraacv the wMt« 
water may be nrmntrM to nin baok Into thir air cbambor u 
Hcro'ii fuuntnin doM : and by tlua the mitti^m of a eolanm 
of w Bier ts tniniwiitt*^ to another ri)Innin by the intar> 
puutigD of a budy iif air betwwn the Iwu. Tin calnmn of 
tho water comj^neee» tlio air on thd wat«r tnirfaos of a 
luwvr cbftmber, and thia air ia transinitted to tho chamber 
abovst and th«non upon tliu nirfnm ut Iba water, wbicb 
caiuas tliv water to tun up a auilable pipv U> a J«t, 



4^-m 



i^ 



i 

■Mm 



rn'm 




Vhi. IKKl. 



Th«r» la oaa thing wbivb I wiitfa In (ruard tlM> yonnnc 
plumber ayainiri, and ibia ia, the ebwiabtu)^ of a atUy idea 
■bout nolcln^ water ran or nwvo at ita own tooord. m.. 
to caaao a fcviintain, wntorwhivl. (to., to work, by n«ing the 
moot wnt^r ornr axu\ hvit aj^ain, or bv »ttunii<1niK wbut ii 

iwnoa perpetual ouutiuQ. Iwritotliia, b«auM> nvarly all 



tnyyonnger brethren aronMrt Ukdyat one tiniA or another 
U> full into this mobile, riz., before h« l» thorouglily master 
of the prinoiplfiA nf mr«hnDi>ra. In a wurd, il must be boms 




it.n 



imui:. 



'MM 



v^a. laiA. 




Flit (SIR. 




\^^ 







rw. vet. 
in mind, whatavrr norca as an nirent or a motive powrr, 
that no niatt«t of it»olf am poiwdbly be mode U> Huift ita 
poeltion without tome oaaae for api^Jed form. 




Fountain JetK. 

ThA ji'la ■» at ImportADre. and ibora nre oa\y & fuw 
ILnt i-Mti tiiuk«< thoM to my niitiBfiii-tiiin. Fig. ilSO U an 
UIiiMratiuli <>f tlio Wiilu>( jpt and Imll, ii v<4',v pretty WTftiifce- 
tiMnt (ur n wiudvw, or utlicr pliuxw vborc pao|tt(> trimli] Im 
l^iOjr lo stand Iv look on, for louw ot ihn uiUua wlUvIi tliin 
txitl cuU ATv miuYttlloua. 




FiK- KlU io Uu- ronvolrulHa jft, aiml fig 93tBiaftd 
Jet : both ai* i-wjf inrttr jvU. 

Ffg. 932 w t]]i: Biu-WtmUornaatiuuiiprtnUw fountain, 
fur lavns, &i:., and in a mry tatereBllnir jet, Mp^i-'iAll;- im 
cmiiitrjr pUiAii, n-lii>i« I havr aio-ii prtiplc «r>niI('hU|{ wlutt 

iiinkca it fnvntvi-, 

Fijr. 933 IB the patv&t Oriental iwol»iiiK lawn ep 
iini) fountain jot, a ootDpMt and ahpup HpriuUvr, 
will throv tli« wator oV(7 a rlrrutiu' area up 
ill iliutUL-t«r, at-conliDji 1<i ihn premiure. It dutlnbate* 
ujitiT very evenly iivur thit ground, and in aiiotliur of 
intL-nvtinfr wliirling Hpplianctm. 

All these jeta are obtainable Iroan Hcans. Tj'lor ft 




nam 



464 



LIFTS. 



Fountain Vasos. 

There ttm th<nu«nd« vt diiTun.-iit mmyv to nutko n f-iuntaiii 
fntra a wniplo jet to thut ehown on the Ipft-hitiHl eidc <i( 
Fitf. H'M. whiob i« ft )>plttnditl pionc of 7i>rkmiiiiAhi|i hy 
Hvmni. NffWtoD, ChainU-r» & Lo., aud nu>y be hud iruiii 
S'21fi. botutn liaaLn Ui »nj dinnietor. 

Tliia fuuntHtn cjui tK> tittnt mitli jabi to ptny out u( tbo 
<]»Lpl]in muutbii, and Iti n variot.v ii( other waya. Tar iho 
buHt ruaulU of jet« far faODtaiiiB. ■i'U Hrc Lngisc Noulca. 

Fig. 934, oD tli« rig'lit-hand itidii, illuxlrnti-Jt n. i-oty 
hiiKUoiiiv vMn, ngadebyUocan, Ni.-»-b)D,CliurnlwiH & Co., 
■ad may hm lued for s small wiudow or ball fuiuiUin. 
TliopipcncAn bcbron^bt np throuf^li thp MmCroof tho vjme, 
and tb« oiwrflow standuiK wa«t« perforated, Kt that &di 
luu; uot paw awsy tfarough the vane pipv. 

Flttlng-up Fountains. 
In fitting foantafna of Inr^o or simdl nrr*, tbtn b 
nutliLn^ 1*1 e({ual leaden pim-n lor idl Imiiicht-n, lit<r.iuM jrou 
ooQ Uiod thum to anj angle, wbich is of gnat Impurtiuioo 








in dinwtiny tbo Jet, and them arc nlwajN Ura matn point* 
tu ki3cp Ui vi«w. First, the nm) of lbt> tiipe*. wbldi 
ohouU )m larm anou^h to prantnt low of head uf lliv water 
iniK TaWw. Uravltaliim, fcc), but for fuuiitaiD wiB-k ullow 
LABaB margins. Say yoa ha\o a fomitaia with liasiD 'JOfl_ 
lilnTiit't'T. nnil yoii miiuiro to put in a qtuuitity of jin. 
JotN t> {jIuv tuwnrdn tiie I'l-ntm, bcrv in a |irao(i(.-nl illus* 
Cratiou. 'lti«re an* throe diuen jeta from ii oia. pi{v ntuad 
the uutcr pnrt of the hi»in, with lin. Inad pipot iibuut 
I'iin. tu 18in. tuug. with a prnpcrly oonstrucU-d cwna 
obapwl lin, to Jin. aerowed hrniw jpL Thin, with fiOft. 
head of wiitiT, ntinwrr* tltv purpotie, hnt talii; parLiindar 
ourp to havo a lull way Ihivuxhwut the length of pipe*. 
and if tbo main h'l ut a long li^ngth, say orcr imo mile, 
that it should bo lar^r in proportion lo lix- kTigth. 

Thi* "H^oiid iHiiut tu kcvfi wfll in your mind it to nako 
all hcuda to a v«ry eiuiy augltv Avuid aU clboWD, and, 
vheiv you t^al). lut thu waler aiU.T the pijiLti Ihrougb a cnno 
alinpod niiratli ur inloE ; even tbv jM pipM will tw all tlu> 
hotUtr if the iidot fviTule ho of a itiaL' iiliapo, sajr fniB 
ijin. to lin. 

Hydraulic Llfta. 

It will be PTpect«d of me lo give an iaaigLt into the 

Eiuciplu of hydraulic lift*, of whir^ them nro various 
nd*, hnt If inv rutdc'r bun i-urvfullr raid rniil atucUtKl tbo 
dvMoriptioa and Fig. 910. he will rwiwire no .further 
aiiarHtancc lo undoretiuid tbu priiiciplu of tiio lift. Fig. 93^. 
llvro, in tliix figurv, tliK ram, explained in Fig. 916, il 




no- »S7 




PIPE AND JOINT TESTERS. 



486 



I 

■ 

I 



Kimpljr exteiulrd in Imfrtli to nilt the h^trbt al lbs tifti 
Fig*. dSS. Oil tlic rifrlit-lund udtr of tlw figtin oaa be eoea 
Uw rops vbirh v.ti)Bt«« the vaUtr ralrff, xiiitAble for 
tnniiaif on iir uff tix- wmb'r ta thti hydraolii^ uTiintW. 
Tll» lift or *ftp* '.an b* Imlnnml hy ii hnlanre weiabt witli 
■ npo pUHinii vvct n Riiit<il>U- jmUey »* «li>iyrii ut Uio top (d 

tfl- tt^lTP, 

F'm'. VM U iiu iltuiitntioii of a lift woikiug wid ropu 
nixl pnlW", whii-h arf (Ktuvted by K i>bnrt nun or [liKtuD iii 
rlu'l»i!t'pin, iin<l I'lr ptaw» wburo Ibo buriiitf to rinh ll;« 
nun cjrliatk-i oumoL m aQownl. 



Dinner Lifts. 

Via. 037 i^wTt a din- 
nrr lift: nW n mnnll 
Uft mitnblc for giuiKl 

Th« Accumulator. 

Flir. B39 illiulratett 
«n otK-nmnUtor. I may 
ttot rtmuk tb»t wtut 
Ibv lly«lir«1 ia to tbu 
«itgjnr, HI Uh> Aocmnti- 
huir U ki Ui« pivM ur 
bft, HSTDHnd oxcppt ibHt 
titv flvwlxtil U i'(i]iai(lu 
uf vicrlitifT a muliitrn 
ftiir^, wliilft tb>' nwH- 
ni'ilutJir cx<jrtii uu txini- 
jmin^t (i>n>.', t'^'x^^'^*' 
iiinl BCL'Uiuiilutud lit 
"■Uric" linw-Ji, uikI 
nliimi.ll wbi-a IniBV. 
In odkcr wnrdi, the ito- 
nunnlntor i< ii mi-ivr^ 
of power ,cflbL'f-wiw (tftvu 
krt when trtwk i* not 
belBvdoDo, wblob yovret 
am bo roulily given op 
•t any Inbtrrnl ot lime 
Ii «ui bo aaeii tliKt ttiin 
1« simpl; A cylinder to 
vbkb ■ |>iiw eu) ba 
■ItMhed ni tho boM near 
th« bottom llMiig«, or kt 
any otlMv point. Tb« 
lintt" **' wvi^iu on the 
to]i ooa bo kddrd to miit 
ciniuiBiitaiKM. Or, in- 
fltmd ol tboae nnK*> 
ttaj^iin^ cm Iw toado 
iu nun we r tite ptiiTMWe 
of the wolghtA. aiiLb a« 
old brluk*, Mlonv, wmU-c, 



Hydraulic Drain Pipe and Joint Tester. 

You hava Bcon the macblno for tcatlDfr cock*. Tig. DM. 
1 vtU DOW bring hr^oro joiiT notice » drain |>ipo lMl«r, 
wt>^ will bci nuidily umli-rxlood hj ttit- diafrram, t^. 939. 

YY.* pip« joint tivUr ii> nbown at i^itc. 940. Tills !■ 
•imply Iwit dlKii w tittm of rubber, nj shown in lh« 
Mcti/m, uid at rorb end of t)i« Joint. TlioMe rin^ kro, by 
meuu of tht- MTOir on toip. pK^ncd. wbkb musea lb«m to 
Kipand U'i'rallj', aiiil iii^iuiixl thi^ xiiliwiif thi.>pi|H^: vnU-r 
i* than fiwofd (r<wii llw.' uwi piiin]> Ui aiij h'ivi'ii prvimurv, 
ami to ibo julut cut be pruvid Kilbont flUisg Uu.' pipes. 



Tilt. 941 illnstrnbv n wntiT>w&y pinf of Mtlid nitibrr, O. 
tbo Utli>r <^ whioh bciHR nnnprnwd l»tw«wn tbo diwa K 
nnd 11 iiy miaiu of n toipw actuated 1ir th« plpo C, will 
(ofTO a Tcry rclinblo pluK for plugfnn^ plpM, whllA 
tbruni;li tbn [-ipe C water may be fonxd. 




rtu. ME. 

Pig. 9t2 ifl a iMltint solid xtop plu^ or flro ]>1<)X 'o^ 
pingging fir* main pipe*, and U uadTul Ua ttio aboTO 
pwpowa. 



-■iO 



HYDRAULIC RAMS. 



HYDRAULIC OR WATER RAMS. 



*if-.icnnir »pp!in.tu« is tho invention (or, 

r^^Un- ^upcoTed upon by Montp.lhw, M,d 

",J h^i-: sime after tliis impn.voment the 

-,^..BV^«Jbt* pliin.t«r «t Bmtol «nd It 

'!. ^^« W many timcB r«-.nv.i.fcd by 

~' .ILf^tfU of i" glo>«. and h.iK undor- 

- ■ ^11^.11 unta tho iHBt year «r «o. 

^^■" ^t Jv%n.t*rly ui.<lcr«t.-«l, or wl.y Ihe 
•- -'■ *' ^;!1 ».4cIo.*d; but can b<! now 
■ "T^-^^"^ tbo'foUowing. l>o 
' '" JfTw-r th*t of velocity, mertia 

- "* »f^4nrthe latter being caiued 
-**"■'■ H^ -:lrtfcilT of the wator when 

^ r iJ -^-liiii*: •>«> b««,l»« l'<«° 
■" ^ iowui ia wy proccdiug work 






■ -. . .* ilMirinir water from 

" '*" ^^i«uB.iDii*t hare heard a 
^aal in the pipea, which 

./^follo^f.-^Suppw* 

' '""T^^^jwe- beeauM whoa 

-''* * ""^^ith A little fall Bar 

^•^r™* t^ier obUined. 

—^ jni fc»™ff » fall 

— "^^ j< vatw equala, 

• ■"** TSVl"»«^ * Tefoci^ 

■**• "" ^lr3 -if W»* "•"" 

^ «« timilar to 0, 

'^„«i« with tho 

Tf "^-. . «» inrtantly 

~T_i-" w *• Wt. per 

■^ ' ^^ win be 30. 

^ Tatar par 




eufiicicDt to prodnco n partial vacuum ; tlicn tho wnck' 
valve in the rum insfaintly dropi in weight equal to ISlhs. 
to tho oquaro inch, pluH tho weight of tho valve. It nhould 
also be homo in mini that tho water within the trunk of 
tho ram, Bt the momeot when the waate valve cluMcti, in 
eomprcMMl more at the woiite valve than in any other part 
of the trunk, 8o that the spring or elasticity of tho water 
within tlie trunk fri^ca itn rcpulM dimini shingly, and in 
ratio iiceonlintr aa the moleculcH are comprcsMcd betwceu 
the inlet and the outlet of the ram. 

Ik-fiiru departing f mm this Huhjrct, I nhoitld now con- 
tinue to explain why this noise i^« uenrd on 1i<ng h-ngthn i-f 
auction pipuH. and more eiipecinlly in groitr.d-in full-way 
HtiipcockM. 'ITiiw reiiuires some further explanation, beuau.se 
yon can have an air chamber Hxed on the end of the entrain e 
Hide of the pipe, near the stoix-ook. yet the chattering -lomid 
will bo beard. Thin ia due to the fact thnt Uicre an> two 
wayitto produce tliia, one Iteiiigdue tothe before -mentioned 
cauHo, and tho other tu tlic doaing of a valve brAiiid a 
column of water, whieh dix.'.'t not, like the ram method, 
inatuntly cause the iM>lunin of water to stop in its forward 
motion, but producea a jvLrtiul vacuum, in length (and 
intensity, of courac, only to ita maiimum] aceurding b> 
the weight of the water when in motion, together with the 
amount of fall. 

It is not gonerally known that even atcam, when under 
pressure, will, when passing through vers- long lengths of 
pipe, and when suddenly arrcstod, make the same chatter- 
ing noiao as the water doea when suddenly arreat«d ! ! ! 
AlHO see the account of the Water Hammer. 



8pllt Pipes. 



It is a oommon thing with us plumbers to find i^pes tplit 
or burst, more eapecisUy the riaing maina of pumps when 
worked without air chamberH, and it ia through autli 
occurrenoea that we are indebted for the invention of the 
hydraolio ram. 

The plumber before spoken of was engaged at a hospital 
in Bristol to fix some piping, which was of a long 
length ; tho up was of the ordinary' groDod-in plug cock 
pattern, which turned very eaaily. The act m quickly 
turning it off arreatcd tho water instantly, and by reaaon 
of tho momentum produced by the weight of the water, 
combined with its velocitv, cauaed the pipes to split or buntt, 
and we an told that in tnis caac this phenomenon oconnvd 
nearly every time tho tap was turned ofl. (Had a screw- 
down cock bean used this would not have happened, 
bcoauae then the water would have been arroatud nlowly, 
on-ing to the crutch of tho key bting turned Heccral tinea 
boforo tho cock was closed.) However, aftor several 
attompta to remedy this evil, hut without avail, the plumber 
■oldcrcd a amall pipe liehind the cock a« nt B, fig. 9ii, and 
carried the other end back to the top of the cistern, when 
every time tlio cock was uaed the water ruahcd back with 
vidlenoo. It ocr»irrr«l to the plumU'r tu nsrry the pipe to 
a high level, atill tho wat*'r mimnt'M up, and ho being 
drtMmined ti> invcatigate the mutter, ami to find out how 
kigh the wat«-r would rise, carricil the pipe to the top of 
the huildinP eiateru waa pnivided, and there 

(applied w^ nit trouble or cxpcnsi', us in the 



HYDRAtlLIC RAMS. 



467 



I 



■pparoUiH u«n at Fig. 913. A U the pine truro w»ter 
mpply ri»l4>rii, C the V jurteiinn iir bmimli, I tbfl oook, and 
B, V. E. F, li, (J, tbo rcturu pipe or mLnif mult. 

After what haa Wii ■;snlaincd, it will bo trident to all 
that if Iho Wftt«r iii A. ft )« juit into nuiti<>ii. kih) then 
Inatontly ATTr«tn], it will slrike ti bli>vr un thf her <if (lin 
cock, aiidoii the KtsiuUnR- waIop in the retiini pipo'C. with 
a f»rcr «|ii>l to llio w«lt{ht lUid utDmciitnin (wniTUti'd hv 
the Tclwity of Uie rutming fitream. The latt^n nt fiuna 
Mow ™n be (1ctcmiltii.tl by rifi-rcncc to the law of mniapn- 
tatn in uny treatisu un luochuiiirB, itlno in my IVoHOim 
THb]« iHsfore rofoTTfld tn, mid nu»5 be clearly uudcrelond 
from tho following. Supi»mf the height pI ifie L'tihimo of 
wttter tu be 60ft., and tho area of tho pipr t^ tn- onr wciusro 
Inch : here siippowi a foot cnhimn of wtit«r, trhunc baao iH 
tmt> mianTv Sui'h, U) be miiul to Jib. iu weight ; thoa vn 
evi frum tho 00ft. oolumn aolhs. tn tho squnr« inch at St« 
OMB, w M B, Fig-. S13. Tlieae fi^fura are aimplj put in 




Fill wx 

Ind nonabera for crriiTcnietic^ of calt'iilitltou, ami fi>r 
thow not well up In fliaiiTsi, an i« tho c.-w" wilh innnj of 
my beat ft^w-wurkmcn. Nuw. snppow thiH wAU-r tu be 
put In nuitlMi, and to bare attained a relocltjr nf, aar, 
2l)ft. pOT nKOni Now let the water I* Anililrnljr arrealw. 
iUiil what ia tliB conmiiutincs! P A blr>«r will bo struck oa 
ths iXK'k k«>y, tind on tno et«tioniiry wntflr in tho bnttoni 
of tho rvttiTU BJpa C, of il wri^ht nut )e<m than 30lbij., 
inullipliod bjr tLc rclonlty, uhii h wit) f<i-aaX lot aa small a 
inndiiuc the mormuiiH weight of riOOlla, ; iilao uUuw fur 
th<> Im^h (if thn piiw or trunk nf tbu mm. Thp longrr 
thiw la, till) heAvirr will ha the bb>n-. In accordanTO with tho 
lawa uf mMJuinica. Tliis 6001b«. will auddeiily put the 
wholo of tho walM" within the pipn (• iiitu rapid motion, 
and atriko up tlie t.iIvo E, Fi^f. 943, when wnk'r will be 
InJMtad from the pipe C into the uir i^hnmb^ L. I'ltr. 9i:i : 
AIM thfai injection for«^o will in due time crattUTCMi tho air 
witliin Lhi! air chamber, when tho air. oa at L, in its turn 
will wifilj and rpgut.trly prea^ upini the inirfsoe of the 
ttnnding wiiUt L, and k> cauw it tu gradunlly riae in Iha 
tidnff main pipe F G, and to a ^ren height nbartt tim 
aouroc of mipply A. 

Koncic^rho preMum of wnlnr within thf rining main 
O nuut nover exewd per aquare inch tho bfoM- atruok yvt 
aqoste laob nt the waste ralve, or, of tonas, none wiU 
SBlar the air chamber, thoogh tho ram naj oontinao to 
poIaAle. 



PulM Valves for W«t«p Ram*. 

Now, auppoao that Inatoad of ths tnp J bdns nao<l, wa 
DdO « jwilf-TiftiTig vnlvo f. Iflg. 944. [These hula aivnoi 
the bcM kind 'inii-it vMlvrH.) Hero it will bopUln that 
tho arrrHt of tho water iniiHt ho Inatantanoona. and a better 
ctfcct ctai Im produced. This ta Moatgolfier'a ram, and n 




improrvmcnt np™ TIVTiitfburat'ii. und Ihohatl C in really 
\i>a VG17 lifr>, n t(\ fipcnk. of Iho maehiui!, a^ il (nuM-a it lo 
work indepcoildnLly and inrawaantly without atlention. 
Thf parta of Ibis m^iehlnQ will be readily tindcretood !i\»m 
thi. tullTjwinR dcacription :— A, ia tho trunk of the r.tai 
leadinff f rom tbr. w>iin\:of nnpply : B, tho body of tho ram: 
C, the I)Mt, fiv>t, pidA^, or waHto Tiilvo, wbirh will rr^iaira 
yonr Mrt)<.'ular iittitntinn.and will be explaiuedfurtbbron, 
Mail faoi groat iuiportauuo; J, in tho air chamber, retain- 
ing or asDonHioo liilTe, which ahouM Im made •uffifieiilly 
wide, and nut to lift tcM hiKh ; L. ia tho air ehamlwr ; and 
M, thi. riring main. There ahould ho n boad vnlvo S or»r 
Ibe mouth cif tho trunk at W, to atop Hit) ram wht-n not 
nnntod to work. I mny ho oxuatwl for dwelling on thia 
b'llijeel Ml mach, but I e.nnnot paan It until I ffrl that I 
httvo cxhauAtcd it t<a tho benefit of niy youugiu- reader. 



Tho Action of the Ram. 



Tlio Ri-ti"n in im follow* :— Open tho howd ralw 8, W, 
I'lg. 914, the water will then, with a reloritr due f> ths 
height of tho fall, run down Lhi.- trunk »* di'iwii lir thft 
iLrrowa, when thia water will oka play ronnd (hf "iifw of 
tho ball and cause it to riao with a jerk und ■luldtnily 
aiTMt the water in tha body erf tho ram. Tlun thn water 
will, by reaaon of ita n<cquirod VE-I'icily and very ouddi^n 
arrest, givr a fiir.--u t«i (iH jiarUi i>f tbi' \uK.iy of tho mm, nnd 
oonse<]^u«nt.ly tho valve J will lutw rai>vu upwitrda with ■ 
mumentuin egua) to iho weight und velocity of ihu water. 
Xow ynu will notire that at the moment when thi- waat« 
mlvo'c cIoiw«, tbE^ro in a kind of blow atruelc. a drive, and a 
mgnrgitatjci'ii. and an iniinonao inr'T><juio nf preaKurfi on the 
luwor iiitrnial pai1j> of iho nmi. Thia imrooaud preaaure 
Uftathe air tbtimb^ ralrc J.anddrlvoa aqaantit; of water 
thioiigh it" acating into tho air idiamber or ooahlon, and 
beforo thia volvo J la |K>ntiTc]y cloaod a rnvtf (at tho polas 



468 



lIYORAriJC RAMS. 



TRlvr, mill 11 Utiuhlif.y Id tiiiiili]rii ,i viK'uinii) fn,jii tlm 
clmtiriry, or ntlnTwiwi, uf l.ln- wnt.r in l|i,> inink tiiViiiir 
plofw, wlii(-li limy in- HMiHlifl l,y tin- fjiU of |li<i viilvr J, itnil 
Ul»f pirticiiliir iiDticc tlinl wIh'h iIiIh rci.iL m in iliIjoei 
(whHi ifi iiiuini-iitjiry) it tiutU In cniitc n imrtinl vitnium 
ffor proof, HI! Siiiftiiin Vnlv iiii'iiiiiil.) nl, On- fiut ..f ih,. 
waftt! viilvo U. wliiiili, <if ccHirr-.', iiiuiiii-iiliirily rrlii'vi'H (li« 
lower part (if tlio mm nl the iiii<-n>itl j-nhMin-^'finil (he wilvi- 
(', whcH it fa!ln, iiikI hIIown tlm wiili-r l<i inrinn nin i.i wiu<t(> 
when the valvu Hi'tH iM iN-fnn-, imufwinlly, J Imvn liiJ 
Krihetl thin in im Niniplc u faHliinii im jHiH^iiilM, mnl pihiiiiliL 
wItik my prnuticfil n-iulcn who wiH)] to Ihiudik viT.-Mfl iin 
tho (frouii<l«ork of tiutm iiini'tiiniH tu mrilc- » iiKHiil miti 
for thenuiC'lvur* tu follows :-I>'t A H, Kifr. iiiii, Ui ji ji^.c,. 
of Iin. or Ijin.Ieiid piim, orn jiiffUM.f inmkirn-i. Tiikf iiti 
ordinary ijin. flat-fm-«l ni.iiiillu vulvi. amJI tmliltT it in 
ffjMiifrfMFoi toapicco of, Miiy, 2Mii. or :)iii. iiiji'i alMnil ^lin. 
UiUfr, aiid wipe too trunk A B iiit(i thu Ixiltoni of dm J.lin, 
or 3in. pints and the othnr end into u liHlcni ; h'l llHiHpinillc 
of tin- valve point upward. Thiw 1 jin. pijii' will Iw ikll the 
\vtU.'t if luitf obliquely, any at an i-iiHy iiii«li . Wniuw' vmi 
want a certain length of pipe in nil ram wurk. Now'tilj 
thv pine quite full, next knock the valve down w) iiHhuipcij 
it. aiM you will bid that you it-ill liavu a liy{lriiu1ii; rum, 
whii'h will (imtiaue in action, but, of (viutw, duiiiK u'l 
wwk. Now branch a Jin, pipe as at B, Vig, D-l.'i, and mi 
atr i-haniU>r with valve as at £, with pip« jin at O, iiiid 
lhi'« HU with water an before, and if tho pipe V- of tKily 
* «hi>rl li-u>rth, Haj- att shown in dia^fram. yon will And thtit 
lht« manli' valve will not puhute, cimply l>oraiiN<.' tbi' wiitiT 
mill iivnv it»i'If timr»»adi]y into the air cbiiml>cr, and tlio 
vlivao'ttv of the air thennii preventti tho pul«o Viil ve Htrikinp 
wtbh '■iitH%'it-rit fori'o tit ouiiho a recoil (iieu acruunt uf 
'*4itintti« V il»v\ l'«t li^ a ftojNtK'k on thopipe Ht O aud 
>liw(> ii. ib.-ii lUl npi^ iM'fon-, and work the outlet vatra 
^^^^ I liti ti> 1 iiiit' until the air in Ibo air ehaiiibcr bccomcH 
■ .Mu|>)tsM^I. ilii'u ti<» wilt And your model rum once 
■iiit\ ,,'i>iiiiiit> HiikluK Now open your Rtopc'ork jupt n 
'tuli, Mt>l *•■<• »i't tiihl the niiu to Nquirt ^viitii'r. Now 

•4i»i '|sti<i>fi ■!. .i<i>l vou will find, at acM-ttaiii point, 

'Ui- >M>H If .^mi-«' »fiViii>;, *liirh will at onee prove that 

I, 'II. <>i .'iiiit III iiiihi' ilie luai'hino work, muxt have n 

.■■ , '1 111. 1.1.1 .'i nusdi .■! pii'wuH' in lh(i air i-Imjuber to 

, . 'k., i 'It . \ !>' t.1^'ld.'tlll'l' lo the fall Kit water from 

'• i('» \ '■ ■■'''■> Hvilmin sourv'e, w (w to pet, 

>.'> I S... '\ii'. ■.t"\.\\ is'iir attention to, a [urtiot 
1 ■.■,-... 1.-..1 H tth- N itte to o|«>u. 

'i ... 's V..' -I'lt ».' i.tmn'l do without bnrinfr Iho 

I It '•111, <-it i.'rtivtioM. thiH question will 

'' '- "''S "■ 'hi- (act that the wntcr in 

■'■..■ i ,. ..ii .'I I'nv i« o{ ini«tt<^r weiffht 

. I ]. '>><...ttL t\'i- tte-iKht U>iiitr Cakflit 

' ■ ..1. . . u. ■!.!.■ i>tyi>\ niolli'u and nui- 

'■■ ■ .! '.'.i.it, siul, MuK iH>. il if", 

' ' . ■ . ■■ , 11x1 \'i iri>ii in motaon, 

' . I I I'li'io iht«. di«,iiiiiHi(.'t tho 

• I '- ' . . . . ; ii K iuh> iW Ah i^f a 

:*.' h.sfcl -'t water A. R. 

' . . ■ .... Yn.' fch*- IkW i>( wnlor, 

', . ^'M >H.i,t «.:«> (rv lit with 

^ ■ U ....>.».,. -■ >■. H' p'i liMipie 

wviiIunU UmiI 



1. ...v 'v>«t4.viiigi th(i 
.... ,..„.;.. &w< 



Brief Deact^lption of the Action of the Run. 

liifcr (i. >'i^. Hi. Suppotio a stroke !hu JTut Ukn 
]Aiicf :uiil 111.' ludl C i.'loBod, J is open, bat odIt for u 
iii"ii4iit, Tur llio HirikinfT power of iLo water at ^ ii mmm 
H"""''.'"*'! Ihfii tlip. jiri'^Mire abiiTC in the air cbamberqiudlr 
]iri'iin'fi .1111, (li[« valvi", which kivoh the fonuET a buknn 
iiiii|Lini, ji'^i-tiiij,' iij yri^fii the water back np A. whiA 
o'M'illiiijjHi ^iJirliiillv a-.+Lstw and causes a partial racuTun to 
tiike i>l'H'r ill C. no iLiit by tlifi atmospheric prcMuie tai 
lln' wi'i;.'!it uf ilii. vitlii' it quickly faUw nud ia iiL-^mntlT 
ii-iiil>' liir iniJiiliiT ^rrokp, wJiich quickly- tiikni plict': 
iiKiii" Dm wdiur is fluiij; back, tho valve J npeo* at iV 
piimi' linii' ihu n.;nii-^-itu.tion takes p] ore, PtUf anisialbir 
litllu I'lii'kwjiti-r frmii tlio Hir chamter. the partial vacuum 
iiK-nin furniiii, iiniL <■!• u nicking or ^xcLllating movement i» 
ki'jit lip Imtwetn the ivatiT tn the trunk A and the watrf 
lii'lwri'ti, F rind fh:it iu the iiir vi-mscI, th« water in thn 
Iniiik Ijikifii,- nhr.rt »rnikc«. wbil«t that pt F, J, take* luog 
fi1riiki->. 'I'lii-i-i-. i« ni> qui-'lion now in my uind "but that 
Ihu I'liitLMi,' iiiilI .'peiiiiiy uf tho waste valve is dua tu thu 
iiIhivu e^iiliiiintiun. 

Yon will iiotiii'furiliiiTimthatrHp_':Lk of n ncoondarv air 
cliiLniliiir !!■- -ii N, M, ivr :is iit F, Fip. OH. also Ethown iu 
UriintHi'llii''" liiijiruVLil Jit F, Fig. ai5. Thin wcood air 
i.)iii]iihcr tisiln tit l^--*rn ihu violBnco of impajct. beraiuc 
then the wiitir hiw n l;iiiil nf cuahion 1o partially Mriko 
jiHaiinut, iiirtwid nf il-i siriking ita whole for« Bg-ainsi 
T'gii iiieriil. 

I Hlitill iLiiw priHirvd Vi espliiiii the shifting valvie, h* 
iiMiiiiff iL vi-ry oil] ilinwi'u^-- I'rom ilio liiiiidM of ^ontgolfier. 
(ii illuitlnito thL'> rami-, i>ut audi n r^n woiJcl nut ba tpmLi 
tu-dny. 



The Gnirtir:^, ValVQ nnd Secondary Air Vessels- 

Thih Miiftlnn^ v;ilvt' in fnc thn piirp<i-t' of niipplying- Invb 
air into fUe uir chmiiin-i' at ciub pulse nr itroko of the 
ram. Tin? wnifliTig vnhv i^ dimply a MHiill huloorapcrturp, 
He at P, Fig. OIS, uf cupiUury bor^. In home rams thix ij> 
left entirely open. It ivill also be nntiet*! Ui^it in Ihia rani 
thcra is asecoiidair ebnmlicr F within (he liir^re one 0, 
and thai tho bent or foot vnlvo C ie uf tbexpitidlo kind. 
The UBC uf Ibc Miiftio^ vnlvc a.nd tllO fliTiin*! nir rhiimlitT 
will be rvadily iindenttoocl iTom the fullowio^r ilcw.'riptiiiu. 

SuppiiHo iliu wn(er to bu nnuiiag doo-u thu irunk A, nnl 
tho beat valvu C to give uno pulao agnioMt tho acaSinp Q '• 
tho water will th^u ursro itwU forward throug'li (!r?^fcpdy 
D and strike iiiraioKt E (vrhic:h ig. badly arran^rcd — it "h^ifl^ 
be of an cany luTid : but sunh van Moutpillaer'"! riuiit nii^ 
up Into tho air chamber F; at the Mimo iii..4iiii)t (]j,i< 
momentum of tho water caniwsa a parTinl vnciinni to titlm 
plane at K (thi§ pmren that there In ii pnrtiul viU'iiiiiii 
fomiod by tliB roirurjritBtiQ", ;>nd establisbcM niy ili^irv nf^ 
ilH acllun], Qud to draw in air at the paHeaife or cnpilfur' 
tubo P. Tho air iu the amiilltT nir ciiambcr F in iim 
rdnindatice, or in other words, thia air fhamber is not d.J 
largrc, thcrtjforo the volven J J are not jerked ojion M-illi 
mach '\io1eiico oh whh tho ra]vo J in Fi^. 944. Yon fauV 
«Kvn that n Niniill qniiiitity of nir con bo oiiifUHl tbriiii|tl{._ 
tlio npi-rturc P nnd into the wntcr. This air. it mij,-!!!,; w?** 
► npposed, would return, but it cannot, and forlhiarcai.'-ipeOn. 
limt part of the wiiter fsdls back, aud instantly fills up- )>o1Ab 
Hmiilf bore or tube, nud tho air beins; U^htor tlmimtb^ 
wnliT, it nacendii to ib(^ lop. and at eaiih puino thii) r^ toji^ 

SHvHion of fresh nir cntrrH (hroug-h the vulven J J^ ii.tli 
indit itn way into the larKCr air chambor H. when ib !„ jwiyBa 
i«>«l« u|ion tho ' '■iaTciT'neotsiuiTy, buciiii."'^ «ths 



I 



lIYPRArLIC HAMS. 



489 



■Ir cti.AiiitHT, whOD it i* fii]l ol air, i« of mii'^h mom Titltie 
ttiaii whtii oulj liiilf fu!!. or lu iiliunrn at Fijt- M*- ThiWn 
]• iiUn iiiiolhor rwu-iri «l>j' noiiii* iiinkcrs u»e the neonnil sir 
•.'LoihUt : tin.- fvrvti uf ihu tbuiops upun lliv fiMXiB d( tho 
vulre In gnslly ditnlninhod, thereby rradciing tliara mom 
liutling. 

Ntiw Ihml t haw oxpbiiKif! tlt« real •clinri of thi^ ram. 
let tu eiMQoiu Ui« bwt furuu UiKt it bLuuIiI Iw nudo tv, 




^ 



Tlist abovn at Vig. M6 is unqaaatioiuitjlj biul, innHmuch 
Ha 111* wnUT in by thr nitnu^muH Hhnrp ittigVn miu-h r^hcHiktal 
before it can atrikv ur lift open tlia uir obajubtr or ih« 
womiditiif vulrs. Fiff. 911 in bctlur, liat the rmitid ball 
lor ft foot TAh'f) rmderfl it Icai jfcrfrinL itiim it oihnrwiM 
Wiitilii bf. Now liim tn ]''ig. 940. TbU run fans n npindle 
bi«t valvfl C, nnd tiru sir cJiuRibiTK witli iprin^ Mui/tinf 
tnUt, wtitcb la fonucd n-llh a klud u( boul. »]»iiig just 




■bor« th» tmnk pipe inint and mta,v A. TbJa ram in a verj 

Cod OCM), ihouffb >iBcv tho dahi uf ila lautiufacCuro raniB 
w b««i murh improved. I will, howuvfT, MpcAk nf Ihia 
LoDK, «■< I flml it fuino tLirtr jrconi ago n«iit Bromf iinl, to 
Ijlcrvforil'liirr', aiul wn>t« of it aWit tlw yvnr Ifl09 iu tlio 

unmylut ridt t« Bnmfard. which v.t» tmrntj-firo 
^Mn afW. t waa oariouii to wo this riim. aud found it 
mtrithi^ vxaotljr u I left il, mivo and except a faw dow 



foot luid chamber valrctt. 'llii» mm ii novnokiag tlurtf- 
flv« edrokes ucr minuto, and in the auno time expends 
iiUxit 33ft. of w-utcr in lifting about l^cublaft. to SSft. 
ill iK-i^lit- 

V\%. 917 Ifi an cloTatioii of n run haring- the «irond»ry 
nir chamber and saift holo at ^t alsu a duor D for 
■'xaminin^ tJit- nir clinnibiT vaiv« ; it also ahowa Uio riaing 
main pipe ulwu uS the top of air dunber. 




FID. M7. 



Koit let uBoxaiTiiDo Haiuton'a lam, Fift- 9*8, Thial* 
a Her ti III) 111 vltivntioii of a ram inndu by an Am<^riran firm. 
and altbuu^h a patoat baa \iwa takon oat for tho cup 
leather air chamber valrv, O, tho ordinary clnrk ralvo is 
being usod. Bnt tbcro la amtlher claim, which la (or 
an additional Loiid valTo, D, L, which ia niippuMid -to 
prcvout tbo rocuil of walvr in tho trutili, nrid facilitate 




n«. tu. 



tho working of tho ram. For my nrt, I bdl to B«a any 
adTautafi^ ^nod by tho uite of this rnlro, but, oo the 
coatriiry. it in a hin'irnnee to the frco flowinK <>f tho 
wftt^r into the bivly uf tbo mm. IWrc in one goixl fc*turo 
in this nm : ttio umbr tide »t tho fwit ii rouffked, 
whoivliy Uiu wulttr ovonui to tako a better hold «i tho 



460 



HYDRAULIC RAMS. 



valTs than in PisB. 9t5 and 016. ThiR diagram alBO 
illuBtrates the metnod of fixing lead pipes with nnions, 
aB at R and M ; not to be recommended on the trunk, as 
it irorks looee. 

For the moment, one would think that the back chock 
valve, D, Fig. 918, would prevent the recoil giving the 
required vacnnm to tho waete valve ; but this is not bo, 
AS the Talve D cannot fall quick enongh to prevent it. 

Take notice that the air cnamber, L, Fig. 948, is nearly 
foil of water, and it Bhonld be horo remarked that by 
reason of so much water being there the ram is not doing 
its duty, because the injection water given at each stroke 
of the ram receives a dead rOBistanco in the shape of a 
mass of dead or standing water, whereas tho air chamber 
in ¥\g. 946 is nearly empty of water, and Uie injected 
wat«r IB received into this air chamber with, comparatively 
Bpeaking, nothing to impede its progroBS. Say that the 
water is injected with a force of GUDlba. to the square 
inch, and that it is received from the injection pipe into 
an empty air chamber only having compressed air, to, say, 
about 2(Htft. column of water, then, according to our 
fntmer favourite calculations of 1ft. column to equal 
}lb. to the square inch, it only meotfl with an elastic 
letisbutoe of lOOlbs. to the square inch, leaving a margin 
ei SOOlba. to the square inch, savo and except the 
ffwilional part required for opening tho air chamber 



following explanation. When the water flows into the 
body of the ram, and through tho beat valve F, and 
having acquired Bufficient velocity, it closes the foot valve. 
Its momentum forces up the air chambor valvo O, at the 
same time tho water lurrcs tho piston D np into tho 
cylinder C ; when the recoil, caused by tho sudden closing 
of the foot valve, takes place, the spring at the top of the 
piaton D torceB back the piston, thns asBiBting the recoil 
in producing the partial vacuum, and making the waste 
valve more certain in actiim, and tho ram less liable to 
atop. 





Jno. uw. 



I may hero mention that I have fixe<l many of Blake's 
rams in different parts of the country, and have never 
had better workers ; they do tbcir duty, are strong and 
not olumsy, and are not liable to stop by inattention, 
which ia one had fault with most other makers' rams. 



Ramt without Air Chambei^ 



Xext examine Fig. 951. This, another of Blake's isms, 
is made to work without tho ubo of the air chamber, a 
plunger, E, being subetituted in its stead, which ia held 
down by the springs H, H, and tho croaa lever J. It will 
bo phun that when the ram is put into action, that as the 
«-at(>r riBea from the body of the nun into the pipe D and 
B, that at eveiy pulse which the foot valve C makes, the 
momentum of the water will be felt vpon the bottom of 
tho piston E. whioh will cause the piaton to jig or rise 
with a Hpring at each stroko of the ram. It also foDowB 
tliat tnt> pixton E must riee in its cvlinder aooariing to the 
pntwure upon its lowvr (ace. and will rise in the same 
jirv>p(>rtion as it do«» in the oniinarT anraimulatOT — in fiaeL 
this is nothing moiv than the aocnmolalor, the piiudple ol 
which I apnlit^ to the ram in tbe year 1870 ; and ia the 
vmr 1871, m ono of my patents shown, the ptatoo wotked 
trum otf tht> rising main, to make the ram itif-aoting. I 
Also fi>und it, wWn no air chamber wms en^loyBd. to voHe 
noisily, and I dist-arded it for mylenr amnganeBt. If yoa 
further ezaxaino this diajnam. ng. 951. yon will there nsd 
that lh<^ |ii»t«i» £ actm as an air chamber : but the sides ol 
ihU large pblmi an> not wtt easUy k«pt watetti^t, and 
the wkwfai p»rt>c»wia not act satJArtotilr. Byrafa ' 
' X WQ' W s««a mr air dtamber and 




HYBRArUC BAMS. 



loading •ccomulator. irhii^h I dm^^, and with mjr 
iRwed tBdicslor punip I pliu-n) twfnrr « rtiininitt«r nt tlu' 
aooictjr ot Art'H nxinia in flm ream IST'i Mnd 1373. It will 
nadilT be ueen tliat wilh tUit iiir ihsiubor and wK-londing 
MwonuUtor tho uwful effort <>( un airvewi.-l in n-tniartl, 
u ia sIm Um s^ox •>( tbo ptKLUm maintttuu>d. uid the 
pliitou wUl be luadca wilh wbUt in exHct pn)(>oilten to tW 
prOMim of tho water within thn ri«tpg mntn. For ati 
ezamplo. plaw tlio fUnEv W, Fitf. 9A6, o^-cr Hi- flonife G. 
Fig. 9AI, and put thn ram iato ocrton. The water irUl 




tlicn nm up tliv pi)iu V. and into tbo air Dbajnbi.>r nccumu- 
lAtor, wht-n, an it riMA in Uin riKinir main, bo it wHll alnn 
into the aeciiuiulAtor. and tti will the weight of (he wiiU-r 
tend to loacl thi' HCdimDlutir down. Ilrrv, ia thi* iliniiraiii, 
tlui wator cannot lycaw) butwM-ii tlii- ptntoii aud i'\'tiiidvr by 
TtMKoa (it the cup leaUier Q Iwtin^, I)t tho prcsinri' of the 
wattT, furced againnt the nidi.'n of thi' hfillnw iitntoii V. 
Having apon tint action uf thlA air clintabpr and ielf-IundinK 
aocumiUaloT In oonjuaotion with uater ramo, ti'^xt. tiini lo 

rig. w2. 

DavieB'9 Self-Starting and Stopping Rama. 




fia. DiL 



B«foTo I explain furth«r, I maj- be aHawed to date thai 
I am tflUll^ dinint^rw^tMi in ihr mannfartiire nf tiny t»t- 
licitlnr ruuiB. hKviiij^ tii'tirad frcin Iho mntiiirartiirTDir 
ilfipnrtniont of vntcT mmci iu th>? yotr IfiT*). 

In tliin diitKriiDi trill ho «rm a ram workvd hy my 
acniRiiilator aimntrfirifnt, and vith tvo injc«1inn pijtM 
K. M, iiTid rnWat 1', L. F ia tho aeoumulator, aniirirnii); 
lh« uur])uaiB <il Ml air cbambnr, An. ; J th* tmnk, and A 
'he body of Ibe nun ; W, tho rlaiujf sniuti ; B, the bt;at 
valrp. irhicb cannot work when the acmmoIntoT ia under 
an «xtr» pmnure. ranard by tbo cloaing of tha liall und 
o1h«r oodu or valvaa on tlie tiaing main. 



Rama with Doubie-Foot Valvei. 

Thin kind of ram t« illuatratcd at. Pig. 9A3. Tha paiia 
ar« M follow* : — A fai the aockct for reoelviug tliu *[iij(Ot 
vnd of thv trunk ; C, the flangg for flxinff tlw vsItc plsto 




Cm. 963. 



onr Oh body ; B. O, are th» beat ralras ; D, tfas outlet 
or Haino- main, and O the air chnnibCT. 

I fail to an? any ailTiuitnirv by thn UM of two waulo 
TidvM, bat, OB the oontrarr, think that the Affect is not ao 
good a« with tho lingle tmto. 



lnJ«ctlon Rams. 

It la a OoaUDOn ixx'unvacfl to nmke a ram to miM water 
from a vail deqrar or from a tower WpI than Uic ooima 
and ontbtof tb* tnpply whieli is rrijuiroil to work tits ram. 
Snell nuna are aomMiinca used in ijuarhcB, T«Uarr, &«., 
find at* iiliifltratod at I'Ng. 9ol. A ii Ihc inlot trunk or 
supply pipo ttixa th« luiKd ur iiiuicn of ■ujiplt'. Thw wat«r 
rnnii through thia nim, and gathcnt round toe back of tho 
waste v^vi' D, whiih cauiM tbv valve to cioao, aa in ttic 
ranta, Figs, 944 and 94A, but with thia diffDmncci : (but 
inttond in tho body of wut«r Ix-iitK iii frout of the heat 
ralvo D, it ia In tbla caiw bcliind it, and, cimwqumtly, 
instead of giviu^ a thr^t iipon ihn lonnr part of tna 
tmnl:, it tendii to inck, or, marc proper^ ajvnkldng, to 
create a [xirlla! vuLUum. for exittnpio r •Tippow* tho 
weight uf tb« column of wntcr from M to thi.' liorixontal 
pipe R to b<- ftlb. tn llin ttquan: Incli. and the wo-tcr to guin 
Ik vi-locity of 20ft., bmv wi- get tho 6lh. miiltinliod by 20, 
which equukls lOOttn., and tho momi'nliim will im lOUlfaa. t>* 
the niuarg inch. Now, auppgao, for the nke of an iUn- 
tion, tho well to be 30(t. deep, and that vatorr 
bo Buokcd up, the vacuom prosrare cequirad i 



tothf aqiuuv inoh. Here tSlbn. (rom tb« IOOIIm. learM 
iStbt, u K luq'lut, wttiob will vmj well malw np for 
snf ActtcA, Ai'.. in Ibp nrrAagvniL-ub'. I Mid HOfl. dMip, 




Ki(» u&t. 

bat It nual be mnonbered that you ouutot work w&t«r by 
vumnm latisfacborUf at thtH durtimce, ncpro oApMinlly if 
^nu hiivc- vftlirtw nbo to lift, a* nt 0. Abont 15ft. kliould bo 
Ihn Uiiiit to lift watiir «n above. 

Sa«!i rnniii luny also lie tnadv to tluow wat«r U W«U U lo 
drjtw it, by londrthcnin^ 
the tninic A, AtLil by 
pladuK Mn nir 'cliainber 
with valve. n« abowit 
by die doiUNlUm* nl Q. 
Id fart, tb« various 
HllrruLiouB knd iDi'lhudB 
ot w*irlcitttf tin' mm nrv 
lv>tfi'>n, ktia cftii oiilr bu 
warkml uut ■r(M>mLnfr 
t» the kind iif wutb 
rciiuirul tu be iluuo, 
ntiil b)- Ui? workniBR 
hlnixrlf 

N.E. — linkn muo 
thftt yoii put the watar 
and air in Ibi' mAahino 
vKMt, at Hlibwn, or it 
will not Atari work. 




ruL aha. 



Cl«an a.iKi Dirty Water Rama. 

FtK. 9filA Dlulfubw Fyfo'e doublr ai:1)on mm. woridn^ 
mneh aboal tlw oaune an Pi^. 964, Imt with « •pnng in 
Ikii iif llw weltf)iU-d ilLtpbrafnu- 

'ITh? riniuK miuii ui ciinnpoted on the tnp nntun on ibe 
rigtit (if the riktn, an in Fig. OMa, ur to a M^aratw air 
i^biiuibur. 

Tho inwpr TinioD i* for Ihe KutUoD pi]>e, or it im v bappoi 
tliat tho pure wnler muy Tin hail trimi a hi|;lM<r \i'yv\ Itian 
thin ubiim, which, in such cw, will be Dnm' ib^ womc fur 
beiuK m> ; in fac:, it will enable /o« to diepcttiw with tba 
dinpliDipin wm; ht ur i^rintf . 




ThiA kind of rani in iu«d fur the pnrpcwa of i 

clt^ii wnlcir hy mriiTm iif a dirty wat«r,Toran I 

which ">c Fig. II3A. D i« tho ftunge for rannrrlinff lk«' 
Irunk. E tJu- Iwidy of the rum. I Ihc boiit viilvt-. H Ihr 
air chjimbcT viiWi-, ti thn tntHimry nnuf^ mmin imtiKtUwiing 
from fJir sir cIiiuiiUt T BuppcMe u difie of metal bo 
pliiLMl Iwlwivn thn fliio(K« n» ut C, thdi this mii«hiQe will 
do the work of nil myliuiiry rum, But IH thin pipe be- open, 
Mid tiiu ralfo way l.J Q <iUw«l n» shown, wilh ibr Mop. 
cock a, or otlD-miMt, and let W iu th.- wntor chfcoiWr b« a 
think and wti;-ht«l indinmblM^r dinphnigm to cover over 
thf) wntvrway in the body, bent duwrrwarda, a> abown 
al V, Now, let tbit chamlrr 7, be full of wnt«r. 
ftjt niao tlif jiipiw Y and AB, aud Jet tb« i«i» Y 
Imre a valvw cipeniiiK itily tho cfaambtT K. and on 
the lop (jf Ih" •iptuinir 7. Kl an outlet valve hu fi«cd 
UH Bhowu, to open npwnrdfi and iuUi tbo rining main A^ . 
rf and AH are the snifLinK hntra, m B|ii>hi>H nf in Fiji. iMI, 
4r. Supptumnlt to l*- us i!*i»i'rili«l, mid iho Miucharmj 
with wat»r ; let tbe ri*iii^ inoia pipe S he provided witS a 
•li-pwck AG, to conm-nl the rixinjf main AH, to the 
air cbainWr T, .ir ruhcrwise. 'Ihi« will in?c«i»itai« only 
niif^ rifting inaiu aud unc »ir i-biitiiberi but aautbvr rising 
HLiiin niid air vi-wu-]. AD, miiy bo employed. IjcI tlte 
titui be put to wuik; tlio puL-'t' vulva riatu ii|tainid tbo 
•laolJU^. and the velo(iity i)f ihi- wuIct awiagt ouwatd. aad 
would ouo— '• •« riaa through the waterway G, bol it 



! 
I 



HYDRAULIC RAM 8. 



463 



» 



by rmMni of the stopMtck a. It Hwinf^ oniriiTd to 
» undereide of the diBphrfl^pn V and W. wlin h in tlmvli^ 
; qpwaid*, and by rviuou of tlUa ujiwurd luori'inntit, it 
fbcoN Mit the water from tb(< water cbumlM^r. tbruu^li 
the valTD K. thrcnwli thr.' jiijM AB And rrtlvc AH int> 
tiio airohMnbn- AI). nnd mlu tliL> riamt; iiiuin ; Ihon thr 
ndvo Z c^ooM, »ud tht- wut«T ia tbe body nf tlw rnm bt-inu 
nieued firm proMiire by Ka»on of the U-nt ralvt^ (j|^<i-uin(t. 
Ibc wrigbtod diapbrAfm filb) hnfk. Uic inkt valvo V 
upeoii, nod luara water ia drawn into or ciilnrn tbc water 
ooambvr. When thia n Aotw tb« water in the trunk U 
UfgMJi Klarta into mulion, and •ouu, bj iie ivcceloratwl motion, 
cMa» a <>ertaui in«rtla, and iho bMt valrc I ia atpdn mrricd 
fiwward, whicli, briug amlilculy ■bippiJ, oaawe th« wat«r 
ia tbo body to again urKV fi/rward, wbcn it* mompntum 
npalu oatutw the rubier diu|itiru|^ V atul W to rutv, uiid 
si> uu altamaloly. 

Hero you may Bc«i tliat tlm diiijihrng'iri valra Vi KaWj 
aeia aa the yjungw D iii Fig. ftoO, »ud jot- doom double 
vwk. 



th« Toloeity and weight of tbn waler witbiu tho body gf 
the ram. Thp pi*t(in D having rt<c^TD<l an upward UOV 
••r thmst, it 1« at uuc? cLiinmuui4.-ut(^ to tlic pietoo or 
bucket loatbrr E, whirh to il« turn f aiym lh» witt^rr nnward 
thrangti the air cbambrT valve Ki. and *■> ou itilo (he air 
rbiunber IJ, and up the piuc L. (Notn-c— ThttTimpi.Tplaoe 
f«r tliim piiitim I) it at tlio end of tlw body Z, wtiwru it 
will ^vo tfau beat eSvct.} 

Siphon Rame. 

The Biphon ram. Fig, ^'i'. i« very rmrrty mndp, nnd, ia 
fwit, tlirm !■ not Rne plutnbet iu a tliouoaud who has nm-h 
ODfl; but aflttr tlit> uiowled^ yon liare now obtained 
by wofking oa thi: fonigoing raiiM, yoii will bo easily 




rnKiM. 



Nnw rnn bav« rmii that by meana of a diaplinigni the 
ram uia tw nuidvto pump wb diffuremt flidtl to that by wliirli 
it 18 worked. Instead of tuing a rliitphrngin a bni^kot 'ir 
phingvr Ruiy bf KniployMi- for thin nlir Ui Blukv'ii ruiu. 
Ff^. BAA. In thin riiin tnnv bo seen at. I> a large* piaton 
working; witLiii tlii- i;riiDOcr C. whi'ih is bnuiolwd on 
the t<.'p of the body of ttie ram. At the other end nf Ott 
pfalon ml, and at K, in a pisUin or cop biii-knt working 
Upwatdn. An Mdargisl rii-wnf tliinpii^im iitul riip Icjithi-r 
ia akown at KK and DI). On the top of thu iiinton ia 
flxid a aprititr F, to ftifi tha downwara motiou to ^U cup 
liiathcr or i^atun. Thin drawH thn wnbr up the aiifition 
pipe I, Klkd op«'ti< the valri.' K ^»< in Ihu onliii.iry pluu^-vr 
JHitnp. Now Irt thi' foot vaItii M cl-mn, ,1* in tbp ordiriiiry 
mannw i l!he iui>r1iK of thv water bt-uig oitward, the wiiIct' 
Ifikw Um bond of ih« pialim D with a momunttun li^ual to 




VW.tKI 



plitt-rw irktmi Um oadituirT nm otnnnt hf fixi-A : for 
inNlsiMW, in plaoM where lh» Ion}; hv A m*r Ih let ilown 
Uito » dwo i'Bvit; too awkwud to nx tlie or^inaiT nun, 
or IB broolm irhiui an tikclr to b« floodoil, fte., imd vbnv 
th« ram loot v»lvo would b* atopped by lh« wri^ht of 
water nbortt it, ftc. ScnnetiiiiM a mDH-lcmiltlr uvmg in 
piping may be vff«C(«d hj its Utw m fnUowa. HappOM (1m 
tiuid or apnny of water lo bo on tlio «ide of « hlu. utd a 
houK cIoM tA the spring, and thnt tfae wiit«r tn rf?qair<yl t/i 
ba devftt«i to the tDp uf the hoiisT Niiw •uppfuw Hi'* full 
tn ba eft., hot in nn)i>T t<) get IhtH Aft. yuu will h«n> 
to ffo « (Unlaniw of AOO yard*. Der« you can taiii? the trunk 
A, Fig. Si'. 600 yardii away, and fix lli«i Vxlj: R and the 
■MUtleK C at tbo 'priiig or wvll, niKt «» mtf tbi' '>(I0 y-iid* 
of riaiiiitmHiu. 

Tbe actiim in tM feUawR : Harltig fillod up Ibe traiik nntl 
body, aa alsu iJii- pipo R and I> (which may hp ilnno liy 
optauiig tb* acrow cap Y). lot thp nra br ptit into ontinn. 
"tbt beat valradoiM. aad wut«r ia inJKtod up 
the ebambec pipi> D, and throngh tba 
vi\rc?i; itth«n nam np tho riainx niAJn X, 
a* in Ibe ordinary ram. But hy Uain inrllimii 
cif workloff tbori' b n great low of tbe uwful 
cflcct uf tbe watvr. beoaoM tbe maaKOtniD 
nf tbr watT in thr trook A. by raawm rf 
thr ahut uS ralve B iDlcrveaing. haa DO 
^<<c4 upon lh» injeotitiD ptM D, but is 
wvrkfd BUDply by tbt> wvitrht of water witliln 
tim Hhoft W C of thr Bipbun. Kaw, to get 
orvr tluB dimoulty, and tu take adTantaKO of 
tbi! wnffht of wnt«r in tbn kmg lag of tbn 
■iphtjn, I barp iiiveiiU.-d a HUction nod force 
pump ram. whicb la iltuattated at F. and 
which will be readily anderetood from tbe 
foUuwing deacriptinti. SnppciiMt tha wuter in 
tbi> tnuu A to he put ittto npid motino, 
■ad the beat ralrp B to coddcnly cIom ait 
In the ordinary ram. Nmw mippoAC Ihf^ |^pe ' 

B l(> hv brani^hnl va to 'Am trunk aa at t^. 
and l.hnt O in an eloetio diapbnigni, piatun, 
or cup Icatbiv, which ia, or tnay be, attached 
iDTccr B, or otbsrwlae to the handle of a pumc aa 
before Mid. SuppuM the pHl"c valri> TJ Xt> aulaenly 
arrest lJ>f ■iMlomu nf wulwr, tlia weight of tlic wuter 
in the truuk A will wud to create a pirtial viiniiuin ; 
Bad in proportion lo tho rolociiy ana wuight of the 
wat«r, an will the dinrilira^ Q ihoto inwHrdu, and »o 
work th« levttr II, wlucli, lieing jmiit«i lit .1 with tht fcli'irt 
alottod lavtrc K, will raian thn puiEi]i pinli.iu L, wht-n the 
effect of thu monifutum o{ the wstw witliin Uie tmnk 
is pnat, BO will the weight K bring bock tiiu 1evi-r H, aud 
with it the diaphragm, and tui nn altwnately. It will he 

Elain that by Ihiii raetliuj water may be rMitod tji imy 
iHeht required. Tbis diaphragm amuigenimit luuy lie 
nnoe to gin an outward lhru»t Instead of au inward 
Bclion, and may 1* finxl at BW. Fig. 'JA2. 

Thvrv aliuuld be n vwk on tbe uutlet tniuk at about A, 
and this outlet dip or trap itacll to prvvent tho trunk t'xi 
Modily Mnptyiog it*clf when not in iwc. T ia the plug to 
fill tmuk A, ic., with water. 

Uanng dcacribcd aodonlaiiied the diSotot nune oud 
their action, 1 will prooeod to show one or two fixud, and 
dcaeribr thu mudi-e uf fixing, &c. I iD;iy firat mrntitm 
that water rama, like all other enginea, cannot do work of 
tlicir uwn accord, but will bo dopcudent upon sonie ot thu 
prime nuiring cl^mcnte. let thn power famti fnxD when it 
may. Tbercforc. the useful cHi-ct of thi« anparBtiiB vUl 
bo gDV«nii!il hy .i ntr'ain fomn, gcnnrnlnl in una coae by B 
rumjiug aitcvui or hi..al uf water, and delemilnnble bv the 
waiJ-iaowa Jaws jf mechanics. The aiiupUcity oi the 



operation rf thia n)a^>titM haa bees tbe neatkB ol tianuildatf 
aa one or the mnot tuMtitifid pbUoaophio iBBtnuncnta wlwiii 
baa hilherl') figuml in the pagna uf anr writnr on natotal 
pbiliHiiphy iiii'l hydranlloe; and ita durobiUty aad aita- 
plicity rvndrra it deddcdlr one iff the meet iianurtaat and 
vahiable aelf-aniing machine* yet developed fur raiatng 
water. THa hydraulic maehin« !■ eapeciaOy uau'iU fur 
f DTRing wati*r wbero Urge qoanlitieB can bo oUowed to xxat 
to wa«t« 

Directions for Ordering Rama. 

Pirnt, B^ate the amount of the fall of water in feet and 
iuehira, which you can obtain bydnmming up or othenrin : 
Bocoiid. tbo nmotiDt nf water you have running to woata 
ptr minute ; thtnl, Ihf ht-ight In which yim roquiie tbe 
water lifted in the rising ninin ; fmirth, the antoant of 
water you uniy n.tpiitv nieiil in the lA bui>r«: fllth, tbo 
horbtoatal diataoro of piping roqHirMl. 




I 
1 



Firt. BU. 



Of eourae, aa Ln all eaaue whora long length* of idpe are 
wnA (oapecioUy when of sinalt bore), nictiou muet Mtahen 
iiit'i'i r (ma i deration, 

I generally nllow f.n- riidng moin pipea from )iD. to lin. 
barn, Ift, piraaare for evwy 100 ynids of piping, that ik M 
Bay, If the rialng miiin ho I.OOO varda long I allow 10ft. 
extra pnMMUW, or hih., Mm/ m. 'ptr/ooi. at hifamtatri, H 
tkt tt{Hitre tireA exlm nti Iht mr/nrr of llit v,tittr in tkt «r 
rhHiiihtr, t<i«von'<iiiii!tltr' friftlLiM In puehpipoa. Of oonraK. 
thnrp .in- iilw'iya cerUlu i.trcninifltnnrra which mual \x al 
tiincii lakru inlu cimeideratluti. If IW pipea be 14 in. to 
^in.. I only allow half this nniount. dimply hecanae then is 
nut the aiwne amount of fri<:tiun proponionally' (per qoaii- 
tity of water pHtBodI in large {ripesaa in the amallnr one, 
the fi'i<?tioD beuig in exact jtroportion to the aiae of bet«. 
Mt rAtif^ ia. alwaya nae pipe* large eoong^i for tbewtwk. 

Li't UN go hack to the fall, and examiiu) what la neliMJly 
opoeaaary to get a c«rUin required amoiint of work. Suae 
will say that if they bod a hisad of. ear. lOft., Ibor wobU 
make u«o of the whole, not having lo lift the water bmv 
than Wit, I may aay tluit a faFl of Ifift. is ample to throw 
uno-fuurtj*utli of thewaU-r expCTidod lo u beigm of ItOfl., 
and I may add that It U qniU- poealble to Axa rsm under 
a hmid uf 10ft. nnd yet get no nuiro work thou from under 
B aft. or (Ift. hirad. 

It thh> bp tJie flue, there muat of aaoeaaity bo a lot of 
navlata wearaa^iHK_an aa Ul-proportienod ram. Diia 
Mng ao, Uj^^r IndrnK-nt d the plumber to <d«( 

a nini wyj^^^K V Ida fall, to that the w«ai- a^ 



HYDRAULIC RAMB. 



460 



t««r of tliti manliitia insjr Ut in alriiH |nnpoor1iun to the 
KBouut cf work done, lud Uie ecwitomf In kwptng tliuma 
la npHtr will bo in Moordun. 

In onln- that my roftdtni m»y iwlcnlAte wliat fall ia 
n<iaii«d lu Mtrcl}- work a nm to drivt- vrntsr trt n givra 
lieigti, 1 ftppeiiii the following :— Abixiit oni'-nuvwiilii part 
of wo wmhtr fxpondod con he mfoly nuiKtl to a bel^'bt of 
at leaat fire tiitiM that of tin- fall Crtiiil wbtrn tho mm woi'kr 
w«ll ii> much aa i^tKht liiiiL-H). tlut in to luif . i>iip]><)a(i th<- 
futl to bo Ml, thfii inii'-wvcntli [iurt i>f thn water csiiirKW 
nuij be nLii><.^. wliirh will equal ouw-nvvcDth p^rt to ii 
hdghtof U^ifC, an beforo wild, yoncanjfpt mort, butthiv 
is aafp lorkuuiiiir. Ami. furthrr, 1 may hdil that one- 
fuvirtn-ntL psrc (>f tlji' watiT i-njwnJieii niaj he riii*pd li> n 
bf^gbl of Uii tliiim that iif the fitll. aad ho od in pt<>])orlIon. 
Tu moke thia quite clear, ao tbnl nomiBiuii1cr>(t4Ui(liii|f mny 
nrv4>. I irill (five nnother OhuitrDtiiiu ua follo>ra .— If thio 
nun 1m tilncLd lunlitr a bead, «tv. of Sft of wnti-r upmi tlm 
mink, then for every Bcren giJloiii dmwn fr.Mii the hend 
one BriU)o& may, and i^oald bo arnt ihrou^fb Iho HainKruHLU 
to u iMTiMTht uf ■-'Ml., or half a gallou to the hcighl of Anft. ; 
or, witli a lOft. fall, for «Tory fonitepn pillonH rxpcndcd 




TiM alxivi; iM a table of tha mxh of pipM uaod in ooo- 
nwtion irith diQ«rent nakera' raioa, MCOlding to (be 
quantity of wut«r obtaiuahte. 



Uf ratuHMi, tl>» quantity rniaod will bv, a* hcfon •tnltxl, 
tu otriot acvonlauou with tlio quaolitT cuusumod. Mid the 
hui^fat of tho fall : aud 1 niay add that if the foil be not 
very gitrtt, and tha wntt-r nimply weak, then • miirh larycr 
truiilc may h« iu«l with lulvuiita^i!. AIjH), I niuy add. 
tfaat whmv a groat fall can be obtAiu*;d, tho rnni may he 04 
a KtualltT Mzo tbaii ibaae &xod undrr low hcadi* of water, 
that in to nay. aiippoM a brook tii h^ fnmifihing 9 fpillona 
per miniilc. with a fall of, aay, tOft.. mid you >iai> a No. & 
ram In niiiu- ■ ifivi'ii i(iinntitj- ; th»ri, uhniild yor fall Im 
uiily, Kay, .ift. or ifl.. luv u No. 6 ur 7 rum fur ohlaitiing 
(hf< wtine qunniity, and briTik, wjir. or dani up nroordinirly. 
If the mipply of wati-r in aixindnnt, niiii a Inrjn^ Mipply fa 
nquired, thvii ill iiuiay iuataii«» it will fa<! brut to til two 
naa, so that nliUat the oiui in Ktojipt^d for n.'pair>. kv., 
the oth«r may b« k<>pt at irork, or tmr.li may 1m> workt^l 
l»K«llhn', One ri»ng main will ntmnrr. rvpt«tal]y if a 
puLT at ohHk vnlrM, n» stkomt at B, Fi^. 791. nix uaed to 
pievant the water baokiiig' on tadi othw s air cbainbur. 



Hydraullo Ram at Work. 

Tbc> hydraulic ram, aa illuatratvd, aat up, and in action 
at PiK- 958. i» ahown fur uiw purpow vxpoaed, bat ahould 
be well protfloted from Che froat. It ia an exo«Ueot rsn, 
and wiUwork in strictacootdance with what [ harvwHtfaa 
OB aingle>a«)ti(Hi rania. 

The diagram, Fig. 9EB, la Blnk^'a (vlehrated doiible- 
actlun miu, a« Axed for thrnwioir wntir tu grcnt bri^ta, 
and uiu) which n'ill anawer to what I hara writtm, and 
llluatnt«d at fi)f*. 950 luid ttfiG, which aticdi^ no fur- 
thBC doaoriptiot), e:ic«ptiii^ thikt theM nmui an? mude to 
tlirow w«t«r -ijOft., ami tho (rihcra to fonw wait- r to the 
enormous height of i,fiuuil. Fign. 9-17 and 9K miiybii bad 
ftvrtti MfSiini. Ila3rwanl Tyltr 4 Oo. 

Thtiir No. I ram, with l^in. trunk and |in. rtfiiig niaiu, 
will, when the bll is not leea than one in tMi, deliver from 
3Qi> ^lont to SUO irnlloiiN in 2t houtK. (This cxpnamiea, 
onr ill tfu, nimply nn-ana thai for a rinin^ main whow 
hnKbt ia. Hay, oOft., a fall (or ihi: trunk ahuiud b« obtained 
of .Mt., and no on in proportion,) 

TLuir No. 2 nuu, witli 2in. trunk and liu. tif'mg main, 
will deli VAT MOll to I ,-iOO frallons in i* houTH. Thedr No. 3, 
wilJi ^^in. trunk and llin. rimng niain, will dHirer I.SOO 
to '1,600 gallona i and tlii-ir Nu, 1, witli :iiij. trunk and 2in. 
riaing main, will deUvtr 3.000 to -l.OOO gallons in the 'il 
tumni,and ut tha expcnditnra of wntt^&un 8 to I2|(ullum! 
tn aaa nined, whioh. of <i«>UT«r, will be aMordIng to tb« 
h«i^bt of delivery fupe, &«. 

AtthoTigb I hnv* writtpn t>o munh In favonr of tbia 
mni.-hini.''. of uounu I do not idmii la )mi>ly tliat wu have no 
btrtUr. or, AH far aa water itt Minoriraed, no mora econninioal 
■nfwhin<w for raiAing it, that i* to aay, wAnvon/jr tt Itmilrd 
jiutnliti/ txm U ublitinrd, or ia niiCHHary fur (be wurkiiiK of 
the machine itaelf, bevniiite if «« oonie to thut p<jnt, there 
in no machine cqaal to the onrMhut water whcvl, ahowii at 
Fig. S^O, Init what 1 wiali U> imply ia tfaia: that thL> nun 
la, of all >n at«r luaehiuea, thv uiuit aimple. and will anuwer 
every purpuee in plaov when largv quaatitieo of walt-r 
mny be had to run to wnato. 

The mm will work pretty wril under an ISin. bead of 
water; yet, Hfc* th« watiir wliii-l, thegrvaler thp lall. nnil 
the b«4t«r the aupply of uatvr applied, the more wutrr can 
be ihiDi^'n. and. of toureo. tho morv powrrfnl will he tho 
narhini:, though, be it nndcntood. ibat it in qnit<i piMinble 
to have too yrrat a /nfl, and therefore the fall ahoidd he 
only in dnu proportion In thn rwininctMOta of tlto Diaihiiu-, 
or that the right «itvd raui anonM be wlectvl '■■' •!■•> 
partieiiUr fall of water. 

The relative proportion between the wat«r •"■ ■ 
that waatod, ia entirely dependant upon the C 



466 



HYDRAULIC RAMS. 



BUpplj, that b to aay, from the top of the trunk ss at S to 
the foot valve C, Fig. 944, and tlie height to which the 
water is required to be raiaed. 

A fair idea of the amount of work to be done by these 
machines may be gathered from the following series of 
tests on some of Uessn. W. W. Fyfe's ramn, FigB. 949 and 
964a, the oorreotneas of which ia attested by Ui. Baldwin 
Latham, C.E., F.O.8., &o. 

Test 1. 

Size of drive pipe, 3in. ; size of ralve, 3in. ; length of 
drive pipe, 53ft. FaU = 6-88ft. (5ft. lOin.) Lift = 
437'8ft. — indioated by pressure gauge ^^ 7S'4 times 
the faU. 

Tbst 2. 

Size of drive pipe. Sin. ; size of valve, Sin. ; length of 
drive pipe, 63ft. Fall =e'04ft. (6ft. ^in.) Lift = 49ft. 
Quantity used in driving ^ 3 gMe. m 16 seconds = 12 
gflllapermin. Quantity raised =3 galls, in 110 seconda 
^ l'6iJ6 galls, per min. 
.■.Work= 1-636 X 42=68712 „„, „ ,. _, 

Power=13"l36x(r04=8ir36U4='834«fltectlvedut7. 

Test 3. 
Size of drive pipe. Sin. ; size of valve. Sin. ; length of 
drive pipe, 53ft. Fall = 1-230;. (14|in.} Lift = leift. 
—indicated by pressure gauge = 130-B times the tail. 
Trar 4. 
Size of drive pipe. Sin ; size of valve, Sin. ; length of 
drive ppe, 63ft. Fall = l-lOft. (Ujin.) Lift = 43ft. 
Quantity used for dri^-ing =' 3 galls, in 17 seoonds :=10'69 
per min. Quantity raised = 3 galls, in 933 seconds = 
•193 per min. 

.-. Work= 193 X 42= 8106 „_ ^ ^, ^ . 
Power=lT783 x iT9= 12^31 =e31e»BCtive duty. 

Teot 6 
Size of drive pipe. Sin. ; size of valve. Sin. ; length of 
drive pipe, 63ft, B, Pattern. — Pumping Ram. Fill = 
6-07ft. (6ft. iiinO lift = 349-6ft.— indicated by 
pressure gauge = 68-9 times the &U. 
Test 6. 
Size of drive [upe. Sin. ; size of valve, Sin. ; length of 
drive pipe, 63ft. Fdl = 6-04ft. Lift = 42ft. Quantity 
used in driving = S galls, in 13 seconds ^ 13-S4 per min. 
Quantity raised (separate spring water) 3 galla. in 131 
seconds ^ 1 "37 per min. 
.-. Work= l-37'< 42 = 67-64 

Powar=lF84x6W^=8T5"9-^'^"^«™<'"^^'**y- 

Double Acting Ram, Fig. 9641. 

Test 7. 

Size of drive pipe, 3in. ; size of valve. Sin. ; length of 
drive pipe, 63ft. C Pattern. —Double Acting Bam. 
(Driving and Spring Water delivered in eqoal portions.) 
Fall = 6-04ft. Lift = 42ft. Quantity used in driving 
3 galls, in 13 seconds ^ 13'84 per min. Quantity raised 
3 galls, in 105 seconds = 1-714 per min. 
.-. Work= W14x 42 = 71988 _,, „ .. . ^ 
Power = r4^ X 6^= 8"8769="811 effective duty. 

NoTK. — InTe8t82and4 the water raised is added to that 
used as having been expended. In Test 6 there is no loss 
whatever of the spring water raised ; whilst in Test 7 
half the quantity is added to power. 

You will observe that alt these drives or trunks were 
63ft, long and Sin. diameter. The valves were 3in. 
diameter entire, only the strokes altered. 

No rules can exactly apply to this matter ; but the 
quantities given in the table are based on the height bong 
^ght times the faU. If the height is greater, the machine 
most be larger ; if lees, a smaller ram will do. The drive 
{upe is, of oonrse, the trunk pipe. 



Dipeotlone for Fixing a Ram. 

First tlie length of the trunk dionld be at least 16 time* 
as long aa the »11 of the water supply. Say yon have 2ft. 
fall, then the trunk should be 32ft., tnou^ some makers, 
under certain oircumstaaoes, fix their rams to work 
vrith trunks not more than half this length, but tor getting 
the full Dower out of a ram then the 16ft. trunk to 2ft. 
faJl works veiy well. 

The ram must be fixed aa shown at Fig. 968, imoD a 
good solid foundation of concrete having a good oak 
frame, or better, a good thick stone, say 6in. to 12in. 
thick, dependent upon the size of the ram, and to stand 
out 12in. beyond the faoe or bed of the ram. The stone 
should have holes driUed through for strong bolts, so that 
the lot can be finnly screwed together. It is quite as well 
if the bod stone be fixed before the concrete ia properly 
set, and in such a manner that the stone shall bed itseU 
well into the concrete with a layer of I2in- all round the 
sides of the stone, and let the stone bed three parts of its 
thiokneas into the concrete. 

The bed stone most he fixed at a level e« that the -waste 
wat«r shall have the full benefit of the fall, but it must be 
also fixed at such a level that the waste valve will always 
work out of the tail water. Take particular care that the 
bed stone is fixed perfectly level, and take care when 
building the house for the ram, as at Fig. 969, that it is 
large enough ; leave 2ft. 6in. to 3ft. apace all roood the 
ram, and build it f roet-proof. 

The strainer, if one be used on the inlet of the trunk, 
should be fixed so that it can be got at for cleaning, and 
oat of the way of frost. 

Fix the trunk valve in a manner easy to get at. It is as 
well to fix an air cock in the middle or thereaboute of the 
trunk to let out. the air should the reaervoir become etaptr, 
and the trunk fixed in such a position that the confined air 
can escape. Be sure and make the trunk sound to theram ; 
this ia very miportant, or the same may soon become leaky, 
and the ram *nll stop or become refractory, requiring a let 
of attention. Some people fix a stopcock or a ohec^ Talve 
near the air chamber on the rising main, as at Q, H, Kg. 
951, to keep the water up when the air chamber vain is 
being renewed, &o. It is also a good jdao to fix aa 
emptjring cock on the rising main tor draining' it wIhii 
repairs, Ac, are required; it also enablea you to emn^ Ute 
pipes during frost, &c. Gauge cocks fixed heie sad Vttn 
ou the main wilt ^ways be useful to aaoertsio whe&er tba 
ram is at work or not. 

A draw-off cock fixed at the bottom of the air ohamhar 
is useful to empty the same, and is adviaaUe, and also 
another at a higher level to let in air is at tames asefoL 



General Management. 

Sometimes when your ram is firatt started it «iD not 
make another stroke ; in this case keep w<riing fiie polss 
or waste valve up and down with the nand, foot, or *• best 
you can, and you may have to do this nntil you liSTe got 
sufficient water into the air chamber and pipes to givs a 
certain pressure. 

A stopcock on the main, at about J, Fig. 950, wfll gw d y 
assist in generating pressure quickly, iridoh mqr lit 
opened gradually as the pressure innresMa. At odMr tfasi 
the air chamber may be luU of water ; in ttis osae tbe ISM 
makes mure noise, and will beat aaidnr. Bin fln walw 
must be removed, then weak *> ** *»■ * —■ injliinsil 

and it should work pv vat watt 

satisfactorily if tlw r ^^ Ink. 

the quantity of w* rik 

If the waste f!- ■b 



nYDRATTLTO HaMS. 



467 



tlw bi«t<ni(niliii«c4 dvfixit will Anw itmll. If {XNwibln, 
never M iW aiiiinlr vnur ;a:<''t M»w Um nH-utti i>f thr 
trublt, or air will he <lniwti nii<l ittiip Uit^ r«ui. Wlieii 
RtfippinR' tbn ram. 't i» quite hk vr-U to Klop it nt thf wbhIi* 
«slvr, luilf** it l>'! fit rrjMiM. If iiit be wilbiii tlif imiilt, 
tbo rum -will go upon (ltd nnd 8tArt«, hmtin)^ quirklj- jml 
tiken riowljr, nnd. ftii^vhow, tliin U a sut* h^ <>f nir. If 
▼on bare nu air omtIc' tlira buti) down tlin wiut*^ riUve for ii 
irw niiiitit^ ; thU imir IPH tlio vratcT iiit'> a tiafficinnt ni«li 
t« Wiiw th" uir out. If liiU will not (1« it, clml Iho truntt 
ralre atid taka oft lli^ wast* «-a1w: thfii lil w^lw run 
Ihroii^h. nnd ~ii>fii VHlt't>. It nhoulil thi-ii tv ri^lit, 

Bn Mim ihat the- mift hnln \\t naf he iimnI) ik ■Iw«}'i> 
rl«ar of llie tiiil wali.'r, or it will bu tux-V-m-. 

If the watw from the ru>inji- miiin bo dcliven?d m • spnrt 
nr irrpjrnlnr j>t, tlm air rhambpr i* not largo pnoiig'h, or it 
ha* liiu niueli wa'vr in it. A mttliu;t in tho riKitiji' in'tin t« 
rniiiu^ hv ill" aborc fault*. 

lite n:iiiihi-T of bmt« pw mLnuto can b* royulntwi bj the 
nmuuiit of lilt yoa jriri' the »'n«f<« tuUt, Tho ((imttT tli" 
lift the nlnn-fT tbi> wurkiuff, but Iho Atronger the }»t of 
wator mit into tlM air duinber. (Sea my cxpcrinMiiiUt 
vith tba boat valrc.) 



Hydraulic Rum a«at VrIvq Exp8Plm«nts and 
Cheaoly made Ram. 

I hari* FxperimoatallBed upon thti beat valv« in all 
maimM* of w-tiya, boUl laige and nuinll, and tud ^rvut 
varuitiuna Uii>refrc>a), aooordin^ In i-cirtam cntiditiotta. 



P.J. DA VIES' 
EXTEaiMENTAL KAM 



tt •■ uij- 



A 1b-«1 v«1v»> Hhonld Iw froo to n'-t (olwrdily —mftd t>ii it» 

iMAtiiur. and ibJ wi'lifbt »nd lift jiiilidouclr amiiixed, 

•eoardUiif to tbu Li-n;ftJi of thv drinv pipe, aud Iwad of 



waUu-. 1 will not trouble yim lo rvad thv batch of 
vx(>iiruufnt<t whit^h 1 hare bcwu on for tbi^ litnt twenty 
yearx and from which lirck'. i>i- Botbinx may be ifainud, 
mrm- tli.»n I hiivt> here dt>lituutlnl, but will uticiw you nty 
aiiii]i1t BifH-rimfnUil miu, wUcli III ciioh lliat avary 
appivntice pluiubrr mn osperhnootiiluo with for hioiMtU. ' 
tfim of all get a I llii. to tin. Trduoing aodcet, aa shown 
at O. Fif:. 9S9'. auif tin the larger eud. Then ffrt a Hin. 
or Ilia. k|>inille rnlxir, Hhnwn at I, gronnd in with iwt too 
mni^h tiipnr : lec the tipittdle hf uuule in such a mnnner 
that tbi- valwi will work, at Icaflt. I in. ^trok^- Now 
Milder this »pindli> vitlvi; wiih its hi-ad dowiiwnnln iutu the 
iiir](i> rnil of the rt-durinif Kii-kct. an nt K. iind in fwA 
a war that the Talvo will have frwdium to work, and tba 
centra of the rnlu- to hv as near tho rentre of the i-nrkM 
fl" poH-ible, M oa to i«ni« ijt the wiifor way. Nunt 
■rnw the aicket i>u to a ith'irt M»y Uvid B. unci ihty b^-nd 
oil to .1 Un; *■> nt C, and fix a ebort pi«e of iron jiijie, aa at 

D. or D iiiity bo a bit of Iralknorki'd round, or a bit of lead 
soldcnyl im to n jnVro of iruii pil*, and strrw a lin. unimi, 
Fig. 973, thenHu, or a pinv nt iin. iixHi pipe into the tee, 
a» at A, when for yunr ex]><->rimuu(« you may run this to 
■uy Ivngtb, or you cao loEke your length up with a coU of 
liu. pipe, itntdered no to tha union or A. E ia the end 
of a load- burner > finger japf, «>!d«TrKd en to I) and F, the 
knd.bnmrr'ii jiit. Ilnrf in ttin wbole tbiu^ coni'ilvl^, 

Liet thu other i-uil of tin; piiH' A go into a tub of water, 
wlion bright is, say. .^fi., aud whicli may t>o kept nearly 
oonalant by n ball tap or olhotwine, and jou hare an 
(Tsporiruautal ram, which ciua b« ooDvarlfd into a very 
Ho^ful aod nhilosophieal niAidtlna, Mpccially if yuu put a 
valvu into uic pipe D. to answer lui a ratnjning volfe, and 
carry your pip); Ut any dmiml plaiv ; in on-'h a case make 
U a 2in. pi|M>. to n fuirinh Itruglb. and luitig dciwn thf pip* 

E, an Kbuwn by tlin doCleal linen, which will atiiLwer M iin 
air vueael, but thin b not ru(iuin<d for xtmplc Diperiinantal 
purpoam. Aasuiain^ now nil to )»■ nuub- u» >.h«wt\ : fill up 
the pipoa u bo>it you ran, nnd p»i>h dtiwn the bent valva H 
for a Uron or two, whim thr wiitrr will U'gni to flow, and 
the best taK-o in a second or fj will clufH.'. tmd if thrni ia 
no air in th* p^pn, and F very Hnudl. or better for a ntart, 
n«arly doaed, yon will finil if tbn valro il i« all nght, will 
fall tuck, and water will run when il will again cluM), and 
•0 oil in tiiii(>, prciportioniillv, witli a length of trunk, or 
drivo pipv A. nnd licigbt of wnlrr. and thv length i4 
th« Btroke of the beat Talvu, viz., from .1 lo L. 

It is not abvolutrly »(>iviiitiiry that the diivv pi^ hhould 
bavoa rpgtilur nlautuig fall, aa it niay Iw niiulo tii run along 
tho ground, or even a little uphill, providing you gut 
the fall, nor ia it ulNKiluldy nooeasury to fix the bMt valve 
exactly iat^ upwanla, am It will work in atm.Mit any position 
to naarly the liunzontal line, but ii pnferublj fiseil upri^t 
by moat firma. 

Kow avNiunt ovurything to bo mada aa su^tmtod, and 
which will owt but very httle, eopeclaUy If a ooil of, my, 
No. 4511m. lend 1 in. piiw be nned, as i( ■■an be u*od fur other 
pttrpcici:M. Thr height of th« valve ia resnhited by Iho 
waalier« L, nod the following should bn Uie reaultji. but 
which will vary witli the leaMl di&eienco in liae ol valve, 
K'ngUi of ■Imki\ bright nf fill, Inngtli of pi]*. ■niai>l]in«>M 
• '{ \>\y, aii't evi'[i IvirouieCricuI ]ir<:r«aui-i< . iu fai-l. Tbi> (■mitio 
[ii->v4]m''iit of thu bent valve, imder ocriAin conditions, is 
jKtst all MiiKK'ptiiin. The following arr iiome of it* nntJce. 

A^^iimitig you tu have a Stitt. Itngtb of drivu piji', and 
jiiit. alirtiiiK it. Tbo vhIto, tindnr irtniii oonditjouti, may 
lit' luailfi tu K'til vprj* flowly, tbru it will iuonMuw in vpcvd, 
and go at a rare pac«, when all at onw it will awume 
a tnnob slower pace, nnd yon think it xr.ii)pr>l, when .>9 it 
■tarta again, rrnr likely to aettlti diiwn U\ "Qv rrg-nlar rata 
for a limi' . then ultura its rate, jtiiit aa rboniih tl 
water parted in the middlo of the pipe*, v^ -^ 

rocutun at tbia jvunt, which I bcUere it d» 



4es 



HYDRAULIC BAMS. 



This kIm) happens la drivo pipes raryiag from three to 
four hundred feet long, vhen the blow in such pipes at 
time* it enormous, and nomctunee enough to bloir off the 
•oldurod-ou valve from the socket. 

I ma; hero remuk that of all the experiments, including 
the bactcrioKopiQ examination, tbat I have met with for 
thiH work, there ia none to equal the funnj and intricate 
movementHol this valve, which, by examinatioQ of the table, 
and which is exactlv what has taken place, an intelligent 
nader should readilj dimoTer. I don't wonder that no 
other record of this extraordinary philosophical instniment, 
the licat valvr , and the h^'draulio ram, has never been 
befitn< workcv. out or published. It is astonishing the 
amount of ignorance shown by aaaumingly good engineers 
on this quextion. Everjono, without exception, laid it 
down eith<v that the valve dropped of its own weight, or 
byiKinie uukoown cause, until some yearK ago I experi- 
mentalised and discovered its true action, viz., the 
elasticity and regurgitation of the water itself, forming a 
partial vacuum below the valve, and thus causing its fall, 
whioh idea was Be%-erely ridiouled by many know-alls in 
trade joumHis, but whioh subject now is a settled point, 
«ven by those who thought fit to sneer when t fint 
expieuod my views upon the subject. 



Water-hammflPin Steam Plp««.— Boiler Explotlons. 

Bpfore we leave the subject of the hydraulic rams let us 
examine the curious phenomenon of the water-hammer, 
whioh will instruct the ingenious. 

The aotion familiarly known as ' ' water-hammer ' ' had 
hMO long known to the plumber, hot-water and steam 
fitter, aira especially to the engineer who has had muoh to 
do wiUk steam p«iwer (such as laundry and brew-honse), 
and its singular effM'ta nad been often observed and oom- 
men led upon. 

When a pipe is filled with steam, and then has 
intntduoed into it a quantity of cold water, or when a pipe, 
ttarlf cold, and cuotainiug oold water, even in enudl 
qnaatitiea, and without pressure, has steam from a pl^ 
open pipe turned into it, the tint contart of the two floida 
is Mi.»mpanied by a sudden ixtndmsation. which causes a 
idtan> snapping setios of quick blows to be strook, usually 
at tM pcdnt of entraniv: and sometimes a succession dF 
MK^ blows occur, which are the heavier as the pipe is 
lai^, and may l>i> startUug. and, undw cwtain con- 
ditions, dangentus. 

It is not qait» a nettled point as w what action takes 
l^aiv in all ntaes, or what c<.iiidi lions arv most favourable 
to ihv devt'liipatcut ot iho tmuenduus pressures which are 
oftien piodwvd, IVrfaap^ ibf actiiui is as follows : — 

Ihft steam, at entran-.v, p«sN.'it over, or comes in cuntact 
with the surfatv ot the i.>>M watw standing in the pipe. 
CVwdenMtitw ixvur*. at Aist verr slowly, but piwomitly 
mure quickly, and then *■.> rapidly that the surfar^ itt 
tMtttacl belvM-n the twv> fluids is l«viken, and cuudrasati^v 
is v'i<mi>k4is) with a suddenaew tbat prvaluom a vacuum. 
Tb(- water sunouadiu^ this vacuum is next pn^jected 
viukttlly fnva all sid<ei into tlu« vacoou* spa^v, aitd 
ctowang it. strikM ui>ou the surfaw stuitHUidinir it As 
water » wry (^UslK- aitd mtisrir inCMupressiMe. the hkiw 
thas struck ts liki- that of a mJmJ buly. ual the intensity of 
Ihe leauhing prvMHUv i* the icrvateras thedistaiwv through 
vhkA the poititw vvf suifaiv attacked v-an yi>^ is Inv. In 
this manner eni>ra»i>us premurv» are ^mnetimc" pnducvd. 
^TUs is th« v-auM ci many of our terrible and unexpUiaed 
huiW «x|<k,>Mon» whik-h iia|i)«Ni during tb>p tim« wWm m> , 
wck » beiBj doott and wben the,''-* is iMrf.) I 



In some cases it seems certain that such prossnres may 
be caused at points in the pipe far from either end, and 
from the point of entranoe of the steam. For example, a 
pipe may lie in a nearly or tjuite horizontal line, and if not 
fully drained, may contain a considerable quantity of 
water lying in the lower portion, while tbn steam may flow 
in above it The passage of this steam along the nirfaoe 
of the water may cause a disturbance of this water, and 
being gradually increased as the flow of steam becomes 
more lapid, may finally cause a break in the surfaoe 
of the water, which disturbance may produce more 
rapid oondensatiou and still further agitate the mass, 
until condensation occurs with such rapidity that a 
vacuum is funned at the point of greatest action. Tlie 
next reeult is the rushing of steam from both directions 
towards this pcnnt, carrying with it, as it goc«, 
masses of water which, coining from opposite direiSions 
with enormous velocity, meet at the intennediate sp^t at 
which the condensation has been most r^iid, and being 
stopped by instant collision, produces a pressure which may 
onlyhave as its limit the strength of the pipe. 

Where pipes are not burst by this action, it ia common 
to see them sprung and twisted out of line, torn from their 
oonneotions, and, when a succession of shocks oocnr, as is 
often the case, the whole line writhes and jumps length- 
wise to an extent that is sufficiently serious to oanae wdl- 
grounded alarm. 

Four lengths of Sin. pipe had been split by this acticn, 
and it was desired to ascertain whetiier tliey remained, in 
their injured oondition, Rtrong enon^ to bear die ordinary 
steam pressure of the line from which they were taken. 
This never rose to above fifty or sixty pounds per aqnan 
inch. They were therefore subjected, in a proving- 
machine, to gradually increasing preesnim until the already 
fractured parts were still further injured, the repain, or 
rather the patching having been carefully done in sntdi a 
way that they were not slTengthenod by iL mda was 
done by putting on soft patches alimg the line of die ^it, 
and securing them by bcdts which were set in die Use a the 
split. The patches thus served as amfle atop-vidTeSi 
preventing the exit of the water throngfa toe biaa£. 



li\Jeotore ppoduoed fram the Water-hammar 

We have seen the effect of water and ifana eoung 
in contact with endi other. Tliis was what originaltf 
opened up a great industry in the mmvtaetBamg of 
injectors. 

I am not here going to give an account of the working 
of theee artictes, but only just draw yonr attention dierela, 
and to pmnt out to yon tbat the water nun is not Uie 
only phQcei^ical instrament which the plumber has to 
do with, but the abore instramenta will require to be 
studied tiefore he can claim to be perfect in hia trade. 
These the plumber will be called upon to Ax in the 
chMuical vrurk*. on boanl ship, and other pUcee, aoch as 
gadvx>rk!^ imlphate of ammonia plants, ke., and yon will 
he expected Ut know the class of tools best snited to your 
job. auul the best way and positiun to fix them. 

In nHtr selection the foUowing ralei dKmUi be 
observed: — 

^l-' Oiwt and ivli»huity. 

^i.' Nittunal cvet of fixing. 

3.' The Mv«m pi^v sfav>uU he as ikort and atniglit ai 
pomibte. anil the stvam votive fixed near. 

,4.1 Rk'w rteam through the apparatm b sf b i e pntting on 
U,w MirtiuM. Bad keep the sactico as Ami m eoimitkni. 
Tb^ •- nn to think aboi* ktee yen eooM 

di- =1^ wiQ be nan into ia dne time. 



HYDRAULIC BAMS. 



HYDEAULTO BAM BEAT VALVE TABLE. 



F. J. Datiis'b Fnotioal Experiments, for showinj; the alteration in niunbei'of beats onder different circumiitaiictw. 



EXPBBIHENT No. I. Iin. Leu> Fipi. 



Lantth 




lydte'lh Ol 


van Btir» 


lUIglit 


Sin 




at 


na 


(jlralce of 


per 31) 


at 


BEMABKS. 


Tnmk. 




Beil VbItc. 


SeconJii. 


Jet IhnnrD. 


al Jet. 




ft. In. 


ft In. 


I Kit. 




Ii-'«bt. 


laEb. 




60 


6 6 


1 


16 


35 


\'s- 




60 


6 6 


1 


15 


— 




Blank p^ 


60 


6 6 


• 




19 


;io 


A 




60 


S 6 






27 


30 


•h 




60 


S 6 


■ 




fiS 


—■ 






60 


6 6 


- 




60 


12 


S 




60 


5 6 


- 




IB 


26 


A 




60 


fi 6 


1 




16 


JO 


1^ 




60 


fi 6 


1 


tu 


IS 


■h 




60 


fi 6 


' 


16 


18 


iV 




60 


6 6 


18 


_ 




Blank {rfpe. 


60 


6 G 


J 


25 


— 


— 


Blank pipe. 


60 


3 6 


1 


7 


— 


— 


Blank pipe. 


60 


3 6 


1 


11 


46 


I'i 




40 


4 10 


1 


20 


_^ 




Blank pipe. 


40 


4 10 


1 


2fi 


is 


A 




40 


4 10 


J 


27 


2a 


A 




40 


4 10 


1 




^. 




Beat ooe stroke only and stopped. 


40 


4 10 


i 


53 


9 


A 




40 


2 10 


1 


34 


6 


■At 




40 


2 10 


1 


14 


: 




Would not work with jet. 


40 


2 10 




13 








Blank pipe- 


40 


2 10 




i:t 


8 


A 




30 


6 4 




1^8 


— 




filankpipe. 


30 


6 4 




23 


2(1 


A 




30 


fi 4 




■J-l 


-JO 


A 


Flnctnated in numbOT of beats. Enatio in ill 


30 


fi 4 


i 


32 


__ 





beats. Sometimes verr alow and then fast ; 
altering ita boat irreguWlf . 












30 


fi 4 


!■ 


■1" 





A 


Height unknown.bntTery high; intoqiute a ppray. 


30 


6 4 


.; 


nn 





A 


Ditto, OS above. 


30 


fi 4 


1 


fjl 


. 


A 


Ditto, ditto. 


30 


fi 4 


I 


(i6 







Blank pipe. 


30 


5 


1 


27 


■JT 


A 




30 


6 D 


1 


30 


-n 


A 


The water in trunk regargitat«d or rabounded 

fuUr 6in. and repulsed the hand at the inlet 

of uie trunk or drire pipe. It could also be 

1 seen running or swinging back for 6in. at 


SO 


fi 


1 


27 




_ 


























I the beat Tolve. Blank pipe. 
This was 80, 90, and then 3d beats. Blank pipe. 


30 


fi 


i 


85 


._ 


, 


30 


fi 


/, 


93 










30 


fi 


i, 


3 torts 








Fluctuated in number of beats. 


30 


fi 


1 


57 


_ 





Begurgitated fully 9in. 


30 


5 


1 


1^0 


127 


A 


When the valve was working opiigltt Uu baft' 
water prevented the regnrntatuiF 
bat by just tilting the valva M 


to 


fi 


1 


32 


— 


A 














rip'ht the water oould be soea t 
















\ fully Gin. 



70 



HYDRAULIC BAMS. 



HYDRAULIC RAM BEAT VALVE r\BhK—cnMinunl. 




10 a 

SO o 
30 O 

» o 

30 fr 
30 O 
M <* 

** 2 
»• 1 
•• S 

a* • 
»• • 

*• ? 

«* • 
» • 

JIV • 
>v * 

V 

« 



1« 

IV 

1« 
111 
1« 
1« 
1« 

lU 
10 

Ift 

1« 

Jb 

IV 

J« 
]« 

IV 

10 



1« u 
1« b 



ruL 


Lnithot 
HtnAn of 


pra BO 


Hilqtit 
Of 




BBUASK<L 






Dm; Vilfe. 
Inobu 


ajwDd*. 


Jti thrawn. 






n. In. 




real. 


Ijwh. 












L 


No oppaTfnt regut-tfitalion wtMl Ulkright, tul 


1 A 


k 


39 


^ 


\i 


htrongly seen when HlaDbed- 


fi 




3d 





■ts 




1 

5 


32 


— 




JNo perceptible mgurgitadon, but Blautuig din. 
1 rirsw BAefc. 


fi 


i 


41 


,_, 















1 Each of tli«t<! i^ts ceroid be diRtmclly seen, and if 


i 


i 


210 


a 


i&n 


' finp:r wiia hold jiutt over the jet it felt like 
( thtf point lA A nec(Ue penotrating. 


S 


J 


3T 


^_ 


A- 












This "VW with th« beat v«lre akniiiig', iHi«n 
I there A'aa abost 12ui, rogurgatariim. 


A 


i 


3*2 


— 


-^t 


3 i 


^ 


IS 


— 


A 


Jot M high to be onlniDwn. 


3 4 


r 


13 





A 




! 3 4 


,' 


611 


__ 


S 


Witli large jot wonld not work. 




3 


U 


— 




B'^gurgitatiaa 12iiL 




3 


1 


IH 


6 


A 






3 


1 


If 


28 


iV 






3 






17 





— _ 






3 4 






17 





tV 


Coiud<l«rAble water loss, 




3 











s 


Onlf iaiA.1- three ta four fltrolK^fl and Elopped. 


3 


J 




17 


•lb 


i 




1 3 


1^ 




— 




Only inado fi>ur or fire strokes and stopped. 


1 3 




56 





— 




3 


f 


ST 


. 


^ 


Will not vork vith Inr^er jet. 


r S U 


: 


109 







Will not work witih a larger jet tluui ^ftli in. 


jj. 


1" 


180 


^_ 


.^^ 




6 


1 


*T 


— 


— 


Wm BOt woii Willi jet aboTo A.*b in. 


S 


38 


— 


— 




• » U 


1 


43 




1** 




4 


] 


4<) 


20 


it 




} 




IgO 


— 


— 




z n 


i 


63 


— 


— 




Z 


t 


28 





— 




n « 


A 







— 


Would not work with jet larger than ^|^th in. 


3 


1 
i 


SO 


— 


14 


StopiH'd afttfr twentr-rii bniti ; no perceptibja 
\ pressure at JM. 


J » 


I 


2« 


— 


— 




3 * 


1 


24 


— 


— 




3 


1 


27 


— 


t 




3 


1 


2» 


20 




( t 


i 


250 


— 




Wdtkcd Mtif \ tiunata and (topped. 


i *t 


i 


140 


— 


— 


Would uot woil witb. jet lArg«r thAS it|tli iiL- 


St V 


i 


11 


— 


— 




i » 


I 


6S 


— 


1 
TT 




4 * 


i 


HO 


— 


iV 




fr 


\ 


63 


—■ 


— 




& « 


1 


60 


— 


t 




t « 


♦ 


68 


10 




& « 




m 


— 


— 




fr « 




61 


— 


1 




fr « 




61 


8 


iV 




H 




38 


— - 


^— 




} •* 




M 


— 


i 




> V 




41 


ID 




z « 


1 


3S 


— = 


T 




3 « 


1 


4t 


— 


1 




X 


I 


4< 


— 


1*/ 




X V 




43 


— 


—' 




S tt 




42 


8 


A 


Will TMl -work viA nvOer jsL 


3 V 




sa 


— 


-^ 




4 « 




IM 


— 


— 






1 • " 




\ 


168 


" 


IS 





HYDRAULIC BAMS. 



471 



HYDRAULIC BAM BEAT VALVE TABLE— ctmrinwd. 



Length 




Leuiith o( 


ValYc Haaij 


HuIkIiI 


of Je», 




i>r 


hU. 


Xtrakn of 


per 30 


ot 


RKT^JlRKS. 


Tmnlt. 




Bnb Valvi;. 


Si-OITkI'- 


Jab Ih/nwD. 




TL In. 


IL IB. 


■neb. 






6 V 


4 D 


J 


-~ 


— 


— 


Will not wnrk with jet. 


R C 


1 11 


I 


89 


— 


1^ 




n 


i a 


s 


!l« 


^ 


iV 




6 f| 


% Q 


r 


TS 


— 


A 




e- 


i 


t 


78 


— 


1 
-IS 




6 


4 


1 


71 


— 






1 8 


3 Q 


1 


CI 


— 


— 




2 


3 


] 


S^ 






("With beat v;i1vb nearly torizcmtal, worked very 










1 iTTCgalnr. 


2 fl 


■3 9 


1 


CO 


— 


— 




•2 


3 4 


I 


7* 


— 


™. 




2 n 


3 4 


1 


04 


10 


I 




2 1 


3 ■! 


1 


71 


it 


A 




2 


:?, ■) 


1 


Bl 


18 


A 




2 


3 4 


1 


lift 


10 


1 

11 




2 


3 4 


) 


P$ 


10 


A 




2 


:t 4 


A 


■cri 


12 


iV 




2 


S 4 


1 


38 


— 






2 


3 4 


J 


mn 


IB 


1 




? 


3 4 


1 


ftS 


16 


9 




2 


Z 1 


f 


S8 


in 


J 


Wi^rlcijd vpiy irrogTilnr, 


3 n 


■i 4 


1 


l.'>4 


— 


— 


Would not work vntk jot. 


2 


.■J I 


yOfi 


— 


— 




:i 


2 6 


1 


CO 


^_ 







3 


2 6 


i 


#8 


— 


l> 


Yerj irTegnlOT in nction. 


a 


2 5 


1 


fO 


— 


1^ 




3 a 


2 5 


1 


AG 


■2 


k 




3 4 


2 


1 


SO 









3 4 


a r> 


1 


&<! 


to 


1 
It 


TleRtirreErfl»r,wi*liaiin't'(Liei, iftcJt; tint.taelt. 


3 4 


2 fi 


I 


64 


13 


A 


Ditto, as aba^e. 


3 4 


2 n 


1 


(3 





i 


Ditto, ditt». 


4 2 


] '1 


1 


40 


— 






\ 2 


] ■; 


I 


42 


^ 


1 




i 2 


1 fi 


1 


40 


— 




1 2 


1 r, 


I 


41^ 


^^ 


i 


_ ■ 


5 2 


1 


1 


20 









« 2 


1 


! 


— 


— 


— 


Two boats Bod etopa. 


6 2 


1 


1 


25 


- 


iV 




6 2 


1 


1 


26 


6 


i 




5 2 


I 


i 


."2 









5 2 


1 


1 


— 


— 


1 


Boat twice only. 


S 2 


1 


1 


— 


- 


iV 


B-iat three tiniefl only. 


6 2 


! D 


1 


ai 


— 


i 


Vi;ry i*gtilar heat. 


fi 2 


! f) 


1 


15 


— 


q. 


"Will rot -*-ork with jetB. ■ 


4 10 


f) 6 


1 


38 










4 10 


^ 


— 







'riioralwt'.'LncijJupand down but would noinloee. 














1 Tho cnuse ijf Iht! vftlve 1 wilicig iva» owib^f tft the 


4 10 


1) B 


] 


10 


— 


— 


' viklTi^ gi^'iiK 'liuwn Io the roduccd part uf tho 
1 Bo^tet at li, Fiff. 95y». 


* 10 


6 


1 


— 


— 





Worked only three beata. 


4 10 


II (I 


3 


io 


^ 







4 ID 


II 


I 


33 


— 







4 10 


C 


I 


l-IS 


— 


- 




A 


D 4 


va 


74 


— 





Beat irre^Iarly. 



Bjkabm. — By altering the fall when the beat valve was at work, by gradually hfting the valve ptrt of tht I 
the beat becomea slower and tiloAver till it ceaaes heating, and according to the height lifted. 



470 



HYDBAULIC RAMS. 



HYDRAULIC RAM BEAT VALVE TABLE— continued. 



]-angl1i 


FlU. 


Ltncth ot 

iUnVe or 


Tru nk. 






nn: VaiTs. 


(t. in. 


11. 


In. 


I neb. 


30 (1 


6 







SO 


s 







30 


5 


n 




30 


fi 


D 




30 


& 


fl 




30 


6 







30 


5 


D 




30 


3 


4 




30 


3 


4 


i 


SO 


3 


4 




30 


3 





r 


30 


3 





1 


30 


3 





1 


30 


a 





1 


30 


3 





1 


m 


3 





1 


30 


3 





? 


30 


3 





r 


30 


3 





L 


30 


3 


ct 




30 


5 







30 


6 





s 


20 


a 


fl 


20 


6 





ji 


20 


6 


« 


I 


20 


5 





1 


20 


3 







20 


3 





i 


ao 


3 





1 


20 


3 





I 


so 


a 





20 


3 


a 


1 


so 


3 





1 


au 


3 


« 


1 


•J.t 


3 





] 


10 


H 





t 


ID 


n 





t 


10 


6 





1 


10 


S 





s 


10 


5 


ti 


& 


10 


5 


D 


1 


10 D 


fl 


3 


1 


10 


5 





f 


10 


5 


» 




10 


fi 


D 




10 


6 


D 




10 


3 


U 




10 1* 


3 


« 




10 


3 







10 


3 


» 




10 


3 


9 




10 


3 







10 


3 







10 III 


3 







10 n 


3 







6 


4 


D 




fi 


1 








Va1*» Bwti 

pet 90 


Brijcht 

of 
J«t tbwm. 


BlH 

OlJ«t. 


REMARKS. 




reaL 


Inch. 








1 


No apparent re(?iir;{itBti(in when upriglit, bat 
elrunglf Been when fdnuted. 


39 




-.V 


36 





A 




yt 


— 




fyo perceptible regurgitation, but «tBigtLEig aiia. 
dmiF bock. 


41 


^ 


— 


1 Each of th««e joU caalA be dintinotl^ neen, And if 
finger wa.* lield jimt orer thfl jet it felt lika 


?10 


fi 


iA^ 








1 ihB point of ft awdle ponetrating. 


37 


— 


I** 


1 Thia woe with tlis beat vfelTs danting, when 

1 there wit» about 12ia. rej^nrgitA'i'ini. 


3-2 


— 


v* 


Ifi 


— 


iV 


Jet eo high to bo tmkuown. 


)6 


. . 


iV 




en 


_ 


iV 


With large jet would sot work. 


15 


^- 




EcgutgitatioD l^n. 


IS 


a 


A 




19 


2i 


iV 




17 










17 


.^_^ 


iV 


Couidderabk wfttur losn. 







A 


Only made tbreo to four &tri>k« smJ stopped, 


17 


'1 


i 


Ooly jnndi' four oi fiv6 Atrokw and stopped. 


6>S 





— 




67 





iV 


"Will not work with Iftrger jet. 


109 







"Will not work with a. larger jet than ^th. in. 


180 


. 







47 


— 


— 


IVill not work witli jot above JxOl in. 


38 





— - 




43 


. - 


tV 




49 


20 


A 




IRO 


— 


— 




63 


— 


— 




28 


~ 


z 


Would n»t ftark vith jet larger than ^lifth in. 






1^ 


Stoppo.l lifter tn-enty-six beats; nu ptfcoptiblB 
prc«9tm at jet. 


30 


— 


24 


— 


^- 




24 


-- 


— 




27 


— 


t 




21 


20 




S60 






'Wo^k^d only } mlniito and stopped. 


140 





■ — 


Wuuld not vc-arli with jet laiv<--r Uuui jifQi in. 


n 


— 


■— 




68 


— 


1 

rw 




HO 


— 


A 




e:i 


— 


— 




BO 


— 


1 




OS 


10 


iV 




PO 


— 


— 




61 


— 


1 




G! 


8 


1^ 




38 





. . 




35 


^ 


i 


Very Imygiilat beat, and Btopped sereMil tioiAi. 


41 


10 




33 


— 


^ 




13 


— 


1 




4fi 


— 


A 




43 





— ; 




43 


9 


A 


WQl not work with emallei jot. 


88 


— ■ 


^ 




160 


^ 


— 




tea 


^ 


1 
13 





HYDBAULIC BAMS. 



471 



HYDPAULIC RAM BEAT VALVE TABLE— «0M(ini«d. 



LtnKth 




LEDglli rl 


Valve Beat! 


Height 


Slia 
of Jet. 

Inch. 




of 


Pall. 


ritrukf or 


per 30 


of 


REMARKS. 


TVnnk. 




Bijtt Valve, 


8»cond«. 


Jet thromi. 
Fert. 




It. in. 


FL In. 


loeb. 






6 U 


4 




— 


— 


— 


Will not work with jet. 


G 


4 


I 


89 


— 


A 




n 


4 fl 


^ 


92 


— 


A 




C 


1 fl 


I 


78 


— 


iV 




6 


4 fl 


I 


78 


— 


1 
Tg 




6 


4 fl 


1 


71 


— 






1 6 


3 


1 


6't 


. — . 







2 


3 


1 


S2 


— 


— 


( With beat valve nearly horizontal, worked very 
( inegnlar. 


2 


i 3 


1 


60 


— 


— 




2 


:t 4 


1 


74 


— 







2 


1 A 


1 


64 


10 


1 




2 n 


•f "1 


1 


71 


18 


.V 




2 


" 4 


4 


81 


18 


iV 




2 


H ^ 


i 


69 


10 


1 




2 


". -t 


A 


P6 


10 


1 




2 


:i 4 




03 


!2 


1^ 


, 


2 


pi 4 


1 


98 


— 


— 




2 


:t 4 


1 


100 


16 


\ 




2 


:t 4 


1 


88 


16 


- 




2 


?, \ 


f 


88 


16 




Worked very irre^fular. 


2 


■i 4 




164 


— 


„ 


Would not work with jet. 


2 


,') ^ 


1 


206 


— 


— 




-I 


'J 6 




60 


-.. 


— 




3 


2 5 




S8 


— ■ 


I 
17 


Very irregulu in action. 


3 


3 6 




'^O 


— 


A 




' 3 


2 5 




66 


'2 


i 




3 4 


2 




60 


— 






■ 3 A 


2 




5^ 


10 


1 


BeatirregTilar,withakind('ttick, tack; tick, tack. 


1 3 4 


2 r» 




54 


13 


iV 


Ditto, as above. 


3 4 


2 




f3 


— 


i 


Ditto, ditto. 


' 4 2 


I '^ 




40 


„_ 






4 2 


I : 




42 


— 


1 




4 2 


1 n 




40 


— 




4 2 


1 ft 




45 


— 


i 


- ' 


5 2 


1 f> 




20 


■ — 






1 6 2 


1 




— 


^ 


— 


Two beats and stops. 


I S 2 


1 fl 




25 




■^■s 




[ fi 2 


I n 




26 





i 




1 .i 2 


I 




r2 


— 






■ 62 


t 




— 


— 


I 


Beat twice only. 


I J^ 2 


1 




— 


■ - 


A 


Beat three times only. 


\ ft LI 


! 


I 


31 


— 


i 


Very regular beat. 

'Will not work with jeta, ■ ■ 


I 6 2 


: fl 


i 


ifi 


_. 




■ « 10 


It 6 


28 


— 


— 




|4 10 


It 6 


— 


— 


— 


The valve (l.inced up and down bntwould not close. 


M 












1 The cause of the valve heating was owingf to the 


■« 10 


It a 


1 


IG 


_ 


_ 


' valve ^ing down to the reduced part o( the 
( aocket at K, Fig. 969*. 


K 












A 10 


6 


1 


— 


— 


— 


Worked only three beats. 


^^t iD 


ft 


I 


10 


— 


— 




jfl 10 


fi 


1 


38 


— 


— 




« 10 


r. 


1 


158 


— 


— 




'■ ^ 


_.:_'__ 


"ft 


74 


— ' 


— 


Boat irregularly. 



-By altering the fall when the beat valve was at work, by gradually lifting the valve part of the pipe, 
the beat becomes slower and slower till it ceascB beating, and according; to the height lifted. 



473 



ANCIENT LONDON WATER SUPPLY. 



Experiments- Water -hammer. 

Pirn Nn. 1.— This xilpc was split wour ono cwi. tvr ft 
di^uee o( 15in., alimg the line of the weld. Vfhm plawd 
lathe pniviiiir-mupliiiie, it bore Uie ii)>^li(^ iwt-sfture uutU 
it ntttuned aa intcurily of 40l)lbii. per "^min' i(ii>h. 
whxn tlitr opiit middtn)}- cxt«Kl«d Rbuul li'ii ui Jiv« ; tliu 
piiMiuro niuld no longer be kopt up, and ibc test 

Thf pljxt wftB Ibvn taken to a pipo.i-ultinft nuwliuu', nnd 
lliBiiijuwd pftit cut oil. It wiui ilifin ngnin suhjectoj lu 
nrewmtrc. It l"'rp a pivsnuro of l.lOOllw. per w(Hiir« inch— 
am bi^evt thut it waa coiivwiiont or PimfomRTj to apply to 
tbttt Sbc— iind wn» takcm out nouiiil. 

Pipe No. 2.— Thin lonirlb wm enured for n distance of 
15in. along the linn of tlic in-ld, uot far from the middlo of 
iti length. The nw.-k had opened » littk. nnd tbn pipn 
WW ailehUr bulp^d. ThiapiocohoroSOOlba, anil thou gnvu 
way, ui« fnkctiire ftxtcndud Juut etioatrli to lot cff thu 
pctMurc. 

Ac thu opponto wd uf the iripe wm imothrr nplit, Sin. Ju 
I«r>|^}i. Tne part )usl fractured wil.i tut off, and the 
runiuiniuK portiou ii((iiin mibj^iUtd to Che wntor prcaniro. 
Thin time it bom l.OGUIba. per fFquurr inch, whi^n the 
crack wu ittiirt«d and ran about lilin. It buKsn Wking, 
and ahowcd pUinly Cus ullvcl of the pressure nt about 
SOOIUi. 

This wu> au utiukuallf.iatawatiDK it]wcimcn, a« the pipe 
bmt btwu bultr^d coDndtnUr bj tbb watcr-bamiDttr al(jii){ 
the line ot thu tlin. crack. The pretwun afivrmuda hunw, 
Iherefurt', womod tn be likely to bv a fair laeaattn of that 
produr«d origiunllr hy the watw-haniincr. Such bulging 
at waa hen »•««■ hvtat iM-'cum at timiHl nrrwrnri'"- Thu 
neir brmk did nul follow the wold, but rati inw^larly, mid 
appafontly ibdiffarantly. thron^'h weltl or Holid ux^ii. 

Pipe No. 3.— Thin lMiK*b waanplit ftiradiAta&ivnf 72in . 
the end ftf iho Ijn-ak bcitip about 3ft- from tho i-nJ of lh« 
pipe. It Muitained a pn<twiin< of ^.'iOlbu. Thu xouud part 
(if thQ [npe was tbcn tated up tho l,<)iOlba. without 
IuJbij. 



ripe Nil. <.-Thia piece waa iiplit, like tlje liuit. jud Ur 
jU'<t atKiut t))c nnmt CXtrat» waa tj<i!t«d eiinilarly, aitd gave 
may at .lOOlha. per aquon inch, 

Allol tlii*pipe waa Kin. pi^, |iti. ttii<-k. iiiiJ made with 
ihv uxual funiiof lap-wpM^ joint. The wi'hbi wure nul 
always perfcvt, ae U pmlMihly ihr fart with nil miih {npc*: 
bill this pipe, bntl-woldi-'d, wimlJ hn*ir Immc *«>ry much 
hijth'-r iin-MLirm than t-ho«t to whieb it wna Hubjeated in 
iin.liiuiry wuik liy thi^ nfi'^im rirrlod on tho Uue. It oannot 
he iiDHurtcd thiit ihuMS lt.'ti>,tlut of pip« did not apUt under 
prt?wnrc« ht* thun ihot^.- to wbvli tbfv were aftt-rwardit 
Kutijiwtrcl, »■ it. Js v ry prmcihlp that tlin tint hlow ntay 
bare found a weak part in tie pipu, and the xplk may, in 
NtDocoKv, Lave vxtcuded to Htronpor portiona. Neror- 
theloM, it ia poaribie that thia woa not the coao in all 
titfltaneea, for iu one com at leoNt— that of thn Sin. crack, 
whirh wna accompatiiMl by a decided hv^ge in the pip"— 
(hi' watvr prctoun', nl the test, was, at least appioxl- 
inutcly, equal to, and vt^ri* liknly t^ hnro estTcdedi thorn 
obtainnl at the lal«r teal!. It Hferiui very certain that ve 
may eun»idRr it mi pmi-cn that the prewure produced by 
wm«r-h«nmi«r b ofi.m t-uormnufly in ozonw of that 
familiar to tu in ihe u^o nf ^S-Ain, and it haa lu many 
castn rxrcirdai I.UOOIIm. par ai)uani iucbi-^B'^ then, 
ei'iduut that it ia not often Kota to codciuliito i^pini iflpaiii^if 
th«si} tremendous i)troa««e by wel|rbtatid thickui-** of nelol. 
but thiit nc imiat n>ly principillv, if not tiolrly, ii;^oi ecm- 
pttttii? and ei-rtain drainage »( the p'l^ ot »11 ti""*'* .^ik" 
only meauB of nafely baudUug Nt«Mn iu luu^ pi|><^'», 
(MMwially aa one now eotida^ Into uae Iu the hejtii . 
eiticft by fiUiiai, kd tfatouf^ the atrceta in unduiyri.-:!) 
mains. 

Thrr fiu'ti h«re pnuented have oomethiug of a revi-Uiii 
nnd puKHWi iinuHUol inicn-iit and importanm to a worbmil 
using slmm under such cunditioux tui art; hini K'fi^rrvd l>' 
II is a faet, which bos long b«jn w,>ll known, ibat thm\ 
8nddenty prcidiu'rd pn-vunvi uni oFl'.-n \rrv gri^t, a: 
oi3i.*a''iiiual1y Heriaus nud luiuelimtw fata) aui uleiita due 
thiH •■niiM- ; but that tb^eo atrenee aro ottvn aa grt«t oa ii 
heru iudicactid hiui probably bees liule roallMd. 

AIM see Hoatjng Water by Steam and Injeotor aa «^ 
lYovcnlutivo to Water Hoiouier. 



HiikV-' 



TOWN WATER AND OTHER SUPPLY, ANCIENT 

AND MODERN. 



I have now como to that nart of my work wbleh wlU 
tr~Bt upciu the naler suppliej by private tspriTi^, i^'hUt 
oourKii. and mntcrf^omiwnU'N. Siwh mippliet .in- jftUTiilly 
oblauiL-d from ■priii(f', rivorn. ntrrunm, n't'lln, mid nuch ILkL- 
plaices, itoinelimei lilt«-n?d thn>iigh filter hnd*. a* firol 
■upinwcd to bt nd<.)pl4.ti by th*; CheUca WaU-r WurVn 
C(wipany in I82H, and lli«n miuKlHtinK of fr^iin ISln. to 
24in. of fine sAud rcatiug on two or tlir^e foct of cnarHo 
grarvl grftfliiiiltiig in slip from that of ii Mplit jwii tu the 
iu« of a h<4i*i> vfftc- Alao mm Filtvn in Vol. I. 

In Mdcr to form some idea of tho origin of thla watv 
aupplv it will bo neeee^Ary to give a biicf outUne of 
aqnntlnota of uld, hccaum Ui«y wi'rc in nskBtunue hundreds, 
or even Ihouaauda ot years before thi.*y wer« adnpt«d in 
England. Thu rulna of tbo aquedools oonatructi'd with Ihv 
supply from tho Nile and ulao in Palutiae, to the reign of 



Kititf Soluiuou. the remalna of wUoh are to be aeen to 
excite admirution. SomeofthMO extended at least 

forty to Mxty niilM of coTored atoiw ohaands, by meu 
iiri':id(.-4 uriT wide and deep TaUejit, ovcn throngh tni 
niiliM through the mild niOK, and terminnl.iug iubu ttiarj 
or ivHTToirs of tlw snow material. Theeu awiuedutt* 
knciwn by diffioronl notDee, auch as Aqua Appia, . 
Maiiiit. Aqna Julia, Aqua Tcpiiln, Aquu Virgina, 
t'lnudia, Ar. As hcforo remarked, numf of thr«i? 
ruuuiuK through uhonuda, and over ns raiinv ii» b 
dozen hitrh arobes. one tibow tha other, ri^uvt fi 
often to a height of from lOft. M 160ft, 

Till! aiiURcluut of New -Aiiio was mnatructcd npn 
lmiioH4 sf-ricM of »r<<tM4 C} tnilen in If^igth ; ma 
1 00ft, hiith. 

Aquu Hartiu was 38 mUoii lon^, and had 7,000 



e» 



ANCIENT LONDON WATER SUPPLY. 



478 



Fluicalii, wo «« told. h»d nn abundkac* of iMths and 
(ounUdus, wid evury l)oiiw in /empnal* hml watvr, uim* 
ikut Teyonoohnd ma W)uwluct ftum which tvrty huuao wnw 
wrll Kuppli^l bjr leaden pipea, aIso IirtArl^iia, with iu 
thuuiHiuU 'jf houae*. ksd wabv pipoa. »■ wi^ hnvp to-day. 
AqiicdacU were 6rat in thin conntr; oonirtnictod in tlio 

Cr 1T60. bj tbo Dulcc •>( Bridi^ater. at Barton Biidce 
al, 39ft. above ihi' ■ur(ac<> of the river Xrwell. It 
•-urtniala of thrto frnhr*. Ihr npun of tho middle on* htiag 
A3ft. Mnny partii of Sjrria iHiDtain aqnadoot reoiaina. 
Ayttvduct ivriiuui* »tv alao to b« -^^ii at lyre, iindmibtedly 
built I.DOOrearH kcfon the Christian em. TctvolxNuit 
of Ihr aiitipfpniKl in:>iKniA^-i*nt frorlt of ibe New Klv^T, dair 
nbnut !I6]J, but tlux wii» n xiiiiple aqueduct or uiiifoitn 
tati'il, wlilcli, in^'lend uf bijldlv iiit-siu/ ovrr valloyd aud 
Ihnniigh hiUiilaadid tti'' olHcn Tlnniftii ninilnil<tl it rrnwln 
nnd (■n"-p« iiDakr-liki- imk» out <if llu" waj . ftiid tlie wuiuli^r 
lo Bie ill uoi« EntfUitli ikxiiiIi.' rnuld inxko w^ niiii')) fiia< of a 
mrson Uko Uu^li Myitd'h'^ii. <.'>.TlAiul)r, tlirrv wtut no iikill 
oic^jrcd in hU vork, <v>mt>iirt^l with the talcntA of the 
eBgiiieera ovt^r Lliou-uiiiii.* i.!! yours hcf»r<> Myilddton was 
boni It would betinwome to wurry vnu upimtbeMoiKimit 
TiaducU nnd eanali,»o that wo will come a little nearer 
bamn and soe irltat hu be«m done, b;r wny of eopfdybff 
wat«r through Ipadfn and iron paprit. Tlic tormtr 
tVnuuindii, whiUt t!ii« Inttw are only lituulmla of yearn uhl. 

CK-od wntvr, our cliief •'bj>'<:t of rew«arrh waa then, aa ia 
now, of vital impurtanw. und Ih*- quality m quo ot the fint 
things that ovoo a navngn look* nut fikr when eetlUng in a 
pew oohiny. 

Vow, thia part ttl Euglaiid, Li>ndan (and by far not the 
oldest name of which wo know aaytliiag of about thia vHy). 
vaa originally int4)rMct«t bj many itrvama or email rirnletn 
III the moat inttteatinfr^'baraob.-r. which we an* warmnlad tn 
ttinldoff wvreof the piirml typo, On thi> hniikii of th<»(i 
RTolvta the people naturally culleclfid. and in due lime 
(ormed their hnhttatioBa, and made the then nplendid 
mratal and pure tidal River ThanMaaooBTonifTnt, higtia-ay, 
TUm rivmr would ^'nnhln thorn t<i arnd (tlii-y biuuK fC"*'' 
bunt«r» tlivir nkiuit, ivory, and other goMa away. It 
■ttnid aUo enable them in rrtom lo bring naceuary store* 
Eur tbeir ciODauRiptioii, ntiil in dui! time tbej formed tow* 
path* on thean ttanka. Luli^r the place became ooloniMd, 
ind Iherefora the atreama not licing pmtin-tnd honun* 
bnkd : nooomily oallinfc f»r the nauiu (o be oovervd over 
xr filled up, and, ad ia nov, roads were formed above tbero 

In Ibeir plaeei. 



London Water and P«ople. 

We will n"w aeff what r>>i*iirdfl wt- hav^ at thia Ifoudnn, 
the flr>d 1 (tud i>. tlmt the naiiii' of Londnti wh* first 
Jfew Troy fur many agvn ; but thia at laat bneiune 
'., and oallvd TrinovitDt, olau Trinortulee. Wbeu 
of CaaHibcUaum, eamo here, the acknowhx^ed 
part of the town waa on the ttttrrm' and KantiA 
; when he ebtaimd tin vovanment be aUf ted over 
Middleacx tide, whwe he DBlIt what ia, ar what was 
11 known ait. London Wall, with towont and gate*- He 
•fi rhnnsfit) the nanin to Cnar. 

Liid or Liidii'Towu. After thin another ehange of name 
plauf, when it was called Caer-Londou, aud afbrr it 
,]lOen cotuinrirtit by fnri-i^firii, lh<iy i^hiragi-d tlm iiamn 
Loodreda, wliirh aii^iifien a fable a tolled with 
1, ridieuloua impoambilitiea, whioh is now «calt<«ied 
iriad*. Honco the uae of the old and than wuni*uiit 
tlu) Ocifln aa a doviou to tbo Citj. We learn a lut 
Londoa from the eclebmted JnJius Oicaar'a direct 
H» aar* : " I mot with many diffiroltii-a iu 
— )ir. oecwdinied partly by the great deptli uf the water 
kwn by the A'tp^. wudi prevented thdr uccqm to tlie 



ebflre; and partly fay the heavy anMnr whocvwitb tbe 
aoldiere wens loaded, whioh randerad them Incapable of 
eufm^BV ^>^ ''■<! waves and the emany al the aatue time, 
eepecjally in a jvlaoo to whii-h they wen* entiro ■truoseta. 
U b(-rau the firitona, either by remaining on the land, or 
adrandng a abort way. they wuld oonunodiooalr throw 
tbelt darU and bodily advanoe with tlu^r ravalry to prevent 
the eofimy from huiding." 

Bat enough of thin, and W lu prooewl with uur water 
work ontil mora faiatovy ia required to expound the law 
relating to watamnnoe, epringa and canduita. 

Alinr>at from the Brat settlement of the ancient Briton*, 
and up to abont 200 yeaia atl^r the time of WUliau the 
ConiiuiTur, the City of London waa aupplfed with water 
by four rivera. Flmt, in order, Irt un lake that of I^ang 
Bourne (or atrfaui), which ran d'>»ii or through the City, 
Htipplying thn miit pnrt, nnd Ihrnujich u-hnt i* now Imowu 
an Penchurvh Stn,«t.'l nnd Lombard Street : thi* turned at 
St. ICary Woolnoth, paMcddiwn Sbnrclxiuruo LAtm, aud 
on to Ui9 TbamcM. 'llita took ite name from tho long 
atewling length thereof. I nwy flrat here remark tfaat 1 
ahall only now ttcalLce the eondtiita, tco., and give 
expliealtua after 

WALBROK& DOURNF.. 

Walbroke waa a hnumn, an-ralled from the Loudon 
Wall, whirJi it entered, aud wiw lUco thr; former, but 
Walbniok waa where now Broad Street m. It pasiw^ through 
Tbrogmorloti Street, then in front of Lothbui-y Old Churdt, 
nnd about the ceiitre of tlm praaoiit mad ; it then turned 
rvKind n«ir St, Mildred'* CViurt, theu thnjugh Walbnwk, 
mid frotii ttiere into thuThami'S. Ttud supplied the WMt 
pari of the City. 

HIVP.K OF WELLS- 

There wa* the River of WoU«, Turuuiill Slr«am Vi known 
on aceount of the walerwhaola thea'in then flKed for 
working pump*), lietter known nti Fioni l)jkr. whiiih ran 
down what ia now known as Fairiu^uu Stn«t, but iiri 
the Fleet Strvet Mde, and paamog Fleet Strtwt to the 
Thamea. Tbia at ooe ttme wm a nmguISoent large brook 
ef pure water. 

TKR OLD fKIURNR (HOt.nORN). 

Thm there wha the Old Bonme, now kmwa aa Ilnlbom, 
a very pmlific plaro for apringa, aUa abiiiiii'liii,^ Kattou 
Gardiat. The Old Bimmo bml ite risn aud counm frvm 
what ia now Uvlburu Biira aud Haltun Garden. It flowed 
to tho Rivflr of Wella, noar Holbom Brid^, now the 
Viaduct 

There wan Buyawator Bourtw, Rivrtr lira, the Wandir, 
tho Breut, Lea in Kent, and the Karen Airer, Deptfofd 
(which waa 60 yanU wide). 

The Wiaoombc Park Vanbtirgb, near Orecnwicli I'ark. 
This waa about SOO yards from Mace HiU, 

Battvrara had a powvrfnl atronm which worked flour 
mills, and mn by Sleford HonaiT. 

BAGMAOGH WELL. 

Beaidea all thnae bonmea there wero a luge nnmber of 
cpringfl or wella. such aa Bagnaggc Wclla, on the aite 
when ClarkonwriU Polioa Court now ataiida. 



H.\NOVER SQUARE. 

Than ia no oltl wnll on the aonth by aniith-eaiit part i 
the garden, which wna there bafur« the aiiuar<? waa fonof 
Then ia now plonty of good water thetoin, wUoh Ibq ^ 
for tbo wstertng of tho goMim tA r!D»> &K3 . 




474 



ANCIENT LONDON WATBB SUPPLY. 



Tberf was also one cm the nortii by noitli-eflst rade of the 
square. Pumpe vere oloac to the thiIh, and the soath mde 
pump remains intaot. I see the cabmen oocasionslly use it 
tor their wash-leathers; they say it is softer than the 
ordinary wat«r' company's supply, which appears strange, 
oousiderin^ it to be a natural spring. 

HOLY WELL. 

Holy Well rose just oa the nortJk side, and about half 
way up what is now called Holywell Street, Strand, or 
between St, Clement's Dane and NeircsBtle Street. 

There was Clement's Well, which was on the green, 
is front of the present new Bankruptcy Buildings, and 
where the old nouses, which were pulled down for the 

Jiresent new green, stood. Sadler's Wells in 1750 was a 
armhonse with wells of splendid drinking water by 
the side, surrounded with poplars and elm trees, the wells 
being a kind of square potul with wooden rails all round. 

THE STRAND WELL. 

The Strand w^ is now covered over, hut still remains 
with water therein. This is situated about the centre of 
the road and about the middle of the wall of St. Mary-Io- 
Stiand. There is a tablet in the church wall which runs 
thus : The pomp well is XIX. ft. south from this stone and 
VHI. frtmi the surface. Its diameter Til., and depth 
XXVIII. ft. Reopened and a pump erected Anno Domini 
XDCCOVU. WtUiam Hohnes, Thomas Harper, Church- 
wardens. 

■THE CONDUIT AT PENTONVILLE. 

His ires once a popular place of amusement, from 
iriiich White Conduit derives its name. It was built about 
1641 at the bat^ of 10, Penton Street, at the comer of 
Edward 8ti«et. This conduit supplied Carthosian Friars. 
Tluie WW also a small conduit at the back of White 
Gtmduit Gardens, near Warren Street, where Huntingdon 
the ^wudier, known as the " Sinner saved," used to take 
gieat interest in it to keep it clean, &c., mixing his 
fii— iiiinat with Oodlinoes. 

Then was also, up to within this last thirty years, 
Clerk's Wdl, or Clerkenwell, when I knew it. It was 
ooibed sqoue with a kind of bard Bath stone, and was 
litniitftnl just outside (he laila on the west end part of the 
Ambjvi, with a pnblic-houae right opposite, where the 
Wl-rinnt nsed to meet. The said church took its name 
hoM Ois veil, before the Parish (Church) Clerks' 
Camamj mi' chartered, somewhere about the date 
ItWT ThW oompsny of Amen Clerks made a rule of 
■dMnyearly, andtoplaysomepartof scriptnral 
'' vn w pio- in the year 1390. July 18th, the 
aaS IteiKi Clerks of London played interludes 
'Vdl which was near Clerk's Well, and the 
J^^^^^im flueedays together, when Bichard 11. 
^3 ^s (^Mt ■■il nwaf nobles were present. Also 
jlH tn Henry IV.'b time, they played at 
~ ~ '«Udi lasted eight days, their subject 
" irf dM Worid, when many nobles and 
Wh^ plays were not acted, there 
^ML vUoh *^ *^**^ place at St. 
^&WWdl WH at Smithfleld, by the 
I, TI^s w also what was called 
the west of Smith- 
*^|| Wag * noted place for 

to the parish 





dlM to the pansn 
- •■«, irelf 



well, square, cnrbed with stone, and called Dame Annis 
the Clear, and not far from it, westward, was another clear 
water well, known as Perilous, because youths used to get 
into it to bathe and were often drowned. The wells before 
recited were shallow wells. St. Panoras Wells were about 
400 yards on the eonth side of St. Pancras Old Choich. 
These wells had pumps, and the water was supposed to be 
a cure for everything. 

regent's park water. 

This is a sheet of water 1,200 yards long, and about 140 
yards in the widest part, with a T shaped branch of about 
4fi0 yards. There are nx islands therein. There is also 
the Princes Reservoir, a sheet of water 600 yards long, by 
90 yards wide. 

BARROW HILL RESERVOIR. 

This is 120 yards long by 50 yards wide, one of tlie moat 
splendid positions for a reservoir in the suburbs of London. 

ST. John's wood reservoir. 

These are four in number, the largest hang 70 yards by 
20 yards ; their situation is near the Barracks. 

KILBURN WELLS. 

These form a nice little stream tmd conduit at Kilbnm 
Wells, 130 yards long and 30 yar«ja wide. Another one is 
by Kilbum Bridge, 80 yards by 20 yards. These used to 
empty into the Bayswater Rivulet, and partly formed The 
Ty bourn. 

HIGHGATE PONDS. 

These ponds were eight in number, some maoh larger 
than others. Some still exist, but are not in use for 
domestic purposes. 

STRAND LANE WELLS, AND OLD ROMAN IIATH. 

This is in the Sfrand, London, opposite Kewcaatle Street. 
This bath is about 60 yards down the lane on the east side, 
and under a little old. fashioned looking hou»e, which 
htanda between two large and newly-bmlt warehouses. 
The house has iron rails in front, and about 5ft. of area, 
having an iron gate, with steps down and an old-fashioned 
door. -This old building seems to have escaped the notice 
of most London historians, and therefore very little is 
known of it. I am informed that it was bnut in the 
time of Titus, but I should prefer to say Julias Cnsar. 
The ground upon which it stands was, if not now, belong- 
ing to iho Danvera of Swithland, Leicestershire. 

Having descended from the gate, and through the door- 
way four or five steps, you paMs an arched passage, more 
like a cellar than anything else, and on the wft is a 
doorway which leads you into a vaulted chamber 16ft. in 
length, 9ft. wide. The well or bath top, like a swimming 
bath, is level with the floor. This is I3ft. long, 6ft. wide, 
and 4ft. 6in, deep. The water is supplied by a sprinff, 
doubtless in conjunction or of the same veins as the old 
r^pring of Holywell Street, which was about 150 yards due 
north by north-east of this spot. The water is beautifully 
clear and good for drinking purposes, and runs at the rate 
of about 2, 68S gallons per day. There is also under die 
eamo roof a splendid white marble bath, said to be bnilt by 
the Earl of Esaex (it Hbould be here noticed that £ssex 
Street is juat by, wnere the Earl lived when in London) 
about the year 1588. The water seems to rise from the 
bottom of the upper bath or well, from where it appears 
the marble bath has its supply. It is curious that neither 
the sewer along the Strand, which is above, nor tlM 
ft Railway close by, and some SQft. bdov this level^ 
wed with these springs. 



I 



I 



THE OLD CONDUIT IN GREENWICH PARK. 

ThU wBii tMtiit Bonate with two gable ends aO Ktaae, md 
Ui«TO wa« «n exwUuDt supply which nui ooiund«mbly to 
WMito BO Utp M 18''5, It vnM vtiry uiwh likn Kjiik Hmirj- 
Vm.'a ooDdiiit Kt KvuniiBrtoii, havio); sbgnt im pani« 
kind at supply. Thers are iiwi springs brnUiiiuMitiitlha 
fout of llw Hand hitla brtWMm Uiwi-nwieh and Woolwich, 
which fluw lu^ruMi Uto m~nbM nnd ttito tlie Thamea. 

UETHNAL GREEN PONPS. 

Thttm wore iit (URiim]: Strt«Ht, St iCatthfiw'ft, Bethiiol 
Green, mid weru v4 au •- i»l)a|M> 80 lar-l. /rj-n «lbow to wvch 
point. The pvndi won LlOyartif by IW. Thv tiinnlV-r 
on« wiH 40 TiLTdt hy 30, olcjw lo :iiiul>eth litniot, Old 
Bvtltnal Oruou Riiul 

MILE END FISH POND. 

Thia was near lie Jewi" Biirinl Urouud, between White- 
Dhapd and Htle End OU Town. 

WEST HAM WATERWORKS RESERVOIR. 

The situation af tlii» M cloan to Mill HUI Ifciad near th* 
canal lock. Ita shaps vt tlmt of an ovaX, 80 y^ida by 10 
yarda. 

HACKNEV ROAD. 

Them was a b«auttful aliMi of water 160 yards by 60 
varda, by the nd« of RaBnia Lam", at &» fnrthor tmd o£ 
bieltn^y Road. 

WOI.VERI.Y P1,ACK. 

Mvre waaa l)Tely piece of wstor 150 yards by 100 yardji, 
calkxl thv Fiah Pood. Amithnr twti .ihrata of water wo At 
thfi Uovo Bow near Ibe Oaa Li^ht Workv, one 170 yatda 
by ISO yards, and another 160 yurda by 100 yard*. 

ROTHERFIELD STREET CONDUIT. 

Thifl Tni nau- tlu- Old Liad BliUa. and waa J (JO yanlfl by 
M yardn, 

PEARLES POVD, -ST. I.L'KP.'S, CtTV ROaB. 

7%i» w*a nrar tho Imrial gmond, St.. Ltiko'a, at tho bnrtk 
of UiB hutpital, hntwcvu Balilurm SItfvI and Olil 84reoL 
It waa a splendid aheft of wal^r M yards by 30 yaiie. 



BAVSWATRR, queen's road conduit, rORMERLV 
KNOWH A.S BLACK MAN's LANE. 

Hen fltood a apli-ndid crystal »hoet of drinlting wntfr, 
wbieb bod it« aonrMt of anpply from tHr apringn thordn. 
Ita ritnalioti waM 1120 y.inlB north fruni (br: rtiU nf the 
I\<-n*inii(ton Gordonv, and 30 yards froia the roid alon^- 
ti'lc. Th'i axa of this shoot wu 90 yorda from point to 
poiiit, and 3& janla conjM tho miildlc. 

MOSCOW ROAD, BAYSWaTEK, CONDUIT. 

Ttda waaaitnited TO yards fr-iiu IVLersbur^L Ilnce, and 
3S0 yards from Bladunan'o Luno. Thin wao a ahL-ot of 
fjivn water W j-aids long mid 'iO ynrA* vndc. 

HOLLAND Sl'KEBT PO.SDS, KENSINCtTON. 




pDada uortli of Hi>llsj)d kitrv'.'t. n«ar 
lo. or lOOyarda from Honiton Struct, 
and botwpion Hfjlland Htreot and Pitt Street. Tho lorgtat 
wa» '>0 yard* \oiig by 1 ymnU viiili- ; tho emalloal 30 yorda 
bj 30 yarda, of ^uod druikintT watvr. 



nROVE IIOUSB, UPPER KENSINGltJN GORE. 

Thiit waa & iMtnd of pura wator. liiO yards by 16 yarda. 
whii'li Huujilieii (Joro Hoiiae and Lho grounds, it., whwra 
nnw *(H.'mi I>owth«T Iiudgai. 



HOLlJ^NO HOUSE WATER SUPPLY. 

This ia one of th* oldest historic rPsidentjo« in K<m- 
ain^ton, if nnt in I/mdon, and haa boon wfll Mipplii-d wilb 
wittrr nt nattir^l npriii)CH auitahlft fur Mit'li a building'. I 
uiny remark that l*iia old f:ihri<.- laktw its oanio from thf> 
tin't Earl of Holltind, who was bohca/lrd in 16(9. 

In Lhi^ old kiTob-n. whidi is now diauwd and more likt^ a 
baru for aiw, u^ lo Iw a <pl«ndid spring, and there woru 
a lot of otlwr little ones on tho nortlt-eaat ada of the 
tmllding, whioh nippli^v] th'> old looatt and on the aoatli 
ciitrani^o mde u-ttd lo he a fountain ohiae to the stepped 
bridge and cnjunnup. 

Thaw ipiinKa oiwd to flow down m tha wget aids of llto 
house and into thft old Ajji ponds below Addison Bond. 
where they emptied themsdres into the erode I boliorc 
Uiia hmuM) now drriTM it« wabpr froni tba wntnr company'a 
^lirHM. 

Od tlie north "f Holland Huuso are other mansion*, 
which, bf^oro thn w»t«r company osiatoi, 'jbtained th^ir 
water from the aane Tatiia. 



HAMMERSMITH PONDS. 

One of. If not, tho largest, waa situated at tho t>aok of 
Blytho Liiac. Icnown an tho Otoan. about 440 yards by :iOO 
yajda, and v«ry dt-rp in some places. Thia was quilo self 
iiiipporting. 'i'he \vat«r waa veiy dear, hut bml a ix'niy 
twanir, probably owing bi tlw Bid(;hbouruif{ mar»he« 
whioh nwn alongside of the creek, which creek then nn 
n'onvnida nf the pre»fnt Addison Kond Htiitim, thSD « 
C4nal. 

THE $gVEN STARS POND. 

Thi 
amilli. Vilien I knew it forty yeura a(fo 
to drink, but, 1att<?rly it has woome a bathing plnro for 
do^. and in therefore n nuiMneo to the iH-ifrhbouthuod ; 
thvre ia a nirong talk of dlllnf it up. It is about 33 jurds 
«y 20 yards. 



This ia oppoailothft Sorcn Ntara, Staroli OreMi, Hnuiini-r- 
lilb. Vi'iien I knew it forty yeura airo the water wna Rt 



bTAMFORD BRtWK, HAM.MERSMITU. 

Hum was a ap1<rndid liltla stroam of good drinkio» water 
forty TMn hga, but, likr ruiarly all tho others, has bot^n 
niiuod and tovcrwi up, Tliii ran by the aide of Starnf<trd 
Bruok Old Cuflngi*, whir.li at that spot gHF« the buuTidury 
liuo butwucu CluBwiuk n:id Hairuneramitb. The said old 
cottaxa and groond (a'uoul a qinrtcr of an acroj ia atlU 
supplied bf a purop and well WBl«:r of gmat pUT:ty. 



NORTH END ROAD PO.VDS, FULHAM. 

From about ivhtre tho cedars ate, down to the District 
liiiilwfBy Station, wiia n ton^ narrow pimd of gnod watvr 
fifly yiMrs ugu. now built on. Fulbiun al out; time, bko 
Bi-cntfurd nnd other plaeoi in the vall«y of the Tbamea, 
^\tt noted 'or iii>iny ovorflowing artceinn and other wells. 
'I'Uin i* aiT.i-intfd fur iti fhn nntunti welU, tluil there baa 
at (■[](.- liiiic or otbvr. b«f«ii a diiilurbiini-« in the strataa, and 
tho faot tljat the \evo\ of tho ground nliottt tho Thuturs 
vallr-y is oonstdoiahty lowor than the pnintA P T, Fig. I'i : 
liul lu time raad^^^nsml depru-saiuu of tho wator lovol 
ia Ir^oioa V/^K^^^'^'t which will Iw proved from tha 




fM± Ifet m UOC tfc* tMlk water tn tb^ Citr w«lU stood at 
IWmilThliAvalH'Mvfc. The dm««Mion of duiUt vmtor in 
■W Cm wI^yaB ■araaled to (in l8<o; Mfi .Unuahow- 
^C awfRMitB imMdeme of tap «rat«r itt tlw niU-u(2(t. 

CManoa. ICor Ana tliUnBt with th'-ohalk water alone, 
«Ihm sn odMT MNticM c4 rxcclkal. water which lay 
HMMK tfa» wai. Wii snrel, and mb gBomMy to be 
iHafvas a tmmBer af day, while mod ia often u the 
rftoli M, le^ UdiWd betwMS two Uyvt* of Imporvimu 
matmM. kv.wa u anriaMcmu drift depooit See the 
IteiFOaMSO »id GTudJT.Fig. «39a. F or .T 



rr a 



•0^ 



-»' 



f ra. tviJi. 



wenU be the place tor takiiiif in tbe water, the anwont of 
whtd> wooild depend upua the Riperfldal ena of aand, 
iUagJea, end ettier pn^nama *ttb«taace, and the amouDt (if 
•Of) of ^tamimm tlul najr etnpljr tbereiD. Here juu **e 
A* warn wvold, like that tbro*^ the cfaalJc, seturelly 
r«a to the laweet kml, oftaa rwnin^ into gr«at ehaans ur 
^vae, ^ at Q. aod findiiy an notlet an at ^ : hat nhnuld 
lUa aatlet be cloaed er bead «p. thtvu^li argilUmiun drift 
IB T or IC. then, br wmiaag or borinir, ib? v^sVr would 
tiaa mfi to thu Icrrl, when you B«i «rhat U Icoown a« an 
artMian wrll, fion a atrcam of water otlter th»o chalk 
watir. But it najBo happen. aaoFtm itwill, 'utt^annMl 
galj |D • tew faet tliroiyth a byer of cUjr tut at J, and if 
y«a n a linla dlrtaaoe awaj, aa at H, jou will f^n a 
M^aittecol n^ffy is Ibe lupe of a foontam. liVheruv'cr 
jmm pt thia water fknm, oae tUnif ta alaioet c«rtain, thut 
da aalpenr can otdy be equal to the intaldBg. Fur argu- 
■aat'a^x; in tfaeae landopriRfpn, a* ihtij mn mmoiini^ii 
v^tL tmm^ng yott hare aa area uf. imy, ten act«a, 
wkaaaa ma-waMr lalls. and roa i^et thio qnutti^ lata 
ifea Waaa-^amliaaed aanfer. lien wouM Im a mlendid 
— p^jri>iHel»ri*ey.» huuBK aud untbuuMs. atid a lake 
^KftdHV titim Mtaaai nuuiui^ u> waatc. ao waH some 
. the naighbouihood of Bajvwntcr and 
m. Batp nppoM four tea aerea to be 

^ ■■! Ab walK to be, aa u in thin caae, can^t 

w ^^^mmA a^te^ii lata Mwen, can joo expect your 
-BftMaaaCoU. 

^^mtt9 the aewera and the uadeTxruund 

tew fiM*' harao with Ibme natural 

A vilk «H a«A the other thcr ara, aa a 

H^ TW alnve ean be to-dar illustrated 

1^ ^mm V ar^tirl oa the aontfaem slope* 

ite «Uk U estnuiely narrow 

aa wtf^ hat «p abem and ovrtli 

HUl. aamethiB^ tiki 

ikhnad^. This apex ia 

call oappnl with 

kadu wuU II bout 

ifhl water flows, 

■a^ and *o th<' 

^^ water lit 



laaownj 



earl's court lank, mow earl's court. 

Here wa« a aphmdid pood of water, from which the farm 
'whiob etood woere Ben'x O^tnt Statiim now Btaiida', irai 
Huppiiod, and alio £arl'« Court Hvuap, but which waa on 
the opporite nde of the road. Thia farm waa known aa 
Ubdot IIoiuu Farm. 



COLHBRNE HOUSE, EARLS COURT, HEAR 
BROMPTON ROAD. 

Unr> was a re»rrotr with ita natanl apriaga, whieh 
wn« HitnNtnd 80 yard* froiu Bromplon Ruad and near 
Walnut Walk, and nearly opjiaalle the bottom fit Eail's 
CiMUt R^vad. It was 120 yaida lo«g by 25 yards wide, 
■lid aa(>i>lied the UMfuion with ita nrooMiary water. 



CROMWELL HOUSE, Ar.SO CALLED UALE HOUSE 

cosnuiT. 

ThU condait waa altaated half-way bctveon Old Cram* 
well Houan ^whioh alood when the louth^weat part of the 
Saath Ketuungtoa If uaemn now atanda] and the pu Mje 
hoaae known aa tbo "Hoop and Toy," It supplf 
whole of the water to Cmmwc 11 Huuae and iu bofoi 
t may hen reauu-k tLal nuiny havu triod to find thli 
eooiduil out, ioclniling tiw Kmisin^^hin hiJitoriani, LyKM 
and mkner, and the oollwtur Luftio- 

SLDANR STREET CONTWIT. 

This conduit waa oo the weat aide of Stoane Street, near 
Charlotte Ob«ta«M aad Cbnpel Bow. It waa aoont 3M 
yaidi down SloKne Street from the Knirhtehrtdga aod* 
aod too yaida on the wnat of the atTvet It* aiae waa 1 10 
Titrdii by M yatda. Some people thooylit that ihia wm 
icd by loae natoral oittkt from Hrdn Park Poola, now 
callod the Serpentine, whieh to tola day loaea Urge 
iiiianliticn of water, althoa^ there arc natural mriagt 
ihetwin, but which are mon taarardi tb» head. I have 
alao beeu told that there are oo aptiuKs in the Serpentine, 
but thia ia fake, aa I haTs seen many thenin more thaa 
onoe or twiM. Bnaidea, tfaoae springa ean be Mt if yon 
explore the SM-pentine 1^ awimming, the water hang «a_ 
ilitfnvBt t«m|KTBlare. 

l.F.AI>eR STREET RESERVOIR. 

Tilia waa 50 yardii from Leader Street and 2M yard* 
from Karlbotvngh Road, (%eJjKa. It was five-aided, and 
tia siae waa 60 yard* by 40 yards 



VINCENT SQUARE POND. 

This waa In the playgnmnd for die Woatminater ariialarB. 
Dou^laa Street. Kooheater Bow. It wa* 100 yards loag 
by 30 yards nrToas the oentre. It wma tbe abape of a 
n4^t-anf[lt.<d triangle, aa though nide to fit in the flomer 
of the square. 

BL.VCK HORSE VOSD. 

This waa near TVvndle I«ne. It waa 320 yards fiy 
170 yaida at one aad, and SO yards at the otliar. 

U.VSOR HOUSE, KENNIKCTON. 

Thi. rwcrroir wan 3S0 yard* from Wolworth RtMid, aivl 
Manor Row and Harford l^at^ at the 
FUroe. It waa 120 yards long and 



ANXIENT LONDON WATER SrpPLY. 



m 



DO yuida vidf, harln^r k sin«ll island mm! thr«e pcoj«c(ioBS, 
Uiio tbivc I'Dnrh'a niMoa ; tti fact, it luwd Id be toniMn 
the kiAnoy nolntu Me. Tlitn wan amrtlMr tlw exKOt 
aha|w nf n kidnAj cIom br. tliifi wu 80 jrsidfl fton cad to 
«ad, and 'iO jardft a> mM the cmtrc. 

rB LAMBirra WALK CONDUIT. 

Tliiii waa ■ttiuttt'd Al) Tardii from LntnlMiUi Walk, and 
A) yard* frutn the buriul (frtjt.ud. It waa iSit. [n di*inet«r. 
WIMBLEDON. 
Roe there an Urg« qnutitica at mttr, wMA ran bo 
M«n hy tbc HMulcr taliins n walk roiiiul. 
Cnydon. Uitcbam. Sydtmham, (>tuilH:TirelI, Porkhun 
Bye, and UNirly all round th« aouth of London, bim been 
not«d lor it« apriugB. and to prove tli« proliftc nature or 
abunda-nco of nonui of thent iipringa, it will ba- i>iifl]rif*nt 
to record Uiat tbo tiprinj{« of th« wuUi »iil« of PM-kham 
Hto Ctitnmon at ooo time fmned nn iinp-jftant portion of 
thfl Grand Surrey Cnnal mipplr. 

Alu! for uianj of the old flpniij(» and Cilr 

IvKirava, witb myitlal Htnum*. and Die Citv welU? 

Tboy, }ij proccw of time, enoroaclimntt of 

biiildinjr% and hmfibtnnlng of the ground, ore 

' nearly all goni^, and tho Londoner fore*d to n^k 

^ft n-ntur iibmnrhfirf^ Tbn first jmrf at tbia lo»k iiluno 

■ nlxiut tbc tlmu of Kinv Henry III., dnte 1:!:!7, 

Tbn it vm» KTuitcd Unt Ihv oilizpna nnd tboir 

anoooawni, by nnr Uillwirt. do Satifiml, t>n nt Hhrrty 

to mavey wati>r fmm Trhuni mlo tlif City. Tl;" 

maynr nnd otTHnn.i'Niilty of tbf (.'ily. tbi ritixiMii nt 

the rime bviii^ pirliafly dirprivitl of ibrir mipplifti, 

were ndad la avail tlieniMtlvM u( tliu alteration. 

TaVSWaTKR conduit (ORIGINAI-l. 

Buynuaror Clondutt baa for nuiny y^rs ticr>n of 
)rmt iiitfrVHt ti> tho cdtiannii of I»iidoti, owiu;; tti 
ibelr p-ieitiuna teiuK m> verv oW'ure, not oiit> of 
the hitirarian* hiivinif d^c-me^ it nMDHnry to ])olut 



I 
I 



out their rxacl TKnitinna : in fnnt, tbcre ia no hiHb>rr 
which call lie dF)H*iidiKl upon for tbo Mme, ntid it 
baa givim tni.> jin enillens Kmoiiiit nf trnnliln to 
discover thdr nul p^witiona, ivlilufa, lui(>pily, tbero 
la aow DO (]iKwtton about. 



Lead PI pea. 

VmUr wiu allMBpt**! to bo brought through rix-inrh 
kwilra iHpw, rjwt in Flotland, which pip^ proTpd a 
tho rort*n pondiii-m of tho 




S' British plombcn ; much of thia waa nnd buml, an 
own at I^FT. 0S9a, whlbt ochiT pontoui w«ie noldt^ml. 
Th««r pipM were in t«i feet longtlu, bmng eoonectcd with 
wi^ed and overroHl joinia of rxiTcttcnl nhapc, mnny of 
which I hate seen, 

In all, iktm vrere about four mllee of this piw nuidv, 
and rhu tspeuae of tho undvrtakin^ wim jmrtially bunMi 
by the principal citisena. Thne pipcfl emptinl tbenuvlrt^ 
into roticluila or lead dat^aa, many encaned witlilu ntouw 
bialdiuir". muoh after th» atyla of th« old Ujndait House, 
Fig. DMo [of which mon uob), tad Tig. 9i9o, aUo 




■uterial (an account of which will b« bcroinaffr ahown]. 
vUcli. happily , waa difvarrmd in timi.'. Tlu- ui|tet> 
WOK tlitD maoe from cast ihvvt lead, balf-an-iuch tniok, 



Vig». 1,399. t,4l>R. 1,413, and 1.428. The first of tboee 
ooaduita WHS Mtuiit«l fnim Puddinirluu (u JanM Hod. at 
a diatancd of ■2,HD.'> y&rda ; the next, from James Bed on 
th« Hill to Mewsgnte. waa fi6l ynrda; and from Uinriig-alii 
tu the oruw in Cbnniwidu wa> 2,6(32 yards. 

Th() history of the Ittllcr conduit ik very amueiiiK, for 
it ia laid that on the «afo dtOircry of Quoon iMihol 
[wifoflf Kintr Kd^anl II.]. In th<' year i:t12, of a eon. 
wbo provtyl nftrruiirdn tu \je King I'M ward III., Llia 
cuTiduit in Oi<?iip instead of numinii voter, «-ai> made 
to Ttrn with wino, and all wan wolr.omd to pnrtakc of 
tho same. 

The groateiit of thew conduits wo* «[KTt4i(! on Weat 
Chnip, tliiit ia bo my, tbo cpjm in Cheap, in tfati yi^at 1395. 
Henry Waloa bein^ the mayor, when afterwards theao 
condi^ti were inoreaeod to about twenty. 

The cwwa in CQiiiap onndutt waa iiIuhk tn tho old r.hurvh 
of St. Miohael'a, Wewt Cheap, whore, on the ulntre «rine 
day, was fixed a pavUiun, which woe parliully Ln Ui« middle 
of the Btrr«t, whitn a lariro vat of wine wan placed, and 
all pniHWTH were invited k> drink. 

JotiiL I'opn. It tinrlh^ir, of tli« (^ty, by hU will dxttk] Um 
lll}k of Mur, I-t^f, ifiivv to llm miiynr, rliaiaU-tUiii, ai' 
commonalty nf Lutulun for ever, properly enough to kei 
the couduita in good repair. Id the yoar 1401, tho Tms 



47fl 



ANCIENT LOJTPON WATER BCmiY. 



Bpoti Cornliai lad ■ efafam MpfUel ligr Ifaw water, m 
tnal Ibe pipe* wrtv farlhCT #ilinidid, ui4 •p'inta tbm 
eallod "li".««« of Ibe ir»lrr" were pUetd abwit Hillinif*- 
Mto ud PamI'b Wharf, and I7 8t. GOes' Cbimli WilfaouL, 
Ortpplegato : thia waa alMOl Uw 71W If'Ja. Water iraa 
alw WWt w ytJ tQ Naw)[at* Gaol and Lodpale. in 1182. 
Bj'tfaa-bjro, it la wry lntc«»tln|{ Ui know ihut tbn Toima, 
lieCore-naaed, on Corahill, wan a prv>'m, whii-fa tb^ had 
no b(4t«- oae fcr ih^t to cmirrrt tt intn a waur daUm or 
oonduU annJied Inrn tha TYBOIBN PII'ES, anl on 




im. MVD. 

<■» 4d« tha« WM flrgotad a cafn vith a pair t*f eUx-kg 
om H, for pniilditf vrliat waa thm onllr>d * nijrht 
waTkcra" (Vrawlinp driinlcardn of itll tiUawn). Ut^thrr 
will) a pitW)' fur pa^iiiK l>wk rhfaling Inkr-r* iinrl 
Uuoviab millMv. Out, In Krdrr llmt I moLy tuinif iJiv 
biitorio part! in. and tbo law app<>rt»ni)iiR to ihie ^iilijfs^t, 
it will Sa neoemafy to takv one distriol of fai«t'>hi' nole 
iDto fionaldorBtion, and, Iharefom, w-v will aelUv apon 
Kaovis^ton. 

KKNSINCTON tN THE HUrfRRRDS OF OSSULSTON. 

Kauringlou appcan lo Iiaw had a Roud tlmp of in 
if umn Br* uTtbiii^ to buut of, for it avcnu to lu 



had aetm In all, prrfcafa no hetb>r naaiui for liariag 
twaytil front oti« to aavm, tbaa lh«> old woinui'a Mvibr 
llial ihm ia ''lank nndar th» odil nunihrr," nnd itic 
[■jlluwinie i» tbe medlej-:— Flni it waa Clia»M. llteu 
CThetwnitim (*ee Damad^ff B*ak), after Cbe»m«ttuia. than 
Keiuilnn«, tlien KinaiDtiuw, then Kfttainlona. and finaUf 
K g n w in fftoii . 

Her« iber appeared to have moat mpnfi water, and W 
thia ia now mM* tA the raoet (aahionabV. ^et 000 rtt ibv 
nUeat, partu of IjoiHlon, and a plsre whwrh hefoiMt 
qDaattut ii U> Le n-lted upon for iU hi«lurk ajirtiitfii and 
watar mipply, I dt-^m it Ber«<aMvr to rr«ord th« foOowing 
facta, whiill) haw taken nw a ooiuidenbk' tinMand rtxMciM 
to flail ap, hManao of the masy abanrd laka wfaicli naro 
btMi rfonnled !•▼ w^H-known hUtonntl writ^n, all nf 
which have douill*** ci>pi«d vt drawn vn utkD anutbcr'a 
ttnaKinatioo \ and it it thiw wnlrm tlinl hare ratiMd na 
Bucb an enomoiu ammitil uf trondlo tu nndo their knariah 
work, and to Bad llxi >i~tnnl ojxtii or Kitm whara Ibaat 
wtHk, rirerv, |jaum«a, uad conduilH »t'wd. 

W)i«n the thioriHb Soxona were iuTtt«d to mfaxi thin 
ihm tmiiblcd telnnd th«ir n,w tiko ralui* tn«n>uf and 
ointlaiimtrd \hr. hhiui'. Thia wa« aUmt tbn tudt UK. 
I*iirt« of tlje fionqiiured oounlry werv di*id«<l by the 
inivrul which was worth duninir. and tfacoe ihiim 
wi-rf a^rain diridi>d and aub-divUicd hj and lUitoiigBt the 
(iiii^fii, who hod put thcnuielrra under Monmaud, and bj 
thaaa inaam enrh tri)x -mho was then wnrthjr of poiiliaa 
bad fonw aort vi initrpiiul'Tiiop- 

Tbe gTcatn aban^wldmi would eourttitatft rui^ or 
oouiit4M. Now tb(^ wholo armjr waa mint likelj- aub- 
dividrd into ImmU of I.IID tann «arJi. Ilie portiiin 
of Inurl, H|>niifc>. aii'l rivrni aai^unvd M tlMaa Mvaral 
faHiiliiw tiLini^tituC«d what waskouwnafi ao tnaiiy trythtn^ 
hundrrNU, uiiil trthrnfcit [c\t thowtando, hnndrvi1i<. uiid t«iui}, 
«i< |j tiiidi^r il» own parldi-ruian or acknowlcdg»d Kiipcrior. 
Tlio lands, ririjiH, and apriuffii which tell U* thu 
firi^rinal auoccMful waniora in the first allotmenta, najr 
he ragaided bh boelanil IhookUmli, mimI wrn- piMfwwd 
by thna familiva on u>u>iiliuuH fnv rmm all t-muinliirancea, 
Mtva and exrcpt llw^ ohliiraHoD to tb» ooinmiinity itaell; 
bodand va« trul}- alludial. viz., the tolnliiy of it waa in 
the propriftor, aod deaceodcd to Ua children. 

Sonn attrr the Nonaun Coaquo«t filatr 106^} the« 
allodial pnipriiRlim mdffnnl tbnir pimnMiioiia into the 
hande of the king, or aome other uobl«iuitii, oooditionally 
uf roctivin^ thera back, nndn- cotiditionH known aa Feudal 
fwrriee, thiin obtaining th^ nrvrMury prnt«utiou of tfavii 
ImhiI.iiI pnj[*rty, Sui-li w*i> tin- diHtribution made by 
WilliiUTi tlii> Conqueror, and this Cbaneoi llanur waa 
HllniiM lo tbo BiMbup vf Cmurianer, whidi appeara in Ik 
irrorx! of ])Miu<M-duy. th«re to be held off ia, hy one 
AiititY-y dii Vi-n.". one of the vhieftaina. 

Now ilii* tancl nf Atibn-y iln Vcnr in rated, via., ptfl 
dati«tjreld for t«u hidea (a hide of land ia 120 actm) ; Iha 
land ia aatimated at ten oaramlea (otM aan>n«t«t u what 
otdy one pbiugh can caltivat«), of wfaioh fotir uamiwiei 
an> in demeauv . rtllntie (riUa|ttn] haTing* five plongihs. 
Twelve %'illaiiB. uach havini; one rod (or yaid biiMl) and 
six with thn* virfcatM or roda {a rir^tj^ in one <iiiar1«r 
cifahido). Till! prinit haahalf a virKate: there air tlion 
>9V«n bondamen or nerfx. 

Twc oanicatM of ttiuturc for the oattle of the kiwn; 
paana^ (nma and fon'iit, food) for 200 aa-iuc, and thn« 
ni^mtaof Tineyanla. In tlm whole ibin wan wnrlb, whtdi 
allutted, £(1; but it intrHaiwd loilO iu Kjuu Edward L'» 
time, who held the nuiiior, and had power to aoU it. 

Ton have seen how thia and otbur manors mme into 

thehnri*- ■-' ■-T^t■^itlals : you will nbn mrw gwora aw what 

a" '^i-' '>^k Icodn ap to. It in |i> ab^nr yott wlul 

r ' IxiuhU-u duttn. It was laid down a» a 

<ad obhgatign when thoae laada wen alloMed, that 



AKCIENT LONDON WA'PEB SUPPLY. 



■tti) 



I 



everj Undawner should protect nil ii]pringe, mta eaante, 
boarnM, (xnidiuU, &tid wpIIm nnd itm fnc acr<^M to bin 
nmgbbour. Mid lnt«-uIliTw at Krmd ninirt, fur ■ iitiflici«nt 
supulflo hte waol«, »ft«r Uie owner bad wourcd enougli 
for nnuslf : and it U nioet stringcnlly lud doiro ibut nny 
ntift who Histurba tbew wat«-r munw. Mprin^ or vrt-ll», 
in ptu'l'T of fiendiiih txlck*. tlie {Muahjr of wbi<^ u to ba 
Jl^i"t to dtmth. (See Kceoont uf Aw«m to Landa.) 

Now, Bs Loadoa incrcdswl in po]iuliLtiuii . \\* bffnro 
ihown, Ihfl iMtoroI springN of KrnMiigton and I'oddiiiKtnn 
Iwcaino of fj^reat vuloe. aut onlv for the auuplf of tbi^ir 
omi ptopl«, wbo were conapcllwl by t)i» law bebre rodtud 
(o eMJal In supplyini; lluiir neiKliuouni, whluh is proved 
br the fallowiog tuxoiint: but thia will neoceutate 
•iMwiiijii nim or two niore sk«t<ib(-H, und for tho pr^eent 

Bupoiv I lusp «»■«■ ■ few hiindn^l yiiiiJi. b«l will iwirtiallj- 
U this laiiM hcivaftRr on the SprinKu and CoiidititA rif 
Putdington and Burxwsfa^. 

A mnditil wiw built iibimt thn ynr \h\h \rj iCioK 
Ucnry VIII., miiil bi be h biitb, bviill fgr CjtiiKii Kli/ubt-tTi 
when s child. ]l» •dtiiiition was at the t>a»t tiid of Km- 
Nftw Bttrr&rk^. Ju.'it inniilr t.h«< fitrtbcr brirk wall 




1871. And a powder nuitfwne built to its esMA rixo na the 
old footings. It W about 12fc. byUfl. taqitarv, aud about 
Kft. to lOft. ia biri^ht. FIk- S-'^'-Ik ia a mprvintntjilion of 
IliB iiuudo, but thv wutaide of the roof was tiiai[il.v tliul of 
fuur ntrlee in noUd brickwork. This raodutt r>r bath waa 
Auppuodbya Sin. leaden i^pe, «» (uui tw xfx-n w1icm the 
wat«r runH in. This pipe <-ijiiiii> fruiu s natural xpriuK-, 
whii-h waa by Uie nidt* uf tbi^ kitt'hcn irsrdvu, aiul nefir tti« 
yardcn wall, and Fig. 9&ffr is on viact rcpntwuUlion of 



CM. sewB. 



OB the rifflrt and 130 j-ordx tniro Silver Street, ^\&^ 
tbroUj^ the pauagv-. vLc., from Silnr StniTt townni* tbn 
AUmw. X hia old r^c wm Jtaookod down about tiu> jwu: 




m. OMr. 

tb«lben coT«K<d-in ffpring. tt ia an Ptmneoiu iilvn that 
KinifT Hrnr*' VI II- ot-ciipifd Rrniiinfrlon PaliH'e. I 
d^tulit wbftlier bo waa ^vtr in it; bn cvrtjihiljr Bergr 
WM owner our even 'K'l'upicr. It was mit ocetipicd by 
royvttr until WilUam II I. puroha«pd whttt wiu tli«ii ktiown 
an N'ltliti^haiii Hiiuw> from tho Carl uf N<>lti[iH~hnni, uti 
tb* *.'jdi Marrh, lfiS9. Th*" biiildinp- w«j> n wry iJd <im- 
at that tiint", bu' Willinni J 11 , iimde wmic irmud ultomliuiiK. 
Hr iM'iiiitifuUy laid out ^tlioiijch io Diiii-h fiuhtnnl tlti- 
jitliiuiiIh, nnd i^rrrlnl tbrvr fnnulaiuH im tb« Mjutb Kiilu uf 
the I*n1acr>. Oni- uf tbtan fdiintaiim WAti eit«at«(I about 
li;n ytirds from the roiul, w«tof tb« ijpiidoiu: annther alx-ul 
iwciity yardK frnm Entsiagton Rotw), or at thi> M)utb-w<-^t 
mrniT of tbc f^&rdcnii. witli a grmnd on« n«ir Ihe t>utt><ni uf 
thti jjfiinliiti nmr tba rtmd, luxl ri^bl in frtml uf thi' niiddli- 
part of the Pitlace. These fauutalns wcr« tiuuplii^l fruui 
ih>ii (Aflk in Fig. ll&9o. So mncb for the niur!h-tHlh««l-irf 
K(Tiain^iwPidne«b«iTig thi>ro*idAnr«nf Kiii^lfiTtirTi* VI i I. 
liut tre wilt now srv wlial KiuK llc'nirv VUl. rvalli' did ilu. 
null givo bira thff i-nilit of liiiililiiig ing- 959l. 

Jiiot Ijrliiw wliurv lliu in>udui( or beUl atood. ia «L oM 
rcd-brlcik hoiiM>, and it ia Eaid Co be the bonae whu» 
Aniir Dalryn livn!. wbirb I ham good reaMiiH (o bebvvo 
WIU Hmry Vlll.'a KemdiiKtun Iiuititf. Thw old hcnitv io 
aaid tu hate Iweo at one time siippliod with ytwWt Irum 
thn befon-minitionod conduit. Tho old bvuse refcired to. 
now i^\n»Aj atAiida about iHOft. bnck fn^tn the road, and 
iskeptquitrprirate; il atauda nejct door Lu Tlutckeray'a old 
hoiiar, 

Biitrr 'VTII. beio^ MiMd rmnaned] of the Vaiior 
of Clii-Inrn ivnd Kranmgton. hallt a MpWidid muuHiim iu 
CliMEBfa, and Huppliwl tliia, hia new building, with wat^r 
Oiruii^'b :)(n. tqimrr •>iMi'i\<d-np leaden pipeo, with wip^il 
yAul^ fr)m i:bt< bcforo-mcntioofed hathoroonduit. Tlime 
ppoa rnu throii)(h iho principal part of the moor (thi« 
\mj\ luid jiiid alHiTc! Lh<- old barrarka wna Ihi-n knirwn an 
1Jif> Hix>r) and acniaa the Keuaingtou Head, by De Vec« 
Giirdcn^, and nwey to Clu^M* Fboe. 

In the; yerir IQ.'iT the before*iiMntton«l houac in Chelaca 
Place, with all ita appurleuancea. ioi^ludinK thn CMtn* 
i!iin<Iuit, wiim handed over to Williuiti L<:>nl DouglE>i 
and bin wife Auuf, Dudivco of Uuuiiltou, to Charlee 
Cheync, E(>q., whose son, WiUiiun L(s4 Cltayiw, aold it 
in UI2 to ijjr Hana Slooiio [which may boeeea fiotn a hSi 
tiled in Cbouuery in LTD:!, by Lord Cheyue, ag&inat th* 



480 



ANCIENT LONDON WATER Bl'PPLY. 



Dike ei BwvtDrt, v1n(<h pcuwodisRi were raoew«d bf 
Bir HniM tOtmt la 1716]. It appMn tlut tha Branfort 
IkuilT, ilio TKMMaMM of otfaa Mrg« pirmiMM tn that 
■eieW MUi hooa, uiil fai w t rly tku pnmrtr c4 Sir Arthur 
Ckofm, hiA mamawd ovneiridi] of 1d« CIwImik omduit, 
■whtrh vu M bjr ihe Mmdnit at Kanmi^toa. Not ntiafied 
with oil ikiN. thry tJuwataiMd to drnriTe Lord Cbmw of 
litw WntAt tltoivuf, bat ihe Lont Chancellor decrm] 
(Ortobcr the llih. 7 0«o. I.) : "Tbat tborifrbt i» tU muiI 
mtertrf tbe Cfariaw oandiut ma iwlad in the plaindfl" 




»M.lMu. 




into tbe dcfmdaat** boiuo, until the pbuntiff'a htmm aai 
ganbtM warn wiMMil imAit rommmptiM tmppli^d ; * and 
notlci' tliw, that tbs plainliS mw wititlnl to tlM WMta 
wnt4?r. The defcndaat was ordered to do all rep^r*, ud 
tbi> cl«(itiin;r of the iwtB^, water enaimm, txAdinta at 
Kendng^taa, and aim Uut main pip^ frnm ICi-^vuntc^'A u> 
GhelaM eoadiiit, Hitd tine piiwa and cin'^nw in \he name, 
fjrrpl lbf> iHpi' i-nnvBt-inji wator (luni th* luvidutt in 
Kiii;r'>» RuTul to tbc pUiutlA'N buivo, wbicb waft afdend 
lo be rppnired by the plaintitf. 

The banae, wliiob vaa a(«upi«d bj 
tbw BUwp of WindMi«t(a', purrhaard 
br tbe Dvkv of HamiltoD, waa ^ao 
Bupplied from this iModah. TIkw af» 
the nativiiil pninta or rivhta wUeh 
w«re well iiutU-nttucjd tm Une Roma- 
mml of (mail water works, walar 
counw^, unrin^ tit., and bold pood 
to this (Ujr, cxc*TptiD(( tbe dqiilal 
puaiidim^nt. 

SHKHHKRD's riELD CONDVtfi" 

HvtvTv I clew?, and to •timgtbcn 

itiij {Hilnt, I will apiirad ABotlMr 

1'- ''mill of thmtf public property 

' ' T>, whk-li tniik pUop ■! tfa* 

niTK "f <bii>ntitiify : at llip Haaw 

:i win Reord ih« whcraUMila 

notnbbi Sbqiti'-nl'H MeM Caa- 

rhia wait Hitiutfil »t Haaipatead 

^IcMdiiwB, at lb« Month •WMtMV 

«f ibr riUaf?P. noar Cbunh 

Rtiw, l>ut no tbe eai4mt ndi' of tlie 

Bckbt lbn« lay an old ounduit or 

•bvpbi>nl'a wall, whnv Toa cvMld ban> 

a dtiak of potv watvr free of cbar^, 

artuch aCreaa doubtloai had nn 

thooaanda of yam. asd had aoMdiad 

tha inhahllanta and poor paopla lor 

acw past. So raueh th»y thoit^t nf 

tUa widl that Ihry i.To te«tcd it wHb 

aa aich. a&d nwad tho back nut wirh 

nub) ; bat >B oatBBO of tine uii* uurli 

"'■'"•K^ ■rtrwiH. tn a nprlain i-iu>&i. 

' ooaftMatlad. n<x ihis time W 

-^ iter eampaBy. hot hy U>rd 

!' .Miitvu^, wh" win liviiiK olow 

' 1- I ri-l wh" iIpwvdiIv J to tluvtiiib 

' tiiik ntnoat to rtop 

iTDBi obtabiiiip no 

•v^ w«U; a mty 

.' uF i-r-r™ 

-^ . -<' indignaliun, 

t.' (bK xncVmaxK down 

I vh:D th«y tooktba 

1' to a ronrt nf law, 

« . aocoiAw to tbe 

- - --vmagunat Lord 

1 '■ ttw well K- 

k. aandpcatwd. 



It 



mattM^ aaol old. . 

Ibr hiUowtay bria; an t-xmrt:— 'Tbv arth a w Aaddad 
at>oY« ami afoaul by the arc-ra ttarl fotae a vondnit hsad 
to a Uaatilnl (fna^. the «f>M>&c avantr of th« fluid. wUoh 
yi*Ua amml Mva a dar. \* bttl^ ibcoo tfcaa £rf3kd watrr.' 
It n pMa thai twh a wamctm «( awtr *»•*•( ^''" 
b«<r» of mat i«Iw la llM Uahimii : tat apiot ttm iht», 
1 asa ialonMd thai a (pw af tW poor p aoffc Bad« a Unag 
<lha>gh. pntMUr, a anudy <m* by carryiti^ and mLI- 
tir laifcila of w* wBltr at a pmt vnfa- Of conrm 
r-Tvtn'Ov knowtut aatthbttr ^ stBlV*^ knows that il i* 

' - riiifciin - '" " '■ ' 



I 



I 

■ 

1 



AKCIENT LOXUON WATER SUPrLY. 



461 



BAVSWATER A«D TYBOL'RNE COMU'lTS. 

Wr kMve m>v ettiati to tli« tiioxl dJllicTilt pMrt of the wnler 
mjiplf t" Hiithiiilii'aW, ■lU'itiK' I" till' imiiwiiu' aiiumnt of 
Kini|>lr JouniuliKlif rublii'li tliiil Iiud Ikh^u iiriiiltn) ilivrfiu, 
wlijoh nu> btt-ii iniiph uvordijii.'. at;i) more like futtl<.« rJinn 
bintorir fact», »»en by w<>iilil-1» (nMuriniin, 

Tbcra M|)p>«rH to Ixr nunietliiriK fiiM-iiislinK iilmut ttipct? 
old BiiyswaUr CuuduiU to Uie jvunittllKtic wurlJ, bcvttUM 
tlMty havo tippored hitluTto to hKre Iicvd nblo to concort 
rwidiibl^ mittti'i', wliinh thry I'otild ni)| hinturirAlly 
olitAJn. Nutr I jlnttt^r mrivli that no one \iat ib'vt^ liiiTinK- 
UbMt. thirty or tnrty ycnri M«ii\-^bitiic in thr Irmln, 



I 



■Hftiqf ll^ttlUr up vritli the ojft pltmifrt, utA ivittcrnnrkm' 
du^iMUi.' JuB jiiiDing ai* uuc/m; monb^nt. niicl uIk) ivu- 
KniliDft witli mombrraol th« •wrem] inorituHniui of whirli 
I Mil It iwniVr, nKild powDtlv liavti luiy i^hAnei! of 
BArprUimin^ the wheivMtMnitA oj tliese once important 

PADDINGTON TO TVBOURNE WATER SPRING CONI»L'li 

I wiil now ]ininl. out thp rrrini-iiml [itaoo fnnn «vhi>ri* llw 
irnU.T nut to Tyljouni<'. Wo will tn-xt rxuuiini.' iJiiii par- 
ti4:a]sr ooiiiluit lii-od. i'ne. OVSr iV a (.'crreot Tvprmcntation 
of tliLs old npniig, of irhii'h there itl-m ttrvertH in tliia 
quArtw. Tluf ftxiu-i ■[mt of thin or tlii' tnvjintit one wn« 
.itboat the middle of CViudtiit Plncv. abuni nix yurjv ou 
the eolith cddc, juMt vfai?n> tbi' ufw bnildiu^ mnr 
Htaiwl, and rioi'i? to Njirin^ f.'otta^cvH, now Icinivm lu Spring 
Pl»«?, ill Spring Sire*!. To fiLaho it iiuitu plain Mul niMj 
to fln^, it i* ji»t at th« luu^k of I'rnnl tStT«et U«tn>|>oUtaii 
RnUvriiy StiiiJon; but wh«ii ibi- Grand Junelitni Water 
Vr'orka raiervoin<, irhcTfl now Mtaudii Talbot Sfftiare, trf-ro 
•leotrofMl, thii old InndiiiRifc was rilao ranovod, ntid wAhiug 
now mttaiiM but tiit> bcfonuitumtioiKNl Sprtng Uittegco. 

PADDINDTON AND t^NDON OLD CONDUIT. 

IfoncB.— lliedo nariu>H must not he oonfuaMl, rut., Pad- 
dington to 'lybourDn : I'addiii^on md Londuii : ltnyf<- 
watAT Coadiiit ; a> thny wem tlinw unparatx nti'l iliolinct 
fOiti«ea, or bcaatlful HpriiiKH, in the hune foroAt of Pad- 
dinirton, which uamo is not to ba foand in Uonn'odaT 
Book. 

The eiat-L pi^iliuu of itio onginal Piulillnglnti iind London 
Cnndiiit wnH iit lh<> lirurlc of tbo ^l. <ieor»e't> hurbl )froiiud, 

iTHwaUt Road. Tliewi ^p^iIlf^" used to overflow tlit» 
id. and run doan hy tlie north Ai<lo of tlu^ Oxfrnl 
toad, now llaymvntcr ItoiuJ. iiud itnpty iuto ttm Wwl 
Buwrne. Hltc, i]iit« nlH>ul 1200, ttiu City of London pcopli-, 
who had noikoued oud iiImi ouuvi-rti^d llio Htixuiii* 
RWaf , wtm orivon to their wita' eudJi lo know liow t» M>cure 
a (food whiiJcoumn Hupply ui wiili-r, 'I'lu-y (iiti<>tnii."lnl h 
conduit huune, wbich waa wupportrd by llm Cuq>jn»lii)ii uf 
IxNulun, tu pTMtirvv larite "priugq. Anyone waijtiii)flOK.-<.' 
inuh a Hftf-iiiir nhonld tako rhc tnkin duwti to Midhnm in 
Sum-y. and eiuiiiinc Iht Huvc-i] ■priiiK', nrsr tin- g'linnorkii, 
whirJiuaboiitiinisl t»t,lii'nlil Baynwntt-rinpiiHly, andgivi^ 
nhtKit qiiuricr tlic <)iiiiiiliiy of till' BayHWut«' H[>rinK' : and 
xbotdd y«n fiH'l dixpoMfd to exumineatqirin^of rxm^tmuinit- 
tuib- mid piiritv. thiTf io .mp nt Kiwt lUalliciK iw Kiiit, wtiii-h 
riiiiHi:li.i>4'li.i]-!j)itUti!iiii^('hiin'h,tlii'>i|>riiighi>.'ii1 U'ing about 
tlinwquHrtxH of ii liiili- up ju tho filldli. Tluvo sprilllpi 1 
xboiilil n.Tuiiitiiii-'id aiiruiiu to L>xail)init, aa alt the writing in 
tht^ world oan not dcembe thciu^cneof mcb iDtrrrxtii)^ plaoM. 

Tho or-fi.aal I'addington Conduit ban bi-«ij dr<-Jidfnllr 
auirepTUH^iti-d, for in ntaiir work" of aiitlioril.y it )■ 
dIatincUy laid down " thiit ll alTi'tdi^l a pli-utiful iiupply of 
water IvLindoti." Tliv cprinv did yJiiUI iii»n- than they 
MMulathHr jApl* hirarry by bait to lUir iilenrnni^ emtdntt, 
ihtir pipcB bt:ili|t only Bin., and owinff to th« long distauov, 



sad bMnfT tnlcTeeptad at thi* nxrvnir at the north 
Md(< of [liforil Ktrt<-t, tlii*ydid iint avnil ttM^ntMilvea of the 
full ainoiiol of watjer wliia^li thrf>n piiHw wuuld liiivo rairrinl 
hwl Uit.-vlM<en noiilin wu»ly mnnurUii fti>iu Paddln^fton lu the 
City, which would havH n«ifd h« ii frphun witit ti long I««^; 
HI fact, the Gil). rii]x> ronniug full bon would hatv tiilirn 
an iiiu<-li iu> a I2in. inpo ooiild lioro doUviiTul fnitu thr 
r-cnduil hrad into tbo int«rmiiin« rfindiilt, owing to ibe 
titdt.' full of the lint length of eondult pipei. Thin U provid 
by the fart that they, in a sliurt time aftorwardii, miughl 
powit* to ooniilntot a accond run of pipcn, of whitb, more 
axuat. 

We read that there waa an overploa bom tIjIm original 
<-oiiduil tic,-!'.l. wbidi helped to Rupply the then pooU in 
Hvd<> I'lirk. I havo aliHldr ahown you Ibp jiinitioii anil 
Bn*K«detiWof revoralof IheCity comliiilB iliat wervmipplittl 
by ihiilSiu. pipe.iuid »■ tlii:n'i)'ninnlt(Tijf aoinoycarFitoNparo 
Ix-forr ruiything furilior woa done bv pr<i\-i>linga brtter, or to 
11140 nuiuy liinioriann' ivordit nti tottw- pn'M-ul tiinr. "tliat it 
iilt'iidHi a fifrnlif III Kaj)\Ay In fmiiiliiii " [thi> itiilivKare mine), 
I will giv yiJH u gt'Dtinil'iutliui- of ibi- witi-ronf Dayvwatt'r, 
whiib are Munt-what inHTfwtiiig, not that I write from Ihln 
[■lint, by finy mociiix, hot f<ir the pnrpnwi of OM-fnluem to 
guiuil niy rcadi'ra ngitinot l}ie faltai-y uf iliniig wivk twin> 
over, of wbiiL'b thi« Bay«water ivunluit wan a fair exaiD|iliP. 
Alw to iuatruet the yuunK Tcadvr to teach hl§ coBlaBuin not 
ti)irpait Uieir nutnral HpitngH and w^lU in ih(t fntutr, for 
iiad tliia lu'L-n tnufibl by our fart-fnlbL-m uf tlid [ilumbiug 
tmdn, London to-iiiiy, to a great p«tPHt would liare been 
luu'^b )x!tl<T off fur the nrwann fluid uf life. 

I rfDinHcGd iluit I Bare a matter of moui ynara to 
ftpare, nnd pn^rr tn giw- you n petirmi ontlinpof the watont 
tA BoyKwaliT iirighiiuurliuod, hut tnu«t hi^ tii hi- nxcuurd 
if I iiloiuM 'iviuf ralbiT ni-ar to nktideiu iLuien on ihiH 
aubiflct witho<il ftmt bringing fiirward thci F4>ran(l lint> of 
^tt^a pipi:n from Ihit/mtittr to supply thn City ; tm ai-noinit of 
wliirb I wiU Kive afttrr I hare liiitiiliHd vritJi Ken>iii)<Lon. 
It would III*, jNU'hnpii, irkacunn In my rvidnr if I »iop[N<l 
liulf-way ou tlie road of my acisouut of the giuvnU WHtvr 
Bupply about the Bayawater and Keuaington neiirU- 
boiirhoiid. 

Kiiuiid about berv wltb luaiiy otbrr aprlng* and liutirnrni 
wliicb run W^lho 'ide of toe road". MpcriaJly Choee ubuut 
whc-ru now Wi-atbonme TvmuM m built. There, also. 
boumo- mn by the aide of Craren Road, Elina Ijtiu', now 
cnllod KlmB Jlewa, where Dearly ull theiv upringn uud 
boumciK, rvm thiwo from tlin nttighbourhuud of lliinitwteMi, 
tstt, and it »tioiihl be remembered that thia ww n uonme 
of no Bmall ma^tude, the head of which otlginatfld from 
the natural apnngs oE ilompatcwt and Kdgwure, and alao 
ciiuvpyed down the j^rtater nart uf thuraiu wat<T. whii'h. 
If you confer the dxo of tbcee two plaoes, will give 
1^ a fair id«u of the azo of (he ittmuu in wet wmtni-r. 
Tlii!fio two Btmuna met about -KiQ yarda alioat Kilbum 
Bridge, and ran ilowu tbo buuiidnry line uf WillKMii-u 
parijOi, whitib wan LIktti knciwn by tlin iinmi' of Bariiwalt>r 
rivuloc It thi>n tumi^d. ruund at the Mi^id. througn what 
waa known nti tlid fourt£«i) n<.'ren, tinder th-i- Canal, thioa under 
Tlnrrow Hiinil, nnd fnr mm-n llttlo diHtanto wiut covared 
ovL-r, and out agiiiu at RiLEdci|(b Sttitt : llini on Ibe eiist 
dido uf EUua Ijuio, and UDdiT the Oxford Koud into iiyde 
p4irk Punda, wbii'h wiir itflrrwnnlH conv'trtnl into the 
prnv'iit foMii of iiUf lung Hhe<!l tif wuf<-r. 

T'leri* i* Hmu'lbiiig not gi-iiiTully undi<T>1iind about 
tbia uvighbourliiAiil uf KpringM, Ihiii luimH rireni fuc 
Bayttwatcr, fifty yearn ago, was lo the then ^at citiaena 
whnt Itrighlon. BiiniNgnU?', or Ynnnontfa i« to the eitiMdU 
uf Lutidoii uf til!.- luiNiiiit diiy. All luiiund l!rairrn Hill 
now railed Craven Street, even an far up an BUek Liut 
Laop, whiob ia now Quoaii'a Bvad, ahra LcinalM 
Terraee. and aa far down aa Oheato'a yaHcna. when naw 
etandft Lanc4Utlat Gale, w«re uuthin^ luore nor kr* 



-1 



4Si 



ANCIENT LONDON WATER SUPPLY. 



n«i««tinu grmitida, wlMm> nil Vinilti nf NpartM w«ro ptaflucd — 
biJlDQn ■mnto, and hul-Ii like. Tbc«u CbeeM gsnloiis wprn 
a wriM of tna mrdcoB. eunUiir to tbom no* pxiHtina at 
Ki'w. and about the vinnity of Miunptnn Conrt. I Sntn 
■ai>l tlist tliiTi' w<-r<- all MirU <i( miiur* pnw'liH«l iit)uut tliiH 
ni'iKl>I">")'t<'"'<^- i'^) tiiiixt >lwi.'11 niKiii ihi*, tliat thrav WHa 
Miiiut oxroUciit trc'iit tIfbiuK prtivuHti.1 aU-iit llicm pnrln. 
Il<n? IN B pTW>( 111 thf purit}' of tht water, WbiUiii! yaa vtry 
t»niy but ffimd trout in inferior walcr. 

Thrre wwrp nUn twn> otrrlWit ■wiinniiiig bathii of n 
trip«nid nlMpa, nCMrtr oppa>it« iko putnt wtier« tli>? 
3ecpentfne muntAig engine tunr Ktivnils, lvi>ft. from the 
B«T«wat«r RoAd, h<<*wn Bnjimitrt' Ilnrc Mnd Uniim I'liicc, 
■IM mppliitl fnini Ihi- upriiittit juM abuvi'. 

Fada!ntfli>u, i)iiyNw»l«r, ami Kqnmn^an, a* ymi httvti 
Bttn. have b«ii iKilixt for the purity uf tlioir w«t4tn>. but llii« 
IN not all, for thi>r hAvi> been rery much noted for their 
m-iMFrmlMprio^ or wpHh. 

'11if>iv vmrv rlti(l;r)>r!tt4i wrlln ; aim in tbi« nfig1il>ni>r- 
hvvl lay, nlmul linlf-wny liutweni BayKwau-r Roud nud 
tiw Bouud Fond, a wi'll, liavinfj: a pump, wImmi wat^-r van 
(TtrM.'diufily " ininy." TIhtc wim anotliiCT well of i> 
minrml rhnrJ^tT kimwii ns Saint Atrnm' WpU, wtiii-li 
pluwl juMt OD tbo enA Md« of llie Duyawaler puiuj^i^ 
^tuijon, in a lino with the Kons aoat that is thciv at the 
pr(«ent tnoc. and waa about tvahre yanU on tiiv mt\ith 
(if the Mint. TliiH w«U won nliout Hit, Mjuara biabii)ti<, liui^ 
with atone, having two At«|Mi to ^ down, and at tlie bii'k 
iif the well mis iv kIooc door, which oncnod into n kind of 
Mliwi-huiUtAnk. which wu tho rondnit )i^nd, frnm whenoo 
tlw «alvr flciweil to the dipping w<*U. Tlit« well waa m 
Rim^h npjwnintixl ntmnt Ihirty yon irinrfi. tliat I hnrr h*^ 
nn inauy an Iwunly iic-iKhbouhiiK M-rvauta wiutiiiK t)iL-tr 
turn to ^ a can fiill of thia prvotoiiB water ; and to nhnw 
how it WON xon^bl tiHn, ibom water rollortora muld only 
l(t< it by £n>L DbtiiiiiinK * tloket, whirh waa only 1u lui 
o1)lalnc*l tliToiiftb tht park rantr^r, <ir flumo ■uch tndiridMtil. 
TbcTU ttre only a ifv |K»pli.- Ml that know anytliiuir uf 
this ircU. Howorer, I, by "honcf, found Oeorge John 
WilaoQ, Bkt, an old geuttcninn of lh« nM^bbooriiood, 
from whom I hart- rwy^vnl uwful eoaflmiatioa thorvaa, 
and tnfoTTDBtioD rupocting the ndgbbosrhood getunlly. 

ST. govor's well. 

The hirtoiT of thia well e*n be traced, at leturt. Vi the titno 
of Qoeen Anne, when it wan oiinply a pond Imlf n* long 
a« liio oomiiarntiyely new Round Puml in to-ditv. Tliin in 
■itoatcd a litdp ou the right of the tTcinil w«tk, bctwM-u 
Kcnilagtan High Rocd nnd KrnNtnslAn Pnlnoe. It in 
BOnk about four or fire Iwi- ilowu into tlw' gmund, with 
abniestepa to go down to n dry tjottoni, wlicreln U a waale 
ttongh and dndn. Whan tloea thia natural dmin go to ? 
and i* the real apring now ronntng thrntin at mrae 
unknown »pot P UMnembor, there are Mill aoorM of aurw of 
liiijfl hIkiuI here nndniinsd artiilciBllr, and where doe* the 
:<Oin. per nnnnni of rain water go^ Thi?f« arc {ion roils 
tnuiul the top |iurt. 

When the Routid Pmid wim i-ropticd to mnke it a uniform 
depth of about '2ft. Gin. to lift dii-p nil ikvi-r, and >■ ii 
premitatiro agninat dniwnin>r ku nkHtiMg miinhiin, to the 
great «iarjirii>r uf thv know-nil inluibitouiN. who thought 
IUb wia a onturul Nnring, at one timr, found it 
MtreamlrMi, and abmiott^ly dry, nn it n-uiHiui'd after Ibr 
ueu-mary alterotioiui wen- idin|ilpt«l, the xjiroit; liaving 
ceaaod, a pcroolatiou fmm ibr Kwuud Fund, tilltiwl ihrnogfi 
Hand, rooiUted. To MiU^y iho wifthcs of the jutmiln. and 
otben, who ootmlantly rinit tihit piirt of the gftrdniN. n 
water oompony'a pipe waa laid uu to Lhin old, Imt tbon 
exheuated apvin^, whicdi, iuirtead i.if Hnwiitg. lut of old, now 
hu to be obtatned by pneauro with ihv tliumb. Tlify fthe 
gardna peojile) olao axed another gratiiu^ iiilUr fountain 



on the apex of the iMuth bank, and war lli» Hound E^>ud, 
jnrt befbiv eoming to Queen Victorin's etalae, wluch !• on 
the left. 

In the flnme diatriot a well won aunk .-ind bored in all to 
a depth of 2-iiift . and when the clmlk wa» tdinrh)*] th» 
wntrr niiti' with ifrnnt rapiditT to within TOft. of the lup. 
Thfrc iip|>eiirx to bt' ii fault in tlie oludk Mrata. as 
ahowm at W, Fiir. 5>.^!>a, for when the ortenian wr-U whirh 
Nupplit'd thi> fiiiiiitji.)iii> WAN Ixired. they had to go SOOlt., 
yet tbe dintaiiL'u ticlweeii the two wclla ia not more than 
about 300 yard*. 

IIVOE PAUK POS'DS. 

Aa before Ninted. the* were fnpplird partially I7 Ihr 
Wo»t Bourne ; but ihfre wiu auolhi-r Ntrfuun m-birh 'mnM- 
froio I'ltddinplon (ireen. Them two Nln-iiinx joined it 
Itayiicater Road, ran through the ponds, nnd eniptied it 
Kiughtabridge and twirled about until thoy rwiohed (be 
ThaniM. The<« poovda also nwd to Etupply the weateni 
mrt (if lAiiidon, until a complaint was iiuujn by the kiiur'a 
keeper of deer, who petitioned KiiiK Cbarlce I. to dt»- 
continue tfa^ §ap{ily to TjoiulDa. which lie did, But, 
although the Kiipply wax iliNfontinu'^l t<j the wertem part 
of lh«> City of Loiidou, ihity tnaiixK"' t" ■«ipi>ly the llouaee 
of F&rlinineTil and Uovenuiiuiit liiiiMingN, iiui ulto Wvet- 
luiiwtM Abhey with the Ix-it of Ihr ptirk Fpriogd, and the 
Lanixl, OA Inti' as IRIK, wiid : " t>rink t-\vry morning of 
Ibeve Miring-,'* showing, cvcu at tliat time, the higbfet 
niedical papiir whh in faroor of theni. 

THE SBRPENTINE. 
In the year 1 730. Queen Caroline inatmcted a Mr. Withera 

to form tht> •eieml pnndii or p.vilN ttnd ipring* lD-tw>'eii 
Bayowntor uod lln' liritlj^, ■! thn wiutli i-ud o( ilu> Si-r|B<n- 
tiue. into oue continuous Hbeet. Itiit no the HNinptlead 
Bniok liegan to fall olf, through the digging of Hewer«, fte., 
and otlirrwii« Iii'^intintr eniil«minninl, it wim deeniwl 
]iru<]rnt [u imrch fi>r other Hiiiin*t.-N. whttn a well un thn 
we»t aide of the ItayKwabr Itrtnil: wv Niink by a Ur 
Couhwn, who wi.-nt d';wu Z\)Ott, hi-fore he found what he 
eamddeied a ^uRtdeni Nupply. 

There alao u«ed to l-e n g<HMl drinking apring nnr Ihe 
outlet of tho BorptwtjiiK, wliBrn the Druidiral or potato- 
«luip»d atone now stand*, and. by the larkiu); Jiireuitow, 
known oe Stonehenge, Itiic thia u duue iiwnv with, an ia 
Aim the 'lid oondnit Lhnt iti one- lime rapplted WMtminater, 
nnd the rmly tiling tlint ia now left u a kiod uf Kjuare 
marble pillar mimnnient shout Iti. equiire n.nd 5ft. high, 
nitualnl abintt !tO yorde nortli from the Bilddlc arvh of the 
bridge and at ihis extreme bottom end vS the t^rp^n. 
tine, near EnlghtAhriilg^, with the foltowing iueoripiiou 
themm: — 



A aCPTLT OF WATKB HT CO^fDnTT FllOlt THIB NPOT 

Wia OBAKTED TO Twx ABBitY ov wxenctimiEn, 

WITH THR VANOR OF nTDE, BT TUB KINO 

ETWjLRn liiK mMfKaNfiR. mic irxxoa wu> umirim) 

UT IBB CROWX IH 1536. HUT TOE SraiSOB 

U a nxAD A«n OKionai. rowrtsx or warm 

WEBK riuGsxavioi n> the aubxt 
ay TiXT. cn»itTFJi or onrKV kukaheiu i* 1560. 



There Ih olao uuotber old InndmiLrk uf ilj»« I'onduiln 
Nitualed eloec to the nula and nnor Ihe end of the IunI 
houm fnim Knighlahridgfl giniiK tiiwarda Ilydc Park 
Corner. Thin i-urioiin-l(>okiii|{ old nunii' ■Iruelun?, with 
door iu front, if an old will, within which in lite ciNtcni. 
It W1W olio the pUec whcro at ixie tiiao Mood a wiodmlU, 



ANCIKNT LONDON WATER HUPPLT. 



48S 



I 



unA a UUlfi furtber frum llm«, tii Uik wrat, wb» a waUr> 
wbeoli IfOib Bwd for i>uinpiTi^ piir[iiisi<», nnd nbrmt thiH 

ruwd to bo a elnioo door v.ilvo or cock frmi tlu- 
^■miinr, vtiirli. ivfbT the now line of pipAs waa nuule, 
wHa flxnl int the (-tint xiilu of tba old noonuuicnl, whf-re tll« 
• ifpeii I'firt srch uuw oUtn^s. 

Tli« Si.Tpctitiiie to thia day lupplit* a jmtUuu uf 
Buekiu$hiuu I'alooc finiuiidB and th« Qreen Farlc oraa- 
Rumtal watrr, rucI cleaiwwg water only for the llouBr* 
uf FarlianHint, Ao. Thn mpplr fmin tli» Svrpmtint' in 
nearljr vppoaitQ th« before* awntuned aquart- marble pUbir 
monttmcnt, and now tokea ita oovtae uron tho Rotten iUnr 
to Marble Anh, mtdw I'iocndLll^ Bnul, and entcra thr 
Oimm Ptkrk un tbu loll of the WeUington Statue, uc wbat U 
aow known aa OonHtitution Hill, when tfavrv is a necrrui]-. 
wbidi roMrivec it« wMtnr fr*im Oranpc Sttwt. The Scrpm- 
tinp ]iiipn liaa a nn-k jiiat al tliii aiiiit. Thia Serpentine 
|Hpv ia cmtintuvl towatiLi liifkiiiKhAm i'niam on the 
tnat iddr, and tlumcc to ncnr Hit' eontb aiilo uf St. Jamw'a 
I'alan^. It Ih*^ {rnoftwmir'wImtiliaKitniillyarnMfl tbo Park, 
Mill uiuIlt tlie umauuiiital wuttm tu tlii.^ ii-.l.iiiil . uiidt-r tlie 
wat«T ajiain and Mtn>n by llu? cuniOTiif t.lia l*'i>r<'i(i:n (llfine, 
up Dowuiur 9tnwt, and to tlia Huuxn' 'if Parlianutit, 
vncre it tiren up thrMi^h a firu nozzle 30 or 40ft., thia 
puuit )itiu}( fully GOft. bolow tbe waber hi tbo Mcrpontinc. 
Brnii''K>w fniin thiH [up> nvipplv a lot ol pnhlit' nffica tritb 
o^can*itii{ wilier o/ili/. The Houn* of Parllatu<>ut, tb"? 
Admiralty, the Treasury, the Uiik. of Bucclvufh't— and 
ft\iyn UroTo't, t.hi- fi"hini">n}(rr'i" chop rifffat oppiwitii thi- 
Ailminhy aiul Biifkiri>(li"in I'abwf — tlio };at<.'-ke«pei'a 
huu.K«, ami wli^u required tlie Serwiitiiip, &r,, nrv nil 
suppUrd with (InnUititi wnUr fivin Mie Trafslffar S<iuan< 
natM-wiwka, Onuiifi* Stn-'-t Well, whkb is an ariouan 
w«U, before «[H>ki-u uf. u( .'iMfl. d<-pth, 

llim nro a tpi-ni riiimtir of prniili' »iul piirtly jitiblir 
wcIId funk auU lK.n.tl almut Lutidim fur xupplyiiitr ■luniw, 
prirute bouaea, and tlniM, wberr it roniee ranch cbenjier and 
wore reliable in qunlity thnu thnl ijbtiLiii<.il fmnt t-nao of 
tJw wat«r ooiiipaniiw. 

Tbera wvtv alau a biivii number of «\>lla and apriiifcs at 
Kenfdnpton Omri'l Pits, wliich wore ratnatf^d at tbe top 
Md of rhitii'li Slrrrl.. rtiiil t" atxiut biilf -way l-clwivn ctic 
'jTnttinK Hi'l ""-d Kiii»iiijfUin Huaniii. Tli-en- wun anullit-r 
8liL> Bpriiii; ill tlii< Wild«>rne><s, that is a plnco iiititat^ 
hctwM-n itir Iiiiy>-wut4,T Ruod and Ketixinii^u Polaon, r<t at 
tiM> now gT*fa at tbe bui^k at l'hli>L-L< OantimA, and in a line 
witli tlib east side of llie Kc-iiaiugtuu I'niiite. 

KBNSrNGTOM fALACE SPKINCS. 

To Ibiii day tliirre are imnnvil niirilijrii of watiir at 
KenaiDgton I'lilat-i', nnc 1«iTi|; in tK<! ftiiniiiiif t;Tvi«nd. 
Tbero i» aooicivr in tho paaMi^ i^t the cntruiirt< of tbe 
State aparnneniti. bouaricMper'a rMiflcnm-, onr in the 
boaramtHt of Itie i*ala«e, and aeveral otb«n doan at band. 
Bill remnlly Ilf- .li^nnT-r tbniigbt ttK^y ahontd nut uw? tho 
welia for doine«Lic piu-])<K>iii, 

About 1730 there wh crednl a tnwi-r im tbr u~raF euil 
■idAof tbe i>lilTHni«,..tlil iillliOHl in 'I '>>ie wilh lllM i.iiltli^^ti, 
or perb«]» n U.'lU-r dv><'ri]<ti<jii ■•t mciasumnciiit will bo 
atilem yarda fmoi Paliice ilunltiis Bond ruiN, iinil Misty 
Tsnla froni tlir <«rii(^r uf tbe Mjuth bitutuliiry wall of 
No l.'t Palaiie Uardeii*, whirl) givt-a the rxtipt iipitt. 11iia 
old tower waa colled the Wnti-'i- and B«ll Tuwer, of whieh 
Fijr. 9.^'Jii IB tho vlevatioii. Tbe tank wafi wood, lend 
llnLil. and fixrd on a lino wilb tbr* flrnt at.iinfdn^ Mnrae at 
A, B wiiii the orertlow ut V. Q. tbe B«U T>.>wer, whieh 
waa uned in I'ftsr of fir* only. Thin water townr wan 
•uppliiil by i>iini)j», till' well <jf wlu''h wax atuiut 20ft. 
deep with im. «f water, iintl Mtuatod bi-twccii the first two 
ehn-, or about (iftivn yanU from Ibe I'nlare Liarclena Itoad 
and vtMbl yardu towan!* ll>r IVIj«'i». im the left Jipntig out 
ot raloui.' U'inliiiH Kujdl, iwwurdi) and iu a Hue wttli tbe 



rntnuiMt ffRta Into Krn>in|ctan OoflMia, wlwn Frine«M 
[pjiilaeV nlndio u»w alitmlK. Th>-T'- wiu> nlao a well within 
ibo I'lilMinir, and n pump Htlixl tip for t-niiTin^ncii^. 

Fijf. U.SOii in !i ^'pn'M-iitiitiou of a well, piuiip. and (■■iiiola, 
whieb wan rrtftml by Mr. linnloii, ii pimiil«>r of Urg« 
pmctirv ill llii^h Street, KnifUiKtos. about Hi30, wlio put 
down tlie orijritwl i>uiiips to eu|^]r die tank abnwn above, 
wbi<^^h lank partially fed tbe houjir hcloniring to-^or, 
at loaal, tbat wbi<-h wa» foriuerly u>>ed by — Kinff Honry 
Vni., and wnji nfterwnrda iimtl by WitUr.n) ni.,lu ati]>ply, 
vr portly supply, Kett«ini;tutt Fuliu.r. and. m belnro 
refemd to, tJie foimtflina. Aft.:r tliiii. it wa-i aiml to 
•mpplj- tin- Walor and Bell Tower. Tbe puiujH and 
uuieluuery ibeiti i>bi>wn ant of a later diitc, bv Wamor'a 
«/a tirm. ' The Water Towwr, Fi^. 9Wd. was built ozprtwuly 
Asrainat the ravagm of lire on tb« Palace, and Iu BU|i]ily 
tho tttirth nidi.' of Hi^i Strt-et with water. The beighl i>f 
tbe Huid Lower beiu([ aa tolluwi : - 

n. la. 
Hfifrbl of tlie lulddle towi-r to tliu atuna HUet ... i6 3 
Abore tbe atone fUlet (o tbe Ivp 3 S 

H«J|*t'of the middle lower i9 11 

Uei(fht of tbe ontaldu turreta above the middle 

tower .,, ... 10 7 



Ueig'bt of tbe outaide tnrreta 10 G 

I may nay that I piTsi>niilly fixed up n Mruilai' ptH« of 
work at Little Sutton Huuite, near Tunihant OrMu, about 
the y«ar l^&i. for TIr. Clayton. 

Water Wheels and WIndmlllfi. 

At one time the Ketisuit^t/'U Palace wui^ HUpplied with 
water pumped Iiy a water whj'cl. and after thtfi hy a wind- 
mill fixrd 111 tbr Biij*BWiitiT BrmA, umr tbe hf(kl of the 
SerpCQliue. but when ibo Ch«le*Ti Walerwrk" ntartod 
huainean, (ni ivjuNiiliTitioii of biitiff ullowi'd to draw 
Their iiupplii.|> fnmi tbi' llydn- I'^rk [KkalH ami hpring»>, they 
wont in reliini 1^ "upply Kitiwiuiftoji Piila«ie ami l" keep 
tho Round PfUid full uf water. Hot when tin- walera of 
Bayawater fell wVirt, and boeamt^ nomewbat p"l!iiU«d. the 
Chebwa WaU'rwurk* i'iiiii.piiuv waa rompeliod f lake tbejr 
aupply trom tbo Tbaio.*. iini'l with »nMi water ihe Ken- 
dngtou Palace was. and i» to thin dny. aiipplivd. The 
Serpentine WKt«r aupply iu duo ooume fell ■Imrl, mid lienoe 
the Herpenline aHi-t>(an well, whicb. altbouKb ifuuk and 
borul into the elialk. givia WAler of an inferior quality, 
uwin^ to Uip i]iii)ntity of wat.^ from the now polluted 
•-Iiriiiiri) findtntr way therein botweeu th« earth and brick- 
work, and oth^rwife. 

At tbio Bnyiw.ilcr pumping elation ihrio ar» two 
30 hinto-iiiiwrV liriun piuuiiiug enirines. I have bad 
Kreul diflieulty iu obtaining pondinarpruofii, owing to the 
ofticioBs potiMinen ntntioncd on duty at, tbn K<-n>intrtoD 
I'alaMi, who witn- most insulting', for no pHr[)uae wliat- 
rv«r, and h aeri^eatit, lirbind my ba*k, even wetil out 
of hill wav to tell Mr. Junox, the (f*n«ral forvfiian of worka 
at ttiL' I'lilacf, whoni I had aakcd ti few iiupMioii" relatire 
tuilv to tlii« work (who. ao luiual, kiH.*w i vt'tytldnjr, but 
proved uld women'* i hati, ni>t to hare aii>lhiii? to du u'ilh 
me. Tbi* ic not Ibe lirnt litue that thnw innipid uoudeMrrtpta 
have hitwlfrt-d with tbe pn'irrt*a of tliii< work, and it 
wiiuld bo much moir to Ibnr ervdit if they did tbvir duly 
when) it i« n-quinil 

Tlio before -in en tion-ml punipn wwk a.-* follows: -One 
pumpa the water fivm thv *ell dini-ri into the KiiumI Pond 
and alao into ■ amall raaertoir (rvm which t!ie oilier en- 
piiinpa by a ocntrifnyal pomp 1" Mipplr Oi" f"MnU 
Tliey work ten hunm per day, Vi -1. t 

whipb day tbrae founiafu* are suj ^vate. 

tbn llounil Prmd. Of cour^', thi' w ■?-. ■■. U"-^ iuunta* 
g«ies to nupi'ly tbe Sorpcmtiae. 



iBi 



ANCIENT LONDON WATER SUPPLY. 



ACTON WKt.LS AND SPRINGS. 

Thi> wHI water tn-n- is more powerful thsm aay iith^r in 
Ihe kiii;rdiiiii. cx(<(']it Clioltrahaiij. wliich i^ coiiaiilprttbly 
■tiniiRT-r. ll«*rf llip wci^lit of wilU in 6I> fimiiiR In tW 
nouiid i-f wnU'f, wliilfit tluit of AcUm t<uiilaiiui H frruinn 
In Utc ]iiiuiid. Tlicr« nrc ttbo sgao gvoi Bpritigi aboat 
Juiliti^, anil rsprctnlly Hanwtll. 



THE HAMPSTEAD RF.SKBVOIRS. 
WATCK WORKS. 



MERCHANTS' 



These bflnngrd to the HampHlMtd Watcrworkn. arnd are 
of coondonililr «nuuiHint in K'-nwixid. Tin* Kpntigii w«ro 
held bytraapundpr thtiClly of Loudmi, atul fii]]|>lii.'d imttn 
of tli« Tottniluim Conrt Bgul in Vi)6. 

TtioN workH i!onKiitt«<l ct three '^frinM and puntM ft>r 
miring tb'i «Bti>r by wiudmiil*. wliieli w«rv aitiu.twl m tlm 
liplda iipar Piirtlanil It:vi>I. Thprv were two Othw puiugiA 
wurkod by tbo ivjiiuhuil M*wt-r al Ti>na Coffw Buuxe. 
8l. Hiirtiii'B uid Harlborn LuaN, Stnuid, with tbr«n nuiin 
pipM, Gin. tmi Tin. borr, thrrcfr^ni, vrbkh niipiilit-d tbu 
iMftliboaHiood al ■ rental or tax, n-Licli praHU lb«5 divided 
bali-yearlj-. 

I may haro romark tli&t neither tba Hiphgale nor 
llampiitead I^nniU, wbi>-li yielil ^9,863 gnllona daily, arv 
nuw uaed f<u- doniMtlc purpuH«. 

Wooden Pumpa. 

Tb^ lfi«t of th« woH)di?n pomps in London Iminm lo m« 
WM KichI iu l.')7C. in a woll dug Hit. Hcva; ita situatiuu 
WBJt ill tb« pariab of 8u Aialtww, Liinti Strcrt Wanj, at 
itMCotnfV m Ittmi; Ktrcrt, bill, cnriotuly, dtia ptiuip uuly 
lanUid twvaly-fiiur jenn. by ruuiwu vf ita n>ttin)c, on 
anivinnl of the wrJl not hctnj< property Tcntllateil. It wua 
tiakM) up, antl a Inuloii one tixcd in ita pl»o6. 

The Analysis of KeniinBton Watdr 
In Ihu tMirinli bi>okfi it ia rwonlnl Shot the niberal 
■nrin^ Bou wtII hmiw, wbjoh stnM] at the N<iltin}i Hill 
HooM, ao late aa tho year 14S8, were nitaxl ■! l-'»>. 
In tb» iolIowiuET roar tbcy were owned by Dr. Wrigbt 
and partnm. In 17S(I. Mr. Tuwd bnd poMOMion, 
and in thill, a Mr. Rnid wa« «H.'u[iJfr. Tim wvlU fur 
many yciLm wtm of cniyddemble reaort, and l>r. Allcu, In 
I7U, nnulyrvd tlu) water, and thi« in bow ho di-acrilxw it : 
" Two quarts hiid fifty arftltift of r-artb in It— li^fbt. lisafy, 
anil $Tcy~ wbii'h <li>-lil1ii] viiif^ir tvn>ii)^bt (attoil) u|iu]i, 
Uvo water bujlitl uji, hnd tnniiy M'luuiticral purtiuloe iu it . 
The salt Wbb aoft. iiri<l niuty U> nhoot intu ftjniriw; tb'- 
litifiiB flat. ai;d nmoily n^t |ioiulul. Tbe Mit Ricll«d uul 
oaay, as R|imiri noltii, but hor« n {fcHxl hmt hihI hnd ■ mui.'b 
RTMUtr quntitJIy of turlli iu it, wiw biinl oii li%r UmKiM.-, uiid 
aid nwt abuw a KUni till ticariv boitcd up. Tbi^ a&lt did 
nut trouble a hoIuUoti nf tinit Hilvrr in "pirit of nitrn, whirh, 
in a loii^ time prwipilated, and ao quidc and Wife, as with 
aaa aalt, do it ajipcarad a. bigh alkali, oretaocNtus and 
nitrona." 

Monro alao irpeaki) of a Kensington aprtn^ aa containing 
a nnl<i»r«imM (itanbtr salt, with a portion of «ca natt. 

Oni-b a njirir;; won abnt lucd iik a pubtir Inith, ntid wjih 
■dttiHlod nearly uppoalte tlto Kiitliwuii- iiiid Wb«-1, Kvu- 
Ktuyluu. It was a "prin^ prcotly auiight iiftcr. 

The London Conduit* {nrntinut^), 

Or the SecQud Conduit, dal« 1-132. 

Hw ffnoad, which baF been eo muoh mitcd up and cou- 
ftMd linth dw orl^HAl, i>f ihrw t>prin>ra wiu> nitiinta in tbti 
pariA of Pftddingloii, at SayawaliT. and owii«it by thn 
AUwt of WMtminiitpr. ll» granted libib^ri Large, for ttio 



LHtiKOBB of London, « head of land. b)^>ther with all the 
apriuffH tborMn : iliin Und aniouutfd tj 't\i p«rch(« in 
Imuth nud uni- iu bri'adLh, mu) l» pri'tvut it hHTiiniiii|Cth«ir 
frm^iulil thi>v werv lii puy "n Ibe fuimt uf St. Pinter a 
ywirly I'ctitiil of two peppercorim. 

There wen: Kreral nprJn^ iipou thin apot nf land, ont' 
wna rituatad 4W)ft. duo w™l of tho •■■■ntrf uf SprioK Slrert 
and between Wmthounie Torrni'v kud Citnuc'JHtifr Ti-mw*. 
Tbe otIuT, a larirv unv, wa< nituntcd upon the Uum land. 
Iwt l$fi yaida frcim tbi- prcncnt [wirk raibt ortir the 
Wwt Honnir and oppiwiK^ Uio |iiLiii]itntc •Nation nt the httid 
of the Si-i-«.iitiut<, liut VMS yiinln N S.K. (if thr numpintf 
KtnUnn. 'I h«t> -.piiiiifii and conduit briutn have been tlje 
ini-'ttiui whcn-by laitoy iitreotB d«rirc Ihoir oamOi to wit| 
Spriuij Place, Spring Strwt, Spring (Jultame, Condnit 
I'lnro. OntiHuit Hewn, Loarluu Btnv:-!'. and a lual of other 
uMtiiu iiri- idl r.lo»* upon thu apiit, ami though tbw» are 
juli»1iiui)t« tlicri- eiiflity yvar' uf nir« and unwanl*. 
and Hriii)! tlu>n> all thnr lifetinie. uat one could glre 
lilt any idm of tho exact position of tbeao conduita, 
although I liaiTL- boon hunliii^t Ibtnn up for at leaab 
Lba Ib4 fiTe yeanH. Some would nay, " Uh I it moat 
have boen at Spring Plaoo," othont would say Conduit 
Uewa, orhrr.i in Taltmt SQiiari', wlir-ra tliu old Grand 
Junction Itewrvoiiii atmid. cjUivrx wiiuld «ay at Weet 
Buuruo or Tybourati Itrook, which pn^duoea a fair 
nu*dl«y in oats'* notnu. Yuu we the uu of thia reeorroir 
wOrN 20 poruhea in length and one in breadth, and to prevart 
it frtim l>nM>miHg freeJiold th« citiieua had to pay to the 
Ablmt iif W'tMiUnuiBlfr h ysarly mntal nf Iwo pifpuBrronia 
atthpf.'nrt of St. IMer. lU'rc tbvy attain tritsf. but in 
vuin, thf fnrvignrr to cast the pip:», and Honry VI. 
authoriiu^ tbp mayor and citiwn^, by writ iif tbo Prisy 
Sivil, hi boy I yd touM or 200 futlion uf laud fur Ibis uudeT' 
tukiuir wbi^'ti wa* not half enuogh. Tb« K ng olao 
Kavr> ordvrx for the authorities to pnM plumbera and 
ulruurer^ to iiiako by hand labour the pipes, and to w<>ik 
at thi' iiuderlAking nr luyinu: thrro in poaitioii, and. nn th«ir 
nifuaal, Lu traiiHpurt tliunkwlvrn (wluRh many had not the 
ninanab'i from the cnuulrj-, or to be impriaoiMd in Uie 
Stato priaou duriutf ilio wholu term uf which tho work 
rcmauied unflDlahed. 

Boyswater Coniluit Lead Pipes. 

Theae pipt'> wtn.- uf '^u., Sin.. 4tii.. .'titi., Oiu., 7iu., and 
Bio. Imro, rnailr inaa I'llbn, Xf :t2H>* t.) tin- f'*>t nujirr, ami 
in loft. leuKtlLH, havinif wind burnt juin'n :!in. widu, a» 
chown at A in ihi.* wmid^ut, ^ig. ll.'iQn. S n>prcB--uta the 
Nnnd, anil H U ili* witid h"nrilit fnp kwpiiij; tin- lutnd up. 
Tlic- half w'Bid mandril bLiiiwr tJiuwn al WUOU for ifie 
purpou! Iff iiniutr h-at Hiuid. thtw nuking the mpa U^t«r, 
urn), by lint drawing ibv half mandril (toporcd on the aand 
■idu), thi' annil roHivr to ^•.•t cint. 

Vou have nM-ii tbv p(«itii>ii uf tbo apringa, bnt ther^ ia 
niiotlicr thing tu bu nhown, nud thai is the i»bn|)v uf uiio of 
tlio building* whitib wa* uxrd To pniluft TJi.o muiilli uf the 
pipCMfriJui bring iiiti-rfvn.-d wiili bv uialiciouH ur iiiti?liicvotta 
raMiali, wbik al Krj«t iiivd Ui in«>ld]p wil.li Lhi> inl«>t nf thaae 
plpna, by thniwiiig mlid bvtiitv and Hiiall aiiiuiala therein, 
which ublhI to eboku or jiartly chukc it up. alao lo 
pn-vimt the wclln iwiiig atirnd up. TbmbuildkngiHtbnwii 
III Fig. 9-ii9i\ whii-li wiia iif BlniDg built Btunu work wilb 
iriiii pUttvI diijir ill fnjut. The )t*«d(>u pip^ w«-re down 
ih. below l\w wnti-T level, aod the tank itM-lf wu« curbed 
witti atonf^ rurbing optn at the battom- The Kpringyidded 
nbout 'AM galluns per nuiiiitt.'- The pipe wait a lin. one. 
Nt>w. taking tlio fall aa lirift., and tlto frirliiiii ol iho woter 
tbruugli ihix.'o iiiilm of piiK-. you will tliun be al>le to ae* 
what atnount of water (.'oiild ty^drawn, BOMuning that evftry 
tap on tbcw pip«-M t>^ 1"^ opon. not taking bfuda into cnn- 
Hiiieiation, nod twu of Ihi- aprtiigM b;dng connected to furni 
ono conduit bead by auitabte culverts. 



I 

4 



i 

I 

4 



iNCIENT r.ONDON WATEtt SUPPLY. 



486 



COMUUIT 1ERM1NAI.S. 

Tlwi conduit in th« Vfo-l Cheap mi by St. PauVa Q«to. 
«l)out th« y*or ma. This wa» nwWtvd, nw\ ..»•■ UunMftod 
mmto WM ^wit^-J I'V the wmmim ocruatil fui' (Ik- rebniltl- 
iiur ami wpairiug of thw othrr cu«uiuit«. TbU W PHt Clump 
founUln or ftommit wiw ileelroyed br tlie Fii-c nf IjondoD, 
bul it w«» n«»« properly finiitbol. These c.niwlttiUb*«»aia 
■ anuanoe from Ui« gmtlw-ring' of partiw ul eerviog mwi 
■nd aervsat gWn, -who iwcU to piirley awl eMiulsl tltu tf««» 
folk. Tfacy wouU stick tker« all day wlUi the prnffaBional 
w»tofH)amcrB (Btrooy bMlOty men), wb" mipi'liwl the rirh 
neiafabuuriKMxI -with. tnMit, and whii wt«e intlii'iM'iuwble to 
the oitumiB in Uionu daj-s. l)ut this voa not ull, for Ihv 
chiinuiii«» (•wwps) patnitiiwcJ Hie-o "^onduita, and were 
kiiowD to barrir'niie tbH-m with tlipir bm-mia. wailiniir im 
hire, and ouo jctraUr kLuJ of hijitoriau. Xcd W >rd. iu 1700, 
static, " Ac'juuirvTHnn, wx'miir so luiuiy black attendanU 
willing at the t\<mv Imvol " (conduit), " t«»ok it to be one 
of Old Nick's tcnmnents." 

THE l-LEBT STREET CONDUIT. 
Ilik wai Hi|)pli«l from th« findoltH of Miiryloboup wid 
the overflow fmra the Holy Wrila i:.f St, Cb'iBe«l'§ and St. 
Bridgwt'8. aod i«uplL« did xny tbul St. Hridirrf* Well 
wart dninol at ibf limn rjf ihf Korfinatiou b)u)i|uet of 
Hmrjre IV. In 1368 the jx-i^iik- uf Flwl St«*l, it w naid. 
T««ei*«d moro water Ihau th«y wanbJ from lli«w woduit 
pipn, io fB«t, 10 mncb no, tbnl Un-lr cellar* wwf iifua in- 
undated: upon whioli com pl.t int. uiui U- mitinfr Ihcm, thti;r 
wemt eompniMted, by a priviKiw ot i-r.*tiiiK' » HmiiU 
tiondnit houoe oppo«lt« John Witlwonb'a h'm»« and tlie 
lioww uf the Hiiiiup <if Salisbiiry, now fialiabury Court. 
But it BPonw that nome of tbv iiili&bitAnti WM» not 
flltiif<M with t)ii«, (or it i" rvcurded that in 147S aii 
inhabitant was detected tapplntT the vi»iduit |>ii>M fnr bi» 
own we, and (or tlii» vilIaiii'Mi» offennt' h'l wa*. otnbvlUahod 
with a bMdift&r iu ihe >>hn.pi^ uf a aniv, bki- thtr t<i[i of Pi^. 
mfPO, and, headed by tli« lywii-oriur. witJi iwll and mac* 
in hand, who cried out how tlio rulprit triwi U< ml> the 
cati)t«n«. Hb waa aUu followed by a ycllini/ cnjwd. who, 
aa aaual. to ^to thvio apurt, |)elt<il tin? i>tfimitc<r with 
fottcn tig^ durintr the inarch thniuKb ami hIiouI. tticCity, 
which ptrnalty waa coneidLTod a jiiMl puniMlimfnt, inntt-iui. 
Ml waa the usual thing, uf bc-ing Ito^gtHl Ia> diMtli. 

THE STANDARD CONimiT IN i-J.Lhl STREET. 

Thla wan rtwUv at the l«tU>ni ftf Ludjfate Hill, ami 
•noted by Wllliani EB«til.'M'» piwuluw about the rt^AT 
1478. Thv mam (tviitleman nUo built tlie ivudiiit 
atandard In Ald^nniuibury, then utt^d to point mit 
nnuHinuirntM fr^jnt Uihdun ia>i did tliti Mt«iui at Cauiioii 
Street). Thi^latu-r tuuduil wm ori|finftlly nuppUed with 
Tybounif! wiit*.-r. 

. There waa annthor ataiulanl (Miudnit irwti'd in ttt-- yoar 
ISS'J, at thi^ eaat end at Conihill, at ita iuiu-tion with 
Uraoechuivb Street. This «l».i awnw to havo bem u 
mcasiiriuir p.isc, probably fur the eaatemrra, and wo an* 
told tiinl J'oter W-irrin. tho I,ondwn Bridmi Watcrworki 
cngiiM^r. huill thii Kitd fitandanl. And auppllcd it trttn the 
Ticnity <>( St. Ma^u* Ohunh. 

The wDduil or fuuntaiu in Urnfw Strict wun wwteO. 
in 1491. 

Tho conduit at Holbom CroM« waa cmAei in 14M. 

LAMU'S CONDUIT. 
The one in Lamb'a Cunduil Street (whiTwiI the naine of 
Lantb'n Conduit Street) was «wt«t by tlie boundm diitv 
of William Lamb, date 1577. Lamb also built a v^mduit 
at Hulboni Bridgin, it ia aaid. at a 4»at of £1 ,Son, and gave 
penuiMioa to tbo poorjwople^ aapedally women, to cany 
water thorrfrom and sell it to (be rieh. Ho alr.o gn,v« th<-n. 
ViU paila foe lhi« purpoM. 



Thr little f^jnduit by the Stock Market wan built ia 1600. 
dmiitnitnl at tbi- timn of the Vitv nf Ijondon, bat aince 
n.-buitt, utd waa called the Fair Puuntaiu ur C-unduit, on 
nccoiint of ita ricboeaA and beauty. 

Tho condnit nt UiabofMigate wan built in lfil3. 

Thn windoit or fountain Htrnini^t C«>li<tnitti Stn>*( at 
Ij:indcQ Wall wax en^ted in liii. 

ThocsHiduit at Ald^tte Wtthont waa built by the «lt)xenfl 
nf Loikdon, and aup]ilinl by Lhi; Iluckncv cvindulta (of whkh 
more auiin) iu 1635, -wliidb pruvnl it untxaniuu by the water 
oarricriH, when it wa* remored ii>to a side eourt. 

Ho conduit at Lolhbunr and in Cultman Street, and 
near to the churi^h, waa built in 1616. 

Duwfrate conduit waa napplicd witL Tliame* water, and 
buUtin 1968. 

ANNl'Al. CONDUIT INSPECnON. 

There were a wrait niimber of foontalna anrl public wpUm 
bc»id<» thew. which wore a kind of wati-r mark, aliuoot 
wornbipped, in fact, no miii'h no that thej- w*A to make an 
annual rx(rur*iini nrouud tljein. Iiuoded by the Lord Maym 
and biH trit>e, and wurelupfol penona, or dlren manters 
and wnrdcni, who nsed t" rid« on faonwback around theM 
bnunibi, nfti-r whii^li tlK'y thuiiKlit prupcr tu hrenkfaiit or 
lunt-'b, iJieopby with tlie haniera uutU they had killul a 
hare, Pnddinvton thut beiny part of Middlesex foreaU 
They would tnon bant dinner at their bnnnuoting houac, 
wbieb waa sitimted on the north aide of tJifurd Street, 
near 8tnttf<ird Place, whitn mmu' anricnl oondiiit» beloneing 
to tlte CHlv cf Liniduu wi-re. TIivho werv nxwt beautiiolly 
liullt, ana the City offltiire used to frmjuantly riait tluao 
pUcea, wbicb wore puilcd down in 1737, and the eonduita 
arcbpd over, whi'ii lliry wrrn r(.-f(tu.nd KUiie few rears ago 
by the Uraud .hini^tioii Water Wotka }i«upl«, wUvM 
engineer, Alusundra Fruder, Euq., told me ud July 26lh 
(the day I wrote thin) tliat u> make the place mon 
aafe he oaueed theut to be fillnl up. 

HUMINU IN LONDON. 

After theoA Afficcra had dinrd they would indidse ia 
fus buiitiiiK the remainder uf the day. I idiould tfamk a 

Ctty liffiirr day's work. Hnwerer, there !■ no queanoii 
. what tliia wa* pracliHed ut the time, and we read in 
the historic records tJiat Harper, the Lord Itfuyor, did socli 
n n)und ou Scpli'inlR-r ISth, 16*12, when hi\ nft«T such 
a dny'ii work, r«Ie tbruti^h Ijuudun to bin bouHi, tht-n in 
LtiinlutrJ Sttc^'t. Ak before MtJttMt, it was death to aayoa^ 
apoilia^ or dcfaciu^ thrau fountaius. 

ATTEMl'TS TO STOl" WATER RIQHTS. 

We have atH-n iiuwr nJino^l euou^^h of IIhtw uid fuuntninn, 

or uuudiUt temuoRl", and the Laws relat n(t Iherel'i, but let 

ua eea what vn* doue with thuxv tliat dar<:tl to iMnflatulo, 

Kir rtbjp hilt ni-iKhbi)iir gfnng ta and from the Taamee (oir 

tblH JII'M'iMUH fluid. 

The citixena [HLTtlj eupiiliod Lb«niaelnHi with watvr by 
fetcbins it IhniuKfa liinra and walka, which led to thia 
watcmidu uf ruriuiin watxln. But, iu time, aome uf tlu) 
owneTH tbmight tliey eiiuld do an tliey Itknd, and went ao 
f.'ir a* to pftop up tlie»e walk*; and wduM Kutfcr none tu 
pasii nor repodB without pnyin^ a duty fur the rljrhl-ftf-way. 
The eitiMtis, in the time of b/iward 111., indur*^ 
thf mayttr, nldunuou, und CDtuuKmnltr, In H-e tutu tlm 
mutter. An iuquiMtioii wna made, and several of the 
wards were swam to make dlliireut eutjtury into tluiMt 
trriavanec3>. <if all poriiunii who bntuifht in preaemcnta of 
tbt»e annuyamvi. and the fullowin>c are the resulta. 

That in the llow(rati> Ward, .\muiRtaree Lane, where 
wa« (iiit.'ven.'etedaoonvt.-nieiil bridal', the iu)i|xMed adjulniiuf 
landlord (one John Wcstonl thuutriit lit to slop, by bnildini; 
a shop, to the nnnoyaneo aimI iuojuvmiencc of the aur- 
rDundiu(f inhabitanta. 



mr 



ANCIEXT L05DOS WATEB SCPPLY. 



Tlten wen nimilar (xvurmuws in Wi>lf!>l»iM>. BrMask- 
[wM m Klili(-gAtv, WindeiigtMlane. aiul aLsti in 1 ' Miimilimf 
•H >^ which uuiMtices were m-tified to giTt the oei^bonn i 
)Dw-l[llknr right-of-way. 

IbtikcrniUi^, Doweainte. Here they the wi ppni wd 
ivmwTBi had thought fit to bnild rguiDiu bnoaes and oat- 
aC^mi, which were filthy, and interfered with the risfau of 
dM |M!<fble in pawting' ; tnia was recti&ed. 

tuy Wharf ng'ht-uf' way wait re-estabti^hed. as aLio were 
ISb'fwlanf!, Dakmprlase. BeTjtatefllane. Sttcke«laiie, finde- 
luvr, and Dorkinmlane. 

In Vintry Ward, ^TntriwiUne ^where there wa« a 
t/nAfii-). 8pit4'lMfrlAne, Cunii-entrie«Iane, and Xi<l«^LiRe. were 
nrtliUfl by \h:uh( re-estaMished. 

'Hum ill (juuunLith Ward the key qoaj . called Qaeen- 
bith, wbloli was, at one time, a common war to a rlaiset ic 
tbifMH duyH, kniiwn as Jake. This key. WiUtam Fitz Raae 
d«t Itlitht', wiinted, for itx nse, six marks per aonom. and 
whieh wiiM rJK'hb'd to the conunonen. | 

A liiiif ill Ht. Miohaerfi. Queeobitb. wa<i stupoed : >a waa 
tbti key, lalliid Salt ^Miarf , and a bridire. cslkil CaiKT]dr» 
Bridffn, in Timbrehithe : and Ruse de Rienn. oy^tennonger. 
WKa over-n>aohinft bv way of taking money of the prior 
wonitm that washod their clothes in the Thames, nr fetched 
wat4!r fliorefrum by pasrang his grounds ; all o( which were 
nxaitlod. I 

In Raton§lane, in the aforesaid parinfa. the abbot of Lesnes 
madii a pnle (vnctowd eertain grounds to prevent acccM to 
the river), which was torn down, and their rights rectified 
or re-eatablishcd. 

Lokkingelono was let for a sum per annam, which 
renting was an injusticv, and injurious to the commonalty ; 
this viiM knocked on the head. 

Aniitlier lano between the tenement of Earl Har«haU, 
and Waltnr Oladvyne, vtn; by jakes, considered a naisanci; 
tu tlie commoiuilty, vho patronised this walk for the 
puriXHN) iif fetching witter, whii-h jakes, the before- 
iiiuntioiml ]Mi(iplo, or lutidlordit, were compelled to keep 
wholfMiniu, NO iks not to he otTensive to the pedeHtrian 
wat4<r- carrier. A lane, called Fish Wharf, where Simon 
de Twliilium took tolls, was done away with. 

Tlicru wore scorcH of other lanes and right-of-ways to the 
watttr-Hiilu by laiidtords interfered with ; hut this intcr- 
ten-uMi WHH held to be invalid, and the rights of the people 
haiiiiilr maintained. 

We \wvv Minn now quite sufficient of the law and position 
(if tlitt cuuiliiitjH, and the mads leading Ut the water mpply, 
I will now proixied to examine other sources thereou. 

FREE ACCESS TO LANDS FOR WATER. 

In Henry VIII. 'a time, that ix to Hsy, in 1S<4, the 
eorporatioii of London waa allowed, by Art of Parliament, 
to obtain good and wholesome wat4^r thniiigh pi]M-N from 
vilUgfH, or other lands, within a circuit of tivo miles from the 
City stone in Cannon Street. 

He hIki] gave ordera that tLcy mnr enter anyono's ground 
not eiicliNtetl by walls of ntoue, brick, or li<!<lge, am) l-o dig 
pilK, trenchoH and dishes, to etect hi'HdH (n-si-rvoirn), lay 
pi|H-H, and make vaults, suHpiralN, ki:. Anil in thi- year 
1A46 a taw was pnnaecl, by whicli those who dcstmytd 
ounduit hcad£ end pipes, wtro put to dtvith. 

HACKNEY CONDUITS. 

The history of thene is as follows:— By charter of 
inoorporHtion, dated May hth . 1 OMI. then) was an 
Ant empowering Dr. Sublift'c, Di'an of Kx'-t^rr. to Het 
on foot a project for building King Jiiinr-a' College, 
of whicli Prince Henry wa!< a jtiiiloiiR friend. The 
King endowed it with the revcrHinn of certain lands at 
Chelsea, laid the first stone, giivr timlnr from Windsor 
t'orust, and by un Act cuijxiwcrtd theiii to convey water 



fp.B nsi^kan- PiHUa. W t w e e M Lmk Bridge. 6* which 
pnrpiiiie th«y wer« aUuwed to dig a rt^ni.-fa not excvnlitig 
Klfc. in hn'ailth. enct engiiKi^ or water wheels. <^ien 
gmonds, and U mmlm •mubdu tar aoffljiag tbe City of 
JLondon, at a rental to Eaiae a paawiait a^wmmt for 
thideoOeae. 

PLL-MBERS' C0JIPA3IY {April Xlthy l6ll). 
W<> hate now arrired at the tiiM of the eonpletioo 
of the PlmubeRi' Company ICIi:. wlwn Uiey were doing 
gruwi work. This old •.■ompaBy's antecedent* Mem to have 
b*-.nn pc*<ty enriy. the •xoinaiKea of which date back fium 
Eilwuii IIL.abtoi I:i30: aBd.aeeocdingTowbat I can glean. 
at rfai^ date U4i) fron old O^le boi/b. oar Plimber** 
S>:ietT being the oUest in England}, they had a pretty 
rough time of it : for. altboagh they were ooosidered an 
indepewlent body, they were not by^ Aeir own maatent. 
as is pcoTcd by the fact of them berng fveaaed to woc^ on 
the plumbing job of tbe building and — -^"p of tbe ivtiond 
'Baynwater or Paddingti» eoadait, which wait in fall swing 
about this time. One wonld think that work would 
hare been pretty plentiU. rooaidarag the fuM they made 
of what they considered to be an injnstiee. Xij others 
dabbling in toe trade : for. accm ^ ny to their aorount of the 
wwdiag of their ordinance " that no one in tbe tikde <d 
plumbers shall meldle with works touching auch trades, 
except by the ament of tbe best and moit billed mai in 
the trade, te«tifying that he knows bow well and lawfolly 
to do his work, so t^t the !«id trade may not he Mandalind, 
or the commonalty damaged and deceind by folks who do not 
know their trade." Here waa a pretty st^te of thinga, and 
a fair specimen of society rules : Waa it jaaloBST ? 
Although a man was legilinLitely apfnenticed to the traoe, 
and might hare been a fimt-cliM workman, he most be 
recognised as one of them, before they wonld admit him, 
under the plea that the trade may not be aeandaliaed. I 
don't like this pi :a. Here is another bit. " No amvoitice 
be taken who is greatly disfigured in any part of nis body, 
whereby the honour of the City, or the h<»e>ty of the 
craft, shall in any way be emblemiahed." I mmder if 
they thought a boy di^-filfured by baring on his baok a 
birtiimark. Here is a little bit more. " Tliat all appren- 
tices be kept indoors in all suspicious times and seaitoos, so 
that they may not use any uidawf ul games, oooiqiationa, or 
minrule to the dishonour and rebuke of the good folks (rf 
the craft." How about keeping in a London qipnatioe in 
those days f Was this possible^ or are they fairy tales which 
are told about the rollicking. ungoTemable, ahaU I aay 
ungodly, Londonapprenticeoftboee old time*, when wean 
told that no man, woman, or child, was safe againat tbe 
ravngefi of theee demons f 

There is u heap more of sucb recorded nonsenae, but the 
above in sufiicient to show the state of the trade in those 
days, yet there is row enough with some buaybodiea 
liccauHe we have mle.H in our modem Plambera' Sooietiea, 
whereby our men simply stick out for their kgitiinata 
wage according to the custrict. 

I hero record it tbat. for hundreds of yeara. this old 
Flumbcra' Company, although a practioal sooiety at one 
time, dwindled down to an entirely non-praotioal 
body of gentlemen, of whom I have nothing to ooaaplain, 
except tbe mixrepreaentatiun of title, itnd vho, instead 
of >M<ing a recognised trade union of thoronghly [nmotical 
plumbers only, were looked upon more aa a socdety of 
nien^hnntH, who had no pretentions to Ibo plumbing toade. 
JuHt bofure George Sliuw, Exq., C.C., and practioal 
liliimlwr, took the tnastership in hand [date about 1884), I 
awked tbo plumbers of England to form a meeting or 
congress at the Health Exhibition, Soutii EeosingtoB, 
to inquire into the status of the trade, whioh tbe Flomheia' 
Comp,-in.v, but only through the interoesdon of t^eir master, 
George Shaw iniixed in. 



ANCIENT LONDON WATER SUPPLY. 



487 



[ 



I 
I 



t ironld hete trniork that no udd nIioiiM hkro • ri|^t to 

ha n^T w'MM into »»cli n <v>miMn^ at pliunben aor other 
tnccbanical, oliemii-'iil, or art MuMHitr*, itnd to ownfr *b n 
fuU-Uuooued member, nnlrtu h'l- Iihh n IlioroitKli ltiu>irliilx« 
(i( th« wurictng of Hucli tnule or [irufexHioii ; ami I for tiu*.' 
would vnfoTM the ruk tb^t no one Bh;>uM »ifAf/« or be io 
utjway miu^ up in a bndo nr wKiHy itimplj lui n Kkihw 
head. T1>W. it ijioulil b« rfmtriulM>rvil, rvfrm ti> all lj-ni)« 
socittaM — wunUpful or otherwiao. Nnr >>lii>iilil nnynui* l>i> 
alloTMt Ui trade ui or undtrr a fitl*--' title, fcxpvtijilly niioli kh 
■AiiitftTj etijriiii*r», B9 per o#nt. nf irliiim t.i-dii^ arc tnidiu*; 
uiidiT thin ditsiitfiil tilli- : iiuil nutrw thnw HO yi't cfin. nt 
tlitwe }K.i>[ite In Loudon htq fnlnnlT r<^r<.-w>uiiii^' tliAiiiw-lwii 
nn M^boanlpt us priMiliirail jiluiiilwrx. vthu knctw nuUiiiiir 
nlM>ut tbr trailf, but are thanbU)^)il7 outaidon. moro Ibaii 
liaU iif wliurti were not brought up in Ui« buildintt inuU. 
Vol tbe«e wi>ple worw and ncurp* hmvt apu|j«(l f.ir roiti»rnv 
tion. whicu if thrj r-annot [ri't frum tlie Cuinmitteo uf the 
B«<KwtraliuTi Scbtine, ^^t worthli'^ mrtificitlox fMm quni-k 
BSuitsriADn or pinite nii'ieti»><, of whiiti t am Horry to 
raoord tLviv arv tairv tluin oni.' in Loiiiliiti. 

KvMy wiinl which I tipuke to the l]iouii»iid» of plumlKTS 
in the InternAtionnl Hiivlth KxhibitJim, N-til nL Boiitb 
Kennngtim, Londiiu, ii> Iba yunr IHHt, aliould I<v ilninuutHl 
iotu tbv oarn uf the approutioe plmnVr, lu fulliin-* (tlii* 
t« a BWomoopyof tliQTerbDtiin»lior!lluuidii<ittA| :• ".So fur 
aa onr nnitAiy plninbinp i^ conccniod, health nnd lifo 
ju« in m mwiKiiR- di-jM-nJciit upon llic vstnbliiOiniiwt of a 
MetiopolibiEi Boanl of Eiiiminm of pluMiU.-r>' ■xiirlc. 
What do we find i Wo litul hliuikniuitbo, irouiuouiren-, 
<^arpciit<w, tiri«kUym>, lim-ndrapers uudcrtaVore, 
[niiili^pi, kIi'''^'^, <-'ui>]M'n4iuithii. tinkers, nvr, aad tirtm 
tlio IritTolling M'iiitinnt-KriiiderH, ■cl.tinff tliiMOitelirra down 
a« i<lutiitHn«>, tu any nolliinir of th« fold of bnildera' uterlta 
which nuine in hi ttwell mil the lot. 

" This ti>-iii)i(>o,yoiLii>c<nl not hminrpriiicul tlint Uir puldii! 
ani 11 rniibittrn'd «fmiTi»'- >i>, aud whii put tlw^ reiil pluiiiltpr 
in a fttlae poBitioii. They, the ]nihlie, doii't know lli'u thr-y 
arc bt'itiir yullrd by a pink of outi<idcn ])iHiff»«iuK t*> Iw 
abli' U< undort/ikir naiiitury work , liiid, moTurivttr, van yoa 
WMOfW that l)ir |iuMtL' have lir^ld tlH'niw.'Irui «j luiifh nlmtf 
fraoi ernn thmp who ar" r^pnttln rif doing ffml nurk. Id 
xhort, I wiy liint the pulilit have, tLruutfli the i(lio»niiiaI>!i- 
way iu whii'h ih<-ir plninlierti' work has iM'en >^-uiii]>od. ju>t 
groandaof iiairipliiiitr. iiud i]ii1i'«* wi: pniv<- iiLii--i'lki?H iu thin 
am aaOKi uf lu-dny to U- in ri-iil e>ini*^t t<> ■-nljiMinli 
etamlneiv aH to who afe fit. nnA iiuiilitfxl wnrknnni, uiid Io 
appoint rwd plunilx'jn for rxuinimrrn. w« ewumii •.•K|M."t to 
K-intaliliHh a hmlUiy jHi^iLLiiii for the qiiikUdcd |ilunit)cr. 
Iliia beiiiff ^u^, uutf or uevtr is (he time thn.t wr !>h(>n)il 
iMHitir oumelTi* to altiir from tmti ii> (toiHl p]ttnil>«rH' u'-.irk, 
aad to eHtabliah iii uvory dialiioi « tiiialifleu cKiiniiner uith 
power to inspect all plumberti' work. iitu\ wi i'iindi.-iuu tht.- 
works uf tho tiiikiriiig iiittiidi rii. In the tir^it phire. I 
would au^ntnrt tbnl a boanl of llioroii^lily quiilitii-<l I'laeheni, 
Rtd here I tipeak loud, priiotical— yea. pnicticiil and 
theoretii^ ji1uiiiI*t* aa examtnrr.t. wfaiiii Hbould be 
tvlaMiiihnl at Hip Wiimhipful Cwiiiinuy of Plumlwrn ; but 
which buiard Khvuld be vailed tho Ati'tropulttiiii Ikiitnl uf 
Flinnhera. 

"Their duty nhmild he to oxiuniuo candidates wUhingto 
Wnonic rpxi''t'r«'<lplu«il)fni. 

" Til"' nw^lhr-d of eK»ininatir-n ahoiild bo Igr pra«t!<uil STid 
tb««rcti(.Ml duinutiiFtnitiuiw. Lut tho candidate— be who 
rrcr hn miiy ho ohnnld hnre aDoh worlt to do aa would 
proTc wIiHliVr hf be a pliimhi-r i.r not, 

■' Kor .iittiiniKnl'n wiiin \if "boiild W- nlil« to work dluct- 
lead, Biwli u* iH gvuc-nilly found about roof«. He xhmild In- 
able to work pipe* Id a good pmcticol nianiier ; be a gu(>d 
joint mnkcT nod know how to make hitt own mlder: nuike 
mngh drawing*, ami hureaunodkiKiwIedgcof lbcncocaaAt7 
waltT woika' ^Ctingn of the be«t and *rcU tn<4 daaa. 



■* Ra ahoald bo able to aaawer qnentiana mbitlvo tn 
•onitAlioii, but not to awag on a Mtnitnry vngineei'. but to 
kick all the before -nieutiunud blacklrfipi found nniigatlug 
to ilieiiisi'lrca (his tiile. 

" He ahould lie alilu to anawor qncstioTw relative to whjr 
he ifl cxeegtin^f hid work in tho way ho i» doing it, and to 
make dntwiii^ of it when duuo. Mty uf a aanilary job 
Qomplplo. Hn idinuld nUo bn ImU"? aa to making arrange- 
mentJi: to wit, lot Ulm »liow aad smngo a lii-r of dofH>u 
with proper veniilatioa. and a ayatem of boiiM and HCUtlit 
dniinage. How ho wi>ubl amkiiici' hi* rinttrnn. Intb*. 
Iav>ilurifii. uud l:>vnt.iry wi>iti*, and aifb lilct^ with iiuitabli* 
materials. He ■botiid uL^o lie rible to i-h"w hy pbm aitd 
I •It' VII tion. and liiy down a liiw of dmiuagr »howin>r pnipcr 
juintiiig, diiixinni-fjtiuii, iitul rvntilntitm, and whi*n hi' has 
navwvl iu thehe ■tihje^.'li give him a c«i'titli.-»(*! mid n>giHt«r 
liim no a qualified wuikmnn. who sfaaald be eligibLo fur 
holding the [N»lti<1n uf n i|nnlifioil in.ipeittor of piuinhrni* 
worii. 

*' Ne»t oonimi tlie eitlalj1i>hing of diatriet nit and n en. Id 
the fimt jilaw I would like to give you my viewa n>!ipoctitig 
their work, which ahunld be lui foUowM. Tlieir pcMaticin 
ahtiiild he directly tinder (he distriet anrreyor or engineer 
counccled with tim {nriah, hut in nn wny ihould Itifl 
Mirveyor dletace to the plunder iiutpw-fir about Iii« wurk, 
hut whenever a point of ditference between the two, if 
A dutv traiir point, it nhould hi- xcttied ty the Mctrnpolitan 
Buant of PlmnlH^n. Thi- nauilary jj)uin.bi?r inaprctor ■ woric 
fhonJd be to exaiaine plans and npeeifleAtioiiH of sanitary 
idiuiilang genemlly. which ahoidd be lodged by the anrhiteet 
with thf ntiher pfana of new bulldingH or otlitrra-iae : he 
abould n-]»irt thv oatrecUieaa or olhemw! oi Mwh (dann Iu 
tho surveyor, and if mich planaarvmitdnin atrir.t Mrrt~>nlanne 
taaM nilc« of ««uh4iryand wat^T-wurkM* pluuiiiiug' to be 
hei«afti>r dlarosaed (nee Vol. I.). The work should In* 
Allrjwfid to pmetvxl, and the phinibing exaniiuer ijioiild ha 
riigiigiil undnr t)io wiid nurvtiyor Iu visit and itiii|iaDt Ilia 
wvrk "hll-l jiTMgrtfwinii, and if fui h norks ««? tint ln-Iug 
rarrie I out in *m-t a'-rvirdanir to th'' pUn-f and "ivdlimtionji 
ttMlgvii. tbrii ihi' |>linn)iing >-xaiiiin(-r'n duty wil h • to rf|iiiit 
sut'li din'repiLiiuy Iu the aurveyur, wbute duly will )«.■ to 
inuHt Lijiun tho work lieing cxncutod in *triiit amordaiKW 
nil-li the lodged )iliin>> and »poei^'alians. Iu caae of alura* 
tioTiH in the huiitiLry or wn(er anan^'in/vito of any dwelling 
hnuw. fantiiry, wnii-lMU>»*, i^r other biiilditigri, ]Filnna nitd 

nprt-ilii.-itiLiiis iif Hiudt jLlti'nitiunn Hliiiiild hv |ijd^n<I fur 

npjiruval, and wljen appiurvd of ithoiild eonie under the 
Mkino ro«trirl.ioni> aa tnoM* of a new boilding. In eoxe 
of any compJaiiit CAuaed hy defectJTe plumbing, Uie 
pliinibiiiff t:'iuiniiier shonld have power to t-tttrr aUL-h 

SimiiiiM-ii, mid (londi'mii hucIi wiirka aa am found to ha 
iiuliy, and to niaki; Kui-h plaiiH and apcoifleaticns aa are 
un^-Miuiry. The plumbing' exaininer may ha engogrd at a 
M'l-i-kly wilnry, -'iiid nil uiiiilon' itisiasitorx ■hould be pranlioAl 
and ct-TiilWaifd pUitiibiTii. For 1 have bad my eye upun 
ihcao «ii-n now in ortloe fur aome years pssn. 

" I now nnh("<iTnlingly Hiy that Ihriwi men an' in the 
wrciii)^ plwi-, being inJ»-uanKil, aud, as a rufc. tuLally un- 
qualiAml fur the very iin]K'rti>nt [mnition whii^h tbey faUely 
hold. I H'ally qwak frvm my own kor>wIiiI^i-, mid a« thie 
largi) building iaoia^n toall— andrfpLtoally tu all iutereitted 
ill •Miiitury M-ii-nce. eiiKinerr*. mrveynn, and anhitecls, of 
whiidt I Hie niAoy birfant mf>~-l ht-n-witli I'faatlrrngH any 
one to ■.■onlnullut, timl, if so, let biiu apeak out Iminediatoly 
he betiis luiy word which he (.tin dLsprT>rD. Now, I'm 
gofnu- to hit har'l. and T l^]<■1lk of my own knuwletlge, that 
by fur tile gri'nLtT [lurtiou uf thi-m are uivii put into tiiirir 
{■■■itinn Hirijily tlirough thp iiitertwt which itnnwvnip ha* in 
■.'■inuix'tioti with our vivtrii's, fte. Wliat aro tlie gT«'ater 
part of tbei* Bo-ealled sanitary iiiapertorap Stm|jr oW 
M>tdicn). men worked into poaition by the rveominoM 
of NOiiMi uld Hildier, ruch aa a adooel or fBOaioA «<( 



4S6 



ANCIENT LONDON WATER SUPPLY. 



tiflli-iT wild lias iiiflneiHi* in tin- diKt riut. To pnivi- lliifi, Imik iit 

tliotH> of (ttir pmipdi, Kt'tiHiii^rbiti, wlicrc thfy liuvr more timu 

iiiii) tir two old HoliliiTH, niid. ti^kiii, liMik nt llntnnu'r^tiith, 

wlicro t1i(-re in cvi'ii ii rclinil pt-nHiiincd iiDliifiniiu riiiil iiIm) 

u n>tin.<il tli-tii'tivv. (Slmiiiv, uml u]iiiliiui<i.>.) Ah, but lliiHi.i 

luit tho wtirrn ot it, thiiw irmn, wc have (riven tlicni ii gvid 

pi-iiHiiiu. yi't tlioy i-ome tni ti> tlit* iMirinh taking big wiigen, 

Miitl tiftcr a littlti while they aro ag^iin potidiuried utf. 

^Elliutitet lOiKnu', iL&d tk))iilau!ie.) I will tAl you munv- 

thitiK Wflxt'liiiK i^nittiry iiisju'cttiTOhi]) an ]inii'tiHed imt 

tk huiidivit luileK fn>tn thin 1)iuldiii};. A hnuHO vnn tilt«d 

willi thiiruiigtily pKxl 101b. dranni leiidc-u t<>il {Hpcd, guinv 

(Wwii tilt* iiwidf of ,tbe lumm', which wen' in a t'lipitjil 

iviu)itii>ii. but iwvor iin>iH>rly made goxl to the dniin, un it 

•houht lu»vi' Uvii, with Fortlnnd ei'iut'iit ; the i-oiiseiiut-nco 

witH tliiit H Htink iin>.-« and infuHted the whole of the liouxe. 

'llio ss»i*itary in)>]xH'tor wiw m-nt fur, who, in hi« turn, 

^x^^>n>ll»^•»>*l•'d ii wt'll-kuowii inninioii^n'r Ut the hotixe oinitr 

it> i-kiitto iind M't iimtten riglit. The H;tniturv iupi)it.tiir 

y,.,.l ,' out Hii olulHinilo n'lMirt it^ fuUowa : Taki' down 

i,>tv>*'Ut U^d H>)1 jiiiN' iind Hx it liii. >'U8t-in>n ono outsidi-, 

with ttio u^tuil loHtr )Mnij)hi'nmliu of diw-outitfctiiig uttiitc.-', 

^,. Ai firtav was (jivcu in to do thu work, which anii>u»ti'd 

•\i £7>. t*ui tho hoiiM' owner <^iultl not quito underftaiid 

•hiK. *^ ^^"^ li^*^*^' '*'■"' huilt by uiie of the liont tmd lur^rt-^t 

itfti- tu IxW'.t'.ii, and »o inont-y wiis itpitnit therrun, mi ho 

.^wuicht ttui*' lijrt" '"' '*"' niiittor ln-fon- jirott'ediiig. I was. 

■iMivloi^'' v'atlod n)<>>ii Ihi' M-oni< In niiiko nn pxainiiiatiou 

tuU 'u <t*v > iviiv in. whii'h 1 did. Tlie ]iri<.-e for juitting 

icrrthit'K ■^■)f"t *'*^ • '*< *'" "x^" i^'i) I''l^^ *»" '^ t<>>od on 

■a* -iM* -' *'^^ i>nvt(«l, anil oidv roiiuiml n Iit(Ii> ceiueiit tti 

-i^dw :bv •.x'UiKX'tkiii l<('(W(<fn iht< fotit of tlie ruil pi]ii.' and 

1^ ^jMiti. Vvt the vthoU* of thin o.tiiitiil I'liuuliin^r wits I'ou- 

n^iirr' ^uil>ly [Iii\>«i)rh the work of tho Ivii-khtytT. 

u> ." H^ir MMHi Mul llrittlfiucii, thi-i in niit tht! firt>t, MViiud. 

r • aini ' »**'' *'>>^''' ^ ''■'**' >'hivkt<d tlinx- dixAilli'd Mnitiir)- 

,^l^^^^^n,t^ itvim i-ullitiK do* II (^>i>d work for tlio wke of 

avtf wliLKtHi aiid fcim'ioH : autl whivi the public nrv 

:£tw^w W uuitL-t^iaml what ii> liost ftv thi>ir own 

,ML 'bM ibtf« . fv>r ihc lutinii yxy or tht'TvatoiutK, 

^*^^„ -u»««Miichi> iww.-tk-«t uk-n to rxuuine the Muitarr 
...4 'brtf i'UM'*. Utaw will not be the ali^hlei-t 
(i^r u> at ^.MMl'iixfc a Moti\>]mlitau aikl IVivincLil 
1*1 iiMiwrr >^f pluuiN'nt' work in vvcrj- vx-strv 
NMuMr> iu->Mvi(ir is now t>?:ablit>)ii>I. 
.uwt.-vudii>whvltollM>followiiihr: Firstly, 
II Hwir r '"-— Kmi«I of IVut'tical riuiiilvr*. 
aM» jmmJ 'm m titf Wvirahiplul t.\witiMuy 
.kk ■*. vtuttUb«IU IahuIou. Seixmdly. 
.'w 'w ■(■nk-ucklly f\)Uiuii« |iIuuiU>r». 
I-m^ikni i>iuiMt«ujr, KuA to irive, to 
I v'wi'Ufii'Mtv mud TVtri»tratii>n. 
i^Mttif; IkM h> tloU v>tthv as a 
- -"!-*" 1^ w^vfc; hut if ho 
M -MJbwwl lk> )init-tiw uor in 
MiMHji ^ UMtiiwily. nifm^n-. 
\m •.^MtwliMii w i-arryiit); 
a tmmik iMMMR w to who i» 
ivJtf Mii'h work, 
h* feh<Id svu'h a 
VkrUaiui'ntarx' 
,^~ -<i^^^^«Maii^M.. nil<4]i. ilukt. if 

_>■ ^^WMMteaiHaitafaBL tt yivv iw-ial 

I'll-. ^■■^b>.«K. as w yaciiuM of 

ilUMqx nMHMHiH^lte '««« Wnd 

Alt 1 '^^^»=«i^a^B.BMnL «-^ 

on fiiKl 
of ubii 
Kini; cini 
fh-i-Hii. ] 
>'ori-:i(, ut 



-MiMn* 





wurk. Such Ixmrds (tlrMtly) should be afliliatod witli an 
eHtublirthf^l Mctnijiolitan tioard ; (itcoondly] it idmuld lunnst 
of tnkined plumberrt. " 

Tliin wtix M-coniled, and tho chairman put it to the vote, 
which waH curried nnuuiuioualy- And I am pleuiied to say 
that the thing in iu>w estabh^hing itaelf. The board of 
exumiaecs being at work ever taam. 

First Public Machine Pumps. 

In the year 156^ the first public uiachitie puinps were 
umed iu London. Thoy were erected on the River Thamen. 
noar old London Bridge, by a Oorman engim-cr nam*^ 
Peter Maurice, Tbew puin]« were of the fonre pump cla>s. 
!H'ven inches in bore, havinfr a thirty-inch Ktruke. woikitl 
by an undernhot wheel, which wait turned by the tidal 
current and afterwurdi phii-cd under one. and later on, 
two of the urvheit of the old Bridge. The water was 
rniaed l^ilft. I nhuulil May that about two yoiiia before 
the ubtive work wax commenced, another eiighieer. ivhow 
uume WMN RusHol, pn>^Mis>-d to brin)< water to Ijondon fnnn 
Iflcworth — viz., the Hiver Vxbriiipe — to tho North of 
Liiiidon. 

Iti l.im Benx Bnlmer, an English gentlemnn, undertook 
to nupply it HiiudI tlistrii-t of tho City with Thames water, 
to In- r.ticed by four large pump^ worked by horaea. 

Other pumpc were workeil hy hontes. 

NewcMiiie'^ Hteuiu engine was, in the year 1787, erected 
ueiir London Bridge. This wai) ]iurtially a* a Hecurity 
aguin.-^t tire when the w;iterwh(i.-l> did not Wiirit, -nd during 
the turn of the tide. 

!«H.\UWELL WATERWORKS. 

These wttrks were stzirted by Thomas Xealt* in 1 669, and 
raited water by borse-pi>wer. About >750 a ateam engine 
wati intrtklueea, and replaced by a new one bj Bolton and 
WatiB in the rear 1774. which pumped at the rate of Wi 
galluua per minute, or 730,3'20 gallons per day of fourteen 
houre— the lime worked. 

SiHDWELL SPA W.\TERS. 

Walter B<Try nank this woU, in the Sun Fields, 
whii'h is »a)d t<.> l<e "impregnated with tulphur, ntriol, 
stt<ol and antimony.*' The water was alao used to obtain 
calico priuterii* a-iltH, t>> tii thoir uoloun. AJao it wsa u«ei 
for mi^cinal pur]>o«es. 

Water Companies and the Public. 

A w^itiT comjiHuy wa» ineorrorated in the rettr 169L to 
supply Vork Buildings with Thameo water. 

Water ixmijunie^ ?<orm to Lave been guing on pietty 
I>nv*p«!r\-u«'.y o*cr sin.v- They have (^aiiuBd Acta of 
I'arhanivUt which at« u>it >aTi!>faeiory~in iaol, the public 
;ind nia;iy of thi'K> eom]iatiiea are nearly always at linger- 
he tds. :titil not without jimt grviunds on the' pan of the 
fi'mior. To K'lrin wiiii. the exmipauitv' charges are. by 
»iu»' |'«\'ple. cor,-; '.ervd monstivuiCy high, ixnsidering whal 
ti-is iirtx-ssity of '.-.fe o >t» !«• dtlner. The money, no lom' 
?.-iy. is with iu<'-C of iV.e-e lompunie:* lavishly Aiuandercil 
l>\ civcting nut'h'.ut'ry. which often i« of a mere experi* 
lueiitil ch\tra.'ter. h is at»> publicly alleged that aume 
i\>n)paiiit-s give th.ii-st:;.:-' iijvn thou?anda of pouudit fif 
pumping maobiii-Tv. which, cu the rpar of the ntomeui, 
ihcy ivn-i-ier in:-.« rz^::: improve men bt, but which, thew 
l^v'p'.f *;ty. iiiort . ;:t-.-. '.i-.m •,;■•. titm,- i>ut to be a omplete 
wht:i' I'.cphAit:. 1';;: bow »:v'u: the East LimdMi Water 
I'.'uipAiiy Ivif-c %'".'p *:\i wl\:i m.'nt^y was required to 
c\E>r:il ihcir work- ;>- u'.i^: :Le p-.±l>^c ({■•oiaoil a yo.ir or bo 
agv> '■ I wotfld Mvud a I .': v.-. *v nk'-uoy. and dii away with 
t> >•«» aK'uudr%i wi:h diir pings, the latter of 

■ iKter-^iJ.. '.ump* of wood driven into 



PRESENT LONDON WATEB SUPPLY. 



460 



I 
I 



I 



■ mkut, to «aj notliin^ mhoal tint wrebrfeed i)«plli nf « 
km) qwuitity of thew pipes. wUdi kto only « foot or 
fti^tecn iiicfaes below groimd, md treoxa «ih1 beoomo 
clc^gvd ihth iw from tifftit bi fi>urt«en WM'ln at a 
ativtefa. M won tlie <iaM thin winter, [t>0>5, whm the l-oh- 
Btunen* water van oqt off tor thiM Mriod, diuI who hud to 

Et tlicir diiiiy ■upplj' I7 oft«n ttmug from a quui-tef to 
If « mile Ant nt their waj. BerioM all thiB, tba water 
floroptinitw an aupposnl to Ki\fi n coiMtont inippl)r by nn 
Act wbioli thrtjr ohlHined in ttin yonr 1871, T«t hsr« in ISItfi 
it in not ni«r LMnijtletvd, ex*3ept by the Oraad Jonolion 
Uotnpany. 

I may hpn bUlU" tlint thrm nppeanta bo a getitml naHtj 
f«o1ing betwvcii the twpeciaOj- ariHtocratic— p»l>Iii> nitil 
the water cnnftjiauicM }[uiierally, whirh U brought ftbout by 
the tonacT not uii'IerKtanilingthplatlrr'anilm. TlKiyhave 
an iile« Ihiit l)i« water o>jin(Niiiiv<* aro n>ui)M-Il«'I to mipplj' 
them with water under any oouditiouH, providinir thpj- piiy 
tho water tnti>, and the fouowin^ will g\Tf you a fair idea 
u( thtr i^<intunc of the publm in thin mnttrr ; but 
yoii will M^- the wat«r C'OinpNo''^^ lia«t? ht<1d thmr own 
tbintiiiboutlbemew.altlKmgiiniuohtaiitulixvl l-yn i<Ki'k»f 
half-tSKghluiahalf-radrtiipidmiffii-atid-cotlar^. ut jH'ity 
poUee-oomtlawycn, who do moirhartu than good for tlwir 
elimbi, nttd I munt my that many of tlif po1iite>c(turt 
aag1*lnt«8 an: n« bad fur aUowiiig piiUio time to bo 
wwted in sueh ridiruloiuiiaJta : — 

"At the NrwinctoQ F«atry Hall, Hajur-n«tioiiit T)r 
Owi»<rj' Snilt lu-ld nn mqiiiry, on bnhiilf of the IdX'al 
(iloTt'nintcul Board, iiilo I'luujiljiiitK ninilo by rewUiit* in 
Southwark, A<i.. a^faiuBt the IftmbotU Wawr Company tii 
cnancntinn with llw wippty of walcr during th* late froft. 

" Mr. Uarton Stnitli., liiim«t«T, nppi';inil for the 
nemorialiiitH and Uie N>-'wiiit:rtiiii Vmhtv. and Mr li. 
Wilkin)^ Mxiretiiry at tho Lomhoth \V'attr C-mtipnuy, 
appoarrd for th<- Company. 

'' TIm! itit?ini>ri>'1 . iiKkiiiff litr Iho imiuirv. wui N«iit frtnn 
the Nationul MoLi'I Dwelllii^ii CiuipBii'y nt Sniithwark, 
wbuae Owpllinjrt «rr wiid to ba tnhnhit^l by li.OOO jwrTHJtii.. 

"Mr. Wilhiitfu'Ulined ilmt thi- mPmoriul vra« invalid, 
as the d^atorit? diit not pnv walrr nite^ n* rwjiiir^^ri by 
the nh aectiun of tlin Art, rlKtm b<-iuK' a xnti^inl Ct.mtrii(-t 
betwren tht> Lambeth Oniijuuy and tho NatioDiI ^loflel 
DwtS^ag* Corapmiy. 

"The Iniipe^tor: I nhait lako a nnU; of your objection, 
bat propoM to lake any evidenoe timn nay be in (mppnrt 
of tfie mtimorinl. 

'• Edward Pearce Lohnuuin. of 4. ScovcU Rood, South- 
warh, a foreman in the employ of r.hc National Hedel 
DwcllintT" l_V>iiipatir, then "lated that thu wntcr mipivty to 
the dwelling* fnilnl fram Janunry to tho iniil<l)o id April, 
and thp teuanta wore nctttally wllhiml watt-r fojin the 
middlu of January to ih<^ raiddlo of Fi-briiar>-. The 
liiuu1>Ptb Ciiropikiiy diil ii»it tend wiktor nmnd by oarl.', 
luutber did they etviit i>laiiilpi|>ea. 

" Hmry Huwniau, amithrr m^moHuliiit, aim gRradotailii 
ah(nttthedet«:tivoMinply during the fn)«t. and Maid that 
the iMddenta wem witlumt. wntir for aljout in wi-i-ka. 

"Mr. G. HinMicks. the minoyor t" fhn pnrivh of St. 
Oi»l]gvthc*MiLrtyr. Southwarlt, waid (hat tlwi-e were 
uiuaeroiui (xmipIainU) rereiriHl diiritiK' the frost as to tho 
defectiTe Mipplr. He hiul ciujiplaiiii-d of the innufKoient 
aupply of ■taiiil piju^ in hi* •tintriit., mid thv Lanilx.'Ul 
Oomnany incrviiMxl Oil- iinmlipr. 

** In aiHwsr to Mr. Wjlkins, witniiSH naid ho only knvw 
ofoneeawof amain btirntinir in ttiv Tnwriwnd Road — 
whii-h wan laid at a di-plh >if 'ill. Din. lielow tin- MiKat-ii. 

■' Dr. FTi3(l«nck Waldo, nitilieal cifB^mr «f hijalth to |.h« 
St. Qwn.'v-the.Harlyr Voi'try, ntritv^l thiit the Mo<U'l 
DwcIliDgR were rendered lu un Inimiiilary condition by thi- 



in«i>fficieDt supply of water for flunhing purpoiea. 
"A menoonal from Falmouth Chnuibcn. N'01 



Kent 



Rcadt wn Uien de«U with. In their oomptaiot the 
manoriaUMi said tlMj- vtn all too wMk fnm iaAoenjta to 
canr heavy polla <A inter ttaai the Btandpiiws daring the 
frr>Bl, and thry had therefore t» pay for it oeiag earned to 
thnn. Two of IIm> iii|fnatorii^ Raid tha rmidenlii wire 
without water for nine weeka. 

'* Mr. inikiBs, on behalf of the Lamhoth (kimpany. 
comtendod tJio nirmoriat waa infonual, a* the »iguatorie« 
did not puy water mtiM. 

■' Jlr. John I'iokeriag, manajcer of the Palatinate 
DwuIHnifr, Xuw Kant Road, naid they had ^ Uooiu of 
buildings with tiOO tcnante. I>unn)i the fuMt thera were 
ninny oimptainbi iih to the water au^iply. and wt-enil 
trojinta left in mmsoquenoe of the defective Hij^ly, 

■•Thfl ini]uiry waa T.h«n brought to a cloae, General 
Sc'ott inliiudtin^ that he might find it n(«wiwiry to re-optm 
it lit fiotn" fuliirv dote. 

"T]ie Inoprvtor aim held an inquiry into CLimplaittta 
made agniiiat thoRouthwarkiuid Vauxbitll WuUtt Comjiauy, 
whi«h temiinutwi . " 

" At thf WobI, London Pi*!!!* Conrt. on the 3Iit MaTi 
■in upiilii-iitiiin wii« inndc by n wU'itor" [who widcntly 
did not ri-ad ilic nil*'s rri>p>'rly] "on behalf of the orriipirr 
'■f ;i hoii.r- in lliirli Stret-t. Ai-tim, for a !-aiiiiui(JIIii n;fnin>L 
tht- l.lninil Jiiiii^liiin Wntrr Wnrku Company, for failing la 
Hiipply walf<r. lifntHU'') Ihttt hlHe'iocil'itfiiiuily, ciiHsittitig 
of nine pn'rMjiih had bc<.-n without a Biipply 0in<-o the '2Hth 
of Fobruarj'. Tho family had been depending on tho 
kindoo^ of tho nei^hbount for wnlor. He pnidiirrd a 
reci'ipt for thn wat^n- rnte wp to Lacly-dny quarter. 

" Mr. Korw iiiquin.-d tht- reiuoii, and wax informed by 
the o(;cupier thilt ho knew of none execnt the want, of 
(vininvlion. The ocxTipier also Alated thai there wan « hur»l 
of the jiipcK, bii! tbrre wan not iiny fn«t in them at the 
prcacTii liniM, Ifo wiiK niti^i iinxJoua fur a oupply, av hia 
Inmily <:ouhl not live without water. 

"Mr, HofM^ gnint«l 11 niiuimnnit." 

[Here tliu truant wan at fault. Hvidionld hare repaired 
bin pipex.] 

*' On the following dn^ at the sune conrt, a nneation of 
FHinK' itnitortaoRA wat tauyt*] iH'fnrr- Mr. Lane, Q.C.,a«lo 
the i"i«(.'r of the Qrand Junetiun Wntrr Worbi Company 
til i-hiirgo fi:>r water which was not auppliixl tluwigb a 
rooter U"t working owini; to the tutc froet." (^The neter 
being the property of the Water Workn Compuny, wbme 
duty it wu« to keep it in order. But hum the fnnt i-1au«e 
coium ill. And wan thn tiiHix or the pipe» thereto or 
therefrom otic of order 1* I abould «;«rtainJy nay the latter. 
tind niui'b the latter.] "A gentleman in bii.-<inrtia applinl 
to the maginlmti' for hii« ndviee. Ho ntutad Ilmt Itu- 
■Upp'y wwH by meter (wbieh wan not working), but the 
CaniiHUiy hnd Hp[)1i<-d for the full amount. 

" Mr. Lane MtLid he wa* afmid it wna no a&fiTer, im Uie 
Company were entitled to rJuirgo in ailvnn**. It wuuld 1« 
anothc-rqiK^iili'in if tho pipca were laid In Huch a nny an tn 
be oaxily fnizm. Tbf- njiplirant, in oxplanattoii, aald the 
meter waa outsiile, and nut under hin eontrol. 

" Mr. I^no inquirvl how tho applicant ntit^ainml wnler. 

" The ap|>Uraut naid hia mno went to a Htandpipr, but 
for wine time he wan without water altogether. He uppUiw) 
twiue to the Company, and reeoired a formal nriticc that 
tho complaint would be atteiMled to, but notidug waa done. 

" Mr. Lane «ui.d it waan new quoation, and tue upplieaut 
might try- it. tn granting the aiiKntuODH ho aaffgested to 
the applieunt to call a witnem who would be Bbw^to flhaw 
that tliG defect is tlie meter uuld be remedied by the 
Companr." 

'■ Un Monday, among the aeveral apriUcaDta who waited 
nptin Mr. JUiiie. (jC. vnu ■ housdioiaer. whi> enmplaJnod 
oi Iho action of the Water CompRiir cutting ofT the aiipply 
that morning. He stated that nv did not nNxave any notice 
uutil the supply waa cut off. Ha waa now without water< 



tJW 



I'BESEXT LONrXJN WATER SUPPLY. 



|(U»rri'«] Vj 'L*-. ff.AiT.V.rkV: t(.a* 'i.'fvr'- hwl U«ti « I^akaife iri 
U** jfijyjsr f'/» w«fi* •*».•■ Tf.^'.MiTi^'i'k wti^ wirllvyjuinT^l 

" In %T.'WT */. Mr. Jjt!.'-. tr.<r kfij'ii'Vint •«i'l k*! hmA n'lt 
J**!*! tJ^ n'*- (of •r," '. irri-'t '(rjArVT. Mr. L^w^ r*;inArkM 
ih«t un>-' Om k|ipit':ari' f/^)'] '.L': ni'«ri''y L« 'auM not tr>:t 
wsVrr. K'.'f'ff*: ^': "«i'i h*vi: wa^VrT hr Triu-t pay or t«D4«;r 
th-. r>»>'- 

I'jT « l*r«ka/«: ;r. tt.'- [/II'-^ 'I'lVi'l"; til*! h'lll-*-. 

■' Mr. Ixi.'.. nl't-^ .'fikiur "t iJ.'- •"*'i'iri- in th*- Aft, 
•«i'l. w.'ir'ttiiy ''< »t.'- ai'i-ii" a/i' '^ -tsit'-rn'rut t>i*r <'.'<>inif4riy 
Ij*'J lx.-h«v*yl III » tyr»i>rii'.«l nuiti'i'r. hrjt TiTifi>rtu>uit'-Iy h»r 
wii>iti*tii. 11'; wa* ii'.t ifitirli'! ti> a -iii^ilv '>f w»t<T 
until h': lia'l t/tt'l'-r'r] •h': TH*': i.'n('iriiiii«t>:)y uwit-r 
KTWitii'tr •*9Xum. if tii'f: w«> « liAk*-^:. thi iiiipli':aut H-'fiil'I 
li«»'r bi f-t it rijrht " 

■ Thi* ftMM*! bi tt<it>iiiiir. AU'i'Kr^ W«t(T '>jni[isiiie>, tL*: 

I'niAu: Mri'l t)i" l»nr]'ill 'Vl'ltltJ O'liri'ril] 

I will ii'it in«'ili \'>ii by »p)tifn^ vhat yju vriald think 
tb" (Hit/'mtc "f nil Uiii twnAiW-. wmh : xiiffiic it t'> fay that 
thi- WMUir itiirtjinnH:' ''iii t^t^ii'l a I'lt in'jr'; 'if rucli (jiiibbliiiH' 
fi'iiimnM!. Itiit \fiw aii/iut tfi* p^tr j«'<>()l'; whoan; thi- r>ntl 
■iiffffn-m in th': '-««^ !' if l«ii<lt'ir<lM will tak>; ii[ii>ii ihttii- 
v\vm the 'Aiiln of k'if^iiii|rlh<-M: j>':'i|iIi;'h tittioffa ill HUcL U 
IliniHy 'viTi'liti'iii, aii'l riiniiiiitf tn jinttilnKinu^ Utry^nt 
inxUmA of tfinic tfi n trifi'l, wiumJ, <:»iiiin'in><.-ijM; pnurfical 
plumber fiir lulvif- (itnd I ''Initii thut th'-re ftrc mich. 
mlth'iuKli »•)«>« jcsfjidi: nay nanty wnla atf tut im, hii'-L imi. H 
JOB have It Hoti, wh'tiH ulittJi-iinorr in th<: nof. put tiitn t<i 
eithw the (Jhuii'li tfi \ii:cmi''- m jfarwiii, or tii tht? iiliimltiDK 
tnule ti( rank tt-< ipliimlM.'r !>, I "ly it mitvn htm n;fl)t if Im 
io.*«i fvery teiiwit. [Ala" «»■« Hacknny Iliiyal OmuniiiiUKii 
on Water Supply.] 

HaTitiff rpad thd tuniffiinff i'l'-an of tho wnb/r compauien 
And public, I will now rw^iti: Clauw ■*">3, CJiap, 17, «f tho 
WattTWorkH* Act fur April nm, 1817. ALw twc Vol. I. 
of thin work fur tho Watwwork" Ant. 

Owners op Occupiers entitled to demand a 
Supply of Water for domestic purposes. 

" LIII, Erery owner and oociifnisr rif any dwellinir 
hutiw ur part of dwelling huuHO within th>^ liinita of tliia 
!>tw<'isl M't fball. when ho haa liiid Muh coiiimunicatiou 
piuM iw aforesaid, aud paid r.r tcnileR.-d tho water rat* in 
iwpevt tb»>rt<uf. a'^-urdinff tu tlic pniviHioua of thiit and the 
auMiiid Ai-E. be entitled "to di-mami and nx^-ivo frr.m tlie 
iuidtfrtatlti<n> a wiflk-iwnt supply of waU-r for hia domctitio 

^Kltive the wonla "laid au.h pipCM and oompliod with 
ihia .Vot." 

VIbm "w l"liiua»' 7-. whore it providca for thu tcnaiit» to 
[«iy ih« «Mtrr rwle to thw hotK« owner, who ia reMponfiblu 
:o'iho wster.viupany. . , -, ■ i » i. -^ ■ 

lltrw in rli«w two flauM.><t wl the Watorworka Act it w 
i^-iiMilv itnniiUnl that tU.« inxupier U entitlod to hia nupply 
■I watv. .^vA kttbv luttdliinl lo pay the rate. 

wiMt nr« tlw W»t«r Companlea afraid ofP 

N,^ Wim»m HumfT «>»»» imi«l«J. ou May 2lRt, 1895, 

■iur i«w lwa'»«*»tf liiwwHl :w»*wWy w* the propnetow 

-. Mtv Umm HhUhwa. WMUfWi>rk». There wax a Kood 

.t^hwwr> .,M*.u.»aw».-t 'iiwit.viit. waadw-W 

-r.. ..«Hi.»tM*>«ifW«tvLlM< l..W»»i»».V»iuty Council, that 

... Im4 tutrniwm .«»»* "»lt» ''^'f ''" inwafrr of the 

inihM^ i-t <!«< inMtwvMtMi water i%tiiiuuueti, and 

-.. iAm- iMti i H ^ ^ iw ••« •• • !-»'*'<■ l*" *»" '""^'n ••«««'P\ny- 

•-i inirtTf'miwiiMi iiM — ''vNUtl. vuoniuue, nueu 



it w'.nld (yiD<^ Uf an *itd h<- di-l art kEi^w. ^o! =i ^t skab- 
*im» it wat ij>iit>^ f>-rT>in th.»t tfcrroiE tbie aifOicc -yt the 
C'lan'y '.'omfil th^y wen «'"'" 'f _»■ mnlr-.tei ta a Litr 
amount of ''O't^. it wai! a most '>C'j-^:t^:'C;ib!e pRK«<^im^. 
Th'rT had I'* pay ih* p*ri«hei> ab>itt £io,>» a yT*r in r^tea. 
^t thw would *«* that it WB« a-A all ff^fc tliey ip-t •"it '»( 
w*'*r. Their '■loellent depaiy cLurmxa 'Mr. &T^ilc->i», 
M.I'. I did all h(- r-.>uld to ppotwr tteir int^rv^u ia Parlia- 
merit, and t'> pT*:v^-nt mij>;hic^ l^ir.^ d.-=:<> rh«ra. and he 
'tht; rhairmani hojr^ that thc'T miirht sptt •:-ai •>( it beRer 
than ihfy thought for. The mod-.-n wa» iecoikl«d br Mr. 
E. lt'>Tiln'iiti. 31. P.. the dfputr cLiurmaii. aad iicreed to 
nnanimoiinly without diivuMti'.'D. The diiidend luTinir 
b";*n d'^^r'arcd the me-tine wa* madL' *peci^. wl^n. -jo the 
motion of the chairman, ^^-onded br Mr. Bi.-ulnoi#. a 
r^^-^liition anthori.-iiii; tbe dire<.'t>'ri to raiae £440.000 
d'rVnttire H'lck for the purpose* of the pfff^ysed new worke, 
in auch pxrtionn a<i they thmk fit, was apptored. 

H« Kaid that Ihoy bod lately fixed two new engines and 
Ixiilerx at WiUoDden. They were nesring complMion. and 
he hoped thev would fooh be in working order. Tbe ilin. 
main from »hephenl> fiunh Green to Harrow Rood— a 
KTVat work executed at heSTy coet— had been laid and 
Imaight into uae. Tho oTorhMul syvTem of unloading coal 
at the wrirkit at Hanimentmith had aI«o been oompleted, 
and had fully otfet.-tcd the anticipated lunng in working 
rxpttmi.it. Tbr-y had also entCTed into contracts with 
McxarH. John ^Vird & Son^ for the conKtmction of four 
ft'-raxc roaorvoini, of a total rapacity of 3<M> milhon gallooa, 
•m the land it-contly ar<iuired at Baraon. and giiod |-pigrws 
I )iad already been made with the wor^. and for laying in 
varioiu [larta of the dii'trict (<overal iier\ice maina, tendered 
n'T'fwiary by the increasing uumhiT of houaeti and by the 
f.'xtenwon of tho nyftcm of oonMant xupplr. and it waa 
h<>po<l thoHc maina would be completed and available for 
tlic rc<|uircrai.<ntH of the approaching auomier anpply. A 
contract had alw> been made for the erection of^a triple 
expannion Worthuigton engine at Hampton, to replace the 
litnt remaining Bull engine, and, among other advantages, 
an evoiunuy in fuel would be one of the reaulia of ifaiit 
change. In order to carry out ihoNC new worka additiooal 
capital would be required. The number of new suppliea 
laid on during the half-year was 3^3, makjog a total of 
TK,740. This increane wa« lees than usual, owing to tho 
CXI ojttionally Hcvere and long-continaed froitt during the 
early monthH of tlic year, and this had aliw prevented the 
UHiul progrcM being made with the extenuon of the 
conNtant u])ply, only '2,265 additional houaea having been 
changed from the intcmuttont system. 



Water Companies, the Public and the London 
County Council, together with the Press. 

Copy f nnu tho Kenrtuff/on Xetet : — 

" There in no quention but what there it a joat irritation 
folt at present againitt the companien on aocount of their 
failure to provide water— a failure which is tho sabject of 
a IjfK^al Goveniiiicnt Board enquiry, the first Hitting of 
which wHB held at Wandsworth on the Tueoday " (the 9th 
day of April, 1 R95 — this ie mine) " on which the discuasion 
at the Council took plaoe. On the result of that enqwry 
the price that ought in reason to be paid for tho worlcHV 
th<: Hcveral water companies will to a vei^ large extenl' 
tlopend." (Some people aay .£30,000,000, wtihit others sav 
the cost wUl be £50,000,000. This ia mine.) "The 
Wandsworth consumeni were hoard on Tuesday. They 
had deplorable tales to relate. One of them, who paid £15 % 
in water rate and had u faniily househtdd of nineteen 
peraons, woe whoUr or partly withoat water for aix weeka, 
was told flr>' '*mm his house were fnien, then 

thut the ia wtn frozen, then that the com- 



PRESENT LONI>0N WATEB SUPPLY. 



401 



nunkiiitioti pEpe from tlie nuiin wiw trottia ; mid after gnat 
iroiibt<> &Qd Pijwoeo to the rou-iuiDiT in mrraligftling the 
trtith ti( tlf>w< mnHom nwwrtiuuH. fi>iuiii tht- ■.■'.■lumiiDictttioii 
[lipn tvux*m <jii the <'r>in|Ktiiy*ii miIii of thn iit"i|»-«:ii«k cuiinwilM 
iritb hilt hou«>. The uiaiti wiw ditir. bui do BiAiid-pi|>e 
WB« pat up. Anotlit^r wu watertMH for ivfvm yri«]iit, and 
the auitn wan Ittm thnn ■ tntA and ■ hnlf hrlow tht^ iiirfiii-iv 
Anothnr had no wtttor for five vret-kn. niul th« c'niiimuy'n 
piprw had biirvt in frf-rcral placcw. It is nnJif foir t" iiHd 
that iho water cumpuDy ha* Mill to bn lii^itnl, and that 
Asm attd other witamM haT6 not jnt bM:n rntfin <^xaminM. 
On Hie other aide it ia to be obterved that n comcnlion hiu 
been raiard that the dnnpanM an iTB]H>iiml>lt^ ticit 'inly (nr 
the BuiDS, but aloe (c>cni(rary tu the (f^iKnt iui!J[v:<i>iup) (or 
tttt Catalan nication pip«fl laid bv or uii brhalf of ib'^ 
owtirrs; Ijitjuuw " (Ihrre it in Uiil ilnwii in tin* Art oi 
1871, Ihikt ttii' iwnipaiiivi' hnvo lu »■.■•■, awl tht-y ^hunld, 
thai orcry pipe iaid for the rouvi'yanoo of i>r in t.'oiiu"vt[oii 
with wat«r nupplicd by thf compon^ nhidi, whim Inid in 
opra rruund, be laid at tisixt L'fL flin. bi.'low thi- Rurfim-. 
and MOall Iq pveoy «ipoH>d situntum lx> iiri>)>-' ti.il :>uaiii»' 
UMelTttet of fruM. Sro Nc 10. t*\it^ 271. v<'l. I i "tui-timi 
2t of tlie watt^r mmpanivM' rr-cntUtionn. pvoMt) in 1!>7'J. U^h 
It down that thi'j uru biinltn/ tipcin nil jni'ti'^i, nud tho 
OonipanioH arr tho prinoipnl parlin n>iic>'rit'><t. Whrl)ic-r 
this vonat met idiL o( the n'jfulntimf* ii tit;uU)- iic-iirnt* w* 
an tumble to bbjt. The <|iiGHtiuii i:ould bi' d^it'idixL only by 
a Cbun of Law, Tf tbr ut'impanifx aiv jrriiitlT mxfvtiwilbLi; 
with the owners and Ihnw whii n<;l iiiiiler tJiciii for tho 
OOniniUlticatinn niixa bcio); I.iid 'iitt. tu'low tlm nurfnrn in 
opan fcnmiid anil wiRit pn-iifTly pwltt^twl iiKuiuHi fro*i iu 
expooed fiittiatious, thi^ nvrnera would, indeed, have no 
ri|^t ot action ft^unal tho coni|nmi'». Bat the Inltcr 
rould not i-tpi>i:t to raontvv Iha aainp ■iini fur maiiiK which 
w«rv, llinnigb ihi-lr uwd fault, imjiruiRTly uouikc ti.il with 
tha donMrtic an^'ico pipee, as thoy w.iidd reocivc (or maiiLs 
IbfteOBDOi'iiiiiw (tf vrhioh IkkI Ihm-ti |irii[irrly timkivl iiftiY. 
The case uf tlit' inaiiua (hptiiH>lvf> in .if a much muff M-'iiuuit 
oharacrlrr. Wticm (huT hnvv Ikhiii Impropcilv laid at too 
MuuU 8 di^iih, thi'V will hiivi- to Ik> biid over OKvin, and 
thiaoitg'hl lo lv> iDHisto'l oii u'tn'thtr thr^ <:oinpantn4 an nr 
aw not liiiiijfht <mC hy thp ('ouiii.il. Any freneral ordtrt 
ouinpL'lttii); llii- rt-]«_viiiit of ihn nuuTiB would thniw im 
tlirrir piwiujw(>r», wliimvi.-i Ibi.'t Miii;Ll bw, im eaonuoim 
axpeuK', Hud would ab^i raiu:' qitratiotiJi wilh virtrii-^ whi'-h 
had altt-ird thp level of Uie iMiidn «i iw to liriiijj the iiiuht- 
lying wiitci' mniiiK iii^in:r ihi- ourfau* (ban Lho pniwrrib^l 
'M. Sin. An uur ctMitenipomry Lombm trnnrku, tli« 
priDripal nucta which tlit> ruinpaiiK-ii haru to aoll to the 
CounMr Comril conoista of ih" network of miutis and pi^it 
•pnwdlhmilf^ciit I/Midon. Thi- nwilt nf lite prawnt iit- 
TcatiKalioua may tht-refon.- lunLt-rially affivt tha prior) whJL-h 
will l« paid fur thf tiTidortakin||p>, Tin; other aa«vU aro 
the work^ by wHob the winter i» euUoctvd, filtond, and 



bKnugltt to the metropolis. In tnUntr tbeae ever, howerer, 
tbo mligalioo of pn>v-i<UD^ ii pro|ior xnpply fnr the tBcroas- 
iB(r area and ptpulatUvn of [>^>udoTi wouid aUi bi> a.«nuued : 
Bud Ihnt. of L-uunr, i'»iiK>M the (jueklion whal in the viilnn of 
lhpM> wiirl(«, RfA. ocxixidcn*'! ax mpri} crmHtriU'tiim*, but 
n-^tfaTdvd aH hurduiwd with ihc; ul»jvv oblimliuu, whit^ 
may, aiid alm^uMerUinly will, iiiTulrc the oxpoixlitureof 
Ltr^fT addition 1 1 4iini~ \r> tap and utiliM' ndditiiiiiiil ammea 
iif Biipply. Hhnn'b')idi'ni fp'nj vote* lit tbtir uiiniial or 
bientualmeetiii^r-. They arc oonaeqaently n-^ponsible for 
the acta of the dicectom vhan they eiipport In t^wt; 
iinb-TW. imlftil, the- dircctora am guiit* of fraud. Whfr«> 
thi^y bnne iLrxjuiencHl tu uuuun bdiuLf iUi'^lly laid, or bavci 
absorbed thfiroapitalin lir^e dividends whenj it ought t" 
have bMn iMod in obtAinlng additional suppUi^, thr^j- may 
titid little more awarded tii them than wbiit thry may 
CAttmiilDr to be a merely nominal amount," 



How to Deal with the London Water Question. 

If I wcpp adced (which is not Ulioly) Ihe In'-tl ihina to do 
with rofjfard 1,o thn mipply nf wiit/ir for Loudtiii. X Bhould 
oettaitdy 8ay. lake the Imll by its homn, and valini the 
whab> wat(-r RompuiiitBi' griod workable plant, li-aviiift nut 
ihe old iLtid uirit to iuvIom matiTiul, whether il Iv oniriiiea, 
Ixnietv. roaerroirR, fillarbeda, piiiM. valriw .t orhirr niock. 
Then, aft^er a fair valuation, and tu ^rrxul fiiith lo tlw' cuu< 
[Hi:iif« fur ihcir I('p;iLimiit('ri|ihts, whinli, iboiilil they rafnae 
|(t iMxvpt, set to vfoj-k (irbilHC wurk i* rt' r(Ty ovarm and 
nivn atarving for want of it), and bnnff quite an indc- 
ponduit and mnAtant ^npply of puro water for dieieliu 
pur|XKiis, and abai whiUt ninTgitiK the miLin*, nnd lo itaro 
two (fmiiuil iiiN'tiliiK". II Hiitijity of M-U'WiiiHr f'lr niiid wni«r- 
mil Hnd luUh*, with propenyeunatmctod miiu prjieis luarkrd 
to dliftlnu'ihili nnii front the other an'l niiininK •nw by lide ; 
wliii'ti I Hin i.'prlniu ouiild lie dtin'- at ItiiiK ami. for ntu 
iini> hiindml ycuirs U> roine tluin ahilly-shallying abont. I 
K|H>ke of briii^ritiK a mm- water nupply to [jondvn fur mid 
waterings, batJiH, &€>., And would urg^ that this be done, for 
thi^ri! ia iKi dtnibt the waler-carta in iMiniu parta uf Louduu 
tm- :i rani uiiuiuiil of wnlt'r— niom thnii is <>vim dreamt of, 
even Ity the «'iH*rwork?i coinpauies' jx^ople tlkaOKli'eai #or 
what witli the wood pHTetnont wopbintT "id pnatfrdjr road 
switliiiif duriiifc the tii^Iit, and tho rnortnnii* amount of 
waale attended, wbifli runa down tin- M>it*erH, is mn* 
ndembly more in thta port of the piirinh of Kviinng't^in 
tlian the a^piily to all thn hou«tw put topotber in the 
nei^hbourfaoud. the wij-id pavenif'iil ^A\\^ aiitiiAlly Awltlrd 
down nif^tly, I alioiild rrrvinini.'iiil thu water riwuinuiieo 
to all anudKainati? in thi^ uiidirttakm^, and the }<ib pciiild bo 
done in no iime, aa you have only kuI to gu down tu about 
the Xiire for tho aupply. 



LONDON WATER SUPPLY OF 1895. 



* encnnoiui aupply of water required for thiH gigantic 
town is beyond o(>nci.'pt]oti : in fiict. it tin- xuiiplir* of all the 
■uurcra wera brought together afler filtration It would 
fonii a majftUfioent river. 

Tmi han aacn bow the nuibhlln^ haa iHH-n gninjr on with 
he pnbliOi tho pma, and the wnlur comuttuic*, but np to 
'the pTMent it ha* lintn nn rx fnirtr affiiir. for the watj.>r 
(vnnpiiniea will not ahow tluir h.-iuila until thv tune whrn 
tnuip* lira wanted, and I for my ]mrt, aa u totally 
dhdniereHted perwm, commend them for «o doing, capocaaUy 
•ftffit the Beat IdJiidou livinj; rvfui<tKl tlio gtnut of money 



whii^h vtuf tame little time ago naked ftir and rctiuirTd trt 
extend thnir stjiragn boda. I aball now pIs'W before my 
tmdera table«, im,, idiu^riiiK what Ihe Wiiter io:npanicBD( 
I>mdon are doittg. together with biblea ahuwlng Ut« purltjr 
of their water, both from a cheniioal an! b^icteriologlcnl 
point of virw, and Icare thn matlrr nntirely in th4 hamla 
of my r«jutera, aa I, in wntiuu Ibla woTii, ahoitld'atil 
eiprvw tiNi RtroiiR ii view on either ndc. lieoaoae there 
will bo no uhaneo to reply, Nhould 1 hit cither tiAn maf« 
than ther may like. ^Uao aee Londoa Wattir Saimly 
from WalcM, Eiuit LondonandHaoknef Water Iuquir>',a:c. 



49S 



PRESENT LONDON WATER SUPPLY. 



We will now see something about what this water qnestion means to London, aad as the East London is now 
unquestioDablf the greatest provider, we will take that flrat in order. 

LONDON WATER COMPANIES" DAILY SUPPLY TABLE. 



East Loxdon. Filten, 33} Acres. Reservoir Storage 6I6,CO0,OOO galls., for IS'l days. 



Year. 


Dally average 

Supply 111 

gaHoDi. 


Avenge 
Fopulatlon 
■uppUed. 


Average 
number of 

Hoiuea 
•npplled. 


AveragB 
Supply In 

galls, 
per head. 


Domeatic supply 
only. 

^/ aupplled 
HO"-*- afZe. 


Average Daily Supply, 
for Domeatlc and other Furpcses. 

M*™"*. ^ Month. B^^ 


Houtei 

with 
Conitant 
Supply. 


1381 
183S 
18B9 
1893 


34,643,618 
33,992,621 
38,102,747 
40,866,2-28 


899,671 
1,026,034 
1.106,440 
1,166,316 


128,722 
149,816 
166,139 
176,034 


38 -,39 
33-16 
34-47 
36-06 


Calls. 
186 


OaUs. 
6-62 


1 
January 


GaUs. 
41-33 


October 


Galls. 
31-97 


176,106 


Kew Siveb. FOters, 16J Arres Reservoir Storage 168,100,000 galls., only for 4-8 days. 




1881 
1885 
1889 
1893 


28,916,609 
28,732,692 
31,066,627 
37,345,800 


1,008,392 
1,071,871 
1,113,911 
1,135,950 


133,997 
144,613 
162,607 
156,683 


28-67 
26-80 
27-88 
32-88 


190 


7-25 


Jane 


37-57 


Deo. 


28-26 


91,977 


SouTBWABK AiTD Vaitxhall. Filters, 26J Acres. Reservoir Storage 40,000,000 galls., for 1-7 days 




1881 
188A 
1R89 
1893 


21,634,142 
21,000,616 
21,940,486 
28,371,130 


668,664 
717,286 
761,862 
775,467 


94.274 
104,378 
111,156 
116,569 


32-84 
29-28 
29-18 
36-58 


196 6-71 


August 


!0 13 


Feb. 


33-25 


99,443 


Lahbeth. Filters, 12 Acres. Reservoir Storage 128,000,000 galls., for 6-4 diiy s. 




1881 
188£ 
1889 
1893 


17,646,470 
16,739.174 
17,200,187 
21,213,016 


460,526 
623,862 
664,739 
604,160 


97,603 
80,692 
89,301 
96,819 


39 16 
41-96 
30-46 
36-11 


176 


6-24 Juno 


39-71 


Nov. 


31-96 


59,887 


Orahd JuKcnoiT. 


Filters, 17} Acres. Reservoir Storage 64,600,000 galls, for 3-5 days. 




1881 
1886 
1889 
1893 


12,924,641 
15,225,165 
17,019,759 
18,771,164 


312,416 
343,314 
363,218 
380,363 


44,499 
61,466 
55,604 
68,698 


42-74 
44-36 
46-86 
49-36 


266 


6-43 


July 


53-43 


Haroh 


<3-99 


68,771 


■West Hiddzeskx. 


Filters, 16 Acres. Reservoir Storage 117,600,000 galls., for 6-7 days. 




1881 
1886 
1889 
1B03 


11,528,836 
41,067,552 
16,318,688 
18,716,776 


449,447 
507,127 
637,385 
667,536 


67,589 
66,378 
71,843 
76,964 


25-65 
27-74 
28-44 
32-98 


195 


7-40 


Jane 


36-82 


Feb. 


30-60 


43,628 




Ebnt. Fumpa direct from Wells into Uains only. 




1881 
1886 
1889 
1893 


8,224,860 
10,131,539 
11,119,021 
14,393,701 


327,988 
392,202 
436,041 
474,967 


63,272 
64,401 
72,312 
79,151 


26-07 
25-83 
26 50 
30-30 


145 


6-00 


June 


33-57 


Deo. 


27-59 


66,638 


Grsuba. Ell 


ters, 6} Acres. Reservoir Storage 140,000,000 galls., for 14-7 days. 




1881 
1886 
1889 
1893 


8,403,062 

9,258,784 

8,723,841 

10,366,564 


234.627 
262,118 
259,660 
269,883 


30,801 
33,571 
35.027 
36,669 


36-83 
36-72 
39-61 
38-40 


226 


7-36 


June 


42-74 


Feb. 


36-99 


18,757 




Totals, showing the increases from 1881 to 1893. 




1881 


143,821,037 
149,148,043 
160,480,266 
191,U33.379 


4,331,619 
4,832,803 
6,132,136 
5,373,650 


610,759 
695,304 
752,788 
796,317 


33-20 
86-30 
31-27 
36-36 


General 
191 


Average. 
6-76 













PHKBENT LONDON WATER SUPPLY. 



408 



Different BoiirvaB of vatm- Bupply to Lmdon for tlie 
jttt ndmg 1893 : — 

OMlom. 

rh«jiMw 3;.76s.:m7.a;« 

Lem 19,115Jft9,U8 

Spring* uid W*1U 13,4<4.346,7ai* 

Fuada 63,4A0,I8&* 



PnJiHirtiun 
|»r ccDt. 

17-94 
•06 



60, 3B:, 183.746 



Tbe pDpalstion of hoodoa. ftpitroxim&tdr, wliich Uio 
(ngtt wnMr corapnuiva an wiDp<lU>d to eappVi 1^'3 : — 



Kmi-dnniMtic. 



K«et London 

Ni"w Rivrr 

Suuthwarli aod Vanxhvll 

Lambeth 

Wuit MiddlfHX. 

Ktfnt 

Grfttid JnactHm 

ClittUu 



1.1T4.447 

l.lll.DUO 
778.9 1« 

eio.sos 

671.2.1; 
480.3fiO 

27 0,973 



APPROXIMATE WATER SUPPLY. &o., TO FOUR LARGE TOWNS. 



Dsiljr KnpplT, Gull«. 
InfajftbibuiU... 

TiOUMV 

Polie«nMn 

FlnMiifin 



I 



Rfiiiifi 


Udi4oa. 


Fitffa. 


How Ytirk- 


200.0WO.0OO 


I9U,0S3,979 


1,000,000 


I90.00l).0<)a 


670 fpillB. tach livnd per day. 


A,3;3,6A0 


2,-l0U,O0O 


2,0W),0(I() 




£00,000 


90,000 


ita.ftoo 




14,000 


8,000 


a, 800 




1,000 


l.flOO 


1,100 




75,00fl 


18,000 


24,000 



r. 



Apnaxiniitc iret^r eupplj' to onallcr toma per ohIi pBimri : UnncUlU!, fiO galk. ; Cbiuoga, Sydney, and Boflala, 
~ ; llanbarg, 13. 



Drinking Water. 



Ti> ttiiiw wliii an- nt>t A-itisftpd with the wbUo- we pet 
fur LiMulun ut tliv prvHciii time, \vt llicni K" Ui Witlm or 
to the Lnko dintrifit, Miy Wiudpnni'ri-, or oThi^r hwJi tiIiuvh 
for * nmml kiipply uf ilrinkin^ wnUr. Thin wnuld lie 
M>Ine1^iElK tike u. suiiply HIcL-ly lo Iniit, hiuI cquUL muijii 
bv d»ni>, HOW work is alack. 

TliL' WBtvr deliTvrcd br tho right t)rind|Ml compHiioi 
In LuBdon la a|t|wllln|if tn the imltiitutctd; In fiirt, tfao 
■lOCKint i« bcjuiid tijiiucplion . tlii> tulal aliiiijr httppty hciiiK 
190,^33,379 Kiillua>, fur tlir daily i-niiaiiTn|Ki(in uf 5.37.). fiSO 
or khvw 3S' J6 (sUoiui per bnd. And 'i3& tnillinui per houiu.', 
all of which water u deTirod from the Thnmes, tfao Lea, 
tb« Lea Valley, Uw cliulk fr)nn«li<wi wolln. fttid tlw I'had- 
wpll Spniij^ uut cuuutinK Ibu Punda lit Hampatcad and 
HighKato, which, rowhly qtenking, wcnild amciugt to 
'Ziv.tii (pUloau mora for \ht twaQty-fonr houm; an thai 
you nay form aoine rasual ilea of the yearly amount 
jNiniiwd 1>T, I wou't My the lln>t. wroiid, uor thiril, but 
will takfi tlir fuiirth compaoy'H n-tnm* fiir it, tlia Lamlwth, 
whoM retsmi may be iLrririid at. 

AtBOfAitiK to my tahtt for 1893. which ia quito an 
ineonoaiVBhbi mimoin', 1 will ptit it iaUi a kind nf rirrr 
lOft. al<to aud 3ft. deep. Hvn wv mt a aanal uf drink- 
tag walcr 8.DH0 mUna long, auouer aluoBt incredible 
I«ninb. 

The New Rivar taken u fairRv ([uaiitily frum the Chad- 
waP Kpriotfa. Ttey have alao frwin twflvo to Rltrrn 
artaaian wdlii o( vanoaa nxea, raryinff fr<>'n alvxil IJiii. 
to Z4tn. boTV, all on tbo north eiclo of London. Tbe Eaet 
Londou Conpaoy baa four wclln. TI10 Kent about n 
dojten. 11»> SouUiaark nod Vauxball, Utn Woat HiddlcM-i 
and Oiaiid JoiMtioti draw their waUT from th(> Thiiniiw nl 
Plampuni, whilst tbo Lambeth and Chr)iH'B dmnr nt Wi^t 
Holawy. and tiu! Kant Li^ndon from Bunbury and the 
Birer Lea. 

Tho Thames ha* nn trm of about 3, JOO pqnain mile* of 
wahT-bcaring utraia, whctv raJu wator can fait upon the 
MTth bo a.>Mliit in !>Mppl,mfr ihr Tbaaea abova Tedcunffton 
Ukoka. w1iU>t the Rtvcf Lea, above thi? highei>t point of tlift 
East London Watcraurka' intaki.-, haa only about £UU 
•quanmilee. 



Rain Clouda, How Formod. 



Gmcrnlly, rold windit bluvrin^ afrninitt warm morintaina, 
or warm moist lur. The niui»ture oontaiiuid in thii warm air 
i» iiiiiiiediatitly <x>ndonii«I, firat inio a tiloud, tbco Into rain. 
At Table Day and T»blv Mountuiu may bo soon a good 
illuftriiiion of thi*. Wheii the Bonth-anAt wind Wnwn nvcr 
llie mountain. It oom^ to tbo edge of tbe i^Iilf. whtrv it 
mi.ttn tbe warm niout air that in conntantly Hung from 
the buy. Hnre in dii>oiii(«.d » pooattiot aupply of nearly 
pure water, ■which not only i-upiilica tbo 4.').O0U inhabilanta, 
but alao niuocvooB vefwla wbnh put in there for w«t«r. 
There, aometiinaa, tJw rloutlo nrv no heavy Ibut the lop 
of tbe mountain cannot be ncfa; this 19' known n» tbe 
"■prvading of tho table oIoUi," and iJiuu look out for 
baa weather. 



Water and lc« formed In Cavee and Caverns, 

Not fur from Orenburg, Riu<>ia. the extcronl aunum-r 
air ia niL-t with at 90' in thn «hivd«>, but tbo cavea an» ao 
inteoaely cold that their roofa hotiir willi idcica, wfaieh 
drip nlniiiat pure water on the flour, and afraio frwzo. 
But in the winter the 'urtu (liiuipprani. Dud the people 
Ibf-n UvD comfarttkhly wit bin thnw cavcrna. VAiy 
ia thif^.'l BtrriLiuw th<i rnc.'a ncr^ir nt the butlom of tM 
h>ll<x^k fi)mit'tl I'f (^-imuio, whrrv iho cvaporatiun pndaMB 
raid, and this oypeiun hill is travenxvl by ainnnaiM 
ohannclA eontainmg moiaturr, nnd in tbe auumer Ibaa 
cnrrvnta of air ruabing tlinitigb tlin i-aritira evaporate 
the water, which beoomn colder. 

Here the denally of tbe water ia iscrcuert and ainbi 
luwor and lower, and the moro it dceoondi the colder il 
t>eoamee, and when the bottom of tbe oa<n> ia musbrd it 
ia cold unouf^b to fr«px«, and tho bnltm- Iho externitl vir 
tfaa colder will bt> th« I'sve. Why? Stmplv because the 
e^aporntiuii ia moro npid or Intenae, In the win1«r 
aeason the at^llon miiat hn tfao rererM-. Similar ice cana 
may Ikn found in nuiny ulher ]i«rta, eapecially in 
Switzerland. 



40t 



rRKSENT liONDON 



SUPPLY. 



Rain Statistics. 

Having bmh tlui number of i^uiuv inDcs of oartli to give 
or to wwixt t1i« Kiipplj of tbA ThameB, w« will mo About 
vihat iiuntiliU' ni water nc ftlinulil hn iihl« to frnt fCT yoftr 
at the faWfimng cnlviilktionit. An inoli at rain falliii|[ on a 
nrfBoo of oa« Hquara mile vDl k>'o yo'^ 16,000.000 gitlknti 
of water, and asrou hiirc 3,&00iwiuun>inil«-stoai«iat ur (or 
ibe Buppiv to the Th»nii>3, you hfre get fi 5,000,00 O.OOU 
gullnn^ voich on bpiUK iiiultip]i>>d hj '22, tlic livi*t niuiblc 
■vcn(^ anoimt of nunfiill, wo nrriro nt tlut planning 
anomt of l^32,0Ol).O0i),000 fcaUons tor the Tbamw alone. 
Tittn you have the I>?a, whose ititoke area ii flOO aquiiRi 
nul«i; tttiK irill prodiiM nnothi^ US, 000,000,000 gaUouii, 
nod tio two toiwtlivt- briuKs wp the very rMpcctablie sum 
of l,40ei,QOO,OUU,0OU gallom [tmc thvumud four himdiT<d 
and ej^ht trillion gaUoaii), and taking a aquare mile at Ihi. 
d«ep to wmich 140,200.000 ponndn. equal bs 72,200 
tonii, wtiioh multipli«d hytfap 4.0:t0 M|DArr! miW vqtudN 
288,000, OOO ton", and aKnin luultivlltxl by thi> Tiin. (tbe 
d«ntb of water for the year), wv got 0.33d,<)OO,DOO toni) (six 
ttuliooe tbi-M hanilml and tliLrtr-nix nitllion« of Uini>). 
But 700 tnii<rt not fxptfol to get this aianniu^ amount of 
w«t«r iutu llie riv«n, aa a [in>p«r alluwanoo mnat ba mad* 
for eTaTKirstion , which is ozplaiiwd iu another part of my 
writinga [refer tj>jiage86a), vhtow I liaTc said ilw eTapom- 
tKm in nqua] U> tbc rainfall on a /rf* aurfoM, but na thew 
lAnd« draw the Wil«ir, nnd amiiitcd hy ftruvitation, bt^low tlu- 
vurfaDC>, it roinaiuii u« Iijinii"r tn^, nwing to the jnroMt^v (if 
the gmondi whea 70a get in time abt/iit Uirvr-fvurtlui into 
jour river. 

Tha mean daily flow down tlwt TbanuM in tho dn««t 
■•■Mtw at Tcddinictun Wutr b about SOO million xiilloaa, 
aad Iho (inantltrabatractad duly br tho motropolitun water 
companim can bo seen by the Tahltw, but ttio masitDum 
(luautitv which lh<-»o wat*!r (JMniiiiuit-B are iiJlowod to Ifikc 
by the Thuniv* Ciw»erv,inoy peoplo, *o., in the twtmty-four 
boun ii 130 niilli'-ii gnlloim. 

Now, mippfiHiuir wi' nhoiitd have, Hay, six nflstha' dry 
wMther, vii., withuut any r»iu. a casual obncrvcir iranid 
my thi'n a wat<'r fammo wnxild bv tho rmult ; bat thia ia 
Dotao, for the fullowinir ruwon. You hav« already wen 
that we hav« 3, .^01) nquare miles abore tlie ThaniM where 
rain water fall* : now thix watrr pcD^tnLt^vi on what ta 
known ax ptirmvablr foruialiun-i, whtuh foundatioo or 
bottom it clayt or otlior imT'C'riionf^ inatcrinl, and tUp drUai- 
tioa t4 tlie water by the <^n\i^n^ uf chalk rvatliifr «bove acta 
na an cnomoua ntVAr-failiiij; rrHon'olr, whirh oolitoa, 
ric, chalk, aand, and nvTel, roeeire the wator middlin).* 
raptdlv, but yinlda it lUowly to the bnnkH and buttuiu ul 
the rivvr, and Ihus thoujfh we maybe raooth* wiDmut rain, 
\hti liver Htill Aowh ; and indeed it ia only when theiw oulitti 
bed* are fnlly rhnrirwi, or bring fhargw tno rapidly, thai 
we nro tmublnl wiOi fluiHbi, imdljitioe greater impurities 
of tho wnU-r afttr floode xliiin ginicnUly. 

The trihatnry Htnuuaa in the Kravid, Mt»d, iiud chalk 
<li«tn(it aro almoitt nnknoa-n to tlie ordinary reader, but 
fonn an importaal item Id tho Thairti^ wut^r Hnpplv. 

yow the gmt taUdnir or twa<ldlin)C ijuiHliim a'lout the 
water rompanic of to>day {leaving out i^asualtJee of frost, 
ovL'T7L\iiiti[lniii'(^ of sowa^n', and nuch-like. tho latter of 
wliirli will ^x' IrimtM hereafter) by th» nvitafu- wnnld-bc 
ln<.'oD]e i*. Should wv have an fxiv-ptiuiiallj dry sununer, 
where arc wo to gvt our water from ? But this is really 
not tliP quertion, and it in a subjwt whirti I* not, ercn hy 
MMn« of nty felliiw wurknii'n, whii nhoulil know biHter, 
ffcuerally luideratood. The real qiiettttoii is n mattpr of 
etotagfi, and proper and adequate pumpiug inHirhiti>T>', 
with the jdumbtnff trndn to uutiiit in iriviiiK atttiiiion and 
reotifyioK' b" uumii? wik^tr (the phmibor* 1 nin WAn-anti>fl 
in saying nould anve fully Dne-eigUtb tln> daily «iiiply), and 
tlw FatCT companiM to ainaltfnualit and at oiiov mn about tu 



bTiu){ uasea^water fram tho Norn for our wtreeta and baths. 
Thin is what I wkh to aec. 
Water storage, as before md, forms a moM inporlant 

Earb in the mpply to I^mdon. not only for drr Rumnfffv, 
nt also during frejieti or Manny t*.-asoD*, for you nnuri 
know that the tino of takiiw water into tho Trmnoin 
•houhl be when U k in good cooditiou, vis., brif^ht and 
rloan, of whioh we otily g«t on the avem^ 'iW days, and 
iiboin annthrr 50 day* moderately disM)nqrc<d, and the rtat 
of llip yiiLT, \it.. C5 daj-n, in, 011 lh« avtfrage, elwptiunaliv 
tnrbid and muddy ; and. It must be remcoberra, that if 
you take water in on th«e mnddy ■nmnii, that your filter 
beds and cbemlool inqairitlea will oe In sooordanc^. 

Pcrhap4 it has not oocnrred to you to eiamini* my 
LiMidon W'atrr Omupaniso' Supply Table fur Ihv- anxiunt of 
slarage. Tliere yrni will mo the Eart London with thiit 
ftlS million gallona, whilat the New Uiver, whif:h is nearly 
mt lanre, han- vrry litth* morr thun one iinarter. IVnc, the 
New lliTor do not de]M>iid u^mn Oiif Tlintue*; but ihey can- 
not (luwilbrmt thc'Rire]- Lea water, which tht.>y ffi-t from the 
river near W'nn^, in Hertfordshire, and nnivey by a canal, 
or init, into Sir Hugh Uyddoltuii'a roundalmul canal known 
a« Ihfi Now Kiver, and into whiih the Oiddwan 9pring> 
and a lot of the artnaan wells' water mt mixevl uit lieiaTe 
thflv TVBch London. The other romiwnics an amllady 
aitnatrd, e»MTrtiii« the Kent, which. I siiiwosc, arebe*(er 
oS than all tliL' iiUicra, av Ihry talco theim firathand fma 
the d)alk beds, the reiy life ot the London waler-besiing 
Klratu. 

Theae amut miiitt not \tr roruadeiod a« the only shvds 
Thicb tbeso water toiiiiinnitH ImTi-, lor they have amongst 
thaoi fully firn hiirilrnf iK-roa of dnpoMt rrMTroim, btMOHi 
a quantity of othiT rc^irvwint (uU yf filtfrvd water, below 
II14 filtering medium. For inatanee. though I have givto 
Ijunbeth credit for having twelve acres of iUtere, ft mu>t 
not be oonsidend that thin rr^roMnta by any means the 
extent of their filters, ur the 128 mtllknt gallons to be the 
outaide limit of their supply, for theao people (and many 
others in proportion] have HftJ sfi*. of miMiamce reeervoirf 
and 31 acres of filler beds at Thnines Ditton. Tbey take 
20 railUon ^Ilotia of water per day frrnn ihn Tliameo al 
West Moleeey, where they have two leeerroim buldiuK I2i 
mOUoii gallons. At thia ptaoe, Weet Ifolese^, the water is 
(wnaidPTrtl to hi* very^ood, from where it rune to the 
filter hed» at Thame* IKtton, by gravitation, and pasaen 
thran feet of coante gravel, one foot of sbeUs, aod three 
feet of sand. They have, nt this latter tiIboo, engines 
amonnting to 2,^20 bortMspower, eaneMe a pmnning 30 
milUnti gnltona of water per day, at Uw expeuse of 30,000 
Ion* of coal i)nr year. 

We have seen that they can pomp 30 milUon radkuut is ■ 
Kingle day, and when It ia nndentood that the London 
dally average water aupply is near enongb for ?00 nullion 
gallon*, and that this wtnJd till u rrnHrvoir 50ft, Wide, 
IQfl. dnnp, and aver twelve ndka 1oq|c. It is eomethtnc 
to think about, motv Mpocially when one calln into wind 
the fact that this water u distributed thiMUgh J,(HH) luQen 
nf mnina, varj-ing in aixe fnini .'tin. tn ISin. iu dianivter, 
ami that tliua' arc 1,331 miles of otneta under the oonsLant 
supply, or 'i pnr eont. ot the h'>uiv«, atwl that thcvie wat«r 
oompanire' di«trictA extend fmcn SunlMirrou llti' wmt ol 
Loiiaun to Qmmhithe nn the eaxt, and fmrn I.ViyTlmi 011 
the Kiuth to Waltliain Abbvy un the north, thv ana of 
which oontains at least between Ave and idx aiilUosa of 
people, besldea ItiuidRidH of thooeanda of honoe nnd eutU«. 
Averagdy speaHnj^, we get M per ernl. of thn water from 
thn ThamnF, 30pOT('*'ut. from the River Lea, and IS per 
(V-rii. fr»m well" and springs; but if fhia b wannd 
aoL'urately eutiitidl my table. Roughly speakinB'. it tt 
gmirnilly understood, and tic one un earth, r ■" 

ntiind with the water oompanies, can tell d«.< 
thirty-two guUinu of wator pvr day it uwd bgr cse* 



1 



PRESENT LONDON WATKR SUPPLY. 



496 



P 



in KWl About Loodon, and I Tory much qnmtion wbfitli£r 
twmitf ((allanfi uv UyiliumUt^ nitA b}" eo^b pnrwm, And if 
onopanl, on tlit> ^verafcD, per ncli ]ivmau in cwruuiuud in an 
naboikd oondilloii for dtiuldnK pnfpo«v«, this leRrw a 
blf luAT^, fur biibii, wbicb uu-y lie vaCely takon at not 
mora Ifaui toil ^1^ bathx to vren bnndmd hoiuee, to tfa» 
pTn*t aluuno uixl diftgnuw of the Loii'lix) builtLcr*. 

It will DOW bo tinia tii caaniiiw where tJin Riutl London 
get tlicit rarii/tu itupi lie* bvm. I have nid tltat tb^ it«t 
iL ■iipply irtan tbo Riv^ L?ii ; wdl. thia iit oIdsc to Cbing- 
focd Hu). TbtwnkT thru |fritvitAli'f< iiiU> immrnncMrttUufc 
t«alt»,ha»iti({nc9tpiu!ity ufmiii- uiiUii'ii >riillijii!i. Tiiry haw 
kI» obaUt wellit At ('htnKfnnI, WnltlukinKU'ir, Wahham 
Abbey, Lea BridjuTo, and ali") tuko i<iu million khUodi' |K-r 
day f roiD tb« Tbiuni'M al Sunbury. 

FLUCTtJATIOK OF THE LKA. 

I dom't wonder thst the Kwt Lmdnn Water Works 
Uanipanj ntittght tJte Tlianiei iw h taore n-linblu mmroa far 
tboir Btipi'ly, <''>ii''"l'-'riug ihe ermtii? (Iciw of the Lm: for 
wbatdo we &id in the tublvi' lu JaRuary, tborw is 190 
niillitm gftlloni nmnin^ ; La Fobruary. 280 iiUUion gallons : 
wfajlut in Hophnnber, tbe Unvo when, must waatod, it Ik 
down to -'lO miltinin gallons, and n in>-nn arrrn;ff! of ntNiiit 
109 millioii gAlluDB : so tbat if tlio Now Kiirer «bou1d tiikv, 
we will Niy, I Q million ^Ioua ii day. and the East London, 
wfaicb they want now. 10 million, lii-ro i» thn whole of the 
water far tho St>pti-tntHTr nonih i iind thi* umtiaivs a vrrr 
prave ptnnt, and <n>o wK[i::b kIiokIiI I>b nt onne reotifi«d by 
frc«b rrontd of oa^li for now and cupacriouN Htonign tobot- 
voita, by book or by m>ok. <iW mU or tea-utter/^ nad 
•PobirfiM. ni* u iAb tkin<j Hi 40. It hiui bccn Hftid. and by 
Tory bi^rb anthorilv. that thn Nrw Ritc.t luii Kant Ijondou 
Walrr Co(uiHiniL*-s t» »ti|)ply Ihi^ir diitriciu in lh« four 
raor«asin djieat moolba, reciuirv as much a* 86 milliou 
Ifallotw daUy, wbicb smuium a very Ncn^nw rupcct, oon- 
aiderlDR thnt thcixi nm'JjmillUMts ut ptiople ill tli«9 Kftxt and 
Korth of Lundun whiuh should be suppli^ from the hem 
and the water stored in the uoidirgruutu rwHsrvuiis. 

RIVEK LtA LOCKS. 

It mufit be mniAmbend that the vat«r eompoaies cannat 
expect to have all Ibis avnilahlr wnU^r. as Ote Lcs Con- 
moj poopln rMuira 'Ik tuilliiius ot >inlliiii!i daily tu work 
'loua duriujr July, August, and Septvmbttr. 

Natural Re«ei*volra and Filtration. 

Tha Thames Valley b a componition ar>d oaarimBcrstiOD 
of dcpovteof gnri-t.und. nud InHm. !%• bonJE* and tha 
■lopns of tlw riror atv, in tiUon, of ramaidarabla di^ptb. 
Pur thin take ii trip (rum Hamjtter«taiitfa to Uaidonbosd, 
when you will have a cbikn>:<o hi im.' Tham<« Dilton and 
UoinK-y : and, if you could wnik bolow the tartb, you 
woidd flnd at loast ISO aquare iuiIm ut luilunil wnh-r rt.wr> 
Tolrs all actiDK nior« or less as natural flllcr*- 

Tber remive land watn- frum t^M hiiflm nulnts, and 
also tbo wnUw trutn the flootl*. the witi^r of tbo latt<ir 
befiig ^lUy cbarg«d with mtul ; and wlmn thn tcna of 
tbouMuids of aoras are covixrvd by tltuvi- Hcm^w, ooHont tlM< 
nmd therefrom to nirioh iho jxutnr^. and «o tbi- wuior 
beoMnM filb>Tad. When tho river i» tow purd water 
potm back into tlio riTor in nbnndBn<;<^ 

WATER COMliANieS AND NATVRAI. FII.THATIOII. 

Ilirrv has Ivnii a icood 1"^ »' npiriL |niL into llib *ubJMtt 

" lat*", • ' '' "« that #*Tet!il wn(»-i ■ H— 'iTp 

worlc, ur i.'oiltf-linjf >■ ■ i^ 

__ , , < with <>p(-a joints, imd y 

the river water lu tli? nittiintl Tmrrl 

wfaarr a nntuml fillmltun of tlw waler i i . : . <, 

iri to ■ k£nd of Mimp nr :i>uili> t>"wmnr, i-)i.< ' irl.uH' , 

k^betirMd JuBCliuo, E«i"t lutulou, Lninbvtii, Chelsea, 



Southwark, and yauzhall arc tJio ooRipaDioa, and, u simple 
iM this looks, from u down to ej^teea millioB fpdloiis of 
wntor oncli is now collected in this maotier daily. Donbt- 
li'wi. you will tay that these diatiJbutiBg pipes is ooune of 
time will bonrnne fouled by the dirty watir, and themfore 
fTu^ginli in action, and would bo very diSicult t^ cleanse. 
Qmt« riifbt ; but mioh pxpnrMnonl anffinni^m .191 Sir. Frasac 
of tlur Grand Juuotiou Is not to be bamtrd in this manner. 
Ho has, to get. ovei- this point, ndoptod another plan 
by oxtmeting; the nurfui^ mil aad pnkvi-l to a depth of 
M>vcTid feel over th(> int«udeil natural filtiT and pla4!iii|t 
ihrnHni ■ luyvr ot sand from twulvr to oighlivii innhtw 
thick, whicheoUeota tbe uriiKtipal deposits u|>ouit« suifacoi 
this can be easily tifted aaa outed away, m that tho 
natural Rltnr is ponietnal to the made wolls. From 
what I have said ana SLL'iwn by Fig 9.59a, the subject will 
bo oaaly undsKtood. Thia ie one way of auustin^ to 
giTc a daily supply In London of the n^.iirrd I£2>n26,704 
j^ttUuuM, or thL-nMijaiitu u( (limicnlui wutrr, to suy uathiii){ 
uf the other 36,000,6''^ Kallons for non-doniestic purposes. 
And sumuthiiig of thia und must be adoptiid, ooudaoTinit 
the aTem^ y^'V fnereaw! in demand, whkh the fol- 
lowibk- table llluNtralvs. Kt.'mcnibn. on tbi- uvcra)^, wl- 
lake itiiily from ihn Thanii'-n 103.4i.>f>,SlO gaLlcno, and from 
llie Lva 62,371.230 itallons, and 31,096.170 ff»llon« fruui 
springs and wells, hesidsd the Highfrate and Uampstead 
supply of 99,863 ^loru* for non-domt^stic purponrs. 

Ean LonDDH W.^te!B Wooju. 



T«B(. 


Dallf npplx. 


lii,uoaM oa 
|ite*(oaB jBsr. 


No atuo«iH*Mp' 

ylleil BoiMtuiUjr 

torUBL 


1883 
18IIT 
1893 


33.841^.813 440,173 
36.146.631 1 — 
49,868,228 1 344,247 

Nbw Hitkb. 


175,106 


1883 
1887 
1893 


».389,;il 
30,019,389 
37,346, 8IHI 


738.134 

860,444. 
3,6H3.4SD 


91,977 




SOUTOWAIK AHD VaUXIUIX. 


1883 
1887 
1893 


IK.S-MJJlf) 386,124 
22.139,(H>3 1,083,0«8 
28,371,130 1 S.183,18& 

Lahbbiv. 


99,443 


1&83 
1887 
1893 


1&,7«1,209 
18,208,131 
21.213,016 


48.688 

025,717 

1,342,713 


69,867 




Oajin) JoKtUM. 




1S83 
1887 
1893 


13,419,181 
16,427 .A14 

18,771,184 


233.375 

38.083 

179,998 


5s,ni 




WUT HlDDUBBX. 




1KS9 
1887 
1893 


13.283,029 
1R,03»,AM 
lS,7lfi,i76 


721.340 

21-1.018 

I.U74.803 


43,638 




lumr. 




1883 
18«7 

isn 


8.899, »■; I 
I1.293,a«8 
1 1,393.701 


1,17^.104 


48,598 




Crh-<^* 




IM3 


« Stift If 




1 



18,757 



49G 



PRE8KNT LONDON WATER SUPPLY. 



ThenboreisnotiiU wUdtbutobeooneide'rcd; forfrom 
SO to 3D per ocnt. in addition irHl bo Kquind to bo wldod 
tA th6 dllly Aupplj durin>r jmlongwd drought i>r fimt 
After tfap ouuKtaot mtpplj ia giren, oitleM the following be 
■irictly ob«i«r»ml : — 

Conatant Supply. 

Speaking of tho eocutaut i<up;iU', t!iM« U iiu (luabt hut 
wluit tbi* t» ihii boat war to Hupply vntivr to tninu. I)nt 
tltl« noceantHtci ■ Uioruuvbly wvll-oCMuttmuivd fyntcoi of 
fittingB, Bad perindioal lioiuie ta boiue cxamlnAttoa or 
innwvtioa br ■ <itui1ift»(l imd reoof^laed wnt«rworln nuui, 
lUM the istuliliiiliTnt-iit (if bwarj fln«« cm lb* vKtor vnurtvr, 
to ine\'ent vHivl woxte. And when the fittiiipi uv properlj 
DOltBtruDt«<J. with pi-uperciflU'rnA>fv, and thopeoplvodncatca 
la ■pprmn.ti- Hie niivntitnfri'x "t thin L-nnataiit Mipply, I 
Tvrlly Vlicvo it trill b©tht;tliwi>t-»t iutlialouftnui, Biitk-I 
UM linvi! a eVBtna whereby the couFunu<r cau at all times, 
wititi:^' or HiimntT, onMif i>nffii'i-Mit wntir for milinary 
iLnd tlrinkiitfc j«ir|iOM'.><. Tlitf hevt way Ui i.-nnun^ Uuh U Iij 
re-iDodet Ih^ pipi^ within the bou>>«4, by lixing flr»t the 
luda* n ttwl Ib^ni will bo & i^dtml fmll fruin the oict4irn 
towaida the fltopci>ck, and a dnlninif viftn or oouk to allow 
tho dend water to dmin out in timn of fr<>«t. 'lli«r« "hoiild 
aliio bu n wTcnnd atojiriirlc nt^nmr la th^ niiiin, i3i1Iik1 thi' 
main atopoook, and h drinkitijf dmvr-olf [>i[n) »iid ouok fixed 
b9twmi the two siopcouks. Tlic !i(ivuiitji)n> uf thew codes 
«illl)eread{lynp]>rc<'i'iii!id in thowintr, iiHthn xocumd Htop- 
eock, wbii^b Ki"-"«riL-< UiL* upper cwtunn, can be i^lownl ilu J 
theemptjnng uT dni.tiiiiig cook t>p»n«l, «> thitt. thin nmiii 
i-nnuul fn.'vii' : wltilut lliu ilrinkinx w drxw-iilf iwt-k tiud 
pi|K.', vrhl<<fa in (t^noTaUy lii the bitai'uu.'ut purt of tiui house, 
nan bo well piwtfctod by fttr&w. &e., witlmut bcinff an »y*- 
*oro. Tlio ]ii|X'>< fnim tlm i-tHtri-no Hbaiilil iilw] 1m: liita to 
empty thonjiclnM iiyHt«niatkaUy, and wheru pipvti tiro really 
of iiMMUt7 bound to be kept AUkI. itncb pipcx Khoidd 
fwolro proper attaotion againnt froMt ; ami nn one pIioiiM 
ba alhtwod to fix any pi[M» mMinrr or n-mUr uuIvhn fully 
im>l«ct«d aKaiaat frost i and the wiit«rw<irke cnnipitnio«' 
pDopIs ahould bo fadd reipoanblo fi>r kimIl pruTUiiin* brin;; 
jtfonerly oarHed out ; and anyono interfering with tho pip^s 
*o uiii^ or by oddiii),' thereto without Ute company'* 
conxoDt, i>1ii>uM Iw) p[iiii»liriil witli d'reat mvaciiy. 

N.B. Wli'Uti*iH'ti,kiux'jf tilt' ubi>%'estopQooka care Bhonld 
be taken to flx them bo thaft the whola of the water can 
dwH mil, YLC, all iH'rnw •downs nhciiild lici lixnci upright "r 
wilii tliv Hpiiidlv lowarda the earth, ur tho [vTUniL- tu whfil, 
i* now ^(tnorally the practice- Tbltt is of vital tinportanw 
for fruHty Mowmn. 

Cistorns and Constant Supply. 

Tho miJ<oii why I would huvc <^t«ras iu a houw i« to 
neet tho roqulrumcnta of tho oxoowlva drain uiwn tho 
o(mipom<<B' pipca bctwam wvan and twelrc in the morning. 
aorl an n proviisiun iijnunut accldi^nU and ropnim. Rlt«ratioii«, 
Sw... ill the »tTf^l iiiaiu'i, (or it -would hv au •.'Ktraordiaary 
«Sair if thcro nh^nld not be jwmc littlo mutu-r fmiulriTig aa 
oooanoaal ahul down, and ht^ro in the advantage of tho 
ebtmui. Now, the«e oiHtem* may ba iibJKlnl to, aa a 
aonrce of stagnated wiilor, aod oollootor* of i>ediini>iit<i. 
Hut thia \m no fault of the oUteni, but a fault {if any) of 
tittme whii ti.<c them, by maktojT thrm too lur^', or <>f tlKiM* 
who look nflw thnm. Thrwt- i-iiitnm* shou.ld huri." A 
imriodlcal iii»|X-ctiuTL fntm whnt I would call th4> wiiti.-r< 
workn' impn-'ior, who should leave ordon wIiku r(Kjuln|il 
Utr d#ti?Tn di'AnMing'. Another way to g^ over this 
luwuinni dilliciOly of titflfn^ted or dirty water is to Ax 
ttmtnmi 'tf >bt' f<bitp» I'f air vi>«>i>li<.. KLmiUr tol'iga. SOI ntR, 
Wi, "T Mi. Tliv«e n<xd wt bi- inudo very larite, nod 
iMtid bo fixed in V^ oallar, or ia any out-of -tlie-wuy place. 



a aoifaUa valve «dtb rtralner ta front beiniT fixed, to 
pvffveat iho mUUr nnnio); bark into the tnains. If rack 
rMermin bA flxed oan> Hlinuld txt taken to ptxivido a iduiee 
valrain the bottom tu dntw off all Mcdiiiieuliiiy matter 
at intarvala. {Al«o mx CyUikden for Coofcfant Sopply)' 

WAT£R companies' HEIGHTS OR PRESSURES. 

Some wonld aay, But what a tremendoos and powerfal 
air obanbor or vc«el yon would ret|aiT« to withatand tho 
following Iirej«iir«9. The Kaat London hare to keep • 
pri-Miir>: of toft, iibove the leret of parement nmrmt h> the 
point <if mtpply ; thi' Xaw liivrr SOt>ft. nhovf Trinity hi^- 
water mark, or 70fi. above tho pavuuiLitt oppu«il« tltc house 
wupplicd: tho Southwark and vanxhall inn»>t maintain a 
watcrr prpwuro of loOft'. ; tht> Weat S£iddUiH-x 200tt. above 
Trinity hiuh-water murk; the Chebea, (o ihv jMrta where 
tlivir "npplr is cotulant. have to naintahi a invtmurc of 1 16ft. 
above Trinity hish-intuir mark ; thr (tn\n(l .Innrtion 150ft. 
above Trinity hufh-wattTUBu-k; tltp Kent Comiwny muat 
mnintain a head of 180ft. ; th« l«mbeth l&gft. above 
Trinity hi^li-watur mark. 

EAST LONDON* WATER COMPA*^. 

Tixa Eust IjomloR ai« providinji their vustouent within 
th* uetropolitaa area (hikI a Imya [tortion of their oxiza- 
metropoUtan area) with a constant supply. 

GRAND JCNCIIOX WATER COMPANV. 

Thp Orand Jiiniitioii Water Company have voluntarily 
IntTuduevd tli<> (.iwoliuit supply tu llivir viutMnvra who ant 
»ituatod in thu parish of St. Jaraee'a, Wf^min^twr, bouiKW 
on thi^ Wft>t iif Bcgeiit Street, ea>t <«f I'oltiiid Street oul 
Windmill Sln-pt, north <if Oxfoni Wlnvt, and Mnitfa of 
I'ieoadilly ; nlw in the puriaL of Maryk'Vjiie, bvtwoca 
Oxfiird iitn>fit and Edirwan Koad; also wml of Qaeea'e 
Bood. Itnyn water, and PiuUliniflon; and part of Krtuii&irtoa, 
Cliiswick, Arlon. Kdliiu^, Uaiiwelt, laltt worth, T« ickenhoia, 
Hn«lMn, lirititl'trd, nna Hounslnw. 

KRNT WATER COMPANV. 

The Kent Waiar OonqpiuLV Bxiride a oongtaiil ropply 
to the wholo of Bt. MuVa, Voolwleh, Bt Pkul'a, and ato 
M. Ntrahoba. Deptfonl. St. Hnry, Rotberhitha, St. Alphega, 
Orontwi^, SC.Miiry'H, liewiiJiam, St. Otlua', Camburwiw, 
^t. Maraaret'a, Lev TKc^C). Eltbam, and aeotloua o( th« 
iMunty olttriotfl, of ShortlaiidH iu the pari^ of Borkcnham, 
Hartford, St^tne, the Gray Viklley, Swauacoiobe. Eilth, 
Ilramley, Chi)>leliur»t, Haym, Cambotoogfa, Eestou, Sid- 
cup, &c., on ibd Kmlinh ■ulc of tli» wat*T- 

MMH^I'H WATER COMPANY. 

The Iiombeth Company arc givinfr a oDnirtant mippty 
from New Tark R/hm), dnim Itrixton tliU to WnliT l^M-, 
iind to Home Hill, and the oonMlmii mipiily diKirivts are 
within the pariahcfl uf Lambvth, NtwinjLMon, SLnnthnm, 
Tooting, CAinberwoU, ChriHtohitrc-.b, St. (niirgi' tlie Uaityr, 
Olapham, Wnndnworth, Battcnea, St. Saviuur's, Ber- 
mondwy. 

THE NKW RIVER CO.MI'ANV. 

Tbt New "RivoT Tompany are K^Wng oonxlnnt sajtpl} 
iilHiut thcpiirinhe«of ShuTvditch. Eilmontoii. Stuki>Ni>wuir- 
ujii. Hurnsey, TnUrubiim, St. John**, Havknor. St, I.iikn ». 
Middlesex. Ulurkeuwcll, St. Pouoras, CrlppleKutv Withool 
[whicli is iu Ibo City of London^. St. Goorge'n, Blnoma- 
tnu-y. 8t. Cilcrt'la-tbe- Fluid". J*!. Or.irgo thf Uartrr. 
Libt-rty of Siiffrrm Hill, Oray's Inn, Fiirnivnl'a Inn, St. 
Andn'wV, llolborn. HoUowny, Highgate, Ooliny Hatch, 
Wood Ureeu, ka., tx. 



I 



PRE8KNT LONDON WATER SUPPLY. 



497 



THE SOUTHWARK AND VAUXHALL COMPANY. 

Th* Soutiiwiirk mwl V'luxluiU Compauj ure (living cfin- 
ttmnt •uppLy rouml .St, Muryu, Ninrin^rton. St. Ornrjo* llie 
Uutjrr, Soittliwnrk, St. Suviuur'x, Soutliwurk, St. UnryX 
I.iimtH'th. 8t, Olave's, UorMlvdown, St. Qilct,', CumhcT- 
weU, 8l- Mury'it. IkmmndM'j-, WinihU^lon, St. Mary 
Mngdnlxn, BMincmdiwy, 8(. PiulX Deiilf<inJ, SL MHrj-'», 
KoUiM-hWie, St. Mary'f, Datttruw, All 8«iiit»\ W»u(l»- 
vordi, Holy Trinity, Cbipluun, uiul Futuuy. 



THE WEST MIDDLESEX WATER COMPANY. 

Tin: Wrat Sliddksrii Water Cotajmnj jriro conatAnt 
HWpply to aany of Ihp plari?* in UarTlplxm?, which 
Iny bolwt'Cii Liswn Orjro nml Kiljjtwaro nu-itl, Clcvi-Iand 
Street, iramiwtmd Rnsd, Tottmhain Court RooA, 
Kauiiigton, Folham, ftnd llnnm^minitli. 



Tho Oener>al Dimcntlont of the London 
WaUrwork*. 

The taflfriutiKlc of tli««e wnt»r tonipnnies ia etiormouii. 
The o^gregstP MU-fscg arpn of 93 i>ul>Mtling Kscrvoin tttr 
nnlilU'iTd wuttr i», at luist. 500 i»erM, wltJi a Atoruge 
nnjiucitv o! tifiirlr cue and a hnlt Irtlliun Kulloiut, aud 
K atons^ r.f HH*iwd TTati* for nhnat 2'20 fitilTi.iii ^lloui, 
wluoli LB hdd in Iwtwvir.i 60 mid 70 rrwrvoiiv, 66 ut wliiuh 
tin oorcTcd. Th<iv areulcMe on'iu,0(JU bydrauts. and nearly 
121 flh«r beds. 

Thvreuv 190 pumping onginfiN of nbont 26.,0&0 honv< 
power. 

TlieEu*L«ndanhavorwviitly n.-qutred 222 arrtisof liuid 
tor nterroin, tu hold uiitiltiTnl unttrr, bt-oidnt 10 ni^r>-* nf 
privBti* riviT tir pjir.iil, Tlnj tutal r-aiiocity u( tlia trnvrvuira 
fLiid iho I'linul will h^ alxxil 920 million galloiu, vJ wbiah 
ti'JD iniUi<.>ii gnllmiH jj^svitato t > tho 6\Um of Loa Bridfiv. 
TliM hav« otJiiT Lu^ wnrkj at WalUuiJiiittf>w. 

lito Weit Afiddlciarx are malciti^ f'jur new abirojco 
rmcrroirs nl, Iliirnoo, of iiiinwiniui inBi^iiiliidB, iininvjy, 
capacity SHO inilUuu {citlUmfl, TLity uru abouL tu jiumhaNi-. 
or have iUn>ady [nircliaeed from Uia ^rniiid Junrt'nii 
Oonipany a Mn1r» roacrrtiir »t .'ilK«it-Hp- Elill. which hnl.U 
rix milliun ^^lunx, lii>^bU«r wiUi Oif' '2i\i\. muiu. 

The Urand Junation liavw n WVir-hington puiujdn^ 
enffine at Humpfon, Tni>i.n(r thivv uiiUivn RnllonH in 
!i4 noun; th^y huv^ aim large irorkft at Brentilipd. 

The Now Hivi-t liiivc iiitinL>u(>o prniii'*", niid have j'u*t 
iltlol op a new Wnrtliin^m itngiito of '160 hon^^poyrcT ut 
IIomHev. IwgidcH (urtluir oulitr);oiiiL-nta of thtdr river, uid 
widntin? the bri3(rflw. 

Tho Ciinit>ot)i Imve jint fitt<il iip n Wortliriirloii cn>)^in« 
wliivh at vvvry duuhlu rtroku punipa 310 Kidhm*, and arc 
nuking ((oad profr^iM with new tUt«n at Thunm Dillon, 
henidm haviiiKJust laid a SGiiu main from Moloney to 
Ibcrir flllivni at l^nnirit Dition. 

The SouI^wbHc aud Vumxhall Company are about to 
Utilise tti« Stroatliam wl'U. uad havo fjxcd appropiint« 
Otcinu lh*m vrithln the last twdro montho. 

'Tba Cbftlwa Cumpttny Uav« just laid a 'iMn. imun. tJiir* 
aud a niutrtrr nu!'« Iranc, in supply thoir rvwrroir at 
Putm-y Ilv-uth, fwin r^UTufurd ItrUVv, FiillLain. 

An tiiA Lundoii water oompaniott have oxttrndcd thdr 

jmu during Uie la«t two jcan. and taking tbctu tO),'ether, 

Pfogr haw nuiiufrad Id lay 72 mile* uf new Kiiiiply pirns 

anrai^fC from ![iB. to36iiL diaRi«t«r,aotlint,lakiii^'nU lutti 

-inqnUioa, vtm^^m, an protrrNfing. Tho wat4>r 

<aitt g€D- ^^deepeaing thoir nuiiiis sgaLiut 



Hydrants. 

Thi? followia^ an> Ib^ numlirrit whith eadi oumpuiy haa, 
to any DOtbing of fire plug*, wliiub am about on* in every 
bundred yunU. 

East tondoij 2,22J, Now Hirer SOU. Wwit Hiddlftws 
2iiO, Graiid Jiitioriun 900, Kmt ;o, Lambeth ISO, 
Soutbwark 4U0, Uhi'hea 160. 

Turbid Water; or. better. Muddy Water. 

ICuddy water may hiTv li> be dnuik in Monie part* of 
the world, and will not hurt yim half mi ifturh an wnno nf 
the clear water of oar tiven. Of couree, if you tiiku 
the oommaii diotlnnary deJtnition of the word " turbid.'" it 
alludM tn foul PsImneouM matter, and ^fMy nlliidn to filthy 
<-lwLr water, but thin ■■ nol what injreiw rally underntuod 
by water drinkon m ttulijd wattr. WaUw frutu wcUb ecm- 
tAiuiug cbalk are eaoly nude turbid by boiUiif. oupcrrially 
if a littlo mdn or even any otlLM' alkali be added. Eviai 
the streanu of tbo A]]jine glacinn am turbid t^noitgh to 
pnx-mt ono wong trough a 4iii. diametvr UtlOc, 
whioh i* mueb wone En tiisM of floodo. The bcxt way to 
get rid of (bin ta in «ettlin{r binkfi, for if it \m allowed to 
gel Into the tSlterR it will in a aljort time c-hoko your filter 
material at thf nurfiuw. 

Stinking Water, by soms people called TurUd 
Water. [^£»mi JfiVm-OryoniMU.] 

Filt'.Ted Dud, much moro so, tnSltercd water Ir apt 
F(«pecially b hot vtatbeiO to a«iuln), by atandina'. a fniul, 
uupleOMut udour. membUnjf that of the farm-hfiLiui 
piiiid*, wlii>re no apringa or utrvaron exiat, and to a delicate 
poluto ia uiu«t oneuaive, even If ni>t dotoutod by tho 
clfaetory nervea. Now tbia tante or f^lour la dun to the 
fnr:t that thn water i« oontaminatfd with romty cbemica), 
but. more ofti-n Lhi; j(THwt]i in it tif imcroMnnii; fgnnil of 
aiiimtil life. Uip ep>w or gcTiM of wblcb it ia muply 
ridi(^u1(viiit U) Uiok l<ir witliour. the snufitaiico of a powerfid 
mieroMnpe. and, tvc^n tbon, wilbouL a (Wrtain Mnnnnt uf 
bacteriowo^cknoa'lMlge;infact.Ih&veM«iipi'xl omdytical 
<:'hemi*t« nt, work, mii? sgninit 1hi> othrr, ami th»tr remits 
liarii varied frum 10 pec cent. h> 2S por cetit. wilh the Eams 
water nrd instruinent. Vny in tfalr' ? Simply Iioaaum the 
nrwln, ^]■>l^^^, egg", or gvmiN nro wi iiiHnitnlj- Kmall that it 
iiiakaoiit itn[v>»iljlDtiii'Tdludel)i»nillntitiiig(ruim thpnirinto 
your work ; and when eueh in the rnt-s jhe water Im often 
urcditod witb a lurgur auioiujt of aninmlcTulin tbio it 
abould be. 

To prove tbla take a dtah of pure water and expo*e it to 
tho common warm atmoaphom and aun for a few days, and 
In a very vbort tiiiie tin.' water wQl ^» full of auimuleulip, 
known aa rotifers. Many nf thcK are, at tiitiea, lnrg« 
'-nrmgh to bpaeen, but nnly jn*t «oen. by the nakdd eye, 
They appear to b« alwayn Htruga^ing agaiiiiit I'avb olbvr. 
cspccJaOy wben one doafi gets tnixed wi^ another, henco 
ono KAun whv I hare ejtllod them hcrbiroToiu and 
cnmirnmnit dtirilK, for they appear tu Iito on enrh other. 
But tbe 4]uei«lion ia, What do they And to live on {n 
the diBtiUed water? TVuo, -wo know that thi'y rtre fond of 
vivt^Mc, t-wh ui it in, or Bay the very minute iiortiooa of 
tliL' variuu* HuhAtani^es whieh arc diMolvod in IIir water 
and incapabin of Iwmg arjuiratcd from it by mechaniL-&I 
menus, ur dlatil^ol water after losing expowd Vf the 
atiiin§pbere ; and that ihey, like all auimal Ufo, an; fonnd 
simultaneously crontod by thn anthor of Natnre, or at ono 
and llti- Koini.- liinn, iiad in every part of the animal kin^- 
Oom. Many an.< the way-) to produce Htinking wator. 
Take an vrdlnorA- aquurium. whow lioltom i« oomed 
with wa'>hed pohlilrii and ^'tud, plant tbereia a f^prl^ of 
Uloroug:hly wnafaed HiiluMnn SanuueMhu^ Ai^Mk^xik ^n 



498 



PBESENT LONDON WATER SUPPLY. 



Anaekar'u (water-weed), and in a week or bo after add a 
Toung flah, or other water anim&la, both will grow, but 
keep the water onchaDged, the fiah will die, whilst the 
weed will in time fill the aqnarium, and even if you 
constantly change the water toe fish will die. This is 
exactly what takes place if filtered water is stored too long 
iu opeu t-oserroirs, and proves my assertion that filtered 
wat«r shuuld be u^ed as quickly as possible after filtration, 
and that storage reservoirs should be simply used for 
storing the water and getting it clear by selllemmt and 
ready for filtration. 

In point of fact, the general drinking water of Ijondon 
will not keep, owing to the above contaminatioQ ; but, of 
course, if it were possible to get perfectly pure water, it 
would keep for ever, for then, shonid any germ, spore, or 
seed get tnerein, the water would contain nothing for it to 
feed upon ; 

Water, the Gnat, and how Water gets 

Contaminated. 

Just 80, bnt how about such things as the otmmioQ insects, 
say the ordinary gnat, who lays her eggs in a maaa on the 
surface of speoiaUy selected good water, the eggs of whi(^ 
would readily sink if separated out, but owing to a glutinous 
substance the whole mass is held together, shaped like a 
boat, and practically unsinkable, until the grub is formed. 
Tt'ia grub then leaves the egg and at once commences to 
Bivim about at an extraordinary rate head downwards and 
with ite tail in the air. The tail contains a spiracle through 
which the breathing is carried on. First we had the egg, 
then the glutinous substance, next the insect, and for the 
fourth stage (third, really] we get the nymph or a kind of 
chrysalis, a beautiful creature wrapped in a kind of veil, 
which insect floats iu our water, near the surface, the tail 
of which is its rudder, and two terminal organs itspaddteii; 
whilst the back of the gnai is really in the air, through 
which organ it seems to breath. Next we get in our water 
the ohryralis-caee, though empty yet it is a substanue in 
which animal life existed ; it floats at first, then breaks up, 
and mingles with the water we have to drink. This is only 



one way out of thousands in which this necessity of life 
becomes contaminated. 



The Quality of Water, 



We will now examine the London water for its puii^, 
and the following table will give an approximate return 
before and after filtration, which requires but little 
explanation. 

By observing the top line of the Chemical and Propor- 
tional Table figures yon wiQ see a tremendous jump 
between January, February, and Uarch. There is also a 
sudden shoot up in October, also see September and 
November, but nothing like that of February. This in 
accounted for in the Volume Table for February, when we 
had tremendous floods all up the Biver Thames, and they 
seem to have bad it pretty fair^ in the Biver xJea, where 
they get 280 million gsUons daily over the weir, and a 
greater amount of rainmll during Febraary than any other 
month in the year. The table, being so simple, can bo 
readily undesstood by people outside the trade. 

By observing the Biver Thames, also the lUver Lea, in 
the January, Febraary, and March Tables for the Solids in 
the 100,000 FartK, yon will find during this fiooding time 
the greatest amount of deposits, which is the reverse of 
that of thn East Tendon deep wells, which during April, 
May, June, July, and September is the greatest, whilst 
jhe ammonia in the water of the Thames and River Lea is 
greatest in the month of January. But in the Tottenham 
wells the greatest amount of ammonia is in December, 
April, March, February, and January, whilst the lime in 
the Tlkames water is greater in January and March, but in 
the Biver Lea in January, Febmaiy, October, and 
December. The chaUc and time from the Thames water 
appeam to be in January, and in the deep wells of Kent 
and Tottenham in January and December, The carbon 
abounds in the Thames water more in Februazy and 
March than any other month. This is owi>)g to the 
excessive flooding. It is also the same in the Tottenham 
deep wells. 



CHEMICAL AND PBOPORTIONAL TABLE. 



Chemical and Froportaonal Quantity of Organic Elements in Baw or Unfiltered London Water. Taking as tiw 
starting point, and without organic matter. The takings being the ISth of each month of 1893. 



j Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


AprU. 


Mar. 


June. [July. 


Aug. 


3epL 


Oct. 


Nov. 1 Dec. 


± namcB nailer at xiampujU' l 
Organic Elements 3-0 


9-9 


3-2 


3-1 


31 


4 7 i 4-S 


3-8 


3-7 


6-S 


3-6 


3-8 


Wdght of Solid Matter in 100,000 










1 












parte of Water unfiltered ... 3350 


34-0 


30-50 


27-50 


27-50 


27-0 |26-50 


25-0 


25-60 


27-0 


28-50 


32-SO 


Thames Water after Filtration iu 






















London 3'0 


6* 


6-2 


2-1 


2-3 


2 5 2 2 


2-4 


1-9 


2-6 


2-6 


5-1 


LeaWater (Raw) at Angel B/wd... j *-7 


6-3 


2-4 


2-8 


1-8 


4-4 j 3-0 


2-7 


2-6 


4-0 


2-8 


4-3 


East Ixmdon, Weight of Solids 










1 












in 100,000 parto 39-70 


35-0 


38-0 


31 -.50 


270 


28-25 26-dO 


26 26 


25-16 


29*0 


31-0 


35-50 


Lea „ „ „ 33-25 


3530 


30-50 


28-50 


30-80 


32-60 31-85 


28-0 


30-15 


33 45 


32-50 


34 -SO 


„ Water after Filtration in 
























London 30 


6-7 


4-4 


2-0 


1-8 


1-9 


1-9 


1-5 


19 


3-1 


S-2 


8-0 


New lUver Water (Raw) j 25 


4-6 


1-7 


20 


1-6 


2-i 


1-9 


1-9 


1-9 


1-9 


1-8 


1-5 


„ after Filtration in : 






















London ... 1 1*6 


1-8 


3-4 


1-2 


1-2 


1-3 


■7 


1-1 


1-0 


1-2 


l-O 


1-9 



Weiqht 07 Solid Hattxs nr 100,000 fabts or thb Watbb. 



Kent, Deep Wells Water 40-50 l+l-O Ul-50 "' 

EastLoDdon, Deep Welle Water... ,28-26 |28-50 1290 



"-10 [4016 ,39-0 
[39-0 129-0 



139-25 
38-50 



139-50 137-25 :55-60 
[29-15 »9-26 28-60 



PRESENT LONDON WATER SUPPLY. 



499 



CHEMICAL AND PROPORTIONAL TABLE— conimwd. 









AlfUONIJL. 
















AwiTnonm in Th&mes Water, asSl- 
tared 
„ „ Lea Biver „ 
„ atTottonbam, Deep Wells 


Jul 


Feb. 

■008 
■008 
•080 


Mu. 


April. 


Hay. 


Juue. 


July. 


Aug. ' 


Sept. 


Oct. 1 


Nov. j 


Dec. 


■020 
■014 
■060 


■006 
■002 
■066 


■006 
•006 
■070 


•006 
-004 
■060 


■020 
■008 
■055 


■006 
■006 
-048 


•004 
•006 
•045| 


■006 
■006 
•OfiO 


■oio| 

■006 
■OSfij 


•006 
■007i 
-025 


■012 
-006 
•082 



lliBines Water, HordnaBa, Gar- 
bcnwte of Lime, 1 deg. = 1 p art 
in 100,000 parts of Thame3 Water 

Ln^ver 

Kent, Deep Wells 

Tottenbam, Deep Wella 



24-0 
24-9 
30-0 
i24^8 



HAaDHBS rsox Lm um Chals. 



20-6 
24 
290 
23-5 



23-S 
22 
280 
22-0 



200 
20-6 
20 
22-6 



19^4 '20-0 

21-G |22-6 

270 ]27-0 

230 !22^4 



]18^6 


18-0 


117-4 


20-0 


19 


20-0 


128 


27^0 


|26-0 


220 


23-0 


!23^5 



ISO 
24 
26-6 
23^0 



20 
22 5 
!26-6 

22-0 



20^6 
23-4 
31-6 
23^3 



ThamM Water, West IhGddleaex... 

„ „ Lambeth 

Lea, Bast Loodoo 

IfevBirer 

Deep Wells at Tottenham 

Ko^ Deep Wells 





Oroinic Casbom ir 


100,0 


PABTS. 












•120| -310 


•317 


■10ft 


■100 


•133 


■117 


■120 


■096 


■103 


■130 


•230 


■350 


•365 


■123 


■120 


■140 


•095 


■120 


•100 


■160 


UO 


■145 


■303 


■200 


■100 


■080 


•096 


•096 


■076 


■095 


•156 


110 


•075 


-080 


•170 


■080 


■060 


■064 


■030 


•064 


■045 


■060 


052 


■065; -065 


■066 


■048 


■060 


■060 


-060 


-038 


■037 


■083 


084 


■036 


■033 


■014 


■026 


■040 


■021 


■034 


•040 


■024 


■020| 


032 



NrrsooBH (NnuiTiB um Nrrarnta) 1 past ik 100,000. 



Iltames Water, West Middlesex. 

„ „ Lambeth... 

Birer Lea, East London ... 

KearZUTer 

Kent, Deep Wells 



TTiMn— Water, Lambeth ... 
„ ,, Wert Middlesex. 

Lea, East London 

Kev Hirer 

^ot, Deep Wells 



nmnea Water, Grand Junction... 
„ ,. West Middleeex... 

Lea, East London 

NewBirer 

Kent, Deep Wells 



'Ruunea Water, Grand Junction... 

„ „ Lambeth 

„ „ West Middlesex ... 

Lea Water, East London 

KvwBiver 

gent. Deep Wells 



; -330 


■250 


■240 


■230 


■164 


■151 


■U6 


■120 


•14« 


■194 


■204 


■264 


■266 


■336 


■230 


■190 


•184 


■H6 


■152 


■157 


■222 


•233 


■330 


■252 


■440 


■306 


•182 


•184 


■196 


-184 


■142 


■196 


■260 


■310 


■300 


■296 


■339 


•186 


■184 


•140 


■163 


•193 


■230 


■274 


1 -446 


■600 


•620 


■468 


■470 


■500 


•529 


-440 


■469 


■440 


■516 



Oao&iac NiTBooEiT 1 past nr 100,000. 



■036; 
■024 
■0331 
■016. 

■oio; 



056 


■062 


■016 


-013 


■016 


■010: 


■014 


-013 


040 


■050 


■019! 


■Oil 


-016 


■016! 


■016 


■016 


036 


■044 


■016 


■014 


-Oil 


■016 


■010 


•014 


020 


■030 


■007 


■007 


■Oil 


-Oil 


■009 


•006 


009 


•009 


•004 


-004 


■004 


■006 


■007 


•008 



■oio; 
■02d; 

•006 
■008 



NiTBOOKM 1 PABT IK 100,000. 



■020 
■014 
-014 
•Oil 
■005 



1 -310 


■310 


■266 


■2i0 


■176 


■172 


■166 


■180 


■no 


■230 


■240 


■350 


■296 


■290 


■240 


■170 


■166 


■164 


•136 


■166 


■210 


■221 


■360 


■290 


-486 


■320 


•200 


■196 


■214 


'196 


•156 


■220 


■280 


■340 


■320 


■324 


■336 


■190 


■189 


■146 


■170 


■200 


■236 


•282 


■460 


■600 


■630 


-450 


■480 


■611 


■636 


■445 


■460 


■450 


■520 





Chlobimb 1 


PAST 


IN 100,000. 












19 


1^7 1-7 


1^6 


1-6 


1-6 


1 6 


16 


1^6 


1-9 


1-8 


1-8 


16 


1-9 


1-6 


1-6 


1-8 


1-6 


1-8 


1-8 


18 


1-8 


VH 


1-6 


1-6 


1-6 


re 


1-8 


1-7 


1-6 


l^S 


rs 


1-8 


2-0 


16 


2 3 


2 1 


1-7 


1-6 


18 


1^6 


17 


20 


20 


1^7 


16 


16 


!■« 


19 


1-9 


1-7 


1^6 


1^8 


1-9 


1-6 


2^6 


2^6 


2-4 


24 


24 


2^3 


2^6 


21 


2^3 


21 


2-2 



■165 

■160 
■160 
•104 
■046 
•070 



■263 
■260 
■260 
■326 
■770 



-019 
■016 
■021 
■010 
■012 



■270 
■282 
■284 
-329 
■784 



2-0 
21 
2^1 
2^1 

1-8 
4^2 



I h»Te dengned the above Table to save space. The results are from my praotioal observations doxing the 12 months of 1893. 



MIOFOb«8 and Feven, or Cholera Baolllua. 

The eoltivatlon of these devils appears to be favonrable 
ia river water ; in fact so mnoh so that during the year 
1693 the average in the Thames water amounted in number 
of microbes, and in a oabio centimetre was 5,000, and the 
maximom 66,000 in the Lea. It is well known that these 
oholma germs an propagated by the agency of river water. 

Tlte maladf seems to come to England from abroad, and 
eqMOiallT from rivers that empty direct into the sea, 
having nd}l atnams, more espemally should the river be a 
Mirigttila oae. 



First the workman becomes affected with this beot«rial 
imparity, generally by oossnming portions of the water 
which to hun appeals bright, sweet, and good, and when 
he is once so affected this zymotic poison germ clings, gener- 
ally till grim death overtakes the sufferer, or, if not death, 
the sufferer does not exactly know what is the matter with 
him, but goes in for a rert amongst his pals, often not of a 
very quiet character, but to pubhc-houses where they go in 
for their beer, and often drink out of the same veseet, 
glasses, &a., and In a few days the whole place is a hot> 
bed of typhoid or other fever ; often ''He whole town beoonM 
a place of obolenuo dejections. 



500 



PRESENT LONDON WATER SUPPLY. 



VOLUME .TABLE. 



VolnniM of WaUr In Million 

Uilloni dntirn d»lly 

per roontU during the year 1893. 





ThamM. 


Lea. 




U.Q&IU. 


U. Gftlli. 


J&D. ... 


101-6 


69-7 


Feb. ... 


9&-5 


fi2-2 


Hsrch. 


93-3 


64-0 


April... 
Ua7 ... 


Sd-8 


85-6 


110-2 


54-0 


June ... 


113-2 


£3-4 


July ... 


lll-O 


SO-3 


Aug.... 


110-9 


SO-6 


Sept. ... 


109-8 


48-1 


Oct. ... 


102-4 


47-1 


Nov. ... 


98-8 


50-2 


fieo. ... 


96-6 


63-0 



SprinuH 
tndWt'lla 
M. Oalla 
35-0 
30-1 
28-6 
31-K 
3e-4 
41-2 
38-8 
41-5 
35-7 
33U 
29-4 
27-2 



¥J5 



'3 e = 



'cl 



3 ^ 

^1 



M. oaliB. 

3,021 

3,i50 

910 

eio 

+47 
357 

357 

50a 

ao7 

iai>o 



Isi 



li-'e 



tis 



'J E 



Z «! 



U. Galla. 
IBQ 

280 

173 

100 

77 

60 
60 
60 
65 
GO 
70 
100 



.5 n 






VflttllMl 

I ill. iitep 
2 

H 



lllorabm in one Cubic Centltnetre of Water. 



,S^ 



k= 









From iavestigationB ot the highest importanoe, and 
from a hygienic point of view, it has beea proved over and 
over again that our rivers are in a great measure reepon- 
aible fur all bacteriological fevers. 

This being bo it is of the utmost importanoe that a strict 
watch be kept upon the conditiou of the river water, and 
especially the fUter beds belonging to the various water 
DOmpauies, for a great deal depends upon the condition in 
which they aie kept. 

They must be kept clean, save and except the too often 
removing of the nidus, which uLust be carefully avoided, 
and is of vital importanoe ; the filtered water storage 
reservoin should be kept covered over and as cod as 
possible, for these living devils do not like darkness nor 
especially the cold, and will not then multiply, especially 
if the wateir be near the freezing point. 

They doubtless feed upon bad or stinking air, and 
readily float therein : butwearenowdealjngwith our water, 
and to tiiis let us keep. To prove that tiiese devils prefer 
the warmth and light let us examine the water in the open 
Thames, eepeciallv in warm weather, say about the height 
of the summer, wnen as many as 14,000 microbes have been 
found in a cubic centimetre of water. Kext take water 
abstracted from natural gravel and sand filters. There was 
an average of 5,000 in the open Thames water but only 
about 100 per cubio centimetre at the most in the water 
pumped from the wells of the natural filters of the same 
neighbourhood, snd it is often mnch better than the open 
river water, even after filtration and ^ssed through the 
companies' pi^. [For this refer to the Table of Microbes.] 
Of course, if sewage is allowed to fall into the river, 
as is the ease of the outfall at Hertford, which tells so hard 
on the Lea, the water below the outfall will of necessity 
be polluted more with bacterial germs. 

^tration appears to be the only practical way of dealing 
wittt these microbes, by way of removing them ; perhaps 
I had better say catching them. 

EAST LONDON. 

The average percentage of these microbes removed may 
I>a aaetul to you ioi examiuatioas, &c. The East IjOQdo:> 



a.ooo 

4,O0U 
13,&00 
l.SOO 
8,000 
2.50fl 
2.a0o 
2,000 
1,0 Ofl 
13,UO0 
1,500 

u.ooo 



;£5 «s 



Artinelal 

HBIIiptl!II 

Fllt«f. 



so 

40 
4A 

40 

30O 
2(1 
20 
10 

eo 

70 
30 



fi,0«0 
420 

1.300 
£(H) 
300 
IN-O 
200 
200 
100 
fiO 
IfiO 
258 



t 



N'ew 

ElV*!-. 



I Londnn, 
I at 
I Old Ford. 



31.000 
2,000 

son 

.^00 
2,B0O 
3,000 
^,000 
l.SOO 
1,(100 
2,-i50 
2,000 
4,^50 



.le.ooo 
e.oo« 

S.25U 
2,500 

3,000 
4,O0O 
^.500 
0,500 
3,500 
6.25fl 
H.ODO 
11,600 i 



[«a, Eait 
Londoc, 

at 
Old Fotd. 

after 
fourteen 

day* 
Sturage. 



1,200 

i.aso 

350 
450 



1,200 

900 

500 

900 

1,360 



sand filters average 24in. thick, and one' square foot will 
pass about 1-3 gallon per hour, and on the average will 
remove fully 90 per cent, of these devils. 

NEW RIVER. 

The New River sand filters average 20in. deep, and will 
filter 2-3 gallons per square foot in the hour. (This 
amount above the £a?t London is owing to the depth of 
water above the sand, the state and closenese of the 
sand, and the difference in the thioknesB.) Their average 
percentage of devils removed is 9880. 

SOUTHWARK AND VAUXHALL. 

The Southwark and Vanxhall Company's Altera average 
29in. thick, and filter at a rate per square foot of 1-5 gallon 
per hour, at the same time removiug 98 per cent, of the 
devils. 

GRAND JUNCTION. 

The Grand Junction Company's filters average 21in. 
thick, and -will pass 2-2 gallons to the sqoara foot per 
hour, and remove on the average 97 per oeat. of the deviu. 

WEST MIDDLESEX. 

The West Middlesex Company's sand alters average 
30in. thick, and pass 1-3 gallon per square foot per hour, 
and remove from 98 to 99 per cent, of uie devila. 

CHELSEA. 

The Chelsea Company's sand fitters average 48iii. thick, 
and filter 1 '70 ^dlon per square foot per hour, and remove 
on an iLverage 98 per cent, of the devils. 

LAMBETH. 

The Lambeth Company's sand filtem average 32io. thick, 
and filter about 2 gallons per square foot per hour, and 
remove 98 per cent. oi. tJie oavils. 



PRESENT LONDON WATEli SUPPLY. 



KENT. 

Ttid Knot WaU-T CoRipanj ohtain their wat«t fron tho 
r^iiw •>! till- i-JuiIk ««lb, Ktiil du not lujuira fUtcn, and 
■TV uol tuut'h Uvublud witli thme dcvtln ; in futi In tb« 
fliMt tvo tno&ilwof IK93 (her^ wen nut ngn than two 
niflmbnt per wilik^ o«wlinii-tr«. 

Il muitt luit !■• nnuiilpivi) r.hiit tlie iMXit Itllrrfl nro in 
immnl»n(N* with tbe thi('1(iM>iui of tbo ouil (khi tfa* Xrw 
Ki<o-. \Vu>t Mi<lillin>ox. and Cbclwxt). Aluoh droenda 
apcii ibe rcffuUr rato of th«! warfcin^. Filbm Bbaola not 
br >UiiwT<i Ui rin iiko >>ieve», but tho vatcr dtnutd 
ItrMloaHy mmk tliruv^li abt>ut 4111 . per buur, vii. , 
i'l tpMaoB ]«r B(|uiLrG foot, and not fasuv. I hnre tm> 
in BIT eud'D which girt capital multa at this ntv: 
tnrti>tliD-fajr, front muat iMnror get to the •nuul tai thv ta|> 
of ifae 81t«v«. 

Hw oonditiun of tho aurfacv of tho mod has a lot to do 
WiUi itsntta: for aitcr the acum or thin Htni U tonmvl 
on tlu* Mirfaco of tho Mud the tiller works bettor than 
biFftnv it it furtnod. Thiin fnrnw d kiiid of uist to harboHT 
tho d«vil«, aiwl abould bo iitrotulljr prenerrod, k> hmu 
MS the Muuo will last clean, of ootuw oonaittcnt with 
mfldcnt uuuo of wator throu^ the aand ; and mat 
care moat be tahun. wbon you Mirap^ urcleao off tbebiaore* 
■pok«a-«f, »nw partly [inpcTvioii*. Kcum nr nidtia, to cara- 
fnllj vxnniinu tlio wntvr »lu-n IIlc Rlti-r i» rMhaiyod : 
in met, aa a rule, it ia beat to pump the water over »K]aiii 
for a tine or two. and onljr baro a few incline, mt 3in., 
of WBtnr Ifin^ upon the >iatid for a few dajta, the Mttacn 
of tb« filter ivnialnlng full. When the souni cannot 
nadily be obtaincdi troni, say. a Ro«>d or aoinothiiiK of the 
kind, nboat two dt three gialnii nor gallon uf Umo or 
alum mixMl witli the filter vmh^T axMm^Ain paaMd over thi- 
filter beda, and allowed to wltle for u few day, wiU aoon 
pat your filtt-r in iicvud wurkinff onler. 

Usefulness of Floods. 

It io all vriy wt-U fur mjidi- piujiln ti> talk about the 

Bconvmitaiiie of AimhIh, hm yon t>vo our wali-r HUpply to 

^ndnn at timpe, Ui a H'^-ai mwwnro, dojicDda on thwe 

though it bfinga with it inyriada of nucrobes: 

theae Bouds arr to llfo Loudonera at lioHa Kodwnids, 

ean tbe fnreiKneni Id Kumn partx of tho world tfot on 

tbont thi-ni. Tnko the NUi?, tor iu«taii«i, which bogin* 

111 Jnno and iif fniin 2 ift. to VKft. deeper in Aufpitt, 

when it AoimU the TAtley* ol Egi pt tiir about twelve niiliw 

wid«. Ttie Euphrates riwea licitwe<?u Uarch aud Juuo to 

12ft., and ooveiB tlie Bobytoninn plalna. 

Oftra waa and rivfia, >uob um tho Brahmapootra 
(botinded hy the Uimolayiwl, tho [>ir1u. Ac, in nf tbo 
llooding oharoolcr. Tlie miHi, or nilt. dtinwiiL"! 011 laud ia 
nf ifioat importauee from no agricultiirnl point of view. 
For initanco. India dcpondo fnr tbe fertility ol the wmntry 
upuD tbo ailt prccipitatod hy thu annunl iatmdiitioiin, tor 
Ihf hlnh b'liiln jii'Id eTup* only e«erv four or fivo yieara, 
vbikt llie tlifxUil landk yi«Id iwn^uniully, the inud tituilght 
the Aimdw hi-jn^— waU-r. 1} poroL'nt.; Tcg«tahlc raatlM-, 
pereont,; niunateof iiotaah, J per c^Tit.; oarhonalo of 
I ^ per cent. ; phoepnato of lime, j |jer C4->nL ; oxidn 
of irva, B pC'r cent.; alumina, S pvr cent.; and Htlex, 
Is per ociit. The high laiidi hare out 1 pvr cvut. of cnr- 
ikte, which os'<e« in tbe dlt La aacribea to tbo fertility 
he luwiv lauda. 
When- ihws tho water from tlwi Dra<I R™ (wltirh ban 
liTiav cnatun tfkenon) ko, ooneidorinfc Oivf* is no 
■eeivaUe ontlet, and that tho River Jordan daily ponn 
Furth MI milliunK and niiKty tbooMuul titn/t of watfr, to 
Riiy nothing nf rainfall oollfvtod i AllnwiuK fur eTaporatiun 
erv mitsi bo a tnOMlidova leakage wjint>wberv. Is it 
iveb up to UH bjr w^* vt spcngB t Qulalnly, wo hare 



atM-h spring na Winifred's well, whifh flown iit tlix rat 
(if 1?0 tnoii per tniiiutt' ; but thin ia iif nirx> ooi'urnilu 
■he Hivor Jordan alone would anppiy nbout forty melt ' 
wcUs, HO. an I havo said, Wboe does ths water fmm the 
Oowl HpA fr,>f 

&pnii){ii thiit lluw fr:int tlut lintriituiio nwioa doposdt TSKt 
(iaautitie« of oaleiir.*oua tulft una wbxUa. Other s|>riBfpi 
ocpodit nilicn. 

Tlif ourTiu'e ni the ginlw is aimply land and water ; hnt 
i^ is uutgvnoraUy known lli:nt then- aretliree parts of walori 
to one ta land. Thi' wnur ix. ehemieolly ipoaltinff, nuultg 
up of diiht patu of oxyifi-u and one ul byan»g6n ; or hy 
volume. Olio of oiygrn nod two of hvdlVifrfn, and 
pnwieMKW hit<b priwcr id ibrmical tuium ami ileo-tinpiiHition, 
iiud ooeuixliuK to Htiiiu*|)lirrM [irvsmre. It iin tsliointoJ 
thai the Borfaoc of the aisi ia l>^U miUinn bqnam milos, 
and taking tho eorfaoe of the whole srloho at 197 mJ Uiow 
milra, the diflrrenco will he reodilT scyrn. Nor is it 
IteneraUy known that if tha whole of the water oonid bo 
upresd to on equal depth Dv«r tbe iavo of the globe that it 
wonldboaht)ut two mllm thick or divp. 

Tlie fttvatcst <hr]ith nf the neu L* generally admitled Ut 
bn about rqanl tu Hw highest ntoiiiilains, or about four 
inilcM; Ibe avfraite iU>ptb in, nr. about Uiroo miW, andj 
ihereioie eontauia abont 450 niluona of cnbio nOoB of 
S'tS.OOO mQlion milea nf tho wbelo fHobc- 

Tbe Padflo Oueau cuvrva 'H toillion uileH, and is fonr 
nilee deep. It owva ihi nune tn it* tranqiiilhty, as the 
smnlltmt vi.wk-1 can rido it •v«iuvlr> It is a sni of i-ornl*. 

Thi* Attuttii" Oi<eui has 2A mimoa ulW, with a H])L«itic 
gmrily of 1 9285. 

Tlif Indinn iVran, 14 nulHnn irilca. 

TbeMvditerTanoan. I millign miles, with a apeolflegmritf 
of I-Q2S3. 

Tbo Block Sen, 170,000 mflta, with a spedfic gravitr 
ut I (11418. 

The lUllic Sea has ITS.OOO mllra. 

The Korth 9c*. 160,000 miles. 

The Houtbon Oeean to :W •<& miUlonil mllei. 

Hen wat«r nuttains, generally awaking, from 34 lo 
4 nnr r«'nt. nf salt. It* ipivifii! gmvity is lOfS. 

The Di«d Sua upcrlRe gravity k I'ill. 

Tho omnponent parts tnay bo gcnrrnlly taken to bo 
water, muriatii^ aeiif, aiilphiiric acid, nitiicnil nikidi, lime, and 
niiigiioUA. Our iiilnnd sea water ia somewhat different. 
It eontaina in 1.000 parts— aalt 2A, sulphate of soda 3'3, 
ULuriuto of maKui-aia 4*3, and murluto of lime 0*8. 

The bittemeea of salt water ia ody at the aurfaoo. 

Salt Mia water fiMKA at 2Sy t'nhr. 

Oeyssrs. 

8iimi< pwiiihi inity Miy, Whi'm haro ull IheMnilirmlBi^millS 
front F TIus is an unkiiown qiir-ntion. We must maember 
that wo an only witliiu u wry xhcrl diiituneu of what was 
onoe a (laid ina«« or hnil ai tire, and whoao iummh i^mtniun 
(.'heiuieals we kui.iw nnlbing nr a', l<ia"l vt-rv HhIp iibifiit. and 
if an ostrich egg should r«pn.neul the cunlj, thi' nhoU of the 
r-g([ would bo too thiok to reprewmt the oikrth's rmM, nimn 
wluch all thia wnttir is Ma*pnnde<l. This iQirll is cnMknl ifi 
pluses, and water gciA loo uour tlio wamt quorlero, and is 
■eut up odddlinv sharp in the shape of ge^rwrs. (Seo the 
fnmtiffiuwVt and Qvysoni, (.■ootiuui'd.) 

Qsytsra. Ttl<rmal Sprlnss. Gas Springs, 
and Volcanoes. 

The inoroiwe of terrostrial heat ia well illoatrated M 
dfMwnd into the earth, oud may be lakiru tii he at 
rate of 1" for every 60ft. of strata ntt'reed heyaid KH 
frou the surfaoo. lu tvuikI Bumlntn. VoV. ^Uk \)£ua 



M 



WATER SUPPLY. 



Icmpemtare at the imrftwe of lir earth u aO", At the 
depui of one nilo, my, IftSJ"! at two uiilm 241°, aud at 
I three tniliM, ZSdl". 

For our i>iirpoae we will wij" a ^'T'^' ^ t*" milo* i" 
35<y*. IIi>Te we hnrit :iS^ nlxnve tli(> boiling poinL wliiiJt, U 
thin wat«r ws* oonUined in a Htonm boiler, would piwluoe 
B pnauuv of iSlbA. to tlu> tNiofin inub— xuitKbla for low 
promuro boilers ; and. it the water <^aiiu) fmin a dj!|ith of 
thrw miloa, ws itbould ftet atcaiD havings & pnMnro of 
130llw. to tLe MiuRra iDoli. 

Now tlio natuTftl hot HprlnRs czivtinfr In mHoua part* of 
ourglob«, i«mA from itntAtho depth of whiuh one wonld bo 
wamntsdinaariuvklioald oorrMpond witii tbc t«mpcn>tuK 
d tb« w&tcr. U tAC tomporaturo of tLo wat«r isntiuK from 
ffiich springs could bo taken to be the aame as that of tho 
ttai^'Tiutr from whJoh it baa riftcn, auoh toniporaturo nbould, 
approximately, mre tba daptlt of tbo nwtrvoir ; but jrau 
jnuHt mnvniHrr tLat thia water baa to paM through ccrtaiu 
ctiata which taui Mnatuntly to ^vcrcttno tho lvtupcnitun:>, 
htil how much dMrcaso takes plaoa iw one ia ia a puiiitiiu 
to dpfini". 

Agab, tuppow thia heat to 1m ooming fratn a df<pt]i n{ 
thrfr] miln. U is jiiat pomiblu that thia livnt tiiav not hv h\ 
a liqnid fi^mi. It nia^ he. that of a gas, or naid only, 
nierotui^ thi: upper [firlinrm of tho earth's prurt, iind omnitiK' 
■n ooutant with fl>«iin« ai wuli'.r, wbldi ia hurled forwiiixl 
H wator ft-oiu a atMiu iiijeiit<-ir. 

UttiiBsl apiini^ appear, in s>mui plaoofl, to bo ooinplotvlj 
indf^prndMit of tho utratn nndn- whwh thejr riaa. Ttify do 
mil cxcltuiit-cly prcvAiil Iii Tuluatiic rc^oufl. Tho hultOht 
porraaneni ipringK di«oo>vcired aro thnm at onixidrnLlili! 
aifitaaoufcom Tvlcanom- ARuaBCaUeoteadelaaTriucli(<rsH, 
between Piurto Cbbvllo ana Hew Valuoda, la Vuauzucln. 
South Anerioa, liad a tompwoturo of tBl)% Iseiud throngli 
a atratmn of granita. AgwM CatDangiUas, near Ooa- 
niuiuato, in Mtxloo, hod a t«nppr™twro of 205i'. Tlien. 
a£oanlini;> to tho aMunmtian thai 1° fur urury fiOit. is ritrbt, 
wo get thi^ao last-nanuvl thermal springs from a di-ptii of 
nni^j two ini]i!i», but Uio doopcr or hotter th-- Hjirinpx aiv. 
the more cnratio will ho the now, whUiit Uiuae, nuiJi an Uik 

8Rth Springs. 

Bath Rprings watwr, wbiuh In at tliu hot Iinth 117^, or of 
niodcsato t^perature, are v*ry cuimtint- Ni-ither dorn 
thia emmtB-ttay belong to tho vrtLlcr itib-lf only, but iilao to 
ita chumiml onnii'tiBitinn, which roriM tery oonBiderahl^ 
with, or acM^iu); to tho rtrvrci's of heat : Iinrl tUerff la 
another thin^ vhiiJi nhuuhl bo diktitiotly uiidcntuod, thai 
thirmial apiinip wllhia cartaiu Umlts. of wr tiom 101>° to 
IW", havo Bovvr bum known tliTiiu;,'hout Euvpe Cu Oavo 
undcr^rono tho aKghtcat Change in tli/<ir tcmpcnture or 
olismiuit aoatyxli, whilst tiia bott>-r onoa v-ODtaiQ in solution 
VsryinK propcrtious uf mliitimJ inatii^r. Fur HrtriitnDnL'a 
eako toko tho NiiringH of Jjos Triiiohcnis, which, in 1800, 
had » tinnpi-mtun! of 191}% but in IKi it Wiu fnund to 
have a Iwtiiperutiirp of 20Q J , or a riiw in tliO ttTmi)i.-ni.turio of 
l'I~ in twoDly-tbn« ycaia. It ia retnaTkable titnx nirinff*. 
whn.t<-rfir be tht-ir tompomtur*, tba MMular pi.Tiiuitiutii,y 
iiLtirly always attcnda tnon, and the fouutains of Groove. 
whit I'l flowod thuuMinda of years ago, to- day How in tho same 
pluw^K Knuinoa Rirer, which nun in S^mpliuliw L^k'H, 
after flowing diwippeand, but again Bjirung up out of 
the dncli\ity of the taonntain chain, utiout nix iii!U-« vmHi 
of Argoa. Herodotwi, the hiatorian. nuiilioTui thiH cprin},'. 
whioh to-day iwuea fnni the same sIoim^ of th^ mniintain. 

The Temple nf ApoUii at Di'Ipbi hud a tifurunj tn 
the oeatn of the hnildiut; which gav« intnTnittent 
vapour, anpnoaed to prouaed from tho Oasaotia Wdl, 
aear by. This vapour wa* of an tntoxleatlng chararu^r. 
n'Mth. aowrding to the chtaooa, nado the Prieab 



Tythiu drank, and whim in ihis ■tat<^ tltn onioln was 
iiinraltc^l, uiid the wuHx alw then lUten-d trere snppoHd 
to be a rerclation of their iifA. 

Curinnsly, CasNotiA Well still e-xista, bnt ia now knowB 
lui St. yicltoloji. 

There are plenty of th«eo olasah) fonniaina and thonnal 
tiwin^ about Motmt Panuuatta, Ptnmi at Cotintb, and 
.£den«u on the coast of Eaboca iiMir Chalcia. 

It u atnutge to find Iheae raniiga to rtntnin with th<dr 
BablvrraneanwateraiUKihatigwfor 3,0O0y«ar*, inaooonti^r 
m povnibirly Mabjuot to muui rlolent earthquakes na thoae 
lif^ore- mentioned. 

AootlivT example of a natural J-l iTaw is at Lillcn, near 
Caluls, bon?d iti 1124, or nearly dgfat ountoriva a|po, 
aunplylng the i>nmc> quantity of water. 

1 have said that it vidy bo that thflso foitntai&a, grjttn, 
or wtwtpvOT ynu like tn term ihptn, atv [Jiiibahly oiUM-d hy 
|tiLm<B coiniujc in owitiu't with tln-tirt-a, chRNua, See., mhi- 
tainin^r water, hot I will now, ia onla: to aabstaiitint« 
thid. dHini^atT' a few snch aketiasw. 

\'iiri<>uH g»-^m an ejoded In enonnona qaantitiea fron 
tlio lower regiona in many parta of tho ghibc. Btaair, of 
fourw, much stronm^r and larger than olhwa. Soaatimet 
iho gas camea in tJie form of onrburettcd hydrogen (iUn' 
ruination gas), whii-b 15 la^g^Iy1l•cd at Ilo-lun^, la China, 
It in ulinj ii»pd in tbr city of Khiii»g»T»clie«. 

Then, aj^uiu, thvn> nre ahundnnt inMnntvii of sraMoas 
ejeotlonit, tiviii tho iiilnlor of tho oarth, of carboatc n^, 
whioh hnrobncn rumtin;r through itavdnAfor thoiunndiaf 
Miitiirii^ b«fur« atiiiiial oiatti^ cotild hare tM'on CTMtod. 
Thpaa fiMrans nnd litrivinm wittii nolhin^r tnori' narlr»a than 
iho connnuuii'iitina iM-tweeii the txtrrinr aiitl tntvrior of 
tMl globe, and you may be siire thai thu« tlsaotva wna 
moio nuineTOtiK and i-Apiirririiin than they are at the present 
tim«. 'Flam qualiliw of tlw gtu^H ^hioh were tbeo piteu oO 
were tcit ditTer^nt to those giv«n off to-day, and jou tnny 
bo Bure tliit iIioto wb« a large ijuautity of aoueuua vapoux 
ulwarn auapendcd in the air, which accountea for the ^n- 
bt-rat'tvuKotatdou of thow tinics. Tbi«, toafMlain eatoit, 
WNViants lur th» nwt furrHts of uli, which, beinK fAMaliMd, 
Kupply us to-day with inexhauatible etotea of nuaeral and 
other foci. 

Kpoaldng of thin, there ia an oil apriuj? at Baku, ealled 
Aaaadouhij-oiT. whii-h b giving sonMtthiiig like 6,000,000 
galtoiiti of nil per day, and aaid to be worth £3,500 a day. 

Till) poxli^iuus volumea of oarbouio add supplied outf 
pnipoHis ac this early period, by entcriag into combiiuclon 
with lime, which prodtiofd the marhles, which are 
notliing more thau rarbonato of lime, which la Dearly half 
curhouic acid. 

Air IN ren<lorcd very ddeterious by goMt and vaponrt 
generated in tlie earth. 

In a c«rtain valley in tho iaiand of .7ava, carhooic a^ is 
throwu tmi in sut'li (junutitiiHi that no animal can misi 
then, nor do birds livo when flying low through the ait 
above. 

Then there arc the Tolcunoo* whiuh eject hot mud, the 
wrthqiLalcefi, the uibUTtanenn thunder, and the ejvoiioa of 
lofly juta of Soma, which buvo buen known to Uaw to *v 
gniat abeighc as to be seen at a dlstanos of twenty-foor 
Riihis, tor three honrs togeUner. They would thro foil 
bucJc to ihroR Inot, and Ihni blaxa away for twouty ho«Ti% 
when ap woold oomc euormons Ininpa of rook and quaatitiea 
of hut mud, which havo pnxluraa soob places aa Monte 
Zibio, near Stunirrla, in the Duchy of Hodtrna, and Iho 
Salne. ni^ar Otrgemta, in Sicily. 

Ruck fragincntx, micb an tlioiw whirh wtte ejeolnl by 
Jolnnali, are to be seen acatUrtil aiuund thv former. 

Tbo 8ahw has wutinuad ia the seoondary rUIo of a«llTf^ 
JTdil?*"* ;ean, eomdating of cono-ahapod nonnds from 
*t. high, harinc; srttnll cralon at thn mimnut of the 
h oontain watt^r, from which gaa is dlMUgagedj 



t 



I 



4 



PRESENT IX)NDON WATER RUPPLY. 



SOS 



bat notiee, tlw mud tlutt Is ejected hvm titme voIommm is 
caU. SwnetiiBM theso gaaeous erapliooH uro aUcmlcNl villi 

MidentUo noise, and gr>va di&^nt kinds of ^okh at 

rioua intcrralit, iN>ni«UiD«a carbonic »cid, other timoa 
Ittufreo, and thnt bjdrogon, irhich in often mixed with 
ntiuhtha. 

Other <nteni, irKfaih are of a siDn enomtio cliaraotcr 
in tbt-ir Kubtt^rmDeaD force, will disripl ln6 floor of the 
(Tutvr l>v hiinuiiiig holao ur flMUtee Uiet^in, mid t3iuii a 
•stauautuoaUua witli the Uciuid At*. whirJi fUte dto wild 
«hdl of Ihe «arth, when aCoam aad auld xu» will bo eJMlad 
hk Taat ((UAntitiM. after which It Is followed bj i^tad 
Mflonie and mi hot Blonee or fmementH of rock, whidi 
wQi be foUowcd hy torrents uf carthr iiioanik-itnvut matter 
of paMtf fufrion, known as lava, and bore wo hate what is 
termed an active Toloano. 

Ilieiv are nevuml diatinctstagiiiiof Ih^in rali'anoM, nearly 
all of whkh laoN or leM interfere with wat«r supply. 

Submarine Springs. Diving for Drinking Water. 

It in not g;meraUT Ihou^lit of, thnt tiim ore upriiin of 
fi«*h water ereo boulnfir up Ui the 1x>tLou of Uti^ nvtn 
and cvea aeait. 

Aliitiif till! IVrxiiin Gtilf thorp is n tnwit of coimtiy, perhaps 
Ihi- bot.t«!it te^'itm <if tbi- ciirlli. Tin' lurid iii rurely 
rvfn>)ih*<d lij- riiu, yel tbi* p]ac« ih popiilalcl, niid wnt«ted 
by muBOrvuK frwu watar wariugK ; and, Hinitinre, thoac 
■pria^ are at the bottom of ilto wa, when tltL' froKh water 
ia obtained by dirinv, aa fuUowH : — 

Hm diin-r Bibi with a rumiHiniuii in a luMt. I[o titkoa » 
Iriad of bag, preferabl)' miuli.- uf i^mt "kiu; thin hi wiudn 
r>iuk1 his ana. holding the mouth of tho hag dosed. With 
the diflcnga^rod hand hothrowa a hetiry xiAno overbnnn]. 
which ia attached to a Uilo ; the ntone id alluwi-vl to full tu 
the bottom, ho mnkea good the line tn his boat, aud then 
joiapa OTcrboard and puUa hinuelt to tho bottom, linda Uh- 
C{Hng, holds the maath of hia bag: om the mouth of th<^ 

r'ng, the bo^ filla, and up both eome, he holding together 
uoolh of the tMig, and ia tjiiir-kly pidlod into tho boat 
by hla ooiufiaDioi]. 

TLrao uphngn tranil tho bnwpls of the earth for a roatt«r 
of Wveral hundred mili^n. Sotno nay (ire hiindrrd, whibl 
otbeia aajr aiz bmidr«<d nuli.->i distaut. 

Amorioan Aqueduct. 

I wtQ Just draw yuur attention to the AmcricKs water 
eupply for New Yorii, whit.-h they had in worhing enlHT an 
far Mck aa 1842, and han- iiirr(ihf«d it arr-ording to the 
growth of the dty ; m tli»l th'^y are cut by any moaaa 
bohind other ooitntrioH, ulUioug^h their place is of eom- 
parallwly new eiriliwitiou. 

Take iha Cn^ton aiin-tluot, which wa« commenced in 
1831 and complrktl in 1842, at a coat of »,61&fl00 dolhira. 

'nus lenf^ of thin mjuuduet in 4i>^ milen, 33 of whioh aro 
built of stone, brick, and cement, anibed bdow and aboro, 
harinp a capaeity for dinohar^nn); at leaat 8& million 
tpUIona prr diy. It iw lairtinl over the Bariem River by 
pipaalaid ujKiti IA Hruhee, of which Mven are 50ft. span, 
und v'l^ht of 80ft. Fptm. 

This bnd^ in 1 14ft. iihnvo low wrtt<T ninrk. 

At tluf pLuv whore thvCruton dainiii roni-t mated, thn wat«r 
of th" ori-^k wan 3Jlft. lower than the hoad of wst«r. hut by 
ff[.<Ui(; f iirtfavT up the liriw a dam of leas height would have 
iLiae, but a certain niaount of water .lupply arra would 
have l)Mn lo«t. 'llic How of wnler at thi' ilaiu avera^ftn 
muth about thr Kime an oiir llivet* !.«■. wiy fiO to (M 
mlllioo ffallona a diiy ; but the miuimtim U 27 loillluii 
fnllonB. Tbe water is held batk by the creek data for 
■hiiut six mtlea. fonniDg- in ir.wlf a largo roMn-oir of at 
Ibat 100 aorea, known lu Crotuu Luke. Tha capacity of 



thla tw^ervoir, down to «. p<rint whoro tho wati-r would 
oua*« to flow into the BiiuctliLi.t below, la about 000 million 
t;allDa<<, indepondent of thu rcvei-rinj rcMrToirw in the city 
ihcn built, oa{>able of cnntuiniuji l.^D tnilticiQ gallons mora 
whan full, whiuh to^thar uilurued a ruiKirv» supply of 750 
pallooa for seaaODS of extreme drought. Btvide^ all thia , 
in ease of great noceMtty, other atrouras can bo readily 
turned inlothf^ Croton rirArabore the rcaervoirs or direet 
into the uqueduet. So that you see the Americans, aa far 
baek an 1$4'2, provided a far better Kupply to their city 
tlurn we huro nC the preeent nomieiit t« thi.- lurtrest city in 
the world : and these AmMioana have not boon alow to 
keep up their watl^r supply proportionally to thoKniwthof 
thoiroapilal, which now exoeoda 190,000,000 galloas per 
d«y. 

SpHng and Well Water of England delivered 
in Cftlais. 

This it|>]M:ir!i eiirirnui, but why ahould it not be, oonndeiinft 
that th» l>>tiiim of the Channel is formed npen che follow- 
iu^ ; First thvnj u> a layer uf chalk marl im]>vn'ious to 
water, then one of peensamd, porans and oftpable of utiirA- 
tioD. and then an undxrlyinji^ layer of impcrviotts dar. The 
n.Tidur chiy nam imm KlmiI ami SuaaaS beneath the Cbtinnel 
l(j t'-ulain, the wattr in the CHlais wella oomiug frum raiu 
which fell ou thi) lulls of tho suutti of Euglund. 

East London Water Supply and Local Board 
Inquiry at Hacltney Royal Commtvaion. 

[Fiam (Mohtr \*t lo tht dth, <Htititirr, ISft'i.) 

Tu tho Srat place wo will speak of the East Londoa 
Water Wurk* Company, and take Uueo people as aa 
illustration of one case, whioh boa bioiu;fat about an un- 
noucmary aimiiint of (lownright twaddle, and. I i>s.y, an 
alarmluf: nmniint of uanenMsoiy iU-fevltni; thnm(fli 
iniuieprgM'D bii tiitiis . 

I hare aaid thtt a ron^tnnC «npply rriuiicd f<->r tho Eaat , 
Loudon Wutw Works Conipiuiy mujit be iimridul with 
proper storage. 

By Giamtuin^ other porta of this work yoa will boo that 
Ihe Eaflt Tjondon Watw Workii Oimpany depends ^roady 
upon the RiverLeaforlta supply. That the Rirer Leagready 
finotunbes. That In times of itbomis it is apt to, should tl)S 
loiul be eaturated with watCTi which, by-Uic-bye. haa nut 
boon the caas all thia spring and summer (for I bare had ' 
this fmm Mr. Corhir, who r<-i<nr.«-tit^ tin? Jahi CSonaerTamoy 
Board during the Huckniry Royal Coimuls^on on the Waler 
Iiiquirv} 3)c>™iinn flomlwl, .ind ihi« in ilu' Tery worst time 
forlAkiUK ^uf^r iuti) rttoraxv itnurvoirs on ueuuontoftho 
amount of both aninial and Toenlable sufasLanoe brought 
down with Ihe Htrcama. (See tftnlea.) 

IJoiv, thii \x\i\^ mi, aud the lucreaaa of popuhitiun and 
tho extraoTdiuary amount of waste of wateiTwhichia takhi|[ 
pbioe, touvUier with the drought of thu early part of tha 
seAMWi, this Company had an intiufiiiiiuat uEiiiunt of atora^ 
or mervoirs. The eoD^eEju'^iico i* tliii — that they were 
oompetled to rsdnoo their EUpj>Iy to a suitl«r of two to 
three hours pnr day (or a week ur so. 

Tho conaoqueooe has been this— that tho houao-ownen, 
to HQvn cxp)>nac>, havo thoroughly ignored patems, under 
the plea that ther are Insaidtury. The eonwequenoe is thai 
thesf poor people had not any memns ot pnriding them- 
selves with tho neeessaiy minply. liut thir matter don not 
mt here, there being an luiuureurtcut ut woriL 

Ncurly evmrbody ssvms, tlimiigh ignoranoei to be 
agaitijit the Qjinpauy, hocause they were powsrioes to 
vrapple with thv enonnous waste and ahortiicea of water 
from tho Lea. In fact, nearly the whole of the East 
Loiulati people attzibuCed this shortneas of water to Ical^ 
mains, and Btabbonmese or aasmsasgeBtent of their voi^ 



andHr. Bt)«ii, their finginMT. I tnuAl mv, hna hnm moat 
QtmWPnafuUy Ul-tuwd for tltat whtrli he lirta mil tli^ alijfhbMt 
ocntiol ov«t. Wby ? Simply bcoaaw three or four jrewm 
tffo he Bftw what was coniog, tud tb« Dsmaty to iacreuc 
the attumgo capadtr of their nwrrolT*. Anil th« 0(iin|MUiy 
applied til 1X93 and 1691 la Patlia.uiiCTil for gmtiita of uouej, 
and* Dill tDeiinpair<<Ttfa«in toilnKii. Ttiiii Biltwuaoppiueil 
by tbo Luiid(<ii Ctniiilv Ocuuictl uikI Co. Tbey duniiiUjT 
ntfuned to NBDOtioti tLs miNins nt cai}Itiil (or tho uoir 
storage aod pnmpia^ woikis n-hicli, hii>fl thn Bill paonM), 
Ifaa nanr rMorTairn wi>uM huri- l^wn ariiilitble l>y Un- timi' 
lbs Kuvlly ooDUiTfd, to tLo exicot of QOO milliiiD giiUmm, 
nod a tuv pompinf uppanitaB for [luiniiiiiK tliixv inilll'in 
pillfHu daUf ; M tlul you hco If tlio BtU Iind not been 
rejneteil tbnrc would havo be«n no dcRoiciuiy. Aod more 
than Lbi», had tiif* hmuK-'^ownori iiot liuri; dunu awHV vrith 
ihair oiitvnus or built bou«(« wIlhuutoititenM, «Tra tliauK^ 
the ffstcf vu aout>«, I mily bvlipvo tliat tliocv would hurc 
been no troubU 

8ufiu> nifty turn round and ray (which, luifortunnlcly foff 
tlio consuinera, they huTo), " Itut viiitcmii an> in*imtiiry, 
and not atKiimry under iJio cunMant supply.'* Then, I 
My, thftj- Iinuw nothidv of what they aro talking iibont : 
fur it io iiiipoMiblii to ftlwaya hare water in yntir hoiiMt if 
yon Ujivp h" riBlnro. For uw tiueof ropuirn, uddiUoiw ami 
bniukiiKui loiut t>oine, iind during thiH jwriiid when? aro 
yaui — forthfltimv tixa«lly iu tliu pooitlou that tliv Bint 
l<nnliriiKtn> havt- b«»«*n. 

Thtti r^n it lip mid ihnt you can nuikti aure of A oontitaal 
aupfdy witliuul oi»ternHf 

(h4icTTk:r, fnim a mnitory ptrint of rivvr. liavc boeu iiuul« 
and pnttmtdl I'VAraul ovftr ft|r<iiii for aL Iva^ thislafit2d 
ycara, ibuA doitj); awny with lbt» first poHion of iJir-or^L- 
incnl, T1i(irp arc vli>*> tatilm, witli pt^xw uimiitft din^'t ojf 
the main*, witi or wiihuut bull-t'ocltB (what wo call liigli- 
pnasnre tankHj, proridod with s [irv>per ttuutinic bull. Tuuiid 
rttUHOr, or ntht^r nir>Talra in ih^ir lop. which tantcN may he 
fixed beluw ^luuiid, ur nliovi:. nr tp any oiit*<)f-tlii>>wny 
place, and may Irnhnd tit «uilii!)l<i diniMisi'inii. in- Fi^. l.OHU. 

There iirv olhw (nultit known ai the AVatcr jlC^^K. '^hich 
wiU atand ularniing nivMumi. and nrrviM the wnse 
piirivMr : y<4 wc am tola that these taiilu are insanitary 
liy Uioae who wn« agnioat the Onnpany. But the Com- 
pany happmicd to htivo quilB a* rcunblM witnt^nnM. Piir 
nurtaneo— Or. DudAeld. vii.'c-lVwidmt of the Soeiety of 
ItadlMl Offlom of Health, and M.-diatil OEBrar to Kuuanff- 
ton, wbo oould ace no obj^tiun to the uae of dat«ma if 
pnptrtg krpt. Aod be reefrmmeudcd their \ac. nod wu^ 
Mtr])riiiGd at their being aboUahi'd uuywherc. Thoru wviv 
many other audi wimoiuea pr««eat ready to eotiflrm tho 
aairrlion. 

Of (viire", d»totaa. like vx-errthinir oIup, n-qnim lo lirt 
looksd after, and ill placva wIutv thvy will iioi luok Hflvr 
theac ciMema, then put tfav urdiHary roiuid, doHod-up. 
oimnlatinjr tankit in tVir uttiid. There i« bo patanc to be 
fcarcd, uiA, ax boTure iiaid. auch hiLve bceu In Tue for many 
jcum {Mat. and I know of nn place wbcTS they have nnt 
(pvou im-at wilisfuvtion. A» lo the i-Ioaot aupply, duriiiK 
iho tiniH riio wiittir itiuy be cut off for a few liours Idt tiio 
poople throw Ihcir dirty wiiUTilowTi. mul thcrr (.unnul be 
niiy harm for n, few h^ium ■buiild Uii.' wittier happen tu Ijl' 
turned off Ifarongh nniivi>idnbl« circnin«rAni'i>». whinh ia 
bound looocarotwomunally. and those who arftixj huy iii 
do this aro not of much worth to tlie living. 

Tho 81iattor«d Mains Bubble Inqufry. 

Thctv was a irreat deal Mud by Iho eninni>'?r fnr thi< 
Lond(»t Coonty Council and otbcn about tin.-, lu bn diit<L' 
lo tofm then, ahattcred mains of the Eaat Loudun \l*aUT 
Worka Companr, which guca in my miud to proro thiit 
there waa eometitJag iu tlie buckipuuud nf thia ntfatr ; f»r 



ht" difllinrtly -aid thut with tlii-<o pipro or mnina anmcthing 
(if BD piMptioniil rhsr/icUir wwurrwl, mmuiu^f the pmat. 
I'Mi« of wutrr tlK'n.-bT u^ Iu at 1o»at the rod of Jum^ ; whiUt 
the vhicf oifrincer, Mr. Bryan, disti&fitlr said, thfougb hia 
omniMl, Mr. IVmlicr, Q.C*. that the whole c^ Ibcir mntna 
woiti rfiKiin-d in Ii»ndon iy (A# 8(A of April, and iu Ibe 
rtmntry dj"lricl» h/ lht\9lh of Apr*i, wbiidn'oul J b*pri>vcii 
by voui'li'TH for t>p^ii)f the eround plncpd in tho Imndc ot 
the Tetrtrit-H, In faii. Mr. llr3-an ridii'uI'Hl iht idL« of 
HhHikTrcd tnoiiiH. which bo miluUntinlnl by the Toiiph<;r 
prtiofB, and iitlrnnitr<d tlin »ntjn> ahurtnewi of wutcr fur 
June. July, and AiiKu*t tn tltti djvuKht in, tho Loa V'Uvy, 
wbk^ for the firiit »ix laiiiitha waa iinproccdimtcd in bk 14 
year*' rxjteririii^"'. The rnmfall for the first aix months and 
B half l«iiiy only 6in., mid nulo Mny 26lli nil the re»ervoira 
wpro full and fivcrflowiiiif, but from liiat time (u'Arn 'A# 
piyt» *f*r* ali ri iinirrd), tiwy /ftl raptifty day (y day HHfil lit 
JiiA tffJ'iMt, viiii-n tlu-y were compeltnl lo cut off at nitrht 
far nn arcrage pcrioil of nine hount for ontr tw«>thirda of 
the Cirnipany'a nin*. The ntlirr Ihird waa not cut off 
beoause of the fire maintt. Tho How ol tbe Lon began to 
decrmuw on the 2Gth of ATiiy, wh^n it wna ten millioa 
(nllona IflM (VII the prcviiiiia dny ; nn th» SAth tt waa 
43.li09,n»0 galliitiv. During,' llic Ti'i.iuTh (d Jiinu the daily 
arnrajt" lluw w-a» (inlv 24,^)110,000 ir:ill(ni», nf irbirh tlicLna 
Oonserviiiiiy wun biiUtUd (u tiiko .^.IdO.OtiO h'allona. After 
June SVth Uio How was (<mher decrea'>pl to 'X'i millloo 
g-illnna daily. (>n Jniy 1£th th« esrricr to Iho ronaumcn 
WAA rediiua) to thirw houn a day, Atts ttrvrrvXT* bnnK 
tintc tin ally empty. The serrip-a of tliree hours p?r day 
tantod till 28lli of July, ur jtiat a fortni;^t. It wiw thvn 
increaaod to nix hoars ii day. nnd atand pipes were ercted. 
On Au;ruat lOth it wu* furthrr iiu-rpa»cif to cIo»ok hoiint 
pvr day, luid t'viduiitly made (.vuiitaut aj^aiu on the 8tb of 
September, 
There was uu truth that a Klinrt scrvioe was given tn any 

CDM>. 

IVmtri-a were jmt up, asking PonwinirralLninoiniw their 
naL-'r ujt tniicli uu posiiible, t^getliuT writh 17 i.i>')0 h.mdbiU 
imtido", and uilvtfrtuementa in tto (UKlrim piiji'rs, 

Tliviuiiount of water pumped per bead for laoh day was 
aij fottow-i : — 

The wwk ending July h\h. 40 K*Ilonp> : July ISlli. 99 
galliiOK ; July litth, %'i Kutlona : July 'tttb. It H'nllona i:H« 
mlmmum rvitobed) -, Autmat 2iid. 32 gaUou)! ; Au^^ust 9th, 
£3 gallons: August ICth, 3:i gaUons: Augu«t ^Srd. 3G 
gallons ; AuguHt 30tb, 36 gnllona, 

Ht<, the engineer, emphatically denied that the loav "( 
wHtor wns tmoogh ahatteml miios. and unributed tho 
iwarcitj- to thi^ failure of the Ui^-er L<^4. dun to drought, 
and beiU}r barr.-d by not tuiving tlie tiecunat^' Purliiimenlary 
grant simght for, whirh wua opponed by the London 
County roiiiicil, f<ir ninhi»;i tlie ueeessury slorags rewr- 
ruirs und manbinery. which would faaTc enabled diem to 
have tided over wli'at bo had forosoen, the shortncaa of 
water, yi-ar* piwl. 

Mr- Bryan was neverply crose-PTaniined by Mr Ba1t<'<trJ 
BnwTi. O.C, for llio uuhlic, and Mr. Frwmuii for Ihcj 
London County Coiuteil. and also by ih(«e aptwirliig »nl 
behalf of the dlSereDt vestrica, but which cTideuco euulo] 
not Im< shaken. 

Quantity of Water used by eaoh Person Daity.j 

The following i.i luy eTperleneo : Thai what i* suffit^ki 
for ono honse la totaUy iiindoqnate for another. I 
niiiiilicr IJjrBc IU iiw, twck, thr(H'. 

FinlJy— Tiik»> what Im called a fIraUclass houac ; anjKtf 
wvrti iu family and two w:>rvauu. \ 

Such oonfUtiterM, when un tho constant syxtem, uae m- 
niore water than when the intermitteut euppff is girvn, j 
f.illiiwa :— • 



PRESENT LONDON WATER SUPPLY. 



50a 



The tnojler ia tike morning mnst bsTc liis hmth. H«n> 
[ go m tbiitf Ki>II<ii»>. Say tluit cmlr Imir out of tlifl mvta 
' Sjee ouo bitli per day. Heiv to l^tfia wiUi b 120 ^ttllouf . 
vfajnh in the xmnnicr ia often doubled. 

Thr rJiiHcln, tit) llir av(-r>){r<. are Qiwd, In Aiut Uiroiighoiir. 

thv biKunf. tv'W K (la^. Hnd the handle in pulled imicntUj- 

Iwfnro nnd afler uw, whicb represettta. tn hij- (hi? ]on«^ 

iBiffltt gnlkoiM for Uio four pooplo caclit or ouotbor ci|rbc 

gSiltmM. 

Sltanld Ih^rc be ft apraj bath, whinh is now becominj^ 
Kmeral in UrK* Immmm, tne Mnuunt of wat«r lULcd 'will be 
double for bxlb purposM. 

Cookiit); ukI for culinnry purpowM, At leut, on the 
ercTnire, tltrr<> ^IIaiu la requiri^ lot cacth jit-rMta, laaking 
■nnilwr twelve gal 'on*. 

Water for bod nxan purpoHux, RV(.'rBiro ono gallaii aaah 
porsuo. WalJ!r for wtuthin^ flo<m«, or ooruhbinp {mfpofm, 
nraai^ the niiiiunnm (jMautil.r two gallons nor duy for 
mch pcrsioii, wbir.h bnngH iih np to I7CI g.iIIonH for t.hn 
four i>:^plv, wliicii in liii' Biiuirtiw tiino, when i-vpiiiiiK balbi 
an) r«(i<tuwl. brio^TB ue up to 'iOG fnilloiu, which. divideJ 
bjr foort you hurc 7^ pnlloiui to each ponton, to say nothing 
■bout waste, f^rdi.-u !>u]i|>lieB, Ac. 

llieaie are itpms whirb hare come niider my pcraunnl 
aMiiN miay jrVBre pant, imd at tbo pniTiit time. 

The Poorer ClasB of Houses. 

Tini of all it the body wtwhing, nM|uiriii^ tbrm gnllonM 
for emtrii ponton per Any. 

CloMta — attUl (piUviu. 

Uictello ptirpoM-i- two Knllnnn. 

Iiinon watihni^- four ^nllnnn. 

HniMU iwrnbhiiif; tttxA ddrl wnrh — ono gsllon. 

Thia ia tlt« Wet tlH^y (ion do with b> keep ifaemtblvescJoau. 

Here it amoantA to IS ^nlloiii per ^neh pcnrm. 

Tbla I liiiii' It-Ttli-il hy ini-trr in Kly I'l^<>>, Kiu}fi'1a[id, ao 
1u back an 1873: alwi at thu MixU-t Ijutl^'iag Hou««, 
Hint Strmtt, Borough, ao late as 1^0, nod in many plac9» 

The WAHle, if only a Ma. pipe. Iflt to rnn full bore one 
' vill u>« up 4110 tfiillniis. and ha« imouutt'd to a* mud) 
M,"'"'- " •-- - *■ '-'li'iiiifht, Wrinifa tip ruoiiinjf for 

1 uiiu>. There ia a jirwvaVut idea 
:iiat if K dniin ahould hnpptn to 
thiit II mjiiinti ttit-'^iii^, and thMie people thLnk 
liiig i.'f «■ itiitic t.ficir Ir.fw to run full bot* for boura aud 

»tt, j'fK, and nigbt< upon nifchtx tugvtlii^. wliilut, in 
Vr, aiii^h atinka aru pouriuK from (be eewer iutu their 
timr^ fir ihr v^niii of proprr trapping, io. 
Ali>i;li I ' i!:,L [lumry ainmiiit of vrontc take* plflM 
VOj; f-iiatv vi-.t}>';r by ||H-o»Ie Utarin^ their tfl.pa to ruu 
^t am! day fur wni'kn towetiM-r, thi'V ktiowiiifr thn.t wli-^n 
^nr ruoii throU).'li tb« piivn the wutcr fivui thu ntn.i!t 
JM*** will bo of sufficient t^mperntniv to prrTenl thoir 
^^^ from IrcfKitiji. nil. I 1 hi*vc cunsultrd (Jio water work* 
' of my tivitibbourhood. and olhvr \i\aw*, a» to wbut 
iUik wtuld be their loss of water frnm thi.- mrtinnlar 
and 1 am nwured that it haa amounted to, at loott, 
^■U of the ordinary aopply. 

pimiddle claaa hdno- ran b<> very w«11 token on the 

M eoming bvtwi^.ii tbu twj. This I have t«sl«d 

lovera^n. wil.bont bavinp the nU^hteat regard 

ting between thr r^omtomar jind the wat«T worka 

, nor liari! I thi' faiiitrat inti-nwt on tirbnlf of nirluT, 

in the iiiter*«it«i of juntice, fur, ntthouKli I bave 

II up ua nnyoiiL' should do when tho fncte aru brau^ht 

_Utfht, It abnald lie known t])itt I am mi/ ntou uiU/r 

■Err, and. thort-foiv. quite iudojirndc-ot and di!iinl<.'re!it«d 

lADythidfi ooDiHM'ten din'<:tlr or indtnxrlly witli th« 

' cora|mile«, Ihoir Rt(jiLK>, iLartti, or pi-o^v i-ouui.*otcd 

>«TiU), or their outuumurv. 



Qarden Water Supplies and Waste. 

The amount of wanti- which govo on in lininit of dmn^r^jt 
for what I* known oa garden Hupplioi la boyoud 'jonwption. 
The water ia timally Inid on in good fnit^i that the 
rcni'^inkiir will Uae it jndii'joUfly, and ncoonlinx' tit about the 
rite of the garden and fi\n^» buutc*, m* the amount of wnlc* 
rnv i* oharuvd. But afior everything haa qoietvd down 
and all forjfotlcn, excepting liit* oolWtion of rate*, you 
may go to the book part of aomo of the houaei, and I could 
mention doiteBO about thia tutrticular nrighltourlKHxl who 
hare, ainoo tbo putting on, lutmdnood the lawn nprioklar, 
Figa. ti2 and 91)3, also nuall fonntsinfi, which latt«r are 
■Uowod to run week in and week out diirini; the Hummcr 
time. Now refer to the ]awn (prinklir, Fig. il^2. 

Tbta wiU only play vtLt over a certain area when the 
(in. pipo in full on. 

The founuin plnya for a cinorter of im hour In poch 
pkce, often a much lougor tim£-, t^podally if forgotten, 
nnd Bay on h. good fixed lawn it riqinrvx tpn nhift*. Here 
is 1,000 gallons or mow mt day. ^ay it ia u-kmI ihnv ditya 
a. week. Thb will equal 3.000 galloua. Say one out of 
ton houan hiia auoh ajiparatna. If tro \* 300 gnllouA to bo 
aildcil to tluT Giinaumcr'fi nuanlity, and ihut i» one of tfao 
places out tif dojtena beadw-a, which ia tiuiea of dnmght 
pluj'a an important part in Iha (ihortncM of the wutcr supply. 

Builders' and Painters' Water Supply. 

It in not gpnerally known that thia amounts in one ymr 
', to at Ec-ust 1 00 guUvuii pgr house of nveu rooms, and so uu 
in proportion to the hIim of the huuae. 

As a rule mast of ihis waU-r is l.-tken in the dry scasun, 
anil «■ wo have at Icvut 000,000 hmuwK, it nifui* a tiioe 
Utile drop, which is sonrcely ever Uioughi about. 

London Water Supply and the Details of the 

Welsh Scheme. 
114,000,000 GiLLOHS ta s&to to bk PBOcrrsaBix rnu Day. 

The London OMiiity Otunoll haii onthoriaed its Water 
Conunitlee to expend £'i,dOO in niakiDganrvcysandot)l«in- 
ing other infarmaiJon with rmniaot to the aohenw fur 
obtaining a water eupplr from Wale4. In the Qrst plaee 
the Conimittco Tinted the site of the jvopotwd LLugom 
rdscrvoLr. The supply to tlmt rwiervoir would lie miunly 
derived from tho u{ijK-r part of the Unk valley by conduita, 
whidi would Hkirt the hills at an altiliidn that would Ivare 
the lowir and more populous portloua of the valley entirely 
untuntihed. The wntcr from tfaoae uphuid drainage ureas, 
121,000 aoreein extent, inrJtiding thodiatrlot of tb) Blaek 
ICountaiua lying ea»twan1 of the town of Bremu. would l>e 
led by nooduits for the aupply of li'md^m into a larws reeer- 
voir, whidi couid be eoononuoally ii>rm«d uu tho Bt« of an 
existing idudlow lake railed Llangorfa. Ilu) top water 
lev<.-l of the lake, aft^r )>eiiig raised !>3ft.. would he otidfth. 
aboTo the sen, and ii.M arvn wunld be iiMovased Irvm about 
i^A to 2, HOP aaiM, bcdag fire mlloi lonfr by one tnile and a 
half broad. Tbe ormtonta would bo anont 38,000 miltiua 
gallons, and the dam lu rt-ljiin tlmt mnrmoti* quantity of 
water would be only 130ft. in height u« an extrome, and of 
oompantive shtnt lungth. Of tho purity of the water 
that would fill thin rcMerroIr, tho Commitioo irpcsUc in high 
terms. The eonatrootiou of this rewrvoir would involve 
the diTmiiion of a portion of the Mid-WalcB> and Bmym 
nnd UcTlhyr Bailwava near their Juuetion at Talyllj-u ; but 
that direreioti could be ensily etfeoted, with advantage to 
thrt milwaya. After tnakhig dedtictions for dry years, 
evaporation, uud torn ptasat ion, a supply of l8'i,0{IO,000 
galtona a day oould, it H said, be obtmnsd from that source, 
"From this reiwrvoir," the Comniittev say. " tho main 
sqaodnct would conuneooe and curry water to London^ 



R06 



WATER ANALYSING. 



IXTO^ joitird Mt ». di*tiince of mboit Mvcn mUtm trtan 
I.1iuK^r«0 W tilt- iTJbiibirlod which would Huw in from th« 
northwnrd.' Thcj- point oat ih&t nuib ol tlii propwod 
tp«rrrriin woiiltl rirnituin IHR dayii' Atnmi^. Xoxt wba 
vUitnt th« tHwrvotr in tin- Tnwy *»II«f ilirtriL't, from whif-h 
wiitor TOuId bo opoductod tij- mijRJi" tit a lunnpl 4\ milni 
lon^, inlo ■ rowmijr ^unpoHcd lo be ooustru'-ied »i Uw 
riviT Vrfon. •hniit a mile abore the village of LlanyniB. It 
WAV at tliin point that th« Mooikd gn^t bniTH-.h of the 
wJipnii> Wduld In hicjit«d. IliRm waa an ftr^lfebV druiiiHf^ 
wa of imiif 1)7 .000 •one ruaidng up to altittidw uf fmw 
l.TdOft. to i.OOCft. above tho MB. A dam ttfrnM-* ;hu river 
IfMft. in <«xlr«m(> hrlirtit vmiM form a lake ?,6iU acres in 
ftna, the top wnter of whbh « ould bo HOMt. oboro th« Mo 
level, and waold contnin 31.090 inilKoii gallona. lliat 
]altf vmild (ortn. Mrlih tbn inlaiul which It woiild c<nit»{ii. a 
me»t pietuTi^wjiip obji'ct Lti ih« luiidHcapo, it hainnir a 
Mirpontinci nonm' nf ornr tax mit« in Wfrth, with thrrx 
brandiM to tlia norlhwurd frifn threo-qimrtere tii oin- 
mitn and a half in Im^th. In thin ch^d aW a divt^ndoii 
(rf ihe Central "WaW ltjiil«-oy wonld hi iwjuircd. In 
nddilimi 1u the nnluml drabiiigc> ar<^ uf tho rivor Yrfoii, 
Ui« drainage from l'»,B(10 ncTM erf thx Upper 'rnny 
ondd bfl ppurpd iiilw tin? Yx1*m rcwrrwiir by divtTiini; 
the Hair of tho Rimr Towy aa abeiidj nvnticmcd. i'rfoi 
thcMO t«ro areoa on th« towy nod the Trfon a mipj>1y ni 
13.S millinn cnllnna a day vua avivEliiHe !<«■ IjWidor. nfti* 
making' Htviid aUii"''>[i''e'" for drj ywirs, cxKiipi^aiitifai to 
tho KUvr Vrfon, and th* propti pniportioa ot (rmi'tittitti'ii. 
In Ihfl ^-alloy of tho Mtr, « tributary ot thp Wye- (how 
nbiout thn tmipli! Uvtnuc un tliL- luiuVi of this WYB Eivcr, 
day llpn-iftrrl, irbirb I* Tory riiort of wBlfw now in fhr 
■iiinm'T tim??i— thpTo waP on Bvn'IuliI" drutna^ an'ii "f 
1 7,0('0 arK*>, t>itiiat(Kl abavo an luljiilnible fitA fur a rcmrvoir 
of «iU iiCTCH in cxleiit, tho top irM«r of which would bn 
70(lft. ahcrt-o *nt Jpvcl. Tlii» dminnffn an^n itri noniKHiivl nf 
rodot of the npnor and lovrur mhirtiiTi livrl^-ti, wkh i-cri'tin 
intcrpnlatMl volcank bcd^. and -vrauld givo n (■apply. nfltY 
dry jroara, ovaporation ftinl rwntmiMtidn hnd lux-n a]tr>wf<] 
(or, cl IB milliaB vallunaaday. At a »j.ii; ubjiit fuur 
miles above Rbayawr theie vnu a ronarknbly good rite of 
about litOWt Bflni, the wholo of which in ctumpowd of Uio 
iftvtrr ftitnrinn bcdn of tho I.landovory aeries. It ran up to 
gr(«t iiltitudw uf uver ■J.SOOfl. on tho nlopenof Wytiiimmon. 
A rpdorvoir bartnir nnumkof 900iu!nHi<!oiiMbocatiiitruntul. 
Itaoxtremo Itmcik would be H^iuUee. with an cxtrvcuc 
hmodlh (^ about half a ini1<>. Tha dun would bo about 
ISOft. in height, and thfi rnpAcity of the Tff^TvMT lOtAflO 
millvm fpUlonw. Friim ilmt reaervoir, after providiixK 
for dry }-oan, vvanoruiion nod conip«nRation, n. supplv of 
nbutit IS nulUoti guloiuf ii dny c>>uld lHT*ib(ainnl fiirlMJU'liin. 
Tlie lart inBfiefitiou waa tlut of the Ithon Valipy. At a 
point about a milo above the village of VntrKdrnny. thcro 
waaan avsUabla dntinage ansa uf iJi,l)0& airi-K, running up 



to altitudea of from l,aOO to l,&oafb ahon th« ««. A 
nnu?rvoir rould bo coustmoled of about MO acna in uxtfnt. 
H'hioh n'oiiM contain about li.OOD million gsllona. and gfrv 
a ftiipply of :tT miUtoii galloiM lUilr for Ixiiulun. Frum tlic- 
•aurmt indimtod, a total of i\'-i milliini giilluiu a dny roiild 
boohbunL-d. Thou, in the opinion of tlw (>)ii>aiittef, th« 
achoine nppc-ant to aflord tho piwprot of a pure and plenti- 
ful Kupply. On the queMdoa of potfty, howcn-r. thcj 
proprMC to take further ovidooce. Jleanwhile they ore 
enaployinfr wvenl euginBera <m the mawpyn, and tb^ 
pnonian tho Cooncil further infonnatioii at tho rnilloat 
paaitihie opportuiuLy. Tho Cr>mmitlM' nibnit no rvcon- 
TDondatiou^ but in eoneliiaion tlw^- amy that "Ono of the 
0Av«iit«gM of the aeheine ia that it may be cnrried out by 
iiutaliuRitA, md that, BamnuDg tlio preaent Mrtirec* of 
Pupply to !» Biainfnfnij, a enpplcmeotary e-jirply of purer 
nnd raopp wbolewiiie wattT may bo obtjunid front Wa!»» 
mSEuiitnl for the n'qniri>n>pnw of London forty yeant haw*, 
Bt p. ooht lit I'V, Ef at all, cxt'ccding thai which would bo in- 
cunvl 1 y tlip foiTiintloo uE KscrvQln in the lliamrM Valley." 

Anf>th<Tp(vmgi™pli In tliofumo OiinniiUw-'a r«>pcjci will 
aak lltf Ciniiuil to eimclKin on HLjiinclitiirr' o( £35 thai ha* 
ViTfTi innmrd in riiinwit.iiTi witbuiti;rtiiii(*ipir^i>ian»inatiiiia 
bf the ituor 9itii}H^iil4>d umttcra iu Loudon wator, thera 
cx&miuatloaHhaTingbocnaBdenakoB "to tu to ditfcnMitinte 
DK. fir n« poa4bto llu TUiocui amoUer ormniaroii, cupec-i^Iy 
tlf }Micttria." 

Tbo I'ailiAOiontjiry Oo'imitl-i; will submit a report with 
n-fiTtaiue to the WaW (Tnuwfer) Billfl, which, on the Mi 
July, IHOri, in vif-w of tho difiaobiHon of Parlianteuty the 
Camii'il doi?idod tu Hiui-M-nd unlil tii-xt jinwiaa. TLn Com* 
rrritlro riilimit tbc following recommendatioti :— " That, 
■Vxlring ibiit tlir xitpply of water in the atstTDpolu and ihf 
turrouudii.g cluitHi:t-< Mtiutilil be in the baooH of a puhlio 
aiithnritjr, mid n-itb a riow to a oomplote agn-cucnt with 
nil pnrti(w ctitioxmod ovi^ tho ontira ares aiipiillcd, the 
p-ininril do invito H.M. Gkivonmont dlh^-r to doal with the 
question thmft^hrefl at to appoint a Royal OimnkiMioo to 
dono."- Mr. Stoftrt, M-T.. lii« givco notice that he will 
move, nnd that Mr. HtiKiimou Wixnl (Cliainiuui of 'he 
Committoe} will Kccond. thi,* nmondniL'ot: — "That tlw ^b 
for the ittinhnMe of thu Londcm Water Compantoe ho nn>> 
eeedod with." 

A reoommiMidatinn wan «iilitnit(t>d b^ tbe ParlianMiutaiy 
Gommitleo, in roEonuioe to the eight Wat'ir Rills pojiuotsa 
by the CouueQ in the lairt Beaaiou ot Farliaiii«tit, iluB the 
donaoil invir/i the Oovenknent either to deal with Ac 
qiunttoii of wiit'ir mipply ihrm^lrm nr trt iippoint a Royal 
CutumituLim. Mr. Btuurt, M.E*., itiured m an iimimdinent 
that tho 1lill< for the pun'haso of tbe nodertakiuge of the 
Loudon water couipaoiev bo priH-vi^vd with. After a 
debate, in the eoune of wfaioh Lord Farrer opiioaed the 
iimendmentt it wae rojeoted hy 6iio&9 votes. TIm dot»l« 
wjut then adjuomed. 



WATKK ANALYSING. 



KAIN WATER (SVUBOL K^). 

Ovfayi''^''fl)e tolrent power of water, it in nov^v niut 
irtdl b« ■bite of piuity. tboogh unqocetiraDbly rain water 
ia uMrer ttiia dtate thtm any other. Thia class of wat^r ia 
gimer»11y mixnl with ntmuMpberin air, to llii^ extent uf 
about 2) por cent. There an> vnrioiifi m^thiida of getting 
the air out of wnter, but th? one I pn.-f«r is by boiling in a 
retort lutM to a pnoamatio npparatui>, whioh may 
readily be ondentoDd by leferenM to J. J. OriRlnV Qate- 
logue, or to almost any wnric on Ohpmiatry. Try RoMue's 
w Blmcjua'a " £hniieiit«ry Chiiuistry." 



Should yon muqieot tho pn^mw of any of tbo iollnlw 

in yonr water, and have no cbomwol look to woilc with! 
the ft)1lowing mr-ihodn wiU be oiwful and nwot intexeoting 
ia your spara ereningx. 

CAKBONIC ACID. 

Carbonic arid not combined with a iMse. or combined in 
rxcvNt, ''■fin b' diacovrrri'l aw foUowa. 1 . lime water Docaakns 
u urc<cipitiili< wJiihln wiib rfFervesMDee la bydnddofto 
acid. i. The infusion uf litttiua ia nAdniad, but the nd 
colui diaappeors^ and ooa be natored by oddii^ 



• 



I 






WATER ANALYSING. 



507 



aum of the miiimHl water. 3. 'Alifin bodied it haet the 
(impcrty f>f mi'iciiinir (ho infuaiim »f iitniu*. 

lliunnl vidi. if jntHBitt unruinbiiunl in mtftT, girt wi 
infiioioa (if litiuiu & pernuiuQut r«d, no nutter if tw water 
tUM bwu builod. 

5UI.PHURI!rrTF.D HYnitOGEN. 
Smcnov 1. 

Wnter ooutuiiinfT Uiin cmi be dieting) liabed with Uit< 
following. 1. I)y m pemilitu- odour, 1. U mlilcDnlitiniiH 
fitt:«douiilj-. It bUoluuu Lend iwl Ya\>cr, uid predpiltthw 
nitnto of ailvir, lirovn orhIa(;k. 

ALKALIKS AKD AMMONIA. 

AlhaUno uul oartby oarbouatctt uutj bfi di»tiii^LjiIied M 
folluwtk. 1. Bran infaninn of tiirmorio, or with tnnaeric 
to*t pspor. wSloh i» nndnrnd bruwu or n nxhUab brown 
Nworaing to tlui qiuntit)'. 3. Pnpcr Atainod with Brazil 
WMul, or U) inftMon of this, will bo rendottd blue: but 
nul« thai tiiii' i» aW> i>mduu.Hl br alkalioia and lauthj- 
(urbcuiAtc*. 3. LitiDQM [laper t«ddpiiod by vinegar in 
■ntCond to it» origiuiil colutir. 4. If Uumo chnn^fM W 
fugioioui witb tbo~ alkali, took out for annnonLa, irU^h 
jrcMi mn nMly discover trith the Ncador toit for ommonift 
(litoufHi uxne»clingl]rdelicKti>), whirJi any guod cbrmiit will 
nuk« for you. 

Ai.KAi.[r.s (kixed). 

TImw exitt iu wai<T, luid oMUision a preoiptditu with 
moiiBtv or cUcrido nftce bmnir boiled. ViMBtik alkali onn 
1)0 dbtingolsbod by th« muJl. It oui oIm bo Bren with 
llu) Hbove tesl if you distil a portiou of the watnr. 

MRTAtXIC AND EARTHY CAKRONATES. 

TlM'io mny be ot*cnri)il by prci^iptt«tii>n by butlinK the 
water, exLwjit tlui curlxinatc of iu(||^(m>u, wlutth ouia only 
be i«wipltatod Lnipcrfcotly. 

IRON. 

ThtJi CAn be diaeovcnMl by tiuctuiv of Dutgalla, whiuli 
[nve* water nontnining' ircm it pnrplo or bWk K>lour. If 
tbp linoliuo Has no effect uj^u the wutvr uftor botlitiif 
{Ilipugli it ooloon it bcfcm] tlio iron ij in n stato of 
<*rbon4tt«. 

The fullowiug ore uaoful hint*. I. A riulet in()icfttc« aii , 
«ll(aJinii carbcinvte or eartbir niH. Dvrk piirpli> indionto^ i 
otbcT nlkaUiie Mltd. Pur]iliim indtcutoK i<iilpburi,'ttcd hydrc- 
Itfa gM. >Vlutiah and then tdaok iadioatea BiUphAt« oi 
linw. 'J. 11l4^ potoMtum forrooyaaida will occaaion a kind 
of blue prefijjiute iu tlia watm' cootaiuiiig iron. If iin 
aUnili bo {tTiNiODi, tbo bliio precipitate doea not appoar 
ntiam th« alkali in AitunU'd with lui add. 

Poiaonoua Metals. 

tian an Tarioue kindit rrf polHaooOR mcftala wliinh at 
Unea eaotatninato onr wnt<Tr, but I sIiaI] only tr«at upon 
tliO HU moot cytmtDun, niuiu'lv, iron, Wd, xinr, rnppcir, 
arMvia nnd barium, anil *liall Iny futrilciiliir •Iren upun 
]mi1, na It tonoM nn imp^nat ilc?iii in this antilm» of 
water, and no annlyai.^ trf drinkinir wm'r in perfort without 
*'-*-'-- iar this parti<-ulnr tii«:ta1. Ltnd iinOrrfroc* nu 
in a dry atmoiiphrrn. ntr wen whnn tt^nlM np in 
of piitv water, oun^iinlly rf thii wut^-r had Ut-ti 
• iuti«Ir botlvd to BSp«l all nir, and under sut;li raws tho 
•al will retain ita hhUiimry for an indeAnito poriod: but 
If tfXpwed ti> tJie iiuiLi^l ncliiin of air and pur« water it 
will bt ouimkly niibjwt to a pt'wcrfnt corroBJon, Hnd boponoe 
o^rdlxM at llifl surfiici-, and lli«» itn oxidv of lend ib 
fcOBvd, wUich ia ivadUy disHolved by thu wat«r; thin 





MdutioB readily abaorbM carbonfe ai:id, a flint of hydratod 
o»ycnrbonftl« .if Irad (PbO. HO + PbO. COl) iadepMJt«d 
in dJlty arales ; tlioa a irvA portion of oiidc ia JmtuA, 
whioh again in diuolnd by the wihtor, aod mi it, the water, 
boooniM poiaoDMi. But von mmit Iw nnrtiotdar to noti<« 
the rJrcnmatanoBa wbitb uaji produced tuia, namBly, that of 

fMfV WHtOT. 

Ther« are variouH Idnds of miiu minh u Halpbatrc, 
fdiofiphatM. and carbonat«ii in wat«r, which modlAu all 
thin, f r4 nthcn, auch ancblLiridni aiul tittrait«, will tacreaee 
tin- rMpidify of tJm rnrniaion, 

All osiilV of kitd i« acanely Mlublu in wat«r whlcb 
Ctmlain aulphntw, the phoaphatcji, and the oarbowiteo. 

Bieaibonato of Ihnc la nmurkablp for tko prea<^rv:itiva 
inBnpace whieh it ««rta on lead, Ihnw »prin^ wnic t^ vrry 
rarely act upon tho metal to iiny dnnffpronn nxtmt, and 
hence one r«a«on why I have n^eumwi-ndrd n gumj t^onx of 
hot lime wuah to be put on all leaden elalcnia, uwd (or 
the Blirt-iiKf of water for drinkirid purpoMa, vdtloh fornia 
a tllu of inaoluble (.'arbonate of lead upon tho Hurtaco 
which protects the ne'al hmwith from furrhiT injury. 

I'ortiMpH Home of Dty btetlir<->n may <>bj^-t tu tiuanuing 
1 Loirwork ow-r with limo wbiIi. Let that bv how it m«y. it 
i»of gtvat inipDrt&iii-v iu Jt» wiuitary baarlnjp, and «u«;h 
bcdnff the eaao, whctlier it oSeudd th« ey« or not, it ahatild 
ba oone. 

Rain watrr u at timei ooUerted for hoowihuld purjtoBeR, 
and prrat am nauat bo obeorred to aacertain wiiotli^-r this 
w«tt>r In Hiifficiently impure toprovnit nrtion upon the lend, 
if such bo uanl for iho (riaterutt, whi<r)i lunr be aaoartahtod 
by /idilinp n dnip of eolourlivai »iiTphido of anuntioiani tO 
a IHirti^in of thi- water i»ik^>ti initn llio cistorn after a few 
dayV Htaudiug, tb« loDBvr the better. Tlio wator «hou)d 
bo bold in a amaU oyUndDr atanding upon a white aurfocv ; 
dionld thorn be any Imd the walvr will diirken, if not 
tl will remain Tinaifectod ; and it would be qulto aa woU ta 
hn.ve two oylinden, one to contain water with the trot, the 
other tu contain the sample without tho t««<t. If wry 
minutj) pnrtiiinii of lend iir>- there, slowly evnponitu the 
water to about a hntidmlth part, when your t<wt will 
be onti hniidriHl tini(>*i morv powvHul, 

iVnotlHT w«y of teeti-g whether there he any action 
of rain »al(T on Icsil U. by cleaning two flrip« of tho 
itK'lal with n khave bouk, and leam on* pirfix^tly clean, tlw 
othtn- allow to tjimiBh of itadf; p!aoc the twv in two 
Imikerv of witter, and leave thom to utAnd for a we«lc or en : 
tlieu lako a flaak (a ohild's feeding bottle will anawer}, and 
put two or threw littio bita of tmtpiiilf of iron tlu-nnn, Kod 
a aolutioD of mx of walur and ono nt lMn<M^nt^3ted oulpbuHc 
acid, whi^^h will generate aulnhunrltiMil hydroxna guc 
Now witli iL Kmiill tube pcrfeetly clf^an (a small tube of 
jllaa* on to the end of tlie mbhcr nf the f'vdiag boltlo, 
the bottle ahnald berorke-l and Ihe unly unllntnt the tube], 
nouri^y a few bublilm of tho Biilphwett«d hydrogm 
gaH into the bottom of the bcalcvrn eontaining the water, 
a/ltf lie nttlallie Uadu u-ithirauii, and notico the diffomiM 
in the eoliiiir of thn liqiiida. If there 1« none, got a third 
bcnkrr of tho riiu wiitet befoin it has puwiDa into the 
ciBttni, ttnd ooraparu tim thrco. 8hi>uld then be no 
difference, te«t nil tho wnton with a colourkiut mtlpliidi* of 
nnimoniuni, luid iilm> with ti nalutian of colourod MilplJdo 
(jf nmninniiiiu. It you can find no ehaiigu ym may nfm'^Bt 
rely that lliere be uo lead prvse&t ; but if yoii i^hotdd 
ilii^oovft tnunee of !(tad you mnrt Tintlrm it, and nlno 
get tho amount, which ia dune by drujiping two or three 
drcipa of acetic tu'\A into >h»iit a hundr^-il cubiu oenti- 
mmea of wutvr, and nbout (ivu cubiu centimetres vA tlu> 
wilutico of the iietore-meatloned aulphurrttcd bydrojgvn. 
Vou wilt h«re discover a tint, which can bu tyimpriml 
by fonnipg nn artificial Mmph> miwle by aildlng a ku'ivu 
({unntity of Bolation of •nltit of Wad U> una buodnd eubio 
centimctiva lA dietillod water. 



Diatolvtt 0'831 icnun of crjritalliMd normiU nngKc of leoil 
in a litre of pure -vmtor. Thi* will pnxluiw a. Bolution 
coiiUtimnir OOOOl gnun of mAUllin lead in lUO.MO pwtK of 
walor, wluuli wu uuw csll UK>NT»ndflniiolution, uod whl<-h, 
if divliled by the umpli^t funa at 10, tliu nnmbcr of L'ubio 
UGntiinotm nooded to pruducw tliv ciiuct txdoui, or tint; 
u cbo wmplo for oomparuon of the pure vratcr. 

Tbete mn Htme hI(« of Imd which nrf^ NC«m>ly ftoliible in 
jNiro mitar, namely, Ihn hydn>l«l <>xycarI>ODA.t« of Icttd : 
tbiii wUl Otily talw up lii pure whU-V ono part in four 
aulUoM, or about one nzdetn of it vnui fvt ftmlloa. 

Otido of lead in HoluUoti and in aoludon of di«tilled 
water, nj four or tlve ffruiua to tho gnllon, bAOOmrs fillad 
with «1)^ orjriitalif of tho hydniind oxj-onrbaiutLe when 
exuMcd tu thu air, uwin^ to t£e Bbsorplidn uf larbQalo wdd, 
■nil in a few hoan tbo wat«r will not coutain thp motAl in 
Boliilioii to ■ ({TiwtoT extent thnn (m« four mitliuDtli [inrt. 

Watvr, if Iiif^T clnirK«<l wilh«arboato acid, nay, lu-ver- 
tbelMa, dluolrB lend to « dangerom extont, uwiotr to tbo 
aalubility of ths corbotialo of leadinaxooHol earbonic aaid; 
btit wbcoi wmlj>r is thus imprei^ttled with the laod and !a 
buileil. tbe ga* ia cxpellecl ami the carbonato anbttidaa. 

Lfud ie rtpiily <x>rtxKlvd wbcii in aouMot with wot 
HiilTihnttf of limi.-, a> thftl it should nut bfi bronifbtiu contuct 
wiUi damp ittueoo or pIa»tor : in fact, so bad wa« n ranc of 
thin kind, that tbo wh(>l« of tbu limd paraffin tAnki at the 
AUiintiv ^Vbarf, Bow Comnion, many i>f wbirh «rB Kwnty 
to eighty feet loiif;, tw><nty to thirty feet wide, and from 
N){ht»ea to twenty foot dMp, I biid to rclinc aftnr tho^ hud 
bfivo down onlv about ton year*. The firm trho iirii;iiiallr 
llued them haa Rceiinid witti iron naita th« aidM ati'l mufn 
to a wooden wed^ dtlvea into the comoo, atid "uvi.Tvd the 
ho-iil* with It patch burnt all round. Ine crnioxiui-noa was 
tltif, tltat tliL- tfinlu, bciuir undut^roiuid without unr mean* 
of vmtilation, conim«noed HWeatin^ b^wMu Ibn Ennd and 
tlw (tuoou wall , wlwro thero wm every obaace for ch]orid»« 
and nitrites, owlnfr to the tM-t thai tbiA wu the iito of an 
oldchcmioul worica, thooldbrirknof whtrh worofnllof tat'h 
chemioaU, which hriokH tkw! ffriituul in n tnortar uiilL 
and oaed for the rtucra. Then iliuio were the iron nuil*, 
whidi at once would nccaunt for tho wrro^on, which vma 
cironit'lv biui fnr bftlf-an-inch to one inoh all round. 
Why f Simply bet^auso the nv^iatttm thnxivli the swcAtin^. 
the irnn, una tbo Imd, then! wait a aplondid nouplvt Met up. 
tind tbo wondur to nie '» that tbe lunka lantea to long nn 
they did. Anyone -within? to rm the rtfort of Kurh work 
arewrlcimi- Ui mamiitd lu-ima of Uii?«p**iincn*»fiii''h I hnvo 
hem, by wrilinn mo for an apTMiiiluient, Thin vim n ioli 
of ftbout £0,0(10 thr^ntrh the piiinih>.<r*« wnnt of knuw1ud)(t) 
vt the droumatauoui cuuuoctwl with the tnulu. 



Iron and L«&d. 

Now we nwv ua tho point of the nomviioR of lead, it will 
be well to dmw your attention to ualatod rum* nf lead 
water tank loakaf^, which wona to huve pn^xhtd n minibi^ 
of people who have aeen thin corrcwion, and who, thuu^b 
ohemiila, h&vo bovu uuabhi to trace the ciiuse ; and im itn 
riampli? of such I deon it projier to iwoni thr followinjf 
whlrh i* tAkcn frjm tho piiKc« of tho Siiiin^^ ll^aucj Club, 
inMitiitiil !S7!). Tli« Anmul Munliiift wliifh iritx tioM nt 
tbo itorol lUite!, Nifrwit'h, Mny 23nd. IftSO. tmtfirnl, 
Mr. John Bidgixid, B.St.. F.L.S. : Viff.PrfndmU, Mr. J. 
B. Brldginiiti, F.L.ft.. F.E.S,. Mr. T. 3. Brr<*c Mr. F. If. 
EUingham, Str. A, W. Prestou. F.R. MM. Sc«~., Mr. T J. 
Bixon, Mr. ft. W. rtting" 7\>^ai»i-, Mr. Edwanl Conipr: 
Hiinerur^ Hrrrr'nrif, Mr. W. A, Kiclu^aon, Wi. Trinity 
Street, Norwich-. Cammiiiff, Mr. Frod. Eci^. Mr. A. E. 
Col, Mr. Thomaa Allen, Mr. J. Do Curie Smith. Jua., 
Mr. 0. Chri-b^ber DnriKi, Mr. i. H. .Stii^y, M.K.C.S. : 
JfwrmU Cvmmtlttt Tbu Frwidt-ut, Thv Svr'*^''-*'^ Kr. 



Thomas S. Breeie, Kr. Joaea Oarnir, Mr. F. H. 
Klliutrhatn, Mr. S. W. CuioK. 

Thnv arc about 100 ntccnMrn, of which a Inr^ nnmber 
w."i« present. 

Attur tiilkiiix nbout what they hod di>D<> tliirio); the year 
at dllferent utoiitbly mcirtinira en hi(Jo>rfciil, phyMoal. 
natbonntical and aatroBonioal, gaolo^en], <:bointi'at, 
nioteimtla^oal, and literary oabiteta, to nay nethinv of little 
odda and eudii, suLh an the CDrnrlaliiNi of Structun wilh 
Function, a« lUuxtratod by a De^ul >'oule : A Cbnntor im 
Evolution, by Mr. .T . Bidir~<ud ; Setting ef the Clock, Savinir 
Regard lo theUnifomiSundardof MiBasniingTtmcby the 
ItoTcrmd J. Freetoii, M. A 

r)ioiipbcirfwi<Ron of Antnialii, Hhnirin^ Uio ^Unking Flu!- 
nuiui^uou a« iba Eniimiiim uf Li^fbt by Anlmul OrganiMn. 
by Mr. T. Irwin Oiiou. 

Motion, afbirSbntring ilnw the Frietion of tboxe parto of 
bonea which riay ut^u each other waa kaaencd b)- inoasa 
of s ooTOT of BmeolJt oanikfe, lubrieated irith a Tieokl 
albnminouii mibetAnee called Synovia, by Mr. Donald Do 
Day.M.B., F.R.C.8. 

Jeaniti« Bark, by Mr. Edward Corder. 
Sleep and Dreanus wlucb was a very intetwting F*P**> 
by Doctor Barton. 

The MicKMoopieal Evening. The nreaideot read a paper 
on TliR R<nmdnctiv» Org^na of HnaiU. I'be (i'TXurAi^ i>f a 
Crii-ket ana Oockinach, which waa a ruoat digimlit-e iwiwa-, 
by J. B. Bridfminn, F.L.8. 

Mr. Edward ('order, on the Boll AniraalcniK ; f>llaw<il 
up liy Aiiteouw aud Ton^n of InvactJi, tir Mr. T. J. 
Dixiin. 

Mr. H. A. Kiii^, cheuilBl, of 88, Ezchunm Stxvel, 
Norwiub, hhnwed a wft.lon of Coal from N^woualle, 
pontainine gbudulnr vell^ ; olau Feni Spone, laki^u fron 
Coal, anil a ■pooitnsn of PomI Wood front California, 
■howini; the cuuifiToiLK atructine uf the wood. He alw 
dmoribcd and exhibited a section of a Meteorite, contuainit 
tluid caviti<«. 

R^-pruduedciuof an Ei't,by Mr.Tbimuu. Southwell. F.Z.8. 
Ifiimnn Blood Crywlab. bv J. H. SUry, .M-K.C S. 
Thr Frwpulei'jn uf VtwacU by Wind, from a 8cioDtifie 
Point of View, al«i IV-firihiiijtr tbe Principle* of Floatation, 
by Mr. G. Christopher Diivif". 
Oliam, be W. A. Nirholi-iii. 

Wellatuujlt <>tis Burner and Buifuhttor*, ttfod fat Gao 
Works, by Mr. R. A. Pank: and a quantitT of other 
-vritiiilirn< .iubj(r)-tn, nuftti iw IClBCtricily, Luntcra MicriMnipiie 
Work, Nul«a on a ThiindurNiumi, ico., ic. 

Tbew illuatratioiiB ni\> only to Hhuw ihnt thi-re are men of 
ttdcnt onnGctcd with thin iuntitutiun, yet whcm it came to 
the Rubjent of lead and vattT piixw, tbr^ werr ncwnewhat a* 
1 hare aoen handredn b<'forr, piufiled, thou^ Mr. KinR 
^ipplotl with thia aubject boltiv than any cbumiat or 
inetullurKU't thut I have seen or heard at. 

After a quantity of letten paning between ua npon the 
follnwiti},' aulijcfits, Mr. Kititf ia dMoribtd on pago l&etf 
llicir nuuunl n-p-jrt, oa fulluwa :— 

"Mr. U. A. Kiu;r. in dewribitut hit laTesdgatien into 
the cfiuM of A pooiiiiar eorrrMion (^ aorne \caA wat^r pipe. 
exhibits by Mr. Bri<l;;niuu at an earlier inisetinjr, et^td 
— ' That tlie Iriid piiwi in nneetion had been uaed for con- 
voyiiijf Nurwioh Water worka water for about twenty 
yrArs, at tho end of whi^h time portiona (aoveral inch» in 
ii'Dgih} wi-ro found riddled with minote holea »( /,lh to 
Jtli iif nn ini'b in diami-lrr, tho p<H<iilinrity twiutr tnut kIm' 
nolo«comiiirii,r'iNl fmm tbo iiiitde ■>( llie pii"*. awl in nio«t 
caseB had bun>t tbrotibrli tbe wall, tbo Inlcmil prvofi-.ire 
(prentmnbly of th'.- water in tho pipe, alkxit Aiilba. to tt>o 
nquare iiith in HiH^rhaia, wlien it waa Isiil^ having flrvt 
tiauaed the thin wall to project out warda, lomuag liUla 
prwninouun vinible on thu outer enrfaeo. 
"■lb waa ftvldontly prtttei j»pf, ftod the walls wen* 



I 



I 
I 

■ 

I 



4 



WATKR ANALYSINtl. 



noo 



mnc^ thiimer Uiui thoM of pipes allowod to bo laid hot, 
being 0017' ith of an inch thick for h pipi' of Jin bon-. Hud 
it been umq tor conrcfinfj^ towage mntb^r there would bavD 
been no^difficoltr in findinii a cautie for the liolois but bh it 
had been oied lor Nonrich Water AVorks water only the 
obum vu more obecure, and mufit obviously lie in some 
impniitf introduced into the pipe, either in its manufactiiro 
or oj accidmt afterwards. 

" ' In order to preecnt to the meeting a probable nolutinn 
of tbe quealion, Mr. King expluinod the mnniifiicture of 
iMd fnnn ita ores {and exhibited Hpecimenit^, drawing 
attention to the stages in the process atwhioh impuritieK 
might enter. 

'"The TariouB proceflses of manufncture of lund pipe 
were next explained in detail, ttpecimi'nn l>eiiig nhown, mid it 
-wna pointed ont that in ^rM^rYJ/ii/jcjr, in which iho steel nn-e 
«u used to regulate the bore, a potisiblc impurity would l>o 
cfensed by minute snculefl, or iron, adhering to tho roro 
and beccnning embedded in the inntr xurfacu of the moltiit 
lead at it -wm forced through tho prens. 

" * Faniiigon to the use of the pipe, attention wiis drawn to 
Hie fact that, in oonnecting lend oenice pipe with iruii 
tcaina, a brass fcrrole wns often attiichcd to a hole iu tho 
main, and to this the lead pipe was noldored. This wns doiio 
to wparate the iron and tho fend, and thus prLVciit tlic wcll- 
ksown galvanio ootion that would occur in the prcM-nai of 
air and mtnstnre, if they wore in direct cuiitiu-t. liut h<To 
ooeun another possibility. In drilling the iron maiiiH 
minnte paitioles of iron might ' (they do, nnd lii)iM]n>'lH of 
thouaanas of them) * fall into thi>m, and ttftcr the ctm- 
necHon witb the service pipe wan made those pttrtit^lcs 
nialitbedriTeBby the force of the water into th<)kii[lpi])0, 
and being sharp uid hard mi^ht catch in the lt<itd ami M.-t 
ttp the action it was intended to avoid. ThiM iiction of in>ii 
in caasingthe corroHioii of lead may be well ultxvr^-ed in 
tbA caae of iron nails exposetl to tho action ot air and 
muiature in lead roofs and ciHtcnm. Spetiimons of load and 
iniD nails &om tanks and cintems in which this action had 
•ztannTalj occurred were shdwn, kindly i-ontritintf.-'l by 
Jb. P. J. Davien. M.S.A. (of London;. In the case 'if imr 
lead pipe die holes were ntiarly all Klle<I with a reddi-h- 
jallow Bubstanco. easily powdered, and found on aniilyxis 
toeonnat of salts of lead, together with traCfM 'if iriiii in 
aWT hole, no iron being foimd in any other ixirli'in of tho 
pipe, iim thus being suggested as the !-iinrc! (if iniM-hief. 

'"As the text bookaon i-lKmiMri- throw v-ry little li^Iit 
on the subject, and aa several iira'ti'ral pluin>x-rs wlm wen; 
oonan h ed irere nnablo to ^'ivo any (-x^ilanation ' [I 
maj heiB remark that an advert {•''mei it .'ipiN.-iirt'd in 
MM cr two of tho leading biiililiii<r and rhirtiiienl trade 
Joamala o£fering a sabstantial rt.-wunl lo any one giving a 
aatiahurtimr solution to this qne'-tiriii, whith was rinly 
anavored br myself. I bt^g the 'mty oik! to n-jily would 
not take Uie reward, aa of all mj writings for 1r:i']>; 
jonmala and otherwise I wouM not, upon any iMnsiderati'rn, 
oo it for moner, nor shall I by any w»y ■iV'/rV- repaid half 
tin amieT which this work ha- eotit to jtnjdii'.-e, it U-ing :t 
WOllc of love to benefit my fcll'iw-wirkmen, as up to ll.e 
pKsent raoawnt 1 bavc *<pc-nt ovtr £7.000 in •■it|<>TiRieti;>, 
OaTdling, Handling, entrra^-ing^. print in;r. and-u'h )ik<; on 
thaworkj, 'Mipertnienti?w*^rei^rf'irmMlt(,tryandde"Twiiiie 
how &r ndnnte partiiile* 'if in.n in f^-'n'-nt with I'url inA-r 
water, charged with air and ear)-it.i': vid irir^. w.tiM 
effect the oxidaTion of th'-leif], tb'- '!illi".1:y !■•:::■/ to 
tudarstaiid how irrm, wLi'.b ii- •';;.'l."!v e'l— tp,.j..,*;«ive '«, 
lead, should cui<^ the oxidaTi'm "I :• fl. •:•',•■•'.>.'.}■ ;>fvr 
metallic ouitact is d<-»<r'.y»l i.y ti.i- f<.rtr.i*:'>;i '>! ^ fi-. t ' f 
oxide of iron lift «<*ii rh'; l»'« n.'.-a!-. ■.:''•- -r.- -jt.w:.'. 
aetioa the iron was iir^t uxl-Wnri ;i^d ■>.• .'u. -tn- n'.nt- 
wards oxidiiied by the oxid"; 'A iron f rrr.-d. \- t i/.^-'-r 
of fact, it was fonnd that if I**/! i:.- •*;.:■;, nr^" y-i.!''.' '.• ■ 
of iron were imbedded wa- •■.i;''.s.'J '.; t.r »;.'! jii-. ■.■:■.:•■. i;i 



a few wookM, the surface nf the li-ad in the neighUiurhtHNl 
of the iron boeiinu' i-oattil with oxide of IiikI ns well as 
oxide of ir(>n. In one exiieriment a nail wiin ImiNely tlxeil 
in a pieot> of lend pipe ihkI allownl to n-iniiiii in water for 
throe weeks, after which the imil was ri'inoiinl and the leml 
retiinied to Iho water. At the end of anoller month the 
hole niitdo by Iho nail was neavly lilh<)l wifh n ]iiii-ty iiiMish 
yellow niaHH, which, on Ia>inir cnrefiiUy ninoviil inn) ilis- 
eolved in aoetie acid, gave 1« it Hlliliibln h'nl eviilenee of tlie 
prosenee of lead in consider able i|iiiinlity. mid this lead 
pipowasonly attai-kiil just when- the oxiileof iroiifnmi llu- 
nail had lin>t aci-iiniulHtctl. In tiiiotlier cssn Iwi) piii-cti iif 
lead were jilai-rtl in se]«irato lots of water, one ]>ie<t' with 
a few ])oinlH uf iron nail atbtchial and the otln-r wilboul. 
After a fiiw weeks tlio water was teste*!, and tht< i|ii(iiilil,v 
of lead found in tho water cimtiiiiiing the eniiibiiiation of 
iron and Icail was much greati-r than in that containing the 
lead alone. This N(«niH to show that, there is a jsiNsildlity 
uf an hydrnt4il oxide uf tnm lH-tiig fiiniieil, hiLdiiig to iho 
oxidation of tho h'lul with which it may Ihi in nintaet (in 
presence of moist air, or iniiiHTscfl in waUT ronltiining dis- 
solvod air), thu Wd absorbing oxygiii fnim thi- oxiib'of iron 
which, in its turn, reabsorbs oxygen from the air, anil if 
minute particles of iron wcro intrisliiecd into itiir lesdiiijst 
this action may have pnslnccd th<> Imli'S, the laiiw uf which 
is in questiiin, more especiallly if the pi|Mi wiis not cjiii- 
stantly full of wntcr, 

"'As bearing on the /(((■( of tlio ca]uiliility of iron lo pm- 
iluco this etl'0"-t, Icttors were read friini Mr. 1'. J. llavics, 
M.K A., anil niitlior of a sliiiiihird work 'in plumbing, in 
which it waNHtiLte<l from Mr. llavicH'sown (ii|M>rienirti thril 
piirtielcs of iron, so niinntj> as to ewujie ilelei'tion liy 
onliiiary means wei^ often diM.ovonil In tlie ojMrrnlion of 
trad htiiHiH'/.' [I slioiild here remark tliaf. often tlie leml 
burner meeta with tlieso imjiuritii.s, usiH-iinlly in iiiiritrhl 
burning, which caiis<-s hini to Ihm- 11 "(fniii tT Isisil. Ifo 
seeHabrigbt sumetbing, and very nearly alwiiys laki-s it to 
1h' a I'it of dirt, which, if it does not llv oil', Itc digs it mil 
with the jHiint of the sbavrli'sih. If a iniin in a g'ssl, 
ciireful lead burner, yon cun tell when be niecl^i piicb by a 
little irre;/uliirity of tin- burning, but m.t by the work 
from an inferior worknian'n rcuni. ] ' 'I'liat he had known 
tbem to »i)iM! the dirsiriictimi of leicl if (ii|i)im-i1 to nioist 
air Small as tbcy wcf). lie nUo i-liiliil llmt when 'ril'le 
of iron was foimri] cm li-id,oxiil;ition of tin: lent! eririliniii.<l 
ni long Hs nioiht air was jiicent, even tbiiii(rli flic irun 
which K't u]i tb'! action uen; r(..nioi cij . Amiin;.'<-I oilier 

thinu-s, in (iinn(!<:ti'>ri with de>-tliii'li'fn <if l'-:i'], il UJi'. 
nicnlioniHl 'iin the inilborily 'if Kirby iiiid Sjieine'ii 
}:i-i'iii'--liHi<l , ibut tho b'lli.f! with wlii''b I<-iid ii> f'n.i.linii-i 
ri'l'il';d. lire 'iiiiwd by th'^ birvie of a (''.li-'.jjti.|i.ii» jupcit 
iriilliiliniii haj'iliii', in the Hi.njii'li irf Hhi<li ]i';el i>- ••fliin 
f'.iind. It iittacks iIit lir r;iftcis of him'f, iiii'l da- tiei-n 
known, ul.eii iirriv:*! .''t ll.e irfTrfi-ct i-inle. m ,,ti\ii u, i-ltc I 

il- e-i'iijH-, I'l |M-rf'fl .iti: tb'; I'lii't witb wlii':h I}.'- ti'.Oi!'.('i|i 

JH COVlM-ii." ■' 

Tii'-M; an. otli'.T w;i-. ~ in v. I.j' b iif'jnit! 'if ir'»ti -nl rtn'.'i ■ 
and n\-ti if^hi-r m'rtiil- -jfl intd li:;id. '^iic. 1 ■!,<:* 1.1;;;, , i>- ;ib 

foll'.wi. : 'rin: \i::tA tii-.'.i- of •^iii,lukri-i: 'itf ''•'.',••• n*| t.y t(.i- 
(,M li.:»l il.-riliTi- fnnn nil ^oH- >.( tru'l'i;- 'Il.irV (iO'l tl.i .r 
w.iy t'l tl;».. r'-V'rrlj"-r:iV/ry fnrna":, wl.'rt-' t'l l» ^ifce ll.'.-ln 
t'.'.i'lijy fi-ii.«;' wjtl.'.ot niii'l. 'liiy, 4-»i;i}j iron i>- fbf'.ii.o 
iriK. ii.': furnii'T. ■*)..■)• I'>',ii,i-- n.'it'-l «i)|i t).': ;<m'1 
'I'J.'r ]•• ''■ '.•■. !.',» ':iiti*' 1 [.i.';'j!''J of '.'iit-I i.j. ''. •;.;:• ^•'■r' 
li'it.f '.1 '■:•: >' !i >'.it.': a •*;!;.■ mi'I; 'i.i- m-1 Lot .. .:■:. m.', -.■ii- 
^'.'.- ■'■•■•'. 1', 1 1 J.'. wil./.'.ol; ai.y ii '*/'».;.' ''» Ko ■.■.!': '.' •: U.- *' ". 
!i- *'i \,r.;.-j -.y ■(.' i'.ii-.:^!, "i-. *-it.-- f r .- 1. •..•:..■■'.:. 
'-• T*'-..'!;. 'J '■■ ' HI'.;.'- ' ! ". '. jf,/ fy'^fi. --.t •' ','..."..■; - '■ 

t.,'r 1. kiifji.i.-,; 'j.(. .ij],;,.;./ jj. • \,' ^!i ■,■:.■ i:.ti: i*:.<7. 
•.'.^ '.■i'...^.-j '.- ■;■..'.": Vi f'.rt.'j •:.<: ;..,•■■. ■■:.. ..■'■■.: >:■ :. y,}f* 
■^•j V, 1;.", ;:>;It;.*.i' j-..*, -.f •},■: .•■.■.n j:.... _ ... . '.'.iv il\*: fa 



510 



WATER ANALYSING. 



lato a cRln of Deta] unit rulled oitt. And Uma It !* w<e>U 
flxod, BO thftt monul «ti» onnnol hr any pnM-e<'soii diwover 
it nnioMi by tbo bloirpipo or llio 'tctimi of n luilvoiit miirli 
»• irnter. Lestd pipu» Hm «ijii:tljr tbo saiiM. Ui« ucltuii 
taking plare wltcn tlin Tnoiotarv in, Cavt th^t lend i* 
not ul to futfur frvin (ba»ciiii|>uritic«. Inxwuk', fir<t uf nil. 
ttw iBAd miMl be tlioroBfrfalr piod to get ^kmI Hb^eti. 
Hemadlj, tlie l«*d ia. m a rule, rirgio kail. 'Iliinlh-. tlto 
nkillvd «fn of u, Iviwl outer, if n praclicul ]>lunibi.-r ((Vim (■ 
im^trttHit 4U ^r)*i AiM Awn alitui/irt4 to kr eiut Ay <!»i^ m»U 
Mmrert to ik* ffrtnl Atrimmt amd mandai of tkt Inut iUvff ) 
Tho ihtllod plumber nbcet load caater iHlI detent tbo least 
bit of foraiirn Bul«taiK<r in hi* load pan. itiid Hkiin it o3 — 
la flMlta <M«t AnKi Wc) (tntafironr nx ttvircaktinniiti^ tlmn 
Tott naa evnr i>xp<"'t tnillod to gA. Fourtbly, In okiit iiJmcl 
uiad tli« lijchtvr fliil)at»D«es alvaya Br awa^ b«foT« thoj^ 
Rtrik« doim th« mwI nnd inb> tb« fiint Tmii, and >■ twire 
toara iklniinnd befuro aooh l«ml ia uaed. Liuicl)', aiinh 
deatnutlon of lead by iron is sot kuo«-ii la mst alujet lead. 
rientr of roofs aro bi be found t«-o or thrm hiindrod t«u« 
nlil which I irotild rL»llpu;f« nn.vonc to prulum one tet of 
Knell metal pocked, aa ia tlio oaaa with tlio injlled l«ad. 

Ono fnoiQ oanw of dastructtoD of load. Sodio fuor or 
five yonra n^o I iraa called upon I7 Mraara. R«t«y and 
Kiu, tlip weU-kauwn rhortli hiiUder* of Ciunbridge, to 
exaiaini< and rcfMnl upnn tho csiivr of thp rapid dacajr of 
thalMldlUt ouToritiK t)j« ruof of Jtwiu Oal]cgc Chapol, 
Ounbriidgv, oao of ihe noted b«at pteoea of Brilaah uchi- 
lecbm in Gog'tniid. r hnil no intimation tJint many 
. wianUxta nml iin'-1iit<« t<, jil iiiiibern. kc, bad In-Oh r«U«l to 
oxandac tlii" inipnnaiit Hitjij. 1 tomid t.1ii> hmd work 
SXtereally ae trvml iia tivw, w«-Il IiU'l, uud «Ti-rytJiinir 
Kwwared all ri^bt; Imtou Mr. Kilt, juBinr, turnlup u]i 
URpndaaf uneor twoof thn ^aT■, foiiml tboh-ful in a Mate 
■if rapid decay, and, Imikiii^ iirmiiid. ruuld mil find the 
ali)fhC<?st rpAMm extcnLHUr. It ocomrwl lo ro«, aa paMJns 
roiiiitt tbi- narrow stonA fFnlloriiw inKido tbo cfaapol, and 
eaiwniilly ji car tbo roof, thiit them WA-t a alight hdmII of 
antphiir, whic^li I at Urn linte took UtUa uotJoo of, owing to 
tbi) *iw:t thai most of tio« kinil of pla»«, wb«i high or 
lip aloft, aro, aa a nik. tcimcwhut Htuily. But tho upper 
tv)rinn« of m%i-h hrily pIiuiM .nhnuld nul bo info^ted with th* 
nkiur uf till' lower 'i«Kiooa, and nothina wiva loft tor mo but 
to cudg«l what little brain wna dolwd out to ma na a 
plumbor—and I miwt coufeaa that I foronoawlBbodanelf 
out of thd job Art«r Mue llttlo tiaui I agwht thoarht of 
thn Milpliur aiofll, and went rtmking abont Itiroiiffn tbc 
galloriffa, which aro by nu niiniiia plt-aa-int pliice>« for h 
•ciantifio pursuit. 8tin the sulphur smoll xriiH-iningm'aiul 
fltnmger. Tbetl it oatno to my Lum (rumeiulwr tbiiv wwa 
«Hily twoof aa), to csamioit thf ihinkiifBi of luiitt-rtal he- 
twMn tho laad uud tbo itivido of thr ro^r. which waa 
boanlod, the Jninuof whi<^b worDaoiunliltlfrdiiitiam apnrl. 
Bat not tho alJidrhtoMt elinnco of Ti.>utilatiun bt^Iwwn tbi 
Irod nml thn woivlwork. exF(>ntJnff iu(o the chapi'l, waieh, 
aa bi-fiire Haid, v»i> oxvt^iMngiy itCuffv. foncvon'^nFt. down. 
In faL't, it wa" bndly vitni«d — thall I any vMililalion? 
Tlcrci I cnnxi<ler«l vanillalion. A thrmsht fltni'ik me a*. 
(iiK-r ; but where waa tbo iiocMnary watnr to coino f rum In 
pTiidu'« thp flietniojl nctinn with ibt' (ni"e»ol the int'-rior ? 
Thi" ilid not ruiuiro imirli rva^'uin^t; it. wan formpil n» 
foIloWH ;— Kitrbt iindomeath waa n 1»r^ atoro bcuti.'d wUb 
ooke. wilb the Movp bnving nvrcfyioif jrilU, whiob no doubt 
produrrd n Hjilitiilid boat. This mae directly np, flonring 
with it the bivitjeal earbniiio and olhar gaaea cmna fnMn 
the bodloi of thi? pwplv, U> any nutb!ni{ fnm what oanio 
from thii -tori' itanlf. The-w (?»**■ and boat, rapidlj- 
awimilinK w.muihin« alifiut 100ft. hi^h. tlio beat nlayinff 
on Ibo under anrface of tlm Utu) ii]^;nfit tho roltler or 
external atnMWiphvrc. rapidly iinniiuu'd mndmiNitioii tu 
aupply the dmcmmij Uqiud, and thi< cvn^oquonw was tlm 
fwork requiced to be bdd «Ttry ft w years. 



Tbo vril boinir at onoa ntntaJJod by proper fvntilatioa, 
aad kwT'lng the load a good distaitoe away fmn the rail- 
ing, and the lead Uid upon soft bair felt, therowill lie mi 
further cnum of ooitiptiiint for manr yeura to mni*^ Vrt 
you see Ituw eaay it ti to g^ wuric aon<>, «hi<ih ia of a Bm 
olaM chantrbor, yat, by an ovetKiifhi gf nrrungvment ol 
what would beoallcd uUnor pomta, tlic work iB,aa thiawa*. 
condemued, bv those who bavu to puy lor it, aa uuMiatttjaaly 
axjwnjgvo and inailetjuat*. 

Copper 

l^Uo tM SaiU of AjtjuT.] 

CoppoT may he t«tiinatMl aimilnrly to that of tend but 
for tito aolntionn. To gire nunpariaoiu), a«e a aolnliuu 
haviug -0001 gramuf uotallir copper to one cubic oenti- 
tnol<v. Tbia i» madfl by dti«olTinK '39'^'^ iKTrant of 
cn,'Kt«lliiiod anlpliata of ouppor to one litre of pare water. 

ZIno. 

Aa a rule thii i* fbnnd aa birarhonatc. and flonts near 
or on tli« ■urfai.'e of the ci]it«m. in n film of cutrbonaba 
whiofa muat he collented and liented on 11 plstinam fudL 
yodce vhathor tho wlatiJe matter dieappeare. if so, and a 
rb^ddue ia Ifrft, it abonU romain whilxt not yrtlow ; hot 00 
Moling, if it be jdnc, it will be white, ur«riy alwaj-d fowad 
in now idno cintirm*, al*o galvaniMd oiMia. 

Arsenic. 

Symbol Aa: &imhininB;wfiBht 75: density of raponr I AO. 
This ia ■omirtiuK'* found irt thu ]aiilut4Hl water* ol maiin- 
fnoturinu; or Riinin>f ■!ii<ln''lM . altoaomi'Liuiee !□ vcty nuiU 
quantiticA in nuiicral <(]>ring«. Two fxnnpouDds of annuo 
and oxyiccn are known: (1) Amnii^ triuxid*-, A*iUi: 
(2,1 Aiaeiiic petituiide, AmOt. Oaeu^tbudof iiM-vrL-iiniuff 
the preaeoro of nnwnic! i« to pa*« a ounvut of Mtlpliurellod 
hydrotfon gu« into the »ui>|iwted »>1utJon, wbm, if 
aneniona iirid >« nrvaput, it will u<.-rasio:i thii> appcaranoe 
of a Htic yrlliiw wunr through tbr- liouid. which will Imto 
U.11 Hctiuti L>n pbi'-iiliitte of soda. TiihL Bubiitancv, how- 
evor, may provpul tlic onlour fnnnin>i, altbongb nneiiknia 
add bo actwlly ouutuiuod in Ihi- Hululiun : whensurliia 
the oaae a few dropH of ri^ry dilute pun uitiie acid will 
iuimnlintely prodocv it. 

Tbo fnllon-inir i» imnmnoiidod by Doctor ManxFt :— To 
ihp fUMH.'ciod tlnid. preriooAiy filtered, add tint > lltUa 
dilute mlrii- add, Mud afterwacda uilnite of ailvor, till it 
hIiiiU i-<-iih- tu pti)ducw wax piKtipitatJ'. ''"'" i-"--".''.- iirid 
l>eiTi)f ibii^ roiaored, whllat tko arBeni" tnd 

in wbalovor state) icmaiu in the fi" 1 ■ t> of 

nnunfmia witt itintantly pntcuro tiu? Tell^'W prti i|ul*te in 
\\s nhn mete rial it- fono. It 1* iie-wuiary )>> wld iUat a 
■ufHeiffiit quantity of anuaonin maybe '>■ ' ' siitutale 

uuy exofiw of nitne aold tho MilatiOB n> Should 

there be pri'Meiit oouimon nalt wiiera ib< ...--■• L^.t ia uwd. 
the nitrir arid will rpl^in tho anmiooa a^id in nolution, 
wliilot the ehloHdv i>f oilvvr win be prKijitlntm], and mua^ 
bo scpttralvd by tbc filter: tbe addition of ajiimoala will 
then determine tbfl dccornxwipiiion of tho nitiat^-of ^ihor, 
nnd nitrate of ammonia, and afMnile of ailver will be 
formed. An exoeaa of ammonia ow^ht In bo amidnl, bnt 
•hoiild it inadrertnotly be added, it may be aeutlwliMxl by 
a frcsb poriioa of lutriii acid, DaBti«ui'ly nddad, which wiU 
I*- ii^iii, ttip r.^LiTT"'*'"*'""'^ ff th" arKTuitoof BilT«. Both 
t t'liua ahiiuld be miichdOnledL 

I I 1 iif ar»enite of Kilver aro a> 

f<4jyff - 

.f (w. If, after bring w«D waalnri in 

tHonnl to atund in au open t w al. it 

a brviva colour; bsl H Aoaa aal, 



WATER ANALYSIKG. 



fill 



like oitrAto of iiilrer, lieoonio Uftck ou cuQlitiuiii{f the 

II iariMdily minblo in diint« nitric acid; ita]«(>tli»olv« 

I midiay kkximi »f HinnioTiin at thr tmininnt of itA iana^- 

foD ; but aftrr it Iuk tici.-u hi|ki[;iIi.<0 ond driiil, it i» nii 

• MeiMJhly snluble ill aiunionia. If a ttmiiU i|iiHtility 

. I pKrijiitiito bp tixnowl t(' tiM IiorI u[ il hiuaII npiril 

Map i>o a iinwt "t liimtiUted |>!atiri.-i, a »-h;to emoki' nntcn 

feini itsnndinctalUoilccr i>>miLiii« »ltn<'hcil ti>l.hc iilaltiiiiiit. 

Th» rudiK-tiim nf tho rilvffr, in tbc fiinn uf u glubnlQ, is 

till moro diKduct nud utrikliiK U n UtUo e!irbonfu«oii> 

•tier bu nusacl witii the pnx:ipibttcM nnd tliB blowpiiw 

Whi-ti t]>L< }'t>lluw jiroci[)it:ttc, etK-lijsnl in a tiibo, i* 
csp.'wd to the heat ol a lamp, the while nmukv ooudciiiw^ 
ta 1)i'< portion nf tho tube, in nuauto ootokodral cr^lal» uf 
ti'WHiou* tt"Jd. 

If both the nilvpr and ralpbur*tt«d hydromn ooociit in 
idicntinif ihv ]ii<»nicv of tho poiwriiuiurtniMnc, doimmq- 
nUe doabt cau be entertained nwptytiln^ it. 

Fortha nrnr* rci"cnt to»t^ouwilI rc<tuirc ivn apparatu*. 
when the amrnic will be vanlj detectod bjr what la known 
BA Jdanh'a teit. 

Arsenic and Hydrogen. 

(Cbntion to Lead Buroen aiul Exporimentaliata.} 

Etjinbol AsHa, eambining wviffht 78, denaity 39. 
laiok out when jou pit eiiienionntinK witli nrflruio and 
for tlie abora, or the moit deadly ^as. It i" 
I, hut pnmoasos n teckl uduur of frarlic Ont- 
■null bubble of thiH pnra gaA killod itA dimoTerer, Qrlilon.. 
by inhiitalion. 

"nii* cimtpoiind corrvxpondi) to phospboivttcd hydrugm. 

and anuQouia in funned hy duwuponhiif no aQoy of 

ai«pnicaad zinc wicb Ettlphurie acid. Ab the plumber liaa, 

[»oro than any otbc-r in>lividunl iu the chemical wockn. to do 

' Tnlfa the /reui'mtiuu uf hvdrogBa f^aa from zinc, •ulphurin 

acid, and water, he abonid bo eareful ncrer lo l>riu{{ the 

Uow {ripe noKT hi» fuoe (a habit which manr l«id burncra 

■ practiw), Ifa Hw afniplc nxvacm that tlw lead burner nuiy by 

[«httnoc g&i aciuaa auxne siu^ containing aneuic, ur he may 

[W oommllad to use unknown water whioh nay ooiit lin 

icu snenlo. 

Arftenlc and Sulphur. 

I nr« thr«ic ati^phidra <if Ar»mi>c : aTSeaio dlsnlphid'', 
Tliia occun unturally aa realifar; trunlpbidi;, 
ki^S], iilno fniind in nntiire aa orpini>>nt, and penta- 
Hulpliiile, .^«^i. Ori'immt can be iib;aiiii.>d by npudinir 
Mdphuroned hydmj^) gaa threog'h the »ci<l aiilutiAn <ii 
tilt.' <M4-n«j>nndiiig oxiile, wliua it la precipitated a» a yelluw 
piiwdw. 

Here the anvni^i HnlpMdcB form with the aulphldM of the 
alkaline metal ixtnip->iinda having the aanw aualofry to Uie 
triKidphidm imd {■Tutaaiilphuln that nnfmiim nnd anmale* 
do to I1m> triuxido :>iid iwutuxidv. In y/taX ul fai't ih^Hf 
cnuFpunndB are aoibini; tnoro aor les than aulphur eialte, 
I the aracnit<-« and anenatea being oxyailta, an>1 thii' ia why 
^tlwjr ate called ew/jnlkrBenitt* aM ««i^anenait», tUtii 

JU;S, + 3K,S » 2K,Aifl, : 
A9,Oj + 3K,0 = ^K.AsO,. 

The nrewiKK of very lnin^t^ tme« of ar»f>nlr pan be 
defaetnl wilb certiun'ly by tolutioti* prp'ipiljit''d u 
mphidi'-, by tlip niil nf iiii!j>hnrrtUil hyilm)t<ni. TliiJi 
nHilUde when dried and fnied fu a teat* tube, and with 



a inixtinv of putaaiiura eynuide and iDdiuni oubonate, 
yields « ring of^mclalllo aneulc. 

On heating, thia ini?tal ta nxidiwd to trioxide, which i» 
dopoaiti:*! Iti little rietobiHlral cryslatn. Thcae obDold bo- 
lituUxl with water, which will tbi-n yield a mlution, and ft| 
briiifht ^mm pr»i'ipitBt« with neiitr.il Miliition^of ooppw, at 
VL britfhi ytllow on<' with nrutrnt n\wt kCLU. Jji laol 
thnre are many ways of dutoi-tinj: tliiii Tvitaon, such oi 
Ber3>'liti», Krvwniuii, lU-tniault, Mitwhcriich, Otb^, and 
cDpeciallr Clark'* up)iiinitiiM-H, inMrly all "f wlitcfa ar 
suppoaed U> he improveiuontH ou Marah a appaiatna. Tlics 
i« one good poiat about Cbrk's araeoio appaiataa, Fllf<J 
!>.^9n, and that la when thu araenif is looked for 1 
Manh'a prooeea, the ingradieata inrarinlily i.-oiitain ar^gati 
matter, iniicb aft«i eaa«M on eieendrc fruthiiiR during ll 
experiment ; but in I'rofeatw Clark's apparntTiK the iirwidn 
•epamlMi u« follows :— The bottle part fur pri'iMriii)^ the 
hydrogen a»n is sbown at A ; tbe three bent tube* or 
roecitcni 0. C, P, an eoanwciH by small K-nl tubus of 
glaaa through oorka. Kow wc wiD eall the bottle A the 
nydrogeo aa geoeratin^ ninehiue, thu lumps of zino being 
abown at Dm bottom, mid the gna in prorared by hydro* 
ohlM^e aeld not slrongvr tliaa 12° (a ap. gr, lOS) i in 
B tube you put a solution of caustic soda ; anl into C a 
BolutaOD of RTigar of lead ; and a aolntioQ of nitiato of aUnr 
into the last, ur D. 




BlAaan'a Ananlc Aptaniiu. Clakx'd Anoalc Apparatva 

ViQ. oma. 

Having th« hydrogen mts running through the whole of 
tht> tuhe.1 frir n fi-.w miniilrs, the nnteni<'»l liijuoc must be 
slowly pourvil tbniuKh Mie fuourl iutu the generator, 
whirfi altons the frothing to (ro oa vigoroualy. bat 
without daiuiiKV, and tho unwuionrtted hyiu^wto uuivUy 
paaseathraugh Q, C, D. In B, impuntieK, eiich oa fnuphnr- 
ottod hydrogen, is deposited. G. is to eatcli tbo ioipRritiea 
whioii B allowii ta poaa. Tliiit ilfj^iiiin upon wliflthnr ynvi 
have tiio mueb ;^Derating force In lie ^enemtwr wliieh 
must work nlowly. In I) is thrown down mstallie lilrcr, 
tind tbe :inti^nii^ romains in the solution. 

Aflt.'r tbu g^etteralor hna eeaHed to generate jras tbe 
firiutnir ]ii:|U"r fiiu;rbt in O is lJii«"t with piim liydrofhloric 
oe'd, iJiIh will ihrovr ihiwn nil l)iO cif'-KH uf tlio itilver. 

Tbo liquor is t.fipii flUiTwl, atlfrrwurds il iw «i.nporutedto 
dryniwi, nnd the pniilu> t will Im pnre arw^ioiis ai-id, whteh 
i-aii be teetod by the mvani I have already doottfibtd. 

"Barium. 

Kraporate the water dnwn bi a mininiam and aoidnlata 
the naine with hydroeliloric itcid, und, if ncvetwary, filler it 
and tost with a solution of gypsum. 

Hardness of Water fTemporarlly) 

Some water eoiitain* a vuni)idvri.tb1e amount of carhoB) 
of llnio, CiiCo; — , lime atone, Jtiv, whi^-h, being di»««)l»i 
oaanoC bo nmoTcd by the ptJoe»of tiltratioD. But tk 

x.'X 



eia 



WATEB ANALYSING. 



be to a coDsiderable extent by boiling):, when it depoRita a 
oruat of calcium carbonate, owin» to the escape of the 
oarboaio acid. This cruRtation, found on the aides of 
boilers, may be avoided by adding' to the water a small 
portion of »al-ammoiuac, soluble calcium cbloride, and 
volatile ammonium carbonate being formed. 

Hard water, with diaBolved carbonate, can bo softened 
by adding lime, suspended in tlie water in such quantity 
that the excesB of carbonio add ia neutralised. 

Water Permanentfy Hard. 

Calcium sulphate, CaSOi. 

This occurs in nature as a mineral, known as AnkydriU, 
and combined with 2H,0, as aelcnite, gypsum, or 
alabaster. It is soluble in 400 parts of water, and in 
spring water is a very common impurity, which (rives 
the water permanent hardneBS, because it cannot be re- 
moved by boiling. 

Such water curdles soap and prevents easy wanhing. 
Water with lime is not good for tea or coffee making. It 
also is said to increase the liability of the populataon to 
calcareous diseases of the kidneys and bladder. Perhaps 
you will say that lime is u^ful in the animal organism 
by way of making bone; true, but was it ordered by 
nature for us to take too laige a quantity in our water, 
and ia the crude form of calcium carbonate roughly into 
oar bodies for bone making. Certainly not . this we should 
get from the milk and ttesh of animals and the outer parts 
of grain of cereals. However, be this as it may, such 
water caw be softened down by alkali. From my private 
point of '.'icw, I do not set so much strain aa my brother 
science gossips do upon luatcr contaminated wiUi a little 
lime or what is known aa good wholesome sound rook, or 
spring water ; providing it is tasteless and clear, I care 
not how rough it is to drink. In point of fact, I waa 
reared amongst such water, and my parents, and their 
parents before them, at the same place, and am happy to 
say that there was never known to be any disease through- 
out the family. 

The late Doctor Clark, of Aberdeen, is credited with 
beit^ the inventor of bringing lime into water oontaining 
carbonate of lime and magnesia, held in solution by excess 
of carbonic a<nd. The lime, of course, unites with an 
excess of carbonic acid, which forma carbonate of lime, so 
that an insoluble carbonate thus formed, and the carbonate 
of lime and magnesia will be thrown out of solution and 
deposited by abstracting the solvent. But you will notice 
that when water owes its hardness to sulphate of lime or 
sulphate of magnesia this cannot be so softened. Doctor 
Clark said, to soften temporarily hard water, or water 
which can bo softened by boiling, that one ounce of quick- 
lime will aoft^n "00 gallons of water, which should bo 
slacked in a little of the water and thrown through a water 
pot hose into the cistern. Aftor three hours it will bo 
olear enough for washing, and after tnelve for drmking. 

SULPHURIC ACID. 

Should there bo sulphuric acid in the water, a precipitate 
will bo the renult with the following saline solutions : — 

1. Chloride, nitrate, or acetate tA barium. 

2. „ ,, ,, strontium. 

3. ,, ,, ., calcium. 

4. Nitrate or acetate of lead. 

The muriate or chloride of bariiun is capable of detecting 
Bidph\trio acid uncombined to the millionth part of the 
water. Acetateof lead oomes next. The chlorioee are moro 
powerful than the nitrates. Calcareous salts are the least 
effective. 

Take note that all these indicate smaller portions of 



uncomMned anljAurio add than when combioed with a 
base. 

Tou can render barium chloride a certain test for 
sulphuric add by the following precautions: — 1. The 
chloride must be diluted. 2. The alkalies or alkaline 
carbonates, if the water contains any, must be previously 
aaturated with hydrochloric add. 3. The predpitate most 
be insoluble in hydroohlorio acid. 4. Should boracic add 
be suspected, strontium chloride will have to be tried, 
which IB not predpitated 1^ borado add. fi. Hydro- 
snlphurets precipitate barytic solutions ; their presence 
can be easily discovered by their stink. 

HYDROCHLORIC ACID. 
This is discovered in water by nitiate of silver ; it gives 
a white predpitate or a cloud in the water. The following 
is a certain test: — 1. The alkalies or carbonates most Im 
saturated with nitric add. 2. should any sulphuric add 
be present, it must be first removed by means <x nitrate of 
bnrytes. 3. The precipitate must be insoluble in nitric 
acid. 

BORACIC ACID. 
This is detected with acetate of lead. It forms a 
precipitate insoluble in acetic add. But to render the test 
more certain, the alkalies and earths must bo previously 
saturated with acetic acid, and the sulphuric and hydro- 
chloric adds removed by means of aoetate of strontiam and 
acetate of silver. 

DARIUM {conlinuei^. 

This is detected by the insoluble white predpitate 
which it forma with diluted sulphuric add. 

LIMES OR CALCIUM. 

These can be detected by means of oxalic Boid, which 
will occasion a white predpitate in the water, oontaining 
ever BO small portions of this earth. To make sure, should 
any mineral acids be present, it must be previously satoiated 
with alkali. Should baiytes be present, these must 
previously be removed by sulphnrio add. Magneda is 
predpitated by oxalic acid very slowly, but it predpi- 
t&tes lime instantly. 

ALUMINA AND MAGNESIA. 

Alumina and magnesiaare detected asfoUowa. Ammnnja 
(which should be pure} will throw down each, yet no otlier 
earth, provided carbonic add has been previously separated 
by boiling and a mineral alkali. Limo water only pred|n- 
tates these two earths, but carbonic acid most have been 
previously removed, as also the sulphuric add, by means of 
nitrate of barytes. 

ALUMINA, 
If mixed with magnesia can be separated, if predpitated 
together by boiling the predpitate in pure potaas. This 
dissolves the alumina and leaves the magneda, and the 
predpitate maybedisBolved in hydroohlerio add predpitated 
by means of an alkaline carbonate, dried bv about 100; 
degrees of heat. It should then be exposed to ue action of 
hydrochloric acid dilated, which will disaolve the magnen^ 
without affecting the alumina. 

SILICA. 

The presence of this can be detected by evaporatir.vj 
water and re-dissolving the precipitate ia oydrra I 
acid, when the silica will be undissolved. nt 

These are a few well-tried analysoa, which V(\ «mhw 
tised when I waa at South Kenaingttm HoBem'iJraf^ 
need no chemical plant to work oat, asd 1(^^ mm 



\. 



WATER ANALYSING. 



fil» 



OLD AND WELK-'lRItDANALVSiSOPMINEKAI. WATERS. 

9(;rnox '1. 

Wabtn whict uotttniii *> mucli foreign mutter M tn h»w 
•.Miuible taste, aadadpriil'^l action ou tbi^ aiiiiiml i-nmuinv, 
■re called muMnl. ThL-ir t«iut)onttui9 vaHw from ihat of 
tko «tnu>sjAen>. U almost a boiling luut; und uoounluig no 
it ■■ lugbtir or ]ow«t, thcjr have rAvetveil tlie ilenominacion i 
gf tfitrmtl, awl «»Ul aprtuga. It is not our bunneM W 
eBquin.' iu f Uic rviuuW ouitaos of tho KiDurksblr plit-nanMnim 
irf hot apriuj^ but tbat it most d«pmd mt th<^ nattint of th/! 
sbmts ma iratm tmTtne, (nun tlunr boutc« to tho spot 
wlmaea tbvjr inuo, U obvious. 

SlOTlOX 3. 

His raMancea hithOTto found in mini>rti1 vrmtvniu*;— 

Oxyprm Botnub aoul. 

NitTOjrm Sulplnumu add. 

Ciu-buuic aiud Silica, 

8a]phiu«tttd bj- dmgniii Soda . 

Si^fkvta uf Koda, auuDunia, litue, Diagnona, almnliut, 
poUMs, irou aud uopper. 
NilfMlf of potAftm, timo nnd iiU|^«isia. 
/fjNfroeJUorafMof pot4uuM, KHltt, tuuujuma, Unie, maguMtin, 
aluioioft, mangsome and Xmtvx*. 

C^riwilfi of potuMii stHUii ituiguiMlia, lime, anmuuiia 
and Iron. 
Jtyi(rD»tiljihHrtU cf Hoda aod liinc. 

S-MormU of aoda, and nmall portiaua of rtyftaile and 
irtuj labKlaaflui. 

6Bono3i i. 

Sntrogmt and oxymo aro not found in wntvn of ii hlali 
mpomtnro. nor tu«Uttvr oven b. cold flpringw. wUob bold 
ItTdnMOlphurvta In ulntion. 

'stoat mUm fxmlVTi a muall portion yf carbonic arid , it 
alKntnd* portinnlaTlf in tita apMrklifttf wiiU^ni, aa tliOM of 
SdUer and Pymout, wlilob omtaUi uiauy tiniea tfaeir tiulk 
erf that piB. 

A Hrm-ll. or la*t« of rol-t^u «gg*> indicates thfi prownM of 
•ulpLurotlnl bvdnig»u,urotahydio«iIphurel. aulphuRxus 
mAa la found in sotn* wvters in tba n«ghbonrliood of 
l^oleanuoa. 

Boradc arid anrim In Mine of the Itnlian lokm. 

filial is oo(itnin«d iii tbo vmien of tine Genen tad 

rinun in Icvlnnd, it: thiMi! nf (Wtubiid, and in aom^ 

Soda in the GoyMn and at Bykmn. 
Ilie Mitt of mopl frMiacnt oooiiirvnoo in mincnil wnlcn* 
on tlw nilpbaboa, hTdrochlontea aud carbonates of «oda, 
litDD and magnctda, and curbonute of invn. TIio throe luit 
catbonatca an* gmcmll/ hrld io »olution by eftrbonic arid. 
Hjdrilchlanitt aud >iul]i]iut(- uf lUiutmiiin, ■ntphnti! uf inm, 
alum, and aulpliato of ixipptr, tlie ullriitpi of gutawa niul 
^ lima, aad banui, aro rnixily foiuid iu them. The threw flrat, 
'iko milphuroua add, belong Ui mjhm^ of thi-m in tlio noigh- 
kourbood of Tolcnnoes ; eulphat« of lopuer to lliiwe whiuh 
low tliruiigli Imdn of (sijiiHr pyriljui. nnd biirsx to somii of 
1ie hikw gf Indiu and Italv. 
NtUvw of uiaguc^ia, Tiydioclilorate aud carliciDate of 
_ DtAMa, nnd ciirboiiatn of itmmaniA nro of still rarer occnr- 
I teuoe, i(, iudi'iil, rrer fuuud iu uiim-ral watprii : iitid, 
altlioii^i Thf^iUhn faun nniuoiiiitwcl, tl>e uxlalvuco of tlio 
bydruchlorntc of Ururttt uud iDuntranowi aud I>r. 'Withering 
that of tbc hydnMhlurata of aluinlna in Mine of tbeu, tli^ 
oecam^ of t&o Btatcnieot is extrcinielj qneationabla. 



SsonoM S. 

A minf>rai wator rm nerpr Mttitatn nil Uio f(mf[Dtng 
nil bHtaii<x-> tnirr-IIirr, a» mxar of thfJli luiituiLllr d^'mntpoitn 
i«i Ji iithrT ; tbiiH. Ibi! Hiib-fia riv niH li- of h>^(1ii in iiiixiDipatible 
writh ill*' Mil^luil«i!>, nitrate*', uiul h5i]i-iM<h!(irAi4->> "f limp and 
iniigiK'aiH : ludcvd inurv tbon cigbl iugivdi<jnt.i tuv M:ldwTu 
found in tbo wimQ iratcr, nor doeti it often ooutoin a largo 
quHutitj of anj ime of Uwm. 

Bkctios 6. 

Miu<Ta] waters nity be oonTOnimtly divided into four 
rIaNwiv, acoordiu); to Iha iogiedieut by which th«ir 
proportlea arc ehidly inflocnoed : namely, hopatic, scidulous, 
ferrugiDou», Hud itoiino ; aad aonietinifM uiixwl clamee mnst 
bo ndmituxJ . 

Tbo iialuiv of u wutor, aad moat of the BubsUn<^e« it 
oontainA, may gcnctnlly be aHoeitaincd by aijnpln trioLi , if 
a inttr oontatn 

A. Suli>liHrrttnt iyitrofftn irilfiaui a k^irituJpiiurtt, it Will 
hnvo the amell of rotten egg«, and precipitate solutions of 
load hUnk. but it Iomm both tlivM proportie* by lolug 
boiled. 

B. A AgJnmiipJtiirH » attended with the same am^U u 
sulpbutetted hydn>g«n, but weakar ; it ahw prednitutea , 
eolatioDB (cT leoiil Uack ; but livnt doen not deatroy either of 
tlieas nmpcitlefl. 

0. Caiimit tttitl. — Watcra nrntaiuing ihin ran an acidn- 
loua, and aometraiM nparUing; Ua-y rvildai litmus faintif 
whom tnoh, but boiling deatroys tfaat pniperty, and di»> 
engagofl a gaa, whlob, pebmnI into limv water, oeeaaJona a ^ 
jinoipilate of oorboiiate of lime, wiluble with eflterveaoenos . 
in very diluto nitric aoid. 

D. S'llpttiln form n-ith nitiat« or barium tthlorida a 
whtt£ precipitiitu, iuKfUuit iu an excess of acid. 

E. t'hiaridta ]in^uce a white flocculpnt prvcipitato with 
mtn>i■^ uf ailvcr. initoliiblo io nilrir uoid, hut Mltitilo in 
ammonia. 

F. Car^MoU* if intfirttn, Sim*, or irtin.^Wiibni con- ' 
tadning thcae salts beuimo turbid by boiling ; thu earbonia 
MKud which holds those «>iibt>t«jicea in Aolutlon b«dng drtrcn 
off. if thu prwoipitato Iw white, probably no metallic 
oxide i» ptwout. 

G. CarboMtt «/ iron ; with the rwent water pruadate o( 
ixitAMn givM< a bliif preolMtate, and tinetura of gaUe • 
iiiir^ito uiiu, which, by ataniuiiK expo«d to the air. bmomea 
Itauk. If the n-ntar be boiled a yeUuwiih ted prvcipital* 
is thrown down, uad tbv preceding tests oean to pnxluoe 
unr eflMt. on it. 

H. SulphaU of itwn.— The aot^ of pntasiate el potaoaa j 
>r gaUe, is not suvponded by boiling the water. I 

1. CarhtutU o/nxta, or pataua, — If a water oonlatn nlhar 
nf theae nlknUM it will turn i>yTup of rloLna green after 
lioiog boiled, nt luuit whtm snlHciently oanoentniled, and if 
thiol filt(fn>J, niid an ai-id be pound into the clcnr fluid, 
t-'arlwuie lu-id gaa will be giocn off. though perhnpa ii may 
be neocoBoiy to heat tho wiitcr lu render it eridimt, aa, u . 
the oau^onatc bu in vury initiutf quantity, tbo gxia may l4l\ 
rwtninvd in aoluUon by the mid fliiid. 

K. [V/iwiWH Mfd. —Oxalate of niuniouin throws down a 
white iirH-ipjtata from tbo nuent wuier, if any enit, irith 
huac 01 lime, bo prpseut ; hut if the wnter rontnin only 
carbonate of limn Uut t«*t will ha^-o no ctfcet aftiit builuig : 
with nil tho oChora Iht) effrat is poriDftnent. 

L. MafKtmvt taiu, not MiwiiiofM.—Boil and filter 
n-atiM , aud let it r,ocl ; to the dear liquid add bi -oarbot 
of animoiiia ; tUtcr, if neoooauy, and boil aguin. If 
«u]phiLle or hydrocldnrnte of magnceia. be pr*erat tl 
t««ind bmllug will produce a aeooud ureripitatu ; or, aft 
the fai-cttrbcinntc, Instead of boiling, aod pboa^te of wdft,^ 
which will throw down a prootpltnte of tac ammonia* 
magnesian phcwphatc \ if Hub precii^itabe \m vsAum^ >a 



SI 4 



WATER ANALYSING. 



flubfd'lc to the )>ottuin of tho Itaein. nnd it be rubbed with 
the iMiiut of a )e\Hiiii nui with nonii- furi'e, tracnx will be loft 
iin tlie glBMt not etuuly efl'ucc'd. Pure timiumiiii qIho rcudcTx 
Holutiutui uf tiui>nii:-HUii iwltH turbiil. 

M. Aluiiiiiioiu taltt, — Ammouiu throws dnwii h bulky 
Vi-IutinouH prei^ipitutc, wduble both in nidphuric acid, und 
ill cauHtic potafwfii, which contractu oxireniely un drying, 
and craclcH lu nil directiimn. If h few dropB of a itolution 
of piitaHM. Ix; itddc-d to the acid tiulutiou, octohedral cryetals 
of alum will be- obtained, by bIqw evapDration. 

N. Nallt of cupper. — Aimuonia givex the water a blue 
tinife ; and a ]>la(e of iron immertted in it in very Roon 
cuven-d it'ith a uoat of copper. 

O. AmiaoHiiual talti, not earbotiatti. — A water containing 
thuHc ttalt« IcavoH a rettidutun after evaporation, which 
evulveit the puiigi'iit odour of amiuoiiia on teing mixed with 
quick lime. 

F. Hulphurout acid. — Watero holdiu|; this acid In solution 
bsvu generally tlic Hmell of burning nulphur ; they redden 
litmtiM, and depoMJt Hulphur by t)ic nntion of sulphuretted 
hydnigeii. When diatilled they yield an add product, 
which, if n<!Utr&IiKcd by soda, and exposed to the air, 
acquires the proj>LTty of gi»ing a precipitate with nitrate of 
baryta insoluble in nitric acid. 

Q. Carbonate uf ammonia. — These waters yield an alkaline 
prfxluct by diHtillatiou. 

B. Nitrata. — If a solution of poto-taa be poured into tho 
wnUx, till no further precipitate falls dawn, and the Uquor 
Hlt^Tcd and oraporatcd, a residuum will be obtained which 
rcintillatc-M when thrown on buruing coal, like nitte. 

When the substances contained in a mineral water are 
in very minut« quantity, it mity be ni««wary to c^itieentrate 
it ixmsidc-ntbly by evapfrution, to render uio effect of tho 
nftfl^ents sensible. 

Section 7. 

Only A small number of the preliminary trials enumerated 
abore viU )ie necensaTr to aitcertain tho nature of any par- 
umlar water. The following method in uf general appUca- 
li'« It ctinsists in first collecting the gases, and next the 
itiil matter contained in tho water: the latter is then to 
V £nkd into three portions ; the fint eontains all the 
iaiK*=«^ Tvry sulublf in water : tho second, those siiluble 
i iJT>£i-; : and the third, those insoluble in both. Thus, 
in -cunrite Msoplicatt-d analysis, is reiulercd Hinq>1e and 



To Collect the Qaees. 

Sectiox 8. 

Wur-itf intta=iTr..>l^i;-iv«andojjvfH, adapt a bent tube 
■o \ -faac will ill ;*<t *iih water ; pass the end of the tube 
.^ A -»r ^lil 'f Off- i^Tvrted oi-er mercury, and heat the 
ui t viiis *»i »'l 'l"** tfs i« evolved. A little 
-w.w-nm. T *-*i*. ^h-^'iM bppwed "P into the jar 
,«.»■ -nr^-wMiw »^'»' ''■r s»ilphurettt.'d hydrugen tho 
_«.-»*- .'..i-nn Hir -i* alVali must not be introduced 

ir^ ■•» -^- - -•*^'^ •■' '** '"^r ^ "f^^^Tw- T 

JZ ■„t«wii«i-i">''-' ■■■ •viMwtuw *vr ftxhi would be hable to 

T-i,. » „.,«•« . «*■ .vi!«***. if left long in eonfact 

■^'^T^ '•ti,.«« •^1*. -t-uMm-i sli* whi'V of these gases, 

.«^,.«-.«.^ ^™M^rf*.*-«H^ 5- iftrtfniinrdby analysis. 

Xi*,-; .-«■»- ^-i.--- "««»*'• *' »** "y*''*' ^'^ 



.i-wH» «*•',' tk>tt matrass 
,.K' Mt-lwN, ^Miipt a glnsH 
.u. '. .>.-tw "1 <■ /wr. i.-oiKi»!uiHg u 
... «^iuM UuimIw. lint thnnigh 






bent tube, whose opposite extremity must bo immon«d in 
writer. Fill three -fourths of the matrass witii the mineral 
water, seuure all the joints with cement or lutf , and heat it 
gmduiiUy till it Uiils, and continue the ebulliriou till the 
whole (if the gus has pa.-«Ned over into the alkaline liquor. 
The carbonic ai:id will fir^t unite with the ammonia, and 
the carbonate thus fonnod will thon decompose the hydro- 
ehlorate of lime, and a precipitate of carbonate of lime will 
fall down. This must l>e carefully collected and dried, and 
from its weight that of tho carbonic acid, and couseqamtly 
its volume is obtained: 100 ports of carbonate of lime 
indicate 43'7 parts of carbonic aeid, and 100 cubic inches of 
the gas weigh at tlie mean bmiporature and pressure 46 AT 
grs. The objection to this method is the enonnuus quantity 
of water required to afford a sufficient portion of c&rbonate 
of lime. Very accurate results may be obtained, by simply 
receiving the gas over mercury, if the process be carefully 
conducted : in that case a pint of the water, and even less 
will be sufficient. If the water contain any carbonate it is 
probable that they may be in the state of hi -carbonates, 
especially if the water contain uncombined carbonic acid ; 
and since these give off half their acid at 212°, part of the 
gas may be derived from that tiouFcc. This wiu be ascer- 
tained by- comparing tho quantity of carbonic acid gas 
evolved, with that of the carbonate obtained in the course 
of annlysis : the bi-carbonatea contain twice as much car- 
bonic acid as the carbonates. If the water contain sul- 
f>hurous acid add a little acetate of lime before it is heated ; 
it would otherwise be pnrtly volatilized, and a portion of 
insoluble sulphitu of lime be mixed with the carbonate. 



Section 10. 

The quantity of aiilphu retted hiidrogen may be ascertained 
by a similar process, substituting acetate of lead for the 
niiinioniu and iiydrocliloratc of liiur ; sulphuret of lead will 
bo fomied and i>recipitate in block flukes ; but the carbonic 
acid, if any, will wmnin free : 100 parts of sulphuret of 
lead contain 86'G uf b'ud and 13*4 of sulphur, and 100 cubic 
iu(^hes of sulphuretted hydrogen gtis<, at mean pressure and 
temperature, weigh 3G gntins ; It is easy, tlierefore. from 
the weight of the suljihuret to find the quantity <rf gas. 
The hydroBuIphu rets give oH' sidphuretted hydnigen by heat, 
but it is easily kno«-n if a water contain oxljf sulphuretted 
hydrogen, by its not exhaling the peculiar fetid odour of 
Uiat gas, on adding hydro<-liloric add to a portion of it, 
that has been boih-el ; whereas, if a hydrosulpauret bo pre- 
sent, it will be abundantly Aensiblc. 

TTie two proircssos just dcsi'rilied, must of neoessity be 
adopted, when n water contains both carbonic actd, and 
Bulphurettf^ hydrogen ; but if it ntmtains only one of them, 
it is more Himplo to till foiir-tiftliH of a fla^ Tvith it, and 
ndupt a tient tube to its neck, which must pass under a 
mert'urinl jar, and Itoil the water for two or three minute*; 
all the air and carbonic acid, or suphuretted hydrogen, 
with a small jiortion of water, will pass into the jar, and 
being measured, may l)e sejiarated by caustic potassft, 
which will absorb the acid gas, but have no action on the 
commun air. The condensed aqueous vapour will indeed 
retain a small portion of the carbonic add, or sulphuretted 
hydrogen, of which it will Imj easy to take account ; for 
water at the meim Iwrometrical pres.sure, and temperature 
of 68° Fahrenheit, dissolves a volume of carbonic acid equal 
to itself in bulk ; and under the same pressure, and at a 
temperature of b'l", it dissolves three times its volume of 
sulphuretted hydrogen. Agitate the water in the jar, 
therefore, as the ca.se may be, with the proper quantity of 
either gas, and from the whole quantity which pure water 
would dissolve, under the same circumstances, deduct that 
actually absorlied ; the difference will indicate the quantity 
already held in solution by the condensed vapour. 



WATKE ANALYSING. 



Slfi 




Sbttioh II 

XnlpAtirvm ariii i» very nmly fuuwl in niitiuml vatvnt ; 
hiit tf titt^ «-illi, it iniixt Ik ^1nvc^t<^d by chlorino intu 
■ulgiliiiriL- iiriil. I'tviMiiitMiiil bv iiitntto of liurto. Mid Lh<* 
nil}iliiile colliyiti^, wtuiliol. ilritil. :iiiil uiklriiuN). 100 pari b 
of tbii mIi ivprcnvnt •*')< of mlptiuniu^ ftirid by wpi|{hl : 
If R ymter akii rvtiibkin Hulpliuriu acid, or a KtUplmtv, a 
•econd ].H>rli<tn. In w}3i(;li ti'^ dilnrlns ha» been ftddcd, mutt 
llkrs'iaiT Ih- trvu'.cd wLtli iiitntU- i-f (Mkryta, nud tlipurdfchl of 
Otti ]trt^\»taxo ddiHclivl fntii IIia fcirmar. H>0 jiurtH ul 
Aiil|ihale ot baryUi coutaln H of Hulphuriu a^-id. 

Sscnox 13. 

Sithfarin>*iittf of Bmihoniit is ii» wlduni (aaad in mtnenl 
wuU-ra nt «ulphtin>n* ncid. IM qtuatity iniij- be rp««rt»iu»l 
bj- (lintillinK u [mrliiiii uf llio wattfr, oiuiletuiin;,' tlie vapour 
ill ft rvwivt-r ointA^niTig ;i Hnle hviircblnhc ucid, anil 
pvHpgtntiikir tlic li<iui<l l<i dryiit-**. The itauHtily of hj-dro- 
ehliirnu- of untcuuia oliuUied, will )rive tJuii of the ear- 
bonntt : 100 pirla of tho foniK-r indicuU; 73^ of the lulb-r. 



SeiMPatlon of the Solid Ingpedlenta. 
Snotiok t:i. 

It dtc n-alcr oonain • b^r^-Bttlpborot, tbo mode of 
opomting will b& diffcnmt. 

Bvapiirala a nifficient lufruurftd qiuuititjr of this wntor, 
ill ft liiiiinl copper reaw), until it i» rwlucedtosbout a nlul ; 
tltcm Usiisfcr itio DODwntral'Vd luinid to k ponxJAiu uiaii 
(talcing- r.irv to KCnvpe off luiy luliil matter that may adhcro 
ttj Uw MtUs of till* ooppiT vcfaci, anti tn rioM it with dia- 
tillad iriitoi), and (unitinuu thi' pvii|Hinibon to 4trj-t>(>wt. 
Baring tlius ubtuiiied two ur itirw Luudiwi jfruiiu uf Uiu 
rcaidnuin, piut-cied ua folluwa: — 

Bnmos 11. 

A. Boil n oertain quantity (100 gnioM for insta&oo), pre- 
viuuHly wdl drit-d ut a ttiupeTuturv not cxooodiug 21'^". 
trith seven or eight timf-s ita weight f>( diAtUled wmter, fnr 

IM few iniiiulc*, uiid if lut'l.iiil. filt<'r tbo liquid: wiwb llie 
flllir, nud tlryniid irvi^rb ibi? iiiaoSiibW mnttiT mnaitiiiit,' 
VD il. 

B. Kruponito tho aqaeoiiii mlutinn to drynase ; weij^h the 
n^idiiutii, and dtgctit it in Nnoi)<-MUTc portinim lA nlcnibol. 
iif llic .-jwt-ifia KTSvity of -SiS, witJi h jfrntli- hi-al : filter 
t]»i> liijimr, RRdwnon Ibi- filtrr rppe«tptUy wJtb nltioliol: 
I'Vajv-'nitt? llie Kpitil itrul dr>' oiid Wfiifh the rvniduum. 

The Hxtil inpn-ditavfr viill thus lie sowiratai into thnw 
puriiiitia. Their luituro and Uio incitna ot M>lwrAtiDg ttunn, 
i)iu>l Duw be i?i)iiiuilvr<Kl. 

C. The ioMiluble ponlan may oontoin tho mrbonRCn of 
llme.uMifUMn.iindinin.miipbLic of lime find silica. IXaaolT* 
tl:e nrboiuilri iii a vtrj- nliglif. t-dH^wi uf wmk hydnxibloric 
n^'id, hmI Mrj'vrate ihe uiidiMolri^ iiortioii by the Alter. 
Tu the filtonKl 1ii)iiid add Arft a conaifiunblc excou of acid, 
and thun lunnonin t» pni-ijillat/t the nxidf. of imn. ihr. 
wi-igfal of wliii^, when drit<l luid ifpiiteil. will ^ve that of 
Ux- larlKinate of itun. Nnxt. nild mtii^ju-lHiiiati- \il M>da In 
the auuDiniiacal liquur, ivLidi will throw dimii tlie liinu 
and taUtfDeuia in iJie stato of carboantev: they uiilac bo 
eoUeclod nnd WAAheil, rinivmcil into Kiilnlmtin, iind f>cpa- 
t*ted aa nieutiumil ; liieir wtttjbtn will iiiaii'iit'i tliL- yiuimty 
of thinr bum n-«|ieutively, nnd vonwqueuily that of vuch 
of (bifvarbutiatVK. 

The Bulpliate ot lime, and the nEUca, may be separated 
hy MibcariMjiiat« of potoma and hydiocfaloric add. The 
alkali will decompM' lh« Bulphftto of limo, and tha and 
dixaolTe tbo carbuuate, wMith U formed, wbiJiit tlw alUo* 



will n-main iiutouchcit. The «duliate of lltnti may than 1w 
n>]iruduL-od, by aK^iu wpnnlinj^ liieearlh by Hub-catbctiat* 
(it potama. or pida. and lorubiutiitr tlie iirw-i^wtnta witJi 
MilpbuHo mid, 

l>. Tho hydroithlorAlMand nitmtes of liiiu.- and naffaeata, 
Rodn, hydriMiilriburel. of Mxla, b>-(lrochlorati> of ammonia, 
»ud cunitnini salt, niri (liootilyeiilMlannai, aoliiUoinalodwl, 
Ukely to be iirt.<>M!ut in ti uuncnd water : and of the two 
Inttor lUoohol diMKlrex lint a Ti-ry tmiall qunntily. !-$odn, 
which, a* well tw liyrlTi>L'hl<jrate uf anuiMinin, in iif rcry rara 
(iQCUiTenoe in miuenil wat«n, is innimpatiblo with inaK- 
ntoisn and oaI«aivou« sa]t», and witli hydrochlorati> of 
l i roin Q iii a ; m> that it can only he found in the alnoholia 
solution, aBsoelaCod with the h.vdrochloratc or faydn- 
sulphuret of aoda ; oott«oqiiuntly, whoa a miiiDnil water 
mnuius DO indphiin.'tC(xl hydronn, which i« alwAyii eaiily 
known, and la mo.nt fre(pii^tl<r tho cnae. the s>»tiuii aoluble 
in alculiol will itfubnWy «iin«t only of tb« Drdroelilomlea 
and tiilmt'-ji ot limn and ningiieNiu, and hvilrt>dil'.>rato of 
mkU. IH*Nolr« lbs Noliii in wster, and add an vxoisa of 
Baboarbonnto of ammonia, to prcdpitato tho lime and 
magnet ]n tho tut« of carbonate*, wliilat their ntTuia wiU 
nmain in aolution. e(nnbtn*d with the ammnnia. A ■nail 
portion of nia^etia will probably nmain nul piveipilttvd; 
lOMpnrate which, add D little puosphorie acid: an lintne. 
diate iirccijijtadoii of ammonia •mngn»inn pboapbate will 
onsuo. Tho Mrbonatea and uhovphatm iniiat bo cK>ltr<:ted 
im tejmraU ftltr-ra and w»h«d. &aA. tho >iuantJtie« uf limo 
and U)Bfra«ida of Ihe carbouatot woocioinod by oiilphuria 
Bcid, and tJiat of the magnerfa, oontainod f& tho shoqihata, 
by oaldnaHon. I to parta of eakdncd plioaphato of maicnMiia 
uoutaiu 40 uf inagneaia. N<Mit «raponte the liquid cnn- 
taining the ooniiuon ull, t)M faydroelilurato, nitrate, nud 
oarboualo of anuiuinia that waa added in exeaM, to diynen, 
and tutniduoe the nnidnun into a amall ivtort, front tlia 
nock of whioh a bonl. tube miwt pua undor, and Hho to the 
top ijf a nxciifwr full of, and inverted over merouiy. Heat 
the tv-toK i^cudunlly ; thu iiitnlo of ammunin will be 
deoampowd into water and oxldo of niCrdg«D, and th>- ^lut 
(i<illerU«l in the nx-eivci'. and, since aa much wt» will 
re-eiii«i' the retort on coulinfc, an wna expelled by Uio hi-at, 
what remaitis in the re<%iver will uiu'lly ixpruaent tlut 
quantity of oxido of iiitrogen, nbould the tempt^ratutv and 
pretiure not to havi> rurii^ during tho upunttion. When 
the nitmte uf amiiioiiii tH cuiupl«L«ly dMajuipoed, that la 
when iii> nion* fpoi in disongaged, tlie retort utuit bo broktiu, 
and the bj-drwhlunitea ot Huda and amuuius collecti'd. 
Weigh and calcine them at a low nd heat, In a plittiiia or 
kilvcr e-nicible, to drive ufl the vtilatile «lt, whoae quantity 
will be indiL'atHi by the weight lout in tho operation; 
which, deducts! fr<>iu ihi' whol'V weight, teavea that of tbo 
(iriniuun nit. Ttu' 'luaiitilr of add in Uic hydrochloratM 
of lime and mnffiioMia will tAeu U> aorcrtAincd from that of 
tho hydrochtonitu of auitnoiiia, and Ihe vulunie of uiidn uf 
nitrugcD will giro tJi« quantity of the nitrin acid. 

Tbero in a radioal «fror In thia analyuK, in the mcthud 
directed for aacertaininK the prupurtifin of the nitiatwa, by 
dcviiinpoMug the nitrak of ammonia by boat. When a 
laixturv uf nitrate and hrdrochlurato of ammonia is axpgaed 
ill n tnlurt to a beat au^iont to deoompune tlie nitrate, n 
mutual action taken place betwe«n the two salts, and a 
gaaeoits mixture, containing a \a.T^ qiuuility»f rblnrine, i* 
obtnine'i ; a« in evident, both from its peetiltar uduur, from 
Ita Hvtiou oil mcrcnry, and (rum it>t power tu diwhante 
vegetable eubura. I havo not csAiniiioa th« oompo»it' 
ihr gni crolved. hnt it ia ckar that the aoid ul the 1 
rhlnrnte must In dp«im|Kw«>d, atiid couaeqtunt3y the 
dffectiie. Did ita dc«uinpo»iUou iwt take placv, it 
Iw difficult to ]krarent some of the hydrooblueate '' 
volatiliirod in t)i« operation, 

PerhapH the following ncbenin may fat 
praotioaule for ilie aualy>ii> uf the compi'uiid 



516 



WATER ANALYSING. 



To the Bolation of the hydrochlorates and nitrates of lime 
iiud magneaia, and hydrochlorate of soda, add cautioiwly, 
drop by drop, acetate of silver, until no further precipitate 
ensues, avoiding as much as possible anv exoees of the 
precipitant. The whole of the dydrochlonc acid will thus 
be sepiirated, and there will remain in solution the acetates 
of lime, magTiesia, and >-oda, and the nitrates of lime and 
magnesia. Evaporate to dryness by a Rentle heat, taking 
care not to decompose the acetates by too high a temperature. 
Digest the dry mass in rather lew tlian twice its wcightof 
cold alcohol of the specific gravity at least of '850, or 
better if even 820. This will diaeoWe the acetates and 
nitrates of lime and magnesia, and leave the acetate of tioda. 
Decant off the alcoholic solutions, wash the residuum with 
freeh alcohol, and add the washings to the decanted portion. 
The acetate of soda may then be converted into subcarbonato 
by a red heat, and weighed. 

Diatil off the alcohol from the dissoh'ei salts, redissolve 
them in water, and to the solution add subcarbonate of 
potaeaa, avoiding unnecessary excess : this will throw down 
the lime and magnesia in the state of carbonates, and leave 
in solution acetate end nitrate of potassa and a small portion 
of oarbonate of potasna. Separate thspredpitate, evaporate 
tiie solution again to dryness, and boil the residuum in 
alcohol of -820, which will dissolve the acetate of potassa, 
and leave the nitrate and sub-carbonate. Separate the 
spirituous solution, and distil it to dryness, and convert the 
sub-carbonate of potassa into acetate, by pure weak acetic 
acid. A repetition of tlie action of (dcohol, of the same 
specific gTUvity as the former, will then separate the acetate, 
and the nitrate of potassa will be left insulated. By the 
first process wo get chloride of silver, from whence the 
whole quantity of hydrochloric acid is obtained; by the 
second sub-carbonate of soda, which denotes the quantity 
of acid in the hydrochlorate of soda : by the third, the 
carbonates of lime and magnesia, whence we learn the 
weight of those bases ; and trom the n-eight of the nitrate 
of potaaaa of the last process, we find the quantity of nitric 
acid. From these data the proportions of the several salts 
in the mixture may be estimated. 

100 chloride of silver are equivalent to 25-46 hydrochloric add 
lUO nitrate of potassa ,, ,, 52*88 nitric acid 
100 subcarbonate of soda ,, 1 10- common salt 

or ,, 68-7 hydroohlorio acid 

100 carbonate of lime ,, ,, 66- lime 
100 carbonate of magnesia ,, 47' magneda 

The quantities of lime and magnesia, which saturate 
equal portions of hydrochloric and nitrio acids, are given 
above. 

From these several data, and from the quantitiea of lime 
and magnesia, whicli are alreiidy known, it will not be 
difficult to estimate the respective proportions of the 
calcareous and magnesian hydrochtorates and nitrates. 
100 ports of nitric acid saturate S2'5 lime 

,, ,, I, 3G-5 magnesia 

100 parts of hydrochloric acid saturate lO'J- lime 
,, ,, ,, ,, 72'3 magnesia 

100 parts of hydrochlorate of ammonia contain 51 hydro- 
chlorio acid, 100 cubic inches of oxide of nitrogen weigh 
46126 grains; and 100 parts by weight, of toe oxide, 
indicate 12317 parts of nitric acid. 

Instt-ad of treating the whole solution (after the separa- 
tion of the lime and magnesia, by sub -carbonate of 
ammonia) in the manner just mentioned, a moiety of it may 
be submitted to a different process, as follows : — 

Digest the solution, freed from the carbonate of ammonia 
by boihng, on phosphate of silver in excess: chloride of 
silver, and phosphates of soda and anunonia will be formed. 
The two last Milts will remam in solution, with the nitrate 
of ammonia ; but the chloride of silver, with the excess of 
phosphate of silver, fall down. 



Nitric acid will take up the latter, and leave the chloride, 
whose weight may then be ascertained. Next pour sub- 
carbonate of soda mto the filtered liquor, in order to convert 
the phosphate and nitrate of ammonia into phosphate and 
nitrate of soda ; then evaporate to dryness, and heat the 
residuum vrith alcohol of the specific gravity of -S50, 
which will dissolve the nitrate of soda, but have no action 
on the other salts. The quantity of dry nitrate of soda will 
give that of the nitric acid, and the quantity of chloride of 
silver that of the hydrochloric acid of the hydrochlorates of 
soda, lime and magnesia ; and since the quantity of common 
silt, and consequeutly that of its acid, is already known by 
the firet process, deducting the latter from the whole 

auantity of hydrochloric acid, the quantity of the acid of 
10 hydrochlorates of lime and magnesia is obtained. 
By thus vaiying the processes, the quantities of the nitric 
and hydroohlorio acids are obtained in different ways, and 
the results, if they harmonise, entitled to the greater 
confidence. 

Ssonov IS. 

The substances soluble in water only are more numraons 
than the preceding; they amount to thirteen, namely, the 
sulphates of soda, magnesia, ammonia, iron and copper, 
and alum ; nitrate of potassa, the hydrochlorates of potaaea 
and soda ; the sub-borate of soda and boracio acid. 

Although common salt has been classed with the sub- 
stances soluble in alcohol, it is necessary to place it also 
with those insoluble in that agent, which takes up so small 
a portion that it commonly makes part of both classes. 

Nitrate of potassa is distinguished from all the rest by 
Bointitlating when thrown on red hot obarcool ; boracio add 
by the beautiful green colour it imparts to the flame of 
burning alcohol : and alum by ammonia throwing down its 
alumina. The form of the crystals of sulphate m soda is a 
six-sided prism, with dihedral Biiminlts; that of nitn, a 
six-sided prism, teiminafed byeix-sided pyramids. Botmoo 
acid crystallises in thin hexagonal plates, aad alnm in 
regular octohedra. 

SSOTIOW 16. 

The sulphates of magneida, ammonia, iron, and copper, 
and the hydrochlorates and carbonates ca potassa and soda 
are known by Uie oharactera already desorihed at Section 8. 
Sulphate of soda, nitrate of potassa, boiaoia odd, and alum, 
by solution in -water and crystallisataon, and borax by 
sulphuric acid preolmtating boracic acid, form a cou' 
ccntrated solution of tiiat salt. 

Sectioh 17. 

The sidphatea of ommoma, iron and copper, alum, nitrate, 
hydrochlorate and carbonate of potassa, borax and bcnscic 
acid, are very rarely found in mineral waters, and carbonate 
of soda or potassa is incompatible with sulphate ui copper 
and free borado aoid. Thus the sulphates of soda and 
magnesia, common salt and carbonate of soda, aze almost 
the only substances of this class likely to bo met with; 
moreover, only three of them can exist together, for 
sulphate of magnesia and f»rbonate of soda mutoally 
decompose each other. 

SsoTioy 18. 

Suppose, first, there be no sulphate of magaeda in the 
water ; treat the mixture with successive portions of aloohol 
of the specific gravity of -875, which will dissolve oil the 
common salt ; then, adding acetic acid to the sulphate and 
carbonate of soda, the latter will be converted into an 
acetate, soluble in alcohol, and thus easily separated from 
the sulphate — the quantity of acetate will givo that of the 
carbonate. 



WATEB ANALVHING. 



fiI7 



SunrtOM 10. 

Seeondlv, nuppow them be no cwrboiute of i«da prawui ; 
tbci AMI 4ttll in ti> hi rwparatrd. an bpfotv. b)- utrotiol ; then 
(itB«j|vt) tlw rMiHlMuni ill w.iItT iiikI add lutriimt chkiridi- 
tiU it prodniyw lui (urtbrr tuvt-ipiLsli*. txkinx K^^^t 
CUV ncit to wld it In oxomb. The «uIpbat«B of ooda acJ 
nuiKisu wiU be deeompowi], inwolublc aulphutc of hnrium 
wfiT fnll <ln*-n. >inil tli<> hyilnwhlontti.'tt of ftoda and magacna 
rentaiD in w^lutitiu. Evupunl« tlio lif^aid to dlTnet*. uid 
oaldnp tlw iv>iiiduuin in ii pbtinA crtictbl* at a red liMt. 
Ttie hj-dirachl(}ruto gf magiiMia will tliiu bo deprived ojf iu 
of-id, and iho. i<omman salt lUT be AGfNUUted ttota xhn 
tnaffufMtt hy wsl«<r. 100 n«rU of Fommon Milt niv ocjiiivn- 
]«9it to S3'25 of soda. Pram tbv uuiuitiliw uf i-kU and 

aoif Um woi^fat of tliti salphtiric add from that of tli<! 
biilphato uf Iwriam. 

Sscnoit 20. 

If • minoml wKWr onntain a L^drofialpliuivt — the h^m- 
HdlpliurvL IN iiev«r pa», It w alwajs moro or biM 
BDl]iliurvtt«d. 

A. Collect tliv ^iMi^ M •tsUxl at Section 8- 

B. Th<> cnrbonati>A of Umo and uagnoda, tbo mlpliat« of 
limi^, and tlu Ailii-u must nL<o be aeparntod bv the ntnal 
mrthodK. except that it in better to eraporaie Itie wnlcr in 
a nUAVt than in u ImmId, to prevent the action of the air od 
the hf droealphuret. 

0. To aM"Prtain the quastitjr of the h]rdro»»lpbiiret (or, 
num propnrlj', MilgiliunittMl hrdroMilphun^ti inTroducci the 
waterr into a (uliiiUle'l rvtnrt, hniring' n tubo uf Mafattr littod 
to thu tubuluiv, uud a cuiiimuii tubo to it4 neck , whixfa muni 
|MM Into a iiuA oontatiunff acetato of tc«d : puor noetic 
aoid intu the vater thronf b Iba tube of mfc^ty, and heat it 
gradaally till it b(a]ii. "nioliydruiiilpliurct will be d«uani* 
pOMsd : iu xulpburotted hydroLren mil (mm into the flaak 
and p«<adiu-« Bulphurct of luiwl. niul the Milpbur that was 
milMl irith ll»- bjYlnunlpliuret will he prMiptoited. Trcma 
the weijfht uf llir Hulj>biirel icc obtain Uiat of tho aulnhur- 
t>tl«d b^dm^n, nml fmm rhi> vnittht uf the latter and the 
•ulphur, tbut of the HutpLuri'iied hjdnMolpfaurvt. 

It wfiold be bettor, and it in Bonwtimw pomiblo, to dctar- 
nini? thr^ iinuiiiity of tin- hrwot thi^ milphtiR'tttfd hydro. 
pmlphiirpl m a dinu^t uuii>iit-r. tliiiu tu deduoa it from tbe 
freiK'bt of tho nulphurelted hydrog'jn atiti tlu.- milpbur, 
{Muti^itlarl.v aA the latter in difllcniH t<j toUi-ct. 

This piwfwi miiijiowit th<^ wat*r to contain no friw 
Hul|]&LUHt(xl hyilntKt'u : if that he ttu- vaw, which will t(c 
knowu by its anuill, it mnat TirNt bi- driven off by a K«utlti 
heat. 

tnii fif load fonbiiu: with l.yir of eulphur. and 16 of 
Milfitiitr with one of hydro^n. Th<> Milphitretted hydn>' 
*iilphiin'l« i'liTdraffiiivtte<i ■nlpbnrula/ are prubablj fonutd 
jf iwu titJ>mxi(^ Bi^pbur, one of hydrogen, and ont* of boM ; 
thuH, if it )m> the siilphurettt!^ hjdnMulpbiuvt of «oda (or 
n»un> iirrjji»<rlT of •odium), it* cnuipiMitiaii would be aodiiun 
22. «a]ph\tr 30, bydroKvii 1 = 53. 

D. 'Hm' quantltj- of carbonate of soda may bo d<i(«ni>tncd 
bjr a aimiluT procMS. After Njilinp the watur, to tlirow 
^wn tbn inaoliiUo oarbonalMi, filti-'r and trMt it with 
bjrdriicblorio atdd, in an appttratiu likn thut nu-ntiunud. 
^ntaininir a solution of aininoiiia and hj'drucblorale of 
Unw. in the inaanM* then dirtiutod : from the wfi^it of tin' 
carbonate of linia that of thfr aUtaliii'' >^It will h^ dcduci^d. 
lOfl parta of onrhonntn of lime are wiuimlpnt to 1U5-6 f>arlA 
ct rab-t'iirUinato of lunlu. deprived of iw vraier liy u. rwl 
beat, aiul to 16« parts of tbo crrataUiiwd bi^carbouatt-. 

K. It fi-iiiain* to oonfidcr how the other Hub»lanoee are to 

b)> ■■•jamtiil. If t^rbomto uf mda be pnw^nt, tbo wat«r 

can coatnin bendea onlv the oarbonnl<«> of lintn and niaK- 

, nlioBi bjdroaalt^urvt of wda, and othtir ull« with 




baae of tliai alkalL In that caw add an exopwr of Bcetjftj 
Mid and frn|Kiml» to dnpiMV, oatclnc the rr-idnnm at 
rM heat, nJIii»o m utur on it, and filter tho lii|uor. Tbe M>d_ 
of th& carionat^' am) bydn«iil]iiinret. and ilto otfarr caita 
fg«nm1ly onlv Md|>lint«< and hydto«ld>init« of nods) will bo 

dlMilllHl. 

To tlie solution add aub-carbonate of ammonia to ranrcn 
the acida comoletely into sob-mrhoiialp, and boil the liiiukl ■ 
to drtTi> off Uir rxmnt of tin- rolntilu cariioiuiU, and ui« ' 
|>nM»Ml to aacerlaiii the qnantitiiiM of sn salt and Midphn' 
of Hoda, by aloobol ana aoelio acid, an dirwLcd. At thai 
«am« time the qmintitj of luwtate ratutt U- aaccrtained-i 
which wilt rive that of the mxIa, and tbe quanlit)a« cs 
carboDio oarid and aolphonptled hydrogitm those of the 
hydioaujphiuvt and mb-carbotiate. 

F, If no carbonat^ of mda be prMcml, a niinnnl wat«r 
may cnntain, in addition to the muwitani^oii nMiitiooMl in tho 
last immgraph, t!iPRulplutte«,hYdrx>hI'mit(7< anduittatuiof f 
liinp and uaffonin. Iu this caac iKilatc it with an cicpm 
of i-lilurida of mercury (oaknnel), winch will dc^rompow div 
h)-dro(Ri]phTirct and an inaolubie black eulphurat of mervury, 
and hydixioblonlc uf Ifano or noda, accordrnv aa Uic aulphu- 
mted hydrogwi waa uidted Iu one or tiUer of thoae two ' 
baaea, wul bo fonned. To nompJcte the aaalfilA, obmsrva 
tbe diraeliana eoatainrd in thr S<yt)o<nfl 13. et Mf. ; but, 
from the quanta^ of hydruchloratc ubtainxd. miut be 
deducted that whwh ariiiea frnrn tho action of the hydro- 
Kiill>baret on the ehlorlde of im<if ury. For thin purpoM 
take a tmA portiDn of tbe wator, add nitric acid, and boil 
it to expel the *u1phltrrttl^d hydm^o ; thcu filtn- aiid dn>p 
in on eioeaa of mdptiatu of itilvor. A* a Bulplutttf aiay be 
]m-wnt thin in proferiible to ultratv ^if vilwr. The wnfht 
of tliooliloridoof Htlver that will ba formed will in(li<-nt« 
the root quautity of tli<> until o<>iitainr«l in tho wator. »ht-nr« 
tluitariHnir front tbo cakmiul luuv !«■ prtimnlrd. Sin<:« thu 
■am of tli» two qnniitii.iiH hnw boen ffivui by the flrtt 
axporinKut, and tbo (lumiiity of uf-iA daivcd friitn tho 
ehlorido id nloo known. Uil' quantity of ba^e whicli aaiiirat«B 
it ia likewW obtaiuMi, Tho iiunntity of bvdroKulpburat 
will likewi»e be found fruiu iho luuuit data, a» it is the result 
of the union of that baee wiiii tbo oulphurettod hydn^mi. 

Sktiox 31. 

In all case* it m right in the first instance to devote a 
portion of the water to an titquirv into the nature of Ita 
contenia before the more perfoct analyeia ia nndertakco. 

In addition to the prccoditi)! directionB in thia woric, an 
exumple uf tlie actual aualyiiia of a mineral water, canuot 
fail to be extremely tuetiil to tbo studt-nt in ihin intriiMls 
aud difficult part uf our vubjcol. And I know umc boltv* 
calculated for the imrjinae than tho ingonioiiN mid KU-ttrat* 
ono of the celebrated Batli watur, by thu lalo Ur. lUuliard 
Phillip*, in whioh it will bo spen how aUeutiToly Ifao 
phenomena produced by tlui dlAcrent reagents muat be 
obaorrod, and hav cautioiuly the infercnee<« they a]ipenr to 
lead to, adopted. 

Anatyala of the Hot Springe at Bath. 

The future of tito oonntry roand Bath, and other local 
drcumstanoei. have bu^n bo fully dnnrilml by tlxwi who 
haw ^rpn nhenucal eaamin^itiooi ..f the wAl^r« of tliv hot 
■•IirinK* at that place, that any furito-r ilotwnptiun H|»pean 
unitccesBory. 

As to tho caoAe of tht^ heat of thf^ao mvrin^. we bare mi 
few data from whti-h tu rawon, that I shall tiol nffcr even 
a oinjecture on the subjeoi. 

ThoBo waters bavo been frequently analysed. Hey have 
merited tho attention they bare nK-aivcti. not only from 
th<?ir early and estenslre emnloyiURnt to tho euro uf 
dieeosm, but also on account of some peuuliar obaugw tO 



61B 



WATER ANALYSING. 



whioh iliey axe subject. Of tiheao the explanatioiiH have 
been ho various as to show tliut they require atill further 
examination. 

Of the xenNible properties exhibited by these vatore the 
mOHt remarkable is their high temporatuFe, the dogree of 
which varicH oouwderably at their ditforeiit sources. At 
the hot buth it is 117°; at the king's bath 11 ■J" : and at 
the oroBs bath 109°. This statement doen not exactly agree 
with vhat has bosn usually given as their temperatare. 
These results were obtained by pumping the water upon 
the bulb of a thermometer till the mercury ceased to rise. 
Their taste is metallic, but not bt'Onglyor disagreeably so; 
this haa not been universaUy allowed : but if they are 
drank hot, this impression is readily distinguishable. 

Their Kpccific gravity Is 1002 at each of the springs ; 
and BM the effects produced by chemical tests are also 
perfectly similar, thev may be considered as derived from 
one Hource, the tcmperatiire varying by their more or lose 
nircuitous passa^v to the surface. For the purpose of 
uiialvsis the water of the king's bath has been usually 
■•mployod ; and although it doos not appear to be a matter 
of muoh importance, I have followed the usual practice. 

Before the experiments made upon the water are related, 
it vitl bo neceHMiry to state those employed to ascertain 
the ]>n>portiO'i of the gas, which riso^ in great quantity 
thniugh the water in the king's bath. 

This gns is pi'rfoctly free from smell. 

A. 8oin(i of till! gas was rcc^oived into a jar. A lighted 
taper put into it was immnliatoly extinguished. 

Ji. l{o(».>ivod into lime water, it caiisid an immediate 
|ir(K>ipitation. 

C Tinaturo of litmus suffered no change of colour by 
ngitatiim with the gas. 

D. The colour of dilute tiucturo of turmeric and tincture 
fif gi^'l" 'tras doxtroyed by it. 

From the*! otfei^tH the gas appears to consist principally 
4it nitrogon gas with a small inrtion of carbonio add gas. 
To owMirtiiln the iiuantity of each, and whether any 
(ixyguii gus was prescut, the following experiments were 
|M<rtonHiid : — 

K. One hundred meaHures of the gas were strongly 
ngitatod with barytcs water in a graduated tube. A 
eonsiderable proolpitat« was deposited, and five measures 
w<m) nbitorboa. 

F. Uno measure of deutoxide of nitrogen was added to on 
<m|Uh1 i^iiatititv of the gas in an eudiometer in the water 
ainHUutuH, 'I he mixed gasus underwent no alteration of 
eolournor diminutirin of volume. 

(1. One hundred meitsurcs of the gas which had been 
dejirivod of i-(irb«»iic ncid by liuryics water were submitted 
to till) wtidii of Holutiiiii of protomuriate of iron im> 
|in<Diittti!d with deutoxide of nitrogen. No absorption took 

Tills gnu, thcrefiire, consists of — 

('iirlHiuii: acid giiH ... fi 

Ni^rojfcn giis 95 

100 

I now pmoecded to try wlinther the water held either of 
thi'iM) gitni'H in solution. 

H. Tun ounces of the water which had been cooled in a 
Wfll-closed Ixittlo, were put into a vewel furnished with a 
hi-iit tube ; the wiiler wus boiled for about twenty minutes, 
mid Uio gas cvolvtHl from the water and the air of the tube, 
uxoept a cpuiiitity too small to be oftimaied, were received 
in a graduat^N] jar over mercury. Solution of potash ab- 
sorbed thnx'-fourtliH of an in<^ of this gas, which was 
carbonio uuid. 

I. Tlio unabNorI>ed gas was transferred to the w^ter 
Bjipanitun, and tried iu the usual way with deutoxide of 



nitrogen. The mean result of comparative experiments upon 
it and atmospheric air showed that it was merely the air of 
the vessel, and that no nitrogen gas was held in solution 
by the water. 

As ton ounces of the water gave '75 of an inch of carbonic 
acid, one quart would furnish '2*4. This quantity b not 
quite exact, it being scarcely possible to obtain the whole of 
the carbonic acid by ebullition. 

Effects of Atmospherio Air and Reagents. 

K. Some of the water, while hot, having been exposed iu 
a vessel of broad surface to the atmosphere, afforded in a 
few hours a small quantity of a white prccipitato ; but water 
which hod been cooled in a close vessel remained per- 
fectly transparent after sever^ weeks' exposure to the air. 

The reagents added to ^e water while hot, and the 
effects produced by them, were the following : — 

L. Acetate of lead — a perfectly white precipitate. 

M. Tincture of litmus — no alteration of colour. 

N. Tincture of tunueric— no change indicatiDg the 
presenoe of uncombined alkali ; its colour inmieo^tely 
destroyed. 

O. Lime water — a white precipitate. 

P. Potash— a white precipitate. 

Q. Carbonate of potash — a white precipitate. 

R. Some of the water was boil«l with a little nitric 
acid—potash added to this gave no jprecipitate. 

8. Oxalate of ammonia— a precipitate. 

T. Nitrate of barytes — a precipitate insoluble in nitric 
acid. 

V. Nitrate of silver — a white precipitate insoluble in 
nitric acid. 

V. Solution of sulphuretted hydrogen — no precipitate nor 
change of colour ; the water became very slightly turbid. 

W. Prussiate of potash— no immediate effect : after 
some weeks the water became slightly green. 

X. Tincture of gulls — immediately a peach-bloeaom red 
colour, and very soon a precipitate trtiiob became durk 
purple by exposure to the air. 

All the above effects are also produced after the water 
has been cooled, excepting that the colour of tjnoture of 
turmerio is not then destroyed, and, under some circum- 
stances, no red colour occurs upon the additiort of tincture 
of galls. 

Y. A quantity of the water was evaporated to dryness, 
and distilled water added to the residuum. Nitrate of lime 
iwurcd into the solution afforded a crystalline precipitate 
in a few hours, indicating the presenoe of on alkaline 
sulphate. 

I shall now state the inferences to ho deduced from these 
experimenis. 

Carbonic acid exists in this water (B, !e!). A considerable 
portion of it escapes at the high tcmperalure at which the 
water ii obtained, its evolution occasioning ihepredpilation 
of some substance which it held in solution (K]. 

From experiment (L) it is evident that no sulphuretted 
hydrogen gas is present. 

As no alteration of colour is effected upon tincture of 
litmus by the carbonic acid (M), it is evident that this ooid 
is present only in suffioient quantity to dissolve the sub- 
stance precipitated by its evolution. 

The destruction of the colour of tincture of turmeric (N) 
is clearly occasioned by the gas during its passage through 
the water (D). 

The effect produced in experiment (0) is owing to the 
formation of carbonate of lime, and the preoipiiation of it 
and of the substance previously dissolvid by carbonic 
acid (K). 

A part of the precipitate obtained by addingpotash (F) 
must have been similar to that of experiment (ID, and to a 
portion ' timent (0), produced iu (P) and (0) 



WATER ANALYSTKG. 



61fl 



hj DmnUnlnir Ibv vclveiit cutbtmlA aeld inwciKl at ftspentlir 
h«B ID «xpcrimi>nt {K;. Tbo prwipitJilB vaa oirbOBatf^ i3 
HmD, or i>f ni«^>-»in, or both. 

Aa rarliij' trarlKmntBit art' not |in:wipiUl)li' tiy ■Ikitluii- 
c«rl■oaate^ ifa« pn-i.-i^icalo /t'rnied I15 curlwiiate ot pobiali 
(Q) tntlicktn the promtioe of mjiuu other e-irtby hiIL 

From expi^inont (R) it. Appi'Aiii lliiit tin altiininit nor 
nagnttiii (■xisU in lliu wnlt-r, itiiil Ihut llii- pn!Ct|iitat« 
al)tuino4 in I'lpprinwiii iK) »'■* (uirhon:tt« nf linH', 

Exporiiuvnt (81 (iHtumuDM tlio nruHMicu at Uiuu. 

Experiment (T) akows that anlphiuio MOd oxists In tti« 
irut»r. 

Thr rffrat prcxlurod bj' nitrato of xiLror (O] minlu from 
Hu! luitim of bydrocUono acid. 

An no mctAllie oiid« iliiwoverftblp 'bj sulphuretted 
hjilrogwi iriui nupeottd, ih" apprttrmtinei it produot^ (V) 
wiw sutipoMd to b* ilerired Cruia it* ftution upou caibonato 
of liinc. Tiua vroa ■«c«ttaitiod to be the caaa b^ diieL-t 
ospcrimonL 

An th« pruMHte of potiuli L-tnplnvoi) iu expctrinmit (W) 
MJiitaiiui nxide of iron as one of its oonstitnetits, it was 
bnAgSanl Uut tlie slijitlit grconncw whiob wm u>inuiic<d hy 
lbs WKtcT ml^ht bo ocGs.^jutifvt by tho neOaa of the itarhonio 
•Aid, BOtwittifltaudiD^ ita holdinir i-Arbon&tA of liine in 
aolution, Llii>4ifl«th«niig' nnnily prixliifnl hy thcHppliRHlina 
of the stronger aoIiU. A wuikU qunuiily of tbe triple 
rmnw'itn wu therefora added to « suIutioD of carbunate of 
mm in CArbmln add : nftrr n rnnttdcmblr timn it iir<iuir«l 
ft grtea. colour, t^tuMy nimiliu- to that obtw^rved ui 
Mfmitnent (W). Dr, Fslnioer b»«, in(le«d, stated that a 
bine culuur is lu bv ubtaiiwd by tlu- action of pruMato of 
poCaab upon the water : but, ah it did nut cx-tut till niter 
the addition of stilphuricaoidi it is evident tJiat this offoot 
wu* produced by ihti iuAmn of tlici acid upon the oxide of 
iron <}{ the pnumUu. 

Althoutrh the preaenoe of oxIdA of Inn is nnt at all 
tadkiati'd )>y prutMiat« of potAsh (probably on acoonat of 
the >>in«IIii(:ui of il« qnantitv), v«it it i« nridunt fnun tho 
uctiim of Uiictnr« of galls (Xj Utst a iiiimiti! portion of it 
actually i'si>l« in the wnb^r : tho li^ht colour of ths nraenl 
pm.-ijiitiitf<, and it-t hetMmiaf; dnrktir Hy cnntaet iriUi atmoa- 
^enc air, iih<>H'iii)|> tbnt it is in tlic Htale of pruloxtdr. 
In iiinkiu({ llii* Hxprrimnnl it in nHpiifiito to as* a very 
miall qiinnliiy uf tlu> tiuctutu of iralbi ; for, it miLoh mora 
tliaa five drops of it are added to one oimce of th« irat«r, 
no Indloatlim of nxidrr of in>n ix pnidii'vrd, tbo wal^-r 
bemtnin^ of a [i>cht rrddliH bniwii I'litour, and atfo-rdiiiK 
no pm'i|)itat<>. An excosa of UiIh tiiictiiie roncta upon the 
oonipuiuul uf vrjretablo mutt<.T and oxido of iron su cam- 

Eletely a^ to prcront the apjiearauras rcodllf pvHcflled 
y n niuitll ([OButity. 
F(v«ti tlte iri'll-known Uws nf cheiniiwl alBnity It is 
vridont lii'it tho ox(de of iroci in coiubincd with curbuoia 
add ; tliio coinpoand luidertrolng somo curioiis obanges, 
which haTl^ oMaAlonol miu'h diacnaaioii. 

It has been observed tbst on« ot Uiv moat aoUn t«ita 
of uxid* uf iim doas not iu this wnUr produce any 
appearance of Its presenea : and the slitrht mxHallio taate 
wfaiob it oonunuDtentes orbm Imi luid fniOi him bnmi 
luuintiood by aome analyst-, 'iliis ttuttv ta IihI by • <>olinf{. 
ereii iu weU-atopped bottles ; iiud cvory mutlnHi whioh I 
hare iriod \i> Kstore it has b^-n iinitmtvwsfHl . It hus also 
liecn tni-ntionivl that tho aoliou of tiiiL-turu uf )fiilb ia in 
aome tatacii IiMt: and tliis fncl hns ihs'ilnodwI miich dis- 
ousaion rsspenting th^ oxide uf irrjii. Thy fuUowinir 
vxporinieots wUI show under what dr^iimiitancw tJds 

OOCIU*: — 

d, .itmnt line pint of tbo watnr wns axpisad, white hot, 
to the atannsiihen> in a vetnd of bruad siirfaoe. After it 
bad r»maiu«l Hboat sixt«oo hours, • stnoll qaantit; of 
cnHwuate of liinfi waa dopodted by thu 6i«lutiaa of 
cartxiok acid gna. Tho precipitate was perfectly white. 



aiid luid not the sIlKhle^ appcaran'x.' of i>outainiiifr oiJde 
of iron. To thi>< wittrr tinrturo of ^al!s vrtv* added without 
otMNtiiiidiliijr thi^ li'iut nllr'nitiOB of ivitiiiir. 

A. Am tiio i{Uantily of oxide of inm in thi' water is 
vvidoutly rxttwnwly small, it maybe imagined that it was 
pmoipitatcd witli the earlxnaU uf lime, Iml ot(wpod 
obseiVation from tl^o mlnntoneM nf tho (|itantity. To 
ohviftlo this obiertion, soiuo of the wnttfr wuh cluitvly 
■tiippni til a viid for fuur or fivn days: upnii i<xnin>niiliijin 
ii Ko* foiuid to poaseaii It« ttaoaptuvncy purfvctly, nud 
without baring anovdad any T)nci|dtate t to m>om« of rhia 
tincture of nils waa added wiihont producing the slijrht«st 
iiidioalion of oxide ot iron. 

e. Some of th« water, which hud been cooled so aa to 
retain ita traDsparoncy. waa heated to its original tnn- 
porotnre ; tinctun: of galls waa tlinn oddtal, bnl without 
pmdiuiiiig any effect. 

The fads uxbilntcd iii npeiimenta (^) aad >) hire been' 
long kikuwu, and bavn given rise to an idea Uiat the fron 
is volatjtiscd. Althuuvh this opinion is ineou^tible with 
facta alniady mnntioned. y?t it nuy not bo siuiss to show 
more partioularty thut it Is uoiii)>l«-toly vminooHs. .As it 
oantwt be imagined that the temperature of the water la 
■nffidait to TDlatiliso mpre oxido of iron, tho existence of 
sMDe BobsAanoe capublu of cairiinK >l "S mtud havo beanj 
supposed. That muriatic acid and iniirlaTe of aonnonlfti 

tPiwHi-ss thia power at high tempDraltinM is well knuwOt 
'ul no muriate of ammonia is pr«aent, nor U any mnriatio 
acid, except iu combtuatioo. Hydro^i'U gna ia said also 
to be capaola of ralatiliidng iron ; Imt i.he gas evolved frum 
the water has been shown tu consist of uUrc^n gas and a 
small quantity of oorixndD add gaa, and to theae gaaea, 
eitiicr aeparate or combined, no soeh power has ever been 
attributed. If. buwi-rer, tlirr rt-nlly puswisM it in this 
instauce, Ui(<y most be regarded as tho ridveut of tliu iron, 
and the effoct produced upon tiaatura of galls must be 
d^iivnl frrrm the gua dillused in anuill qnaitttticii through 
tho water. If thiH be tliu case, tho apjiltmliun uf ui» 
conmDtrnCi'vl wiliitioii uf iron should prtNlii<« a much tnorv 1 
dl^tiuci oifeci upon thw tincture ; but Jl has been nhown 
(D) that the gus deetntya the colour of dnotiire of gaits 
itw4«*d of inircasing It, which would lio tlie effect if it 
oontainad uxidi' of itim. 

it. About one galloo of the water wua put into a reaaal of ] 
considerablD d«<pth< of which it oocupied abont two-thirdai 
It was slightly evovered, and rengainett about twrntyfburj 
huurs. It then retained its power of attordiiqr a peseb- 
hlomsom oolonmi pm-Jpitalo with tUQotnre of galla (X) In a 
very eousLd«-rable degruc. 

It is remurkable that in thia experiment the rviult okoold 
bare |nx>ved ao diffi.irent fnmi that obtained in one whei«^ 
tho oruujiiatannes wen similar, vxevpting onlv tlM> form of " 
the veaael uod the quantity of the wutev. >\^vu tliu wuIcf ' 
waa exposed with u broad surfaoe. tinotore of gnlla ahowi^ 
no autiim on it («) ; but in thMriijie, <'Viin after eight hours* 
lo^iT expimure, it d#t««t*d oxide of iron, 

rr^m uuh cimumstaoDe I bogau to suspect thul sobh* 
uliangc wa» p^dncod by the nbani^itioii of oxy^ren, and that | 
il hat) nut pn>duc«d the some eBixl in this lu m tJw fomuir 
nxpcrimvnC on aooonnt of the quantity of the wa(«c siid 
depth uf the veaael. Thero appeared, however, a strong ' 
fact aKnin.4t thiti iiuppt^tdtton, vix., that iron ia more cnsilf | 
d^itcotod when highly oxidisod, whernas tlw cuutrary nffcot' 
was in this nam piuumiMl. 

To try the etfect nf atiuospherie air, tho fulluffistf 
expurimunta wurw performed : — 

t. A small <]uantitr of tlio water was enclosed, w 
hot. ill a wcll-stoppe<l i^l, with abont one-foittaib $ 
roliiiiio uf iitiniuiptinric air. After four dnys tht 1 
ivmaiued u-ifoctly traiamarcut, bu) the nd^liti-iu of titt. 
of galls did out afford the oUgbteHt appeaxanee tit 
ooataining iron. 



fiSO 



WATER ANALYSING. 



/. Another portion at the miter mu kept for tiio Bame 
length of timr in h iYcll-fiti>ii{Mtl xiiil, bnt ^thout any nir, 
I'xcept such US the wnter h>'Ul in solution. Tincture of 
fpillR (Hviu(iii»(<d exHi'tlj the Minio iippearanee of iron in tltia 
tuj in thi- water when fn-sh nml h'tl fX), 

Thnt tlie action of tinotnra of gi^l» in lost by the 
abttorption of the oxygen of &tmof>pherio air ia proved by 
the folloiwinK experiment : — 

y, A third quantity of the water was enclosed, with 
the usual preuaution, in a rial, about one-half of which 
was occupied by the ga« evolved from the water in the 
bath, which has been fihown to contain no oxygen gas. 
After four days, tincture of galls was added to it, and gave 
the same appearanors of oxide of iron as occur in its 
application to the fresh hot wat<T, 

Having thus anecrtained the effect of oxygen in prevent- 
ing the notion of tincture of galls upon oxide of iron, it 
remained to bo shown in what manner this is effected. I 
imagined it might be produced by increasing the power of 
oombination of the oxide of iron so as to admit of its acting 
upon the earthy contents of the water and forming com- 
pounds, the strong affinity of the oonstituents of which 
prevented the action of the tincture of gaUs, With a view 
to asoertain how far this supposition was correct, I 
examined the effects produced by adding carbonate of time, 
dissolved by carbonic add, to solution of sulphate of iron 
to which tincture of galls had been previously added ; and 
althoug^i it will appear, by the following experiments, that 
the alterations produced upon the oxide of iron in the 
water are oauned by the carbonate of lime it contains, it 
will also be found that they are not effected in the way I 
had supposed. 

A very dilute solution of protosulphate of iron was 
pvvparviL The quantity of oxide of iron contained in it 
was M> mnall as scarcely to afford any alteration of colour 
wt*Ni tincture of galls was added to it ; but upon pouring 
^tlntiiw of carbonate of hme into it after tinotnre of galls 
Wl t<r<en added, a deep red colour was almost inatan- 
t.MMNHwly produced. 

\tiV>ti)rti this fact did not immediately appear likely to 
^■Nv lh<> diflioulties attendant upon the water in question, 
>i.-t I* <trs« Miflioiently striking to merit an examination by 
H fc.*» »«»**«!i the carbonate of lime produced this effect, and 
'.L «ti.*t vvftpwt it might be employed in rendering tincture 
,■4 ^.«.'^'» * iwt>4V aeti\'e reagent. 

\Vv^ (h(i uth>ntion I boiled some crystallised sulphate 
■ 1 .u>*» t>» *U^^h^^^ (ill nearly the whole of the persulphate 
,».»*, ••iK*'-»Kst The remaining quantity being extremely 
,n,»'t. I <f> »'l vswMtW the iron in this solution as entirely 
.",» .h.- j-ov ^'* i»«v*>\ide. The sulphate, insoluble in 
.■.,■^1.1. **-*■. sU«5\vd in water, and the quantity of the 

lit ..«*u*iMvst vw a (rivon portion of the solution was 
.1,1 i.f»H>' ''^ *«fc»»«; thi> KVfrage of two experiments. 

', fi. ..«,. vt.wsv \«i ihU *«lution, containing about ji^th 

. . n'H 4 Hv'*^'^**(# «**>"'"' '"""*"™*^ 8*^^ ^*'*'*^*'^- 

lU--'' v.i.''«*'v' *W »»>**' apiH'aranoo indicated by the 

„ . :i ..v.iK> ^4 w\*» iu a vwy slight degree. The 

,'..,., I .\.l'..v.t 'u.»v.W«A V? '*W ahhorption of the oxygen 

'\., ' i' .i.mfcrt^ \J lh«i jmilution was treated with 

. .-, ^ y ■'■kOt V l«ith» Wm«' wiUmit was immediately 

' , I , " i 1., t\ lu.uuk' i-^uiKw o( iiWHxide of iron which 

;,,l ,, 1 ih * M>«u .i tW •UxdwU. The intensity of 

\, . \.V ..U..'l>i«.^v^.*•^^^.vlh*«'tl^wofatal0^phe^Jc 

it i.ll I'. " "■"' 



. „ . . ^?K ,..>w\v4*x( into iMToxide. 

■ ; V\u u-tt *iUksl l»« "»>" ouiieo of a dilute 

, . , i Kuw »su*u»»i«»r *Nmt lidth of a 

;,. .(,, n.*tki,M %i\|\>«'inw>nl». Area purple 

, >. .1, ...tA mw***>(.v. w»« immediately 

.'"fh' '.f- .Al'""»"- **^ »v»'^v»»«». ™>pl<>yii« only 



...I I 



distinct red purple was immediately produced by the action 
of the tincture of galls. 

»'. To one onnce of a solution of carbonate of lime, 
containing j^Joth of a grain of oxide of iron, prosnate of 
potash was added ; but it did not produce any indication 
of having acted upon the oxide of iron. 

I now prepared a solution of persulphate of iron by 
treating the pratosulphate with nitric acid in a red heat. 
The quantity of oxide which the solution contained was as 
in the former case ascertained. The experiments made 
with this were as follow : — 

n. One ounce of a solution ot persulphate of iron, con- 
•^"oing iinnjth of a grain Gt oxide, was treated with 
tincture of galls. The usual indications of its action upon 
oxide of iron were presented. 

0. The addition of prussiate of potash to an equal 
quantityof the solution inunediatetyoccasionedablue colour. 
p. Tincture of galls was added to one ounce of a dilute 
solution of carbonate of lime containing idggth of a grain 
of the peroxide of iron. Slight indications of its action 
upon the oxide were produced, bnt the colonr was scarcely 
mora intense than that effected by jssb*^ o^ '• e^^^ of 
protoxide in similar ciroiunstoncee. Mo effect whatever 
was produced by infusion of galls upon ^g^th of agraia 
of peroxide in one ounce of solution of carbonate of lime. 
The colour produced when carbonate of lime and tincture 
of galls are added to the peroxide is reddish purple, similar 
to that occasioned by their action inton the protoxide. 

g. To one oiuice of [i solution of carbonate of lime, con- 
taining, as in the last experiment, m'lnth of a grain of 
peroxide of iron, prussiate of potash was added. Not the 
lightest blue colour was produced. When carbonate of 
lime was thus added to the solution of peroxide of iron, I 
found that it was capable of preventing the action of 
prussiate of potash u]x>n ^joth of a grain. 

From these experimonta it is evident that carbonate of 
lime possesses, in a very great degree, the power of inoreaB- 
ing the action of tincture of galls upon protoxide of iron ; 
while, on the contrarv, it diminishes its power in detecting 
peroxide of iron, and is, moreover, capable of preventing 
the action of prussiate of potash, to a certain extent 

The application of these experiments to the oircumstaiUMB 
of the water in question is obvious. It has been shown 
that it contains carbonate of lime ; and that the poww of 
tincture of sralls to detect the oxide of iron it contains is 
completely lost by the absorption of oxygen. The follow- 
ing experiment was made with the intention of trying 
whether this effect of slow oxidisoment might be imitated. 
I*. Tincture of galls is, as has been seen, capable of 
acting upon innrvth of a grain of protoxide of ir<m iu one 
ounce of solution of carbonate of lime (/). A portion of 
sulphate of iron, containing ^Buoth of a grain of protoxide, 
was dissolved in one ounce of dilute solution of carbonate 
of lime, and was kept in contact, with about one-four^ of 
its volume of atm'ispheric air, during twenty-four hours. 
At the end of that time the solution remained perfectly 
transparent, nor had any predpitation occurred in it. But 
the addition of tincture of galls did not oooaaion the 
slightest appearance of having acted npon the oxide of iron. 
In this experiment the loss of power of tincture of galls is 
much more speedily effected than in the Sath water. This 
is evidently owing to the atmospheric air contained in the 
distilled water employed, whereas no oxygen gas is present 
in the Bath water. 

When carbonate of lime is added to sulphate of iron it is 
well known that double decompositiou takes place, the iron 
being thus combined with the carbonic acid instead of the 
sulphuric. Having found that tincture of galls, in several 
instances, actii much more readily upon carbcmates than 
sulphates, I imagined that the carbonate of lime produced 
its effect in this way. To ascertain whe^er tliis suppon- 
tion was correct, I mode the following experiment : — 




WATER AKALYSING. 



€21 



I 



I 
I 



f 



«. A qtuntity of the ulotion of piotMDlphn.tA of irmt, 

mu dooonwoMtl bj c«rbuiiiit» »f potuh ; wirboiuc neid gns 
VIM jMatMl thraagfa wat^r is wfaidi the wnxlivd (.«rbcmaU 
of iron wiu tlifluiM^, iind Ut midia uf the lllUrred oolottoD 
ttnctiiri' of )rall> waa added ; but, iiwtMul of thu mldi»h 
purplv ouluur cflii'tcd br th» itcrtioti of narbuntibt uf line 
wpaa sa^ate of iioa ui'd tinvture of gnOa (i) stul [/)• tbe 
MM»1 deop blue nolour wba produocd. 

f. Ona-teuUi of tbe qiitintitf of carboiuito &t iron em- 
ployed iu thp Innl niptrriniiuU WMa diwioNRl iu a wilutioii of 
ennonatu uf Uiuu C(|U.il iu tueaaiire to tbe Wt eoliition. To 
QiiA tinotore of ralte was nddod. The rodtlitth purple 
ooiour wu iiDiDrduitrlv jiivKliii^d, ami froin \t» inurnsily it 
WW oridvnt Ui»t uirbii»alu of Itnis hwl iocreAM^ tbe powin- 
ot tJnettin uf buUb as uuch ia omplOTliig ibo mrbonatc- •>• 
tLo BUlpbittA of iron. 

It may bo oanoliuloil, ftuiu lh«i« experiiueulfl, Lliat the 
•ffeoti pntduced by vtuh^n^U' ot lime wre not sltrilmtiiblii 
to the DcUTtTslotj uf liiu viilt'b^lv of irju iuto a i.-arljimate ; 
KJid I bavo found thitt alkalies and their aarbon«tea possne* 
tlie peculiar power of incroasin^ the matii*! aSinity and 
Mction bettroMi liurtnn^ uf ^Ola mid protuxido of iniu. 

I D«st vxaniiiiMl tbe aalia pruduc«d by eTsporatiii^ th« 
vatcr and cn-et&Uisatiuii. 

m. A qaaniity of the venter waa evnpomtMl to drynwi. 
Th« rnndiiiuu wa* trL-atiMl with diAtilli^ water aa Iudk lui 
llial Siiid rii]itiuiii?<l to dixiolve any portion of it. TLiix 
iwlatioo WBfl aguiQ vviipoiatwl, nnd upon cuoliur yielded n 
ooiundcnkblo qnanti^ uf ai-ioutur crystala. Toeee were 
axain dtaaolTcd in ivctiUcd water : and to a part of the 
flolatioa Dttrato of barrtoa wna addad, whidi occaaionod n 
OOpioua pKvipltale. "the Mine eftmit waa produoed by 
oxalate of aratnoiua : but aiumonia cau§od no pmnpitatiuu. 
Thr«<' ciyatals wrtn thrrrfnrv r-iilphaU: of liinc By further 
•raporalutii tbn nulutiiKi afforiled oubi-c cr> *laln of eouinion 
■alt sod prismativ crv^tnls of Hiilphfito of itiKia. 

Tha next objvct to ^ attjiiuvd wua Uiu wught of tliu 
total qoADtity id the varioiu BDb«taD»>H li«ld iu wtlntlon br 
a givvn portion, of the water. Tliia liaa been girou irttn 
ooDrtd<>rat>1o rartatjou, by ditl'urvnt luiiilyalH, iw will appoar 
b; tliG foUoirluK fltAteuivot, from a quart uf tlic water 

Dr. Lucaa ubtalocd 33) Kialiu of dry rcuduum. 
Dr. Chsrtton ,, 31 „ „ 

Ur. ralixiiiiT ,, 17* ,. „ 

Dr. Gibbtu. „ 23} „ 

To a<connt for tlio mat diffcrmoe of thMo rosulta, Dr. 
Banndiaa haa auppuatKl tLat the water vanut at diffarcnt 
times, or that thv mudunm hnn hvea dried with varioiu 
dc^roca of heat. I havo aHUunuinud ihv quantitj of tlw 
OMitcnta of the watot savcral times during about Mgrhteen 
BiuiithB,wiihoiit obACrvinfc any other rariarion in ttaweiKbt 
than ia ttnnvuidablti in exiieripiRnt. In ■iijinoTt uf UiIh 
olaiitTatiaB, it may }n> remarked iliat I fuund Ua apeclfta 
gntvity cxactJy aa ntatcd br lir. Falontii^i . 

Tt in Maroely pobabLe tjhiat the rraulia of any of tbew 
uialynM wece obtained hy dryio}; tbe nj^Uuiua tit a lower 
tamponitarc thutt 213", ur nt a greater than a nd boat. 
Kow I And that one quart nf tl)ii wat«r, wcijrhing SO troy 
muioea 172 ^raina. at tho tempiTatuTv of Gi", ipves S'i 
Bminaof rw>iduitin drinl at 312": wh«ii tlieheat of aaimd- 
nih i» erniilojinl, 30 format art- olitainwl; and at a rvd 
hoat, 'iS grains. Thu ^rrcateet rarUtioii afforded by thcee 
tnetlioda ix fotir OTnjnx. wlutr ;«» from mymie (Mum, which it 
is diflicnlt to ei.|naiii. tbu eslrmnc ditfervnna of tbtr ■•xperi* 
nenta a)>ove int«<) ix 10^ t^rain^. Whun a red heat ia 
QOployod, a part <jf tbe Iciw h ovcaeiont.'d by tho dccompor 
riUco of tbe earbonale of lime ; for watt- r txiuivd upon the 
raiiduuin tunut tnnnorio paper of a ceddtsli •brown colour. 
The greater part of the ronduum ij perfectly white ; th« 



portion depMat«d at the npp«r part ol the ntaael ia, bow. 
ever, alightljr ^rejlah, bat nut at all appealing aa if ooknmd 
by oxid« of iron. I suapaoted that It ml4dit be ooeadoaad 
by aubmiacieuiui niatt«r: to aMvrtain wb(^bor this was the 
case, the fnllowioff experiment waa mado : 

r. Four pinta of (he water were evaporated to djyncMt in 
a irturt, and thn nwidnuai hcrilad wtih about flvo ooBcea ^ 
aloohul. Tbe fllt«r^ aduion Udt, on cvaponlion. H 3 
^rai&H of a relbvtdi eoloared sabAntca. A part of this 
waa ditaolred in water, aad afforded a oo|Houa wLitti prv 
cipitata with nitrate uf (diver, tut did not giTo any with 
animouia or with carbonate gf aromoiiia: euinnioa nit wiui 
tharefuR) the only ono diwolvcd by the AlcohoL 

K*. To tbe romttinin^ portion of the Mliue maw oolour- 
leaa aiilpLuric acid was added. By heating, tLo ucid 
aoqnirwl a dark browD colour, ei-idently derived fnciia (ta 
action npon earlxnianooiia nutltcr. Iliio rxpnrimcut did not 
appear conolnxive, an (wo cauaea of t-rror might have 
rsi>ti>d, —a xniall quantity- (if nlcobol waa probably d<.«ocu- 
poaod by tbo actluD of the Malta upou it. or aonui of the 
ooofBrva which is found in Uie wnter tnlybt have Mcapcd 
notion pnoviooa to I'viiponition. I hid n-rtiurar. thcn-furc, 
to other meaD*. Mr. Ktiwaii, in hi* "Tivaii-w on the 
Analyaia of Mineral \Vat*iB."jnve«u iiivthcd for awc-rtaimng 
the pnwcniw and quantity of extractive natCGr riropoiwd by 
Weatnunb, which conAAta in preripilatiDg the chlorine 
salta by nitrate of lead, and uftn-wardn tho oxtractiv« 
inatlor bv nttmtii <>f nlvpr. It is impowJMe to codwIvs 
any method uu>r« oumplvtulT fttUacmu tbao tlUit ; for 
•Xtraclivo matter ia *a readily prwIpitatM by nitrntr of 
load M by nitnito of silver : and allbou^b c'unuuuii mUI 
ia decomposed by nitrati.' of Inid, eblnridf uf Iwid t>eiug a 
■all nf oonnodtTittile aolubilitr, the aubavcjutnit nddilion of 
uiirutoofsilvvr would decompow it, and afford a prcdpitnle 
contiiftini^ of chloride iti iilvi-r wilhmit noy oxtrui^livo 
matter. 

The powor of Bulphiirio acid in detecting earbonaeeoaii 
matter U vitraniuly gnwt : i ^ qth of n (rrain of iugsr was 
diHAuIvcd in fonr ounces of wat«r : totliia eohition atiout 
iini' iiiincw of sulphtirio add waa added : it was ihvn boiled 
till iitnrlr llitf wnolit of lli« wutor wax pvapomled, and the 
arici had aequin:d a very di»tim;t bn>wu culour. 

Tho following experiment waa now made : 

X. A quantity of aiilpliurin acid waa added Io one quart 
of water perfix-tly trauitpateiit, and fr«w fnim heterogoneotu 
matto'. Thv mixluFo wa« cvftp...rBted nearly lo dryneM io 
aretort, and the aulphurio acid mmaiiird perfectly ooloorlcn- 
The water, therefore, contatna no cartioniu-mua matter. 

The KUbatttDCca contained in the wulrr. aa i>lion-n W tho 
furegotnfC aiperimenta, an; otrLonate if litnc, osiue of 
tton, ntlpbate of Ums, oommou mil, and Mdphato of wda. 
Tbe prottDco of tfaeae oompoandi* has he«ii univerMitly 
aUowed; but that aiHon wn.* ruintained in tli« water «aa 
diaoovered by Dr. GibbeH. To End tin.- cjuantity of eaob of 
Iheao, thn fnllow-ina luethods wew employed: 

jr. A quart nt the wutvr wa« craporated to drynaM i> a 
plafota (rruri)>U-t tlii- rmcidutim. dried in a itand heat, 
wdghfd lliiriy itniinH. Tliia waa boiled, nith eooooerin; 
porUoiia uf dialiited wator, till it ceased to aflotd a pre- 
cipitate with lUtnte of barytor. The acrlution was Uisn 
dirtdwl into thrM oqnal quantitim. 

r. Tu one of tluiw portions nitrate of silver woi addod U 
long as pfvciwlUiUuu took pUco, and distilled water waa 
iwurvd upon the precipitate till It came awity quite puiv. 
Tbe dhloridc of nilver thus obliiiiLti wan wrighcd after 
rxaiivatiuti. 

A. The pra-ond quanUtj' waa trcntod with oxalate of 
amnMuin whilv il eoutiiiui^ to pruduoe any ct1e<Tt. The 
preuipilatcd oxalate of limp was woahed, dried, and wi-.i^hdt. 
0. To the remntuinjf juirt of tbn solution nilniie of 
Ivn-tva was adiled till it i-ea«ed 1j) produi^o any prKipilaUl ' 
and the sulphate of borytoa ohtaiued by ita action i 



fi22 



WATKK ANALYSING. 



w«i|flu!d, After waMag and drying, u in the foimer 

'.'. Tito rMiduum, iualnbls In water, weighed, when 
dried, two vi^itw; nitric aoid added to it diBsolred 17 
tfrniiM. Ttiia Molutiun atfurded no precipitate with potash, 
bnt a oopiMtw ooe with uxalate of ammoDia : it was there- 
lim nitrato i>f linw obtuiitod by the decompotution of the 

ClirlXKlBl«. 

Jj, Tl«j0'3 of Hfrrain lef t by the nibio acid wu diHaolved 
W jMjtaMb, and prMsipitateil from it bv ohlorldo of ammoDia. 
TliiA iintAintnUi wan not again soluble in nitrio acid, and 
wail cOTiBiMiuuiitly itllica. 

Another quart uf the water was treated in the same way. 
Tu aroid i>n)Uxity, I iliall ittate the quantity of each 
pTw;tpitat« afforded by one-third of a quart multiplied by 
three, and miike tlio ref^ulsito oaloulation from the moan of 
the two exiHiriincntii. 

Exp. I. Exp. II. Mean. 

Re«idnom 30" 30" 30- grains. 

Chloride of rilTcr... 16-2 162 16-2 „ 

Oxalate of lime ... IS'S H'T 18- „ 

Snlphate of barytes 366 36'9 36-7 „ 

Canmnateof limo... 1'7 1'6 1'6 m 

SiUcs 0-3 0-4 0-36 „ 

According to Dr. Otbbei, a quart of the water affords 
nearly 4 graina of ailioa when treated in the method I have 
described. Thinking It probable that a portion of it might 
be taken up by the action of the salts during their solution 
in water, I tried whether any larger quantity could be 
obtained by the following method : — 

E. A quart of the water was evaporated to dryness in a 
phttina crucible. The residuum was repeatedly treated 
■with nitric acid in a red heat ; the soluble parts were again 
ndtasolved in distilled water, and the portion inaoluble in 
it. when dried, weighed 04 of a gram. This agreeing 
t-xacUy with the last experiment, I shall cousider it as the 
iitiantity of silica affoided by a quart of the water. This 
vxmriment was several times repeated, with very little 
varUHon in the weight of the result, but was sometimes 
vvtdi<ntlr coloured by oxide of iron, which was separated 
fh>«H th'o silica, and its nature ascertained by the usual 

'1\> Rwl tlii> quantity of oxide of iron contamed in the 
ttat»r, th» ftdlowing means were employed ; — 

f. T» a quantity of the hot water Uncture of galls was 
•vXAvA tu th*' rwiuinite proportion. The water measured 
whvtt wil tlj pint*. The precipitate obtained was separated 
b.V iUv Rllt'l- »l»d dried. The precipitate and filter were 
kkuit t>uri><<d hidfthcr in a platina crucible, and the carbon- 
mnn-uu uwtlor I'f tlio filter, and that combined with the 
Umi, wviv dlwiilMitwl by the application of a red heat. The 
ivalduuitt wit" tfipu treiitwl with nitrio acid, in order com- 
ltUilvl» ht I'^lilliw tilt' 'nm. It was then boiled with acetic 
4Mil U> Uhu W tlw liiui- preiipitated with the oxide of iron 
Ui Ihu Ui»>lHtv i-r (0*11"- *"d afterwards with potash, to 
ilW'Uw My\ "ilWa wbiph 'the filter might have fumishod. 
■riti. ikUuttiiiUiK -tiUlanw was evidently peroxide of iron, 
■tiiil influWloJof agrain. , ,. . , 

I, 'iTii. lt4(iti>«»H<ri«wiit was repeated, shgbtly varying 
tlix i.ii-lliml 'Itin Inn' <>( galls was added, as before, to a 
iiiumtilK i>l i\w hot water, measuring after it had cooled 
(Vi |iitiU Villi pnnipitatp was suffered to subaide, and 
lli'i rtiilut umiwl I'lr until only a small quantity remained. 
I'l,!.. H>t« gViiimiHlwl. and iho residuum, treated with mtnc 
.y 1.1 III .1 iixl lui.ll, w,.lMliwl(lfiof agrain. Bomg exposed 
ll•^ <|i<llii>.il » III. ti-trli..im.'*H>iis matter it became magnetic, 
.ii.il .liMiuUi'il 1" inditH'lilorlo lU'id, except A t(i of a grain, 
nlit'lt .iciii'iuitl li' W "ilioii. derived from the water 
..i.il..>(.iiiiil |ii..l.iuiii llii> jiiwipitate formed by tmoture of 
Ifilli. VL. luili.n liltini •ofwUnii atrorded a blue precipitate 
Wit It i<hii)i)m't|i III tH'lHsh, ti 4 w«n) theroforo oxide of iron. 



Aooording to the experiment {F\ one (}nart of the water 
affords '0421 of a grain of oxide of iron, and by the 
second -0463, giving a mean of -0442 ; but the iron in the 
water is in tiie state of protoxide; and as the peroxide 
consists of 66-5 protoxide, and 7-6 oxygen, -0142 will give 
'0397, the quantity of protoxide of iron in one quart of 
the water. 

16'2 of chloride of silver indicate 6'6 of oconmon aalt. 

18 of oxalate of lime are produced by 18'6 ol sulphate 
of lime. 

IS'6 of sulphate of lime afford 32 of sulphate of barytes, 
which subtracted from 36-7, the whole quantity of 
sulphate of barytes obtained, leave 4-7 for the sulphate 
of barytes formed by the sulphate of soda, equivalent 
to 2-8. 

One quart of water therefore contains — 

Carbonic acid gas 2'4 inches 



Snlphate of lime . . . 


lS-6graiQs 


Common salt .... 


6-8 „ 


Sulphate of soda ... 


... 2-8 „ 


Carbonate of lime ... 


1-6 „ 


Silica 


0-4 „ 


Oxide of iron 


0-0397 




30-2397 


Error 


-2397 



30- 

Estimating the sulphate of soda in tiie cnstallised etst^ 
one pint of the water contains nearly as followB : — 

Carbonioacid 11 inch 

Sulphate of lime 9$ grains 

Common salt... 3i*, 

Sulphate of soda 3^ 

Carbonatflof limo ^ 

Bilioa A 

Oxideofiron ,'j 

SatmoH 22. 

Dr. Hnnay has lately published, in the 8th vol. of the 
"Transactions of theSoyal Sooietyof Edinburgh, "a general 
formula for the analysis of mineral water, founded on die 
idea that the salts obtained from them by evaporation are 
not necessarily those which existed in the water, but that 
"the concentration by evaporation must in many rasen 
change the state of combination, and that they may be fre- 
quently products of the operation, tuiA. not the original 
ingredients." He considers that the state of combination 
in which the component parts of salts, their acids and 
bases, may exist in a mineral water, may be contemplated 
under two views : first, that they may be in simultaneous 
combination, " the whole acids being neutralised by the 
whole bases; "—secondly, as constituting Unary com- 
pounds, and that in this case the combinations are those 
which form the most soluble salts, their separation in less 
soluble compounds, on evaporation, arising from the influ- 
ence of the force of cohesion. He proposes, therefore, to 
obtain separately all the acids and all the bases of the saline 
ingredients, and then to calculate from these data, the 
quantities of the respective salts they may be suppoend to 
give rise to, considered as binary compounds of the greatest 
solubility, and existing independent of each other. 

This method could hardly have been adopted a few years 
since from the very imperfect knowledge then poss^aed of 
the composition of the salts; but the great number of 
accurate analyses of those bodies which have since been 
made, and the establishment of the Atomic Theory, demon- 
■tr-*^' ~matant and definite ratio of the combinationa 

'«ve removed the difflooltieB that here- 



WATER ANALYSING. 



Th« metltod proponed by Tlr. Mnrmv U u fal)nw«: — 
" Rodniw tite witl«r by rruppratiiui lu Inr iw cati tie dune 
witbuat (wcaidonlDff uty t^usiblc preaijiiuittuti or ciyHtal- 
luation; thl«, byUu) concmtmUon, rcndoringtbv oporu- 
Uan >if the rmjfNiM to l» cmptAVAd man rerlaln mil 
com|iitrta. It aUiii Tviuorott aiij frer* cartiunii' ni-id. 

" Add to Uw wriicr thiw ciinrFiiiniU'd, n witiinitnl solu* 
tion (rf d&lorido of buytw, a* loDit m koypreolpfUt* la 
pri)(1iw«i], takinft oora to aroid ftoding an bxcms. By r 
prrvunui experinivnt. !©t it be awwitninwl whotbcT thi« pri'. 
oipilnt^ ntfprvrncw" nr not with dilHlrd bydrochlorio add, 
and wbolher it id euttrely di«)MlT»l. If Ic 1», tlio prcciiii- 
late is of oonno cirbotiKto of barj-tM. tlio wci^rbt of -which 
when it Ih tirini givt tV>» qiinntity of cnrhottir ticid; 100 
imion "untiuuiTiK 22 of Mcid. If It dm^ uot «ff(«rr«>i>e h li 
eulpbatc of Inr^'tes, tho weight of which, iu Uko toaimar, 

E'rctt tho quantity of flntptiurin mcid ; lOil gDiiiu driM it n 
w rod hmt conlninin^ iX i>f stid. If it etfc-rvi-Aiv and in 
partinUy dijaoh'od, It miisists Vmth nl curbo-nnt* nnd oiil- 
pb&te. To aKCTtiiin the prvporiiuni uf thv«v let Ihv prMl- 
pltatA bs dried At n h«iit ti iittl« Infcrifiv tu redness, and 
n-ei|rbed; lhi>n nuliinit it Ui thaaotionofdihilod hydrochlorio 
acid ; aft<-r (hii wiudi it ttith wnlnr, and ilry it hy a aimSar 
liottt; its wiifht will ki^'V the (luanlity u( sulphitts, and 
Ibo loas of might that of ths onrlHiiisle of borytvs. 

" Br this opcrntion the carlxmio and siilphtirln anidji an 
OTitirrfy rMWivi-d, iind Ihi.' wholi? anils in llie water ftru oou- 
TCTlvd iiito oblrirideM. it rfnnniiis, th^rvfore. Unit to 
diMuver and mtimatv the quiiatitiM of tho baew pre«.<nl. 
Mid thm tn complcrto the uulyaiit, to fiiul the iiuantity of 
bydioGhkHic acid originally contAinod, Add to thu clwir 
liqunrn Hatnrnl><<l sohition of uxni.iti' cif ammiinin us Ion)' 
MMiy lorbid )i);pc«ranc« la produut-d. Tiiv lioic will hu 
thmwa down in the stntc! of oialnto. Thi« pncipitiitu 
bcinKWAAhcd, nuy hodrifd: but uh it rjitiiwrt he ctpo-iw) in 
a tA litnt withntit dM't)miM.'iiiliun, it can Rcaiwlv bu 
IvougLt tu nny iinirnnn stnto of drrnt-M with nuAini'Dt 
aociiia^j to admiluf tlM>quiinttty of Uiae ht-iutf uetimaH4 
fioni m wriffht. It iri th«T«fon> to be cKldned vith a 
li»w red h*Ht,l>y which it U fwnvcrt*"! inlit rjirhonnto of 
line, lOd graiita nf which .im cpii Talent Iu ■II! of liini.'. But 
aa a portion of carbr>nlc nrid nuiT bo oxpoll'^i), if iho hunt In 
rnJArd tn<^ high, or n little wnlor ivtainM if it in not hlj^h 
enou4;h, il in pro|iiT U> eimvcrt tl into lulphnla by nddin^c 
Knltifaiiric Hoi(l ill Hli^ht eicem, and th?n cspoMng to a lull 
r«a hcmt. Th<! dry Hulphnto of lime vtH Nsnaln. 100 Kralus 
of which (>ontain 41 •& c4 linw*. The only sonrce of wnjr i" 
whif-h lhi» alpp of the nnalysia ia liable, i* thiit whirh will 
ariiu^ if mnro harytiM hiui litinn uawl in Um fiiat opfralion 
thrin wiiK neveMiiii'y to iirwlpltate th^ ^nlphiirio nnd 
carlxjnic adds. It will bo thrown down in tliu cXatvt of oxti- 
Uloi-if liiirytfH, iiiid )ii-criEiv<rr(iHl intA<nrbanat«andmlphtiU>, 
and thii- give the niiiRinriit propiirtion iif Hmo too inr^. 
Tliin in ol'Tiiucd, of coitrw, hy tiikin(r catt' Id avuiil uainff au 
excwuf K'lrytc. Toroudt-r thu opiJcatiou of ilie oKatnti? 
uf anniinniik h* pr-rfMit aa jxMsihlo in prf^cipiliitiiijf lhi< linir, 
th« watCT *lH)uId lio i>-iMiider«My rwiticod Inr nvapomtion, 
taVin^rvHrrtoavi.'idniiyH^inimiii'ii of any of ita Ingredient*. 

"'rh'tnext stop i« to prwipittilo (lie niairii'P'ia ; add tvlliu 
diMvrliquurpoun'doff ttmTtnepri>ripitiili<>tnif iho oxalate of 
lime Iii'.it(>(] In 1(10', mid tl ni-niwlry. rulucwl by cinparation, 
a piditttriit <if oarWiiiTi- i.if H III iitd Ilia ; iiiid iiiiinrdialnly drt>p 
i» a MTyiiig MliiUon of phowplK'ri"' nrid. tr iilHiipbat* of 
aiiimnoia, continuing ^hu nddiiiim with ireeh portions, if 
tuTivwirT, of rnrbonuto of amniunin. so as to pnacfrv an 
tts<«M ur animoidrt in th" liquor luilrmifa* any prw-ipilntioii in 
produi^. Lul llii' ]'n".ii'itait'lw wacbwl . whuii dri'*l by u 
hr<at nol rxmnUntf lUO', it la tho phosphntciif innniuiiw auA 
muj-'iiinia <iniliUMing 0-19 of thw isinh ; hut it in bt-ttcr 
for thB unke of a<!r«mny, to convert it into phLispliatc of 
luatrni-viii liy (nhiiiatlon tor an hr>ur at n rod hwit : 10(1 
gnuna tlieu coutalu 10 oit magiMNa. 



"Kvapomtl^ Iho liqacn* n>mainiii); after lliti pn>cod)nfr 
oporalionii to drynovi, and oxpoMi the dry niaas (o hvAt tv> 
lonff ns nu; vapount exhale, mlBiiiK it lownnli* the end to_ 
mloMB. nifl rasidnal matter ia ohlori<lt> of Mxla, IQO gnt 
of which air muinJtiat to J3*3 of mxlii, and 4i>-7 of bydr. 
cUorioiund. It tauut,buwm'rr.tohprnni>id<'7n) opcMsanJyi 
thoc|nantllyi>f chlundQofrodacoutiiiuedin thi> water: fori, 
portion uf wyla may linru bcvn pmcnt aborc that eoinbin<>d 
with hydrorhlDrir ai*id, unilMl, lor «san)plp. with porlionn of 
wilpliiirir or ■.arboniu noid. If with caiivmr nvid iln nlkalina 
[iniprrtiea luuNt. Im «vid4'iit in thv rfic^n; w.'iier, at leaati 
wbi.'ii rwliicod by crupumtioii, hy the tvet of tumu-rii; psper*J 
and frum thi- nntura of tho analyii^, ihiii, in Ih» [imgn 
of it, or mtbfr in th« (ir«l ntpp. thai of the rt^iimval 
tbcM auida by tbo chlorido uf barytci>, would bu (.-ombia 
with hydiwinlorio acid. It doH> not thmfrnvr givo thi 
original ((uantity of that acid, but it give* the ((iiantity' 
(if aofJa, niloo itu poriiun of thin hoae baa hv^m nti«traGt<Hl, 
find none introditcei). 

" Tboqaanlity of hydrochloric acil may have bsai«ither] 
ffreatCT or leas than Uiat In the chlnriito of aoda obtained. 
If tho quantity of soda existinitiu Lhi: watL-rcxooadodwhat 
the ] ropnTtion of hydmrhlfrio acid could neutraliaOi this 
eiceai of Boda IteioK combhjod with aiiluhurio or oarboaio 
acid ; then, ia the ntnoval of these acMa hjr ehlartd« (^ 
harytca, hydronhlorioacid would bo substituted. whEch wwild 
remain in tho nUte of liiluride of nuda ; and if ihe ix""i''''y 
considtwinl an an original ingn<di«nt werv vsliniatvd fcoin 
the quiuitity of tliia aalt obtained, it wonld be irfnled toOi 
hi^b. Or If.on the otberlusd, more hydmchloric acid exitited.1 
in tho walrr than what the sodn pi-eneut nxitd nniiialii^r 
th<: I'XccM liuinK ninibinrd with the c)t^i>r 1in>i.». lime or, 
Diaf.ni^'^ia, Tiien, *a m tlie proi.>««s by wliicb thoM corlha u«| 
pn^cipilmt.'d, this portion of the aaid would be cantbinnd'l 
with ammimia, ami nftiTwards di««ip«ted in (be chlorids ' 
of aiuiiinnia ; if tho oriiciuil quanlily wwro infernH front 
the wrifiFht of tho cl.loride of Hoda obtained, it would ho 
dtatvd too low. 

"To find the real qtiantity ihercfore, another Mop ia 
necctMirj - calimnic directly the cjuatitiiy of hydrORhlorio 
acid in a giwii jmrtion of thn water, hv iibfrtricUDg any] 
HulphuriQ or carbonic mid by uitnito of Imrytea, and then 
pTMipitnliu^ the faydroDbloric axid by Tiilntie of ftilver or 
■atrato nf Inad. The nral quantity will thus Ixi dcl«riiiined 
wllh p^rfoL-t pn.vi*t>os, und itiL' n-suH will form a check on 
thnotlH-r »ii>j>« of thi.ianBlT>i*,ns it will lead (o thodocrolion 
of any error in ikv ostiuinto of the other ingredients: for 
when ihu quantity is thus found, the qnontitim of tbcMj 
niiuL liei^r that pmpurtiori to it which will corra»pond wilb 
the *lule of nvitlrHliantiiin. 

" Thus, by the«e uioihudii. tho dUEeroDt aotda and tho 
dilTcront baH«ii lUQ iliacoi'crrd, and their quantiiiu deter- 
mined. And the reaulta of thn annlvos bm^ bo f>taled ia 1 
thrvo miiilc* ,— 1st, Ibo quanlicira of* the acida and bMiM. 
'Jadly. Tb«i qiiantitjini ul iho liinary compnunda oa in- 
terred from 'he priuiiplo. that tho mo»t Miliiblu oonpanadfl 
ara tbo ingmlii'iitn . wlueh will have at the aunc time the 
adranlaiiceof oxhiliiiinir ihc mokt .-letiTe compontioo whkh 
can be aasigned, and Li<i]ce of best accouuUn^ fir any 
mcdioiBal poworv the waiors may pofaecs. And ardly, 
the quaatitieflof the l>i nary compounds, such a« (bey an 
obtained by evaporation, or any other direct analytic 
oppratinn. 

" With n.')ianl (<> other uiTTOdients cither not naline, or 
more mrely present, it will In getioml bo prcferahio, when 
their presence has be<-n inrficaled by llie eiapU>ym«nt of 
Il^Ia, or by ropiulbi orcurring in the analyHJs itrelf, not tu 
combine the InvifHi^'ittiun tu dlscovtir thvm with tbo 
guneral procflss above dci^ribed, but to oponttc on atpintfti 

tKirtlona of tho wati-r, and (o msho the nnoessar^ nllowiuMo 
or Ibeir qiiantilint in enlimnltn); the other ingrrdienta> , 
The qnaiility of ir^n, for exautple, In a girao 



524 



WATER ANALYSING. 



of tlie water,' may be found by the most sppropristfi 
method. Hilica wiU also be discovered by the gelatinous 
cansistence it gives on evaporation, and funning a residue 
ioNoIable in acids, bat diasolred by a solution of potash. 
Alumina may be discovered in the preliminary appli- 
cation of tests, by the water giving a precipitate with car- 
bonate of ammonia, which is not soluble, or is only par- 
tially soluble in weak distilled vinegar, but is dissolved 
by boiling in a solution of potash, or by its pre- 
cipitation from the water sufficiently evaporated by succin- 
ate of soda ; or in conductiDg the process itself, it will 
remain in solution after the precipitation of the lime by 
the oxalic acid, and be detected by the turbid appearance 
produced on the addition of the carbonate of ammonia 
previooN to the addition of the phosphoric acid to discover 
the magnolia. Its quantity may then be estimated from 
its precipitation by carbonate of ammonia, or by other 
motliods usually employed. Silica will alw be precipitated 
In the same stage of the process ; its separation from the 
olaroina may be effected oy submitting the precipitates, 
thoroughly dried, to the action of diluted sulphuric acid. 
Potash, when present, which is rerp seldom to be looked 
for, will remam at the end, in the state of chloride of 
potash. Chloride of platina will detect its presence, and 
the chloride of potash may be separated by crystalliaation 
from the chloride of soda. 

" There is another mode in whioh part of the analysis 
may be conducted, whioh although perhaps a little less 
accurate than that which forms the preceding formula, is 
simple and easy of execution, and may hence occasionally 
be admitted ad a, variation of the process ; the outline 
ot which, therefore, I may briefly state. 

" The water being partiallv evaporated, and the 
milphurio and carbonio acids, if they are present, being 
removed by the addition ot chloride of bastes, and the 
conversion of the whole salts into chlorides effected in a 
manner already described ; the liquor may be evaporated 
to dryness, avoiding an excess of heat, by which the 
chloride of magnesia, if present, might be decomposed : 
then add to the dry mass six times its weight of rectified 
alcohol (of the specific gravity of at least '835) and estate 
them oocasionally during twenty-four hours, without 
applying heat The chloride of lime and magnesia will 
^os be dissolved, while any chloride of soda will remain 
undissolved. To remove the former more completely, when 
the solution is poured off, add to the rewidue about twice 
itd w^ght of ^e same alcohol, and allow them to stand for 
wime hours, agitating frequently. And when this liquor is 
fH>iired off, wash tne undissolved matter with a small 
|M)rtion of alcohol, which add to the former liquors. 

■■ Althuttgh chloride of soda by itself is insoluble, or 
lii^iHy so, in alcohol of this strength, yet when submitted 
tt> it* iM'tion along with chloride of lime or of magnesia, a 
Itlllpt'f tt ii* dissjlved. To guard against error from this 
||)t>n^(i«rc i>rap«>rate or distil the alcoholic solution to dry- 
^hm, niwt nitbtiiit the dry ma.ss, again, to the action of alcohol 
tn MWtlWiluautitr than before; any chloride of soda which 
tfjvX t'*'^' iliKMilvt-d will now remain undissolved, and may 
tv «whl^( l<> ttiv other portion ; or at least any quantity of 
1% 4tfMitvwl muHt W extremely minute. A slight trace of 
..htv*^ >'f t^*>**' *"" "' int^gnesia may adhere to the chloride 
,4 -v^Uu ''Ut whvit H sufficient quantity of alcohol has been 
• •♦ml^'^^'' *'*'' nimwUty in soaroely appreciable; and the 
uivl>^^v4tt4« IniiH thme two oiroumntuicee counteract each 
itlwti ****** •*' '*' "•*"* *" *r"^ ^^ result more nearly 

Ii^^4LH>t<«k> tbt< ali^ul uf the solution, of draw it off 
I, ,iia,l'>ll<*'-*>"'' ^'" *^** imiid matter add sulphuric acid, 
'! ,fcj ii' vvi**'' ^l"' wUiilw hydrochloric acid ; and expose the 
. .|T*>o ^' ** '*^''** Hp|>rvHuhiug torednosH, to remove any 
.'^U'-.i '** *ttliJ»u>tk» aiud. By lixiviation with a small 
i'^Uwi <>I «*tWt'i tbtf sulphate of magnesia will bo 



dissolved, the sulphate of lime remaining undissolved, 
and the quantities of each, after exposure to a low red 
heat, will give the proportions of lime and magnesia. 
The quantity of soda will be found from the weight of the 
chloride of soda heated to redness ; and the quantities of 
the acids will be dotermined in the same manner as in the 
general formnla, 

"This method is equally proper to discover other 
ingredients which are more rarely present in mineral 
waters. Thus alumina will remain in Ute state of sulphate 
of alumina along with the sulphate of nmgueda, and may 
be detected by precipitation by bicarbonate of ammonia. 
Silica will remain with the chloride of soda after the 
action of the alcohol, imd will be obtained on dissolving 
that salt in wat^r. And iron will be discovered by the 
colour it will give to the concentrated liquors, or the dry 
residues, in one or other of the steps of the operation." 

Dr. Murray obtains the quantity of gases a water may 
contain, by processes similar to those detailed in the 
preceding pages. If. llienard remarks of Dr. Murray's 
method, that it is certainly good, bat not in his opinion 
preferable to the one previously stated ; which presents 
all the advantages of Dr. Murray's, since it equally 
enables us to obtain separately the quantities of the 
different acids and bases ; and it is even more generally 
applicable to all cases. 

Chlorine. 

This is generally found in sewage, a thing which must, of 
coarse, be at all times kept clear of drinking water. The 
chlorine is produced from common salt, and tlie liquid 
excrement of animals, and I cannot do better than refer 
you to the tables of the Rivers' Foliation CommisHtoners, 
which from about 600 analyses the following ia recorded : — 

In 100,000 parts of rain water, '22 parts; for upland 
surface water, in 100,000 parts, 1-13 ; for deep wdl water, 
per 100,000 parts, 5- 11, which is very very strong in chlorine, 
and fully cent, per cent, more than I have found, excepting 
in very rare oocurrences (but one thing should be nodcea that 
they do not give what they consider the depth of a deep 
well. What is considered a deep well in the trade is nothing 
less than 60ft., the general impression being amongst us 
from 60ft. to 300ft. deep.) For spring water they say for 
100,000 parts, 2-49. 

Now this chlorine, which may come from cattle and 
other animals in small proportions, has many chances of 
getting into what we should term surface wells, which 
would naturally by the rain get washed out of the air and 
soil, and anytlung above 1 per cent, of chlorine in 100,000 
parts of water should be rejected as suspicious ; but when 
you get up to 6 per cent, you must be most carefully on 
the alert for sewage, or middens, or water nlosets, as human 
nrino contains 6^0 parts of chlorine, or 824 parts of eodio 
chloride in 100,000 parts. These portions, you must quite 
understand, are only applicable to places away from the 
sea, and away from salt-bearing strata, and if close to &e 
sea-side, little or no notice should be taken of this, except 
you have a strong suaptcion of sewage, whidj may 
be easily discovered by looking for ammonia and othra 
chemicals before referred to. 

To determinate chlorine, place a hundred c.o. of the water 
into a flask, and stand it un a white f^eet of papw. Then 
add a quarter of a centimetre of yellow potassio ohromate 
(or a fifth of the chlorine test], drop by drop, untO the 
liquor turns a faint red. The chromate of surer givee a 
deep orange red, which may be estimated aooorain^y, 
which, when tried a few times, you will be able to arrive at 
with great accuracy. 

I should mention tliat chromate and chloride of silver are 

b^"' '*> water, and notice that you will not get 

luanently ftwmed until the last trace 



WATER ANALYSLVG. 



S26 



of thft oUorino is ptvri ptUtAd h^ thn bOtcf. By oannuln^ 
thiU of diSeivut Blr«ii^Ui-tiqiuda ill A aecood or third llaak, 
Ibo qtuBtitiea will be tsaajiy obtaiiutblv. 



8e« W&t«p. 

Sea water, wbicli miay bo consiiloroit aa a tnio miiwrel 
vAtor. liAi bpcti niulfMil hy nuxny cliemUu, wlitiw oipeci- 
tmiiiL* pmvo thbt tlut cleineate of the s*lu jt mntains uv 
■odii, Iiiu» aiii] lUHi^netiia. aikL aulphiiric and tij-ilmr-hloric 
«ci(l«. 'rhi.>«e f!*w siibHtJuiLiMi by iheir ODtiiliinatiotiN nnv 
ca|Kililo nf fonniuR ^x. Ha1t«. but It is not probablu tb«i 
tlietr exittt altuf^Dtlter in flolndoii. 

Il« ttint no It tn-iy, tbo following aro tho rcaiiUti nf ttio 
nxiffl nH'QQt aiialyiMft. 

UU. BoullUtt Lajfran^, and Vo^l. obtained fmm 
101) luirta uf the (Kit water talwD OMr BaTonnti, in ttic 
Gulf (il Oaswmj'^ 

Soaaalt 2-510 

Urdrochlorato «f magiuuda 9-2KI 

SutpliMu of matfnoaia 0*^78 

(JarbiniAl«s of wne Mill nui^eaia 0020 

Sulpluitoof Unio 0*019 

CarWioadd ... 0*023 



■i-Kli 



Di. Uurrajr'a analynui of the witt«r of tliu Firth of 
Forth g«7«, in a hnndrad portM — 

Lime 0-040 t^ mlt 2-470 

Migaroia ... O-SOZ Ujrdroebli). mng. 0-9l» 

Soda l-318orSwph. of ma^neeiji Vll2 

Sulphuri'' ueid .., O'lfl" Halpli. of llmo ... O"09" 

HTdrochtonc aoid I !( I" 

— — 3-1)91 

a-oa4 

Ooniiderin^ thnt th« \nnnrj oiuijmiuuiLi fiinti«l in n 
dilute solutliMi, luutit bo thoao vliitli nro movt «t)I<]bk, lit* 
Bupposoi tho 1011 piiirta d aou wator auulywd coat&in — 

Scot Milt '-'■180 

Bydnwhlomto of laafinciia 0'48i! 

Brdrtfcklurato of litiK 0*U78 

Siuphale of Boda ... 0-JfiU 

3 DM 

Dr. Murray alin f»und cArbonic add in eea vntor, but 
he du«H tiut Hilinit oifbi-r coTlionnU^ »f liino W carbonnto 
of ma^ovia, bomtuv tbo tiruciiiitale by mlmte uf bttrrtii 
gKVfl no offcrveaconco with a«ida Ho ouiiooivcs the 
oarbooatee to arLao fnmi llio dotxpiupuutiim uf the hydru* 
I ahlflratoaof Ibaonndnuij^oiiia.intbepritoOBaof orapanuian 
tadrynoaa. 

Sulphur and Sulphurous Titles. 

Ah tb« |>luiub(.'T Ln vciyiDiiob eiiKne'>d in thn tnaniifaoUirf 
of i:b«iii[«i pbuitH fi]r milking' niilphiirii; ucid, ■u)pliat« of 
ainnionia, «tilt>balv of c)'>j>|Krr, tLmV au>.'Ii likv, i:liHlitlt>Mi if 
he ii» not fairly well up iii chomiHtry, b''. iik 1 hurr w.<<>n 
ntnv of my hrrtliir^, i.t n little fo^fpid by tliu niiKiiiiii^ uf 
llift difftmiit I'tumucul l«tm». Botuutimt* nil of which bp ia 
apt to I1UX up as onfl and th" iuini>' thiti^'; and, lu hf 

Jiiubablv tbinlcH hoia too luucb udtaiKul iu Hit to tfo iu 
or a o^otM? of ohoiniaUy, tho folloving will bo ttaefut 
at tiuMw; — 

8ULd'ilUl{^ wbi.'n cKitnbiueil with oxygon, produce* an 
add. 

Xow thb add Till be in two Htab-.4 uf Baturation. baviug 
■littf^mit pTQipmlioM. To utidc4^[Aiid thin it wilT be rcqiUAilo 
1o follow oU tbo aaliiui oompouud* of thnMn tw<> acidji, and 



b> mr parlicatar attentiOD to tbo aolphur in it« ditvot 
vcnniuilitmH witb mrtba, alkwlJaa, and niHtaU. 

I^ere aro fire t«nniuatioiiB for diatiaKiuahing these llt-e 
Mtatm of tli« Niuio prinapal. 

laL — Sulphuric acid in eiitphiir in tbo utmoM dcgrro of 
raturHtiiiD vritli uxy^eu. Tbo purer tbo mtlphur tbo 
brUf-r th" ■nlpbiirin acid for lead boming purpoaes. 

2ud. — SulpDBTuttii mwl U suljihur miitiM with a Miul]<!r 
jtmpartion oj oxygun. 

Srd.^^ulphate ia tbo fpjnenc namo of nil lh« aoltii 
IfiimnA by >iilphurio anid, kudIi hh Hulpluti) of iic^pnr, 
ftulpbale of zinc, uulpbale of auimoma. und ao on. 

4th.— riulphiio. This is tho name of salts tomipd by tliu 
fttilphiimii* s^'id. 

.'■th.' AulphuM. T1ii*isthtfuaDu-of all theooinlunBiloiiii 
uf stilphur n'>t aoidutous. 

OARBUN. When carbno is oombined with oxypni it is 
kn»wn iw oarbimiu add, und ooBMstH of Iwu <if usyKm nud 
one of oarbou. ^VhMl oiydiaed to form mils with bmtM 
of wtb> molal or alkali, t£an it is known as enrhuunto <>f 
iron, or oarhonato of potash, or carbonat* of Unu^. au'l if 
combitied with OKygi-u it lH.>oomea with icon, carhnret 
of iron. 

Solta an alway* dijttiugiushvd by two rnunM, dcnotini; 
dtber the basa or the acid, aa foUowa : — 

ftiilphato of sodn is a coanbination of anlphoric add and 
HoJa ; aulphatn »f iron ta aimply a nrnnpoand like tbo 
former of aulplimrle sold and iron ; niuriata of soda is a 
oonipotuid of tauriatiL' acid and mda: atidt Kotiee ^u, 
that all Hiilt.B rimipiiBnd (if adds fndlnp in ota, UaTB Uw 
termipaliun iir, iuatuad uf *U, at foUowa :— 

Bulfthiir. 

Sulpliurio arid, a Btrona acid. 

SulpltiirooH aeid, a won! onri. 

Salpliuret uf iron, sulphur and irofl- 

I^'t-oxido of Hulphnr in the flirt d*gTW. 

P/^-vxiiiv, Uti- n'fl'jud d(r|;rOO. 

rnf-oiide, the third d«gr««. 

iVi-oiide, many ^egrcM. 

8idphii/r in tL« tait at Mulphiiii> aotd. 

Ridphrte, tbe salt of aulpburona aold. 

i)i-salphat«, tha salt in doablo qoantity. 

//^/ki-NulplinrouB add'-tcw oiygvu tbao Bulphurotu 
acid [1 lo ::.) 

//y;»'>BuIphiiria acid — lew than culphurio. 

Analysis or Tin and Lead. 

Intmdnfle a certain quantity, ttny, 100 ^niiis iif tbo 
nlloy into a maUMsa, add six or auvon tiniOB itn wei^tit uf 
itiire nitrin aciil, uf tin itponifiojnaTity of 1*36, ami oxn>iK> 
it to a beat padnally ruued. wh«D the metallic pnnict'-H 
huTo disappevad. and the aold c<eucs to (five off [iitnius 
gaa, it must b« evaporated tn drynAw. water pmircd on the 
reaiduum, and tbe whole thrown on a Rlter and waahed, till 
tbe wasfaiaifiB [which miut bo added to tho filtcrad eolutlon) 
no lonifnr mltWn litinna, nor an blnolHnod by sulphuretted 
hydrogen. The peroxide uf tio rtsnuunisK wi tbe fil(«r 
)nti>t thrn lie dried and i^atr.ineil, and dedurt.ing '.21-4 per 
otrut. for the usyf[un, Ita Wvinbl xivvt Xiiv quantity uf tin 
in the alloy. 

Itcdiico thf tiltt-red liqnor by rraporntion, and prMnpitab) 
by KulpliiUf uf Mida ; cullact tlio anlphatiT of l<iiad, wat4i, 
dry, and wei|^h iU one hundred of muphateofleadovntaUut 
<]8 1 of lead. 

Analysis of Plumbat^' Solder. 

Plumlim' mldtTr, which contain* two [larbi of load anA 
on<! ])art of tin, mny l>e aualyved like tbe ])r«oodiuK alloy ; 
but if any copper bo pnwent, us is often the case, an 
additiooal operation is neneMOiy. After the lead has hMii 



6^ 



WATER ANALYSING. 



Beparated, sub-carbonate of potaasa or soda muRt be addotl 
to the soiution to throw down the copper in tlte stitte 
of Hull -carbonate, whicb a rod heat will convert into oxide, 
from whose weight that of the metal ia deducted. 

Lead and Antimony, Analysis of. 

Aa antimony is a favourite thing by nnprincipled 
people to lighten plumbers' solder, the following analysis 
will be useful for detecting it. 

This analysis for the antimony with lead may be made 
preciHcly as that of tlie alloy of tin and lead, deductin;if 
265 per cent, for the oxygen of the deutoxide of antimony, 
but another analysis is required to separate the tin and 
antimony, in couAequonce of the antimony carrying a large 
quantity of oxide of tin down with it, 

The proportion of antimony in the alloy must be pretty 
nearly ascertained by a previous experiment on five parts 
of the :illoy, and one hundred of tin fused together, lami- 
nated and treated with hydrochloric acid ; the undissolved 
portion will indicate pretty nearly the quantity of antimony. 
The alloy is then fused with such a portion of tin that tliis 
metal may be to the former as 20 to 1, including the tin 
in the alloy. The addition of tho tin must be made with 
some care that the combination of the metals may be 
petfeot. M. Chaudet places them wrapped in paper in a 
unall orodble, covers them with charcoal powder, and 
fuses them under the muffle of a cupelling furnace. The 
button when cold is cleaned and laminated, cut into pieces, 
■nd fused again as before ; and this operation is roi^eated 
a third time, but without laminating the button, with a 
piece of paper placed between the metal and the charcoal 
powder, tlie button may bo perfectly homogeneous. 

The new alloy is then to be rolled into a thin plate, cut 
into pieces, ana boiled in a flask, with an excess of pure 
liTdroohlorioacidof the speoifio gravity of ri9fortwo hours 
mad a half at least. The whole of the tin will be dissolved, 
bnt the antimony remains untouched. Tho solution is 
tiuo to be dilated with distilled wator, and the insoluble 
■attflr oollected on a filter ; its weight will be exactly that 
of tke antimony in the alloy. The lead contained in tho 
■Uoj must be lamioated iriuk giest oaro, as that metal adds 
istoHBdy to its brittleneea. The quantity of lead may be 
■— rtsJBifl hj tnating a portion of the alloy with nitric 
mI^ nd fndpitating the lead by sulphuric add. 

TJM CHI also MulySB an alloy of tin and bismuth in the 
r, bnt in tliis ease it is beti»r to use nitrio acid, 
I ihs Uannth and leaves the tin. 

•oldtp (Plumb«p«') and zrno. 

Ztno out of Plumbera' Solder. 

fts OT S c ncB of zinc to be in your 

it to work short or brittle, it may 

tr SBittl»oi™S & II^B sulphur in, 

■IwUapb Tbm with some red hot 

fla tif, Mfldent to-wdl oover it, and 

nHwUMilis iiTsii liiiiii fii BO. The 

"V • riM lAOrt the Ted hot cools 

* ^jw«diikititallrigfat, and 

^hw. dWUn^i and let it 

I -I r,BBBSlBto'eyery 

i^^ too cold, 

l^goodqiulity, 



m. 



Next redissolve this by tie potassic iodide you put aside, 
and then with greal care add more solution of mercuric 
chloride till after stirring a slight precipitate remains 

Now add to this made liquid 150 grams of potassic 
hydrate dissolved in sufficient distilled water to make the 
whole up to one litre, which most be allowed to settle. 
Then decant off all the clear yellow liquid into a suitable 
bottle, with a good ground-in glass stopper, when it is ready 
for use at any time. N.B, — I have some which is in finrt- 
class order made by Mr, Foltwell, of Hammersmith Road, 
BO long back as the year 1879, which I would not take any 
money for, it being so vciy sensitive. 

Ammonia Chloride Test. 

This standard solution is made by dissolving 1*5735 
gram of pure dry ammonic chloride in one litre of distilled 
water. 

Dilute I CO. of this strong solution to one litre. Ton 
will then have 1 Co. ^ in strength of 00005 gram NHs. 

Sodio Carbonate Test. 

For an hour or so strongly heat to dry (but not to fuse it) 
the carbonate, and preserve it in a suitable small but wide- 
mouthed bottle, having n ground-in stopper. 

Water without Ammonia. 
To prove this, known distilled water should be agsjn 
distilled {but good water may be employed) with sodic 
carbonate ; but reject the distillate till it ceases to react 
with Ncssler test ; but stop tho distillation when the retort 
liquid is reduced to une-inxth of its original bulk. 

Nitrates and Nitrites Test. 

Sodio Hydrate. — Solution of sodio hydrate 10 per cent., 
freed from nitrates by dissolving 100 sq. cm. of aluminium 
foil in a litre, and then well and Hharply boil the liquid in 
a porcelain basin to evaporate one-third, then make up the 
original quantity with ^«r« distilled water. 

Pumiee Tett. 

Take some peces }in. or so square, and heat the same for 
an hour or so, and put them into a glass stoppered bottle- 

ffj/droeklorie Acid Tat. 

Should there be any ammonia, say three drops, this must 
be rectified from sulphuric acid. 

Estimation of Chlorine Test. 

Silver solution. Dissolve 2-3944 grams of argentic 
nitrate in one litre of pure water. This should be measured 
out in a burette divided into tenths of a c.c. 

Potassic Chromate Soiution. 

From a dropping tube deliver a strong solntioD of pure 
neutral chromate free from chlorine. 

Standard Soap Solution. 

This suhitiou Khould be miule a little too strong, and 
allowed tu stond a day or two before using. Take 40 
parte of dry potassic carbonate and 150 of lead planter 
(Emplustrum Flumbi, B.P.), and well mix in a pounding 
basin or mortar. Stir this thorouglily with methylated 
spirit, and set it aside for about ten hours ; filter and wash 
with more methylated spirit. You can tell the strength by 
ftdding 50 c.c. of the calcic chloride solution ; go about tiaa 
M though determining hardness. With alcohol and watar 
te W} »-~*>- 11-26 CO. are required to mi^ a 



^.' 



WATKB ANALYSING. 



527 



pgnnntMBt ltiUi«r with SO «.«. of wtutiaa of oildc 
cblorklc. 

AM thti mtor in sneb qaantitloa m to nake a pnjvclion 
of water ta f be spirit aa one is to two. 

Water Samples [CotUtlion o/). 



np^atioii of awilTBin^ 
bidng tuuBl earafiu iu 



13ut tedinoM i>n>l trimhlumaii 
valor ahonld warnuil yuu ii 
ting^ tho nainploB. 

I iittt Uikc 'Kul^ that which i* bir Mid Kiuatv, wbidi I 
knitwn unpnneiplad peaple la da, when the wmtcr of a 
or Hprifijr h«A u«n m qnMtion, for if yttn do, muat 
\\y j^uu will ^ct (In^jiped mi fn>m nnoUtOT nnaljmc, what 
t tiiiiy U- nocifj«arT to itvll in n third, and tho cxpnue of 
MbL' 1<>1 full upou yoii or yoor clidfil. 

Tnkn nix ttfip WiiiiJiiwUTr iiuiiri Ixittlm with ktouoiI- 
ill otviipvn. Tulre two uf Uiom a* they ivn- to the water, 
A from half to thrvo parte flll ihnn, t>y dipniiig llio 
Itle into the wittor, k> r.hnt y<nt ndnwtt grX Uio wntcr 
lJi« nuTfa<^-, iH>r fniiu thL< bitLtiiiu. Tli'jruuuhlf Wiuh 
J>crttlw : then fill them tn witliiii, n^iy. liii. nf thn 
,por. With wmo k\v-mi wa^liL""! wiwli Iwtthw, or citllao, 
tie UM sto[qien down, iitid Mi\i tho btrinsx. S'ust write 
two Inheht with the laaatc of Ihu nprin^, well, la wberrirrr 
gtft t]M walor friMn. Sitt clown tho huut luul dny of 
mcmtb wlum ooUeotwl, and hj wh-imt witiie«m<d. I'Laoe 
Ibe hottlcs in a rool, dark placo, and bv oimfid not Ui 
i-tpMC tbran to th<- ti^ht. 

P(M' tluvu nui^LifMivv dnyM do tbtB, but ut dtfferiMit houn ; 
wty iJio fimt in tnkeii at II ii.m., m-xt niirl>i)aY, iwtt -t {i.m., 
aiid liibt'l ikcuurditiktly. Swiil ihri>' mm'pIwi to lh«' itnalyrt 
' tm * JP^ **"*'' I'rotoAHorI'mnklin, nfThe Yew.-. It<-ii^t«. 
ntoalle&t), aud n-tain thrc« y•'urv^lf. or, hctii^, dcjmiit 
nm nttvf hnttlp* into letfo kpi^iiig- in csuu: of diximtv. 
I Shuulil tliM viiiwr bo I'oiiiuiiiiy'H woI'T, '-ntl in tbf twrn- 

ny, and lot lb<>ni know wKil yim ani up to, and |io nunr 
iko Uio Min)>1<ii dimt "tf lln- supply, or, fflMjH-rly .■<p>3ik- 
inK, lh« ciRitnimtc-utiuii pip'*, biil nut iMfore a f«w Kiillonii 
bavo niii l^) wiuh.', w that you gvt wator without Ivitd >ir 
nudii'^ irun. 

SliDiiH It Iw piimp-WAtrr, t.hoti Work ibi U'foiv. hiir. k<«p 
Lbi- uiuii|) fpiiiiK ftirtbrcu iir fmir ruitioCt-H l>t<fon' Ihu Honiiilo 
in tJMen din?ot into tho boltlpj", iind •ti-nild it Iw n lundlffnl'it 
pump, invitee hiui to wiiiit^Nx thu (tiKfrntioEi. IU*tuoiiibvr 
this, that cvt-ryihin(f I'liniu^'ted with tlibi ofifrntian miiBt In? 
M ni|)uliiiMty ckan, and if from u draw well, nc« that thi- 
chJiiii. wirv, orropu i* not riutly or dirty. 

Wlwn vending In wat«r to tho miiuyst, aay whnt you 
mpoi:t. aa fuUowi ; — 

Si^wajre. 

(-"liMoimI work* pollutiou. 

(t:ui«'<irk>>. 

Tin, iiippiT, Ivitd, &.C. 

Tk-n.-n\m tho diHttture of well (mm uMfpool druio, or 
btnnyard. 

Dv|th and lUumotor vt well. 

CliuH of puinp. 

8oi], and itiib-.ioil, ami the stratim inln which the veO ifl 
•niik. ami whiiC wat«r you pKpr<;t il to be, and the Ruotoa* 
tiou iu tlw dvptii of the water, uinlvr mid fuiniuer. 

If from HtPMUna or tivon, rtato the Iimd or aoarve, aad 
tho di4tiui<v : und if tlioKtrrtunmD»tIiru<ighraui^ woodod 
laud, or if uib>-T Mmn:iT. auifity thuruin. 

Alx] Btnt« if yon knuw unything aa tn whothw anintaln 
««n anlk tlirou^i or into tho atroaiiL, TSU ii viay hnpur- 
iant for ths aramonlft. row dooff, fte. 

The xlnitum f n^ni vrhi'b tbo aprin^ imoei). 

Slutc wbi^thiT yoii h-ivi- taken the wntrrdit»t:tor indirect 
iroiD the K[iriTii;. nnd if tho liitt«r. try ainl nlitu k^ =■ Mlnpla 
iniin lb" lieud. thoutch thit> mny r.K'in: douhlo ospvtiH'. 

It IH only fair to NLy Unit you niiiat not on any UTOUdt 



i-x|>nnt to arrive at natiafiutaKT rMaltn rnrti] you have hiul 
wtnur yr«ri of pTWitico ia this OAputment. 

But if you are fai^enioaily ioainod thia ia the mu*t in'.iT- 
eritin^ of all aaanM* to flll np your apnra avvnings nm] xl'l 
lima, bnoauno ytm cui find tw^metlilng fr««h at all ihnttv. 
If yoa do ^ at it, in lit il with a will, and it will then 
ra^f yun, though not from a laimotary jiniiit uf rivw, for 
it «>m» vrrj' expmiaivo, c^wcially by the tinm yon hara 
Ixmifbt « good niiomaoopo. ohaDUcaT balanoe, and a few 
morp indtnieBwblw. It will bo all tha botlor if yon can gel 
a good uld gnuid-dod to ponhaM thcae fnr yon, an tlicy 
g<>oeraUy hare aonic caah to ipaiv juMt befom iinittiiiu fur 
till' tii-it. world, and he will ba asmcially gviiemua if you 
tvll hiiD that with the miarowope, if a fondotu (about n i'.t 
one. for a duller io a tnmblc), you will lit' iiblu to lull htm 
all ftboat the di'vtLa, tuft only thnt hns plag^iieil hiio in ttits 
world but in thawcrtd to come. Aivl il i* astauialunB b->w 
befwvolont he will be (n^rm% ■/ yr/H kninr all aiaut it ai 
4>'r^), nnd he will call jron mirh a v«ry clever and most 
prvaitiag yniin^ miiB. 

Now, v'rti h.«riEig jn»t begnn to frvl !uti:<rMt«d in this 

Eart (il the w>irk, |hiII away ut the old methods which I 
Hregin-n. Then aeinl to ltlr?.'m. .Spnn. my publifhetv, 
for I>r. LanoAxt'^r'n, niM Geucj^e E l)iivi«, G^E,, Ac, At, 
al«o Onrpi'iitiy'N work on ihn mirTuwopf, Konstie'ii 
■'Chi-mistry." Profeawr Praiikkrury " Watpr Analvaiii," 
alwi piTiiy PrsiiUund'H book, and alag Qoxw'a workn on 
" MicD-Orifanhuni in Water," and yon will waat oolbing 
mum tint n fpw toob nnd praeltet Iu know all abont walor, 
ojifcblly if ymi tonihln in bead fin*. 

Miopo -Organ isms, and Sartltary Science. 
(•■f/M wv Jfiriv^ a»ii Fettr Jlaeillu», i»'l mlt« Siinktnf JTatey.) 

I have beforo spoken of ntlcmbtM, or faT«r*idiDbira 
bAL-iUiiH (mw heading), and bow they oJfoot the aulnial 
b'n^rdiiia. I have um said that than derila comn from 
ftm« nnl up our rivera, alu that they i-«ii h& tilt«rnl oat ly 
'pmim liltration. I will, tberefora, now ithow yoa a littl^ 
niniv iibr>ut thiitn. 

Fig. ^btj ia an engraving of ntiorobca, &o., I have 
K-Tauged for thia work. 



•.-^-/ 



*\ 




N 



no. KM. 



h, pig. n5M, is llio eyclops qtuulrioomhi. 

Thin activu i3nilun> mMtrvi with ttn f«Fl>jnwii a 
t>ml ill UiiournntiidiTiK wai<-r, wlii<4i draws iidnntD and 
and enn ita own young, to ile mouth Ui >io tlcvotuvd- 



528 



WATER ANALYSING. 



If, arc the Ures. Them aiv nbcnit ^th of an Innli lunK-, 
hnvlnfc runiii and • liMd nwuUiu^ tbe htutmii litrurc, 
whirh tboj- ihrov shont n a nuut extnusdinaty maunt-vr, 
lu if In mnnic tbe nctioiu of tJis mtxit tamnltiunu hunan 
|iaiiiiiun. 

K. U Uip ffTQ^ of thu ohaneleon Hy. Thw (nkabiUtil 
of tlie wnUr mu^ bo wm with the nnkM <'yc, IIm 
peeoUarlty 1b the liut joint of iu Uil, whuli in tippM 
vrith a beautifTil cromi of fimthers, liki- Uit iIuuImd or u 
Hinni*s«TOgo pnace, which ii best koti whun tho chnmoloon 

Srab eotnw to th* •nrfin, iliraja tail tipiirrmMi, luid 
10 inoiBcat tbo tip rewhn the olr, it* nlunit<i instanlly 
Opnt Into a Idnd of ennc or fnnnel, imm whirh all moiitiire 
ia iwmtlj axoladed. Tho watn- Ui>ni Mtanda pvfectly 
1«r«l wilti the l>rim. The animal ihen ranaJm iitationBry, 
hoaddownvnnl', {h<^ mddenly the tipa of the plwnecun-i: 
JnwaTdtt Idwarila i-ach othrr, Hnhmcin;; ii p1obal« nf 8.ir, 
and awny the i;:ri:'*tiir« u'ri^ifleti into t)it- iU']itltfi, with ill 
Wd vt nir glittcriag behind it. If yoa witJi to uw it 
through a ginw, um ono from 36 to 50 dmm«tcra. 

N. Th« vibrio mtnil't ■**' i» t-'"' "<'' "f "orornitiiig frram 
each nthpT, and dtawtnir out a pro(»p]iMiuii.i filatnmt In 
lonn their iwugnd flagoUu. Thin is niiignifiud ta i.tOO 
dJametcrrB. 

T. The ni^lcua riridin. TIui in oflou found in 
prridigimi* ntunhpni, whirh givm thr trat^r n groen pea 
mvp colour. It* giiu'ral uppcHrninw (ml«r thu micrueoapo 
(» thnt of n rod ep«ck or lumt. with an flkmgalnd kind of 
tail nt tint otbn-. 'ITtfia rm «poc in fuppMcd to Im< the «;e. 
but. if L-nrffullv walnbod, jrou will linil thin apot tu ^xtand 
anr the rent of tlie body. 

B- ThoN arv wmo of tbo more typical fonao of micra- 
orga&ln&B. aa seen under the miRronnope. Monororpitt, 
whicth is pathoireaic to man, dom, honwa, Bliuep. tuwU. 
rabbit*, Inc. Thmy caow swt^ungs giad ulcei^ They 
an mafnufied 6A0 limm. 

E. Cilialod cell,, magnified 600 timm. 

V. Hpidrr nrJl. or mitrilJitin or Aidntir! ohtiliTA bacillus, 
Rin>ruilied TOO tiuitn. Sw cholera ))nf IIIilk. 

A. Tha typbttid bs^os aurrouiidod by the flB»i-lIik iir 
IwMmioUoii urnraiw. TIda an»tura is maipuflfid I.IUU 
times. See dowrripcion of typhoid liadllui. 

F. n. H. This is bacillnH MubtillM or bay baoiUiui. It 
in not patbuf^enio, and is fimnd in hiiv infusions, water, nir, 
fiiHxw, and putrid liq^uide. It ti> li n 'ifim, and onu-lbinl 
ita lentttb broud. tuid ^own iuto long threads. 

C. 'Hiiii Ifl fii-'itHporiuin mowhntinn, mngnified SOD 
tame*. Tina is found iti wnUtr. fomiiuK I'trtr** Kr^'niimb 
white idimy niussni>, h.intrii'K iDoim liki> ito innny rnKs from 
th« vutlet of cocks, iMini'tiiiu;)! ha%'ijip a pciln pink and 
brownish ool our. It in aho found on turbinfH nud watfr 
wbnils, and fcU bctwern tbe whrcU of Hie mill. TIjcv 
avetaga fram 6 to 14 /( lunft, to I or 1^ ^ brtxtd. If thf*t> 
spores are dried and preserved, thev will, afl«r four ur 
Std months lying by, still |rrow. "tlf-y are palbogcmc, 
even to iri'g*, and, wh«n Mniuhoil, givu nn itit«Dsi'lr 
strnng aramntjc Muell, wbioU will pnidum hwdnohv if 
iniislvd, th(> 'iduur bHng of a musty proditotion. 

It IS within my rc-c/ill.^ctinn thatthcivt mirirobM harp Iiwii 
brODgbt by saiiitiirijiun ariJ i>Hiit m-imilintn pmfuitioritlT' 
lieluTv tho watei drinker's uutioe, and it is n subject nbjcij 
tlivtiUl bo wvU t!'jujrht aroi by evory onif pn-ifeesiuit to be 
water catOTcra, or by ibiwo linvine to do wit^i thi^ supply of 
wMfir. whether it beby acuiuiouu driiur-urrll, Hpriii^, puiu)). 
or ritiT, and m> oni> sbonld allow binmelf to draw npoa Ids 
imagination Uiat bv has Uio «Ughb«*t right to wurruut Liin 
Ut oliwiBg biina^ sa a sanitary engineer undl he knon-n 
nAt welTall about tho broodin^f , imltiTatinjr, and lolling of 
nicrc or badlliu gtntut- 

Liolng txiad to oxplain all abont fmnentallon, and d«ad 
vaaat ondeTToinir dwuinpusitioti. Ub told uf< th^t whidi 
Ua gnndfatliera' knew, tliat our wnten von uonlamlaUad 



•in|>]jbydMoaipo»ilionof rrgvtntiEfniul aniaiul aubatasoM. 
Thatby nurilrinking Ihormf. w«. iu luru, would sova ba* 
oome putrrfaotiw bodies, ke., whirl) do^ia was broken 
down by thi^ jn.it lamented latnU. IV^t'-nr, whn jirorod that 
tbo pmcr-<« of f«nn>i'nl.iliiiu wiw uiiii<«l by th" litiitf 
or^iiiajn*. wliicb wiTp thn oanf^ of all xriuoiic dlaeawt. 
I'nstffur, ui.< niay t>Ky, i;avi! us » pu>1i otf tb" dirinfr plaak 
into A wide rea. foil of linnjf organisms. Ho oprnvd tho 
cym of the mnli«al men, and ttdd tho ssnilary eoffinoera tu» 
to what xyiuutio diseaawf undnubtndly ani, and plainly 
■ihau-ed how Asiatic cholura and Q'phoid fever arv to bo 
ooiuin It n listed. 

At tm thiTv WAS a certain amount of cmpirici'nn about 
it; but, nincc this, w« havo lux'^^bnl Ihv gvrm theory of 
disHua, and tliiu. by working away, our water bai^irial 
and liy|{Ieni« kllowl•^lg«^ hns spread throughout the land, 
and BOW estatiliahiTil iha A,B,C of mtnitaiy snenoe. 

Thnn wo hav« D<7i'lcr K'jch. He has giroii a Ruod \uAjf- 
ing hand by tho uubliontiun of his work on Bacleclolo^eel 
Science, and muiui iutproird ihenapcrtof «-at«r supply aoA 
sanitary knowledge. 

That we hava two otlirrn, -vho am ihh:cti<I to none in this 
department. First we will mk-.- G. Fniuklnnd. wbutr woik 
is wvll up to date in tlm chcuiiiuil portion. Then thorn is 
Ferry FViinkland , whoso work on Buoro-Oiyaninu ia not 
to bo initd'-iir, and a work wbirli should bs ni the hands of 
nriny li^.-iuliiir and mmntrr baoteriolujrial. 

Now, Mil fiir iu> rvKards thoao barillua taierabes, tliaae an 
the miuuli' dcvik I i-annfit tfllenit<'. Some wmild say— 
"They ninst eouiB in tbcnirP" Vca; t}]<>y Hi>st in thu air, 
and tlieiy name from, and cause piitr^cd vegrtJiblo and 
animal matter. Th«y gel iuU' ihu wnl^r, owl vwn the 
rain niinot fall in eoroa parts wiilioat btdng contaminated 
with tlu>m, c^poi^iAlly on nil soils where planla ^nrow, and 
on wbieb luiiiuiiil Itfn vxisls. Were it not Inr thnw devils 
our mitk would not ^o sour, oggs would ramalti fiv«h, meat 
woultl not bonomo tainted, bruMl remain sweot and witboat 
mouldineaa ; anlraids and vrgetahlen would siinptj dry up 
and uo't atiuk. 

Micro Gcrma and their Names. 

l£o«t of iiur drinking water r^ontiuns a larso army nf 
miorobea, which flght other germs till dmth, whiNi otherwise 
wo may swallow olive : and I hare heard it said by mrtne 
Utnt Uican dnviU an oseftil to health. lint 1 nm not the 
uiiQ to »ay those who oooquir wo shuuld prutii't, but g'ivo 
mo tha water wbioh ia ftee from any odo class of tbeee 
devils. 

Oiw, bauHluM subtiiis, is found in tho Ktonuohs and lotas- 
IJnes of oxou and other herbivoTousanimalM, and is by some 
pwplo b<'liorcd to uasiat in digesting their i^joA. llierc is 
alM tJie borUliis m/» ivunmunis, na uniformly exists in 
litiman beiogH, jterfurmin^ an .inalogntu pfRcii. But w^iat 
ulH>ut biicillus nntbrariK 'i Tlufl b found tu sheep ; h ia olao 
found aimmmt wool sorlen>, which brings tin largo lumps on 
the foco and itthi-T partit uf tho Ixtdy. lWl«ar otitalaed 
t}i*Hii> devils in biMtb. TIkwo devils aiv also found In oadi- 
invnU in the bottom of welb. 

I do nut know how deep thwr' devils go, but know that 
tile Kent Wulcr Wurka wrlU K«t very few. I alw know 
that yi)u (ill nut <iiii3 them in liiQ I'Jr gf nioutitainititn diit- 
tri'ts, »ay 2,000 W^\ in hiigbl. 

Koub's euiuinit MpiriUiuti, Thltiiji thedeiilfif the Ainatlo 
cholera. wbt>h m fL^undin the dejecta 'jf -holent patienta, 
and iu ibi.- (i-nli iutMttiutI (HmtcntM uf rimlera Mjrpae, and 
oiRies in iiir aui utttfr. Tliis is of a very peciuinr and 
daiigvnjuii kind. It suvmii to oliog togi^ther, and fonas 
it«elf inb> a kind of semi-rirdc. after tlwi etyle of ,Uie oou- 
MiDant S, tbo twa euda bavins three or more threads in tlw 
shntHr of a itirlcsTrow .. Hiia devil ia very motile. 

TIh- to-ni'nil ■vnip*> ^ntisdlsesse an as foDows: — 

A. gvnural fevliug i % diiUa and ooldnoM nhich 



I 



I 
I 



WATER ANALYSING. 



glr« tt •hlnrinfToffMt. punf in th» bcomla wllb niniblinff 
MUodM, i^praM^oo, K&d luixivlj iiUiut li)i- fl'iiunc]!, wiu 
wren purgfog mmetitRee »«xiinpiini(yi with vooiiUn;;, at 
othor tiinm gmil; Ihimt, with tlui ]niUf mnull mid wvak : 
InHtiritTt y»ll<>«^li 'kin or sj^m, bittirr bu>tu Iti tbe month 
BMil difllk'-' «f food, (ulnem u the pit of the »t«nue1i to- 
gether n-ith pnwnm.'. L-romp tinil rumbliuif. Whoa Fnch U 
tttc •^w, uwl clmlen suipeoted, tou should luw no tlnut tn 
ptnti).' tu a wadieal man. OMuphor u gvtod lo oury about 
with jrua in vholont m-aHoiuL 

Typhus or Typhoid Bacillus. 
[SmUIu* Typhi .'IbdoMiiiiiln.) 

Thii is (ouiul ill tiiv bluud. (ncaa and orina, ani1 otlivr 
praducta of tbo bunuib orgutu, and, u its auiu? itDpUt3>, 
&liray>t in trphoid pnti<Mit:>. 

Thin ilnvil in iil*u ftiund ta air nnd wat«r. It ia a alinrt 
plomp kiud of bacillus, mniuled at the ^ndn, ami ihreo 
toaioa u lun^ UA it is bruad, K^ucrally (ouuil witbuul v^na- 
jmj in thd tiwur*. It In inotitn. imH 1ul« attai^Ml to both 
■Idea and euda iiuinenui!! ciliu. niiil^-Tuw-^^buniiantlTintuiUt. 

Tb4a» d«viU uppiar to )»> of vitrinu* gnulcn, luiil jiniducn 
wtiat ia caUvd, w)i<-'u in ii" uill'li»t furtu. lyplioid ivvtft, 
viiioh in a slow or nervoik-< fewr, «'bi<^li may tri un iuuTuus- 
i»^ Ijil il bconmm nuUignant, whi^ it4 tnu! und ginu^ml 
ap])1ii'Hti<in in tyi4itu, wbii-h bnii^^H un debility nitb n 
trntdeaoy of the fliiida to pntmfuctioD. It in distiiigniiJuid 
(ran oinvr favon by ttio wi.^ktuM uf the pulM and great 
anM*TBtion of tttnugth, uud \mngi with it pitins tu tho 
hoiid. back aud limb*: hciatnnddcyncMnfthcHKbi ; oxlrenis 
■nKiitiit Biul UidUy deprtaniou : tliiral. oanettpntioo, and 
delirium. Bui ouou^b of itii", or I Khali b<' vi«y anon 
fantlght in iM " nuniik doctor, to whidi 1 liave nn pre- 
tnuiona. 

Baeterium Lai-tiii AjrruKOiioa.— Thi« in fi;iiiiil in the 
intoatiitBl tmot of [iniiiialM, luul a! tmipln fnl willt niilk, and 
then-iofv fliiliUvn iirv- tBpeoi4my \iii\j\v lo Iw infwt«fl with 
thG>M|ffVm«. IncaMMof pnaumiLtaria, thaurini;ii'iitt«okod. 
liija ia OQO uf ttiC dtrrfb whit^fa ii Uiv oaiKWof ^7)hoidf«V4.>r. 
Thay an found in paiia. ^ncrally Kid(< by aidt- : tjn-y >t!ao 
group togodier in Irrpyawr hcaiu. Tbuir hIi;]{>« ih nutne- 
irhat Wke ahurt nnbi, and very p^luiup. 

■Pfvit^tw VideiiriH.— Thi* IB n kind of uligrhtly b>-ut biirillu*, 
aonuilhiti^ of a aiiakc-liko tlimut : rory inotib-, and bafi 
kiiint p.ilin. It iafuunil in putri-fyiujjawitnril xutwtanocs, alw 
til urine, and (fivca oil n tokening odntir »[ pulMuuUon. 

Bactcdiuin TholmidAam (a found in u^ilvr. o&ualit^ 
lyphoiil hVf^r, aI.^i tn tho inte«tiaitl trant of hi'altliy pMrplo. 

It in alnu fiiuu'l in bl-iHid. 

ILu^illoH rroli-iw PIuuri-jMH-ru. — Tliin i« foujul bi atnsaoia 
of wuttir voEiUiiuiutf dead ratvcioM, nnd givm an iiifmtioofi 
fur<-rixh it'ttTToit to poitpla who butht' in Much contaminntod 
water. It i> aim fiiiinil in fowU Mnffcring ftoia diwoae. 
Thii K^nnrBl ap]H^«nLit<:o i* auiuevlint «hort and tbiok, 
niuitded ut iJit) Gudi; tfacy rn >sl-ly i^> in iKiim, uml an pru- 
viil«<d with numorauiiiilliji, Tlu'y tiTf uImi tnotile. 

Itiuulliiii (■( HuuM.' SL'ptiiraeuiiu.—Tbis id fijund in dmin 
waI«T. II n<H>Ttibl><a a jonall whitiah irloud, not nioliUt, and 
occur* in pain. 

Ba«lllua Brevia. — This b alt« found in drain valor, 
mimctbing after tho above 

BacilliiH OapiuInltiB in iilaci found in dmiii wat«r. This 
bnotllua ia of a iM(!-Uk>.' fitrm, lujtu^wh^t «Uiptir:d, ;ind in 
at tiraiM found joinod cud to cud undu«wd in a unp^iilv, uol 
uotilr. 

BaciUua uf IVtuniu.— Thia ii> found in air, vator. and in 
put fiMin teluniin wuuiKt*. Ttiix is U kind nf atrui^cht 
btKilliu with 'i\H nida rvoudod. and uovun lu luu|{ thrvadn 
and aaiDctiinM idni^y. It liaa been fonad fatal tn hoiscf'. 
dierp, and do^. 



Pir9lniaUlrabI1iR.~-Th[a ia foatwl in p«i In- fyiuR animal 
sabstnoaH. 

Protena Zi:<nkeri.— Thin in abo found in putrofyin^ animal 
aubalanoai, aud anoiiffst onfimtatiM found in water. 

Ba4'iUaa HuproKimnB. — TliU !■ found in the prmpimUon 
from SetU and if inouutatcd into the knpt« iind pl^nnl, 
oavitJM of rsbbita, Ac punU(?nt inflammatlou vriU caitw tbsl 
■utinuila to dJa. 

Baoillua Cbman.— Thui in found in Miratri'. perhnpij 
tbo moct GOtnnura baollliia in such mattur. It in of a ihorL 
plump, oval iibapa with rounded etula, rory motile, and 
frconencty found in paira. 

Micrcwowna Biakra.— Tbi» ia found in air and watrri 
aVr in pur and Mroiu !!(udatiou«. The gtiaxml appmr* 
aa<* la that it i^ mtctwI with a capaulo, and when lying 
aide by aid^ have the itppoarunce of naraeust. 

Vnu'tftablp nmtti-T when iu a BlAt« uf docnmpoHition Ih not 
^•nerallv erediteil with, wt in tbn caw, being swarmwl with 
bacilli, Shaving fid-likc fonua of rorioiia dimcnwrnw, 
whlili am found in nearly vrny pond aud open olream, 
and although they prodnco dueompoaition, tpvn to that 
wati-r no ndaur. 

Tht>TO are luirvobM of iinlitiary <lc«nnpOMttoii whicb, if 
allowvd to got Uuwn uao'a tbruiLt in too larg« mimlHTiitoba 
doitroyod by tha nentiona of tfaa diKmtive orgiuiH, <:iiuM 
the food to daoompoie In the atomach or in tho buwols 
(Wfum roar.hiny thev woiild hsvoalnngrr timelnmoltiply), 
and in so doing would prodiutL- acutci diarrbms. and othfr 
digntivo diatnTltajwea ; and ni]i0ciallv no iJuiuld (iw! be 
axuoned to heat, and Ihi-n oold. <« if the fuod be of iia 
inaigMlitde charvter. 

Othermiorob(McxiBtthatpo«acaHapnw<Tofaludng nattier 
whSi'k no limgOT li«aa, bnt «lill reuAiua in tbi> living tiasuea 
of human bvUi(rM end other aniinala, and ultiinntriy caiix* 
the brmkinif up of the uui.Tuacopiu striuturv •>( the cinniipw, 

JiMvivmg and rcaidnring thiin inoapable of diachargiiig the 
unrlirmti uf life. 

Tbeeo reqaire no eKplanution from ino ; iiaiflicr il to aay, 
thoy am known u diaaaao i[vnnii, auoh a« tho mienmfnu or 
laeUnuH at anuill-pox, the bajiilli of typhoid fever, of 
dipbllieria, of glandcm, and Ifao i«pirilliun of Artiatio nbulont, 
■uid alao of (itmaiiniiitiim. 

Tb«M! dorlU, aa I hare abo in other parts of my writings 
r4>ferred to, pBM dtruclly from uuo individual lo auvthor of | 
tliir H|ic«ica which ttiUT aHaoL They appaar to bo moea, 
uriginally entMndvnd t>y the onlinary nii('i»bi'n of decern- 
poaitioD, whtob appear tn adapt MmtuieU-Mi to apeciol ' 
euoditiona, but whieu uiiuuled for itnj UnKth irf tiiae with 
the mlotabea of dsoo>niH4>ii.ion, wilt bt kiili'd oil, uiiieainliy 
if oxpoaod to li^fat and nir 

Liiubt and air appmr t-i lio ili'lnnirntul tn tho i&ii~roti«4 
uf OToiuary vegetable aud unimal drvoinpuialiiiii, wlucb dia 
otf when than) ia uuthiujr utoru to llvu upon, by such niatlGT 
bcouming oxidiaed. 

It ia alwi a foot tbiit thrrv luv uoro nilRmliM in Hood- 
vor-Btflrilo wut«"r huumioii, wliirh ia one reawtn why wultx 
ahould nc\'«r ho taken Into u rotwrvoir durinu- flund I'tae^, 

Ba]^ running strottm*^ (bore I l>ar Hoixl r«ii«tnti;i dnntrriy 
xvmniie inatlpr* of ii palliriguiiic kuul, or, at huul., hu wnoli 
Hu, that the uuat minute mioroacopio tnajwetinn of the water 
has foiled to diaoovor ■ single palJiogvmo gum. 



Bacterial Standard Purity of Water. 

A Lundivd miuroUs per oubic ccntinotn is, in Lundc" 
contad«v<d to be the reoognlaed teat of ptaotioal boo' 
purity of the wat«r. 

Lt ntuat 1h< renieniUiq^ that thero are rariouii m 
oouuuuuiiuitinii ibow orguai)«n» to <UlTi-r\-ut aubstfc 
Soni^ will fAy thiit Ihi^y ornie fniui had air, sewage, di< 
iu^ water, and fur tbi: wiiul uf driolmig WktO*, and 



680 



USEFUL HINTS AND TABLES. 



down in n very arhitrn.ry nuiiini-r, lliftt nciLr'.y h.11 iiiFi'^Ttiiuin 
ditii-fiht<» nf the UTTOtiiic hind ciiniR from si st'Jiri-iiy of wiiUr, 
and I have known mnny- miilicai offltM*» prejudiced iu this 
matter, wto, I unheaitatitig^ly aay, without the sliyhteBt 
legitiinuUF reusoQ, pick out Blaortriiessgf vmter.or water stored 
in (jimteniH iKreiieniUy, an tie <'.aufle wl zynrntio dL«i4!>e^, ^lnd 
they have lioldiy a.'SBoi-ted that tlifl.w zymotid -clii^eiitttiH hiiV'p 
put up ibe deaUi rate to an ulnrjiiiiig- eitetit iu the very 
vauic week miH begjaainf^ with the iin'i«' 'Inij, tbiit the Haxt 
Luiidwu Wut^T Worift Compiuiy fa-ile<L to mtiBfy il fnw of 
their cuOBiimon for thia partiuiiliir liay — and notLue thw day 
iiud week'—when they happened to be on the curistant 
pupplj. TVii.t'rt'a8 Huothor iu«lic^il miin of e^putl Rtandinp 
pPoVfld tliHt tho Wtt-ter J<upp'3' li-'id nothiiif^ whatever tn do 
with the infet'tiouM diseiise. How o!>iiid tiivy [I'Mwibly Imt'C 
ft'ver ill this pitrtituitir apot, owinp to » Jt'w noiir«, aot ctx 
iioors' shorluoss, the Sftmn day that ttia wAt«r rtupply Wd.-i 
reduiMid to throe hoiurH, iiiHt«ud of bemg on tweoty-four 
liourF F 

Tliirt diiLrrhiml diHsaw) Eiappeuetl ut the time to bo very 
pftviiWt in LoDtl^jiU. Thew complfiiTst-i were rtouaunBl, and 
mUiinly occa^ont^d by high tc'Oipeni.tiirc!, and Ijij[idc>Ii i;0!A- 
pareJ ((ivourably with the provinces und in l»rga btwoa 
TrheKi Ik oonntant viMcr wiipply was giTen, 

Speaking- of tliese xymotic dLdeiiMxi one thing; \s certain, 
that during the early part of this aimuner we lind 
tremendoiw Htonne — thouyh the wa1*-r does not nlwayH get 
dirwit iiUa our rivera. owiuy to iwr-.-i.ilatiou , bh was the c^m} 
irith shartaea-iof water thLs yisar.w-ith lb« Rivar Tbaiii«niiid 
Iicn — the wE'ither hiui hImi tu'eii, t'Kee&Hively hot, and wh<^ti 
HiusU M iiu^ CHse tb^ biLcU-tial geriDM am ulwuyB prevalent in 
tho Fiir. Tliey nr^ brought down in our ruin wu.ter, Hnd mt 
tlepoMit<,-d, iinu a.n in well known, thrive moro iu poor popu- 
l&bbtl uf confinci] u(^iglib<mrhood.'« than in iiei(j;li.ba(irnoodK 
of the riuh and niore open, or nJ^ibu^ioUs partM, whorC the 
g«rm9 becijrae more readily oiidiaed. Here is UJiotherwuy 
%*'hereby the puorer tlftw of people suffer from tbwe fat»l 
falling oT^nismn, 

People of the lower workin;^ rbuM a,r&niitu Hilly oompeUed 
to be out iu these xyniotic Btorciu. Thtrir 'clubhitiii; often 
beconies. 9i.tnrAt^ ; th& civtbing bein^ of a vu^tiihle kinil, 
is It breeding place for theHehfrnu^, and the heat of Cliu body 
in mostfiivournblt^ for their riropajjutiou. Thisfwptior people, 
ttjicciiilly fhildrta, take eold, when these g-QtniH lia,Vc every 
Opportunity t« infe«t, aueurdinK to their pirticnlar fl:inn, 
the iijtamal purt^ of the bi.wiy, uwd this is thu ruasori why 
thia particular riiw in the death mte toiik place. 

Of eourap, I wm in favour af plenty uf water at all timefl, 
bat htiiriH thiatubu muiiut'i.itiiMli' Sicn.ply by Kinple ntorage. 

Divisibility oF Microbes and Chemicals, 
Tliiti work will not allow lao, for wiLiit of apuoe, to tcacli 
youiilwenticfh port of what 1 lould iklioiitiuie.ro-or^ii.ii4iud, 
chemicnhi, and Huch liko. Thr^refore, I rec^ouLmenii you t<3 
well atudy the woricH I have iklreailj' named, and I iihall 
Gunclode this portioD of the work by uhowing how to arrive; 
ut eoQatin^ of miiTobcd, and a'k.'ertiiitiiii^ Htre>ni;ftha of 
diiferent j'hi'niiLalu, which is imily done if MUtHoiuut rMirc 
be UKcd, though at tirst xig'lit thi-t miiy Bt^ein an ulanniug 
tasAs. to oouut 100,(100 mi<:rob?M in half a oubio inch of 
crater, m^ny of whidi are not the milliooth part of an ineh 
long. But nothing IS wonderful except to the igiiorant.. 
beuaune, ttcieutiti'G wonders nre, like everything else, built 

upon tOJUUttf fH^ts or prilleipluN. 

Wo will Ufce one c.c, whli'h ie taken ut twenty drwps 
of wat4^-r. and »ay it \c contaiaLnated with lll,irOO niien>lK;.-i. 
Now twko tiii.'se 10.0l>0iuiurobe9,and put them into 101) c.ii, 
of abwilut^ly pure wst?r, aud divide theiie 100 c.c. into 
ten absolutely puru sterilised (est tnbe^ (I should here 
reiMnrk thut aterili^tiuu ui^uifles in thin baoteriid work 
baking of the titties in an apparatiie, which may bo had 
from Me&sra, Griffin ^]& 3ou«, or uiiy hucteriologiwu tastru- 



raimt laakcr}, whfflifiiMh teat tube will contain 500 microbes. 
Now lake on^ uf thc^w test tabes containing the 500 
microbeH, and in tlie luime way dilute this tost tube liquor 
with 100 parts of pui\i water, and divide this again with 
your tept tubes, whidi will bring your microbes down to a 
miniuium, according &a you choose to work, some working 
one wny iind Home iiaother. The liquor at last being 
brought to a eeratiinptre, a portion of this liquor can be 
brouo-ht under « <iounting frame, known aa Wolifhu gels', 
whiiJa ean 'le hm3 from any bacteriological instrument maker, 

TbiH in qiiit« bufBoioiit to give you a general inright as to 
the counting, aud for the further process, of ourse, vou 
must »*ek tliL' works I have already named, which are nearly 
^juartor the smo (if thia work itself. 

Cht'mical ciiliiiilnt.ions and a:vtaying are carried out in n 
flimilur mnmier, often by dilution, whilst at other times by 
distill ation. 

Useful Hints and Facts— rontiniwrf. 

I ewt. water = W-'l imperial galls. 

I litre of water ^ ■'I'L imperial gall. 

1 litre of water ^ Gl 028028 cubic inches. 

1 litre of wuter ^ -0353 cubic foot. 

1 cubic metre of water ^s 222 imperial galls. 

1 *ubic metre of wator = 1308 cubic yard. 

I (lubic metra of wiiter = 61028 cubic inches. 

1 eubic metre of wiit<.'r = 35-31 cubic feet, 

1 cubic metro of wut*)r ^= 20 cwts. approximately. 

A column of water I tnstre high= 1*13 lb. per square inch. 

A cubio iniJi of 2in:> iircast iron weighs 4' 16 ozs. 

A cutnc inch of oop^xir, 5 ozs. 

A eubio iueh of silver, 6 ozs. 

A cubifi iueh of teitd, 6<^ oza. 

A ou-bic inch of gold. 10^ ozs. 

A cnbie. incii of platinum, 1 1 -285 ozs. 

English Long Measure. 

This is token from the pendulum, 391393 inches at 
London, which vibrates seconds; and one mile of 1,760 
yarde S» equal to Hil&-833 such pendulums. 

An inch k •'^2fi^h ai the pendulum. 

The amAlleflt aneoMirawe have is a hair's breadth of 48 
toaniuch. [Oautaon. — There&remanymoro than 48 human 
hairs to the inch.) I have just measured a lady's and also 
u man'ii hair, and found it to be ] {g part of a millimetre. 

jln inch i[< divided mCo 12 lines, by the plumber, into 
eigliibs. 

Xn d««inial diidsiona the eighth of an inch ia -0125, and 
an inch is tlie 0-D8Jt3 of a foot. 

A fathom in 6 feet, taken Arom a 6ft. man wading. 

A mile is 1,760 yardti (English). 

Weights and Measures used in Volumetrlo 
Analysis, &o. 

At tbe present time three different units of measure- 
ineut aro in iLao amnnir't Eugliith cheminLs. 

Tbelirst iw thfl C'Shtiiiietre cube, called cubic eentimetro 
(c.c] ; about 20 drops of water or 1,000 c.c. to a litre. 

The XLXund in the (imetn., or the measure of 10 English 
gniiinf id wawr at fi2" fahr. 

The thir<l ui the aeptein., which contains 7 English grains 
of water at 62° Fahr. 

The above two in'oasiires are used in conjunction with a 
ve^el marked to Luld 1,000 of each of these measures ue in 
the litre abdve. 

Therf w an Act of Parliament rendering pcnuiaaive the 
u«e of the metric system of weights and measures. 

The kiloHTum ia said to be equivalent to 15432-3487 
British graiua. 

The litre to ba equiralont to 1-076077 Briti»'> -*-* '^ 
the Utrc = to 0-6fl7932 of a British imper 



USEFUL HINTS AND TABLES. 



681 



The anmber of cubic inches in a pint ia 34-6S925, or 
277*274 cubic inches per ^llon. 

The number of ^r&inaiu a pound is 7,000, and the oumber 
j{ gniim of wat«r in a pint is 8,750. 

U jou therefore deduce the following equivalents: — 
15432-3487 -r 7,000 = 2-20462125 imperial pounds in a 
kilogram. 

1-76077 x 8,750 =-. 154067376 grains of irater in a litre. 

15406-7375 4- 7,000 = 2-2009625 poundsofwaterinalitre. 

A gramme (or gram, aa it la spelt in the Act of Parlia- 



ment] in the 1,000th part of a kilogram, and a c.c. is the 
1,000th part of ft litre. 

A gram weighs against metals 154323487 English grains. 

A cubic centimetre of water contains 15-4067376 Eugiinh 
grains ; or a difference betweeu metal and water of 
0-0256112 English grain. 

A cubic foot of water = 62-321 lbs. of water, or 
997-137 ounoea, usually taken as 1,000 ounces. 

A hogshead is 54 imperial gallons of beer measure, also 
water ; or 540 lbs., plus the caalc. 



P. J. DAVIES'S LEAD PIPE AND HOT WATER CYLINDERS, OR PUMPS. TABLE fReghteredJ. 

With Diameters, Circumferences, Areas, and Volume Displacements in Gallons per foot of Travel up to 50in. 

LIQUID AND OTHER MEASURES. {See also Vtefiil Hinii and Faeig, pai/e 443.) 









Displace- 








DisiilaLC. 












Area. 


ment in 






Area. 


mcElt in 






Area. 


Uunetct 


Circum- 




Impcruil 


DiaDieter 


Circum- 




Imperial 


Diameter 


Circum- 




of Pipe. 


ference. 


Square 

Inches. 


GaHons 
pet Fool of 


of Pipe 


fercDce. 


Square 
liicbei. 


GalloTU 
per fool of 


of Pipe. 


ference. 


Square 
Inchei. 








Travel. 








Travel. 








A inch 


■196 


-003 




llJlnchM 


36- 12 


103-86 


4-484 


62 inches 


163-36 


2123-72 


J 


M 


■392 


■012 


■0005 


12 „ 


37^69 


113-09 


4-881 


63 „ 


166-60 


2206-18 


■ 




-785 


-049 


■0021 


12i „ 


39 27 


122-71 


6-300 


64 „ 


169-64 


2290-22 


■ 




1-178 


-110 


-0047 


13 „ 


40-84 


132-73 


5-732 


65 „ 


172-78 


2375-83 




M 


1-670 


-196 


■0084 


13i „ 


42-41 


143 13 


6182 


56 „ 


17592 


2463 01 






i'963 


■306 


-0132 


u » 


43-98 


153-93 


6-649 


57 „ 


17907 


2561-76 






2-356 


•441 


-0190 


14i ., 


46-55 


165-13 


7-132 


58 „ 


182-21 


2642-08 






2-748 


■601 


■0259 


15 „ 


47-12 


176-71 


7-633 


59 „ 


185-35 


2733-97 


1 .. 1 


3-141 


■7854 


■0339 


16* „ 


48-69 


18869 


8-147 


60 „ 


188-49 


2827-44 






3-534 


-994 


-0429 


16" „ 


50-26 


201-06 


8-683 


61 „ 


191-63 


2922-47 






3-927 


1-227 


-0530 


lOi ,. 


51 '83 


213-82 


9-236 


62 „ 


194-77 


3019-07 






4-319 


1-484 


■0641 


n „ 


53-40 


2-26-98 


9-802 


63 „ 


197-92 


3117-25 




„ 


4-712 


1-767 


■07 63 


ivi „ 


54-97 


240-52 


i 0-389 


64 „ 


201-06 


3216-99 




I) 


e-105 


2-073 


-0«95 


IH „ 


66-54 


254-46 


10-990 


65 „ 


204-20 


3318-31 




,, 


5-497 


2-405 


-1038 


I8i .. 


68-11 


268-80 


11-612 


66 „ 


207-34 


3421-20 




«, 


6-890 


2-761 


■1192 


19 „ 


69-69 


283-52 


12-247 


67 „ 


210-48 


3625-66 


2 „ 


6-283 


3-141 


-1356 


19i „ 


61-26 


298 64 


12-900 


68 „ 


213-62 


3631-68 




„ 


6-676 


3-546 


•1531 


20 „ 


62-83 


314-18 


13-669 


69 „ 


216-77 


3729-28 


2 




7-068 


3-976 


■1717 


21 „ 


65-97 


346-36 


14-960 


70 „ 


219-91 


3848-46 


2 




7-461 


4-430 


-1913 


2^ „ 


69- U 


38013 


16-420 


71 „ 


223-05 


3959-20 


2 


„ 


7-854 


4-908 


-2120 


23 „ 


72-25 


415-47 


17-945 


72 „ 


226-19 


4071-51 


2 


,, 


8-246 


5-4U 


-233T 


24 „ 


75-39 


452-39 


19-539 


73 „ 


229-33 


4185-39 


% 


„ 


8-639 


5-939 


•2565 


25 „ 


78-54 


490-87 


21-202 


74 „ 


232-47 


4300-85 


^ 


<> 


9-032 


6-491 


-2804 


26 „ 


81-68 


530-93 


22-936 


75 „ 


235-62 


4417-87 


3 » 


9-424 


7-068 


-3063 


27 „ 


84-82 


572-65 


24-732 


76 „ 


238-70 


4536-47 


3 „ 


10-210 


8-295 


-3683 


28 „ 


87-96 


616-75 


26-598 


7" i> 


241-90 


4656-63 


3; „ 


10-995 


9-621 


■4156 


29 „ 


91-10 


660-52 


28-633 


78 ., 


245-04 


4778-37 


3 „ 


11-781 


11-044 


-4769 


30 „ 


94-24 


706-86 


30-533 


79 „ 


248-18 


4901-68 


, * .. 


12-666 


12-566 


■6426 


ai „ 


97-38 


764-76 


32-607 


80 ,, 


251-32 


5026-60 


*i •' 


13-351 


14-186 


■6126 


32 „ 


10053 


804-24 


34-741 


81 „ 


254-46 


6153-00 


4 „ 


14-137 


15-904 


-6868 


33 „ 


103-67 


865-30 


36-949 


82 „ 


267-61 


5281- 02 


*J » 


14922 


17-720 


■7665 


34 „ 


106-81 


907-92 


39-221 


83 „ 


260-75 


6410-62 


5 „ 


15-708 


19-635 


-8480 


35 „ 


109-95 


962-11 


41 562 


84 „ 


263-89 


5541-78 


5i „ 


16-41)3 


21-647 


-9348 


36 „ 


11309 


1017-87 


43-973 


85 „ 


267-03 


6674-51 


fiV „ 


17-278 


23-758 


1-026 


37 „ 


116'23 


1075-21 


40 448 


86 „ 


270-17 


5808-81 


n „ 


18-064 


26967 


1-121 


38 „ 


119-38 


1134-11 


48-993 


87 „ 


273-31 


5944-69 


« ,. 


18-649 


28-274 


1-221 


39 ., 


122-52 


1194-59 


51-607 


88 „ 


276-46 


6082- 13 


6i „ 


19-635 


30 679 


1-325 


40 „ 


1-25-60 


1256-64 


54-256 


89 „ 


279-60 


622115 


H „ 


20-420 


33-183 


1-433 


41 ., 


128-80 


1320-25 


57-037 


90 „ 


282-74 


6361-74 


6| .. 


21-205 


35-784 


1 545 


42 .„ 


131-94 


1385-44 


59-849 


91 ,, 


285-83 


6503-89 


7 ,. 


21 991 


38-484 


1-662 


43 „ 


135-08 


1462-20 


02-735 


92 ,, 


289-02 


0647-62 


7i „ 


' 23-562 


44-178 


1-908 


44 „ 


138-23 


1520-53 


C5-686 


93 „ 


292-16 


6792-92 


8 „ 


25 132 


50-266 


2i;i 


45 „ 


141-37 


1590-43 


68-688 


94 „ 


295-31 


6939 79 


H ,. 


26 703 


66-745 


2-4.^>l 


46 „ 


144-51 


1661-90 


71-794 


95 „ 


298-45 


7088-23 


9 „ 


28-274 


63-617 


2-747 


47 „ 


147-65 


1734-94 


74-948 


96 „ 


301-69 


7238-24 


9i „ 


■29-845 


70-8i)2 


3-062 


48 ,, 


150-79 


1809-66 


78175 


97 „ 


304 73 


7389-82 


»o' „ 


31-44ft 


" 


3 393 


49 „ 


153-93 


1886-74 


81-462 


98 „ 


307-87 


7642-98 


"i .. 


32-»* 




3-740 


50 „ 


157-08 


1963-50 


84-801 


99 „ 


31101 


7697-70 


)i 


34-. 




4-10.'> 


51 „ 


160-22 


2042-82 


— 


100 „ 


314-16 


7854-00 



ssa 



GENERAL TOWN WATEB SUPPLY. 



Suggested Equivalents or Metrlo and BPlttsh 
Weights and Monsurcs. 

I dtop of Mid Water aometioMB ia ukeo ta = I gr^n. 

I Knun = lA'ISa pntin*. 

I CO- — 'it lepUYiia. _ ^5■i gr»ia* of ivittvr. SamC' 
tiaiea 20 drops are tak«i u giw co. far miurabe work. 

1 kilogmm => IJMOO- gniUM = 2-2 nTOirdtipoii lb:*. 

r litre =s 21000' iept«at*. ^^ 2'2 ileai^illuiiii. 

1 M>pt«tu, =» '454540 i-.c. 

1 diKa){nlloo -~ 494'&46 d.c. =^ I lb. of wutvr. 

1 gailoa -m tM5-4S ox. = 4A15*6 litro,-. ^ 10 llw. of 
va(«r, or token u noeb. 

I a«!«[n. s' -MSSAl C.C. 

I fluid drai^m = 54-0ST3 Kvai^ =■ <'8I3& aoptMua, = 
i-mn ex. 

I uiiaim ^ '1*1 1 4Q ^rain of vratcr. 

:iO rwt-, «t the pnmnt timr, io 1 ton of IvaiI. 

IS) owe. = 1 fuildvrof lead iu Loiulnn. 

2L KWt. = 1 foddar ui It^ad iu ihv Kortb. 

A weig^b of It-nd wiu, br t':'lwnn1 I., lUH lb«. 

A wnifb of ieail, by Sliitute 'J, Urory VI,, 'a 'iH Ibn. 

A clove of lead i*, Bim'i' lU-ory VI, "a tln»^, 7 lbs. latiio 
tiiur of King Edwurd 1. it vm 8 tin. X.B.-Tbu uld 
tn>d« weivbt fiir UmI him Im'^u loat for itbimt HiJO jt'ara. and 
Wfta fuund hy niyself ju Ilit> jetir mOI, after tvrt'utf yoam' 
•caroli «t ititTi^'nt iiitrrvnlH. 

Ab ■omcticni.-* yi^u will be cttlli'd upos hy cleotridaiw. 
ohemista, ke., to work from tho Fmirli inciLsiimacntK, un 
itwi^ht Ui the MRir utiiiuld U* knim'ii by f-vi-ry plambt^r. for 
I Lave found it rerji uirkwunl, wLeu, oa I wiu suildeulj' 



i^llivl iip^in tn milkff iMriA ni-^iiiniilAtors nud [.bit«n for 
(iliiHric HtutS)^' or i«x«iniiary bal tiirii-n name v«ir< ainvr, 
wlinn tbs ensiiieer, a li«nuiui, ujU tav llio plut«e wen to be 
BO Quuy miniiiwtnM thick, h naaj* cnttimctnw uid^. nud 
MR m&nj dcdBietTW long^, vhiuh wbm qiiitv Iu me uiitn* 
UlliffibU and Itirew me into a perf«t tng. Howpv«r. 1 
grripoLl my wny nut of it without beinK iiiitiowl, and you 
mmj bo mire I nry coou mwlo mjsolf acquainted irith the 
folloving : — 



1 mtltimetra 
1 cmUmetre 
1 deuimMro 
I mctTR 
1 dtMutmetre 
1 h«ctt>tntttT» 
L kilcftuvtn 
I myrioinetre 
1 firo 
1 Kturu 



O-oaa370(> Euglisti facbof. 

fl-893;ory 



J'Mr079 

aB-s;fl7» 

SM-7079 
3M7-o;9 
343 70-79 
3!)5707'9 

10;6-11I4 »quu« fMt. 
3S-3171 cnihie Engli ill feet. 

Xkvw nuHuturcuioDU nwjr be brought iota Boglish 
m^Murr* lui frillow* : — 

Dividu tliip diviniblu bj Vi fur f««t, HC fiir yanlM, or 63,300 
for luilpii, Tho myriomctrv in 1^-3138 miles. 

Tliv L-uatiiuutrc n'^^ &e., i.r., 2M oontiint'tres nmrljr to 
tho inrh, and the millimetre b«in^ a UnOi nf tlutt i< ^5*4 
tnilliiniTtTn) to un inob. n number t(i Iw rt^uiumU-Ttiit if joa 
wiah ti> line tbi-* Freucb ■yiiteiii, wblc-b I muiit tay in ttuy to 
our BViiviii, 

I tnny lubl tliat y<iu citn get tho Freooh rule* at tho rtile 
rjukt-r, given in thu work. 



TOWN AVATKR SUPPLY. 



Cast Iron Pipes. 

PutB OP TS8 WoBcnca HrRxxom op Cast Isow Pipki, 
Weioiiw xsd THicnrcsa. 

I haro anid nnffirimt upon tlte aouroo of Hu> London 
water wupply, and will uuw giro Jiu.t»f«wbiiit« rtwiwcting 
the naiiu. I will aasaniQ that mj rcadora an> tbaroufrlilf 
ac4iiain:i>il wilb rnit-imn straet water maiu*. wbi^k niv 
mad« frum 2in. upwards. Tbi> 2in. urv luudu in 4ft. 
lunjfiiiB, wbichmajlMhAdof various thiokneiatwauitahic for 
ditfentnt hcoda of water, of wbidi the foUawiu^ loblfi will 
irira the randar a gmnrat idea :.— 



|«>et 








hm 


HmiI or uratcr. 


H«mI o( watsr, 


HMd of W4ler, 


WWt. 


nott. 


ICMt. 


aS 


-1 HW 

6 a 












CmI. 


ttoA. ovt ta. lb 


tbkb'ni. 


qi. Itti 


nUk. 


rwt V- I*! 


i 


6 


■30 


1 19 ' 


-31 


D 


1 30 


■it 


1 23 


S4 


8 


■31 


3 3 


-33 





a 7 


•36 


'i 11 


a 


9 


■S3 


3 21 


■u 


1 


U 9 


■3S 


1 9 


•4 


9 


■3" 


1 1 15 


■39 


1 


1 24 


-43 


1 s u 


& 


» 


-39 


1 3 5 


■42 


I 


3 21 


-47 


2 19 


« 


9 


■a 


2 1 S 


■4« 


3 


1 is 


■ftl 


2 S 6 


^ 


9 


■44 


2 3 8 


■48 


3 





■» 


3 2 4 


■• 


9 


■46 


A 1 10 


-51 


8 


2 22 


•M 


4 14 


m 


9 


■40 


8 3 17 


•53 


4 


I T 


-88 


£ 14 


To 


9 


■ftl 


4 2 10 : 


-37 


5 


IA 


-67 


8 4 


11 


9 


•St 


6 3 6 


-ai 


a 


2 6 


•73 


7 3 11 


L2 


9 


■1,9 


B 6 1 


-Q3 


9 


1 -1 


■83 


11 I 9 



Tbt fftmigtli d( tht nutetial to rvaUt Intemal prearare la 
not all tluit ia reqtitr»d for RttMl water maina, but 70a 
ilhoitld oonaidor that thu pipTM Mboald bo of a aufBoteiitly 
■uhatantial chanctvr, and dtin|i P4iiJUgb Lild to b<>ar the 
pTKHiuro from th« trafflo along the roada; uad ultltougfa 
water pipoe mar bo of tho abova thioknBua, yet thcj are 
Hetdom of n niitiana 0)trlfnft«, owing to the faet that Ae 
niiiuldi?r. nht<ii fixing Iha ooree. vaty nldou can gnaiantae 
that tliii com tdioll oe perfectly oentnJ. For ioManre, a 
pipi! whuM) HnhitanM in auppoant to he Jin. thick of UintioiM 
inll be fttuntl to he |iii-, or even lin. uu onv nidc, and i'm. 
Ill {in. on thr' othvr. Then again, aometiinM tlie pitwo wOl, 
lhi>ngh uutM-ii or olfaerwiw aodc4«otable, vnni whoii the 
nnwuro la put npon da pipes, bo found to eonuin blow 
faolea— i.«.. themetAl will boniongT. Infactv I hare Men 
Ibeao pipes broken, after limy hare ftcra aubjvoted to alntml 
rrvrjr onticoivable l(«it, tnni out after Kiiue Tuais in use |o 
cauae no unj of Irviiblv. Oflcn thcMj apon g y bolaa wfll 
run half way rtinnd the pipea. 

It nboiild br bomc in mind that it will be bent to apni-ifir 
tlu) wiTiKht of l.bi- pjpn mlhin- than tlii> tliirlmMse*, and 
leave a foil' niHTjf iu inr tlii- vurintiKiin. a^ Ibn founil^r ia not 
uxpwtnl tu vuBl the ozsct weight, tbi^rfifort.' allow a marTin 
of, eay, between 3 and 5 per nvtiu 

Jointing. 

The beet way of jolutiiig pinea ia bj eaoUriitc with spun 
j-am and niuning with laaa. Oonemltj tl^ eaulkiiig 
mom ix for, wiy. Siti- jupt-ji nbout )in., nod from Uiii, to 
loin, jwpes ,*,iu. 10 jiii., uiid uN illutlratvil rtt thu joint in 



GENERAL' TOWN WATER SUPPLY. 



fiSS 



Fig. 940. The followia(f table will give you a general 
idea of this : — 

Fbopobtioss op Joints on Ieos Waxes Pipk 
SocKxn. 



DIk metal 

Ol pt]HH. 



t 

h 

B 

i 

1 

8 

9 
10 
11 
12 



Depth or 
SockeU. 



Inchn. 

^1 



ThlekfleH 
betwAea 

Sj.iigat. 



Deplb fof 
(.he Leid 

BpUU YUU. 



1 



1 ucliee. 
2 
2 
2 
2 

2 
2 
2 



Load alLowtHl, 

191 WHt« 

•nd Work, 



2 

4 

6 

7 

a 

9 
lU 
U 
12 



With regard to the cost of layiug, this rariea with the 
amount of labour for digging the tronobes and the cost of 
labour in different looahtiea ; bat the prices on the average 
maj be roughly calculated as follows in and about ue 
aoburbs (^London, macadam road, and 2ft. fliu. to top 
of pipes: — 

PSB YaBD (iHOLtJStTE). 



2in. 1/0 
24ia. 1/1 
3in. 1/2 



4in. 1/3 
5„ 1/5 
6,. 1/7 



7in. I/IO 
8„ 2/1 



lOin. 3/4 
11„ 3/11 
12.. </6 



Iron Pipe Jointings, and Prices of. 

The following is taken from one of loy old day books of 
a job whioh I £d ten years ago, near Salisbury, and will 
aerre to gire an idea as to the number of men for carrying 
out the job where the length of piping is stated together 
with the sizes; — 

"Soft road ground. Trenchers' time: 16 men getting 
out trench and flUing in, including lifting in ^pea, totu 
length, 3,320 yards of 4in,, 27 days each. The jomts were 
made by two first-rate jointers. They made 30 per day 
each man, but the fire ana lead-pot were attended to by a 
boy. Span yam Jib, to a joint. "Lead for jointing will 
ran on t&e avenige lib. to the inch — that is, a 6in. pipe will 
take 61b. of lead ; but this depends upon tho jointer. 
Some men will use half as much again as others, and then 
have bad work. The secret of jointing is to properlv ram 
np the spun yam true and even, so that tlie lead will form 
a true ring. Then the lead should be run not too sparingly 
nor too fiul, but just enough to fill the socket flush ; for if 
you have too much you cannot drive it home on account of 
a flange forming round the joint, and if not suffii^ent then 
you ^11 split Uke socket with the end of your caulking 
chisel." 

Sometimes the ends of the pipes are fitted sa at the 
union in Fig. 964, and ground together, then pulled ap 
with two or more strong bolts and nuts with lugs, especially 
used for the London hydraulic mains for water power, 
Ufia, Ac. 



Thtoretigu. Stbenoth of Lead Pipes. 



LEAD PIPES. 


LEAD.ENCA8BD PIPES. 


In. 1 
tOTnal 
dlam. 






Bunting 






Banting 


Thlck- 


WelBbt , 


Preuuni 


Tblek- 


Velicht 


Preinira 


DM*. 


per (oot. par iq. in. 

1 iQ llM. 


asM. 


per tooL 


per lu. In. 
tnlba. 


Inohei. 


Inch. 


lb. 




Inch. 


lb. 






■2 


2-3 


1579 


14 


1-3 


1S59 




■2/ 


26' 


U49 


•13 


1-4 


1451 




■22 


3-8 


1191 


■16 


19 


1416 


1 


■2 


41 


911 


•14 


2-4 


1265 


U 


■21 


6-3 


683 


■13 


2-7 


835 


1* 


■24 


71 


734 


•15 


3-8 


849 


2 


■21 


92 


498 


1 -17 


5-4 


642 



The tearing strength of lead pipes was 2,1591b, per 
square inch, uid of lead-enoased pipe 3,769lb. per square 
inch. — Kiykaldji't ExpwimenU. 

For this we will also take our calculations from Barlow's 
rule, which runs as follows, taking the cohettvs streng^th 
of drawn lead at 2,T46lb. per sqnare inch : — 



T = l-L-J 



R + P 



S - P 



P = 



S = 



3 


+ 


T 


{R 


+ 


T) X P 



Inirtiioh S = 
P = 



R = 
T = 



T 

the cohesive strength of the 

metal per square inch, 
the internal pressure per square 

inch, in the same terms as 

S. 
the radius of the inside of the 

pipe ill inohes. 
the thickneas of the metal in 

inches. 



The above is Barlow's mle for thick pipes, but for thick 
pipes such as those which the plumber has generally to do 
with, and in order to provide adequate strength Uiere is 
nothing to equal practdoal testing ; but for our purpose we 
will adopt the following hard and fast rule, which takes 
the form below : — 



= {^ 



In which 



10 
D 

H 
t 



the diameter of the pipe in 

inches, 
the safe bead of water in feet, 
the thicknew of metal in 

inches. 



The following table can be obtained, therefore, frtnn 
Barlow's rule, where we take the cohesive strength of ttie 
lead at 2,7451b. to the square inch, which is man dinot 
experiment on lead ; and as lead pipes are prened with 
various kinds of te/t and hard lead and to various wtdgfats 
(see my Practical Lead Pipt Tatted Table on page 3fl] to m^' 
the different heads of water, and taking an orduary tMH 
alure and the medium weights, deducting the thtwIuM 
therefrom, the foDowing table will be found in whioh 
safe working pressure is by some engineers (thoagh tj 
too much) taken at one-tenth of the bursting strain. lb 
here again remark that there is nothing but real ptmol 
and the qualities of lead to be depended upon in 



684 



GENERAL TOWN WATER SUPPLY. 



lead pipen, no nuittflr haw carefully worked out tfaporeti- 
■■iilly : — 



Diameter of Pipo j i" i |" 

Weight of Pipe, lb«. pes 

fout |l'33l-47 

Safe Pressure in feet of | 

water I 232 183 



I 

1-87 
174 



1" 

2-80 

151 



If: 
i-33 
162 



6-0 

140 



6-7r)8-0 

122I116 



See alio Lead Pipe Working Strength of Piimp Table. 

Br comparing this table with tho table of weight, and 
working Mtrength of lead pipes on page 3G, it will bo seen 
that the ^in. pipe, Ko. 2U, in my practical workintr table is 
below the table above, about 32ft. ; but the ^i"-* ^o. 22, \s 
200ft. in my tabic on paire 3G, whiUt that in the above table 
ia 183ft., stiowing u ditference of only 17 between the 
practical an<l theoretical ; but if you examine tho inch, 
No. 42, in the practical table, and compare it with the inch 
in the theoretical tabic, you will there see a wide margin, 
the theoretical being 51ft. above that of the practical table ; 
■nd on examination of 1 jin., No. 62, in the practical table, 
•nd comparing it with that of tho l.jin. in tho theoretical 
table, a difference of 98ft. will be seen ; and in the IMn. a 
difference will be seen of 1 10ft., tho theoretical table being 
tkU much lower ; and the 2in. varies to the alarming 
■monnt of 184ft., tho theoretical table being this much 
below the practical working table, which I can only account 
for by allowing, in these luge pipes, the working pressure 
to be t^cn at one-tenth the bursting strain. So much for 
the tUokneaaee of the walls, and their resisting power. 

Welgtits of Pipes and Castings. 

The ireight of pipes and cylindors is often required by 
the surveyor and engineer. The rule to find the weight in 
nounds ia to subtract the square of the inside diameter 
In iiLOhea from the square of tho outer diameter in inches. 
lEultiply the losalt ny 7-4 and divide by 3. Multiply 
Uatlf by the lengtli of the pipe in foot. The weight of 
eutoiga maj be determined ttius : — Multiply the width in 
ouutar inonea by tlie thioknese in eighths of an inch, and 
UTid* 1L» prodnot by 10 ; then mnltipiv the result by the 
Imgth in feet. For wrought iron add Vcr to the result. 
TUt outinga and bars are of constant requirement, and 
their Wright can be foond by the simple rule of multi- 
■lylBf the width in inohee by the thickness in inches, and 
\f Mm iMtgth in feeti and thim for cast iron by 3f , and for 
mM^bl WHi si. TaUsa of theee weights will be found in 
hMtbooK; bi^ the dmplloi^ of the above rules 
to all Ihoee who are in frequent want of 



dm Water Pipes. 

neCwntwiapply to towns, &c., wooden 

' ae ia dkown at Hg. 780, and even 

' ~ >of the United States, where 

Am old wooden water mains 

IT ■■eelinfsflliirj' results. 

alloyed in England 

attiolea were first 

I wUeh went in use in 

I flanges, which, 

I publiahed in 

r water, water 

^iiMk. Mdh, V wood; the 

of iron 

tMaJWwuf 

LUsetber 




length is usually about that of the iron pipes," I have seen 
these pipes, boUi in iron and earthenware, and the descrip- 
tion is exact. The earth pipes were made thinner than 
those of our day, and are more of the shape of a cone, and 
without collars. To make their joints thoroughly water- 
tight they tised Roman cement, also tow and pitch, and for 
heavy pressures they used hot resin and mutton suet, 
with tow : and an excellent j'cint was mode. We boast of 
our drainpipe jointing ; but where are joints now to be 
found on drainwork made better than those of eighty years 
agoP 

I have said that the joints on the iron pipes of 1803 had 
flanges ; but tho spigot, or socket joint, was well known at 
that date, for nearly all the wood or tree pipes had spigot 
joints. Some were made by driving one end into the other, 
whilst others were made exactly as we make ours at the 
present time— with spun yam and lead— except that the 
front part of the male end was made to fit, cone-shaped, 
into the socketed end, as shown at B, Fig. 780. The outer 
part of the female end was made slightly tapering, and 
stout iron rings, C, E, were driven np, to tighten the outer 
part on to the lead and yam. The lead could not get oat, 
no matter what pressure was pot behind it, owing to the 
fact that the male end of the joint was cone-shaped : in 
fact, the stronger the pressure the tighter the joint 
became ; the wpun yam being presi^d against the lead 
prevented the escape of water. I may state that Fig. 780 
irt a similar drawing of an old joint, which I found 
whilst cutting a drain for St. Margaret's Church, Loth- 
bnry, London, in the year 1879 ; it was about 9ft. down 
from the level of tho roadway. 

One thing is quite certain, that tho gas companies had 
to pay the piper at the commencement of their work — 
date about 1813— for we read that they had to pay from 
£18 to £20 per ton for cast-iron piping, which to-day is 
but little more than one-quarter the price. In France the 
gas companies at first [owing to the price of cast iron) 
used tinned sheet iron, riveted op, the thickness being 
about No. 16 gauge plate. The pipes had a coating of 
tar and a layer of asphalte, and some say titat these 
pipes have lasted from thirty to thirty-flve years. 

Sepvice Pipes from Street Mains. 

AUo aee Building Supplies. 

For Irtm Pipe Work we Sot Water and Gat Fitting Work. 

In laying these mains one uniform method should be 
adopted. They are, or should be laid, if regulated by the 
r^ulations of the Water Works Act of 1871, at a depth of 
2tt. 6in., and out of the reach of the frost; but I say 
3ft. 6in. to 4ft., to be properly oat of the way of the faxwt. 

It is always advisable when the ground has to be opened 
to apply to the water company, as in many parts they do 
it themselves ; whilst in other districts the plumber has to 
^t it done. When the latter is the case the plumber 
in>-ariably has to apply to tho vestry or local board 
authorities for a license for breaking up the road. 

In Kensington we huvc to deposit a sum of £l to defray 
the expenxe. After the work is completed, and all made 
good to the satisfaction of the authorities, the balanoe is 
refunded. 

Lead Pipes. 

There are but few good even lead pipe makers. The first 
two in my opinion are Meavs: F. A. Clark & Son. of 
Hammersmith, aud Mr. Chatterton, of King's Cross, 
whos' -ory largely used. 

' toored hot enough to prevent oold 

H n heat of load so ae to withataod 



G£NEBAL TOWH WATEK SUPPLY. 



ffSff 



tbp Lum pin u^'xinsL »i<y upliltinjr ff 'xul pivawnl liil^, 
whii'h nti'iul'l alwuj-i' \w irjirtnl n» worlKlnm : alMi luolt out 
for breakinjf pijic wlii-o U-iidiii[r ►uob rfittcii etuff, 

Th^ liiaii pii^fl used for ttii^ kind 'rf wurk an: ircnoraUy 
■up[riioil in oaibi, ah vhown nt ^V', Fine. 9(10. Th« siite of 







Fm. WW, 

th^tciKl pipostobevMddebcnilitcipaBllioeniniMiiiy. Sodm- 
will hnvi' II MTtldn iiKo of pipt- wttL s tisrtain fuhfltttiw. 
wIlLIhI (itbcM du n<tt trouliUt thitnwlrsn miicti in iVin imitttr. 
Th» Now River. Knit LhuiIdu, W-il MiiliHwirK, I,iiilU'I1i. 
nnd ■ fow iiikar wuUt tMUnpuult'!*. iiifcirod n 1l"»!1 pij>o 
ncocinUnK to tht- W*t«r OutnprtnioH' Act of 1S7I. ')f tnr 
followin)^ Hutwlaiiuo, v'tt. :— 

Wel()il dF Lrxl 
PteDMter flpft In Iba. t«r 
Incbw. Lln*al Ysjil. 
,..„i.,„,., ^ 

a 

7i 

9 

i 12 

1} Ifl 

Lead Pipe, Burftting Strain or 

On pa^ 36. VoL I,. I grave « imrkin^ lahle of the 
■trcntftit of loud pipe, ^hicti I for yenta hnvp i)-«ot. (iml hiL* 
ptovoo ■atucfaetorj'. I liavi? al*u kIy«ii Burluw'a ruin oniie 
woiUng Ptronirth of lowl pipes. [5w TbtuivUcal 3tivii(^ 
of Lead PipuB.) 

Brats Worik— PorrulM. 

The old cIass '.>f driviuiT fiindc it nhoit-i] at A. Fiic. 901 , 
wMoh W*» nm-d wp till the yf(ir ISTO. 

It liiul Hitiiplv u Utu.'a liijteiiiiK' tid<^t end- rotiKb lllcdmvni 
tndfivi- into the irixxleii or iron pipi*, aftir hariag mtult- 
iIh> plumlierV Joiiit ■>» thv uiiiti-t cuil 




Viu. oat. 



B, "Fig. 941. in i^ rtnttjilit ^•K.-n-trcd M oiie «iid) fnTiilv, 
for KMnriDg Into Ifan Ircm nuLino. 



Titf franilc htmhI •><■ ll>r New River, East Loodub, nod r 
fuw utl)i<r GuiuiKtuiin iiboul I^oailon, in Khown nt V. U, T, 
Fi^. i^O. 'Vhxt is 8iiup]y s bent ferrnlo Krvwcd nt A. 
Fiif. 960, to jin., (in., jin., or other size gas thread, but 
shunld be- acwved woll taM'ring, iw Ihftt it will tinffatr n ap 
(Ur it entcnt tLi.- tupped hula in tho main, ftr. B in iln? nut. 
til mtrvw thr lining K in to the bond D, The Unitig E ta 
Holdered on to tlw kod pip. lut shown Kt C, G, Fig. MO. 
Ac S, T, V, V ia nbovig n ferrtil« for in>n h*rrcl wfewod 
»t V. Old drivinf; fermlM w«» lued bvfore tita aenw 
(rrndc wiui itindiitvd- 




Ft'>. on. 

Fiffa. 963 and 901 vbow ti kind of Ktop<valt« tervlOi 
suitnhlo fi>r ohnUintf oft tke ira,tcr. A Ifl die valvA. 
nnd J till' ■eutiiiKi *-' hs ih<^ iiuion niit and B tbe Hning:, B 
(hL- wrew fur working' thi< viilrp. iind I'' thi' tup. In thia 
Talrc it may hv H'-vn llial Uiu wutvr luis ovory ehauoo of 
pMving N^wiwu the screw Mid tho top, bat on oloseljr 




Kio. uw. 

ciunimngthediagTBin it will tf< HMO that usder the enp 
U flxed iL uuithnr wudior. and far turning' Up the top |KUt m 
■he Taiv« tight Hgit)u»t thin wiuh«r all dbaacnaof a br-juMi 
urn atflppcd. If you clowly csanuiM Ihv vod of tbe Liiiinji 
ut Q. Vig;. wa, and thnt at A. Fig. 964. yoa will aee Ibat 
lUc' end uf llit- lininLT protrude* into tbc union, wtiicJk will 

fir»T<-nt, a .lo'id di»r hpinij plarfd b«'[w«^ tb« rnd uf tlui 
ininjiaud Iht; end uf iKv tinimi. Now *iBmlno (', Fig. 
\)62 : hen yon will aev that tho «nd of the lining ia flat and 
)>titts tip ogninst tbe md of th*- .ii-rrw^d part of tl» femile 
nod will wlniit of a lentluT wmthi^r lietoK' placed between 
tltei end of tbe lining nnd 'the end of tho fearnle or noion : 
Irtil »uppo«c instvad of this I(«llK-r wanher that a jJaln 
di>w of iiMtlhir he. iinM. it will b^ plain that no valor oaa 
jiaaa, and aboulil tliL- preHiun- be loo strong a oopper coin 
nuiT h* platiod at tlii> Imck of Ilii' ImlliM' Ui atrauglJiiTii it. 
Tiua ia a v«rj' guud plun fur culling off tbe water. I liaT* 



GENERAL TOWN WATER SUPPLY. 



FLUO. 




riD. Hi. 




In II 

pipr. -. 



U-f 



mtvttniiag U' U. ii 
the yeiir 1X07, ui 

laU«r km r.f^nuDool 
«re <^«i>t in tiirgr*. 
M hidf. 8FVt*m] wf 

bkt betWMO tllMll tu h: ; 

made bf llit- ]Hitl<-r*. I'liin. 
on* end t>«n'ijg iilw&j> made 



IT 



tte nd of th* tiniiie oat off 
stf tbe water, iaatead »f 
Tilw A. Wg. W2, <w, •" 
«TVw fMTBlo A, B, aed 
^ « valTp-acrwir fomilu 
^^1, wbkh is ptntrotod 
^J* by 31t«n J Tjlor 



ul l)u> l«t« Mr 
Water Worin. 
^ Wwt Mi>t- 

•^mX (bo utiifln 

-^dtliatfau 

^ «lhNiop 
. thfl 
.iJtbc 



wiaue nowB, w that a aniBll t«e apanmT iw~^ u: tua<.'rtcdia, 
it throogfa tbo holfi in top cap, nnd t)i« plnK valva n 
Bcrewed down nr opened »» T(;qniK»<J. Tli top esp.l^wmi 
pro(«ctui|; the plug valvo fa-oiB grit and dut. pct^'eota th« 






riu. DOB. 

ri'wd up loo bigli. Tbtwe fumilva 
. k' liw uains uodcr pcvntuv aa nl 



GENERAL TOWN WATER SUPPLY. 



687 




(«w nlto Tig. 070.) 

Mnlns (Tapping). 
I will now flxptnin and illiiKtnits on* or t«o of Uie 
nmiJcet mctliods vf tapt>itiu' <li>- niHiu*. 




Hmiuff tit* groMnd open dtymn (o Uw nuin, rad the 
wtttpnvorin' imn on Um job (wlio mmonUj' nbont Ijcindoa 
ion Ck worlEt, eammvtiM ue wrvk mi foUom. Sa; tlno 
lio)(^ is to Im drilled »a Hhown at Fi?. Oti7. 

The mftiii lieir.fir I'nipty. put on ihc oliunt^ K-iMoitf (A# Mp 
<fri//iiif armngi-nfHi, tw iihowa in Flff. D6H, and drill lliis 
hole : iifbfiriinlii lap li with s niitM>l«-B«^ fpui thnmd 
Up. It trill not Alvarn bn Danmu^ to im iba duop itnd 
bloclc »H ■Ikc^wii at F%. 9afl, «» onlj ooe Ar tira water 
•virapHuiai in tiuixlciii r«|aira thi* mrraugnnenl, sod wbera 
Kunh in in foroo, Uiey luually miful out the oluDp alfwidy 




I'li.. Mt. 



Tapplnfi Maint (without Driiring). 

SowtiniM It ha|iprnA that jnn will not Viwt AxiWmg 
taekle to Inp tlii> inutn willi. In iituili comsi, rem will bn 
nMo tu iln tliii job witfa n ili.-ininnd -pointed tool or rbtftel— 
ami tliiTK »n> auiny niitTi wlm pn-frr to cut thair hiil«ti thia 
wnv to that of hairing' tint Inmbilu at oiriing ah»ut thi> 
drilling Inrklo : but it miuit Ym raiieitib«n«l tiiat y-Ji miwt 
k«o]> yuur diunoud [xitiit Ut a tpj-A cluipu anil t^liarp, nnd, 
vbca cuttini; the biil«. k<> trrn<1ually rtitlinir nil nini») in 
« clrelo to about tbo siic of ihc huk-, (fnui. uin: l«:iti^ Lulten 
not tuatnkti too henry hlowa, wtiicli wniild rplit or titber- 
wiM iujuw the main. Afler yon Uiivi; tfaun out th« bold, 
it miut bv ramed touud aud tapped a« before. 

Tapping Water Mains under* Presaure. 

Tma aystefD of tapiuiij; tliv innino, which allows of dhi 
faok» aad the ecHmeotloiM to ht mndc. notwith«tnndlng: Iht 
pRMtin) bfdngfiill on, i« uf ^-at vnluo in towna or vHtet 
plarwa wlii-iv Lin- <ihullinj^ down would liMuaretuenoo 
uMtanfacturwni Aud the like, and wUl ba nPritlj Olldanlowl 



Kio. MT. 



GF.NEBAL TOWN WATER SOPPLIf. 



boB dw Mlmrinfc •l«wti{riion nnil Uliutrvtitm. Brown'o 
P Mwi Femdn ; wlo miuuri, Hvwim. J- Tyioi ii Sodh, 



-^^^-'-i.^-^' 




'J 



I* 'A 



fin. 96a. 

Far orditiAr)- malnfl thn fciruk* nre Mipplind witli i-lipa, 
wliirh ottvinU- Ihe nccMBJtv of M'ntwiRg or Mppin^ uio 
mitin, itothiuK ivqiiirinjf b> ho done VmC driUiiiff it hulo In 
thr iiiuia. 

Tlia incthivl ■>( att:uthin^ a orrvicc pi[w is )im fullown: — 

By iiifaiin uf tlie uaiiitl Entclict tiriion nitil a driU, abapiai 
fts bIi'iwii lit A. Hk- ff-S, n rccPM U b-inil iu tlie top of tfae 
pi|>);, nr i>lu>firn nt B. tttc worlcmnn cnwiujj t.) ban ob sooa 
Ks Ihc point nf till- drill prick* thr w«l^r. 

Tb« foclt luiil rJiji iiiv lli'.u ]'lai.t>i] in jKHiLioti iind mMun-d 
bj tigliUiiiujt tht' ':lil> by th'' two nuW afid liy nerwwiiiK 
uo feiTulv in tbo di[i, k juiut bviup miule bf tho kiM 
«iiAh«r C : r>r the joint nay ht- mridtt wil-h liiitiiirr packing 
liL-twocil till dip iiiilI mniii pi[M, nml Uiu forrulu ««r*.'Wi:il 
firmly rotti tho ••lip im with tlic fiHiitm-y »rrew fomilp. 

Till- I'll) >4 the cock, witlj the vnWe iind it* i^ndla, iut 
thmi rvinuvtil, ubiI tlw ilrill ]{tii<li' li i«ilh drill E nr« flxi^i 
Ju their p1»c«^ ; tlio i.ui|i &ii>l lining ure rt^iiHivM fmnn Uiti 

Ctk'l uf tliv Dovii, atii] tho cLuuiloyr C tuiil ]Auk Q MB 
nirnl on in ihHr Ahiiul, lu Hb(iv.-n in (he diajrraiii. 

TliC drill F l- llii'ii (urcul duwn Kud tliu holo drill<xl 
riKhl through i • miuiU »U'*tuRi nf vrntvr In at th>'- mudi- liinv 
■Ilowvd Uf ncty.- by tlv pctuock H tu curry uwuy tliL- iiun 
boring • 

Tho drill B i* nowwithdiMWn into the poditioii nhnwiv in 
Flk- 968, snd thp p1ti|( G i> irrown] lumu-, lu nIxiwii. 

Tlte we^w u( wat^'r Ivl ik l^"" pn-vmitctli tbn drilt 
j^lik D, »u) now be taki-u ii way uud ttv top of tbv cmk K, 
and permanent vuliv L, put on a/< rdjiiwii iu Fig. 96Ta. 

The pluj{ tJ, i* thwi withdrawn wttbia the cluuiiber F, 
mad llit-piinuancat v»]r« L.hariuijbeMiacrewod downupvii 



the font M. llie chiiratpor F with it« plnir O. ran he rrmorrd. 

and Ihr ciiii aod Uninif, N, 0. Fi«- M". Twplai<«l, mid tho 
Inyitifc uf Uw itCT»-i(* pro<*oded with. 

'Il will thus l**cen ih«t the-whiilp pnx^cw) ia rety nJlBpIe, 
and nw.il» no iurthi-r uiiitirutu* tii.-ui tht^ (nt«i*> D aud F, 
which, of DDurao, tarn lor ua lodc^niic duidIhw of noolca. 

Auv fonn of flUp auy bo umxL: the Idnd abown «l 
Figa/wi^l^ and Q69 la vcrjr atroug and chHp, ooiwiatillg of 




_^-71_.- . 






gulvaninod nroaa>bar, and flat bimd bmmtfa tlM [dpo 
lmtilnntiii|;iii two |ia. acniwi) akkbuwii. 

Where b(iwi.f . an at F^g. W7. are nart on tlw pipos, 
orwtii-ro a Mittic^iciit tbicktu-aa of RtFtnl <-xiata tnnublofr 
pruTHTT diiptli nf wmw Ihmnd ti> In* ubtahi^ without 
L'ntircly jioiictnitiug the pipe, it in ubriDns chat clijis m« 
not miiiired. 

Oaxt-inin licll covf>r«, P. an; provided as Hfcown in 
Fijr- 067. 

TfaeMi atond on the pipv, and do not tauc^ cilhflr tho 
rwk "f the clip, Olid lhu» ill* vwik ia vlBMtu&Uy protected 
fruiii injury. 

When.' iliL- tiiAiiii) aro det^p. it ia a good plan to CIUT7 Op 
a piMr iif 2iii. ^m pips t<> UL-nr the mail aurfnoo, oorcrlnff 
it with tht^ujip R. 

ThL-n. at auy timv, with ttii.' aid uf a lonu kcr, tho walrr 
niay bo nhut titf, without the utccJN^ty of aigging down to 
th(- iciaiu. 

Fig. 97U il)u«init(a UcMn. Stono t Oa.'c nutiiod of 




GENERAL TOWN WATER BITPPLY. 




S40 



GENEBAL TOWN WATER SUPPLY. 



topping the mam under pressure of water. The following 
ig the description : — 

One of its principal features is the introduction into the 
patent fen-nlee lued in connection with it of a ping valve, 
the object of which is to close the oonimunication between 
the inlet and ontletof fcrrulee, while it is being attached to 
the main. When the ferrule is fixed to the main, and 
connections attached, the internal plug or valve is nii«ed, 
so opening np a free communication between the inlet and 
ontlet of lerriile, and allowing the water to pass into the 
service pipee. 

The appaiatna is of the mmpleet, and 7et the most 
perfect Dxid, and althooj^ exoeeoinglv strong, it is very 
portable. The saddle piece B, is made so as to be used 
with different saddle packing pieces A made suitable for 
different diameters of main pipes, so that one saddle piece 
oan be need with various sizes ot main pipes hj simply 
changing the packing piece A at itB underside. 

Direction* for Using the Apparatus. 

To drill snd tap the hole in main nnder pressure : —Place 
the packing piece A, on the pipe over the point where the 
oonmotian is required to be made, the jomt between the 
packing {deoe and pipe being made b^ gieosed felt or other 
aaitsble material, ^x the saddle piece B, in position hy 
means of the chain C ; place in position the steel slide D, 
with the hole in the same over tiie spot in main, where the 
eonnection is to be made. Insert the spindle £, with drill 
tap attached in boss on saddle piece, having at topa cup 
Ifathnr to prevent leakage, slip the internal sleeve F (also 
fitted wiUi cap leather, which sleeve transmits the feed 
to drill) over spindle, and screw the outer deeve G, with 
*— "TT-g BOrew H, and screw pin I, (slackened ont) on to 
»iHw pfaoe. Plaoe the double ratchet K, in position, and 
tjght w screw pin I, insert the pin giving right-hand 
^MHK hs pawl of ratchet, and oommenoe to drill, tightening 
^■ ■ cro fing screw H, when necessary to get feed on drill. 
«%«« driO is throng the main and commencing to tap, 
kw Ac tcnw H, tightened continoonaly, and the tap will 
«un Amtk «t its proper speed. Withdraw tap and drill 
)F nvennf pia in pawl of^ ratchet, thus giving loft-hand 
K doee slide D, remove drill tap from socket 
1 nplaoe same when fixing tin. and l^in. 
^ >f a SRww«d ping H . which projects below spindle 
*» wUcii plug is screwed the lower part of 

._ sb 1> containing plug valve (see illustration 

'^a«. 9" Wm ftnag 4in. and }m. ferrules the socket N 
i. wsik 4hr Wr fait «■ same being soiewed to bottom of 
T-y Y H»£ w W«vr part screwed over lower part of 
.^p«r-«i-^lit. ,:ii«*lV>-9Uandg66.) 

»jte-H»ah «<A ttww altat'hments is again inserted as 
iMPi£ -mNit IJbt riUto D is withdrawn from covering 
»* «M m y rf W<l«v the lower i>art of ferrule is 
tav A« Vw V; MMUU Df the spindle and ratchet 
«^ WVfw iKia ta dune, the whole of the 
kM^ 4- -»^i»^ W^i«^ the hitwr pari of patent 
„ I .^.»*wl>J^ iW ii^w valve ra main, 
■'^fi^ ..^M ^M 4t i&» 1«««1^ having the cap scretred 
^TVti* <<«»««£ ^ l» ¥«'* ^'^ mua, and the service 
-''*^ j.--^" 1* MclAM ■*< VAM^ i& the ordinary way, 
-«'*: .,^)a,rik 4h • Oi wwMfc ft«^ valm is unscrewed by a 
- '-^^ ,^^ ^jj rr-j Mm^ ^'^or y«\>>K>twa on top ol plug or 



V ^^*-. •* H-*" *•''- ^''^ »»«1 "7*. "»d we 'or 

■!?^^, ^ V vv*-*x«>i^ t^kv ;**i ^« »lher pipw together, 

"-* **SC. . .-v -vli ^3 »**«*> ^ »>» ■akbg ol a joint, 

^- '-'-^jirK V- '*?***'«** '^ Mwwiu-^ haw to bo 




taken apart. These unions are very numerous in design, 
some having round entrance ends whilst oUieis have 







Fia. 973. 



square, wlueh prevents the female end turning when the 
nut C, Fig. 972, is being turned. 

Hose Unions. 
These unions ore shown at Figs. 974 and 975, and are 

KIO. Vn. FlO. 976. 

largely used tn fire-engine work, garden supplies, brewery 
work, &o. 

Barrel Union, one end for Lead. 

This union is illustrated at Fig. 978, luid is for the 
purpose of connecting lead to iron pipe, such as a stout 
piece of {in. or lin. to the hot water supply to baths, &c. 

Barrel Union. — Male Thread. 

This is illustrated at Fig. 973, and is used, as at Y, W, 
Fig. 1,578, &C., instead of the connector M, E, Z, Fig. 
1,691. 

Barrel Union (ordinary) with Female Screw. 
This is illustrated at Fig. 978. A, B, are the two ends 
screwed Inside to suit the screwed ends of the pipes. The 




Flo. 978. 



end B of this union (nnder a pinch) may be tanned and 
soldered on a lead [ape. Tin the tiaiDg up to tlie ilicnilder 



GENERAL TOWN WATER SUPPLY. 



611 



tH«r tba onUide Bciewed part : bat Vlg. 979, which is ■ 
xtTDnK unioD of good aliApv, shoald ba amd whnv prioo 
will allow. 

Barrel Union with Square* on tho LlnlnKfl 
with Female Screw. 

Tills it Bbown at E, F. Tia. 077. and u far tLtt ^nipon 
ol Mmwlng an tlw- lintit^n mih the Mrew irreoob, Htttead 
of uaiiig Ui« g»M lunga, which ore Apt to cut end merk tlM 
oabodv of tho Utiiiig«. 




Fid. BTO. 

Pig. 978 id M foTTuIn fnr ■rnrving' on ts iron p*P^< Uid 
tvT ranking fnxid iron to W&il vilhout Um put and linin». 

UDtaoB with iiAago moi fly uut on for iron, ilxtv, ur vlnvr 
teaks where the cisten i» required to dnin Iteelt dry. 





Fii;. iwi, 



riti. «ei. 



Thtt diagTAmc, Figs. 980 end 081, need bo finthcf 
d««inptiim. 




FIO.KS. 

Union Joints. 

It win Kmetiincii ba|ii>fa Ibut yim will bQ roqidrod to 
rrpeir » leed pipo when tbo w&tcr cuaot be qtiite turned 



of^ utd tlut jDQ Monot OM iMld«t; tmdee BOob ciroum< 
atmnom » onion of aoma dnMiiptioD moet be uiwd— for ntob 
refer to F!|;, 962. A. ie a oono^aheped mcliat ; E. b Idnd of 
aenwed lump, with en est«siuUjr square lining:, the tasadfi 
of wfaic-h fila ttii^ pip^i "'"^ proauM it npon tb« ooDO-thii|Md 
mcket ; D, the nut, la mudu wa iJ»c>im, to Rrip tbn iMtd fair 
OD to it, simiUrly as at £. Sqw exuuine tha elovatioo 




na.9«s. 



F, Ct, H, I, J, Fiff. 9a3. Hun jrou wiD mt that bj op<>iuBg 
the endii of the ppoe, and placing the ootM>>abepbd aoeket 
A botwmn tbeon. and bj aoicwing the two auta together, 
that for tamporaij wuik a aonnd joint may bo mndo. 




no. 961 




fin. MS. 



Fig. 9S4 is the aamc kind of thiag, but the tm^ nod ia 
aorewed for ir«>ii. FIk- 9Bi i* the almratioii of 1^^^. 384. 

Thov urv Tarioua kiiula of thioaa eon&eotiona, ooapIiiit<ai 
or tiniona in the tn&rkel. Utoee above deacribod are vny 
good. 




no. W6. 



Tig. 9M iUtutmtefl tho turn pin twed for opcul 
■Dds of tho pipe luttable for the anion. Vig. 9S1. 

Figa. 6S7 and 9HH iiliuitnto Koaara. Stanza ml 
loed nad iron pipca; tlio ecRravlnKa enleftt Ihe. 
after what haa bees written about Fig. 983. 




642 



OfiNiSRAb TOWN WATEK SUPPLY. 



tig*. 989 aiul 090 illuKtrato the tbova nnioo joint, botli njuulo to foqain: mny fiulbcr ilc«cri[i4ioH after tlw previoua 

cifilnnatMm. 



mdii for Ipad. 



ITAO 








nu, iMt. 



LTAP 





tMlrwv#M"A^VV>i 



Fin. MS. 





fm. km. 

Raring expUiiMd iinA illuatraUxl tha variwiu kJDils nf 
nniMu UM fomilw, tho nmt in order BhouLd b<; tbi< Atop 
ooeki or vahra. 

Stop Coeks and Valve*. 

{Al»« m Bn H'altr H'orl, Q<fAi <md I'ulcn, smd ChtH 
Wmttr Sipplf.) 

In tbc HiairruB, Vig. 98D, nuiy be wini tbo mcihod 
of ninnhii; n main : K, 6. £h i" 1)if liii)rll) of Uii- lead pifw ; 
B> An ordiuATjr irruundon HUip cnrk with rroloh 'kfj, and 
Moan way wipid on tlie l^-ad pipe. Thi« cook » well 
illnittrahil at Fig. Mi. 

Pig. Mfl la a round wny iil^ .?<irl(. li.iving a tow Itcj. 
Fig*. Uei, W2, fl93, and 994 illuinbi anion jointa axida goodolaaa for plnc-c> wbmt k hu tonlanil, p<vhKp«, 
baving tbe euda u( tlio pipro butted togeUiiT, mmI are Iwi fur tvnutjt youra witotiut attention, tfccauao joa can put a 



Kio. too. 



GF.NERAL TOWN WATKR SUPPLY. 



S43 



Iw of iron and mth like to tnm it, tbtu flvttiiuc n gawxiT 
len-cr&g«, mml n madr mmns nf turning the key, luiij 
wkicb, when hit, >hoiiw bavc Uh vruya of tho koy etnugfat 
and tni« to the inlet. 




Fi«. 9e&. 




I'lii. i»0. 




no. wT. 



FIr. Dft7 fl]»»txs.t«<> tbe ruuad way Htup oook fritli Kiuan 
bfladixl kaj, for places irbcre it ib twquirfyt Ia noe a key or 
Rpuiiifr for tuniinX' It "1*0 hua a onion at ono end — a 
very lisody appuii£iKiifc>rdiMutiii(.-ctiiig and wuuuctiiig. 



Otand Cooka. 



FifT- 9BS IDuMralm ch« rIbivI cock, uinilar totliat nbown 
at Tig. &U : hut Fi^. !>9S hoa 1«-a uuione, whtcli bHow Ibv 

'Mek to be btkrn ont fur rpp*iinv Ice. 

\, Thww cocltB ju* ■uitiibli- fur u very lienrr pivcMUv, and. 
where the oook aft«r much ttirnintr. ■■ likKly to lr«k ; thu 
of all Stop c-ucka I know of for d«po»i1crii'». kvt Iwcnt; or 
tUlty yoan otandinir *till. I lUnk. if pr>j|)crly Rmdc, u 
tho bMt. Xoiirr tljitt I sAV for ulAp corka wkinh Ktnnd 
rtill for loD.ff paritNl* t»gcUiL-r, aiul thiiL tboy muat be of 



flr«L<oljiM patteni nnd makfi, and tmtni up to, my, 200lb«. 
tu th« dquitro inch, 




ng. DM. 

Gland Cock Packing. 

Whna paokinR a gland cook take out thp loAlhcr wnshfir. 
and all tho old pnckinfc ; Ibvn irilli nitnii fciitxV bcntp 
and mi>ltvd Romiaa tjilluV, pack tht? eoc^k wIlW liomp Inid 
ewmly round, but d'> not fvcvvr Jt down Uk> heavily. 

Fur othor Mnd^ of ittnp rnr-kii («vi from Figa. Al'i to 62S). 
8h* also Klobnlar valv«'H. Lib cudm, tbIyob aod both work, 
riuiM TnltMt, hydrnnla, (cc. It Tnnet be tM>tod that •••mo 
■water ooinpaaies anforoo a diffvn.'al clu«e, gsnorally of tha 




flit. OM. 

valvfl kind, snob as ia ahairn at F%. 999. Thia in knomt 
aa tbe Botb^rhatn psttom, and la guod (iw bmg oa tbo 
l««th«r wnaher laatu; m» fur aa nitranla tbr utop rurk, and ia 
ilonomUy euily tuniod, but aa tbe puiMt^e tlinmirb thia 
cook has so nasT ehnrp oornora (»w w-ti™, Figd. 618 and 
I,OU), it grtatfy add« to the ptiwi-r rmimifid Ut force tbo 
water from tfae amin into the uouae, nua I for one ahould 
certainly not nao it that ia, if I should h»To to pump the 
water. 'If a valve c»><;k mujit he uacd, thou tho water 
I'omponii-s ahoukl. for their own snkHi only. um> ono which 
liaa a »itrHight walcr-wsy throngb it, ilk ahown at Fie. 52-1. 
Thia lUan applira to ImU valrae. I maj add that su^ ball 
Talreaaro nude. 



Stop Valve Fixing Wrong Way 4tK>ut. 

It ia i|uiti> poaaiblo to fix Ibo Botherhum rook the wt 
way ahirut— tlmt in. tn mako thn inlet thr c,atl«t {eee Vig^ 
&18, ta.). A, is lhi< iulvt ; dioald you make B, tho InM, 
tha foroA of tho water will bo npon Hui ralTc, and ot<D- 
aeqneutly will Ivnd Ut keep it ckaod. In aaob oaaee iht 
lOck Mi>>i4fii hi rtvrrtrd ; but UiR diffii^ulty mar lie ||bl <>i 
by BokU-iiniit thu juiig)N-r (thv *alvi.-) to tae vpiodle. But 
riuch an ixxnurenee takca place, kevp it to joamHi and bw 
from the obtb of th*- wntur mmpnny : thmt^b In potnt 
law thny eiirin»t mnki? you alter it, booauoe tl>c ouek U i 
the aorew dowu Idod, and the Avt aajra nothing aa 



644 



GBNRUAL TOWN WATEB 6CPPLY. 



irlietber tl» tsIto thoald bn & fixed nr a Ioom one. Tln^-tng 
fin^ thn mUijioucJe, Mfl that it ui well duwti iind fiinl oul of 
^0 war of tbo front, ubI in Hocb a jiiisiiuiu thai it ia 
aoHsnuei uid ntu bt ciivily ^vt at for Kloaitioring. which 
ta gvacnllj rrqikii«d to be dono whan the plunilKT mute 
U> turn off UiD wttt«r, cs^pcttiftllf shoald th« iwre hftro stood 
wlthgot tnmitig fw u f<!w jeus. 



Repairing V&lves and Cooks. 

To npMT valva cocb jrou miut u>a your own diacrotioD, 
Cor Uwra am rarloiu Unda acOQrding to tbo nalcBn, eaoh 
go* coDBilcring biH ova tfa<- bmt, I ntA^ bora nmBrk that 
canahoold be txkeii with rhn unHcrowmg iu)d Mrowine, 
a« oftea Oum> article* tt^t mora injunr from thtt ruujcn 
plntnbAr lit ftro miuiitas thau thoy Jv from Ihelr nB.tiinil 
WMU'ftndlMU' iu five ycotni. A plumber wW knowe Lib 
buniK«aBki)ultl ho ubli; to rvleather and ntpode any kind of 
valve covk; tmt. of couno, heianot expocLcd tu i^riuil-iti 
ooftka> tbough a plniubor who can do «n«h work will bo 
coiuddi>t«d an cxcm^aglj tit«(ul maa in oouutr; jJaou. 



Oook GrindlniE-ln. 

To g[«t a general iUAight into Htich worlc, nnd in order 
Uiat the pUimber mny juHgn K""t f.T»uiid-iu i-itcka, llur fol- 
lowlufT may be wOTtti iiutii.iuB : — Finrt, iborotk is rjwt — 
Kome with pot metal. y'lX., witK ii ccrluiu otuouat uf IvtuI In 
the miituni, jnt^ niifni>i6nt to make thn mvUil mftish tar 
BTinding-in. Thn bamd or abeU i*. (or Jin. to (in. cti<-kH, 
placed in a viee hariitg obuapa of 1««d, arvr wbicli i.i fticd 
a nut in the offiling to rteoiTfl tha one end of a borioz Imr, 
from 6ft. t> 6ft. long, having a aerow at ona end, and from 
din. tu i:!in. lonfr, tuiniethiu^ like a long wrow (rvr a oon- 
neetor. At the otbor em\ nf thin bcirioK bar in a »tevl 
oontre point, Kimilar i» tihape to tb« point or ond of a i^ntn) 
piinrh, tho boring bar hann; na vn for receiviiiK a l«vt-r. 
niuiilnr to the IfTcr of a. riw. fnr tka ■parpoea of tiglitcnin>f 
duwn tb« barinfr bar. HflviiifC tbi« npg^d up. «n<i tb; 
shall of tlio (XK'k fixtd in ib<> vicn, plni?? n four.Hjiiiiru bun-t 
in the ahell. tha b<a*er ba<rtukT four rny trulg lapped up or 
ground patfeoU}' atraig'bt edges, made to the exact UptT uf 
the ihell or key of the eock. Such taper ia about one in 
aix ; if a groator tapur thi; luiy will hrod U> work up, and 
if lea* taper It will be too apt to Jam itwLf. On thn to^) 
part of tiie borer there ia fitted a ttqniiru for a kty or tap 
wrench. anJ on tlm top, and t,nily in iho centre of the 
boffr, tlD'rc it K ivniru hole tu tvccire tbe ond of the 
faoEiiurb&r, tbe lattor iii whinh in to kwp Uie but«r duwn 
1o the fihell of tlw cock wliiUt tlie borer ia being tnrned : 
bhoH by tttming thin aharp cutting borer, uodur prMtore 
from tha boiiug bar, tliri 1>nrt'r l» on turning mad* to 
deeoend, and m it bunw th« (•hell trrily tbruughout. After 
tlua borer baa been aout to the roquirvd diatancc to 
tboruugbly olean out tbe nhell. nnnthrr borer In nMd. bat 
thtB barer linn tn ba xtRadii'il by n»»iM of a kind of hnlf- 
toaud boxwood >rpUutii nr packing, placed on the tuAm nf 
the borem in mob a mann'rr that unly a little portion of the 
cutting edgoa arn to he mtcti. Thi.i puta a Sniiih on to the 
bnritig, and tbe nhi-ll i« rt>sd)- for grinding-in. -Lai^r 
rind oook nhella, or b»di«p, nre bonx! or "did" tiul in 
the lathe «M^ key*. Tin:*" aiv ti\e<) between the oentrea 
of tha lathe, and ant turned down to the cone of the oook 
body or abell. cart' bciu)f rr^qtiircd to got the right bitl, 
and tbnt thn k'>y h" tumi-d tru« and wtlhoni ruiK«. Of 
• aneh wvrk i;< li>Ht done with a Klidc r>vt, Rzed In Ihr 
-•ook ooiM. 7o proro whothvr the cwue ia truv. 
• lino down the ahoU of the oook when tiTing 



the \xj, wxA tfaU wOl tcU you whether the koy has au 
eqoal bearing. After Che key b turned, Bcreir the bottom, 
and file up tho Mjuaro for the bottoming nut waaher. 

Aftvr tniH la duoD^pntparo for tii« grinding-in. Tbia ia 
dono aa follows : — Placo the keyed tho cook iu tbe vloo 
odewayH, and with tbe eock body pbued between two hol- 
lowed oat atidn, aotnething like the ahapo of a roIUng pin, 
in two halvee, held together witli two bwtd rings, place tha 
aholt of tba oook on to Ch« k»y, and with aome " uolkyj" 
wtiii^ ia a kind el loam, wetted to about iha eooaistanBy of 
clott«d cream, placed on the ker, give the abell a good ipiB 
round. Thia worka tho "mnlloy" all o»er the *»—■•«■• 



nnrfibona of the key. Then with uo banda at each end m 
the wok stioke preaa lightly for^«a^l, and give it a Luru or 
two bftckwarda and forwarda occaaiunally with a iluiriiiidi 
kind of H j'Tk. pulling tliP nheU o^ the key ; then adding 
a Uttli.- Kpillle to the key [«piltlo iathoU'l kunwU lubrieaat 
for oook grinding) aa a Uibrioant for the - lauUey." gteat 
car« boing taken not to get it too dry, and to attend to the 
pullinif <^ tba afaeil in a kind of jeridng manner. Aa 
vx [tlaiiied, kiwp grinding antil the key abowe that it kton 
<it nrrj/ pvtHi, or bottvr, ■ little bara at top and bottom, 
whioh iuu«t be oantfnUy watched for. Look ont for the 
"ringa," which will appear about tbe Wnltf -way of the 
oook, proving that you liave grit, whioh must be 
nmovea, and when Mwn, stop grinding, and wipe 
the "mnHey" away. Ctrind the key and fdtall quite 
smooth, after which groaae the key with a Ijtllo good 
tullow luuidlc. Next maka yonr bottoming nut waaner, 
whioh may be faced up by vauauin it t^i revidro in the 
Utbe, and by holding a amaotli die againat it when remlr- 
ing. Tho ooek Im now pnt together, and again placed 
liotwoun tlici uniUtBi of tfia lathe, and thif bottom of the 
«hell tnr»«d true and flnlsbed. Sometime the bottom of 
tho ahetl is turned truv on an old koy bofan tlie grinding 
ia di'ine. 

Si.<iiii!Liini?B. when iLe " muUer " cnnnot be oblitiued. the 
dirt front the trough of a grinditonc ia used for rnck or 
valve irriniling, wbii>h, if quite eliNLn, nm^wrra rrry well : 
but you mu-il not ho toi> heavy with it, ui-ing; plenty of 
Mpittlc for Iiitiricaling, 

Emnr^' in of no u«n for ftret-rat* oiKk grinding. The 
above is the meth'od of work aa proetlaod by my own ooek 
ftniahen at my late vorkfl at King's Otobb Patent Valve 
Worka, and na praotiaed by the beat Birmingham nnd 
I/»vlutt co<^ fiaiali«Ta. 

Of iviuno. tho brighteoiDg' up of oooka ie done by filing 
up drat with a rontni or *' baatard " cut file, tbeu with a 
line oBP, and thEn burnished. Aft4.-r thi* tliey are rlcaned 
witti brickdust aail oil, and then puliHli«d with briokduat 
and hat. 

[f uuii-iimes the BiiisbingofahcU iiuttorucweksamfiuiiJicd 
in u pule Utho. 



Cteaning and Polishing Brass and other Cocks. 

Mix Hfiin/i hrickdust or rmrry p*>wd(?r in oil, and rub Uio 
covkx wi'U all iivi-r with ttiiii, and, with eomo Inng iilipR of 
carrot li"t, polish with dry powder. It will make thp 
cooln Hiipoar ilh quite; new, but do not get any of tbe 
powder into tho boorlnga of cbo oocka or raJTOB. 



Jainmcd Cock Kuys. 

Homclamca yon will find n plu^ of a cock jammed or aei 
ui thn idiell ; thrt lemil; knock on the t(ip of tho key will 
often d(j it. Whvu sueh is the oa*v, luiaoivw tlie buttum* 
imr nut, lerol with the bottom of the ping norow thread, 
and with a Wd dnmmy ligbtlv tap it upwards. If it will 
uuL muvu, judt 4iiic:kly wann the s^cll su that the key doca 



i 

I 




QENERAIi TOWN WATEK SUPPLY. 



646 



DOt get hot (pot « little pu»ffia i^n the pluflT), luid tzj lo 
turn tlia krjr, but di> uut (fu liku a bull at s post aod wnncli 
:ill the crutch Use for cruic)i kvy oo^ks s pn.tr uf ^as 
laafga of suitablo Bize, und after a fittlo Iraublc 70U will 
nuwt likfilj grl it to hidtc ; thtn tAlu^ it out and tAjlinr it, 
raflz, end antitlu:r job !■ dimt' ; liul Buiuotime* y>iu will 
fasve to cat it out and fU » DtMV cook, na you mi^lit he%-o 
bnxed or ekiiuifid the Tgrldng puM of the cock bj 
tonioo, to. 



Draw-ofT Cocks, and Testing Same. 

I Bbell nov nbov joa e few of the eorbt in general sm, 
Ukd jou must Aoleot thoeu uio«t suitablo for tout work, 
lakiDjn; larxi l&at jrou alwara Mloct thntm w^hicli will turn 
without jiuujM or work ifntty. To tMnp^Tary twrt a POck 
ihut it off and KUok at the inlet; if it han^ to your lip for 
a tinw) witbniit anyugxi of givingrwayit will do. Orotind- 
in oooks mey also be teated by [uokin^ a sninll bUddex or 
little <m the one end, nay, at thp ■inmt, and by hard oon- 
bououii blowing at the otlivr cud, try !■> blow thnxij^h 
the oonk HufBdeitt air to buntt the bladder, or to cauae it Ui 
beoome largo like a coap bubbla> Thi<'k noapy water and 
air from a ((iindiiirpiuiipiti an axoellent tt-Ht : or by pltuing' 
the 000k ill a pail of hot water and nnti^r a preMnr« of air, 
whiofa uiroiui DO obtainixl fruma Uyast km^rth of empty lend 
ptpo hiving Ji ''nliimn nf v^iUt pnnian^ at ihn ntner end 
W (mm n pump. 

I hrtve uow «ai(t HiiHtnicnt nlioiit tiu! milking; and the 
judfrinir of ouoks, I will thorvfvrv uow explain tlunr uam 
•sd oaioee. 



Plain Shank, R.B. (Riveted Bottom). 

V\g. I.OOOilluKtiBteo miP cif tho old lunko bilt oocka, Tbe 
pluif at the bottom ia rivcbnl ovrr. whii-h prevoutx It boiut^ 
takoii out or otherwise intGrferod with, nna ia anitablo fur 




no. 1,00a 



plaoBH wliere the cock would be apt to bo uniimwed and 
stolen. 'Ildfl i* the olaaa of caA Bade 1,000 yeani a^^, 
except the frill rouud ite note. 

I aald "1,000 yeanagD"faioiieof my iHtnrMwmio little 
time ago, and was laaghcd at by thn kuowaHa oil ahonting 
out that thoy did not cn«t tiu-kt thtv, nrd that «ock-Qaating> 
«raa of modem dale, within AOO ycarx, and Kocli-liko 
twaddle. Of natuM, I km w that snolieookana Figit. 1,000a 
and 1 ,0009 w^tto caM hy tho loidonC RomaiM. Ilnw about 
Vitruviu* Lfiviuff onlvn that vvery main pipe Itiat naiisn) 
through the street ahoold bafe a gOTemin^ main eoek t 



Uow about IIuAier ia /liaii Xf t'.. writing ou valvoa? 

" Tonchad vJtb a weralkar, tin dooni nntold ; 
S«lf-oloud behind bM shut ibe nlnecf told." 

He«e h a proof that not only eooka wen naed, but aUo 
Mlf<clanng ?alvGa. 




fm. t,iMu. 



nn. l,DODa. 



Bib Cooka, 8.B. (Screwed Bottom). 



Fig. 1,001 illustrat«a a plain oonk. having u ttcrew at the 
botlotn of t)in key for tightening up or gnnind-in at any 
time ahuutd it leak. Tkio to a groat impruvomeot over the 




Ki>i. t.OOl. 

TiT(!tcd liottnn pings, and the cost in so v«ry little nxtre that 
it diould alwaya be uxed wbtrn and where required. 



Squaro Shank Qlb Cooks. 




FlU. i.oo>. 



Kg. 1,003 illuatraUa a equaro idumk bib mok. It • 
be had with rireted or eawed bottoou. Thu um «. 



,JAfi 



GENERAL TOWN WATEB SUPPLY. 



iqusrc <liank ctrrk wm lo tsublts tbe cock to be diangfl 
witbvut mnking » jaint bo(nn> Ui» «mw bo«> cvck ciimn 
Into luw, which wiui 4I0110 on (ollowa : — 

SappDBD fou to bav« a squftre eockn to St tho out«r part 
ol tho ooek ahaak. Now warni tho objutk of the ooek ami 
•Mtly wrap wnmi tow round tho name, and with the aquaiw 
boMugiiOD U, Fig. 13, make tho boa* hot. than nwltaoino 
roalD aod mirttda met, and poor th» itu tho tiiwud part of 
tba oook to aatnratc it ; pull out tho bcHuimg iroa and pr«a 
tho ahnok or the ooek into Uie wjoket and hnlil it (innlf 
tham until it u not, nod the job is dooo To tJiku it out 
wunn It with hot water, or an Iwat you can. Of oourw, thia 
boas and' aqnare ahank should bo rou^h left fmm n i^ood 
ooaraa file. Tbis oock waa in ow io the thirtceLth oenturjr- 



BlbCoak».S.B. andS.B. [Screw Bottom and Scn<w Bon). 

Tig. 1 ,003 illuatratea » aorow bottom and anrow bcma lab 
cook. TLu boaa, burtoud of boing Mvare. aa m Vig- 1.002. 
faa» a, wiy, j[a. tialrenal aanw lor Iron pipe tkruul 
aud for rctowid({ iuto a bOM with a waiibLT. Tli<: acrowocl 




Put. i,oin. 

Hliank oook ma; bo had without Uio nerewod boas. It ia 
tioii L-alli'd S.l. (acrewerf for iron*. If ycm noline the 
IMWBof tln(i.if:ookr..Fijtx. 1,000, l.OIH, 1.002, and I,0U3, you 
will M-p thnl tlioy arn i)( iLkiud of >ic|uarii, and Iiiiv^iBprDJiMi- 
tion OD tlie top of the noee ; thii" la kituwu aa the frill oowid 
cook. Sm the diffoRiioo in the abupc of thu noac at Fig. 
1,004 ; this ia a plain nooed ooek. 



Full Way CockB. 

tig. 1,0M i« « fall wny cick. Thoio In a diflercaoc 
betwom o. full way cock anil a round way : the fnlJ mj 




f lu. 1.001. 

ooedi ban tho way cIunffatM up Ihc ulirll of tho rock, iitt 
abowR nt fig. t,004, wlitNt the ruuud way oock has iU 



bore full Ki/i* uid <iult<> mnnd thrangfa tbe fcer. or a« roand 
a« t])« ahanlc of th« oock (aee Fig. 997), and. aa a mlv, ia a 
much atrongor patlom than vquan way oock*. 



Bow Key Cock*. 

This cook ia iUustratMl at FSg<. £12 and 1,00«. tt ia 
OMid in plaocs where the oork cannot be tamed by the 




hnn'l, pithor through Its Iieiiif^ too lat^ or too tigbt. The 
can ho had S/B. titid 8.B. Ktcw bottom and aarow boM) < 
ft,l. iiurcwcd for iron pipoj. 



HoHzontat Bib Oook*. 

Tboae ore showQ at Fig. 1 . 006, and ar« oaod for bntlcr'a 
pantiy or other kinlra whera the lid of tho tiak ts apt to 




tlu. I.UOO. 



: down u^n the upri^t poek. Thiw mcka may bo 
left ur ni^hb haniii.^. Fig. l.ODG jl 



dhuti 

hud left ur ri|^hb haniii.il. Fig. l.')l>G yuu will tierouivo to 

bo a horixontal ri{{ht*faandcd cook, 8.B. and iJ.B. 




pKi LOOT 

Fig. 1,007 is a left-handed S,B. and S.B. horifOBtal hot 
watPr cock, with hrnse apuiiui'r ; Imt Imt wstfir rnrku ar* 
<if1rn used fur o)li) tnitcr, for, itH a rulo, Ihoy aio tbo boat 
<■■» ' Iw M:n,'n\^l up tighter for higher fCBBvntJ 

lused. 



GENERAL TOWN WATER SUPPLY. 



517 



Fl(r. 1,006 is ui illtulntUoo of tli» hoiinntal eook vilh- 
oot flpsnoer, somAtiniM aaed tar b«U enokn, xni, whtn 
■adi u the COM, «huuld be kuightad, r'lz.. a )(Ui put in the 
plug, ktld the Bb«>tl of tho conk being oat nuurtcr wny, w 
I that Ulu will iinly turn quarter wttjr. vblcoprevoiu tbo 
' Wl from undf^rlocking or dromung ita^. The knightage 
]m ahowa Kt C, Fig. l,Wi. 



Vig. 1,DI2 jifl S.R.ond S.B. nprightlwlD Mok ; jiiuI 
Fig. 1,013 b an nm cook, formtrlr uaed forlavatarj baaiuit. 




Wn. I,«M. 




Fm>. 1,ixW, 




rco. 1,01ft. 



Fi^. 1,008 IB nS.S. unA S-lt. hibnouk with apuinar. 

Pit,-' 1.010 i* a •hell pattern full war S.B. and S.B. bib 
cock with spanner. 

I nuif htirc roiiinrk tUnt theae aro thA IWflt puttAm oooka 
lor but wutfir, liaviag • larlh'in preuurv, ana may be bad 
horizontal. 



Lavatory Basin Ground-in Cooks.* 



^P 



fm. t.i)ll. 

Fix. 1,011 )• t S.B. and S.B. horixontal rigttt-handecl 
bMUi ooek. 




Flo. l.ti!^ 



Fio. I.OIS. 



Alto ase Hot Water Corks, aa there nro a great variety 
of then. 

Valve Cooks. 

These oodn arc ahoim at I'tgs. 1,014 and 1,016. It 
will be fum that tlio watvr^wa^ throuKb tli(> rock i^ 
olofpod by a valve, an ahown bj the aootiun, Fig 1,014. 
ThE»o nlvm arc Imthunid or rubbered on their cli>ting 
faoo, vhiob iQiwt be rcncwwl <-Tory thrive or four years, 




rni. i.Dit. 




Pm. I^OU. 



aooordlnir it> th« amount of (trit or dirt in tliv wmter, i 
elan of irork. or the uao of the cnck. 
1'^. I.OIft i» a ahcU paUrm acrcw-dovrk Vki^udL%^ 



MB 



GENERAL TOWN WATER SUPPLY, 



(wrowi-d fur inn ptiw), whikt F}g. 1,016 ub nhell pattoni 
Krew-doiTQ Irib cock S.B. (kkw Umw), udFig. 1,017 b a 
plain Hliank sad bod; wnir-dovii bib eook, often nude 
thtw for cltwjnf , Ac. 



Fig. 1,019 M a plain iluuilc, k1>o it square bow, baU-toni 
Bcnv-dowD bib eodt, a Mctioa of irhkb ia givtn at 
Fig. 61 ». 




Flu. i,u]e. 




VlO. t.017. 




irio. iiiuK. 



Fig'. I,fllR is a wrew-Jown ntopcock, plnin onds, tlie 
HOtiou of wliioh id shown at Pig A18. Pnr othvr kii^Hof 
Stop ooote, eno poKfleSlO, 211, luid 212, Vol 1., nLw Hot 
Water Wor)C &o- 





Vm. 1,010. 




tin. t.u.BX 



Fip. 1 ,020 i» the (tamo ttunur S.I. (Kmvd for iron], and 
Fiu. 1 .02 1 ia Uto mno kind <n ooclc irilb loof ocrav mad fl|- 
Dvt lot K^nnring into tfao aidn of the eutcm, iiitdi m> Jate 



QENEBAL TOWN WATEH SUPPLX. 



549 



nr irno, or for buikni if nibbeir with wira be iiaod for the 
valve. Tbrre srv hImo KpecJnl wnalinv uow mid by loud 
and bnati cu-rcliantii for hot w>tcr. 



Shut'OfT Fop RepaiHng Vslv«i. 

AtPlff. 1,021 vill beiMa a T«ry isriiuIuum ammfrnw^nt 
in tho bou and atumk of the nock for temporarilr «hultiu^ 
off tlic inipplj wbeu the t*1t« ia required to be reUathered. 




BiightoD pattoni cock, ¥ig. 1,022, there iaahat trap leatlwr. ■ 
I mM,y Mj UiMn bib or atop valvw uo mailo in liuoy 




Tn.\fla. 



difftNnt wan. sotm baring am iMtiien, oUicn plug* 
(aee (aLemie*! VoIym, aoo Cntfai't} to doae ths vmt«r*wajs. 

Duplex V&lvM. 




vnt. i,cai. 



Kli. l,Wi, 

You, by ainminini; tlio bow, wbJob i« Ln i«otion, will tlun 
aN tbat tbo un^-rvwioK ot Ui« oock brio^ ihe dlw Tin 
■gab)i4 tho front, ukI ho tbo «I<i»^tod alota in tbn sbatili 
tad of till' ccck an> nu longer expoaed to Ihe valnr, imd 
00ONM|iiHitly thn wstnr-w«]r nlnand. 

TU> imnuc^h ofU-r the principle of tho tubaitli([miri'n>l>Dn 
flodi tnontinned on pap' ^^^' Ewbank'H "HjilmulinA," 
wliicb iAim btkck to DcMrnbcr, 1841, and ttnuUr iu aotifm 
to the tobv Ull valrc, FSfr. 1,018. 



Brighton PatUm Bib Valve. 



This ia shmvD nt Fifr. I.n^?. It ia very nmilar in actiaii 
to Iks RAthRrliuin pAttt^m tiih vaItc, ii^pt thni ocith ¥if. 
1,011 tbete is a atuSo^-bos ruuiul tbci^uidlD, whitotin wo 




Kw 1,064. 

ThcM mlvn oro illustruti."! at Tig*, 1,023 and 1,024, 
(uid wtiU illuatmlo tlia method ol ftxints & ^«l.t<& ^t -i^^v^ 



550 



GENERAL TOWN WATER SUPPLY. 



for shuttlD^ off the initer irhilrt the main valve is being 
repaired. Also see Fi^. 1,021, which may be had bib, etop, 
or ball TolTeii. 




rio. ifiiA. 



Horizontal Bib Valves. 



ThMe, u may be aeeai at Fig. 1,025, can be had left or 
right handed, and need no farther desoription. 



Dl&phiwjm Valve Cook. 

This cook is shown at Fig. 1,026, and is a Talre largely 
manofactured bv Messrs. Lambert. The section of the 
oock will be nnderstood by refwenoe to Fig, 1,030, which 
in tliis case has two diaphragms instead of one. The 




Fia. I,OS& 

diaphragm in Fig. 1,026 is fixed between two flangeshaving 
the centre attached to the epindle, as at Fig. 1,030. This 
oock, Fig. 1,026, also iUuatratea a hoae union fixed on its 
end for shampooing, or a garden supply. Also see Hot 
Water Cooks. 



Waete Preventer Cooke. 
The "Waste Not." 

There are a large number of these cocks in the market, 
and by very far tiae larger quantity are utterly useteM, and 
tlierenre I shall only give one or two which liave stood the 
teat of time and work. 

I will therefore (.-ommence with the " Waste Not " valve, 
Fig. 1,027, made by Meesrs. J. Tylor & Sons, whioh will 
be readily understood from the following deacription : — 

A, Fig. 1,027, ia the inlet of t^ valve; H, the reive 

seating ; K, the valve ; F, the piston made to fit into the 

. <^inder O ; this cylinder is attached to and actuated by the 

spindle 8. The ouier parts of the cook are much about the 

same as those desoribea at Figs. 1,014, 1,015, and 1,016. 

The action is as follows : — Suppose &b piston valve, F, K, 
to be down upon tlie valve seating H ; on turning down 
the cylinder G, which is of quick thread, into the cook, 
it fbioee the water from between the top of the cvltnder and 
the top of the piston valve, the cylinder then will be down. 
Nov qoieldjr tnro top the cylinder ; this, bv reason that the 
jiMaa rmlfv is iBa& to airly fit, will take the ralTe np 



with it when the water will mn, but as the piston valve 
is free to deeeend by water getting above the piston it will 
do so, and will shut off the water, notwithstanding the 
actuating cylinder to remain np, and if the piston be a little 
way out of the cylinder under a strong stream ; even though 
the cock be fixed upside down. 




tia. 1,0S7. 



Fig. 1028 is the same thing, but working with a 
diaphragm top instead of a stu&^-box ; the arrows show 




Pio- 1,028. 



the water-way. &e Waste Preventer Valves for Attaching 

t" ^ -* Pipes, Figs. 681, 662. 663, and ata."Waato 

^■!». 4W, 637, 638, fto. 



GENERAL TOWN WATER SUPPLY. 



Ml 



OloLphPogni Waste Proventor Valves. 

Tliu> i» Mtt»n. Lambert's tiiIt«, which csu be reodUy 
nndtTstood {ram tlio fullowit)g-;~E, Fi-^. l.Vii, u m 
R«ibl« diaplirugm ftiod lielwoon two flao^eA, tbe 
middlw put of whiii ut attAcLod Ut the nuuUs K ; 




rw. i^m 



. i» aDotfacr floxiblo dinphngm fixed b«t>rM>a two 
' fluuM and metiag alwi m a valvii. Betwmn thoao two 
diwimgiiN is an enalonod mce fLIl<xt with mter. and 
hsnnff « maaU miw psaas^ C. Xov th« ralre U cio«>d. 
B;f turning up the liABdIe I it bringn up tlia top diauhrajfiti , 
tbia, hy IhQ — mIItim. ot Urn wut«r puwiipi ^whicb csu bo 




rMiLt,0HL 



tijr tbp Krrev ]■'. Fill. 1.O30, ud O, Tig. 1,029), 
I up tbn liiwDt dia[ihnifrm and opcon tho vmlr« P, when 
r ia allowed td ran i but tJic wslor hmq MrooUtes 
ongfa the MnnJl nuangn and afpiin into Ui« ipM* 
twBcu th/t two displtntfina, aud ao the vslro Li Iaw«T«d 
Is^aliialoaad. (Aw FiKa. A62, MS, 638, «30, ibo.) 
J'oD wiU BM thai Ih* Mtnsttnff prbuiplo of thin valrs is 
th* di'placaiiunit of the walor nr Indurcd mmmt, fonv, 
or nuotluu, «nd themfotv that of Fig. liO'^T, wbUb ntaj be 
of inauawtabl* Taxistiuu. 



The Suottep Waste Prevention Cook. 

Kdowu aa th« Frugal ValrOt sIm an tfa« Triton Valve, it 
bein^ 11)7 old tnida nama and trade mak {scf dutoido at 
bindtnv). As J. Tritnn fifiriirM in wveral ploMo in this 
worit, I thould My that it i» an uLd diaoMd aMnimod name, ] 
used bv mjrsolf jean ajr^ i<i duitiiiifuisb the brara from 
tho looa drparttnctit, aad to prorent jealoB^, as plumbon 
thought I hod iii> ri](ht Ut hans two trades. 

— ja. 



fin. i.on. 

Tbi» ralre ia in anlioa that aliowu at Tim. 618 aod iSUA 
ftc., and will be rmdilf undentsod hjr m«n>iu<e to thosi] 
figuros; the diffunmce \matf that this valve, Flff, 1,031,1 
hiuiaoun l«iith«irat Iheend of tho Kpindti* for a<-tQa1.ing. 
It will lie readilj tmdtmituijd tliat hy drawing i)p tb* 
xaindlo it will alw draw up tho i-iip Ie<iLib>>r, and (bat if a| 
diapluaBiii be fixed belwcvu the (l)uivc*a thai it will fuUui 
tb^aap loatbsr: s&d ahotild th^ diaphragm not iviverth*' 
ralve leat am in Fig. I.0!::9, water will run ; bat an there Is 
a Kiniillbolc) in tb« diniihraf^iiiit admit* water and gradually 
deaoenda, aad k> b^d covera tho ralvQ aesliuK. Bat thu 1 
Jooa not rest bsie, the cap Italher i» mado of indiarabber,( 
aadaalt is pteased dawn upon [ht> flat dupliratrrn montli 
downwatds ao it ripauijti laterally, and mj fantm a boy'i 
•tutkv, which on itp WtikC rniMid brinipi op the diaplira|;nH 
(w tnnt « piftoH inlif, om In Tijt. 1,027), and liulds it thecH 
for a given time, when it is mlaaml ; then tJb« diaphngiM 
•l^ly deacenda and again onren the vilIto •caliuK- 

8clf-Cl0«lng OP Spring Valve Cock. 

ThM« an> hcoim of Mlt-«Ioaing ralv^ii in tlw marketi 
therefore I will }ast Oliwtrate aue or two uf such. For 
this SCO F^g. 1,032. This la known aa the aftixig ruin, 



fit. IfiU. 

laifT^ Bsod foe wash baaiaa- It Is a valv^ eloninfc with 
the slnam, and is lasiatod with a noall spiral aimug, 
SometimM this valve Is made to elose iduwly by leeanH of » 1 
cap leather, to retard its apeed, aomethiuK Ukc that sbowi 
at K. Fig. MS, which may be had at Muva. J. Tyl^ 
and Soofi. The SRjf-'-lo^ti]; uprinir vatvo is dm abovn 
Fig. l.lHS.nlso at PULL. FV. 1,494, aadalso ia BBunnal _ 
■vdioii. Pig. LMOn, which iltuotrah^ the cylinder bdor* 
the val*e uir rrtniding the tioeang uf the valve and U 
panvai ooacwaioa. 



662 



GEKEEAL TOWN WATER SUPPLY. 



Ball Cocka and Batls. 

Wfl noir Mine to U»t piut nf our vnric whfTA thfi 
wntcr discharge* into tanks, and reqain-^ very ponivulur 
Kttontiim. fnr withoot cnra the ploisber tmb ball oockt 
will be ulwayit in troul^*. Xou 1i>td mob th* dif- 
femt hisdii of Mb oocbt, nod now knnv what a plain 
or ■qUKTo FJiaaked W)dc is, alao what S.B,, S.B. nuMiia. 
Now mtmr to Tig. 1 ,00S, this Ifl a trcound-lD screw bottom 
and Mrew Uiui luill cock, whioh had to oncwur itM puipoM 
ontil the boll taIta wm inrontod. 'Wh^^n fixing a nil 
oock fix it in Bocb a buuiilvt tbut when the ball is down 



mtHti/iutUTtrt diiit kiHiw how to do thi». 1, however, wlB 
now pnbliafa tliti suu^MMud necrvt to tbo raider. Oct a 
pail of hot inux ana pnah tho ball into It ; if Iho boll it 
un»f>iinil »r not oirtight, the air witLiu tha ball will 
vKpniid uud bubblo out, tluToby putting tho wster Into 
moliira, which Is a phia pn>oi that the l^U ia not sound; 
it oan thi'D be tarnM about near tho darfaci> of thi> wal«r, 
and b^ oonttnaally turning it tonod and brinf-in^ tht; 
dofoetavs part to the Uin you omt find th« oxoot Fpot tk 
letkafTB fw repoiriuK. Ttiis shouU be ptMtliwd bjr ornr 
wamnan, cepodally in ptaeea vhen a odling or two h 
liable to be wash«d awajr bj the dnwDiag of a water b^. 




no.i^ou. 



Ball Valves. 

Of nil the fittings canaept«l with plnmbinff, thsrs is 
noiin uf HO miir.h impnrtanM* as the aeWtion i>f on dBoienl 
and good ball valvo. Thii< Rhonld racoira thir most oorofol 
ath'uLiun of the plumber, for a ball rahw snltablo for one 
mssuK wotdd be for oaothnr utterly uaelMa. I will, 
tbetefon, show and dmcribo s few suitable for evcvy cIsm 
ot work. The idm)<l«it known is that iUiutntsd at 
rig. 1,035. Thid vaivti is miltable (or low presmros, and 



r<^ 



PIO. ].03t. 



it win not look itae'lf back, namely, bond the tieiu of the 
kail st I'tg. 1,038, iu siioh a iiiaun«r that thit (metro of tho 
ball will alwavi hang 3iu. or lis. on the ououl or uutitt 
nde of the ball oook, dbtdt on &a abank tide, or the ball 
will bo inoUned to drown itself, or to rise the wiong way, 
nomrly. townrtla the aide or vuil uf (lie cisleni inntviid of 
iiutwardn. Ajmthnr inijiortaiit puint Is to fix it in BUoh (l 
otsnncr that It will Hhut uQ thu wuter at tho prupor lerol, 
wbieh is iia. or Sin. bolaw the nkonth of tae waste or 
OWfflow pipe. Be suro nevor to iuk a ball oook unltsH it 
is Imighted, to prevent the pluH tunun^ mom than the 
quaitar torn. 



Water Bails, and Teattng Them. 

There ore vaiious kinds of water ballx. F%. 1,031 i* n 
pVHscd'Up bnll: Fitr- I.OSli id a plain ordinary ball : Uu.' 
sleBiN or InviT piLrt are best made of copper, as also tbc 
bdl itself : for I'tieiijinew sine, glnss, and ovod wood is used 
toe making thc«a water batb. Som<> plumbem like tlte 
hand-wotltml or boat>np bail, whilst otheis like tlip 
Spini^up shell ; sntJi can be bought in the two halves 
oallsd snetis, having "swedgea,'' and are soldeied togetJi«r 
at tbeso awedgte, as shown at "Bin. 1,033 and 1,031. 
Of oouiae, thHo water balls am fitted on tho ball nooks tf 
filing out the eye of tho at«in with an Sin. square fi1«. 
Ftmh tliom bora with th«> thiimhn for their anbutonce. 



Tasting Water SaMs. 

Tnr few plmiibprs Ammt Amp to tost a water ball, tin; 
% thuuaand, nor ena is than one iu a buiidra<J 




no. t/a&. 

is simply n pliiin disu D, <»Tered bra rubber diaphragm R, 
and lit'ld atniinst its seating by Oie spindle and kmr ¥. 
J. is tho cap fur taking off for nnainn^ thin ralTo, Ac. 
TMi vniro, if tho Mating is redoced lo a amnll bore. 
Hoy ^tn., in uxocetUngly good for feed cisterns to boiWn. 
This valve has been made to an endless nninber of dlffunol 
pathimis and to vnrlous shapes, many of which have been 
patented, but an> not ho good as the original pattern. 



Feed Cistern Valves. 

Thin valve is Ulustrated at Flir. 1,036, vhit^h b a sectios 
showing Ihn valve nhut oS, and Fig. 1,0:17 the sectum 
showing the valve when open. It will readily be seen 
th»it tliis valve has no parts whereby tho ball can nMsibh 
^t stank up, and ao raodend luelesH. ThiA kind of ball 
valve is also the best Und for relianM to fM>d nstenui to 
boilers. Soinetiinos tkia ralvn in madn with two forks at G, 
but I ]n«fvr only utm, to paM thruugh the i-i^ntru of the 
spladJo D (the i>loc uf vhidi b showii at W. Fig. 1,03«), 
which, I think, is ntueh bettor than two forks, 
bw-auM) wbi*n two furkn are oflcd the ono may be a littlo 
behind or not k'vel mtb the other, and would tlieroby 
cause tho spindla to bo presettl all on ono rid?, th^'rcl^ 
rauning the tsIto to let by; but when the lever of the 
fork is made as shown at Q. K, the Eorii presses in the 
eentve of ihi6 lever and so punhes tho valve fairly ngniniit 
its seating. Tho fork may be rounded, as sliowo st E, 
to work ag^nst tho flat part of the a^adle ; or which is 



GENERAL TOWN WATER SUPPLT. 



5fiS 




m.i,o»i. 



iitill better, tiio end of iht fork nuj be panlli-J to work 
through ■ rouDdM Ixwriti;^ in Iha apJudQe, mm alMtwn at 
8, T. «ad W. and In aueh • suuui«r that the foric, whan 
oftting ordonn; tlu valve, win ahvajs praM aniaat tlw 
nniM of the spinillo. I Ahr»7« have tlii» feed nkum boll 
tnada wItt Un. to hm. hoJa Mating, wbidi is a donbln 
waari^ icuiwt loalcRgM, tn. Shmild tha ralre nut U- 
tniidB to xnut dead off, the irnter vHl alwaja l>e drippioi:, 
mkai an oTerAcw pln^ be fixed (wUeb diDold nlwufK 
1w done), and there u liliely to be a nnJNtniw. 

Fin- ball ralvea fix«d, «ee tlie Cbtoro, Viga. 609, 610, 
«£0, Ac. 

Fixing 8aM Valves. 

Wlieu fixing Uie ball valvM, aee that tlio pil)e* are well 

^mdiod ont bpftim dcnwing on tljo ball Talw, and that 

I uv no lead ahuviiiiM ur dirt under tbo M«tliiK befon 

'yen leare it, im booIi will cauat; tlie valren to let bjr tine 

watar. 

Compound Lever Pattern Ball Valve. 

Kg. 1.039 in in (rleTBtitin of one of iliw* fuiU tu1»-«i, tuA 

FiK- t>C<0 a Mvt'un. It will tw men that K in fimply » 

r-dLio Olid L a valve, whidi Li hold up to ib> m^tinif by 

^tfio Mhort l«vpr D. and. by tbp pin R and r^oimpr-tiu;; 

ik U, in cnnnrrtrd to tbo Itrnv Ivvw at F ; (> i* the pin or 

ffukrvim uf the luug l«ror H ; H U the Rpiodlc for Icfn^pinx 

¥jhe valve L peipcndioidar to the buc of the nentinff : nod 

pK the imthemX ipudcf working middling tight viu^n the 

^Undrr A, P. ft i» thn {ilao i^ the Home. 

The notion in rtii f nllowH : — The n-st«r enian at V, paaaOT 

OD and tlitougii tL« Kuting ; but wbcu tbe vain u uloBod 



itf abowB, the walat b upheld uxxndiits to the power put 
apoB the baU and leren F. H. 




no. t,(mi. 
Oaotioik. — ^Whnn fixing nr pxandoint; this va]v» 

Eiill up tlie bull with inucb fi>roo, or you will » 
uttom lever or out the valve ntbber, and eo t 
valvo umiIgiw. 



riENERAL tOWN WATKH SUPPLY. 



TtlU valre in ■ oini«ncn wbnt tha wain- b ccnutxiitlr cm, 
u it ix tif all vslrtw tlii' Ivoiftvt Auttln? off, the 'iang Vi'cr 
h&vitig furthtT to trarcl in prc^mrtion tn tha rlofiing of ihe 
vmlr« thAD Uie lenir of nof oUmt Ml valvv. 

Singing Ball Valves. 

Am a rule kU bull rnlves are ma4e with the baUa too 
MBftU, or not tatBxdpntiy \ong hi tlw lever, or tbut thv tbIto 
u iwuIa to work loo Ioom. \Mird mieh U the ooaft, thej 
«n apt to cAoMi a humiuiog^ aoiae, or quit« & mni^ : 
wbtti UiU oocuiw, nltvr th« btill or liTvr, or tiglitcni tlio 
TiJTe. Toil nuvor hvor thiit wUb ttucli boll r»irt» m ^«ru 
atFiff. 1,DI». 

Stanhope Lever Ball Valve. 

ThJa U w«ll iUoatnited at R, K. Fi^. 1 .08A {Uor-tw. TjIot 
•ad Soqb). It u b kiod of lever wliicb ;:«□« iwwi'r *.« th« 
proMorti (if wat^r lacroitic*. viz., ne wotild be tno caao in or 



l-ig. IMH iUiutrstc* th« Falenl BuU Valre, ItarUig n 
squan abank lor MmcntiD^ into a ■qunrv boas. 





EqulDtoPlum Ball Valve*. 

Tlien at« nriouN kin<l« »( eqiiililirinm Imll rnlrw ; pomo 
aro very ounple, whilst otlunv are of a moHt corapll(»t«d 
alnn, utd often withont nnjr admntagv. IKor my |)ut, I 
thnrougbljr nndoiae the wonbi wlin^h Ur. Uuir, tbn lata 
engiiiMr to t)ie New Kirer Wnt^rworku, uiioe >aid to lae, 
wfaon in coiimo of cunveiwtion, nbout nrhiuli kind of ball 
ralvcit wMvt tlio Imt ta adopt. Hto wnrd* vrm: "I like 
^onr ball valve, tk* 'Croydon.' for the iiuupl« reaaun tbat 
with it TOO hare only OR » cfaatirr of Innlcnpe; vbeivas, in 
uuMt otltimt o( tkia rAm*, XhKtf an- twu opoiin^ ; " 
mocminiT that with the olius of ball ralTv, Figa. 1,044, Ax., 
tkcre i* a i^hAncc of licnkagi' at II, and alao at A, J. 

Tiw Fiff. l,04t rei>ni»eiit!i bj iwctiou tlin Iwll valvs known 
OS Meexn. Lambert r, and Fi^. 1 ,04.1 ia an olttvatioa of tba 
•utno. ItwuB.in 1870,oniic<oountvf ita}iriwaiid«ifflplioitT, 
very ext«ng)rely nafid, and nonitels of a rap leather at B, 



no. \flt\. 



no. ijMt 



nrar the dead point of a crank : or, inatead of this, a turn 
may be lined. Thti "mm" or oocontric ooCioo is more 
■iiitabla fur low pmwure work. 

Safety Bail Valve. 

This ball valve Is ii compuimd Ien.<r ball valve, tlio valvo 
(if whieh ia similar to that tliown ut I. L, Flif. 1,040, the 
lutvanta^o U^ng, in Fiff. 3,041, thnt the wotw doen not 
Rplutlvr about fmin cumiuy in wnlart witli lliu Itiver lU) it 
dontlnFi?. 1,040. The ball in Fig. 1,041 ie preyed up 
and i« Tcry atmn^. 

TTmi b«ll lalve, Fir. I.OJJ, in nitnilar in i!«niilmi:tuin tn 
FiK- 1,0-11, the diJTi'rvnre tuning that the valvir in puidnl 
with fcnthciw nnd dora unt prulmde (hniuzh the H'alinK. 
It ha*. nW. a -hiftld, n* nl I'ATKifT SAKliTV, tn prormt 
any wali'r •fputliuff nut in frfint. Fur a «ii-tiou of thia 
ralve, us* thp ci«tptn with th* valre fixed at Fig. O'iH. 

Tbis ball ralvo I ili-HJifncd nu'I innO': by IboiiNLudh lu the 
ynam 1B70 ut I!t7(>. when the second lenv was diaptsuod 
[With: that Uie valw went by the namo of the Croydon 
^-" Vnlvp, iw nt B, Fig. 1,042. The oluipa i« now Knnc- 
Kxiifivd. 




D, rio. \JM 



Fig. 1,044, working within a trul^ bored cylinder. On the 
top cap leathvr iit a tOott^d ^nido for BnldinR: the cup 
loatbor and Bpindle, and for k>M-|>)ii^ thi> valve perpendieular 
with the Taira Mating, and fur actuating the voire aud 




¥ta. i.iHl. 

i-np IsathtT : it alao mma tor tha rod to pnu tliroujth, 
nnd tu b4i ftilcrumod, as iihowii at E. The action ie as 
(oUowa:— On depreaainff the Iavit, th<t eup ttatfacT and 
ralve J di.'foend from Uke sealing, when, uf oounv, tlte 
M-atar U allowed to nin paat th« aeating. Now let the iwll 



OENESWi TOWN WATRR SUPPLY. 



&56 



float sad riao. ThiM will aotuntv the valve and so bring It 
■p to ^nn againH tJw wal«r. asd finalljr a^iiut the 
wwripg, and tlw water will be shut off. At the name tunc 
that thtt water in {>rf«(iiiifr a|r>ttii«t ftie rairo au it is agaiuitt 
H)v iin'lL-niidi.* iif ilii- cuj) ip«iWr, which ttintls to pasb 
npwnriia, aod by roiMoo of tho cap leather and valro with 
xhc i»|>iiidlc bcin^ oiitiplcd lo^tluit so that as the wat^-r 
Imiin to fArcv> llio valv<t awa^, It doM the mp tcnihpr, aud 
na tli« Miic of lliL- »«ntiiitf la. <tr altuulil be. of tbn sanw 
bur<> II" th" nylinili-r uf the nip Inatker, so ¥fiil the fof«c o( 
ihv wiit^'r be equuUftcd, aiul tbo whulv wwght of tlw tw< 
be hold in cfinfiMo upon tba fionnaotlng tpuidlc of the 
TalvL' and cap Irathcr. In Ihia vidv« aa now nuulD there 



Ball Valvos to close with the Stream. 

For thU kind of valvo. we Fig. 1,047. Thia valve hn* 
ita aeating- aet Inwarrf, and the vulve i« alluwud townrk 
qnito dear, and to I«av<i tlw wntor- way foU^opeu uiul fro«, 
w^iicliia not tho caw in Flfi. l.Oll and 1,016 ; bidden tbU. 
then is Buotlior soud faatore In ihla ralvf. 'ITw vslva 
Itfttnx Bpwkida allowa anjr amall pieiwa of dirt niid attoia 
to paoa (rc«lf , and therofora in not 90 lilcelj to be put out 




Pli}. l.MS. 

f-ziiits a fCTvut evil, and odo which maj bo very i-ftHily 

rM4ifi«d. at lc«st, in thn largrr tim. It MnaixtB of the 

jwaii Q btiuK li^t too aliarp by thfi borer wh^n borinK 

not tCa Qylindcr part: for the cup Wlhar, wbiiib abntdd 

b« oaaod VB with a suitablo cuttiii){ tool, auL'ti u» a ulanii^m' 

or ripper. Another evil TOnaiale of Ao ueiuilly wn' 

narrow niaee rriand the aidH of the valve and ths outlet A 

nf the valvie acatin^. n«n! tho dirt, ko., accumulAtca, aud 

riuiDut wnah awny ; but If thla aniro were, at laaat, |in. to 

^. dear, thor tb^ valve woulil have a batter obauoa to 

. 'vorfc, and chr dirt, Ac, to p«H away. Thia Ib emeoimHj 

[ Uw (taae with almuwt all makers of the Croydon Ball Valve, 

[«iid ia more ofton to be foond in other kind* thwi not. 

jftuplD will Dotirivo tho vhItv niffidont roum. 

I CliRios.— When tukhie thia valve out for rt^n, &<!., 

[ ha careful not to force the cup leather bach with main 

ftnw, aa It will cutoh in the W4tir*w«y Q, and thfrohy get 

Ita cdifM «ut and npuUt. When U la found to hang, try 

and puah it back with theead of tbo plinn, Ac, or macrew 

thf valvf off tho apindle, and take the enp leather the 

otbur way ; then, whtai out. lake a Nharp-ed^f«d mamar, or 

^liatteri a amitll ripper (a brasa finisher a laths tool), aiwl 

away ili« nbarp oilgea rmud th« Gd|^ of tbe inlet 

[ tnitcr-way Q : th^'n tlia cup Wtber will freely paat in 

l>«ithcr direction. For the biilL voire, Fig. 1,044, Axtdf Ite 

Oiatara, Fi^. (HO. 




Fki. t,(H&. 



FSjif. 1,016 ia the iianit.> kind of valve, but worked from 
'Iwlow, aa at K, G. and ia uaually used in vtrj largo tonka 
for railway tn^ginm, itc. 



Fio. J.M7. 



of order by inch eahaUncei. There i» one evil in thiit ball 
valve. By maon of Itn clnnng with the stream, it i* apl 
to be pilind np loo auddfiulv. and mt (uiiimt it grF-At rnneiM- 
aion in the jiipca, wm m tb^ nydranli'? mm, thouKh tbi" act 
of inflidvert^noe woold not hnpjwn with can-fnl men, and, 
aa a nU«, thia vnlve works exoeedinely will. AIm> ace 
Fig. W. 



Movable Tube 8«Atln^ Equilibrium Valves. 

Thie valve. Ro;. 1,048. UinadrtbyMei«a,fJno»tJin»rim«i. 
alao by Mewra. Btone and Co.. and othur weJl-knowo braaa 
ftnlfihera, and will l>i> n-atdily nnderrtnod. B ia the tabo, 
having a «eat fDnotd on itn opp<T edge. wMoh shntt 
against the rul>ber D. Round the side nf this alidlnp tube 
ia ftiod a enp loaMii^r K, which prcvrnte the water from 
pasain^ the Midr« of the tnlif and vnlve. Thn aolion ia «> 
followa;— On lowatring the lever I. it betDirouupIed to thv 
tube at L, it taki's down tho tuba when the reatinf comee 
below the flaetl rnbbcr D, and th« water ^s allowed bo run 




Pm 1,01s. 

down the tiihe and oat at K. Komf^times tho vidrc D ia 
made in niu'h a nineiuer that it. in fm- Ui more (ipwiinlMi 
juid can im I'.irricd upon thv tnhe aealiiig, whiidi, by lYnvon 
uf ilii upward iiiov«nii-ut, will prevent iho rubber from 
being oat shonld the lever be pultM np too high : but un 
ited(«r!ont it oannt^t follow the tube post a n-rtain mark, 
which if wpll iiho»Ti at Fig 1146. For repairing lhip> vulvo. 
Fig. 1,0.18, tiuierew the t'>p C. take out tbo valve D, ana 
iuM'rt the ntw rubber 9/ tfit Mine tJtieJtHtu. lljis valvo. aa 
far AH bi-ing proof againat tho rifocta of dirt, fto., ia verj 
{luod, and may be conaiderrd a true equilibrium. 



S58 



GENKRAli TOWN WATER SUPPLY. 



Horizontal Ball Valvoi. 

TImm ban Tftlvc«, u-^rti proprrlj/ mtiU, >n» oxnwiimglj 

good, and wbtu tbo ralro i« mnde to upen ii« |iTDporwidtli, 

•ad Uw body Urge onati^ round Uie outlet of the tsIto 

mmtiag h, tig. I.OfO, the ^t, lead skaTin^ ftc, o&a be 



iMthor «stt be tnkm off abd tbo npindlv wfthdmwn, of 

oounc prmriding tl>e itrter ia ua^rrwad. &c. tfg. 1,051 
ia a oonw boa* and En nn olovtitiKii i4 VtK- I ■('49 vaJv*, 
whtoli will at aiAx enable m; roadns at once to wlmt 
thiAr.laM I'f taIto. 

¥\g. l.UA^ iUuHlxalM tlw valve, Fig. 1,049, iiuid»i 
tb« larg» flang*. 




KfO, I.M9. 

»aahed out, and will biU dirc<?t throngb the outlet. This 
ralro, wbioL itt wrvwod for iron, is balanood by the pr<>(u>iirp 
)f vator boin^ alluwod to pam ibronj^b a tmall hole I 
jrillad (ip thu iiitiiid]«. and allowed to fr'^t at the end of th« 
pinlofi, aa ■liuwn at II. when) it ia prcv»nt«d from paasinjir 
ant by thn rnp O, and trcna u'dtiii^ bi^wrcn tho iiidiTN of 
Uio oyliiwlor by Out vtip Ipatb-T iv. To repair this Tnlvo, 
iiiD[it]r unmrow the Antigo F and rt-rubbcr the ralve. 
The cup leather, it tAe Utt muUt rskm, oaii h<v rMnoTod by 
taktnn •lot the atiiall aerew Q, and allowio^f Iha aptndle Ut 
(all out. Fig. l.O.'iO ix n plain nhank. 

Samp makiTi nuike thv apiudlo la auoh a tsaoncr that Ic 
will Dot Aidtnil of hetiig so easily nAen out, see Fig. l.OftO. 



riB. l.OK. 



Hw vnido at G i« drawn wronslT ; thia part 
pabotlU be on tbo fiaugn F. Ttaia alM ahowa 





kindly nuido ralro, tborc hrias no room for dirt to fret oat. 
bn aunh ia the oiiac. a forked acrcwdrivcr niiisl be 
Mnployed to turn the eup kalbcr nut off ; thvn Uio cnp 



no. iMxc. 

Thia ra]»», Fig. 1,053, ia (o bo ee«n in wwtion kl 
rig. 8215, working witli a nap leoUicr in a Vina of thimble, 
whiolt pnwervoa tbo cop leather from injury, &c. ; or, at 
othor tioiM, It M mado wtthnnt th« oup iMther, and 
depcndit u^ion the wator ball tot okpdag. I nada t^ae In 
rary larg« quaatltia ia lilZ. 

Balt-loM Stand-pipe Clctorn Supply Valves. 

By retemnee to Fi?. f.2R. Vf.l I., jon ran jw« my palmt 
ralre worked by a ilinphniKm and ooluntn ol water aa 
fi>ilnwa : — Bappoae th«- nLain pijin to lio full of water, and 
the tut«ru onipiy, thu foreo of wnlw will tone Dp llif 



OENERAlj TOWN WATKR SUPPLY. 



6S7 



diipbt«|{u 79, u>d ao opm U» ralrn 81 bj Ibc preaiara 
In Uw vtttnd-pipv ^3. 

Afmuxui thd tttnk no«r ti> he full up lo the moutb of the 
plpo 85. Now, the hydroRtatital weight in this p^ ta 
«K{u&1, uidceapMtofoicc •.•u tL«uud(<r>iirU' of tbn <lI^M)r•i^1n 
'9, nnd tbp ntKin furua or m«iiiin) fmm llie inaju prMninff 
upon thu pixttin 7S, as in Fltrx. 1,040 and 1,0J0, thp viiire 
8U, Fig. fiSK, cUmcb by the <y}uilibrium of tho wxUr: bat 
U noon u tbo wtitrr iri tlif tank gcta bdaw the nu^>utb nf 
th« M«nd<pipe 86, prvwura in itirsiii exorciMid ii)>nn tlie 
uadennde of the dWphngni, whtdh ngnin opmut thir viilv<> 
80, ud 80 rapcato Ittdf. 

Th« menini; of tbo vnire dewndi grMtljr upon the 
'b<»ght of the wftWr in tho nfatnd-pipe, nml vhotiii^ tb« 
iDiiath part vt this stai»l-pipo i* nrmutn^ no thftt il will 
fill iUu-lf At Mbih.actiim. Of couriN), the wiktcr cH>lainii 
pi[)o R3 luid 86 oui be token uy height to got tho opomni; 
or closing nctioii. 



Hydrostatic Ball Valv«, Fig. I,063&. 

T1ii» ii> tliir ioTODtiuii of the U(« Hr- (r«nTK« Jtmniugt, 
«Bd one thiit will work under Ti'ty liiwh pn-eniro with (ha 
|«BiKU«at nomblo hall, 'llii^ urtinti h us f<-1!»wii: Tint, 
thn liUk badl mt thi^ iul(.-t in a vnlri' ajmung k^aiimI tlio 
praHure, and at the ntJipr piuI of tho spindle t* nnnthpr 
vatvv, which c/'ifri ntfuiniit (lic^ i>rt-««iirv , C is h <',vlind('r, 
whmnn wnrks tht- loiiat- piaMn viilve. It will bo eccn thnt 
whdu ih* inlPl kdirII boll nilvr i» ojii>n thnt wali^r (ft^t* np 
t}M! biittnw ■pitidliT pipe mid into tiit- rytiutUr C, Aud prviuMi 
tlie cup-UiLtlti-red pitiun with thi? Inruv outlet vnlro «fpilnnt 
tli« (MMitiuif- Now cXom: tbp nniUl Imll by lcttln>r tbv lmr)ra 
copper boll drop : thin nhiNrM tho flnvall tiall on iu itoating, 
ami i-ptTi* thr. MniKll rnlve K hL th« i-nd of tho InrK" 
rsliudcr. N<iw tlie Iwiok prtwurp of wat«r is rfU'ft»i«i 
from behind tho ptBton, when tlie pr<:>wurv va the fmnt of 
thp vaIvo ritiicUy opena it, <nd sJlows tho tatdi to fill, 
and Ml iin. 



&top Cock Bait Valve, Fig. I.og-Jb. 

Tlurro aro hnndreda of tbeee ball valvtw in itiv Riukvt . 
in fact, nwrly the whoK^ of t.hv vitlvoM hitherto iibown 
have at una (imci <>r oth«r had a atupiilf arrangcmrnt 
applied. I shall, therefore, only nhgw ono, aa at Fig. 
1.052b. TbSt if n bull vulw huviay a griMiiid-iiL plag for 
shuttiiig off whllHt th>- main valvo fa repaired, or it can bo 
ntvd an a ont-off. luid nealul or locked up an rniiiimt ; iUk) 
wo Stop Cbck, FifjC- 621. Fprbii.pi> IIht ticirt way U lupuLa 
$U>p cock jutit in front of yuur ball valve in placiw where a 
lot of ciHtonut came oft one largo main pipo ; thin, of cvunic, 
answcm avtry purpojw. and lun always be had. 

By reforrinic t« P'Ik". 136 and 836 you will Ibere h« s 
kunUer leTer kind uf ball rsdve. Buiih »ra iui<d iu oon- 
D«ction with the Uiirk«r Mill W«t*T M<^l*rN. no thii.t tlm 
■upply cannot \ir idluwul tu dribble tii iinil not rei^ntcr. 

What I have eudeaviiurad to do in thi*, uit wi^rk, ia to 
placv baforo my readers thiwe vnlvoi which arc iiniverMilIy 
DBcd. and by all compvb'nt Judgtw iice4.-|it4^il iu> Ix^in^ tlic 
rimpleat ana mutt M-TviuL^blo fur lliu iminy diiferent 
Tirtwaurea which the pliuiilif r hua Ut work iLuainat. 

S(}' QXpurieuov, whirl) J* vv^r forty yvar* prautivol work 
undc'r nearly all tho diHvKnt large water oompaDiee in 
England, IroLuid, i^«ulIaod, imd Wn[«i<. nod name in 
Amvicu, tanch^w nm that of uU liull rnlvea in tb« inorkiit 
theru at« none tu equal tlioau rept«Muted at Figg. 1,049 and 
1,0A0, wAut pnptrtff Manttd md madr. I write these worda 
in italioa knowing it to bo a fact that many nwkcrH arc In 
be found making theen mlvm who do mA umlurHtuid their 
buaineaa, nor ereo the principle uu whioh the valfe works. 



Plumbers' Small Braes Work. 
Boiler Scrowa. 



-Cistern and 



There are varioiu kinda of boiler aemwa, Mme having 
long tfarcads, wom ahort. and tomo with double nutn for 
Forewing np from tl>c utitaide. Fij^f. 1 ,0fi3 ia a abort iKukr 
ncrcw for iron pipe work. It b firxl ncnu-ed into Uio 



Cf* 



FM. 1.0G3. 

Bucket and the joint nude at L. At otiinr time* thie acn'w 
i» iwrowed into tho aU* of a boUor or thick dflteni, or even 






into an tma socket for oaatwotiRff I«ad to imu phw. Pig. 
I.nni ietbo roipiliu* boiler aercw, wiUiflymtt U; tbii aonw 
la uaed for ordinarj- inm ciatenia. 

&l«t« Olatern 5cr«wt. 



*#3 



no. i.ou. 

TUh ia ihown at Rg. 1,1)56. and i« uaed prinwipally for 
atate or other Chtek ciaturua^ 

Double Nutted Boiler Screw*. 

Fig. IfiM ia a tinublo nutted boiler acrew. V, R Udng Ute 
nnta. Thia ImiW »w*w ia iiawl for plwoa where you oan*j 
nut get tu tighten up from tho uuJdc ; V tbni bt'coinn tl 




fto. I,(ML 

tightming nnt. When seleoting thia boiler acrew, aeleet 
them witii Ry iiiita of sabatantuj tbickneaeea Say for a 
jin. bniler avn'w, the ijut should beat loaat jjin. in tfaldt- 
iivaa. iind a Iin,, Jin. tlilnk; thia girea [»l«ntTof tiiroad tfti 
the nut, whicli proreula Ibrm iitrippinK, ana the acmwod' 




Via. IfM. 

part of th)! IxiiW Kcmw aboiild be well t^jaed, m at Fig. 
1,007, which allows txtn tUolmum of oaitaL 



fiss 



GENERAL TOWN WATER SUPPLY. 



Qrummets and Washers. 

Gmmmetti are mads nsnally of amxn jsaa or berop, 
soaked in tallow or red lead and boiled oil. They ihonld 
be made to fit tbe boiler eorew thread. 



m*^ 




Fia. 1,0GS. 
Washers, Fig. 1,068, maybeof leather, rubber, or canvas, 
old bagRing[, &>., the latter being- veil plastered with red 
lead and bmled oil. 

Washers and Wastes. 

There are various kinds of waaliers and wastes for lead, 
iron, or elate, and other cisterns, f^g. 1 ,069 is for soldering 
into a lead oiatsm. 



I 

■r 




Fia. 1,0W. Fia. 1,060. 

Iron or Slate Cistern Washers and Wastes. 

These are !>hown at Fig. 1,060, and are used for 8lat« or iron 
dBtems,andarefixeda8shownat3, and also 34, Fig. 1,08S. 




Fio. l.OBl- 
Sink Wastes. 



Theaoareshownat Fig. 1,061,A. B, C. D being one with 
a stzainmr, and fl; nut ijod bent onion ; and B, P, J is one 



without a deep nut and union, E. being a screwed fiange, 
and F the &j nut. Soitmble for baths, &c. 



Bath and Lavatory Basin Washers and Wastes. 

SometinieB Fig. 1 ,061 ia used as a lavatory waste connec- 
tion, that is when tiie waste pipe is governed by a valve 
or cook. 







Pie. 1,062. 



Fig. 1,062 is the ordinary lavatory washer and plug with 
fly nut and union. A ie the same tbing, but without union. 





Fig. 1,068. 



Flo. 1,064. 



Fig. 1,063 and Fig. 1,064 aro connecting unions for con- 
necting pipes to sdes of oisteniB, or other odd work. 

There are numerous other partsof plumbers' bnuw work, 
but it would only be a needlcsfl repetition to refer to tbem 
here, as they are referred to and iUustrated io m.-iuj parts 
of this work. For any parbonUr kind of bras': work nee 
Index, which will refer to every description of brass work 
used by the plumber under their proper titles. 

I shall now proceed with the practical part of lead pipe 
laying, and shall begin with the building supply. 

I have referred to service pipes from street mains, and 
at Fig. 960 have given an illustration of the pipe, stop- 
cock, ferrule, and boas, all wiped on, and ready for laying, 
which may be done in the workshop. 

Buliding Supplies. 
(Also see Service Pipes and Uains.) 

This is simply a main run, as at Fig. 930. He general 

Elan is to lay the main as a permanent supply for the 
ouse, with a stopcock on the premises and near the street ; 
the other end may be carrlfed to a tub. cistern, &c. But 
on the end, as at L, M, must be fixed a ferrule and screw- 
down cock, puch as shown at Fig. 1,016. Or if a cistern is 
used, an ordinary ball valve, as shown at Fig. 1,049 or fig. 
1,051, may be screwed or soldered on, as illustrated at K, 
Fig. 1,085, and at W, Fig. 640. When the main is run, it 
often happens that a garden or fire-hose supply is reqaired 



GENKRAL TOWN WATER SUPPLY. 



ftA9 



tobaflxml. Hwra an hundxMb of diffwont aurU of valTM 
raitaVk tot Uiu parpoM, but tho coo I imfw b> Bx is tlut 
shown at Fig. I,U[)3, nrthat at Fig. I.OtiC. 

in l*!^. ),0li6. nt II, iiMy be neon Kx«d a fir« hrilrant 
vmlTtt, with fauM and (NiviT ccmipU'io, the neotian of wIm-L 
iflsbowD at FIk- 1,066. but with a scrcwci) lop inRtiiuI of « 
fljin^ one, nnd ViU eiudly tm undcntoud. It i» plu'iTjlv 
tfl ht iiMn that tbo Thivo A is espablo of ihutttng uti tfac 







Flu. I.OSG. 



Fio. t,U». 



wnlAT, snd when Fcmwrd up •gaimt thr U>p C, Ihnt. if tha 
vwti«r V b< r))j;hl, Iho (op part f^f the viilvt will prenmt 
th« wrapn i>( l}i« wiil<.'r tbruiiKti tin- K^iiiiillL' li'il" and the 
■uIm of tlm tK>rowo<l Fjiindlc, tbimjfli Kuind would here nse a 
mnfflng-bos : but I do ncil, tor tb" Hiiuplo iva«on ihiit when 
the riklTc A {« Kbut down upoD the iiilot watin^, th(> mindle 
aud top hnln out litCtn; toii tig;bt. tln^ watorwiil )« nilnwfd 
to nut put of tbs stAni)-{ji]i(.- mid otbxr pnrt* nbDve tho 




' valva, which will [H^irent tbn ■tau(t*pinn> and lop part» of 
tliu TslvB bun>tiii|f iu tinifM >if front. t^Lnuld Ibv top rf' t3t» 
bodj of tbo volvo bo rvquitvd t<> ho wai^rti^t at ihAt pari 

' rmmd tho itpindlc, this imiy br urcompliHbvl hy lb« um uf 



Uie stufBsg-box or mw-kstbar, or hy the dnphngm fir» , 
hrdmnt. u shows atB, A,E, B, Pik. I,0C7, and Via. I, OSS. 
Fig. 1,067 also illostratM the tnotbodnf fiiiiig Uif aai 
with hfy and hnac In artion. On luriiing opeu tha vaJre, 
thp wntnr will ttirvf nppn thv diaphrngm and ptuw up tho 
oiilU-l E, uud iuM tho hum: F, D, J. Sic, whLtu il muy 
brunch ntf at an^ number 6f branchi:*, ae ehown at 
1, J. K. ftc. 

Tilt! lui-thud of iuiitg thp vain) npim the llaii|(e i>iiH> B, 
Via. 1,007, will bo thncou^hlj* uodcrrtood by the pinintier. 
All that in to ho ki-pt tti tiuw i» to frvt suiturlo pucktni; for 
tho bMlditi); betvwti the flanges. I Bomettnu-A ti-wt f<-Ii, at 
otbcT timott I'auvas, ii!d bagring snuiared ovm' with nd 
lead »nd Ixiilrd oil, lit othrr timiM Imthor or ifti:lia*nihb(ir 
vsshiTA. The*« may Iw putvhsMd r^ady miiAn up to any 
Bixi>. I think Iht Unt-naiQid ia tho bMt whrit Iho ripenso 
in not Htnilinl, ntul for a miprrinr i-buw of wiirk. I Knnitid 
add thnt ilif b<xw< Khi>uld he tLi«tl un the uni<iu F wilb Kood 
ftifHK ro])pcr bell wire, not too thick, m that it may tnaly 
he bmind jtiund. FoM it nontly round, and fix tho ons 
<ritd which jou eanuncracs with in oiich n nrnnnd' tlmt tha 
othw will overlap it : thm bring Ihiit einl to the part whcrs 
fmt l<>«vo iilT, and with yoiir pli'.T^ farton ihr tw'< well 
togathcr, or thr ttnuiliinfr end may ha fa^tcnrd in this iwnMi 
tnanncr that a tcatfolder would tiu the vuAb of the acallold 




j7 



. W. . 









Viii. I,^^« 

ivoid*. PifT- I.OflS i« anocLion of iho firv hydratit, dhowinir 
Iho valro t<> Ihj of tho loose valvv kiod las in Iho Kotht-rhmn 
cocki.thcdifiorfiui'flM-intithc pint" F, and round ttioEpiudla 
a st.iiffieiff-biis with (irlAtiiitti. Q h>>tdfl Ibc lugH of tin- nianil- 
pipe, anil faiit«iu< it to the ralvu uutlcil. after tlii.- uielJiod uf 
tho hayimot- joint, and in onn of thv beat and qutnkoHt 
mnthtMlM of filing a ronpUntr. 

Now wu aro upon llw subject of alrMt val«r mains, wo 
will see how hydranta are flied and supplied. 



Water Cart Hydranta and Motara. 

In Fig. 1.069 may be SMO tho irhola thin^ aa fitted mi 
by RtywK mimp fmr van ago. A i& tho Sin. load pipe, B 
thv ntfjp i-ock lit m rain-, sa ordvrvd, or an run plcsMi. Q 
in this case is ono of TyWs Fin Meli-ta. H ia the hydrant 
pokt as in unnally Axod about London ; but if tho draw 
cock K is used it should oomo off a charge plpt. as hhown 
at 2 or at 3, whera the valrsw are abore ground. 

2 



6d0 



GENERAL TOWN WATER SUPPLY. 



There are TUiotui kinds of meters in the market <d late, 
but the one I have fixed mott of is that ahown at Fi^. 
1 ,070, and kno'dVn an the Oocst ft Chrimee', manj of whi^ 
I have fixed within this last tbirt; yean. About 
tvanty-five years back I fixed a large Dumber for ICeasn. 



be fixed ae ahown at the section 6 and 4, which in this case 
aUowB the standjnpe to be ecrewcd on the firehose cap 6 ; 
bat when the firehoee is required to oome off the side, as 
at W, J, shown in the section and eleration, the valve is 
generally &x«d as at X, Y Wheu theee valves are fixed ad 




Jackson ft Shaw, bnildn-fi, of Earl Street, Westminster, 
including thoee at Brixton, Pcckbam Ky e, Quven's Road, 
and other railway stations, also those to supply the Royal 
Aoadomy, Piocadilly, London, and many of the Metro- 
politan aioA District rulway stations, all of which, on a 
recent inquiry, I found to be in g<ood working order. 
Another I fixed iu 1863, at Corunna House Laundry, 
Hammersmith, which is in good working order. 

I have here shown a plug stop-cock in Fig. 1 ,069 because 
I fixed this class of stop-cock at tfae beforo-namod railway 
stations, which for this purpose stands well, though now 
the ecrew.down kind is generally enforced. When fixing 
these meters as shown, carefully protect them from the 
frost. Cover the dial with a plug of hair felt, in shape 
something Uke an ordinary pen wiper, and at F, or where 
most Mucticable, fix an emptying cock to empty the pipes. 
H, J, Fig. 1,069, is the before-mentioned hydnnt, which we 
wUI now call a street standpoet ; the water is supplied by 
meter or otherwise. When the water is on constant, the 
ahut-otf valve, to supply the water to the staodppe, may 



shown, Qie ataodpoat generally stands charged for the 
purpose of supplymg pails, ftc., as at tite ooda K ; hence 
one reason why we oali it a standpost. 

When BQch oooks are fixed, they ehonld be of the class 
known as waste -preventing oocks, a section of which is 
shown at Figs. 1,027 and 1,02S. 



Water Meters Regittering with Air. 

Should you open the reaction meter stop valve when uir 
is within Uie pipes, these meters will whirl round at a must 
alarming tate and- kick up a terriUe noise. There used to 
be one at the foot of Unswell Hill that has startled mc 
more than oaee ; goodneea knows how fast thev register on 
the dial. 

It should be known that theee meten will not register 
with a Tory weak.atream, say a orow qoiU pasmng through 



GENERAL TOWN WATEB SDPPLY. 



|in.iut*r; lujiioo why tlie West Mi<ldlM(!x OonpanfliH 
tamblcr kind o( bu.Il vhItu, ■uuLlt to tbow 
■hoira at Viga fi3& and 834. 



Posittve Water Metara, 

Fi^. I.OTOa ntid a oJiow iKNitlon and olcration of Utnsra. 
Tjlur'H fflaitivfi Bli'tcr, which oporatM on the duplex F""' 
ci|ile. no tbtt it g'ivoa u jicrfMtly re^ulur moliuu tolliviliiilM, 
Kid without wiy (rn^lprrueptiblorrlanlotionorirrejtulftrity 
iii the How. Ln ihi^ intiUir tbon ara two pttira of pnrallcl 



-"5^=^ 




VI J- 1^9 




Pir i.i)Ma- 



ria.ifnn. 



062 



GENERAL TOWN WATF.R flrrPLY. 



ItfliriH'-r*. n> tnaj Imi nwn in tite awtinn, xnd willuii IbcB* 
«]rliiHt>'r«, nri' il'igbl" jW"!-!*!*, i-'jtinwrt««l bf Uie .= vbtped 
r>*la, 'n wbivb an to be aran Up]«t«. ThrM> tsppoto u* 
f(ir Dm iiiirpoM of OMmUny th« valrra, the nppnr hciog a 
■lido raUo for the Vnnir njriinder, wliilal the lower piaUm 
work* ih" tipjirr. Tim IntrMt pUton'n "lahf in to mnks m 
■brfl a auoko ■• pjMiblc. otul u In mlitjr ihe Bctuatiag 
put. irhjnh ^roa lifo to tfaa n«unriBf platctui abcnre. 
Ttir wiifrr latent thfoDgti tha lumal atraiMr, and fi«n 
tfaeniw Ur L)i4! uliilii raltroN and pinbitw altanaUlj, and i« 
aibaniitail ihroniih tka oMitn of oooli ralro. The index at 
iha nppffr part "if tha mntar la art»at«d bj tlia tapprl and 
onmintinii'alrK wit)i a latili^t wb««l. The apindlA ia fittnl 
will) II wiitni )'n|fa}(iiiK wiUi llw iiittuil vKirm irbM*! niid 
Klijtiill", vrLi'-b wurk* tJiroiiKfa a w«tfM--li)rlit pkrc similar 
Ui llial kbowii at T, Fig, ],070, Tho ncnirnrr "f ibia 
ImmIIivi' I'luha III Ricl«r (iiukt txf luuirvr tin- murk lliiiii nnv 
nii'tiT wiiTkiiiff "(■■II tlif priticijili* iif thi< Miirki-r Mill, 
vijNciaUy wbtni tJw wurk i* hvinui doui.' hIjwIv, iitid moic 
tliatt ona «at«rwork»' cnirinBer baa irl<rcu t^MtliiKitijr ihnt 
tlila meit«r will rsgiaUr withiu almut £ p«r (fiir. ouf wajr 
or l)i«> ol]|rr. 

Tliiii-<- nii^ VfirlwiB kliidii of poaitivs niot«ni In Ihr nuirkct. 
Our, Kr-»nlilr>, U a vary fo'tA <mo, and ana wUdi I tl»d 
ftt th" OIJ Milla, llamincnmitli, tor MMsra. Pindiin ami 
■ToUuMiii. La* wiirkm] very utlafaoUirily for tbin butt ton 
ji-ur«. 'I'boMi oil milU nra now tha Maltjhg lltkiiMen, 
KnriinuirHDiIth. 

Water Meter Providert. 

Anii riilo. I)i(> Witter Wurkii ('i<tn[)«iiy iiuiiatsiu supplying 

thtf wnUv mvicn, nml viliBr)ro n rmut fur tho nunc : tbctv- 

-fitii', tlio nntia of krepinj; iht^m in rviialr rMta vrttli thn 

it'imiMiiiir. aibil ahuuld tlipj- iflmiK to> rr»ip»ttir a SMjiply. tliua 

it Imximp" an ncknowtfilifod triuh- piiIh tr. ttik'i tic nrrrnpc 



r.> 



^^' 





iiBKwnt of the praent qnart«r with tbat pf the pivvlotu 
yt*r, eicont in ciuwb of fnwt, wbi-n tbc BMltrr would be 
lakni na Uio index n-ifiiitrrcd ; but tbn romplaint of nn 
waiiT (wbiob would bi' I1m> muilt of fixwt) abotdd be at 
■nn C(iain)untcMt*.<d to tb« Wat^r Oonipuiy by a pfi^pv 
mrMand iHU-T to pftTC&t enaciftdictioo. 



Fife- l.OTl illtutratfa a iitand-pipo and bmi 
mtu\c by M^wiT. Sirmp. Thom ia a anaU awtTiuTahc 
K, wbicb nnulrn. it fintt tat* In frs«^^w«ufaer. ^ad tba 
wlxilr U ipiy I'oniinii nml camrivte, Tlta bun. B, «! fW 
fluted ooluma and outlot rtaoda on lop al the ^h A m 
thilift ■haiwiiiililiillii niimi *^«iM 



GENERAL TOWN WATKR SUPPLY. 



668 



Fig. i,07lA illtiiitnik-tiHcaBnt.J. StmwAOi/fi Hjdnnt 

[Slra nod 81tuao VaItg fixfil complptfi. Tb« oxodlnuMtuf 

'thcBB valTea nro no woU kiuiini to n'»t«r inodn* eBghieera 

4o Me4 ao oommmit fnmi me. It out be bikd ^ted -with 



tnmt vslv* u thawn oa tbe right of dii tngmnag. 
Til'.' H|>iiidl« ii supplied vilb both rtnAog box And <:up 
loothn, and ftltogotfaor ia a fint-cJMi attids, imd 
Iwitdj- used. 



I 




GENEBAL TOWN WATER SIirPLY. 



im 




Drinking Fountains. 

[ngi. 1,071c owl l.OTlo.) 

Now we h«vv hyclntBts in bunl I will ffiva na Uloftatloa 
of (trinkin^ fouutnini which aro ft^rurin^ iiliout tlM Btreeta 
of l>M)(!on, ^TOPmllyMinUxl iysI, nod tutniiida oneof Mwing 
the oLildmi »cnU[ibliD)j; (or nopnjeii hi a. ^rii of com. 
After wbut I hnrc auid on n^anuitn and thn like tki* 
dl&^ram fixnlainn HocU, exi>cptiti^ tliai iu iwnic coabs th« 
WMW ih«r«lroBi gtmu to suiiiity ttrinkinK tmiiphfl fur rattl*, 
Aog», Ar. I RiBJ itdtl ifiat tilt' ItmC of i1il-m- Loudou 
fduntaiim wmn ^.•WH'U^^ im Slow Iftll in Ilu> jt^ar 1 8i». aod 
to-day, tho swociatioii which caKix fnr inwi nnil bcwflt iu 



i.vrjtb''" ' "? 







put. lp7lK, 



rui. I.OTlb. 



tliU TMpMli has Are<4Kl find maiDtninii 7C0 fouotAine fur 
huuuu ueingw, and nvrr lli«t nunibiT nf drinkinK' Irouffba 
tuTMHle. in tb* •trvot* utd ooon ft]Hi<«A of Lmidnn. Of 
rouTM, I niuat not be luiderrtooa t« imply that Uii* founljim 
WM tbc fint vku^mI in Ixfidiin.fnr ilnukinir fottnlaiiuwere 
in eiiatf^rf It) Lciuduu uL li-iint )i»iidr<i1ii ni yf*n before. 
Oeiirmllj- Bt-mliiiiB, tbi? pillar "ti t!m Uft worka wiUi » 
arniplu gpring vbIv*. I'. Q, K, Tig. '>0D. uhiUt ihal ou the 
ri)rht riiijw* a fuuiit«i» tu open valvtv tiko a dour handle, 
as ahowu nt Fi^. l,071t>(mnd« by Mt-KTn. Stone k Co.). 



GENERAL TOWN WATER flUPPTjY. 



Fi^. 1,03 Ix it ■ fooBtnin ituitafalo for fixing in walla, for 
public-hDDBa, uul tf<T r&hnwTn'.t nbcllcrM, for ntmngr vmgt. 




fiti. t,im»- 



nwr bo had of llto wU'dwiiiig or wasto picvontinfr 
cbuH). 



Surface Covers 

The 8to]ioack or hvilmnt vnlvMwhttn flxwl Uilnw grouuil 
idiimlil U> prut«c(i!<l with u prnjx'r 'K.vf i-. hh hIiwwh nt H. 
Fig. I,ft69, Fi?. 1,071. and also at FigH. 1.07'J. 1.073. Aiv 




ri«. liOTS. 




Fia. :.oii 

Tho former in f)n» nuuJr bjr Monara. J. Tylor ft Sntui, nml in 
lutud iu taaay pnrtH uf Ejunilun. In Uiui Uw lid (alwi kuq 



A, D. Fig. 1,072) ahnti below ttie top oago at .Cm boa^ wd 
of ihlt I d.> not apimiTC, tocatiM in the winter, vlM||.flka 
tnwt i« about, it k(4ii frozen down. Tu obriate this trrll mo 
Fig. 1,0T3. In tid« diagram it umj bu eeen that tbo lid 




■KntK rlnvm fxirly oror tbr hnx pftrt, itnd thrmfMw dili or 
fr<>24-Ei wiitvr L'ttunut hiiulpr llu irijeiuiiK *t any DWNiKnU. 
Tig. l.U?-! iUuHtntee II ikwp borfste i-uvcr inDrhtMl F P (fln: 

Torrulo Oovsra. 

I^. 1,07$ if anoidinftrnmckorferrutDRivcrforiilvJDg 
nrpr top of fvrnile, A<t., in the irln^t, and in mioh nln<-«vi 
where tun (.'iirth is lliruwu over the Mtnu;. The u)Mnmg U 
i* lo rec«ive thr pipo ur ticvit F, nt Fig. Wi ; or tw a »t<>p> 




fpN 



ff 



fVL t,OTS. 



trricV tii'-ro nrp two nprniiiifirH, »« at B, FSg. 1.076. When 
tlii* cover in u.«iil, tli.- iN«k and pipe iihuiilil be. with hay, 
Ac. prapcrlf iinii«i,(?d frnm frost. 

Fi)r. 1.07(ii[liiiitrfllMat t.aaitrfno norer and vain oom- 
liined. Tho Tulvi! iu hcUod ia aiiiiilar lo that ehowa at 
Fig. 1,068, 



Fig. I 

harinf 



-^ 



Stand Pipes. 



S hvdrniit ^tand iiipe for hotie. 
I tho top cod, tae *ii)v» port 



GENERAL TOWN WATEB SfPrLY. 



r.ii? 



(ft in tK«U(iii t])e Mine u Ui&t illiKitratcd tn tbe cock ecctioa. 
Fig. 1,01-1, &ad alHo in Fitf. l.OCS. 




Phi. ifini. 



Stand Poets and Waste Preventing Fountains. 

Fi(E. 1.077 ia Mi»M». J. Tjlw A Son*,' Patent Wiiste 
Pn>T«jt«r Fonntaln. 

'Iliift i» Urgely ittcd fw WAt*r m]j|>U«H lo C"ttiiffi«, 
court*, nnd poor Incalilira. It cloaca LmirJWititolj- ibe 



■^fcl 




t"iii 1,077. 

fiuidlu i* lot t(o, Ihv I II <{] '" itiir •ootuirui'Ud lU tuit to 
bu capalle of luin? ii<il iij) or Itipt npcii In unr way. The 
ffojtc in put toKclliiT '.ilh MninlT—iink fujunn-'Wiulii] 
■un-WK, mhidi m^uirv a kL-jr ia uudu, au [Lat LlniujipanLtuB 



fantiot bo tampnnd with. Thn ipparntut U slao cob- 
•trnnti-it Ml IhAt witter aah <uily lift ilfsvo faj pwwna 
poiBnaiug a key, iif which ituy huiuIim' can b« ha£ The 
Mttar ■ystom in oftMi uluplMl, nnH mill rurtliivrvdtioea tho 
jKNHdbiutv of wuHte. The a|ipunitua i» &ioO syainM s wall 
i>r to hloelca cif wnod in placed wberaa wall is D<it aval1«U«. 
The npparntiia ia alao wadl ftdttptod for s drinktag 
fnnntnin. niul fur tutoriM, ur where a niunlier ul penwaa 
iiru I'lnitloywl. 



Patent Stand Pipes for Frosty Weathar. 

Tlirao nre llliiatrsteil nt Fi|r- 1.078, wiil ur« for ihe 
liiirjKittf uf timwiii^ wn tor fr«ni ttiQ Loaduii atroet miLiua 




FKi. l.«8. 



wb«ri thii limiao or iilher scrrko nipw nre froeen, Tlio 
wiit4rmi(-ti nhtiuM carry them routiil llurir dJatrtot aud Hx 
thtmi in tmitAblo place* for tbr coavcnu'noe of the 
inhahiuuut. 

Ffro Plugs. 

The mode af fizlaiir theac sUndi^pee ia «s foUowB: — 
Pint (by nniwrcwing'l draw tb« Srvpfug. Fig. 1.07V, from 
the fito viu-^ ■'wkrt, which ia timply a cone-tAniiM h<>1i< 
nbniit 2Un, in •tlii(i»>ter on tbe ton of the main ; then take 
FIk. 1 ,078 nnd pliuaj tl» ptstmi H, F (wliicli i* iiuulo {larUally 
of ludiA rubber) iiitit the aooket, and the battom part nf thii 
piston 11 bein^ nuwlt^ of lead fits into the hofnTv-nicntiuii^ 
■ockct. Now, by tnmintf thn nick h nnd iipindlr K, tl. b^ 
nauiuible wraw, p.tuaoauie Raneoa H and K to apiin' 
each other, and so couprrww the india rubber wat 
Inti^rally. wlinii it hoMs amarding to thr amount 
li^ljtTii:iii ivUich you give by lununj^ Ihu cock 
■piudle. 



GENERAL TOWN WATER SUPPLY- 



SOO 



Cylinder Tiinks and Cisterns. 

FiiT' 1,083 U Uw oyliod**!' Unk wxt wixtp nravanlnr 

^oUt«m UA mnde atmiD j^mtp finrc to <!•> xwut with llic boll 

tTulvf. iind fnr place* when the cwtenta do ttot gi^l proper 

[*U«nti(m. Tliin !• noUuiiK more than » ttrong c^liMnf-Jil 

«t odicr ihftped Uuik, of dm rircuUiting Iwri wntrr Unk 

Vnd (eeo Kigtt. I,lff&, l.dlS, 1,62$ ; dvo WuKt Eg^, Add 

K»rg». *"■■)■ 

A, U Iho maiii 'upi^T '. H, n Aoating or otlii^ air mire, 
pref«r»l>1y mit^p of winxi nr indin-mblier, wuikiti;* iritliin * 
ytaido : J> u divw-ufF. whiclt by piping nmy Iw IkIc«d to 
•ar Mnvvniant ptac«. This in kU that U rdjutrcd In tlie 

1 QToiiiJuy onnnw of t.hin^P- 

B. it It "Tosto prvvuiiltr valve; O, n gii)il«; C, n cup 
tmtb<Y: L, the brer; K, iite clMiuiDK I>'"^' c"*^! ^'i' 
pipe. 

riw actJDD nf it ja klmoiit too aiinplo for in« to desdibo. 
Tbc initor cuminx In nl the inlot fill* tlir tanlc and floats 
tho bMU I) up ft^iast t\M kIuUh-.'. vrlitilt <:lc««« the air 
Valve. M in tli<^ ••lino with Um Drdlunry i^trcet air Tmlrw, 
Mid tiin wliolc buMnucN cbttr))-r:d whrr thn tlmw-off benomw 
uTiil«r hoATj pireHnuTP, winch in acvisfal pLaom I havo 
amuigctl thti tbnw-oB to wi>rk andw a Inw pr«wrim>, whi^h 
at tiinw in an advanlJi»«. It will W nntic«f tliat wlicti tl'o 
Kiiti-r b out oil and the dnw-oil (.-.iik J *)pcu. that wat«r 
will Id- altotrtxl hi run out, aa ilocfi ihi- WAlcr in the wtrMt 
luaiius t>y tkv valve D dttipping, and iriviu^ air to thn 

L.tnternal part of tim uylitiiliir ; tbv poiW abcnv O will 

* timyt onntain olr. 

The Wotw Kkk. B, ia too w«ll IcBMra to nqtiin U17 
lurtlivr description. 



Double Valv« Standposts 

Tht<Ho kindii of ninndpnolji am "bown at Fij?. I,0R(. and 
■ra WkqI}' oHcd, thwr Mlion beins ilmplj' that of tbo 





Fki. LOM. 

wiMtr preriitiUm •<h<)Wa at Tigs. ffl5. H6, 0H. BM, 
666. Gi&i. His. Sic, and nMxi nn further flooininit, 
•sropting that tbojr obould be fixed in ahelt«red placM 
from fruat, kc. 

Haviog now intro'luoL'l t" yvxtr wlii* iM*in« of Ih* b«t 
valvMond HtandpiulK oflm reijiiirod un yi>ur nisius, tlM< 
way will ttc olonr ft>r the gMvernl plunbtnf; work. 



Runnlnfi Load Wat«r MaJnt.— Remark*. 

Wd will Duw BUppow that tho waUa uf the buildinff an 
«p and ronfcd in, itnH mtdrfcir U)o inHidc piumberfl* work. 
end W|f ill with th« luoiii supply P'IM- 



^vlag the buUdingr anppl^, aa at Fiir- B60, alrmdy I 

•uppoae wa bwciu by connsctuig or Mtating a joint, ai ^ 

3,Vig. iW. fi'owr contioKQ to fix or run your pipm witk 
aoitable wall hookn or ear todu in well ammgti ebasw. 
and wbU nhcltcrcd from th« fnot, taking fl*ro not to nui 
them BK>ra than poemhlc over cailtnfpi or plocaa wh«rr, if 
tbL>y burat, thay will ftmntly inoanvmianrv thn inhabitaiil*. 
These RTeat troublw are vtten bsounrht about by iha 
dovniuiMefl of woald-bo irorkman. Thm I have Mts 
the laain nipn nflon vtjy much damatnd by drivinR 
the bead of tfar waII hook lialf way Uimugb tho iFtut. 
nr the pipo redui-nl in the bgire by bad " dente " fn.nn tho 
head of the* hainint'r. or badly nnde brnda. crooltod liuea 
of pipM (/rf-p Fig. tiGft), the jointa half full of aoldcr, atooas 

■iM aurh Ijki-, whirl] in oftiin the canM' of frrvat htimnff 
or niniMtiiK noi-t"' in lln- pipvn when the walw in ninnini;, 
vapedallj tuiJ«r hifrb prewure. Almyt take tb« gmatat 
oare to avoid thu abnvo evils, and to fix your pipM so that 
it ia aonbL-Uiint; to be prund of when finiahrd. But, of 
oouTM, I do not lar Ibst you are to be a week doiapi; a 
day'a work puU»hing ur tittlTatioir, or meestng awav 
your lime, and I Mhall ezpcot the woric dour wuU. with 
good fiuinh. in nuMonable tinio, ill erdor tu compete aith 
othdn. 

Xuw, hu«lo|caU amaged aa at Fi|r*. 31)9 and 340, lot 
ua run thp Intd pipe a« at J, Fig. 960, to M. Fig. 310. and 
makr tbc noorwitry joint with n good atop cork and emp^- 
injf cock, eaay iit ac<WM. and, if ponaibb^ rx|inM>d In vic*w, 
and in ]a(a« eotabliafaiQenta with tlie words printed 
WATER JLAIN STOP COCK. 

I do not think more should )w written on the JUumrkj 
of pipe fixin)^, as ihey ar« AuIfkienUy heavy to itiiprrw 
thn evilii nt had work upon tlwt intrllig'.'nt yonng work- 
muu, wbo, of oour^, wvuld •com — vt, al lemi4, f«l 
Tcrj Tineaay— to do l»d work nndiT any flir<iuniJ>tAnrM. 
Thereforv, I shall conteut tnriwlf that unyooe rewlin^ the 
Remarkawill beaahamedN>)pvci tnn(Kvntp>Hipti?lluibt'fi7n>- 
Ricntioiied troablos through tbvir oegteot or lailuMut, or by 
liatooina to the advii-a vr porsuuoions of the jerry huiklar, 
bod arc£il«oI, Sec. 



Malna — CAtarns, and Fitting Main Suoplles 

Having ({one through the wboto parophtraolia of mn- 
nlng the service pipes up to the stop oock, we may ouoduilo 
that the othor p«t of the sorviee pipe between the atop 
cork and daton n«cda no fnnh«r defojrlptioo. the dnple 
poiiit* liring to mu il as iitraigbt a* ixMwible, but with aaay 
Mtiidfl til provimt noiie, and pnil<<cl«d from froati 
and flxiuK a atop cook lu a oon«-at -able and cunapieooui 
plaov, with a draining oock jw<t on the houHe tide of 
the atop t'Oek for taking wntrr Uiorttfroin or cinpiying your 
main in linipa of frost, or for rr|>airK. fee. 

I will now n*eums that we have arrived at tho top of the 
Hst«m, and r«ailv fi>r tho ball r<M>k. IjpI U. Fig. I.0S5, bo 
the main pii<i-. Ifin^ wn rscjuirn a bmnrJt jtunt, but befo 
nuiking tbiit br^^'h juitit knock over thtt I'lul vf your pi| 
whi'b t* tiUKt diinc as foQuwi : — 

KkockuiU L'p tjik Kma or Pirr.s. — First, rasp, tapering 
thft end n| the pine for Jin. fnwn (h« point {loanwiutls, 
•initlarly to that Himum at J, F, Fig. til. then with yon* 
mall«t or umalt hnmntpr knouk the end over nioe aad 
ngularly until it is olNcd nioe and wiuorr, wtuch should 
bt wiped or copper- hitt«d over : then makt your joint as 
dixeded in our Juint Making '•*>!> pngts 80, Vol. I.), and 
As yonr ball 000k ilh showu at K. Fig. 1,093 : or. inBleid 
of makittg a braocb joint, a round juint may lie tued, u 
shown at L, Fig. 8B0. also at 41, lilg. 33B, or at 61, 
Fig. 6'ili. 



670 



GENERAL TOWN WATEB SUPPLY. 










t'lii l/.UiJ 



Ctetepfi FIttrng.— Wutea, Outfet Valves, &o. 

Wa have aeen hov the main or aeirice pipefi nre run, 
■bo bow to lino a autom, and nnw it in time to look after 
the fitting up of the cisttnu. For this, examine any of the 
liitiiiiinttfn anoh ai an ihown at Figs. 96, 314, 316, 330, 
SU. 477, 480, 492, 611, 566, 592, 596, 597, 698, 604, 60,^, 
611. 613, 616, 626, 626, 628, 640, 645, 667, and 1.08C. By 
cuafalljr locdcmg at a few of tha above ciHtemH, you will 
M«> Tuietj'of work moat likely suited to the circunutancee 
<if ibt ckM. which at all timm are important, paints to keep 
n «ww. for that which will suit one job may bo utterly 
l—iiwr liir 1-- **•— 

lirjm II Wunn airo Waste. — Let ua now examine 
^H nasn wvvk at Fig. 1,085, In this ciotcm wo have 
■ioB* niEJfW; ^T. r i-< for the waste. Hero in this cidtcm 
iH> Miniif -tt« i!w waiter and waste Fig. 1,05!>, and before 
-^ «^^ » jbaI (W hittitm Hhould be sunk \x> receive it, 
M -rngmt « Z^ T'jti. S2«, and as at 34, Fig. 1.085. This 
u^fHB -^ 'w^> wasbcr h> bi^ son'wcd in, or, better, wiped 
iw wrfiKw •.'! th1^ bottom of the tank. tKcone 
■ m «tvw ;h<^M.> washors in, but I prefer to 
TVtt wtftac ihoi*- wAsheis in (shown at 
...U. tf... IT!* "SB ^ Aangv of the washer ; then 
^ikaitl paper- lo fit truly level with 
■^ *H»i JLT RroiWng the washer. 
. lua 4iiue o«TT the lead pipe at 
_^ _____ faaa "Iw lu^ of the wa-itu, us is 
[is'V. T. •'^- hSV. tni w^^ a i\tint umilnrly to 
ii^K. -^ » ^s '.« aw 'Wutku and with gtHxI 
£- -^BSL ;. ■'«ua wni wmtw mmt K' hmm. am 
.£ -^^ \\_' V, 'iiiiiiiiiiwuwiiT' I irnrr -' 
■ lVl-''W 

wiA ifcuM, ml 

Ii—hsiM Mint fii-niTi-n 





shown at K, E, Fig. 1,085, and ahw at F, B and A, S, 
Fig. 1,086. 

Air Muffles. 

{P. J. Davibs'b Patent. 8co Fig?. 650, &c.) 

When fixing piiwa leading from oistcms, as at E. Fig 
1,08.5, an air pipu should be used, as at D. to allow the 
water to drain out of the pipe when the ynlve i* to becloei'd. 
But when these air pipes are fixed, great care is necessary 
to make the pipe where the air pipe is branched into two 
or three sizes larger than the remaining part of the down 
pipe, or the air will interfere with the delivery of watir 
through the pipes, unlexs a fmall stop cuc-k is fixed on the 
uirpipo, as at Q, Fig. 1.085. 

The use of this stopcock on the air pipe is to prevent tho 
entrance of air f n>m passing through the air pipe when 
the water is rushing down the pipe B, bocause, if the air 
IN allowed to enter the pipe, it greatly interferes with tho 
full quantity of wat«r bnng, by tho air in the cistern, 
forced through the short length of pipe at G, by rcaeoit of 
tho air being allowed to enter the pipe B. Tjiis is only 
reasonable ; for the air. by its additional fluidity to thnt of 
water, will be Iwtter able to nuh into the pipe B, than 
water thnmgh tho horizontal pipe L, G, A to supply the 
partial vacuum occasioned by the weight of the fulhng 
water. 

Air<Pipe Muffles. 

Instead of this socoud cork Ij, if tho end of the air-pipe 
lie hammered up, and a wnv^/r- pointed hole be left in the 
end. as at J. Fig. .i77, this wiU. to n certain extent, answer, 
because it only allows the air-pipe V to fill elowlj, and to 
empty accordingly ; but it should Iw rememberra that if 
this hole be ever so small, the water Tvill quickly 
luave, or a Jin. pipe would soon empty, and air will enter 
the pipe B. To finally get over this, and to make certain 
that air will inily in rfwc time ent)>r the pipe without 
att4'nti<in when the cock J, is turned otf , make apiece of, say. 
Sill piix'i us nt 1\ nearli/ oluned iu at the top (to keep the 
ilu»t oiitl and branch u short irii-.t- of Vai. pipi.- with it t end 
iMrtfi cUwed. as at Z, into this pipe, so as to prvvcnt the 
wat),* eiituring tho staad-pipo too fast, which will also 
IjwwMt its re' •tad/a the pnwurc of the atno- 



GENERAL TOWN WATER SUPPLY. 



S71 




Bonii JntaU. 11000 CiatbM Uwl Tanh. lin. Ibiek. 

TO snovf RTAY Bora 

Pcnonallr midc hj V. J. Ditvim for Miaati- I'ladiio tail 
.lobiLion, kt llunmtnmth Otl V-'orkt 

Ndm mftlitu thflM Ualu I hkTi iMde Mmr itl iha Atlnlk 

Wli«rf, Bon roromon, Inr (tiwing Oil, 




Fid. t,aM. 



Slirn wfatD tha Btopeocit J w nbut off. TLu top md buttom 
thja 8in. nmfllo pipe nhnnlrl br liif-d Irvfl with thn top 
■ad wnrfy k-VL-l -irith the )HitLom ul tliu uaUni, mo tliut Uie 
ninlBie pijie will bold iMiffictr'iit water to ilIIhk- for thi> 
ItHf**! Itmf dnnitfi wh\fh itairr tcUl bt hkttj/ to he Jratcm 
ttrtMj/K tJu ttrau-of ftp^. Or innteAd nf a long pieoo of 
8in. pii^, > ithurlur one, urlioso diunoU'r ii prcportionntvlr 
Inr^T. inav !>■' iiwil, bav!n(( n liip aolilcrHl on ami an lur 
pipo imiIiWdcI (111 ttm lop, <hbii'ti air |ii|)0 of ooutbc mast be 
UkFi) til the top of thf nstiTU. It ia not Bbaolatvly 
nuci^Hiirj UinT llio mufilu fthoiilij Ijo innHc to the exact fnftn 
dinwn at P, />, V, for, im Irfnrir HtAtnl, k Hhorbr (mA will 
aunwur, ur ouo iii tbL> afnitie of » bux ; or Instesid of that, 
tiiA nir-pipo V, tnnj hnvo itn eud reduced to, «ny, iin. or to, 
utd Iftlteo into n Imi fitmii'^1 in Iho rifiu-ra a* |irr Uie d<^tted 
Unfi, 3, 4. or utbrrwiiMr. and ir]ii«h I jiri-fer ti> ni.iki*. But 
ni.'lif* : sluHiId tbn Inttr-r nu'tJifiil !■■ iidoptnd, yon iiiuiit bu 
(Mruful iii>i to li»re Hit- tilliiik: b'j'o L. iiitu tbclH.xiciilarKe, 
or Gthorvri>4 thin filling li<<lo «-in «nppl.v Die oir-pipc too 
fimt. nnil tli<> miiiiii'<iui'Ci<-fi wiiiiid li« t.hnt thn nlr-pipn wnuld 
biwoiue A <:i)nLit>uaua typboii. Ofouujtie, ii ibialw doted in 
■ box, iin kir-ppv mimt Im flxnl to fiIIow it bi till or vmpif . 
Tbsactlvu of tlicno intidli-ii Li ux fulluwn:' Tbu wtil«r, on 
bFitiif tnmod on at tho ■tnjicoc.k J, Fiir. 1,086. ^nll vpiy 
qiiiiiltlj fill up till! pij>o H it then (illn tbo nipu V ; bnt 
by ivflM-'U of LbiH pi[>o liiivitiK it" oiid piirtinllj' vIumkI to, 
uay, (in., hn at Z. Uio water U obeckcd from (.utcritiif t^o 
niutHo rupidlj". btit ullows it to fill T017 slowly. Soy th»t 
it is full. Now, by dr«-»rin(|[ w»b?r tbruugh the pipe B, a 
pnrtifin of th* watt^r leavf* th« luulB^, and lit alrict 
•(wunluiico with tlio eiiQ of tho holo in the <.<nd of th'i' pipo 
JT; if watflf bi' ixntininklly driiwri full bore tliroiiKh 
Hir pipe fi. tbe uiuOli; will uaiply : but if lb« watu- in not 
dmwtt full hiro throngh the pipe It, tbn chanran arn that it 
will not viiipty ; iihould tho cock J ha mIiuI off, ntid th« 
walfr allowod to run out of llwi ]M|ic B. it will quinUy 
wnpty t.h» mutHc 1', mid ho giri- air into the pipe B. 

I aavi! ilitnTilird tb'iM' iDutHi-H at tEnfftb iH-caunu tbry an 
not hitlicrto Iciiuwii uj Lbi* [tiibUv. lly tbt* uae of this 
little- inv'-ntioD, tliL' Kurttlinjir nuiflo hciud whim tlur pipes 
acre allowed to draw ^ir is tli'miui^hly nvnidoil. 

liuteud of uun)[ Btup-mdui, ua bt:furu niuarkMl, if iudlu 



Tslves may ha vniploycd, aa aliown at D, ke.. Fig- 1,084 ; 
bnt if tbun Talrca nn- xtrcd, tuw a vnlvc at least one MM 
I'vJ /ri^ larger tbiin tbc- piui-« Moploypd^vii., if a IJfn. 
pipo is iiM^I, <)■•• 11 ^tn ii[>iii(11p vairp, and if a Jin. ia UmO, 
UNI a lin. vpindk valv". mid wi on aie^'rdiuRly. Fix an 
air ptiM'. aa hliuwn, to rb^ valvo ; bnt if thin nir pipe ha» to 
bi' faraiiclind into Ihe kiwi pi[iu boluw tbo diiitrrn, Ibfn nn 
a Urgdr oiao Iruid pi(H> imm ihu ii|tindlo ralve to the other 
idido of tho btiuicb cm th« uir \n\i« : uw>, eay, two or tlirw 
eitta \BTgpr rpindlr vulv<? and ou.t-po pipr : tliie will allow 
tJif wat<T til fni-Iy ""pply tbi- Riiiutb of tbe down p'l>o 
without drawing air. Ttiiii i* mtln>r importjiiit. A ftintd 
check againat tbin kind of iliing ia to itiu< im tiiTKi! an air 
pipe aa poaaiblL', and tu hiunmcr up tho bnitipb Ui atd of 
ihf air pipe to iihout iiii. bun? aa at G. Fig. S 77 ; then tbu 
■ ir jiijMj will fill slowly and bold tho wiiirr a gcHul li^ngth 
»if timit wbiUt tbn draw-otf piji" in at work, aud im (in-vi-ut 
the i-utraut'o of thu air wboii a larger quantity "f water will 
juMK down tbe pipe in a givfo tine than uthLTwiM cod 
pOKaiUf lako jtitu-c- 

OvorHowIng Wolla. 

Vi'v will finlidi uur Wtll imd Wahir Supply Work with 
an illni4ratioii of an orerHowiii^ wi'll at Bourn, in LiniToln- 
filiin.- [Fi^. 1.0!4|ja). whirb i* n imn rcnrriimtalion of the 
wurk of li>y*w. lalcr and Co., voiuplvttil at lin- lalttT 
eai at 1K93. Tbi- well waa sunk and bored to a depth of 
131ft. fnr tho Biippty of wati>r to tho town of Spalding, 
I.inonlnnhiri-, thi> yipld briny 5,000,000 |piIliMiH ]«rr day, 
H«w. vou nc^. u pip© in broiinbi to the minace of the »-«'Il. 
iipou which ia a &hut-duwn valre. 

Owing to ib>' high ppct«uni irkirh there exlata, gmal 
cnrv wiia nL-etiaur)-, whi^ putting domi the tube, that lh<rro 
nhonld be no ohanou of earape of the wst«r ontaida tb« tuba 
to iiniiao unnocceeary wiurt«. 

In thin wrII thrro nro thrr^^ t'wn nt p{pr<!< hroughl within 
tift. of thi- surfiicc, Uiu t.'iida of ^acb iMfiiii; driven lightly 
iutfi Ibe aoil, cbiy, dee., Ibi? Hnimlar apurii la '*'^ ' in 

witli apvcially prepared <t>i>i>*ii1, in unU-r tbnl Id 

not b» iho !«!« cbanL'e for the waltr to f^a]'. , . :. ;!iii 
earthwork and inni-r tub'*. Thr oatrx tul-- is V'Ji9> 
diameter, IQft. long; tbu middlo uom*, I8in. diamcTtrr and 




GENERAL TOWN WATER SUPPLY. 




no. i,(nu. 



32fl. IcmK ■ ll'*' iniM'r sod main liiba i» 13in. diameter »ad 
76ft. luntt- 

The well ttoin^ sank to « deptli u( Bft. atuL 6ft. iu 
iliaBkBtar tlunu)ck tlH< Fpii bod*, and prot»rl}-0l«in«l iu hrick- 
wutk Aiid ceiBent. rliiy wim found iit SH. fiin. At 7ft. 6in., 
K lowBT cUy w«a foonil : nt Oft. 6ui., imk sud nhrllo ; Ht 
18ft.. Aft. Bi]i.af1iaOTtoo«{"CDrBbraBh").«tvlii<^l> depth 
laniiiiMtod thoonl^tabc. At mm. vua lOft. af tnottlod 
obf , ^rk umI Ktvtu -. theu 1ft. of Mhnly il»jr ; at Saft., vai 
2ft. v( hitnl I'liif Tftk. Ufw t^rmiiintft) lb* middle lube, 
imd Un) ranKiit wit" pmind iiiti> Ibr AjR-nntv bsttrMii Iba 
•j'i m and thp )t*in pipe !'> cuurc tlut iiub-«mb|i« of Iho 
water. 

At 34tt.. WW Ift. of dark btiu' wft rock and ahnlla ; at 
Mft. r WU (wild '2ft. of faiutt Uue clay ; at 43ft . , wao (wind 
?ft. flf IbOBMone. Here waa diecQWcd thv grew ouUt« 
mi'mn At 47ft., v&slft. of UmoBloinc of li^ht colniir; at 
48ft., wan found tft. of wry bard (pem rock : at Aaft., was 
3ft. of dark ktwvd tfUy; at Jtfift , wiui Ift. of hard blue 
ruck : at 6&tt., waa Ofl. «f darit oiid li^rht irt^'cii clay ; at 
66ft. lUiu.,wa«IOin,of rock iritbwaler ; at latt.Qia., wai> 



9ft.8in.«f liiclit RmiiaDdflandyolay. aL7Cft.,Ciii. of hUck 
cla^ nod ]H^jl. HonivDilM thr 13ii> ioirrr tiitii.'. which ia 
76ft, in length. At 7Gft. [>in., w»b lit. Sin, nf f[TBjr noroua 
rriclc (Limvln*faim i>citit<>j ; al mtt- , trna tilt. din. of liard 
(iotit« ttnicatoiii* williuut tiil>in|f. 

At tlio dopth of 6-^ft. from thn mirfam vraa foattd 
ebalybeftt« v-atir. whtnh vm^ <naixlully elimtualed by tba 
dtiviiig of the l:Vin. pijv. 

At a dapthnf TAft. ilii>. from Die tutrtniv. ibeniAin •>]>riiijti> 
wan tapped in th? Lim uttitiiiiM* "olitv. lh<> water riainff 
VBty sluWly, aud took aumr-Uiinh,' liltc tvniiiy-four houm to 
till the wf^il: but by orHktiiiiiiii)f tliu lii>niiif ru IDUFt.. tiui 
supply wriiH \.'M)U Knlli)ni> p-r niinuli ••irtllow. 

At 1 30f I . frvm the nurriiw. tb<> ntiriiiK gn\o 1 ,890 g»UaiiM 
Mir minulv. mid was nearly doublod wLiii the boring wm 
finJKluKl— i;nft. 

It in euriifua tbut Ibi' |in-«iiuni rvmaiiiml thn name at aaefa 
of tiio abijrir |;iv(>D d«[rtba of tb« buriug, wUoli fa only 
10 Ibd. to the Hiuiim inch. 

The water ncinri* by gnvitatiati tbroorii ten niiiea of 
piping ta th« (.-i>in{>ni)y'ii rrmcmin at H|ialaay. 



QEOMliTRY FOR PLUMBRR& 



£78 



--i 



GKOMETKY FOK PLtTMHKRS. 



Intraduotlon. 

Gamatltij SDMBn to bkm hem knuwn hundnilH of jean 
prior to tn« CnriBtUn e», for clu^ fAunder of nr*vubfl« 
■BaoMitr; nppeua to havs been Fythagon^, b.o. ACS. 
natu vrnif aim m gwanttricinn. The ni'Xt nntni; worth 
■uMitlou ia Eudid, whoM boolu an vvH kuown, utui umxI 
bjr men ol kuouc of tke present dur, ultlum;jli luori- tiiaii 
2,UO0 7MU» old. ArcJiimedei*, Kiiother old gipnmtrtricimn, 
wl>uU<red 2,If*0 rokn KfTo, iMtrtudly uwvx bif sw>ccm» to hi* 
lDM>wled^ in tAU) acifiooo. He ira» a ffXMl w^oUr and 
■Mcbuiio. and it i» said that "ht was tbr'flr^l vho iittrinpt«d 
U> ■«It« thn rvlation of u itraiglit lini: lu Uim:in;unifmnict) 
of a cirelp. Dnubtlevs id luy ruind t;«w)Rietry wun known 
to tbc anciDul EgraUuu. 

If tbuM niMiliwui» nf I'M kin-w the vnlii« nf k"'")!-^ '■! 
tlivir work, muvlj the artieans of our sfce shdnla nppri-t'mt*' 
>ur.h Ininwlndgn, nml (ivott fiicilitr Khiniicl hv [tlii' h) in Ibnir 
wiij to auiutiv it, more witwUdtc a* tlmv iiuw In ntf of llj« 
priiir.'i]Mil f<-iiturL<» in tba luustcr v optiiuab) fdr a bTuldinir. 
Kvpry nii«i'Jiariii' cfnpIoywJ ^ti a biiiMin^-shinM hi- cfitnprllpd 
lo jKinn 1111 vaEuniiitiLiiia in Uit elimn-ril» nf jt'^uiftry IirlWr 
be <v>iild Iw r-HlM nn nrfiian, b««au*« tboFvbj bo would be 
morv vttliutlilo tv lii^K'Jf, iiwl. uf roum:. mm'ti twnv 
▼aliiablt' to bi»i wn]>l<»yi'r. Wlint diwvt Uiia 1nu>wli^dg« do 
for tha workniiin r It iMchm hitu the diifct niod to mark 
imt anv nbjol, awrl ilrmatijitnito. tii him tlir propmlirH of 
maanitudi' - Hut b kh iNrUdR. Burf.iCHK, lirif>>, or auftti.-n, h> 
nnui Dwdrd in tmr trade. Now, ila u pRicticjit insn, Intrin^ 
bud <]Hilr fnrt.j' Twin' ospcri'Aiuv in tbi- wurkiTi^ \iiut of 
tb» buildinK tmde, I saj tbat mv iabuurf, tbivu^b dij 
kaowkdg* «>f gvomctry. oliorthuitd, nnd miT.biiniio, hiiv« 
hoea nduced to (luitu bulf of ibc Kiiiunil run of my fi'Uuw 
workntei) who dn not know tbc-M « Iriu'Cn, f-Dr. instead of 
licinfj hnnm«d wbeu Ibe craui[i-«urk b»d t» )v dorif', it ban 
uut onlr licarD a pteafun- to iii(.>, hut iilw> ha» Ikh-d h cuu- 
ndcc&ble aauroe of |tmAl to tliv inu|iluyur ur tuywlf ; and 
hanoe tb« nasou why I bare aJw&jrs hap[Ml}- bflld n (rood 
pOidtifin inimrtmdu. ULiiinutr^ ii> <UvidoiI into lw<>piirtA~ 
tbearvUc&l aud |iniutaatl ; tlur funupr ttrachiiiK tw |iro- 
pertjn of «xU>i)ii]oi> abttrmoUy, Uie Ull«r applying tbn 
tbvurtliMl propDrtiM to tlio pinpoaM of Ufv. Ac. 

Plane ecometST InatH of iMi^th and bivadth. Solid 
gouinutr/ trtiatii m tbe It^ngtb, brmdiii, itud thickncM. 

Expbuiatian of tr-nut : — 

Haicnitudu U that which It extvudn). aud tbon4orp toay 
ba cDDcvivifd to be contained, or limited hy Mnnu cvrtaiu 
term, or tiTniK 

A tiiatliiTiiiuIii.-:il THiint biw neilliur Wf^. brtmlth, nor 
thiokotw : In fiiet, it b aa iiriaginnrj- point. Tluit whidi 
vontaku with tlit point of our pchni ia not in really « 
aatbmuilJaU jMinL 

A line in lengtb without tvvadtb or thirknoM, nailed a 
rii(hl Unci, iind w tba acaivHt ruulu butwcvii two iK'inta. »a 
at A, B, Fih'. l.OSO*. 



rill. i.OMV 

rnml1r>t linra an- tioM miinin jr "ido by rado of tmik Otlkar, 
iMrlnx tbi.' t-xtnnR*' pniiitji i.'xui^tly tin- xanii- diatone* apart, 
aa at A. B, C. D. FiK 1.0»7. 




i'tu. 1,'Je;. 

Vnu now know what a point and Un« ia, and know that 
two linvM having thoir dintjint p>inlf> Miua] »rv [MnUld } | 
thnvforv tha enda of paraJluU riinj }*: vxtcodf^ for over ia 
Kpaue wlthaat tnectinfr. An^lfio: — If two right linm ba 
incliiird I'll (luh othrr no aa to nmt, they will ftinn lui 
anglu -, tfatnifotv* BYi aii)fIo ia the indinntiffii or openitig uf 
(WD linn tnevting in on* poiot, as at B, A, 0, Ing. 1,H8. : 




ffw. ijom. 



A i« thp angular P"int. AngloM am known w a«ut« or 
oktuKf, wbuu a» at Pic. I, OSS, it i>i an mew aiufl« Right j 
angW nre thoae hartn^ two right linaa ataaamg pcTpm- , 
dfoidnr to each oth<T, ad at Via l.QRa : Ifala b nu anple ol ' 
'JO drjfTfiiH. Dn not ounfuutiil tht* t«nii pcrpcudii.'ubir with 
that of vartioBl. Hie Utter aigni&» tint the liu: >haU 




F.a. 1.080. 



I>c plnmb, or at riKht uiyltoi t.i tlic hfirijton ; Init a pcrpon* 
dicubu lini- ntgnifiM th<> Unn ti) be Muuaro with anoth«r wi 
aqnwtt to the filxh line of a ivof , wbiiat ibi; vcHtcal litio i« 
pnimb, or oprigfat to the aanw, aa walla to tho gnjmid. A 




rta. t.OM. 



weight falling of Us own gmtity thttiiitfli opa» mwt 
in n ci-rtical limi' to the borijKm. I'hr iibuue a^B ia I 
angle wider than « right angle, as ut b, A^U^^t.. V! 



«7A 



UEOMETBY iX>& PLUMBEBS. 



"CfiMnffljon difliir in dupe aooordiug to iho length of tboir 
vtdeBor aitKlea. An snniJvtflral triatiglo ho* all ita aidm 
equal, w at A, B. C, Kg. 1,091. 




fM. ijon. 

An tBCMOfllM triuiKle bu tiro ridxw •qui, u tt A, B. C, 
Vig. 1,092, and A, B, C, Fig. 1,093. 




Fie. I,«n. 




Fio. l,t»J. 

A tcaloM! tiianalv ha* tlw tlma aadoa useuual, an at 
A, B, C, Fig. 1,0W. 




H-. l.'.Vl. 



A right-and^ triangle in ono vhich oontains a right 
vnglt — tiM. is, ftD angle of 90 Aegnt*. aa at A. B, 0, 
Hg. 1,0M. 



A triangle cannot luT« moir than mia Hght angle. IW 
■ido D, cir O, B, Fig. 1 .095, is called the hyiiot^ifiiuae, ami is 
alway* tli« lungent, bnag up|xjaitu to th« grvalcal iin^^s:. 




I'll) I,CIK> 

An Mtutfr-angled tiianirlii liaa all ita anglBa aoate, or Iwa 
than right angk*. aa at. Figs, 1,091, 1,002, and UOSl. 

An ODtUH-aogliid triasgli) hut oao obtoM Kiigl« — tLat ii, 
gnatar than a i^bt as^, aa at A, Pig. t,09S. 

An iaoaouliM triangle and a acalione tnangic majr be rigbt, 
obtoae, or aout«Mttigwd. 

All four-aided S^avt are callod quadrilatOTale. vniiouiiljr 
namad aooording a> their aidea aro equal or nniH|iiAl, and 
their auglM right or otlierviM. A qikadrilat«cal Imviuf; iu 
oppoatte adea parallel H oaU«d a pa>tallalognuD. AVbt^ tb«< 
angbpM of a panUlelognun ara all ri^t Bnglw, I( in L-alliTd a 
Netmgvlar parall«^),'nm, or a notanirlc, u a brick : ft ia 
alasoa&od an oblont^, sra A, B. C. D. FIf,'. 1,090. A aquara 




Xbn. ijM, 




rvi. i,w;. 




Fio. l.ws. 



ifl a figure of four equal odes, ooataining equal anglM, la 
IV- 1.497. Whka a parnllelognm u not reotangnlar, 
it i» oaQod a rhouibua, aa Fig. 1,098. 



GfiOHETBY FOB PLUMBEBS. 



&7S 



When two adM of a gnadrilatenl sra panlltl, it ii 
oalM m tnpVMid, u Fig. 1,099. 




Fio, i.ow. 



A tTupezoid hu only ono Mir uf Nd«« pftrallel, u Fig. 
l.luo, Ifut ni»7 h*vo (»• Ota iiqiuuv, u ftt A, C ; Ibu 1h the 

■IWM ot K cliHN; Loiter fur klli-lii'ii fim^M. 




When ft quodril&teral, or foor-iddcd figutr. h&s none of 
Hm ndm (Ninillvl, it in mllrd h trapi>ziuni, u Fig. 1,101. 




Pki 1,101. 

A ObIw U ondroitaod U> bu a rt'italw aolid uz-»ided 
L Agure, kATiny «1I h» ildfla of «qual Isogth, nnd i.-onUiniug' 
nqnaluglM. 

|L jbllUUberal figiiiyn. or potf^^^iui, ant tlioAe h&Tin^ mare 
^tttan four ridtw— autih im tTit< ueatotfou, or. five-sided iWuro 
the hezoftou, or nx-nidrd; Uiw haptagon, ur iMTVD>KldMl 
tlw oet&goi, or Di^t-iddiiJ : tbe noimgun, or nine-sided 
tfaedMAgoBt or tcn-olded; the tmdociiKoo, or olevMi-inilBd 
the dodwAffon, ur twolvo-«id«l. If ul the iddes ars mu&I, 
tluai thn angliw «-tll wImi ba vqtml. uid iiui fl^tire wiu Im 
• ragular puljgfim; if luii^qiud, it ia cnllwl iiti im-gubu' 



'te; 



I hMo otf ■ Agnn iji th« botton nd« ur lino upon whiuh 
it ii coppOMd to fltuid, » U A. B.VS^. 1.001. 
I Altitud« in tlin puipcDdioular liM^bt frum tbe buo to tb« 
rU^Mt poiDt, w St C. Fix. i.oei. 

nte WM of a piano fi^ro is th(t quatitlLy irf spaoo 
imptrandsd in or Iwittrucn tlic linM A, B, C, Fij;. 1,091. 




r*io. I.IM 



A circ]« ut s plane figum hounded b; tt carved tine fAlldd 
tho ptjiTiiinfrirwiiav, mhimin(f finm wbrnm it Hbu-Uil, an 
FiK. 1,102. Tlw ott«iimf«niDoc ia known as tbe boaikEaiy 
line. 

Tbe nuIiiiK nf a i-irrin ih a Blraij^it Iido drawn from tho 
oentri' tu liif! cin^umftnrDL'n, lu at A, B, Vig. 1,102. 

Tho diameter of a city>I« i* a line drawn thnnigb tlie 
r«ntrt^, and <wntinncd to thi' rinmnrfenoua endi nda ; 
Uien'fun orery diAmctcr ihall divide tbo cinle into tiro 
mjual parta. 

A Ho^TDont of a oiroltt in that part of Its droumfersiuw cub 
aciruMi with a line, ait at D. E, Fiv. I, tO'^ ; bat not tlirouith 
do cmtn. This liuv ia called the nhord of the aegmoot 
or an;. 

A lanftCTt ia a stmight lioe dniru eo an W touch the 
fircurafetenoo of the dnle without cuttiii^ it, and iit shown 
at K, D, Fig. 1,103: the point of ooulad ia l^iat at E. 




rio. 1,108. 

A Moaat It ft Uno drawn from tbe omtw through th« 
extnmitr of sn arc to roast the tanicent drawn hum tha 
othor eabfiDtitr. as at A, 11, Fig. 1.104. 




Pio. 1,104. 

A sector <>f a isrele » a Mpace comprebeiuUd between two 
nidii and an arc, an the envelopn of a oone, an nt A, B, C, 

Pig. i.ioa. 




Vtn. 1,U». 

(XnlH HodiTided into 360 naru, eaUed dem«: I 
disss dngtvea into 00 parte, tailed tninutaa ; and Um nhn 
tailo 00 paiti, (lallea MNxmdi — tbe angles m knowm 
thaw dsgTOss. Wk«n w« nenk vf an angk of M <' 
we nonn that tt Is the qusiur of a drole. 



676 



GEOMLTJtV roU PliUMBIiRB. 



In 'Urdnr to nmunirc the uiglo a drrdp ix ilHviribed miitiil 
IhcMrpulnr point, M ot B, U. Fiif . 1.106, aodnwifnlUiK t«. 
Um. imniliw €rf dBfTTw-- <-uL .fl l.y B, A. (J. A, *i luanj' 
ili-KT<t» will !•" nMjli»iiiwl bv 111*" •iigl". Itark dcgrw* 
thii.*'. miiLutve thiw". iifmiiibi Uiiio". 'Hit' <l"ftn»«' ""o- 
lAinist liy nnv atixU^ nm meuiirad Titb Uie Uttlo half 
lurculor UiMinuiKui called a pratmietof , aud is oMd tut 
fnUows : — I'IJK« tbc cfmtiv or hud line of tlic imtnnsfifit on 



MB 



Fi.i. I.IM 

IhsUae B. A, Fijf. 1.108. and if properly rpotl ofl O, A, will 
be «•. Wh oniUi dpgrw*. *r-. thiiM «', 3', 1". it.tuu. <fi 
dovnoii 3 mlautM, 1 wNxinil. If j^u M^ptin ntfrr tn Fig. 
1,106 you will there «w tbo drrl* diTidrd ott into fuiir ix|tuil 
parts, t» at A, B, C, D— tfasn if B tu D i;t - a <iuarU!r at tbf 
einsle, anil if thm be 360' in a cin-Je. it fiulowa, and is 
pUlnly wwn. that from B lo I) must be an uujtlv of 90'. 
Koit ili»Uc tho rirtle itilu cig^bt part*, aa at B, C. F, 




no. i.in. 

Fig. I.IOJ. Hm«0. C. F. UaiianRlo of i;V. [ pMtioa- 
Unj wiJi vou to be«)Uti> well erchuudul in tliow anfrlM, 
beuauw a llinmiigli Imawlnl)^ ul Uirra will iimxtiliito ibi- 
iDMt itDpurtaiit part of your work, nud will gnuiUy 
fanilitjibi It. 

Ciinri^Dtric oiKkx, A, B, Vlg, 1,109, form un iiu|H>rtinit 

Crl nf pliunhitiK M'^wk. ua all pipM may bn fxiiiKidfirfvI lu 
ofiuiwatilo oiromi. Thn upace inrliulvd )>etw(i-ii t.ltc nr- 
GUDif enooaa w imWvA n riun . tltU nl«.> reprcneuUi the oud 
aoetkin of a pipe- Ft>r iUt- an>a, we ProbWm ?■'(. 

O^er tenua will bo cxpUinod m we go thnntirli thn work. 
I skalt aim paint (rat tiie probtcian toiwi miitod for pluinbm' 
vtprit. 

The -bx^ tvquired for thLx work wilt bv aa follaWK. and 
may bp piTu-itrCKl at nny atntinnn-'K (or tbcy will (ret thwn 
fiM yiiu), w yuu may procure tbeni aft«n at pawabrokers' 



idmnti, oil umI colour nhnpn, &c. Ur. Stiuiltry and Mr. 
An-iitKitt nrv vr^ry k<hn1 ninkcra. Firtil. ■> \*iw diBwrng 
Umrd, whioh »n\ •■■ij^'UU^ will miikr fiir roii for itljnul 
la, 6il. ut 'if., itlii'iiild U; f'lr (lii» "law •>( wijtt, tubont I8in. 
by '2lin. ; Mmu- drjwiug jam for flxiuK your paper to tba 
buiLnl : next, miiuc paper, good lining* papor wul oo tor tlUa 
work, ttt Tin) <!an liny witiu! ■lun-ti' ut a atatloner'a Hbop; 
DC^t, a pur of uorapaHMti, a pvnoil, and a nder — work with 




no. i.lu*. 

thMM nntli jciti hxvA ihiirong^hlr niaubml the priutlplM 
bereaftvr to bt.' Liid down. After tliiw vnu will n^juiro a 
■mt of inHt.niniimt*, HUfJi n* il jinir of ilit-idi'ni, n pair at 
c<:inip(U»OB liKviujf ink peu. a drawing p«n,riibtK-r, X^'"*!*' 
a Nt>t of net M|iiAraH, uid n biiildcr'a or vn^npcr'fl K'alc (the 
ni-A)[r vill onst you In. 6il.). If you wiah fur ii gwd fvt of 
iuittniintmta vou mny obluin tbcui for about {On,, aud tlui 

M-l nf MIIUklWH fllT .Ouiut 4* 

Prubliin 1.— Draw three aru>. whivh iihaU bu ina. 
line and parallel to n giv«ti bHM> lino, u Fig. 1.1 ID. 

[h-aw rhc line A, 11. and mark thr ]iriint>tnf muho; nuxt 
u)N!u the iDinpBAHru to the It-iigtli of the liun A. B, iK> that it 
will loark wo pcint, thcti Rx imt- Ipg on rhi> point A and 
Ktrilco till- uro D {this w01 hi: ihi- louicvrt liar, iind alio the 
an C, aUo tbri Inns^M line or itPini-( ircjej. then tmm tbs 
athor mil of ibc line R ■liikr btiotliKr line or arc iiit«nect- 
Ing at Uip jNtint D, uIru KUikv Lhi? arc H: next placv tha leg 
of your oumpfWM on tbe inl<inM^ct«d point at D, and rtrik« 
ihciliiio uroroFimdiLlmC, wfav^DtliCMlhrve points will beiti 



^. .^ ^ 



n..i. 1.11-,' 

a stniglit and paiallvl line with A, B. T1ii< i* liiirnly when 
yon waul to cut out lead parallel to the ridci <<r vdm liiia. 
Or othenriM, mpnoH- A , R to be thv md of the soeet or 
other pieoa of lead whiob ba*> uut btini mit off Mjiuire, you 
nqtiire toeut a picevuff tu the«[iu}t«aineanKl^nml {nimllcl 
to A, B, and haw no t«mp)ot or other moane v1 d'^ing it but 
br the oomptMMrt and ohalk line. Thin probl<7D, if cxpedi- 
tunidy done, witi cnme in handy when cutting out lead or 
letting out work on tba floor. 



GEOMETRV FOR rLUMaiCKB. 



877 



Prohlnn S.— To divide n ginn lins into hro eqinl puts. 

Fninilfaa]»l[ibi A. B, Fi|t. I,ll1,)u>ooiitn«,*trikatbeu«i 

C. D, (tad djaw a liue cutUsf; ttiMO aivs : thU lino must be 

boUi r-u thi^ hcnrh and on Lhf- building in fikct, I ibinV it 




riN. i,ut. 



i» one n>f ihc lacwt iiaoful [irt)))]!-!!]* in tn^Qinotrj ; luru ;ou 
ilividc yimr plti* uf lead, pel a .■niunr'', diTide a circle, and 
iiiftny othtT iJiitijtH [it oni- and the Muno time, 

IViiMrm ;i.^Pr<ini a (fivam puiut im a lini) to ruias a 
|KTticniiii'i(lar lii«f, 

[fraw thr lino A, B, Fijr. 1.1 IS, plaoG tlii' point of tbfl 
ivinijuwHw^ in nuv [utrt of Lhr lino, aA at D, and «trilct the 
ari^i F.(>: iiexl tnitrj tht-WAO^a aaMntrwitrilii.' tlm art E sit 
(ilioii-ii, dmw the line (rntn R tn tha nvfm pmnt D; hmv 
yuu uliiaiii a Mguaiv wLidb la alwaya luutdy in Kttinir or 
cutting out. But sapttGee you want th« perpmdinular line 
ut the «nd of a ffimt Hue or point C«nnh a*, luiy, thi^ md nf 
a niMuiamiiuuk for detenu, bnjH, &c.)t then draw tlia 




hiu. l,Hi. 



abai^t lino A, B, Ftff. 1,113, which now repcumit* tJio 
rids qI a idieet of Isad, or ntoEie. or pieoe of board, put hi 
llie point B as a contrp, i^trika the Bcmi-ctrcla or an C, E, I>, 
plane tbi' li'i; of Ihr nfimno.'uu^ tinnTi thr point C und utrilcr thn 
an.- K, riitliiiK I)jl' rirr C, n u1 k ; ni-it ptam Ihu Ick '"f tW 
nnmpannen on ihn iiil'>nuictiiij( poiiilti of tho area al K anil 
ntriku Uiv aiv 1>; n<-Kt frurii tlion potiil« D, E, ^rtrikv ibo 
arcs F, and fron iJtU point dmw a Una cuttinff ibe 
auiasured point B—thi« will bo doadlaiK. Anotharmoiliod : 



L«t A,B, I>1(f.I,lll,b))tharirenliac«DdBtb»potnlfor 
■qnsn lina to nui. TbIw the eonpuNi and plice tha kg- 
on tbo point B, tho other 1^; anywhcM abovt E, of coane 
within uio roquired nquare }ma, strike tlie drde cutting ihej 
line A, II nt (' ; nrrt draw n linr Ihronirh tlio irtcrw*-|jnyl 




*'!<.. I.IH, 

ixnnt C and the centre point or oompaMca point "E. «> 
1iik« wiU, if extended to ths drcte. give anAtfadr tnti^nMttin 
iHiJnt D. and fmni thi» pnint bi thp mcaxnml jxtint D wi>. 
b* perpocdiculur or at|uare to tlm lino A, B, tlirmfiim draw 
the line bom B to I> for nitting. Another iui'ih<^Kl also, 




rid. iai5. 



whim iinng mdM in litin of oompomo* for lorirc wui^ *m I 
t\nor, t^Touiid wiirk. 4c. Let the lino A. B, Pip. 1.116, t 
Niy. lOfl. lung, icooanre titt tnjm tho m»«iir«d [<otnt 
throoTsidji and mark it, aa •( C. or an. will do : thiMi fn~ 
B atonff the line A, B tocMtm four jaids m at U, fix llis 



tis 



GEOMETRY FOR PLl,-MBER3. 



rod at B, whkli «rUl bn four unite or jrvdjt InoK. cuul work 
th< fltul round about the part E, m> as to mark » part, of ■ 
o£rala orw BtHfaown. Next nmnire qS nlunjr thv IW, 
U at A. flm yudx or nniu, niuL witfi Uiut didCanco tram the 
nMMurcd C point u( ihrM yurdA &x tLc rid fiw j-orrln loujc 
and murk tlin arn L, K, cutting thr< iim K ; thio trill be 
nquara witli B, A. Thia biht U' struck willi tliu • Italk liiii- 
inricud i)f finIh, and in i^lra )i;(>tLiu^ a -qiiure v'nh a line. 
Another method w iltuKtrated ntFi^. 1,1 Ifi. Dntvthv Une 
A, B, atui fnim tlii> puint B, witJi any radius, slrUce the 




I'm. t.llA. 

an C, D, £, nad with Uie Honie rodiuM wt ufl fioiu |ioiiit C 
t«i thr point D, ami from iha point irtiike iLr hk F, and 
dntW tne Uu« C, D. V Ihrough tke points 0, D, oiMnd tliU 
lioe to out the arc F, nnd nt tliU poiot draw the liue [turn 
T to thv pului B, whiub natut be ■qoara. 

I^blfltn 4.— Let full a porponditiulitr from * Kivon point 
to a given line. 

ThMuidiniti an (uUown : — Draw the Vine A. B, Fik. 1,117, 
md put in the given <»t int<>ndKd {mint C Ofien tha oom* 




posBOA, and frum tbo giVDD point C Ktrike the art> vuttin? 
thu line A, B, from thawpotntti strike the am D, uid druv 
' the line outtiuK C und D. Anothrr Tity, vhcfl tlw point 
la nearljr ov«r the end nf thn hnc, luid whtm tlw line cannot 
be leoatLcDc*!. Let A, B, FiK> 1.1 11. be the giren line, 
dio gjren nntot : draw » liu« C, B obliquely to A, B, 
Bbect tlui> W. tLuD with tbc radiut C, I) nr D. B. Ktrikft 
»n BIT. cutting thr girrm litm aa at E, lllt-ii the lint- dmwn 
througb the )K>iut C, and the iuter«ecting point uf an: R, 
whkl) auuit be aqfom mlb A, S. This preblem i* very 



huidjr fnr nutting out kad from akcet ; the flic H ia not 
retjuired at prenent. 




n<i. 1.1 IS. 



Problem 6.— Fi^. 1,11V. Tobiacetui angle. 
Let A, B, C be the nvtilinval anftlr tu bo bi^mtod. 
From A, M a ccnti*, Htriki? th'- ittv cutting th« linra C, B, 




rw. i.tig. 

fnm thene pinnU 0. B, ua oontrea, describe llie two at 
nattily oai.fa ivthcr nm at D ; join A, D, whith will bWot 
the aDvk at) reiiutred. 

PnUam 6.— Rg. 1,1'JO. Draw ao an.g'le, which ahall he 
oxaotlj the Mme on a givtD angle. 

Here A, B, tJ ia tlM i^rva angle. From Ilic i-entrv A, with 
any radinx, Htrike the am B, C, then draw the lino 1>, E, and 
with the Hunt mdiu*. and num tbo point I>, Mriln tha arc 




rio. i.iso. 

R, F ; then place tbt> leg of l}w ci^tnpLi-via on the point C 
luid mriwiirc the distanep tn 11, with thia dixlanoo nuamrp 
fnim K t(i F, Htrikin^ thn lur. 11 : naxt drvw the lino D, P 
thmugh the inlemecliug piiiurn of Uw bitk, and the two 
m^lM ahall bv tlio ebob. TIue ia one oi thin meal >iu>iilu 



GEOSfETRY FOH PLUMPERS. 



670 



ytt most instnictivn uid important pmbUou in geomettj 
nrplmmitn; it Li the biM inj of tokiiig Um uigl«« lor 
ianaen or bay windowH, gnttcn , Av . 

Pruhtom 7.— Fin. MJl. To iniwcl » right wigle. 

Let A,B.O.FSg. I,!31.hotl»«ifflptwlicitri.«-tn<l. Frum 
thv polct A, Willi uiy dutoiioc, •true Ui« uv C, D, oottinif 
tbe U»M A, C and A, B from D, C aa coBtna, and wHL tba 




i,m. 



r&diiut of A, D atrikp the arrH E, F, (rattmnc ihn arr C, D. 
Draw the litte throufrii theae ana to th** mint A, when Ui« 
anfite will bo triavdva. If jtra wUi furtliar to divide tliiw 
■hiHm. rm mar do BO by bMNWthiK, aw at Fig- I.H>- 
_ rroUcm 8.— 1%. 1,122. To dcMnbe a triangle, three 
aidea of whirh ant giron. 

Lft A, B, C be tho Rivon triangle, and !>, E, F. O (be 
lonirtb if tha throe sidca. Firat dnv the line A. B nfuul 
t» F. Qfthm take the conpomM, and wiUi thrrlin<<F.G mi a 
redina irom the point A, ntrilui the arc C ; next take the lino 




fto. l,]2i 

D, E far the mdiuH, and from tbr point B trtriko tho an 
outtiiiK thearc C, UiMidnv thn Uim-h A. C and C, R, and j^m 
have Ibr raqnircd trinatflo. Work tho liuM H, 1, J, K, 
L, U. inUi a triaoRle, ana pnro whvthvr they n-iUfonn tbo 
trianiflo. 

ProbloRt 0.— Convtnict on rqnibtcrul triangle, an at Via. 
1,0<II. 

I>mw the Uu« A, 1), and with tliia linv, a« a radius frofo 
Iho pointa A. B.etriku the arc nt C, alno tho othnr am. 
vjtb wne radina, cutting tbo atn C : draw the lines A, C and 
0, B, which miiAt fomi an etmilatctal triangle. Twt the 
cquatihr ot the angltu, iu> at Fig, 1 ,120. 

Again, oet up a rJ}{ht-unKlpd Uiantrlot as at Fi;. 1,09S. 
AUoiwtnpaoisoea^triangle. aaatF%N. 1,092 and 1,093. 
Set up a Mcaleno tfianj^ aaat F^^. I,0!M. 

On a. atnuffbt line twtt up tbn twn niiitm of a viatem 
equnl In hvifrht io the itrait;hl linr;. irhieh hIwU ba 
petpendimUr. Wb&t will bo tbo pouition of thaao nidea 
M «aeh otlkorr Will ihej bo pafaUcl and fonn ae angb 



with eanli otfan ; if mi, what angle P At Um top of one 
of theae lines eet off aootber line which shall be nquuro 
to the aaid oraetad peTpondioQlar liooa ; thu done, what 
will tio the rclationahip nf all the anglA to oach olfaar f 
Bight niraJSn. Dmw a dta|<anBl Una fnini oomar to ramor: 
what will be the triang'U.-n t KigkUaii^Ud trianf/U*. 

Problem 10.— Fig. l.ViS. Constniol a dnuUe Minllateral 
triangle below and on a firivon itraigbt lino, with only 
iwomurea nf tlie cgropami'ti. 




Ktrj. 1.513. 



Draw (our linrw i.hnn9(;h ihenc^ trianKuJar potDta, and all 
four will bu jxii^llel Hunt ; tbi" narkn out a true (luartj 
for Ind tight gUxing. See LMd Light Clazing, Vot. I. 



Area of Triangle. 

To find the am of a trianglo ; mulHplj' tha baaa hy 
the pcrpmidiciilar bei^c, and dirido the {Wodoet by two 
for the area. 



^IVoblwti It.— Fijf. 1,12*. 
gi«t<n linn A, B. 



Draw a line paralhil to u 




ftv. 1,IH, 

Open tbo oomnueca and Htriko two anu aw af C, P, draw 
a line eutting thrae area, and it will bo panlleJ to A, B. 
Another method is to eteot perpendJonlani on thir g3*vn line, 
and frvm thrtr points at toe boae strike area aa before. 

pToblwm 12.— Fig. 1,12*. To diaw a 1i]w panUo' 

anntb«r from a giTen punt in the same, 

Ojten tlou oompaaHje with a lunger ndius, then tram 
pMnt to the i^vcn line, and from thin p-iiut, al 
tho are cutting tho line at A, nvxt (rum tli>- yniat A, v 
the rmuko radiua, strike the arr E, also flatting the t. 
Next aeaauro fhim thla point to the givoo point C, I 



■lOJIETBY 



[RKRS. 



with khiN ndiui, from tlut ]x>(nt A. «lrik9 Um u« D ctitliii)^ 
tlw wo A, I>, wul draw Uto Uiw I>, C, whi^ nuiai bo 
poaUd v> A. R. 




n<i, i,i3&. 



Pr- ^! -n 13— FifT. 1,126. To ootutmoc a ftqDWv npOB 

[y. ' -I ' ■ iit,'ht linn. 




ria. i.ise. 



' i^jk A « fw. l,12<, be the Kircn lino. Sraot two 
^^iM , as at Piy. 1.113. tSc auno diitanoe apnrt 

^ ef Une, Wttfa tlii* iUbIwicb rtrike tbe ui» C, D, 

■■d dnw tbo liur: thif< will (uitq « KfanTv. 

AaMhtr my, «■ at tV- '■ ■'■^I- With tliv oompaaaeB tuv 
tbr knMtli of uu) litio A. B. wid with B as a oeatre. ilonitilw 
Ubi WQ A> K< C^> tbv" ^^" -^ "^ '* ccntro, bi»I witb the name 
injji^, |||',|fili o' tbK oni B, K, D, nitkii)^ thu intcnccting 
«ate X. Bil«xt, (ram E iw a otnitrc, uud 'witb tb« mhw 




*t* I L(t. 



.u«,«Mihr ikB *I«P L, N, 



Hera jua haro «a oqailateral triantHB; tbe 
A, B, K aud B, E,A. an eMh twi>-tlunl« u( a right Kngli 
thfw* botDiir biM?ct»l bjr the arui A, C iinil B, 1>, tbir an^ 
A, E, L and B, K, X ara thorvfore wjual tu uiu-lltinl of 
riithl anfcle. Th» anglca N, B. A a«d I., A. U an. 
•<aun», right asglee, and tberefon L, A atid N, B ntut 
equal and panlld— th« nauJt beinp that A, B, L, N mi 
be a oqiiare. 

Anothw method, Fijf.t. 128. A, B in tfau pironlini-. Fr 
the«a Itro pawtit iu> > niilins and oenlnw deeeribe the a 
t^vmg the ptMDi C. frum thiH point gaQui the are H, I, J7 
dmw a tine from th*t point B throogh ti otittin^ tbo aie 




n, I, J at E, also tnm A, to it. The linM A, O, S aad'j 
B, F, r> will bn nquaie to tine iprai luea, and tlMnlor. 
poroUel to eaidi otbor. Draw tbo liiw L whcfe yon ma.j^ 
rf<quirt! it. This ia a wry luuidy tncthod at ([ettlng a aquan 
about a building. 

If you noHtM thia f^cf. you will leo the MincJe rsoMiiL^ 
ir1iy thin fnnn* a jiBiBllekitmm. Ttie fOBtm n, R aivf 
plii««d in a lina with the oeotiv C, and in tlw Mnii-drcle ' 
nrbiob pMMU tbroayh B, A, aa at Fig. 1,114. As a proof 
of thlrt, ata Prnblem 11. 

Probltm H.-Fif[. 1.129. I>r«w a circip. ll.i^ the i 




1..J. 



GEOMETRY FOB PLUMBERS. 



£81 



A. B: next ibuw two dlsffDoal Unea fmeting tkraaffh the 

onttrai of the circle >» at C. oontinat the noM to oataido 

of oirclf". TheMt pninU inll be pATAllel, penendlfliilar, 

[and Mjniuv in lli« Uno A, B— «ui'b mn th«ndM of geometry. 

Problem l.'i.-Fiff. I.I.IU. To dlr)<lA a atnught IiDS A, B 
tnlo auj nnitilirr <il equal jjarta. 

Ftrrt drew tfao two linra 1), B nnd A, C pandlal bt fl*rli 

lothv t/f Bhnwn, tltc rud iif ru''Ii tutirliiiitf tiK; pouitaof the 

line A. B, thi-n (Dav tlic Iin« ix miaircd to be divided tnlo fiT« 

porta) take »nj tUclaace, nnd from the point B aloag the 




l^n. i.iso. 

line B, D Mt off lu many uatlB as you require the line to 
b» divided into, then do HM«wit>e from ponit A ninng the 
line A, <.!, drnw linni from tliriK- iKiintA <;utlit>f( lli« Uue 
,A> B, whicb miift b« divided ac«ordintflf< If ywi hsv« > 
tMt Niuarc TOO cut do tlm vitli ono line; thin in, of ctmnc, 
to e^t the pamlleU. 

rmblum lG.~Tig. 1.131. To trienct a giveo Mra]|cbt 
lini-. 

Hrrv «r« have a line to biaeot. Of conrae, tmi knnw 
hoir to biwct a line, and jon mny iwk irbj I dia not diow 

Eou boir to Uiweot a line ut tliu Mine time, ^le annrer 
I, iMcauflB Tou irerc not fur enongfa advanced ; for here you 
require to cnoir how (a oonatmot an ofjuUteTal triang'le. 




Fi«. l.UI. 

bow lodravpanlfel linoH. Ac >*nw [«t A, B, Fig. 1,131, 
rlw tho ftirm line, contitruct itn oquilaUml lriangl« upon It, 
^Uaeot Uie two aidtw, and fcet th» pnintJi O, D, fmon thmm 
potnta draw lin«e to ciii the vud of llu.- givfu line om at 
A. B, and fonnini; the point E. Next throuijrli the poiut E 
diaw parallel Uncw to the aAt* of trianglo A. H and B. H, 
dinw (ha two linm P, R and E, O parnlk'l to theae aidai, 
cnltinic tbc point £, and the lino A. B wOl be triMrted. 

To njDMtruct a aoalc. Aa fou pnKi.-<<d with thin work 
;on will find it oBBiairy to nae a iteale^jrou may hare felt 



the vast of aadi kaoirled^ vfaan "■"■'"^■r the oriinary 
bnildln; plana. Soma an divided into taBUfl, otfaen into 

twelftha; joa majr nae either, biit whm r^Hwling n pbin. 
nottoe how it in divided. If the Cl-pL mr- flivtdnl into tnobisi, 
then, of Doarae, tbe indiea will bo iweUUia; if the fe«t 




Kill. 1,13:!. 



onlf are marked, then it U ilividnl into ((mths, ns> t 0. 3 0. 
3 0. 4 0., and ko on, and one of theae teuthn divide into 
tinit«. Fie. 1,132. at A. ThiA iOmwh bow to conalruct a- 
Ncale dividml intu iinitJi. The diviaions from Q to 20 maj' 
raprewnt fei-t. vanln, or milu*. 

^Kext look at B (h«e viiu hnr* a acalo ol feet and indinl. 
yotiro the Olid in diviifed into V2, wlikih ncana that it la 
one foot diridud into 12 inchee. 

Vow if thi>i Mm1« worn for inohaa and elabtlia of an : 
llteai the end. now {nchca. would bo divideaioto oiffbt [ 
The method of dividing tlicee partn in the aame lu that 
ilrMTibod in IVnUrm 1 5, or j-OQ maj Ural act out tbe inokea 
ur unit*, aud ihftn with tlu.' cnmpaaani open to *^ 
of the**, and aet off ae from CI to tO, 20, ko. 
your icaln- bi tbe standard maaeuieo^ntB it wl 
well, each a* ^In., )in., ^in., jin., tin.. ?in.. 
then have an opportunity uf niuaaarinff witJi a 



682 



GKOMKTRY FOR PLUMnKHB. 



Ibdnra dia&trtor of a dido (nt Tig. 1,193). Opm 
tho eompMMit, sad from a point in the droumfcnuuw of tlifi 
o&vk, iw at A, cb^cnbe tht ura C, D ; then tako uiotiwr 
point i& the (liranmfM^ncie a* ttt tl, »nA ilrikotwo mare area 




ftliP piwi<wi»i ons M al C I> ; anw draw- ttc line 
', whioti will betbadianUerof thecinlo. Tfyouvau 
m« Uk oouUa then the matter is siniplifiM, aa a line dmvn 
thnKuili it to thw auvumfartoMw i» the diauietar. 

Pnbbm 18.— Fig. 1,134. To find tho iMtnIn of a 
drele, I huva showa you how to find the diameter u( 




Fki. .1,1M. 

aeifda. Mow, befom tmi I'xik at thn iiwitiwitifln* )rivm in 
thin problem. tr7 tu do it yuurvell by the aid uf the tut 
piTihlmn. Dmflf ihu ohctrd A, B (or you can do vritlivut this 
Uni>), Uffect il at at C, D, dmw the (Itiuni'tcr, and htjw.t thin 
diameter (vm F'K- I|1^)' Tho point of biflcutioQ wiH he 




0» flentn of drole. Tliix it a wnr tueful prubleut to the 
pliunW whim marking trapa, or pipo lines thnn^ 
wood work. 

AnothoFiaetbod : Prum any point (J, Pig'. 1.13^) in the 
rJTrutntiTnttivm with a radiiu abmit half thai of the eiivle, 
dcMrriUi au arc, or, fur jrour firGt attempt, a drolc. Nvxti 
with the same radiiu. and from anf othtf two points, an at 
A, B| dcor.ribc tho uKa F. G and C, D, tutting tho ciKrlc, 
ilcaw thvIim^-iU, H autKI. K ; tlu'piint of int>>niprtii>n miuit 
be the conlo- ot the I'irole. Ywi miij' dij thip in warijr other 
wajK, Vut this latter tncth'xl is tjultc ua oxp^libuua ac any 
olhor. Yuu may notW that Vif. l,\.H might havp been 
onutt«d : but in order to make my iwork niiuple, uli-ar. and 
aa littla compUratcd a* pneiuble, tto r^at tnj hnlher 
plumben may caaily ouwtw it, I End it of tho imat^wt 
uupaitanao to keep the diagvanu clear, and to h-nM. 
worUnr thna ont at aajr iinnGiOMeai7 loagth. 

I>rohtem 10. — Fig. 1,1^6. Ta atriko a ranla thronfrh 
thrpo given point* whirh are not in the same straight line, 
or throutfh on^ (fiven triangle. 

To flhow this in the umpliwt form mriko an ct^uilatcral 
trian^lo, as at V, J, D, V^g, L,136. Let the poiata of tho 



Fill. l,13f<. 




ritt. i.in. 



triangle be tho (ftron pointo, Immx^ tbow thne Itnee 
drnir tli« duttfid ltn>« J, K and 1'. E. Thci point uf ii 



nee and 
point of in ter- 

•Mtion at F nnl) be the «eutro point fur tho drvlo. I'^g- 1, 1^7 
is tho 8iun« thing without th« linoa P. J. D bmng dMwn. 
llii* probli-Bw la uw4 for <nittingf holea in aagla^ fto. 



GEOMETBY FOR PLUMBliil^S. 



068 



Problam W.— Fi(f. t,U8. Tungrat^ To ilraw » stnuyht 
Vno U> Concb a <tird« at a given point. 




Flu, i.iaa, 

Atright anolM to the diamcUr A, B, Fig*. l,13tl, draw Uie 
txnKirnt linn O, B. 

rn>l>lein 21.— Fig. 1,139. To dmw Ungsnts to a otrcle 
Inm n gircn |Xiiut witlioul it. 




riu. i.lTO. 

TTui wqiiiren \yat »«iy littlu fixptmiatiou FVom A, B, 
with E fur a i-cDti?, atiikp tho ntcN D. C, G, with iibuigtil 
linr fmm R tii C, I), ji^in thr kaiiii.-, whicli nuut touch t}ur 
cin.*1e from tLi? uutwiinl |»iiil B. 

Prohlrtii >J.— Fitf, l.UO. Ty draw radial UnP8 upon the 
cin'Umfurcni.ib- of u I'if-U', ur to niuv pcrprndioulura bam 
any point or jxiinM trithout Anding tht^ wiiln». 




If th(! rniUi lix lit n^ttiil dintanimi, ■■! off rqtuil par)'* 
rmiikd tho lin.'unifvn'inn?, uh nt A. B, C, D, So., «n lluMn 

Sill)*! Bs rantn» atnliG tbt; nrcv. fnittiog ou«h uIIkt, il* dI 
, I. J. &<•-., «ttd dniw liiw* B. A to H, C lu I. kc. Thin 
will be fonnd handr for circaiar aedlop work, and man; 
athnr irarpoaM on nwf work. 

Flvul«m23. — Ft|r. 1. 14 1. To draw a line equal in length 
to a cdnle or a pipe, tm (or soO inixn. &u. Alw eec Fig. 1 1, 
Vol. I. , for cutting' nlxf^ of l™d for "nil pipw!- 

IJeinTiU- Ehu tirelo A, B, C, D, Fig. I.Ul, otrike the 
diiimutT A, B, and inm the tentrp II draw • pe«T«ndtnii1>r 
H, B, Uivn Mtruo tlie r-hiyrH liiir D, B. iitid tnm tim cud* a* 
snitim bUDcq tho an» R and hmt'.t T), B, alito outting the 
drdo at (?, th>^ thnx? timM diaini>t(i* of drde with the 
diafaui''<- fr-iin tlw- (■tiiird ia Uiii (-ttmimfnratim of cirolo 
M at F, U, added, will bo tho length lound pipe or 



ntnle, nearif. Or nidtjpl; Ibe diaimter bj 3f. Bee 
rrolitmi U, iu; 

Thv diwneber ot a cimle being given to find its 
ofronunraiioB. 

Bemrfnber and mt a« 7 : 22 :: th« girro diameter : 
CJrcumfnrvnMi ; or diridn the diameter into 7 [>arta, and add 




Fta. I.ltl. 



la mnni of anch partN (or the •riRiumfemnce. Or as 
113 : 335 :: tJir diamrtrr ; cirrumff-rrnoo— that i* iwnr 
vDoiigh for all prnnirjil wnric, nod iihould alwnyH Iw in 
vour m'-ninrj-. TLon you iiihip bbj- iw 22 : 7:: the giren 
i^in-iuufrniUL-r • tbn diuniotnr : and oo nu. RTptaoalian : is 
to :: Ki i« : to. 1 harr giri-u thcM> n'ligb Ri<?asarcinflBta or 
fidrnro* to ntit the wnrlmuin, knowin;; thiit thoyan* rear 
enough for bin pRUtir-itl wiirk : and to fMtiafjr my xncoriuK 
itiHliodicst tewlar. iJiould thi-re bappen to bo one, I would 
Mk him, if he hnn nnthtDK better to du, tu bc-o if the following 
in iwTMct, and to work tli* problem ho ^tartv^. Thii rirotun- 
fcronoeof a cinlc whoHediamctir i.t 1. 1» = 3'l4l692a53A8 
97fi3S8846»4399S27D502$54 1 97 1 6'J:t l»l)3T& 10A930974M4693 
;iO;BI MOQSSdSOSSDSaZftOSI 9253421 i;o«7ilfl314S0S6JI32'2.t 
060470038114, &o. 

To find the area of a dnln. Multiply half the cir- 
dUnfoniMe hy half the di»nM<tcr for tht> mttm, or multiply 
Ihn Hioan of thi- dinii»-tcr by -78^4 for thv aT«a. 

Another method : Lvt half tbi- dtamnttrr of the oirelr 
CKprcmrd. in inchcx hv found and ittt nqiuim taktm. IiH 
thw aquare be multiplied liy thr nntithrr 31415. and liie 
prnducit will Ixi the iimabcT o( iH|iiiirv hiclnv in thci eiir-ln. 
For thnKp not writ up in droiniBlii thn ft)HuwiiJt{ itiinpla rule 
may b<- fuiiud UMful. Lc't thi' diainitlcr of tho circlo be 
aquHrcd. and itr «qaan> diridMl by 14, Ihn tiiintirnt 
miiltiplittl by 11 will tn^ti thr nrm iiiurly. or multiply llie 
M|iiim< of tht.- rtn.'uinft'n-iii'n by ftJP'/A. And again, ao 14 
18 to 11, tv is the squara of tlio dloraoUir to tlw ana (pwe 
Problem ;iS) or ai 88 ie to 7f m ia the aciuan of tho cor- 
cimifcmiM to the i 



Squaring of pipes or riroIe*i w a* lo jji-t tho fdilo of a 
-quan; whioh ir t.'qita] i» (be rouud ulpc, multiply tho 
diameter o( the pipe by -8862269, and the nroduct will be 
the fide oF a a^wm equal in anoa to the drole. 

Given tlui oremnfaranoe of a pipe or drelo, to And the 
fitd« o( a aquare eoiial in aran to ute pipe or circle. molUply 
Ihti otRTumleiTOw ay -2830948, and the product will be th* 
sidi' of th*! aqoare. " 

Prc'bbiu 24.— Kg. I,I4S. To find the radlw of ■ em 
inirb an bow windows, coppem, nud othw earvee. 

Let A, B, Fig^ I. Mi, w the curve. FirainT>RN a nn 
f<tnki) the- clrolii £, H, Q, F, and with tho aime mdiiw, fi . 
about A. B, strike the arcs E, U and F, O, draw linm trtiL. 
wlmro tiie brm out until Qh puinta meet aa at Cj thh ia 



C84 



GEOMETRY FOR PH'MBRRS. 



tte oeailm of tlw cnrve or Birds. Alsu w* Vig. I.ISS, 

>hich KDinrcT* thin pnrpcviR. 
ProUciD 35. — To find the nivft o( concentrio einJm, as 
[■t Fig-. 1,109, i>t tho xjNux bvtwnon tiru tin^ rall«d 
■ ooncvDtrici uiRloi. 

MulHpl)' themim of tli« twoiliaractont by tli«irctiffnvnc«, 

anil thUprorluiit. l.j -TS.il fi>r tlwi m«a of thi> ring, an fol- 

llowH :— Talu' llw lur^^r iliami^ler E, P. imil taill it 1>% mid 

lie aniiBUer IL, I ID. itiul work out thn fijlowing, whinh n-iU 

^In9 the oontcnt of Uio unift bctvFtNtu LhetworiDK" DrcirolM— 

10 
160 



4nw the cmm throoslt (or the an nqaind. w riwva m 
Fi(r. I.IIU. Tliifi piohleni vtU be fotuid n nmmliititlf 
uM-inl for rutting out lead tar derate baam. dranltr bay 
winduiw, tui» of ooppHY, &r. 



IJW) 



tli'SlUO 



uvA of Bpsoo betmwB ejnlM. Thin ml« will Ktvo jtya Oil- 
■»« of the md of » Wd pipp, frnm wbioA jon nwf 
■Mortuin tfao woigbt ; II will iU«o >r{v<) you Uu woiglit of 
wiLnbi'D, &e. 

tVobli-m 26.— Fig. I(Mn. To ilMvribo lui an throiu-b 
three giTuu poinln, not wiitfC or knowing tho Mntre of tdr 
tirci* 

Lot A. B. C. Ftg. M'IS. t« Ihe pointx. Fmni lli« |N>iut 
A, «4th the raditu A, C, strike tlie an C. E, thiii wilb the 
Mune ndiiu «ndfroira the puiatC strike th« lur A, V. Ni^xt 
draw ths onm-Uiw A, ti mnn the pomt A uid llir<Mi)^h the 




t lU. l.ii:;. 



Pnthloin 27.— Rg. 1,U4. The chord and heiKbl of n 
K"},'nic'nl hpinfT given, to Hod tlio oorw without luring kdj 
t\'(-oiinHi lo the centre. 

Lrt A. B be the ohard nnd C, D the nw or hoigbt. 
nraw a line through point C ponllel to A, B. and dltUo 




Fiu 1 ll». 



point B, ruttinjT the aro at 0; aim draw the lino C, II 
thmugh the poitil B to cut lh« arc A. F. Next f ut off luiv 
dliitaDiM![«avnaU of lino 0,C). and iMmlhe ptnnt (itol.li. 
alM> from 11 lit J und K, itmw a line fr<iiD K to V. from 
J U> O. fnuij A Uf 1, mad A to I>. WHu-re ibw* liiHW, 
A, I, C, K, iutvrwot, aa at P and O, will k- th^ point to 



A, H n1 D; next dm w n line frrini Ato C, net oS fnm pCJnt 
A tlieiinc A. K^Tp<-tidi<tulnrto^A,l\ oltoFl.J porpendirnlar 
tuB.U; I) uw divide tijp li 



and B to D, into an i 
Una A.N »nd B, H 
pobta dividL- thiM) 



V lo C, and C Ui M und A, D, 

nf part* ; ako draw tho 

■* X, B, and tnm tbeao 

vonberof puts, as 



GKOMETltY fOU PLUMHKRS. 



nss 




Via. 1.1 U. 




Km. I.IM. 



fcoro n to B (niun«-lT, live), draw lIoH bom C to Uw poInU 
1, 2,3, 4. .'j. linuB, M nnd A.K, Bad also the ttw oa A, B 
■ml K, C, C, M anil I), B. The pointn of intcnwtjon vitl 
b* the pointn for the curn' linn, n* nt E, P, H, I. 

Si.';(iiii!nUl striking with a triangle or triangular gtud«. 
fiK- 1.M5 uJiuwii uu tuHj- mMbod of striki&ff DOgiaeail 
wttb a tnunirular ntmi^ht tdge. hat A, B hn me Mgroent 
ftaii C thn rr^juirr^ hiijirtit; uov plao.' tliroo bradawls at 
[,^QM poiuU aiiil drnir tlio Ihiv A, B. plaw m pivcv vS board 
\ u iliown) (nna C to B on tlio taper, and n«xt cut C, D 
*le1 to the line A,B. thon bj mnving thi> triangle 
■t the InadAwlM frum Uft tn rifcht thi.- point C will 
K-mribo th* tvqnired nmgmrnt. 
PfuUi'm 28. — ¥]ji. 1,146. To uoutlDUO to tmy «sbnit 
■II an alivady laid down. 

Lot A. B. C. nf[. l,ue, be the an lo be oocrtinwd. 
Draw lino frum A, It nnd A,0 and C, B, next draw at any 
■Dftfe the Hue D, C, i»et off llw dintitiiov 0. K and ulaoe tbk 
in th« lino from B to F, measare the au{rle D, A, C aa at B, 
aod witb thJA dfatanno oat ofl at F for the angle D, A, B, 
draw the Imc D, B. entting the Itiui D, C at tha pnipt I> ; 
thia will Iwi tho point for the oaotiiiulng of theooTve or arc. 
Should yuu wiHli lo ountiuav the cuttb, you can do bo by 
•otUng off other paint of is^iial unfile* front A, C and B. C. 
Probli^m 2!).— Spiraht or uurvca. Fig. 1,U7, inveiiled 
br Amhimnlirs. 




Fia. 1,111. 




off u mmnr oqakl putB » yrru maf ragnirv, mh nt 
I.U.P.1£,J,K,L,H: frantwvof thmo puinbs about Uw 
««atfw of tfao luw, *trik» thn haU-olnte aa bniD B to J, 
M to K. &o., or, ta oUmt wvrda, otrilM » hKU-«in^ in » 
IbsL and fron tk» point whan O* an tanBinaU* phm 
^^lMa< ttwooauMMK*: iHn open then to tfae diuiMw 
ol Ab haU-oii^ umI ftom thit otbn- nrl of tbv oiKl* 
^mfa tgtin to out tk> itnigbt Linn. If rncx dirUn &i* 
«dnl toto «aul puts H nakw » Snt-nlo doodoal stnliwr 
oHttorn, M ^wn by the wutU tircb*: to Rtt Um iu> of 
(mU, mq F«m. I,l&t and I.IU. Bofon «« nn {MOMd 
■wn Cnrtbv, 'w« muat Imow inaialliuig won abMrt 



rroUom 31.— Fi^. 1,160. To And • third proportkiul 
to two girvn linw. 



rmkimao. 

Gbo iinilv to «M 



l.U». 

Tided. 



Diridn prn|inrtiMiallj % girtn 



Lrt A, B, flff. 1.U9, lMtl»eUii»tobodinded.utd O. D 

tlM dnv tho Hw A. 0, and tNm tlw fiiUad potato K. F. Q 
««vlfaaimnltaLM4feA.("tti>C lh»lMA.D; Bast 




QKOMRTRY FOR PLUMBRRS. 



d'rav the tino A, C at Hitkt whglen, eMdOK Uie Uno A, B, 
w,lipn A, B will Ih' tlic tliinl proportimuu ; I), K ih 9in., 
B, CSiii,. A, U 7ii' Itr Int A. R and B.Cbi! tbrfrivm liin-i. 
iu thiit ciMi B, C Ulunxvr Uiaii A, B, null lht<r>'f<ir» 1), H 
will hti InnpTM' lluin lilfaLT of the givoi Ubm -, Xhvy will bv 
7in.. 8in.. ami !liii. rMpcctiTcly— M) tlut jrou ouj waifc 
tlii* prat>|piii I'ithrr wnjr. 

Pivblvm 32.— Fig. \,Wi. To find r fnuHh |>raparti«nKl 
to tbne pivRi rigfat Htim, w at A, B, C, D. K, F. 




Fill. I.UI. 

Ix-t A, B luid C, D fonu ku uiffle. ka »t A, B, 0, chi tho 

line A, B, and iram tlio pcdnt B sDt ofl tho pumt G equal to 
E, F , ni'xl jditi A, V and dmw (i, H parftM to 1^ then 

B, H will be lliB fourtli umpurtimial. 

Proldmn 33.— FIk. l.lOi- Tg tlnd • nuaiD pnipartioiMU to 
tTTO tciven Mni^t lin'w. 
Draw the line A, B, Fig. 1,163. Let A, C be Ilia. Inogand 

C, B Oin. Icmir. T)i«cv't A, B anil atrikr tin' nrc rutting ibtt 
■nda o( tlia liiir A, B, cni-t h p(>rTNiiitii.-uLtr at ILa unda of 
Ibe kmgMt Utte, namely, M C — let tbis iwrpvwUcQlar cnt 




Tia. i,ia2. 

ihiB ore aa nt n : tbc llnr tbtiA formed miut be tb« nmn 
proportiotial linv bMwMD Uh^ two giyea HtnuKbt Uum. 
Or 1*1 E, V Im Urn lontrMt linp, on »t A, R. dtworibe the 
mni-cwclD, thm uiki' II, t}, |>]tM-^ it hI C, B, and nvct a 
Mnndkialar C, D aa ahuwn, (nutiujt tliv m ; Uirb dnw 
us liiie D, B, whWi mwt alao be ibe mma propoftMnal. 

PmUf«a S4. — Vig. 1, I&il. Divide tha drannfnntiuia of a 
clrel" iDl" ««y ntunlipr of («qoal p«rta, or tiiaoibe wijr 
regular polyitoa ui a givon corelv, in thia cue & fmtaigaa 
(alan mw ProfalDiB 40]. 

Stnkea olrdo, Kg. 1,153, draw « diameW, Uaoot this 
diaaneUir is C, and arvot a p«rpai^tciilar, tmrrjing iiui 
HOW anywlMnw Iwyond tba radlna of Uie cln:!*. Divldu 
Um! dluneter into u many parts •• than arc tu bo ndna in 
the pDlyf^n (in tMa f«M 1irf>, next diride the rwliM 0, D 
into fouf equal put* a* at£, P, Q. aikd aet off three of thoaa 



puts fniD D to H . np«t draw a line fma the point H 
through the Hecoud diriiiion «n ihc duuaeter m rikown at 3, 
U"! thinllm^bf MtitioiMid to thd drrJt aaat J, and join A, J; 
thin will ho thn bmglh and lido of tbo nquirod |iolygun. 
Vvry luudf fur ahop work. 




Vn. 1JU. 

ProUam S5.- Fig. 1,154. Tu dnw a rigbt line mjual in 
langth to » (fivan uv, or part of a tinilD, HuilaUe fnr 
fliublngw, Kiwid ooppan, Ao., alsii for lining haU-dttlw. 




Vru. i.tM. 

Dmv and divide thodMid A.Bintofonr equal pkrta, and 
Mt off ono of thaae porta mmnd thn an> aa at 0, then join 
C and tlio diTkiuiial point D oo ohnvd, than C, I> will Iw In 
Umffth half the circumtnvDeo of tho an, or nrarfy. Handy 
for roafer «A«ji leor*. 

Another waj. To draw the exact taza of a pioce of load 
fur a domical «tniu<>r, half -ball, kc. 

Let A,B.C,FiK. l,165,bethekair-bnlllob«oovei«d,and 
A. Bth« diameter of a cirele Itehuli (Af err/, 7, i^«M(ln«Mf, 
(mmM/dtm], tHko the companMHi wtto this diiinw>t<-r. and 
trcm A t«: B, D atriko thn an? B. D. Um-ii frnm B an a nmtm, 
with the Nuoe ndlna, strike Uio «i\' A, 1). Tbt< point D will 
be tho principaL point lo vrork. tnttn, a* follows : — Sappaes 
joa want to eoror half a ball, aa at A, C, B, tbra from tL« 
point D dnw a line from the jwat B aa at 1). B, If : iMxt 
draw die line frotn tho point D tfarong'h thv nnint A, fbnn- 
tiiK Uic line O, A, D : iwit draw tbt^ liii*i O, H parallel to the 
line A. B, and the lioM G, D and H, D, at O and H— the 
line (i, H will Im the dmrnfcsMkce. Untrth. or Ntrikc outline 
forcnrtTiiikflhohalf-ball. and the dotted circle A. 0,£>.M,B 
wtU be the u*» of the dim ntnir^c fmm thn nriitrc <'. KhmiM 
you onljr nqnlt* to cuwr i<ail of i)i>' ball, lu fniio I, J, 
wnrk aa befwn, bol dnw the line* F. D and E. D thrauah 
the point* of the arc and chord, aa at I, J : then dfaw- Bu 
line r, E parallel to the chord lino I, J, which wQl gin jm,. 



GEOMETRY FOB PLUHBEBS. 



5te 



VirtH draw a canda, bsvinf^ the iMjuirod diuiMter, 
Mmni«l^, tiw Iragtb <n tfa«> giToa Ymm A h, thgn with 
the wnia ndJitu divi<le th>; ciroiuuf<.'mBc« of thd ainl« 
Bla tax eqiul pu-u— ihcr will be tlw- poinw of the hexagon. 
N«tiM tnc-poiTitx A D b. II>-r« jrni bavo «» cquiUUnd 
trianffli!, biit ilui hniftgan >« (nnu>il with u cqnUataral 
triastflM. To !>»«'« thi«, draw lines flora vomer tooorn«r,Bi> 
at ¥if. 1,163, all meeting in the contra. If yuu etudy ^i« 
flg^ufft con-lalty rnu will nro thnt thin U one of the throo 



IIp1>lA«an, or •ema-sidod fi^nra. 
Prohlr-oui 3-t Mild 40. 



OofMtnmt u fir 




geoinclriaa] du^r^ainii (nainrijt, lb« rqiii1at«nl triant;le, the 
•quaiv, and tlK- li<>ia}(tiD) wfalob oaa ho fitted togvLber m> ut 
to vover » flat suifaoe, without any IntontJoea batWMn tho 
Docmn or pieom ti>u>l, m that tt maj be oaed on Soon, os 
ptttun lead, or wwter. iciiii.-, mppur, bntM, hroDM, Ao. 

Prohhrni 3B.— j'ig^. 1,160. To draw a hmiagon npon ti 
given lint'. 




Via. l.ieo. 

I^ABbtthtgrtvauUw. From th« pointM A n.anilwith 
tbo eUiUncft A B, dnw tbo «n» C, which will uiw you the 
cMitre lot atrildng the otnh). Thl« circle will miuin to he 
divided to formtho b*xa|pK) an in tbi> la«t problotn, 

Frvbl*»ii 40.— Fig. 1,162. To mafcu n n-jfular poljirmi 
of any nuiubw of aidw within a tfireii oircte. In Uii* r*w 
a baxaiJtOD, sf« I^oblcm 34. 

V»nng the ciid«, diftw the nuliun A B. Fi^. 1.162, nut 
divldv the number oj daoTMa id the virele, whtch u 350** hy 
8, tbfl tmnibvT of ildm bore reqiiimd (if 'igbt xidn wtnr 
roqnirnd tou would diridv \ij ci)rht, and wi unV^ In thi» 
oue ^u find the divi«ion by 6 to pritduoe 60", which ia the 
numbf.ir of drKrw^ in the aaglti A B (J. then a ehotd from 
A C will Us the hide of tlim pnlvgiin. Tlii» in rurr handy 
whn dnwing, a<i it cnn be d<«M uuitantly with the prtjitractor 
nd A lew SgiirM. 




ii.i- 1,101. 

Problem 41.— 1>^. 1,163. To dcMiribo a regnUr nctagoo 
in a friven Bguaro. 

Lfit A BCD, Fiff. 1,1(13, be the gitwn aqnuc. Dravj 
the diafrnnnl lirxr* B<^and A D. tuteruvtin^ at E ; upon I* 




rii. 1,103. 
four fomern A B C 1>, o* wmtrra, wiih \ K uh radiuii. 
ilmw thcaiTB F G H IJ K L M. tuning tht-litit A HCD. 
Dmw UiiM ■« from F O, H I. J K, L ftl— thowi giro Ow 
roqiiirpd ootaKon. 

Pniblsrn 43.— To dt»v a duodeeagon. 

Urawth* twr. diiim.*t<fTn ABanf!«;D. F^p. I.lG4,«tri(rht 




uitlea to oach nthcr, draw the arofi E F and QH, t 
wiQ give yo'i twelve ludea. 



#90 



GEOMETRY FOB PLUMBERS. 



li Is uanMMaw7 fartlMr to dMoiba nijgtma by diit> 
■Tama, but foe refennco Ifae mAloinMl twdt o( polrannn. 
together with tho angl«s formea hj tholr gidea, wiU be 
fcondrciy iMafal :— 

No. of 

BUM. 

3 
4 
fi 
6 
7 
8 
» 

to 

II 

12 

Bvfoni TO v<ui pTvpvrlT uadvntciiMl Ibv ■^il*B> it ^H hu 
aAoaauT to exsnUDo cyunden and oonn. Tluee, then- 
iam, wtu bo onr neit snbJMi. 

Cyllncters and Solids. 

A<7Uiiderisasolidboa7,ai>»tABCD,yijf. l.l«j. (Tbo 
plninlW lint « ^TMt dual to do with hnllnw n-lindrm, for 
uMuij bU putnpa, bnmU, nod nlrcn ur of Ihiit ■])»».•, 
liltenia uio are iiiad« fiytindricA), to <■/ nothing 



Nuaca. 




.\noji. 


Ttigon 


ao 


W30U7 


Tetesoo 


45 


I'ODOOOOO 


Pentaipoii 


A4 


1 720*774 


Kexitgtm 


aa 


1-S9RV762 


Heptagon 


^ 


3-0439124 


Octagon 


4-8284271 


NonagDa. 


70 


6 1818312 


VtcMgan 


72 


;-694?08tt 


llndenigan 


7.V. 


unfiM;i99 


DuudoMWum 


74 


11 1I)|(I1.^24 





tf^H.) It uqr b« eoactartd U* Iw ff(tiimt«il hy tho 
A a a tibcilB, whirli U in a dirvcliuu {rrfrndinular to i 
ha own aarfaoe, asd paiallol lo itself, and if nght, nt right 
I lo ita own i>laD«. 



I.IM. 



AH c-jlinders an eitbi-r riKbt or ohU^na ataot^ag in 
whctfarr ta* axia ia perpendicular of tnolilHd. 



A eectioo at a ri^l ojlbider, if takon at right ai^^ to 
ilM oii», must be a circle, and iJF hultow ttu; two md«i wnold 
form oanotrntratin) ringn, iw ni Kig. 1,109 ; bat if out 
obliqwl; to iw axia It form* an ellipM, an at A B C D. 
Fiv. 1.16S, ahu at Pig. 1,167. Pig. 1,166 ahnwa tbe 
O^UndcT as cut fmia E tu F. ¥i)t. 1 , 1 f WI >hua'» a part aide 
vuiw, and Fi^. 1,167 itbuwx a front i-imr. Now, if jon 




111*. I,t07, 

oxanduo \hu confull}- yvvi will ac« that bcm b thr Ttim 
oUiptM*, and nn further naniiiBtlon of theae Ajnirm and bj- 
ountinuiug th« Une^ E V, Fig. 1, IKS, you Dbaarra tbn ninf linci. 

You abotild giro thvw- figiinui nmr moat eaivful oon* 
■Id«r«lign aikI vtudj, ait ih^y will dcnMinfliala to jon dw 
easiest nii>thad of outttng najrthing yoa mav n«|nitv. 

To find thr nolidil)r cif a ejlindcr, Slulbply tbo ana of 
tho biiBu lijr ilH Iteight, and thf pnnliust wfll b« the BoUd 
contvntH (ncv I'roblcm Vft, and oiruw). 

To find thv Mtuface of a rTlindrJnd pump-band, tank, 
ct«. Uulttpty tho nroumferoaoft by tn>i langth, nti tho 
pnidurt will bo tho aurfiwc, of innde ur outiodp, aooordiog 
IW jou m»y meaauiB tor. If jou abo nqoiie the riim and 
two ends, tbaa, c< oouiw, 70a most add uio area of tho two 
<*ndf. 

Cones and Conic Section* and Soiida. 

A «NM- i* n miiud pjnunid, or aolid, har^nc a citrio for 
ita taic, and tcrminalM hj a point called Qm vertex, or 







Mo. l.lCv 

,J ••». w^mt. It inaT he conrvived to be fctoafBtad hy 

-•ri^:i><-angled triangle abuut ibi perpen- 
U*6 



GEOMETRY FOR PLUMBERS. 



6M 



A Gnr dmwn from tho aptrx to the rentn of tlic bue is 
thK uxi* uf the cuiif. nnd wltni thi» linti i* iwrpcndiuuJM- In 
tlt9 buvi tbe cona ■<■ <!iillcil uu upHf^t or i%Dt onus, but 
vhoD inoliuudt u ut Fitr- M'jS. ii in called an obUqwoonv. 



Fin, i.ion. 

Oil! FtfT. 1 , 1 f<8 ihmti^h the nxin f nun «pu to bue, and tlie 
MK-licm will U' a (runij^le. Bill if yuu nit it W n jJaih! kT 
ri|{lit KiiL'loH Ui thii nxio, thi' ■rrttnn trill bu a Circle ; &nd if 
you cut It iibiiqticly to On- mic, nud qiiit* scxow u a ri^bt 



"11119 from oiM ^a« to tbe oUier, aa at K D, Pii^A. 1,16(1, 
1,170, iind 1,171, UlIaaectioD i^ an ollipH-, ^md tlir Mnie •* 
tiiF aecti<in of a oyimder. Sec Figs. 1,160, l.liiCiand 1,167. 
Thia, at firet rtphl. may »ppr»r rtrang*, thai « cylinder 



md a cvno <ilio«li|, wlien out obllqiwly, furm nn pniiMi!. 
Ordinary oWrrew would PuppoMi Uint tliL> poi>e beinj; cut 
obliquely would fona an oral ; they frequenUy Unagiiiv tbat 



it will bo vider at oda end than the otlm-, or thit Mhapx of 
an «gg, loAkA u am oval. H. B.— You iihcNikl be Mrtwular ' 
about this, aa Uh> ofml and the ellipM act diatiact ma eaidrj 
otbor. 

If yoQ cut th« oone juusIIpI to one of iU aid«, aa at 
ABC, Pig-, 1,173, then tb«' imtiun will b(> a parabola. 



fi.. I.ITS, 

"niii CQITD U lucd in eooiputinjir tho fom of air or Bteam in 
oylindera, alr-pump«, &c. ; but thia ia ttol our work, and 
for it aee workln i>D Steam Kn)niM». 

If Uh oonr hn int no that tho wvtioo ia parallel to tha 
azM, the cunv i« tlion a hyperbola, on at A B C, Fig. 1,17«. 



Flo. i.m 



Th«M diagrama aro Vnown as oodic sprtion», Thero ar* 
(liffRmnt unda,iiainely : triangular iH^ilioo. aa at Flfr- 1,169: 
droular, aa at A B, Figo 1. 171 and 1,171 : dlipae, vhra 



the plane rati the mn« obliquely and paiuang tl 
twomdw, a* at B D. Fign 1,168. I.l.i), 1.171: 
wlMin the plaDvcntii ihrn^tuftpamllo] bi nan ndp, a>- 
Fig. 1,173 : and hyprliula, when the plane cuta .. 
•o that it will nolhcT miwt nor oonw parwUel ■ 
oppudtn Bide, aa ohown at A B U, Fig. 1,173. 



OEOMETBV FOR PLUUBKUS. 



For tbe raottiod of euttiiiK Uw Minlopm or mv«riiig toe 
eoaea. nee mf worki oo covGring oodm in Plumbun' work. 

To find thf xnriner u( a erine. MnltlptT tim itlant height 
br half the cu'cumfercDcw 6( Ibo ba>v, ana tJic product vith 
tnv an ol Uiv bae^ i«'itl b« thn xurfacn. 

T6 find tlie •oUditr of ■ c^iiw. MulUplj Uic ar«a of tho 
lue by fmB- third M the bcigbt, aniT uio pradncl will bi.< 
tit* iHiliilitf ftf tbs cone 

Aa w« harH juat found out Itw mBthod of outtinK <»i>"" 
to form eUipae>, fto., «e cannot <Jq better than <<xamhi<> tlir 
dtff«rcnt methods of etrikiiifli tbeiu on paper, tie,, a* tliiH 
viti form An important part at plnmbcn gconutiy. 

Ellipses. 

Aftor what w« h»n aoon of outtinic conea and ojUiiden 
to form cllip><«a, we majr b« inclined to aak what a trut< 
ellhxip is. Can a true eUipae be dr«ira or stniolc irilh the 
ofutnarj oomnaaamF No, tt cannot ; for in the Lmu ellipw 
there cannot be aa/ part of a oirul«. neither cbid there be 
■nj put of a BtrmiKht line. It ia formed with four cunrna, 
tltm «f whirJi I'omtncncc at th« point wfaora tba flnt 
tenAttlMl. EM> that in ordra to atrike this figan fon maai 
barn novaMn oentren or their equivalent*. 

I aiD (ullr awaro that eotne writvn Imt^ recorded Uiat a 
drrle ia mmtUt up of a numbnr of HtraiKfat Unce, and if j-ou 
aootvpt this theory, then ;rou may also tako it tho ollipao i" 
formnil with a tiuaat^ of cirahw, i>r, wore eorret-tlv 
NpMikin^, HefniK-iita, We will rompaie the tigiirm atrark 
with the ooDipasHs, and the ellipBe struck iiroprrlj'. 

Problem 43. — Fig-. I,17A. TTih nitnpk"! and propn- 
ollipM i» that Mtnuik with tbo trammel, or thn ellipao^apb, 
or'thc oHiptic compuwn, aa ahown at Fig. I,lT£. Thiaia 




m. LtM. 

a very tucfnl inaimrantt for drawing an ollinac. The 
important parta are tbo rifcbt-aufficd troiai A B CD, which 
U KToored to receive the two atnde fixed on the beam or 
tracer T T. Tiius truccr in provided with a penal, a« at F, 
whiob. of ooiirw, may be adjoated at wilt. Tt work* aa 
f'lUuwii- — A fi are the major axea and C O tlitr minor. Now 
betfin by firfl lajrin; the cnei of iIm trammiel on the majnr 
anil minor linrw. thai adjurt the alidcn of the tracer in the 
l^ruorni ho that the pencil tonchea the major and ntinor 
axea, you may then inovn.lhn tracor ronod tbn olliptical 
path a* the pina or atuda alide in Iho gruov^, takinx four 
strokes to 'one leroliitiDn, and yon will have an ellipse. 

Vou obaerrc that aa jreu varh the lrao«r roondf ao yon 
iliift thr oi>ntrc» by cansnK thiTm tu olidL- ap and down th<- 
jfTuove : of eourse, Ibv two atods are a fixtitn- on ihf beuti 
or pointn, aflpr tb*^ loogtlu of nunor and nuiur axoa an- 
obtained. IVrhapm yon wDI better underaisiu this by the 
fojlowin; primitire a|»parahM :— ^dl two pieoaa of Ita. 
Minare wood to^qtber cut duwn at H, Vig. 1,17^. So that 
it may be lerel, fix theae pieoM ou the buank, tbeu take a 
pleoe of the same kind al wood and make the pointer K I,. 
Fii two brwUwU at D and anoOw at P. Hen P la 
rauUy the pointw, being longer than D. Nbw plaee the 



pointer as ■howii. Keep the bradawls C D cloee np to the 
wiK)d, or iJTuw and work n'und the pf>ini*r f, fran G to E, 
wbif-.h will gire the retiuired aarrf ; repeat thin for the otfaer 




Ki.. 1,17* 



and you will liave a ootupletc illtne. We 
o?f • ■ ^ . .*— 



time ourvea, 

haTeattcrtber kind o"^ trammel, known as fiowlt^'o'traamel. 

iriilah ia eiOMdlngly unctnl fnr olHce wtirk. 

Problera 44. — ^(f. l.li? ahowa a aimpJii and much naed 
nw-thod of RtrikinK the nUipse with a string and peocQ, aa 
follows : BariiiK the two pointa on tbotrtnarvnie aiia A B 
gircn and mi. we nest pmeml to net oat the conjugate 
aii* C D. fonninir a ci>>ki or KcjuBrv : th«n with tb<> ivnnpaaMi 
take half tbo LnuuncnM axia, and from tW point C on the 
conjugate axi« deerribe the ar« E D F, or, sei off the 




Mo. 1,1 ;;. 



diManee* or pointa E F. and fii two pina om thcao pofnta 

thoTnnpoHeofhahllng the string G. the enda of which 

arr tin) together to form a loop, which, when KtretiAed 



for the' 



orer tbo two pine and mp to the point C, will form a tri- 
angic. Now take a penell, and with the atrtng *lr«if.hed 
over the point and also ore* the two pios, desaribu tlie 
ellipse. 

Pmblem 4£.— To determine the centra of a ^rsn dlipee. 
also the (nnarene and oonjninitc diameters. 

In this diagnun, Fw. L. 178, draw any two parallel linea 
■rroAK. a* at O N and H I., catting the ourvv. Bi'^vct thwn 
iwo liom, simI ilniur the line AB, enttlag the cunc at A B, 
Bi«»ot thia liim. which will gire the oentn V. Now upon P 
with any rsdiua at P. L Al N O dfscTibo a drrl*, cutting 
the elHiMc at the four point* L M N O. and with a rlgtit 
line join thnm ptiintu a* xhown. Bbieot tliaae Udgs and jtm 
will bam the traiisrwai; uxia (jo thia oaoe sAewn one tine 
will be apou the otb«, aa tke n^nrn' will be again leqoind). 
Kezt, thiougb the eantn P, draw C D paralfal to Uia ham 
L U: thia will be the oanjngate aiia. 



4 



GEOMETRY FOR FLUUBEBS. 



6dS 



Ton wiU Dniioa Utat in Fig. \,l'S tht> ponUol lion nrc 
•t eqnal diauoota faom the majur jiuuiIh, but thnf biaj be 
takca *t Any put. 

Vatu of the rUJpK drfiiiod. Sm) Fig. 1 .I7R. 

TrxiksTKnie axU, A I). 

Ontre of cllipw, I'. 

CoajB^te Kxv» an tbt tniunnc w« biwwttod, u at the 
eitrciBe points C D. 



WB 



Kio I.ITS. 

Foci of Uii) dlip«« Kr« the two pMnU K nnd F. 

LBtuH nwtuni ia i right line L U or N 0. pamliiff 
througli the foroA of too figure kC rif^t &ngl«a to toe 
tran«Ti-nw min. 

Pwrnmi'lfT b th« latuH rwtum, or rir* itrtJ 

Duuneter it k right line pawitig thivngh tlio oeutre, ait at 
JKotUH. 

He doable oidlnatc ia a Une drnwii tLroagh mj Siiaarier 
panllel to ii tsngvnt at tb« oxtrvtno aud of thut ili»iueti>r. 
aad tcnainatad n' a curved hat. 

Problew 40.— Rg. 1. 179. Thin figure will nhow plainly 
what tb« ellipw ia. If yon take two a^niMiNirclM and 
divida tbam both into the Mune number of ei|iiul parts, a» 
at 1, 2, 3, i, &, and then to the points draw tha pcrpon- 




fW. 1,I7B. 



didiilar Unaa on the Urge circle, nad Uien draw the 
hmiaontal Uoaa oa the pointa of the HnaU oirela, tba pointa 
when the lines intaravct will doaoribv an aOlpaa ver; 



plain It. 
ProM< 



ProUern 4'.— -Todiaw an eUipae in a giron iqnaro, or 
dmwing an ellipae witli diiigonal liniw, Piv. I.IHO. 

lart A B C D b^ tlic >n>-(-n ■quiirv, am let thi- lin«a be 
diTided faitUithi! Muuo nuinlifr of «{uai ports i>t puinta &■ 
•howD. draw right iiiun from tbo poinfat a« vltuwn. iknd tho 
inlRTKinting pointa, mb ut H O F, wiU fp^n tliv rvquiml curre 
■a tntwd on Iwttom part of figun. 

Hari&tr givsa acrenl methoda of striking tha elUpw, I 
nay now duMiibc a mi'thod ai< practlftd In imnu worubopa 



M-itb th» cowpowca. but which, of cmme, bnag atnid 
with tKinipamn^ is nr-t a tnif ollipw. 




A«Uom 48. — Til" i41iptirjil lubMtitiitt!, the major axia 
oxilr bdag giran, l-'iK- l.lSl. 

Lot A B be th« major axis. IMridit thiN into thron e^ual 
parta A D B. From O and D aa ocntina, with O A aa a 




1,1BI 



rndina, daauribe the kjuaI tdrclua A D O B, vattlng each 
othor in the pointa E F. Vnaa K and F aa oanttaa, with a 
ruditia not laJgvr thitu that wUch mvoammmem tho i-qual 
'IkIm aa at 0, «triko th« ana Q B I J, whirh wtil cut the 
lirnitnfrr^^noc of tho umr (Hrdoa. and eomplrto tho figure. 
Prubleu 49. — CoB<?eiitrii5 tfllipae, niMUilt auItAbla for 
-biwing thepUn nf Klliptinal panit. *<•., Jtp., Fig. 1,182. 




Flu. l.liu. 

Dmw the line A D, take any two puinta, as at CD, 
on thia Um and coBHtract two e(|uilat£ral irionf^na 



61)4 



GEOXrETRY FOR PLUMBEliS. 



C ]> E ajid CDF, Injw to b&w, uid pn^ooe their udm 
F D indefinitely, or to H uid £ D to I, mii<I E C to J. 
TbrcD^ the vortioM of UuMtc trlanptlei draw the lino 
F F.. int4TM«(inK (lie Una A B *t K. Noxl tAki< any point 
L or P (ibc width ol th« oUipw;. of r^iuiil di«l*ii™ fnim 
tlw centrv K, tfa«n from E or F at v«ntreii. wiili tlw ndius 
F L. diMiibo the an L R, theo frau E n* motm strikv 
tli» aic T I* S. iitid from C or D «;< mntivik with the rwliitw 
of C Q T « D R S, rtrike Un- .imall wr BVSur QXT. 
«hi<.-h will Mimp)^t« tlw iniwr nn-«. For tfa«> oul«r nm 
Uik\. {>vint» in llic liiM F E (tirtlu-1- difltant (ram h and P. 
unmg till- rntni' n.-ntTeit. 

Problvtn dO.-fig. 1,183. To find tiw oHrtre of an 
«tIli[Mr, kli>» thn ajtim ur tnuiavene and «mjigmte diataeten. 
the circ»iiifereiir« beinR ^Vf^. 

Drnw tiny lwi>iNUiL]liilliii«tiaan]M»tlivfij(un-,ii> 111 A Baud 
C D, nuUing the norvtii m ahown at A B, C D. Next Uaect 
these lii>i.-a ».i at V ¥., thL-n through the int*>rw>rtini( poialx 




¥m. l.iiiJ. 
F K. dnvr lb<-' lino O H. Nuw bijiocl O H ai I. and tkis 

will In- lllr-i.'.-ntJ* of thf rlliiw-. 

Tl- i.ilitain llui trsiuvi'rnu nud iionjug'ittn diuniot<.-rH tako I 
■■ a uvntrc, uid with any radiu", iu> at IV, drH;riU) the 
rhrk' V J K. ic, onttinir tht- <'-1U|ie« uunra Id f otir poitita, 
aa Ml J K , &XI. ; now with tb« line join H L and J K. and 
biMvt lJi«!ie linen an at OX, Thmuifh tliii iutmri Uiik 
[H.int O and llw mini I dniw l!i* liim I' (j. tlii» will }(i\'- 
Om. trwi^rrrw! azu. Now draw tin.- Uno V B thivuKh ttc 
cmtrp puitit 1 and panllel to tho linca M L or J £, and 
tbU will givu llio oonjugato axis. 

Froblem 81.— Fig. 1.JR4. Oral or Bfrg.Jir»iirf fijfnraa, 
milsbla for draiju vr H«n'm, W4t«v cloaM watn. fix. 

Flltt ttrike the lloe A B and bisool thv Huna, striko th« 
line 1, and from C m n cmiIk. deMrlbo the dide A I B D ; 
throogh tho pointa A D draw a line, astmding- it in- 
definitvly, alwo bma B to I) draw a lin», thrn fnnn tfaii point 
A, with the radios A B, trtriku the urv from B to F, bIh- 
trum B aa A cimtre vtrikc the an A E ; next from the ]»int 
D. with the ndina D F or D F., ntriko the nmall arc E F. 
wibli^h will naniplet« the fij^iuv. 

Shuuld ?<iu r>>quire to i&ak« tV figure iihortor or liinpTr, 

Jou nuty do ^j by rontrwUuK ur «xt*iiding tbo point D to 
, and alHO cjcti^nding the linea A D and B D aiony ths 
conjugate aiia. as at L J , K J ; but when •^xtonding thU 
dlMram you moHt Iwar in mind thul fruni A !•> K muHt ho 
1^£b, or at a grvat^r dixlaiu.'v than fmm h co J, Now 



pioDwd as IB the fifct nw. Perhaps I had b»tt«r furtba 
»x;daiB. Suppo.«i- yon roqnire thn flgiu* Inngtr, tboi 
ptraduce the Itntt from A lu L and B lu K, of tuune at 
ninal diwtanr>M, and extend the lin« (roni 11 to J. Draw the 




I.IM. 



Line K J, L J, rrAirjl nmat he tbortrr tli'iu A L or Ii A, Ibra 
from L aa a <«.-ntrt.'. wiih a mdiux of L A, dvixTibe thv arc 
A IT, mttiiig llie linr K J. and frum A na a otFntiv dMcribv 
the arf- B J. i'iittih>f llu- linn J L : ni-xt from J a« a ciootre, 
witli a railjiui of J R, duKtrilx.' th<! ainnll art', which trill 
Domjiti'li' the figure, 

If you look vuivftiUy at thi» Bgnnt you may ugi^a trara 
it to be the mme melliod of work lu ing. 1,182. Tliio lu-t 
tDnthod uf atriking the fK'g-^hapod oval iM now n)ui<:h uwmI 
in dtaiu work. It in whiit 'u- known oh the uvw fiimi of 
oval ava'Dni or dmin*, and tho following ana the imiportinnii 
to bi' ■trivtly ohtwrvvd. Let the vortual hd^ht J I, F^g. 
I.IHI. boonouida luiU tiinoB the tmnavcmiD duiiiNil<-r A B, 
and thr radiu« of luvrrt J TI to tipiul i>n<-«lghTb irf the 
tranAVPi-ar diaiui-tvr, and the rudtua of tht> rudeo B U to bo 
«Kiunt to II tioim the tr»niivi>nti< diainriti>r. Ttiia in th(- iilpM 
uf Mr. jJhu Pbillipa, O.K., and funhi-r uacliiulara nay 
be hud br rffcriiii^ to Mr. Baldwin I^uuun'a work ou 
Siiiutary rltigitui-ring. 

AiiutJiKr mcChud' Mui{jlirli'd. Fig. I.IS.S illiutratcN 
a aimplvr atnick ovoid. Draw u line th« diaiuoh^ <i 




rui. uiak 

thfi ovoid, and Mrlki? t]ii> Mnt-flirda A B. BJait 
the lino A B and draw the right Ume 1 H loii(ec 



GEOMETRY FOR PLUMBERS. 



6W 



tluw tint Vngth of thi) oToid. fid off th» peinte L nnd 
K at u(U»l <Ii3ilani:ieii (nun the poiut* A, fi, and Itxtm 
tiMM potota dnw Udm u at K, U. kUo from L lo H. 
Kov miB L fts a oentii', with tbn mdliu L A, *trtk» Uji; 
line A M, ud frnm K vitb tbn Mune ndiuit titrike ibo lini? 
n C. Xow with cbc tHniiL J as & fvatre, and tho ndhu 
J Q, Htnlio tbe arc Q tl M, whiult will (■jgtnnlatc tlia Birnn). 
V\g. 1,18< it a \isry jpkm mcthud. to adopt for amlduK 
KUipmw, it oii*bl«e vou to get the oorvM ot any mjed ov^ 
witluiit mncl) troiiMe, and in rtni^'k lu fnllowo ; -I^ct tbo 
Utte A B be tlt« Icn^i, And H li tht- widlli. whk-li miut 
W pvriwiKlicilUr to lti<> line A 1). (Vom th« [viint B, 
with Uti- wUltli lu at H D, not off tbo puiiit E: ovxt (Uvidfi 
A E tuto three iH|ual ]ttJl«, and wt at two of thne puts 
on Mch aid» of Iho i«ntro point Q. ad at J K, Pnm 
iT aiid K aa tmotn", with (bo radian J K, Mrikn the cuttm 



HH 



r 



riv. i.iift. 



I J G and OKI. imttin^ each other ut C and I ; fmm I 
draw the omtra tioe. Now from Ifao minor point II and 
point R draw ibn line K tl. alwi from J tu tbr minor 
point 1) dmw ihv Hue J D, aUo from K I draw tbo Unv 
K b. and fnm H J draw tbe lino H. Now take K aa a 
oantre. aiul A K aa Ihfi radiua, and Ktrike thn am Q A L, 
abofrucn J. with J B a* a ndiiu, rtrikp PBO. Now with 
I aa ■ timitrc, niid with tbt> nuliiut I Q, ■trika th4> oofiv 
Q H P, aud fnim C aa a unotre, with the name radiua, tib'iko 
the eurvo liD O ; ttii« iimpletoa the fi^ur«. 

If you oitinparKthiodiDtrraiEiI'lic. I, IKS witli tb» abova jnu 
will mrv a wld« diS«(i«oo in eke two olUpaea ; tLo OM i> 
buU-ooBod wfaOM the other iamtw pointed. lIcwarefttAR, 
Vig. KIM, and take the dlatnnee mim Q to Land oompuc 
it wiih tho diittAnoeon the rune 7, 7. F^if- I. IBS. 

Anotbpr iDPthud. Hrm thn ollipMi >■ tn be conatractid 
within a niveii aquar*, and the width I« u ie to 9. Lot 
PaRS. tig. I.IS7 be tko given Bqiiara. Draw the 
maior nii* A B, than the mlnoi' axia G D perpcndiooUr to 
A B, all four poltita outlinfr Uie flldea and enda el thu 
aqiuu*. Ihaw a diaKonal line from point A to point D, 
aoxt nuwmre off the dUtance A O. and from iho point A 
Mt it off along the line A D cuttinir this liue at a, oUo with 
Iba tmBm C, from the point A a« a oeotie. «rt off tho 
poinl b, tiow divide the Use Mtwc«u a h ah iit c, and fmnt c 
M a oantiv. with « duAanA wider than half the dhttaaoe 
hB l w um * and A, atrike the an g b, abo witk the same 
ndluo. hat from A aa a oentrv, strike the are k t, Tiest 
Ihiouirh the int«reoctin^ p«int« K, H, draw the line SH E, 
nanMiitiinff the Mune ualit it rut> lh<! minor axis at 0. 
Niixt mnurure nil tho point vhi-re tbp liiu> H C entji tlie 
Unit A B nnr E, uud tnuitvr thu distium aloug the Una 



A B. cnttiDK It at F ; now from potntu D and ¥ dmw i|w 
lin« K D. aljufrom potntal}, E draw the line J D, iitw> 
from C F diKw the hn« L. Now from tbe points F aud 
£ ma oontrve, with tho ndiua l^* B, Mriko the major ooma 
K B L and J A R. and from the poinUi D and C, with thu 







p T 


^ AS. 



Tiu. I.IbT. 

mdiiu D J, atriko th« nuwtr eorrra K J at»d HDL. 
Tbifl connletM the elUpMr with propooiioo an fi in to !). Fltr. 
l.lflSiatnc bral pUui tu adopt, In-ii one in Fig. I.IHT jun 
u« reHtrictMl to the |in>pnrUon C and 9, oth«rwIw tn 
width nod 9 in Itiigth. 

Auuthtir nu-thod. Lrt P I>. Fig. I.1!W,U> thfrtrtMevnraa 
i1iiktuet<>r and J L tlie fonjugitit- dinititter, wldch mtut ba 
ix-r|irndiciilAr to P D. From J ur L, with tho radiiiit P K, 
ilncribe thu arc« outtinB thp line AD ul B 6 and At; 
tli(»* urc8 form tht; fool of tbe eUiimc. Kcxt divide tha 
two purtioiui at tho line from A to K and K In B into anw 
niimber of equal part* (vut.. 6 and 4 on each Uae AouH 
9 dialance between 



In- Ike tame balance between noh olber), Hf 9 parte, bat, 
dS DOHtao, lor larger ellipaea take more parte, uud if thoan 
porta an Iwaened in nao as tho^ appvuaoh from I to A. 
tliierB will be an adnuitage ; let thnwr parte be iiiinibcn<d 
aa ahown, from 1 to fi on eorfa aide of the oantm. Now 
from A 6 with a radiiu P I . P 3. I' 3, P 4, aiul laatlj- P 5, 
d<Moribo the wot betwt-tf ^ "O'l ^' "Im bctwtcn P and L. 
Son-e the other Kida tha aane. Mow from B A an a ce&tre. 




riu. 1.18t>. 

and whh tha radiua from D to l a, HtrOro tho fntemootlug 
uroti X. X L next, with it radioa from D to '^ b, ■till wdng 
B 6 aa n centre, atrike tha intiracctin^aKii 9, D : nnxt,fram 
B 6 with radii D 3 b, U4, D 5 A.etilluMing BOa»acvntre, 
vtriks the reaaintng InUirsoctiBg area ft, 7, 6 on the Unea 
P J and I* L ; terre tbe other rod of the ellipatc in n nimilar 
manner, bat oaing A & aa a oenbe. then dnw Unn> tliruugfa 
th« int^ffwctiaaa aa at J P aod I* L; tfaia wtU oompietc 
the figure. 



69C 



GEOMETRY FOR PLUMBERS. 




1 ban dcvoribcd tiumo tillipvm nt ltii|r-ti )i«*^nw th<> 
pkinvr U oftra aiU«d upon to ^rih- them oBt t<> r>iut 
drL-umirtaiicea. For itutaOM, Mu^tiiuce it i^ miulr^d to 
Mint u) vllipw no nhnttmi nr wmlU for wriling on, bIm for 
Moontioiu in dnmiuB ruwi'". 4l'.. m> ttro pliu!p-ii Ijcinff in 
tlieMmc proponiaa. (I iiu«rt thiH ■& tbc plumblnK tind 
pwntiti^tmlci ur clowtrin toiioh with i4ch otliur.eBpeciftlly 
tn country lowua, where I Icnuw this trill be lucfnl.J 

BptrftlA. 

The fieata rt dliniBter bab^ glveD, strike a Tcrticnl line 
u at E, Ff^. I.IBV, ud bincicl it, thi-n diridr thlH vertical 
UiM ahova the ba«Mrtii]|T point uitn fuur outud porU. lut 
ftt OP, ftc, Fiff 1,189. alw div1d« the lower put of 
the TertioHl line into luur cqud p<uia, w kt QL, &c. 



Nrxt tnk« tnw of thr four pqaaf parts sm a diamettt and 
witli hulf thin KH & mdiiu. luinif tho hiiMtod Itiw'u a 
wntrt. strike a. owlo an »l 1. 2, 3, i (■!«> *«. enUrnd 
fdrdn BH ftt K). thi* will gite juu th«. eye of theroinl 
N«it inwrribc a Miuura u at 1, 3, 3, 4, iod ilmw ita cc&tnl 
diunot«T«, M abomi at 1. '2, 3, 4, id tho enlarged eiida at 
K. Nuw, aa ibowa in the finlar^ diagram, divid« aadi 
diimctar (or tlw diagoaal Udm from oonier to oonwr in the 
■DAlkraqnan) into nz eqnal parta, eanunmciiig tnnn the 
top conien aa a atarting poinl, and oinnber Hietn |u ahown 
in the larger diagmm) I, 2, 8, 4, i, 6, 7, «, a, b, c, d, Ac 
Hen yvn will aeo that I have cotomenma at tho top kft- 
hcnd oomvr, and prvMdod fryva h-ft to rltfht. Harinr 
marked 1, 'i. 3, 4 neit upcm thi- dia^iml linw I, 3, 2 4 
which i» dit-ided iuUi Uiv aU vuual parU, toark aa abowa 
fruRi left to riicht tlii< fiifuns i, G, 7. 8, after this tht 
letten a, b, o, d. 



1 



GEOMETRY FOB PLUMBERS. 



tVT 



Hkriiqr tlM drdo and tqavMi miu-ked out w riunni in 
tltc «BlBrgadfifui«K, pr<>c«cd tonmketbefpiralaBfaUuvii: 
— Froai poiat J m » centre, and with n ndias vl tma 1 to 
E or 1 to O (tha «xt«fm« {joint of tho four cqwUl; 4>Tid(>d 
puta}, dMcdbe (be nrc £ O, noir draw « line ihrough 
poJDW I uid 2, pxtmdinf; it In ; neit froni point 2 «• a 
aniic, and with the radiiu 2 O, dopiribn the are G J, now 
draw k line UinioKh points 2 and 3, exUindinj; it to J : 0«zt 
from Sua cmtre, with tlio radius a J, doaoribe the tnt 
J M, M»d draw the Una It through th« (oint 3, 4. Nest, 
faiMu 4 uaMutrft 4 M, Btrike tha are U P. and ajiwa piwvwl 
fta uboTu front th« caDtrM 5, 6, 7, 8, and wbt'o round begin 
■trikinK nffun m tbn poiiit« r^ b. r, d. nnd m od, maaad- 
iag to tha numbor o4 Mrta lo which jriiu him dtvidMl the 
nniriaal perpendtrular lin». 



Spirals and Curves. 

We have in our lart Hifure hirthor dnMjribrf the upltal, 
whieli in shape mataiMiij diflvm frwm tb'iw pruIiniiBnij 
fignm deMTSbr<d . Of «wr»«, uan^ of mr rwadcm haW 
•Mtn meini* bUndrd witli oth« gwmwttriBftf outlin**, nwh 
M is lUKJWa in the Grwi.m •woll tnw*, al»o in the EU«a- 
bMbftn wroll tniwt. «t»d ;il«i ui Mhown in tb» bottom part of 
the fint-ian omnnicnt kimwn u iho huOCTattcfcl". l>-t ua 
exanUne the ■croll.P^. 1.190. Ikrr two spirnlendearotUed 
b«tw«eii tho OKov line. H J E nml L N M. nnd w a vjM 
b gMKDMiionUj produced, tud with thr gnMtat poi«(iWn 
emu. To pradaoe this vitlwut tfao aid uf oompaaaco wmM 
require much ]w«otii». but by workmjf th« dkgruni wmi 
Ihc aid of toobi the thinp can lu nt oacm e^ily piwduowl, 




&9n 



OEOMF-TRY FOR PLUMBEHS. 



tiid <iidt« naar enoagh for all pnctitml paxftmm ; Ihlii will 
b« fiiutid B niiwt ulelul ptobleni, and as 1 wink mv rmulw to 
bv uwful at all time* UM uadBT any ooaditunn to hiniiipU< 
auittM/yt (« 0(A^rT, I cannot An hKtiir thaa now to praowd 
to OMcribe a few gwd, siiapk-, nod tueful gvonetrical 
ml«a aailabla for all c il awi u i t of in«n tikoljr to road this w«ric. 
lUa McuU, Fig. 1,190, k, aa na-r bo twa. made up with 
iba aplial onma duaeribed at Fig. I.IHV ami lli« ogco. 
rn» ogw 18 uaad in nia wutcr tiotuLt, *e.i Fig. l.'.'O*.) 
Tb«rftforo, lwfon> I can (urtbw ciiJiiin the utrwU fii^ni, I 
miut dMunlx) till iiffi-fl, for tliU »«i Fin. 1,191. To atrika 
thia, firvt vitli u Uiiw juiti tLc projoocinp pout B to tlw) 



m. i^un. 



TA, anil Mm>H thla lin« At : noxt, witb lli«> diiitaniii? 
fC, mill fmiii tli» iHiinta A am] C an mitro', >>tnhn tho 
Itawi I'Hiiir ""• f . «'■»'. fn>m tlio poiuUC. B. with tin.- 
UBW1 ndltii'. atriki tUf nivw K, and from T. and F a" oi-iitna, 
irttli III! MiriK nullua, xlriko tho nnw C B and A. whii^li 
«rUI ■■•r[i|<1iit« 111" 0)foi>. 

Now turn ImwIe tn Ihp ■^^rull. Fl^. 1,190, and firat Ktrik« 
Ihn Ritiml* (wlil'^b riiny U* of diSoraut lizmf C K I oud 
U V il F, and fmni tlic ihiIhIh H and £, atnkc tko ofw 
II J K ; Iho i>ltirr «i<l>' nuv Ix) dnn« in a alniilar mannrr. 
whioli wiO isiiirLiiMc til" •■'fitU, Thin figur« !{■'<* you u 
(ffaiillfiil <riu1i< aiK't ■"' I")'"! d'irioa fur tiamo, &o. 

iti'viTtiiitr to llio o»^'l^ l-'iir 1,191, I wlah to aay that it 
■i4r>v li» niriii k In moR- wii^h than otto. For inatanoe, the lino 
A B may tn l<l«'(itnl M itl C, or itnuy hftoth«r«ria('diridcd. 
May llial you wiali Iha wftM b«tw«en V and B to be lew. 
aay half, lUI thnl Ih r^iiiirod k to didatmiav your ane and 
a|mi Uui ivwntiaMHiw tt» IJH dliUnca, and tram IIk' p<iinii'. at 
Utfon<, ntHki' Ilia liitmaaotfaiff point* as nt E and F, and 
work aalwforo. Or it may w that ynu will rcnuirp tbo 
apaiHt bntmvn A and to bo a hoDow, din Ii«i3uwdi1 or 
rmin>,<il |«rt II C to he mundfld, than, if m>. vtrika the area 
K niid V ilir wvnnii' »ld«>« tn which they am •h'lwn. 

BnfiiT' I <iaii |>nni>nl fiirthiT with the work il will ht 
lMiUO»Mtry f'jT iiiK ('• il(H"ritM>and illiintnita a few monldiiin, 
Jta,, auoh aa the flUol, (oruu, tlio Bonian orolo, ur 
Orwk ovuln. if , 

I'liimlBini, wtim nttvnUng omamErulAl work, snoh aa raiti 
wattM* lii'ada, flnial*. ixtti »i\<'\i lik", will tind Ihi* method of 
making dmlnipi <■( iii'>ii1diiiir< "f tri^-at litilp. 

'Itic Rgnlar fnutildmirv nn' "iKhC in trnmbor, and are 
namod aa foUowa; — Thi' (lUol. or band; tho tonu : tho 
airtnwnl, or boad ; Out ontlr) ; tlia (^av<Ttta ; th« ornia<rMta ; 
(hi) fiytna-rmrcraa, or talon ; and the aoqiia, all vl whioh 
an murv or ItMW mnplvjrod in thu biiildiii([ trado. 



Tba fillat ia Mmply th«iBnaIlMt wrtao|pilar taRnlwT to 
iiuy p(iiiipc«itaon of lai^iddinir*. and if H atawle on a flat! 
Kimaov, ihu projvetiun idiuuld Li(ual iu hmght. Thu AQat ' 
ia oftea usad to acparatc other mam bare. 



rofius 



Fiii. i.ioi. 



llie tonia. Thia ia illuatratrd at Fif;. t.lttl. A la tho 
\inrk frvini whirh thi- twrua A B projavta. Hw Ima ia 
mjnicUiitig lik« a bead atid aii«<rvta the pu rpcac of the 
aaUKgmL though the latter ia ouptoycd in wk o( m 
niaUtrr kind, llio turuit ia oftm Mitrdoyrd to give a flnUh 
to eutlm, and MimetimcB it in fontiud hy aimplf uaiUng S { 
|dacw of qtiarti^ring on tbo curb with tho tal-v nlifrhtlf 
ronudcd »u oa to k>rm a suainB, with an iind«rvut to (onn a 
kind of roll. 8m loma nUa m my Roof Worii. 

Tlfl Bonan orolo (naad in rain wab-r hcoda) ia a kind of 

Joadnuit, aiu) ia iltnHtrmbid at AB and A D, Fig. 1,193. 
n A B C the tieigbt U equal to tho ptvjoctioin. Draw A B 
At right anglcvt u> A C, aud from A a* n omtre, with th« 
railiiiFi of A II, ■triki'- tho quadrant B C, which wttl gire th« 
vuiituur ut the ovolo. Bat nhould you rfi<|uirv to mako 
your ovolo witli lea* projoctioii than ita height, you may do 



nofAAU ovOi.a 



M aa follows : — I>raw P J D a« beforo, aiid thi- line P J tt 1 
right anglw. P P is tlio height and F J the proJG<Ttlon. 
J'roin thn pimi II an a r<iitn>,with the radioa I) I', slriki- the 
aro Q, atid from J at> a aunti«, with the nuol- nuliuN, Htrik,' 
tho intflrannting arc <J. winch will gin tha oenti« of the 
ovolo, and from Q aa tlie oLiiln ttrike the oontoor of tho 
ovolo J D. 

Thn ravt^tto (ujfd in rain water hwid work). Thin ia 
illuMtrated nt Fi(^. 1,191, and is thf rererne of tbaorolo. It 
in of1j>ii p]ii|>1'>y(id na a Itiiiahiitg. nriil i* alao €inph>yed 
wlKirv xtrvnuih in rvquired, and fraqucatly in •ntaUatarea: 
and in the H' '-i older it forma the crowning niMalMT 

of the eon a, or ihriter and abield Uie under 

n)einU:ni' mi In faaaca or capital*. The 

careiio f tr maaner to the Roman ovido. 



GEOMETRY FOR PLUMBRR8. 



699 



tt':' rtfikinjt wntnw bw«K obtauiwi »t U *ad II, PI*. 1,194, 
fi K Iriag HMs radius, and A* U the t-Miuwa fur atnlunff tbc 
, fleiiU« ui'* C, lie 




Vllk 1,1M. 

The C3r«ek mrrtlo diflon Mimewluit fmcn tbc Roman. 
} nfin nm-li M the former i" nf » niore tlltjiticnl alinpo. miA 
thnrffun- when strikiiurttiuifiKure turn <>r iimrr wrouUr an* 
Mu-'l U- MwrJoj-cd iw loUttWH. see Tin. MM. l*t 11 O J«* 
lh« pti.i<*Iiim of Uio monltlititr. uid D djv vvrtiwil liiip. 
1>n<« Uic line B Q pHmlM with A O. and tnuko this line in 
len^lh to equkl twj-Uiirda of iha prujediun U Bj and fmm 




Flu. \.\rj 



tb* painta C Q, dr*w tha fine E C Q. Vext from the point 
of tovllueat Q w ■ aatrGtWith the rndinMQ n,doK!rilM> thv 
uc B F ; now from th<t pttint F ilmw n lino F H pnqsen- 
diouliir to Iha lim- C ti E, cuttin,^ (hi- Uite O A &t 11, and 
inako H A equal in l«iigth to H V. and ttrnw the lin^ A R 
pQtpadicnlar to A O, uuttinK '1"' ^ioo C E at E, and tjil* 
point £ trill ba tho r«ntre f»r strikiug the am F A. wliiob 
oumplvtea the contour B P II A of the Greek oarotto. 



Curv«s- 

Tke eoagt or W^po. ThU U a Rp«ici«i< of caretto, but 
Ithi BOt ono of tfao ivifulur mDuldinffK. tu sorue orden It 
lan«d f'>r jotnlng the oapitala and boaes to abafts or 
piprs. BC, Fitr. 1.196. U ths projection frnin thr bank 
or vwtiMl lim A fi, and if the frajeetiou ■» to «|ual the 



hetj{bt of the oorre make B F to equal B C : and from As 
ini&t« C and F a« eaatrw, with the ndioa C B, dcfolba 
tnt^rnMting' &R« at F, aiMl from F an a cenU« atrike the are 




riu. t.ilML 



F Cto eomplete tliv contour nf llx' c-juiP>. The oooRe ia 
used in raia wata Iwada and Y^'** U liuiala, foastatna, &v., 
atid may b« kM ttwD ■ (|iuir1er of n oirrlo, a» at Fig. 1,197, 




r>a. 1,W. 



and ts iFtrnck as U/Hofn :~TM J D be tlie pn>{M)tI» 
E D a line, which will form a tan^nt with tiir 
cartTfttD. Fpnitliia iniDtdrairtbs liiii^ 1) Bperp 
to the tangent line, then nuvaure the lini* fnim D 
■«4 thia diatanoe od the Tardea! Uae, at f Kim E b 
from P draw a petpemUmlar line PB cutting Ui* li 
ihen from ni)int B, with the rodivii B P, atz&e the u 
of the mouIdiiL^ aa at P D. 



«6o 



GK()J[F.TUY FOR PLUMBERS. 



Th6 Scotta. 

Tbe eztraaiticB of the cnrre being ^von, u Jtl BA, 
lig. 1 . 19B, dnw tlM pcrpeniliciiUr linM B If Ukd A D, and 
than thu bo'-inmUl linn A ; ttike one-half of tli* titi« B F, 
■ad two-tltirdi of the lin* A F, umI add tivane Xtagih* 
togvUlET, tllia will rive the diaUnoo tnm A to O. Kroni Q 
M ftoootn, vtth am radtiu (i A, daaonbc thcaemi-eircl^ 
D £ A i next dmw the )ii>« D B K thmuj^li '^ poinU D 




from any nmnbcr of poonta in line A H and IT B, disw 
perpeDdJeular Iiqm aa at E, alao aa •hown at J K, nMMtair 
tbe drcnmferatiDO of \ht cinlirs, and from tho pointi aa at 
J, Amw horifiontal llirn t^Mi w Un^l\ to the bvfbiT' 
ni«Dtt(n]«d cumapondinK perpmdienlar liiien. aa frais I J 



rid. 1,1S«. 

and n, thon fmin the ivntrn point G draw the line O C K, 
cutting thft U^^ II (3 at ; then frnm tht' poiut C, with tlic 
radina C B, iitrilce the arc B K, whiob will Kiri? the uuntour 
H £ A u( the aootia lu oonjuactiou with the curve of th« 
Urgv Mjnu-circlo. 



The Greek Cyma.P8vepfta or Talon. 

This is nprosMitMl at Fig. 1,199. kod is drawn m 
IoUowd: — With u. rtirht lini- jnin thn ;<iiinbi A, K, kuMMt 






Km. I. SOI. 



Pio. i,i9a 

ttlilfae at H. Dozt MsmI tb* Ubc A It and B H. arid with 

Ut wtbendiiu strike tb«arc A EHuidHKB. Nest, 



tiod J K. ke.. and tlira h furrod lino diwwn thn>a|di the 
Dxtnano points of thaw lines, u at H I B and A F li, will 
give th« rcquiivd oontoor of thp mnaldin^. 

I have d#«rrib(tE axtA itliulrat^d HuOiriKot of the maul dinipi 
for our work, tbi>refarv I will now proceed to «xpUiB their 



OEOMETKY FOE PLUMBLK8. 



itae. Wu ban aeen bow Out wrrlR, Fig. 1,190. i» made xm: 
it b Bunplf tlir ii|i(nU sad ogee curra put toguther ; t£i» 




eiiiTH, sad moulding mA u jniit dueribAd, whlnb I 
•lull aaw !(■«• for k Ltele vhilc to mj rodent to work 
out kaviiur givwa tbon the ffcui^rnJ ngmt* tQ work from. 
(Sm Koof Work.) 

Now lot OM examine the Aomwv tAp, FSr. I.SOI . Here ia 
UMtllcr rcij tiiDplfi figure, ud will b<^ found rvry uaeful ; 
tlM pu-ba Bie boo aimUB (o r«<juin' runiinvnl. 

Vig. 1,24>2 i» th« IodIo oapital, thowiog the spiral aad 
moftt of the Bunldinga used ia uclut«clu». 

Fl^. 1,303 UloatratM tba Eliiuihetiuui gkbk. It in ftl*o 
UM^ for the lopa of Munner home*, ftu.. *ik1 will fum 
Kood pnuitifle for tho plombtir sad llso in« aino-work«r. 
A II ibu poiEila an fiiTvo fur Mikiag la kt I J, Q C, Ao. 



^'^^''^ ■iii'W 



iRinflGranra 



£ CSMIJIO 





MECirANlCS FOR l'Li;MBEBS. 



MECHANICS FOR PLUMBERS. 



Hoisting or Pulllng-up Lead. 

Haviii^ cat sU that yott mjoliv, ron muat we ftboot 
1iatBlin{* or pulling it up. Tbia is no iaoVa pUj", but oft«ti 




Fia.l.loe. (SwoLE Wotr.) 




iag Btul looldAg ftftt>r Ifaia job. First thin|r now r e i| rire3 ' 
in It gncxl atw iicm.iin\d cord, « Ml and pnllejr ein block or 
wheel. Tlib Is ufUni called a nxt^h bUick, but it u iiot 
II aoatcb bluck tbnt la wuted ; that i» n v«r>- diflerent 
thinj;. This i* used to hito reering t*<^ ^^^ thntch blork. , 
Fig'. 1,21-1), hu Ml opuning' in unu wdo or cJic«k, luid 
g«n,ara]]j shatM up with & iiiDg«. 'Ilia viol blocks nnd 
miM-sKiut block* UQ mudi nboul tbo muiic khtd of tliiiig. 
Tfae match blocks ue too onall j what wr want in a pullej 
ot gin block or whwl fU«tf uid *fl«r this we will hare 
»oin« other t icklo. Vigt. 1,306 and 1,20' ani tha kind of 
wbeak w« want at praoont. Now, hsTbig thU Bxedon a jib, 
iriucli ia nmnJlj nwda hy thnrB-injt the butt vnd « » ' 
aoaflotd pole tenHalod^ and tnnx^inn it down tocnti 
o( Ibe joiatB Ihwug h a window ur through th(! roof, or hf 
tha naaof apairoi Hhom- ]i-n and tha abovo polv, wfakih 
arnugemontb lude b/ taHhinK two MaScdd polfia together 
nt top with a good ocatfold ecrd \taj Hoaffoloar vill ihov , 
you how to do thin), lot tho Jib polo bo thomugbly fixed i 
and «l»vHt«d lOfL ur tUL hl^iar than the '"*^*"ff ataga; 1 
make a v.-n»tfa for (wf, w known in A m eriwi ) for mdng on I 
Uid end ot tho Jib pels and hook on tha iAmI tui nno tha j 
fall, S, J (Fig. 1,206) thnnigfa Bamc. 




FlO. IJO». 

■ hard worii. One and all b«lp if rtquired, but It In 
aaral^ the laboiim»' work, one or two pliuubcgra aaatot- 



rro. i,nv. 

Tiftlng On OP Sending Up. 

Thi^ is vary impurtiitit. an<I iihould ha taken notice of. 
FiR. 1.208 in a tbaber hitch, but thrmdcd through leadU 
nna showti the proprr hut Tory nimplr nMithml. To do tbia, 
fint thni*d th« mp<> IhrniiKh ttic load, ard let it roiac oiit 
at tho boltoDi, an at A, about three tinuw tho liiigtb of tho 



MECHANICS FOR PLUMBElUi. 



009 



roQ ; next take Uw *^ *nA paM it roaad tii* mw as «i B, 
tbrn thread it undef u at D, Uwu or«r and usow atfain aa 
at K, and another turn if yoa like— nerer Um tkaa tiro — 
and three or four twist* for hcavj mcce*. Thi* U the btit 
and qnidicHt way I oan find, and after euttin^ up at teaot 
j,000 toni of ebaet lead (wUch is tu sear a» poMble the 
ainnimt that has pMnd throoffh mr handa ia thirtj^flTe 
jMial I <Mn Kaffir nay chat ndther I dot anv of the men 
watnag mAi!t me «rL-r otice met wilfa tlie HlixulMit accident 
bom ibiftniK <t hoiiting Antft Imd. When I aa; 5,000 
taIu^ I mt'nn tliat tliib hiut aL'toalljr hvvu cut u(i or worked 
by mywlf p«niunnlly, not an ompioyer, or it may tnsUj bi 
tr«tilcd. 

McnsuHnga, 8<4uaHne. and W«lght of Sh««t 
Lead. 

In <>rd«r to h<ii«t the l<Mid. you atioiiM know wlut in the 
w<>t^lit to lie Iift«<l, For thiK purponn wp ^n In wnrk: aii 
follows Tbv Kixv iif •■tif pici'(^n or gutterH hviiiit lOft. by 
2tL 4iii., VB proofed by doodccimal luultiplicatlon, sotno- 
tiiDM called "cruH uultiplioation," as foUuwa: — 

Iff 
r 4- 



30* 


«■ 


2t 

7* 


4" 



Wwght por foot mper 

Total 1fi2 Iti. eaohKultor. 

It Ihli work 'WO do not require th« part «f a pound. 
'Tff«r«i you Mio we lia»e 1631ba. ta lift: how many men 
Mhall ire require topwHit up? 8«yn mnn rjin pull 4nlhp., 
Uicn wp wjint four mra^turoc at tho >iottoiu aiid hdo at 
Che lop ; the iiite nt tbe top to Iivnd It when up. When It 
in op iind ftU n-it^j for laying, ho niiro ind not pUco ton 
mutui 'in the wjifftild iit luitw, iir too mtich in (me place. 
Vou t>h>juld btivo Bome odo at tt>p to shilt it about - 
important. 

fliiviufr Dicmi gottorA up, n«xt I want aome hoys up, 
lOfl. by 3ft. tiiu. What will b» the vaigbt, it beitii; 
71U. Iwdr 

W 



3V 
S 



3ft' 

7' 

2Si Ibfl. each bay. 

If you pull this tip ni> before, whnl wei^t will yiiu 
have on tne end of tho jib, to my mithing nhutit the 
Wdifcht ijf rnpo uiul wb^el? Yiiu will have just twice 
24(>li<i., boraiiae the Ie>td is 34.Mbi>., nnil in order to pull 
the r«pD with it ut Ike end <.>ver tho wlii*o1 ynu inunt put 
exactly thin wcltfht on the other end, and a little more to 
;arercoino friction, &«., nnt rounted. Ynn mw thnt is the 
But ti'iw yon know ihi*. ^i bock I" thi- hniMtinff o1 
Ihe ]?uttcrH. mid tell tii« hnw twn men may lift tbe i^ttMa 
afl eikNily as the four dws. the two men taking juii twio 
tbc time about it. Thoro iirv two ways of doing thla. 

Compound PulleyB. Leverage. 

Tim have seen, two to ace the duRlc pullora. We will 
now faney Ihnt wo want nan power, and for thii let ma 
inakc uia- uf tlio diagram or Fig. 1,209. 





MkUQi. qtnnac.) 



J I 5 




/^m 




Via. 1,310. cOounx Wu».) 



004 



MECHANICS FOB PLUMBERS. 



Hara jam 'will »ee xbe ftune pullof nattrtd, vii., it ii 
now 8 movable piiltny with tli» ooe end of the («U or 
roM flx«l M ul B, Fler. 1,310. 

il<<re it ]a plain that wliai itrain ruu apply at E, will 
be lrauHf«rr«a to 11, ita>l a pnund nt ¥., wiUoe » pnund ftt 
H, eqnftlliog' twn jhiuihIm nt F ; and ia this nuiiiiinr yotir 
tm tun. oan pull or lift »» much as foar did before, with 
flaly hkif ^e weigbt un Uiv jib. £ut here you wurk at u 
di*n(lvftnt«ge. Another, or the eeoand way, Is nhnwn at 
Vig. 1,'JID. In thi« way yuu rvqoiro half aa nurh again 
rope end suitlMr wbeol ; but Ui«re ia an udvnnUgo, 



na. i,zu. 



becaoee yon pntl from heloir, and <tKn gvt ninre pnifcr 
over ypur wora. Rtmu ruber, linwuvpr, tbut in puwer yu. 
galii notliinff : you faiivc oiactly tLc «iima amount t*.! pull, 
in fact A little iianrr. for yon harr an pzhra int nf friction 
and Ihe ■wc.-i^lil u|iiiii tbc jib is iiicremietl one-tl\inl iimrr 
thAU in tb« Hrst method, together m'ith the eitra wbeel 
tnd mnr- 
'' ~t the UM of the " crab," I^. 1 .222, tdu 

ip lend to It v*!Ty ffT^at Mlvnnkiire. Yon 
f with the wheel, A, ¥\g, 1,210, or you 



may uee a Mtof Meelca rigffed aaatFlf(. l,2tl,whioh wiA 
be explained ehortly. But before we talk aboet ble^i)^ 
let Qfl ooderatond tbc Fig. 1,210, Lvt iu rappoee thmt i 
F, we havft a pi*^* <^' Ia*"' Buspeitded, the weight of viL 
in lOiilbs. ViHiat weifflit in required to be placed npea I 
end uf tbe ropo, J>, Co exsntlr balanoo the w<>ight FF 
roquirea jutit oa«-haU, or Mlba., boeauw the rope 
anr the morsble wheel. A, and noider the wheel, "S 
thence ronnd the jib, lU at It. The offoct of the 
^ing under the wheel in juat the buud ai if yon i 
Bitting upon a awing, the weight of yoor Irady wgold be 
np<m the two upright earde ood oqaolly divided. This 
being thfi fa«t, what weight have you now npen the jihi' 
Von kiiow thai on the oord at II. you have dUba., atao 
upm the rord at E, aten apon Ibv cord at D , then there 
mnxt be nnnthrr nOtb«. itdded upon the jib, AO nt II, and 
two liO'a lit K, lUKlfing in all l.'iCtlbe, This ia very impirt- 
nnt, aa you would look rather sboepiMh if you b^an to 
raim a woet of 71b. I«ud, whoee weight fa, aay, l,&O0lb., 
and you had reckoned your iibwuuld only require to < 
or boar tlii? wcigbt— whii-h woutil be eunindered a 
jib. Thin in <>n<T niiiMiu why yon ahauld, where proot 
ndopt the svatem of blorkit ahnwn at Kig, 1,311, bMsoM] 
for every wii<x\ ia the t'.<p block you reduce tbe iiiiiliMiiy 
woiirbt r^nuircil to puU up the lead The top block, D, 
ia nallad the " atuuding hWk : " tbe bottein falodc, K, the 
■'running block." Tbe r.>pe ia railed the "fall;" the 
fait end of tb? Tall in thi< " vUtiidiug" end, the other tba 
" running " or " hauling " end. 

Wliini jinc WDnt to aeporate the blocks bv ronning out 
the r'lpc, call thia "nverhanling the tjirkle.*' If yrm 
winh to bring the blooka together by hauling in the faU, j 
thli 1h termed "to fleot the tackle,'* or "fleeting tha; 
tftflklo." I 

A " idnKle whiu " la a bloek workmx oa nl Fig. I ,X08| -. 
and ia the dmpleet of toekle. "Whip on whip," vt 
"vhip and runner," ore two tingle blooka,*! at Fifr. 1,212. 
one tfi« " runner," B, the other the " atanding," F. The 
full of the Htanding ia fixed to the runner, mutable for 
abort ropca, Ac. 




ffM. l^E. (VrHI»'A»I» HttsSKa 



"Double pomhiiw" are two alngte Moekn, the o 
fixed, tbe other u runner. Lot the fall b« mode good toJ 
the oyelM, F., Fig. 1,313. then rt«T« Mme thrcR^cfa thfti 
ninncr bWk, and book over the pulley of tbe fixed bloek; 
tluH giv0K double purrbaae. 



MKCHANieS FOB PLUMBERa 



606 



V\g. 1,213 is tbo atoic Udair uFlg. 1.SI3. rioopt tlint 
Fijr- 1.-l^ ^l*" tw runners and uoft (Ueil |>iiUc>. Tlif 
rnpc [>. hIii^uIi) I'C rtfulc fmKl Iq tbo pulley 3, ae IB tho eaao 
Witii tliQ miHi on ttipuf pull«y 1. IIib rniw frvm pulltf 
a, dawnwunb euttiKuos tlie woight 




n«. i.sts. (flruno auKm.) 

"TWbl0 purcttaw " in the BSBM tliitif M " loff tnoltlc." 
Tlds Is a dduble hlimk, asPifir. l,3t&, wul a utLKl« blade, hi 
bTig*. 1.2U. Tbefftll IB iiiuleRO'<d tothc vrcof the single 
pUoek nr mnner aX ¥., then r«evod orsr iho puUcj in fixed 
' bbich. I'li'-k Uiri>U(;}i niiiDor> tk«n orer Ibe Mcoad puUef 
[tn fixed block, ULd <!uwii Itie jard U<r)i]«. 



I. J" 



U ihe 1oc1i<IIiw for opei^a^ Uw «beA «» u t« i«o«1ts i 
bi^ht of tbc full, uia to esra rmlng thnm^h «l>Mki; 
buidy irluii tuing the ornb. 

Ttumgh DjnunfaM ■haulil ba Isuited m.% sekool, I ntn 
asfsly my tSmt ngi one nluinber la fifty oodontsnd* tills 
iaipcvtant ntbj«ci. As I wish all pliunlterB to beaame, aa 
tb«y Ahoold b«. MlMSdll&r out of tho ommon ordor of 
workiDMi. I thslJ, for tbe bsDcflt wf Ibo tradu, bovj 
tborungldy, tbon^ a* noiplv a» possible, dcscrlbo tl«J 
irtiole system of puUo\-ii, siia that of tho ^rsh neeessaiT' 
for Aifting or puttiDjf up a sheet of losd. 



Single Whip, 

Or tbe giu block, ncods on fiirtbsr deschption, th«ii 1st 
us turn to 



Whip on Whip. 

Fig. 1 ,312 kllmvM you b> use a ohort atout ooid, fall, or 
rope, Dod a Ii'ok liKhi fall (often v«ry imptn'taul In lhoe« 
baring tihort tackle) in UMublnattMi: it also l«u your 
work b(roni<> lighter upon lbs bauds. Almost any blork* 
ran ho nmnl. The piiwcr (rainvil j* aa follows: — Firiit, 
there. ftr« lu Fig. 1,'213 two pull«yn; E, reoafsan piXiMuro 
frvm r, B, say 1 lb. uu T, uod 1 lb. no B, tbls giru llha. 
on R, and also on Q. which alw goo/< tn tbe wcifcot W. It 
fuUowa that I lb. ua P. wiU balanco mtM. on W, that i* if 
the PTid of the rope )', were attached Ut H>ni« Rlntinnary 
IHitnt. But that wguld b<- ntiipid. For UfUng lead, fix it 
to tho fall, or, of ooun?, as low dow-n ua ymi rjin. likn 
111 at shown atD; Chen ynn hare aootlier jiiiwur iHiual tu 
tbjit al F ; iimt voii bad 'ilb«. palling up the weigbt \V, 
now you have 311*. Tliin ia u pitwor multiplisd trioa, 
and nno iidded cnuala throe. If the oiid B, wore a fixture, 
the end I', wniiM then <iiily travel two-Uiirds the »pace aa 
wbea B, U jnirLtblf. B« L-arefuI with thin as roll can only 
nise th« wrigfat in accordance to how you fit tbe end of 
tbo numsr rops. 

ETrryiine diould kimw ihnt ther^ are tbree Idnda fd 
IOTers,LsriumlteitpMUvelyU)i>*(iuf tho Hrst.second and third 
order. Fig, l,-J17 i*. if Ton )>car down oo tbe lerer, s 
lercr of tbe flrat order. U you go to Fiy. 1,217, and poll 




I'M. i.nr, 

Ihfl Isrw B up. you have a lover of tbe •econd order. Bui ; 
if yon placo the Icvor D, at B, and tbontiull up nt E, yoa| 
havo a lever of tba third order. Tiieee orders an 
rc|tt<oeented tbu« : - 



I'nwer 
Power 

Weight 



Fulcrum 

Weigbt 

Power 



Weigbt. 

Fulcru&i< 

Fulcrum. 



'''^1 is. tbe poww is at one end, tie weight at tbo 

■)•« fnlenun bctwern tbom. Socoad, power at 

-■un at tho ether, un4 tho weight between 

'" - t.slfl, tli>> wiiiithtis atoooend. 

Slid tbe power between tbem. 



606 



MECHANICS FOR PLUMBEB8. 



no. uaa. 



Hav, jroQ know that there ftra throe kinds of InvRi m 
there ara Oxrvi kindu nf nnlla'jit — (irtC, ■wund tuid Ihlld. 
In the flnt 'irder vt pitllcyk, wieh pull«7 hsogn hj m 
tvp&nlo cunl, ono etui of vhidi i» futoanl to a Jib, !«> 
Pig. 1,319, and tlto other to tho puUvjr ftbon It 4,3,3,1. 
In the Mooiid ord«r of pnllejra, the Mine oucd puses rooiid 
nil tli4> Tmnpjr*, vbioh ar« BrrKngixl na nl Pig. 1.312, on* 
pulK-v beiiiK fix«l. the utiivr w a rtmiier, wLlch bwra th« 
w«)gnt. In the third r>r<]«r of pitlieiTa, each «ird ii 
aU«:))al to the veigfat. rb> nt P, Fl, J, Fig. 1,320. 

Tiiu «rtt now in a pucttjun ta wo nnd iuuleni(«ud huw 
tbew piiUeyswork; nextaoe the vowergvlned. V\a. 1.211) 
ia tho first iiyal«m ; 1, ia tba fiioa {nillojr, tfao um <■! vhicb 




k 



la to revcrae the fall. The puwor, applied to tho end of 
fall P. la tib. : thia atraiD goea throogh Uie fall to I. The 
ritaner, 2, ia nair under atnls equal to 21b«. ; iu Uic mutm 
war we Hcc that the fall B, haa now Slbx. strain upon it, 
ohKi B, b&» '^Iba. 'Ilii;> 2ivn> llho. on ilic fitll. D. Now, 
aa this ia onntimiMl t" F). ukil y. thi* pullfi Slba. on the 
Lwk, "W. and If uiLitli«r polti-jr were added, thia would 
give dituble fii^r t-'verf polk-y— 16, 33. <M, and eciea. If 
you multiplv 'i by vtmlf as many Umea aa tboe are 
mnning pulli.-jri', the fcault will bo thr int^hanioal gain. 




i/ 



Tn tha aacrmd onler of p4il- 
leva it maf ho xeen that tlw 
fall if of one euntiiiiwiuii leaglh 
Ihronghotit. IU at Flir. I.3I1: 
hnt in orilet to idinir tho iwtinn 
hnltor, I ham inlmdui-ed Pig. 
1.331 (which is just the 
in action a* Fitr. 1.311). One 
miA tit iho dill ifl fiivli^od on 
(lie eyelet of Ibe tined bicrli, 
indcnil <if >lw runnirr, aa at 
FiK-l>3ll. IttheiiMMeaiwHml 
rorh pnlloj-inflAoaaDd nnuiar 
block*. n> >t I !<■ A, Fitr. t,-i21. 
Niiw 1tH>k and f* how imny 
folde you have uf the ceme fall 
Ton ace »boro are mt. The 
cord ia ilifTiTent to th»t st Fig. 
1,319, 'IVialultpr i* iinmiuitlljr 
Klmiurd: P!k. 1-221 I* equal 
throufrhvnt, nud en^h fiart 
tliorvfove mutnitia o>iual wetf^ht 
tu Uiat nf P, nnd i>iio>*dxth iif 
the wriKbi. W. Hiit Ufce awny 
the pnllv)' C, tbeti }>•» hare 
thl* vreiglit divided amintffrt 
the fiiurfulda. But iwld another 
pulley, nnking four in the 
ruiiii«r blu.k, iiiul the weight 
ia dleperaed on eifrht (old* vi 
tho f»ll. giving tho moiihnniral adTMtteo ef dgbk 
Then^font, we mo tb.ii tbe lulvaitlage gained oj the extra 
pulley in the ninner is tilwaya twioe aa gr^at aa tlte 
nombor of pollovs in the movnblif block or raiinar. t< 
ahiiiild be notieen tliat If the extremity of the (all, H. be 
tLxed to the Ifuer bl»ck ur nuiner, it will nutaia half aa 



rio. i.sfi. 



w 



TUK CRAD. OB WXM)LASb. 



G07 



miMb AH It pnllr,?. OoBMqipiitly, lli« rale wHI b« w twlw 
tin- number (tt *puU«ya, liUinR DdHt, is tn one, so iH iha 
wt-ijfhl l.-i lilt? jxiwer, Hetiro Ihc rcimcm fi'-r riasiUiC np 
Viji. l,2H iMmliflwn, Tt«'«? hl'irltn c-on tm hoi) froiii tinu 
pulluy opiv&nlK. Dn nut iutKt-t tb&t la nil block.* tberi; in 
H lose of pnvev liy lift frictioii at the ropfle, Ac. For itiis 
luld uut' qiiuilvr. 

Blocks, Fittings, and Ropes. 

A blAok is tnoAiiiiK-d Iijr itd length ond BhiinM bo tliroe 
Umea Ifad iIm of Uiu rogx- wliii-lj ih mvn through it. 
Swallow.— llje pfttt tixuugli which thv ri>p« re«v«t. 



Tnnojs-KJXX. — A long block with one As»tv iboT< 
aiul birgvr thaii tbo atfavr sb Hhown al Fi^. I^U, uri i> 
uimI innteatl nf & donhto blm^k in flitiint.idiis vbpre dnilfels. 
tnOilc, or i|un'lrupl<; blix-k» untiiiut well It' UMxl for wont of 
mom, nnd «r« u*ml wi(b grput iidi-»ntnHi' in r-linH- pliir-mi, 
&a in autk-TKCuuiKl tanks having nuukll mauhi>l<-», iil»<i on a 
jrnrd, or bo'im of a "hip. 

Wnmi rrLLKY* '^lo«^ hl.vkn aTo mjulp to noxwM- 
dotiblo or Iri-blu jiulli^yii. It in iini- ptillcy wtlh two or 
tniiro groovy of (LifFfreot (lliii»ci':-ti« for xho iiipe to run 
orarorundor, but oothtn^ im mivitl liy thoiruM, excopttho 
Utile RiRtal. which AannoC ha Mttm into <Hiiiu(]nr*li<'in, If 
yini think tJiiit thr«« ^niovaH niuwt b«> iniallt-r fmtii one 
iluwuwitnlH. whicb giveu citn frictiua at nich duninutjuii. 



THE CRAB, OR WINDLASS. 



Introduction. 

Evftry phimlwr *hiiiilii knnw bow Ut wnrk tlift crab fur 
hriiBtinfT, Dili bi>w niativ plunihrrw iiro theitt out i:<f lifty 
who CMn prngifrly wig one, nnH bnvr niniijr itrEi tji'^ro iii tiftjr 
"UvtoU'll tlicpjwor'if Hiimt' miiiMiiiirv'rfiit t'iri'iiii»tain'i.'!>l' 
Ti'wu [ilumlict^ rtw|ulris tho onib for biiBtlDg tbeir shwl 
loiul. country jititinhcn for hniKtiiip lend, and Also for 
T>uni|i work ; in fnft, thu pluinbnr'B uwn liCa Ih uftoii 
ilc|n>u(liiiu' iijioti this TiitMrhriiiLCiil power, which, In a aluiftle 
fumi. is known to tho plumber lut ths " wtndljun" mid in 
mrrrhunif-H m the " whc«l lUid uxla," aoo "witwh and 
ludc," ko. 

The Windlaes. 

FtH' til 5 IK the n-inillniw, rififcixl np ntiil n.<«ul)' for enter* 
'm(t H doov wvll. The priuciple of tiw wiuiUtiM ih a 
rnntinuonB Mver imd very niinple, but throujiili tho wiint <tl 
pAiper and netnuMc knowlcdKi.! nf Mit'hprinripli;, biinilriYlfi 
uf uliimliera liBru hint thoir livtw, X am uut hIhiuI to 
ri'-iIi'wcriW wpll-wi'rk h«ro, bnt an ih'u in th« iiiinp1i>rt 
kind of windluro, I take the ii<lviu)tai{« uf it to IukL yuu 
up to tho orab. 

L((C tho wbe^:I lie Aft. in ilUnicter and the drum or aii« 
hb Ift. (fTHtii-rnl ni/M ^in.) tbim I lb. nn tho fall A, will 
bftlnnoe ttltw. on the druni or on tlio wddle. and ti hhidII 
additiontil furro nt A, will turn tho wheel with itx azin or. 
drum : but, rrmwnlicr, tliiit f.ir every fmit Uio «a*Iriltt rinc* 
Ihe piiwcr •) A, wlU full 8ft. Ntiw, iii^ttul of |iulliii|f 
away al thin whi^il, puppixui we work tlia vriiich thojjrierit-TuI 
«Iti«'uf wliieh ia tft. din. to Ut. Kiu Xinig nt B, Ti. Tlio 
power will bo the winu' If the wheel iwid wiurh are iif tho 
Kiainc radiUN, ik> tlint you txt tlii« i* ni>tliiii)r iiiuru or EetM 
than a pirrtwtuul W<-r. of whiuh the fwlirum i* tht' coitre 
uf tiw auH or drutn, -.uvl thu ]unK 'tnd t<hort arma nro tho 
diankcter wf the wheel nml tho diiLinelcr of the nxits 

lliiH biiiK IJi« fiu-U it in rviiliTil thiit tlif birgpr the 
wbe*! ami lln> KnialkT tho axii> tbi- xtntiixcr ixwiir will Iw 
ubtaiunl, anil tho woight will riae in prupurlitju. But 
thrrc in Mmtrrhtug far nmro inknoriAnt thnn anjlliioir 
which haa y««t bocu wiid. in wliith baa bet-n llio cauae of 
innny a, p»ir inuirH iteiitb in wellM. It ia when one man 
thiuui, n/id ultra knowx, thnf hu cau wind nnntlirrup; 
and finds Uiatut first hfi r4ndi>iii.iiHlly : bvit, Ly-uud-bYi', 
llie tirKt roll of ropo i» ruiinil the drum, thr mim is loxin^ 
hia Htrcufrth, tht; wri)(ht, in fact, ta ntJII inL'tntMng. lie 
winilti away, however, but when another roll !■ on the 
driun. hii t>tupH andcunnotroooTerUiiiiH^, and thu other 
tack U) Uie bottom. 



Then in Dodaidering the Uioory of the wh«ol and hxU, 
moaaurv the dlamater of th« middM of tiw uutaidu nipo to 
obtain the dianfitor of the ftxb, and proceed aa before. 
Tou Bpo that it ifl very easy to csloulnto tm rKiuirod power. 
Then do it before yuu go into tho kind ot M-ork. 

Crab OP Compound Wheel and Axle Power. 

V>iH tiudcnrtaud the proocdin^. uiid now you ean oanly 
inidoivtnnd tho enib, either in nin^ltt, doublu, »r treble 
(fcnr. Turn to Vig. 1,121. A. M the drum; B, J. the 
at^iidardi. which "buoKl be Hxed tlown oa a i^rnod fnuntl* 
atii>n, and at P, F : L, i» tbv lurice cujm-beul [called a 
"follower" In D, or E, or L, can beonmo a leader off the 
druRi A], iiaviu^', aa the word imptiea, In'lli <in the oilier 
Nurfare. Riu-li of tbeoo teeth ■Liquid bw rciuutMl. W ih an 
axle, uu thi* in auothcr bui tiUiaUor vO)f wheel D, the niga 
uf whieh are eallod "leaves:" tho axlo iti>olf ia, in this 
<:«.■*. f«ll«l a " pinion"' full thin will be wanted in pump 
Work). Now, nil tliwe leuveo nULcowiifoly paae i>»lwoeii 
the i-ogs of ibe lar»e whed, and are p>rfootIy etiual and 
Niniilikr to thoio. Ileneo tho oiicuinfutvuc*! of tbv whei.') 
and pintona are proporKenal to their rapeotivonumbcm 
of cojpi and leaTea. Say the number of enga of the larf^i' 
wheel I., in Bfl, and the leave* un piniua D, fi, thru I bo 
l)iuiiin will }ia ruiatul 12 tluiM to the InrgKi whoet mid 
nxlo once, bocaniie if you divide 00 by A. ycu (fct Viiia the 
quotients 

Then if you havo any number of whenU acting on fo 
many pinjoiu, and diviile tlno nrndiu^ of tlin coj^ in tho 
wbonls by tho»e of thv loiivi-a ui the pLiUone, the quotient 
will give the utimlter of turns of tho last piniun in one tiira 
ill tho ftnrt. wliiT.'l. 

Vou iDuy bettor undor^tund lhi» l<y au oianiple, 1^0 
numl«r of rofpi now in I, in 140, and llie bavea io E, 10: 
the 00^8 iu H, lUO, loavM in, F 10. 

Hera you have — 

L, with lOD f«Bii. 
K, „ 10 tcavew. 
Power gaiaod io Id times. Then you hav<^— 
H, with 100 iMi)i;». 
T, „ 10 leavoa 

Powor amia u (en timoa ; tljorrfwe Kfliin. on P, «5voa 
lUO ou E, uud tifn tiraoD thU on L. bccuuEo L, hiui ten liuiH 
tho quantity of MijEs, no that it i» 10 X 10 - 100, and lOtb^ 
X IIKI = 1,'lOOlha. Thmif youmiuircadditionalpuwer, 
take the taekle, FIk. 1,'ill, make the atajKlinK bWk, L, 
jIDod to the jib : let the end cf tho faO, P, oo throuiHi tba 
■tiatoh, Pjjf. 1,'2M, this in made iioiid to the biittoin of a 

k 2 




, #>H M tlutl nt V, Ti|r. l,-121, in ordtT to gvt 
iHiniB Ihe fnh, ntkil n ^TiM'mlHMilar fnun 
> In fib. In tJiif waj ruu uun rituw • ailMwt a( lewl wi 
«wj- Mfon likn. Tbr(ih<i't nhotiU havo thvfall, nr ■ nluiln 
nui Umtuyli it, rltm tmuKlit to the oentn u kI Fig. 1,113. 
Alsohavot ipijbllor Atajr-ropctuUinedonntB, to rtMdjr 




ROOF WORK.— IROK WORK. 



009 



ROOF WORK.— IRON WORK. 



Bi^f«rv> ■wf jtmfM^ sri(h tho leiul lnjittg, lot nH l«rn 
tuniitrthiaii aliuul mm gultcriiig. 

Some pliunbcTS worii llio fdcn of fixing- • bit flf (mti 
work ill ihclr own Lnulc, &n<l often hnvi> bi iiluy whtrii tliey 
luipht hnvo )ie*'tL tfcll (iinplo,y<^ : but, for williim wurkinvD, 
I Dnre {(ivtt thv HiiuiiWt furm uf th« work, whlcb, U 
nothing more, will be lueful kiiowloil^ 



mON GUTTERING AND l-'ITTIKGB. 

Meoturcmonts. 

Vihfu onlerinft Kvtt'nntr to fh tho an^le* of 
difforcot baildin^, it iriu Ik- found mnch the 
bcM. method to (fire n plan of Die r»uf, puptrciitUy 
if thi! gvttcni am to ba of an ornameatal 
cb«nu!t«r. For Btnight tniglbn, lioirDv«r, bo^ 
lu fur a K|uiiiv-cwnicrcd faouw, th« «xttct 
moaiureroeuc irQI atisvcr, 



Quttering for Bay Windows. 

tn takiDg Hie WuriIi hikI itogk^H, proeocd M 
foUows: MeuBiuv froni A. Fiif. l.TiH. to tht- 
right itnglti 0, and fmm <.', lo 1>, fmra D, to F, 
mttn F, to O, Urre jruu Knvp nni' iiit«mftt right 
nnglp, BK nf A, one *:ft4>njiiJ right anglu iit C, 
tliUMviuvcoiuicck'ilby tlioHbortlcBgchof gnittcrl. 
At D, IB un cAtenial obtuw sngis eonnMted witli 
thi- gnttvf J ; at F, w« ha*« an iiitemal obtuae 
imgip, itliu ounarctRl bjr R short ]«Dgth of 
glitter E. 

H'TO wo have two right iinglM tatA two obtujo, D, P. 
If llio work will nti>, w in illiMtmtioii, there will bp ma- 
pvatlrely no cutting, f<ir thd two right iuigl(« and tbo 
obtOM UfrlM ooiine. t uue iiilo tlio iitlicrr, u n:iiiit worthj nf 
eotwidentUon with bay winduwi^, ki\ WJmh ordering 
guttering for tituih a jumo of work im that nhown, the 
finowing will be reqiurod: oof inliTnnl right uiglc, A. 



NnmflB of Iron Guttering. 

Th« naiUM of tho ilitlnrctit sortH uf giict^-nng »a<l fitlingJt 
Am of iotDo imiMrunoR, iw ■ wrong dmoriptioa U often the 
ouMo of tnuoh deUy. 

Half-round Guttering. 

Thift may Im «wn ;it r, Fig. I,33». Tliis kind of 
KulUfitig \a uf rJiii plttiiK-iit ilo»ig)i. 0, tho aodtet end, 












b«Ting ■ {in. bote In tho bottom for rw«ivinj; ihi' gnttrr 
screw. This nttloring i> wuinlly kept in the f^tUowing 
■iuM: Sill., 3jin., iin., 4)10,, file , 6iu., Tiu. anj Sin. 



Angle Pieces. 

II, Fig. 1,2^9, is the angle whiih may b« 
umk) fur an oxlonuil or an intcrtiHl ; but il is 
niM;e«i>&ry Id bo careful not lo work this, w tbat 
tha flocket will b« on the wrong end. It will 
work in many pWn ; but wbon it will not. an 
exCertiat uuil utltfnia] aiiKh* pirou oui In uiwd. 

The FitenuLl hae the «uok«t ou thu nvcrw 
mid to till) iut>;nul, ua nhown st B, T. 



Vio. t,ss& 

onn tnctitmal right anglci, O, on«> nhnrt pi«o», I, {girv tin; 
leogtb), ouo i-st«niiil ubltiH'- anicK', U, [hvre give tbi.- 
rrauirod ungle, for whiah. let Gvomotry), one abort tcngth, 
J, Ipngth — ft. — ID. ; oiwi intoniAl obtn** noslo F, (giTo 
aiigk'), uuL- KhaK li^irtb 15, aiid » uti. Tbirm will alao bo 
rpquipsd n[x Hniall bolt* aud nuta, bwidea thoat' ii«od(sl at 
tliQ twu rnd«. Tl»«v arc known at " gutter acrowa," alao 
iHtine Ktout BcirtwH forflxing tho gutter to the faMla. Tbefw 
nn> Ihc only puinl« to be rrgiu^lod in ordering (or aooh 
plium, exc«iptiui{ lluit a jirtipiT Innglh of giitt4tnnfr i" 6ft. ; 
■*'nft leugtAA are fiif{u>'iitly to V liiu], Uf l<uunw, 
<9^, urdor point and nd-biad putty, 



Flashed Angles. 



V: B, Pig. t.2S9, ahowa an angln (liond with flaihing on 
iLt edge. T!ii» iirevtMta the nwh of waiter ol th« ctimn 
frnm nv«rftowing the gutlfr. D. ialheTpi^oe ur juoction; 
E, Li tbi) uokzId piDco, outlet, or aoekut ; H, Ihi.' faiivet or 
alop rad for fixing oubiide : H, T, the Hpigot, or internal 
atop oDd. Thne atop cnda may bo eat out nf a piece uf 
wood when the phimhtT i-jinnot obbiin a pmnar rnd. 
Whoii Rxlng thcM* wuud t-nda tbi*y alioiild b« wvll palnlcO 
all owT, and should bo bedded la >o1id r«d lead puity. 
Aft^ ihis. they nlioiilil be lixi-d bvnoDitliig a crtiid wooden 
ticT'-K tJiruu^rh the giiHirr bull biue into the boading. It 
Hbuiild U- n-iiiefLibcred ihiit in>n or ahvet lead eoda an tllf 
right tiling to usv. 



fflO 



BOOK WORK.— IRON WORK. 



Oiips. 
F. u tbe cnion ctipi TfiU >■ uxed bt join two ba^tlw 
Ijigelher vriUMiut Imvinj^ a norlwt In the end. Il U diw 





I'm. Lift 

handy when oaiiig an ext«ni*] anf[li> for plnniw wfaem an 
inlcreal ebouLl bo iimmI. Of oonne, by thi' wi- uf tliit 
cUp, »hoTt lengOi)! iritlioQt Aockeu 111A7 m vorkid in. 

Brackets- 

TIm>m- ma; bv nuxle In any iiha{n to Doit titc ^lt«riii^, 
ati ith'>irn atD, A, Fijf. l,2:ia. 
Thu bracket ia cuniitructed for Bcrewiug to tlw rafter or 




other place. The gutter Inyn in al D. Tho ¥, bracket is 
^)r OM. ^ttchii);. Btscli«ti ara inado tu fix upim tlio 
wall plates, Jee. 



luwd for line (flittering it nliouM l>e aoMrrrd : R, u fr pImw 
lin. wijf irtm btxiji. barinir a rivvt A, to bulil xtaOrtmip 
ircm, und f-pike lo^fi'tbrr. In Bnaie dwpa tbp plomber 
iiiikk«« thcM hra> kclM to Rll up odd tine. lie Ktmpljr r«tit 
the imii Kbnn nr npiko K, H, pointed, and huln pinic^od. 
tli«n h» geta the boop iron Uw l«n((th nquind. alM> iIm 
tiiKi, and paodiea tbe kolea, and then with a rivoi. rir«ts 
th*) imn ntwl zinc, on the ift«m. 

fig. l,'JSt ia Timuiw lcuid« of ^ilt<T fittinipi, totieliad 
fronk anj* lead merrbanta. and known bj ibeao nnmr* ' -- 

0. cm»l inm 0.0. ao^lo «xU-nial ; >', ciul inm O.O. 
aaKk int«rnal; P. oaM iron, vith Ikin lutod O.G., wiihouB 
mob)!; 0, T, eaat iron, with IJou head U.O.. witbont 
•odMit; L, atop and, laft hand, O.Cr. ; L, T, «tap and. 
ri>;tit band, O.O. ; R, anion oUp, O.O. ; (]. uiUtQi lion ht^il 
utip, O.G. : S, iatomal surlo with Kickflt. V, vxhTnal 
an^lfi with aookot; V, O.ii. o«t inro onUdt, aooltct ta 

DUXJilc. 

Of cootae^ btackete are uudo to anj ahap* to mit th« 
work. 

0.0. QuttePlng. 

1. Tig. 1,233, ill n plain Im^.'tli uf O.G. jruUenuif withoai 
a mcikM.. Tbifl kind at guttering- ia gmnnOj lued for 
pliuim r«(|uiriti|; tuiicli ciittinjr, aa bv dotting <>p n lenj^h 
thp othrr pnrt mo^ b(> worki^ in withoni bunbl'-, bavin)} 
the clips K, Fit,'- ■.'■'•t2, to oaunwt Theesds. K. Fit;. 1.233, 
in B pUin length of O.G. aruttennx. with dip in loft 
harirl I,. Fig, 1 .-'33. in a plain IfQgta, with Ifon nrod and 
cli|t. Of i-uiiniB, iian gatt«riiiy can be caat to any pultem 
or H)zr to (irsler. There an aimdredM o( differvnt kiadu 
Icii^pt in Hiurk at the %'ariaiu makinn. 

HarinK n»ti<v^ the ftttinsa shown at fig. 1 .239. then ia 
but little to diiMirilM?. (>xom>tiitff tbal in O.O. Work We havs 
Ittfl »nd rtfrbt bumlnl, aiirl !)>ft bundi^ fitting are umiI. 

At A, Ki)f. t.'lSi, iH Kbiim uu i'Xt«nial O.U. iingln, 
baring a lUt botUju. irtth "tm back eptwit" md O. 
Tbia allows the tino of gutter to tic fliuli, un to hare th« 





07 




^ 



111) l.VH. 



Fig. 1.231 isadrivlnff bmckct fin*haU.roimdiranorxin<i 1 appMinmcv uf a oonit>.f. iThie ia an obtusa 
giiitcrv, It. D, w the xiiic rlip 'H-btch turn* oir<-r tbc oi\fivi of | jK-DTitllr rnxt'tn nn angle, niitablr forswh pbwca ax ni^ 
Uiii giiltcr, and tbiu kwja it atuody. Uf uuurao, vrlim { ('{[f.-i.'^^S.) At fi. K,X,Vig. 1,23.», raAjrlMBOinatiiatenuilj 



ROOF WORK.— IRON WORK. 



Oil 




^^S 



botwMfi Um AiUX and thn foot. wkI the 
tightcnSosf Hrav F, ncrvwcd down (■■«( f'w 
Aorri) uul tho bracfl tiimid in th« oirdinBry 
WBT. Of couno, die iiOi nrost be of tlie 
ri^et sbaw. u ahomi in tbo diagram, Thia 



Orilllnit Machineft. 



r 



L 



riyhl-an^W acinic. B, I. C, Pig. 1.330, ia n tuwde coat on 
llir imicM io gt) into n trriu|(h )futtcr tbrongb nmf, &c. ; 




no. i.ue. 



ind F, D. H, PJf{. I,'>:t7. a nozile cwA in tlut intvrnU luwle 
Io omi)« into a }iipe fixed oat at tighi under tbfi aoffit ol uis 
nomioe, 

Qplllins Cramp and Bpace. 

For drillinK tba bolw lu tlw endti of tbf> giittf^n a proper 
cmmp and hmoe will be required. B. Fin. l ,i:j.s i> tlin 
faracv ; ^, tito ntnndunl of tLo anini;>, whiub jou can tOKW 




Thill. Fl(r. 1,331^, in Ik ilrillin; ULichine nuda l)^ HeMn. 
Howcl ft Ward, with movnblo arm. 








Pia. i,::;t>i. 




in jroBT vice ; P. thi* unn, wliii-h inay Im ahiftod wp <ir 

*— « the atiuxlnrd ; F. I.li.- tixlilcniu^t (wiivw . 1), thi- drill . 

ni, Wbeu wvrkjug tiux tuul tho ^tlvr ehoald bft 



rio. t.sux 



Kiv. 1,340 In lli« LvU«r claw of ilrilliiitf luauluao, witb 
vivg for Itotilbg tbo wgrit, bm witb fixed ami. 



612 



BOOP WORK.— IRON WORK. 



Fixing Iron Guttering. 

Hie fint thingr required in fixing gutters is the fall. For 
iDBtaitce, let lu examine Fig. 1,241, which, for eiample 
sake, we wilt call the top of a gteouhoaee which requirea 
to be provided with a gutter. In thia it will be acen that 
the frame ia lerel, and if a ga'tter ia fixed true to it that 
gutter must alao be level. Some people like iron gutters 
fixed to hold a little water to prevent the hot aun ex- 
panding the guttering. Bat inetmd of fixing the gutter to 




Fiu. i,Mi. 

this, the workman should endeavour to have it fall one ent! 
to the other, Just enough for the water to drain awar and 
cleun the gutter itself; if there is too much fall the 
guttering will be too far away from the slatea, giasa, &c.t 
and the water will tend to run over at the angles, hence 
the reason tor having the flushed angles, aa deacribed at 
O, B, B, Fig. 1,'J29. 

Saj the length from Y, to W, Rg. 1,241, is 24ft. Here 
three whole lengths of guttering can be used, and a 4ft. 
pieoe, with the two reti^ external anglea will about make 
Dp tl^ length. In tfab case the plumber may (if there is to 
be no return angle at W) have, at least, 6ia. to fall, tm 
shown by the dotted lines. Thia would, however, be too 
much if the gutter had to return round the corner W , 



Iron Heads. 

(For Ikete *et h-onmongert' Friet LitU.) 
.0 




•0 thai Kt thia point W, a head, at shown at Fig. 1,242, 
vQl be nqnirad, or elaa a Dosile or outlet, auoh aa la shown 

W—twg ntOad npan what tall ahooM be given, strike 

« • Km W yTFte. 1,241. Tlien fix the bracket, 

"iiStxoSa work, or if for 0.0. the first 

TCd vjf with ordinary wood screws, 

■tiflt. For good won, however, the 

hooU ha elongated to allow for the 

iHnp of {be gnttaring. llis prevents 



the joints from leaking. Hie ends of the lenstha abonld 
then be painted. Then with some good stiff and white 
lead putty aa a bedding, partially bed the enda together, 
then with a auitable toed, a aciiber, or even the point of a 
pair of compaai>es pnah one of its pointH througii the hole 
in the bottom' lengUi, and also the nole in the top length, 
and work the tool about in order that the two hol^ mav be 
brought true with each other, no that the gutter bolt ,a 
Jin., or -)*,)in. bolt and nut) may eaidly be put through the 
two holes to screw the two lengths together with a pair of 
pliers. Fig. 1,269, or otherwise. After acrewing the next 
length slightly to that already in position, thia other length 
can be fixed, and so on. After thi i second length is in its 
place the gutter screw ahould be tightened. See that the 
joint Ih Bouiid, which in l>e»tBsc©rt!iinod by noticing whether 
the lead in pressed out at all purt« of the joints, after 
whi(^, clear off the surplus lead, and the joint is completed 
ready for painting two or three coats. 



Cutting iron Qutterfng. 

For thia pnrpoeo a good file, either taper or tbree- 
oomered bastard cut, and say 16in. long, independent of 
its handle, is required. The workman ^ould mark the 
length to be cut, allowing for the socket, and place the 
gutter firmly upon the bench, the labourer holding it thra>e, 
or if he is eoreful, he may work it in the vice between two 
pieces of ^eet l^id callt^ "clambs" or "damps." He 
then proceeds to cut the gutter by pushing the file over the 
work, taking care not to prese too bard on the file. When 
it is brought liock no preHsure at all should be placed upon 
it, otherwise the cut of the file will be spoilt br breaking 
off the teeth, ^'iien a deep notch has been filed all rooi^ 
the gaUer it Khonld be atruck smartly at the filed place 
upon a piece of soft wood, and the gutter will come asunder 
it it has been cut deep enough, <x one end can be struck on 
tiie ground, and the gutter thus broken at the place filed. 
ShoiSd the iron be very hard, so that the file will not touch 
it, it ia best to discard it for another or softer length, or on 
a pinch, it may be softened by passing it through a black- 
amith's forge red hot, care being taken not to melt it ; let 
it oool in aawdnst or ashes, to cool slowly. 



Iron Pipec. and Fittings. 

Having the guttering fixed, the next job Is to fix the 
down or rain-water pipe. Of these there is a great variety, 
but that roost common is the round, which we will examine. 
A, Fig. 1,243, are the ears or lugs ; also the socket end. 
The pipe is simply nlipped over the end of the spigot B of 
the head, Fig. 1,242, or over the end of the nozzle piece, 
E, Fig. 1,229, and with a 3in, raiU'Water pine nail or spike 
fix the pipe firmly to the wall. Care should be taken that 
the nails have proper hcdd, and yet are not driven too hard, 
so as to break off the ears or lugs. If the brickwork will 
not hold the naila the joints ahould be plugged with wood 
plugs driven tightly between the joints (see fixing rain- 
water pipes]. Suppose one or two lengths are fixed, and it 
is required to como off to another course, say at right 
angles or horizontally. In that case a bend, such as is 
shown at Fig. 1,244, must be used. On the other band, if 
it is necessary to oome off at an obtuse angle, n bend, nuch 
as is shown at Fig. 1,246, will be needed. On examining 
these bends it will be noticed that they have no ears ; this ^^ 
is because they are often wanted for fixing at all sorts of ^^ 
angles to the wall. Sometimes with the heel at the bad 
or against the brickwork, and sometimes one siilo. then thi 
other, so that the eats shonld be oast on accordingly. Fitr 
1,245 i8thebend,havingacleanaingbole at the bnck iit D. 



ftli 



ROOF WORK.— IRON WORK. 



Ib« aockoi half mj down, nUsh (aritli pluiuben' couhl- 
•uldcr) ihe ^ane between sMket aod Itwd fnU of solder, 
»iid n firM nut joint w the niiult. 

Othbr timm tho bnuttJi B, in oul intu the mckt-t A. in 
(MM solid piece. I lisro » i«l ot mouldn for ihi* purpose, 
but csnaot r coo mm gnd Mich work, m, to mj tbo loMt, it 
MTAurMWJthtiaken'irork, luultherefriroldiinotrcoornmend 
it. 1 hare vAiiouaotLerironaiidLeMlcni jotBta[alj»[nuoQSJ. 
Fig. I,2&3 ia Uut oltTTutian of tho nbort:. 



Fiff. 1,2U. Th«r arc for tfae tmrnnation of tlie tkIii- 
wator pipcn dttliTOTiuff over gvlly tnpi, Ar, 






Traps, lr>on. 

Tlii.-W trtipK I do Dot recommend, aa the euthenwmn i« 
muoli the best. aoleM for places wImc* th« Imttooi b UMj 
to get punched ont. Fig 1,260 otttlwle)(t is tbe 0idlBiii7 



PM, I,2il 



Fiit. 1.254 ihoira s brninh havinir n Iohk hnuioh rfp« 
and wjnarc tnmk wii)) il<Hir A. fi>r rli^nriii); <mt. The dtHir 
A, can be had In frout ur aide. B, i« ut timet made with 




Ptn. i,ts& 



plniii iron tmp. whinh Rhnnld Titret he Imb hi thirScnaK 
than (iui^li. That on the Hg'Lt liiui ■ rlMinain^ nap Ci 
which U n.tta«be<l by a ■orket, rap a»d acrew, bulta or 
otherwiw.-. Ftff. 1,267 k the trap, farancln, and trunk, caal 




Fio. 1,SU. 



_^ Bolb the alon ftre need for workhouse and prison 

-imrk, nhm f<>r poor propcrtj', F, ahows cnlartrvd n«w of 

the hod !md(Cl B, or it majr m had to rnteu marlnid thureon. 



Shoe*. 

Iliew arv thp laiit c>f tl]« rniii^wiitcr fitttngn, rxcpl whpn 
tlut pipos ruii into iron trti|«. Tlie ahoo» ore "Uowu ut 



Ftu. l.jnr. 

in one piece. ThJa may be had tritli elmnfunfr cap and 
MiiYiwH ht A. Of coar6c>, the tmpa majr be of any class : 
tnit I do uot like ini». nn Ihty nut And gttdirtj.nvtn 
thoufib thoy an* rniuiii'lli>(l (va iit Minietinuai the caael. Tlwjr 
nru vim) made in parta with Kirvwod and oQiar jclats, also 
with apigiot and flangra. 



Fixing Rain Water (or as It Is somotlmes called 
Stack) Pipes. 

Kan; fix the pipe from the top downwards. Thia ia not 
9 biul plan iu aomc csa*«— tlial i« to say, whore tlip line of 
pipe is uiibniknn fmin (i)p ti> bottom ; for th<"r» tlwt 
platabur oan thrv»d a ]<>n>itli "' "aWlj lii*e Ihtvuffh the 
wholo of Uie piivH to hold np tb« botLom length whil^ it is 
beln^ filed, t'r in annii' maw the "S^h cord am Ic worked 
thi»a)ih II H>1-<iIT, Auiitbrr udvantntfe in that una piiwi 
does wt "" "'•■*• re»t, iijim itnnlber, but leaves room for 
cxpan." -rather, it alav iri*et> tho pluBibvr a 

chniKV «u «aj or udoiImi' tor yeCtiiig ths 



LKAP LAllNO. 



016 



nnil iiito Uia loint* of tli» bHokwork whvfth U tinuw l» tit 
fTtat tmpottanM. The other xtylo nf fixing >■ i" tff(pi> at 
tLe botUim aiwl w«rk npwonlH ; here one !«<•«» BUpportfl 
IliK other vrhilt.1 it i" l*itiK ftied. hut uliiiuld the gtittoniig 
Ik; fixod and .Iftivxr diiwt inti- tlio iHtfzIn pip(« into **'■ 
pipe, ««» will 1* rc'iutr«»I in lutliiiji thU lonjflh. mt lliut 
It mn be (iX6d. otcii tlion tli# pipo c*uo»t 1» prrpprlj 
•oi^Iioted, it wiU only «ii»r half it« ii-uiil loiJ(rtli. 

Cutting Iron Rain-water Pipes. 



V 



Fill. I,t»8. 

Iht feibwUoBM iMnnot bn ntuUervl cvmpkto witboot 
« dwoipt^v" of puttinK iron n»in*iratec pipe. In orAnt to 



cfTiK-L tliix, n At^f Df^^h Rhnrnld Iw AImI all Tonnd tfte pipe 
quite tTiio, na iiliowii al B. Fig. I,2n8. 

The inpe hhoutil th<?n bp Inid un ■iimi'lliiDg Huft, muix ok 
rHrt}i, c\n.T, iif., juvt wlivre it Im rcc|uircd to wwk. Should 
tliti ]>ipo tw rcTf hard, tlii.4 bard yrat or aiile diould bo 
placvd un the top. Tho ■rorkman then toketi a bhttrp inm 
iiliiwi, U. (tnil hnhtn it in Av poutlon Hhown, nnd witli « 
hJuDtncr Hthlini it n few Htrht blowp Jirnt to disturl* tho 
BM>1«rnlrfi, a&d in the ilmK-tioB indicated, und (itiNllir a 
»h«rp Muack will rnniV it Ui drop off. By b&ldiai; tha 
vhitxi at nc anglv, the \>ii>t, t» to apeuii, ripa iUoU off. 



Driving Nnirs. 

Thew itbonld be driven in j'qbI (u huld ui> the p^pe, Umn 
with a punch madr nlfli n nhort Innirtli of iron pipo. mr 
tin. or Jin . thrv tihaiild bt' driveo home. Tho pipe AboiUd 
be beld up wbAo l.i)i« i« hetag done, a* tlicra m then 1«m 
danger of bivultiuit ofT the vur. 



fn. l.tw. 

TboM plion (FlfT. l.'iJifl) are wed for MrewiDg up the 
Ifutter bull*, nuU or Mr«w», u prerloiuljr spoken of uud«r 
tfco lieudiii]; f ixinif Iron Outttfi. 



LEAD LAYING. 



Q uttering 



HiiTJnfr gone through Um nmplft pArt of (mtter irorlt, 
»il., that appertaUdiiK' In irtni Ki>tt''r"- I ^''l •"** ooin- 
manoe the mnrr' ii[ip»riiiRt work Ix-loiitfinif to the pltii»>»T, 
namely LEAD LAVING, a.a art whicb very few plumbcm 
ever thurouf^hly niMWr, ttir the Himpic niiAim that it la too 
uftcn dunrt by nilo (if thoiiih, and williuut ituOItTioiit cnrr- or 
labour. I, tlien.'forv. piirdoularly ai>k yon tu follow tlie 
instruvUons b<iro laid duvra, bocauw I have wurkod iu 
aluuHit ervry oonceiritbic mannor, and nfter tAkiiifC every 
thing into oonaldfrratiiwi, I nm jin-ar of opininn IIiki, tlir fiil- 
lowiug rule* properly carrttnl into iiracHit.'a will be fouiiil 
tlie beirt and miwt suitiiblo for )(i?i)4>n>l work. 

I Nliall begin by guinif ininuti'lv inb> tin' clcinontary port. 
and oontinue atcp by atui) utitll yrv hiivii (Lrrive<l at tliD 
olboax of nxif work plnmbing. 'I'hvre in a nutrkeil ilifl«r- 
onoe between <m(1 lend and nii]]e<l, the foniMir nxiuire* to 
ba worked with rounded oomere and greater cnre as it ia 
M^ ti> rip or break, whilst the latter ia nan lough and 
may be worked with Dliorper tools. 

Qutt«r«, Orlp«. and Falls. 

Ilie flmt thing r^jnlred is that tlie woodwork h« doiii> 
svenlynud true, with pnn>er falls, dripe, £c. I>rip« tbtHiilJ 
not M InM than llin., but rw much innro an yt>u (-«n get. 
Tbroiiirhout the juL nil boorda should niti Clie wur tlic 
w>lt>r ia til m», witb at iMst lin. to I tin full in II>fl, 
)i-ii)[llis, ur KB inu^h mure u you cuii Ket, with the nails 
properly punched in. Tbe plumL«c iliuuld itulruut tlw 



Ciupenter, about all drip«, falls, oom-pools. outffooB, socket 

Elpes, springings, rolU, ridfiea. iredgeft dot hoIoM, curfo- 
^nxtU, t«niiilet«, 4c. In fact, on ■ good job the plumber 
sliould have a cnrpenter wbeni-vor waulM, as tbero will 
often bo an iiiAnitc niuiiljcr nf Joli* for hlin to do, after Iw 
tbinkH all in rfjitly f-.r the jlumherF, iin)«u< he happens to 
Im u Rnrt^eUaa plimitier'H iniin, H tliiwe little jobs »ro not 
att«nd<<d to, and when nv|Diced. the work nuiimt lie «■«• 
pi'^n^-d to bo all fiivt-viaas, ns, when thn oarpenler in refuMvI, 
thfm tlio planiber often Iimk all inteniat in the job, whirb 
u the Tory wor»t Uiiii^ thitl cod happen for the wurk. 

Hints for Measuring Lead Gutters. 

Thia iit a point in yoiir work which wtH rwiuirf jour 
]^a^tiouIa^ attention, for Klthmigh it io n HimfJe mtilt<rr to 
mooHiin) a iduKle gutlur. it m<u>l nut l>e lowt •lis'bt of thul 
thia muat be done rorrct-tly; for what i« worw thrm a tjjurt 
gutter F And yet it is a rcry c<><niiniin thing Ui Aud nien in 
large London ohop*, hotdint; tliu gxiiutioQ of ftircmen of 
plumbers who arv evnumMUy in tlie bshit of culling the 
goilen tootdiort ur too lung, very seldom Qiv lnttt.'r. 

iliia uiiscnipulowi kind of tiling in cu&tloually bw^ 
MnnclmMl. nnd uften num Iia»<> to strrtr.h the lead foi-.j^ 
2in. in lOft ; this is in onlrr tj innkr tin- Vwl oar* 
instead of sweating, buminif, or Hi>ld<<riug a hi* 
Kpcak of thia knowing full wi^ll that it i» pp^ 
only in tlui small flho]w, htit in th<r lirtn "O' 
diagmve not only to thi> ninn bnt Iu ibu foi 
duployi-n. Thvrvfon- 1 si-k you (■■ Iw at 
paniuitlnr In all your uieaHurviiwutii, and !f ) 



6IS 



LEAP LAYINa. 



do nil your iroHc reftnlml]', it will tartt j-nn ■ f7««t deitl of 
tntuble, UmI be the inauiiH of your worit ckhuiiui wit nt n 
fair iind rM«ontil>l(t coot, vrtiicd fhoulit hi> of gnnl impor- 
lancD to t)i4t pltunbor. 

W* will inuifriiM that wa bavo a irntt^r wliow length is 
8(t. lOio. lonfT, nnd Sin. turned up nt tlio 1ii>il>U '■>> ut 
C, Vie. i.iC'7: it in. my, 2tt. Oin. wliic nt thr hiiul, iin.l 
2ft. 'iLii. at fciut, D. D, aud lOiu. up thi; rui)f luid over tliu 
■priiiKin^.iuat F, Fig. I.3fl6. 

Tbi.' drip wn will ny in IJln., oiid tbn Ii>ik1 fur the sploiili 
kp b) to be Uin. : but rcmiiinbcr that in etonny woutbcr 
tho rain id Unblo to bent Uwk at the iiid« ■vit\^ [m^ I.. 
PtK- l,'i6H), m that tliis Blirmld pnitrudn jMifll tbi? drip 
•iV»iit Oln., HO that yim will rwjuiro another 'iiii. in all, 
•MV CIii. Thu hii-id lurn \ty i», kiiv, 5in.. in nil Oft. 9in. 

Villi n-ill hnvii snitni- "ncutl " tu sjurt-, l*m lliJn wiH be 
iranled fur hale, tarkH, &i',, utd beiti)f ttont t* jiwt tht 
tbiog for tb« job. Ttivao niiwa should 1m nlwayit crDt«r«d 



1 hnw HbowR ni Fig. 33 And dMorlption, hotr to cut 
up ■boot lend, nnd given hints as to tbe b«A ni«Uiu<l uf 
handlinir tbn Mbm-tn. 

lliO Ivad oil liiiyi' jtdiM i.4 UMiiilljr cut nut on thft job hy 
Uii- Insid Inycr, and, if 111* jol> in bv onntraol, in ii])>tud«d In 
lIjk wiirk. wbvii 111] uuttiittr< nro cfmrmd a* •=» cniwb lead 
wiirkod— tliia is t» «oiu)ii^nHat« him fur I'littin^ il up; but 
if tho IxMil i" frnt up liy Another pprwtti. tli«ti the whole 
in wt.-j];h[!<l on thi- jrili, mid Ihii miiKtitutmi tbe amonnt 
laid, u'hidi h to in<-lu<lL- th«' tritnmitiKH. All ncmpooU, 
"vuttfucs," fiockots. pim.'e. aiid beiidii luv cxtrM, or 
UHualiy puifl for A\y work, unlftn othi-nriM stipuUt^d. 

Fife. l.-fiO i» tlm way to fonn n utiiftuld fur unrolling 
tbn trad ; it !■ wid« ikTiil rtKiiny 

Fife. 1,281 in n muiji I'lo nanviw »c!ilIi>M, .-uid is a 
uuiNiDce to work upon, t shitll ulill ^vt- yi»i xiniA n»oi« 
imrldCB in gutter mouurinj^, u» thici c&uuut be leakraed 
too well. 




into tlie pluubor'a pocket-book, nnd niunben^ from L 
oNWaixLi. Tba Mtnattnn of th*!! buildiu); iiliiiutd bi> aim 
liCM^cdi mid) iM front Kn'ten, ride or biu-'k Ktittvr*, 
"ftudilnffa," UpB, and rid^rw. donners, lio., or north, 
tmH, aouUi. or wmt wing, for rcfiTcucKi; luirl to l>o -luro that 
tha IvodalK) btar* Ulliw uiurkn just wiUiiii llieonttj- mil, ur, 
it you cBu rely uu its not licinit niiituxl ntf, <kii tJi-ri mitMlp. 

Fi^. 1,2S1a is tho pIuidIkt'i )ii.H'kc( Vnifr. wbitb oliijulil 
be kept nice nnd iduirp. and with u guud poiut. TIm 



Guttei* Measuring, agnln Illustrated. 




rm. 1.MIA- 

plumber iifaould alxo have n good Htmng lwi» ur three- 

oladcd knife, not too biff, but one whine tiaiidle la about 

4ln. Inn^, kept well lOiKtpened. f>w wwhent, 4c. Xiivit 

tke a puL-kot kniff! witb a hammer, it stroinif the- rl^-I)t. 




_*jg« -I 



Fio. I, set 

■p--- *«-.Ll 



*fr 



... , , 
IP 9 






Su};pa«tt tlic irutti*r whii'li you are alMiut lo lay lo h« on* 
§ituih)r lo tbut illu«trat4)d at Vig. I.^fi'i, whioh ia au 



LEAD LATINO. 



617 



«teTftti<n,ftndUtd!»trnun No. l,2631w « plsa of Uie1(>«il, i •]&(«•, nt nt "B. E. G, ¥lg- 1,365, and at mriaying'. 
ndOagnm'Si. l.'Jtil bethediip. Ben jrmi hiivc Uuvo Hg. l,i:6U. Bur M>Tn(>tiniPii your Im^ nuy be obit Bin. w^ 
Tiev» <» vhat f ou will liAV* to do. tho liend, m at U, i'ig. l,'£61 ; andifjronluiTe, s&r, l^ln. 



, t ,.l , 1 , 1 -U-U-1, 


;■ ' 1 ' ■ ' 


-'A 


Jr"- 1 /I ! 


k^e 


' 1 ' 1 1 


» * \ 






T filtftll now eiptain the roelhod of Uking tbo niu, utd 
ontering it in jrniir pocltnt lK>t>k. 




Fi'i. i,a». 
fall, then your IcAf) nuty be oin, at the hcikd. and Gin.fttlbft 
drip. HiiR will allnw jrnu to piit in a atraigfat leogtb of 




;talu> the tutifrht af the tum<up afcsinRt Uie wall. 

W*"*!!) miy that Uic iincciftrntion fttntm it to In- fiin. »iU 
round brickwork, mm at /, Fi)^. t,^lS<, and 9iii- uudn ttui 




flaahlRir. nnd llio work will bo at) thq better. Tborvforv, 
wo viU My tbal Om turn -up HfaiU] bo eiii. at the licod, and 



:hcsteriiiikI 




616 



LEAD LAYING. 



-4- 



tHa. at the drip. Nov 70D raqoin a rnle, the one used \tj 
the plomber U, geneninr, a fonr-fold 2ft., but I like the 
■teel rulm, made bjr Ghectemuui, a* with theae pliable 
nilea joa can measure rotmd a ooil of pipe, or moke a 
berel, and do loU of good vork with it. For this, see 
Ilg. 1,267a. Or, imrteod of meaanring with the rule, a 
tape can be tued with adrantage. The tape used h^ the 
plumber afaould be 66ft. lonff, which enables him to 
measure a whole ooil of lead pipe at once. 

Having an inright into yoor job, proceed to measure the 
width of the gutter at the head. Fig. 1,267 : here sav it ie 
2ft. din. Next measure it at the dnp ; here you will mot-t 
likelj find it to be considerably less, atwonling to the pitch 
of the roof, and the fall of the gutter ; say that it in found 
to be only 2ft. IJin. ; next measure for the other tum-up 
which may lie to go up a slated roof with springing. If 
so, and the springing is nailed on, say 4iti. up the roof, 
asat-F, Fig. 1,2«6, dten the lead should he cat to oomo 
up the springing, and if the pitch of the roof bo easy, as 
there shawn, it afaoDld go weU up the roof, at least &in. or 
6in. past the sharp arris F ; but if the pitch of the roof be 
Terr sharp, as at £, Fig. 1,268, then from Sin. to 4in. will 
answer. It should be obsDired that the lead should go 
up high enou^ to keep out driftins snow. Now, having 
seen how far the lead should stand up against the walls 
and up the roof, proceed to examine the drip. Let as say 
that it is a 2in. drip, as at Y, Fig. 1^64, and that the 
ifUsh lap Q, G, Fig. 1,269, is 2lii. This will make up 




Fio. i,M). 

4l», 1 nhould here also reoommend you to flxamioe some 
t>r (he Urtrer diagnune, Figs. 1,310. 1,311, 1,312, &o., and 
muwult yi'urself, aa to whether or not, you conld measure 
t)ia Niiiouiit uf lead for any one of these particular figures, 
luul yiiu should find out which would be the first piece of 
ttuM) lt> measure, or the last to put on. 

Nttw |W(M<iwd to out out your lead for the gutters and 
**m.\ U up" (thb is a trade term stgnii^g ^^^ *^ 
lawl (III the nNif, and for this see Ifecnamoe nTTlambere), 
UiMi I will lustniet you in working it to its plaoe. 

I liavw Mil plt|l*4&> Vol. I-, said sufficient to enable 70a to 
Mhtrt tlw hsAVlwt of sheets necessary for twA woric mth the 
limsi MWtiHtit uf labour, and have there shown the method 
tit uuthliitf your soairold. and unrolling your lead ; and I 
Iwvti, ill MwhauloN for Flombers, said sufBcient to enable 
jiiu It! Iiitlsl fwmi a piece 66!b«. to a whcde sheet, therefore 
Wu i«M iit"W ills)iiiiMe with all this, and proceed at once to 
uur Iwul Uyliiv. 

LMd Laying— Q utters. 

M«viutf yt'lir Iwui up, and your projw piece of lead for 
lliu iilmiu (Hliii'li aJiiiuia l<e found hy its bearing its proper 
murk or niiutl>t.r), climr a ptaiw for unroUing it; if you 
i^itKiiot Hull u ■iiitable iO»i'« make a {Jatiorm with some 
Mwffiiltl Is'tiixU himI puthitfii. tiuarteriag, Ac., or as best you 
laiit (fur Vlii« w Wk- 1,^00 whl«ih is wide enouriifortwo 
({litters, wiiU* Hg. l.am is barely wide enough forone, 



and is very awkward to work upon, and the work cannot 
proceed in comfort). At any rate some place must be 
provided to roll oat the "atnfl." Having the lead 




Fio. 1,270. 

unrolled, with a doll dresser (Fig. 1,270], flatten or smooth 
it so that the surface is free from lumps, &o. 

Be sure that voa have the right piece of lead for the 
plaoe. Next take your measurements as follows (see Fig. 
1,267 nt A), measure up to, say, within ^in. of the second 




joint in the brickwork, as st £, E, Fig. 1,285, &c. ; thin ih, 
Bay, 6in. Set this npon your lead, as at V, R, Fig. 1,271 ; 
next measure the tum-up at the head of the gutter, as at 
R, Fig. 1,267; this is, say, 4lin. Now set this out upon 
your lead, as at B, Fig. 1,271, and snap a chulk lino on 
these marks, aa shown by the dotted lines. Next measure 
4lin. for the end of the gutter, as at B, Fig. 1,267. Now 
tdce the bevel of your wall, as at C, B, R. A. Fiir. 1.272, 






3IDC or WALL 



PLAH OF OUT 7 CR 



-v«/ 



Jlo. 1,2TB. 



and lay this bevd apon your lead, as at bevel. Fig. 1,271, 
and then snap a line (Y, R) true to the tongue of the bevel. 
Now meature the widtii of the gutter, as at D, D, Fig. 
1,267, and xct this out upon your lead, less |in. or ho for 
allowing the lead to go into itH place oahily. Now mcsMiro 
the head of the gutter, as at R. C, and oIho lay this {Irtx ilie 
lubitantc of tkr Iradj upon the lead, and snap a chalk line, 
as shown by the dotted lines, at C, D, Fig. 1,271. If tho 
corners ar» ' ' -^ op, you will nave labour by cutting 

tliemo B, Fiir. 1,281. 



^ 



LEAD LAYINO. 



619 



Pulling up the 8fd«s. be 

For tluB job you miut Iwra a paUiiifC-np stivk. Thit u 
naW ft pior« v( qiurUrInf aajr rfxo jtm cait gat. m? 31n- 
Lv iiD.ur Kimotliing like th&t, And about Eft. to lOftlan^. 
niiK« thu jort withiiL th* ahalk Un««, m> m aoi to rnb Utctn 



R nUe yiesw, Aawiag the huiillo of thia drcMer ataadin|: 
trell nway fr«n tho Bctlinff-iti eilgv, ao that nm liinl! not 
knock fuor kn uok l w wboa at <rork~it irUl \» al] the 
IjoUcr h> touch bum (toodi b taUow ooadlo nibbed oa tba 
ed^M). Tlmi l»ld the edgn, A, I), of the dreMer on tho 
ohAlk tine, M at- B. Fi^. 1,77%, and jour qmIo Loldlntr down 




no, 13TX 

ont <'tliu> IM Hhown itt A. Fijr. 1,273) aixl kaool lirpon one end, 
yxntr mate AtAnx the mnw upon the other. Theii let bvtb 
catch hold of tlia ado— mi- the oidr up nwf— and piilt ii up, 
u Aown. Alao poll up the wall dde a« at B. If the load 



w j^a-' 



.w/ 





Kio- 1.276. 

oD tfae end vrith the holdin|Cr-doim stick, A, to provont tlie 
Uad rifling- iheii with a ffood henry bataioer ur tnaliet 
otrikc tho ilremer at W, so iu> to drive it rab> tb«> nn|[I«, 
wbifh Im called wttini; in the lead ; bat do iiot drivv il En 
Kiicb n maiinnr att t*) kuock b<i1oa through tbu lead ; ub(> tba 
dulUnb dn-«<«r itud go all the waj ali>n^ tho hnc tmlit yott 
«■ r iTi/Aiw /Aal fMi-i leJkUh t* lu f« occr lAe itrtp, **]f aiottt 
9ui. «r w /rem tAt tud. Ttan mint be borne in miud : 
never t»t aagtea in iqnan, vluefa require to b« afterwaria 
worked down, for nhoiild j^ii Mt thin part in n.t all nhiirp, 
moat likeljr jrun will find it to rip wlivti j-uu an* wurkiuj^ 
or buaang it down in tlic tnroon, tir., at all evimta it docs 
not bnproru it, and imvootiuu In Iwtter than cure. Krarljr 
oil shup airiMS are wt in, in thi- ntanner aIiawu ut B, 
Fig. 1,2'A. Til., for roof work. 



j-dftwu ntick. inad« ont of a piivy of 
3ft, lijnK, IifiviciK ii wjlcb fit in thi" 
ribci tiUiiil-u|t oitlc of thtt k'lul, a;^ «hoW[i 
at A, Fiif. i.375. and S. FJ^. 1.268. Next take tlto horn- 
beam d w»uw r, not tw shaip, Fig. 1 ,2*4, which ia a plan and 




Mo. isn. 

After jrou hare t«t the aniiee in witli tbo dreanr, b> 

the haolc etf tho arria in ao aa to aqiuin' :t aji, iLiii m|uiii 

the arri* and ubu tanda to Ihieken ii in the auffli'. a^w 

tbuH thu putt ot tbo lead m inprovcd iK-GiiidinKly. 

EuppciM the lead tu ba now In the dupt of that illu«traied 



»t Fip I,tT3, uid that 7011 irtnt it fnr tlio jmltcr. 
Fitr. l.'JVe.it iscrident lk«t the hiHulut Uio f,'u>t<^>' >"u*t 
bn puUM up (nnd •honM have been don« b«fon> the 
•nttiBff). T5i» H pulled up in nmch tb« iiunB mwiiior 
u won* the cid«e, ami u drmrW ahoTrn at A, D, 

Having done this, mx» "break it op." Thia ia dcma 

|F plariiift your hanifc. or your feet on tbe Mm at H. I, 

"V- l.'J'C, wi M tu throat iJw riilm out, tlimi votir malo 

catchr- hoUl «l tiui two cornATA n-d lifta thuni tip m nt 

F. E. Vig. 1,1'7-. *^ 

The innt« noa- ataiulH wn tin; lood, and htM* F, E up; 

■ jou put the .lifriming: m, ihiU ie. Wkc a dpeaaer and ue 

kinaUvl, Fiff- 1.2*«. and with th* -irfo airiaof tiio dnwar 

iDBke the roocate linm «■ at J, L, K, U, Fig. 1,377, and 



{?, 



Boising up Corner*. 

80 far let Of) MippoM all bi bn d«<nf, and rciadjr fur 
hfwatig, or working u]> Iha oamtrs, which in done a* 
foUowa ; — Fimt tct thw mate (ptiunb«r'i> bil<uitrM' iir 
aaaiatoot) hold ib»k>adnioe sadataad^ from vwaying about, 
thia makea tha work mw-b mnee t<a thv plumlxr, and if 
thft lead be Hrmljr held, aach blow wflh tbe txming ttUk 
leVU uuch belter than it otkarwiae would. I liln mjr 
laboarcr tn Incvl gn the riffht luiM in about the positioa «< 
Q. Tig. l.'>>77, and to pUoo hia left knn at or about A, aod 
with it prcRA flmlT anlnst the )nd, and with his hands 
hold tha ridea. F. K, by piUlin^ it towatda the kaock aad in 
floah a imuuiar that it will not upon oatwardii : thIa la «me 
of tfao boat nuithoda of hnldiufr the laad aleadj whiliit fta 
ooroen are beuiir boated up. Tbe plnmb>ra' work i« aa 
fallow^:— Takf a BOBSTNO STICK. w« V^. 1.2T8, wbich 
ia Tiulhlii>r ujorr than Itvx, vr othor hard wimdm tool, 
eui^ Be lj}niiim vitip. Ac, luid ab» the mallDt, Ki^. 1,278. 
and pi>ooeod in tbf manner shown at Itf, K, F, Fig. 1,279, 




LEAD LAYTNQ. 



621 




Kw. [.as. 



^ 



-^ 



^ 



m 



L 



r 



s 

npw&rdj T«ry utoulilf bat firmly, 
wad do not attompt Ui work It 
Hquara. or to » iOimJi arriit, jMrpmf 
it n>iM<M M of B,B, Kg. l,'in, 
niitil It hull boon wurkad to lU 
pFupHT hi^igrht. 

WtiBn it u liiifh enoDgb yon 
mtj oat off thfl miqiliu inetn], luid 
th«n nqaorc tliv •.'uruer up aiioj- 
Inrlj- ut thftt Bhovn at S, Y, 
Fill. l.iSO. Another w»y: I, m 
a rule, imt tlie aurplua leaa off tiia 
oimior Ixjforo pulling it up; Rff. 
1,28] at J. D, Mid A, B, UIutitrat«« 
vhat U mvnnt. Of i-jjiirse, whoa 
tlio ccniOT U worked up Hquan, 
then; wlU be a qiuuLtity of «tuff u> 
wpaie in tlie eantr. To )^t ovor 
thia difficulty, and to i«vo your 
labuur. Iiefom rmi titort to bMu up, 
take tbtt kuifi'. we ("i^. l.^fiU, 
and rut tlio coni«r as ot A, B, 
Fig. 1,281, or, MM hcntD plunibera 
do, at D, oall«d " roimfUn^ off " 
tlio corner. The comet U ju«t a» 
wdl off if tho winu) han to bo boMed right up ; Vnt for 
•otD(< drip« (i«pray or blookod) or (i>r fuU». invn Uid comorB 
on, also fur oorueni up tbo npringisf; boaidii or up roofs, ui 
thown at K, Fig. t,26B, *c. 



Now yoo have the eomers to your 
faurr, put tlio gutter down a^ic an 
at. }^g. 1,282. Thi* i* duno by the 
lo&to taking hold of both eanttar, nnd 
yoQ at th« Adee at T, D, &o., Fig. 
I, '219, piill up thn aidM wliiJiit be 
" faaahea" it doirn, at the tiaiutj tiioe 
be foUowM it down with bis handa to 
pnnvnt it fl])rinintig uptnircbt, and 
thuH niundiii^ it»elf, thai in, it ih likoly 
to rii^e up r»lmiit 1 4m, or no if not 
t^Uuwud and ftraily li^ld down. 
Thih Li> Important. Xot oue in twenty pIuinborH are 
alive to iliU. iSext turn it on W ndo uk at ¥ig. 1,283. 
and atnightcn up tJin nden with two drowoni, and 
put Uie HtiJIeiion ntr&ij^lit m from J, K. and A, L: 
then turn it on its bottom and put tlie haod-boldB 
{n the aidM bv toroing tlifl od^ orer ooraething tikn that 
•Lown at M. K, Fir. 1.284, but be careful to put liivm :ft. 
or w from each end. nr in kucIi pniiitt<m thni tb(> lond will 
cany iteelf vithoat bcndinK- At A, D : A, B. Fi^'. I.2Si. 
ar« jihown tho poftitioiu of theee hand-boldH— hold^ are 
ahawn.butthiHUttereDgmvingat A, It, ahowntlioDieoeeut 
out, by the cjueUinnowi ut tho eiLgravet. Tim leaa ahuuld 




FIO. l.ffiS. 

appear Imoclced over to fonn a kind iif band-bold ah 
2ui. or 31a. diameter. As before said, aa idiown at If, im 
E, Fig. 1,284. You no that the heml of iIh gottor I. 

$ 



682 



LEAD LAYING. 



Fig. 1,282, IB worirod up iqoare, for a sqnare drip, and is 
turned down at E ; thw ia for turning into the rebate P, 
Fig. 1,293, in the head of drip, where it in tdiown nailiHi 
down. I may hero remark that Hometiincs, esjieciallj- for 
deep comers, such as 9in- to 12iu., that it will ha at timoR 
leas trouble to cut these comeni, and wipe them up as will 
be shown and illostrated in lead cosctpool making, Figs. 
1,304, ],.t05, 1,306 and 1,307; and at other timea a dog- 
ear may be conveniently employed, especially where time 
is an object. The dog-earing ie shown at FJg. 1,313, and 
will be explained fnrtiier on. Next we will put the gutter 
into ita place. First see that the joints of the brickwork 
are properly raked out to at least 1 Jin. for the turn in part 
of the flaehing, which should be the first joint above 
the top or turn up part of youz lead, as shown at £, E, 
Fig. 1,285. 

"Putting" the Gutter Into its Place. 

lint of all sweep the boards free from ffrit, &c. , see that 
the edges of the board are trae one with the other, and the 
nails pioperlj pnncbed in. Some, like the late Mr. Joseph 
Daviea, a well-known builder of Kensington, like the nail 
holes stopped with putty to prevent the galvanio action 
which ia often set up between the iron and lead. The head 
of the gutter or the oripKo. 2 gutter, must be rabbetted out 
as at P, Pig. 1,293. Tbea having all complete, lift the 
gutter into its place, and if a very large one, lay a piece 
of quartering up the centre of the gnttcr boards, for the 
lead to lie upon, aa shown at Q, Fig. 1,266. This keeps 
the lead up in the middle, and allows the edges to take a 
bearing, and also causes the gutter lead to be narrow, 
thereby allowiiu^ it to move freely one way or the other. 
It also makes ^e gutter lie more solid during the fixing 




Fio. i,ibO. 



of Hie edfi^es, and is well iUnatrated at F, and X, 
Fig. 1,286. When the quartering is withdrawn, of course 
the raised part can easily be knocked down, and the out- 
side edges do not have that tendency to rise as they other- 
wine would have, especially if you can get a wall hook or 
nail into the brickwork, and through the top part of the 
aide of the stand, or turn upside as at the dark spot at the 
corner end of the xtand up lead, Fig, 1,264. But before 
you attempt to nail it down, see that the lead is well up 
against the end of the drip, as at C/T, Fig. 1,264, also at 
P, Fig. 1,293. The head of the gutter should be well 
driven up by taking it about Sin. to lOin. down the gutter, 
and then driven up against the drip with force, keeping it 
well down on the gutter boards at tae same time. 

Now, having the gutter put properly into it« place, begin 
to lay the head part, whether it bo for a drip or otherwise, 
it requires proper attention in the fixing. First let the 
mate come forward with his holding -down stick, and 
iritether it be for a drip or stand-up CMner let him place 



the holding-fltiok as at 8, Hg. 1 ,268. Now pot the end of 
your dresser on the comer, as at T, Fig. 1,268, and whilst 
the mato bears heavily on, you, with a large hammer, strike 
the druaser on the back ; this should ensure the angle being 
well down upon the gutter boards. Yon may now fix it 
with a wall hook or 4in, nail, or otherwise, to prevent it 
rising whilst working it down. After this, fix the other 
comer in a similar manner. Now you can with your 
hammer and dresser knock down tho stiffening edges as 
shown at X, fi, K, Fig. 1,286, &o., and then finish the 
other end, which for this purpose I will say ia to discharge 
into a rain waterhead. 

We have now oome to gutter No. 2. Let the gutter No. 1, 
Fig. 1,293, be the gutter just laid, and No. 2 be the next 
guttor to be laid. In this gutter there is a drip to be 
worked down, which will require the particular attention 
of the uninitiated, but which, after due care, he will be 
able to work down with facili^. 

Working down Drips. 

The gutters (Nos. 1 and 2, Fig. 1,293) being laid, 
excepting the working of the drip P, Q, N, let us prooeed 
to do this. BefertoB,Q, G, Fig- 1,267. 




Fio. 1,287. 

First see that there b no dirt below tlie top and bottom 
lead ; especifdly look for bite of stone and sucn like. Now 
let your mate hold down the comer which you intend to 
work, as shown at W, Fig. 1 ,268, to keep it from springing 




na. 1,288. 

during the work ; then with the side part of your mallet 
just knock the l«id E, Fig. 1.287, down over the edge of 
the drip as there shown, but keep 4in. or Sin. away from 
the oomers ; yon may then knock the lead pretty nearly 
home with a soft hornbeam dresser or dull chase wedge. 

Chase Wedges. 

For the first part of this drip work, use Figa. 1. 276 and 
1,290, &c. I like to make my own cha-^e wedges, or 
" points " as they are sometime* called, <iut of oak, elm, or 
suoh-Ii>^ ^ finish with boxwood tools. 



LEAD LAYINfi. 



osa 



Now titm down tfao stand-up part nf tho IinhI, bk mIiokd 

fttZ, !■:, 1>, Q, Ki^. I.2ii7. 'ilio IntMurar iM>«'|HiUliiHHti"k 

I DO tbo Itvi4 nt <i ; thru yum, vitb n dummy lUIi^ i» a Htii): 

^LnmIc'I with 1iiii>)), ViK- I ,'.'Hll- Ilt^giii itt K, Viu- 1 .'^^7. •■>iil 

I 'wiuii tliolea'l upfrom IC, t(i K, uiul I'-, Uiia will aln'tiOi tli« 

Ivul ^lward>> I)ip drip aud allow tlie loiid iii Oie •oriifir of 

tlio (iriii .'it f;, l<. bo wfirked down with lew .*tn»in than it 

would Iw if i^tlierwira maitipiilatotl. fl«nt«intii>r thai ynu 

faiiro t<> trut Kiiflii'ipDt l<K*a til maku up Uiv iletlcieucj 

betwwii E, and O, Fig. 1,^87. 




Pin. i.^sa 

Now, barbiff obuiuod m much lead {rrtm tim riand-up 
idd« of the len3 ah ratiuind, finally tun it up tv the vaH 
aiKl muini»nee to work tb« conwr an foUowa i— Tuico the 
"pgiut," 1%. 1,390, and begiu bj vorkisg tlie lead all 





lOBnd. as at S. T, t}. K, ftc, Fig. 1,288, Into n klntl 
of aajn^ hnltrd. bm hIiowii nt P, Q, to uiuko up for tliv 
ertra Ic-id rv<]>iirvd lu fp> bank iuto ibe romer. rnro being 
taken Dtit to slmu or thin tlia load more i» unv phum tliui 
annihrr. With cntf- thi* levari U ^OAily .worked up, and U 
done jiartiuUy with tLir Hinall mAUet and b^ holding tluJ 
IHiiut. Mt a Miiilabki iiiigji-, :inci tappin^f it on lU Odd with a 
KRuiU ruidlet so a« Ui dri>tt the inoleonle* of laad the wa; 
you would hava Uibiq to $o. Eeop wurkinK at thi*. 
flhiitiiig the point to a fmh poaitioii each time, blow, or 
tup. iHid in Bucli u muuner thiit yon r^unot rtroin tho load 
nxire in one place tliun anotUvr ; procAod tlioa until tfa« 
ciirnur 'm worked l)ack, which iiiuat he done in nutb m 
manner tlutt it ididl be tbiuk lead at tb« oilmno point 
and without a faol« (oaUod a " r^kV eye"). A plnmbei- 
making cock's ^m in drip* is fined u hiU'j,'aUo« of ale in 
Ixmditn for hla ud work. 



Souiv phuiihcT*. only an a maQ BiUlet for tltb job. 1 
iKtntMtnKv a'i>rkon« wnyandtluxiaiiotlwr. Some pltunhcra 
fiutrn tho otpn-lonk lonil. on iit D, N. l^if X.'iO'A, before 
Uicv fliiiillj- wiirk tin- niniitr in, tLou lb»'j ni-l Iht- inalv to 
hold on to the c'l^v •■f the loa'l nt nr .^Inut K, and iik euob 
a miinaor thut Itin k^wL iti W'iiiK puxliLtl huauo with tho 
tinMiu^<d<iwti Mtirk. vrbirh iit a v^ry ^ood plan to adopt. 
Of [.'«iurM. Iha otbor oomer is worked ui n nmilar nuionor. 
At timoc, tl>c<« diipM arv Ihiiidiod with vwnr nharp iinglM, 
with Micb tools a» at Fig. 1,3DI . Xow, buniiK tbe i 





worked home, aud the enda of the gntlora fastened down, 
as at N, I'ig. i.iV'i. to kcwp it fmin ri<in^. rou may iKiq 
your odgv» round and uhuut yuur driiJ, Nnill4rly to that 
ahowii at O. Fig. 1 , 260. and also at J. T. Fig. 1 .i'J'i, but nc ' 
in such a manner that the load will be woaJnmod. 



Plate. 

Some ulnmben) put a stoel plato mutor the lead to l>« 
workvd duwni ; i t atluw» th» lead to more back with nealar 
froedom and keep* iJie In"! raiootb. A piece of uvokeal 
taw answers for tui4 plat<Miuda little tou^oauHa the lead 
to Alin eoailj- The lead ehould he tTinuiH>d off , aanliowa 
hy the dulted lines nuirkod VHUl'KRhY TRIHUEU. 




Flo i; 



Fig. 1,392, and ttoi aa ahown from T, O, ' 
edge, becauso if done ai> rdiovrn in the 
Hanhing cannot eorar this flianil-up cdm 
uidoMi tho fUabiDga an doopei- thiui ia onu 



^ii 



LEAD LAYING. 




ifii. issa. 



Next is th« triiBiBiiip ; tbi? ifplaeh lap Q. R, Tig. 1,S92, 

vrhii'li i^oulfl b« Wt 6> lnj upon the tMitUun lead at tetuil 
Ijiii., and cut on tti« spLiy an nlmwu nt J, thu Iwid 
■jmri>ring twg jiarposiw : with (ihnllow ifattPTn it kcepB the 
tuni-ilnwn loul Q, K (miu cxiiiui^c awuy frunt thu drip; 
and abo pnnrtntH tlte nin from aploAblu; np the drip 
wkidi ««uM DtltfvrwiRP be tbc l^alvt. Some plnniben lutro 
■ VOTT pi<r-uliiLr notion >lNiut thia >tpliLM)i Ijip, unil 
itiiiik it iudii<.-«« capillftiy Bcti<m — thid mny ^» tbo com, 
1>ut Itw oupilUry Bctiua ix ulnuMt imtinly cliDckrd at the 
anKir ; but t( you out Ibis Rplikeh lap off and allaw ihc WaA 
l>> ipi. HHi-, wi'tbin !in. of tfi« bottom of the drip, llioti Ibe 
nHpill.irr iirUtin will riui at Inwt liii- if thn bi.-ul xT-nnilii 
(ibwi! b«<-k In die back l«ad, and if the front Icuil nliuulil 
Iw mimi (listanm away, whicli in ohoa oaiuod by the 
banpi'nit.uti' iif tlio Mtxoaapher*-, then tho mlD Aplnahoit up. 
iiiul wi rlid vret ^tt in. My pxp«rioaco it, tlint it la 
imp^raliro In fix n icplnjih Up tu all driju unilor 3iii. in 
<Irptb. Tito duffvr would, of ooiine, pimd tio spliuih lap, 
iiH It in mom mnib1>D for him tu vrorli. in fiu^t, ho rad t 
•III it ; biii ti) niy rratlcr let mr Mac, l>uii't k^t capillary 
uuub-iuh; tntivffn) wttb proper wtirk : 



Blocl<ed Dripe. 

SuHM pluniben block tbe drlpn out, rd nhnwn at L. 
Fin. l,2Kd. Tlus la a Rwd plun, aad n-vw labour In 
wi^rking tho dripa homo- 
Tacking Down the Ends of the Overoloak Outtera. 

8oimrtiniiii the ovrrrlouk: iri tnnlccsl duwu tu tho uctlcr- 
dooLk br «utliiig a piec<^ out of the lum-up load, an diown 
at F, E, R, Pig. 1 ,2811, and thmi by cutting a lArk in the 
Ktaiid-up Ivnd uf tb« und«n-l<iak I'l turn back over tho 
oTercloak. Another UfltliDd in by tha uacof a ittran of 
lead M abowu at I, Fl^. 1,268. 

Boy Wlndows- 

Fis. 1.30i i» a ptiii uliowiuK tlii' iiunh>.>d of miiikiiig 
ont ait U*d is one pie»r, nuitHbi'- for a bay window harinff 
IL flat tdp uid waUh all rriuiid. ¥ig. \,2^a is th« lead 
lumedand workml up ivndy for Hxing. A, th« plan of 
bay. B, the fnmt ot hii.y, twl P, C, tbo two ridea. It 
ofUtn bappcas thitt thi^ (id^ or ciid, K. ifl too long to allow 
of Ibt iMtd b<'ii]t: pnt in one nii-oo. Thrai it is a ml." to 
havi> u HHnk joint, aa at J, Vig. 1,3^2 [niao at W, 



Fig. 1,363 nnd Fig. 1,302), and iriped trae ud' 
thnugh the Mtiitn of liay. Wht^n tlutt joint is lul 
that it ia wiptMl cImui anil miiuuv in ibn 
(•MiFig- 1,302, and doaoriptioo], foe nothln); luuls wi 
than n lot of Lumpa and roundod nnglee -whrrv the Uu 
eboald ba atmlght and Bquaro. It oft/m ha[iprna thai 
there ia a caacmcnt window to walk out ou tu tbo bay. 
aud it in nut nt nil ptoatauit to biLV« a lot of Inmpei o| 
BotdcT to walk upon : boddea, thtiw lumpo uf i>jl<lrr often 
prcvont thovniUir nuining ofl the lead. Sonuitimea yoi 
can work in iv drip when tlx- top is not reqitirad to mUI 
upon. Thia makes a Tory good job ; but fur mj port 1 




Mockm! up, mid nil nrirrflnw fnllnwR, (This )■ uo «XGU40 
for [lut.tiiig in Umj nuiall pi)><'i>.} Bui yuur bay is lO one 
picci', and nltb tlio usual turn up of tiin.. It hcuda a good 
cpiantity of w(tU>r. Btaidtv, you can then put in 



T.KAD LAYING. 



fi2S 



tirVTii"w pipe, 3iii. up lie mde, or jiut. brluw Ibu Iwvcl of 
tiiv sill ', Wt, If you liavf n <lrip, it i« tvu to one if vuii 
ou nrt nor* tlian 1 Jin. in dt^nh, oad IImib tbe owrfluw 
irould b«ooni« next to utelca*, ior beiaff fixed iw lav il 
alau Laa tli« dianofw of beoominfr blockMl. TIip foUowinjf 
)■ tha tnvthod nf marking mit myo for biy windnwrn for 
nlderiu^ up mitrltii, or <x>mGr», at yru coll dietn: - 
SiippoBC 1h« hrickwark to be kU Toand, Fig- 1.2W>. 
Vini. Tncnniirr Uio liri^tit yon can go up the w&O (to suit 
the JlMiliinK y" "*"> V '^io*)! tliti>i murk tliu Sin, nlnnii; 
tha tddfi of the lead, iia at H, G, FSk. 1,291. and uiap 
tho lino F, Q. fifty yon cui gn (Sin. nil tvnnd. Next 
tak^ Lli(> vridtb fmm baclc bi front, no nt U, N, T, O, tliin 
!■ 1ft. 81u. ; infuure tlut uff on tbv liiid, lut sliuwu. nud 
BDsp Hu> liiiQ O, X. Xeutt U\u> tha l«Tel of C, M. T. 
Fitr. 1 .'.'95. nnd pliwo thiit on tho toid nt T. P, 0, FJtr. 
1,'iUI, iind MDup t]i« liiiv tu tltta bovel, P, O. Next lal«! 
tht Imgtit of H.N, l<'i|;. 1,29«, ttds ti Sft. lOin. ; tbni 
nnxuuTQ nod wt utf tiais dJctuncv on tLv Ind, ns nt Q. 
Take the berel and take the angle U, S, F, Fig. 1,29A. 
nnd pUoo it on Uu! lead at U, Q, D, and on tbe point of 
mMuinramuiit snap the Kne Q, N. You iam now trans- 
ferred tbo plan of the bay on to the iheet of lead. Lot 
ua now oac oar gwuetryand teo bi)w to taka the angles 
without th« wte of the berel. Tak» a pair of oompoaees. 
plara one Ic^ nn tb« imd of bay nt R, Fig. t,S!tS, nnil 
itMtcb the other out a» for an von oati townrdti W, iiien 
atrika Ilie curb's T. W ; do Ukowise fratn the point 8, 
an abown al T), U, Be very partii^iilnr about the points nt 
R, S, Ac. Noxt. foom the puint P, Q {tlie length of bay), 
F>g. 1.394. «trike the carve W, T and V. V, then with 
rampn»w« invaaiini trom T, aa a ouutrv, Fig, 1 .299. to out 
the curvo line at W. ami jAmv this dlftance on the lead. 
Fig. 1,291. by fint ptacini^ tbc leg of the eompaMi-a on 
T, nnd dtriking Ibn are W. Next mouKurv friNii [', to V, 
Fig. 1.296. ana strike the aru V (it in very Ukply to be a 
dili'Totit angle to that nt W, R. T. if ao. you will have 
diflereiit leDgUiA fmm S to n, Jt to W), aim tranitfcr thin 
to the Imd, Fig. 1.294, lut Mora. Then tlwHu angln on 
FigL 1,3M and 1,299 must be the exnet shape <n each 
other, whioh may be worked tMt on tbo real phioe, then 
nduued to any acale and put on papor, oa Fig. I,2i)ft. nod 
agati) enlarged on bo the lead. Anolhtrr war is to taki? 
till! hbiipn with a tiunplet. Of coiinui tin* munt be Inm. 
It is also qnicklydone with flva pieccauf slating batten. 
Cut the laflgrat length first, then the front, N, 0, 
Fig. I,29A, then the two eiuln, nnd nail thi'Tn t.ngethMr; 
then nnil one «ad of tbi- iiftli jjicon on lUe eml iKittcn nl N, 
tlie other end on the long bntt«n at K. This forma a 
triangle, which cauuut li« rivkoit ur put out of ahapo 
without Arst breaking. Well, now ynu hsxre Iho plan or 
•hapeof the lead, do you intend to linm up tbociirnnmf 
If so, you i»ii out a Inl otf iW ounifm nt F, O, L, M, Fig. 
1,^94, lir>fi>r» ynu <«oniineDi.'« worldng it up. It will MiTe 
you a lut of Ulmur. Tho xnf'-Bt way to mark tlua f<ir cutitnK 
o1! is bo lake the ivimpakiMw unci murk the part of a drcle. 
Y, nnd i-iil. it to Lhi*, but you vill biive a lut too macb 
•tuff to wcrk up. If I won> doing it I should cat it at 
tbc line Z, by Antl M-tttng up the line H Ktuare to U, T, 
and the line L rauaro t" tbo liu!> P, W. This looka too 
■hort, but it i» pl>nity of Btuff for tho corner, and will 
oome up with a quarter tho work. The ooraar, J, K, is 
idsu uut this wuv, exf^opting the curve or part circle. 
Don't ymi trr this short cntting antcM yon are w<"ll 
»o(|iiMiiit»d with drawing up dicet Irad coruen, but alluw 
jouriwlf plrrntv of xtiitt. 

CmtiiiK tluH fur »ildpi-ini{ up, having tbo «bapo on tbo 
lead. Liv tlm N)uiiri' ou tin> inti-i-Miciitig point P. Fig. 
I.'.^l, ind M|unro to t)io liuo <), I', dmw tbi- Hpjnrr tine L. 
AImi placi- tliu Miunn- on tlin lim-, H, I', rloiw up to Ihn 
iaterser^ting jxiint P. pu»d draw Ihu Ifiii* M ; llWeniw ibo 
ottiK twu oomera, and cut aanu) to thteo tuatka. If you 



ivquirv a litlli-. Mif !■□., fur t lap. of eounie leave this 
much nn at ntrh comer. The laps dlKinbl hii left on the 
tww tnds, becaujd tboy an the laal to bu pulled up. 



Bleaks in Outtetv. fto. 

This is irimnly a return angle, and t^ lUustratod at T, 
Fig. 1.298: also at K. P, Fij;. l.'i&i. Uit examination 
■if the Inttm- figiirv it nuiy be soon tbut this Kuttcr i> one 
auilablo for a plain) whero the ohinmL-y gutter nouM 
thr<i»gh tho muu gutter. We will say that the ohinuiay 
ia Sft. long, nnd protrading inln tbr gnlter 4} fnehee. 
Of oouTMe, in thio oaae tho juocv of Iwid niusL be taken oat 
aa abown at O. S. T. U, Fig. 1,263, and the lind turned 
up in tho usual style, but at the oomera, ai at W, X ; tbo 
U-ad muitt bo nnt miindcd oxtcmalty, an at Y, Pig. 1,296, 
in mulce iip for the defloiency in the lead aa shown from 
E. to W, Fig. I,2e2. fig. 1.S90 illuatzatoe tho lead oa It 



fio. XfiSM. 

would bo marked out, or a gottcr having one break, u 
at N ; rouud this point jon sre it is itni>nrtiii)t that you 
get Roffitiieul lead Co allow for ibo workiiiK u( llii- lum-up. 
which rouat be dona very cautiotialy. Fig. 1.297 whoaTi 
the inetbud of workinn th^ etand-np load, aa nt S, N. IT. L. 
If f-ou (^>t this out witbuut due crjiuoderatioo, the ohancM* 
will tv thiit you win ><"t it too small, and in onUr to gel 
Ihe k-ad up'os at 3, U, li. Fig. 1,297. you will ha>-c to 
strain it, irhlob can bo eaelly tdd by the lead boino thin 
ninnd tlufl partioalar part. When working up tbiH fimak. 
work uu Qie Imvd even and true, Imoi-king it from i)w 
extamal part, nn ut tS. U, Fi^ 1,297. towards L. Uld 
donotftnglbe angle N, scoroelyat nll.lfut renr-mber tu itet 
mU Ifae stuff jnn pMalblyenn from the ont^r inrtn. .inil 
when tieoeon^ eonpets you lo strike ihv Ivtid U'Etrtt-o 
a. and N, or V, and N, alriku K frum Ihu vdgo part !»<m- 
wurda towardH L, so oa to tbicken it, nHMNnbaring not 



62ff 



LEAD LAYING. 



to strike it h&rdflr in oae plaoe titxa &notlier. The neoret is 
to titrtut your lead from a, U, towards N, witli even blows, 
and to get it into a little eany bul^, as ehown, bo that 
you will bo sure of having sufficient lead when the time 
of nquanng up aniree. 

You BOO at M, Tig. 1,297, aoomer. Now a good plumber 
will work the stuff from this oomer (U it (mlj be 4^in. or 
no break) towards the break as at U, N, L, and so work 
the oomor aod break up at onoo, thus saving tame. 




Fio. i,!9T. 



HumotlmeM you will find it necessarr to form a break, as 
Nliowii at Y,Z, Pig. 1,279. This is, say, a sroaU break 
Itilii. M|uati> ; and, upon examination, it will be found 
nliiMwt iiRpleNN U» attempt to work up the mdes should they 
ln> cif Ihti ortlinnry htiigbt, simply Dcoause you have not 
Riimi'lPDtsiiitT todoso. 

I'lir Kxaiiiiilo from X, to Y, is 6in., and alsofrom 1 to 2. 
Knnii l.toY.is 12in., so that the two sides alone will take 
hII IImi Ktiiir, Wring nothing for the ends. When such is 
Miti I'Hsx, nr anything approaching suoh, do not attempt to 
wrtirh It, but I'ut the two sides or two ends and solder a 
|i|p«i> III and III) tlip angle. But suppose your break to be, 
■•ir, nn, Imig tiy, say, 14in. wide, or someuiing of this sort. 
Hi at W, X, rig. 1,20-2, then the break oan be workedin the 




I'll.. I,W«- 



itoiint HHt KtK I.JiiH illii-ti'iitt'BHlirtwkguttM', commonly 

luiiiiij hIIIi ll "\'U' t" I''. **■ wiirkwlimrtially square np 

Hii>| i»ii(l'tll) "II 111" '"l"'' f""^ ^'>" "l*'*<". **■-. ">d *bU 
Miiimnliimlli"tt"iW"lt"»ldUirtuWMUlV.L,Y;W.I,J,K; 

11, |!, \,H. tl, ^u. 



Chimney Gutters. 

Fig. 1,299 shows the chimney gutter on roof. Notioe, 
on t^ left-hand side, you will see at A, the chimnejr ^ttex 
from end to end, showing the method of fimahing 
at the drip J, and also shAws the lead at H, going up 




Fia. 1,£B9. 



under the slates and over the springing. For section a( 
the chimney gutter on the right see Fig. 1,300, which 
nhows the method of working and fixing the springing. 
This springing should not come past the line of (diimney 



r-"n 




PLArE 



Fill. 1,300. 



brickwork, or, in other words, project beyond the drip ; 
and when fixing the lead nn along the top of tho in)ringing 
board, never nai' " "r 12in. of the ends, as the 

slater will nqo '^ f^ hi> under slate — 



LKAD LAYING. 



yU., tho ulate tiniier K. Fig. I.aoi. fc., which. M the cwla 
of thm gutter am lifted, of courwi oould nut b« dvuo. iW 




Fro. 1,801. 

■drip of tho^tt«r A, J. G, Fiff, 1,299, ue worked 
. after Uk flutuutfs, Q, B, J, F, K, are Sxud. 



Working down Chtmnvy and Skylight Gutter 
Ends. 

First ttitn at! all th« Wd not rMjtiirml. ThiBn taken 
malkt nod drirc the I>?ai1 doirn at l)i<^ wiiq'? time, Inking 
oftre not to Htrain it ini>ru in unit pU»ilhiiu itti»Ou:r. WhtTn> 
jrou CAD, brad down the stand-up pttn of [htil^wlasyntiiliil 
St Fitf. 1,3S|, and work thi* lonil up in ordvr lo get mom 
iMd it J, Fiff. l.r."J, ..r at f;. Fijc- 1,301, wraaat K, Fig. 
I,31S7. Now. luiTinK ln'ut it Uiua ueiir th« abapo aa ynu 
can, tako tlui dnll cinuu- wmIk", Pia- I ,'^79, or tlwt nhown 
at rlga. I,3S0 and l.'i&l.aiiddciiwnlillniilosdyuuuaa frum 
tliD outer part at the drip into the iuikIa or an^lM, ludnf; 
the TDuUiTt whcD' 3:1111 ran, niid work too l(«d thick in tba 
aoole, taking luire that it doon w>t BprtuK— viz., St alioold 
boniild duwn linoly bjr ifao Bial«'ir otborwise. and when 
voiced Huf)it:i<'utlf, iiqutuin the aniil<v jutd tfin them off u 
ihoWD at L, Q, J, ^g. 1,-209, or K, Pig. I,:i68. 



Trough Quttera. 

Tbeae arc aimpln giittfTK. modi' to aiTTy the waUir frotii 
froiit, iniddk', ur l>.-nk ^rull'T'i. U> tutnv mhw pan of ihi> 
building down t*) >itai:kii uf niin-wator pipes. Thpy arr 
nnulljr from l?in. In llin. vtiit<-. and fmm Ijio. tn Din, 
dmp. Hu- oulht of oni- IK nhuwn at H.fi,3, Fig. 1.301. 
1'hiMe giittvni uftmi nLiigi* fniu intt. ti> Wit. in Ungth, and 
whm Uiv IwkI is put is pHiai<v, Uii' jninta chould bo wiiHsd 
Aofih in thfi bottom and Mt#, ua at Eig. l,3Qi, ao that ilw 



troii)llw n»y drain thcnafilvoi drf. whinh oould not be the 
riue if tho jointa went raiwd patcluM uf aoliln-. Pig. 15g, 
Vol. L, iUiiatiBtW thu mfltliod of sinking the joiiil, 




Wiu. i,sa. 

Pig. l,WI ahow* Ite aoUw at W, which an be worked I 
• lut fif the«tig]e wl(hafMftcr<cdgedbitDf Btiok, abo<it.3iii. 
long and 2^111. wids. aa tihown at Fig. Id9, and FigH. 1,3S2 
tuid I,J-i3. 



Cess pools. 

llioiut BT« rwelven of gutlen, aud aiuwrr tbu purpoNj 
cd a load fa'.md. Thty aro ainiplj' boxH funk at iht: foot 4^ 
A fnin,(T, iL« nhown at A, B, Kig. 1,310. A, illiiAttal«ii tlri 
oittU-t, wluL'h, iii Iblt CAM-, b mtdcrod into the bottom ; B, 
tlie nuUot, whirh may bo llxed iu tho aide. lu tlu* diogmtu 
it will ho H*))) that two ur more guttvn un hnnirht Into 
Uic cwapool. You Aeo the gutter D, diaahorgod itsdf inta il, 
alao tho gntler E ; and another gnttw can he brrFuglit 
throagh tho wall nndirr thn mping-iitiin«. 

A conpool is nhuwn at Fltf. 1.304, as it wotild Sppow 
when tnad« up for a singLo guttor; and Fig. l.aoSJ 
illUKtratAt the inothivl of tniirking and <*ntttng out lb« load] 
{ur tUnxanMi : iL nlau nhowv the Builiiig W. niid the ghaTluf J 
Jiiio I, J, E, &o. ]:^rat ynn want the nxoot tbo OMspool ; < 
nouuro the bottom each way : tbon the longest end ; then I 
the two fddcA. If one Aniud be longer t£iio tho other, 
tnark left and riffht. or south, eoat, west, or north «id«, 
and lakp thn Iniul, Fig. 1,305, which miutt, or, at letlta 
would pnibably be uioro eoonomJoal if cut in one liuga' 
piece, or as it may snit yonrMlf. 

In Cbis ciute one pic<-«. though, if in large Mwa, the most 
ttoonomiual fur the lend, of courite, wuuld bo to pat the end, 
E, G, in a separate piere- lIoweTer, here j-ou haw a jawM 
of lead largo enough. Uark the eidos at dutiod llne^ 
Ci. H. S, F, then the end*- A. B, and C, I>. Lcusto enough. ' 
r4ulf Milioul ^in.] to turn niund to hold tho xideii t»g«itlLer' 
whiUt Mildoring, whiid] can bo trinnnod off uftcrWarda. 
E, G il the vnd baring th« CKtrn ttulf for turning to hold 
tho sideA shown in dotted linn-, E, R, tht r.tlicr :vi<kr nhntild 
be tho same, li. 0. Take tlie nhaTo bixik, and witb the 
point of the l)tade aud iruii straigbt-od^ wirntch a deep 
sroorc, at tbe lead half through, jiiM wberc you wiiOi tbe 
Ifad til hend or turn round. Tbix mitkoH it work or torn 
caay, and will he ploDty atning omnigh tii hiild it. Servo 
the inlet end, F. II, thv same. You see that tbe two aide", 
C D, pr^iirude forward mid over tho inlet end, H ; tbere- 
foroyoii niu.-t nut iJie MiIm ooi-onlin^ly, and tho end, if 
tuniiedover,aaut P, Vig. 1.301, for the nailing, lotiger tbao 
frnin !.>, in M, or J, to N, |Ctg. I,mi. AXiui, \he top of the 
aides at I>, B. inuiit t>o longer than K, L, iw nhowu at U, D. 
and C, y. Kow. baring th? n'gbt sizea, MJl same about 
Jin. fnrni edges all mnnd, tu at Vf, W, and drr off wilb 
Hlinriii^ or ofiierwiM). Sbavu il cle.in li> an iiicb or IJia. 
wiilp. Tiieii poll up the two KidiM :ind at-l it In. Next 
1>ull up <h(- v»d K. O, niid net Ibi' hi also. Turn ^ 

C'>jpoting part, 0. R. f*. T, to bijid up thcMdwt; nnxttv 
. M.C. N,iin uiioside, ittulpu!! up rbviril.-l I'nd, F, ll,a 
iM>t thia in . titiit, turn down Ihc niiliag ilji|i, P, to sb 
of that, ¥\n. 1,301, and Hx it for Roldcring, whiuL OiSj 
done flither in its plucs or on tZm botvJt. 




biL'i wr.Triiwf the 



LEAD LAYING. 



i>81 




uii. 



Arranging Qutterc. 

Tiie pluiiilior U of tun called upon to ftmnge tba wood* 
work for lund (T'lttcrs, u by dulng *d ho con oftoo wre 
hntti miitiTiiil itnd Inbuur, ni>t nnly for the ImiI work bnt 
uliiii tluil 111 llif rAr[wiiter, aiiil will often m&kv lij tur 
h<r|t«r work. Fur iniitniir<>. }i« mn Rnmotinm atm a drip 
wliorv motit likely n Joiut noiilii \i»v Ui l<u wt|iu(l, or 
ftM iwrarf, wblcb tuny m tlio tnektu uf iwililing the plumber 



to oat Ua iMd to adwrtiBt. Vvt uuopU t uriU no* 
rvforyou fi n Jnli carried out by mvoivlf. Al Fi(r. 1,41 
and at G. H, may he K-fa a lon^' piiruiicL ffiiitor. nUm 
9ft. Gin. loiiff. wtiicti, if it wcn^ c.iirricii up t" the wall ai) *■ 
H, wnulfl lio :i! iiiit iitt. loiiK, tmt liy lutriu^ tlw drip 
wIm'i>' it J., j( shi'rtons tho ffuttor anil innrnirthe varao-for 
it: but Ltnui}-bi> thiit tlionitt«rl[. I. may li>tt>olonK- tli<--n 
U.iit ^uttrr Dtajr be workod bo adfantj^'c/aad tlrtae an> tli* 



684 



LEAD LAYING. 



(See Step Flashing.) Sometimofi ihcue ^tterx are mode wide 
raoagh bi allow a man to walk up, and more rcftcmblinK- 
that ehovm at A, Fitf. 1,316, which is very handy for the 
HweepB and othera to dimh to ttio top at the f^bimney. 
Some slatera brin^ their alatcn to entirely cover the lead 
gutter, especially if the gutter in a narrow one. Fig. 1,315 
at X, Y, Z, shows the miish of the lead ridge over the tops 
of those secret gutters before the flashing is put on, which 
in this case is a job done by royaelf at Blandford Square 
Convent, twenty-five years ago, and flashed with herring 
^ono flashing. 




no. 1,S1&. 

Sometimes it is advisable to fix a fillet under the slates 
ai.D, Fig, 1,315, in order to give them about a|in. tilt from 
the wall towards the centre of the roof, or a welt raav be 
turned on the lead as at Q, but of oouiee nails must he kept 
on the outside of such welts. 

By referring to fi, L, Fig. 1,314, you will obeervs that 
the lead is bronght a long way under the slates, which I 
consider a waste, for the simple reason that the two slates 
at K. &c., must of necessity be nailed on through this lead. 

When finishing tbene gutters you want a narrow dresner, 
or a good piece of hard wood, 18in. to 2ft. long, the width 
of the gutter, then wth a targe hammer you can drive the 
lead into its place, that is if you have set your lead up 
properly at uie outset. Shoulil the ^tter be a very 
narrow one. say 2in,, you can first of all turn up the 
lead as at K, then fix it on a scatfold board with a clout 
nail or two near the top edge, then lay the stand up lead 
flat down under the board, and bend the remaining part of 
the lead round the other edge of the board, which wul give 
you tbo two bottom sharp edges. Now see that the joint 
of the brickwork is raked out, and then you can take the 
board and lead up and place the work in its place. Fix 
the board so that it will not rise, and then turn down the 
underload B, L, sharp over the springing or other edge, 
and fix it, when the board ma^ be taken out. and the back 
stand-up lead permanently fixed with wall-hooks, &c., 
ready for flashing. 



Stone Coping op Cornice Gutters. 

Fig. 1,316 is a level gutter for copings and oomiees, 
whu£ goes up the roof as at J, E, being the root or spring- 
ing board : B, is a piece of qnartering, which forms the 
baek of the guttering : H, is lead for fixing the timber L, 
to the stone work F. Vou see the lead is put in over the 



quartering B, and worked down over the front as at E, 
iiiid held in position with the dots H, H, it also is dotted 
iilnug the front as at E. 




Flo. i,sie. 



Stone Channel Quttert. 



A stone channel is shown at Fig. 1,317, which almoat 
explains itself, and the drawing is from some work wUoh 
I personally did many years ago at Blandford Sqnan Con- 
vent for Messrs. J. & E. Bird, builders, of Hammeramith. 
The channel is cut in the top of a stone cornice, the lead is 
taken over the springing and up roof, and fixed with dote, 
by first having holes cut in the top as per section M, and 
filled up with lead fur soldtring to. The lengths are 
soldered together by first sinking the stone for a joint. 

The method of working this lead into shape is to first 
get the exact (or nearly so) width for lead, then set up the 
square as at D, place the lead on the top of gutter, and 
then place a bosjrd on same to keep it in, and against 
springing, press on this board and bend the lead over the 
r>prioging and up roof: dress it don-n and nail it there. 
Next yon want a piece of wood like the shape of the chan- 
nel ; a soil pipe mandrel is a good tool for this purpose. 
Place the board or quartering close up to the springing, 
and out of the way ; then place the mandrel on the lead 
and over the channel, and bend the lead up and down, at 
the name time let the mandrel be well pressed down, this 
works the lead into the channel, then dr«ss it there ivith 
a piece of hard wood having a haodle something like a 
<l«»ei". hut ■ ^oe: work the jrintdown on 

brown papr The ends are beet fiuiabod 

byaoUerf 



LEAD LAYING. 



ASU-r tluit w>ldar jolnU, <uul work dnwo Uw lorg^ over 
B, nut Ifap t-hauiiPl is eoiaitktf. 












S J 



»Kt<r.i. 



TtiMe lead ebftnorls vlani] for a^M, notwKhalBBdliis 
thty arc «xpoaed to the hntl of the Mtn. The ■tMM hMpi 
tltcin i»>ol. 

Hanging and other Flashlngft. 

This Is tiio fiuuplor Itiu'l of flaaliintf. lUid ia alxmt tfa« 
Ant thin^ to (five a lad to do on roof work : neTerthalMa, 
it fthotild reccire dm- attiMitlon. Tho Ic-nsrth* are g«Rera]ly 
oat aciwM the ahwt fcitm 4iju. to Siii. wiiln : thtm tin adi^e 
l« tami-d orrT, nbnat tjin., lu shown at the Ra«hinif>i rni 
stand-up of tlio gutter, Fjii. LiOQ: alwonlJ, Fiji. l.:ilO. 
M aa to go well into the joint of tlio brlcktrorb. for holding 
It to the w&ll. 

Bale Tacks. 

Thi^e »re tnoJis hnng on to the stand-op port of llie 
ffutter, a« at T. Fig. I,»32. and a]«o at J, Fi^. I,3t0. and 
"hould be fixed evorjr IRiit. or 'itt. apart, luid tut out of, at 
Mxt, Slhs. nr Hlb«. Ie«d. 

Theee taeka are gvnerally turned ovnr ail inch or so, to 
Imag upon the stand-up aide of the ffntter. or eometimea 
thcf nra fixed to the wall with wall boolu. niul», &r. 
Wlim fixiuft the fla»hii)fpi into thp joint of the Iffickwork, 
use plenty of good wedgies, or vrall Iiooka, any, ovory I2in. 
or ISin. apert. and 6x • lack at tho end of every lentctb of 
flaahis^, or better nUll, cut yoiir flatOiiDg i>o thikt yen hiLve 
wlHcient lend tn tritii oflf to a stinifclit llue, luA Id li^rtn a 
tAi'Ic on the iiiil ni the oiidertiloak to clip, or h<.>M ilie 
overdoak «uu^ up To lliv uadi»«lD«k, a vrry <'Xpvii*ivo 
BKitbod, but it is practised on good joba. The hanging 
fiadiinga am well iltnrtrated at the aection of gutters 
tliruiiglinul thia work, eepcciallir at Ihi; ftxt at T, H, 
Fig. 1,37.1. 



Flashings. 

It is that kind nf load work which wo mm> up tJiO BidM i 
wallia. <mc siite (railed tlio wingj, or the Inittom nf whidi 
Inj'B iiinni tbf alates. There luv Ttuiuus kiiulii uf fljuihing. 
inline nave the under part nf (he lead, which rosta opoii 
the alates, or tltat which hiys upon the roofi cut in stnall] 
pieces, called aoukera. 



Soakac*. 

See Pigv. 1,834 utd 1,336. and T, T. T, T. Fl«. I,3S«. 
In such leasee tbe lead whioli layit iintm the tilulea hi nob 
seen, tia muik piece Is wurkc<l in with the sUle. Tbia ia 
a«knwwledged to be the bost kind of w«rk bo far aa reguds 
the keeping out of the wot. When tho«w Benkere are «H)i 
Hinall sto|M are cut and bent lu the abniie nf irtep. Fbr* 
l,:(li<. ^on aeo thnX it the ninrtar is nut of the joints, D, _ 
about liiu., and tlio lend cut and bunt to the ebapo u(' 
stop, tliat ymi can bang the htcp to tLe wall with wood dp 
lead wed^ea, driven into the joint m such a manner tbnl^j 
it bolda or wedge* thu tamed part nf the Mop, T, to tli« 
l)rickwork, the Imttom part uf^Cbe atep then oM-era the 
Btund-up part uf the MMker, aa at U : b«it you sod ia thu 



TOP 



r 



\. 



7^.'' 



>to. i.3ta. 

eaae tliat part of the lead, which hya upon the slatoa, ia in 
one lon^ piece. It la also open the slates, but as revarda 
the atoiw tliU malce* no differauce whatover; this ia tlie 
original or reitl iilap flasbiiig. When tliu underlay (aa it . 
is lulled), F, is in one piece, the wiiig, F. must lutvt ' 
plenty of tac-k«, ait at N, K, to koop it from oomiug away 
from the brickwerk. These taeki ore naDed on tb) boarda 
or slating battens, or they may be fixed by driving a long 
niiil tbrougli the tiMd, and between tlie alato and brick- 
work, or by turning the end abont tjin. at right angles, 
eo as to dpjp down between the wull and the edge oC tkt 
alato, but c«r« inuat be luken thnt thi* clip flta 
between wall und slato. Another method of tising f- 
la4'ks is l>y wedging tham tightly into tlie joint i^ 
brii-kwork, or wiiU hueks maybe uml imtead of * 
Always pLaoe the taek at m angle to the Diie 
that the water will ran down aa it were fn 
towarda the part eeei> at N, K, and nut aa 
dotted ]inee, 2, :(, 4, nx these dotted liim ai. 



6Sb 



LEAD LAYING. 



tbftt ttic wvl will ntn down tbo U«k faxwaHs tk« imll, 
jniit Uir ^l^rcrM> to thnt wkirb tJtuuit] br. Hid nJm uro 
(ueil liy driviuu in uaUk or waU lionkn to bold tbont iu 
lh*ir ]KMitinn. Wlicii yint w(il. jotir bUiini lor tW* Irind nf 
*'wwk w« tlmt iLpy willRtnad Tmic«], m ftt tlw hwl, C, 8, 
ftad tt H, D. 



Herring-Bone Step FFashlng. 

Forfhiskinilof wwk, Me Vmn. I. "JIM aiiJ 1.320. *t 6, B, 
•luih eiUc , ii1bi> Bov ond of wi>U. Flft- 1.^12, wbkJi «t<iw8 
bow to Bjc tout fluhlny under tidgt roll, and b«w U} 
bnainate on ([titter. 




no. t.Jiu. 



AfTsin flxunine FStf. 1,SI2. Thfa irork iroll MhcwH the 

[inadtiivut vf ■(«)). J. *, irhicli nUo nham n vory lon^ ^tvp, 

fln^OMi til* ilktvs liBvn vsry Uttlu pitch. Aft«r which 

look Bt Fig. 1,321. which ibows the wsy to Ihuh » curb 




roof, M tliow rpceotly done hy me uiil nnn nf mj men at 
MWM saw mnoiiinBa. South K«udD^n. Now took at the 
Htuf* on rool, and look at tliow on curb. Tha ono on curb 



to Hflar enoofrh to bo calloH an H{iright atep. bcr«iiM the 
limdxlnp in almiut titIJuiI. Thia OtOlU tKn >tAp tn br 
•bort in Ibu i-iit. Neit lo.ik at tboae on the rutif. "Hmjt 
nra flatter, Atid. ponaoquently, longer. Yon should onku 
tliifl a pinnt, to hnTe jour tmderrul to ho nn tboae on tlw 
niof, Hevw have the luwl of tlii? uiep cut vorlical if yon 
nan help it, as it looki* bad, unlpen it ia lh« step flaahlsg 
tlut we put in in iMiparate Mep, as Khuwa at Fi\r- 1,318. 
Siriotlj Hpanktng hnma^-bone work ta the atepa out all 
ill oue fMeee, withont the win^— that in to say, as tltut at 
Fi)j;. i.iili'.'. Firat fix the flonLiiiff rpron or makcni to 
vome up the wall Ahi., and plaoe Uie Mninfr work otot. 
as a flauiiDg, with plenty of mlo tioka to kwp tba bottom 
mag up to t^ tun-np of nndorhLTa, aotkem, fte. 



MorKIng, Cutting.out. and Turnlng-up Step 
Ftashing. 

Step Bulling «hould bo cut out in About (ft. longthe 
aoiiMa the ahcvt. ami, iit Wat, Hin- wide, but mMae 
plambers only i.-u; ii i2iu. Their 6tep looks too vltort iu 
the undercut. I haro pat (^n slop nuhing SOSn. wide, 
CM Fig. L,a^3. Fiixt iii^rk the tuni*sp Un«, E, F, lia. 




no. i,ni. 

for the tum-np E, then marie tlw water line, B, C. 3i&. 
fnm tbo liikc, B, P. Sane oolr nurk this Uae 3)ia., and 
even i<n very aliup fitdied non 3in.. on pupoae to fp^t a 
good underuuL Thia is ibe lot of dialk linoa ; but if yon 



LEAD LAYING. 



687 



'Jmn a large quuiUtr totk>,itis aiuch the <|tuclnw4 u> ha.v« 
Mtgee raadfl, ra that you nsn first Mrihc Itm «'aur-lin«, 
hen th« lino K, F. axiA pull up wiUnwit Mtiiftiuir yoat 
tptuf^if, wliiich U jrour pulUuff uji ntuH'. [>tM> marK with 
lli>> nije «( cndb nnd ia tsis cu« will auAWvr. Now, haviii^ 

fit mukud uut nod Mit up, let oh mu wlhi should bave been 
don^- wtulsT you am prepariag your work. Th* joint* of 
t]te brii-kwork miMrt j(o out, but thfljr are not yflt rottHcod. 
TIhi wkj to nuuk ikcaa oat in dan* ao foUiTWB : — Supp<Me 

.juu are to bave Tia. turn-up, im >t D, Fi(r. 1.32i> boo tlis 
'wnter-lino, B,C,3in. up. If you look at K, Pig'. I,J23, 
it) tliia tl|;urfl jroa viU fiee n torn upon tlii atep. aa 
Mt T. Slop, Fig. I,31S : tMa i> tho mrt you hare 
to look out for to go iato tto joiut of tlio briukwork. 
iSoasain up thn brlokwork m>m th6 alaUw lin., a&y 

I Sin. (b<wiiiin^ you m^uiro n littlo (roMoin.in the 

; j(»ut»J, then Sin- for Ui« wrtt*r-Iii»e, which is 2Lii. up, 
■BV you havo lin, to jiluy, for it is ten to one if thry 
{^0 mm doin; the joint rakingj don't try to do lin. 
or 2in. lw». Soap two chulk linoa, u at X, X, 



▼ou want (U jon an going to do an^] a ffjuifre or « 
bevel (the rue of thAron), and tba top IrvAl with theioiota 
of tho briokwork. Tfaia ia bnrt mado with a pinoe of ^in. 
boaid lain. Umg.amag to a point, a«p«rlineo( bti'^kwurk, 
and to the rake ofthe roof. Now you tuv niady take your 
lead, Fi^. 1,324, which, wg will say, hoa heon M^t up; 
plaoc it AKainat tho brickwork io it« placo exiirtly wh«re 
you luteaa Io fix it. flaca the now-nwde bevel on 
aamo, and with tho o(mipawM(aet I^in, or l^in. wide; draw 
tho joint liuv, D, D, D, D. true to the Joiiitn of tbo 





and II, K. Fig. 1,318- Botwcm th««w Itaos have the 
joint* rnkwl nut, at Iciiat. l|in. all the way up. Next 



briokwork, aa shown at M, •; J, *o., Tig. 1,312; 
and with tlui other point of tho coinpaiMva i>oriba thn turn-in 
orouttlBgliiM>H,0,0. liin.lromD, Fij;. 1.324. Do thia 
from one end to the othor, and draw ihe oodcrcut lino 
J. J,.I, J.fiirmi minttopiiint i>f iuuil line I>, U : and where 
tliia line nin« titfcu thv ^nipa or slieara and cnt to tbia line, 
after which eat tho lino from L, to 0- 




(ISA 



LEAD LAYING, 



Shears, or Snips. 
The beet sue for tiie snips for tbu work is 12m. in 
length, having a cutting jaw of 4in. 1!1iq beet way to do 




Fig. i,32«. 




the tacks finnlf to the elating battena, or by driTing s.3in. 
or 4iii. nail through the end of the lead tack, and between 
the brickwork and the edges of the Blatee. And after the 
work in properly fixed, trim the tacks, and work strai^t 
and true, and work all ends down as shown at K,2,3^K, 
Fig. 1,318, also at T,T, B,B, Fig. 1,321, and J,0, Fig. 
1,312, T.F,B. Fig. 1,330. Always have a tack at the 
bottom of a length to hold the top and bottom lead together. 



Lead Wedges. 

Sometimes it is beat to use short strips of lead rolled up 
wedgo shape to make the wedges ; but the proper way is to 
cast them as foUowa : — Hare a wedge made to the tixo and 
shape of that at Fig. 1,328, with a bradawl for handle. 
Pu^ this wedge into' the sand, and fill ap the hole with 
lead. You may make them by the thodsand by fixing a 
number of these wsdgea on a IxMrd and prMsing the lot in 
the sand, together. . Make otlier uzea ; but they shoidd not 
exoeed,}in. ip length from C, to D, lin. outade frum C, to 
F, and IJin. io lAn. from F, to Q, Drive them into the 
brick or^stoiie wo^ hoihe, without knocking the brickwork 
about ; I Kke wood wedges beet, if the pointing is done aa 
it should be with good Portland cement. These wedges are 
cut by the carpenter out of ' a piece of pitch piae, oak, or 

floor or other bottrd 
•. X< (yellow deal) six or 
a dozen at a time. 
For method of cut- 
ting same see Vig. 
1,329. Have them 
cut all thioknesoea. 
Some plumbers like 
them out neariy or 
quite parallel, or 
without taper. 



■ ■ ■ -Fio. 1.MT. 
this cutting is to place it on a temporary bench, made with . 
a scaffold board placed aVpss two saw stools, or Imokwork, j 
as best you cui. - Havibig out this to the marks, called 
cutting tne teeth out, turn the lead over as at Fig. 1,326, 
face side downwards-— yiz.j the side having the Unee on. 
Nowget apiece of. wocnI, say 2in. by 2in., as shown at 
L, H, and place it on th'ejoint line D, D. Now -kneel on 
same with one^co, and with, the points of the compasses 
pudied in under the tiim-inpart of the lead, pull it up, as 
shown at H, O, C, and N, J, I. Dress it up sharp wiUi a 
small dmeer, or, if you like, you may use ue step turner, 
Fig. 1,326 (which is only a piece of hard wood having 
a groove out in it at A, B). The turn-in part of the lead 
goes in the groove, and by pulling same over, boiids the 
lead. This is handy to some plumbers, but I prefer my 
way with compasses for quioknesa; and certainly sharpness 
of angle. Vig. 1,327 shows the same thing for-the-rig^t 
hand wall. This is all that is required, so far as reguds 
the cutting and bending, or turning, as it is tanned. 

Step Turner. 
I may here mention that this step tnmer ia uLuoh t^e beet 
when m&de with throe plates of brass soldered togeth^i the 
middle plate he&ig a^uVtwioe the thickness of the lead to 
be turned. Uoet pli^bers, instead of taking advantage 
of the wood bevel for 'marldiig their steps, use a lath or 
etrtught edge ' and compasses. This may answer your 
purpose when only having small quantities to ' do at one 
pibui of the roof; &a. " 

Fixing -Step Flashing Taolts, &o. 
(AUout Taelct and Bait Tattt.) 
Pat Sin. by Sin. 61b. lead tacks on every 2ft. or lew, and 
Wfld^ with either wood or lead wedgea ; or otberwiae fix 




no. l,3Sd. 




LEAD LAYING. 



638 



Grooved op Sunk FiaaMngs, alto Dormor 
Fla»hing». 

{Flatkinf and Onrntmg m Sane.) 

It ufteii liapp^-Dit Uiftt tlu^ pluinl>er will hiLTC to put Ui« 
flathlDg into a h'PJ**^'' C^ i"^ I'"' stounwurk, aa up tlu- 
wdl, at *, 15, Ap.. np. 1,330 ; nn<l when minh in tliiirttiw, 



ThU tffniiw will rlMriy iDuHlraUi Um inetbod of Bnnf?. 
Thin illoiilTuliii thu (nut kind of flaiihiiiK fof fixing' up « 
rowf, baring ibe Jotnto nuuiin); to tlie ruo of tba Klalra. 
Party TikUi an often liko thu, whoa the mil hu to b» ' 
raiaM hy koma fit bdng too low in the firat plMO*. ThiB 
wall ia built to the nko of tbe roof, and after tha flMbfaiga 
atvfixfld. 




VA 



at., r . 
. -I-j 






•'. .' • » 



• - ■'/ " 4 ••«( 









5.*"" "* " - ;ia'"r'X 



J, f. f '■■'* r... ttt/if 




wiil '^:'i »(■'■ 'M-,' r..-. j f; 







t.W', .(ftf' t', k.:irj, /{, I.;, :,;■,.: 
't.TII*!' J.ll-I.jf :' iWx-iV, J, .;,<•: V 

'T t.*i. t.rif ka I. II *i'h wi.l II r,- 

T, th< K'liiyii.i' L'l'k ;,- 1,.?-.!. 

Fir J,!;;:; ■!>,'.*■ tl." ^t'.- ■■ 



..'I,*.!- '■?. <■■■!■■.;. ir •:..- r- ■■ — . 

■ IT. I', in. •!..-: r; 1,' !_--_ i-.i 

- li'l. ' ^t'.'.'rl :t -'-I- •.;, i. 

■ ' :.!:4r;.'-l. Tf.f .-:- -b--^.' •,-. 



l.iK.krt 'HI, uii'l fi.i: l-:nl (l'.".) \-._-- U.t'i l!i'; ^^jV*-, an ^huTii. 



Vl'i I. -ill 

-Tif .U.il ^tir.vM.' r'i''tli'i'l "f fluiiliitii/ n Willi 11)1 
' TiT-n* * -.niiiic i-<«' K, i;i, (I, ytiii ■■mi f.lir H.i«li 
7. ^ n Sr-t 'n.»ii W'-fk K, lit. 1). hy (Iml 

-B -h* UU^A Z. *» .4ir,WH. "ii'l fljl wiMi (.mllP, A(!. 

- ^ ^ oiJu'wi 'i'pWf itj' t" fl>'i wall, timl ii Liick 

E "^ jT^x; ''"^1 '*^ ■'"' "■ I'm liini'ii, II, M, 

— J*_ ™k» «''.. ^ ** ^« ^- 'f^''" '" '" •■*" I'""''"' 

^ ■"'= l^^, -Lmw -■-'"I will "'-' •«•> tliftt tin. nji'.liiiiif 

"* . , " . riiur J iid«wi*'y ''"^•* "* *"J' "' *'"""' ^' '"' 
•uiii ■■•;' __ i-j^ -_^,|^ ,j^ j[.j,. pgiliTnimt fit ImniiOil 

"*'""'" "";«Z. ^ -oowE rt 5. fi. 1. liy <l'<i«K it ill tlil" 
"■'"""^ '"*-^^ :.,n^,ridiniitthoiij(htt.f wliHtfiilliiWH) 
" ' "' ,\,\tBi>K'^- c adeinent part of th<; (I'lnwr fnmi 
„ ..,^.wii • .^ ^^ .j^iM* ..ipen jiward then liy iill mi'inin 
'' .t^ -err*. J» it will :ihelter the uimtiiLi-ut ; 
,tv -iw sii ■'(FBred in lufji a nitiitrn-r 
.'iww r irive in. Tou may fnnii i\ 
„ ,,1 -w -artr '"v TirniiiK the edffc of thv 
,.^„ , ;. ^ The flofihingfi of tlir 

I... ■*-.. -cr th« aproQ. "« at 7, ". 

,: n-m 'i the ■'latw. Q. nm' 

\ „.i;. *«»■«»* ■i»>»" ^"cr siuu*.', then 




,^ .i.MiWit|L" 



I. it till) nlfto of (111! flnnliiii^r lend bo Imiit Rhnrp nnd as 
(nil' iiH n Iliir, itliil f/iiHvi "M lit- holtam ofgnmrr. N%xt pUir 
llii' Iji]i (if llic liiiiinl jiiHt mImivi! tho t(ip of the KHKivo. :mA 
hlnit il up iiH fi1ii>wii ; iiIbo wri^lit it tiioro. Stop up tVi« 
niil A. iinil piiiir tli>' frninvi- full tif lead, WoU hoi. y\ftir 
j-inl liiivc il.iiic jHiiiriii;:. pi mmul tin- lot imil fiiin it ntl, 
mill iMiilk till' Iriii! into tlii> jniiit nr urinivc ; (uni your 
liii'kn, iiuil llii' jdli in ilmift. If ymi wikIi it to \»- thiin"ii:li!y 
w.'itiTli^lil, jiliii-i' itiiiiio ri'Hin -iiid n litllo to'ich in 'h\' 
irriuivi- iM'fori' pmiriii).', whirli foniw :i i-oTivtit bur vitv 
niMv iiwil. \\ ell oimlk it wlipru th<' utonewurk will st^uiil 
i(. Till' iMulkiiip id ilmio with thr ptiint of a miitahle tixil 
iif iniTi. wiiiiivihiTiK like a liiu. chiKcl, having; u blmited 
FUiy U> Jiu ' 



DORMERS, WELTS, AND BEADS. 



641 



Underlays or Soakers. 

Vip- 1 ,3M U A Hoaker or uiMtoHuy, Mid U ftlmplT k pieOB 
of \wd out anil twnt tn Um ahaiMi, ffi-ni^nilly nliuiit Sin. to 
6in- turaod U]) ; wid B, from On. in Din. t" liiy open and 
unAi-T \h() |iUt««. They arc griiitniJly out ttbuat ISui. lonSi 
but for this ycni mtuit c^)^^!! the iilat^r, Itha will VOH 
tlipm in for juu, but hm tliat you huTC ttimn looff enoosh 
lo Nuit yoQT work &t tlti? dripe and tumdowns. I beiUer« 
thai tbo toaikn iiwkva tii« 'best poonble work, ud UMtiinr 




tCALE 2 
no. I.IU. 

thinfT the lead ts cmt of iiicbt, omdaUy whoa Oay bLaIo 
tlic c.hroksnf tfardonnETs; not that I Ubt? to «oe thin slnting, 
foritlouk-H cluniiay. llnwnvor, ttut u not our luuk-imt; 
it U iteiKTollT cion* to i>aT« expenM. but (inn't pny in tti« 
long run. TIjo bent w»y to cnt BOtiki>n< in by cniwt linw, 
Thttt ic. mippose yoo wmntcd, ««y. 79 in noinlwr, laia, 
Inniir ""d 9in, wid«, tint is lie. up A, and fibi. B. Then 
mMKurc jiiur Bin. up the nhMt 10 times — 90ui., or 7ft. 
OIn. ; then A, I2in. acrooii ttut iJiwit wveii times will ont • 



pimc uf Ind 7ft Sill, by 7ft. !(row, having lined out 
tbia, takr tbo Incg kiiife and cut thooi Mcnwi each otltfr. 
Bnak Ouem up aad iDoke n gsuge by ploeiaff two kaILi 
6tn. tnm Oie front id^ of tht hanch. asd tun thtaa 



TttP 







n>-.. i,s3&, 

down to thi4 {pkoge. Tah way yon oan oat somkon by tli€ 
tbonund. Sotkers &ra Bomotiines cat to tba ihawi d a 
oone ntvftiMM), u st Hfc. 1,336. Thma ar« tor hipi^ and 
Mnwdnn nr TaUoys, eepedaQy foe tUs worit. 



DORMERS, WELTS, AND BEADS- 



TfacTO aro iKnnetiin<»4 ecmavd aQ over witb lead and at 
ortbar tiaoN partly alut(>d, tilnj . &c. , a« shown in th« largo 
diagram. Tltr. l.SDO, nhicti i1tur<trntci the tap ulated and 
the other nutia IpadtNl. Fiv- l.'nt! n)i'iw.*ii Biniple dormer. 
Tho fimt tliinft to do i» tn mak" w t(>niplnto of the uhmk B. 
or If you luv prvtty irciod nt line« (tbat la. geomatry), you 
can do iiWAy with thi> tcnipbto : but I fitter It. milaea you 
are w.-ll tip in p)umiicr-' Kcfimptrv, onpcMJiitlly If tbo laad i» 
to bo cut-uut uu the tub- Tbo Jonuor U, or should be, 
8aua u tba slatan or tllen nroecoJ with their work. For 
teatanot, tlia apron A. tAould be put on at> toon u tho 
•Goond ooiiTM of alat« (in thb ca*« tiloa arc luL-d) ia above 
the nil. T)i« tAfk T, iji tlio fir^t thing to put on ; thi» i*, 
at should \k, 2Uti, widu, and 7in. or 9iii. lung iflott lnuf\, 
and nailed with ut lenat l^bt. t'vwn olout nails Into the 
bottom of the nil . or. if ynu ciiri. on tho batten over a 
ntftiT— lit QDv rate, it tdiould be fixed firmly. If tbo 
donner aptvn sboiild roquiro atoto than one taok, 
put moro. 



New Tiling. 

Tho tilw in Fi(r. 1,336 (in? Inid wilh luin-dnwn edgta 
into ainaU Ic^d gutter', anil .ire truly H<cret gutter*. 



Taokft. 

{AUa m Finny SJrp FlatklitSi.) 

Taolcs abould bo fixtd tor thin olam nt floabings, aprana, 
fcc ovtry 2ft. 6in. : for hip« and ridge*, orery 2ft., and (oc 
cart) le-aii the oatno. They fibould nrvar be leea than 2in. 
wide for iinrrow naabiogfi, 2^in. fnr Hep Baching. wisgN 
■nd aprona, and Sin. wide for Iiip* and ridsM, and abontd 
be out out of KtniE at kast 21b. hoarior to the foot than tba 
fiaabinga, winga, aprone. or hitM and lidgea. and lt»ft long 
f-nnugh to pmpiwly turn, to hold th^ lead and trim oft on 
ill'- Kplny. an »liown. If ymi bare thorn too Aort yon 
cnnnot gat tho proiwr powwr over tbi'm, to turn thmn tjautlr 
lip AiTainflt the edge of the lead— which in all ooaca vbould 
)« cut Oiv thiolraeai of thr Irad out ; no aa to aDow of the 
bank odg« of tW taok at T, tit bottom of ajpron. to ooin^ 
up BuHb v-itb tbf Hpron lin«. Tho taok shonld bo the '*•' 
tJiiog to turn, and after tbo work is triiniuod off at 
tho tockM should bo trimmed off, the k-ad b«anr ' 
over and cut on the aplay, or, in oihor wnr 
held nt on onglt, m an tn cat thn laclc to 
Thi* provonta jour pulUoif the matov up «< w 
wiaa. With a st^vd tiharp chip|Hag knif*. a 
tb<^ comeni, aim) on tho i^tby, an abown. 
tl^ga moke the work look flushed, and aro t 



64S 



DORHEBS, WELTB, AND BEADS. ' 




Via. i,>M. 



ItoUl to the irotlL Wben yon an taming » tack be wan 
to pull it np ^m against Uie bottom or ed^e at the load 
wUoh it ii intended to hold. Str&in it, tui it were, to get 
It tight up, keeping the lend firmly down to ita work as 
bafOre remarked. Of conrae, you most fix your taokii firmly 
and to the nearest fixing, on to a batten or otherwiw ; bnt 
if not let into the sill or other woodwork it ia likely to 
oauw a Inmp. See that it is let in, and the n&ila driven 
Into the lead in such a mannnr that there ia not half-an- 
inoh of the took to bend baok or to give war, or, in othor 
wordi, let the head of the nail oome right into the angle 
of the titok. Tacks properly put on should bold the lead 
sUff. 

There are other kinds of tacks, whioh will be described 
•■ they are required. Iiet us proceed with the dQimera. 



Dormer Aprons. 



Til* apron. Fig. 1,330, and also Figs. 1,337 and 1,338, 
dionld be the first thing to fix after the tacks. It should 
be out3ia. longer than the widtli of the wlnga, or flashings 
of the cheeks ; and if soaken. Fig. 1,334, an used, before 
the first soaker is fixed the ends of the apron, shown by 
the dotted line at H in Rg. 1,33S, should be worked down 
upon the tiles, and round the side of the cheek in such a 
manner that it is impoMdble for the water to drive back, 
auppoaing the bottom end of a soaker or cheek not to bo 
wo»ed round the front of the sill. The apron in all cases 
should turn on the sill and go np to the bead or ledge, and 
be nailed aa ahown, with, good oopper nails. It should 



also be tamed up about l^in. and n^led to tiie Jambs, as 
shown by the dote at N, takingcare to have the woodwork 
cut away to reoeive same. This part should be closely 
nailed. 

Close Mailings. 

First paint the place with some good white lead p&int ; 
then place between the lead and the wood some stiff white 
load 1 lastly nail the lead every half inch, or in some cases 
as close as you can together. If soakerti are used the ends 
of the apron need not be so long, so with the flaahing^, but 
must be long enough to receive the eoakers. Hie ends are 
in this caae worked down, and the next course or aeriee 
of alatee, bed upon the top part or worked-down comer of 
the apron. If, however, the check has fiashings, as at 
Fig. 1,360, Uien the ends of the apron fonn tackn, which 
answer to keep np the apron, and also to keep the fiasliing 
to the dteek or spandrel of the dormer. Of course this 
apron is just the same if the cheek has wings — whioh aLre 
in fact flashings. (See B, Fig. 1,337, T, Fig. 1,336.) 



CheeK. 

Domier ohe^, or spandrel of domiers. K, B, H. 
Fig. 1,337, is the cheek and flashing in one piece. It 
also goes up the gable or curb, and forms a curb lead 
under the sln*»- ' -" hy the dotted lines. The cheek 

also goes ab Uey, when the end of the valley 

is not to b a srane cases in Qothio work. 



FORMERS. WELTS. AND BEADa. 



6i8 



Th« clwck miut bo oui lam «iimig:h tD onnw round Uir 
JMnb to oonv ibt> front a( tno woDdwurk, »ii(l luug kuoukIi 
to turn l»d[ OTitr thft luiUs. vblc^ «re shown on llie right 
hmd ad« by dw dotted litwi, and farm a vcit, ithown at 
Q. n, Fig. 1,339 [to bo gpokui of praMntlj], eo aa tft 
[in>lr«t thv noil hnlm. Of eountr jou see Hut tfab chMk 
fthuuld le flied u the alaton go on, and bvfbro tfaa tbIIvj V 



T 



XS 



X 



X 



x; 



\ 



^ 



X 



X 



in flxi^d: the trvat or faw pieoo E {loiOTn ai th» "pedi- 
ment ") ia put on a(t«r tbo niSej and chi«k. It is cut 
Rufficiontly large to go nndor the nlatc* Gin. Tho nailn 
■bould b.' knpl well bade lo within Un. of the edge at Oif 
Utul, aud nee that tha ulster doM twt driv« bin nuiU witbhi 
3iii. of tLo Irvut. SoiQoUoigs tlila U-nd, E, hiui to be 
dottod. but l^ifikx bad. Of anorac! f ou wUl put a (^ood tack 



"JJl^r 



.CH{ 



AmoN 



no, ijat. 

or two to steady the botlotn. Soak»ni may b^ worltAdin 
with the sliiti* *>P to the anu-li* of tbi> gable, and tunind 
ovvT till, fiuiit (if E, R;r. 1,3J7, tbwi E, mair be niiilod aD 
round tho top, which niahoH a sound job. The lead taay 
come right down ax at K, Fiff. 1 .338, or a liu^-board can 
bi' 6xro uvfi the lead to prorcnt tho wet drirug in. Thia 
loulcB flnt-daiw, but doM not rait ail kinds of arohitactora. 



Wgtts ftnd Boodc. 

Bafors I can so luucb fartheo- with my work I find it 
important that uic rciider should tharoufiUy undctaland 
how to tam 11 wrilt. head, or worn. 

Th«M lUnstntiun*. FfjfB. 1,339, 1,310, and 1,311, ahow 



the wait in diffnrant atagia. Fig. I,3SS U tho lintplwt. 
It is obrioiu that it iji tlw lead just turned back aboat lin. 
vr so. Domier diMka are nailra lo th« Jamb* in this way, 
B, Fig. 1,342, ihowa the welt with a nafl. This ui for 

WORRINCTHEWKLT TOCCTHSR 



s) 



JNDE.R i 
& 
OVER LAPS 
BCronETURHIHC 



"F 



rin 1.311. 



3 



ria. |,M9; 



Iha wfng of flaabinga wbm fixed under slatea. ftr. If 
nailB werv fixed through th« lead thi> would v^'vf u chanM 
for tho wet to «* la. Tho object of tuming tho •-» 
cloea is ao that ma leadwork ihiill not cock ihn »' 
It ofton Hav«a thn expenw of went gnttan. IP* 
Kg. 1.3H. 

H. Fig. l,34t, nhnwfi the watt flrst [ 
H. 3. anfl Q, N.Fig. l.Jl?, omlni'iiing 
1.343 RhowB tlio anme with on extn {i 
eneA work for fiata, Ac. withowt i 
"wdtiug" or aeani roDa. D, Fi^'. l,3i«. 



DORMERS, WELTS, AND BEADS. 



au tar t donDer top ; and F, Fig. 1,344, is th« 
^ed. Fi^. 1,346 la a plain bead, aaitabia for 




.TCRTICHT 
MR FLAT* 



Fro. i,M3. 

\» ii( wiirk, Sometimefl tbis oaa be irorked tor 
Im m Ulw, hut it miiBt not be fixed to annojr tbe 



Flashings. 

These an at time* bent vith a banding machine, vhieh 
any zinc-worker in a large way of bnnoeu will show too, 
or you can form one oat of two pieces of tmed-np 
qturtering and a pair of etout hingeo in a little tima 
For anotber flat welt aee also Fig. 1,348, used on spin 
work, &c., &o. 




tia. i,S48. 

Fig. 1,349 shows » dormer having a flat top. It will be 
seen tiiat tlie cheek ia dotted witb solder. Tbeeo dotn muirt 



riNISHCD DORMERWCLTS. TURNED 





rm. I.W. 



Ww tilMW«U>i uwv ««d t» fl»ttened with the 

hs- l.1»*» >■ Mm< ■awp welt with an extra turn, 

(,.in UmU-wU* Uwl ,«■ roll, eometimee formed 



1/ 



^ 



I' IK l.llttl 




\.»il- 



ilntiHvi' Itiii . •m'l iti'TOi'W •»• vMf h» nqnlred to 
(HImhwuMm iihniHvtM . All »h«» wolW an gew- 
v<\ la Uutl, wlU« U*u atvaa-i', w«ltp» mkI malML 



be mnk in and wiped fliuh. Tbe flasbinf; is in one piece ; 
put under the cheelc without tacks to hold the oheek at ihe 
bottom, and is therefore wrongly done. The obeek on the 
left is not yet finished. This Utustrates the method of 
forming the welt, as deecribed and shown at D, Fig. 1,340, 
andF, Fig. 1,344. A, Fig. 1,347, also shows that in reality 
the cheek hangs on the topwelt; but it is quit«> as well to fix 
it with a few nails, Bee J, Fig- 1.344 ; tbis holds tbe cbeek 
up whilst tbe welt is being tamed up. It is, however, 
necessary to be careful to place the nails high enough, so 
that the welt shall well coror tbe nailn. Before beginning 
to work down the comer as at N, Fig. 1,349, that part of 
tbe welt should be out away which will be in the way of 
working down as at F ; out it right up to the jamb, l^en 
with the mallet and dummy, or bossmg stick and dummy, 
the comer must be worked down as that on the right-band 
side. It will be seen that tberetiu'nleadT, on the left-hand 
cheek, is not yet brought round the jamb ; this also shows 
the ton of the apron. The top psrt of this cheek must be 
bronght round the jamb as shown at P, C. and nailed 
before the top is worked down, and it rouct also be nailed 
and then turned as at F, C, N. This welt is described at 
A, Fig. 1,339; the same should turn ov r the nails about 
l^in. to Uin., and as straight as a hae and pnnierly 
trimmed off nice and tirauhl. You see now how lo finish 
this Irind of dormer, t>»- '-* -- nans to another kind. 
Fig. 1,3W.— Th: «o the oheeka separate 



DORMEBS, WFXT8. AND P-KAT^S. 



Oil, 



J. C C^ 



1\ 



HC/^O 






\tf£A. 



/ 



/ 



V 



H 



>t 



30R 



T4 



o 



z 



z 



o 

'"/■ J ' / ' I 



:x< 



Klu. l.M'. 



r o ^ 



ff 



SCALE, ^' 



no. 1,SH. 

from thn UmIutikh luit witb thoir proper tncka Kt E. F, H. 
'ITic Uip ie only lakcn or wtiltod <ir tonuNl down ivrwr tho 
KidiM— the Uttrr in thL* ooitc. Tie front iu.-U a« a Iioad or 
ah«lt«r tu Uie tluor, uul tiio top is ammivd down by uijr 



tnebh>i>i nf aoMetingf litem w Kt J, 
uui] nl^o sectionallr •bown in Figa. 
t.JS2 aDd l,3S3. Yva see flnl » 
groove ia cut io tb« bop, then a pi«oo 
of Iwu1.W,Rk. l,3fil, or P, Kff. 1, 3fl2. 
is dlOMod iuio «ame nnd touIm dowo 
uAt N, N. T1ii« It dcoie beforv thn 
top \» put on. Next the top ii pnt on 
ttid tlus worked down into tha gnoTC. 
Th«n rut nway tlie ttip 1«Kd m flbmrtt 
at 3)t, H. and ttliave pamo together 
irith ^e Ssed liad iit boUoni. Thi« 
nil], wbcn Ktldrre't, hold onp to tlw 
itther, and <A L-oimtu prevent tlw top 
ririnir. J, Fiff. 1,380 b tho aolder, 
and K, ^ aouing. L«t tke aoUiar 
be ntMsly done quite flat. Hie ddea 
ur ch««lie of tlic dormer are tnuoh 
morri riuiy to do tiii* war, Imt take 
moro lead. If tliejr are dona ui ibia 
atyifl jrun iniuit be meful to hsvo 
pimty uf tackii at the bottom of 
Han ibedu, atic] wcli dotted. 



Solder Dotting. 

(S«-S. S,S. FiK. 1,349.) 

^>i» U ratJmr an uniiurianl part, 
and can ebould be toaeu in omng 
sane. Ton motX not plaoo tfaom India- 
enmtl^, for if vou do moat likelj it will 
be ibe caa»t> of tlu' Wd buckling in all 
dUteotiosa, or riptiioff itaeU int» long- 
slIlM. At other times it will .mly b* 
wiuA^of iJnionndiMlditr to put dots ' 
I liuvm nflcn m^h dot* put on «' 

not Tcqnln^d, and at utlwr tiinw, uut on wb* 

Soulb (udt* require lh<?ni mow than the 

ni-oount irf the sun'- rnj* phyine np^u tl» 

bla always wo snalli-T pteoee ofkod un • 



646 



POKMEBS. WELTS. AKD BEADS. 




Fm. IfiU. 




to what joQ ilo on tba norili i<i(I<!ii of l^uOdloira, mpecioll; 
on spin work. 

Tn« pmpr-r way t*> do thU work in to fint. mjo ih** thkk-J 
nmH u( yuur iKiaJda. See tbul. thtjy nm tfaiuk ctMU^b tc 
drive your naiU or iioreiirs, tte 1att«r U« tio bi«t, into willi-i 
out nviiitit tbruuffli. If tliP bcurdu urn to9iliiD iIiad blc 



'L< toSliyp 





fio. 1^: 



no. l,siB. 

thnai ut tht! biick l>y nailing a WoeV at the \MJik t€ tlie dot. 
TIjH iiHiial nze of llie dot* an irom ^iin. to ^^i»., «nnk or 
^iskriJ dgwD into tho board kbout |ln. The 1^ k dnncd 
<ir wnrkM down Into thin dlab. Kdlod and duiTm], tlioii take 
twi) mhaII clr.iit nail.i, imd nail the Ic-iul thctvi. "St-Tit, roks 
two or tlutw ((ooci counlentuiik ualU and drive ihiiii iiitu 



dio lU)^ Kt sn imgle. or on thi* iplay nnts waj oit tiio othrr. 
Dn not dHve thria hound, bnt loav* room for tbe Holder to 
niu TTxjiiii the biiadii. Of couno, wn that the hcods will 
ti«t Ktnnil <ir project ton high above the dsdi board. 8um«- 
iimm tinrvvro luid ttniwd pLatee «n uaed. Drill a bnlo 
thno^li a penny and tin «un«. I hare givon tlww bum 
for the dobi : but »oin«tiBfia jrtvu may nqniro to put them 
un thrtw LinicK thiN mm* nnd stniiiftli. "niedoEueDf St. 
I'lml's. London, dotH are sia. aurora and 2ia. doopL The 
•oldcrioir is done when upright In^ tptoahing it on with a 
BpJanh Aliek (in nttaui parta tbia ia Known ai apitllng ; th» 
splsnh «tji;k u then cmllnd a in)itt4<rj, but bcfgire yoa can 
Kpliuh rnnr motal on, you tilioiild iix a pieeo of board about 
2in. below the dot to catoh the inelaL Of coMnw yon can 
do tbia twenty diSeitint ways, with propa or otberwiMv. 
Fig. 1,361 ia a donner gvin^ up thw nraf to tuw about 



Round Top Dormers. 

Roimd toy donnen or omanw&tal domieni. Fiff. 1,3M. 
Thin u an omunental donner, the <tb««k of whioh mav 
be ■• any of tfaoM doMsibad. dthnr with soolwrs, or wilk . 
flaahlngs. The roAotte la made from oaaUnm, or ent 
and bent to auitable ihapea, afterwarda aolderod tosethir.'' 
If yun cant thrni, ciMt thgm in the flunk dfvrriWl in 
Fijfit. 16, 10, and 17. Almost any plantomr will sujiply 
you with n gv>od oontrc llower, whidi will make a tint-ret» 
tOrtftU-. Th'fMliflii lilt port rif thi* dvirTncT In work, in the 
toj>. \Vlwu thfiM in a roll uu il you intuiL fimt im:1 up ynuj 
and«r«Ioak D, lum it down flat bn«k on th« lend, tbm i 
place tlio lead on top nnd in its plaoo, tlmn iriih th^ (him l 
wad|^, dummy maliet, aiid dr M iitr, w<irk IIil- turn- up urtirl 
the top of tbe loll, and nail it thi»«, of oouno, working thai 






I 



x\ 



\ 



2 



rv 



iXI 



ri 



n 



□3 



^^ 



133 



I 



w 



^r^ 



■v-^ 



V V v^ 



rrrT \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \i 



no. MM. 



1h« ridging ■■ at WmO, and when mcfa ia tha com 
it w lwtt«r to owry up the TOP lead to the ridge, at 

tJin bit of ilatinir (i not worth tbu Iniilder'a thongbt. 
Thirt flran' bI^ illn.<ttrateti the top workt^ down mm) mt, 
TDondm at V, W. n-nd »boMi» how tb« *latiii(; nhuuld 
Htpesr at V, cbould it bo ilated. It alao illa*tnit«a the 
lU^ roll and taoki. 



part orar tha «n)d of th« roll. After thin, lake tli« ov^ 
piom, B, kod work tbiR (be nme .way. ScnnotitiMa ** 
be beet b> work the roll over a picoo of roll on lb<t ' 
and ukc it up and hend the lead the irrt- 
deao-ibed in working it for Uw under oln 
w<ird>, i-eiiil the Iip^ to the ^ape of tbs ( 
the lull it fonncd. But 1 dim't like the ^ 



DORMEBS, WELTS, AKD BEADS. 




Ourb L«ail. 

Tlitt in fCcnenlljrpDL on a* dinwn at US, Vig. 1,S6B ; miiA 
fur tho tilpa m« A, B, F, Fig. 1,S&9. 



Watei* Grove- 

Vig. I,S;S9 lUoRtntafl • wnur gnrc or otuiM Itv i-nrb 
Iflad work: it u«Im> suitable for gutta fljuhitiK k^uih up 
rmb. M Nt B, Fig. t,3Dl. Yoa «» tb* lewd in tb» gron, 
Fig. ),1M, at A. ia ibo nndvr lap. and vxtendi tu tbr 




wA^oi CROC cum 



no- t.BHi. 

itnlti^d Hn"* F. K. IN thf ril^ nl jrr<^v. unti T. tht' t4f k, 
whitlj ulioiUd be formt^l wilb tlio btittuitii iiIkii uf tliv uriilet 
lap (iiImi caUod tho under ■.■Ignk). olhvrwitio if ii Mipamto 
ta«k is onplo^ad yuu will havu tliri;t> Uii'knunM.-^ uf luid 
hfov and nnr if a gutt<v ia tbero. Tou b^. if tbo vitbtr- 
gniv* ia nsod. that it u itnpcuMble for the w<a to gr^ in u 
ft mua down tha oentm of tbo griirn, ur frum A, to I), but 
cannot rlw tip to F. Of cuuno tliia ta iil«u a little whra 
the liliniK is nnjiihcd, but not to hurt. li rou do not Uku 
thiA, tbm i(iu> a wett, Fig-. l.i'lt'J. lint tbc-ii IhrsUliT or tiler 
will be apt tu KTuwI, ua it ooclts ItU ttl4il«i ur liloa. 



MwttMi. Tbtiw alatiw uume to llui cdfp; line of jrour lead, 
ttiCTvfoiv voQ mnnt turn itgi tliiii *dK« a* tmc aa a line^ 
Curb loaif ia gvnenUf cut u Ift. Itvgtb^ and nuuk to ko 




yia. i,3ai. 

tmdar tba aUtw 6in., aiul 6in. aDowed to overhang thi* 
tdatca, wftU HCi'iircd witb taclu ani] gocd nalia. The IomI 
^uuld bu filed i>V(.T a Jiii. Bpringiing, as ibAWD ml S* Tig. 




PM. 1.300. 



^ 



AbnlS&WSak'ol auna at 8. B, Fijr- 1-301. wfairA 

'Mhinn a rAirb lead ovtr a iriiitcr Now K-l ui eismin* Kljr- 

,366. Aifaan yuu n-c at U, tbu unds of tlui alutw am Ui 



UtOl, tn block np tho hottmn of tbe first muim of hUIm. 
IHte lead ia i^cniGTallr lina) down tbi? c«iitn>, itiid ««-t up 
abaip to the asgia of tba ourb, and tbnn put tnlu ilc place 




DORMERS, WIXTS. AND BEADS. 



efii 



SoiBB ourtM hmTO a B0««^ or coU, aa at A, Fip. 1.3S0. 
When thU la Uio oiuw yon nhquJd faavti Ihc carh lc<i^ in twi> 
pi«oaa, K& febuvcu. CURB LEAD, Fip. 1,361, liut not to ga 
under tha roll, bnt luuled m |wr dutted lino B, K, FSg. 
1,360 : lod u* H rulo the bottuiu apron or ftiuibin^ » cat to 
aa ontuneiital patbvn. rallnl M-^llop wnrk. Fl(^. t,.iei! ia 
m niu[l« patlom. rut tir G»t striking: the two lines A. 13, 
and RtHn tlw rrolnw (itii«r ther ham be«fi aquaDjr dividiid) 
Blrike the half citvlm. tiutv. with a carpenter's ohia«l cut 
oat th« nqoan point*. Cut tbi^ u a pattern, then if joa 
nh'iulil rMiuiro n h(-ttcT or mon' AraanipniiHl aprnn nr Aanh- 
iii(^ tuke riR. 1.3(13 unci jilaoe the astr or iafo^'d pntti-ni 
tuidvr tlio half roosd. u per akutch ; keep uii« pt^nts A, to 



or othar ciu-b coTerins:, aa at B ; next cut the under liud 
for thft tortui roll an al I). H(iin«tiRi(4 it i« rut to uuly K" 
up to about F ; at uLliur Luuoa il ia cut to g(> up to K. Tlw 
curb b«mg slatod or ]«axl«d over, let the i-urb leud O, and 
tb« DDderlead D, be nailed on, um iit ia this caw Vi'm. to 
the onrb beam H, as shown at >fA[L. Put in pli-nty of 
utKid stout nails. The uiid»r kaii D, will tht-u be lian^UR 
ouwn ovnr the curb limd. Next Iiavn t.h" torn* rriH nailin. 
epibpd. or icrewcd ou to tho curb beain, tm nhown at 
SPIEE : then ton up th« undfrr liiad D. tight round tho 
bottom of tho toru.* n<ll, H, luid nroprrl; nutl tlir tnp 
edm, u ahown at <I, and nop olT Um sharp ■.■!]);« t-A thw 
load, as shown at J. Aftor this, fU eome tsoka to bold 




ri«. X.M1. 



I 
I 




rw. ijea. 



ootne between the half circW aa ahovn. Sometimca thaao 
Sashiiwa or enrb leada are ornamented with roacttea, w at 
F, P, Piff. 1,300. Thow a»it na weight- to hten the work 
dowD : of coiinx.- thoy are caat or worked by hand— tvt}' 
liimple. In fixing the scallDji work yon cnnnot wdl luw 
tnrh>, and tliin i« nnc rcnoon for ita hat, iu it doea not riae 
with lh« h'-:it iif Uit> nuit. T)ia tui> Or over cloak hon to bo 
bent over ihc uwiug, and work«f und^r aa "howo at B, 
fig. 1,»80. You muat irtii nail (beauteto do thia wpnrely) 
the v^allcip work aa ahnwn by tho dots (of cimrito not 
thr»uf.rli till' ov-eroloak), and ta«k tho otit cloak dnwn with 
g^HxI KtT'jnB' tnrka, not morn tlian ISin. to ISin, apart. Do 



(uriituluDd work th« ends and mitrm of the nomnjt ■harp 

L awful job to have anytblnjf Ui do with 

thi« after the acstfToldtaff la down. Cantian.— Don't for^ 



and true, an it ia an i 



to use pltuty of , aay, l^ln. stout Dailti. and plenty of uail 
rwnn, pay, lia. to l}in. at least frum tho edge of the lead. 
SonetiinoB thia noninp haa a out crftiting atuok on the top 
of it to wuwer na a enow ^uard. It is quite ah well to aae 
oopper taclta on theao noaingit, aa they are tliu and do not 
ippoar bulky. 

To PUB Roils. 

Time roUa reqalr<? Ihv plumher'e oonaideration hoforo he 
atunptu to ravcT them with Iffiid, for if the Ivnil work ia 
uol [jruprrly done, when thfi roof work fa beln|f cxocoted, it 
will mrixt likely be the canan of the re-«notioa ei the 
auifloldio^ at a very oonsadnrablc rxpnoM. The bewt 
method to oorcr nuch rolls is as diuwii at Fi)f. l.S'it. 
Tint decide as to tho d«pth uf oarb lead to covw cha ilatM 



down the top lend at K, and nrocsfd to fix the top 1ra<I at 
U, taking narr t<, ui>o plenty of naiLi at K, ucd to pniiurly 
di«as down tho Intd (ruly and tiffht over tho note of th« 
torua Toll. Aftrr tliio, turn Bad trim off thr tacla. 

Somrtimw yyu will bo called npon to aokliw down the 
h>ad K, of the torui) roll. Wbni sm^h is the caao, well 
sink into th« woodwork and aton|r the fitnit <idg<> of the 
roll, MT i-vwy 2ft , ri*,, IJb. of soldering out of ov«t 
2ft. ran of tho roll, and itmku tho sohlraing stnmg enough 
for tha work, viz., for a 12in. roll ; hit the aoldcr bo ^m. 
wide and lin. il^'p. rtrnK'nilicr mm arp tiot to use naila, 
aa the top lead haa only to Im i»l[]<.>Ted to thfl nndaa* lead, 
MpBually 00 tho south aide of the luUdlntr 

I may say that tliu daaa of work ia uaM nn l!irgx> tunvta, 
Bptrea. and anoh like nlaoea ; and wh«re eaat aliMt lead ia 
iiMcH, and (impor'aiit) pnprrty cast, tUa U the very beat 
clam uf pliunbent* ruol work for laatiiw. 

If fiUtea or tilea am to be nacd tin ue main mof , then a 
pimo of aprin^? ahoold be used under the tup lead at or 
about Qi but if li«d ia to U) uapd Rx tlie lead as diown 
with plenty of lap. 

Tlie toniH rvll ahoirn is found at Lothbnry Chunh, 
City, of which Sir Chriatophrrr Wrm waa thm ari-hitcct. 
and ia doubtloaa an old ae the ohurch itaelf. yet in n prrfn't 
alatn «f rapair. Tho wonder ia, how the baildera an^ 
Bwdeni plumbms have maua|{ed to Inare it then). I m 
tiuA Btmio of then ar« looUag up the (rood atoot old ca 
I«ad from oA theee City dmrehai lately, or dfdnv what 
oall ringiBg the changea, and {ntrodnung naillaa lead, 
lead got out of a frame, u rough, or rottun, and paran* 
tlie aauda of Uoodwin ; in bet, to taf knowledge, wH 



DORMKRS, WKHTS, Ktm BEADS. 



663 




Via. IVX'- 




initLds und ouUide almoKpboHc (fMOi. ThU, a* bofcre 
irtatod, ie gf tba utmost tiDp(trtann>, thouirh wrj amplr 
offonted. Fimt. hnw tho water srrrtvw na shown nl 1. 
Tbiiy .iliiinlil Ik' i-ut ■I'lwii ut leant (in. tnid I|ui. vriilu.; 
tliMt tfx vniir lend Hbntit. Itn. over tli« iiuidv uoe of tite 
curb, iin^ F^tick n ■'^'jipcr nnil in it her? cud theru Just to 
hold it In it^ plhfio, and «(i1di-r ovrr Uin )u»ds wtth a oapper 
Ut. If 7t>u plnce n ■incrlo wolt. A. Fic- 1.33D. under tho 
fointji, ax nt K. M. J'. I', it will ho hU t-h.it iH mjuirrd. 
Nsitt, witli Uii' iiiallr.'t, »r uiiillct and 1x»«iiiir Mivk, work tlio 
laid down into ths witct groroi. If joa haw a nmad 



ho-miiK BtJrk thin will work it iitwn lru», that is, by 
utrikinK '* "" tlic Isu-k with iho mallet. Trim off tho 
ttBcliiiiK* an bIiowti, Mid th.> joh will bi- a good nnr- Next, 
j«tt ihi! (Mirpcntur b^.jiut <'" tlin tni> or lantrrn. Tig. I,36G. 
This ahould bp hL>dd<^ with wliita iwid *!■ th<' four mraem. 
Ml nuLrkM ftt K, M. N. 0. ThJ* i» -"Ii'-tv tin- iiaik or 
n»TWR are put for lwrpi>iiijr it dnwti tJti the curb. Afl«r 
thie talte a pii-w of j-imh board otul plntv it <tn lli'r lead 
innde of Unt^rn, and with the dm»««>r, tlrvm up Um lead 
to ilii» inw* of wood- Thja will io»e you a rtand-ap edge 
of (in. ; or M jrou do not TwiniTt? the space of Jin. l»tiTO»«n 
th>> lr«d iiiid inaidc of lont/m, thi.Ti At> 
not uae tb« piveaof wood. Sotni-timea 
— and it in much tJiobwtplan— tJu> ourb 
ia an inch or m wider Uuut the bottom 
of ' laiit'.'ni, and ' aOEOfittmOK too botlMB 
nf IjintwTi iuiH a nil on aanw.- Ci-mTatlr, 
wliun tbo )(bi«>i in In a (Taiiu! mailv to 
open, joa will then rtquire llie l«d 
^tt<^r for ivitideiuBtiini w«tcr, to be on 
the oill in lien of tha 
i-iirb, and in mnm 
tsuirH, both whtm llw 
load in on the ^11, It 
ia nsuol Iw cut llio 
Uitlnin of thv frnnxt 
fiir lh*i> ttdter x'"'*'- 
Yig. i.sm Hhoiild 
ha VI; 1i;iid llii.'>bii)tp) 
li] oomo up, and alao 
fiimi a KUttn arid 
be nailed to tho 
(t'lttid . linMt SA 
niJirltfid nt A, A. 
Thin 'lead ahniild hn 
Korkad over the di'lea 
of tho ^ B, B, and bronitht ov«r th« flatitiiaf;, £, E. 
Fi^. 1.346. bat tho taclot for same miut h« s^Ued on 
the Mil. D. Pig. l,M6. and tatcr caro not to atop tho 
way of wntvr (tTi>rc!t. 1, FiiC- l.^RS. Thi! roll «bniild 
be wircniil with twtd to cimt- ovw lln- ({laMi nbout lui., 
and liK«l witb Ic-id h'ifloil tiailih or ns < bat you 
oan. (See Rid({« Rolls.) Of ixnirse. when yon brin^ the 
1U«hing» lip to form a gntWr. an iu Fig. 1.36S. the trurb, 
Tiff- 1,365. tiawN not iilwnya. require thr tnrn<np Inad, F; 
hut the RasfainR on B, Fig. 1 ,300, ooven tbu hwd B, 
Wig. 1.3». 



1,>0& 



651 



FLATS AND SEAM ROLLS. 



FLATS AND SEAM KOLLS. 



Lead Quttera and Flats. 

All Ind gnttos ahould be at least of 6tb. to Tib. sheet 
lead, and 71b. to lOlb. vould be a far better job. The 
angles ox oomen Bbonld be boaaed up, tmd the dripa worked 
down 2tn. into a receptacle ttKh as a rain water head or 
oeasTKM^ as shown at H, Tig. 1,367. 

H, is the bottom of oemool, with the rain water pipe 
■olderad into the bottom, lliis oeflspool teoeives the water 
fruin the gatter», ice. V, is the head of gntter, and O, the 
base or tread. 

When Kutten are pot in to receire the water bmn slates, 
it is nsoalto fix the tom-np of the lead 9ia. up the roof, 
or from the bottom of the gutter ap onder the iilat«)>, and to 
proride and fix s (eatber-ed« itpringing 4jin. from the 
bottom (rf the gntter, to tilt uw bottom of tbr l^rst row ti 
alatea. 

Quttera for Lead Flats. 

Ilie gntter O, Fig. 1,367, should have at least a 2in. 
stand-up edge. E, which in turned down into a rebato, and 
nailed there with Itin. cluut nailtt, as nhown at F. Hie 
tum-np at N, and abo againut the wall, shoold be at least 
6in. to 8in., with bo«ed-up coraen at the head. 



to be uriginajlf 12in. wide, then, if wv make it 3ft. wide. 
this alteration hringa the bajs right. If. h o weryy. this a 
not practicable, peniapa the ^umber can pot the b^s in 
in two lengths, having another drip in the eenlt«. Another 
rea«)n whj the bays should not be 12ft. is that thisaise 
doea not snit the cutting out of the lead, as the dwet. being 
30ft. long, will onlf cut two, and leave apaecse 5ft. or 6ft. 
square. Another waj to get onr this difficoltj is to pat a 
baf at the head of the others, cfueawiae, and farai^ the held 
of the baf 8 A, B, C, to finish, or '* bntt op " against the 
head baj. Of course this bead bajmost not exceed the 
length of the others, and should hare aae side tamed Uf 
against the brickwork, the other being worked down orer 
the drip and orer the head part of the tolla. 

lie width of a flat is eiamlj got orer. RzsiitianeeeaMir 
to see the width of sheets. Saj they are 7ft. sfaeeta, anil 
that the width of fiat is 33ft Here are twdn haja, and 
the workman can make his lead come in Tery welt with 
>Jin. or preferably 2in. rolls for the under doak. Itahoald 
1« turned up 2^m. The oto- cloak wHl la qpir a Sia. for 
working and trimming; this wiU leave a good mmrgm, and 
allow the bars to be 2ft. Sin. in the dear. Saj tka &rt is 
33ft. in width, the sheet being 7ft. The tatter, dividBdiato 
halres. gires 3ft. 6in.. out of which 9in. aniaqoirBd lir 
rolls, which leaves 2ft. Sin. If 33fL are divided 1^ 2(k. tin., 
this goea twelve times iho niunber of the h^s. But then 



/.--y- 


\f y eo/'/wc 


V 

J 


//^^ 








im^ 


'11- 


' '. ^ . ^ 


■ ■ 1 ■■ t-^■^" 1 


rf T-J^ C f< 


-^"O^j— 


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Wi 




A 


JF-fJ 


ilj mmmm^ 


BPLABK LVII' 




^^i/5 fTI 


tj" 


--'5 


s 


J p 1 


*W^m^^m 






* ' * (L / 1 


"/ " 




c 


tJ 7^ 








^--s 



Pni.l.3VT. 



» 



"--'^' 



Lead Flats Arranging. 



367 be examined, it will be seen that there art 

B. C, carhhavinga2in. roll with splash lap. 

-» this flat to be 12ft. from the head to the 

too long for a bay if expowrd to the nun ; 

Hirfi.then. Wo can therefore try and shorten 

r^er gntter, O. If we suppose tho gutter 



)H Homethinf? elw vet to allow fur ; this is Uie faaaa ef &■ 
roll, which it. generaUr lin. ; therefore the lead has ' 
turned up another inch lees, so that ]2in. wiU be gsf 
the twplre bavH. and also 3in. ou each bay tum-op 
the wall, making in all ISin. Then, innft^ml of l^ 
the bajn 2ft. 9in.. they may be turned up 2f* 
cut* to waste, but it cannot be very well -- 
uiiing u smaller roll and leas tum-uf 



FLATS i^D BlEkK ROLLS, 



ass 



pnu;ticBbIe (O wotlc % bujr Ittm. Thio U oftnn done, tn & 
pacrifirn of guud iM^rk ; bul »hr>ii]d iK<t bti tiniir iiiMin jititr 
meouuut, li the plutiiUr ]i.i]ip<-tu to bo KLiurt ul lui iuch 
eiUier ut ttio bcw ur eidiy oi the bft^a. agsiiui u-hIU, Uw 
(lif!ir.n1t.y may bo got uv«r bj* fixing a faMtiivr-cd^Dd buord 
aKxiusl ihu waU. li in notr n Imd plan U> divide U^ flst into 
about ihr* witltb MiiUble fur the lead, nud ihtti have tbo 
n>ll« bvTvd fur tho iinils kod cat to tlM 9xii^ Itm^u, buL 
nnt fiitud. Tli'7 can thso bo ahJftvd au liiub 4r au sIUhit 
wiiy. luid tliuTi oailod doirn I7 Ihi- plumber. 



i 


SPLASH UP ' \ 


! ■ ■ 




/ (.- 



p" ^' ,' 




/ 






Khom Uie imder i:lo«k wcO ororkod into tbc angle (bat not 

Ml lu ti> nit tbn Wd in two, ymt <aui wuHc It alutrp witiioiit 

\Ium), auJ K^>tuif lip U» ih" Wp (if the ivll m at V. v\u-tv it in 

nsped oft so ift iioC K' I'Mirp a Hd;ro ur mnrk iu iJw f >p of 

IhR nvnr clnitk. 'J'ti<' notlnxl (if nailing the uodor clonk tu 

the mil lit C, in :iL«> nhMwii in ibi- liKuiv. and tbi^ mtftbod of 

wiirkiii)^ tltn ovt.T dmk nvnr tint loniliir i:IiK>k, iind funning 

tbu vpluab lap uk at F. Thia Hi'Unh lap is of {fn>ut uw, ■• 

it prerenta the rain from reb-^undintr niul gettiniif tu iho 

nlui», ar oeer titr 'nil, v*pr<iially in nm^b wither: H aim 

anawun tu> « kind of r^irdcr or xtay to ktvf Iho 

over olosk boiu sprininn).; up in nut ireaUher ; 

in btot, ita tuc mnnut be dlti]ici>iind with in iv#m/ 

trunk. Fig. I,:iail u the roll tuniMl withont the 

■plaab Up, whkib i» (ixiffMw" wwk. Sec Ry, 

l.87tf (or tiwj '-'vil otferln. 

Havinir Livrjthing complrte. th« wrimuui 
firat unrolls ttia fint bar, niLi) tncivniiwi the 
tiirn-np ug«in)it thn wnlf. Sbuuld th<> fall of 
the iniltvr run in « lino with t}>» jnintu of llu' 
bdflkwDrk, the lowvr end <rf thi- atuiul-nit l*f«l 
choaM bo ait. mi that it wiU run panUt-l with 
tbn brickwinlc juiutA. Thin «nv>-n a ntm in ihi! 
flftJiinrf, 8» fnnu S, tn N, Fig. I ,:i87. Now imiiji 
vour uhalk line to tliw. Nexi mivwir* fur ilm 
iini-npnt tlw head of tiic Im; agninirt wnll at 
N. P. ko Xotiit.—Thi* id Jin "Vbt oloiik bay, 
iiiil, thiivfor*. htal to Ax. Nt'it. with tins nilo 
■r l>'vel, th* angk* of the w«lln iihanU bir titkim, 
ill'! l/.i thif next ntnp the turn-up line ofi thp 
lii-.id uf th^ )>ay. Hot't likely this lino nill Ixj 
' ' wjiuuv. lint don't ti^mbl^ iiboiit thuc, t«it 
: I. Um- wilt line aDnppcil 1 that i». tlip under 
.': line) la exactly aquniv with th^i hoiui lino. 
I'luH will brinp all tbo otbvr bnyx truo and 
?<ijiiar«<. Ilni-ing mArkMl out thie briy. brfoni 
Kwing furtl«T it i> neeewivry f" ■"» If thi;rft ih 
Ivii^tii enough; if not, nn ini^b inuHt >Kr taken 
oS thp luMid. I u]-«iiyv likii t<i hnvc 2lin., nnd 
near nhi>ut w-hi*o the Wnk L'Ointv. at llie iindi-r 



rTAK 



■ / 

) 



■ i : 




• 'if'vGk/f eZ 



' ^ /^ f- 

S > y f 



) 
/ 



L, 



- iniixirtaitt that 
\,.t U&lpa* Ihn ajiapt! 



!■'»!, I.J71I. 
'I. < tid of roll, 3in. to fnnn a tack, oa abown 
II, Thid tank boliU thf ovtr doalc from 
j'l.i^iiitraw.ty, Whi'n the )hiu'I faiw hem majVod 
111 '.'Tit (t'iii. up sffnini't wall and 21n. fu' under 
h.iik), 't Ah*iutd be ptUlM np ngniniit a pwM <A 
juiirtt'riug. nnd tvt in. Xcxt '.hi* ciiniia' fur wnll 
-liniild ho UuiMtd or wnrltpd up ih]iuiiv. *s NbovD 
It 1" T 1.. 1.1IT0. Affrwnrfd dm canuir ffir 
ii|. ,..|i I . iild bcboH-fyi up, asahiyirn. It will 
f ,-. ii tti<i<. thfi rol' M lYinnd : thurfffope, thr It-wil 
-III 111 1.1 hIki Ij« worki'd up nmml nn nt A. Imt imly 
the ■2iiy hitrh. 'ITii* "tiotild Ik* diitio by wurlt iiii; 
it with the tuola, and tbui offering n Nliort pjeoe 
of roll, Pip. 1.374, up afcalnHt ilio wnrk nntii the plumliCT 
get* it (rt the ^bapc roquirod. In Ihia caw- it in mrt nconwar}- 
tti ifitnn put T). Stmrttnuta it will bi> iii^!ot^<iHary for you tu 
wvrk j-our liiv* with tufu ovr rtuakB, n thing not recou- 
tnend<xi, but if iiocewily drive* for it 'hm work tfiia ore*- 
idonk ax I'hou'n at Fig 1 ^1 1 . T1ii> )lm' for this ia when two 
<>liualH:i»areRt wi>Hc<niua«ruuf w<'irkinglowardjicn''li ntharn 



6BA 



FLATS AND SEAM BOLLS. 



Raking Out Joints. 

The nsxt Hun^ U to pat tluB bay intA its place, but before 
tiuB is done the joint oi tbe brickwork should be veil laked 
out at IfiOflt llin. for reoeiving the flashing. Itis important 
diat tliis is aone before the lead ia laid, aa the grit ia the 
mortar getting under the lead soon works faol^ into the 
lead. 

Joint Rakers. 

Hub IB done with a joint raker made to the shape of a 
timber-dog, &e., or, in oUier words, it is a piece of ateet 
abont ISin, lung, and pointed, and then turned ronnd to a 
right angle, or square. The peirt which is to rake the joint 
nhonld be hardened, and not too thick to go info the joint. 
Its length is about Sin., leaviDg 15in. for the handle. All 
this length of handle is reqnir^ for some joints. Some get 
the joint out with the tang of a large flle bent ronnd. 
Theee make good joint-hooka. Others get them out with a 
hammer and chisel hj placing the point of the thin chisel 
against the joint, and striking the cMsel's aide dose to the 
point, or, Bar.^an.infh orsoawsy.. When the mortar is 
very hud it has 'to' Mont out with the hammer and chisel. 
For stone or gauged brickwork it is ont b; those who cut 
the bricks, &c. llieTe is nearly always a bother about who 
is to do this job. It really bdongs to the bricklayer or 
mason. 

Having the bay. now in its place, tab the roll, and if yon 
require the ends to stand np square to the flat, of oouiao 
have thean cut square; b^t if ron should feel a little 
indisposed for work, cat the end on the splay as at D, 
Fig, 1,381. When nailing down the rolla, bor« the holes in 



the roll, say, every 12in. apart ; then take «ome 4in. 
and nail the roll No. 1 down closely, knocking the i 




Fio. 1.3T1. 
Ught up ^^ainst the side of the under cloak, aa ahow 
^Fig. 1,37-2. 




Kio. \,^i 



FLATS AND SEAM ROI.r.fi. 



ft67 



N«xt ffA toilio bead of thn \»y atitt put down the rtinwir 
Bgnirut the wall, iui ul B, Fig. I.:i"3; *nd gn u1i>ii|j; tlu.- 
Bo^le of Ihc ttirtfup and lay Ulu iluwn alng. Stick a luii 




*1U. I,,».i 



Into lbs rib tsd fate tt* brickwork, u at L, Vig. 1,37S, or 
turn a luA aa diowii' st K, to keep it down mid from 
Dg, luid woik down tLc hc*a of tfa« roU u ikt J. 



y^j 



y«ct vrork tliv drip duws, u ftt A. C. fi. Fig. 1,J"2, ao 
yon would n fitter or olijnmoj-drip, as fullowH : — Knock 
tbv nun or dnp [Mirt nf tlui Imd down tiriit, m At B : ttii-n 
work till! lead from B. tomid* P, aiid from P, tu C At tbw 
wune time work tbe load ■ little, not too miicli, down tnva 
about A, tawanlM C, no u not to ctruin any v^n too muek ; 
in taet, if you haro any idea of stmiLln^ It, work wmo 
more from alioiit Q, ttjwnrda B. P, 0, nml thi^ corner in 
■tuwn. Next tak» tlu) roll nudiir I'iimk. ojt at K, kiuxtk tite 
roll wtdl tip afcatniit tbc lead ^foro nailing it, aa is very 
well iOmiwii at A, Z, Fi^. 1.373. Noxt nitil tJio roll down 
and diYiw thA lead down into the angle : nest knot^k the top 
«d}TB oTVt the roll, as at F, D, C, aJao a« at L, Fife. 1.3T2, 
fram heail to foot ; then work th« top or bead of lltu hay 
down and qvlt the end of ihi- roll, to look tike that at the 
b&ad of bay or nbout thi! pinnc M. Fig. 1 ,367. Thia look* 
wrll down (alfin aro I>. Fig. 1.3(18). Next take the raap 
and ra«p (ifl thn idiarp odjfv of the lead, aa shown at C. 
Fig. 1,36N, and nail It overy 9in.. nsalaoabown in tlii^iaTni- 
Sgiirt. bIm on roll at L. FIs. 1,37'i. Xt-xl work the under 
doak rgttnd the end of tho flrat roll, as at K. in th« dotted 
liniw, Fig. 1,372. Nptt ivthnovor cJonk hay. llkUiaaat 
out fluincwhat JiffoKnl to the Isnt. 

In thi? flret plaue, wt< hava uo brick wall for tbs sides to 
Kwt a^Aiiwt. We mu't now have niRident atnff for an 
(i»er diuk. lAtok at H. J, FiR. 1,570. Hore jtiu see the 
tliiiiff roquir^i). F, K, ia the under eloak, to be tanad up 
2in. or bo. and worliwl (bollowcd for the roll) aa por dDtt«d 
linea B, D, ainiilar to the flntt hny : and the dtatanoe from 
E, lo A, ttuft widUl of bay, miut Lo the same as before. But 
tha OTV cloak ia, of ootuan, longrr. Tbcn, aR'ai-Q, it Bbonld 
be worked a* near to thi> nhapu nn poWblc (wiUiout Apmiding 
nnfl Btw i i ry tbne), as shown at A, B, J, K (but ko^ the 
ooraeni ronnded). 'Hii" i« done, u» boforo dr^'ribcil. \ij 
woricitiir 4he lead to thn uluipc, and <itti>n offurinff a .'Jicrt 
iiliKV of roll to tt»t the rij(bt alinpi- and het^ht. Nav^r )f«4 
■ *"n hiitb, or to ezfHwd the hLiicht ify it ^tuirter of an inoh. 



Havlag worked Uie enA to Uw BMeaMiry ihape, put tlM 
bay into ita place a* ht^on, and ihm nail down the roll 
No. i. a« nhowu at T NJJEB CLOAK, l-'ig. 1 ,372. Soppoao 
that thofinrt bay in Uid, nnd mil No. 1 linivbntl an a pnttnmt 
and th&t yon aro about bar >'u. 3. Fir»l lay or work down 
fchebcad itf theaDder cku, TU.,asab«wnat B, Pig. 1,367. 
Next with yodr dnwer Mkd manet, oome down tbr roll, 
settinw the lead in, and naD or taok the teadwiirk round thr 
end £, and knock down the drip at J. Next aou that the 
over oioafc aagla of the lead ia weU down on tho boardii 
bvwn head to ^t. Now get a Mrut, or huldrr, made bo ftt 
in the buttont of the rolla aa ihowD at holder. Fig. 1.373. 
TUa is boat mado a little abortw, •ay Jin., Bncl wedged 
ti^UyChan. Thia bold* the lead down ftmly to the bowda, 
sod piwnmla it aptingtng np. See that the under doak 
vdgo i* raaped off. Next place a piece of qnartering along 
the over doak angle of thv bay ; then you and ymir raatfl 
puah over the over rioak oit well an ymi can. Keep tlM 
qoarlcring there, ynu KtitI kne«Jing upon it. and mth a 
abort piece of roU, Fig. 1,374, or an nnown in it» place at 




no. 1,171. 



O, Fig. 1,372, which la lay ISin. long, with the anba 
taken oft. and the large luuaiQ«r (a pi tanbur'* large bamuur 
ahould weigh at teaat 2)lb.], knock th? I«ad Into a hollow, 
na ■hi.wn ut B, the labourer Infilling the edge of the oree 
floak from »pringing np, aa iihown nl H. D, STICK. With 
this tool go tram witUn 9iu of tho bead to Uic foot, aftw 
whioh tue &e dull bonibi.vin drcaticr and go from top to 
Luttutn (of fonr«c nnt tiio nrar the.ti^p) onli) von liaT« 
wnrki?d it down. Neit pliuw the plate (a piece of flat ■tsel 
Wn. long, 3iii. wide, or ■ point of a miw] undnr the over 
Dloiik, and take the dull chaae-wedgee and polnta and 
mallets nod work down the over eloefctat the head of the 
rntl, in much about the aamc way an yon would a driii. 
Work it dotm tiY flmt bending down* the tum-np I', 
Fig. 1,367. or J, K. Fig. l,3T;i, >nd atretob it on thn top 
Hge, from about Q, Fig. 1 .3«T. au as to ^low the lead to 
gt> wall down Into tho angle, md oomplcto the aantc to look 
M ftliQwn at M. B, P. T. Itcmfmber this, let Iba load b« 
thJoker h«f«.> ibuo nnv other part uf tfa« hny, hm tbiaui wli4>re 
tinkers spoil thu Im. 

Nut I'-t us work the end of the rail I. Fig. 1,372. First 
HHu that the ntrnt ia within about Hn. of the r'lidof the lead, 
or, say. Gin. from the end of the drip, and wcdirwl firmly 
up. 0«t 'on your knes ami pull up thn eud of the over 
doak from ^ tu R. Next cake arasOL-tof liHtuly.aixv, tny 
Oin. linig and 2)in. over at the largwt imd. Voit then h^gin 
woridng away aa quirklr aa Ton uiii sll roiini) tli4> top part of 
the toU, not towJiink' titc wlKe, u"ii^ >'"" have Kot it down, 
say. lin. cqaally in every ^lart. holding tho short dnauny 
iindair tbf Imd to ^uvvent pnckering, but dcn't get 
hamnieriug the diinuny, tij tlun your lead iiki' gnldiUaf. 
Keep on at thia until it is nearly down. Thia will csi-ao 
the molecnles of lead to fly awny in uU ditvctioos. The 
q uiukcT yoii work this the bettor it goea down. It muitt bo 
trimm^Otr ntraigbtt and the tack left on the under doak 
nod thou turned and tritumed off aa abnwn at D. The way 
U< trim off the lead ts shown at P, Fig 1.373, and D. 
Fig, 1,372, is bow the end should appear when finished. 

Whun IriinmiiiK "" the itplaiih lap. cut the top and an at 
J, Fiif 1.3*3, a little on tin 'play. any 'Im. fnrni the angl« 
tuwitrds the roll. Alao cut Ihe turii<up on the HpLay or out 
of thfe upright, the top part leaning over as dtuwu aA IL, 



FLATS AKD SEAM BOLLS. 



« A* o^Mt. I hare eomnd scTenl diaidkM wimn I 
l«iv bMB « ag a«td to i»-eart the lead. I «leo did tli« 
ynuw ptxtiuB of ^e yatiooal Omller; for M c wia . Jackson 
Md Skav. Uw wvU-knowB baiUen and oontractoi^ uid 
■Ik> Ik Tictam Towv at the Houaes of Putiuixnt, 
Ma^ foRBHi of phunben to its c«Mnlcd buQder, 
Tu., Mu Jay : ud the dutgiam now befora yoo, 
Tt)r. 1.377. w cncnnd from an aoounta dnwing of on* 
Mit of m jobdoasbrinjarif many T«»i»«go at St. Martin's* 
m iki Twit. Lomlon. and is a maaterpiaoe of lead laTing. 
Tht mttfiKriag is too simple to requite aoj further 

AU plaeta like oorBofal nuiih ohnndi above n{en«d to, 
ifcowld lecein gnat eara mat Hu woA be doae in not 
too hfgt pieoM, with pkn^ol tvka and otbn- fiziaga. 



8*&m Rolls. 

Then IB not nodt •«•» roll wotk dene nowadara. I 
■hould not b» doing my dotr to let thia be an exeiue lor mj 
nniitiny to if\rt mj Tvader oinotiotw to do such work. 

FurSauo. 

8Mun*,aityou know, antwupieeeeofleadpattofethwax 
at Fig. 1.348 ; and altliovgh iumc may rUioule the tdv* of 
putting twi> bay* togethwltkv thia, nenrthvleMi ant^ w«k 
wtobv^iund: and iuw*lvod the teetf>rhun<,lndaof^va». 
But r(>memb>>r with Dttch anuna the nof tw Sat nquim a 
g(>«id Um ; aay t«M> in Iva w five : ahhouah I have mwa 
thia oUaa i4 walk with my UtIW (ill, ob»1b tweoty, aad 
yet aouwl. 



•tftM'Up Slngl* 6Mmt. 

t>V t-S'K platnly rfuiwa an oM method of making the 
jitlnla iif bH,va watt^mmf. aatl alth*>ugh the m<^«*« work- 
man uuty laugh at tht> idt<K, it in i«m whieh ia aiM|il» and 
Kiww«>t« lht> purtooV' Of MMinw lh«> vdge of lhi^ u»dar 
oliiak iwi \v netttitowu l\\ tuiitiag tM'k* on the boaidx and 




MmHwif tht'W u)> «tlK H luVM t>v«>r etrntly «> *)>«>«« at 
N, tl v<«r«< M»)i iMkon h> M lKi> In\>4 Mmih t«t«> thi> Amw 
KwM. 'rhvw nrv hmu> w V *«> <'i%«it^ lh1^ h**d t<r f.it<t %tf 
ikU *MM. whtvh ¥r* «ill W^v h* the ju<ilf«MM>t «4 the 



Stand-up DouMa Tumad 8aam. 
Ky. 1.379 ia mndi Ae aame aa Fig. 1,378, ezoept diat 
m thia ng. 1,379 the nnder okak haa an extza torn at Q. 
Hon ia a nal good bay Joint and a seam that will widi- 



/^^ 




Fia. MTS. 

atand any atonn or even a fiieman's hoae if the water be 
allowed to run away, and, coaaidering the azoellant drawing 
you han of thia, it woold be waste of tima to say mca« 
about it. 

Saar.i Roll. 

Tbe seam roD ia at timea turned hollow witii only one 
Twll. but what I prefer to make ia that Ulostnted at 
f*ig. 1.380, and ia nothing much mon than Vig. 1. 379 
with an extn turn or ao, and thia ia all that need be 
aaid about it. 




Fib. i,nix 

It is iMsd for cast lead jobs on choidi or other reofa 
nquirinc firat-daas work. Any quantity of tacka oan be 
used wiOi moA. and should be uaed beely. 

I thould s^y that the roQs oan be turned wiHi a dresser 
and maDet, or yeu oan get a blacksmith to make a pair of 
tu^ps wjtt Ae jaws aooat 6in. long, to assist in taming 
onr AsnUk 

TW htad of tta toll, via. (the bead of the hay when 
againat a vraD, in.) should be on the under, and part of tbe 
OTsr daak ent awa^ when working over tbe roll. Also cut 
all v^va dtm'l nqum away for the end of the roll, but as a 
tuW Ihr tnSs an left simp^ knocked or bent over tho ourb 
tw !<|wii^[inf irithout a lot of finishing off. 

l)«o«sally esam roUa finish on the topof a roof, aa at Y, 
Fig. 1.377. Hints for the roll enda :--Tbe first or second 
TMi do, yua had bstter fill the roll up with some pieces of 
UkI (\<M>d up. or by cutting a few blocks the size of hole, 
i^mt |in. kag. am fiUisg up the bole with the same, 
vNkUtd " slaflnc " or " cra mmin g " ; but when this kind 
ttf wv(k i> rtqumd you soarody ever want the ends worked 
d^vwu, whkk is fbr allowing expansion ot oontnction 
nk>n fmJy than doss worked n^. 



ji 



UIPB AND IIID0K8. 



661 



HTPS AND RIDGES. 



(JkttttFif. 1,303. 1,310, l,3U,»-di^fhfotM«TF>sMr*$iawi»fIfip,<iHilBiast4.) 



Hips and Ridging. 

Fife- I ,^81 illuittratM the end rd b roof, bavtBjE: the hips 
B, E and D, H i^vered vith lekd. It «Uo iihoun tho riilK'' 
R, mv<!t«d «iU) lead, and tbo rail of hip* inii.TM.-vtinK tlio 
ridirf mil. but lh« whole t^ivrrcd with toe fisiftl N. 

The finTthiJ at coriiriuff the» purw i« m IoUow* : — Firrt 
Tun want lo Imow th« abape nC too roll* and bow tbejr kra 
ftzed. Thoy abould bu oa round w poidble^ mUi aboat 



to go oyv TtAl, and allow 7m. on euh aide to go over tiw 
datoa. Place thU irtnip orvr and loand tlia rol), as tfaoogh 

you wcfv about to forar Nuae, m flboam at the cod of tbo 
■fitimi, Kig, 1,389. Band tll0l«*delowiiitu th»iiu^1c«,aii>I 
mark it va mxii ajdo aa Nhown at F, E. Thou meaaure oO 
(im. on ctub rida, aa at H, J, Fi^. \,3li2, for tho winya 
Thta tako tha iMd off and etraighten it out. D, ja where 

J'<m marked in thr angim. ThU in the di»tatii'« fur your 
ead to go round roll. ^VIth the euipa {mt tho four uickt 




}]n. phuutd fittt harm, ud at Imut 2lo. rolb- I( from 30ft. 
lu lufU hiffh they nhould 1« laMfor, say 6iii. for SQft. in 
hiiiisht, 'Vh<y bt-st plnn in to luufthA rnlln on the apex of 
roor, no ttnt the hottom will come jnrt flunh with the top of 
the Hiatal a« ^own at A. Tift. 1,384. By rcf«miiK to tig. 
1,^91, Ton will hoe Cbo roil fiiod vitlihuliiiaMt. called rtdge 
roll BpucM. aa at P. The one end iit driren into the roll, ue 
other intn tht> woodwork H. The ooda an gmcndl/ cut to 
• Tsrtloal litiv. 



Gaugei. 

Rariog thn mlU ritrhl. make a gan^ (nee Tig. 1,392) a* 
*~n»wii ; — Take a alrup uf lead 3in, widi^. about lb* Ivnglh 



in, aaat F, T). Nut divide thcvMt ta marliiiaKAtB, and put 
tbeeetwo nick* in •• «hnini, Thi« ia foryoiir rentr« IJnv. 
Next meaaure off the nlcka or natobw trc>m O, to J, 6is.. 



BsHEL$3GCI3a 



Pio. I. at. 



and put tho two nlcbt In an idiown. Abo nicanuro off 6iu. 
ua the otbor ndo Croni F, to II. ThlH in jour fptu^. Tho 
bcHt way to out oat this lead i» cTuaaway a of tho ahaat — 



«63 



HIPS AND RIDGES. 



II 



RlDfrE LEAD MARKED OUT 



WIN9 



CENT RE LINE 



E 
B 



WINC- 



II 



Fia. 1,383. 



that is, in abont 7ft. lengths. They should be out at leant 
lilt, wider for trimmings off, and for the tacka as at TACE, 
Fig. 1,390. The Fig. 1,383 ahovn the method of lining 
ont same. A, B is the centra line, which should be soribed 
or aoratehed on with a straight-edge and round-pointed 
bradawl. D, E the angle lines. If yon have a great 
qnantify of these to mark oat, it is be^ to have a gauge 



TUfTNED UP & SET I N 



^. 



Kio. 1,384. 

made with a piece of quartmng just the width, and be- 
tween the lines D, E. if, H, Fig. 1,383, and K. Fig. 1,384. 
Then yon oan do with two gauge-marks. If so, you need 
not nse the chalk line at all, but soribe all the lines as shown 
at B, D, Fig. 1,383, the centre line B, then D, E, 1,8,G. 
If jou do not wish to trim the edges off, after they are put 
on the rolls, you may then scribe the two outside lines 1,8, 



ki 



HOLLOW'D 



Fig. 1,3^ 

and oat straps off, leaving aboDt Sin. to form the tacks as at 
H, Fig. 1,383, and B, Fig. 1,387. Then take the gauge, 
and scratch the lines D, E, Fig. 1,383. Keep the gauge 
still and kneel upon it, and pull both sides up an at Fig. 
1,364. Bet these angles in sharp, and smiare the sides true 
as shown. This is done by dressing tbem up with the 
dreaser. Next tnm the taoks on one aide, and tarn the 



length on its edges, ss shown at Fi^. 1,38S. Take the short 
piece of roll, Fig. 1,386, placing this roll on the back of the 




Via. 1,386. 



lead as at E, Fig. 1,385. Strike it with the large hammer 
to sink it from one end to the other, as at Fig. 1,385. Tbai 




Fro. 1,387. 



drenn ap the angles tme and turn itoTCf, nsatFig. I,u87, 
and push over the wings a.<i Hhown at H. H,1,H. 



HIPS AND RIDGES. 



668 



PUTIN& THE 
RIDGE LEAD 
ON ROLL J 




Via. 1,388. 



TaokB. 

Ton have doit seen how to oat out, irark up, and set np 
the lead for hips and rid^ea. Kext, let ob Sje th« same, 
bat befoie we can do this it will be necoMoiy to doMiibe 
the taoke. (See TACK, Fig-. 1,381, and TACK, Tig. 1,390, 
radalaoFig. 1,38ft, whkh shows ihe method of fixing them 



ISin. apart, and tamed ap ti^t to dip the lead win^ aa 
shown at I, J, but be sore nut to braak your date* in 
tarning. A good [dau is to poah np voor " ^te " between 
the slatee and lead to hammer apon during the toning of 
the tack, or a stout piece of zinc will answer the poipoee. 
(See plato.) If 70a look at Fig. 1,3SS oaiefully, joa wfll 



I 




no. 1,38a 



to the woodwork, B.) These tacks are cut aboat 2in. longer 
th«n the wings — namely, Sin. long, and from Slin. to 3in. 
wide, and should be of stout lead. They are fixed about 



see that if the \eea in pat properly mnnd the roll and well 
tacked np, that it cniinot more. The ends of theae tacka 
shoald be cut tm the splay and the corners cut off, aa shown 



mi 



niPS AXn RIDGES. 



at TACK, Fiff. I,3M. HsvtDK tluim hU riffht, Irt ns noxt 
Mv dWui putUng « {iteoe of Ind on. But uvt jm ohwiLd. 
If Kqnired, bive a pxid duck Uddi^r up ihf eUlm Ui wulk 
upon. ThuinVTentA ihti tm*kiag of the alaUw, Mid will 
tw wf er for tn« workmeD. 



>° 



>' 



LMii<' 



<» J 



,>> 



no. I.SM. 



Duok Utddei>. 

This u msdv b^ Dniliuir somo short pieces of irood, uy 
nlatlii^ battoi, ap a j^xil xcafiolfl or rh inch boanl. aaj- 
evny lOJii. ttjiort. llrrt.' you }ikvc soniL-lJuatf L> walk nn. 
Yoo mciitt. fix it VI )M>at ynii nan, nfu<n hj tj&^ a aoaffold* 
eofd to the Uddur. Iheo drivLi);); N"ina Inrgr naile into thn 
ridg«: or 71W can luil * strap of lead to Ih" r<tll un>l oIbu to 
the Udder — tho VOwf w^ uuwer m one of iLa tuckii. 



Fixing Hips and Ridgea. 

Bl^tapI'mU jniu- nm. und your iacIu AxmI fnry 
IBIa. It^^M Qwrt. nod to miU Ihr Il-h^Im. take th« pdM« 
(if Imd, hU ttt Fiff. I,3H&, ftud luuk out for tho oithIii] lioe, 
wlii«b Ih U> bo fixed in tlie centro of the roll, put a ItUok- 
land penuil line (mw dot on top of the roll, Fi^. I,3IJU}, 
all ftloDg lY'll-nrntiiT, and now u joar oontro lino to it. 
Ton bKVB it ill ilH place, M at Fig. 1,398, biiF il ilun't lit 
there. Hak^ it, im f<>l!uwii : — The nut« holding onn ond ou 
roll (IcTt thv iuul« uatvli hold nbout Stn. frooi tiiG end), 
y<ju t&k« the other, and tou lift your ond np, mty, flin, 
oS thu rol], U)«n kuintr >t nown two or thmr tiimw. Your 
cud in iiuw uearlj liuwu , l«t yoitr nuilr du tikewiite; bat 
du uot hold it hn1f>wiiy iloim tKi.> limgth of thv load, cittcb 
hold 3io. from the ond. FinAllj- put the (vtitrc of your 
I l«nd ou t&e centre Uiiu uf roll, an ahowii at H, Fie. 1 ,3Bt4 ; 
(let jour mate also do thi«. Next ■•« if you iiave lap 
^•do^kIi, On. or m ; and now vtiok h noil or twu in Uie 
>VBd«r dloak to preretit it monn^: next opou rour handti 
hoth of you. and both ut onoc piveMinji; fiquuily on each 
wing", piiah it down upon thu alatni ; th« unglni will 
tlifiiL Ko hoiui'. No«t, with d ui'-W boiwood drpwier ami 
I a&Uet. or hammer, ahoM ur tuck thu augle tiptit in on 
Mfih udo. yonr rnitt^' kropinp thn KMun fimin ffprin^ng. 
Thia i« now ma lu-r duiw I'nt* Fiff. I.;(H9); uuil tiirn up 
your t&okii, aa shown nt T. J, Fiff. 1,!)90. Tou havi> now 
your bottom Ivngtb oii ; nuxt nitil it thoroughly nmnd thi> 
•op or mder ciauk, oapocially if It Ih a aMep-pitohcd mof. 
In aoaae caaea tou wiiut n copper tack, a atnp of oupper, 
ijin. to 2in. wiae, not loo thiok, atii nailed on <jmtre of 



roll to bold op Om boUun part of the lead, M^Nnally for 
raeb SI tbgee goiaig up the augleaof a curb not. Vwu 
lutvo. nay. tbe boCton lua)^ now fixed ready for ihr mkI 
to be worked down, whirli yon do aa yoo did tJx oiuls of 
raofa on fiata. You will now reqntie a plate lor r'"™g 
nndar tbo pvta of lead daated ao that you eao dnw tlw 
dent* out, slthoagk iho wood or bciokirork at back voaj 
be raaj*h or hoUow. It ta also used lo pUee hrtw««n tlu> 
^ondor cloak and over cloak of drip comet* or enda of roDa 
whilat they uv batng worfcad down ; loocb the top «de vS 
the v3»i» over, as the lead allpa better on this sDOOth and 
harasarfaco. 



Working down Roll Enda- 

If rcqninKl, take yonr ptabc aud work down th* end of 
the roll, plaoe tlut fuate unAor tbe winut ami with th<> nmoll 
mallet aat to and work the eud down with quick and lifbl 
tape. Work it very ercn and mKKith, eancttnea tuiug 
the dummy to prevent it puekorin^ . Eecp awny from the 
ania ol the roll until it i» down. Practice away at Ihia iu 
theiltoip, Ac., OM followv: — ^Take npteon of l«adabiint lain. 
wide, turned up tv the iihape, baTingfoor naila stuck in the 
outer edjfe* and uito tho floor. Wcrk away in yonr aparf 
time, Niy an hour in the evening. Fracti<y any ttin(> yoa 
ean ^t n ohaitce. Tou can nlway* gtit a piMV all nuw £wd 
for a pieoe of old for ihia purpoee. Praodee marklDg and 
vuttinif out oD Ftiff brown paper, or with Itnea oa the floor. 
Hariti^' vtrrknl down the roll pretty near hot nragMy, lake 
and Muooth it up aa well aayou can with the MaalXborwoud 
drnuier, and Wre thn arrisM square and to th? shape of the 
f-bd of tlie roll, u« tlluntrated at A, D, FiK. 1,381. Having 

dthie hafflii on take another Ungth. place it over the 
, and give it 4in. to fnn. lap, and txy on np the walL 
TtuN «fnd pieau should bn wktIctU up, ^y. 2in., to go agaioat 
the ridgg or wall, and turn it into the joint, or aa abown at 
V, Fig. 1,316. Of coiurso, yuu want to cut this to tbe 
«bnpc, and bend It np before you attempt to fix it. 



Intersection, op Top Pieces. 

Thow) are nmnly cut to the angln, by fiiwt takmtf thr 
fi[it,'1t'4 villi thi! bfvd, and th« capping pieoe waAsuoTtT 
[IS a fiiiiah. (Sew Fig. 1,381, ftc) 



Capping Piece. 

Thia ia put nn aa aliowu at K, Fi^. 1,310, &«. Ita aluipe 
may bo nhtained by cnivfully marking out ronr 1«id and 
workintf it tu near about thu rijfht MSPe. nUvr which put 
it on thu roll and-biuup it down witb eaay duba on tbe 
rnll. and alsn partially work tlip ti>ad round the parta of the 
liipA. Next, take it uS itii> luU or lift up the rapping end, 
and with your mallot and diuniuy, work jt tu oa neer the 
Khiapc na you con ; thtn put it into ita place and agaht 
dub it down. Thia is aoinetim«a called honcdng, bnmpmK. 
or dubbing the work down aocordingto the oountiy, but 
K<-tu'rully wv »ay honotng when we make the worii on 
bloolai; Bometimea called hlooking, such aa bloddng np 
heads, Ax. When yon have it nrarly down, take the dull 
i-hnae wedg«« and tool* and work it duwn Hud trim it oil, aa 
*hi>wn at Fig. 1,310, niao turn th« tack as tihnwii at O, 
FiK. 1,381. Tli<^ Fitf. I. SSI sln>w« yon how ui Hnish theae 
rollij on a parapLt. UT otlier iruttJT. Fig. 1,1191 iUnMnttMl 
n ridge roll KzL-d with i^ikoA sharped at both ends, whiofa 
keep thu ■ ~ oA the ro^ I oannot aajr that I 



nr.. 1.MI. 



Uko tiiH ijd mothod of fixinfr the rolK Th» idr» w t-i (c' 
niorv iiii(ii>r hnld ul ihf roll whicli is riii'lB i|aili' rrjiind. 
OrarraSly Oiu taekfi (^> riarht fmni nDi> mtU tn uiu utber, U8 
■b«wii bj tfae doUod lines E, ftod nailnl on U. 



Pig. I,39n inuRlratM tho riAge n>U 1«d m it rhonld 
upixmr UfMip the alitt^n finuOind. 
8e« <iltK> ng9. t,303, 1,310. 1,311 ud 1,313, te. 



VALLEYS. 



VaUey* rnkj be Mum at nearly aU the dormera rach lui ftt 
FitfK. 1,330, 1,3M, fto. Tbe litogiU of iMd MhouU bo 7ft. 
off the widtb ol ah«et. uid uuvw eioeed Sfi. or 9ft. in 
longtb, as tbe tan plikjrd upon tbem. 



for a man to valk up withont trending on tbe ndff^ of 
tli« oUtnt. KroRt l.ho luijfli* »t M, tii (Jin bnltotn nf "jirinfrinj?, 
should be at luant Sla. vtuih viAe, and liosi tb« tup 'd t3]e 
Fpringintr at O. to the top edge at the kail, anotlier Ain., M 




fM. i.saa. 



Fiff. 1,302 fihom thft vbJIcit and ■prhi^ng', E, F. -nritli 
rtie (pad work. A, B. !>, K. H, lot in "harp imd linij>b«d ; 

It al»i> aliuvN thu nniliiiK, om at X, X, X, X. X. Th9 
Soii«ral irldtb far vaUcys should be at Iwut widu onuugh 



that tho ivqaired iridth of l>«d ilMnld ba SO 
aoRW plaov job may reqtiiro HUt. under tbe 
fanoar i» llic loaet I would nllow fur a gtw. 
Somotimea th«y nin much iridor. 



606 



VALLEYS. 



There are nmnj liifleiviit meihodA of ikying leftd in 
valleys. Oue way is to simply set one line down the centre 
nf the lead, and set it np to about the angle of the valley. 
Fnt it in its plaoe, and with a ^eoe of quartering placed 
juat under the springing, as at C, Fig. 1,362, poll up the lead 
Koain and then press it back, and no bend the lead into its 
puoe, after which take the hammer and dresser and set it 
in middling sharp, at the same time flattening the top of 
the lead jost at the arris of the springing. U you do it 
thia way, do one side at a time and nail tt. Do not spoil 
it by making it too sharp. The proper way is to flrxt line 
out the lead, marking the oentxe line flrat as shown at 
U, N, Fiff. 1,393, then set np the side as at £, L, tfaeu 
lay yoor lead into the gange or mould. Fig. 1,394, which 
is made the exact sice or width of the ralley between 
springing and angle If, Fig. 1,392, and with two pieoee of 
Biningiag nailed tHuallal upon tlie soaflold, then place the 
tnrnM-np lead, Yig. 1,393, in same, and placing a pieoe 
of boatd about the thiAness uf the springing down in the 
lead, kneel upon same, and turn it (the lead} over the 
springing and drees orer the arrises to the shape of tem- 
plate, gange, or mould. This is easy and makes good 



of the lead go far enough to trim off in a line with the 
bottom edge of the slates or tiles, and if in Ootfaic dormer 
work, let the same stick out true with the slates or tiles, 




Via. l,SWi. 




Fig. 1,304. 

work, and the lead looks as that in Fig. 1,395. After I because in this work the slates or tiles ftenemlly— or should 
tins, set it up in the centre to the angle of valley boards ] —project about 2iin, over the dormer cheek, and the end 
and drop it into its place. See ^t the lead goes up fiin. ' of the valley would look odd if worked down as shown at 




Firt. l.SO.'i. 



Mbore.the top ol the Bpringmg, and that the over cloak 

*^ piere pat in) goen well over the undar oloaik, 

•tF, t^of dormer, Fig. 1,336, Let the bottom 



A, in the samo fitmre. Ol courM, all other kinds of archi- 
twAoiaV dormon Rhonld have the ends of the valleys worked 
down w d«iwn.iA"S.,Tvx. X^S.-^?!. 



LOUVRE AND OTHER VENTELAnmS. TUIUIKTS. Sl'IRES, DOMKS, ETC. 067 



LOUVKE AND OTIIKN. VKN riLATOR.S. TUKUETii, -SriKKS. 

DQiMKS, ETC. 



Louvre vantllatopa, Fig. 1.396. 

In tbiB fiffuro j-ou will i"» n Ivt of \vtid work, Trhidi 
will l*n Imth inniruetlve nod useful. Thi» U n Iouttc 
TealllAtor. whit'h ia, lUt Iha u.-irnc implim. iimm! ftt iho 
Ixinrni I'alari'. FruiOP, Wid u miiUibte (or pJiUCf liV" over 
jv kiMMin. Ifiiiinirr, thoatra, or otber pliujn r"iiiiriinc mirh 
uti apimtalw. 'ftiia on* tne '.iitircly oin^nid wiili Sllw. 
lft»d by mytmlf unmB ymm ftgo. It waa doue as follows :— 
l-'ir^t the hip It-ud A. wsa pnt on ^dcwrihrd iinilrr %hf. 
hn^ditig, IlipH nnil Kidgvn'l, them the fltwJunK C.B, D,Z, 
whii-'h giiLv up iiml over tlio nlll nr ciirh. Thin MinuM hn 
proporlv WorkM up tho otud ua ahowii "by tlin imiU nt 2. 
Vr^xt the Ktndd an linHl And tlia load is proptTlv wurli<>d 
into tho groove* tat th« luuvre hoonla, an nt 1', Thij" Ii-iul 
oomcw tlown thii inside andovvr the> tum-up of tlt>- flH^biiiif. 
M at B, S; alco otot tho top* of the htp rolln. It i*l-.> 
goce Up under tho Hotel Igm, u sbown at U. Next fix 



flxod witli lead or comwr Tedgfrn driwD into nr between 
thn ffinovn and boarna «t thl^ top. Next cotct thv top, 
tiiark or Mt it oat w hLowh, or ue ytm lik«, 

8nnu>liiimt 70U uon ronrert Iiuitt^nM into fin4-raio v(ni> 
tiliitijni. m lu to answer buth purpoM-^i. For iiiaMnc«> il 
Fi|f. 1,366 ho tnnilc, Bay, fiin. targtrr all ninnd ihaa tho hasa' 
t'ifir. 1.3iU, and kopt up, «ay, Siti. or *u, whi«h inaj bo ilooa 
hy [ilucuiK two boams aoron the curb, tho mils of vbioh 
Bruf^tnrt. thf Untitn. or by ni«ini' thr knt<-.n» any other 
n-ny mid fisLiug wonlhcr-brMrdaonB, Fig. ),J(iri— ofoounw, 
with floahiag* to coivr <ianw. 



Ventilator Pipe* and Pttohod Roof InlorsiKitionB. 

Till' rrgidfT will thnn «e« hnw lo make and aoTCr ■ •qm 
I'l^itilntur, but therv i» iLtirrthrr whiuh ia ofton flxM ura»^ 
tl» nMfe. Tfaia is tbo ruond one, or air pipe, um 1 







I I \ \ \ 




Vm. 1,39B. 



tiift liDtrl lend Uko yon did the curb lead, and nail it on 

tfin uf curb iiIhivk the arri?. Tnlto thin lintel lead jin. 
lielnw rlio hntliim '*( lintel Mul turn :i IhiuI, iw at Injf. 
1.1115. Lvt till' tMTii "( thi- bt-ail he UiriiKtl Dutwur<iH, mm 
tho ft-ntrr runnintr ijuwu thia flies over tho lourn- boardb 
with u kind ■•( f<prtng nr hound, ottproiaily when it ii^ 
nuniti]; viTry fant. 1( you Uku, yon ran oonTCTt tJua bead 
intn H, kind of gutter by indreaaing it* ata, as nt A, 
Fitf. 1.34'. 

Ki>xL, lino or oovor and flx the Inurre board. Thia in 
nil you have lu do:— HavB Ibtin all liilcd, but be cartful 
111 lm%-t^ th(^ pnn>«r allowanci; nuilc for Ihr rxtni Itmgtli 
aod tfaiokntw anvr ihoy nre Unt4 with li-ad. Ttiuy are 



cannot pnon thia nTinatinc>d. as it if* an exoellcnt rTobltmi 
in ontUng out fihM'C Itaal: nnd hnw many plunibcrH are 
thrrf imt i>f ri )h>wn to be found «ii«blr ■>( wnrkinj^ rami.- 
)^-'.iai«lri<«Jly ? Miiwi thaii JliU, bnw in«iiy frin-iricn or 
dcrka of Wfirkn arc> thno out of u htindivd wb<.> oui do it P 
IttnA barJt on Pt^. 1,301 ; hvn< vn have a rctitilator ifoi'"' 
ihniuifb till! Hidf of a t*oL Thin abowa that Ibc hole 
tho apron mnst be of a diffcmnt ahapn to tlwt of u nu 
circle. Nnw. soppoM) your Tonlihitor to be, »ay, 18in. 
2ft. in dianM>tiv, your apron ehould 1%, mr, 6tn. larirvrthi 
tfaia all riHind. and in atniM numi thi» rtvwsJA "W ■«»«• 
lh« Inn, (M iwtbt Vi «tt -wt^ xwArt ^c* *.«ftv». '*^ ^ 
wot ii p^-dhwl nJL wi w"^* « ^** *>»*• ^-^^^^ ** *^ 



668 LOUVRE AND OTHKR VENTILATOBS, TURRETS. SPIRES. DOMES, ETC. 




ili-vrribMl nt Y, O niitt H. 7.. Fi^ 1,397: hen tou havo 
K. O for your too! line, .and A. B, Y. Z the riac of Uw 
viMitilntor or air pipe. Ymi bftvc here « pipn <t rirlindir 
nut Ht Ui angle (ir iiklujut'lr, and bjr no cultuift il juu at 
oiiiw ohtain ui rlti|«t-, mid a touiiJ or cuds etil in th« 
ouna cannot be expected to fit the tiyliiukr Rt tfai* nn^h-. 
1a» hring the fot^t. we ^Ll. jant fur thf 8ak# irf pneitce, 
f^> ^''^'I'^'^'^.v ^ wurlt imd cut tli^ lead to fit tbo 
vMttilstor «aart1r. FirKt. luij ttin huwi of vcntilaloT ia to 
bt 3ft. onrr, aiiil the njiTDii ur fUvliUifTH round tlila to be 
6Ld. all round, thin iduIm^s :ift one vny ; but thie abw 
piM« of Imd is no xut lo ut. Wo want » nueb lar{;«' 

Iijpni'. Opon ■ ahcet or it pieol^ of Wd large «tuNi}rh, and 
irot »t out the Mze of th« ventilator, •* ahown at 
A, B, 7.. Y, FiK- I,3ff7. then with yviir 'bvvvl take the 
pit^'h of tho niuf. M, 0, and the ptrrpendloitlar Una of 
1 iiililatur, Y. Uark thla on ronr \«aA — that is. 4n« tht 
tingle nr roof linr, H, O. Nrxt, yoii muA hmre a half 
plan, F, of lh« vvutllitUir, On (bio plan dr»« the liiM 
C. L, wbifib miiHt lie dinded into aiiv uiimbsr of equal 
parta, aa at C, D, (i, II. 1, J. K. U. thin draw ibe Unea 
C, D, O, H, 1, J. K pimiUiJ tu thu Mdea of the cylittder 
to cut the roof line M, O, as at N, V. Ikr, Nrxt you want 
the rqwute linp« Q, S, &c. Y<<u r<r<i thuw Unea am agnue 
b) till- n>if line, and cutting; the points or enda of the Unaa 
C, t), O, H, I, J. K at the root linr V, N, ite ; next OD 
thi.'w Hqiuirc' lini<H you ohtain the ahajw reqoirKd ^ 
m4!tt!>UTiiif; t>9 th^ phm Ihii dUtauoe betvrcMi the poiiit oi 
line K to the half irirole point 2 : thia will hv your diabuion'l 
im n(]iiare U&e fmm :t t<> 4^ nnd from 3 to 6. Then, agnin 
irii'Knure the dlatani'ii frunt \3aial J to point b : ntoaaure or 
f^ thi« distanoe nlac tm ihr xqii^rv lin'? 7 to B, and alao 
from point 7 to point 9. Go nil' round the half plan in 
this v-iy, and then iTom the point 10 to 6, S, and tram the 
p'int 10 to 4. 9, K. ^. &o., draw ibo curve line 10, A, H, 
S, T, I'i, Q, R, kc, tuid thb> will t<e the euiut allipae or 



1 



fiu. !,»;. 



I 1 ? 3 • J (, 7 e s '0 " 'J 'J M ts 

IT' \ h 


















,<■ 


. 
7 


'" 


' T— > - 


^ 


.J' 


1 



>^-'^'" 



rju. LSii. 



J 



LOUVRE AND OTflER VENTUjATORS, TURRETS. SPIRES, DOifES. ETC. 669 



lit fnr tbe plcre of load or apron whetrln tli« ventilator 

•rnnds. Kowifyon rf<(}uiK- n liini-up of. My, 3iti. orliii., 

jruti niiiHl. go round thi' ituidn ui tar. i>11i]BP, imd if Bin. 

»r« r«(|uinii to Imj' od tbi^ •XaU; tb<>ii of ouorw mark tk!* 

abo with tkt) comiNWM'B iind uutaido of thu >'vntitnt('r lino. 

, BuppTHki you bave tbc nt>r<in woHcmI up and lisnd, nnd 

kjfo> Kqiiin> tlio pii<c or rcutiUlor to Htatid orrr t.bL< tiinml- 

<np v^fp. Uiut ut to Hif, to tormtnntd on the roof for ttie 

^.vnnUhitinu of a HmQiry ur tmwlioaw, fte. ; tbwi you 

. , i«qaire to cat your lend to fit irithoot gueaa yrotk, and Ui 

HtAnd pcr(«'tly apri^ht with the roof. Thin i« very **«y 

to di) iritli a pi£«c oi pi)', fur tltnii yon may cut it to tlu' 

DUlre ifith IV xiLw iii a Kimiinr nunnar to that dMortbed Id 

Uitri! TtliH'k. l-'itr-- I)!I. IC3, &c. But, bovri-TiT, we du 

not Vint tliin KltiU iii worlL An the Tcntilaloi in 3tL in 

diamoU'r, <>r pcrhafM ift.. wfl have to cnt the lead exact, 

wliich may br duiM- an follon-ii:— - 

L«t A, B, Y. Z b« tli4> nixo of the ventilalur. Haviritf 
■larked tliia out oii rame lead or t>thi<rvriH< km lioforv in 
Flff. 1.397. takft the angl« or jiitAh of tlio ntnf, rnlloJ tlip 
"rotrfliuo" (»« Fig-. 1.^9H; . m*st Htrikc tlm plan of 
vvntUator i.'.. and bo very ptvticular abont the puinlo. 
Ttnw the liuv D, J, O, which may ba, if you liu, tl»' 
hoi];bt of your s-oiiLilatfir or otherwiM. N<'xt tltvldo tho 
ptnii a* tihowii, fmiii 1 to 16 iiito auv nuiiib>-r of eijual 
purti^; Llintu;;li IhcMi pujiitji ilruw tlm linn II, 12, 13, 14, 
IS, kv., from the pLnn lo the rcwf line and ULndlcil to the 
aidM of ventilator. Next mark off on the ilne Xf, 0, the 
twt cittsuinititmc^ »1 tht vmlllator, whiirh may bo don<- 
rllh the ooupaa**^ by liividing Ibe dr«!)b or plan itiUi luvy 
BUObet of eonal t^t^. ""<! again by wttiiig same oO cm 
"be Une D, CI, tukioK core to tiM K aa u centra line or 
itt. Now. you have on the line D, Q, the oxaet aamo 
nuinlwr of di^ialunii ini ouhIi itido of K, an yon Iuitc in 
th-' h^iH pl.in. Nunbn' thpm an ahnwti, and draw the 
linw K, L, 1, I, 3, 2, &v., which muot be parallel Ic tho 
I of the ventilator or winnn> lo tho line I). G. Then 
^luake tho liim K, i>. npuil in lenKth to J, V and H, V, 
equal to D, K, and alao <-wh uf tun upriKkt liiuii un the 
line O, U, «qnal in Ivii^ to the luic drawn from 
Jan &; till; nxjf line, an at Ifr ^n>of line) and O, L. H 
line), and 1 wur I>, jm. Then draw the tturve line, 
to M, and IjUt'A. Thin will l*e the true kliiipv to oat 
tbo Iciul fur till' miuiri'd rrntilator. Rrmrmbm', alwaya 
gv-t iho bt'^-el or intcb of the ruof and uptight of 
[Wntilatoir. 



Covering Cones, Turrets, and other Spires. 
Also see Trumpet Wastes and Ventilators. 

I harv deiHTibcil tb<: mfUi'xl of outting otit the ked for 
a runud veutilutiir, and nuw int lu see the nuthoQ for 
enttio)r Ihc pnvelonc for a oiine or »pirr. By the way. 
cone* urv iiftvn nurd fur mall and nthiT kilns, ■■> tlial tlii" 
Biturt be pari, uf vur wurk mi rcntiluturn . atid, further, it 
fit Bet ut all uncommon to eon-r Kmall iipin^ with l>ii>l ; 
■iieetanui the In** of wimc m'l-wcn tbi- piir)HiM> uf Htnaln. 
I^ Oa take the work u<>*t n>ininun to ihtr trado. A 
tmrnpet-mttnlli waatn i» I'ui n>np-fJ>iipml, bat f.'^'ncrnlly it 
i» VVX <>} ru1t< <if thumb - tliat if X" wy, the Wd U eul Inrifo 
eeotifcb, the Hidc« pnpan^l and iuni<vd np on the niaiidrvl, 
the eilvdii trimiiiod c>fl whm Milili?i<tt. nml pcrfiapn it i* qtdte 
near utou^h fut all utiiiiiary i>urtiuM-K. But this iii not ut:>ar 
eaoniiih for tho luric^T kiiul •>( wr^. i-iifh ii<> >i{nr(i< iir 
UtRvtji, I-'itr. I,3i>ii. and rfinll Ikhmu kiln*, tec. {Kiir. l.V^ 
abown the turret xpint tiui.->lM-t) and mvcnil with lead.) 
FijT- l.ltK) ia tho oiMtc ravetuiie or Itail out ft^r a tnirnprt< 
iiHHith waiitr. T H]i«nk of lliii Imnuwi it la tin' loninliiit 
to cut. and iiKwt kuwirn lo tlto iTadi- w* Vif. 67. Vol. I., 
and debcriptiuuj. Another way. Vifr. 1,140, ithowB the 



no. 1,330 



ri». i.e». 



«70 LOUVIIB AND OTHEB VENTILATORS, TUBRETS, 8PIBES, DOMES. ETC. 



oeonebioal nwllwd of etrUdn^ ont the mne envtloiw. 
Let A, bctbp«pox; E, U, P,tboh«w>or baU-^uoeter; uid 
E, A, P, A, Uia MiW or olant nAtm. Now wa wiuit tha 
oorer for BsmeL T»kn the cnmttOMieii, and frnm thf> ftppx 
A. oa ■ emtrvi Htrikv the urc uvm thnpuint F. U> H, 
nnjin^ the atc fur enough toward H. Then nuke F. H, 
eoiul in lengUi to the drcumfereiKM of tlie baat- lino K, F, 
wnitdt, of conrnp, i» » 4;irrli>. I find, in pnu4(o>, it miich bnat 
to BMuan round diin lutw witb a wry niirruu ^lip uf lei<l. 
th* Hme substMKw as that iut«Ld«l for the rovur. Uf 
MMinc, proprlr tijiciikiii^, joii Cah find it in thn wtin« 
matuMr on ulitiiiiiu;.- llii: Bin.- for pi|)eB, it-'. Or thi*. tlie 
Mn> of ti)« tiai><^ frviiri ]'', to 11, nuy be nimnl^ olitAinrd 
»)>prosijiinU'lT, Hiid tii*:ir vmiti^h fir irorkiiitt ""^d, bv fIrKt 
Btiakbi^ the b>U dnlc E, F, J). Iniuoff J, as a centre, 
which, of oounp. will be hnlf ihf diiUDf-trr of tho boM linr ; 
then dividing tJiiit into auj iiiuubi^r f>{ |Mrtn, Mid «■ many 
ptrta an lliera art', set mboik off th« nm. F, II. You inunt 
rannnbcr to duiiblo tlio nuinbor for tho total cirrnnifL-nnicf. 
u the half -oiriile K, I>, F, in only half th^ ])lan, ami wouM 
onlj r«a(-.li from F, to K. B]r ctrikiii^ lh« arc C, G at ouy 
point jTjii may wi-ji, you ran ohmin iJio ohwlt or totpt fur 
lUiy ifii'rn fru.itum of a toae. Of oowM^ thb src louil bo 
atlVck from Uit upcs A, as a ocntre. 

Vig. 1,401 Bhow* the mrthnd of covering niid (ixins a 
cone up tlin Mdti of a riiof, which nUf ba dmioiiiilnitna lui 
a conic saotioD. A, B, Is the tnio ba«e line of the vcne, and 
£, L, tho plane or roaf linn n-lu<.-h cutu tho corn-. Having 
then four liiicA, that is Ui Hay, the aidea. base, A, B. and 
roof line, roil will »co th(< i'hnr>o nf tho cone. Ni.'Xt nink>* 
the nri!, V, W, X, &e., from the c«ntie of baue linn, an nt 
Q'; then ^rtde tbia, aay, into nine porta or more (the more 




Flo. i.uil 



the better), and from thew -pointft in tho are. W. T, X, 

4fi., nrl up thclinea V, to M, W, l.> N, fte., nqtuire to tho 
hajw Utif, A, n, Next draw the dlnnt linwi fmni M, U} H. 
K. to D. tu.:, and whra- thtiw Jim-* iiit<'nM.i.l tho puintn uf 
the root line. L, E, &c., draw the liiuM. L. 1 1. K, 10, J, U. 
&<X, parallel to the boae lin«. Thfiw point* arc wry 
itnpnrtaot, nnd tnitat be rnn^ully watohed, otherwiie the 
work IB ti«elei«i. 

Kexl (^onufl Fig. 1.402. First tnko tho distance, from D, 
to n. Fig-. I.4<il. MA a radiwi, and nt D. Pt^. l,1l}2. xtrUti' 
the arc, A. Q, B ; ti«xt deride this arc from Q, to B, and 
Q, A, into juiit twiee the utkinber of parte to what yoii did 
in the are. A, V, W. 4c.. Fijr, 1,101, It is »vry inipurtiuil 
that thvy ar« of the anini! numfxr andelxe. Next draw 
tho linoe. A, to D. B, to D. E, to D, &e. Next: toko the 
Gxart di«tanre from (Ibc iiliorttat line, E, to 4) P. bi I). 
Pig. 1,401, oud witti thl» l«ugth meiuun; oS frum □, to £ 



tin?, Fiv. l,4Cf2. lad aim frmn P, to T>, Fig. 1,101. a:nd~ 
rnark otf the diatance on line F, D, Fi^. l,tW, and no tm 
until jrua j^ lo L, and mpeat thi# on the li^fl-hnnd fida 'vt 
the tlffuTp. u ahown— tbeae dlatamxtt jfive (be oorre ItBS 
from A, to<j, and from Q, to B, V^when the thing wlU be 
ready for cuttincr onl. Atlnw far a lap or welt. Thla 
eone i« voty handy for lixiuj; up thu nido of a roof aa a 
ventilator. Thn mi-thod of fixing ie to lint fix nn aprvin 
with n ai^nd-up, wiy, nf 6io., all the way rntmd, thesi thia 



1 




cone ia mado Cin. inriger than tho alanil-iip part, of Iba 
nproti, lh« o»iLi' fittinic OTW aamo, leaviuK k clatr "Pao* 
lur air or voutilatiom Then onoo* look mnrh bett«r than 
rylindricAl top vimlilatom. Of (.■•jurxi- ym «we tho method 
,if incniturin); for the; Wd La dewribcd in Fie, 1,402, and 
vou can alfto mcic Ihiit t.hr ^unr^ ni<-thrKl .>f ntriking out will 
answer for bait or iiihU kiUi tu|>*. Ilniw: workitifr on awiTob, 
Ac. always ieepinK their mouth, nr pnwrly epoaktBff 
their ontlote, away frum thv fuix ul tbu wind. 



Aprons for Cones going up and through 
Slanted Roofs. 

If yormxamine the apron, Fi|-, 1,31*7, which btovotk 
np and fit round a cyEndripal objoit, yon will nt onoa mm 
th'.' mnthod of cutting the Nimu wiQ uut »uit for a rone 
wiob an U nhowii and deschlied at Fi(r. 1,101. for if ibe 
haae of the rone ia the tM>no m/i- m thr cylinder, Z, T. 
Fig. 1.3S7, tho apron, a> rut fur tlio cyliudCT, wotiM he tno 
lariro tor the cone. This can bo at Wioa aeon by ehalldnv 
ont a con<> nnd ii (T3-lindor )>}de br iidflt, and drawlnfr the 
nnffle or pit,-h "f rnof thoraan. Tou will ahw find iheca 
•llmirat in "hape, but do not hewm" di^hi-.trti-nwl at thi* 
formidahle-lookuig lot of atrokoa and riiiKn. Tlw whole 
thing will twon be leArat by heart. lU-memhor thb. that 
iinil« nm muoh brainn are ref^uirwi in the he/id of n pluinbfC 
(doinu hie work pmporly nnd in a nynlFnialic style) a« iu 
that of any other nan, KtyUnghituwlf a pri>f.»««', enaioewr, 
or ardilt«ot. I have heard it enid that if a lad Ima M 
"headpipoc" he will do for iho plumber's ttwJe, and wlU 
do Bn bn ia wnntini ti). A truer nord was never apoken, for 
lio will not trouble whinh way th*' watrr runs, whether 
thn>U|;h pipoR or nir — ofl*-n pri^ferrintr tho latter. A" to 
the word '■ plumber," if you have tflkennotin of my (irrt 
volume introiloction, yoii will thrro wo that a plumhcr 
knowing hi* trodn ia by im mviui* m ordinal^ parson, for 
lie )ihijti]d Iv able Ur uuke calculation e. drawinn, uodor- 
Ktaudintf sutBvieut chemititry to protect hinwm agaiwt 
thfi ditfi^rent oeidn and othnr diomicala vhkh hsT* an 
importnnt offmH on IliuI and on otlier niotnU, and ea^neer- 
iug aa far as rvguida pumpe, wnter>clniiet». hatha, and a 
hoatof other Bcicuoce. Faticr ! I wan artidod to a dril 
en^necr. wim engaired on too Hereford and Wonwier 
Bailway. Liking levels during the greater pstt ot that tins 



• 




LOUVRE AND OTHER VENTILATOEB TOBHKTS, SPIRES. DOMES. ETC. 671 



in tbo iCnlrani tunooL Wu nitii afterwitnlfl utipmitJoed 
to K plumber, and haro my indt-ntumr, from Mr. Vfai. 
BrocK, tftteal WoTrMter (wlio u, I &i>i pleu/exl U< uj, npw 
Utiiik thn lif« at an indnpofulvnt gtxxt r>l<I Kntf^lish raitlA- 
uiuu near mv at Kmininf^ii). Whh tlvv j-i.tuv m thu 
anplojr of Hr. John Jaj, tho raiiiMint contruotor, oa 
raifw»7 work (the Si>v«i Oak* tnnncli. and nl«o with him 
OB Ibe HelropciliUn Railway (EubIuu, ice.}. Hart* 
worked on boanl "hip, in the dooka and but. Wn« 
ngagid oil tli« plunil>cr'ii wvtV (ffrnvnl f'Trmiim for 
Heaan. Jacbon & 8haw-) at BumnKtnn Hunwt iRojiU 
Aoadcinf ], Ami thrm jrcan in the foundry and (.■ug^mn-m' 
wurkiihini, hanag Iha wltulo nniW inj wile (vnitni!. I then 
Tvtired hinn the trade to «nupl«te lur knoM'IHjn' vf 
Pitnum'i anten of aborthand, fur which I now ^Ad a 
rcrtifinata for teaching and iw a fin&lificd lonabiY cS th« 
art. I am aniii still lu the Inidi', mid al»ny* will be, and 
tltiH i« mjr adricn to np[ir<?nti«p" :— litnnd MOand to imbp. 
Flint Ifam to read and writ*, work fiKurw prrfpcUy, do 
drawinin neatly, and, in your epuv time, work thi- 
loTol, ntndy mctnN. biiildinf; ronetnicti'^ii.*, engioi^riiiK, 
vheuu«try ; t«k« mitiuit thnt ervrythlng thnt you do ia doap 
aoicattflcally nnd in roiMonable tfane; if poaafbk, leatn 
Pitman's cyatcm vt tJiorthand— it will mtv modi Valnable 
tinw. 

Just another word, which may be*intc»clitig, which i* 
telativo to why I tnok up with the plumber's tntde. It 
looked •oaetftiuK (•> li-am ; ii is a mcchankal tmde, and a 
trade required in all part* of the ptobe. If yoti rhoone you 
Mn team to t4<U the n'dicht i:'f a pioix' of iron, Ac , oalou- 
late Hpntd or Htratua, jtuigo dixtancm, niakf drawinffn, and 
■iim lip, nouod a ItiiJc ttooe or |>ieoe of metal, pour oui a 
pot uf^ metal into a flask of (TTflenMuid, or work a pn»a, 
roHiti^ mill, niitphatA plant, ra.->t. «II kindn (vf I<tul vork, 
dMJgn iDouldH of lli« mint <.*i.riuplicut(.-d furnia. ill fat-t, 
bmmo ■ most intrrestins member to mankind, and, at 
any rale, iiuile equal to uoae who arc cot plumbers. I 
want yon to be uonnifchl^ acqiuint(.>d with yoiu- work, 
both tiioorcticiilly and practically, and compotirnt to UlLder- 
taka larK" or onuUI riJimtnu-tiona ; but by all mcana baooma 
a good woricmaa in that inteKMlng raetal, lend. A man 
snmild iHTBT eonsidBr Umadl a fint-olasa plumber until he 
iaela comp6t«nt to work with any man. It U my one 
gloat object to laiiM my tmithtT wrurkiiian to the higbcat 
Inral of all mechanical lrwU<a, ami I hop^ lo do m. 

Thrvuirh lhr»j pafirciil wiUeuduavuur to idtow you every- 
Ihin^ whiah I hare leuiud ooouoctM) irilh ihix, oar tnde i 
but it will be iinposribic; for yi>ii to f>i?roni« ftrsl-clmui H vrm 
□aanut Mytftamatioally murk and (.-at uuL yuur wmrk. Tlw 
illustration, Ft^. 1,403, before you looks, as before said, 
formidable, but this is nnthinv. Yen f>hoiild Me Mnne 
binhs on tnulcw, mich rnt Pi-tcr Nii-hitlmio Ou Wamifilliijy ; 
and, after nil, bin linea of haiidrailing are only the same 
thin^ as thoao used in scow parta of our work. 

I think I hiwr you nay, " How ahall I begin thU 
lYibwcb^" FifC' t,-i03. Well, proceed as foUowa:— First, 
look at Fiff. 1,401 , ootinr tho rwf Hno and take the bevel 
8< tDuf ana oone at lla li^heat point up the roof ; then set 
out your eoee from A, to B. Fig. 1,403, and B, to C, always 
malnng- the ecnlm line, D, Rqaare to A, 0, butoany D. 
wnll ti]> iiUivc th« apex. MexC take your bevel and mark 
the pjtoli or roof line to the eon* line. A, B. With rqual 
dlataoBw on the roof Uno. draw the boriiontnl tiw« K, V. 
O, H, I,J, K.^MuaDeltatbabMettne, A.B. 'nu-M limit, 
E, tu K, muMt (lit the one or both Alant Kidea of the rotic, 
aa shown nn thplnft. 

Fran thi; (lutjddo yvintu of the horieoDtal Unen which 
oat the alant line. A, B. to the perpundioolar line, D (that 
ia to say fnna A, to T), with eompamaa meamm this 
diatanes, which ia half the diameter of the OOoe, and vith 
tUs di*tanee atrike the oiri'le, M , V, iitang th« linr. D, as a 
plida in onlcr that it shall ba eenlral aud dead tnie over 



the base of the Moe. lien measme off the neat horinmtn) 
lino, L, to E ; strike this alBO eirde Uuld" i bi- kot, and so 
on untOyou haw nutaannd attd atmok all the lines from 
T, to K. nnd the cirate* from U, to V. Draw the line, 
M, V. [lanillel to the baae line, A, 0. You may use as 
many LorizitntAl liniw in elevation as yon like, but tbejr 
should he of .'uiiiil diotonoe apart and true with lb* other. 
HuviuK douv tuii ymi will have tlio point on the roof UtM 
as at 1 , 2, 3. 4, i>. Then draw the linos, I, 1 , lo cut tbo 
piilnl, I. and the cijTji.-e. S: 2. 1 : 3. n , I, 4 : .5, .1; R. 1* , 




* 



7. T. VoQ must be porticolar with thi-w pnJnta and 
Tnonminmenla- Nolinr ttint <>arli p^rpendiuiilar Uno starts 
ftviu ihe riM>f Hue point uf thu borimatol lino and Boea 
to the wmu circle thlit wna atnick with tUa mdlf — it will be 
quite sa wnll i( yon adopt this plan of poltilig dole on the 
cudfl so a> to tell which is which. The next at« yotir 
oquare lines, to thi' roof line : theee are shown by Q, Q; 
R. R: 3, 8 ; T, T. (J, C They an drawn thtottifh the 
points of the bMrizontol Ilae, and ctitting tho roof line 

sqnanf, an at 1, 3. 3, 4. 5. Next, with your rjtmrrtT 

meaaurc down tnxn Iha point, N, on tba Uitei U, V ; tO 



672 LOUVEE AND OTHEB VENTILATORS, TURRETS, SPIRES, DOUES. ETC. 



thetdrcle, 8, where the line, 1, 1, cuta it. Toa seo tliat 
thifi is an important point. Tako this length from the 
line, M, V, to the cutting of the second circle b^ the line, 

1, and mesaure off on the nquare line, 1, to U, this dietanoo. 
Next take the distance from the tine, H, V, to that point 
of the third circle where the perpendicular line, 2, outa the 
(drele ; in this case it is shown to be the fourth ring'. With 
this distance measure off tliiu distance on the xquare line, 

2, T, T. Next measure the distance from M, V, to the 



circle where line 3, cnta, and with.tiiii dl^taiMiB art ctf &■ 
points, 3, B, 8 ; next 4, R, and 6, Q, as brfiwB. ^ibb yoo 
will have point on the square lines at Q, B, 8,.T, U. 
Draw the curved line, which will he the troe lim for joatc 
out, or turn ap your lead to. The outside dotted Unta tn 
for cutting the ont«r edge of the wing or fluAtiaif, and tt» 
inside dotted lines arc for the tum-ap. Tbme aie ■erifael 
round with tho compasses. Of cruras fcm mnst woA 
the tum>up with a bcrel as beet you can. 





Via. !,««. 



LOUVBE AND OTHER VENTILATORS, TrRHRTS, 8PIIIES, DOMES. ETC. G7fi 



Turrets. 

Thr^tv am rariAiu Undii of tnnvta, tint Ih^ kind w^ h«T« 
to do with in that ktlB(J)t>d to s buildin)^ na illuHtratml st 
FiffK. 1 ,106 and 1,407- It can atonon t^Monn tint. itjtFjtita- 
tiuu tp-iU-'rallj- (-xUndfiabovvaodbojODdlhehiKkuril point of 
. bollditi^, Htt tliHt it at all dmon appcan cmupinooaa, aiid 
'DO nii^uij* .■JiiHiinid fi^>in hUittm. The nnfti of ihei tum-l 
)tiv Tarioun, oftiiii lined Ui [laiiit uuL the fuur qtuuiiVH, 
E W. N. S. ; but it ■■, iw a rul», ocoupied bjr a bell, aa 
it) i^nwn nt Fijr- 1.«>I. i^Bil luJura iuiot£«r mwonwbfit 
nhiiiild Htand hig'li, bo QuA its ootupane'n tongrue mi^bt tw 
btnnl ot nM)u. 

" Vihhh niiikM llic ploudhmaii'i lieort r«J«tH : 

At IwrlTi.- lid hran 1U tiinnftil ir<ili;a." 

Fip. I.iOl i« a lurrpt wliioh I lutcl^ covEKd. It* plan 
i* a iHjiiiin!, thf.' lap iMUBdui(f otf tji a point. It« tj^p ban 
liur buvs, IIS Hi A, t;ai&^ t<i an anjflf, a.t at It, B. 1'1i« 
undi?r rlnakti nf tluwR bajta arm iiailitl on uji the four tiu>;lfit, 
niid ill'" nvi-r i'li,<nk turned oi'w tu furrii a wtJt- 'Hit lead i>u 
the &ni pari or gublca, C, C, la put on by liirnlufc it nr mi 
Ihat il (f«M* Sin. up thfi top. A, and over ih* lint p«rt, C, uf 
jtnlili-. The !«ud. aa ahuwii Vy thf mirtional Vnwt, iiv^r- 
b:tii^ tlie fmnt moulding, as iii E. K, ia a itiDiiliIitii; 
cuviTuil witli Ii-nd and aft«rwHr<ls><tiR-k oti all n>uud. F, la 
ttie (afloiii, vhii^h (^a up and uiidir l.hc mmiMing, and the 
tDtlitni part i» vfr.rkod OTor the mouMinp. O, Thia ia 
ulnii'k )f<-iiiiii'lri(;iUY («•«' I, !2). O, ih anotbr>r nuiw mould- 
tUK i-uver«d with kad. Tliia law) !» wurke^l ruuud tiic 



(rant of the moitlding and about 2iii. im tlw book, where It la 
Dailnd. Iml cnrctnl with faacia Lead. The lead an H, and T, 
lA In una! piepc from onier to comir. whft? it Ups to fnim 
u iyiiil, Tbu leatl on J, J, J, is put on iind itae» up uudor 



i 



s- \ 



7/ 



ttw load at I, and down over tlte aUnd-np nt Irad nn fiat 
lit M. aiMl aim over Hw- lum-iip of Unahing at L, or O, tbo 
mnuldlny, K, l>i>in)f i-ovun-d, aial nft^rwajd* vfipi-d or 
Boldorod to J. all round top, olao tbo bend, N. Thr pliuitia. 






^\ 






Fin. i.illu 



•74 LOUVBE AND OTHER VENTILAT0B8, TURRETS. &PIRB8. DOMES, ETC 



O, 0, ■!« oavmrA um) tWn put on, noi thm ^naU BMraldlng', 
P, ii funned wllii •older and wiped tnie Mad Kiiun mi 
caruBn; or it SHf b* cut Bad ■oUmd <sl Tbsvoad- 
orark of Of U tat tamtd trmt mad then camd. TbA cart 
Q, u in otM pteM and B, ia another tAee». Q, h <<o*«rM tijr 
flni vortriag Iho l«ad op lika a half ball, or like making 
tha bad for a '^^*'r**"T Miaiaar, iInd druppiiur it om ii, 
ftha WDOdvork) and iwing It roaad aa hoUov, which, 
tf ttntk (orwaid, vill caaae Iha atolaeaba of kad to iow 
forward to fom th« annn, S, which w*j ba wnckod dnwa 
niot and Ann on the Mjn. Vat, the cone part, R, i* tu 
lia oorend. tUa haa a aean pUced behind : it ia «-orked 
BO that the hoMon part will conw orar tho top ucidUit i>f 
Q. Hmu tha waatbv'Oovk (or lalhar th« to»] wiib lli<- 
Idocfc and polnterB E. W. N. 8., which baa a rod o< 
iron made to paM thnmgh R, Q, and the lot ia scrawed 
down to the nadar sida of the top oi Ih^ tonat. 

Tk» nutlwd of catting the baTK, A. waa hy flni rutting 
ana piaoe lar^ raongh, then witn the banl nark out tha 
patun fiir C. place the lead oa top sad acribe comer*. 
B, B, on l(!iul, cuttfnr mum, but aUmring caough for lap 
aiid wait. For tha £llar«nt nelhoda of cutting mom mb 
Domm, which wHl follow. 

Ton have aetn how to oover thia tumt. Fig. \,t(H. 
Too bare alio aeea that it ie oaed aa a ball bower, wcathrr- 
cnrk, ond ■ pointor to the fnnr quartan; it 1* ahw tuad 
for nuotii'-r |iiiruw&— it la URbd ua a ligfabda^ oondiiotor. 
You know thai tne block RUpporttag the ranHU fixed with 
a rod ; lot thii be of nomMfr, the lower end of which attach 
to the urdinary Ugbtuiiig ooniiitcting aire or nd. and 
convey Hune to Um ground iTilii tha damp aoit, drain or 
wvU. Bat thu form of lud fur thia piupoee ia luade to 
the ttbiii;w of a Hplko having poinLa, aa that ahown on top 
of lumil. FigM. I,40A and 1,404, and abo that at the iininl. 
Fig. I,4ti3, *«. 

Fig. 1,409 ia OD vncloaed bell turret, and although tt 
nnjieani ■ aimplo pivco of work, jrrl thcrr« ia a Ijt of 
MQubera' work iijnn it. Vi't- will nuppua' that the liaja, 
B, B, aro laid, mid llie rolU covunil ; wi- Iwglu by unt 
filling the lend work paaeU, D, aod wurkiNl u]> to theloTn-m 
noata: then fla Hie eoaOoped work, O. N«xt, the mhurt 
hipa, H, H, H; than the gablca, K. Kcit put on the 
h^ (if thef are not worked on with th^ intbW). which 
are paat in pi^Muato niec«a, then tbr top witli fuiialn. The 
lop fluihiuga ruuod H, ore, in this job, aoa]loj>«d work, to 
match that at U, and theru ia alau a hangintf fUabing 
roitiid tlu> gahlo*. 

Fig. I,i08 ia a ahooting box tumt, partly nlat*^, the 
bipa being worked with aoaken. At tho ((nbJn vimtilalijir, 
or pigeini holaa, A, onr work coiuuiunouw. FinL, wv put 
oD tlio baya A, thon tho wsllopod apron, vlii<'h in well 
luiilod and ULclu>d down. Tlie Hofllta aad gnlilo* unr the 
IWXt to oover ; tlirM' iilinulil bo out miffidently wiilu lu turn 
Up agB^at tlui aplra nwf for the alatea, ii uw>d, to \»jf 
npon, uid bJao to ecme oror and turn duvrn, and luuk-d 
Dv«f tlio front of tliv gabUa in auoh a Duuiu<r that it wtU 
uaiiblo fur lliu lonat wind t» g«t undvr the le^ul. 
I it moat iin]x>rtaut, and one of tliu priii'lioil fmtiim 
kocp in riow when oorering an^ n»f whioh is Ukelf 
In Im iixpoMsd to the wind, or atr<>tit( ra>s of the aun, 
X>, ia tho dapping pteoe (ace Finiala), which abauld be cot 
to Ita tight annpe (hen the mdimenti of gaoinetiT wDU 
be handy) whnn put on in one piece, wbloh !• gencraU}> 
the caao, and the Joint weltod on the tide lonnt (xpoaed to 
vittw. 'Fig. 1,407 ia n turmt Imving a kind of ugee top, 
tiw «iJm ot whivb are worked with Ave baye an a aide, 
all the lower part la coTeiBd with load, tha Iwtttini vjiniwn 
arp work4<d flrat, and the wigIcK welted together with fiat 
irnlbi, wbinli keep the work auuifly together. There fa 
one tbitiK wliieh will require your partiouLar atleiitioQ, 
that bairi^ the nailintf pnrt, for wbi.-n naiU are uaed in 
Jttztapoattion with wclU^ thejr ahould be placed in tiuch a 



niaaner that ihe; will be twwtjd with at leaei Sin. of 
lead, and pot ta aneb a wnmr that the waba will hoU 
the bad ia ita pu«tioo aa tboogh tha aaib w«t* net thoa ; 



1 



na.i,Hr. 



i& 



i.-'r 



m. ),ua. 



or, in othn- woida, thta turret, wbivli boa fire 2ft. trida 
liaya, ia witii whLis worked in iracb a maiuier that U will 
etiind we" •—^War, irreepi'^iivL^ of th*- nailing. 



LODVRE AND OTHER VENTILATORS, TURRETS, SPIRES, DOMES, ETC. 675 




Fia. I.WA 



rin. 1.411. 



Vfintllatoi* Turi'«tB. 

Sutiivtiirirs tbo turrvt is iiuk1« to niiswrr tlie pTirncite ot 
a reutilatur, w illuiitraled it Fl^. I.4<H<, wliicn ii ■ 
fint'cloAs [>{(.«>(• uf wtirk. This dia^rum nhnwath'C Aiuhiii^, 
the toodu at kUtia^, atw the bip* wurkwl wilti »oakcn, 



and tho curt) covttml to immva the nOUts. II sIno iiliowa 
tlw gatttrian mode to aet an « flaJab to the haHnn of th* 
■(lire put, also th« bftja ami finial. anil allogetlKF u e 
Tei7 good pioce of vurinisnahip. Tlila aborv is Mctvnairaljr 
miiAt hj Umm. K. Bojk A Son, ua an also Piga. 1,410 
atul 1,411, whkb are axoaUaot pmo* of lead woik, 



LOUVRE AND OTHER VENTILATORS. TURRETS, SPIRES. DOMES. ETC. 077 



I 



irparUriilar Htli-ntifin in rutting it mil. vrliii-li i* dunt 
fMilmvii— H fpioA ntlt? iif lliuiu1>: — FifHt, wittj ii tnpe 
th't Iriiiftit frum ti>p U) bottooi ot thtt front bay. and 
tint wiillli AcnMH Uift ni-nlri' At A ; nllnw u HUtc iriilff Uifta 
variU'd. tli<;u i|i\iil<- Uu' U>|i part iittu two or Uiivai nun« 
p&rU. Ma .irfiM* &t th« liin'i B. TliU iliviiloii tlw bay into 
four partM. Takv tbv!|iiv iti<vii(tin'i»i-iit« iind iiinrk tlioni on 
ytiur kiiil mvd j-ou will bo very nour W the Hbapit. Kotloe 
thf mon- nnrt« you (li\i(li< Uio Iwiy. A, into. l)i« iirtirpr will 
bu yuur atiii[K!. Aft<rr tbn load in uut ntiL it iti iti> plam 
nnd snritiH to Ut» Koglw. Thlg h calM rulo of tbtimlt 
wvrk, but ill prnotic* it is for ccrtun nAwns quit? u grmd 
as llui geumi-Crlc*] mi^thod, but when ^ou hiiT« to tnakn 
mnaU orDninnttal irlubvn in picom, wiUiuut » (nine or 
wiml tviirk, tliBii it ia a vt-ry dilFermit mattpr. Htm 
fKiiiDetry IN liniidv, iiud t)i<> wurli iiiiiuot vory wt-Il bf> d«nv 
"itlid'H it. Wtll. that, let u» b»-' huw to wiirk this, 
Filf. 1,415, by gpnmetT>-. Krrt •triko ihf «» of circle 




M.I l.tlt 



mquirrd (or th« ^I(i1m', n* ikl A, F. K, and ^, mud dr«w 
tlio )ji>ri/'>iital liiK-, F, n, t)ir«iu^b tbc centre. Neit Meet 
n {K'tpi-fidiculnr line, A, K, cxtvodinit K, nnnw dicUnc* 
below, lu at Q ; miw dl^'ldv the ciirutnfenfiiM) of thli 
eirolf. A, F. K, &, into aiiy number of etjiinl porto. aa at 
A, R, 0. T). R. F, (i. n, I, J, K, luul dnw \im-» luiriM 
the i-irolv ua hIiidwii. lb" Iiiiph Io bo horimntal Mid paralle] 
in lliv lino F, 3. lliin In tliv nircumfiiniKa of tha conk 
diridfd n^uolly. Nrxt draw the halt eire!e, wtiieb i* to 
moke a hAlf-idan. no lliat IbiH (niiKt )ie of (he miiik- kiae 
■a half llie K"*^- Hariug tbi< lia1[-iriKl« fur thu kalt- 



]>1uii, drnw thf horixniital thif!, P. R. The eiicumfemiGe 
<i( tbiK bnll-olau in iieii dividc^l into jiirt half the nombtf 
of partJi aii llioro aro flnt <ir facv ndre to yuar kIi^I)^— Cti« 
ftlobo hna twelve, tb'n the plan niuAt liavi^ wx oqnal partii, 
that ia to nay, five wIidIit port*, a^ at .s. T. U, V, W , aod 
the two halvea, Y, /. ^Ihene hatvex nn> the p-incipal, as 
you will bob). Ni'Xt draw llii" half-virclw X, M, N, O, 
and frum t}ii> endtt on the liurizoutAl Una whioli cats the 
circle at F. G, II, 1, J. draw parallel liDM to tli« ecntn 
line, A, (J, 'lliraii liiii* mtr to out tlia line P, 4. aa at 
P F, O O. N H. M 1, L J. Th«) where rmi ha*e ent the 
tineii, F. R, and P, I are the diatanon Io w sat off on the 
line A, K, Fig. 1,416. Kint, with the Mtrnpanca niBMun 




fliL t,4IB. 

the dittAriAC between plan h. R, V\g. 1.IIA. and ttaui>fi.-r 
tliia 111 thf.- line, B &. Pig. 1,110, wbidi ia one point right. 
Neil moairarp H, C, ronri-yiag thin tnea«unan«^ alHO to 
Fi}t. 1,116. at C, C, then go to |ila» and oHMunin) D, X. 
Put that to I>. 7. Iben O, B. pUce thia to E, B, then 
F, P to F. 9 with the iianu- gftU^. Yon ahoidd have coom 
up fnan J to F, Tif. 1,410. Do t(, and where tho pniiitii 
aiw marked draw a niirvcd line an at A, 5. 6, 7< 8, 9, K. 
This win bo tmu to the line nod will tnake tiim Hhap« 

a Hired. To find the enrvcd line. A, 2, K, mfiaaiire iheeo 
nta, B. S. A, C, C. 6. Ac, and tranaforihe DMiaaiirementa 
to the <»ntm line, A, K. im shown by tbo dnttad Unf> ; 
but for the iwM>iid riirvK, A, 1, K, Bot a pcrpvndjonlar line 
(nm the point at 1 in plan, to tha «ntm line in tbo clnUi, 
na at 1. If thi* linr iit upright WMTftUftl to A, Q on Una 
P, S, Ibeii I will be the pouil. Then draw a corva (part 
of aeitvle will do) (ro4u A, to If Htid tnnu 1, to I£; that 



ere louvre and other ventilators, turrets, spires, domes, etc. 



no the o(li«r dde. Thf i-urro, A. I, E, h Murily fomml 
by ibe gwiiiMiliiiiil niK< kuuwu u drnwiii^ > cLcclu tluungb 
ftnr thro* giNoi poinw. 

Yun liaru seen tii» method of riittJiiGr out k twolTA-flidnd 
«ireulaj doma. It ui nhrimi* that Ui« iwniii ruin lan he 
appliod to mj iHliar flifim harlog a nmuber of HJilm. A 
trxif dotoefs half a Bpben?, tbo inirved surtioe of which iakt 
■11 puduU equkUr diateBt fran the centre. SCoitt dmiMM kro 
not tnie in ilutpe : they ue mure of a half Hplit^ru id. or the 
abapD Kit halt aa «lui>gatad aphere, Mmething tike lui ellipw 
i& Its dde aleratioD. Lot lui uow *•<<> tlw dnpluat iuvthi.id 
to cover a domo of thia tiue ahapu. I hare said tlw simplest 



for the inaidk and anoiber for tlw untaadt. Hm ataod^up 
aoainid dnm* ia, or should be, at laaai tfln. to 10in. hM. 
Nut'oomMi th« paad*. ITiej am madv liko the asf* « ■ 
W.O., bosHd op at thfl four comen to ault tlu tnoaldten. 
Tho top and ndM aro Ixrt dovn iuto ■ reliat« fluati irith uia 
rail* aad muUkm, and mtU nailed th<*rv. Bnt tbe bottom 
of pMwI lead, of eourae, baa no aaik, but diocluinjva itMlf 
0T«r and on tup of the nmllioo lead below. TUa anUtoa 
lead ia only a nhort pieor nst^mting from roll to roU. Ute 
roUa are put oq last, but in aotno «um!b the nil* hetwoen 
panel and roll nr« fmm Sin. to I2in. Thoii the rail la 
oovated with a wpsnt*: pi«u« uf luad aad worked mto the 





no 1,4IT 



w^j-; I alM> go fiirthn- and my that It !• olao much tho 
beet, aad ■ metliod, if prvpvrlr ilo&e and ^mull picvcH iwed, 
vhiek will Wt. in a campamtit^- yray i>f opookinif, till 
Dunmadtt}-. Bcmdns, it i* ho muplv, und ut-xt lu iiu bilxiiir 
in tin- wiirk. Ju.»t ooin]ifini thin tn Fig- 1,-117 "iid I'^iif, 
1,418. Biin. («y you, Ihy one U iiiflj--, pliiin, niwl ihu nthcw 
li^ht and ploiwuiif Ut tiiu oyo, jVnd nnv it is wh(•^.• th« 
vorkman la required. Sotnp dotn<w o-re covered by pii-ii' 
after pieoo until yon come to tlw tup. wIk^u a ^uod cmwninM 
oroappinfi paeoc ia twnd for the Onifh, ami tliF bull and 
eone with copper or bra«a Bpiko on lini. Of muree, whpu 
tite buttou goitre of the lad le not welted, then taokn at* uml . 
Fig-. 1.417 ii a pAActled donw. like thodoiae of St. PaiiI'h 
OathednU, Jjondon. IliHratIm-t4Hieliii]^t(<(l,an(Irfiq<iir(wi 
a oroM, a« nhown in Fig. 1,419, L0I: ii« nrv lu«- llus H;;. 
1,417 dome iacovrred. Tim tlu'tv arv (fUlk'ni all routid 
budde the oniamental raUitiKH at A. Ttuno giittif* are cut 
and worked circular, hnrini; dripi lui ■■Uhit Kutieni. Tb« 
method of polling or tuminjf Hxttm up in to a template, guv 



Koel. The roll lead them oofoee ovrr the rail lead suffldeot 
' Upd iboul -tin. or fiin., havinfr >trong taokx vrcry l'2iiL 
or lOiii. Axv i iu u fllanlin^ dliMtioo towaida tli« ira 
no tliat thr water cannot run bn^k Id the ta«k. You now 
■IT liiiw tlio Jirutt^m, pnncU, Rt.iliv, mnllii>na And niltii ar* 
put ou. VoD M« tberv i> not muuh iu ihia nftvr all. Beffin 
At the bottom, and find your way to the top. Bo mre and 
tumeTOfTtackUfht, and don't he Afraid of dhrinira few 
iiail«— wipper. of ooume. Tlic capping' jiirt* ia ttDiahiil aa 
in the bfiQ tnnr^. Tbe reaitan why nninll pior«a an- u«*d 
upon thiit work in ('• iriiard againet tbv cxpuouon and eon- 
traetioD. It Id not at all unoommon to wo eopper on the 
itonth Hide and Iniid on the north aide of doatee and spina, 
but if yuu wurkynurlMula«dir«ict<idin Vig. I,41T itabouM, 
it oA*t lead, Iniit at leaft 30U yeara, of ociurae iv\>viditig you 
hnvp iiuality and elout, «uiy, lolb. or 14lb. leaa. K.B.-Tht 
lon^Mnt liiiitfth iiHnd on Huoh work Kboold never exceed 8ft. 
in leoxtli uiiJ 'J!ft. wide, except the panel*, vliioh may be 
wider b«cuuee they are xliorteir. 



J 



LOUVBE AND OTHER TOJJTILATORS, TURRETS, SPIRES. DOMES, ETC. 679 




Fia. 1,4119. 



Fig. l,*\9 M s Bp1*ad3d loukinircilMw of 1«ad irntk. llie 
bottcm piirl hnx Riittnm, im in Fl(r. 1,417- Nt'Zt u« the 
bxtki of dio dock duniu.-rii. Tlii* hw « climk on muA bJb 
tiimcd np fcgainat rooi or dome, thi' oUi^r tidf w^irki in a 
(limits *>iiiii'linu« llaiaiicd over with hxiiffiu^ tliubill|(>, 
tbt^ii [li« Lii>H acv cinnrvd (Ibf iIbUuIk i^ vbioh wrroDirvn in 
JIip>( mid Kidi^t), but ilo winira sru vltlier w<it«d or, 
bi'itiT. tunii.-d intu a Kwnt £utt«r, fanned all down 
witlilu 2|iQ. to ^In. of rtitl. Th« panrln arft mnk with 
■nouldingn, and tbo baja are iii 'Oiiall |iii-o«ii imd worked 
wiUi fl«t welt*. Npxt in ixiTmng the frsJiies, and by 
this tiioo I dliould Mrtatiily bu inclined to tnirt yon 
to do BUoli a joli. Vou »t« now at the ton. Htre ia 
a torus tor tho bajm Vi butt up n)rnin<t. This tonu ia 
ooTer«d wttb I(«d. TliU ti'ttd niuxild furni a flashing to 
fP) pvoT tlio oovsB. On lookiaff carefully at tliii |>oltit, you 
will Mcc ttome ncroll or drnptry work Ui covor tho tdpii of the 
bayn. SotnetiioM thin in wurki-d up cm tilm-k* in tJi« Aoip 
und attinr tinwH oa^t to a patt«m. Thv latter is tlie beat, 
aa it ia nnaired to bo heary nnd ritrid. Thi« cur^-ed irodt 
b too atmpls to naod any dr-M'.riptliin. rsr«pt nt thn onrvod 
Uglo*. Al ngarda thA atraight port, it ia cut out of a 
atraight loifrtli of Intd bollnwod and flspp«>d 1ion>e with a 
fiapl«n- (me I'ig. 43J, the eonju-ri Ix-iiijir wwkod rouiiil IIk' 
brp, inside and outndfi of rai!iii|» ani «uv«rDd witli l^ad, 
and alao the tumt, in a HinkiUr niimiirr to tliat hofun- 
deacribed in Fi^. 1 ,404. Tb«rv i* <>ii thin dnDu< loB ton* iif 
lead, wittirmt cum atom of aolder, it b^iof; Um lieat niece of 
work I luTo MMmj ia Uei, up W t89t, nien !■ 



nottiing to equal H, but it r«niaina ta be aeen how it will 
laat agalnat mtc.b picom of plain work aa the dome of St. 
Paiil'e, Loodou, whkb hai proved Itsi'lf lo bu the boat 

EieoQ of work in thtx country, if workmanBhip aiid materia) 
an aiiTthiiiff lo do witli K*>''d work. 
V'uf. 1,119 ia a vaiy uivu looking duma with good (liibah, 
but notwi MMlydoneaawme oftboaedoearibedi la tact, it 
is about a* bant to do a* any X have wmd. Thia ij covered 
n« faltowH :— First fOTer the oove or hollowa I. i, 3, i. If 

(-OU look at th(^ dottfd liui-o at I. 3, 3, 4, you tan aee what 
np iH Kirciri, tlmmitnwat 6, 6, 7, S, Vant genBialty •nldered. 
but if not, uiw water groT«e. You aee that tb'i; Irad for 
tfat hollow cooii'« np and well imd«r the uoMii>r had 1. 1, or 
Hunwtiuiai uDilpr tba luty L-md, and is nailiyl with goixl 
«toHt nnjlti to tlie mund pnrt of the uovliitr abvvp K, U. 
Fur hirgv work it abould be put on wmanitely anid w«ll 
nailed, and the coraen nuldorod up. Ntxt ia the baya. 
Shall we out tiurta by niakjog a t<uuplat« with atripa o( 
load bent front lop to bottom, navinv crou mecea tacked on 
to keep thMU apart ? or ahall we utTidD uie bari* iiito a 
numbcrof partf.aa tliatHhowntm J.X.C.E, kc^Tiu. 1,1!!0. 
by drawing horlmntal and pusUel linca and t^dop ti^ 
meaantementa !■ I tbiuk thiniatheMmplpatmntbodkr" 
and quite aa corroot a» Any. Sappoae yon talu- tin 
and meaaure down the centre of bar from apex to 
Fig. 1.419, which would be J, U. P, the nal vi 
Fig. 1,4fO. Next dinde the bay 8. F>k. t,-(l9, in> 

S|unl parta, aa ahowu by the dnttM line between O, ai 
ow take the exact diatauoee between tho rolls al F, 



680 



LOUVBE AND OTHER VENTILATORS, TURRETS, SPIRES, DOMES, ETC. 




na 1,419 



other linee down to B, uid tranafer these diBt&noes to the 
upright line in Fig. I,i2I, as shown at 13, 14, 15, 16, and 
a^ at 12, 11, 10, &c., and H. H. This trill be the true 
gailRe for the hay ; bnt remember to allow for the under 
oloM and over cloak. The proper way to out this out 
geometrically is aa follows :— Take Fig. 1,420. This is 



the fdze of the dome required. J, K in the base and P, tho 
apex. C, E, H, P, the bay, alfio L, N. Draw the quai-ter 
circle Q, D, £, Fig- 1,421, and to this tho horizontal line 
O-, A. Next erect a perpendicular lino P. A to G. A from 
the top of *'■" 'irole at E, and up the perpendicular 

liiw, Set ' point at P, which ia the length 



LOUVRE AND OTHER VF:NTILAT0R8, TURRKTS. SPIRES, DOMES. ETC. 681 



from npiix In biwn of dome, as nt P. M, .1, FI|i. 1.4Sfl, mid 
ulsoat U.D.E. yiy. I.'CJI. Next k-t UuMin, U, D, £, FSv. 
1,4'Jl, boeqiiallj dividod. Mat 1,2,3, -I, and draw thtmi^ 
thoMi pnintfl lti« rlutlnl liuw 1, 6. '2. 6, 3, 7, 8. 4, 8 parftUol tu 
thd tiiuNi U, A. Xnxt fliviflc tltu lino K, P into the MLimt 
number of equal pnrts a^ Ukmiu iu.ilif.' ('ircuinfert-ncv of 
quarter drdo OH fmm 0, I. PJano thv litiii F, tbi« distancv 
from th« puliit P, tlH-ti luiuifun' fnim I, t» 2 ou the cinmtn- 




foretiM nf the doEiiu. aud [ilituu lliia diittADCc on tho upright 
lido n« fmcii F, iiil.'- 'riicii inmciirn from 2, to 3, juiii plai-« 
thia on tbi: iijniiilit liuo (mui C [<> N. 3, 1 )■ fqiial Ui N, B 
and K, E equal Ui 4, E. Draw tha iKimllul Uubb. 13, 13, 
H, U, IS, 10. 16. R. M. 11 on tlio perpendicular lino P, K. 
Next sft off tilt) diHtonm or buttmn uidtli of 1h),v, C, H, 
Fig. 1,420, ou the luTimntAl litiu, At, II, riff, l,i'21, and 
dniw the ILno A , M, A, H, vuttiiig thu Iiori/outul UnD« 1,2, 




F». 1,131 

S, 4 at «. 6, 7. «. Npxt inm line parallel to the Htm A, P, 
mittin; the pointi. of UorUonlnl lino, im at fi, «, 7, 8, 9, 10, 
II. l*J. n, a, 7, 8 iiro Oil' pointu which give the ■width or 
dlHtanoo for (ridu lition ln«m the lino A, P. A i-un-ed line 
dmwn thrwiiRh tlo iioiiil*. », 10, II. 12, will piro the 
ahAiK- and haif-aze for tLo bay. With thy mmpnwMr. 
mark off )hn onponit*! iiid« and atrJko that curve alii», Thin 
complfltoH tlir tiaj-.but alli>w Rtuff ettouftfafor InpHsndrolk- 
Ilk Uiia doiiiH thu bnynftre dmwn too wide; tncjr are 2ft. 
iridoby 9ft. luujf, with 61n. rollN. 

Working, up. 

IltmiiK tin- rlh'ht ruM-' and shape, <*t up lie under and 
over ulouk. mid Iwnd thpm figlit liuck ; th«i put the b&ya 
into ihfcir plHw. and lioM it w«U up whilst rou wnA ho«k 
the under cJoak aide ; then well luul U to the roll. Ne»t 



work up the over cImIe frocn bop ht hottota vontil It ttnJb 
vft Kiaan all ths way down, then by degnoi wtdE Un 
anne nbaut half over all the way down : thni go bMlt. aad 
with the hatnm<>r and a «})ort piccT of roll (aa in lend Bet 
layint^), thr mil lieiti^ btrld finuly upon llwi lead, irtrilu the 
roll with the banuuer towards tlw angle, and thus work it 
down without etnuDtn)^ Hui load. After this, with the 
htfmhr«mdreai<erandhiuniner, work it down middling eloae, 
and fiuiah with a box dr f aer or Iodk edge cbeae wed(ra< 
Then «hon]d be tacks Hxod on the rel] to bold down ue 
ov«r oloftk ; but befote you even att4.>inpt liiu rolln us a 
dome, you moBt do eotne on the lead flata. whioh baa been 
exnUined. 

To mesflurv tho vuperfionl oont«nta of a donic, the height 
and dimoniiione of ila bsMi betng Riven, multiply the tqunre 
of the diamoter of the beao by l'67ltK, Aud (ho prod UOt will 
Iki thr i»ipt-r£i(!ial rantente. But for nlliptiOLl domea, 
uiulliply llitf rvru diaiurrlent of the baae together, and the 
produut rcBultiug by 1-6708 fur the supemcial coiitoota, 
whiuh wilt hti i]iiite near enou^ for g«neral parpoM*. 
Bui, of >iN)unie, yoii mast allow for uverlapA, tackit, fto,, 
and at tiin«w thin will nin tn aa mur-h bh id pm rrnt., nevor 
lew thau 12) \tvt wiit. 

For the aulid coutontn of domm or half sphcmte, having 
Uio hi-iglit and dimensioDH of itn \»t» giTon, multiply the 
arcu of tbe baae by the bciftlit, and two-tbirda of the 
product will be the solid eontenta. 




Spires, ite. 

I ahal) now give two ur three nothode at doing 
of work, although it la not on* ptumbor out of tWtt. 



«82 LOUVRE AND OTHER VKNTJLAT0R8, TUKBETB. SPIKES. DOMES. ETC.. 



wiQ i>rer tw calW npon to norar nt*. Hmos tha nkoon 
why t f^uuld g<j a little more muiutvly Into Uw wvric. I 
will hogin nt Tia. 1,422. T>iJ> Is oompOBed uraplj oi 
utnighi piece* of lead nailed ou lo the boarding, *» at I , 
tbvn tbe roll nailed on ont the nailinj; of thn first bajr. 
Having tbe Rnt bar pcworiy nail«d od, aud ihu eoda of 
ihc hnyti lo iho nide rolt. nest procwd to work ihn Iny 
No. 2. -arhkh id>oald br workM to form an o^-w i-lniik to thr 
fiial nJ!, and in imr.ti a lanmn* thiil you con wiirk the 
over cloak down rauud thv roll, and learn a ^nod Hjilnnh Up 
properly tavkod to prvvmt it piovirtK. TW r«t!t» «lmu1d w 
nouly ri>und. w that the l«ad may rctit well in ihv luierlc of 
th« roll and boarding, which will pntvont the It^d from 
^tinjr anrajr. HavinK Uui bay No. 'J rvady. put it in itA 
placic nud wrU nnll it iiluti)^ ihu lop Mid down lEc Hidr roll*. 
After this Ax roll No. J ovcc the liay Ni>, 2. ami «* on, all 
np oiKih lidr. In rJiiH mntliod tho enda of the hnjH arc 
worlwd oviT thi- nidi- rullfl, or hiiM. Bono plnmbns lay th«> 
tiayii. Mid nftemardfi rornr thai htjn with «opantt« [H4<rrai of 
k-iul ; liiit wh*<D tlua ia dons it U inure work without getting 
any udrantsgt. 




This is nhown at fig- 1.423. It ia vwy useful in pUow 
wbem long lengtha of l«ad rnntiat (w luwd, and where the 
h«y« are more thati 9ft. lonif {*f« 1, 2, 3. 4. 5, 6. 7, 8). 
Pirnf fli l.tin bayn. MthfT I or 3. with tlin undfr rliiiiki>, an 
jow did in Fii;. 1 ,ii2, or a* yuu uruuld du in u njuunou flu t. 



For my part, 1 pskfierio nail th» undat eloaks nntW thn 
roB, aa fran ww I lL>f« btnlr nm thii Mwida luuili tin- 
IwRt, to aay notlow dxmt the woifc. Havlae pit bays 
1, '2. Olid 3 into thor pUoea with good rounded roUi) and 
pirnty nl tiu'k", prooMd to work down tho omr rioak urnr 
the flr*t roU front B. to C and from B, tu J, and mi on all up 
the Hpiiv. Vou may work tbe ludc rolls with the enda uf 
yrur bavB, or 1^ twpamto pieces o* l««d. ot ptvConhly with 
llif> M^nm, nm beforu-tunntiuned. When executing thin 
rliuw of work there are aeTeral object* to ksap in vinw. 
The finrt i« perfect aonndnoH of wmt. Seoona, that tbo 
|iiccH of lead put on art! net too large, as tiuj will bo 
iitfivtrd by the temperature of tho atmocpherv. Third, 
lluit tbe point of Lhf mlla niw in a Una aa at B, D, K. L. 
M, N. CJ, and ibelr iiiterMWlimiR perfectly worked; alao 
that the other line of roll vndu are running Mraitrht. TImm 
two liniM ol roll onda rannot Ni nialntainfd unlcaa emrjr 
bay is set l0 « dilTittait width, wbidi makes a greftl 




no i.m. 



diffarenee in tbe eoat of the «-ark. Such work ia ahowu £t 
Fig. 1,424, and nntme tliHt it ia impoMhle to wnrk the enda 
of the bays ut Fitr 1,423 on tlic wiuitrv ai in Pig. 1,424, 
naninly. up airunxt tho i^do rtilli<. In Fig. 1,424, the cnda 
of the bayi' may hf cot Minarr, A. H, C, D, K, F. O, II, 
lia., anil if no, tbn tiavH will beoomu ncialliTr frrna the 
bottem upwanU — that is, if the intersecting line iit inaln> 
tiiinod. The lop pail may bo mriod, ua ahowa at 16, I7| 
IN, IB, and -JO. 



« 



LOUVRK AND OTHER VENTILATORS. TURRETS. SPIHKS. DOMES, ETC. 688 



FffT. 1,4S5 niiutnLtes tho lead m nailed imdvr tbo nil, u 
U B, and tho over cloak Q, ^ A, ooTerio^ tho roll. 



■, \ 



iT 



Vlt) 1.13a. 






MfT 



Tia. 1.430. 



Fig. 1,42fi IttiLitratce thv undercloulc load bruiuiliC rotind 
injl, Mst B, and nailcil on the toll, aa ui B. iind tbo 
■idoak Q, K, A.lir(>ui;ht over nnd turkoH unilcr, a» 
> at J with K Wme on, or otbvrwiao &xi^ tack at A. 



Fi|t. ] ,427 iUiuLnti-n tlw mrtbod of fixing iha lend (aa 
laid im (tats) to the roll m in thf onttnAiy tnaiiner, cxc«|itin{r 
the lark ml A. which it Lore Inimt ou, i.r iitlierwiKi flxrd 
for biiMiii)^ llx' rrtiirn IkuI dnmi. 'I'hi* tiiiDR of the lead 
on ib« roll lj]i« tho ordiuarj* Ituul flat work 'hould tiot \» 



«,--;.:-■: 



y 



ru. 1.427. 

done on tUa oUas of work, for H tho nrpirp bo *«n' «l<-4^ 
Mid titt mxa imywar powerful, the lead ^fil] bolRV wit, 
ithid <lnirn« iinlH. iind bsp in the middle ; bat If the load ia 
HvU BU|>piir1«i, iM at Fi^». I,t'26 and 1,130, tlii* cMtook 
happen. 

Diamond Bays. 

Thif> id OliiBtmfatI at FIk- 1.428. aud i> tho hen elua of 
niirlc for nlL itpirv « ^rk, ioAsmDch hh bno the bajK arc not 
too ItrKv 1 and tbi> fact of it* nlut|ir rvndrra it mo that 
it rmiMv i-arh bar to wnd^ro itw-lf finiilj inin the roitna til 
tbi- rulla, »(> lit 6' , C , , K ", Jtc. Of mursp, th<' under doak 
of the load, ae before vpoliLii of, nhoulJ 'ho Axrd under tho 
mtln, wbi'h M-ill ftlivi makA the work morr M^iir^. 

Bi-f'>rv yiiu nttmqit tii lw>flD iiileh n jnb a* that nbown at 
Vig. 1,429, yon should thoioMghly iindLmitnnil tlin wboln 
ruutinw of pfumljcra' work. 

Horeisa job34aft,, or perbajM UDOfl. hi^b, and oxpofed 
t*> all wittiln aod iri.vith<rni. In fix up a w^lTold, and ]iiit 
your n-i>rk riKtit ufler a few jear* wutild bp a at-riouii 
caiioei|Uati«- ; aud, thcroforo, I wam j-mi to do tho work 
in a* Ktrnng a vrnj* tliat joq poMil4y i-au. 

Wu will now riv-krrts that ron can carrj- out nurh a job, 
and ptvpaiv ourw-Ivpa for .i *tait, Tliia i« a Job ozcouted 
by tayrid : it ia HOft. fnim tho fcround, and TOft. b; 33(t. 
<^tT«. irhirh I began b;^ eorerinff the pUnth*. an at I. : thon 
put on the xi^-XAg coating I» Ne«t 1 ttivtn-U tte 
fluted oolomna and onpa, exooptinr tbn omanienla and 
IvavM (which diould bo tho latt thins to do). Tlwii the 
zi^-zafT paneltinir K. N. P, K. If , O, Q. S; than the 
corb tisafaiufir and i?utb roll as I baro shown in tho .'ornitrr 
port of niir rord work. Work ths bayii in »nch a waj tbat 
tbo roll* will bold tho lend well down at evety ;Arl. mid 
where yoa can use jiu. thick copper taeka from lia. to i'm, 
wido acooidinp to what the ta<-Jc will hare to bold. rlr.. put 
It 2in. tadt in the oentru of all lengtha morv thiui 2fL hmg 
or wido, aay, at inch plxora aa J, K, L. M. Fitf. lATi. 
The tup rvllit up to 3in. will b« w rrawd ay over doua f tvin 
Uto ba^a. Shonld the hip ralla be (mm m. tQtii)..4j«w4>'«t. 



684 LOUVRE AND OTHER VENTILATORS, TURRETS. SPIRES, DOMES, ETC. 





FIO. I.ISS. 

then fat the rolls on after tho panele are oOTOied, and nover 
the bipH, which makes a firBt-claMi job. 

The finUl capping i« to be covered with lead, and the 
lightning oonductors fiitKl \a»K 

N.B.— No solder should be used on anch a job, and I 
prefer not to have any lead burning. On this job there ia 
not a speck of either. 



Snow Boards. 

Snow boardfl are need to allow the vatar to run off the 
gutters when the thaw takes place ; they are also very good 
for protection of the lead whtlBt walking over the same. 
They are made as shown at Fig. 1,429. Fig. 1,429, A, A, 
are the blocks, about 2in. high, to support the orosepiece, 
D, D, upon which are nailed the fillets, B, B, B, about 
{in. to lin. apart. These fllleta hold up the snow ofF the 
gutter, but allows the water to run away as it paaaea from 
Uie solid into the fluid state. 

Sometimes snow boardit arc fixed in a vertical position on 
the top of the slates in order to catch or prevent large 
lumpe of snow falling off the roof on to glass verandahs, 
oonaervatoriee, greenhouitei, and the like ; and gutters, as 
shown at Fig. 1,31G, will answer every purpose. But if the 
gieeohouae is an afterthought, and built after the main 
roof is finished, or if you oannot have the latter kind of 
guttering, then the difficulty with tlie snow dropping is 



FlO. 1,420. 

got over by fixing a vertical mow board, which in nothing 
more than a stout board, say, Uin. by 9in., along Uk 




slatee, kept ' 
freely ondt 



Fw. i,*30. 

'•• order to allow the water to get 
~ig. 1,430, which is drawn too 



ORNAMENTAL RAIN-WATEB HEADS. 



68ff 



Win<. Oarv HbMolil be taknn ti hnw prnjwr fastenings, 
vhiol) for & Rtwd job Hboulil bo cam in inui-inotal or hrmim. 
Of lyiutM- this HDOW boiird should be covcrHl with lad. and 
c«io iihniild bo Uikcn U> n>v<>r it in mmli ■ RiAnner I bat whrn 
tlir BUuw U Ijriuf; "Kuiuit it uu wret can ;T*'t tu t)it- bnnnl. 
Fig. 1.4S0 stiotr« bj- an fmliiritwl ridw the tin?tho<l of 
MTcrini; ihut kiiitl of »iiuw buunl, itlm tho methml nf lixinp: 
it. B, th» b(»rd Gomreil with load, and tiniiitiod with 
a wett nt W ; D. Iho bm*a nr ^'■'"-■tJct*^' bmvkebi. mndi- 
gMxl tci ibo raftt^r, and at tho puitit. K. inadw ^nd with Ictnd 
aiul solder, Sot that tk? Ltuvkcu nr« ttcnrwuil un. uud 
prapcrly oDvcrrd with lend, nr with wbito Itmd to ke«p the 
wet onl of thn actcw hol^^ ; Init u mui-h In-IIrr plun is to 
let tli« (^Iidk of UiB bnlL-kota In' t<piki'-Hh»|jK<}, nilrl buIrM 

btned into tbo bottom of tlii' booid, aa bIiuwu by tho duttisl 
line* npnrrr J ; then dmp tht» board on to thp npikoB, K. 
It will hf. much the Hftfunt [ilnn to fix an iipnm •>{ l<<wl, naj, 
Ifijii. wide and I'iiii. longer thau tli« auow bunnl. to prer«ut 
til'.- wet gvttin^ in thnniifb tho Uyvr or nunont alatat ju»t 
wbcro tbit now board is Liv.«t(>d. 

Roof Strainers (Oast). 

ThCM' (itrainera may hi; oast m niij' nh&pa or pattrni. 
For waspool work t prrfor thcdiftm(:tiil|vttti>rii. Fl^r 1,431. 



&>:. 
ra^j 



A. A A A 



w 



w 

fir. 










Tliix ic- I ;L-t III tho diiak, tliu thickutue ijf the bus varv 
accurdiu^ to the suu of tlie btruon. Sometimes jm wiU 



mitiiro thron domc-ahaped for fixin)? over tb« outlH pipt*, 
Ai\ 'rhoMi may bn ciut In tbr mudci fliiok, but 1w ourefiu hi 
form the iasido or core port tii Itiive ihu pntt^m A«elj, 
othcTWkw you vrill not jrrt on vory well at thL« job, Yom 
naj stmnfjftben jimr Htraiiii^r hir miiinK with Lhtt lead a 
mnall [Martian of ^iui^. Mult the lim.- tlntC. 

Dome Bo»sed-up Strainers. 

Sup|»»e you wtith tv malco a nvond or iJomsHihajKd 
HtmintT. L«t Fig. 1,131 be the rea|uir«d atmiDor, mv ein. 
at-roM thi- liu<-. Now tako votir i-oiiipaMwa aod dii,-icfa th« 
urr, A. Ct, B, iuto an aiany pnrta aa yon chotwe, *>«y, 52 : 
Ibia im tho diftanoe round. Thou l»ku your conipussos xvd 
Hot ou a ri^bt or atraiifht IJim> 2G at theae jMrta. This will 
givo twi<% tho diatonnn for yoa to Mt your ctnnjNUM*, ao 
that you mnv strike out » pieco of load to oovw a ball thia 
iLiso vdth llu» radius. Strtkn a cinular piooo •^^ If^d. and 
work it to Ibo requlrod ahap^' by ftrel {ilaciuK tli'> <)uUid« 
«dgO of yonr leu to an nnftb np>n the bcDch . then by 
bo^nntng with tho tnallot, ha minor liijf awny from tho 
inaida edffe iu urdor to moko it liolUjw ; tbea irork It with 
tbo smwJer dteoMr from round the ontaid«, boldloK- Uio 
Xuga mallet inside; ke«]> ivt it until you get tt the 
requimd abape iind aixn. itj?ineniiier thia, you tiiuit uot 
kiinck it to ninkf it thin ruimd the lop, but tblokMi it for 
aliniirtti. tiiivtns the siao, stzikc a few- ringa round tho 
outaide at equal diatancoa apart, mud bore wmc Im. hole* 
equally all round, or you may strike thew ring* >44on- you 
bnjirin to work up, the Htraiuer. [f tho stnuiior iu boaaed 
U|,>, by the rule wbidi I bavo her* luiil down, you -will have 
il ns it should be, thick round tho bottom and lop, which 
will be all tJic bettor when you put in tbu ciotohoa, W, W, 
and the holes. 

Dome and other ahaped Wire Strainers. 

'Diosr are beat made of copper wire fur rain^wabor pipea, 
&i>. Thoy will last, but soiaetunee they are mniiu of ^m 
gatvaalaed, which iu poor stuff to stand fur 30, let olona 
IDO to 300 years ; thereforv don't uae them. 



ORNAMENTAL RAIN-WATER HEADS. 



Leatf Rain-Water Heads. 

Nearly every iilnmbfrhaanotii/nd Iha womderfuj different 
doatf no wo hare iu ruin- waU;r hcada ; and tnnny, who hani 
cot bad tho work to do, are at a great Ioah To tindenrtaad 
bow »>tiie'of these lire jnade. I now spiwkfnHaexpeTienee; 
tvT wbun I fint iuiu«I tb« tn»di.-, and long after Uua, I waa 
continually on tlie pry lo And out tho beat dtapcd heoda, 
and have mode & oolla'lion of dnwiugit of iht^ old hi.'udn to 
bo fnuod iibout Iinndiin, the difJ^Trnt parts nf Fnf^land and 
abroad, many uf whith I intond ptar^itiK bofoiv you, I 
have alto deogued a greut number of min-wat«r faeoda. to 
cult tbe different jobs I have earriiMi out. which I skall 
alao place bL'furo you, and bug to atate that tbe copy* 
right of the mme exoluaiTolT belong to myself. FiiW of 
■U. wo will ojuunitH thow eanset to altapo. Before I pro- 
oeed, ii!l('w mn to ntaie that if yon eon do lud homing yon 
will find it i> gR-At adTnntage to you in thi^ claim of wiirk. 
for Kildi'.r nhoiilil lie avnidi'd whniVTctr Ton can. A xiiiurv 
boK — lOiu. by Aiu, itiid Uiu. duop, with vu ^'||tl«t pi]>v, 
having a fcimplu toiid or welt turned oviir ibo top to 



ktJfTcn it^i* ono whiob is of tlio simplMt known, eaBod a 
M]iiiire or uiiitBni bead. It r«u bf itnt out of one piece ot 
I««d( like tbe makiug up of a #qiiare aerrlee box or eeae- 
pool. Thia in. of course, eoldend up, and a Bttnap or 
aoolnt nipe autdored in the bottom, whieh nuiy atand up 
iuwlde Jin. or Sin. iu oriier to collect all dirt, or Iu fonu a 
vundlaltug-tnp by pnttlng a oap (like a boll-tnp) aver 
MUM : or if j^n winh to make thia a cnll-bead— that la to 
•ay, a bead iu tin- middle part uf a pipe tt) rooara anoUior 
hrkn'^h or a waato wipe, then in order to praveot gaeea 
enapjitK. briuR tbe tmt pipe over (he stump Bad give it 
what dip you can. Earn are soldered on, hut if you out 
the bottom, front, and two enda in on* pieue, and aohler on 
tbe hack, tlifm cut the ba^Jc to fomi tho ears alao, the enra 
should bo large enough to hold a\> the bead, diuI at leant 
Gin. wide to turn back to wrat toe waU-hooka, and by eo 
doing you prevent tho waO-hooka from ooming out, getting 
runty, uc ataiuing yuur wing* or ears with ruat. 

Kiifs. K, D, 1,43'2, is a head made in the y^AT 11)78. and 
had boen in it* pn^aent position over ■■itco it wax fiiisl in 



086 



QBNAMENTAL RAIN-WATEB HEADS. 





FlO. 1,482. 



tho Temple, Londoa, and looks as good as the day it was 
fixed. It has a round front, with a kind of flat sidn 
gcnng to an asgle, eo as to form an angle bead. Of courae 
tiiia is made on a block the shape of the front, and Uien the 
aides soldered on, also the ears, A, A. The method of 
working these fillets, abacuses, otoIos, annulets, colgrinoa, 
astragalB, nonngs, mouldings, Ac. (arohiteotural .tenns) in 
these Deads are as follows : —First, have a block turned and 
oarred the repaired shape, but notice one thing— see that 
it is made in such a manner that the lead may eaaly be 
taken oft aft«r it is worked. Then take a good pieoe of 
soft lead, oat as near as possible to the reqn^eff 'Wap^,' 
bend it round l^e block, and with a nail or'twq.njB^.U|e, 
ends of the lead round at the back. This fixes tlie Iwiid on ,' 
the block. Next, take n lead flapper, and flap the, lea^&U , 
Tooiid the different members so ttiatfou can see them quite 
plain. After this take some soft wood tools, made fb the 
shape that will suit your work, and work all the meAibers 
homS) taking care not to work on the edges or anises of 
the block orlead, or you will soon find bird's-eye« (holes) 
in the lead. It does not matter what the shape mav' he, 
Toa must remember this — the lead has to be worked Dome 
gently and evenly, and without the sign of a hole or the 
had being strained. It sometimes happens that yon, con 
make the front in two or three pieces, or work in',an 
astragal head-hollow or moulding ; bnt it is not considered 
good work. 

Fig. 1,432, B,A,A, is also an old bell-jpattem angle 
head, excepting it has a fillet at the top. lliere are some 
very goodonesnt Somuract House, Strand, London. The 
front is blocked up, and Ac two ends returned add* 
solved up the angle A. The shaft (commonly called a'' 
socket by most persons out of the trade) is a piece of pipe 
soldered in the bottom. 

Fig. 1,433 is a head fixed in the Strand, London. It 
bears the date 1777, and the initials of the maker upon it 
— " EL R. E." The front is blocked up. The ears A, A ' 
and back &re in one piece, soldered on. Its front is 
ornamented with a cost head or face. 

Fig. 1,434 is a cone head, having flutes at B. It has a 
pleamng appearance, and is fixed in taany places about 
town, awl may be seen round 3L Clement'ti Church, Strand, 
London. They stand first-rate, and are blocked' i^ and - 



soldered at angle. The ears A, A are soldered on. This 
land of head was very common 160 years a^o. 

On the right is a very pretty hopper head. It is blocked 
up, ihea ornamented with the raised half-balls round the 
hoUow, the centre, and abacus. The flutes are wide at 
top and come to a point. It looks well if made in proper- 
tion. It is a very easy head to make. 

Before we enter further into the work we should know 
something about the size of these heads. For lliis purpose 
I have drawn Fig. 1,435 to a lin. scale. This neadis 




riu. 1.W3. 

jsuitable for a building from 60ft. to 80ft. high, or for the 
, tower of a church steeple, &c. For every additional 20ft. 
-^high add ^ to the size. The height is 'itt. 3in. , not count- 
jng the shaft. Internal width at top, 1ft. 6in. Fillet, 4in, 
Abacus, 4in. Ovolo, Sin. Annulets, 2in. Ciilorino, .^ii;. 
Astragal, 2in. Hollow, 4in. Bead, lin. This head i.> 
blocked up. Having cut your lead and fiiHtened it on the 
block, begin with the flapper and well flap it in all over. 
Then, when your flaoneris no longer of use, begin working 
the bottom men* "Hrt. Work them step by siep. 



ORNAMENTAL RAIK-WATEB U£ADS. 



6B7 





TM. i.m. 



1 yon finijrh, thran pot tho lyunk on and noliW up. Thn 
.jarviiow turned bniik to kHuw abcint hivr mwrh li-wi 
L»uld b1)ow wlion Uiv Iwa"! i" lintil. 
Tu TtnAi^ up Rur^li n bead iia that Kbown nt Fifr. L,4:I3 in 
parU., t\r»t huiIib the OVOLO. thm the ABACUS, and 
joiu thM« togntlin- at C. Tbm inalu! tho KILLKI' 
to euit tbo Uip vt the ABAOl'!^, uid join thin, tnkiuje 
(^jire to have all the oomcni tmo aiid Bbuzp. ITexl put on 
IIlo moulding 1), wbii^li in east in mna. (Abnoet aii]' 
oiirpt«t«r wtli gvl jou tluji maaldiDg in truod for n pntttnii') 



Nov fix the n^tntira) and put on thp back. Nuw fix tbo 
BEAD Nnd SIJAPT. TTw w-ing P, P. awj be funiMwl iu 
tbe liaok or fixed nn afler. 

Of oovLTvf !iuy kind of wuiff. *ar or tack miij- bo w«d U. 
suit thf htiiJ. Thoflo Hllo^^-tl nt M. N, bein^ iny ngiiinftl 
pNttem, wbioh may be liad direct ait applicjitiou, aud to 
TAiioiw uxi«f fraon all rvKpcctaViln lend niucvtiuil». 

Fur tb« idi&(t», Kcketo, taub, ii«trs)in>lB, and other pjpo 
fittiaKH.BeeFi«i. 431, 432. 1:13. -110, 141, 112, 141, 446, 
44l>. 447, 419. 4S0, 451, 452, ftc. Vol. 1. 




n<i. i.tss. 



Now mako Uie COLORINO .<n.1 \h,y HOLIX}W in 
MM {uu-v. Tb«D form tliu ANNL'LKTS, iu>£ ftz thorn 
eHfaer to Hoe OTolo or oohniDo and join thcoi Bogolfeer. 



V\«- t,436 U Uie iwtxt c«»j to make, wkirh in mads on a 
bityk or l^'lHUtd — tbal <tC widx^ut n M'><-k. b'ir>4 talw 
thn patum, for vUeh mo 1117 " (riwnieu; lor PlunbeiB." 

T i 




nfif, 1,137 tf> made- oih tlu< fitrimer, tha dUhmi<w hdne 
llie Ani«t- fin]]? Ihi. fmnt <if iKiii b<-^ 1r to Work in with 
K ooniiui-, Uic pMlti.Tii oi vliicti rjui often bo had ^m tht- 
mMOn or plb§tcrer for v^iu m bend j-uur Icu^l lo. 



Uie of Ornamants. 

Fi|r. 1 1<38 id vcr; iiiinp1<! tn mnkr'. It. in nuid'e by bond 
wSthimt & block, or. of «oiirs>.', (juickfr on n block, iu> 
fdlluws: — Cut 6, A. 11 in inv mmv, ntid hnuil luinH) inUi 
tbn>0. HfjliiL-r VII tliu »[dm und bttuka . put the ears on . 
iheii cMt ihit nuiuldiu^ (whiuli are all soldetwl oa), or H 

»Tt>u h«TC u cnoulii you nuty work thin in. Let me hen 
explAiu ibiit thr' ornaoiotibt on thiB huul uxe for DM U Ti^ 
aa to look uL If yuu vxamiiu- the top or tillol 6, ron will 
HOC th*t It fftrnui an iiiiitb> and pjirt of a couijS, {See 
^ juBJilc. 1 Thi" rtttBon nf thin i« tJisir t it giv.ti stronjrtb, iind 
B •cts «» u stiffiTifir ti> tie top of the hend. Tixm 3oolt itt tho 
^f omumeiit* rutuid the front. It in pluin tlini tliL-ne koep tlio 
wbol.- fri'iit fn>m bulKi'iK- Thai rounil H,_al»i mtawnn for 
^ tija |iurpoac, the suuo with •!! thv utbvr Hgurvs. 



ORXAMENTAL RAIN-WATER HEADS. 



088 



Fijf. 1,440 i» mode tlio i«iii« as FIr. 1,43$, uul the oms- 
mcnbi atnok on. 




PiK- 1.441 !■ Uooked up. whu-t mquirra ciare, u It «uUr 
gooi at the Domi>r A. It, which nhuuld bo puildcil with waaL 
IwithfT. AtiA vmtlti-ii iijiwilb (fpiiit i-An-. To mala- thin hrA4 
lirojwrlj-, til-' ntiifl ohuiild bw wurkod to near ubout tikC 
nhap« Moreyou block it. 




riM. I, 113. 

Fl|f. 1 ,442 in mtidti nhont t1)^ Mini> aJi the lut dcflcribed. 
Ulocrk it up, cant and Btie.k the ontBiii'-nlH on after. Tbia 
baud htm a prpttj" a|ii)Mtnuif» if wiirkiil out ■■ ■hown, and 
about lein. to '.MUi, iufft for Sxiiitf 'iMt. higk. 




Fiir. 1,443 is nthfrhumt or hlivlml np, and the ornA> 
tn^nU iitiink on, Tht- leam-e 6, at liuttoui, am triirk<Nl on th«> 
Uuck, a« alao A. Da not turn the lidea of th« top noatn^ 
QUiU after tho hc«d U Ukas off tho blook. Ton can then 
tom it bf hand aii a pieoc of roll or mandml. 

Fig. 1,4-11 ia bl'ochnl up ; Imt th« block rouHt be mad<< a 
little oil the t4ip«r tu draw at A, A. Tim twlut and oraa- 
menta round ooloriao at F, are oast In Uio luod or atnck on. 




rm 1,114. 

"Work th« ImvoB iii th« "Lvllow " B. An a»trafC(tl kK>ks 
very well intitoad of thu twiat, and la Iimh trouble. H«t« 
tbft bark i« Bul(1i-r«i] on after the hoad is vorkt>d up. 

In Fii;. 1 ,44A tho Lead ttiny bo mndo oil » yiida lilock tho 
i)luL(>'.' of front or on a block, the block umm only to nurk 
and fix th« piectifl tvmpomrUj for Mldering «r burning up. 
This, ot oourae, is done frotn tlifi itwJd^ Tlu: twiiit aiid 
aides nuj be warkrd in iwpanit« piei-«B on the frant of 



riu. i **» 




block, but tho pattern muat not be on the aidos of the Uodc. 
Leave thu a plain round, mi that rou can draw tout lead 
off Die liltt^k. The H-rolI wurk in. in tlione I miidtt, hand 
work — bnt may lie nut — alii» ih* iroii-iDi>t4il ears or luga, 
nnd twlderod on ri^ht wrom Uio bock. 

In Pift. I.41<t the bead haa a lot of work in It, ibongfa it 
locloi plain. It mar be worked in four piecM. and ookteml 
up, or Ihd Irout aitu two sides may be in oda pieou and iLe 



690 



ORNAMENTAL RAIN'-WATETl HEADS. 



haclt anMrml oo In fonn lh« tmn-. I lurru nrndv « qunnlity 
tn llio '<iiii]X' of the iNittom [lArt up to C, and ia u nlue 
tiUlo liimd. Utiiiy «r( tlitsL' iiotfln nutf txt thus Worked 



4 


IM 


IRE^ 


■■■P^ 


^ 


1 

1 


r "^^ 


J 


ff 


:"";"- cS-^ 




=J 


z—-^^—- 


ll 


■h iPif . 1 u 


^ 


'-^-^^= rr 


' H 


^ 


i^ 


pTiH 



Fki. l.fM. 

vIUioul departing from Uli? ripyriKlit of tlio iirtl<-]*, and I 
tuiTB abtniniKl dnnufron aK^iiii^it a jvtmiu tat nainf; thmu 
enrraringM in pnrU wlthnut my fauwtmt. 

eiff. 1.417 is » verv curii'ii- ]i- kmi; hend. If you Itxilt 
mnnill)' at it you xill npi' t)\ i !)j r^ .in> lum hi-iula, jtunnil 
totfttUutf frum tLa t^&ft, iKX.k'V. <<i , "K"! TUin Ui[), fn<iu 
C. u> A, nill fluit mKny ol^her fieuni h«r«) iibotni. It in 
often inndr, nithoiit ii bUik. tn fit nn thn t^p of h«Adi( to 
liide tbu (mjuontly uiiai^litly lit)l« iu the vrmll when llie 




rUL 1,M7. 

initIrT i^nmoN llirnti^li. Of rniirni* t.hiit part where Ib^ 

KMtttfT eiitern the liiiid b out awiif . The whuW Uiintr niiiy 
? iduiIb in N>otionfi or purtu, and it may be flxcd vitJb t^r* 
or vrilh wall-horiks, t)ir<iiiif)i the Mck at }l, Tii!., if thp 
u{).-iiiny slxit't' till' jjiilt'T is tint toil biri^. 0{ ivnirMi, tliiit 
is when thix top ik ii^mI »epiirat>-ly . Tlic' flu'v^'tr in ca«t tiiid 



eltick OB- xm 
nnj modpJlprX 



The piLtlprn fnr fln«-^ mMj bo vockad oat 




nn. 1,««8. 



Fiff. 1.148 pam-ni b made at Fig. 1,447, ia Mcti 
it mor be blnclied u[). The pean sre worked on ■ k 
mouKI unil rttmk nii ; itUv) thr other omunrnta. 




Via. 1.44J 

Pig. 1,449 h made tlio muli' u Fig. 1,443: Uw urea* 
intLtfl arc oant und ntuok cin. 




riu. 1.4K.1. 



t'ijr. 1.430 is a bottd which ThnTomad^ hundreds •>{, and 
have a mould to i^iut tboni. lint I Nlittll nxpciK my rmi1t<r 
Ii^ Ik- alili- l() inEikf Hirtn l>y lintid. It. in l>li>ckL-d up, Tho 
iliiimnnii i>i,iiil» nro nut in WKtlm atid «tuck oa : alMt tlio 
U-avwi iiiid halt-biiUa. 'ITiU. head KijuirtN ft lot of time Ut 



OUNAMKNTAL UAIN-WATEB HRADS. 



dOi 



__. I haw wfiric^ ihe whAlfi nr fran un« picAc of 7Ih, 
, _ 1, gmep fi nK the enn, W, W. Hnd l«uves, auil, if properly 
- doae, i« » gmd piMo nf worknutiwluii. 

In this, Fig. I.4RI, tbs plain part of th« flrnre ifl flrat 
{If nude by hknil) bWltod up, tno •rallop work cut out pf 
■tiff Irad "nil Mturk nil ; the lialf ixidc*, wluch knve to b« 



W 






w 



Fra. 1.1U. 



wnrilAl (III a blook nn kiYMunt nf tho l3«nd ; thti cono* 
nUni^'llieu it. It IN a lurJous old-luolduK I>ead, nnd In 
nutalile fur iiuritiat LuildingB. 

In Vig. I.4IS2 tliu head in l>tijcl(«d up nuirh itlmiit tbt- 
mnw nx tbo fonner. If tfai« ih wiirkt-d on it Uotfk m-o tluit 
Uii- Huh.** uru cut BO tui tt> uUuw tin- lead to bo taktm ulf tlic 



illllinill 



Km- I.IN2. 



hloi-k fmm th« buck, and thai a flftt back btunt or acldored 
>m. Tliw, if well innil«>, io ■ vi.'rf- pnittj head, uid u irood 
lioinb tu ventil&tiri^f plpM. The dulinf; Mhoiild tie k^l 
largp Miough, My out Iom than IJiii. for ii lifitflil of ■iOU. 

Fl)?. 1,453 in tbe CliinMu K*ll |>atti.>ni. It iiuiy Iw ful 
vlT ut A, vliini it mnkvn k very pretty hicai. Lay ■ pieov 
of paper ovor the taaie ut tbi' pointn, and «« Dow you 

like it. 



.• • 



L 



^* 



\V V! 



Ifiu. ittsx 



In Vig. L.-IM, aithoTiiErb it lonki* a lot of work, tbnm in 
MAroeLv a^y in il. if tUiui- Ihi' iciiupJMit w.-iv. [f mi iloQe. 
the btNiy in i;a«t in tbrH> pjecen. l«4)dRi tL« f^iiuk, und banit 
ur wlilcnHl up. It in tlivn >a y\iua u u mullet. If nutdtf 
l>y baud, it im beut uuule <)u a black, and ill tiko omai&eDta 



>rt 






nant and Ktui'k nn : hut jilinnild you wii^ to nukK tht' wlioli' 
frunl will iiidtM in itnr pittt-, you can >!<• «o ■* foUuws:— 
Fint, the blork nnutt tm conntnwitnl ■* faUawa : tbo fmot, 
up to witliiii KM iiuilk <if till) Hide*, in one p(reo. A, ■■ tbe 
fmnt carved lo the rcqaiivd jwttem tor casting mne. 

Fig. 1 ,4.5^ ia a ^fMt iHiiut nrtiiini«nt«d in frouL. Of 
WUDH.', ln-iiiji cant, you will al 'iiiii- wiy thai tbe thill|r 
too Biiuple to nrquire any furUiLT dewriplioD. Hen 
hecointM & lOAttor of p4tti^i -nut king and moulding. 'I 
)ii!«d I ca«t for M<.-MairB. Siiii-iilmi k Smw, plumliuni, 
tbe Examitiatioo b^booln »,t l.'xfurd, kibw y«an ■inne. 

Wo hsTfl now lurlved nt tki- oanc of rain-unt^r IwAd 
m&king. Fig. I.ISC, hue, ia ■ liood, phoUtgru|>bal frou 



FIKIALB AND WEATHERCOCKS. 



69S 



FINIALS AND WEATHERCOCKS. 



I 



A flninl «hotdd bo iMoful and omftDientA]. It* Mttuntiou 
ia (fennmUj on thf Bixrx nf )fni:>l<M, riil^fpa, uid otht'r tii^h 
parte of roofH. tapocMty in Gulhii: an.-tiil«c.'ttuv. It ia umil 
torclisve ttA to give finish to ihi- mtenectaig poiutii uf 
hipa Add riilffcfl : ir i* Alnn uw-it m» u li^^htninr ci>nilui-ti>r, 
weuUiHn-'oaL, 4c., 4c. Btrforn I jiruurrd lu OBBcribo Uiij 
flffurm, I abouJd nunvk tbut the (freftter part uf lh«e am 
wi'w. And my copy right, 

i'ig- l.l^>7 ii> a p»rtf3uit Ipju) fitii>l in Mivrntl piocoi. A, 
>nd fi, ahuuld bo wi>rktid tu orw piece, C, >.-a«t, aEiki D, E 
out, F, und the lmve« worked up by baud, aUo the 



welled or otbvnrinc. If only *bout 2ft. high and 9ia 
*i|uart, Tiut it ua in nae juhk- \ritli n wntl iliiim lh« Imok. 
oud wurV it back Xo ibc woodwuik. The leaves may be 




riii. I.4&7. 



Imll. and all bomed properly at the jointa; tht^ holt nnt 
■bniTii goes tbrouffh tJ)u Miiurc, F. and tkn)U>}i tlix cruna 
twial, nnd alev B. A, into the haM or peoBatal wood- 
work <A pjof . 



Working up A Ball. 

Firrt cut the liuct the «m< r«juir«l, whiuh may be euily 
Mt a* followH : — Strilu- a I'iroEu thn m^iurecL sUi? fnitn tbs 
ttf uf ttio i.-ii-rlo tri the boltuni. wr hulf the diaiiiMur, take 
tBc comjxitHWB ikud (lirido il into ii» many parts aa yon cAn, 
and tlim «et off ma many j^utt^ rt» thi« iklunir a «traight linv 
{thii will give yon tlie haU-dl'<tjiDi^' nnmd thi; b«llli "'t 
yiiur (<«iii[>«MMN> U> tliw, and then ■trike a rircl.? ithla wili 
Ifiw you the siep for your IrndJ ; nut it a little lorg«r to 
allow for thiokrrtiing wh-iii wurkiiJfr over. It i» tuit n bwl 
plan tu miikL' it in two hnlvaii. For slTiku)){ thU out you 
oiily wiLiit liiilf the htutl or bI/ciI cinjle. Having cut tWDK.', 
Kvt a nmll'i nnil luy th<.' kad oti a Hoft block, und biggin 
hAiiinieTiii>r away on thr iiiNidc near about lin. from tlie 
cdtP^: ih'-ri go rMund atitl munil it until it I* tbomiif^hly 
hullon': tlirn «-<irk it over willi tbij drv^Mier, holdiiiK n 
niALIet tii*)Ho. now Hnd lliuii trying it oa the ball. 'Wliua 
it w to thu ttliBpc. wilder or boiu It up, together with the 
liall, if line in uood inxidr 

Fig. ].4<'i8 iiiny be titliFT cmat ur worked ii]> by hand — if 
by bund, B, aitd thi> 4v>ii<> in iti one piuoe, or in fgur, liiimed 
or Rolderul up. Of rouniv. thi;! fonii<>r lit ibc bent, but if 
imt tvgclhw ia ntry larife picoM, they will etand to bo 




no. i,«aa. 

wnfced by band ur vavt aoparately, uud nulderod to tlM 
'middle wjuarr. A. 

Tig. 1,469 in nearly liki- the laat deecribed, the diiferenoe 
being at E : the tqiure Is longer, and ha* a lot of half 




n«. i,4U. 

balla boosed up ud atetk on, or the whole aqoai* and balls 
Dtay bo cut. You oaa wtwk the l(«d over F. 




rill. I.40D. 

Fig. l,*60.— Firwt oover ibe b«»e. A. If Urg*. • 
the U<Ad boiae, then the steai, B, autl conr, .D; •. 



FINIALS AND WKATHERCOOKS. 



005 



K, and aluo »v«>r tilix top of cone aa m lap ; then tliv nutiujt 
U put <m, aiiitl HTewM ilnwii itito tin) Itip p«rt of lbs iiuge 
nut wiiliiii tliv bnll, luiil tliv liipcbtiuiiiijr n;iiiliirtvr cmnmii- 

I'JK. l,4G&u m reT7 ^nod finial. Thuufch tihorl, it xuita 
many tniildirifp', (wpwially cMMohliDuiiwt, ftc, Virrt rover 
tbt,' wU^pi imd ■iiture Iii one [liete. talu: (hu Icwl u]? lu E, 
Uwm cover tho Imll. knd lirin^ tho \etid dmwn ami owt r liir 
t»-o nMTnlMTTn ticlim' U. witJi n lap for thr nwk or roni' 
part ; U> ralivvn Uie blunt appMUUioi.' uf the bnll lix b nini* 
un it. 



Fw. 



Hii l.t.ll 



Fig- 1,46$. — Tiw Boom tap BnlaL Firxt nut yonr Wd 
fcir the inii^ nr flBnhin^, A, find work il 2ui. up the ome, 
B ; nest roviir tin- inni: and bring th^ tmd up to tlie top of 
thn Mim>, Hnd luiJl all tuund ; iwxt. work a piece of iDttd 
to it» over avoro Hnd nvor top IjmIIji, &c., m ■■ to woA 
davra to din liuf on tJii> vone nt E. 

Fi|i. 1,167— ThiH isB WMtlhcr vane, miitubli- fnr tho top 
of a fiiital fur « ciMu;hboii»#r fir stahte ; it may Ih: fixnd on 
nwiif of tlie finiiLln shown in this work. 



:W 



Vn,. i.tej- 



j I ,«M Ifl « VOT7 prottj- IttH* linioi. ouitAltlo Cor dor- 
^^TajM and tumtM ; U Iwaks cImu uud U^hi utter Lt U 
ijonv. 



Pig l,4A9. — lliif ia a, finUl for llio top* of domx-ni, or 
tilt cud of a iToblo roof, tint oovsr tao mof [mrt with 
apron, A, tbou tritber bo« up the equan and uouo, B, or 



put it on with n wtilt — the Uttar, if tinm Li an object ; thM 
etn-fT thr Imll. K, mid hriitg tbA lead doirn over tho caae 
I.*l at F. 

Fig. t,4T(l. — Tliw Riiiiil IH a very nunplf) one to wrar. 
Fitvt put on the DMhiuy or ftpcon, A. uid bring it weD 



I'M. i.t;D. 
up the rone, n* nhown lij lhl^ dutt^ lines: I 
lend aa the uon», itud work the suiw well boitM 
B, then uuver lh« cuuu. 



FINULS AND WEATHERCOCKS. 



81)7 



I flw ifaff, E. Ifext wgtk qt»plBN to Um dispe of 

the ervwaioiF-iMeoo to fli ball wMa of npri^ MiUop 
work. lUs Mil is cnvom) M thOM Man il«Mribed, but 
well work it rotuul with * flapper; the littla Wlla will tbvn 



tbow tliiT)tif]i IIm leaA, »o that jnu may we tb4 worit ; 
vork it tbflB well iMme, Ihvo btiiitf the hA't ilnwn round 
b, wtd CTcT the rin?, K : ni:;xt propwe ui'l tii Uif r<iiu), 
Q; oftrr thin fix thu iicalloii wnrk nv humiii]; it mi, but 
leKve a bradawl bole in aani: Lo lul rain-water g«t daar. 






Fig. 1.475.— Thla k niiollMir ftninl fur llin MtA nf a roof. 

It in uiadv u ft'lluwii - 1*h» flaahinK" ami raiiiam art> In ono 
piece, E, in Btiothcr, K, J it> aiiultur, tti« plain line, L, 
and froin F, N, tu L, Id annllior, tliv foliaire. ui<l mmr- 
timea tlw nqiinre, in another, All biimt, if Ib|w an iinl 
■lloved uitu cmo w>]id piwe. 

Fte. 1,476. -Thia ia for the cud i>f aridgvi Itlsanioo 
riiiia],aBd looka well whi-n Anlahed. You iMjr now put 
th<> nbai-t IraJ nil on in ona pioue, froot flaahing* or aklrt( 



\\ 



'in. !,«•. 



no. i,in. 



fia. I,l7t 



A, to the ton rtnir. B. D ; )hr' linlal lop la all nf out lew), 
liavieg ■ ma oaai in It nUmt C. 

Fig. 1,177 - -Thia ia t<ir !)..■ I>ip i4 a pmulaiil.pifM niMo 
^nil uf XMOt ; iltp ti«a« ia cfiviitnl ii|> tu t'lp >i1 elnttujirtl i 

B. I). t» pii( i^n acparatnl;, aniJ tlm laat work U-lrwl d<iwn 
Unmigb A. R, l^ TbU t» uxownliii^fl^ Mirtpln l<. miikoi 
tho aona U ■^■»[^ bnraml up, and (1«- Wi wuAw] dviTf, 

Fte. l,4'H.— Tlila i« a vmy heavy flnUiMl ttnlal. anilalla 
tor the eitd of a coavaiU rn»f . il ia nearij «]] eatf load on 
ttwuutaUoa; bat the block, )>. in lined In one plrou; the 
|K»t, O, ia b<aA eovenMl with a plw« of jJpe iu»Ae Ui thia 
liu: tba hernUed ring, O, i* in une pieoe, Aral k-urd up 
M though JT"" """r" makiBK' a ball, then plniw It onr iha 
wualwork, luid W'.rli it nnir (I , tha foatJuen or tup la out 
wllfa tba nuarv In una piece, kavinff the hwd uf Um? nnl 
Itwntn. lies* cut the Uavaa, anid &x thivn nmad the 




Ffg-. 1,182 1«i)0Taral«i Fir. 1.171- Tho fMtlun on tap 
fti» wwolMd or mt; b» out ntid aUuik on. 

IV- 1 . 183 bolDff tbo Ust "f the Btualx, I iMra iM^Bod It 
expKMly for cIub pnrpom : it u nUtable for b flotte tortst 
or k Kpiiv. Beffin bj puttiikv un tho ajwoa, brin^ the top 
up In tlw' bajwbWk, It, UKl s«il all rciuniL Ni>it rovrr 
tlw puitt fruiD tlu) liiiv L, to M, aud flap il mil oU muod 
to ^t muks : then with wft vood tAoU vork it twBilv 
honto. thm ftRiah wit}i box tAota. Oiat M, with & holo 
tluuagh it foe rud uf wAAtlier vmnu. 




nu. l.WL 



For prantiM in finiil -worit tbo following ia a goo<l 
method : —For a ftw ^nu- juu roaj nftnn buy th« oM 
Mired l«K" of fiimiturini, miH'h tkn paano or beiUtead If^. 
An dd ilviii of 1 Ubli> will acrw fur a lot of pmotioo. 
You nlmtild alio bs able to do Icud burning. 

Also see Tentilatora and Uowla. 



IfuUy. M is shown at 
^K *3' • **>' **' ')*■' "i<-i'f <>■■>)[■ FifT' 767 In fttrt. tlie nans, 
ttniintluii tu Dii' KuglUli luii^-mtttv. wmrmnt« otw in caUiiiv 
■nj-thintr iii tliti iiliii|V uf n buiu or disia to cany pfT lllto 
ur nliipii Itj tlifi muiiv of a Mikk. 

liuwowr, 1 will tt^^n hy ^ xplaJniD^Mnoeof the simpleii 

Mud, Bltll VXplliitI iIlihw H'lili'li atv 111 Ki^-liVVkt IHO. Wc will, 

tiwniforv, wi riini mmii ki K)^ ^10. Ilitn-iii M atuno nnk fitted 
wlliiih trap|)i<il wi>irt«-i»!pv, aiid baviuK n fnUtng aoldored 
(liiwik till iia top ; t)io mttn^ luc ilhistntM uid oxpUinod 
»n iMiipo i:i'l iinil 131. Thia lonk wufltit-ptnn iihnnlil bn 
frum lit), to iin. in tliauietcr, MKwrdin^ to liie niiE« of the 
sink, util bkvin^ » ouuo or beU-tnp bodf, ue sbuwri at 



Rg- 200, witlwal tbo atAnd-np pipe A. B, for wMerinu 
Ihu gnlitis' u^n, which otmc im Mililrml ou lh« top end 
of thf Hiiik pipe fur bcddii^; with Purliuid mniBnt into 
lh« fltuiiL- aiiik. Sw Cpinvntin^ Sink Ptpva Ui Sluob 8uib, 

Vegetablfl Sink. 

Thin oink u, M it« tuuao ininliw, for maUay Wfatnblos. 
And mnj- be madt of bUic u d»wn nt Fi)p. 311, or • nDall 
^<ruhud inm <30tera. Ma at Fl|[. l.lHt, ii»nii}c a KnltUK 
in the botumi, or a Urg» wubor and p1u)(, m at i"^. Mi, 
mwiy lx> Tiaed. 

ThvTv am rarioua kin^ of pntmtH rcgotabki ainks, me 
of tbe beat being that ahowa at Pig. 1 ,4M, i^tfat-band ad* ; 




BINKS. 



701 



this iink hmi> llir one md portitiuiied off ^th ft rtraliuir u 
Hliiitni on thu right ; in the bottom at Uiis partirioiwd part 
)k lllt«d the wcwte-inp«. vhioh ip fioTonm] by • rmlvn u Ht 
Vig. 1,49S, fiU«d on a rwl riu! piill. Of cuurw tlii> niilt 
OKU ba tuod for utlier {lurpubt*. 

Butler's Pantry Slnka. 

Thotw oinks urn uinwUjr mad? of Uin. to 2in. wood, ajiA, 
ttn-frmblv, Hoed with Mont r*Nt Icjul. Tho mIkk) generally 
t- froni 2ft. tu 2ft. Bin. loiiK, !8in. wido. aiiil from Iflin. in 
Diin. dwp, witbii 3ii]. wrSiii- wHuhprniiil i^Unt- The IwHt 
I havo Mxm »ro abown nt Fi^. l.'ifi^, IxiiiciuiL' iliu vulvc U 
heliiw K hirgv KTntiiig, and tsiin he wiptxi tliuih witli ^Kiltdm. 
The 1««d Bnould not> uitder luiy oireuiu»t«iioM, \» Ir** tlmu 
71b. k«d. 81b., Olb., or lOlb. being lb« iwuul tiling- F<>r 
Utiin^ thorn, sec Cistern Litiinir. 

T}iV- Impa i.Mv Hot W.n.t Coclw. FifTa. 1,IJ«7, 1,M8, *e.) 
ahonld b<) bolli Rxrd nt one cnil, liitniig tho bcwwM and 

Sipm by u ffmiKXTl j<iitit wipctl To Ui>' I'litl uf tb« abik, and 
xod in socb a mnnniT tliut they caii bo «udly tuxnid, 
thti .villi wnn^ liciTig lh<^ tii><i tnii from iho fnmt, UmuUr 
aiirli mnltM am [inirtibil witli k-ft iitid right handed 
h<irixciiil«] cnckN, put Itiv t-nnRffh npnrt not In rnunp Uii' 
band. The b<it wator, of uiHirso, in iRMUiiil-in co<:k)i bnvinK 
a Npaniinr. The lop of a biiilor'A punlry ainlc is usunlly 
filliil wilh Ik WiWkIiMi 'Iminintf iMiiirrl Bliapftd od fihAwn nt 
thi> hniivtnMirii nink, Fig. I.I^C. itiul a !ilI or lisp bi idint 
Ihi' niiik iliiW'ii wlieii noi in uao. The Miior >up[ily fur 
cramped up -jt nnull ai^caii bo aappliud tluuu(;h a awau- 
noclt, an at Pitf . 1.067. 

Slop and Housemalda' Sinks. 

There are a rarletj of hoiUH'miiudii* oitilrt, ■nmo of a rory 

rUin i'IuirH(-l«i-. Ninply boin^f a Uix ulxmt 1H. 6in. (o 311, 
iiiK, iiy loin. !■> ISin. in width, uriil from (tin. to I-ilu. 
deep, lined with b-ud, a»d liuvin;; a trn>t^nir in tho bottom 
nruT one comor. Tha «ink nhoniil be fixed h> tliat it wii! 
thonntfichlv ilniin itself, nnd will tie nil the better if inadn 
witb » Kvli . itb(jul 9t[i. drc)*r tbnii tho nink, nt one end ; thif> 
nllnns the prl to throw »top" inlu the well vithout il 
)Mtiii)f nil i}V<T tb" bottirm of the idnk. In sutih cAoeH n 
draining botird, bm ithon-n at Mtvura. FcU'h Ainlu. i'lje*. l.th'i 
niid l,48S, mnv. vrilh ndvautaj^, bo uwmI fur •taniliriK tli'- 
paila upirn, wfiiob, at any rato. pntvont^ the piiik wonrluf; 
(mt the lead. 

HouMmalds' Slnka with Hopper Basins. 

SometiinAA hoiiscmaidn' ainlcH an> iniule hm ■linirn n( 
SINK. Ftj<. aag, with n boppCT bacin, FIk- *<>&. fixed Inti 




Ptn, 1.1S& 



a well-coBHlnifilM o. redrstal. or other trap, a^ shown at 
1*. Ift. 16. Fi*. ;[;i9. «l«n .hikIi nn- ti..^! thrv -biinlrf b<. 
ttij intppli«l wilb water, snd, ^irt-fi-nibly, diFcIiiu'i^iijr 
•ppanilv K'ti>4«>pipe. ibtHiirb not always uon- 
nd, if ivot Mi> ttxed, rtbuuld hnTn 'a nou- 



Biphoni« trap, aa at Fig:. 3^9. It alra ahould tuiw a briiKs 
frratiii^ witn almut jin. or 4iD. holea fixed initt a rone- 
abaped^pietw of lead, and bed4e<l in to nearly the Intlom of 
theliaKin, aa ahown at Id, Fig. 339, or tbn baain may h» 
had witb the ntrabuir in tlw botiMn, and ia abown at 
Iffiaara. Woodward's al<^ rink, Fig-. I,4»C, whkb iaa mry 
clean idnk, and in emrj napect pnrfrvt fixmi a amitaiy 
point of view. 




Angle Sinka^ 

Thla 14 nliAwn nt Fi^r. I .-IH*. and a very bandy lor plaon 
whom niimn i> an objVct 'rt)e;>iitk may )>rbad foraenwjn^ 
on tu biiiirdii with itiiiiidnl fiTml. 



Slop Sinks (Variety of)- 

An before aaid, there arv a irriMt variety, even bunilrvtla, 
of alop nnk>> luado to aiiit thi- munv nr([i]in-niimtii i,f private 
houaea, hoapitab. olube, botela, and other largv inMituiinno : 
ia fact, tio one Imowa tbo diffarcat dwpea. Vik. 1,i%s 
illiHtratM Miothar alop riak, abowing th« tlnjnin^ loar>l« 
eoiupletv. 



Traps for Slop Sinks. 

There io a lot of hnnibng abont eartbenwam trap eon- 
neotiona and imii jnnrtiona, with abominable paU-ntnl atid 
uaeleM eonne<itioRi> — i:ine day remnrniendeH , and the next 
condonned, by Lundun County Council aud vertry tanitary 
quar.kn. 

I .^b(J1l1d here remark that althougb I bare aibowu tnan^ 
of tlieue Kink* ha I hure M«n titti>i] up to a lead or iron aod 
■■ipi-, I, nnhwliitinifly. Hay that t ■buivnu'Idy oondcmn 
any up.xtaJn closet or sink, be it whatever it may, wliieh 
linn an cart hcti ware trap below, cntehni< a lead or iron xoil 
pipe, aa the JoJnt tu tbo aoil pipo by raawKwiA <Oia»\Kiv>K^ 



7M 



SINKS. 





Kli>. I,4Mi.. 

cold waMr bring thrown down, ^tauseii Pimnrion and rem- 
tnBtiont for tho ioint, hi)w«vor wvll mnnn mt ltn*l-, ntau^lt 
no Irtigth t'f time. Th» tr»j> alionlil Im uf 1««1, wt iliiiwn 
At Foot or I'mtwilnl L««il Trupu for Hopper BftKiuit, nnd lu 
■hnwn ill Vol, I., nlau «« xhovn al Fig. 1,469, -whi'-h in nn 
KlmoFl iindphrm»hlr, nml nf l-tllt,, oiut ni mie aoliil pi"<^'. 



lifted up during thr ponrtnjf of the alopa, and let dovn 
ft>r the puil tik ntAnil ijjxiii whi-ii dnttnng wal«r : bj this 
yiiii MiQ IbHt till? Hiiik u(mn1 uuf b« mads Isfkct ChKft th* i 
ttlop bituti, thuAODubliiig ynu to fix & slop dnk in nkaiijrJ 
rmtnthnl up pUooi wliwv vuu utliurwiM eauld not da w, 1 
imd tlic (Iroitimg board b^j; fixed on hiogw enable* thvl 





lead foot iTHji. Willi Hot dip, wbioh m,ty be lud of «11 
Twpeotalile Irat) mraTjinDt.*, mil hp «iin> ajid <A HSf om un 
(inCiMij tlrnirn or ronnrf ;i.;ir, un ili^.y an.. n*xt to tUclMo 
fur ikfmt CAKw, owinK tti Hijrliiinittf^. 

Piif. 1.49(1 illtislmlw Ift-Hir^. Jnmiairt' "Urn rink with 
dntiiiiriM I>»»ril touili- Ui work on liitifO:*, wtiiili ciiti lie 



KM, l.Wt. -> 

t;ir] to readily r)niioTi> It. nnd ndjuvl the aaiao wift Um 
liMut poaublc Innbte. Of couiw all these oinltB an at 
limoH hoxM in. 

Pij;. 1,49) iltiutTnt4>« Mt^Mt*. Jenninfn*' eiianmllod iilttb> 
■iiik trith IjinKnl dminiiiii hniunl and bi>t itnd roM water 
I'lir'k* iri>raidvlr. im fixi'd at St. Thunuw'e H^iopital. Lunduu, 



L 



J. 



RINKS. 



^ ^^'fr-. 




in«. ijm. 



Flu. 1,195 i* Mil— I Jflnntaapii* rink um agmettit, 
ituinng vtruMT, onllM nlraai. and will t» wffily oadn^ 
Mood by tbe 7«oag ptoMbor. 1^ ■"pp^ nlv* to tke 



einp sink U irnvfrMd hy tb» l«w Jsft abofv, wUeh n«)r 
V tvrMxl tn Buit liiumUtaMM. 

Fig. 1,496 k aiemn. Bmtaati'm ^feud •uthmmn 




SINKS. 



Taahinj^ Kink or tray, wkich wmj bo fuuil with the Royal 
I'ftlaeeaiiLli codo jnd'wMhvr uud plug, i''ig- I.lSfr, or vith 




no. t.4f>7- 




na. i.iiM. 

tbr plufT iwd viMthrr. Fifr. 1.107 vr Fl)f- l.t^S, »I1 of 
vhicli csB bo bwl fttim M(.'«>r>i, Knisnucl'B. 



Laundry 

Thin \» nhnwn il Piir. !.<«■ A. A. *n- Uh> Uny^ 
lt»-i»irftlli luuili^ ut w-MiJ. wLK'li nny ifwxl »-sirp«nlw <-nx\ 
tuiLkx. 'ri«. jciiiU mLouIJ U put Itrttolli'T Willi n liMl« 
■whiM iMd uuJ |.uii»t. 'bNi* TU ouuliM. T, tuay lu 



put loiMlior M shown, but laag nutnf^h Ui ooine aver tlie 
•iiAp nhdf, knil lhi> itbelf iJiouId Iiavk draiiuufc bohw Aud u 
licftd or lM]gi) kit round. Tlio i-jlxu<lpr, B, in very buiulv 
for hwilitig and storing ailditionii] live wutiT. Thin ui 
vrorltLd \iy u builur tirailur ia ooartraotion to that bIk-wd 
at Vi K, fiif. l.Mi. The oald ^ircnktin^ j.i]-', K. It, in 
the cold HUpply thereto; of oiurw) tliu criuidiT haa a 
flow uid nium pipv, w abown .it F, K. Tbo oold Kutor 
taidc, W, of oouns auopUea tiiu truu|{b by way of Q, or 
tbo cold wmttn- gnanrnlly. Ia tbie ^euaa of hot water 
eniiply. whi<ih I intmdiircd at the KiicbaniptaD CVmvt^it. 
about tha year 186$. muj- be mniu thnl it not otdy ufloidn a 
r«qniBit« vnpply of bot tratn to thv cuppvr, bat also to the 




trsy*. trhii-h u Momtial for the guod mIoiii' and pnnly of 
the liium : for >a oood a« yoor wat«r boromra dirty it cwi In 
repUcml bv drawltijr friitn tbo cyUadcr, osd thnsa doUy 
i« pTvv«>tile(1, which n. mill nftca ulhcrwite be th(t(WM,lf 
roch tu]>pl<r bod to la- liOcen fnun the oopper, to m^ 
nothing of tbu diffenmrc in labour. SotuetiiDee it is 
iK!«e«wry to fix >\ »nill<-'r underneath tJicw trays. a§ »]>v«ii 
at X, whnt thi^re ii> :> iiuimtily of trny^ in it line- The top 
«if tliR (^up{lp^ is itauullv (Kivunx] with Glln'- ur 7IIm. IoImI, iind 
to sLind up rvuud tlje Vrickwork tiUi. The i,uiii'd»«ni h-ml 
round tbL' trout of the oupper brieWork eliould lurudowii 
about i'ln. to 3iu. 

For drying ruutiia, mx U«atiiig by Uat Waltt, 
FiB 1,712 




Lavatory Basins.- 

■d fitUnir up UTi»U.ii.n f.-T«.-'< r«tt>fthcmlil be laln-n in the 
•ritrtiua of auitiiKlr gltiii^ii fur ilii^ doi* of work Cbai bu 
lo bo Maoatnl. not fortfntung nimplicily of tirr«ngemoiit 
(tm Ow bMlui at Pig>. L.6UU utd 1.A01), clHiiiilinwui, and 





na. t.»L 



no. l.Mo. 

,_, nUality of ibc flltinfrs. Sueli being Uio wwm, TpTvipoM 
'&ftlimonn« hy ftnt <l(iw'nliiii|{ tbr mnitt noiiiU-, &nd 
nudually loodiiiK my rcndorM, iw It wvi«. Htop I17 8t>^, to 
the mHt olabonlo and iaUJc«ta lutlomti auil Hjttviiui at 
fruftntt In uao, 'Ilin ^mcntl hoig'iit for UvnU>r]: basuie U 
Uft. Oiu., uutl ill licluiiilji (ititn 2ft. unwxnlB. 

^^ By tefrMfinjf IiiU-lt Ui FIk 33V, at 19 and 10, tlio WBder 
will aw u »im]>l« KiiiiK Inviitorjr bulii auitabln for ita sitna- 

' tion and wurk. AU ili»t ia ntioinid if n round haain 18Jn. 
or Uin. in dianelar, aa Hfaoim »t r\>n l.^'m niAlMl.th'- 
liittfir having aa oratlluw umi. Tlii* bimiu i* nhoirn fixed 
nt 19, I'lg- ^89. »i""ji!j liuvitiK a waaber aniL plug in the 
bott/un. will an ovirHim- nnn for tlio OTurilow xiiiw 23, Fijt- 
939, which may bu bi'iuit.'lii''l inti) the waste pipe u dtowa at 
33. Below the baaia xbould U^ flxnl aomo kind of tmp, 
tu^viuK " flpaiuiiiig will riTid wn-w. na nliown at I'J. FWm 
tbt* IftV «' 'bf trnji Kliuiild In' lnk«ii itn iiir pipc', nw ubiiiwn 
at 'Jl. nnd cjirried u]!, ua kIi>u>mi at 'J.*!, tii ^tn'H'nt dijthiiii- 
BffC ami cimiwou. ••r into 11 iiuTi-Hi[iki)]iic tnip, or tin- 
iiutfco i>f tlic trnji Ij,W. nwj' dincliJirgn iiitit a projx-rlv r"!!' 
Mtrnctvd (iWii Imp b'-'"'. »" "bnwii nt L. Fijr- 3S4. Vol. I., 
or i)tb<?irwi«f. Tint in tbix MLfcc it in hmo^hni into W 
(wa*rt«)p'l>C'""''bu'!niat:i;,Pii;. :i;tu. tSboiiId tbrrxponf'-Af 
pArrvinfC Up lUi t-xtru vnit piim Iw Lihj ifn-iit, it in poaaililt- 
tbsttbiflp^ iniiy l^ takt-n luu'k nii>l bmu'ibed into tlin 
main wiuifi' I'tpo »t abuut 33, niid if tbis is ^w inucb truubU> 
nao a thurouKhly well-t>jnstruoU-d up.^n ttip tntp on the 
inlet «id of tbo wa»t<? t»ij»f or a pmiicT U Irni). n* Bhown nt 

the lavatory baaiti. ''if- ^*0- It hI l.l b.i rfni.-mUrc.-a 

tbut I am ni>t Ug^IwI n? ii.lw»j x in fm-mr cf tlit- O trap, 
but era pndi-f t" bavp th<'ni proprrly vt-ntilatcd. Imt nir- 
onnabutMi will i"*'' "'*''?* alluw uf tbis. I mcnti-m tbts 
to prevml any tjuibblinK. and t.i ebnw LLiit I am <imt« 
awuv tiat Is eoiUU>^ aituativn* m)</> trap wUi anjiwcr 



every purpoee. It i* uudvr sach firctmuiUDeM tbat the 

E'iimbtr must cwinrlae his own judxuoDt or >bacrrti«i. 
y again n-fwrriiiK to Kg- 310. it may be nrvo that tbia 
^i flH tjn baa an addltinnia fimuff. InabNul of tbf> flimplo 
waaher and ploff. aa fitted in tbn baain Fig. 339, it baa a 
ptill up quirk waato. ns r«an|illfied at 11, Fir I .S02. It 
will iilwi If ivAw'ti that to tha wnat« jiipe ti-ai llu' (rap. 
Fitf. :i40, thfn-' i-t no vent pipe, bat ibe onul of tliia waiitc 
pipe ifl taken rlftht away U. tha gaily Imp, abowu in tb*i 
Vft-hand wwnpr of Ti$. 3*0 ; or, if the cin;uniatuniTa will 
allow, it in«v b<> Ukni to tbo frMh air Inlflt p«rt of the 
nmln in tho rit.'tt-band romer of tbo Hg. 3<0 u the iink 
pip<rdririi. Butiutdsc theao circmnalancBa do not brmnch 
till- luviilory nr other waato pipoa into the waatn pipe «t 
ibo bath , wimilv b««*nBO, by ao doing, you are ¥«j likely l» 
inl^Tfcc^' « iili tbft dmuKht of the bAlh waste, and w Mutw 
it I»» run itl<ijori«bly uml luiiwly. And fintho'. it la a 
matter of very wnimijn uooummw for thi- liatb |»ip© Wfttar, 
by itn inducrd action, to ompty Ujo other tnpa, more 
vipecially if the tmp ia not of tbo O pottcm or kind, 
bavinur irn exL-w^lingiy nmull inlet or dip pnpc in |irciportUB 
to tbr imdy. 

In oidor to pntvent siphoiuijro, I bai* Et(«i a 3in, widi' 
auJ Gin. d«p Q trap, with an only l\ui. dip pipe, and 
found it Ui fffertuully prrvi-nt uptmniui; under th« mwt 
tryinjt drtuinntiuiitw*. Hii»inft »Ltllid abont th« baabi, 
wiiati- p'r"' "^"^ *^^^^^ "* """C' '^*' "''''* *'•'''« '•*■ »n»Mde««- 
«!)» will bo the ontk.1. Tbe wa*lwr and plug ta known to 





tna. LNBL 



all plumbmi, thorofon? li-t u« nfit i-xiuuino Via, 1,602. 
tjukk want*' A, in a bracliet to \fv (ixnl t'n wK-dfri block to 
tbebri'-kworki.rotborwiiw. B. tbtfuninu for fixinjc *itb 
u iMtlifi waAb^r nn Lb<! iimJ/r of the iinKin. TIuh unloa 
bai> a fly nwl C. f'"" bnldinji tbn union firmly to the baain. 
Themiion mav with wbilv l^iul 1"? Ix^bl.^i tn tb^baain. T, 
i» thr wnaberV ' wlucb ib givujid in or oovervd with 



LAVATOniES. 



707 



rubber. F, In • lining for Boldcring or oonuMtJoer to a 
abort iMigth of Itwlm pipe, ao ■« bo eomect it vith tha 
Uning- Q, of tlic vnlvl^ U. the uuttut tnIvs. R, thn limng 
leNdiiiiT tu tbo tntp. ■', Ibo pall-np kuob, ilKed by the Ry 
Dut K, to the aliLb or Ui|). Xf, ihr <lrc|> nut (ir lining fnr 
rrmnw-ting th<- staiul piip<> M, or valve with the pnll. wbicti 
may bo d<nii- wilii oup]Kr wira chalii ot otfatirwtae. It will 
readily bv eei-n liiat with such valve ammgcniMit u t4uii 
tbn« Ih not luy provuiua fur overfiour, and tbwvfoni aii 
ov«rfk>w nrm mtuA be flxH on th« Me of the fauain, aa 



W BASN 




KM, 1.S03 

kLi'Wii ill OK'ilvlU<d litioH X, Fiir. 1,0U3, urabratirh iDsnted 
Into tbt.- pirK", fixed l^tv-cii the valve and wdhIxt A. iiH 
hiwiii Ob nt N. Fi^, I.TiU;]. uiiil in ittith a tnaQucr llmt tbe 
pipT 0, TTiaj" hr talci^i or tmit up to tie wnt«r Iflvcl of thfi 
rokiu, as rLuwii itt 0\'£RFLOW, and having an outlvt tu 
diahar^ rithtT into the open air or othfrwiai>, aa diacretion 
or oirtiRitintAnrr* muf ilirlnU;. Inking ciin? at tbe mxaa tints 
that Cliin piiin diKW nut iiiphiiii nut »f thn baidn. If tka 
oiiUol i-f ibli pi|)o ban to bu tikkem dovo below tbe top or 
«at«r Icwl. nn air pipo uhonld bo bnincbed into tbo top at 
I*, wbioli wUl, of iniiirite, ntop nipkrmaffi::. Within tb<^ hurt 
few jruara tbc felandiu^ viiiatu pipe, ao well known in oun- 
nccLiun witli isistirni work, hnx bcifD intrfHlatwcl for the 
GKtlet vfilvc, which will Wcuaily tuulur'>UKxloiivxiinunuti<m 
vi tbo diiigram. Vig. ],0U4. Suppose the washer A, tit )«; 
flsfld U> thti brit.tioii nf tliv IWidii, andlhc iinimi bi'nil l>, t^i 
be attached to llie body X, water from within the bttiun 
can run down throagh tb*> nnion irad rharfrr tbo body up in 
tlie top uf the iilanil pipo Z, and uvvrlluw, u* idiown by iliu 
•ITOWE, »o that it would bo iinposaiblo for tbe baain Ui 
Orerflow, aaamtiing nlwByx tbat tlin ovrrflow in Inrgo 
anmiirb. Ncjit, by tlin knulj M, and rml L, pull uplbtmtjmil 
pipe />. By »•} doing t-bo v»lru F, in<ud nlno nu oppnttl, 
which uUuvrn thr "ontimtiti uf tho Uuin to nui full pipo bora 
away. But Aupixixi' yon let git the knob bofoTO the hanln 
in emptied (hay whuu Dnif unipiy), uulciw yon liavv « good 
■ir pipe or ;i pfiporly w.'ii5truetp(l O trap to allow pWty 
of frwh air, Ihi- will of )*oiirtrup will b-.' iustantly [l«itrt>yrd, 
;ind tbi: atiitk iirirc thr»u^'b tbo HtandJng Wiiatc. 'iliMtt is, 
b'lwpvor, n iT-mtdy whii-b I hiivn inrrnlivl niul put into 
pracUi.'c, it ia an fiOIowi^ : ~I''ijc an Inrurtod cup on tb« 
rod Z>. ao that its mouth or Up aball oom tbo standing 
wnste Tiipr, whrn the knitbii' lot go in ■ afmilirway that 
thu ball trAp diii-K. but Irt it dip to itbuut lh« bottom of (be 
biMHi. Miirr* will be aaid about thbi diagnm in "WatflT 
Supply, jw i]nj in chaptcre t>n Bnth Work. 

It frw|u«-'ntJy oociim tlmf. tbp wiiftrt* of laratoritM arc 
liltwl to work wilb a kind of atoo] vulvo, aa ahuwii ut 
Kitf. Si'i9, with Ipvcrn and chain oonntclcd to the ordinary 
piul. Whvn vuuh vitlrtv im thon am fitted, luakv th« 
ordinary outlet B, Fig. l.SOIt th« inlot fmn iko baaiu, 
ti> that all tJio water iroro tbe baidn may drain aatinly 



awar, Mi aM aim that thid nh\>m oti tho valw Is fn«par1v% 
fUed with a pUl-box lid nut O, Fip. I ..'.05, wbioh wiUpnrTrntJ 
Lba nuh of water luvioff otfcct ui>on tbo od^>a of tbo 




rubber, which otherwise will hnw a tctulmry to pans into 
tbe Mating. A>« a »i;illt'r of tvumn, wbtn tlio nibbor is! 
flju^(« too valre in Uii« nuwoar, tlic euatin^ miifit he a 




rained one. Ufi nhown at O, Fi;r. I.SO&, Al^ ThU raJMd 
w.«thigiB III allow for Ib)^ tol.lnm part of ih* pUl-boanat, 
whicb otli#rwiM> would pn-vvnt tbn mlvi- from <iloEillf, 
uoIc-H a waabtr won fixed rotmd tbe watlii^. 



Water Supply to Lavatorlea. (Fig. l,bQ6.) 

Therp nra many different tui:th'HlB wbeniby the water 
"iipply am bo acconipli^bnl, nuruv of whiofa arv uf Ihv nMwt 
inlrtcsla nutans. I i>linl!, bowi-'ver, be content to d o tr l bg 
•mrou of the luon; tiiiij]>1« iriie« (bat I have fiUed up inyaelf. 
Vig. I,I>06lHa v«rj pood lavaiorv.HlinUsr to one that I fitted 
upin VortmanSqiUUvtwcnty-eigrityaani ago, and. tnorMiver, 



70ft 



T.AVATOUTKS. 



DM DOtUMjr laif»icnAoi ardn*. A, is mi I8tn. wfaiUmnd 
gM tmnn, with inlot fiui h, fmro hitt u\A cold Hupfily 
Talvf*. E, in Oat) nrnrfluw pijm broiij^ht from the ftnn of 
the hnum intu tlit^ hoel of Itio g tT:>p. F, in thoqiiirk wwits 
L'unrtructod in llio dip oi thf o tni|>. Uio viilvv Iwlag > 3lo. 
ground-iD Inr.^ punip HPindle valvu, worked b; tho uao of 
B rod and bIuik atlnchca to tltc poll^iip Inmb " Wun." 
Th* leren of tlio hot and mid Kupplj «ni ntbuiLod to Ifae 




no. i,eo& 

kuol« bv tbv iiM} of till* cluain CI, H. Of connut, th« pulb 
U» Diwu) in i>ui.*.li a tnituiivr tliiil bj' f^vitiK them » qunrUir 
turn ttMj will hang up. To thi« Iwnn is iized tLo xwinir 
pillar -briM;k(Tt< L. whiAt i.t iiw-d fur nhAtiipiniitig &c. If th« 
arm K, in buuIo utraip Jit with n uiutcthiiI j-Hut — vir, , double 
thst joint alio wu beLwoeu L.N, Hud fitl»l with n Mtmll JfL, 
thecnnnuitr be wm»hedi>ul, ^<;., &<.■. The pillar \» nice) 
to Dm BiwUe ■Ittli bymean» of a fly mit, ad ehown. Tho 




"inmi n»nt tnny Im fitl«l with uiuvenaj Joint, or wnnettmfiH 
imlr nude U.> i-viixti! in a f>i'V dimrtijin, or il wuy be fittfd 
with indiiiniblHT mbinK. The vnlvt- L. luay be diapen"^! 
«ith, and u double voire, one for hot the otlirr fur mid. 



with ■ mixiajr chanibor for the hot and oold water. Or tt 
nuj he mi|ip]i«d tlirough a, bnmsbiu^ pi«c«. aa ahowo in 
Fig. l,4«;. 




Fig. Lbue. 

Tiff. 1 ,608 Ulnatralpfl one of Mwwn. Prll'o iihatnpaohia 
tubro, ralvcf, und TfiM. It clmrly ilUiiitrAtr6 the inetliod Of 
fliung hj fij nuta to tlio top of im «lub. 




riu. 1.K0. 



Fi|r. l,£iJ9 illufitralMiIii^ valvw and breoobing, alio the 
ho«ie union rihbntl fm- boldtiiir thi^ pipf ■ 

Ni>«l fxiiiiiim- Fig. IpiMO. Ttii» i* ii v«?rjr liandjoaw 
liiv.iliirj' aminK'('nit.''iit. Tlif vjiIvob arv nhown fixed, and 
aro uf ihc lewr kind, filttil lu iii Fiif . I ,W6. «><«(>tiiiK (hat 
ihr pwtt HmLiiK'-iiniiit i« of thi cmnk kind (.-«!<> D, Fig. 
1,.010). Thi- I'i-Hnlt il- (lUi "hi.wn fiicdi n tho ^rtingat 
E. F, G. and i« Biippj*od to t- iiUjuiIioiI to Uit- iiidi' of the 
lenr. H, lit tho waahiT (or Hung inlo tho b"tliiin of tho 
iMwiti, lut at H. I'ig. I.61IS. J, i" ihc Btraight hunch trap, 
fIiowd and di,«criixid in Fig. 'ilH. 1Jrc«t <»rc miut M 
l&kva to fix a proper nim 4iir or rent pipe at V£NT to aodt 



LAVATORIES. 



700 



n wnidTi pipe. Tb^ water i«, in (liui c)i«f(rsiii. floppliMl 
ibrun^'li a iwa hetul inlni i>[H>ut, but in not nearly «• good 
as that diowB in Vig. 1,^04. Tb«uvcrfluwli(>k-i>iin) mIiowt) 
at B, and • tefmnle pipe, I, tak«ti right ava; to difiobar^ 




CWJ 



«*»8TE 



fia l^filO. 



over an trpeti head ur othcrwiiM. K, in tlio hot vHt«r tkIvo 
for l]«iid u'Si^hing: or nhaitipoiiinjr. On the olhur rido b I-, 
tjir iMilcL Both of ibvm vRlicnuveonnt^tMltotbcbroocJi- 
injr pieoti, and by indinrubWr tabo to tlw row or Jot. 




riu. 1 Bit. 



HOT and COLI>_ II »1h<> illii>trnt>« Lh" l-^ilMt liwwhitiK 

Siuae on IJip ri|rkt-li»iHf side ut COLD. Thi^ hot waier amy 
<iw up tbt' pipL' lit A. whilxt the cold nuiy cntor at C/OLD, 
und from ihirc by the ripe B, U< thf' nrm Kt llw li^-in. iiiiii 
mil at Uic hIicII irdct- 1>, whuili wiu>ha> (Ihwd tho ba«jn and , 
iu> kttHpH it cloit, Thfm in a now nmngfvineat added 
this lavfttory buiu— tliu di»tillvd wator pUar. This li] 
Kuppliod tbiuugh a tin pipo. 



Fijf. I.SII is nn au({ular lavatory iMUttn, iilinwuifr tltc 
umintrcmont of piptw. viilvoB, &i:., t'lffcther willi hroonliiiitf 
pico 4ud tiuiun.aK at tho U'f L han-l Milo ol tho ]i|[uiv at ARM. 




no. i.aiE. 

FtR. 1.012 IUuiitT«tes the top pnrt of « Tprr liMiilifiil 
lavutorf. liuvlo^ eomo udditknal wvrfc. Ttii< bn* lliv utiiia] 
wiuit« pipe, ui at Fig'. 1,601 {ace -vrSHtc pull. Tig. I,&12). 
It alao faaa actew <luwn va]vt-H fitted bulvw the «tub ina1«ad.^ 
of the l«Ter axrai^gvijiKiit. Tlip reuiuin Uir tiw mipbiynuroi' 
of thoM fcnw di>wii TulvvH U that thoj uuiv be aujiulod vj 
an; proi«HU«, no that the wat«r may fotintuin or inpny up 
nt aily roqiiin.d Uim pork til ra or forre, A xhaiopmint,' pillar 
II, iji alun providcl with mlil*r tubo uud lo-w. wbtcli ton he 
attached &1 a [niuuteV DDtice, and in aurh a manner that, 
both hamlfi are at liWty to vrwh, ita. Thtn !« alio 

Eillnr (t, f<ir tiitorcd or dliitllk-d irstOT. Sotntthnea a mbberl 
o>e lUJfi jet iit fixed lu th««o luUarf, Ac, for prodiici&g a 
j«t to wiuji out tbo «ai«, now, ur mouth. 



Cabinet Lavatoi'iea. 

Fig. I,A13 illtutniloa a v«ry bandaome ralanci Inrutory 
baidti SB made by iiv^i*. ydi, ami in a •mrv tf"^ •pMrimea 
of what plmubna can itvt up. It in suppliu) witli iiut iind 
mid wul4)r and a quii-k wi»Lr vikire, n^ ut Fig. 1.AQ4. The 
earlbctiwan^ or htain c^t I>r biul fnim Mtiumi. Twytard, 
ellould you hiiro to rvpiir<jr rwpl*<^ "no. 

F*iff. 1,51-1 ix ralhiTiui I'loiriiiit dixsMijitf room lavaliirr sold- J 
liy Mc(ian>. T. & W. FitnniW, and bat oiir or two minivj 
points to nofirp, I'init, tin- m«]i dinh i's raioDti mi tlint Ifao 
wiit«r doi?n mil HUturali' Ihe ••mp, mid nUrxIrNiiiK uhhi' fitini 
the undcrHidi' 'jf tbo bni'-li di-^li, withoui frar of tbvw diali 
pipr^ bcrv.ntinif llnckeid ut ■■Imkcd up. 

It Li al.-^i litttil with hWHii nnkoil iinivcnwl ktiul, m >l 
J>, KijiK. ilO.'>. Ullfi, aii.l j.^'J, &i. : Juiritvtl Hlminp««iui( 
apparaliti^ witJi revvrnit'l'U lom.* :iii<l iliiii' l>fl ji4 for dalivar* 
lag hot. ("'i ' •'-'lid witcT. Ihv \<mwi lien i* a tip-up^ 
ono. but. iTiy ba^in may bo used. 

liiciiiii < ' uf any rlaw, Init th« nne «b«iwii bore 

hiiH hoTcUini «iLlge>i. A vuitablo wruod in walnut Wtth 
Jifilgiau murbU . 




m 



LAVATORIES. 



711 




J 



Fi|E. 1.916 ii a verr uoBt UlUe caUaoi wutliotAml. ftuiubl* 
for n bedroom, m u k1m> fig. l.dlA. Thm oue un iho Ivft 
ln-iiiir lavnUiry hikI nld^i fdak AimliLned. 

Fig. I,ftl7 in ■ Uvulorj^ kiutablf (ur «r eiitrtnuo room or 
p4ane«tokir,c.,M'l(l hyitttfm.'V. Jfc W. Fanuiltw, ll.lua, 
Ha can b« MCn, n ruinvd rib vi bcud nil rouuil tli>' fmnl, ami 
iafitted vhfa baud ^«rUU»u' mM. The bcwin nwy be oi that 
ilap* iliowii at F>>r ].5|h. which tnati ctid new of Unmn'. 
BmunwrH nnaleicJ — but '» ahuwii tu Pig. 1(617— i* O 
■bara. rnd lUtogvtbor is « very nit* nranpucl piece of 
wnmnaiwihip. 



LAVATORTKfl. 




71S 




rw. i.bai. 



Fiff. l.llfO fa a h«ir rrdrntal Uvft. 
toiy iMiin, with botlfo vriudo audi 
nvrrflow tni|t, for Hiiiiii iiiminiri • 
hMo ^ruU o( a clowl, anO Fitf, Ijftlil 
JA tliP ramc, bDE for nnirlen. The 
--liiufliii); w>iiito mill iivi-r11»iv lii tbiiMi 
!-■ •itnilnr in fiimlrui linii In Kitr. 
i.i'ilH, nriil in*T '"* '■'"l f^im Mc*^. 
T. wnil W. I'nnniliie. Fur lii'«« 
niltan aba wo Flfpi. I.A»I aixl 

Piir> l.J>23 ia a tvi^ nic» bratnry 
lisMin on m<f Irm «faad. iHth O 
tdiuiied IwMii. Tliean O •lia|oi] 
IttMtnii are an impmranMOt on Um 
rouixl or oval baalna. inMnmcb «• 
j'ou i-nn lum Bp yoar Airt alavvM 
nnil tr" in fnr a good *will with* 
out fcitr »( tbc «iat«r ninriliiK 
dovn at j'&ur vlbava and on Uui 
Jlonr, M cut ho *aMi : ami tka fni»a 
being miide priDripaD; of caal iroa 
■nd > trap and nqia 411014 nt Uia 
Iwck, id not IIV-l' '■> 



with by rliildi 
npplioabU for ' 



tJUbptvnd 
ihcmon 




Fi^. 1,(33 iQiiBlnteB the iKraXaty fltdnpL ThU in- 
Mnioua nnmngvnMint, biM^dM oombfaiiii^ the indiiMi7 
lavaloTy KuppJr. luu «U tba eonranicncn of the ordinary 
tduHDpfioing rnlvw, indiArabher tulw, and kbo, wiOtoat 
tfaotr iIi«uiviMiCii(rw>. TliD dwiblo joint rendors tlic nuutlpn- 
lation of the Hliowor d»uchc or apmr, by th« ttwr. a» muj «« 
A tl(.-\iMi' tub(>. The ftwaii nock bein^ mU- Mtppartiiix in 
■tiy [H mi till It, bnlli lianils am at tilwrt^ ; wbitp ifie Tanona 
uarlfi l-eiuK ri^id, thu a<.-i.'i(lf[ilal breakaK^ gf tailot baan, 
du« lo ttu- iu« uf Itcxililt) tubcH in conncetum with Uv»b>rjr 
Ap^TAtua. In KTititvlv nvoidod. 

Pijf. 1,524 illuNCnt^a KnuffA coAm with Kpanaen, for 
■djuating the inllon- nf bul mid ould w»t«F tu laralones, 
iMtbs, Ac. 



Fro l,W6. 



Cabinet UtvatoHe* wtth Bidets, 

Hon i« aiui-tralcd at Fig. l.AXS a 
cntHiiot UvAton' and bldata. TbMo 
bidvtn an niiMjc to rmi in and ont 
upon runners mid tflMOOpeo, and aup- 
[liied \rith wat«T frmn tho diflgnot 
pulls iind t«loaoapjc ptpea far vaata 
»-ith vrntor aupplios through didinr or 
tcloM'ojM^ tubiM working thmiigh a 
■IiiIHdk box, or vuitAble oup leabbona 
Af., Minilar lo the pirtou ol tfaa 
plumher'A foroe pump. 



m. l.frli. 



IiAVATORTKS. 



n& 



Cabinet Lavatories wtth Bideta and Urtnals. 

SoiiiAtiuai.-* Hu*c cthiact Uvntorii-" ur-- nutdr' witli Htring- 
tny nztOBla, «■ ahown at A.Fijr. 1,^'JnH. at '<itu?T tiiriva wiUi 




a Udot ott DIN Kid« and nrliial ou the otbcr. For Ud«t 
alao aw Figs. l.MI and 1,662. 




na. LMO. 



Fiff. I.A26 itltutntOT k * 
bwiiD, with baain aud aUrtl 
■implfl, fit, wlwa euppUnd i 

aud iDoxt JuuiitdiT Uvutiir 
a Mnitary point of view, ia 



dp-Tip ret in the nmrkflt ; an irhal(>Ter fillb in put into tha 
Ifonin it poiiMMt dtrwi into tbe wiuit« pipo and is ioam wiUi, 
which ia not the ciud with tip-up amngoinontf. becauM in 
litfitp hmtftia ^oa muflt havo a kind of dirt i^ntAinrr, mi') 
wlno£ IK inTiiruMj- dirty after dm fura fi- w «r««ka — ajc,da>k. 

Valves and Water Supply to Lavatory Boslnt. 

W<i have M!«u aome of the moat clnbaraltf cattiiwit 
liivatori««. but *?ry littlo h4M bogn aaid with n-gnrd t^ their 
wni«T eiii}[ily. wo will tbarelors go back to Fijf. I>12, ond 
fiirt]iiir eiuminc tho ict fiopjdj flhistrated At A. In thin 
dia^fraui the hot ana cold water supply ruliroa are fixed 
ImJow, and bnuiobcd oiw iiilo tho otiivr, so a« U> allow tLu 
water to oonu! up a anuU pipe, fixed titndt tho waKta-pii>e, 
but qnih' aeparatA from the waale-pipo aad from eod) other. 

As ytM an awai* by thia tiow, tkera are man^ (liiT<>n'nt 
Idnda of volfw suitable for thi* eUa of work, wbi^b 
inajr be veeo in tho eaiUf-T and lattar parta of tlitd 
work, pspcyinllf nt Fip. l.5i>0, 1,510. I.All. ice,, which 

F>a itb»nld In thiiruuKhly foinilior with. Thu diagranui, 
iin. I.&D6, 1.S10, 1,6tl, and I.5VJ, wOI i|]<iftrrat« the 
method ot iUing aa duno at Imst thirty or fort; y«an 
ago, and. lo thti day, cannot i« b«at4.-n ; althon^ wo 
hmr Mu much of the so-callad aanitAry improTMDeuta by 
whitth tho rral plumhM- ia limng hia individuatity, hy 
allvwing hUnself to bo kd away in listvuiiiK to thv 
vhinudoal tads of th« spcculntivo. nan-prartica]. though 
wuuld-bo wnititrian (including houao agcntx), who haVo 
rhe loctgtia and bniiiut oolr (or chatteiin^ to (ooJiah and 
liniid doctor-iicarvd hoimeholden. 

l^Ms ntn arc for war on the altrrt lo iDtioducv mnw- 
thing th«f ihiult thty can palm off na now, in ordt^r UmC 
tbej' may itct an iiitn»l'«;rioi] into a siibatantial iihuahei-'a 
eatabllnbiaent, oftra i>itKtiiig thuw gimd nni] veir-triml nld 
warvM, such k« tli<i n.-uuwituil tuIvu elu»L-t, and auch Ulu), 
for MMtw ginfcrrhrrud nihUiNh witli taking or gfilAed 
appnanmue ; actd if tlivy wiutiol p-l n liue, aa they eall it, 
they do uo4 sample to hnrl Iheir warvo into tha ofBua of 
the alioTO >nlf-inad£ aud oth«r ttrtiJUatrJ aanitaiy unaeks. 
who, of oour», lako lnrp< comtntwions for th« introaoction 
of rarh rubhiah into their ^'riHcaUiinH, or, where they 
i-numit bnucMi this out, thpy may wu do not rettimmend 
any pnrticiilsr artiolf. Imt, lihn fox^, take goodonvto 
luok aftur theni»olv«'H aud thtir (nnoy<paying apMniUtlTa 
gentlaitcn by nuictly inirodiirint: thoartulA tlmmgh dift 
niediDm of a fiiK-iIy wnnlml rimnUr. And it ta thcae 
innignifirJuit tmkintt, tbuutfh fntrantiu frauds, pmrrtiaad 
fniiu thv four quarters of the so-valled sanitary liivle, to 
the git'at detriment of ibv n«l praettLnl plumber, 
which I alwiiya hare and alwayAfthall try my level bMt 
(by uiy wiiUuipi to traio young plumhera) to exl«rniinat«. 




ne, LWT 



ail 1,539. Thv 
din and Liu oi 



716 



LAVATORIES. 



■Aoff pKMiiiiK tlinni((b Ibo pipts, niul an* itl right tnr hivli 
prewiti? n'ork. Thi* valve i» of tLe onUiiarjr looae Titlvf> 
>ta]i>njck kbiil, fiiu-d with h»t-W3tcr rtibben ami noiuiv, 
Baihtnniac A, B, Kig. I,a'.>7. •>«- the mln-H miiy U- «( tht 
ahaal^B, fell**, gr oUm taakea' liux pattijrD, for fixing 




rio. i,r.;>. 

Opon Iho sifib. AK i[\attTnti.-H at Fi|r. I.fi28. A. in the oold 
iiuat; B, U»> (iiitW, whi''bii>ny !>(■ tnkm) to tliniitiniif tho 
baoui or to tliu butiuiu. OA iu l''i^. 1,512: C, iM tliobot iak-t; 
D, tlioouUct. vhichouibo bntirhcdinto UM>|iipo fi; or, as 





Km l.'-a*. 



fn.i,4M. 



in nnw the tfMi, h ■ tiikrti .^oparati'lT tnto thfl basin. Vige. 
l.iVJ!) anil t.'iW illtwtniti< tfao valvc« nt timcn iimiI nt hot 
[liUar anil '"jW pilliir ui Vig. 1,512; Fijf. I,'j3ii Ititrinf; n 
Bimple flaiiyof<jrwTowiiijr lo ww>dwork, whllH Fi^. 1,139 
'" t « Mnvir (»nd 6v nut lur AiJng^ to nurblv U^>s, Ac. 



Bath Cooks. 



Some plunban kNw uti objoctiun to the im of nln*. 
mpKiriaQ'r fvr but train, AVhum UiEs U i)i>' raw, ■ aoaS 
f(Tuiitul-)ii ^n-iDotal cork iudhi be UMd, |tivfcrohl]r lA thi) 
glaciil kind, ¥ig. \,KA3, wbkh, iiuikr oertotn i-iinitnataniiea, 




Via. 1.UI. 

b fur th« baM. Soeli a oook withnnt i^imA, nnd to mnfe 

witii loviara, Ao.. i* illaMniusd nt Fi^. l,r>Si. Thin » fittN) 
witJi iiniun A, and B. I'tu- toji nf tbc pluf or ker baa a 
•i4]iiMrc< htile iHfrui in, hu iti^i u Ht|uiiTV bar td iron mU tura 
the plutr ur kcr, uuttMid ut luiTioir the oode-kcj- K. Fig. 
l.h:ii. Wlion the fnrk-plng hu n loionrc brad, tuul tlitkirf 
K, Fig. l.<S3'i liaH U) In' UM-'l. taki- n-n- Uiat tbif rod d( tfao 



OFF 




Fia. l,Uiz. 

kcjr i« not nuide loo lonff, to ri<Ii< npon tbe Jiluf; of tbooock, 
for, if alluwdd to do lo, it will not aaly work etJlHy, bnt ho 
■pt to juiii . M> (Imt it CHnnot \» marpd Ut luin tba hot-wator 
on or OR. Ukuy bnrJi f^xkn wurk stiffly ua tlus ai»o<int. 
The \ev(-T iKirt. i-f rht- kev i» bIiuwh iU. B ; A, l« tbaplatp for 
dxm^i I'll N, thi- [init. to hIjiiI. ou ct- l)io k(-,v K. Omaatonally. 
plujuiii^n- will a*' a thrw or f'tar-way rawi for ihe hot and 
oold supply Uj liirntory ba>^tua, t-aeh tm tibii<m at Vig*. 
1,533 and 1,&34. Wbitu tbm luttor dcwnptiouof code » 




Pio. IfiSa. Prg. l,H«. 

DM*], caaUon miirt bv vxoroieod to fix a aofA nniW ili^ 
plum, aa, in a vi'iy sbort liinf, rspedivlly If worktofr anilra' 
n bigfa preamire, tb<>y an> auni to Ivak. owing lo tim iin(ld«-D 
oxpniixiijii nnd mntmrtion of the tnetal, 1^ rrawa ot Hut 




LAVATOBIES. 



717 



npid cLuiKP iif trwip^ralot* muMd by thp b«rt or oold 
wmUic. Ajiotlicr t\Tl will be found with gUail cooks il llicy 
u« not made pmpcrljr, tJiai u witb thv ptickinj^. Thieia 
iipft tn I* w r(rw(«f ilriWTi hKi tight, thiMwby j&mmlii^ ihi- key 
HI that it caiiuiil be tuniix]. Thia in owib^ to Ihe pacldnK 
{iri'Hwiii^' iifKin thf- wt-uD' or idii>ul<W on the knj, nul«u| i^ 
[niag inodc tu pn.'«a upuu n wuber Axad upon the AeU of 
llie eAck, and In snch » nuinur tlu.t it vQl ardj jme* 
\iHenSlj upon the sptBrllr part iif Iho koj. Il iihnuld bo 
n-nuu'kod that ituuij "nMrkt-vx" (rock iaak«n) caU ■ oock- 
pluK- a kv)' (K. Fih'. I,&33 >«'it kojj. wbil* otbor firau mU 
it n weket kef, and tlu haodlv B ut callvd a tcvw. oook- 
Iviwr, haUi-faoadli^ te., fto. 

Fiff. I.ASJ 111 a IeT«r having a poui(«r for indexiaR wb« 
th« cock h open, shut. ftc. auu *lbc^ for u tbne or fatir- 
«a;oock, Fi^ 1.533 and 1,534. 




I'll., i^sa. 

Vig. I.M6 llIuatralM a pull for •rtrwini; tA the iilab or 
lop at Out lavatury ; A, ahciws it wlieo turuml round and 




FlU. I. UK. 



alflt. I. J, H, Fig. \.6Zf, Uliutiatce the puU and Uw Ay- 
>iut O, aquinitclT. 

Pig. 1,>^D7a. itliifltratm tho lavntnrjr bnjuD-wnatr, whitib 
will alwj work for the Hupply valro a* lixi'd npvn n 
bnicli<>t. aWi illtuntrBtnl. but Bscd at M, L. Fig. 1,61 1 . In 
Fig. 1.6^7* thdadjuKting hclf fan be iwcn at rt, W. H.B: 
llie rouking tiaiidant O, nud thu >UilHiig-boa on tbe lopt 



nr« al«o plainly ahrtim. To take this ralrc topioMC, finAJ 
tak» out the eottcT-pin frcmi th<! apindlc at A, ttwn tha 
roddag aUndant oottec-pia »t O; if foa tnkp out tfaa 



W 



fWkl^A. Vk. i.gst. 

ootttr-pin at (i. dnt, ynn will moMt iikrly hpnd tlin fpinillo, 
and M c*ui>« the valve tu Jump or work iTTi.-K*>larlv irlii-n 
cloaing, and ukmI likslr eaiim the valw to b« lop aided, and i 
thmby loBkf . 

PIIIbp Lavatories. 

Fitf. 1,538 Uluitnlm u piUur lavitory, mtitabli; fnr 
HhodU, ftr. Thn inlft Auppl/'pipt* A, mar bv lirotii^lit up 
within a lenjfth of Mat iruu. or up tbo iusidv of Iho cohiinn 
B. with thv w«ata-pi|H< W ; D, in tim Icwr to wrirk tlia 
ontlol nlTc ; E, th« uvorflvw ; V, thi> bwdu ; thia may bu i>f 






rro. 1,100. 

enoineUod cast inn, aa alao thv tKTp 0. Of mur** the 
an^ hip nay be bad in oat caaling, enanx^BMl or tralraniM^, 
or in ona poeoe of porcdatD. For whiwkl-work I nmntit 
recomnumd the waahar and plug IxniiK tittiil tn the: Uillont 
of the baida. becauH tbr plngn n«t h-a. ufUii tliruwn into » 
boy't CM with happy aehool-lwt twiulJ* \ ■«A wT*«*x»ft.-«>. 



^^B|r ;!«<">. tlwt not DnfF«({un)t1j aro fovnd piAed down 
^|Brira*i*.- pipe : but witJi cw lovvr nrmngtmral D, all Ifaia 

nniMBM ifl nbvuitod. 

B, in iltc Ai-(tt 111 srt at thn wiMt^-valri? for rqMini. &c : 

A.ia l}ir<]v«rfl<iw pii*- linldMl jnt') the VKll-bot I f>f ooimft 

do ngt rw<(>mm"nil thia fiT munt rMMaiw l]>*n on»— 'but 

■liould be braa^t dnwn iu > ouinif. 




Fi«. 1.S3S. 

r. 1 ,ii39 U r. niriil&r pillxr Uvatonr nrnuii^rfini^l. tint 
' tltra with bat anil (xild wnt«r ^nokn, f<ir vrivinir a curiHtaiit 
fUwD wb!l»t wanhinjf. I Uku tbo uuUrt uf Uiv two cock^i 




for thu Urktorr b*aio U illaslrutod Kt Fig. 1,410, A, iatliQ 
Itma wrpw to gg throu>;b » wall, or to ecrcw t*> * okirtnifl;, 
aDiTiDakn a tliorou&'hly p^id tixinj;. Fiir l.&U UliutrvluB 
ft Boitable hnritiinfaU ni'M-k f<>r ituciii work qimI Nuth |il>n» 
where nn onlintiiy liili-aoeJc cuuKit bo used ; of oourw* tlM 
bend C, CM bp fitind to the oodt (Pig. l.iiio). 




no. ],Mz. 



Fig. I ,^42 illiiittmtCiii ft aentiOD u{ an iiprieht htitin vklco- 
nock for fixiui; tlminfrh 11m lavniory U)|> ; I), ■• tb» fly-tttit 
for auTHwiiiK tlifl ynUe to tlio toji nr itliib. Tbia may t» lutd 
with plaJn braMi or porfnlun kDi>b as an the brft. 



nB.i.iMa 




no. t.Mi- 



tbM toniwrMtun.' r>f tbi? 
IK [•■f iWiitttlrt vnlvp, 

l-,i>J luli'l-cocks 




na. 1,&U. 



■^ ia no etcrntion of a sinuliur vmlve to FIk l (it ' 
lihrDjfm. 



LAVATORIES. 



7Jfl 



k 



Tig. l.M illastntMK ■nrj lurfiil Iriml of IhtkIoij barin 
va.tvc-eock. rmbmcftiff mU ihv goad tiaaWtim at an ordbn> 
dtrintm' KTraw-down v«lv(<>«Nik. with Ui» lulditiaiwl 
)nt>aiiil-iii ralvp J, to ahot lift tb>> «att>r, wbiUt thn ordhwy 
nhBl'oS vb1v4> E, ia taku out for rulriitlKTruiir, giitidi&g' 
in, Ac, thi* Mlditintial mlTc Iwinf; doenl from tbe preMino 




FK. t.M4. 



i>f nraUrr fmm bohieiil, or it may l» brut with tlw> extn 
."jwwpd ■ptDdle with rtiiffltijc-l«.)i Q, B. T. V. flx«l at tb» 
bottont of the shall at C ; but in thU rase Ibi- bvttotn of tlw 
cock Abontd ho let thr<ni>clj iLu &Iab, i>r cthcrwivi Vrpt hi|?h 
eninigfa to turn. TIiin eneh majr bo fittvd with tho nii))r-<iip 
W, or with nnv kind of timcj knob. Abu nw l''ig». All 
<u)d 1,02.2. 

Fijt. I,A4S UliutTat<Bi ikn uptight bwin Tslre.of tbs 
()iApiinifn>i kind, with m-kwh «t H.~ for Kxinjr th^ top of the 
t aire and fur fixititr fliwh with thr top of th« sUb. and is 
nmiUr in ocMistruotiou to Fi^rw- I.M2 uul 1,H4. Th« mwit 




Viu. 1.M&. 

of lhi» Mck » tnjide flat to gi*c h good wMw-wny. which 
will ukc off th« pranaj* frcdn thr rubber dinplirair"'- 
which doe* uot, im£w /Ai> ntUrr bt tkcrMijfhly goetl, niuid 
long ti>g«tli«r in thew i<niin valve-cocka. 



Fig. i,M6 ia m mnaUt iKanhfftfnn hoain lib valva^eock, 
Roncnlljr aUnrred : il i> niaue in mh« fmm jin. upward*, 
|ia. h«JnK fienomllv qmiI, mid i* ou« of thn noatoat dontpia 
y^t iDm»lucecL Por rvnibUTing the valve unooniw the 
top i. Fig. l.Ai; ia an end hftrixontel aorew-down dia- 
phisgm buda valvo-eock, «1k> anitsble for orinAla, hutJer'a 







no. i.Hr. 

poutr^ Hnks, Scz. Fig. t,6t8 » dw ordinuy Bnring-Talra, 
nlao dMKTibfd nnd nbnwn at Fi^. L^33. gvnoruljr madft to 
cdOM with thn Ktmun ; wbeii aiuih ia tb« emm a water 
ondllon ahoaM be formnd at th« ba<-k nf th« valv* lojMvTsnt 
ooncHanoB, aw FIga. 633 and l,fr4Sa faw CloasC VsIvm], 





■tH. 13M. 



no. i.&tfi 



D, Vig. 1,M!I in the ordioarj- atandard (or acrcwing th« 
huBin-mnk into, wbrre tbe npe psaaea thmiigh th« alub; 
lliiai ix mry hiuidr when tbo nun-cook haa do other Aidag. 
F. jiL''t .ib[>v« Ft^. 1 ,.'•17, iH thn nrdinarf lenftlMninf plew 
for hrii))fin^ tbe uom* of the t-oek forward, and over tha 
btudn when th« cock ia ton >h')rl. 




Fm. 1.MIU. 

PifT- t,M94 is thcokl-fuHhioniNlum nx^k.whkh it agpiod 
Ciorh for lanitorr honna, bftving (nn Sft. to 20h prMRum 

«f W>l«T Pllpplj. 

Fi^'. 1,M9n ilta*tT:it«« Ucaara. EBttnael'a apring-uitian 
Ut-Rtorv rah-v. 

It will bn WMi froin the wetioB that the ralit» doan ' 
the pTTMiuiv 'if walnr, ai> that thfy an cminoullv W' 
f'T Ihp highe«t mrritsi^. Fiitthrr, tb« H'tUing of Ti 
wefnlljr prvtcotod bj n brwa cAauqi or cnp. whldi b 
patlHatcu at tlie top. and thimgh than nnkU pertu. 



„ i» filt«fw). thenitj pmventinff dibrU fmm oomtog 

Fwitli t)i>r valvAor aealuifr. Above sU, to «.^arf mu 
Tbu laltor is MJOwdBUM atModad vith ft ffiflcallr 
opcmtiaB, and of tai remiltA is s bnkeB b«in or 




dopcMBsd to allow v&Ur b> pan thtnufb. In t^aaag, tht 
opindle aet« rimpl.T u a guide U> tlie ralr«, whidi iti oarrSod 
tu itA antinir by thn Kpinl Hprinfl;, nnd held Uiere bj tbe 

Kimnro of water, mi tbnt buw«T«r muirhljr tlw lever nay 
D tuniod IV1 ]iunn ran meult to the valro itaelf . Thia ia a 
point of muAfa iinpurtaim, im waahen ara moiw oitau than 
tiol. rill through Mmply 1>j rouj^ handlini^. 

Fiu-- 1,^50 M a warte piraveotioe raLvonada hj Ifiwiia 
Lambert, TUx finn liat nuide tois cliuaB of voric a m]r 
cpecial etiidy ; the oofikA aro «■>]] maila itnal giw the waler 




no. i.HPii 



> flangM at A, nnt on top of tho lavatitry. and H 
,„«Muy t0looMiith»Mmwawlii<:)ili[ilil t.he fUnjreH 
• to vitfadraw all Um worictDK partx Tlit- bottom 
' I MnbHT k ft cyUader fnr Um pUV)!) L>f tbe valru. 



Fra-I.MO 



oomtiama »meml Kalirfuction. The 1 .027 dia^ruD is also 
muwi need for Inrabnj bomii work (high preMare) with or 
vitbout tJt^ fnllin^ pIt>X armurreuinnt. 

Fijr. I.BAI if a vpry handy irnmbiiitilion of lavaf^ry and 
uriBal. Tho wBrte pipe '\s fitted with a kind of utitvmial 
joimt. It wtu introduced by my iM workmuto, the Ute 




LAVATOUms. 



731 



Lavatory Range, for Schools, Asylums, dec, 

FifT. 1 ,652. Thin i« noUuDg iuor« tlmn m iiumbar of 
laviitnrv liudni, taieh an hofuro duuilbod, fitted in n lln« : 
uioAt of lino jirectfllDR fittlnipi may be iiiH>d. TbHn ruiKC i* 
fined Dp as folIowH:— Pint dcviilo upr>n ihe nnmbor i>f 
Ixudna, ttirn havo U>o tnji I, J, in whinh ninbc Ll)« hnlto t<iT 
tho btuunn m> that Uie riiim will be HiikIi with lli« nlkb, or if 
'Jie basiiu aro to be supported on n kepnrnte t<ip (^nerally 




made of wood] then tliv ritnn rnont bo let fluNh into tlio 
wvwlcii lop. and l-liv 'l^b bvdil«d down wirh rrt\ leitd upon 
tb« riniBof thebiisiiiif.i'mhnt tko vatorcnstiotirot botwcoii. 
for if it Aiitin tbc.^e hii.''iii.4 will ho a rcntlDual Tiuttiauco. In 
IlitH diiL^iTLiii (l,Ai'i'^j thi> tup rdftb iBakown, *iU{>pnrti>d upnn 
ibree «tniidnnl>, R, N. I' ; hut it \a iint atwiiTH iin:n>uiarT, 
fur lliQ *1ji1) J may In* ■iipi^irt'Tcl by li/ltiii); it inli' the briui- 
WDrk, ear 4jia., luid imiJcm^ it ityioA with PurcLuii] ^anient, 
or tho alab mny Port on n iniodoo bciirrr, say of Ijin. 



■mngeiBBDt, because the valves are nearly always <i]M«d. 
Of eonne, I do not my that thr ffnnti>>[iifr>. A, S. D, N, ia 
to be fls«d of nich luTKB ni'* or in auuli a mauiter Ibat It 
will cantniii a lot of diri : but, oa tlie oontrarv. It miiift be 
oonatnicted to be lu i>elf -oliwDHinur an pouiblo ; but with 
erory can> there w sure to lie filth ooUecled in thoae long 
TmfgMot hmiiiOBbil ^ipo*. Lately, I have luet with aevpral 
fitted up with tin. iniD wwrte-ppo, this, for the ■iitaU- 
voiita Kmtomlly f1tt«<d to vashbakiu, la a mistake, for mnh 
luFKc pipe* (3UI1101 be oxpoelDU lobe vtuihcd out. lanaaun. 
tho flmaller this pipe thi» better. Say thr rjutlct-vulTO fivim 
tho blurin ia I jin., then tbc hoio/outil pitu' sbuiild not ex- 
ceed a Ijiii. KniDuth luailcm pip", with ii IbII of at iMud 1ft. 
ill 10ft. : the trap A, ahaula bo ftn^ iia noar tho end biudn 
H, AS poeslble. vith a pipe to uiKurc froah air fttm the out- 
iddo of tba building, but Itwp itii end above the lopa of the 
batdna, or lUa pipe may >obm day net as au ovi^rflow pipe — 
that ia, wbeo tha tnp A. become* blocked. 1 h^ve fixed 
moh plpiw to act a« warning and frcxh air inlot ; but it 
must not be done ao aa (o boconie a miiaiince. Of oour«e, 
tmm tht> <ithnr <ir top ond of thp iraole-pip" at M, a vniti- 
IhIitij; ptiv niwl, or, nl iLiut, ■himld be, tnkfn t-o abuvo the 
Icinl ot the first air inlet, no as to iudwe the fresh air to lie 
aiphonrd thmiig-h th«> wi)«tc-ptpe. I may hm otato that 
luuir IfUKth.-i of wfLHlo pipi'w often fn>t blm-ked up, and nil 
Mortx of ar<dgpa hiive been arrAU(ri:<il lo t«ll irhen aurfa is the 
c'liM}. A Koml jilan lh to tlx a tnip with n fl'iat to riiui with 
the water and bring an electric bell into play, as an 
akrm for l>ad drains. &c., douc twenty ycani ago. 

Fig. 1,&5'1a in Mramni. T. k W. FnrmiW'B InraUiiy, nrilh 
nibbed ulate top groovod mnud to pi event ilri]>piii^ uiiflor<r. 
with quick wn4i«-pipc« and vulvea, with coparatc low boain 
for littlo okildr^ai. 




irio. l,56s«. 



flptfaiff. Iff into the vail between eanh bnsln or otlowod 
I TUt upon u frnnc, as sbowii i^t Vifc. 1 ,5AI . UaviBg aU 
thia •vttW. M^o about tbn \nu>1«, M, li. S, A (FijT- 1,569]. 
Sumi'lljtiL'f tliin i» iluno itK Hbuwii In ibv illiigriiin before us, 
that is. H pipe numiniralanirtlio entire IcBgth of the range, 
ti-ith lovor-vnlvc* 9, n. ^ dismhari^nir dinct into the lanp* 
w-iuit<>-pii«, or instead of lever-ciivct*. nimplr WAAbrr* and 
pbigH wilt ntuiwer : but wbcni tlir wiuihtni and i>hi){» aro 
uaed, fix a trap below, beoaum ibo plug* h-tb nearly always 
left open, and the atiuk from tba waste hae ovpry oliaace 
to eoua np : this ia not so mooh the oaae whli the kvnr 



Lavatory and Slop Sink (Tip>up). 

Fi^. 1 ,55^ iUiutrateH s Isratocy and slop tank r-ooibined. 
mad<! by Uvxnv. Jonningfl. This diagrum ahows it 
used an tho slop aink ; and Fls. l.iSi lUttstntes it 
lutpd iM n Irtvat^ry inli<o sm (>inEs). 

Tlici* an- QH-liK rai thu rifchl-liund •idn fnrdniwiiK 
but they are not nhown in iht^ ciiKnivitig. The i 
■hows that a bun b fitted or«r the soil-pipe, but 
trap is coadio with lead cooe tu trvotrc the hMt 
■honld H boocoiB broken no leakaife can Inke ^iat^ 



722 



LAVATOniES. 




Fiff. 1,555 b & aliut-Rp rvry onmfiAot lAraforr, nnd u 
■ vn7 nwdil nppnrnni* in nn rrfHce iir plxri^ wIiitk ntlutr 
amuigrairnta ore uvt uUuwuUo, &■ ■< (<un \jc lut fliua into 
Ui« brickwork. 

Tip-up Lavatory Basins. 

I^U kluil uf liLiiitury tuiiiti ii nlioniint Vlft. I.Mfi, O, ]■ 
the uoutiuner wiUi iutrank shown lunMed iiilu thn dip-pipe 



nf tllfl_ O-tnp : I., h tlie l&afB. Thin Tm'in inrTnn' _ 
Lwo pivota nt P, miitablo bcumi))^ l>i>iiiff litud oti U10 »_ 
of the contaU)«r : thr b»Kin Ijiw iTuitBb1« btops or ba^n _ 
proTcnt ttf too Rid<]cn clDKim,-; in thi* paw th« rubht 
bnflfir i» "hirwn lisf^ iimlrr tht Mpout of tin-> oc«cik at N, aa 
held thcf* bjf Uiu rfaw. Tlic! n.ntjiinor oboulil bn fi^ 
holiTW th« tnp aln)>, nn'l thp hiili.- tii t.li? nlub inivlo of raflriflj 
rise to >11nw tfa« 1m>iai b< nnHiiBr withi^ut taurbinjf. Tn fiifs 
tbme boaiaa tobe cmn that the ptv'>t« nr? properly fwteMJ 






J 



Fitf. l,fi£9 illuitrat^ii tbc Ittin propnTlr fitlnl up, utut 
1 little tilted to ibow tlie iitop S, so tAftl It k not din^ 
oacCBBaTT tn tmrr th^ tit'>p* 'm the tnek^. 



/; /; . .' 



cn^ ^kaLaL> 



^ 



ru. ijuo. 

Tig. X.MO ilhiNtnttoi n two bowl cintilKr frunt tip-up 
laTatuT}-, Riud upon iron ktatidnnU. Ktiitabk for mIiooIm, 
tartsckB, &c., mailw by HotMTti Jonnin^. 

Tig. l.Ml n>pnwDfit« tnw of Mi'wm. Jenninp' tip-up 
IftraWriw ol n dnmiUr tonn. wbioh. »i n ultncic. will *how 
that > itanber of penoM out tuc it in )t limited nwce. outb 
ppnon sUndin^ td m diffnvDt itngle to hJs nnghbonr, thiia 
KiviOK non room than could bf> nhtninrcl nt n ulrUKlit 
num. U it ardituuil/ the onsv (vitli iKvatorien wtii?ii ttx&i 
t^^ut walli. 




Kiu. i,jo:i. 

Tlw urall fiptco ia thus tnado HTsil- 
ablc for tnwelo, UntuAag tabkit. h.it 
pejtf, and such like. 

Plunger Cups. 

This is iUu«tnit«d at Tig. I.OOU, 
nnd iH ri mnnt tuoEul artiulo for n- 
mHivttix twdiiiionbi, Map. &c., frain 
tr.tpB or waatc-pipeo. 




)'IU. 1,<»|A. 




HOT-WATER AND IRON rtPE IVORK. 



TU 



HOT-WATEU AND IRON PIPE WORK. 



I 



I 
I 



Hot>water Work and alio Iron Pipe for Qaa. 



Wo hare now came to Tiint part of our work whioli is 
<ifl«n diMciLrdod l>y th(* plainl)rT ii^ ))Hn^ tM-tx-ntli hi* noting, 
and by thuw vim ciuiuuL do this cloaH of irurk, aa be>ti|; 
■onieioiiig out of ttiQ trade ; bat the fuct is, tluat our best 
hot-wnfrr work i« gcnornliy, as it should l», left to the 
tfnaltjird plntnbiT. 

We nitl [.r)>«iinie that yoii ar« ttioroit^hly B«qiuint<<d 
irith tbo InWH tlutt gor«ni fluids; but tbrrv is voir out) 
law vhic^li vrr Kbitll hsvo oocsidon to draw ymir particnilaT 
attention to. that is. tlic Inw of hr^nt wbcii h«la in tli^M 
floid*, for irithout > IciioirMgv uf ■iidi law, it would bo 
tuolna to aiunnpt but-WBtvr work, luJwi it be by rule ot 
thimb vortc only. 

Srw's R*T9 nxft SnuM.— Evenp one fa fnmilinr with 
till* loi'.i Uml wlicn ihrir bHnd. if of u different ti.-nip(?nit«re, 
W ajiplied to n. hot or fold body, tliRt tbo Aanrf in rwidily 
iiiittlti wnsiblv of tliu fnct, and aooonlinK to the diSctrnrc 
in tl)(! t«inpernturG no will tho amoitnt of MMVtaiion bo f'«>tL 
Tliis ia one way of fxpcrioncing tho tffooit»i of heat. Wo 
ail ktiim- thst th« hi-ct of tbr Huri'ii raya in felt by na nil 
iiir>n- pijirprfuUv at rm^ ttmii* than niiotlier. btiL nn do not 
all know that Uic heat frum tha mye of the sua on a hot 
■nnrar.r'K i\\j will, on one arm of groiiml, piudiuw an 
much ateam aa could be proditc«d from a boiler ouuauniiiiK 
aT least six tons of coiU \ and tfa« nninfonnwl do not know 
that tha radittnt rays of the auii truvvrsn thrvu^h spa«u 
at a TelodtT of I9i0,000 miles per MM-ond, nor doM he 
know that hrat and cold Rre one aud the aame (thouf^h, 
perhnpH, Ity Kime bi a aeiise ooDiudsrvd aowti till rally 
iiiaoc urate] . which aoootdiug to Ita degree of temperaturo 
acta npco ^o iwrroa, aLd which Bcontion is expcrinLoed 
in atfjet M»ordBiioe with the t4^mpclratanl of the applied 
body. 

Latent Heat 

We i'peak of 1ii.-at when thin subatanee (it it be a 
Hub«tnrii*«. though probably it js a iV'Mt of ribmtions lean 
mpid Ilian lltow- »f li^^ht, and trarelling thruogfa apac-e at 
thr t^tne nitr. uiid wld tlie abMenae of h«at) b iii tcnn- 

eTature al<ovo that "f the oqtnnioa air, or the applied 
>dy, and of i.vld wbeo it is above that tampcraturo. 
Thrrt) aru aonie bodies whlnh niay be ronaidereil kb capabk 
of abaorbiDg heat, whir.b absorbed heut will reaide in avoh 
bodira for a very conaJderabli* tinu', and oft*n in a latent 
Mate. The word 'latent heat" ia apoken of, bf aomii 
writers only. wLon the heat disap^cva, or ia not felt, aa 
in mrltitiff vr. b»iUnf{ wator, or amiiW oparationa. For 
tnatanoc, tlie li««it in ln« is tiiteat, and not ptrooptlble to 
our sense lA foelinp. For argument, auppoae you plaoc 
your hand into water, tho teinpcrnturf of which is e^arily 
the aaini' as that of your hand. Uic lit-nt phenomena cannut 
b* folt, tbevcfcirv the hvat i« lati^l to yu. For the same 
rvMon ioo holds lat«nt In.fit. I may rt'tnnrk tliut s'lnv 
use the tvnn "lataot boat " for any case in whiiJi boat is 
ncrnrptiblr. It \n luraally appli«d only to tho h(«l wluch 
diiugipeart iti nicltiaft irw, WMlin^ water, or in similar 
oparattona, Iro, in air below the freeziiij; ^jiul, cannot 
ha a^d to hold liit«nt hoat, it is only when it 'ut warmed. 
KTtlftdally or otliervine, that it nptM^ra to ahanrb 111)' p«r 
pciikiid tiefoiv molting-, and chiii tiiin lutit im caU«d lalent. 



The aaumninf he«t u dlaappMrine, whether in liqite- 
fyin(( any wilid or rapinirisiTiK any liquid, is the •■a■^t 
Motvalent of thv foitw rvquireil to affect the oouveraiiiD. 
The moclianlcal eqidvalent of the beat requin^l ta mi^o 
a pound of water 1^ Fahr. ia ~731b. (lifted lft.\ and tbat 
tbo Mun« amount of hc-al ia produred arain by the force 
the liiniid axnta in returning to its solid stale, and the 
gas in MconUag liquid. 

The formation of ntonni ia. a molonular ohan^, ueom- 
panied by enomoua ioorease in volume. 



Steam. 



You see that water solidiAea at 33°, nnd will tike in or 
absorti 140" of Iteat to car.h pound of ioo before it will 
riw in t«nipemtiirti, or, if I may so apeak, feels hotter ; 
and a furUier 1,000' more heat must t« hidden in wat«r 
before the ice is nunvorted iuto steam, >o that we aay that 
in Ftcom there in 1 ,110' latent heat, and althou^ we pat 
a Utenuumetor into tliia steam, it will only register 212'. 
Hia ia a niriou' fact, aod ofdy gXMS to pnire that whiuh 
I have before written on tUa tubject, nod it is tfood for 
us that this la so, for if all the water were auddonly to 
turn into »ite<nm, an explonon would taike pl«c« every time 
w«> bnilnd a dmp of water. 

BocuBV Exjpi.usiOMs. — 1 may add that you ruay keep 
boilinr sway at water, and so drive away all the air held 
in Bolntion, mid whon surli ia done you mn^ mise the 
tempeniturtf bi at leut 360° ; you are tbeu hable {if th« 
air DO alweni) at any moinent to have an esploaion. For 
my own part I am quite cmivinood that iimny cf our 
t«rrihlc SiiLor ciplonionK which hare never be«n aoeoiinted 
fur, bnve beeu lati^od by the cuutinnal boiltu|^ of the same 
water, whi<;fa ia ofton tho case for days and nights together, 
iLiid mui>t drive off the air held in aolutlou before Npokeu 
of. 

To prove this, tnko a pii-co of Wenham ice, and plaoe 
it in a large t««t tiitie, thon oiiver it with turp* (turp«ntiue). 
Carefully mult it. and without admitting llie air nuke it 
boll. The hctt rdq'iirod will bo cuom'ierably more than 
21^, but nt- annn na a certain degree of heat ia touchcl 
muuh beyiud 'IW, stoam is venerated, nod the whole of the 
water will jump up out of the tube a« though gunpowder 
wet* under it ! 

[ have »id that tho temporatnre nf iamiing steam is 
never more thnn '212', but it mwl not be l')«t sight of, 
that water insy be boated to a vary high tempo ntiire, 
iiooording to the atreagth of the veaeel wherein ii i<i hold. 
And when this is dogie take partictdar nntifc ilmt you 
leave eufll lent room in tho vonael for the oi]ia;i«um of 
the water, 'vhiub will eioiud when he>at«d nom S9'-ll]° 
(the ?reate.it point of cunaeusallon) to 312°, onv twenty- 
third piut of its bulic, and if ondoaetl irithln a oUm 
vttstel, wtllex^rt a power of l-l,! jl lbs. ou the Mjuare inch. 
It also should be known thnt w.itor in our common 
atinoR]>hcro boils nt 312, but 'luublu the prciwiiro of the 
atuoephere on the tntrfaic 'A the water, and ibongh this 
may at lirat si^ht anpo.ir paridoxionl. it will not boil 
aeian it has nttniiint 260 !iZ' , anA if your vc-w«l \» got 
strooted BO aa to rosiit, ssv, 25 ntmiM)phere« of preMnu 
then your water will not boil until ii baa nttaiuod t 
heat nf 139 'K^ providing thciv lie mit the usual amou 
of air present in the water. 



726 



HOT-WATER AND IRON PIPE WORK. 



VVater, and Steam Pnsduct. 

I may boro state tliHt ono cubic inch uf water will tniikc 
1,090 cubic incliOH of Htcnin, cotuprcBxed to 151b. to the 
witiare iiKili. Tlio tuUnwiuti: may tumut yua iu your 
roiuioniiig rospootinK tho quantity of thiH lateat heat. 
You may nay that nnow in tho very cjiMence of oold, but 
in compHriHon to tho followiuff will foel quite worm. 
Take two bowln of imow, and put into one bowl half hs 
Tnuch common wnlt. Placo your hand into this mixture, 
snd yo-j will be very ploitsoil to withdraw it, if only 
to place it in the bowl of pure snow, which will then 
aeem to be warm, and of counte the heat not latent. 
I may add that when merouir is frozen, the mere act of 
pickiiiff it up with tho naked Gntfen, will blister them, 
jart a» if it wore a piece of hot iron. These are simple 
ezperimentH whereby you ™*r •>« better able to judga 
what comrtitute the difforent forms or states of heat— 
lateot, radiant, or otherwiao. 

Suscaptibillty of Driferent Bodies to Heat. 

Sause uro He*t. — We now know somothingr of latent 
hemi ■ we may, therefore, turn our attention to the sus- 
(«rtiMitv of bodies to heat. Water is said to have thirty 
fh in* more cap«?>ty for heat than merourr, and there are 
three methods by which heat » diffused, vi/., by eon* 
d-A.-tkwL iMUTODtion, and i**"*^". "»« 'tio rapidirt^ in 
wix-t beat travels varies in different subttanceH, waich 
w «v'T«i bv placinK « ^''.f »P**°° "^^ » wooden 
«- .f th# ^amVrize into bojhng water, the handle of 
thJ «:«€ will become too hot to be held before the wooden 
.« « «MiblT warmed, hence the reason for usiny wood 
.•n -iw b,udI<^of spanners. The rate of heat-oonJncting- 
:«-iSLT^fcn^7rr.000 gtJd, 973 sHvej, 898 copper" 
^'^T^M-.ai. 374 iron, 303 bn, 179 lead, 23 mar&e, 

Cwt^ ^^ HeIt CIUt» OT)-Inhqiiids this change 

,.-t .w -w ».■ Tv'ti^ attention to heatrng by hot water. 
ViC wlap^iW U^ • Iwiler ot yriLb,r, the particles 

-a-, UM «»wJ m»kintf iwom for the colder partacleB, 
' r\ *!:LriS;J^tn^- '■573. Ui. here, evidently, 
Hv.-M* ...,;x-* ft^-«i shat of wnduct^on, tte heat not 
v.uJ^ri..,.^; »V-m i>*rti^-l* ••^ l«rUcle without actual 
*^ t S,™ i» th* ."T«tem of convent on of 

V,... ..-..; >^~ -^;''^. ,i, ™ri«^ theater 

* , M;,. ,.„^.i .[tat ««*«■ " • t»d conductor, 

"■■ ..".T V.V >. h. l.M*v. wtiM the bottom will remain 

■i::rr:i'::i:i^^: oa^?-bcdies. of course. 

...'«» .| »lw»r i'*rt»«'»»' »" wpi'l oon- 
,'\" ' .'tC'^" ")"».■; M» »ho »k'wwt coadnctors of 

I '.. .J,-, ii *-ui J»* h»>M iDto an oven 
'' "Vrl u . iiil." V ^-v' . w^l ttw«i l-laf* Tour hand 

..,'; ;w».i ''» iwJ^-'Mit * J*» -J *WTO water 

. ', , .., .-u. * Lx-a •«•«*» dHY). Now 

*.' \. 11, Ui v*t*'*t» *■< »h# jar, and one 

,^l ,hv- «.4ti,(. iJw(v|f ihonuivnM'ier 






M^ 



'I'U, 



It 



■ »,,^;., I4^d 'Vkh UV tvdui.W *» W\ 

^S..,...:u,.i: *lll «V«»«IW» »h» UlWWt. 

} ,, ;t, iiiU'ivu^ w-wi ^m»th as tbi< 



Boilers, Kitchen. 

Now being fairly weU acqaaintcd with the quaUties 
of heat, It IS hme to see and know «,mething r^^^ 
the boiler, of which there are various kinds, but ff^tf 

r}g. 1,662 at A, iHustmtes a weldn) bK™. « i. . 
boiler. Fig. 1.663 is the same cuJS fiieT^ot L ^' 
an archedlue thereunder. suitaW^forpS'.wL^Th^ 
flat bottom boiler would be too low to att^l ^„ f i^* 
the boiler I, Fig. 1,668 is on '^i^\^t,^^, 
square boiler, having a fine thereunder J ^^^K V^ 

ranges, wbiUtVig. 1,670 illust.U„ L S/^S^Z 

snoe Douor. i^.tfig. 1,665, is a square open ton boiW 

Rg. 1,664, ,s a toe boiler. I shaU say more about K 
boilers as wo proceed. 






soiled; 

ra C 



Flo. 1.6«2. Fio. l,5es. Fto. l,B6t. 




r^^ 






Fio. 1,566. Flo. 1,696. 



^^ 



Fia. i,5e7. 




Fio. 1,568. 




Flo. 1,509. 



Fio. i,6iO 



Fio. 1,671. 



Bemg well acquainted with the qualities of heat, the firrf 
thing now ,8 to know exactly what is wanted to be don? 
for hft^ l^Ply ""/PPJ^t^a f'"- t'^-'tinff, or it may b^ 
w,L « '».*''V*"'^ H^. """Plicity's sake 1 will finrt inw 
vour attention to a job in band. Let us assume that H ^ 

iUustrated at Rg. 'boiler, (AUoVho^ at 



HOT-WATER AND IRON PIPE WORK. 



727 




T 

BRJCH WORH 



Via. 1,672. 



7«8 



HOT-WATER AND IRON PIPE WORK. 



Fig. 1,S62, bat hen the man-hole is on top.) R, O, Fig. 
1,S72, is the rettira {npe oonnected to the bottom of the 
t&nk, and &1ro to the bottom of the boiler, aa shoim at R, 
and BO called beoaiue the cold water retnms from the hot 
water circolo/ing tank by way of this pipe to the bottom of 
the boiler. "F, is the flowpipe, which miut never dip — that 
la, it should have a gradual rise from the boiler to the 
circulating tank, without the least part of it desoendimr or 
falling the reverse way throughout its whole length. This 
is of great importance, because if the flowpipe oipe, it will 
hinder and check the flow of water, simply beoauae the hot 
water alwars tends to ascend and never to deaoend. This 
flowpipe should oome off the top port of the boiler, and 
without the least dipping into Uie boiler. It should also 
be taken up into the not water tank to stand aboat 2in. or 
Sin. higher than the letum pipe, as shown at F. Some- 
times when the hot wator tans is a deep one, and yoa do 
not wiah your hot water to pass through the cold into the 
tank, you may take the flowpipe in the aide of the circu- 
lating tank, as shown by the dotted lines as at X, or even 
into the top of the tank ; by doing this the hot water accu- 
mulates in the top of the tuik, and may be drawn off with 
an advantage, toongh this is not generally done. Of 
coarse the ends of the flow and return pipes entering tbe 
tank may enter at tbe ride or otherwise, or even the hot 
water or flowpipe, as before said, may enter at tbe top of 
the tank, as at H. The return pipe may go through the 
side of the boiler near the bottom, or through the top, and 
with a riiort length taken down into the boiler, as saown. 
In some cama, mo flowpipe cannot be taken off the top of 
the boiler ; then take it off tbe aide as near as possible to 
the top, and in such a manner that the boiler can remain 
quite full of water at all times, and without the alightest 
particle of steam cheat room. 



The Cold Water Cistern. 

This a shown and the name printed thereon ; 1, 2, 3, is 
the cold supply pipe, which should have a stop-cook to shut 
off the water, as at 3. The pipe may be trapped, as 
shown by the dotted lines near 3, and takenlnto the not water 
tank, or to the return pipe, or it may be taken a few incheH 
below tbe bottom of the boiler, so as to trap it, aa at 4 
(wAieh loill prevent the hot water deteentiinff Ihii pipe), and 
then taken into the bottom or side of the boiler, as shown 
at D. C, is the stop-cock. The cold water supply to the 
hot water tank may be as shown at 5, M, but when this 
latter method is adopted, you will be apt to draw hot water 
at the oold water cock, L, especiaUy if the cold wator supply 

tnpo between the cistern and diaw-ofl be of a greater 
ength than that between the draw-off cook and the hot 
water tank, or tbe pipe between the oold water cistern be 
(tinall in bore, or havmg manT sharp turns, or having to 
INiM thniugh a Rotherham coclt or other screw-down atop- 
uu«k. Now, to get over this difflculty, a check or spindle 
valvo may bo sercwed on to the end of the pipe, M, (of 
cHiiirw innido the cuttem), or a Botherham atop-cook may 
Iw tlxod at A ; but the stop-cock must be fixed so that the 
valvii will, by its gravity, fall fairly upon ite seating, and 
In Htieh H manner that it will form a bock valve, ho ihat 
thi> w«t<>r enunot flow back. Or, in order to do away with 
tltiMt< vnlvt<H (which, to say tbe leaat, are ohjeotionable, 
aiul nut t)i bo used, only in isolated jobs, though they 
HiiBWi>r tli(>ir purpose; bot, of oourae, this work is not 
what I "hiiulii consider perfect; it should be remembered 
that olrtiiiiustaiiees alter cases, and then the ajxive 
"wrilikU*" will bo found exceedingly useful), a much 
l*tt*»r plK« will be to take the cold water supply pipe, M, 
tti t)H> top tif the hot water tank, and branch it into the top 
oufit*!' of lh« (aiik at 8, Then, in this case, it will be im- 
ywMllv (i>r thtt hut water to be drawn off by tbe inlet p^. 



Uany will say that this mtem ia contrary to Uiat generally 
in use. So it is. But let this be as it may, the aystem 
works exceedingly well, and often ma^ be fitted when 
needs drive. I, J, ia the draw-off pipe from the hot 
water tank, which, being continued forward to AIR PIPE 
and to K, carries off all steam, and allows the air to flow 
from the hot water tank when it ia being filled with water. 
It should be properly proterled from frMt. I do not like 
this style of drawing off the water from the tank, bat 
prefer to fix the draw-off pipe about Sin. to 6in. down 
the tank, as ahown :it the dotted lines 9, as this prevents 
the air being drawn down with the water when in use. 

HOT WATER ia the pipe, branched off the before- 
mentioned air pipe, which form I object to, to supply 
the rink. 

In tbe preceding I have drawn your attention to the 
hot-water fitting, such as ia done by plumbers, Jcc, 
generally, and will assume that you are, in ptu;tice> 
tolerably well acquainted with ; but, if I were to ask yon 
the reason why soch apparatus works, the chances are Uiat 
I should receive an unsatisfactory answer ; and to enable 
yon to thoroughly understand this class of work, ao as to 
be able to fit up works of every class, it will be imperative 
that you should be thoroughly grounded in the principles 
which govern this important brancli of your work, so uat 
yoa may not be, iis many of our leading foremen ot 
plumbers ore, simply obhged to come and seek information 
which, I aay, every apprentice boy should be able to give 
before he is out of his time. I may also state that I have, 
by the plambing craft, been asked to thoroughly explain 
the theory of hot water work, together with the practical 
port, not only suitable for the apprentice boy, but also fc^ 
the foreman and master. 



The Theory and Experiments of the Circulation 
of Hot Water through Pipes. &o. 

It will be seen that heat ia diffused through water in a 
very different manner to what it is through BoGd substances. 
When the heat is applied to the bottom of a boiler or other 
vessel conteining water, the first effect ia to expand Ihe 
layer of water nearest the fire. The fire, by reason of 
ite heat, makes this la3^r of water specifically lighter than 
the colder water which may be by the sides, and especially 
that above ; and thia layer being lighter than the cold 
above, it allows the colder water to descend, when the 
hot water natnrally rises, or floata upon the molecules of 
the colder or denaer water which surrounds the hot ; then 
the cold water from above, by reason of the extra density, 
immediately sinks to the bottom of the boiler, when it 
again becomes heated and again lighter in ite turn. These 
succeeding fresh layers of heated water will continually 
carry the heat from tbe bottom of the boiler to the highest 
point of the circulating tank, which heat, if tbe pipe« and 
tanks be not too large, is finally and ^adually aiffused 
through the whole of the water within such pipes and 
tanka. 

For an illustration of this beautiful system I will ask 
you take an ordinary tin can, or, better, an oil fiaak or 
other bottle, and nearly fill it with clean water, into which 
put some bran, or other light substance, which will not 
altogether float ; then put it over an ordinary gas burner, 
lamp, candle, or other fire, ao that you may be able to 
wateh the action of the water. You will see that from the 
first moment the bran, &c., will be in motion, rising up> 
wards juat above the heated part, and, as shown by the 
arrows, B, C D. Fiar. I.fi73, and downwards at the colder 
aides, E, F - OUtdle on the other ride, and 

tlie Mtior aoe the candle in the cenne 

«1 tits •> ■otitm will be in the centre. 



HOT-WATER AND IRON PIPE WORK. 



7S9 



Having got so far, next trr this experiment vitli a bent 
glass Hipnon, as at Q, P, W, 8, Itg. 1,574, wliioh may be 
made from an ordimuT glass tube, procurable at most 
chemiBts, vbo irill also bond it for you, or yon may do it 
for yourself, by making it red liot over a fire ; or, it you 
cannot get this, procure a pail or a deep saooepan, and 
bend a piece of oompo. tube to the shape ; let the bottom 
leg go to the bottom of the saucepan, but cut on the splav, 
au as not to atop the iratorway, let the short leg jo^ dip 




wmm 




R«. 1,B7S. 

an inch or two into the water. Kow fill the siphon guite 
full of Tratef, and put the two legs into this water, as 
shown. Set the paU over a fire, and you will soon find 
that the siphon will be the hottest, showing that, by reason 
of the extra length of water in the long Iw, the action of 
the water is more rapid through the dmou than that 
within the pail, and well eetablisning the fact that the hot 
water will travel throogh any length of pipes as at FLOW 
and BETTURN, Fig 1,672. 



Expansion and Contraotlon of Water. 
Frost Bursts (Cause of). 

It would appear (from the preoeding faotA) plain that the 
colder the water the heavier it would be, while the lighter 
and wanner particles will rise to the surface ; but even in 
this there is a limit, whioh can only go down to 39-2°, when 
the mnxiwum density of water is obtained. The con- 
sequence is, that wat«r of thia degree of heat must sink 
through i<ny water below, whether it be of a higher or 
lower temperature. Having found the point or degree of 
lieat where tti« watsr ia of its greatest denai^ — viz., S9-2°, 



it will be self-evident that by adding d^:rees of heat td 
water, that this warmer water must float ; whilst, on the 
other hand, if you lessen the degrees of heat, this oolder 
watOT will also float; and if the water be oooled down 
from 40" to 32°, it will expand in bulk (being about one 
part in ten thousand at 3Z°], and will occupy the same 
space that it did in snking from 48° to 40°. When the 
water is at 32° it appears to remain at this d^ree, and 
will gradually solidify or crystallize into ioe ; hut in doing 




no. 1,874. 

BO, the latent heat (143 unite) is extracted, and the water 
ex[)anded 9 per cent, (a slight expansion of the water goes 
on in strict accordance to each degree of cold below 32°) ; 
and should wat«r be in any way oonBned within a pipe, &c., 
during this expansion by frost, &c., there is no ahematiTe 
but for the vessel to burst, whioh accounts for pipes 
bursting during times of froat. 



Circulation of Hot Water. 

From the above, it is plain that the circulation of hot 
water is brought about owing to the difference in the 
weight of the water at different points, caused pimply br 
the expansion and contraction of the water itself ; th 
fora, if the source of heat be permanent, the pwrtiolM 



780 



HOI.WATER AND lEON PXPE WORK. 



ivnidl.T hmiijtht Intn ■e^on, ud the mrtlolea in K Testiul 
lulu.- ■()"□ lierniiiB boated, und hf tltdr oxpenstan miut 
exert effcoiire preanuv on nJI parta uF tbopips, biwiahM 
Jnelddod. Now tkta, togMlicr vith the levltj of the vstot 
In Um boiln-, MUlillaliM a oiurant, whta tho ooU water 
from Ihe Mtits. brmichM, &c.. comtnena-a t:> flnw in tho 
dtrai'tioii of ib« boilfT, and llitis iinppljU)([ tti« bMivv or 
wider wttar corUduuUj', wMoh. of coone, Inkca the riliioe 
of Ibe lichtar TArti«le«. Imown u hat wat«r. Tt> fini) t-Uu 
liirRo wiu whirl) Uin rali^rr wat/« ram towardii the boiler, 

Cniuit know tii- uppcific jmiviij<rs of ihu wnW in tic 
and return lUpes, the flow \>«iitg thv itHH-ndin];, nnd 
the retnrr. The dt-Mxiiding ; tIo diffei'once betweeo tbem 
will bo tli4 tnotiva pow«r, or th» cflTeetiTe pTVMuie. Tou 
nut arrive at thin point by mttwrtAininR l£» l«nipcTatiirv 
of Uio water in the rovum pipe and butler, nr flow pipe. 
If tli« diffciv<nr« in kcAl i>* onlj a few degreee, of ooiuw> 
the dlflMan(-« in thii !>pf«d of drculHtiuii of tho wat«r will 
li» aooordin^ly ; mj it in only four or !ivo dr^rrooi*, which is 
t«iTB»tl1, hill qttile KuRiciout in n nel-ammged ty9t«tn 
to auiotain ootmULnt riiwulation. Lot us awonie that wo 
h«v« s' of heat in our boiler, B, Mo Fig- 1.ATG, the return 






a. 



2 



1; 



1/ 



ih 



V 



1^./ 



pipe In flUndicvs: flt U 
flow jiipe Kt F, be. 



Pro, l.^^5. 

flt ISO^ uud tho flr>w to bo 188". Lcl tho 

iay, l.sft. aliove the bottom of tti« 

.return, 'll; tho differoiife in wi-iglit will be nbout oiie- 

f'Qiird iA an ouuuo on (ho wiuaro in<-h, and thiU will \» cbi.' 

lunouitt of motive powor ouluiiictl fur the clniuliitlun, nu 

putter what mav im tlie lon^nh of plpe^ ntt.iohod to thi? 

inuatue : and should there he, luy, 60 ytxrAn. of 4in. pLpr, 

aich win lontjiln iiO HTalluii" »f water, with ii 15-kuUoii 

r. yon will tlicn havA fl£ tfallona or SoPlbii. weight. 

: in fluntiuual motinti by the ft" of boat, or one-third of 

,.. . oanH iMwanre. 

Of oourae the riM of iripw will make * wkl*- difference- 
in tha motive power, whiob Inomece with tho eiiie of the 
,pi|>o* : Ihitn. in a 4io. pipe yon will tret fmir timoH m miiah 
in a 2in., and w vd, but, m tlw renMtnniM? incrouao* 
._ inall}- with the power, the iwtuul working offi-ct i* 
prvnlM'tr tlio "inn in all ti/od pipea- 

4—:- ihrmoliv*) i"iw^ "an he iBoreaacd by alio win jr 
t cod down Iwfof.' it frwta back In llie bnilor. 
«alBg' tht'hfiighi iif tno :Qow aiid nrturu utpcw, 
ttue dilliTfliiM f.f Uie (♦mperaiure betwowt 
a. w, or i«»iit!M>. an cxli» power kmx U; 
jUiflf Iba OiHoranoe of tho t«ntpoc«tuni 



between (lie return and flow plp«a, v^iea thft mum bteiMuH 
of power ia obtained br douhiiuif the votlcal binifhla ; or 
by trvbling the ««trtioal btigbt of the flow and nrtum pipw 
ilie auic efleet ia ptvduMd aa by u^bUni; ihw diffennm b 
thfl temperattue of tha water. 

\ Hiff.-Tfnoo in the ntotive povor ia alao made bf 
dtnunuOtinf^ tlio diametar of the pip* In auch a mannar 
that a lonicer atnoont of aorfaoe wtU b« expoaed. and in 
propoitioB to the anoant of watar wiAin ihia, of couiHt 
allows more cooling rarfooe, and eonaeqiieudjr tho rebirn 
pippi can fpv« off nuin! lieat in a gina ttne, tliua BMikiiig 
tiin ratiim watvr drniaar, and oaajaqtwotljr qnlr-kw in 
aetlon. Of coune, when 70U do tab you havr mom 
friction, whioh will be rcadilj nndersiood fruoi the 

following : — 

1 1 in ■xTtain that tha Hidce of th« pwoa nvalhr i«l«id tbt 
flow of water, thrrrfon a onaiiderah.,} deductioB nnut b* 
niodo, in iwtnc ctu>M tu the enonaoun cKteiil of SO p«r MSL 
[See Pricitiun of Water thmagh I'iprs and Benda.) In 
Mnall pipe* thoro ie a fgtvMer aniuuut of frtetlou than ia 
larger onon, owiujf to the relative soount of eni£w«; 
Uvdd'-n. thr;w nnall ^p<w oool quicker than lu:|(iir oaea, 
und Uia'< the rclacilj w inLTMaed, a* olao la the frictlaa, M 
tluit iMipp(Min}( wa bare u 4in. pipe, tlw antount of frietian 
i», fay. 1, in a 2tn. thora ir twice aa mncli. Bad in a lin. 
four tinwa aa much aa in a tin., and job ahould olan know 
that b7 inoreaainii* tho velooity, ao in propotion will ba tha 
friction nearly aa the liquBre of tbn vnlorit j . It ilionld abn 
he known that in all h(>t-w8t«T Apparataa tte apead of 
oirculatiun vurieR acoordiuv to uinmnutanosa, tliarefon it i« 
difficult to oaloolato : otir! thin^ i» oertain, that Uw TalDei^ 
in hot-wat«r pipea h< qalckeat in their conUvo. 



Vetootty of Water through Hot Water PipM. 

The foOowinfc '» an ni»y tnuthod for eaiimati a j r the 
velodtjr of hot water tJ.irougb pipe*. Talro «b tuTolad 
idplioo, Fiir. 1 .A7fi, and phtoo ooo indi of mofoiuy ia oao 
letr, aa at X, U, sjid water in the oliter, aa at A, B ; it wiB 
be found that the one inch of aeroury, Z, O, will b^anoe 



S?-. 



-'-^- 



* t\a. i,»7e. 

I3}in. of WBl«T at A. B, thu« provinp tliat the diflevMMd^ 
tho upocillc granty is 13) t'> 1. Sut nuppoao ron dm oO' 
inatmd of mercury, then tho water, .»■■"■ '^- » *■ «in • 
thehearJML, niid a column of l^in.' 
column of 3Din. nf oil; now Hun* 
■top-oodc at X, and then put oU 



HOT-WATBB AND IRON PIPE WORK. 



781 



aai vkftr In the other, ■» that tweh Huid will «riLni] at ono 
ImmL Hoir tnnldenly upeu tba >Utp-oock. umI juu will 
find the qII to be foroeJ upwunlii wiih equal ToWity to ^hnt 
uf A mLuI bodj foUing bf Kruritj tbraUKH u tpiuN' 4-quiU lo 
thii additional liolght vhtcb thi^ liffhier Itodv wonld oooiipr 
ia tba siphon. Seatng that tho rcbitivo weights of oil nnd 
r.^tcr !ii« AH 9 ia lo 10. ih» nil mint )>j thv watiM" bn fnrrod 
upw/irda witli a VL'ltH.'it}* (.hjuiiI tu that whieh a falliuir bodv 
would acquire in falling through one inch at Ep»ce, whicii 
JM oqaal lo « velocity rf 138(t. per minuht, thnn-ftifw yon 
lutMt ontimatK Uu) apetd uf water in a hot-walt-r pipe hjr 
the nbovD mlv. 

Now. (Ufpiitw yuur &<)w and rwluni pipi'' coIuiuum to bu 
IDft. )i<Kb, Had yuar ilnw pipi: tti tw- S'' butler than tlu- 
Mturn. tliB buttast cwlvimri of wnt^r will ntand at ''IS! yf an 
inch lii^bcr tluin thtj wM-.t, or Ihvn will bo railivi nwro 
than cms-thiid of an inch tiie dilI«rtnio« in tLa hadght of 
tbo two standing rolumns. whiuh will giro a volwity of 
T9'2fi. per minatr; or if tlir* liei^bt bf imly .^ft., and the 
tompMratuiv as abur«, then the velocity will be 65-2fr jut 
miuuto, ahowing that th^i hTijiht of th<' two water culiuimii, 
Tix., Sfl.and 10ft. . m-ikn nn-tdf ditlcrrnco tn tho valoel^ai 
the flowitj)^ wutcr. We will auppono the above t«mneratnre 
to be now domblad, vix., 16^, nnd the lini|fhti){ flow and 
rtituni to be $11. Now, that Iwiiii^ m, th« velocity will b« 
TQ'tlil. per ndmite, and so on proportioniLtclr. 

Now that yon thoiong'hly u&demtnnd tiip prJnctplo of 
Out eironlntiun of tiha portii^lm of water thruu^h pipea, 
Ac, B.11 lhei>tb<T wi^rk will he HJmplc. Von will And thac 
thi> fitting* dcautibtHl nntl illuBltatcd will, aftur wbal I 
shall write, im \, B, C, to yun, and mora eapedally aa I 
inleod to vxphun them in tbo am^Ieat suubatr poatible. 



Safety Valves 

Fig. I,67T JDiudTaloH a Knfnt;r v«lvt' uud boiUr- 
A. in an clovntion. and 6, a hectiun of Hartley ft BofldeB'* 
■tfety valrrv fur Icitchgni boilflro, ^nnmlly tix>id on tho top 
of thn hoilr-r. or aa yt»i plenaA. ( ', id a Hroliiil aToaifht- 
iron ahoe Wli^r, nuida by the Htnie firm. Tliiue an> thu 
finit two (LinKH to loiik affr. 





A B O 

FiO. i.m. 

Tho flrRt Ihtnjf to bo loiriwn b> tho nmonnt «f hot water 

reqiuiwd fot Il.« work. Sopii.** that it i» rcqwitvd to fit up 

a gvntbnnnn's hoiue of, nay. thrvo aialce — vut . K'uUor)'. 

bntler't pantry, and ri' li-u-wmaid'a aink— oni' hath, and 

•"^toriflB. a* I linii 34" H-rv T"ijrcirfiiln. 

w |,-»I]. i:. t:. ' ; , .-, 1,11 

• if I ■ I . 

•I ,v T.iai.-, uUi. l^^^ li, J,Jll 



hoot, Mty, 4tn. from the aole to th« inatop at i. The width 
of tlir Imot i» muemlly thn aaate as Ibat of the hoilw. 
Ijnt ibia Iwihir bo about l.fin. lo Itlin. deup. Bnt it may 
bappen that you have a botlcr with the ran^e, ho lliat you 
wilt not got the chanoe of ehoioe, but whoi y-m have the 
ehoioe see that yoti aftleotone large mou{;li, and ahould jroa 
iidl. f^l thu ehanoA of aoleetiun, and have one whioh yon 
liiiiik will ngt do tbi; work, Duike ytwr idaaa known in ihn 
prupw quarter, io that the onna of blame will not rest wiUi 
you throng not apeaking: in time. I »aj hj^i tliat yon 
nhould roaV it your dnty to m-e that it u largo enough, 
atid prujMtrly nut. and in mirb a niauD<*r that Tou can (rat a 
KOiid tiro tlui< under h, aa iihown at FLUE, ffig. jio, and 
well «p thf hark, a* chowu at K, Kg. 1,A78, at tha tnp of 
wiiii^i inunt )h' tlxixi n (Umpur, to prevent the water boilinir 
iLwny wh<>n th<>ro in tii^i inui.'b tirr fur th? antuiinl of work 
to boduno. In thia enimivinr. Fig- l,A78, may be iwen a 
method of Axiag- llxi bnilar and hot wa(«r tank and pipvn ; 
and in each a manner that cbu nmilating tank<<anuot. he 
emptied-— a vary nacMMMiy thitif; whvn ttin wn^vr ia apt to 
beoume ■hort, and ta vtij u»«ful in times of frtuit ; Jor, if 
the ciroolating taok be of a size pmportionnt? to th« l>oiler, 
the airangemont may bo woiked for day« nfti-r the "apply 
baa bC4D out off. In Ihia arrangDment it will ho quite aa 





PM- ijn. 

well to Uk mnn^-iMch". aa at T, R. bo that the prawnne of 
tJic water wi:liin Uie tank imiy l« known. If the codk It 
Is fljtM Within, wy. lin, of the birttotn, and the water will 
not run, it will at nnre In known that then in not eulDt.-Jent 
walvr, and ihv fire luu^t to put out. or tho tank nllwt 
tlinniKb a pluirholo at P. or otWrwiM. T, in the guuKo- 
c-ocfc. t.t 1,11 wlion tho rin-'ulnting tank iit full. Fig. 1,5*8 
aUi iUuatrak> the oonnaotions awl v<\im ViA'«<i#n:t.-&iM-«<«<nA. 



732 



HOT-WATER AND IRON PIPE WORK. 



cirt'ulaliujc Uuik A, and the boiler H. L. K. is tli« flov- 
pijxt, wbicli UlccK ibo hot -wftlcr from the top fJ hmW tn 
Ih^ circulatUiK tinteni or t*nk A. C, in the r«tuni pi[«; 
wbiob takpji thi* *yild*r wstor from tliu Mmil:*liiig l«nlt to 
lli« Iwiter; S, E or D, tli« mipt>-iii}; cwk, the jiIhk I'f 
wUoh should b« HCiturn-hondMl for n nmiin-T : Oie air pip« 
nnd draw nfl on In one (see DR.\W OFFj. D, E, tho cold 
wat«r ftupplj or fowl pine, tnpped «i K for pmrcutinfc tb" 
hiA wntor fnMn fiuwiiifr oavk. S, m»j Ih) tho i^unn-hndnl 
'cy cfn[>lyiii(f cwk inntsad of D. Th*t nnptyi'if eotk tAouid 
bt out a/ tAf eantroi cf tk; ttrranU. ^.. or, iiurtcad of the 
cold wfttcr hu|i|ilj- oiitiitiiLr into tlio btrttom uf the boiler, lu 
■t V, the wilf! mipjilv umy bf tAhvn into the biittom of Uin 
dntiihitui^ tniik, ue Hliuim ui (j, X, L ; but this b uot no 
Bootl a pnndplfl u that thnwit at V, hooaute In the latter 
cam- viz., -with the pipe V. E, D~thc wfaoli* of tho hot 
wnt«r in alwajn ilriToa ciut of th«> boiler bitfiirw thL- cold oan 
ratpr tho cimiilntiii); tatik. J, u Iho manhole' for clearing 
OUT buil(?r. 'fhoni in alw a nunliulo in the cuvaUtlDg 
tank, a« obuwn &t Q. Whtn upaa liraplMW an lund, aa at 
Fig. 1,679, auiueliineH an unlinarj; *qnare boilar, aa at I, 




vr„. 



KN, I.STV, 



aiul J. Fig. 1,668, fa fimL aotnotjnie* iHth and aomotimM 
without n boiil ; liut, wbeD the Isttvr b the coue, ha ann 
to have plenty of ^mt room and A'ottu; tttrfai*, for auoh 
bonen. a» a rule, unlrw properly act, ant rcry slttfrgiihia 
action, and il will \<f. UUPr if ponuhle to n«o an X, iHiilcr. 
■uoh a> iH illiiNtmlfd at (J or M, Figa. l.MT and 1,A70. If 
there iif not much (^harnid of gwltiii^ a Aun trluw the boiler, 
thon thia nuy be k«1 over by ojlini; ihi- hoilcr I, «r B, 
PlgH. 1,661 and 1,&G8, with uohod fluo, whiuh partially 




Fill. 1,Mi]. 

(unna a fluo in ilaelf, aitd if tb« fireplace la expr«Mdy for 
the hnlli and hot water work, euch u you may liavo to fli 
in a balh nwm. th*n the regbtor rtoTo K, KiK. I,*'i>. may 
bo iine<]. Willi this boiler thoM la plotty of hi-Htin)( 
KurfaL-t' ; Iml rinnetiiViw yoia ahonld alwaya try to K*t ii 
draught luulor tLu bult'in nml up iiU t-iduii iind btii k tu 
minire a quick aodon. I have- AttM up Aurh biilorx hiiruiK 
a fluA apAca, aa at I, Pig'. I ,£IJH. Yon may nae aqaari! 



bmlof!!, having a flue hole throuf;fa, aa at X, Fiff. lt$71, e* 
ant^h bmloro an arc rhown at L. U, O, P, and K, Fir. 1,680^ 
anil nhto the tnppcr dnmnd IkmIpt, abown at Fiff. 1,681, or 
the saddle boiler, Fi|i^, 1 ,563, for qiiiok heating and apet^ial 
work, nil of whioh must bo sol to misuto the b«at draught, 
aoil U\ iMpo^ tlic aidm and hottnm parta to Uh aettnn of 
the fire, and in nuch h manner that the Bie will travel 





Fia. ].sai. 



no. i,SBe. 



baokwnnla and forwamla, and play upon llio huilcr in the 
heat powUe munnrr, and fiz«d m that iho fiuea may be 
reoduy tUatttd tut, and not hooome chak«^ up with Mtot, 
4c. This ia generally loukei) out for by the brichlayi;r ; 
but oTiiry pttimtHr >h(iald be in a pomtlon to see that il i« 
done, and ii> JiiKtruct Lim huw to iwt the boiler an aa to ^t 
the beat work with the loaat amount of eoala. 

I hurt; on many oooaaona aet my boiler* to heat too 
quit^y. Whra auoh b the aaae the hoititg hot water when 
entering the oold water will bump and nttlo nway like ui/ 
mimy guns. ICbM is oasily got over bj rodudng ibo flre- 
tpara with flie brkks, lumpn, Ai^., Ae. It in a good fault 
when properly iu]d6n<li>(.>d . In the year 1872 1 peraonally 
flaed onn for Iklr. Caroy, tln> wotl-known oheow morrhanl, 
at his revenue at Shoptvu Mallet, whti:h huntud IDS galloiu 
of wato-io Idminutn, with a boiler ISin. long by lAin. 
by Siti, drnp. Tho oirrnlitHng pipe* a-ero only about 8ft. 
long, which, when the fire wiu Gnit Itgklod, maili' unoh a 
noisT, althnitgh th>>re was not the leaat dainger, that the 
servaata all ran away out of tho houM, and it would abta 
alarm many other tmouV- I. in tlilA oaw, look thft flow> 
pipe to tbe top of the not wat«r lank, whicb allowed the 
wHiilo tlitng ti> work rjuinl'lr, hpiiauMi then thi* hot wnter 
nUKcd with the hat wnU-r lu the tank, and nut with thu 
oold at tile holtom. Such may bo mode to work qoietly 
by n^uoiiig Iho urab-r pAiuiigo through thn relum pipe : the 
Kiiui.' may In.' clieuhed by thu uao oi dbowK, lunf; li-ngthi 
of pipe«, mull aa a coil, Jtc. 



Dome>dhfiped Boiler*. 

If you refer hnoEt to Fig. 1, 579. you may notiM! a lift 
domfHbapndixipper boiler filial in brickwork, iw at IMtMl 
BOILKR. TI>iK w a much U'tti.'r urrangvminit lltaii having, 
a na hath. Ths boiler hen- fixed iit ahown at Tis^. l.Ml/ 
which will, after whnt I bare naid on boilon, explain itiwlf : 
but witnotimiii ii xmnl! <'oppfr xndilin bnilnr.Kurliaa la nhown 
at Fig. I.SS'.', It iLvd. When ihi^ IhIIit ix imployed. Hi it 
Bo that tho whulo will be encased with btiokwork. 



Water Hammer and Bath BolterB- 

Bcforo pixujwling fiirfinT, I wiidi to say a frw brief 
addltioaal wordn n^pt-i^ting the nunhling or crui-Uing 
noiiio which ie ■x-^mioned by the sudden intmdurtion of 
Btduii into WJitff, ;niii known an the ■' wiiti^r hamnmr"; alM> 
we tujtwtoi-n and Hntliii^ Wator. Wnli'r llnuiirii-r, Jen. 
Now, whon s'>?a[n i/a pupxing thrunffh a pipe, and huddcnly 
diKi'hiirgiyi itMilf into rolri w.it^r. th<- finit eoniAri of th» 
two fluids ia aocoupabit.-d by « nuddru condtouHiliou, and 



HOT-WATEB AND IBON PIPE WORK. 



788 



the rapidity of the impingement oanaeo a sharp blow to be 
stniok, Dsnally at the |)oiat of entranoo ; while, if Btoani 
be oonUnaed, ft euooeaaion of such bloira occurs, and lu:- 
cording to the axe and inclination of the pipe, so will be 
the loudneaa: and in aooordanoe with the pressure of steam 
CO will be tixe rapidity of each blow stniok. This phe- 
nomenon may again be reasoned oat as follows :— The pipe 
may come in contact with the surface of the oold water 
standin)^ in the pipe, when condensation imm«>diately oconrs. 
Thia oondensation suddenly produoes a vacuum, and the 
water surrooudiDg this Tftouum ia instantly injected into 
the vftcuous Bpaoe, and tlie rapiditr of the water striking 
the surrounding surfaces strikeH a dIdw like that of a solid 
body. The enormous velocity with which these two fluids 
meet at the intenne^ate spot being instantly checked, a 
oollision takes place, which, at times, is sufficient to split a 
welded iron pipe t«sted to 400tb. to the square inch. See 
Experiments with Water Hammer, 



Boiler Capacity for Heating. 

A saddle boiler, 18in. long, lOiii. wide, and llin. deep, 
if properly set, will heat 200fL of 4in. piping ; but you 
most not lose sight of the fact that unless it is properly 
set you may not bo able to heat 20ft. The following is the 
method of fixing (see Fig. 1,5S3] :— B, are the fire bars, 




'§j^r 



Flo. 1,56S. 

which should be Sxed at the bottom of the boiler, bat 
sometimes they an fixed higher. The boiler should be set 
in such a manner that the heat will pass through the arch 
and out at G, passing along the bottom and undsr the 
PLATE, up the flue spuc^, J, and over the top part of the 




Fro. l,6tM. 

"■•BFB shoold also be provided proper 

■". as at A, B, 0, Fig. 1.584, 

lflr when set in brickwork. 

- 'ound to work satisfac- 

long, lOin. wide, and 



lHo. deep, should heat very easUy 200ft. of 4in. piping, 
or you may with good fuel and other arrangementH heat 
from 2fl0ft. to 275ft. See table, which I have calculated 
upon the minimum soals. 

Qreen House Boiler Table. 





SiM or Boiler 




Length of 4ln. 


Length. 


Inside wldtb. 


Inside Depth. 


Piping heated. 


in. 


in. 


in. 


ft. 


18 


10 


n 


200 


24 


10 


11 


260 


24 


12 


12 


300 


24 


12 


12 


325 


27 


14 


14 


37S 


30 


14 


14 


425 


36 


14 


14 


600 


42 


18 


18 


800 


48 


IS 


18 


900 


48 


21 


21 


1,000 


54 


24 


18 


1,200 


54 


24 


21 


1,300 


60 


24 


21 


1,500 



Some boilers are mode with flaewars throngh the top part 
of the boiler, as at H, I, Fig. 1,S85, and at E, Fig. 1,586, 




Fill. 1,588. 

whilst others are made with waterway mid^feathers, as at 
J, E, Fig. 1,587, also as shown in the section Fig. 1,588, in 

BS 



784 



HOT-WATER AND lEON PIPE WORK. 



pUoe of the usual mid-feathen shown at PLATE, Fig. 
1,6S3. Of ooune, theee waterway nid-feathen give a 
neater amoant of under heating surfaoe, and I may say 
mat thate an scoree of different methoda whereby this end 
can be attained. For instance, tubes oan be fixed across 
the internal part or archway of the boiler, as shown at 
B, F, Fig. 1,589 ; and take particular notice that the 
principle always to be kept In view ie to expose the largest 
amount of under heating surface to the fire in Uie smaueet 




Pio. 1 687. 




Fia. 1,6B3. 

piiwlble HMCC, so as to absorb all the heat which is given 
ott from th« fuel ; and Hocondly, to have your boiler formed 
ill such a laaniuT aa to allow free cinnilation of the water 
tfaruugfaijut its entire extent. The latter is of great impor- 
tmux, (jecauiiu if there are any parts of the boiler which do 
uiA a]]»w the water to freely circulate, that part, of the 
htMiinif HOrfatw may bo connidcred as next to useless, for it 
Is this free circulation whirh wo have to depend upon for 
the ustrf ul effect of the boiler itaelf ; in point of fact, were 




Fio. 1,680. 

M not Cor this free oiroulataon the pipes could not posably 

btaoWB heated. Kow with reapeot to the size of the boiler, 

4 tqpMn feat o< surface in an ordinary boiler under the 

Aniot waOxm of a middling stntng fire will evaporate a 

lafooi of water from the temperature of 52°, and will 

■Oflkdent heat to 22fift. of 4in. pipe to keep a 

«*hoaBe at a temperature of 160° ; but, of course, 

•Boidi dependa upon what draught yon get, and 

llH of ftud nsed. The following ia an easy 

t oikiihttng tlw idxe of boiler neoesaary tor 



greenhouse heating purposes: — One font superficial of 
boiler exposed to the fire, with well r^nUted fine qiaoe, 
will heat 50ft. superficial feet of pi^ng; bat as a matter 
of oourse, the time of year very much interfeiee wiui the 
above calculationa. I have calculated the work aocemmrj 
for the winter season, and for ordinary grc^ihousee, and to 
give sufficient margin to allow the gardener to regulate his 
heat according to his fuel The fumaoo bare will make a 
great difference in the working of a hot water appAratn;<, 
for if they are too wide, the fuel ia apt to tear away ; for 
instance, if it is required to obtain the greatest amount of 
heat in the shortest time, the bars should be wide enough 
to allow a good draught to the under side of the fire. 
A«un, the area of the furnace bars will make a great 
dmerenoe in the working of the boiler; ordinarily speak- 
ing, say, 12in. by 15in. of furnace bars will very ouily 
heat 250ft. super of pipe. Many make a great mistake in 
making their furnace bars the whole length of the boikr. 



Dips in Hot Water PIpea. 

For this refer to F, G, Fig. 1,690. Here is a bend to 
look down, and another bend to carry along horizontal 5ft. 
or 6ft., and then rise again by the name mcann, so aato 
allow of the opening of a door. Hero let me draw your 
attention to the cugraving, Fig. 1,.^90, with the following 
brief description r^ljct Q, H, be fh(; flowpii»e or rising 
mwn off the top of boiler, and I, F, the horizontal pip?, 
rising gradually from I, to F. Here every thing is all right ; 
but iram F, to G (the place for your doorway), is a trap, 
and as the hot water is lighter than the cold (.-situated 
between F, G, B, aad E), it cannot, of its own iMKJord, 
descend; which will bo understood as follows :—Suppuee 




the hot water to have descended from F, to G, the cold 
water in E, B, must be the heaviest, and, therefore, will 
hold the hot water back from entering the horizontal pijie 
G, B, BO that if anything, the current muut bufrom K. to B, 
instead of from B, to E. The method for surmounting t.hLt 
difficulty is as follows : — To erect ii «miill list^rii, ,ik ut M, 
let your flowpipe run into the cistern, us iit I'. ]»r dotted 
lines, and connect the dotted lin?, pipe N, -with the nioe 
lit R ; then your heating pipe, tt, F, G 
become a return pipe, and take the cold' 
small cistern, and perfect circulation v 
through the whole Ime of pipes. But o 



HOT-WATER AND IRON PIPE WORK. 



im 



rauiivaii Defect topat intbi'iurpiiir, R, MKl.if nctwurjr. 
tho >ir jripv, P: but I vhould nitnurk tliut your cUteru 
ptpM will ne nil tli« botter if thej- arw .;!iiw U> tlic bend. P. 
M ahown in Vifi. l,^7fi. Of i^kii>- ntinlVT xizr |npc4. 
Miy2in. wrought iron «>r Iniid, will iiiiswrcr tliu tiuruiiao. 

W« luiTO new soon Muflicioiit of Iwilers ; 1 will, iticrefow, 
novr proceed to expLnin thu flltin^, aii<l filtinj; up hui 
wktvT vraric gftnnrolly. 

Steam Pipes and Small Fittings. 

For Civ pipiif I would arwt u»e mora thau l!n. wrouffht- 
inm batrotl, nr stoat loid. or c(>piM>r pipm hiiiI flt^ingt 
thmiighnut. Such iron pipM Mrrr illiiHtntt^ij nT. V, W nnil 
M, L. FifT- 1.591. A, ienlwiid ; B, a Kprin^; C,«u elbow fw 



vOi ^ 




-Hdn^ Jii pLtrfts when? thii pipes am rrquirrd f<i 1^ fimi 
-k in UB »niAt>. He. hnr nhouM iK>t be Uim.-J if you 
"■' ' bwuuM Uiey jrreatlr rManl 

*^ all ljo1-wat*r work is of 



Kn>l oonoclDnitinii. T, u ■ roniul-baok nlbow, whi«h m 
louch Iwltcr thau thu squoro vltiow. D, is a t*x for Out 
inupow nf tAkiD^ a cncJt or branch afl, na nt Ta and J, 
Fig. I.&7'J, L, P. Pig. »40. U, l-*i^. t,&91, ia a ctomh tfaat k 
iiM^diu plocts wberi! tlipru :uv twu bnuiiJii-> mtning nlT nan 
pipe — 11 rot}- hnndy ftUing vrlion tuo brututbua an wanted 
til ctau« d(F Itm prrpctuliculur (tow pipo, and bt go right and 
left of a floQr. P, in a ri'tani whiiJi I'.i iiMTwIy prt-r oncd. 
Two bcuda, or a bend and trlbow M.-rvwed Ui|i«tber, aiuwer 
iU purpoM. F, IK a piniii norktA lot ooiiu^ctiii)i; the ends o( 
the pipee. K, U a rvduduff aouluA 'for r>.^uciii|( oum sic* 
pipe to atiolhrr, and may be had from lia. to^i., or tntL 
nrom a grcntcr nao down to ^ia. (J, ia a ni|ipl« fur oon< 
uceting Iwo female flttingi, siwli an the trrfn-ing of two 
wjcVota tojnnher, or for Bcrewing an elbow uu to a t**, &o. 
Tliis nipp[p Khoiitd Ik- mi. out. of extra thick pipe, sodi 
i-xira JiR-kiiOiB to be lulik-d to Uic outaide. R, in n plug for 
olopptng off a tee fllbow, or tho «nd of a t>LU.'heti>d in]*', Ac. 
iHou i-ajM utv wadv. Them aro notbing morv cbau a sodcct 
with a I'laidc cud, lui at S. Fig. 1,A91. fkinictimco thin is 
inndo hj hrilf filling .i KirkPt up with k-ad, and haniiut^rmg 
it wull ui, HO a* to c^tuxi.- it bi rspitjid Intfltvlty and to fill up 
tho nd» of tb« K(ok«t. Vi'bou such is UB«d, fill tho eookM 
with nxl Ivnd pamt aud thou turn it cut, when tho imldA 
will be thoroughly paintod ; then iftaad it bed dMentotmU 
to dry. Sometimea it will be Ix'st lo ilu tho rad, and MldaT 
round on th» iron and l««d ; thia ta not good work, but 
»n*w«ni a tvmponr; parpoM. Use a piupvr welded cap or 
plug ; tho othtrr U only for a makeBfaitl^ or would Ix* uncI ul 
for gwfittiog. Ao. 0, I! nr<i bai'k nat», plan and i^lL-vstiuu. 
Thnw ai« UMd to connect the pipe* to diri«ntii, l>oi!rn>, Ac, 
nnii will be npoki-n of ntter ina oonnecUir M, K. Thiit 
LojuiKWtor i* ^iuiply a ii<mi pipv haring a long iJtrc.td, sii 
Hhown at K. R, Dating a nu^ig aorJint: K. with our end 
Z, nic«ly faced or tumrd. Now lake oS tlii* muntng KH-kot, 
aud put on and run iIdwti tlin hnrk out, tho fae*« udc lo 
face t3io/Hft*rf end "f tbu wjokt't. Sw that fhcpn nro no 
hum on tlie fnoc of tho nut or aocbrt. Hiui thu twu;k nut 
down fimt in order to mako 8urv that it will run eaoily. 
Now put on the vudiet, thn fac«l «ud tu faoo tlw back aut, 
rind IhlH U a conncictor, tho uw of which fai for npalrin^, 
&(]., ur for taking thu pipM to pieoee, &o. The faftck nnt, 
which is Aoaiewt^t enlarged aiuT ahown at Fig. 1,692, >■ lo 
coDiprcM the gnnumet well up to the mid of tbo mlirgtd 

onirexntiit 




f'lO. l.bUU. 

eockel. AL the uunu time gnat care thonld be takeo not 
to turn th« back nut too dght, w m to cut the fj^nmunob in. 



7M 



HOT-WATEB AND IBON PIPE WORK. 



two, vhich U too often donn, and left by the fitter vhen 
nnmiiig pipes daring the caxvniag. 

I m»r here give a dsfloriptioti of the gnmunet, a«, 
althongh it nuy ap^ar an insignificant item, it nerer- 
thelesa, In practice, u of great importance that it ahonld 
be made with care to ensnre sound work. Fig. 1,692 is an 
ele%'ation of the connector when finished ; A, is the jneoe 
of pipe whereon the running thread is cat ; F, the inpe 
whereon the aodket S, has been ran from off the long 
thread to form and make the connection ; O, is the psrtiallv 
oomprened grainmet, wfaioh is made with henm or wiUi 
the strands ^ twine properly saturated with red lead paint, 
and firmly bnt neatly wrapped round the pipe, tbe finishing 
end of the hemp, &o., running to a point, and finishing in 
the same direction as the screw or tbnifid itadf, or the 
grummet may be made by making a ring of hemp which 
mast be firmly wrapped ronnd in suoh a macner that it 
cannot sptead too mooh in a lateral direction (of oonrse 
snch grammetfl mast he made to fit the thread) ; ^, is the 
back nut screwed down apon the grummet, with only jnst 
■afflcient feroe to oomprees the grommet watertight into 
the crevice or thread spaoe between socket and pipe. 8ome< 
times a metal washer is used between the back nnt and 
gnuamet, which prevents the grummet being cut by the 
taming of the beck nnt I, J, Fig. I,fi91) is a plan and 
Motion of a flange ; this is osed in plaoea wfaare back nute 
cannot be employed. 

For instance, thev ahonld he osed cm tbe tope of boners, 
to be bolted on witn three or four screws, so that the end 
of the pipe cannot go past the inside of the boiler, which 
will prevent steam room, or steam genetatiDg in the boiler, 
and often save the nnpleasant noiae before spoken of, viz., 
bumping or rattling oocaaioned by the ateam going into the 
hot-water tsnk. Such a sound is often to be hmrd when 
the driver of a looomotive engine is sending his surplus 
steam into his tender to warm np his oold water, so that 
hie engine may "oont^n" itself when on the road — f«ry 
MaHdjfJbra tottg rwi. "S, is the stop-oook made of iron, bnt 
vny httle used. 

Ihave now explained nearly all about these iron fittings, 
and will next proceed to sliow yoa the method of working 
them. First turn to Fig. 1,093. Snppow the connector 



PIPB TOHOS. 




Fio. LGOS. 

fK I> is reqoiied to be cut, measure the exact length 

nMtulmal, and idace the ppe in the pipe vice as at A, 

^'If' l,A94, and in such a manner that the pipe cutter, 

Fig. l,ftU6, can be put on to work freely round the pipe. 

ttu tuA aqueeze thf pipe down too hard in the vice so as to 

•Jjlit iir flatten it, but just sufficient to hold it, and to pro- 

vMit ibt turning ronnd. Kow place the cutter on as shown 

•* A, D. Yiff. 1,696, and by turning the pin E, round, bring 

^ ^"e wheel by degrees, and work it ronnd the pipe. 

**tle oil nn uie wheel and round the pipe to '■name 

* to twni easily. Now keep the cutter quite pci- 



pendioalar to the pt^, and ateadily ^woA it rcmod i 
round, at the same time, occaeionaDr, with the pin 
ttghten down the wheel until the pipe' is cut tlmmffh w 
tbe tool. It often happens that tJio pipe is buired on ■ 



PIPE VI CK. 




PlU. I,6(M. 

nvr. nnriT.. 




no. i.r,i)s. 

inside by reason of the cutter pnwintc thptm molecules of 
iron inwardly, which will interfere with the water-wav 
If tfiw u. required to bo Uken oflf, tine a reamer, aa shoiC-n 
atB,T,rig. 1,S99, which is turned with the key Fig. 1,600. 

van CLTTEK (3 WHEKl). 




flo. 1,506. 

Should you- require to cut a. pijic wh™ tixtxl in an anvln^ 
Biich an for n repairing job, tli.'n tliis .■utter iimv 
wheel cutter, as shown at Fig. l,i)»o. Ucr 



HOT-WATER AND IRON PIPE WORK. 



787 



Tou w^ Uirw wbMla wbicli will cut Id thiw> plftcw ml unoc. 
Ildfi will enaW* you to cut rouud Ihe hm-k part lu wi*ll «» 
the trvnt : but, for outttng pip" in the vi<», tli« one whct-1 
iH brait, liHuiiifle tbp fl«t p»rt 0* tlw wiont I), or ntiw of tlii' 
cultur, Fijf l,5D5, being ftat, koeps tho wlwwl pcrpMidieular 



DO 



TLOa TAP, 



DD 



t*». r 



OB 



Wm I,ifl7. 



no. 1.508. 



n«.T,ft9ai. 



to the cut in thn pip", ■"•I ■" pn-venta the *h'«li' from 
getting broien, viz., d UiP oiJti«r (ibouhl be rou((]il^ nmA, 
or tUtad on one dde. whii-li is ■■;>>. ti> be the «a«n with tbit 
flTi^'Irin^^^ mrknuu : bcr>i(l<-j< the; flui ;)«ft of Ihc cutter keep* 
(be tdpm nf ih» ji'pe <li>wii. Fig. 1,697 ia a. ping lap. 
Fg- l.$09 Ij a t«|i«r tap. 



y 



^ M. 



acSDDfiVui 



a 



no. 1.600. 



Sbtmld TOu Twjuiro to out <mt «« old pipe. And htm no 
J||fj|jnn1ii It bund, thm, with n oold t-liiiel and Lammcr, 
%idraV, or ralbrr split, the »io(iket. Two hamuim-« "u'ne- 
timm will do l,hi«, (bat b by pliwingr onp hummer at tho 
bai'k of thit WM-Wot nnd humnvring awav nt the front of tao 
wukut, and •lu-juiiunully nriujr the oola obiwJ at the end, 
tfTin; your bwt to aplit it. You luu sure to sawwd if yon 



•raox Axn DtR (mud on). 



A( 



liS 



j«Z«^(lt« 



JimA' 



S) 



tlJ. 1.001. 



by. HavioK cut your piw. nnxt hMfrin to ]if«para for 
BOvwiiig. First wi|w tb" '■"••• fnt' fp'ii '■' " ' tl,.- 

•ntlliitf cloggrd, tuv or 1 1 ■ 

'-" a thin 'i-'^ ■ 



!' it 



aw tho bwi Hort, as tbt-y gvneraUy out quickly to ouc 
eau^, oud wiih n tajn-r thread. Xow piaoc pl«niy of oil 
III thi> ibn-aiLi nf tbir dii^i, aiut aUo upon thi< pipn': jilii«c 
IIk' ilii^a till lJi>.' |>iw- iitiil |i)i>b hiinl and erenly, ■«> tlint Iliry 
may luititli lnJd of thr> pipi-, tliim grnditally work thcoi up 
lliu pipe, by turuiny them furwikrda iind btwkwaiw 
oncaMonally, freely otling Che dJen. w 'bat they emmU 
tixioinf dry or too Ael, to «oft«i Ihnn, iic. Kt-mi at Ibin 
until Uie ihrattd ia of tb« dovirad leugth, wliifii idiould be 
the leneib of the thicknoaa of the diee. Tbi> thread tdu>uM 
be. na wiforo nautrked, ■ Uttl* t>pmng. w that it may 
tightMi itaelf as it doreva op tho pipe. This ntock, tf 
wnat is known a« Jin. atock. may be dUmI with ^in., jtn., 
Jin., (in- diM, wHnetimw only Im.. jin., lin., aud nt other 
tixnfM £in., ^In., |ln., iur«ordliig aa ordorcd. Tho noxt size 
■!• \'ux., jin,, lin. ; next, iiu., liiii., Ijin., and '2iii. My 
mlJt run fnmi ^iii , Jin., lin., )in. Tbs next siz« la ^lu., 
i'm.. lin. Tlie next, ifin., l^in., :!in., ituwla by thu 
inreator, Cowley. I have ako a aet of tho old diamond 
patt(>m, Pi^. 1,603, but Uioy do not get maob uK)d, aa the 

ROCS ajn> cnt (nunoirb rairssa). 



:\.h. 



Kw. l.W«. 

Rien prefer the eoUd dJee, whi«h do not retiiiire ba^f the 
labour nor tiiiici to work tbciu : briitdM, thu t>u)id diL-n linire 
a giudp C, which inmma tlutir bniiig put on panlli<l with 
ibf ptpf, aud iberefoN geta a striii|[ht thrvodctl pipu ; 
though, of late, tho old-wibioiwd diea an fitted with thin 
guide. 



Socewlng Iron Pipes with a Sllda Cutting Tool, 

Thia machbii!, for Mirfwing large jnpea. baa a decided 
advantage over ^thpr of the formrr «p)i>inituflm, inaiuuacb, 
UM vitb Fig. 1,603, a man oiui work the tool willi tho 
ifrvatnut of MM, aud do good work at tho Mmo time. The 
LDveiitiun ii> aliown in action at Ifig. I.HOH, and oonoLatM 
uf n Rtrong wruiigbt iron cylhidur A, having a mctow 
of 11 tlirvwla to toe inoh on the ont«id'?, on whirb the 
HocjEet B. travclfi frroly. A dldbtg tool or vutt^-r hcldvr C, 
in attoehod. and by nMtaaa of n knob-beadt-d atrew, the lovU 
or (-■utter in iniulr to bear on the pipe, nnd wbon lh«- omiw 
handled are turned it tnvvla up or dvwn ■.m tht fyliudvr 
soinw, A. A Miaping tool or cotter ia fUvi uaed, to dean 
and niducti tho pipe to the pnTOcr riw, anri nflimrurda the 
^iT«>w- rutting tool ia uiual fi rcimi tlu^ tbri-ad. Out iron 
riillant iin.- Nniiptir<I with ibi- nuw-'bhii-. wbirb Rt tint liixido 
of ihf tylin>ii:r. A, and tho out<^'K> of tbv various size 
pi|i.?* . lo" triMiw thpir being otntral when the Iwltii. E, K. 
H, E, am M-.mwcd up to fix it. The bolta on baae ore for 
flxlBfT uaohina on a benoh or poat. It ia oompaot and 
handy, and oaa be puckod with all acoMaotiea m a box 
Ldin. by 20in. by SOln. It can be (txir-d by ftlinply Iwltiog 
it to a tx-urh or a poet. Although sprrially dcHignod for 
worka away from boni^, it i« njaally unoful in a alutp. tiiii> 
lunn being abli> to out n ki«w on a 4iii. wrought iron 
piw aa (luickty us it can be donv in a KT(.>w-uuttititr luiliu 
uitb stMiin power. Tliie tool b supplied hj Maan. 
titroud A Co- 



7S8 



HOT WATER AN[> IRON PIPE WORK. 





no. 1.801 



Acyuttable CMe* and Qeaped Sorewlng Machinery. 

^Uh iDTontioii ii a}io«rii nt Fi^. 1.604, titiS |KM<M<a«est tlio 
{oUovlnK MlT>nIrt(r'>'> ■ — Fimt, if in n su-lf-inntrGiTig p'p**' 
holder, cnjHible of (rrtitiutitr o-txl necurifly IiolJiii^ uny 'ir^ 
tnbp with firm hut iiiiiiat grip, whieh prwvflnte dwi-ortiug 
or npUtliiix Iho pipf, nnii i« n. ilwnilnrntiini of tpritt 
valiu>, us mrniT pip™ hit tomlpnid totally iiH>lt^iui (>y their 
bciD^ squuvziil up muBi uiiim-rciJuUy betwtwu tho jaws ot 



■pnwnttui vicet, «i«pccially bf tho Taimyr workmun wl: 
ullaircd Vo Tun gafl-pipee in bnildinr MTOUrai. The 
thniud CAH t*.- iibtAinod with thin die aiiv::t, or tfar dim 
txi Mliuatoil to lulinit i>f ihe thniad boiii)^ [mrtially cut, 
tkerelon. mdmiU tuUw of ulmust khj suboluun.' L<>:ii 
pcrawod when nquirod. Another adv&ntajri? i£ that it j 
mlf-fwntreingv anil tbn jApt^ oku be JtutantUf 
lelHOiwd or flUed. Tlie luauliiu* ia made bf 
Wirn, Fig. I, £05 n tbv touDo kind ad tnaobinv fhied i 
ittciid. 




HOT-WATER AND IRON PIPE WORK. 



789 




m 



-T?K 



Pipe Fixing. 

Hariti^ oat the pijw utid llirt^od ou the laaae, next fit 
k^Dier one jAdob of lin. hamd with a bend &t fm« ond. 




R 




rt . i.nM 

tan 4)quA] inn at the othLT. Ih<> oatgo of tli« tw to 1« 
oil tlio eud fi( the pipu, the extmnw length to W 



Oft. Sin. ; the ono end of Uie streiftht way <if lh<^ tee to 
be pluggfed, thn otltrr In he fitted with • nippk- aiid L-lboir, 
Hill] all mH xliomi Mt Pi}t. 1,606. Now, it mny linpixra that 
(}ii« tee wiU Dot ecKw on to your pipe, nor I'Hii yuu, 
iNVh^pK, get tliii plujTi G, to antvr the tm sotiktl, or elbow. 
J( this is tiie ORW, the thread ef the pipe nui.v br hurrril, 
whinh i« dono •ometimefl bj (faouglltlflM penoiia dahUuK 
down the vndti of thMo j&pm and eooliet* o«l bara 
Hiiletanoee, suoh u paring etonea, lot. 'When thia it done It 
will require the taper tap. A, Fi^. 1.498, mndnvn to open 
tlic thread of tiw itonltt^t or U^. Thin lunr Iv the cue 
with the soL'lttt, &p., or il iiiaj- be tlm rod ul tin- pipe 
■whii-h i" biun-d : if im, then nin tli'> diew dnwti to open 
the threiid. l*r tlw! filtinarn may n'lt Ik? fXftr-rlj the Mine 
aiioe ii» the i)i|>o : nil lliin Kan to U- loiwiut'Tvil, for, if the 
flttingH are itut iimn!l, lite work will b»- iiiiTv.»(*d : therefore 
UivT fiboiUd bo cNn-fuIIr wln-t^'d. or hud from the eame 
miuer as your pipe^. Of cuurm; vim know thnt a otanm 
]upe la fitontn- uiAn n gta pipe, ito are the fittinfrs in Mxea 
praportiu(iat«t]r. Fiji. 1|A9T m itin plug t^p f"r mnkiiig 
ninninjif socket*. An. Fl/f. t.flOO i« u wrt-neli iorwgrkiiiB 
tbti tnpH iiEid nrumer. 



Screwing Pjpea Together. 

nrs TOHoa. 

In order to sctpw theBc pn>pcrly togrUier, keep yoot 
pipCH or fittings in e^ Btraight a hnp (i» pomhlc. ao ihiit the 
thrradii nuty pnijivrly ntitnr eai^h c^nr, nnd without 
^tinR on the vtcinb, which, if proceeded with, will fXnlly 
otwtnij' t^ thmads, and thereby will be aimt to oluso 
iM^a^. For wrewfatg' toiMthcr lis. bunvl, fte., two paim 
of toug« are recjuired. llteae tongn iduinld be lin. und 



FiU. ].«n. 




O 



Vis. i.eos. 

Ijin. : the lin. to grip thu lAnel, K, Fig. I,S06. the l]ln. 
to grip thn iMwket (;. A. mid thu t»i' nt 4 miul P. Tbraie 
loiiKh are ilh)«imt4-d nt Ki^^. 1,007 and 1,068, whidi lihow 
them pl.TPed for wruwintt uu the uri-ki't iind pi]*. They 
are aba iihiiwu at A, 1), riff. I.-V93. B, in put on ta 
nnaoivw the pjpo, and A, to unarrow tlie iwickel. If the 
Booket ia raqturad to bo aerewad up, rcvcrto tho poaition of 
the iengt bj tnnting them npalde down. 



OMUBMUL tOMM. 

Those tonga arc ahowa at Fig. l,60o, and will he tvadllv 
nnderatood fram the dntwiag. A, ia the now iiu *' 
J, tho grip jaw, alao toothi'd n( \in> inunr ■ 
formed ou ilw Mune piece of iiuit*>riitl n* thr 
Tbu noae ia rmtnd at the {nn B. It will be fet 
a piaee ot pipe is plai.t'd lietwtwu the jiiwa. an. 
pulied np, aa hidicat<d hv the arrnw line«. T* 
if the nana. A, be prr««Tl low-nrdn Iho jriw, J 
pta, B, bo properly jdjiiati'd Ut auit the aiur i 



740 



HOT-WATER AND IRON PIPE WORK. 



^p tbe pipe aooordmgly. Fig. 1,610 itluBtrat-es a veiy 
handy nut nrenoh, which Till take in almost all bIzm. 
It ifl espeoiallj haody for old vork. 





Fia. 1,600. 



G 



Fia. i,flio. 



FABHOT-KOSB TOSOS. 

Theae toan for their aotioii also depend upon the same 
principle as me universal tongs, the difleienoe being th&t 
the jaw, J, works through tbe Jaw, A, in a more droular 
direction, as may be seen at J, K, Fig. 1,611. These 
parrot-noee tongs nre handy for taking out to do jobbing 
work, as they will fit many different size pipes. They 




Fro. 1,011, 

sometimes have a cutter wheel, W, which saves 
carrying twotools. Therearescoresof others of this class; 
but for good hard work I prefer the old pattern tongs. 
Figs. 1,607 and 1,608. Sometimes it will so happen thnt 
you have not tongs with you, and that you want to 



uDSorew a pipe, but yon have a good screw wrench, as 
shown at Figs. 1,612 and 1,613, which is a constant com- 
panion of tbe Jobbing plumber. (I say jobbing plumber 
not out of any disrespect to him, for I consider a gfX)d 
jobbing hand to be the most practical amongst us— that is, 
if he kaows his trade ; but unforttmately many Jobbing 
plumbers ore to be found who are incapable of doing good 
work when called npon, and who are the means of sadly 
disgracing oar trade generally.) You will no doubt say 
that the wrench is use^ss for such work ; but this is not so 
— it is of great use, and I will show you how to make it 




Fio. i,ei2. 




KIO. i,ei3. 

answer very well on a pinch. Screw the wrench to fit the 
pipe looaely, now get a round pin of iron or steel, bui^ as 
a small piece of rat-tail file, or a piece of Jin. or ^in. inm 
wire, &c., and place it by the jaws of the screw wrench and 
side of the pipe, as shown at the round white xpeck, B, 
Fig. 1,612, in just rach a manner that this pin wiU firmly 
grip between the Jaw of the wrench and pipe, and k 
uiat the more you pull the wrench round (in tbe 
direction indicated by the arrow, M), the tigbter it wlU 
become, and you will find no difficulty in unaorewing the 
pipes. You should be careful at this work, otherwise, if 
you go incautiously to work, it may slip and hurt you. 

Screwing up Pipes with Cords. 

f^ometimes it will happen that you will want to screw np 
a pipo when, perhaps, you have neither screw wrench tkx 
pipe tongs ; when such is the case you m«jr get over tba 



HOT-WATF.R AND IRON PIPE WORK. 



741 



dlffli'itlly witb a luinpl* pi(>r4> of rnn) antl Irnrr, im ■linirii nt 
A. B. I), t'. Kiir. 1,*'U, llii' i-i'M IwiuK l"ui npon tif \>m 
in Mucli Ik trvaiinrr tkut tW (ulcTUin i«in uf tliu U'vtT (at Fi 
will Uikt! a bite tipoii tha oord, and «<o prcrcttt it fnnn 
oLipping rounil tho pip<*- Of rattnv, the curi) ■linulil Inkr 
twp or tlim' tuniK ruuiid Hm ^i|i«. wbicb will cause extra 
inatiaa to ctuas into Borvic«. 




; M IV( BO"^ I reqnim you to flt die ttp Mme 
, rniiialntldat Fi^. 1,61^. Thin is rtn4 n piM» 
'ptpe acroir^d into the itA]»roek aa at A, B : 0, la a Miii : 
E, n ohnrt ItJtiirtb uf main ; F, S. u rroa* ; O, ia a alopcap 
and iii)>pk' ; Ii, U > bnuich; I, in an elhow ; 3, tliw mnin 
cuutinuEd ; K, u t4<o to bnunefa off at K ; L, a rvducitijr 
aooket IbccJ with a nippl* on tn ibp tee, K. Nnw nt thlx 
lavt potot them aro tim fitting;* tlimim awHf Dimpljr 
beMlW yoa wii& la iwluoe tlii' Duiu. Thui ilxjitlit be 
propaf l jf Kduaed by a rMloring t«n, Ijuit i», hv ordoriu)^ h 
tM Ml nUoirg; — Ooa lin. 1«« re>lucMl tt> ]tu., Im. out, tlut 
ia to uy. Q is lin. : O, ia n>iiuoed ta fin. and ihe out K, i^ 





fill. 1.015. 



liu. But sappowt it ta nqoiral to be a HlriiK>it nm at 
main pine, lliat b (or L. and (J. to bo oniuil, iiml aliu Dia 
outlet K. Hum nrdiT an «qiLal tt«. But nuppow yon 
nii|iiiro ti) mlnnn tlu> brnnr.b at K, to }iii . tbeii t,n\i<r tho 
tW' an folliiwn :^Oiii< liu. tw k\n. out. CrcMBra may also 
bo liml ill the fniw? n.«1<MN<d rtjle. Biippoao G, to ba a lift, 
brandb, V, a ^in., nnd li, Jin., th«B omct aa foDowa :— Ona 
lin. uniHi to jm.. nml ]in. aiul lin. out*. RIbotm mar alio 
bo bad rpdui.'*!'! ilk ri<|itin!<d. Now fit up Piif. 1.910 witli 
one nlxTTt Ij^nutJi ii» at H. una ^riny a« at K. o fN>nnoi'tor 
to Ih- HxmI at I. H, Im thv b<tok nnt, wbioh I will furiher 
■•upliiii. 11i« hncli nnt ehouU bo run tuu^li up tlM< ilin>*i) 
ij, of the pipo, anil thtm Ibn Ktnlcet oinf bo lUfiKnl Invk uji 



ag^ai t&e nvK Now, for 4b« oonDcotion, acraw tfaa aookit 
off the pipo I, on to tbo nd lead paintod thnad o( tke pip* 
(i. and xonw it up tlnnlj', l)Ut oot too li^ht, m aa to caiwe 
the iO(!k(4 to HpliL Xuvr }{«C aooM ion^ Abrod hcinp, and 
pull it oiit nice and (ttiiii|;bt, paint it wilb r«d>lead paint, 
a>»d wmp a little rwui'l ilio tliread of tlio wanocfor, lu<I 
olona Dp to the /m»d end <if th« KM^tet, ao aa to <onn ft 
(T'liuunM or wa>^h«r. Next brin^ down the f«r*d nAfc uf 
Qui bwlnnt luid arrnw it tijrbtlj' on tbn inni! of tbn mc.k^t, 
bnt not ao titfbt u> lo out and ni'itl iliu >fntiumet or bntip 
mabcTi bat jitBt ti^rbt iiion^b fj iii:iko it Hound. Nuw 
adr»ir on the bend K, and th*t pi>iiy» A , H. 0, D. 

You will nutico that it will be a vorj- «uiii]r nuitlor to 
dtKionn'M^ ih*> pt|>n> at f, ainiplj beraitm you have a 
ruDnitiK fnvJo'i. uii the pipo, wbu.-a ie k»pt auuud by tho 
gnuDm«t ani3 back nut H. 

Now tbiit yini bnvc «t-rii the raiioua Idoda of fitttsga 1 
wiiih Jim to iiiiiki- yriur own bniihi to Mtrv tima and ooat of 
thf oidinarj tilttngn. For thla you will rvqtUn a mtaU 
portabla forg«, auco u ia Ohutrated at "Sh^. 1,S17. Than 



na, i^T. 

■nsll AirWM wiD be foond v«ry handy for all lonSa of hot 
wat«r AIM na work («>ie>'pt whrn ifiilvnniwit inm ia tii b* 
uwd, thon tae furKs mtut nut bv umhI uhIbm tliu iruii ia to 
l« aftorwnnUi |f«IvBidaod). The bonda and aet-offa, aiwh 



<9 




f 



Itn. Lflm 



Wo. 1^0- 



M abvn ut FigH. 1.618 and 1.III9, may he mad^ in haU 
tlie UlUi for hnrw a lot i>f i>fTr«wing and ratting i* dnn» 
n«my with, and \X*e pip(^ nuiy bu bant like eo much Icadso 
pipo. 



742 



HOT-WATEE AND IRON PIPE WORK. 



Wm botdiBR^ witb the forjtv, do not attmitpt to da it 
irliil" tbu iDotol if too hot. or too cold. lYhsD jan have 
UMiiiirr^ lb« rifrtit Inivt. wbirh. ufttrr a little pnwtiee, 70a 
trill iDiilil)' )ie able to do ti> n nimlj. pLuf tbp papo to br 
b*nt K'twixti tb-«ia«r«of tboxiv«(Pifpi. t,020 wr 1,4:1)), utd 




Pin. i,om. 



jost ti^t eoon^h to keep it from atircading lntcnllr, nnxl 
w at n, Fi2. IM, rtiU the Urrof round to tito Omind 
uniiln. II n.ttt'r n Uitlc- practioA jou find MutM ot your pima 
flktwo at tho tliroat withunt spmadlntTi it la a proof wnt 
tbo ntaUrial in too IJHbt. Fur cucli work, It^ht pipe will 




To pmvnt ttw bead Wog loo 1008* vftm dw 
lonp oa«, poor a Unle water from a ladl«. or 
ronnd the ontridok or the ontiT end* of the beat. 
hanloiH thv irun, nod will pnmtnt it faotiiliti); 
deaind point. 

Plumbers' Unlverutl Vlc«. 



Thia TieP U aVnTo at Pig. 1,S22, and will bn 
undentood by the tvignving. I may add that iC 
moat narfnl vie* I «*« used. As caa br wtn it 




no. l,fll3t. 

pipoe of ordinsij rize ; it aimvra tut \ graoral 1 
nlniMil cTirything whirh n plumber bxN In do. 
wiit.>rvwr uMnl, much liked. It ia mado by UoMn. 
Ward & Co. 



Pipe Bender. 

The oceaaian (rMiucmtlr ariaea iu the ahup to do i 
Icaa bending of pipen, and jH ttiw mtablUiinmta 



ru. \.ta. 



not stand the pNonng put nvm it, and oanMqu(mtl<r it 
OnttcnB «t indantatM at thi^ tur<>n.t, an at X, Fig;. ISS. If 
the |t)po in rnHnn, ur If brot whilo too hot, it will break 
awD-jr at lti« back. 




Kn. LU-a. 



vid4>d with aa simple and iurxjifniare an arraiia 
hero i]liutraU<d at Ki^. 1,623. Bjr tamtts of t&ia flld 



J 



HOX-WATBB AND IBUN f JTE WOliK. 



74a 



mui-h limo nnJ p«tipne« r-nn bo mrrfl. T( iwniiiitU of n 
nutin^ ulKiut ISin. InnK, liiprTiujf frunt 7}iD. at Ih^ lop to 
Mia. or lOiu. at lio Iwttom, with i^n wid fhunliinm ai 
rQ^ht angrlH, by meana at which it <itui bo fuMtr'nmt ^ilbtT 
lo & punl put up for thi' imrjionc. or to one <if the plllan *ff 
thir Bhiip. Tli«w> nlmuWerH uiv clearlj- ahown iu tlio duigruu 
Bl A, B, £. F, and il. A nrica of liolea nrp cored in tlia 
outing, with rounded ed^M nod ix rounded c<oniut, against 
which tho piiM bnrti, vhich mil giro tbd reqoind 
bnnd, owinff ki the r«diuH uf the end of tlio pipe held by 
Uiv operator. Thp pip» tii Im t>fmt ntin Im iniwrled at dthur 
sidf' of tho liolc, th'' Ih'Il's btriut! luodo of Hiii<h diiun(rt«is lu 
aif l"^t ■tnl1«l to the work. 

f^uniirliiiii-n (III- |:i]<iRilier tnTikxH hiiiunK n |iig)i> iK^udt'i- 
iriih a kind "f pulli'y whc^l fixed at tbe mul of pi{htt 
or tiib<^ oppTiintr. tlirouKh wbidi he pnaheii the iraii 
ra|K>, thi-n puO.* Ili« pi[>>> hy it« otJirr tmd agninnt. 
Uiv kH-ittoni and b<>1li>w«il pnrt i>f the wh<«l, anil in 
tli^ inannor Lu tJiii l/u'&d ntvemi] size ]>ip«M n-itli 
one mnr.hine. 



Fixing or Fitting up. 



tiet tw nov Innk ov?r tin; Metioa of A 
hoiwe t■lL9(^)l liiut iMtn fitted np m otu o( 
tlip mmt nppr<iv«l tirinuiplf!*. For this rftfcr 
to FiR. 1,624. Ili-ir* we lisvp ■ clme 
Utebencv. mnr]i«<d ib nnd 46. wllh boOer 
al butk, an Hhown in thn workinif drawinga 
■I ee, aiul at R, P. Fi(f. 3*0, nud ji1«> Bt 
Fitn.. 1,578. 1..'.79, iind l,fl72. In thin Ui-t 
pnuroring <i, R i» Oiu Tutuni plpt', bnii^nff 
tbc Milfl waliT from ihia &»r/i>tii of Uw dp- 
adatiiifc f^njt to tbri IWfrHH af the boUer, 
alao wc yigi- 3.t9 nnd 34(1. 



In Piff. 1.624 the HOT WATER TANK 
ia Atted at the bottom of the buiuii.' nud near 
to tiie kit(Jion«r. This often san'e n long 
length «f pipe. The cold iriitrr nupply iiipw 
L, M, N, Fig. 1.624, i» brought rl^bt 
away fronn tbn top tMiA, uud an hLown with 
n Htopvook at M, and nEno a trap to pivvnnt 
the hot watoT riciiifr thmugh ihli Kupply 
pipe. But notice if thi' hot water tank io 
abovo thn hath ajt markwi by the .lottr.j linw 
at ae. FijT. 1.634, and if the oold mpply 
pijK! to bath, Ac, a» at 4 ia, ea ehown, 
taaen off the pipe If, then you will bo likely 
to g(?t hot wall* into your told when draw- 
ing, cmcflally ilany part of the pi|H- between 
Uio otjid- wntcT f idlrm nnd braacb bu cnunpod. 
or a Rothirliam att^Mwck fixed therr^m. 
MH/«W Ikr rrlHTu "/ thf hot *tat*r bt proprrly 
thnkid vith a r">P'^ '^«'* '*'''''- Tln^ft 
valvM I dri not like at, however i^oud they 
may b« made, tlity uarrf«d>c or rath<^ far and 
bvooiDO Kt. and ihnrvfiim dan^inuu' or luw- 
lOB. In fact, whuu llie liol- water tank if 
flmd aborc a rold draw-off cock, Uitni im 
(trawoff jjinuld hp allnwrd to b«i taken off 
th« colli watrr mtpply pi]* t" the hot*walcr 
task ; tliiit tM, if Uif- tank ix fixrd ut a 
highnr level. Tho wld-walvt pipe 4 iu 
that oaae «hould ho nm from A, Q, Fiff- 
1,634, to A. K. and brani-'hed nn at thu> 
pOJDit •■*" lirr>ni{bt i1in>t!t friitn tjji^ cold- 
watcr caBlvm. Hut if tho uold-antor pip<^ 



N, M, ill pmivrty (rapped, and then taken dirert tufo 
Ihe fflnm pi|«c iit flu- iKvirml iKiint t.n tlir> boiW, or niU 
l^tttT diri'i't [Titii (lie boiler, and IhU pipo to>r<.'*hiT witli uR 
iit<i)x.-i -okit, Mv\ titlHT wiucr iMiBxatr^ Iiirger llian the draw i^ll, 
then the chanrfswiU lotliiUyou will nut y(vi hu\ wnlfr n'ifh 
the cold, I, if. Ihi- air or qtram piiw laktiL lo the (op of 
tJie hiiUKn. Tltn hot-wnter mipply pi|» |J, lo the 1ji«1 ImIIi 
U with a lee taken off thin air pip4^, also the hol-wat«r 
pipe I, J, K, Q. R, A. B, nnd Q, to Mipply Uio w:iahlinfiin, 
acullery aink. arrvanlx' batb, llco. In tltiii MMtiou may br 
Ivanit the whule »yiitfni of bot-wntpr -anric. U? refcnMn'e 
lo the manner in wbt.li the dmwoiT pijitit are takm oH 
the ttip {Mtt uF lh>' (link, it will he pUm that it cunni.t W 
enipli'-d lit .'iny of thr liniw-otl mrkn. nn.i tln>n>fort' will be 
the liewt NTKtein to iidopi (aliuuld ihi- wiiuir dupiily fall fhort 
tbmugli m>Ft, tus ), IwenuBQ tbetu will alwayK lie a good 
supply to kwp the hoflrr from baotaninKdry. Sotni- plumWra 
uae a dead weiffht ur othar aaloty raivv nn the lop of the 
boiler or tnnlc (o op«n abould then bo any extra proMurv 
avcuniiilatod within th* boQer »r tank (ns Safety Vah-e;!. 



Atr^pt 



K<J\ 



S? 



AHl_ 



% 



\\f\\fi'[C\\C. 



,lliriff:^5 



|JV 






'j^s:' 



Fia.l.aH. 




Circulating Tanks, 

Now for tba lOi-i of Ihe nircuUtiufir or IK/F WATKR 
tADk, whiili i* HtioKTi H.t TANK. Pigx. 3:in iind l.fiSCji; 
rIiu. ai.fii.-d undi-rdiifm-ril ii.n.liriun'. ul HOT WATKR 
TANK. Fijf. WAV. iiu.1 >'ir.;u]iitiii,f TANK. TigB. 1,372 uiil 
I,ri;&, oloootUUT WATKK, Fig. I,G-jJ. 




Hin'-WATI'.R AND IROK PIPE WORK. 



V46 



ditferRnt cinmiDitanoM to suit tin.' plmc- ni"l ••li" <>f work. 
Hiiil 1 *hr.n]A I'tet*' tlii»t IhiT an knon-n by uU ili« nluve 
i)Bin(» On« thiuK niuBt Im l-ornr ill iniiid- lot this drcu- 
Uliii^f tunk lie euffioimillylnrgii fur tint qim'itity of hot 
walw ii"qair«l to Iw <lrawu at each lim<j. Siiy lluit yoa 
hBv« two hiilJ)H. tui At Tig. l,fH, Mch nH|uiri]iK 'i'> (ndkiiu 
of but wHter, Kud that ^y may Iw inuited ftt oi)« and ttw 



■ ■ ■ J...H.. ' . i . ' .JJ..A, <^ 




fill. I,«UA. 



H aamc timp, thpn y»>ii will roqiiirn the taiilt tin hnid mnro 
H than 60 i^Jmui. Bui HunpuHe ibut tben: br h ouiiHtsnt 
H di'uiaud fur hut water at uin ninka. &r„, riioD, in ordw to 
I kcej) up n Hiifliuiont supply for tlie liutli*. yi^u mati hnvs n 
" Inrifrr utorn tAnk (or tho hot water. NoUm.- All hfft water 
laiiltH whcu «ipoH«I lOiould bn protected from i-old with 
hair felt ; in fact, all pipcx iihoulil bo m> imUirivi. 

Situation of Hot Water Tank. 

Tlie Mtuation of a hot watsr tank ohankl Iw onnrftiUy 
rUidied by the tllt«r. aa whvn thi» lank i« fixud {um tho'va 
at Tia. 33D) a long diBtaaoe from the hoUer, a largo 
(loanttty of hcnt, proportionatdy to the length of pi^wii. 
in g^Teu off, aa would be Oto ctutu in ayatcnn* cif wanniiig 
W bot water. The raHatiou of the amount of heat loat, 
of oonrM, bring int^onwily, ub thr maw i^ividnd by tha 
aunorlicJcd ; for inntiiDi'n, mpiVM- ymi hiiYn a Ifai. tripe 
wftilao li>ni{t]i in Jift.. and aiiuUier wlm-u leii^llj in 40ft., 
ihmt wilt Im in the AOft.. litiKlh twnlvn l.imi'-Ji no niiiih'i><>lin)f 
aurfniw a» in ttm Jift. 1«ii)irtL. uml ihUi Uviu); inulLEiiUud by 
2 (tlio flow and r»tnni ;>ipel will siako ti widi3 dittoronm in 
till' time Thci watiT Uikm in )inil. 

Tbeu, a^tu, thtre in uuother ivajiriii why llie bot wat«r 
tank iihiktild be flxnl ciniw to tbo boiler, nod that la, in iho 
soft, dietauuu (hmv will be exactly twolva time* tha amount 
of frictioD lo that of the Aft. length, and these two itcnu, 
to Mv nothing of tbo diffcronco in the quantity of pipe, 
are of uo MnaU uonaideratioa iii all bot wiitor fitting. 



Measurementa of Pipes, &o., without woeto. 

Vnw ni<:«Miini the kiiffths of pipe** requirud throughout 
the buildiiijc. Suy lliut the distant botwucn tlio boiler und 
l^nk, aa at Fig. 1,624, is l'2ft., heni you will r«quire 9ft. 
twii<c, Mtj I8ft. of lin. steam barrel, and four liti. con- 
iiti.'t'jn', I2ia. lonff, ^itfa six liti. bni?k nuts, aud four liti, 
benda. Thiuto bienda am goiicmliy from A to C inrltfw 
loiiii; froiu the nitemal angle, su tliut the two bciidii will 
inaki^, my, I'iin. in Ipngtb, and, thpraifciro, will reduoe tho 
leiigtli of pipex, wblc'i otherwiae uiuat huv« booii IVft. 

I am ortMring thuae Icngtha aa thougli they would 
aboolutely ooma in without eutting, btit in practice (unlMS 
aa before atat«d ^nwf mrt ts taken in your nwanun-mCRta) 
TOO may find it nrcowuirT to ont tfae<iu lo Hnit yoorwork; 
hut, if you are vary rnrotu] iu taking your "dvad loiurtha" 
or moaauvmeiits. and fixing your lAnkfl, Ac. you may 
work thin way with admniagetoyoorarlf by aaviti'g labour. 
X.6.— At timra it will bi; bu*t ti) cut Uio holiw in tho 
holtnin of your tank, and Kuuetiniam in yoiir buUvr, aftvi- 
yiiu have " run " your ptpo. beoauw tbeu yon con go an 
iodi or two either way, and ooconUng to your l^gths of 



piping. For inMtaave, tmrn the return pipe bend (Fig. 
i.d'21j ht tbe Ifottom of thr lank may be -Hi. Now. in 
Mich a |iIa4-o ynu will rrfjuirr! n rnnnccinr ISin, lonj; iind 
one brnil; but on thia pipi- nliould U- 6»nl an rmptvinK 
l«.!, or il may bo a« .hown at PIPE TO KHITV. wliii-h, 
*rf coune. niiiat K- allowed for ; then the Icafith of piiMS 
«r (Kmnrctor should bo aMordlagly. aay 1 jin. Icas, unl^M 
yoi) r.wn wr.rk in a Ico withiiul a tierid, which ia not k> 
good fur till- fnw fliiw tif lb'- wal4<r. For iionniirting the 
flow pipe to the boiler you will x«quirv a flauge oa «Stowu 
at J, r. Fig. l,ft9L. 

Cutting Holes In Tanks. 

TlitH i« innrraJly doao with the diunond-painted diiaeil 
liy &Tfi Diiirking the 4n of the ho1«, and then go round it 
with the point catting it nearly through, Ibcn. finally, for 
about hall way round, the remainder ran be knocked out. 



Drilling Holes In Tanks, &o. 

Sometlmas it will lie nin-^wiuiry In drill holoi tn the 
ciMc-nin or taiiki, i«|>M.-iiUly (viit irnu. niivii tliio hns In be 
iliinr a rab'liiH lirntvi miiy lii> flxia] under a [iini» nf ijilHrtKr- 
luK fixL-d bolow tlu- HriiiKv r)ii tliv t'lp, vr iu nuitiy i4lu-r 
wa>-», or a drill may be eoiploywl, tut aliowu at Fig^. 1 ,U38, 
1.2W and I,:; 10. 

Let lis ii-«iiinu that the fonnirr nwwMurrruontK mn r4irni;t, 
nmply for oonvonieuiw of luakiag uut our U»t of lbin^« 
itMjuirvd. Now nuNUun tho length of Itie draw-off nwt 
>iir pipe, I. E, r>. Fig. 1,621. Soy that thla in tail, from 
tbu top of the t%nk k) the lou of tho houae, but on lliiit 
pijw tlicri' iuu Huvrtml <InL«-'.olr', kc, aa nliown at C, K, 1. 
buy that it in from tbe tank to tho lirat dniw-off, I, J, ISin., 
with a set off above of l'.!in. Here yi>u c«n iiao one ooo- 
nootor Ifi^iu. long, one tec, and two benda, aa diowa at 




Fta. 1M& 

A, C D, Hg. 1. 636. This, together with tbn t*^, wn will 
My, mnkoa up 3ft. 6ia. Etit«r thia don-n in your |^<wk«<l 
Ixink. and oa per Uat. Sm Ijiat of Stt^om Pipen and FittiiigK. 
Vou want a tee sa at I, Fig. I,6'2t. for the M-ulli-n- nink. 
iwv lin. with |in. ont. Enter thin duwn. Thti liu. I(^' 
wtll Horvw on butw«en Lli« i<uuiii.-lur ami l*iid, !» at I, i'^g 
l,tiJ4. Vou will require two back uuta, wbk-b fur tliia 
pnrTNwe I do not roconunntd. hut bmr a tltuiire ^ould lie 
UK(1, an at J. I, VtK- I.&l'l. Now yuu rva]Uire ihv jnpilig 
for tnt-niiik, kr., but leave thin lo Iw i4in*idHn>l iu u fr»' 
tniiiirle«. 

Whiiii running tlie air pipe, D, E. ic, bo sunt to 1« 
this tee with itn. out. and fix a short length nf p 
■iiitabln tn muth up io the tirat tinin<h, an at J, and t 
ihc-v^' the rijiht way |ii>iiitini; t^iwunl J, for if yon do a 
yuu will LuoMm the joIdIa if the tee i^ dltLTwarda diaturtii 



746 



HOT-WATER AND IRON PIPE WORK. 



Now, if 7onT Bet-off. U, aaj,. l^-< ^^o bends ma^ be need, 
or, If lesB, one bend and an elbow, as shown at A, B, C, 
Fig. 1,627. Enter them down. Now you want a tee, pa; 
an equal, that is equal bore throngh, and equal bore out for 
ToorbaUi aupply, aa at H, Fig. 1,624. Put that down. 
Now, saj that you require 10ft. for supply lo bath. Enter 
thia down lOft. of tin. pipe. From the second tee to the 
third is, say, 20ft., let it be two 10ft. lengths. Enter thia ; 
also nnother tee, say an equal, at £. Now measure the 
length of pipe to the next tee, C ; say this is 2ft. 6in. 
Enter this down with another equal, or «ther tee. Now 
measure from the last tee te the bend, A, B. Say this is 




4ft., say th,} bend is 6in., then you require a Ijn^h of ^ipe 
3ft. 6in., and one bend. Here your attention is required 
relative to the expansion of metals, for between I and the 
bend A, you hare 30ft., which will, as the heat increases 
or deoreasee, expand or contract, aooordtng to the tranpera- 
tnre of the water, and, therefore, you must keep all 
b^uohes and the end of pipe at A, B, free to moTe ; allow, 
■ay, lin. or 2in. each way. Now measure from this bend, 
A, B, to the next ; say it is 10ft. 6in. Then here you 
require Oft. 6in. length and another bend. The above 
measnrements should be taken, and each pieoe marked as 
&om No. I, and according to a rough drawing. 

Next you require, say, 13ft. length of pipe, which will 
make, with bends, connectors, and tees, say 40ft. (It 
will be best to finish this pipo with an aeuto or return bend 
as at D.) Now measure the branches ; say that the length 
from E, to A, E, is 12ft. (but I should prefer a oonnector to 
be put in this length). Enter this. Next enter lin. equal 
tee. From this tee to cock, G, is, say, 3(t. Gin. of lin. 
pipe, and lin. elbow. Enter this down. 

Now the return pipe. A, E, to Q, thence to pipe, H, 
(answering as the second flow and return, as in Fig. 1.625), 
which should be put in, but ie more often left out ; this 
I»po may be of Jin. or oven iin,, but, for our purpose, say, 
lin., and, if so, order your fittings accordingly. This pipe 
preTontA the water getting cold in tho whole line of pijwB 
between E, and A, E, A, E and Q, Q and I, bocauso this 
is simply a return pipe; ite length is, say, 21ft. Here 
order, say, ono 10ft. and one lift, length. At tho bottom 
you require a tee, as at Q ; this in Un. to lin. and Jin. out 
tee, which should be so ordered, because the pipe, J, I, Q> 
is Jin. Enter this tee down. Now you require the Jin. 

?ipe, Q to J ; say this is 6ft. Enter this down, 6ft. of 
in. pipe. Next you require a }in. with, say, Jin. or 3in. 
out tee for the wash basin as at J ; enter this down. Now 
Tou require another 6ft. of jin. pipe and one i^in. conductor 
i2in. l')Dg, with back nut, for the purpose of connecting 
the pipe, I, J ; enter thia down. Next you will require 
the pipe from Q, to the hot-water oock, E. Say this is two 
8ft. lengths of }in. pipe, one Jin. bend, and one 3in. 
touoded back elbow, as at R. Enter this dovrn. Now 



measure the pipe J, E, to wash basin, which is, »y. 
4ft. of Jin. or Jin. pipe, and one Jin. or fin elbow. Tias 
is the last to entor, unless other branches are required. 

Testing Boirers, Pipes, Cyilndera, Tanks, &c. 

Now Buppose you want to test your work ; then do so 
with one Jin. cock, R, as placed over the scullery sink, 
and order plugs for all tho other draw-offis, nut forgetting 
one for the emptying pipe, P, which I need not say would 
be best fitted wiih a Jin. stop or bib cock with square head, 
and, if a cock is used, order a teo for the pipe P, 
accordingly ; say three lin. plugs, one Jin. ditto, which 
should be taken out after the pipes have b^n tested. 

Sometimes it will bo nuoeesary to use a i ester, which is 
shown at Fig. 915. This is one of Metwrs. BaQey's testers. 
The method of working it ia to simply connect tlie tube and 
nipple to the lowest branch, say at the sink branch, at R, 
Fig. 1,624, and then pump the pipes, &c., quite full of 
wator, right up to the top of the air pipe (of oounte ttio 
cold water supply must be shut off), which must be plugged, 
you can then put what pressure you consider neceseaTy 
upon the work, which should be about three times the 
amount which would be on the boiler when at work, viz., 
supposing the pressure in the boiler to be 70ft., then put 
210it. pressure on your gauge. If yon have no testing 
pump, fill the pipes by pouring water into the cold water 
pipe in cold water cintem till quite full, and let it stand for 
a week or so, and notice if it keeps ite level. 

Let us now examine our book for the quantities, in order 
that we may see what tho job will cost for the ironwork, 
which, althougli I have shown the method of entry, I do 
not pretend to infer that the money will be anything near 
correct, as it ia merely put as an example of entry, and if 
entered as here shown it will be readily understood by those 
in the offices having to do with pricing work, &c. : this is 
a matter of no amall consideration. 

COPY OF ENTEY IN THE NOTE BOOK. 



No. of 
Pieces. 
2 .. 

1 .. 

2 .. 
1 .. 
1 .. 
1 ., 
1 „ 
I .. 
I .. 
1 .. 



BTEUf FIPES AND FTrnXOa. 

Lengthi. SIxe. 
rt. in. ill. 
9 1 Steam barrel = 



i7 *r ..* 

9 3 ... 


1 


10 ... 




3 ... 




9 6 ... 




13 ... 




12 ... 




4 ... 




11 ... 




in 9 ... 





ft. in. 
18 



9 
20 

3 

9 
13 
12 

4 
11 
10 



Total length =110 6 
At 1/0 per foot, £!i 10.6. 



Steain barrel = 



.5 

6 9 

12 3 



Total length = 24 

At 0/9 per foot, 18,0 

J Steam barrel " = 4 q 

At 0/6 per foot, £0 2 
18 
5 10 6 



£6 10 6 



HOT-WATER AND IRON PIPE WORK. 



747 



nrrniqp — tmmxnowg. 
hen^tMoL Bin. 

rLiB. ID. 

12 ...... I , 

161 I ..,., 

121 * 



B. 


A. 


s 





1 


6 


1 


3 


8 


V 


a. 


d. 


1 


6 


« 


Q 


a 





1 


a 



I i I 9 

13 3 

Thn ibOTo i'h taken rmm thn Job Ut bo donv : but if tnlcan 
lift » dmwinSi .^ou c«ii count nU tour lln. bends off, nnd 
say, 8 lis. boodH, 1 Ji'i. ditto, luiii bo on. 

HACK riTnrt. 



1 1 I 

TEXS. 

a. 4. 

I 1 }iii. «nt _ I 3 

I 1 pqiial I 3 

I I „„ I 3 

I 1 „ I 3 

I I „ 1 3 

I I fin. with Jin. uut.,... I 3 

1 { with Jin. out. I 

8 8 
(Ben Bg%m a dnvriiig will ba uaeful lo eoiutt the tee«.) 

tD.wwa 



3 8 

I mtij ikilil thtvt on a larso ji>Vi it i* oft«n boat to ord«r 

tite iTiiiteriul nt (ullu-s'ii. Suppunin^^ juu waut 1 ,SO0 or 
t.OOOft. nin of tin. pipo, or glSerwiH© IocmI, onltjr, i»jr— 

Kol a. In. ft. Iti. 

M 10 = aoo 

20 9 i ,, 180 

« « 6 „ 67 

10 8 „ M a 

20 8 160 

10 « „ 00 

i « * ,. 28 fl 

» 6 e „ , 27 8 

l« fl 60 

12 4 9 67 

12 * 6 61 

12 4 48 

12 - 3 9 , ■« 

12 3 „ 42 

12 3 il „ 38 

12 2 « ....,„ „ 33 

12 2 a , 30 

12 i 3 2? 

12 2 - 24 



dr juRt wlist you iwkj think will »mi Uw job, joa kkrisK 
■Kasnnd H off rougbly. 



] Sixty-galloa gslvanii*^ liiot>WAt«r tAoli, with 
»rn-w-nii ewer, m nt Fig. 334 : HOT WATER 
TANK. Fig. 1.6'24; or E, i^lg. I.M5. ami 
Fiff. 1.6-'6a. 

t Four-fn>U»n Up-wcldExl IttxA boiler, jia. tbick, 
with nmiiholi-, im at A i>r II, Viga. 1,562 or 1,563. 

U Pint of builud oil. 

:IU>. <•{ rvA 1«<ad ; 21b. of whito leid. 

1 Knot of tow. 

21b. erf wurte. 

1 Pint of swMt or otbor lubrluatin^ oil (mol 'utwnf) 

2 I 'Jin. Bastard tut taper files with liaodles. 
1 I3in. Bat VM (ilo witb handle. 

I liri. Full'Wur ifuii-iuctiil ittini-uock, wilb RpMnnw 
(n gljinil itM'fc will bo b(«ft if lunch pfvasuru t» to 
be upou tlic Qvdi — vie., any tpjm 20ft. upwards). 

Say 14lb. of Sin. and 4ttk, wuU hookn, nnd 71b. of 
3in. and ]in. pipe hook. 

In thfi aboto iromner enter all your ndtb and cndii wUdi 
nifty bo romiirMl for iho job, including what loeU yon m»j 
r«qiiini. Thi* in wlml in kni>imKj>tbenBt nttry, iitd whw 
the job i« fiaialicd, iiiake u niuiiliir entry to tho Bhop, whlidi 
is koown aa tbe shop or In entfy. 

Ilef« you got the raatvnak used on the job. and tbo loss 
upon jnur tooln, &o. Tou •Jiuuld xign yoar book nt oouh 
enbrr ttirh dnin. 

Tnen, as to fitttngs (if (or a iaigo job). Ukc, say, ■ do^iec 
or two «xtn dlffarant km Imm, bcnda, olbown, plugs. 
ooniwolora, flango*, &c., mitablefDryour work. Of ixiutiiu 
ymi can jud^ MiUiio a trifl& Thou, aKoio, tLviv la anolber 
maaon why yoa nhould adopt thij> etylo : thiil ia rou aay 
BM a ohannc of worido^ in a. filtinK to a groat a^lranta^ 
by way of saving tiin«i, tic, auuli an uidng a ruduoug 
wH'kt't and n Hbori hiciKtli vt pipe to work in n bend or aa 
ciuul 'ulbuw nbuiild }'uu uut Iiiivu u rvdii(au(,' elbow, or yvu 
may uaa a nsdntinp socket with mpplo and !«•« and sunh 
like, but Dovcrr uxo a nipple whr.-ru it i-ao bo avoided. 
Tbt^ro urtt nuuiy reauHjun why a K*""' "t'-^it of fittingii kIkjiiIiI 
be kupt iu a nhop or ou a job. Of ooune^ I may add, tbat, 
in UTdor to got at the coat of a job yoa must adi^ tbo exact 
modfl of muaourcnKintrt (aUowinff about 10 pa* ooiit. for 
waate ou pipes) and Um alyla ■» taking; the uema, utber. 
wiw you would be all at aoa. Allow for a tvK oitra 
flttinn and for mdi tlibga a« paint, rod lead, pdpo booka. 
uao of toolo, cartage, Ao. You niut abo know wbat your 
labonr ia to ooflt, wtiich, of courae, wbon 1 aeo llii} job, 1 Kituw 
myaolf ; but, aa oinmrnrinnowi alter oumbn, it ia luucb iLu 
best to lesTo it to those who ham to do with tbe catimatL-* 
anid worki for U is poaaible at ono time to nia l.UOtifL. of 
baml, banila, and nttingx, An., whiliit nt niiotbrr tioi» 
you vould not nui $Ofu Fur iii>t«uv«, you luiiv birv 
to nu intticato woi^, ewry piooe of wtiidi may huve 
to be out, bimt, or foil of fittings and contirctim, whilst at 
cilbnr tiiuoM you niar hiiro u iitimiglitfcirwaTtl juli with 
plenty uf laliludl^, ana so acarvelv have to cut Hud mti<w iv 
pipe, und uodn>. when nob work has to be dooo in ticw 
houaes, that you aalect s HaaonaUe liiiic to nm your pipes 
during At earoaaiagr of the buildtug, ao tbat tber tnar be 
mn with an advantage, and np propor chaws ana oasuuro. 
and La mich a way (u price wul pi-niiit) tiiat th« vrbol« 
oanbe readily unanrewed for r«paint, ko., vi/., ua* 
connecton with proper judgment. »hJ lair parlttuh 
tkat all your p>pf ane kept uftll auyig /rum thr m 
but aa near U) the oib«r oold-wxlvr pt]ws us 
MaitoM will pcnnit, to kutp thou fivm fnii'uug. 



HOT-WATEE AND BATH WOBK. 



74d 



ft 



m<Mit ■pprOTod prinaiple (mit« and oxoapt th« <Anr» of 
CWikH), MlduorntBVdto bodnnn hy mtintof uiir tactmp^ilitan 
wKldr compAiiioa. W, m tlio waate-jilpe loAiliuK trvtv tiui 
wtill X, tn thft mwtA'onok, or rather in Uiifi c^uw to tht^rnlTo 
V ; i: then g«ie» aw&j hj the pipf WASTR. A. in th<t l<!nd 
jnps to conrsf tbo hot wnter tu Um U>^ jitiri of tUn buth, 
wamp U ii ftOWcd to puM tlLroogti vell-lmiAlLed braw 




Fio, 1,S!1 

Bwas-Deck Dorinfcn or tpouta, th« oDlirtTi-xI view of which 
In itbowti Bt A, B, C, fto.. Fig, 1.631. Of course. Ui«- "wute 
ran bf. Aiid are imutp to uny ilrxiffti- (Sw N, I', K, 
FiK- l.fiSfi; V.H,Tig. l.i-lfi: Fifpi. i.64», l.liiO. I.IJA'., 
1,GA8, 1.661, 4c.) Thcr .ire nWi nwflp fr>r iMuudnK thmiiirh 
tlic aide of tho batb. m at R, FIk. 1.632. TK-w 



filtinil? artMihowi] At A, B. G, D, Fik- l,()dl. wUeh bitur 
will, when fixed in tbp bottoia, al>oaii«wcT for tbo oittirt 
[npv. Tho inlet* to Hut hmht an oftoa nmplo codes or 
vaJvM (ii«d aa Kliown at V, Ftff. 1,630. aa shown at 45, 
44. and i&. Fix. HM, and nlao an ahown at mr lavatory 
Imuan vnrlc. Piin. 1,506 and 1,524. fig. 1,«32 iUiu- 
trstes the* melhud of fltiinjt up a buth with ihs ronad way 
ground-in oaeke. Thctw wicks when well inad« with gtin- 
netal will M&iM imder a mwlHling prvaaun?, mt finiu i flft. 
to 30ft., aa well aa anrtiiinu ne nan gvt, and thry nm n 
obai of ooofc which allows ifao free pMuige of the wattr 
throng tfasm. Wo often find it SMsamry to fix xu'li 
oodu u thone haring a ^rland to koGp thttm watertight 
Tonnd tbo nund]<< of the key, and they nre made tvilli 
unions, w ahown lit B, F, Fi^, 99B. SometJinra it i^ by 
the water oompaaicB ntipulati'vl that WJwdon'n Rorka am 
tobonaol. FtDth an ahown at the ^lobutnr vatvi?. Pi);. 1,633. 
aln At Pi^ 1,A.U, &o. ThU Fifr 1,0311 iit knowti aa 
t}i» globular pattern, aad in uuchiiiK wore than tbo 
Botliorhun iMttom with pmand-ia vatvv, with a 
itumdcd body at tihell [for iH'r:tii>ii two Pig. 1,677). Of 
oonrae, when such oockH aro hhmI as fihown at P, M. 
Fig'. I.QM, tho H]>indln Tnwt Iwfvsfid to wnrk with *oiTk<>ted 
Jicii ria iinual, iind itt tho oMiuury placv at tho fwt of tliv 
Wth, !v at C, H, B. 

In thiH Fie, 1.C,I4 it may be aocn that the hot-wat«r 
Jiipc, Q. B, 3, in Ukii) til (betap|iartof the bath and oon> 
neotod th«>r«witli ^itii fittings, as before, and a* iipoken of 
at Fiif. 1,032. Tliv oold-watvr pipe, X, i"i\t. l,G14,inay 
aim be branched into thia pipe, or talcfi] in on tht other 
niilo, A» Khowu lit E, or otherviitu ovpr tho lop. You trill 
otwK-rvn thiit, lhi< hrnd »f thin bath hrtu ■ pMunm hpad. 
Thia aloo abowa tho aafe, whioh all batha ahouM hum. 




I'la. i,iui. 



7fiO 



HOT-WATER AND BATH WORK. 



In Fig, 1.03*. nt IT, luoy Wan-n dKplpe* pnt«inB W"w 
Uie w«lvr IcrcJ, Hlu*'b, ■cooniltij.* l-> aomc water winpanifle' 




Flu. i,aii>. 



rules, i* il1«g'n1. T)i<' t-K'liK lii>ra sliatm lu-ii of Uie gluud 

Bath Standing Waste Pipes. 

*niMe msr iUui>lriit«l at Fi)r>. t,.'SL'8 luiil 1,^36, and at 
timiM an mado willi nune or otiitT Klui|Htl vhIvda niul 
MwtinijH, vitfa iitundiuir wivibi. L, ». ¥i^. I,R;ia, U Uic 
rtaudMirl bo4j pipe vt «b>-I] irhm^in thu «tiiiiditiK wuLp 




Fin l.«W, 

B. S, irorki*. A. tlui frralin^;, which may be oonn«cted to 
thii tittUi bv intiati!! uf a bolt iiEi<l uut. (j. Tbc hoad of this 
txilt in iniu)i> to {inTU up>n tin- ^n^tin^, Mid thn ottipr 
wC'Ti'irix] vud uiadt- lu uom Uiniu^fh tlio eltxiw or liend p&rt, 
at iiKun'ti, und Miruwed up with a iiut, an hhowu at Q. 

W'h^ii bedding thi* clhow to ihp bottom of tho batL, tAke 
eoTv to liHvc Mitnti ftuud uLilf ml und n'hiija tenil putty ; 
wbII pxiiit raiutd tktt work first, ui'J, wtKti nxiulred, uae 



miM cntrai, or a itlwx" "f <»H Mick'vh^th, &«-.. S«r „ 
pucpon si naktiiK tut> julut suund. In sotiui comw a nibUL 
tjf Unthrr wiwhor may ii- uwyl, wliii"i, </f nmiw, niuil I 
luft to 111"' judftmuit ul iJir jiliimU-r, 

It. ii lli<' orL-rfliiw :uul Ktaiirliii^' u lutc iJi]*.-, wkit'li c:iu \ 
|>n>(id(,il nilli a nibWr vidw an ut K, tbt- xiitiui; uf -nbifl 
AboulJ tut »f lead, im tltti nibliri^, ff nllnwnl to itaud tin 
leugth of time, stii-J>a finnljr lu iluu ur bnuw. 



BathB fitted wjtti Simple Shower Bath for Hntt 
the Soap. &o. , ofT when coming out of the Bath. 

(Nor oEKnuixv vato.) 

Forth«tp rcfoi- t<i Pi](_ IMS'. A, i« tin- ■Imwwr Im 
whirh )■ Miin|dy h niuiid oop^iar or rrtiitfr eintern alji>ut IKit 
nxjiid, iiiitl Hin. d<H-p, hnvuijt n iupp':r tH.Tforutt^il l>otluig 
Thin diit«ni ii> f^unemlly tittod willi u Ihi1I i-idv>\ niwl witli 
largo viiUi', Fi^. 1.63K. tti tlie liLitUiui, wliii-b iHittmn in, c 
ivmmc, ainit Ihu |!iirfiiniti.*i nr Hrcmiil iHictoni. Tin' sbovl 
buUi cialvni, Fit;. l.OSe. w gvut;fullj' euj>pi>rtL-d byimsm 




Kiy. I.Mr. 

M-iith lufjf*, I , J . til tiui c^ilin^, and roond iti* uuter i 
tl)(> IhjUoiu. an at E. i* Until im irun vr uthor 
lor tfav puriHiHc of h<M]cl»^ on iho rtirtiiiii or sheet _ 
Fi^. I.Q;I7, whirh when iint in use nliuuld bo hooked' 
lis tdiiiwu nt C. Iiiit in Hmh ii miinnor UiHt it will not i 
iipnii th" wowlwiirlc of ibp Itnth. Of oounc when 
lii>vd !» tltt«d to tli« bath, uh at 'A, Fiff. I,(i3t), tb«u 
aLvct or curtum is not rr^uiixd. 



HOT-WATER ANI> BATH WORK. 




•T<ao Aoirar b«lb nnd Acting ur uhnvnt -.tt Fijrt- l,03«, 
1,03fi,>uid. 1,010. A. is Uic nbuwvr t<«Ui cIhUmd ; lil, a 
I(»>f r ; Ij, Ibe wire oonitftptcd In ttte tmJto ; K, tho irifw h«ni 
(lip Lniidtt! or piill. ThiH pull mny he ut at K, nr worlfod 
hv » Ml} mill, nntl rnnkn, &<:.. an deMml. U, i), Q, 
File- 1.<>'!S, I." (liL* Imp) viilve, ^nvmlly fn>m JJin. ti> Sin. 
indiumeler, irliiufa is aaldtrolinlu iholwClum of Ute cuitom 




no. 1.038. 




KID. t,U9. 



Vm. 1.S40 



iiiiii worked bf the trirv L. ])i.*low tliL* liirfp v:!]^ ix, hh 
tx-fijif-toeattiaawd, • perfdratvd buttum to purt tliu whNt in 
A Muniliir nuinnrr iii> the rn^- nf jt wnt^rrin^ nun, nnd a'' 
Aowust4, Piif. 1.6:iU. Fi:r- l.<tlil illiutrattw the Mliuwvr 
1»tliiriUi nkindcf stool. (Mxklevrr, and ft xlorKsmk aminirit- 
nwat, or worked witli a Ifvcr nnd wewht, uud wiiIj ii fliiugc 
tn Us b) tb« pip« in the celling;, which ia too Hiinplo tu 
roiiiini foitfarr cxpUnatioa. 



Needle, Shower, Douche, and atso Spray Bitths. 

The batli illiuitnitivl iit Fitf. 1,(5*1 in notliJiiK' mon.- Uinii 
one, two. or tttr«<o fixvil rwwii, as at A, K, H, which 
itn.- tit (iliu.p« fiiiDilur to a gardencr'a WBtcriny put roH. 
Tbf«e rAMa nm nhnwn At ^6 and 3(>, uid arc made to Miraw 
on In thu uriliiiary Htoixxiek. as shown at D, or to pipco 
Inndinif fnim ntopporka or valvoa, ■« Bit It, A. SrimrlimoM 
•U ruiind t\\v iuu<.T oLrdo of Hw OOT)pcr hooiia 1 , i, 3, 4, & o.* 
is a quiLntity of holM to allaw tJio water to piay out at 
tmrv ]iiiH. Thi'V) holes sbuiOd bo mAdA to a mno tmilable 
to alluw the wnti-T Ui iipuut out and ttcrtmat jii iiuch a manner 
Uist tho whole will txiniG ant with foroc, and crov eauh 
otbpT M B» lo har^ the appc&nuioa of bo inn«fa dtAnra, bm at 
fi (FiK". 1,0:10. l.ttIS, and 1.646]. Or, inatmd of oupywr 
pip««, lead pipM have been used aiiid atand fairly well, or th« 
mrwr may em> fonnsd by KMning half pip^s. us at L, M, 
N, O, P, Fi|r> I.Sail, nn ta a piMn of ahtvot twppcr, tbe 
iiimdi? uf wbivii timy In- ptrfomlod tut d<>Hired. Or, iiuiteiid 
uf thiwn half nipm iwhl<'h r<>iii>inbl» -iNtra^alB), two pi(ir<« 
of invtul may W dilA-^'d toKi't'i'Tto f-<mia wutt-r r^Mivrvoir, 
which may be, oa tlio irui^^r (Hirlapv. itcrforatcd, as shown 
at the -nray (Fig. I,04fl), nnd. in fact, many othor way h. 

In cird'T tu \!^ lliim pruji -rlr to wurk yon niuat liaw the 

Sipcw and 'ulirt liir^, and 11 gotid fall imil /mvc of water. 
•n tin- U'p ••i each pjjw, oh at 3, T, W. H. U, l», 20. 31, 
12, Fit;. l<^l, ahmud bn fixed a atraidtht fttlt way n^- 
* ' g ntopoock, and 'hf pipi-s I*n»nch«l into the Inritfi one. 
miiiu ptl"! l<i Nhauld liu g^vcraod by onu largv, miy 



Fig. I,fi42 illufttratsa a shower and flpraj* bath M tbn 
■impWt «ui«lnicHoTi. tbcm licini^ but ono pipi- rt>|tiiiril lu 
vroTK it. It HbimlH br n-inrmbi'rnd '.tint thrwi hnthit n^jnir« 
a lunro ijiiaiitily of wutvr and n attuiitf iirfxnim^ to nnko 
thom ctfcctiuili w that whni you i-c«|uii(> u> make Nich, 
Hrat cnlriilatr tbo number nf holoA whtrli you ba^T in the 
ninr nnd add then tog«tbLT. and one and a btlf tlii^ « 
will t^yf ynu th« njw uf pip» r(>qntr*«t ; bat thn f< 
prvMun- will make a iinut dilT<T<riii^> in th>- K'uTlciii^ 
fnl) of intst ahoald aot be \ent than 8fL i>r loll, ^xr 
t'lp ^)«■. without nharp brnds or ctvkt having trr. 
wn-ya <jr Hhfirp tnmhi^r* nt thr valve auatinjp*- 

002 



?flO 



HOT-WATER AN1> RATH WOliK. 



In V\f[. l,(>;tA. lit II. tn;ir 1x< mvii thcpi|<(<« mtmnfC IipIow 
ihp VHlor li>v<il, wliioh, atiiinliti},' to Minn' water noniwiiifN' 




t\\:-u 



n\(^ i* ilk^itl. n.ot-vlL-s lm\> hIioud ui\> of the glutd 
ovk iwllrni. hkvint; jduit W^vr.^ for opvuiaj^. 

BAth Standing Waste Pipes. 

'Hmw Mif iUnrtnlnl xl Fi)r#. L.^^'S and I.M<i, *ntl at 
timi^ Atv nwilf vith <xini' or i-tbiY >bjii<i<d iiilinn> ami 
M<«un(r». with !it»B»lH'jr w«M*. L. S, Fi^. LSi-c. isi xhv 




A* Vul >» iK«jis .f k Hui fc3>.-, 11"- ^ Tfe iff»i ,c T'.^ 
fla« r.- >.*>•; *.itw c-v^c «=* ;»-.- vni »-i.:it m£ ^utt- 



i((>mc rnnv«i<, or a jiuri' of nKl s.-K^lc-floth, kc. iiir il 
{nirptidC tif m»kin>r the joint Houiid. In muuk.- i-iL»«» a rubt- 
or ItHtliiT wuxhtT limy \<v used, wbich, of coutM-, iiiv.*t i 

' Irft to th)' judKiuciit ut the plumber. 

I It, in tin- ovf-rfliiw iind lit-tiiiliii^ n'iu>ti' pii>e. "a-hicb ran n 
jir>ivrilisl wiiL u nibluT Viilvt as iit K, the si'Utiii): of »■hl^■ 
hliouUl U' of Ifud, us iLl- niblioi. if hUhwmI ti ^tuIld aii 

I li.>U({ih t<f timv, 6tic'k« liniily ti< inu ur L>ru.-d^. 



Battis fitted with Simple Shower Bath for rirsin 
the Soap. &c.. off when coming out of the Bath. 

.Nor ursraxtLT rsnr. 

Forthf!«f ivftT to Fii.'. 1.637, A, is th^' shower :,i:! 
whii'h is* Mtuply n touiid ivpiier or i>ihtr ciswru aS-u? >a 
iMund, ami Sin. il«p, hsvini; a oi>pffc-r r* rf'>mt^,i n':;.-L 

Ti-, atui T.'j. 



Thip i-iiToru i!> Kvnenilly litttxl with ii tvilf vul 
laTf:v va'.vf. Fiir. l.OSs. in tLe Utt- m. w'.:.h r--tt.ni i^. 
rt'unw, ■i/«.rt' tbo {vrforsia^l or siw-cd Ix-i: . tn. T^-^ -i «- 
bath cisttrni. Fig. 1.(139, is jreaerJlj- suji^. rti.i r-v ir>.= r>: 











wmm 



HOTWATKR AND RATH WORK. 




HOTWATKR AND BATH WORK. 



768 



I 



FI|T. 1.M3 b ft lyrton fA«Mhr tts iMlm.m^At fa 
•conewhAt modiflMt, w m ts MoK fl» wttaM» ft]dns«l 
mixiBfr chkinber, «• ahcwn »t Iw- ItMl. Bet* fit* niv* 

inlvto sn btnngli- into m kind ofhi)!, which Ivix Inads or 
oommonioatas witli tbedc^ivdnuppl;, vi2.,<]uuche, ufaower, 
wnve, Kpmf, plunfro. with the two vitlrea below liot or 
ciild, or in licit of tbesf ralru going into ft nixlo^ boi 
th«T «» sometiiiiM vnuiged wi abowa at Tlgti. l,&ii± 
ud 1,&Hd. 

To 1ji« mixing bos, Pig. 1,6(4. s iJiRraiDineteT, ahoira on 
tha ri)fht uf th(- Ggnrc, may bo ftttitrhcd, >« diown, ftbon- 
tli« nlvua in Piff. l,(>4i, whiclt is fixed in audi n nunn^-t 
tiwt wheo the Dot and oold ralves »rp oiwii. tli« wat«r 
pBfliN UuQUgb the bui. louiid thp bulb of ibe tfacrmomutar 
ftnd out of tbo MandlDg irnMe of ibe bath. U will be Mm 
tLat in Fi^p. \,6H awl l.eUA, tbftt Uu) Ii^ and stufltuji 
box ni»j be euily tal:eii off for rvfMin. 




It oBo iln bft mn lliftt br opBfaiy ifa'« Iral ind eoU 
mUr that this water can bo oonr^vd to Unjiliinp), i^nj, 
wave, ifaower, or doacAa, or at two or nun ouUcla at odca. 
Of onurae, the valve aeaCiii)^ are aoine fnr irIpU and MMna 
(or vutlrt* ; this boiag the cai» Uw Jumjier part of th« valvo 
aboold be attached In the uBUal loom naniuT, for vftlvn 
oi>aung agUBSfc the atteam, and with a washer aicaaed, 
a* drwrrihcd and illiMtn(«d «t Pig. A»'i- 

ThiadlstribuUtf, Fifta. 1 .613 and I M4, in Uetan. Emanuol 
and Suns' ansngemunt. and an exoclloni one it is, and the 
ctshinM work is aa good as anything I bavn so«B for 
Staliilitjr. 

Instead nf baving a separate oook for earh outlet, vis., 
for douche, rvny, nndle, or other supply, it can be dotie 
with two cooks only, one off tbo hot, aud the otbcr off Iht 
odd, eonmuuioating wilh a rikUng or other ported dis- 
Ivibtitar, whow paria roar be bram^ed to the rcquinid 
outJeta. as shuwn at Fig*. 1,647 and 1,648. 




Quick WaetoB for Bfttha ot* 
Waeh-hnnd B«alns. 

Alihoajrii 1 have deacribed sud 
Hh<iwD tbe fctandiDg waatm, Fiys. 
I.A3S, Ae-., nt i-nnsiderablo 1m)^. 
which wasiea hum orerflowa as at 
B. Fltr l.GH, in jaatnpoaitJoi) 
with ilio wntfo pipe H, and U 
murh pmi-tlftrti. it Is not bj far 
the bivt known plan, bocauao in 
these waatso tha drag or wttght of 
water in ihe waste pipe H, U 
intorfcrcd wilh, by the aireoturing 
nt B. unA will be knowa by the 
diaagm'nblD gurgling doim it 
uiakcM. Tlie hi^t way fa t» uho a 
TiUvr for the outlet, such as ia 
ahmm at Pig. I,M7a, tnaking IS, 
the bM, ao ihat tbo aircannot g*t 
lain the wavlv pipe. Fur tuy jiart, 
where pnrtieablo, I always um ft 
I in. or IJin. may taming roand 
n'ay gmntul-in gon-BMw glftad 
ooQit wilh iioIonB and k«7far mr 
waste*, vtlh ft tnj bdow. or. a 
tbia be too mpeamTc. I prefer a 
aimph' plug and waeU< with i-hain, 
always beeping ibo ov«irflovr qnito 
sepante ttvm the waate ptp«. 

If Fig. 1,6.16 iau»t be ttscd, see 
that th^ gratingi and the wanto 
pipe A.K, M atlaatt tfane or four 
tinso larger tn bore than Ihe aisn 
of the nutlet waMo ptp« H, or. in 
other words, if H, he Iln., A,K. 
■bonld bn 2])n. to 3in. t-an'. to 
vnsure aileoee in a qiiii^ wairfe, 
whoee length, wo wiu say, ia SO 
fttrtieal loot. 



HOT-WATER AND BATH WORK. 



756 



Bath Mstributors- 

(%j. 1.H7 and l.MScjyhinw/.) 

It nu-y bo tcva that, iiutUHul of having cifcht diffcnmt 
vAlvcM Mid knub.. iwrt niily are requirwl— one for tlie hot 
and one fur titu oold— with Uit^ir •mtlotA oiitniuiinirnting 
with th« before -mctttiinied (lintribtibir. The iuteniat imrtK 
of thin durtribntor an u foUoww;— II, i* lb? bnu« or iruu- 
metal outer c%»m% abniiC tin. hrotul nnd fiMiu S\n. In iJiii. iit 
diameter, Inviii^al thelin<.'l{ ii» m.tiij' ("itktU an uTu rcqiiiivd 



Ky 



K 



A n ,^r-Sin±-^n, 



IT 



r/ 



J7 



(hftlrt. 



■tL 



n,tlrt. 



FH>. IMT. 



far tho diflinint Kprnyfi to Ik- liiod. Aud •* ithcnm at B. C, 
1>, K, P, <r. A, U the itilot, trhlch ut covered witti « 
dinvtiiix iiinvabki ftlido, J, hnvin; itldfA nnd mtb (iicr J. 
oet^tioii], and ix frnn tu movn in ft cimulitr ditrvLidn fui- 
tbc iniriKwi' of fTuidiug tho water frum the lult'i A, to D, 
«TuU. A, B, Fly. l.filS. J, Fig-. I,ti47. M thflNWtionof ihiH 
i-in^ulur uidring »1ide, nhriwintt n wAtcr fxirtnftfco nf ft f'lNir 
i-ummuiiirailioii litiwoeu A, utid B, Tbui (ruido i" luLivi-d in 
cuiy diit'cUon \ij the KKV oi crulr.h, nii thi> npindlo iif 
»liieh i« HxmI n puinUr, K, t(» iudimlv wbirJi |)urt-hule in 
ii|M<ri. and n<>w indirjttM ti]« jMrt-hole open, which nuiT 
Imd bo tii4! FO>iiiiii:ui«ittiii^ pipo. Imdlri^ to Iho ni^«tlc 
OV dOBobp Intb. It will ri^tiilily 1it- st^n tbiit on tiiriiiii^ 
tJici key ciiliiT way lliav a \fuUT-wn/ may Iw ortubliKluKi 
lMn.w4^ii tlip infct part, A. nnd ftny tif the hiIht piTlr". 
For nr^cninr-nt'H Mtkc, miy tJiftL you tvini the poiuttr rotiiid 
to If, thix will eaUUiali a watvr piiMO^ bctwoon A 



and the port E. nul m on. Of cotuw, tltr ontlutN of this 
dixtribntor hIhiiiM U' Mtrvred pr ii|h«nri>«e nuule Huitable 



®£© 



® 



ft 







Vto. l.MK. 

fur coniucLinff tlu) eiidit of Iha pipn b>, acoonllDg lo 

cimniiMtAnceii. 



Batti Supply (at the Foot}. 

Sometimw the nujiply to l<at)ir- wlD answer ti&^t if talu^ 
over Ifar foot, a^i kho-n-ii at Fi^. I.Titii and 1,6u(l. 'Iliik U 
drictitniK] Ui inrtti thu rui|ii!T<ttirnli> uf tin- Mi'Iri<i)»litjui 
Wut«*r Act of 1871, and Ih NU|qAied lit a niuiilur uumuer to 
that Hhown at Fi^. 1,6M, L,fr1S, t,6-U, kc-. 



ilt/WRS' PHTfT. 



K> 



ni-' 



fia. 1.C40. 



Fill. l.«n. 



7M 



HOT-WATER 




Ho«plUI Portable Bath on Wheels. 

Thrac Vifttli" w sTo&t Iiuiurieii bt Llio imtieii'tH in hoiipitalH, 
Sec., mil every iirrJiitpct sSioiiIil »e« thiit pmpor proyiiiiiiHi 
nn] Ruul« for flUui)f and omiitjiafi lli<ini. This liLiit niotlnxl 
U to fix tww oock.t, lu at A, B, Fiif. 1,6A1, to run wKicr 
over the aide or htuul of th* buUi. hnving nhurt Irn^fflm of 

rabbor hoM dippod over the muutiw ii( tlio raiufcs, or by (bu 
u»e of n |iirr>p«r bnmt onion, nn Axed at 11. cu thu diaplim^riD 
cook, FIkb. 1,(62 ur 1,662. or by tko aw (jf it «lip con- 




na. i,«aL 



■Mtiaa, E. F, O, ?^e. 1,603. Thin baili kIao rn}niro<i nrnns 
pmUcm to tin mailo (or rnintjinK it. Tltix in grncT^lly 
mad* U ahovm ax K. FJK- l.€o1. It in ii sunk well, lined 
■wiHh loul, haria^ & 2in. c<r Sin. Ind vaiftQ pipe, nilli n 
Ur{Fe gntin^. cnmblc of ulUiwing th« wiutte wftt^r to run 
amy aa fa«t <i« (An *«(* A-/>iict-« li. 

The hole in the bottnm nf th<> hath ia i«nietime» governed 
l>7 a Bimplo ptuir liuvinx u mLuri k>utf<!i of pipo, and at 
limoa hano(r n wort pi«cc tif indiiinibtwr pipe luinpAcl nve.r 
its «Eid to giiid« the mtcT into tho aunk wall without 



*|Maruuu|^t ^^ tuut }'t|H^ mitjr Dt I^VOniCQ uj ft ?**ffK, 

HM tit £, P, which U nttch tn« hf«t, for tnuiT naoana, n 
Iho attendnntM ntv rnn-fiii and if ihv cock ia far ClM^gb 
iiudor th» bath. At tli4< HciiRiit*] fur InturabiM, Putne; 
H«ath (and for wbioh buUdui)^ I hold a H<Ttill<^tn for 
oxwIVnce In plumbing, gtantod by Ur. GriAtbx, the 
nrohitoct, and HoMrs. Hims k HArtin, th« bnUden), we, 
many ywnt aga, made aiukn for backing the bttk up to, 




Pio. l,«3. 



and fllli^wcd ft* heh to empty IhiouRrh the oook. E. 
wlul.'<t thti fUliitp Booka, A. B, were flxod ho ui tn na oror 
tlir hmd pnrt nf tho hath, whic^h prwccted them Wny 
kniM-Juid by tbn liuid ul Llic liath. 

TheM> bBtbn should rtm on Imn wb«wlti, haTing gr u ora 
ti> Tvcoivo indi.irubbvr tynv. and nhould be nuufe wiUl a 
^loAh BproQ, H, and with a hingvd poll or handle, P, O, 




HOTWATER AND BATH WORK. 



757 




^M 



Gat 



■^W 



•Jt 



^ F 




Qat Batha. 

TlioM Ixithii nrc very iinincrrtuti; noma are vary good, 
and otiicrtTi vcrv hnA. Tlif i^ruieipiil paiiiU lo look oat (at 
it] tlio*e txtthsfiT^, fln-t, •ernns propur ntmiMphii-id liunWDI, 
wbiob vil) cuiunutii' nil the ft** *etit throu^li tla-iu wiUwut 
iDftldn(f Ik iitink. There slioald ilwmya bo u pipo fluo flxod, 
tu cartT ftway any uniH^mimM giu into t^o oprm air, Of 
tiie bouor minr bo Rx«A otiUiilo the bttth rooui or tn the 
opm •ir. "iiitt boiler shouli bo lar^ and of tbo bcbt 
poariblo show. It sbuHlil boat the b«tli ia alxmt fiftorti 
niinatoi. 'HiiA n»i ho dinw> irith th« bnlh llluAtrAUsd at 
Pig. l,66t. Q, iit the boiI#t; K, tLi^ »wingmg nowencloMd 
buiuor; A, tho ilur ; K, I.Viii flow ; nnd C, t}te rotum pipo, 
which laltor ahould Imj Ibkvu to the livwl of tlie batli at S, iu 
oirdiT to get the coldeal watur ; H, is tho wU, iind L, N, 
ihe water Hupp]}' and wMto htuirtlcK. It, lowd vunter, 



laavtnc a lid on top. It maj at k glume br nwii that thia 
batfa naa a ^»rgo atiffenimi tiMul (K) rutuid the top, and 
U ia ganamUy painted outBidv tu mve tha oipannof cnsitiff. 
Ib not, as a rue, gaa bathx aro ounbuwd naoaam ol tbw 
low firat ooat and for tranaportatUa. 

The ffaa bath maj be mode witbutit a tcparate boilor by 
arraaalu UwKva JeUtoiday apon the ballon of the both. 
■■•tB, to., ng. l.B&fi. SometiiQM tbo hot water, a« wen 
flu the L-uld wabn- eupplj, ta laid on Id a gan bath, a> ahawD 
.-It II, J, E. Fig. 1,CM, thegasbeingacoooDdarrporisioa, 
wbtm tliv kjtcb4.-nor U u<A wanted to work. Tbu is virj 
handy wb^ iv (feutlcman'tt famllY aro out of town, and a 
warm bath wntilvid on, ouly, a taaual vUit. 

Al»o we duiuii nbaped luili^n, Fifr. 1.661. Aln aee 
Fi^. l,Ji79 for oLctuional balbtoff. FurtuHitinff bygu^alao 
■•c Figa. 700, 761, and 763, and Steam Kettlea. 





Jf 




'^. 



tn. |,«H. 



760 



nOT-WATER DATII AND BIDETS. 



Casing for Dathk {-wtiitHt^. 

I, w well W iDort gther tilurohon, hare felt great 
InniDToiuviiov b; tbe injudkiou* nuuincir in whi^ 
eaipenteni maka tho ouhifpi for batlu. They {[riMTnill]' 
mnie tho cxAtnination doorway much too oiHatl to gel ut tlii- 
oockii. WhvD Wt to th« <uiriip«it*r. it is n very coniinnn 
thUitf for Mm ti) mukv tbc uour with ouf of ttvo mqiiII 
puiali^ M ut Q, Tig. 1,660. Suuli poDcls rarclj- cxopcd 
lOlii. iqiiaro, utd whoii naoh is tho caac, it u tnipoo«ihl<- far 
the plumbvr to Krt at liU iritrk f(ir lepoin, &c., uid In oftnn 
thn I'ditx.' of hii puUlnp; the tot to [lieMM, to the gmi 
KoaayMitKv of thu bousobuldor. Tho prvjirr ttiu^ to do 
with, Bay, the hath bcfom mir notice, li to moke thr> dimr at 
the end, HO that it maj "P^" '" f^^'i't of Ihr' Invtitiry t<H.-<in. 
If n <hir>r ia fitted a« at A. nnd Uiia rtid >if the bnth irmdo 
lb? fout (the reTOTH to wlial Lh hvre hJiuwu) for the j»urpuKr 
lof flttiiiff the oock hudleB. tho ^mabor will ban; • &ir 
ahanee to otonine tho work, and to do DeoowMj rDpairs 
irithixit jiullinK' till' bit to piocm. and oftoii at half or ijuiirtf^ 
thfT rort thaw whi?u olhenrifle umnKed. Here X may tlat*- 
that the bvud "f the batli ahunld bn Gxwl npfKMite tho 
(vindoT, in order that tho pemon u.'^inj; it mi\y ttut the 
■drantaf^ of the light. Wlion a d>jur c-iiBuut hv inade, theu 
•cruvr till' front un to a frame in aunh » mauni.T that it ''an 
be roHily Tuiiicivwed, oast D, E, F, U,U, I, &•:., and tikkvn 
dowu, btft nutioo wh«ai mch ttanvn an und, talui cars thai 
bnias Dfeli'ts are tuwd, and bnuM iicr«ws, ho that thoy mav 
be takrai out without dnina^cii; the woodwgrit, cutd oer 
tluit, if tht- fmnt i« [niritKl, that thu paialvr dotM not fill 
thom op with putty or "trvnn" thMQ up witlii»int. 




ThoM arc simply a Hnutll kind iif Iinth,^icnninaa joa can 
ait au the juuU nutrki?d D, G, Fix- 1,601. Tino hot aad 
cx>ld water u bnuicbcd ititi> vdci pipe, and enters a< Hhown 
at tho tpiuy£, when it will fldwan-nr: or it may bo allowed 
to fill, acaaMar m is loqoifed. llie tvnipurattin> of the 
water may aloube re^at«d by the hjudlea 1>, 0, to luit. 

Fig. 1,662 illnstntes a bidvt Invutg fbe top Qatrowcr, 
that you may ilraddla and sit at A, B. The valvM may be 
worked ut the poiut E, F, or I7 the pedala 0, D, aod alM ua 




f."- ijKi. 



Fio. I. MS. 

tho Uip. Of L-uiiTW, with any of th«w liidets any of Qtt 
bofope-n«mtiffnM oocfcn nnd valve* nmy Ut uwd. I loav 
Miy thitt there urv n Liriru Tarioty of btdeta in the maikrti'^ 
but nothing i* better than thew ahowii. Alw MB Hk, 

Public Baths. 

Now we lire npon iht ^nhioet of hnihn, and bavo ijto« 
alnwnt every <!Oiii:<.-lvahIo kinu, i-xn-ptiti^ « public batb. 

Pig. I,t163 in an illustration of haUadoieii pubUe bathit, 
as fined up and mmuiinid by Hosan. Bailey, and Fig-. 1.66i 
K on mdpsed dit^trlbiit/ir fnr the hot and cold nipply. 
Thfwt bath* ithould he tltted with liu. to Ijin. "iippfr 
valves, with Jin. wiixti?. in nnlfr that they may ItU mid 
empty qui<>k!y : and tlic i 11 ilii>ji tor fixed in tho corridor ur 

K«a»fe Ui bi' uudor the oontrel of tlie attendant only. 
ere are muny ways to arrunge the waste pipe, vidre, 
imlls. or Iovufh. 



762 



COCKS AMD VALTEB. 



REPAIRS, COCKS AND VALVES. 



Hot Watep Cocks, Valves, and Brass Wortc. 

Ha*ing (rone throngii the jnincip*] psrU of our hot 
water fittingx for aamtturf pnrpones, nolhinff noir renuuBS 
bat to exatnioe and fix Uie cocks and other minor fittioss, 
then we majr proceed with the wanning bntDdi of the 
wurk. 

We have Heen goffiraent of the oastl^ cIsh of water 
mpplf to baths ; we will now examine a few cocks and 
valrefl of an inexpenaire diancter which jon will be certain 
to find daring repaiia, Ac. 

Down-right Bath Cock. 

ThiflTeryasefoloocliisihownatflg. 1,666. Itis, saGsn 
be Men, a gronnd-in, old-fashioned cock, and I dareaaj 
that some of mr fancjr brethren, who hare never seen anj 
work bnt what naa been piactiaed in one or two fimu and 
trotting about the coontrr where they have happened, more 
hy lock and gae than soand practical plumbing, to bold 
tlieir own, will, as it ia well known thej have done, 
eepeoiaUhr with the o trap, instead of lectihing the evila of 
their fMow- workmen, who were responaible for their bam 
shape, condemn good, old owf ol aervant* wholesale thiooKh 
the plumbing trade, and I must saj that daring tius 
last sanitaiT babble I have, unfortonately, found miaij 
men who one would not credit to have such cxtr^ielf 
biased w&yB. I said ideas, but I can prove that they are not 




Via. 1,606. 



Flo. 1.607. 



their idea*, for many have actiiiUly told mo ; " Oh, what's 
the odds, it makes work," and it is through such infamy 
that the plumber hatt lost his individuality in the trade. 
Look what the plumbers have brought upon themselves 
through such greedinitts. The oufltoroen wore driven 
to their wits' ends to know how to cope with those 
extravagances, and, instead of sticking to their old firms, 
were pressed to seek redress in other quarters, by going in 
for Bumothing cheaper, and in cime the iromoonger, 
tinkers, &c., and in turn goes in for cheaper mntenol. 
Thc^ is a demand and a market for ready-made goods; 
and,'the plumber, as was the case when I was a boy, 
instead'of working three or four days a week in the ahop 
now>does not get one. To illustrate to you plumbers of 
to-day dearly wbtit you have dono within me last few 
Tears, let me remind you of a few little things we used to 
do. first, wc cast luge quanUties of sheet Imd eqiedalty 



for cathedral and chnrch wo(k, which c&st lesd holds i> 
own to thia day, though, beraoxe tou have D*'*riy l<»«t the 
seciet of working it, yoa cocdemn it— its a fact. We bLo 
Dsed to be the recc«niaed pen|de to fix a cock, with the 
bearing troos, bat I &ncy I hear my fellow workman sar, 
" Oh, bnt look nt the improvement, havinj^ a screw boes ** — 
perhaps so, for the irauDmigers. Next, we will take the soil 
pipe ; this was something to fall back npon, bat to-day bow 
many plumbcn in London can be founff capable of properly 
draicimf a length of mil [ripe tiraa a sheet of lead fit to be 
seen and in reasonable time? Next cnmee the service 
boxes and baps, bnt where are these made to-day : even 
the ""H^g of the bends is driven out of the shop. Why ? 
Because in a great measure the faddist plumber has bis 
own ideas, and don't care how or in what way he injnns 
tho«e that follow him. Everything new, and with jdenty 
of gas, most be beet, 99 per cent, of which isove to be 
white elephants, which make the work twenty times m^e 
expensive than it should be. And mark yoa this, the real 
l^omber does not rnofit by it. But who does P Why, the 
sanitary qoack, who is idolised by the duffing plumbo-. 

Now we will resume onr hot water cock work of the 
ground-in character. For supplying water into the foot- 
part of the bath it is beet kuighttd as at C, E being the 
oat^. The spanners ehoold be made with a non-heat 
oondacting mateiial, vis., made of wood, as shown at 
Tig. 1,670. 

Swan-necked Lever Cock. 

The plug of this oock, Fig. 1,667. is in shape nmilar to 
that shown at f^g. 1,666, excepting that the outlet is at 
the large end, F, and a bottoming nut and washer used, as 
at J. It is used in places where the snout of the oock is 
objected to being fixed over the top of the bath. (It is 
also used for butler's pantiy sinks.) It will readily be 
seen, that with such an arrangement uie coA mav be fixed 
a foot or two away, and that hy pulling down uie swan- 
neck, £, the plug of the cock will revolve, and water ran 
through this swan-neck and into tho bnth. Such cocks ate 
also used for lavatory bosinfi, butler's pontzy and hooaemaids' 
sinks, &c. For hot water provide a wood handle at E. 

Self-tightening Plug Cocks. 

In this rock. Fig. 1,668, as may be seen, the ploff is 
self -tightening. The action is as follows : — The boss. A, 
unscrews at B, and the plug at this point may be taken out, 
that is after the bottoming nut. £, h:is been token off. 
The large end of the key is hollow, the small end solid 
(ju.st the revenue to the plug of the down-right cock). 
There is a water-way on one Ride uf this hollow key, and 
it being fitted to come oppoaite thin port hole, or way of 
the shell at J, it then follows Ihiit there must be a paEuiage 
through the oock. Now turn i>fT the key, so that its wat«!r- 
way will be oppowte D, this Milter pit.-«(age will then be 
cut oB, and tho pressure of water will tend to puuh the key 
throngh the shell of the cock, and therefore tend to grind 
itself in every time it is tunicd. I may add that if this 
cock be fitted on pipes under hpiivy prt-NHures, it« plutf 
will be apt to jam, and, also, will soon \>c worn away. It 
is a good cock for pressures r^tniring fnim oft. to 'JOft,. but 
if put on tt main of ^ay 30Uft. it will, by reoiton of the 
water driving the plug, go very hard, and neec«diirily, as 
before said, soon wear away. 

I like the cock verv well for ordinary hot-wHter work — 
aay up to 20ft. r^ I have mode this cock with two 

or more outle 'rs the purpose of the befor«- 

deocribeddv 



COCKS AND VALVES. 



7S3 



» 



Shell Pattern Hot Water Cooke. 

Thrm f^-kf u« iUuAlniUtd hi Fijf. l.()61). tncl wh«i made 
frtin K,^■ 11, v)£ . witli nhori rtivK, ant cflllctL HOB cuc-kx, 
bill if mmi" with long nctrw, (niii F. !1. Uieii they aru 
rttufc- ■Jr tHiUcr (xwkt. mid urn ^iivniUy ihimUt hi gnii- 
tni^, ihis Wuitl Ui«' hnnlvnl ai"i l«-"'t kiiiU nl nwt»l fur wll 
hot wntir fittinxH hariug friiti^nil i>arlii. Suiui<tim«-'i 
thDjr mm uuidp iii DraxH, but vory aelilcint, tnr>Tc ctfbm in not 
melal, ft>r u ohwip kind tif work ; the pjt. twt«l briny nolU-r 
nnd owicr for tliu couk Dnkto* to tiuUb, tspwUlly Uie 
^tidiae-in n&rt. 

The CMirelur riu.-l\ if tliin rock in »univtiin» mado nr; 
lonij; iLiid iiiUTv'w, a* slum' nut A.O. Ilntvemadn (in. eookii 
with «nilv ^in. fKmjnit*.'!! iolct ]R'it-hijlp. liiiit fmin C tu A, 
wj Uiat ilif wat«?r-w-H,v ma/ Im t-lonj^tcd iu ordvr lu aonuv 
Lhi> naundiii^w of ttii |i>uk, <'ud nl ttio Mtnn timt^ U> ^ the 
nuuvomr}* wnUir-wuj . Alio m« Fijj». 1,0"* '"n^ I.OIU. 



Solid End cook*. 

Piir vcrjr high-;irrM>iuv kltI; it in nctannion thing to cncfc 
tliia ntii-ll juitti-ni ftek Mitli lltc irili^l or tv>w< invri, It, Fi|f. 
I,63j<, ignitt- wiliil ^kiiiitvii h* Miiiil liid ruck), ttcii] llti-u I't ilnlt 
K Muull, HAy, ^Ln,, hull', or wiUrr-wiiy. la-fiirr. tlin hurri'l in 
burvd. Ry iloini; thin liiv pUi^' uf thu t.'uck in nut hi riiui b 
oxp'snl Id t^n waier vrithin ihf ordinary wntir-way, aiid 
aL-curdiuuly trill W l.br chit-tin- iif !>(nindnr«>. knii by oalnplini; 
tliiii OM'tlidil, tha wut«r cjid bi* drawn oritliuut tti>l ntub 
nrliirb tx alwuy* tit b<:> nbcwi'Tcd «h«n dntviitg nmtOT 
under pr»t>iirD witli tbi^ ordimirj' i'u';kK. 

Range, Boiler, and Bib Cook fplaln pattern). 

This CiKk, K> illuHlrntrid ul l-'iu:. I, ATI, in known M ft 
ruuud way inttcm liol wntt:r, ^fuii-tiitrlal, runinJ, taiUi-r, or 
bib cock ; ur, vbflO uadu with a oli'jrt Hcrow, v a full iray 

Kltem hob r-onk. 'IlMt c»ok in nold without the Hpanincr, 
g, 1,67!, onluMi uthcrwiav arden.-d. 



c 


J} 
t ^ 








TtVA. 1,«TV. 



rra. t,«Tt. 





rra. b 



Hot Water Cook &pann«ra. 

The boet kind of Kpaaner ih that harinsr obony, or other 
h«rd wond, ninnd the budlo a«« n'in-j-»ndu<iUir frf beat, 
nnd u aboiru at SPANNER, K5. l.bTO. Fiu- 1.672 illuB- 
tnktaa the ordinKry bnoe spanner. Tnke notiw, ■ <<ork i» 11 
noRA or b«W OMk wIm-h niadi- with u li>ii(( nmvw F, Fix- 
1,669, aad o haok-nii*. Ci. AIk> a>^- Fi^h. l.OOB and I.OIO. 

How Key Round-way Cooki for Cold Supply 
to Bath ft. 

Thtm oocks we frenenllj- luwd on the bert cI»m of work. 
Tk(>T nrv illuxtritGd at Fiff. 1.673, uii3 «t J, Fffr. l.Otii : 
and nri' w^ll «diirit4!il fnr iho (vtid Kupfilf to the hot water 
txnk, and io Hirh pljMM »s »t (', Pig. 1,^73. and at M, 
PiU- l.Qii, insu?ad of the spindki viUv« and air pipv, m» ni 
E. F. Fiif. 1 OSfi, 

Nuw we Ltivt' bath atu^vfcka utsdi-r our notin-. it will lie 
AM vrttll iii ciaminp ncio rir Iwii marp niitlabln fnr tho di(rrrr>nt 
■ilMKe* of wiirk. Fin- i,^'i in a Mrvwvdglaiii) alujicoc'k. 
ThiMcockiBitntBC) good as thefrlAnilDook {F%. 611], Iwcauao 
the cap A. Fig, 1,871, ix likclj- to bcrt-ni«' iuwcrpirr>d by the 
aiinide turtiin^ ul ihif npindlc uf the pluff, «s{H«iaUy iuiIpm 
ywi hiiTP U »*[ hotohi- ivl iir nboiit A. 

Wfidtfl stop ValvAi. 

Fill- l|473 IK n TaUo luailn nfMr tlic inaiiTter of a dlrioe 
ralro : K, k tho wod)^, vliirii iasorap[<d, or uLUerwin fitted 
into the (Jicll. The wcdgo i* proviMit-pid from rr'vr.lvjnj: 
iijHin Iho ■tirewod iipindlc br a stoji. Tbew vali'i« admit ■ 
full oay paMBi^ for the watar, and il ireU mode aft- »ery 
good. 

Otjbular Valves, with Cup Leathers inetead of 
StufHng Boxet, 



nae, and I wiafa to draw jonr attentioa bo Ttraar'e |Ktci)t«d 
boiler nut a» ihown ut A. This li! a very aannte Bontnvanop, 
U prevent the nut tncn tnmiBg roond wbra the cock ia 
being acrewed off , Aro., and ia saanethinK that baa ben lan|f 
Wkated to be mtuie brtUr knami to the public. ^W atmr m 
the dock ■hnald npwr be louger t]i«a roquirod (or Jiut lb* 
not, eo that (ur oannot deposit on the arrcw tr> mvMat i( 
being unacnnrcd. and if it i» loogrr it Nfaoold In cut off 
beforc' fixing. In jiidinu); vodka aiid valrea, and whan 
•ebotinir thaae artinlw, al<ra;rii aetvl thoM* wfaiob viB vcofe 
nioe and «nootli. and irithuul jumping or turniag 
Inotnilarif, for this u a sign thu the kc>- and spiitdlea an 
not true, thongb in pbig cork* il will happen tlnoagfa \mA 
boUominK, uid ia Rothuriiam ouoka thnmgb dnultMi 
tliroada, bunt apindha, £c., &e. 

Hoi Watep Cocks, Hatrtum Goraw Down. 
Fig. I,fl7il i!lii»ir:ilM a ntii^- oiuk, which coo W raidfl 
wiih )fi-i)tiuil'iii -.r nibborod valve. For taction •(« Kg, 
<J18. Fig. I,6j}0 iri the Mun« rock with vhort lOiank, tbu* 



ThiM valvei \» that itliiiitrat<^ at Fig. I ,fiT6. bat ik onlj- for 
«nld watjir, it harinR u mi^ |p«thiir F, ia lieu of paolcinu'. 
Till; valvtt of tluK glubulHr i^utk in aJao aootod aa at J, 



with loAther or rublwr, ta du away with the grinding in. 
M. N, CJ, Fig- l,G(7. i>^ fhu valve with frtnfftng bnx, and 
with a gniuud-iti iw4itiiig K. 

Hoi Water Bib Valval, Sorow Down. 

Till" nliiiui <if valvu i» vrfty iiumoruua, mid ll«'_v are nearly 
all uiudo ou the' ham'! pnnciplo as ihp serf b -dnwu cocJi. 





nn. ),«T0. 

innking U Into n bob t^uck. Fig. 1,6ISc in a rmy 
hut wutor ciwk. imd mnr be had,' if ordum], wifh ■ 
wniw and nut 

Ground. In, Range, Hob, and Horizontal Cooks. 

V\g l,fi«I iltunlnitm Rgruuiid-iiiS.B.hohmck, with b)M» 
fnr wddcring (n\ to lead iripco. The nbank should Vn iwrewwd 
f*-r iui, or lin. iron pip.-. *o thnt it muy be iumL for ttvo 
or load pipi'>. 



COCKS AND VALVES. 



766 




Fro. l.«lll 



Tbnw euokM ntv uwtl tnr bulli'r*» |«ntfy niiik^ : tti« shank in 
ur kboold bp HL-n-wtd for [In. tnm pipe, tlii^af-'n- ii will imit 
teun or lend pipe wurk. i\lw> >oc Hcttiw Dtiwu UuhzuntBl 

Oodt. Pig. i.oifd. 




rFig. l.fttU iUimtnUiw n twth livir und key micltot— tliU ia 
fnr Uiniiiix lh« tmllt <■■ hii witti. llittf ani nuutc in iiaUablo 
fuTT 
T 



rio. Liwa. 



Bath Lovora and Key Sockets. 



Boiler and ClkUfn Screws 



I liavf ittrMdj n-frnvil ti> tbn^' iti«-fiil uliulc*, Ulcn* 
fitrr' R brit-f dM«^ri)>liu4i will •■utBit.'. 

'rile UNO of ih* iMtimi and ImitiTr wt<>w it. to cimmwt ttio 
load pipe tu the (Jdu or bottvni vt irjn, nlaU', ffloM, wnlien- 
vaiv. iw itlhvr dicKnu uiid builvni. utui to niinh plik<x« that 
Uii- km! [tip'' I'uiiitHt tuitfly bo MiMi^rnl. 'limy nrr kiurwn 
M "luuft iKjilur wvew," *'shurl buili^r htuw wttli nuitfla 
nuU," alsu a« "long or abort buUm- m:tw yriik doimo 



Cf» 



Fi«. IJtM. 




rill. i.st« 



!^ i*d 



Fiu. l.tM. 



rvi. I.WT 



nuta." y^g 1,BIW. Thia tatlec ha» flanfirrd nula nnd » 
loft 'luindcd tkread. and is «Lto HtTmngtr mitdo at tlio ihreuil 
pnrt. The HBD oS tho Icpnjr boilt-r wnrw. P^if. I.SH". i« for 
«urh |iliu«« u hUi« eiMt^mx. vhllft Fifr I 'l^''^' '^^ Kliort. !■ 
tor iron : It \ttans timjiy Ui« diff"rviu* in thi* Ii-mrth -if tin- 
tbrrada troiD di»*hoaIdar B, tu l^ocnil A, iiud olau fiiAili, 



U. C, Kilt". l.oail iind l.rta?. Al r, K.Q. FiR. I.OHi. Ik 
rfluwu Uia- intilvr wiraur willi doiililit iiiit». Till- reiuun (iir 
harm;^ diiibk'-niilttMl iK-ilur wmwi. Lh f.)r tlic purpjuc uf 
conhlin^ tlip plumber U- «'rew tm llic uut f«mi rtic niitaiite 
tif Uic cisU-m. &r., aii<l itlm at ulfitT tiimw, tii ciiabli- liitii to 
pe}(ulat« tbv tu'i}rlit tu whic^b t}u< tlirviial may rtand up in 
tba bott"m III (be ('inlcru witlwul ■ lut ot WubcTC bMn^ 



#3 



nu. ],«& 



The manner of flxitijr fho tiit^em vrivw ia explained at 
Fitt- l.fiSl, "lid dt-H~n|>tion. rmilinn. — Ni-rvr put tin" 
^imiiicl nil I.Ik' fide iifxt this it^^tiiultifcup back u>i(. fyr 
iC yvu do j-<iti i:iiDiivt v<;i7 well htcw tJic bwk nut up 
without rutting tbi- x^iinmrl, imlnoi ^>ii luc » ln»d nr 
othtT wiwh'-r iit'it llic back uul, aliich imlj ocoa^iotia 
additiiJtinl tniiilib> antl pxpr^iwH'. It mav be wdl ta iwy tliat 
IUm rul<- buldf >fuKl with iu'url>' all cutuiretui*, *W^ na iAmIo 
<ir truu dftcrti". wiulii-rs and wastM, apindlf ndTBi, An-. 



Kitchen Boiler Water Supply. 



Hnviii); iihiiwH ranuun kiuda uf Filling, I hiiTi.' now li> 
dvaoritiu tbn llxin|{ iif IIh* nrdiniiry kit<'hr*ii raiiK<' tioilnr and 
supply. TtiLt cIjub of kildicuer or ratiifv boilvr isto b« 




ri«. ijm. 

found in slnui^t every guod IraU^ Vowm^ IM& \» Vi 
atlfig. \,<»^ 



M 



7iiS 



FEED OISTEBNb, KTC 



Food Ci»t«rns. 

Tlic f<*<I-('iHtcni id lUuMrat^l with lid pompJi-l* «t 
Fiff. l/'Ul. B, orD.iir(!il)obolp8f'ircoiiiii'ciitiKilit'"'il'l'b' 
pi]<e fivirii hfiilrr . K, ia m nlot for letlmir dowu the aiipply 
|)i]H' Id f«^-uinLtni. wj Lknt Lkc ]i<l laitvphiit downfiiir und 
rliMt* KU ('• tliL' top. ('• rxi-liiilo hi III k tnvlli-B, A:c. ; J. in tfai^ 
overflew hvlv, whi-'Ii, "i ci-nivr. nixy 1* in ili>? wn' t ofhrr- 
w-inc. Thin i<!Ml->j intern ih ifmmllv fixod with ii- uip l<'vi.'l 
with tlie loji of t)]L> Iwilor. K. Ftjr. l.'HtS'. ih iJio trujipcd 
pim w>tiiiP«ti>c) t<i the li-rd-i-inUTii |i_r luiiiMi'i nf the "Jiort 
iK^Irr wrv*-, iJit.- nut vt wliiih i» Ijirm-rl nii witli n ki ;r ; ur, 
if fixed ill tie fide, willi the Unl.T lii«l; »•> iliiii.tT«t«lnt 
I*'^^. I.isun. {Alrai ncM Dnilor Screw, SptntDti- uid Plirrs, 
Figm. I,ai»2, 1,693, 1,694, tto.) Tbe JKirt A, B, £, Mv 




no. l.SW. 

iniule iu vizwi ti> auit the rariuuN ttizc nul«. It ofti.'ii 
hi^p«n» that tha hook will :iut l-iim [J]« nut, uwiti^ to 
ihm not bdu mtteient irxran fur the lumdlo to work. 
Then this dinenlt^ iruiy be jrot ovwr by tho hnndle?. 
iMiug omolcod, and onr iiIm> utTuiKlit. hh p^r dottivl lirK- 
J. A nut u-f thtte houkn Hhuutd bu in every plunibiT'ii 
•hnp, for they often mv(> h ]i>t of time nhon (akin^ 
out old bniliTs Aa. ftbonld you not huvi- ■ kt^y to tuni 
thft mil vrhtn the hot« la In the l>ottom of the rJetfni. 
then UK u duulilfr- nutted holler •■Trrw. tu Klmnn nt I'. l|, K. 
Fljpi. 1 ,fiH5 *)r 1 ,6S8, iind m-n-vr up fnun lin- utiUidi-. 

ik- hiiK' Vi Irnp ihiH plpi', if it I* put intfi tb(^ ^idl^ <ir fn'iit 
of tho lihUtru, AH at K V. Fijj. I.^^B. Thin pn>V"5t> th*' 
hilt wNlia- ririnniitv»f intu Ihf frt-il-M.'<l*irii. ur. in <it.hi-r 
wunlH, tLu w(if;!it uf tin- cild MHtcr within rho fiwI-uif-Wni 
will ihcti) tomiiiii ■ijilionMrv, nii'l will tinliiii'-<- tin- liol. wnti.'f 
ill till! Imilrr, which HtAiul!< »l ii hi^hirr Irvd. Tlio iiiix' 
F, ia iMriii-Liiteil tu tliv builcr with a builcr Kcevw uud a, reu- 
leMilnd gnii»in«t. 

To thiiHi fwid-»i>.1rni>, iv^ iil J, Fin- l,fi9l, wttjiiii, « \ , 
liti. of tho lop, nhould Ixi lltti'd au uvirfluw pip«, uid. if ••{ 
Icftd, miMit li ronnw-twl with a jWi *oifcr norrw tixfd in 
■ui-li II nuiDnvr tfaiit it liuinijt iiiliirfcttu with thu wurkiug; <■' 




FiQ. l.a>l. 

tbe ball-Tiilm, KnA farrin! out«id>- the houxc, «nd mc/ ifirwt 
iHtc It Hram. Thr f I'r-d •cifttem fhould iilw^yH. wlii'n 
prorticiibli^, be nuide wlf-Hiipptying, with ftnt-tilfiM hnll- 
nlwH, aueh ac v^wn iit Fijr, 1,037. 



Fixing Range Cook*. 

Thiit in h»t done by tnwkiKir h it-.h! sod tlKhl-tii. 
ht-mp ffmmmrt, paiutwl wiih iid-lt-iid p(iiiit, Kpd ulip 
iiTcr tho wrew of the «M-k. ihi-ji tlio mit put on, »ua 
twk lumt-l ronnd until licht cnouiKh mid in iu proper 
pobltir'ii. rti. iifit turn Ijic- <'i*;k an bh |.i Mrip ibe thirwdor 
brenk the UtinT. Fig. 1.671 i" Uic daseor.ook louse; or 
if I'lr rrTj liial) prvwul^.', ptThltp* 4 va\vt rati, um utiowii m 
I'lg. l.Q'R will 6iiit jDur Work, ^bould tho » rew ■>( " ■ 
vwuIl bt lo" limp tut ll oir. or fi« wii»li«i'<i hI bMik of nut 
that the (^r*w foiiuot jp t f«rr«! t« it«vi.ii1 uaitcn winp. 





Bedding Down Common Kitchen Bolter Top». 

Whfii dwiiiK this lake aire, Amt, to MJut all mund thi> 
lyp, then ittkt nwiiu! mnxmon putty iUid bt^d Ihp top down. 
Soniij plijtnl)ctii UM rwi IrnJ ; tmt 1 think •xmuQoD poltv is 
juBt lu K«)d, uid (» beU*r fixjiii « Miiilaiy point of ikw. 



Boiler MonholM. 

It nfu-n happcno IhHt ■ iAaim! builnr hu to ho nwid 1 
muiihol«, Hji at J, Fi([ l.oiJI, nnd for ihc pitrpoae 
Kupplyiii^ tbn Hcullerjr Muk ulouc. When this Is the u—^ 
■II Ktr-plpr miuft bi; takm ofl the top and (»rrifd up the 
chimnt^y with a rianplntt- hrrid. to |iT«veDl h«>l faUiuK into 
it. Thr fiT>l-i-i»lum iuuhI iti tliiix-jiM^ Iw fixed st ahigboi 
\kv»}\ ill oitlirr Co forpo tht* watPC ti^ ita rtquirvd pEaiw. 

Boiler Screw, Hook Spanner and Pllere. 

Fiff. 1,692 i» a pair <»f two-hole pliw*. which are 
hatidy for wn-wiuft Up tho niit of a r-iii^rl^-nnttrd K, 
M-niw nlinii fifd in the bottnni uf Mit:' f«tciW'ialr'ni : 
UDlice that Iht-j iJtonM W of hsryvMKr, and o]«a at 



^---: 




^■ _.^.^__^ 



Vlu. \M'i 




riu. \jutx 



priiiil of the JawH with tho handle* (nprrinit lAw.irda It 
rivet, niid n link ni«y Iw iinpl"yr<l (« keep tb^iu ti-nrtb'T^ 
&» at A, when it mikj- be ewsn thai a Uvtr pliioed U!twit^ 
Ihr hnndiM niuy lie mipJofed for tnniiniir llw plitTraJ 
Fi({ 1 ,tl93 is II handy apatmAT. which wiU turn u huiU-r iiii " 
wbrtlier it b« in the hotloni »r nAn of thu cbdora. 

Fi(f. l,B94 (iiJ.«> ■«• Fiji, l,B90) la a aiianni^r f«r Krr<*wiiii 
boilor'nuU in Iba Loittoiii of fwxl-ciMcni, the handh; <t 
whii>h ia U-nt opot. ax nt B. whith nhouM bo bent to cuin*! 
upriirht with Lh<! rcntm of tho n^unn-. n.-> nlxint D, ao th«t 
thf nut ntny bo tuniud and tha haiuUi' k,?[it at one ooiniHMl 
oiniro. 




STEAM COOKING BADGES- 



7fl7 



B 



7 



na. i.«H. 

Double Bolleiv. 

Soraetlmu it irilt bf (omiil morv eunveoitet lu fli l«ii 
bal]er«, as at U, S {H)c. I,6h9i, ami fur tho kiU'lwn a.nil 
HiiUprjr WKwk, tbr othrr for Uie Iwlh*. 4<j. ITiut ofU'ii 
prwvTOU i«[UBl)l>lii]({ with tho lervukts, ituMnuoh us they 
luranut aac iwh iilhtr's tint wsKt, for it oailirttinni, and t<i)l 
nufn^tumtlf , bappi-ns UiAt tki* oixdc or Mullvry luuid will 



um tho hot water vcrj indiacnmlBBtDly, utd bo loam tfer 
otho- prrtaiit«, &r., li> ilu aa hnrf. tbny riui. All thui i« 
prevputid by fin.' atv of tba Mraud builer, Iti uij nutbing' 
abijut ihii ditTfrrnit; in Uwi laaciiitf ijf th)> wuUrrj tiuk hvt- 
v«t«T cud, bj- naiMJu uf iu wunciiig oixlur 4 Unr proMun 
against that ol high. 

Steam Kettlas. 

1 bIuUI tiow itilPK]u'« tu juur Di^tiw mmxv hi<«tin^ 
appUHtus fur (Qokiug bj b>^t wnt^ r ur »t««m, auiliiMp Jut 
hut«l», build'.'re, i^rinUrn, uU millx, W4it«r worka. aiiit id fact 
for i'Yt-r>- iJai-e whe.ra oooking in done, and whcni (Imm 
may W hwd. 

Fijf ■ 1 .603 iUuHtntea B«iln'fi Mtant kettle, Hbowinir ike 
iilettnija<\k«t at STEAM: itoboMiowstltflhnt vnt^at HOT 
WATER BATH. Tlih iralirr iiuy be uj«1 fur v«riotw piir. 
[)QMrw,«iicha«for boilinxF'ot«t4M>i>, gn«ua,M>i>j>. unit thvllLi- ; 
ur it call hv u«o4 in bouiluni' ur rnbuact niikcre* wurkahngiH, 
or in Uif place when fln'H ratHKil W hnd. 

fig. 1,698 illiutratcw lli« iAcmii koLtl« U uiwd far 
WDHcni^n'a nwiftU. llit uli.iani, of coimv, maf be bad frtini 
m •.irdinary [lortAble or.dibvr ■.■tiKUiu UiiliT. 

Steam Kettle* and Oven*. 

Tig. Ifi9' iUufltntiNi a MMm hot plnte o» the lofu hLh) 
iin ovrni nn the ri^hl, a* u>t>d nl the India MiIIh, Or«r 
l>«ri>'vii : dIm) at mnn^ nf <iiir Iiiri2e*t iii«iiiifiM-f[>hi.'« alvMit 
Loud<iii. MiiiiulioetOT, NultiiiKbani, Bultuu, Oldbmii. lie., 
nnd arc iinlverHnll}' lUied wlwrevcr nacl. Of nnirao. any 
auin\»T uf uvvu* can be boated iu tliia inuunGr. uiul may tw 
had with two or mnre tnllam. 'Dinnv n««iiM work upon the 
MUiM) prinidiilv aa tbut liliinrmlrd iii Fi^' Uld'^i lliffnibuiiitf 
II ateun JH<^t uU niutid ihu Bidvs, Liuik, Uilfjni, ami topn 

thu QVOII. 



-^-^>. /rr^>":- 



A- 






•«f I* %n>i 



>:^;i 
V'.-/ 



r 



« 



no. i,a>b 



INJECTORS ANU EJECTOHS. 



76U 



I 



•tMB tttaa IMm lU my all cnv the Internal Mitpjuii! in 
tins nadeuw iiit^ tbo botton^s »i COKDENdED 
8TEAH. Haro whut kcuiunnlaUMi, nad iw il Khm it lift« 
« fluAt, which opciu A oook KBd Ihna aIIowh tht cinMlouaed 
wat«r to ran awa* ; nf naurM, whvn nickii aa nhixrii at 
Fiy. I.S!^7 UTV <<> ■<« *uppli«d with hut wuier, tkwv wodc 
on tbe name principle bb ihon sbovn at ths Sl'£AH 
KKTTLK D^n liaini 3IS. and aw UiCTo well (JMrrihod. 

ri)|r- I/i91 iflustruU-ii Buil*y» BtMun W»t*r beuUrr, urilli 
iIh* ouivr ■■aw; <-ut away w dhow tho worm. It alaii rIiown 
ths f«c>d-i:iBtani u fixed t" nuppl.v the w»t«r, aud the inlvt 
and onttot for tho steam couneotimu. 



HMtm^ Water by Steam PIpea. 

;l)iiv SrnAH,) 

0( eourw you may bull init«r )>,v paaain^ Mt«uu tlirouKh 
anoil iif pipe nulmM'r^l in a tank, the pipM brin^ laid in 
cail*> ur otherwise round tlw twltt>ni,ora«oilldini]i>r t" thai 



tho nod cf a eteam pipo, torn on the eteaa ten, and in this 
muuucf fret a pail of hot wuter in a (ew aeooaaa. Il is also 
praoiimd in lannrlriem and tb» mudo dodn la praatiMMl by 
on^ie drirer* when tiurf nanitut obtain doeii watw fnm 
th« butler. 

Thill avatem is attended with loudnoiwaat the first start 
and atitil tho wttti^r boils (sfe Water Hajtuner). 



Water Heating by Injaotor*. 
IWbt SriUK, tnuUiiimd.) 

I bare jnsC mid that by plaring tho iKwtc <tf n -iteBm pipe 
iotu a veasd of ,vUer, that on tnmiiiK aa t\w atvom ■ Inud 
noiw> ia hoard. To gnt nver thia diffioulty, iinJ indeed on 
Ur]f» work* (nWre Uiilinjr Vj cvf pfHWi is pnidiscdl, iwd 
to ptoveat tho pipes hum splictinv, I twontir •seven years 
■ffo iatrodncod a kind of inJ<w4oT, which 1 then wrote 
aboiit in thr RmfftUk JVrrAdnu- and railed it a ttnvd pomp, 
(lie injvotor hHi-ing n nuuth for the li^iuld tu enter, and a 




no. i.ow. 



shnwn at Fig. 1 ,Gt0. placed in a tank ; this is often done for 
tiu> men I'l wnah in oil milht. pcin'lcain oil »lorce, tnr 
di«til)i"K wt.rk», kr., oflni it niitijili- .-oil fif (io or lin, l^'icl 
pipr iieintf inewlj rnnnortnl willi n unixn tu -i Hloitui wik?. 
the top part i>f tlw <«iil Winp br-'n^fht ovnr Ihr- Um of thi' 
Innk to ooavey away (ho condi-niwd wafer. And U ih'- 
• "it jot of thi- ho r(Kltiri<il Tnnt loo miinh or yoor pipes will 
burst), the wator will hi-n inoro nifitdly. 



Boiling by Wet Steam. 

In oas woHw. where the mm reflnlro a dnp of hot water 
ijalckly, they simply lake a pail of cold into which they diji 



RmsIWr i^pe for the outlet of the ama and Indnn<d a currmt 
of wnlvr. m thnt the noiso inredured taa minintum. nnii 
the J>i\vni pTWpnVd frvilti HpliClinji Tlii« nlwi KJvfH ^n<at 

X'utioii 'if ilu> liiitiid, a very di^wnblc! uixjuiiuliiiu in wjmo 
mifol wnrkii, mii-h as atilplMite of oopper, sHlpliBt4.' of 
nmmintin. and uiber r'^rks. 

Tho ii^eotpr may bo made with a simple elbow iilaced 
within a ootntnon imn U^. in aiuih u nutosar that the liquid 
may paae Ihrotigli tho lee iuuf^tudinally, thi- ellnw being 
in Uio nontre of tho tov, and a pior« of iriunpet pipu uu tho 
inlet of the lee. 

Tiiit noiM> may br (r"»tly ndnoed by piendDg a pipi> 
Willi tmall hnhit for tho steam, or by a gpanlen wateriii^f pvt 
kiud of rose, 



INJKCTORS AND KJKCTORS. 



Three artinks hare horn in nae for many vpan. and roay 
dali< liafk to tbe early days of tbf t>WJc«nilth*tt f'lrge. 
havinK a tiiyero ; for ihp nnM!>pi|ie (n.'Ui lli« liolbiwa, 
eiiiorinit thu ouue, or tuyorCi i» certainly nt time* an 
injector. 

Nest in order of nfre, let the ateem exhaust fnm the 

L.'falMt-pipe of a looomoUre enirine be stndlod. Hers the 

'lilast-pipp is BU inj«rtiir. or rather ejeelor, date abont ISM. 

Kest we hear of il« mm- in I lowanrk Varuom Pbiui. and in 

Om y«ar lS3i we find Thonw Ewubiuik. vf New Vork, iit 

W wora experinuvitin^, imt whcef wind was taken -out <jf hie 

B naila by M. Pillatans, who read a papor tbonoii at lite 



i 



Pst4s Academy of Aifa and S^lenoea, Jnanaiy, 1M3, Koxt 
a< any nute is tiillanl. wbo-e injectors to supply water to 
Bteam bono* are, or nhould he. Imowii by every iwvfaanie. 

Ir0«ctoi^ for Heating Waten, 

We have secii (if not luranl.^ tho flTrxit nf heelfa|[ wstor 
by steiun exuding thooiiifh lti« oiwn end ol a pdapk sboaai- 
|Npo, and the terrible t^w it kk-ke up, but il wenid In) 
simiply ■seleas for me to aay tt d>w« malic tbin nuue. and it 
Is nnw my duty te show'yitn how Ui allLf it, uhI thff 
(oUuwiuif m the best known mcacia. 



>1 



770 



INJECTORS AND EJECTORS. 



Aold Injectop. 

Tir. 1,700 i* mi injvi'tnr. I &xif\ iwtmtv i>f tlicw? iiij"Ui»Ti 
nl Miirf« Cnppor Wrirk.". S«udm4, fur Meurs. U'lUtiinui. 
FiHterft Cu.^kbont MVt'it jrcAn>a^>. itnd f'luad them ('• w^rU 
V617 veil (in lift* atiotil IHft. IbruwiiiK *ulpluite nf ciijijht 
Uquur. Tlivrv wtii* uwdl fin. sUiiit f jin. thit^k) le*il nu-iini 
tti])citt S, ktil Jill. U'lul jiiiH.' fur snolicni al I, N, rhiI l^iti- 
f or rising miiin at (). T)i<- ^U(li»n and rixini^ inrtlu i^I[hi 
lM>ing hiu. tliii'k Iriki), thtiUph n iuiirhli^'bt>^ni[H' woiilil tiuvo 
nn'W<-M<>l fi>r lb»- hiktmii. 'IIh- pHrt> arv as fdllnirii : — A, A, u 
an antini'iiiiii lint<li'iiiv) Iviil i-tiHtin^- lin. tliick, ami jiu. 
tl«nir«F, F, F. N, w thcslcinuiulelnuztlouiaduwilli very 
bnrj Loiul(Aiititui>nuilIn«li : tbi-oittlRt nl thUnoi/lo utnbAUt 
i'tn. to ii*n. [linnu'tKt. All thin l* ih.-(iiuii^7 fixed tirLwrni 







iA 






OtVRET. 



I 



V 



iJii 






¥t». 1,100. 



Um flugw with llio Ivilt" ntid nut* P, F. A. wllIi uii oxtn 
tooB fijuige 1^. E. Th^ inu-tjoti [tip^ U a1m> ttanRrd and 
bolted Cki with Ino iruri rin^m U at O. ntid rval flrmlT on 
^•kxrcr lii]u-iT tank — iMDort^Hl. The mnr P, in mndip of 
• irthouviiri!, wit) tr'nt^l lud nbouc fin. DiIkIi at i-vcn- 
part, and itt al-«> fixid lH'twe«tt BangM viih ir>>D flnayc £, 
1(1 ^rc lidditiiitii'il ntrcn^tb, aad all bolted nciiircljr together 
udonmhod and Hluitni. 

Tho aciluB it nn fiillom: — AuNumlng' tl)i> vboli- put 
tuwt'tbcT a* «xphiiK«l wiih n 'ti-ain cork nl S, tbc iidat IN. 
dippibtr intii a h-ad tauk <>{ ti>[tiar. atul thi- outlet O, bent 
ovi't tlio lop of Hiiiilltcr l>?nd lank : liim on xlrflin froni a 
buLUii tiaring n prr'wiin; «( arLy 1011m. piM" Hiuiiri' im-Ji. tbi- 



fmim iuh« tbxnisb lb* Buzdt'H, and laoreuM In Ttilnme 
in f, HidfiMaBiftplillllnouiiiiuitbflMDiiuBpiiH.' I. >', 
fliiil "vnj" apnofBeaAeBqsorfraiBbalotf, ud ai<plajr>> 
riinnd th<> fmnt cif tbr luiittle N, nhowit by Ihr arm ma ; 
tlaii tbe Kutidi-tvwtiuii aiid llt« prp>u>iin' u( atiaaiu froni thv 
Wilcr, whi*::fa kI«o bwutnm n-titrsetrS nl Uiv nuxitk- N. bj* 
irhirh ilM vlneity is imuttly iticroaAcd uud ihL> UquDr 
U itjuir^i TJiin^U'd witb tbo mitftctiMvl ntcuui. Mid MNk- 
iuiiiii>iitly ih<' lii|Uiir i> drivvn witb ^rvat furi-e inla tba 
OJiH) F, nnd up ilw li-utii; nuiu into tb» lop Uak. 



Th« Principle of th» IrOector. 



Tb* Telocity of eiiMpm^ Bte«m nnd«r a piroi pretMirs 
ia coaaidHmbly mnn- tboa that of hot mtt>^ mm tbe 
■ame boll»r, and at a pro*Mir« of {Wlb«. to llic *qwuv ineb 
the relooitjr oioMi would b« about aaX if to 1. It taott 
be MinanbMvd tbat tbo Mcaping MUMun, w lii-u il i* auddvtUy 
Mng rondeowd by c<niun){ in omttaoi with iIm' .old liquor. 
liiMiK iiiiiU' i.if its vitiiiiitii vvliH-ily. »avf frii-timi fntni tbv 
tiuzxtc X, aiid, t]n-rvfcir«, iin a itniinrt[U(ini'M', afti-r itindiiina- 
tion, ll. bua n bi)Clil,v ponelntluK fol^-t of about eight limt« 
XtvaUT than wiiU-r winild havt fn>«i tbr mmu Iwtkir ; 
tt<'i>i<<' why all iitjrx'-t/ir A]>[i<i«ni tn wurh Aii-nin^t itaetf whf« 
■■Mil l<i ilriiv trv-\ wnCcr tntu Ntvnni huiliTH. 

li TiiiKt aliaj bi> rciRitnlwrnl tliut tho inntnpnt of CTWi- 
dL-iuwtiou it iiuparlH ilii lUMjuirt-il ii:i.'mi'iiliiin tu tbo litjiwr 
l.y whii^li it ■'< LDiiili-Osed und with whicli it fnwiy niin]fk*a, 
»iid ti irui-DU u|i tliF /iyMur or watvi ; huiiM wbt Ibey a: 
Ti^ftd for lioUiiig wat(-r — to be vxplaiittxl. 

Fuithpf, l,7uo i-ubic ini-kva ul x'cAin will, on l>oin^ eoa- 
dfnwd into & mbii? inch itf liqiu>r or wtXer. tntMft 
uii^iiiiiitiiiii itniiiiirh to drivo mid emi^tly liMl>ib» tbo ngtA 
Fubic iiu'tuw i>r wnti-r by oliirb il WD* riiodi-iuwd, ajfaiDaC.' 
thi> Muiif liriitcr fmm «licnr« tli« Mourn actually («dw, but 
lt«m till' iinpiifing fono* wuuld be in iiquilibriutn ; but 
take a Im.* t^^iiantity uf waUT, .Hny Sin., tJiiii th>! iHfAn 
mamantuni mil ovt-rbnlnni-c tbe rvHiBtaut-^ u( ikt- Inilvr 
wuti-r, and tlir niiiigln) iiUiiim nnd vtatrr Kill flow onward 
and Into tint buikr. 

Now yi>u hare rwen how thr ioHvlor work*, it will bo 
plain thur thr luiiior uiiiHt be ■iiKbtly waruiLt] up by tbo 
aint>uiil ul HicHiu Ukrn up by thc> wat«'r. nnd thU Uriii|{ pu, 
Int iw (pi antitbiT way tu work wilb ra^ud tu tb*- sucliuB 
And rinirig main. IiiHlvad u( tlir mirtion gninft into 
a m-paniliT Uiik tii throw wiitcr. Ipt lh« jiijwtiir In- fin 
liorixoiilally a itliintliftauk I'luiiLaiiiiltifthcliqiior tobe boUi 
with nhurt k'ntrtlu (>f Boi'ilon nr i>nUH . thm tarn on I 
Hlt'HUi, and A <viTiliiiiii>uit rlow of iHild Aiid lint wAb^r takea 
plmt! UEiUI tlitr l»l Iiuila, tliu* tiOHrly ditiiiu' away with tba 
nui)i4i iif liip iriit«r )i«rnini>>r, of wklvli nmrr annn. 

Si>iiii>tiiriPt> il u ill happen that you cuuiiot fix the injector 
or WACtr hciLt/T within thi- l^nk. ^'bvn nicli i* xhe <mat 
the inWtor may Ik ftxnl aa i>h<iwn at Fig. 1,701, on Um 
aide uf tbf lunk, nr iis you plmuu^. 

Voii ti-o in Fiuc. 1,701 n ixnncwhHt difforeatlr made 
wkicr-Wiiij^. This U madi' by Uo^xro Korlinir Drolb 
A ]arg«r \'ii>w in ahnwn at Fig. I,7()3, witbuut tlu- w 
tlAn)f^ AU(t nuts, whiUt tlio figuiw t,T04 («>ni«tijiu» 
witli pnrn>liiin] tin- ivhi>k' in oianpk'to and mdy tut 
thir Eiijo-iiir r.i rimiin^ Icodm pipes. 

Refer to Tig. I.7UI. At Ij. i* amall air inlet valve on t»p 
of a ainal) pipo. Tlii* Vithv u Bhuwii in th«t i>nl«rg«d vtew 
Fig. 1,702, and ii> t» ndmil a very uniall (juanlily of air 
into Ih* inje^'lfir jujit at ihf nU-ani inlet : we Fig. I .iM at 
L, nnd by tliii> tbo wntcr Ikimmer mttllng it qmle aroided 
up Ui 11 liuiliitg point. 



itOH 

i 






INJE0TOR8 AND EJR0T0B8. 



silent Steam Water Heater's furtnei* explained 

t bsve at !• nurth eijilBincil the witter hanintY (wtiu-h 
me), but will H)r*in brivfly touch tipoci tb« llutury utd 
inii»!ipleo» wliioti the wntcr lwiit«T* iriirk. It i» Uut tiiv 
Hlfttao hang introducM ia tht funn uf n Jet Moiimt fur 
itw^lfn ocmtiniiiiuti and Mt««dT fxmdiTniUitiou by iadofJug: « 
rarrrvt irf wiilr or 1i>|iiitr tlnvuifrh iha injod'ir; thuu tbi' 
nttUuic or sbikiiig. dtw t<> thu imyfular oaiul«niw,ti(m kml 
siidd«ii MllnpfiDfT uf vteBm boUbleo, whicJi oocura trium thi- 
steam i* t«nt thrviu^ an upon ^ip* iatu the w«t«r. iit alnuiet 
tntiratj' prereiil«l. 

There is, h^wt^rcr, with the ordinwy j»t injoctor -mrt** 
tiiiiCnr II cortaiu amvunt of imiruW i"->aduUFhtitioB, ■ndotu- 
iwriucnt noido, wlvcn thn t^'roporaluro .pf the wuler KVtuiMini 
Co n boillo^ point, whirh in t[LUt» diMpriiaed with bjr tb(i 
itilroductiou nf'Eurtitifr'e vrK-it, Fi»r. I,T"2, fur mil "uppl;. 



Rules to be observed when Ordering. 

I . — Wlietb-T the btuilttr in tit tte plhwd indde or oat/ddr 
the toiik. 
i'.— Promiuv ft nti-Bia nt Um> bnator 




3. — SiM of limt«T or Mifflbor at gaUoaa to be 
per hour. 
1.— Initial ten^msiure of water. 
6. — Piaal tfnpittnturc of natif. 



Hha ' 


ani^ 


Umis. 


tamtmwMi. 


>*o. 1 


IS6 


.. 2 


liO 


.. 3 


MO 


.. + 


7^0 


„ & 


IMO 




Acid Porcelain loiectors (At«fMM<W}. 

Fig. 1,703 i« Kurtjn|{*R ponwlum ncH tajt^tor 
alwiTr* a tnnk for fon'i»H n'^id t<i n hiffiicr ]ttv<j| • ^ j 
"Itwn jmw; V, tb* slmt ulf v>Ivo ; S, Uih' 
JJ, the ruing mua. 




f u. 1,706. 



IN.T! 



778 



Meldrum'i High Lift Acid li^octors. 

Fi;. l.lOd ta (ino of MoIdnim'H ^lohmtod acid injocton 
Linrlft vorr KtTVin^ nnd in rcKuliu metiil, aittl Ft;^. I, TOT imLti 
UluiiLru.ttuiiul iijvI>IduL«t tkflUorfHCiippi'f VVi.'rkb,:j«V)iiiiK-it, 
for Mi:<«nni. WiUUmB, FtMter k Cu., Litoitct]. I [xiritoniilly 
put up u Urgv auabor ol Uieao injeoburs for tif ting sulphuu 



^% 



^ 



J 



I 



\ 



.y^ 



/^ 



m i,m. 



of coppor 1i(|i»irl<> tunki slmrf Iti** Inwrm. Tlnrdntwand 
]ift watiT fully Itifi fi<<t]ietiili<iiilnr 1.t)ryiii)fli n I Un, iMden 
yiipi- fully jin. in (birkDt.'<vi. with burnt joints^ ncO mwv 
irroiit Hstiamction ; a. U tho injortor : h. ttu) KlAiita ppc. 
hft*in^H)«(ikcLri-k vnlvr at i-, to pn-vcnt rhv Add lookiDf : 
ft (f. Iho ntKTtian pi|i«. 



Cortin's {ttott the JutiMHwt iu mmo} Rfigulua MfltAl 
liUectora. 

Kitf- 1 .708 i* tVii-tin'A wall-linuwu nJiable nrid inJMtur, 
KutUbl« fur raixinfr h«>v}' unds, aud cqwcjally oaitod for 
Mitpbatc of uciiuonm plant. I have peiwuuttSy tietl a largo 
titunbcr of those at ran woiHc^ about LnifUiid, Suutlaail, 
WalMi,aiuloiqM>ci*llf Irukud. At DivAILuiicetJu Works 
OuUin, one uf tlio iti<Mrt modern su]pluit« of unnuaiu 



rio. i,»c 

ircrk* in ihn world, tiitrti I fixed stmus for Mrun Suniwl 
Cutler & Som. EiiKiii«er«. MiIIwhII, J.^igidtMi, mitc jenn 
%go, null tWw iiiji-^itnr" ktu aa gmid tO-iluy a^ u L«a put up. 
vxcvpt ImvioK » iii'w iiu^irto or two put in, wbiib luty 
iiitelUKvnt labourer tati riuihko- T abould lj«nr stale tlttt 
the only p«rt« linblo to wear «waj, i* ut iniwtor duccIMi 
Biul io iiinunrin ti) till injoi^toni. 



Air ir>Jector9 and Btowcra. 

Ton imj* M»n the liiHwrvnt Mirta of Hteani iujcciuii nod 
how ibpy work. I will now udd that tbe»e tnjiHTtor!) ran Ik 
made to draw or fonc ut jiifit ofi thry <lkl wsti-r. or iiuttud 
•if Hlr-niii. coniiirruM:-'! air mny bv uat-d in pbicca wberv Hw 
ttet Ktuum woulil bn nuoh wMk^n the acid or otlivr liquor, 
(ir nihrnrUo. 



Water Pr«asure Jet lr\jectora. 

Til pump WMtrr by wnter mav at firat aif^lit appau- 
almn^-. ue vrrt licit- » tlii* in bo he (lone »« fulluwii. 

l''ig- 1,706 is on injector whotw motire powi-T I« du« to a 
liitch prcmuK? slr<»ni of wntor piaring tlirough the pipA D, 
and apjioratiiH K, At a ^rnnt VAli^tj. whu^b will mua* > 
viLC-iium wliicb auokii tliv wulcr lo ba> liftod up th« pipa H, 
and thon forcwi it forward through Ibi.. iii]><< (*, Aaniny bv 
•>e«u, Hiia water jut ukrutur maj bo tucd witb n>nnderabl« 
udvanta^o in eiru' plnnca. iiueh na ninea, tunni If , and 1)m> 
Ukr, Kt> R. A, V. R, n, K. li, (.'. &c, 

Tlicua iiift«li.'iH un> ixlmi rery uiH^fiil to diaiii « wUar 
wbii-h iriAV Ijv ^Qluw ibc main tower. 

Fig. l.ilft illuotrikleit the water jet iiij«clcv on auuh n 
job. B. ia >n ordinoTT aticirt iniun vupply : R, the inj«otor : 
B, IJ, ib«>mi«liiK niain. Fi^. 1.711 i» ilie inj«ln» iiiUr^wl 
>>bi.>wiiiir tbc inlet hitrli | rcaeuro iak't A, tbe •mllct B. and 
Uit) rttminor C. Th*»«i rory ohoap little pomp jeta arc laailv 
1^ Hnwn. Kortinic Broth«ra. 



So. 






2» 
400 

1.000 
3,00(1 



4 •;. 



Jin. 



mJECTOBS AfJT) •FJrCTOT^S. 




rFo. ],7ift 



HEATING BY HOT WATKR. 



77fi 



Stzet and Work, 

In order to kauv whnt axe ftm shuutd nw, fuu nuiBt 
InuiW thf folKiwiriK T Fin>t, liriul "f wftti^r or prrwin* m 
tht wati^ lUHiii . neixrtidljt. thu hoi^lit Uj wLUb ruu rtHjitiiv 
Ui» wNlvr lifCml. 

Yuu luuMt t>e lairful to kwp Uir inl«l «'r Wart liulei frw 
(run ilirt luid »u(li like, anil fix tha |et uh luw ^ [joniible in 
n (loop mvity. Should the jot gtictiftii kirt rhnkod np, junt 
(tir K momi-ut cV^mi Ui« riiunff main xt H, Pi|f. l.ilUi >iid 
thv prewiurv will bvoh cImt Umi l>1iu»t l>i>k'i>. AIk mtv 
¥ig. »23c. 



ainidy ft* endln* pips of laamQ dtatnatvr, lin. or Jin. iniidB 
bora, ud, -aj. Ijiii. to l)in. unUido •liameter, »«r«vmlr] 
tot^tfarr »ith Mt und riKhl lutudod Uinmiln. Tlu- furnt of 
tlu.' IhuIl'T «uti be •ei'n nt d. und in tiulhinK bill n rtigo 
ur a M>il of pipcA, bent ti> fuctn a hiiilvr t>f pipcit or tu otm- 



C 



I 





MU. 1.II2 

Laundry Drying Rooma. 

"nMiraao V*ria«* kiiuU aS drying namw. T'lK. 1,71- 
lUiiRtTfttW tnb wnM)rvd \>y Mi^Hn. Butl«y, imil !■ tui 
nuuugvd thathftbi' iiite n( tboir 'I'licnnoAUtt or Autoiimtir 
Iteipetiilniv ItfitaluUtr. it rim Im' ki-|>t t<> nnr nuifnnii 
hmt, and «ftn W wurknl )•> ■(•-iiiu ur lint wiitor; Fiic 1,71'^ 
livjiiir unii|(ed tu work with Ht«um, 

Wbi-ii tbCM- Mt^-iim or hot wnt^r pifw* arc twcd, r*rr 
rhoitlil lie tnk^n Ut n-ell vviitilnltf LIil> rrmm. li,r uruvidinv n 
fnwli air iiil<-t U*'ar tlir iMittoni itnd a IikrK« nutli^t nt-;ii' lb* 
oelllnu. Hjia will ki-a^ii tliv iwiu from i>w«nliii|f. utuI 1.Ii« 
dotbas will dry rradilj. 

Heating by Hot WaCar. 



ThoramaBOtalol'nM-tbi-dB of lu'uliDir by hot wat«<r (<p 
■uit the va>laiM'plMMTcmiir<^to Ui vriknncal. ForinstAtire, 
jau hav« timly b< ttim infite. 1 .6'il. where you will hm hot 
wntrr pipMi mnniiiir in »ll dirvrticiiw. whirh wilt hmtt 
th«raiu|Mrtiiit-uU ••-cwrdintr t" tbv l-oni.'lh and «in<a <rf tbc 

Si|>OT. Abu examiM Vif. I,&72 : in faot, auy of the Urg* 
Mifmirii' will fprtt Ibfl rradvr nn inititflit tnt'i the prinriplr* 
(•f h^'Btin^ Ur lull wHtW. llic |iriii<'ipiil lliiDV to kM']> in 
vi«w in <|iiii'k irirv' Illation. I will tlii-n>f>>r>.- lirf^in \<v at miiii 
inirvducintr mr ivadiT tu thv Ut« Ur. I'lTrkinn' 'Vkir-in, 
and, allhooirh it U PerUiut' 1 ah^ll Bbov Ur. Oibb^' wit'- 
hpiv (Fir. 1. 713). whi^h is ktinwn m tbr bitfb-prvRiani 
Bjrnt.'M in iU Moipli^l (unu. Tbio, a* un be men, it 



Fm. 1,1 IS 

tain i)it> lir<-, 'i hi^»t Uy fur the Inr^pr quantity of pipinK i» 
tiiki^ii r» ViiiiMija pUrm fiir the bdntiog purpui^N. Ftrr 
inatani^, the flow nip« will be man Ui ounui u» Ihe l«p of 
thu IkA^t mil, it tlii'n riwa a* kt a ,- It tbim paaoea mi to the 
Siu. vT iin. air-liirbt i-xjnuiniMi ttibii /, /, whk-h in for 
roIlerUnff the miall bubhu« nf itlr, and »1m> to mnb> ntfim 
fur the fi/iaiitioH of tbo wat^r, wliicb takcw place n* it 
Iwunif" ktatnl. Of ojurw. if it ytvrv nul fur thin uipwukni 
tnhc the pipcM muhl hnnt. 

On thw cxpikiinion tube at /. in fitlMl k BlKKitf |minnd-in 
pluff nc n Tiilvr, fur nlliiwiDK tlif air to ciii-iipF- whi-n Hllinfc 
th« pipe, thi.-r«'fiir>- UiiK should 1w tin- bi>rh<'>>t juint u4 all 
tliv j>«|Kni. O. ix ()»■ fitlinfti-ap, whivh is liltol with a pluK' 
or at tinieH it will li" i^ifer to nil tlti' pii>rK fr<>in hchiw. wty 
rntnewbrrr "■U tin- piptn A, ur <<. TIiih liiliiix in duti)' witlt n 
fiinn' punip, i-nrr irii.g takt<n to kii'p pimipinfr nntil i^ll the 
air bubbltui nrv •■KjH-Ui'd out »t the uir >n1>o /' < >f fturio, 
the boik'Tci'il i> built in brickwork, tn a Hiuiilar nuantu r 
\o that whtiwn at Fijf. l,7ll. >u thnt thr file ran )rtl nil 
round both uJ'h nf Ihc pipos. Or innti^ad uf Itnckw^rk tli« 
topoa maj be *n<'l>uiod within an inin (a>», n* abowa at 
riKii. l.tlSand I.DH. TIiik in KL-utun Uil'b»' fiimitw. moA 
in Inrintlj' usod io nux\j of our largem publii! iind nrirnte 
I'Aiildintr*. mA is well worthy of jroiir nolioe. ai he is a 
iiiaili't nt Ilia work. 

Thin wytUim of hot wntnr healiutf teuoitva l«'m wntvr 
than any otlMT, JUOft- nf pipiiift can bo Keid goinir with 
half a pint of wab^ por week, wturJi in ntny to n.-ple&ia]i 
withoni tiuikin]^ ■ uub|«ke. 



HEATING BY HOI WATKB. 



777 



Hydraulic Press Pipe Joints. 

In thn B,v>UMn of liot wutvr work it u T017 importeiit to 
have tiiclit j»ititf, nd tli« inaat Inlcupt wouM Ajiot] tho 
actiuu ui tlie npji&nttuii. BesklMi, with thtH Hyst«n, tlwra 
In &t timcii « vprjr h«ar>- ptmutun, iltM to th* (mi tint iihen 
thcwalvTcs^jwidiiltotilyiaalluw-edtofexpttiuliHtu ilit- uir- 
tiglit exp&ruu<m tobo. and in order thnt the jointeafaould 
b« p«rf«i:t!y Boiind, and ronuiin ao. the invantur, IVtlnnii. 
aitnptod H li;ft and tiffbX, luuidtil vcrew fur tlui crado iif liia 
u pipw, and owd a onpper ditc fur tbe end of tb« mpca U> 
irrind or out thomaclrcH inln. piiniliLr to thu nnintm cad in 
t'iji. 1,71T. Or at olhor liniw* Uii* ttna f^nactt rhf pijm m 
uhwIl' wilb fctuule oouw and iual« cone, to cut iUtelf ttitv thv 
and cf «a«:li ulliiir, niid ^^ form a ponevt joint witbout a 
<m|>pcT diM or other lackiuff media. 



SIzH Of FuniACOS for Heating Dirfercnt lengths 
Of Piping. 



Ivonjrth of 


Width of 


Heif^ht of 


LunjtlhofPip* 


Fnnioce. 


Ptiroaro. 


I'urnace. 


Ht»t«d. 


Ift. 6ln. 


tit. 


2ft. ein. 


3?ift. 


IfL Gin. 


Ift. :iin. 
lit. »ii). 


:tft Oin. 


42ML 


■ift. 9io. 


:ltt. 3Jn. 


TOOft. 


3f(. 6iii. 


fft. 9in. 


Dfl. Uin, 


inoirft. 


5ft. Oin. 


2ft. (iiu. 


;Kt. yin. 


•inwifu 


5ft. 6iu. 


?h. fliu. 


.IfL viu. 


25«tft. 



■\'\r:'-/-.' '^\-.™^vV\" 



.'-/■.■^.■■.■■■.•.J|jfc'.V,WvV.VjY , 



nit. i,;i:. 



Hot Water Circulation iCaUM of). 

Tho (Hit.iiinnf tbix sirsU-ni in lut folliiw»: Supjxwc tlii- 
pipi-'t to Ik- fu]) of wutL-r :iud i> flru ^iiijf, ibe wnt«r mkmi 
((»li< hot Biiid t\nw pipmidn, und iit oito brooRK* of la» 
Mpwlflo ^rrarit^. Therefurt* if t)i« wutvr cxpiinda, find 
becwnes ligbtor for lis bidk. It most DMM'Bsarilf riat* up ihe 
pipofl, Fiff. 1,713, whioh it dot*, und lhr-nc« ronnd or along 
tlic iri^ I/, and down from f lit r, thim^-.' to i and again to 
ihu IxiiW, whfTctt axnin f(i>t« hent«d. nnd sHll beovnwo of 
Iww wetirht Imlk for hii)li. O-jnj^qurnilj' tbr water witliin 
thcwpipCfl is f-«i^(tiwillv fir th*' inDTi>. ami Howa at & rate 
to be dc^trtTniiiwt by tlie tlifferenue in ttte tcmmratiira and 
conanjueut d('n*ity of thn itacndinK and d'eoconding^ cnluinn* 
of water witfaiii the pipes » and A. Of oourse, the water 
at UkO ooanneoeoBumt of U^htiog tha firs morofl slawlj. 
incfoaalng in minnitrat nanh cittramviiliitian, and will oimi< 
tinnn inravinln^ uilIUii ]<uint in tempenlnrv U r«aehed, 
»}icii tlio watrr ran absorb nonwre beatduriuK iWpanaffc 
lound tbe &n coil. Ilnm the wati^r beeomea Rta^nutnt, and 
irmiiiii* Ml, no loutrantbcuquilibhuiaiaeatabUabcd between 
Iho two ntliinuiH of wntar. 



Circulation of Water Reversed (Cause of}. 

The monncnt one column bMomfa the lonst nolder than 
tbe other tht wnU-r agpain i> mt in mnlinn, whpthvr it hr 
tbe flow «r retara ; theretuFe, yoB nv*. that it in i]U)t« wm- 
riblv Ui roTvnra tbv ocUon of the bot wator wlihin a now 
and return pipe. ThU ia often done in the ordinary hot 
wat«r work, when tliere ha|)]ienii to be a dnW'uff fixed on 
Ihr n-t(ini ]>ip''. x-iid [ hnvii seen it conUime fur liouni 
iog'ALvT worlttu^ in tbts fuiJuoD 



I may My thai T hare ulwnyti worked to near alwit 
ibtw* alSMi. and hnrn alwayv found tliiiii to unrk 
Mitiafaetuifly. and if tho fumiu"- bon itud flu(« am 
prnpfriy orrnii^cd will iiiie pvtfiyt Miltttfocllon. At 
4>n>- iif my hot wnttr fole, -Daniily, at tho Hwpitnl 
fur IiicunblLti. I'ulnry lleAtli, I ftnind th<! above i>i»ca 
•nfficicnt to wiirk Hi wr tent, imiri' pipinfc than I 
Dxpeutwl it to do, wbli'h extra pipe won itddH «f(«r 
I bad eoniplcted my fiivt contract, and to iliin day 
coutinuta to work well, although row nearly tweoty- 
nino yeeia ago. 



Wrought Iron Woided Independent dollars, known 
as Newton. Chamber* It Co.'s Olympian. 



This boiler, whieh la Meoars. Fonter & Dawaon'a Palwt, 
ia Ahiiwn at Pi^. 1,718 and l,il». It i« very 
elTectlve, and twouomloiil, and lean ret-yiBunend 
the water i* not too hard la cauae maeb fur. " 
racMt KiiituIilR boilem for uhnreihaa, imblir 
niauaiuiK. and K''^*^'^l'*'''<*ea. N.B. — [ havi 
your attention to the fur depoait. bul if 
caution Drceamry (ave Cbrnuod W'lrk of Vt 
tliia woA), you can nae sonu-tliing to prere. 
will not injure the work. I leave you thb 
fur youneif . 



HEATING BY HOT WAT£B. 



t7» 




--■W,-P.L 



fin. l,T«- 



Utp tnb*«:*wtl»rin(r«Buuf brJfvi.lM inw frtoniwlB rooh 
n niMiaet that Mrh K^uup nan *» inilrprnilfnt linruliiUuD. 
Wb«ti Ihn wnlcr cifritlnUv IhriKiich Uif i^rlioder of tnbMi 
hi tb« CDMiiKT dnt tiH-iiti<iiiw], » MOfclc Row undivtum 
fripc lA UMd An- wnrvjlog It nuud tfa« boiMing to be 



tinuniw cin'tilaiinn Ihronvb <)>« «bahi. ar ntir i)n4ml nart 
of itiv wbok uf the tulKi*, ituicMl uf hnvipfi mi indi-pundnit 
clrcnbtlim for «u-h XTmip. 

It iHll ha aetrn ikat thin c-irclr of liitir* fomu lh<- inlcTBal 
|mrl uf Uw lirtfptaoe. 




rio. 1,1 ti. 



bwled : \mi wbon Uw: liibcn «p dirlilra tnt<> gronps, ■ flow 
and relom pipr i« cmi'lnj-.*! fiu- «w.'h imiuji. 

If liwirttf, Um- fltiif wi|»' "f »•«" (m-np mnjr Im rtwnwUil 
In tlie ntont ]npc of tbc oUi«r, and vo uti, ti> wuao a ouu- 



Fi«. 1,732 illuKtntUstbepipesiiupnorledarcrirrft.wSft. 
upon Iran aUDilarda flcmved to Ikft floofiiiK. aiHl Fi)r. 1.723 
ilTiMlraloa thft ni piDft att«]vaH«d upon wall piiH' liiix'kvts 
snd ncK-(U no fiirtlirr deicriptiuii. 



mjmtM m wn w 









»i m 



'''InHtl^^ vMSHMPr ^^BW^^r 



•Mum ff iWM» tik lk« aviM bwlOt/ , vtk^tm* im^tittk tM 

■ '^ ^^WJ^^^Wfl^ or W» Bl #44iRIH4 •■BMW l# IH^R^IV flW 





If & now i« «B*y mmI t^ 

iwl ■■fcjeci inritfatiBa. it dm^ W 

■t m VTVB liM|niiim tgr citmWaiMt tW sk 
in at tlM hwn Md OK at Um to^ trf tb 
ndlatnr, vtthMit »*— ***'-f vKtenMkT air. 

Kn aratoa of T iiulfl i U i Ki ia cututOrtr timl 
dOM OBt Bn>*UB for tW ckJt of fuol air •• 
««U M (or lb* ■ i tw i iwlnn at tn^i air. Tlw 
uMtvta alwraU fa *I1 taaas ba Kmmlar in mw 
ihMn tha inlcta, and Hhonld (« dw|popad w 
U>«t tbn bittir. air will kwccji ovnr Uie ^ji.^f-»« 
•inMw IjirftFir iigwioM an uallfft. In mmiic csoea 
tlio >mtla<t« Mtft beat Dear iba floor, in 
iluty nrc IvUor tu«r die twUiuu-; i:4nnun 
RlanoM vUl altruva delonniiic wfaiuh is Um 
hilt jioMtim). 

Hurvpy". piU-tit ni<li«tnr* mn hmacd of 
Miiii'ul. Kiii)fl(T nr (liinlile tiibca. A wuufI* 
i<i';i»i>>r iM furntcd of tubw, euoh of wluUi 
L'anLaliw twu waterways and nno fr<»b air 
piMMgo: adiiuble radiiUoir it fomiod of tubm, 
oanh of wbidi ouatHina four M-ntervAVH luid 
twti tnA air powuKW, AH the watt^^rwara 
nrv iNmnootMl at ton and buttom. Tli? tnbof 
itrr IimU-ooA tiigotoer at top and botbim aa 
tbiit tlHT« ia H]uitl twDtnuiitm and expaaMo* 
nt oaoli juint. 

The ttibea nro fixtd Lato a muuldcd baae 
fitted with alidUiir ^imdlatotB at ^u-h 'r^ 
to allftv/ air fr»ni a nma tu tnbc with tlie ooU 
froali itii-, wliifih rjin \m ndniitl«id Crwi tta 
■ lutwdn i>f a biiildliiK, thiu (firiiur nif* 
hwliliy lit'fil. "^ 

Tb* ^-mililntuM In boao can be AUol «o «» 
tu i^nt off the air fnon the oiitalde and -«-'B 
ndnut tliK air fttno a room, or rttr rrra4. 

. top is fonatd by a mauUad cap wiik 
•n allflvr tho varm air. wbiah o^mm 
i^ U) paaa intu tbe 



IP 




HBATINO BY HOT WATEB. 



T88 



Keating Capaolty. 

A Hiti^lo tulie ia equal Ut CX Unevtl t^l <if 3 Ineli, 4) Utioal 
fe«t uf :i iDi'li, 31 lineal fvct of 4 indi piplnx. 

A rndiator with eUb «» tlio tnlx-Hcantiima Ift. ain. of 
4 lni\h piping )xt t(ib« man hutinir ■nrfniv. 

A tiil» itu!iiatir<« 2iin wWe, anu u nuUiitor cui )« wade 
•JIT Icn^rlb u|i U) 9 (twt lony. 

ritr. 1.730 in n Hlngte tulv ndiAtor with air |)«iu«iift« 
UiHThnfrh Uir middle of the tiilm, fiir quick IxviliaK- Tho 
nir \anmai tkraupli tbp Mltdp «l tlic tailtotu, up tllv tulwn, 
mill nai mt tbe Uip, wbivh can bo rr^Uted aa dedirpd. 



Heating Houses by Steam. 

Having seeii Bniloy's "Uiani kcttlo, Dvim and liiit pfattr, 
it will be cnvr to uDdcnttand lb«t bouMs, fto., oto be 
n-nrnind bv Ht<^im. ThlA ta shown at F^k. 1.731- 'Hui 
wnniunff pipen nuiy ho t&kon knywhov iiMnt thf hnuM) 
vrliilst at tbc Mm« timo, a Kood iMippIy »f but water ran be 

Crided, M »bown In the dleginm. At tlie top of the 
laa in e tank hkriag a Ht^ani inlet and outlet pipe, diie 
cioil ia miimutided bj tbf wntor ttopnlied liy the nnwl feed 
(-ixtom on tho I»f t, with bnlt mick in th« twunl niMinar ; 
and III tbi» luauuer u tpwd Huppljr of bgt water b 
kept up. 




PlO. I7». 



I 



Warmth and Du»t by Hot Water Pipe Heating. 

Many of my hnHlirtn hnvo notlcrd that in bi't wnler 
pin- bcatiiiK' tlu're >« alwayii a lutRUtn: du^l tlian vehcn 
licttlinfC hy tJiti onliiiiiry a\wn flrvpliw. When a numi i« 
hfittiil by an (iTHin flreplaw, the uir i» alwayn int>tv«>Id Uiaii 
when hcuUil \<y hot wairr {lipeu. bcL-auoe the air b ooolw 
than till- thinK'< '" ^be itxiai. And the beat peaeea noee 
r«>iulilT ihroudrb without h"aKii>r Ih*' air itndf. Roons 
warml-d by hot wntor pipw, the ail- ilwlf g«t» the hent. and, 
Ih^rvlow, warAcr than th^ llilugrs in ihi' mom. Now. for 
the doat. WbiA tlx' air in wnrmrr thiin the Holid HnfaatanDea. 
it depodle iU HnolEe, &c., upiin thr solidH: but wh<^n the 
■ulida ui» wiinner than iJiC air. a currwit in t^t up, wbifii 
kwpa off ihc duKt, except the lariivr or hi->ivi.-r mrtlolea, 
the w^ht of whiufa ov«»aince tht^ repolidon of tjiu warn 
bodlee. Hera ia a molrcnlar bambaHlairDt or nudeodar 
impeet at the eurfaw, wjuoh delia« du«t jmrtielae liidgiiig 
on hot Uidiee, hut drivw them to void ones. 



^ 



4 



w t : ' i* " ! " 



vn. i.no. 



Til 



784 



HEATINO BY UOT WATKR 



Boiler StatistlcB. or Hot Water and Steam 

Thermometer*. 

J^i^. 1,732 is a hundjr inntrnment iniul« by Motwr*. 
Bniluy, wbScli nuijr lir wrniwod inUi Mny kind <>f pipe or 
txiiler for ragutcrins teat. 

"Dm itunwaMtor u unlicntcd on oa« aide of the hcaUi la 





'■H 



r?. 




Via. )-,rn. 



ma. i.rajL 



Fiihr. de^'Oi, and au rli«i otlirr in n-iAtirc Ihr,. pivwurc. 
Tb«f tiHrv nci ■tuning biixiw, thi' biilli IjoIiik >'< " ■»t--tal 
oiKWni, wbivL !>• ti> ))r fill«4 wiUi iticniury to lirinfc tlio 
liest ID motallio voiiiai t witli thv tclnM. Tbis am»ip-iui'iii 
ennblM the tnb" and a 'iilo t" If tnkrn a%~ilj, liMivinK U>i' 
[uj>ple lu iu pUoe witbuut br«iiluii|f the juiul, und the 



arrnnertnciit prcvfttitfl tlw Imiikn^Kr of tubm eo 
ibiB rluBB at tlii'nii<>u».-U*i. Ori^finnUy tUNnjiiwd 
with IViley*" Slilwi!! hwitin-, thi-y liiive bix'ii wlof 
iiiiiiiy othtT t<'«Ciii(c i>iiriM>i'p» wlicw acciirmy u 

Villi will Mf timt. tJii" inK|.riini4<nt ftititwora HA 
mot^T. nnd ilI»o &/• a prweurv gftUffv. 



EX.OnNATI0N QUESTIONS. 



rAQK 

Id what irny do irfi di>p<nid npon tho Biwr ThuBM 

f'lr the mnior pnirtioit ft t\w prwM-nt wnt<M- ■it]>[i]jr 

to Liiiuliiny iind liiiw i» thin tiriT iiupiiliiil'^ ... ItliA, SOS, 

3C7. »0«. rJ3, 4M. 4Bfl. 501 

Whflr« doM tlip wutor, »» a ruU', come from tlutt 

NiipplirM ahalluw or wtml it Airm-CiriKit ch1Ii-<I flu- 

face wb11«P 5C», .170, *c. 

How an.' urtcaUiii waHh mipplied with wnUu-f' Both 
Idniis, vie., ohalk aucl Mobto w&ter bodj> 

TlfwrriW tkti JiiintH iiHrtl in iirli-xian wi'll tubiii^ ... 372 
DoiHirilK' tnru diffi'ix'iit lai-thuiLi uf buriiitf au nrWtilaa 

well i72 

Dosciib? the mcMt •rimpto itnd nrndj^ wo.y of cleariiig a 
wtOl (if cjirlimiit? fujd ... ... .,. ... 

DcMiriW tbu Riiilcl(i)( Hnd the flttlu^-iip of a wooduu 
pump, with biu'k«t anil olui'k 376 

Ehwxioci four ditftirr-nf kmdn iif pump btirlcittH iind 
four dilTiTPiil kiiiiLi uf climk ralvcn. and wbcrt- rttvh 
i^aM ol Viuckft. IT rulvp khoiild l»- iim?*! ... ... 

Describe Ihu ti'-tJnn '.'f n lift uiid JTK-k ptimp. and tbdr 
dJfl^riMiRM ill tNHiiitructiuii 

Dewrribi" the proper puAitiou for an air uhambcr, a^ 
thf ni/" Hoi-xirdiiifr to th» qwintity of wiit«r puraped 
■t MK b strxilci,* 3SI 

Having a jtiek pitrop to fix wboiK well jji IUQ yards 
front the ptimp. ttvo well being 7ft. dnp. th<' riw in 
tliv griHinil iif 7ft., wlml precaution would vnu lali(> 
Ui «tuiun< ttie ptunp wiirlriiig liicht, aiid witbbul 
nJ Hffim i w y 'T ubHlt«rin;r. ne it in iionietini<.>8 called? HHi 

Denrritic Ow method of mukiiig- ii hrk piunp fmin :tin. 
inpe ur bamsJiu)?, williuul Unul, and dHaicrilw hovr 
ydii would fix it ; alw> tiu- U'-'oeeaMrv wix>d work 

38fl. 3«t, 390 

Dt^tiribi' thp niokitiur nf a 'IjOtuIuii rA*t Iciu) jack 
pump, and tin- lut'tiKnl i.'f fi:iiu)f ... ... ... 3!tfl 

Wlint ■■ a ci<t«rn or ooniinKrxiK primwl pump? 387, 3>>K, 

406, 1 1» 

DMcribe A ■'onunan wtyll irindlaM. and give l»ngrh 
ppr IfVi*, lUyonlitig' to tho siji« of drum, for miv 
ntnn itxuHtti^ IC'Ibii. ■>» luviT.'tu wind up nnotbor 
wliosB woiifht I* IS'.illj-. 

D«arribo by iltuBtratio:i the inuthod of nlingin^ a 
Imijjt-h "f pipn int" >i W<41, liy two lialf bitrlion iiikd 
n huikI'' b"!' hitch ... ... ,,. 

Wbut i» au Abyduinian pump and tube weD, and how 
arr they fixtKl ^ :IUI 

DcMiribn throA mitthodit of fixing ami tilting up nf inm 
pump* with frosl. L-bM;ka, aliiu for ftlackii reudlly gijl 
nt for TOpoim 3M, 3»3. 394, 4w. 

Wiat in H polonnd plTingttr pumpP ... St) I 

Drnoribe une niiidc- nf b^d nnd iih>o M bt>n ... 39&, ftc 

What JR a piLFty wall pump? Deitcril)^ (be lame and 
oecvmury fitt)nif> mnncyrtcd tlwrowith ... 3tfS. 391 

Deaoribo a levbn tmrr-l polituiLil ptiini|r<^ pump, with 
air chamber, and for a -veil buft, dn-p, uiid tbu 
method of dra«ring, ntpniring, ind reaottinji ibo 
luwor otaok box ; abio wliut to do !u <'n«- thi« [ultcr 
ahould b« n «piiidlp \-alv<< tUS, ite. 

DoMiibo ■ piMon Iind pUingnr ptiinp 

DoMirihe ntnuuiphcriL- ]un«uiv, niid tin- bydroDtatio 
paradox ;)9A 

DofitH) IIhi Fvlationfliip bvtM-wa drolai nod aquoi-ca 'ifi& 

What aiae Dump biun^ wonld you flx fan • wcD SOOft. 
deep, and alao for a well 18(t. deep fo^ oiut mui to 
«vrk with H li<v«r of< to 1 F 396, 397. Ac 



PaAii 
What in the wHght per aqiuiiv ineb of a eubie fool of 

wnli^. i>tnndin^ in a 3i». muiul P^V^ '^'"l ^he height 

iif thi' nAint-y I nii-iiii by tUi- n'r-i^lil ibi- wvi){bl rtt 

the V^fufH of ihc 3iu. pipe A1m< t»)l nir thr^writfbt 

nr prepare of the water lialf truy uv i^*^ ■■f'l V^V 
DeanniM a wood nnd alMi nn into wcU itagn for a 

Uuvc- throw pump ' ... ... 

How would you^tiifTapnmpHtuffiAgbaxf 

How would you draw Hud fix, or m>£ a Miokcir box or 

cloak in the lL<aden Jack pump? 

What U a hantrlng pump ? iOO 

Denoribe and give dmwing of a ImdiMi JttcJc atid 

pbingT> pump I oinlmii'd tii fiirni var piUUp ... ... 401 

Oivi- a litwripiiiu, with drawing, of a tiraM lift pump 

no woodvu plaak 401.402 

Dcacnbe an iron fmmo with wheel and piunp for 

■halbiw wi-ltii 400 

Whm ifi II pump Ncrew dog wr*m-h ^ ... ... ... 402 

UuurHbe the uiUon of <i plumber'* forov |mnip with 

rriufling tiox : alto on<^ wlthimt MnfUng box ... iOS 

DuK'riljf a 1m-r*enginie pump fixed, with iikfiteh ... 40S 
Ueacribe a poln tiiul pliingpr piunp, and when tltay 

arvmntmlly iiK'd 404 

'DeMflbo a dut-tlonleiM pump iDf 

UcacrilM' a enntinnouD lift And plunger pump, nnd 

whrrs rbciy Mhgnld be u«m1 ... ... ... 4t)fi 

DpviHIn.' II double notion or oiwtinuona foor-valvs 

pump 406 

D«icTib« n (jiiiMlmph- lutinn nhip fin!«eBgine pump 407 

DmcTibii a dinphngm pump ... 407 

Otvo a dc«cri|)tLou tuid drawing of a lift pump with 

wetion of well. Bay 30ft. uc«p. vliuwing nictiua. 

riaing ntniii. nnd warning pipe, with wocaen plank 

tfttMugninat buiiw wall 

Deacribe an air pomp 

Giva dniwing of Huma aUR« tolim^ and pump !>tatrttig 

Htttid in a wdl SAOft.deop fi-om bottom to top, 

Noitnble for a three-Uin>w pump. Pump« not to 

boshown ... .. 

Duoribu a vibratinir lever for deep well pumpa, with 

tbadTsnk 412,413 

□MoribK n (MMt-iron frame, ltllitnbh^ for a wdl SOOft. 

dnop to work Sin. pump by tici- itmii with thv 



411 



410 



nMWMUTOOg whMilii fur r^uvinu ... 4I4,415,&«. 

Oeaoibo. by drawing, a pamp tBiiimtur or oountor 



417 



4IS 



419 



Deaeribi' a' water d«ptli 'indicnlor to moMim lh« 

d«pth of water by au- pRnwure 
Gtveitn illufitmtioii nf n woll 40ft. dwp. I3ft. away 

fnim w)ii-ni thr luLndlela lobe wnrkvd, ahowing tlw 

nuciHiMiry nx^lditg nhafllng, witli iwika and plnm- 

mer box 
DGwribo an oTcnhui, andpnhul, and brvaot watar 

whwl. and bow to culculAte their powor VU, 424, Ac 

Wbnt is A m^ wheel, or aprookift ? 424 

Wluil. inaOimrd wntnr whpoU ... ^ ... 42A, 4X8 

What ij< tlio n<'tion of a tiirhiuef ... 430, 437, 428, 4M 

DexeHbe una or two idmpic dn-«ngtne puropa 
Can the stoam fire'Cngino pump bo uMd for thicr 

purti'men^ If to, what? 
Ili*i.'Tilje itii> biHt jel noaxle duitable for RT«-en;^ea 

and founluins, and what pcnnt* are iwccnary to 

iMi'iir* pfTfiv't arliiai ... ... ... ... , 

DwiTiliu tiiu ditfc'i-Liit kinda uf Rproulem (or ft 

noxxlM 



786 



EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 



I>escribe Uie speed vhich water would harrt to trarel 

in the shape of a ball to oieato a Taouom bohiikl it 435 

Deecribe a rotary pump 436 

Deooribo an hjrdraulio proas 437 

Describe the method of cupping a cap leather suitable 

forpumps .. 437 

What is a boiler and cock tester P 436, 437 

What ie a Nora apparatus for fixing in -wellsP 366, 438 
Descnbe a horse gear for a deep well pomp, and the 

best diameter for the horse to work iu comfort ... 438 
What is the Deoeesary precaution to take when fixiug 

windmills to ensure a good supply of wat«r at all 

timesV 439 

Deaoribe bj Bectio^ the working barrel, steam cyliudet, 

with valves, of a Worthingtoa pump, and state 

the peouliarity of its action ... ... ... ... 441 

What IB a water motor f 442, &o. 

How many inches are there in one imperial gallon f... 443 
What is the cubical contents of 1 cwt. of water P ... 443 
What is the height of a oolunm of water having lib. 

pressure per square inch at its baseP (theoretical)... 443 
Desoribe the loss of head by friction passing a 6in. 

ordinary water-pipe bond whose angle is 90" ... 444 
What are the contents of a pipe 2in. diameter and 

24fLlongf 445 

How would you find the flow of water by gravita- 

tionP Deecribe the rules 

How do yon know the power of a horse, and what is 

the best length of lever for him to work with when 

walking in a oirclef ... ... ... ... ... 446 

What rules do you know for rigging up pumps 

suitable for, say, l-hurse power? (Gft of water 200ft.) 
State fdzeof three-throw pumps for a weUl&Oft. deep, 

with horse gear having oogs multiplied 8 times, viz., 

the large crown wheel working in sheaves, the 

orown wheel being eight times &&t of the sheave 
Describe the action of a pulnometer ... ... ... 448 

What in an hydraulic accumulator? 460 

Describe why leaden pipes become split in houxpn, 

frost excepted 457, &o. 

Describe the action of an hydraulic ram and its pulso 

valve 

Describe the size of ram nuitAblc for throwing water 

to supply 100 gallons per hour to a height of 36ft., 

having a fall of 8ft 

What is an injector ram ':■ 461 

What is a ram like that will work with foul water, 

but delivers clean water, known as dean and dirty 

waterrams!' 

Give directions for the management of rams, and how 

to start and stop the same 

What is the water hammer in steam pip«>s f 468 

Do yon know anything about Loudon and its original 

water supply ? If so, give n general outline of the 

same 
How are rain clouds formed F 493 

How do you account for ice being formed in caves 
and caverns during the summer, and to thaw 
inthewinterP 493 

Why is rain the origin of springs P ... 366, 494, Ac. 

What are the natural reservoirs up the Thames valley 'r 
Give a brief description 494,496 

Can you depend upon a constant supply to London 
without cistems to be provided by the consumers P 496, 568 

State a few reasons how water becomes contaminated 



stare the use of fioodsF 

What are the use of geysers P , 

What are the best warm springs you know of in this 
countiy, and do you know anyuing of their quali- 
ficationsF If so, state them 



Do yon know anything about the tenestrial hsKt of, 
say, two miles below the smfsoe of the globe? ... 

Are the hottest geysers continnoiu in action f ... 5(6 

What are the component parts of marble, and has 
marble anything to do with anbtcrrmnwui carhoaic 
addP SB 

la there any country where they have to dire for 
drinking water F If so, where 1* .. Ml 

Is there any town abroad HUpplied with water from 
England P If so, where t iad where doee the wal«r 
gofromP ... 

Do you know anything of water analvBtn^ ? If n, 
tell me how vou detect carbonic acia, sulphnretted 
hydrogen, alkalies, and ammonia ; alkaUea fixed, 
metalUo and earthy carbonates, and poisonoui 
metals, say, for instance, iron, lead, zinc, copper, 
antenic and barium, when held in w^ter P ileacribe 
the process in any three cases ... 

How does lead become oorroded by iron, when 
moisture is present P 

What constitutes permanently hard water ; also what 
eonstitntes temporarily ham water:-' Hi 

How do you know when water Is contaminated with 
chlorine? 5-21 

Describe the properties of sea water ... ... ... 52a 

Describe a few of Uie sulphurous titles and the pro- 
duction of the same ... ... ... ... ... 625 

Give a method of an analysis of plumbers* solder ; ahio 
anaualysis of lead and antimony ... ... 525, 52fi 

What are the component parts of standard aoi^ 
solution? ... ,,, 526 

Describe how you would take Hamples fnr analymng 
water, and what care should be used ... ,.. 5*7 

Micro-germs and their names. Do you know any- 
thing of these P If so, who were the flrat and 
most prominent investigators ? ... ... ... J2S 

What is the weight of a cubic inch of leadP ... ... 630 

How would you discover and divide microboH P 

How would you divide microbes or chemicala ? ,,, ftjo 

What is a weigh of lead, a fodder of lead, and a 
clove of lead at the present time F ... ... ,,. 532 

Describe how you would do ordinary cast-iron water- 
main pipe jointing. Give description and full-aixe 
longitudinal sectional drawing in a 4in. caat-iroa 
pil)e joint 532,^ 

What arc the principal pointH to look oat for -when 
Bclcctiug leaden pipcsP ... ... ... ... 53i 

Describe by sketch a driving ferrule, straight screw- 
big ferrule with union, a valve screw-down ferrule 
with union, and a stop ferrule with union 535, 636 

Give description and drawing of tupping a 4in. main 
under pressure 537, 538, 639, 540 

Give MX drawings of different plumbers' unions 

640, £41, £42 

How would you make a joint with two ends of lead 
pipe, where solder or burning could not be em- 
ployed? 541, 642 

De8:;ribe a square way, a full way, and a round way ; 
also a screw-down stop cock, and the places where 
the different cocks would be mi>st nuited for 

What ia a riveted bottom, a screw bottom, a plain 
shank, a square shank, find screw boss bib cock P... £46. 

646, fcc. 

What arc the must important points to be looked 
after when selecting and fijcing a ball cock and 
ballF o47, &c. 

What is your opinion of waste preventing valve 
cooksF Can you recommend any one in particularp ■•* 
If so, what is its principle and qualification, and 
state which ia preferred for high and low pressure 

06O, 651, &c. J 



EXAMINATION QUEBTIONS. 



789 



872 



688 



Water baUs. 'Sow ia jaa. taet tiwia tor Hoandnora 
and atraigth F &6i 

Bitll TiU^'Mi. T}<aoribo a few wliltJi jroii woiild »- 
commend for prowunB nuTin^ from 20lt. to 300ft. 
Nunw will bo mflldent, but givo yottr roii>ogii< fur 
TOoommftD ding them &63toA£6 

Dtvcribe aliurt Mid long builor KT««ni, ainfliO uid 
double nuts ; aln iraaLen utd wmIm for Mat« uxl 
inm ejatenu, wub bsnu wid batli*. OivBU roui^h 
(■Icmtinn of f-At'.h ., fi57. A.IS 

Buililiii^ mijiplini. What arv the pdatM to took out 
loi wbcD tajODg H buildinir oiipply Ui a hou*« ? 

M5, iia, fto. 

Dexoribo ono or tiro fire liTdrant valrca fifiO, AOO, A82, 663, 

M*, f>67, 60H 

What ia a Barker's mill, al»u what is ii in»k>a whUt 
tncUX!^ Uuto tbcir ua«« and abuMH fiSl 

Snrfaoo cdvcn. Wlial luivo you to look out for when 
chooxiiitt a turfaor- ooTer? ... ... ... ... C6fi 

What is a watvr or ncid eittr ? 568, 669 

Dntnriht^ n rjlindcr tank ciitt«m eulublo for conatant 
»u]i|>lioi MS, 569 

Dwwnlx'Kilnublo valvfi Ktnad pout 669 

Wliiit hr- oieimi outlut \Apo air miilflc» forf 07C 

Hovr M-im]i\ you uunfllnuit uu ovvHhwiag vvl\, so ui 
tu nliut dawn tiie water at will, and Wiuvt preoAU- 
tinii woiilil yiju tokr to miuiitun the purity of U)« 
wiiI(.tP 

Make iQfl u Hquarc equal iu iircn to a ^iven cinlo, u 
near aji toii oan, nhowtn^ by what jfoomotrl^'ol mlu 
you wo« it 

Denoribe br jj^euuietry the diff^r^nce b«tw«pn wn oral 
and an pbipBo 603, &c. 

Gir^ tnotlio arml unntt^ti* nf » riirht-an^fLcd trian- 
gular jiiooo of land, wboKo ha»a in 7(t. |iD., aiid 
iriuwe perpandiouliir is Jft- jiu , luid tlw hm of a 
nrclBuniMr H«pm<;tici;I, vquul in arv«, both fteo- 
raetf^rally, and with plitiii ti(o»^ - 

Qivoa ruiigli drawiu^ uf a tlmv iiod a two ahcaro 
paU*f block with full pro|inrly riggn] up ... 

The erab or windhun, Oivu mv » briuf dONcrlption, 
Mhcfwliig its rompound power, with first and imwii- 
thrv wbocl*. with and without a two-Nbcnve bUxik 
wi.ff«ll 

Dt-Bcribo fi Wenloii diiTavoUal pulloy 

Orrc a rou^h drawing of a 'iin. jnittvr drip, Hhowtnir 
thl^ hi'ianlin)f. the undnr clonk and over cktoJc 
Imu) worked down ... 617, 6IS, 621, «-22, 623, 6S4, &c. 

Give a drawiii>r -if a Kutttrr ready to ^ in it* plaor, 
haviii)|( n limik in tun on« nidi*, luiving two biuwed 
coruen at vue cud uu iiqiiar« for wall, tht- oChcr fur 
a alatt<d roof 626 

Tli-vriho iind give drnwiog of pulling up a |pitt«r 
iiiruer, luHiiiif^ u|> n jfutltT oomer ... 619, 6*i0, Si'. 

IIiiw miutd you L'ut thi- load uul fur u break 3ft. louif 
by -tMn. dix-p in a tfuttcr whout U-uj^th In iOft., the 
break lioinjif Sft. from ouo fiinipr, the d<^th of tixa 
^ttrr iK'iii]^ (till, i 8bow tho inarkin^ out to a Hn. 
nviUi; 

Dfwcribe how you would jjat in a ciiimjioy tfu*'*"'i 
ihti apnm, aiid the ■li.-p naoliiufpi. Show lh« wwIe 
niocly finished off, im ati to t>eo from oue xide Hut 
gutt4!r, apron, oudntop tlodhiiig, all worked down 
with Ruitabh' taricN 626.636 

Otv« a pdTvpoctirc vitrwof n lr«d rfwapool IHin. M]iiiire 
■t ihe bottom, rid«»atid ono end I.'mi. hi}(h, thv <^-Dd 
haring a tHofe of 3in. out of Uid upri^ltt, whilit thn 
rnttw inlet u 6in, high, with 1 Jin. tam-down k-od 
lor the rabbet and tiu.- wbnli' wipnd u]), iihpwing 
dottod lini>« wh«ire you woidd Cum tht- lap Itiad ana 
all round the buttum 62ft, 629 



e*M 



60B 
608 



PAQK 

OiTD on Uhttbatfaa of nno weant cattaa gt^ug up 
aid^ >rf mOt ibmriag th« alalH and woodwork, and 
}r>w you wooH fiauli tlte And of a ridga roll biifoiv 
the flnAliiiij.ni UV put OD ... ... ... ... 

Show by u dniwing DOW tor would out oat MmflaBh- 
in^, and aWi herriuif-Vim) Haahiiig, showinjir the 
•top* tumid , BUf, 63ti, ftc. 

How do yiiu do bumt-in Htniight fladniaiCM iiU 

Gfv<.< a dnwink; of u «bttvd tup dtnma abowing Ind 
riil(,'c, volley, apron, cheok and padimeut, with 
i>n.ilL<Tr« lip tii« front and pri)parly miiahed Al3, kv. 

DcHi^rili» timm woltit utui h«nda fnm tliB hogisnlng; uf 
tamingr, totho Qjiiati 613, 644, Je& 

Doacribeafl&ttopdonncroan ilatfldroof. tJwdann«r 
rJii^knlolw flmxhednnd loaded, olaoabuw thaapmn, 
Mild one iu]j euruiT of the dooDor woriied down, the 
otbL-rnot 61S, SIS 

Give n drawing of a curb n>of Hhowiutr tbr> Mlatins up 
tb« r»of, and an I'xtonuil donner tfaoroiu, alau Suiw 
a nkylight un ^ dated roof above, with awp Ooah- 
iuif upaidde mil, and all propetlyflAiihed with lead 649 

"Wliat U a w»ti>r grorc on n curb roof ? 660 

What la a tunin roll, and what in the proper way to 
cover it t' SM 

Duecribea land flat, ^wing bow the hayn lihonkl be 
Init when flniahi>d, with proper flaahingw ofpunNt 
an end and nide wall, with propor iiplaafi lap* and 
all neCMBory giitt«ra, weipuola, OBtfroop, &o. ... 661 

Giro a vrom'Wotional drawintr of a fult-«im roll. 
Hhowiu^the under olouk and nvra- cloak, all jituperly 
worked, and one improperly w-orked... 063, O^S, &e. 

(livn n niii^h iikptrh of u toad liay one Hido ftud end 
inodeMiuim-. to ffo nj^iist a wall, the other aide 
foranowr alo^, turm.'d ready to go into its place lUiA 

Joint raking. How do ynn do thla for ardituiry hang- 
ing fliuihinif, nod nlun fur itvp flaahinfC ? ... ... 666 

Gin- u Miu^ru Hla-tiih of a k'lid ftnt, ahowinpone riJI 
flniKhed, anothrr roll with the nrcrnliiak ju*t l.umeJ 
over n.'July fur tlir w( irkiii(f iloMU the Mid iif thi- roll 656 

^^lisl ia iL tiuitvm light I'urh i Deecrilie Low it 
tthimld lie luodod, and give a drawing showing 
wiit4'r erores and flaaliing to praient Mmlematiui, 
and ittiirf wut«r dnipping on floor brtluw 668 

Btiuvr u lend flat having cruMt mlhi, and tbe mi^od of 
tiimming and HODuring the sani^ with tuvlu ... 6U 

Shuv and dworibo a lead flitt on a double-pittthed 
roof, Buitikble for n uddled-roiif irhnrcli 069 

Beam rolU. Oivr three or four vectionN Khowing the 

protfT—i of thn work ... ... ... „, ... Ida 

DoaBEibe«udIUu*tmto fixiug hipe aadridoes: bow to 
eeonia the l«ul in it^ plaoo; and rougn drawinm 
Hhowiag the progtrM from the beginning bo t£e 
Kod o( Uw work 661,662,663,661,666 

Deeeribe and iliuatnte the prognaw of Talloy work GM, 666 

Oirc an iUnatzation uf a Loum ventilAtor, nnd 
dmcribo the progrcM of nurtring the nine frum the 
bottom flaabiug* to the finli^ 667 

Qirc a KKtmetrieol drawing of a mitilator pipe 
going thiviugh n pitohrd roof, showing the motbnd 
of cutting a •nitable npnm, Ac, wilh hole to tit the 
round [dpe when BxeiT 668 

Give a geomatrioal method of euttlng tJif lead raitable 
for oarering a ooae, tiirrct, ftpire. Ire. wlum- Irud 
i« to be in one piece from bom? to apes of tlio imjui' 669 

Dc«rribe the cutting of tlw lead, geometrically, fur 
a ouue goog up a tlanting roof liBi> 670 

Ihtaihe the cutting of the lead, goometrloallf', fur 
on apron of a rone or (^Uadcr giwig up a iXuited 

rDofltne 671 

Deecribe and iUuatniv, by a gwmctrioal dmwii^, ■ 
pieoa (d lead to form a bay, without umW or awa 
cloaka, smtabte for a twolT«-«dded glohe 



788 



EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 



Describe and geometrically iUuHtrate ttio method of 
eattmg a bay, without under cloak or over cloali, 
HuitatJe for a dome vhoHe perpendioular height 
bom base to apex ifi half its diameter 681 

Set out the rolls for a iour-indcd zig-zag xpire, 60 ft. 
from bate to apex, and 18 ft. nquare at the base to 
a I in. Boale 682, &c. 

What are the names of the principal mouldings in a 
rain water head architFotnrally cut and d(«igncd 'r 687 

Whatare the two principal naee of a liniaU 

Describe and illustrate a houacmaid'H rank with 
properly constructed leaden trap, wast^ and water 

. supply 700 to 704 

Qive tne ]at4»t up-to>date sketch and description of a 
laundry wash-house, with hot and ould water 
supply, copper, traya, ciatems, and wastea ... 705 

How do you know water whether permanently or 
t«mponmly hard ; aim, how to soften the same 
suitable for waahing purposes, &c. P 611 

Fit me up with hot, cold, and wast«, by description 
and illiutration, a simple and also an intricate 
lavatory 706 to 724 

Give an illustration and description of a shampooing 
apparatus 708, 709, &c. 

Describe and illustrate a quick waste lavatory basin 
with valve 712 

Describe two lavatories sniteblo for schools ... 713 to 721 

Oivo a description and illostrntion of a pillar lavatory 

713, 716, 718 

Describe and illustrate a nabinct lavatory with bidcto 

714, &c. 

Describe and illustrate a cabinet lavatory wiUi swing- 
ing urinal 715, &c. 

Describe and illustrate a quick waste with hot and 
cold water supply, showing luiions, joints, and 
pulla, or other valve handles 71fi, &c. 

Describe and illustrate two or three different sorts of 
lavatory valves and cocks, suitable for different 
places and conditions 714 to 720 

What is a lavatory range 't Qive illustration and 
description 721 

Give a diagram and description of self-closing valves 
suitable for pressures varj-ing from 6ft. to 300ft. 
pressure ... 

Describe and illustrate Jennings's patent tip-up 
lavatory basin fixed, and give your opinion as to 
the sanitary qualitications 723, ic. 

Deatribe latent heat Tify 

Describe what is known an susceptibiHty of heat in 
different bodies 7'i6 

Give sketeh and description of eight diffenmt boilers, 
describing why you wonld use tbem under different 
drcumstancea 726 to 734 

Give a skeleton drawing of a hot-water job, from 
boiler to cold-water tenk, with circulating tenk and 
draw-offs to sink 148, 727, 713, 744. Sc. 

How would you dc.tcribe and illustrate the theory and 
motion of hotwiit^ri" Give experiments on paper 7^8 

Describe scientifically what produces frost bursts in 
pipes 729 

How can you ascertein the velocity of hot water 
through pipes f 730, &c. 

Give an illustration of thr« safety valves, one or two 
suitable for kitchen boilers, if such have to be used 731 

Give an illustration of a range boiler, a circulating 
tank and pipe connected, showing the position of 
the flow and return, so as to giurd against erils 
which may otherwise attend them 744, &c. 

Dewuibe and illustrate a dome boiler set in 
brickwork for sumilying bath or hot-water pipes 
when the range boiTor cannot be worked, or, in other 
words, the dome boiler fitted to work in conjunc- 
tion with a range boiler 732 



Give the heating capacitv of boilera soitafals tot 
greenhouses of different sizea, atartizi^fttanalumDg 
300ft, super of glass T33,te. 

What is the cause of water hammer in bcriieis, and 
how to prevent it!' „ JB 

What is the main point to be looked after in netting 
a boiler in brickwork mitable for heatiiig pnr- 
P«««? 733, 4e. 

How would yon get over the difBcnlty of a grceo- 
house flow-pipe having a dip of 2ft. to go under 
the door, so that the flow would proceed onwards f 

730. 7M 

Give two or three illustrations and descriptions of 
gn-enhonse boileni to suit different oircumtitancca 

732, 734, It 

Give rough drawings of ten hot-water fittinga foe 
screwed pipe, and description, with bocknat, mn- 
ning socket, and gmmmet ... ... Tjj 

Give an illustration and description of the tools neoeM 
sary for fitting up a house with Borewed hot- water 

„P'Pe^ ■;■ , 73eto7« 

Describe mmutely how yon would cut and acrew a 
piece of lin. iron pipe ... jj; 

Where, in yonr opinion, is the beat place for a hot- 
water tank f Describe how it f^ould be fitted up 
to guard against the evils of froat ... 744, 74s kt. 

Give a drawing and description showing- all pipes of 
a bath room, the plumbers' work of wh£h7^in- 
chiding material, is not to exceed £20, but give 
proof of value in the town you are examined in 

Give a description and illustration of a douche 
needle, and spray bath, together with a foot snpply' 
quick waste and overflow. Valves need not be 
shown, excepting by figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 6, &o., 
indicating their positions ; also describe what 
valves or cocks you would use, and joor reasoiu 

D('i<cribe and illustrate a hath standing ^vaate 'and ' 
hot and cold supply attached to go over foot of 
bath .,_ _ _ jji 

Dos^iribe a simple shower Imth with illuetration !" 7S1 

^Miat is a mixing chaml>er, also wliat is a diatributor 
in bath work;- .,_ 753 yy 

Give a dest^riptiou and drawing of a hospital iMth on ' 
whoi'ls, showing the supply and waste ... 7g( 

Give one or two illustrations and descriptiona of gas 
.baths 7J7 759 

Give a drawing and description of bidets ... ___ yjj 

Give au illustration and u brief dcticription of a double 
tier of publii; baths on one floor ... ... jjj 

Give a brief description and a rough drawing of a 
public swiintniiig bath, showing doors and partitiona 
on one side of the Iwth... ... .,, ,., _ jgj 

DoBcrilx' and illustrate a few hot-water cooks and 
valves showing positioiis, and to suit different 
pn-ssuruB 762 to 765, &c. 

Give a drawing and description of a few boiler acrvw 
spanners 763, Ac 

Give (le.icription and illustration of a kiteben range 
having two iHiilers, one high pressure, the other 
low pressur<!, showing feed cistern fixed at the one 
side ... 76S 

Wlien fixing a feed cistern to an ordinary kitohen 
boiler, what preeautiuns would you take in the 
selection nf the ball tap or valve, and to guard 
against the feed cistern becoming heated? ... ,,, 7^5 

What is a steam kettle and steam oven F ... "67, 768 

Give drawings and description of a steam injector 
and a steam ejector 769 &c. 

What " 4 boiling by dry'steam, oLra the 
ma! wetstewiF 759 



COMMENT ON EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 



789 



[Oiva m deacription kiul ■ M<ctinnal dnwfaig ol • 
■imri9 odd uijwtor, »li<jwiiig nirnlnB mtbi], etean 
nomlt^, and lui enrthonwaK ontlrt noutlc of bhi< 
nhnrlOKt-dcwription 770 

Stw^ribi^ thn pruiriptos o( the wU»ni aud water iu- 
feotor, uid frtv« rttumii fur it« worlcinic urBuppl^mg 
ooileri with water 770 

GfvA (lmn*iti»r and cxplabation of a nlent ati'sni 
wttti^r litmlCT 773, ira. 

Baviofc a c«U&r without draEunjro. and with a spring 
yioldiniir, nay, 30 gallona per day, hi<w would joa 
ole*r Utia watrr pmviding yon liwl s hiidi pivwmra 
wateraupply al Imiul Jml ynu <»iii1d ■itiliiii?, iritlimit 
employ ilifr a p^imp with wtirldn^ piatrina nr othrr 
mnvAblo parti> ? Qivo deadtiptiou aud drawiuft 
ahowinf; the nirntifnnwntH 7T8iAc 



GiTc a brief dOMmpdfm and ilhutniticni of abot-water 
or nlaara drjring rooDi ... ... ,,. ,,. ,,, 774 

Desoribo and lllaitnitA what l!> kimwn m PrrluiitiV 
MTitMn of hi(ith preMiiire hot- watirr Ileal in g- 7'», 774» <ro. 

GIvv an lUuslrutioii and daicriptionof wliat is kaovn 
aa a hydraulic pipe pt«M joint, «iiiTj>liV for 
I'oricina'n H^atcm of hut whUt T77 

Wht u hnowo aa heating with hot wavr and ndin- 
lora? 



What ifl the Munc of aa iniieh duAt autumulalin^ 
ahouL biiUwittcx japm, and in tlu<ri- iiuin* with hut> 
wator pipe beating tluin witli ojvn fireulaoc work 
hrcmnnlAtiDg about tbo room iu gnutal f If no, or 
not, whjrF ,., ... ... ... ... „, 



78^ 



783 



COMMENT ON EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 



Ilrre I Uavi! ifirvn u luiti-'li of <^ut-«tii)nH for c-xanunatuMnt. 
] hare purponirly rffrHitied fmm iciviiiff the anaww, aa 
thnv will bii beet worked out hy urn Htudotita tbenuDlTca. 
anil I hiivo made thttn mi practice aa powilJo without ton 
muih tlieory, and in Hut^h u iiiauner that nonn hut n 
prsotiMJ WDtinnao, knowing; well Imw to do the work, can 
poaiblv ba tliu examiner, for tre bavo Lud too mwti uf this 
find or exomtnatirm alreudj, tnnrh tji the itrftrimrmt »f the 
praL'tit'al wiirkmaii. I have nwm L-xnniiiistioiiH 
'Vttned out by wonld-he eiaDiinerx. who are iioihit>}{ mom 
aor le*K Uian rank outaidon, knowing, perhapa. DOW tu 
wipe a joint, bend a bit of itoil pipe, nt bc«* up aa angle, 
and amuminr the di|puty uf the bigheet person in the 
laud, whirh I ii^miiidor to he a dii^iace to the preaent 
plumhinK trade in iftmonl. A man to be nn oxaniinor 
Bhould be B, tirat-daae aU-r«nnd plumber, who haa worked 
in n.11 rtoie^s of work, otherwiHe, huw could be ])oaaiblj 
httciiuic vurmod iii tli» qumlionii ■uch im are unw h^un^ j*uu i 
J£zaniiniitlon pnpeni nhoitld bv uf u very variod I'latw, au 
the Ktudent should hav« a fair ehanee of answeriDg 
lioiui which would louo vilhiu Iua dailr Inlxinr. The 
iuim iibiiuld uhwi 1)e jilajji, nnd witliout amlriguitT- 

!iuiy ynniliK rtiuie fn^m ditfervut partn l-< trj- thw 
Uvt in thv iutiifuagv of tlieir nadre place, luid when 
they sec H^irative quoxtieau Iboy arn apt to bcr'imo 
uerruuh, aud unce tlie miud iMta bttu DmL atate tlirj uuuiot 
gvtaloag. Now, IhnTosoviiihisooeuraoorwoftiiiie»,whIlal 
another youth, of a pumpoon cbiae. wiO nut iddi at 
anything, aiu:! marc oftim by lae\t than judmu'^nT. will mnu- 
out of the tiial H ith liml-cknn faiiiiiMLm. piiiihiD>r hitiuu'lf 
into n jKwitioii wliinh ho Hkh nrjTcr DUjrit'.'d, whilat lh(< 
ijuiot and neuntly wi'll vvniod pli;ddi;r luis [o taki; a biiok 
spat. I know many who are itttond to none in thiH oouniiy 
atauding in thia position ; in fiuit, sotU'C of thert^ iiui<'t aud 
biiclc-iwiit«d ludividualo dii viA know tin- da'plh of thHr i>«ti 
tnar^-L-Uonn talmt, I wty marvclloux talont fruni mixintf 
iv'ith them. Get them into a quiet tulkiuu' mood, away 
fnmi ilII himtloaod prranrnptuona individual*, nod itiNne- 
touudintf what may bti leont from them unwittiufrly ; whilat 
it you take the other dflaa, yoa find that their marvellouA 
numitt of cheek, generally coiucidea with their i^oranoe, 
tlifxod up with duwiiritfbt humpUoiijiRonr'^l. Nameii an not 
to be ijit-mioiied, bat I muMUovr ouov, aud not mi [mig af(V, 
there were aoma exami&ation papars printed, whleh oame 
inu> my huaAn tijr ovorhanliner, oranaoiurcollotiit ttettlinK. 
The queattou waa n-'lnilivii In tbrtiitn{((>f n jiidc piunp. It 
•aid, " Uive a dearriptiuu of a jnck piunp lo draw water 23 
uerpindictdarfovtoul ofn wvU :ti>ft. dw-p. tlio Miction to run 
hontonbally tMi yards to where the barrel is tlsod, di-M^in hi nu- 
valvea and budcet eo oa to work pi>:i)vrlr." This would 
ntakeia all quite SOftMrpeiidiiulnr dntuffht. When I saw 
tbequcfltion loommiin£al«d with thuaulhur, who full qutto 
anauyed to tlduk I ahould BMumi5 to approach fafa talaato. 



I ni^i-d 11(1 tell you Ihat thetfueatiDn waa not allowKd to xtiind. 
Another nue wmd, " [>e<u-nbe tho procem of oaattuK ahcet 
lc«d, llu: table, iitid the *aiid, and what Doc«Bsary fliuc yon 
will Htrrw upon tlie »aad to make tho lead run froelV," 
Aitiiiu, I hu<I tn rap the wotdd-he examiner'^ knucJclea. 
The idea! " WImt nei^wmry flux you wiJi xtrew U|>on 
Ihc «uid!"" TTiiK wuld hnvi'[irtived iit <jiice to the meR^t 
hid thnt over aatuflied iu rthcet load >'iiitjng that the 
I'xuniiuntioii paper was a mnipleto fraud. 

No, thin aort n{ fsamiituti'Uti and i-xaniiner ia of uo «ia« 
to lite jduinbiiitr iradi- , in fact, they an? the vvfy CUIM of 
the plumbiu^r iradL'. Let tlj^- quc^ii-Jiui lie from pnwGloe, 
and the oinmincra pntcti'-aL plumtN.ir^, then tike IIiuik will 
work. The plunilint*, thuH.' ihal arr plumbiTN in the trna 
•euK of the word, will adulie the thliig Im-tvud of Iroatin^ 
it with disdain. For phtmben. agidn, thoae that an 
pInmtMrn. of any lcngthen^d ftxpftricnce, breomc Ibinkem. 
perhapa o-win^ to the K>'t«t variety of work which they 
are called upon to execute, and they know when tho 
queetions are pnieCical. They alwj knew what (^onatitllt«• 
an examiner, and vill admire a prai'tluil man. 

Now, I will contiuuo the expUuatiou of ihu Imtcb oJ 
queetiuua, and give you a wife rule to xucoeva. Firat of 
all rou inuvt uut out a road, cloaring all brambloH and 
forn^ rahUah away. Suppoao you ore going in to 
muater, we will nay, aimplo joint makiug : get firat of all 
tlie thniry that ^muI looltx at n nortaln degree, ihen 
inaat4:r tho thtwry that tin with wrtaiu proportions of lead, 
melta At certain decrees below lead. Nl>w, supp<iair)g you 

Intt this mixture, Icnown a> aoliiicr, on lo your luiul too 
lot. won't you Iw ISkely to melt jour lead ? Certainly, and 
you oannot work it (the aolder) into n m<ww, Thon. again, 
pnppoaing your solder t^i be t4)0 cold, you eomuil ftot it 
to mOTc. Tho name alao applii^ In Uiu ditTerenoe in the 
amouutM oiniipriHiug thin (»it!;HMilion uf th)' twi> metala. 
If the soldicr U< too tiuo it will is-ork too lluidly, nnd cause 
the joint to appear eiTabiiy, owing U> the MiVltrr nliiking 
on to Uii.' (i-otikir partJi of tlip ctoth. On tli^ oihur huod, if 
it la too coarHO, it ivis (oo quickly, and uppean like ao mueh 
roUm-looking rubbish, not [mag able to keep up the haab. 
bocMDM the moteculeii of lead, wIm^ f>ctling, tend, if 
di«turb«d, by a kind uf Lritoxntion or diitttrbaiK^ to aetiuto 
ttlobalar forma, wh»>'h tin, in certain qoaotitiea, pivnMbk— 
noneo van roaaou for iu wc. Now bavlnf auH* 
poinia. It leada you into the nature aad iwop* 
inati-rial, and the piactioal part will lie much a 
but thp practifuil part of the art in praciwiy 
that gaiiio'I by the thrower iu tba puUerioa, t- 
emith'n hammer man, ria.. prsctloe, practt 
Now this in the way that you must work th* • 
book, and llien ytiu will be nhlo to not oaK 
quoatioDa, but to give thorn, and tlua w what I a^ 
wishing ercry apprentice pliunber to ha; ablo to c 



I ^sl D E X 



f^ All iranbor* rWcr tn tli* pislnf tetfit «h«ro It U illitlni-tJ/ prInUil " flitun." Uanj of Uui t(Un In Uila tndn will b* fcunil undn 
tlio iHtlliiUT haftdUtf*. hilt raaiiy urUiM an bIi» u»-1u In Dili liidrt wlil(<h ha«-d )>c<>it ukm (rain Uu rnlilillc iir mlief pirtlm* •■! Um J 
unumiiilulDiana iBidUiilk'Uy »l lii«illuin: duli will )« iiMttn«l hy a atni ihiw * ln>t'ir« the jmtlit njpira*, kiiil wlii-ii tin- Imki nbn* to] 
lllunnUotUM/Mi than win l«liti> (tan l>«ih««l]i>.-t>w<:nKi>T«tliu> *'. 



451 

' ... 770. 77S. 77a 

770. 7"2 

•:i»«. •MO. "133. N5I. 

'A:3, •«!, •71(1, '782 

SM 

... SM, 8&t, 397 

na 

ft70 

3»4 

3SS, 411 



AClTlTMrLATORS 

Aciil itiJHibint ,,. ... 

Aoid purvd&iti iujvoton... 
Adrioe to plumbiMw' utnitCDtlM!* 

•■i87, •527. 
Air mnd fpxr, pxpHtiMgn ol, by h««t 
Air ckurnbent vxpUinod 
Air iujoctorH and bl»wcrn 
Air-plpo mutlleM 

Air p«Hik«rU nf ■uotion pipe* ... 
Atrpiuupe 

And Dinny ^ach paiupa as at 

I'lK-. SIO, 8ft. 849. Sfi'i, 8A4, 856, 857. 903, luid 923 
Air, puru atmiwiilwrin, txnnputuMLt pmrtii ... ... 7)^3 

Air, i|UHiiLiiy roijiiin^lbThiunaD bdnK per DilQutc... *782 
Appruutiuw and tho indp, the Church, .tec ... iOO 

A^aedncbi (mo WoJlt, Town Wntcr, Ancient uid 

Modem liunaau Wnter Supp'y; 305, 47-.', 401, &ti. 

Aqiuduvt, Atnorican ... ... ... ... A'>3 

AfleaknwdU... ... ... ... ... 573 

Atmoiipbcric prusure ... ... ... 305, S9fi 

BACILLUS luid tji>h..id 529 

Bnletackt ... ... ... ... C35, &u. 

Ball roclu. bsll va-Iviw, Httd h»UB (aImi aec Cixtenui} 

562 to 556 
Ball vulvtw HDil fixinit 
Dall vuNoM auil liow ^• u<k- tlitiu 
BiJI rilvoe homminj^ or Binirinif... 
Bull wnt^T JMillii nn-il U^tinff ttirm 
llarn-l uniiiua... ... ... 

Itath, (in«ing up ... ... 

fiuUi diHtribuI'im 

Bath bciitfd liv ];ii« 

HaCli. ti-v«r kejH »uJ IianilW 

IlHtli, nil! KnniHn 

Dtick (tu wliH'l" for luiHititttl |iiii'jHiMO« 

Bath, Utii>ii) KliuiMll B 

K»tJi,ikpriiy, iH'Ml'', and douch« ... 



653 
... 556 

t>H 

i52 

540,541 

7M, 7H.7W, 760, *». 

753. 755 

•^fi?, 75JI, 750, tc. 

765 

474 

... 756 

••479 

T4», 751. 753. 754 

e03,5l7 

750 

•748, 74JI,*ftO, 755, 758, 759, fto. 

781 

749 

... 760 
... 609 

au 

673, 073, 6(4 

••714. Tao 

... S04, «(I5, 608 
76.'i 



Itallj vpnuKN ... ... 

Baih. fftoiiJinifTR-ivsto ... 
llnth, (upplicfl at foot * 
Brttb, KUriminiiig 
Butl, Turkish. .. 
Butha. public ... ... 

B117 winiiow KDttmng ... 
Buy wiuiliiw kiftcla 
B^ turreU ... 

Blodn nnd fiilb> 

Boiler and uiitoni mtewa 

Boilsrs, luith And iriit«r hammer [aim nee Wtitcr 

Hamuer. SUmm] ... ... ... ... 732 

BolUra, <vipacity of hMilin^r ... ... ... 733 

Builers, domo.aliapcd ... ... ... ... 732 

BoiUm^ how to nl up (oIk) sm Hoatiag by Hot 

Watvr, Ac.} (ivm 730 to 734 

BoUen, Idtchcai ... ... ... ... Ii6 




vxox 
Butler uauholM .„ ... ... „, jflo 

n..jler •ci*nr bo-tkH, apAwwr, and plleiv ... 7M, 767 

Bijilur iH.'rTW» ... ... ... ... . 

Binl'T temlen ... 

ituiler t«fttiuK ... ... ... ... 740, &«. 

Boilns, tubnUr(iikt>M)9 noalinK by KnI VVuior) 778,770 
Bu{let«, wruu([lit'inMi, wcldw). iiii<l iiKb'pi.'iidvDl (alflu 

Ke Hut-woterutd ButhWurkj ,., 777, 78L 

Jtiiilin^ by dry nnH nl«o hy wot Mttiant 
Buitkit rt>c<iininmd«d fur miiaxj-iirgnnimnii umI 

chenibtry 
Bt>r(' holofl, tlrepost in the world... 
BoiJutigKlir.k, ninlint, rind fhow wolgo ... 
Buiwiii j{ up (.uruurK ... ... , , , , , , 

Doumm And watOTPOurKS 

BouTDM, Holbom 

Dourw, Walbrook 

Bradiata and clipM fur ffiittoKug... 

Branob pipe and main tablo 

Brami work, Ivwl wurii fi^r hot water nod Iwtltii 74 

Broalrain guttpra 

lIuildlDg HllppIlM ... ... ... ... 

Butlar'a piuiLry moIoi ... ... ... ... 



OAPILL.IBY iiirtiiin in ipitUm... 
Oarbunic arid in wnU-r ... ... 

OtufpouU fwr rx'f", h-ad 
diambar. air, rxpliunod 

Chjtnibor, tiiil fiiol, aiid n'tAinini; valvo ... ... 37i) 

CIiaM) wnlK^i... ... ... ... ... 491 

Chaaa WHlfTvft and p^inti' ... ... *'6'J0. ttl 

Cliomical wurkit* Vklvex and piuii]u> ^aliw nw 

Injetttora, 771, and Lead Bnniiitg, Vol. I,} ... 17I 

Chimney frulVra ,.. .,. ... ... ttl 

Cirr.lf-" iinrl m[iiiir<-ii, rt-!nlliniiiiliip nf .,, .,. 3M 
Cin-.ulaiiciir t^ik* fur hut water and nioiiy of tbc 

largt.- licit- water jobn ... ... ... 7*4 

Cixbcni and cmutiLnt aiipply ... ... ... 4iW 

CiatCTD fitiinK aud ralvws waf(ti», iitopi.'Oiika ... 57* 

Cooka aad raJTea, dtav-off (all eorw) ... Mfi to fllAI 

Codui and valvcH. TvpniTing, &0.... ... ... 783 

Clockii, bciiU'r uiid mufni ... ,., ... 763 

GmiIch, i-ltvuiinK uiiil p-jliehing ... ... ... 541 

Cocfci, doH-nriirlit ... ... ... ... 743 

Covkii, srindtnic io ... ... ... ... M4 

Cooica, kfVr< Jiimiuod ... ... ... ... ^ 

Cocks, wH-ti^Maning plu;< ... ... .., 7C3 

Conki with cxM-n niiiit-ntf arninininmu fur tunr 

Icatheriutc, kti. 
Cocka with M)lii] endA ... 

Oooks witli iiniim and kimp ... .,, 

Coffina, hiuta for tutting (jul ... ... 

Ooila for wiaam i>r watur 

Cold-wattr.'iiitimufnr hot-water work ... 
Cnui^iuiniiin (if air in pipi-'i, &a. ... 

CuiiiluitA 

Conduitoand cunduit tcrminola ... 



• Baa aildOto, ««., ol FanpaiitiafMwDtwU, |N|[«*llt). •*8MUluitnU<nuoaljr(Ha UtliiaU,*cIf«cUnD. p^v **ax^ 




INDEX. 



701 



I 



nam 

Coodsha and hnntlii; in London ... ... 4W 

GonduiU, uuiubI im^ectioii, Lnrulou ... ... Ittft 

Oondnibs B«]rrw«t«r ... ... ... ... 177 

Conduiu, BKfsiniter, and lead pipes ... ... 484 

Cooduiu' bondii 477, 478, 479, 4M. 4M 

Oonduit'i!! hMd memorial ... ... ... 'i»-i 

CondniU, PL'titiuivillB ... ... ... ... 474 

CoBdiiiW, Sh«pbeTxla' F^eld ... ... ... 4S0 

Conduits, tlia London, uidPaddingtun ... ,., 4S4 

Cflolciii^ bjr MtMim ... ... ... 767, 7Aft. &c. 

Gimwiou of Ivad [use Imo and L*«tl) ... ... 'ittB 

Covi>i1n(;ninM, turT«t«, uid oth«r ]ipiiv«... „. 649 

Cnib or witidlaiw, Mnd bow to (.i>niput>i ... ... 607 

Ciippiutfpninplsatlion ... ... ... 437 

Cufb it«d ... ... J,. ... ... use 

Garb li'ad fliuihiiigM „. ,,, ... ,., 621 

Curb noU, Iwd ^r ... ... ... ... MS 

Ojrlindonor Btonig« tank* for ognctant su])pl]r .. . fiflS 

DAVIIiS' r»Ki«(frcd Ul>lea for oyttDdun, pnini», 

elKumtcrenoeis HTooA, difiplaoomonte, &<!. ... 631 

Diaphragm ooofca ... ... ... 550, 551 

DiWHMW, vjmolLci, or frnnviitntimi ... itV, 4o. 

Diaplaoeiaeni of water In pump barr«l« (alio act 

BawtaUo} ... ... ... ... 44f) 

OoK*flarlog or pi^-lngl^Dg . . ... ... 6SS 

DcoiM ... ... •*07lt, 6;;, 678, 679, IMt), 081 

DomurrN ... A3«, Mi, Oil, 044, IM5, N0, 947, «48, ftv. 
DurmiT anroni ... ... ... ... 64S 

Dormer cnrAka ... ... ... ... 843 

IJomien, iDt«ninl .., ... .,. ,,, 849 

Domnni, wiOU niid IwikU ... „. ... 8il 

Donbk' iMn&ra ... ... ... ... 7fi7 

Drawin^f Itnlfa ... ... ... "810 

Df»Mm ... ... ... ... ••ai8, C19 

Drilliuir maubinM ... ... ... ,,, Gil 

Drills for irvn borinir ... ... ... A38, U9 

Dripa, blootcod ... ... ... ... 624 

t}TyiuK moAH by atMin and hot wat«r 776, Ac. 

Dutk bidairr- ... ... ... ... ... 084 

Donuny ... ... ... ... ... ••823 

E.VKTIIQUAKKS. iiabt<-rmiiMn UiuiMlrr, and 

i-}n-ti<itiD ... ... ... ... ... "•il02 

R([ir». wal«r or aoid ... ... ... ... iiS 

Kvn|H>niti(iii ... .„ .„ ... ... 3M 

ExpituKloa of gBam (al«o sm Air Chanbera, 3S'*. Ico.) MX 
KjpiTiiMJutal piimpa 370, "•381, ••384. ••J8T, ••401. 

••406. •N20. ••421 
Expt-rinH-ntal tabla of ttifl hydtaulio nun Ixiit valv« 189 

FEF.I) TKlvrn ball Talraa ... .„ 553, A53 

tV-d oktemn ... ... „. ... 785,780 

Fmnoitation diaaaai (ur xyinotk, the Htvfk wonl 
for hnMlitatbm diMaae) (acA Hi<<n).urKii»t>nna 
andPntrbaciUufi)... ,,. ... ... 537 

FmvuI* oavera... ... .,. ... ... A86 

Farruln hr rtr««t auius .., ... ffU to 54U 

Faver hMillo*... ... ... ... ... 537 

Flltralimi nud Batumi ratervoira ... ... 49^ 

Fiuinlii and wvwtluircuoka ... ... ••69'J to 699 

Flrv-eDKuiCK ... ... ... ... ... 430 

Flre-entrlneaaadgudnpiiaip*,.. 439, 431,483,433 

Fm-oagiiw and Jet oati^ ... ... ... 4S4 

l-fiwhiwn ... .,, ... ... ... 488 

Fira livdtuuta aud buM... M8, MO, 563. 863, 364, 867, 688 

FiropJuys 486, 687 

FUtiiu np IvDgthft of iron i^pe ... ... 745,748, lot. 

Flaah&ga 888, 841,844 

flaafain^i bumlng in ... ... ... ... 840 

JiMihiiigs, cikimaej ... ... ... ... 836 




tun 

Flaahlii^, fUui|^ ... ... „, ,.. 688 

FlwhtutT", hiiufnug ... ... ,t. ... 638 

Fliubipgs, hcrring-bmw alvp ... ... ,,. S88 

Fbwhinga, limiini; ... ... ... ... 8W 

Flooda 887 

Hooda,uaofn1ur>t of ... ... .,, ... Ml 

Forgo, blaflunuth'a ... ... .„ ... 741 

FounfainB ... „. ... ... 451, •.Wi 

FuiiutainH, drinking ... ... ... 48il| iW 

Fiuntjtinx. 8tdD)f up ... ... ... ... 484 

FuuitUin ji-bt (alio <«e Fir«mcD*a noulca) ... 4M 

Founlftiu vauH ... ... ... ... 484 

GAS and Itot-water tangi, pipe cnttera, pipo Wcc, 

taps, stoi-ka and diiw, aiiu otJur toolH... ••738 to 742 
Gttn bathN ... ... ... ... ... 7S7 

Ouwu eJeotiuDa fnmi ilir intvHur ot tliv aanli ... •503 
Oeh or Iruk pipe work (we Hot Water Work) ... 7*i8 
Ooa w«U« (ace Oayact*;... ... ... ... S7I 

Qoometij tor plnmbm... ... ... 578 to 80t 

Oeyawa, fiaaurca ... ... .., ... •502 

CI«7aeM, tharmal springs, gas s|it1itgi^ and toIooumk 881 



Oland Moka 

Olulnttar vit]vra 

Gnii-iUtiou ... 

Ground work far pipea, cost of ... 

GniBini«t« and wonoom... 

Guttering, irun 

Guttering, maasufng ... 

Gutter mcaMtrfaia iUwttntlod 

Guttem and load lajing ^ 

Gutters, arranging ... ... 

Outteni, ohinuipj' 

Outten, ooRiii.'e, and Mono cutping 

Gutt«ri,lmd ... 

Guttrnt, load, ntoiM eJinnupl 

Guttrni. truunli ... ... 

HEALTH Mhibition ... 
Htiitiiig liy hot wntiT ... ... 

lliintiiiif tiy nidiiitunt ... ... 

Il'-ntint: <.-apftcit>- of tubing 

]lcnt-(v>ndki£luig nuid-rial 

liituling hot «at(rr bj HtMUn 

Hintiiig bou^w by stcwn 

Heat, latent ... 

Heat, sUAceptibDIty of dilfemit budteH 

lliittB U^ iJuntbon 



Hip* and ridgva 

Hiatorj-. old ... 

HobrofJm 

J (luntin^ nr pulling np load 

HuIdJiig down utiok 

Hone uniouH ... 

H(w>pital porUbte batbs on whcda 

Hot apringM (alao tm Qajaoni) .. 

Hot-water and gat AtUll^. Hundrii* 



843 
768, 764 
... 444 
US. 834 
... 888 
... 811 
... 818 
818,617 
... 818 
631. Ae. 
... 836 
... 634 
■•6118 to 640 
634, 088 

... M7 

... 487 

778 1« 784 

... 788 

... nsa 

... 789 
... 788 
... 7«8 
... 728 

•397, 530. 531, 833 



•■828, 880. 631, 633, ft 681 to 888 

478 

784 

603 

...•■019,822.888 

840 

788 

878 

747 



Hot-water snd gaa works, neafturing for... ... 748 

Hut-vatavaad iron pinv work ... ... ... 7St8 

Hot-water and atnun UuiruMmwIvra ... ... JM 

Hnl-WBler bib xrewdawu valvM ... ... 784 

JI'.>t-WBlcr rirculation ... ... ... ... 72V 

Hot-water clroulatloa, cnnac of ... ... 777. *«. 

Hot-water dreulatkm, tbeory of, and oipcrinumte... 73H 
Hnt-watiY cnrlm aiid i^rmvni ... ... 764, An. 

Hot-waUT vuckd, falvva, and plumbers' hram wotk 763 
Hot-water tllten and gaa tAoLi, fittings, to. ••735 tn 743 
llot-water job. skeleton of ... ... ...••787 

Ilnt^walrr pipe liaaHnir and cmbmc of dust tmplaioad 7iS 
HcUwaUT pipos and Spa ... ... •^710^ 734, *c. 

Hot-water tuki^ idtnanmi of ... ... 784, 8:0. 



' Koc Bthlilto, Ac, of PansniiJti(Me Dmb, 



tS). *■ 600 llteatnUon* mlj (sm t^Ttauil*, MU-actlns. ijate ' '9M^ 




79S 



INDEX. 



FAOI 

HovBBBiidv* ri^ks ... ... ... ... 701 

TTii— ■!!!■' ilini lint tintiii ... ... ... 701 

HT^nata. hm^h^g ... ... ... ... 668 

HjdnntB, Kjandfn ... ... ... ... 197 

Hrdnolic bMt ram taU^ ... ... 469, 470, 471 

HTdnnhc lifta ... ... ... 4.>3, 4M, 4&3 

Hj^drkabe or faot-wsto' and Meain joint ... ... 777 

HTdraalic praw and fift ... ... ... 437 

Hfdraalic ram expetUBenta ... ... ... 466 

Hjdnulie nuM ... ... ... ... 466 

HydiDatatic paradox ... ... ... "^SSS. 398 

INJECTOBS and ejwton ... ... ... 769 

In jeetota and water hamnwn ... ... ... 468 

Injectota for LfUiig water ... ... ... 769 

In^flcton, the pRDcipfe at ... ... 770, Ac. 

Injector* walked bf water ... ... 773,774 

Iioa gutter, fixing ... ... ... ... 612 

Irai pipe bendv ... ... ... ... 742 

Inn pipe, catting ... ... ... ... 615 

boa p^, fiziag and fitting up... ... 743, 745, &c. 

bon pipes and fittingB ... ... ... 612. 613, 614 

JCXCnONS, mm ... ... ... 613, 614 

Jofaittng iron ptpea ... ... ... 532, 533 

JoiBt raking... ... ... ... ... 656 

KENSCfGTON, and hiatarv of 478 

Kettba, steam ... ... ... ... 767 

Kitdtea boiler ... ... ... ... 726 

Kitcbm boiler, bedding down topH ... ... 766 

Kitdien boiler wat*r sopplj ... ... ... 76-i 

LASDIKU brdnnu ... ... ... ... 568 

lanterns ... ... ... ... 652. 6.» 

I^andrf drying rooms ... ... ... ... 77-) 

I^andrj work... ... ... ... ... 705 

lATatoriea ... ... ... ... 706 to 724 

LaTatorica, eabinet ... ... .. .**TIOto715 

I^ratarr and slop Mnk. tip 1^1 ... ... 721,722 

lAratorr bsMn and qniek waste ping ... ... 712 

I^natory basiiw, simple ... ... ... 706 

LsvatoTf baain Mipplj ... ... ... 707. &c. 

Laratory baain Talves sod water aopldy ... **706 to 724 



I«rst(i>T cock* and tsItch 



•*706 to 724, etipeciaUj 

718 to 720 



J^ntorjf polar ... ... ... **Hi, *c. 

LavBlory range for «rhoolK, aMjinms. kc... 721, kc. 

iMrmUftj wsHtea ... ... ... ... ••706 

l4Kw« of falling bodies ... ... ... ... 444 

I>>a/i Knd tin. analyni- of ... ... ... 525 

]>ad and antimony, anBlT.4ie of ... ... ... 526 

I>-fui (rWk-* ,,, ... ... ... ... 376 

I>ra(i cf>rrrj«ion (m:^ Iron and Lead. &c.) ... ... 508 

Leaden pip^ aod their makers, bow to jndgp aame 534 
LmmImi wnler main:« running, and mnarka tbemm 569 
Lead tUt. arranging ... ... ... ... 654 

Lead fUt over citjak ... ... ... 658, €59 

Leadflat* ... ... ... 654, 666, 657, 658, 6->» 

Lead flaU and ciOM roUa ... ... ... 658 

Lead data and gntti»» ... ... ... ... 654 

Load hoiiitinir ... ... ... ... ... 602 

Xead laying gnttera ... ... ... ... 618 

Lead pipe banting, strain of ... ... ... A35 

Lead pipe, stiatgth of ... ... ... :19S, .533 

Lend^pes 477.484 

Lead raoA m piteli ... ... ... ... 65» 

*-*adflUftlBg;^eetaof... ... ... 605,606 

«ak,favge 571 

«»M)miir»of $08,509,510 

■M,MCiono< 3^ 

Caimtr ClWinl and trapa, janrtioaa, Ac. 701.702 



London water and the people 
London water companies* daily sap|^ 
London water sopply. 1895 
Ixmdoti water rapply. ancimt ... 
London water Mipply. bow to obtain 
London water mi^j, Welsh scheme 
London water companie:>* district 
London water works, dimensions of 
Lonrre and other rentilataea, tnmetA. 
domes, fcc. 



ffpirei>. 



rx-H 

iT- 
49; 
49: 
ii. 

V! 

5tf. 
491 
49' 



MAINS, cisterns, and fitting main snpptie;^ ... y,' 

Mains, tapping, nndn' pnfl«nre ... ... o36 Ui Si 

MaBet. dt^ie wedge, aod bowing stick .., ... •^jj 

Manh<deeoTen ... ... ... .„ m 

Measnzing or sqnaring wn^t of sheet lead ... ifi 

Mewmtas weights. &c. ... ... 530. 531, ij 

Mecfaanica for plumbers ... ... 602to6^ 

Microbes ... ... ... ... ... 52 

Mictobes and chenucals, divisaUIity •>£ ... ,.. jj 

Microbes snd fever and cholera banlliu ... ... 4) 

Micro* genus and tbeb name» ... ... ... j^ 

Mist (see Rain and AqneooH Vapoar. *36« ; also >«« 

Evaporation. 366: aL«o m¥ Rain Ckooda. 493]. 
Midllee. water abo see Waste Pnrenter Cisterns ... 57 

XAILIXGoI>« 



MC n«w- 



OVERFLOWI>G welL- 

PERCOLATION 

Pig-lngging ... 

Pipe, area in sqnare inches also 

ubie; 

I^pe, Aaing ... 

I^pe, measuring, for hot water, gas. Ac 

IMpe, proportitmal scale 

Pipes, onst-imn 

Pipes, iron casting 

Pipew, Mlinging 

Plins " ... 

Plugs and wastes 

Plogtt attd wmstea for sinks 

Flogs, wastes, and traps for sink* 

Plumbers' brawt work, general ... 



... a 

... ir 
... w 

... 61 
large 

447, +* 
739, 741, 743, fa 

... :t 

... «: 

... a; 

... a 

... » 

... •*ii'- 

Too, 705. fc 



... :« 
534 to s:< 

™ . .^ ... and 700io«i 

Plumbers Company ... ... ... __ 4^ 

Flombera' Congras ... ... ... |" |g; 

Plombeis, hints to ... ... ... 530. 531, 5JJ 

Plumbers' solder, analysis of ... ... '^ 

Plumbns' scdder and zinc, how tn dear ... jjt 

Plnmbera* unions ... ... ... j^ 

Plumbing trade and thf Cborch... .. 49(1 

Flongcr cnp ... ... ... ... -jj 

Pond* ... ... ... 4^4 47; 

Fond^ Hyde Park ... ... ... «; 

Problem. How to draw the diameter of a i.-itv]e 
Problem- How to find the centre of a oin-le ... 

Problem. How to find the radia of a cnrr^ 
Problem. How to trisect a given riirht lioe 
Problan ta rule for finding the nn.'A <.>f a circle iMar 

enough for pcactieal purp>ji>es 
Problem or rule for finding the ^inea of concentiie 

rings ... ... ... ... __ 

Pr>)blem or rule for striking a sqaan eqnat in ai^ 

to a given citvie, »■' "p^aa 

Problem or rule to desi as 

Problem or rule to dm 

part of a circle, st 

lead work 
Prublem or rule to find 

irin'o "rraight lines 



sa 

sn 

m 



■i rarsinifes (MS Dtad^ page 'IS). 



>Scc 



INDEX. 



798 



586 

687 

583 
587 



Problem or role to find a. third proportional to two 

given itraight lines 
Also to find a foorth proportional to time 
given right linea 
Problem or rule to find the ride of a eqaare equal in 

area to a pipe or oircle 
Problem or rule to inscribe regular polygona in oiroles 
Problems for drawing ellipsee and o^^la ... 592, 593| &c< 
Problems for finding the snrfaoes of oones ... 592 

Problems or rules for cutting out the lead fw 

ciroularpipes ... ... ... ... •583 

Problem. The diameter of a circle being given, to 

find its oiroumference geometrioally and near 

enoogh tor proctioal porposee ... ... 582 

Fulsometera ... ... ... ... 448, 449, 460 

Pulleys ... ... ...602, 603, 604, 605, 606 

PuU^, Weston's differential ... ... ... 608 

Pulse valves and water rams ... ... ... 457 

Pump, AbvBainitm, or tube well... ... 390,391 

Pump, and capaoitjr of pipe ... ... ... 445 

Pump and horsepower... ... ... ... 445 

Pomp and wood work ... ... ... ... 389 

Pump barrel, fixing ... ... ... ... 409 

Pump barrels (lift) ... ... ... ... 409 

Pamp barrel, proportiosN ... ... ... 445 

Pump bellows... ... ... ... ... 407 

Pump beer-engine ... ... ... ... 403 

Pump buckets... ... ... ... 380, 381 

Pump chain ... ... ... ... 424,436,438 

Pump, cheap jack or cottage ... ... 392,393 

Pump, mst^D... ... ... ... ... 387 

Pump clacks and buckets ••375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 

386, 392, 393, 404, 406, 407, 420, 421, &c. 

Pump, conlinnoiu action ... 405, 406, 407, &c. 

Pump, continuous primed ... ... 387, 400 

Pump, oottAge ... ... ... ... 402 

Pump counters and indicators ... 417 

Pump crank frames and plummer boxes ... ... 414 

Pump cylinders, diameters, circumferencea, areas, 

and volume displacement table ... ... 53 1 

Pump, deep well ami rigging ... ... ... 407 

Pump, diaphragm ... ... ... ... 407 

Pump, distant... ... ... ... 420, 421 

Pump, double acting ... ... 406, 407, 441, 442, &c. 

Pump, electric ... ... ... ... 439 

Pump, experimental ... ... ... ... 381 

Pump, fire-engine (also see Fire-engines, &g.) ... 406 
Pump fixing and gearing ... ... ... 411 

Pomp, fixing and rigging up ... ... ... 398 

Pump flango leathere and cup leathers ... 379,380 

Pump, floating pole ... ... ... 394, 395, &c. 

Pump for chemical works ... ... ... 379 

Pump for feeding engine boilers... ... ... 404 

Pump for party walls ... ... ... ... 393 

Pump for proving cooks and boilers ... ... 436 

Pump fraraee ... ... 400, 414, 415, 416, 417, 438 

.Pump gearing, how to calculate... .... ... 446 

Pump gear, parallel motion ... ... ... 387 

Pump,naagwg ... ... ... ... 400 

Pump,histOTy, &o. ... ... ... 375 to 500 

Pump, book ... ... ... ... ... 377 

Pomp, brave ... ... ... ... ... 480 

Pomidng sewage ... ... ... ... 460 

Pmnp, iron **391, 392, 393, 394, 400, 402, 403, 436, 438, 

440, 441, 442, 448, 449, 450 

... 400 

... 389 

oga ... ... ... 402 

446 

385, 386 
. . , ... 401, &c. 



Pump, making up deep well 

Pump, making up jaok... 

Pnmp, roanueJ lanoar and gearing 

Pump, Nora ... 

Pump, parallel motion and slings 

Pump, pillar 



»1£IB 
... 395 
... 386 

446 

438 

412, 413 

413, 414 
Pump planks, 401, 402, 408, 411, 412, 413, 416, 419, 421, &c. 
Pump plank shoes ... ... ... ... 419 

Pump, plumbers* force ... ... ... ... 403 

Pump, pole and plunger ... ... ... 404 

Pump pressure table ... ... ... ... 396 

Pump, repairing ... ... ... ... 390 

Pump, repairing lift ... ... ... ... 402 

Pump rods and stuffing boxes ... ... ... 399 

Pump rods for wells ... ... ... ... 413 

Pump ToUera and guides ... ... ... 410 

Pump, rotary **3U, 400, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 

418, 421, 422, 423, 436, &c. 
Pump screw, dog wrench ... ... ... 402 

Pump shafting and cranks ... ... ... 419 

Pump spindle valves ... ... ... ... 378 

Pump, stationary ... ... ... 440,441,442 

Pump, steam ... ... 440, 441, 442, 448, 449, 450, &c. 

Pump, suotionless, for ooal pits... ... ... 405 

Pump staging ••386, 394, 395, 399, 408, 409, 410, 412, 414, 

415, 416, 419, 421, 422, 438, 440, &c. 

Pompstays andstages... ... ... ... 410 

Pump stuffing boxes ... ... ... ... 404 

Pump suckers, backets and fittings ... 376,377 

~ ■■ ... 496, 49V, 4o. 

44S 

... 384 

376 

... 392, 402, &c. 

411 

... 412 
... 438 
... 420 

393 

•376, 484 
423, 438 



Pump tables 

Pump table, computation of 

Pump, tree and lead 

Pump, tree boring 

Pump, vibrating standards 

Pump warning pipes ... 

Piunp wheel with vibrating levers 

Pnmp, windmill 

Pump with compound handles ... 

Pump with overnead handles 

Pomp, wooden 

Pump, working 

BAG wheel or sprocket ... ... ... 424 

Bain clouds how formed ... ... ... 493 

BainfaU and mountains (see Floods and also 

Evaporation, ko.) ... ... ... 366, Ac. 

Bain, origin of springs... ... ... ... 365 

Rain statistics... ... ... ... 494 

Baiu-water heads, iron .. ... ,,, ... 602 

Bain-water beads, lead... ... ... ■•686 to 692 

Rain-water symbol ... ... ... ... 506 

BaniB, air vessels, and snifting valves ... 458 

Rams at work... ... ... ... 464, 465 

Rams, beat valve experiments ... ... ... 467 

Bams, brief descrnition of ... ... ... 458 

Rams, directions for ordering ... ... ... 464 

Bams, double action ... ... ... 462,463 

Rams for clean and dirty water ... ... ... 462 

Rams for excessive pressures ... ... 461,463 

Bams, injection ... ... ... ... 461 

Rams with double foot valves ... ... ... 461 

Rams without chambers ... ... ... 460 

Range cook fixing ... ... ... ... 766 

Registration scheme of plumben (see Plumbers' 

Congress).., ... ... ... ... "487 

Regulus metal injectors ... ... 770 to 773 

Beservoirs ... ... ... ... 474, 484 

Bocks, porous... ... ... ... ... •367 

Rolls and splash cape ... ... ...' ... 665 

Roof B, lead guttering ... ... ... **628 to 632 

Roof strainers... ... ... ... ... 6bC> 



hffee Deads, page *lti). *• Sue lUnstiaUou 0017 (see UriMls, wU-acUiiv, page "««). 



794 



INDEX. 



Bor^ woric, ifon 
RoIcM, BMmring 



SCAFFOLDS for Iwd ikying ... 
SrHfivee g>Mwp and Icttd (lomwiun... 
Hmrwing iron pipcn, kc. 
Hmfwiatf jnmc-hituafy ... 
At:Kwia)^ fipm tofgether 
ffcr^w wrenchn 

.Vtf'cloMog Hpring valvM 

Herpcntine vator 

Hfrrint! pipen frutn Htrcct maina ... 

HIiampouiiiK ■rruiif^mcut 

Hti('«t lead hoifiting 

HiiikM aad Uratoty baMns compU'to 

HiiikH, (wrthenware 

Kinkn, i>hat an 

Hi nice, vegetable 



PAOB 

... 609 
'•617 

616 

... 50H 
736, 737 
738, 739 
739, 741, liA, &c. 
7*0, kti. 
651, 660 

.'(51 

... 482 

5:M 

... 708, 7H, ke. 
... 608 
... 703 

••704 

703 

700 

Hiiik wiutut (hIhu hcc SiukH, TntpH, Sink Ctmw, &ii.)... ASS 

ftkyliKhtfliuthinpi 648 

Hlijp HinkH ... ... ... ... ... 701 

Hluice valves ... ... ... ... ... A64 

Know boardii .. ... ... ... ... 6H4 

tinttken 63fi. kc. 

Kiildrr chaccn ... ... ... ... ... 646 

Solder dotting ... ... ... 618, 646 

Spindle valvM 378 

Hpitea ••681, 68-J, 0H3, 684 

BplitpIpoH ... ... ... ... ... 4*7 

HiningH 476,484 

Hpring and well water of Enffland delivered in 

Calais 603 

Springs, Kenxington Palace ... ... ... 483 

BpritigH, oil ... ... ... ... ... *fiQ2 

Springn, mtbmarinc ... ... ... ... 603 

Springs, the BHth ... ... ... ... .W2 

Hpringn, thcrmnl and gun ... ... ... 401 

Stand pipes ... ... ... ... 560, M7, .'>68 

Stand poKt and wast«-previ;utii)g fuiuituiiui (^so 

sec WaJtte Preventen.) ... .566, 567, 568, 569 

Stenm ... ... ... ... ... 7:i5 

(AIho hoo InjrclorH, 709: Heuting by radiation, 
782; "WatiT haiiitnor in Ht^ntn pipes, 466; 
Kvajnration ; Wht-T anil Kt4<ani product and 
punwwiitibility of difVcrent bodies, 726, 4c.) 
ffteam aiiitbot-watcr coils ... ... ... 769 

Ktoain knttles and stfsni ovens ... ... ... 767 

Ht/mni pijies and Knuill titling.^ ... ... ... 735 

Htnun wulvr licrktt^n further explained ... ... 77'i 

St/-p f)a«)iinK ... •■■ 635, 6:j6, 637, 638, 618, 61U 

m«ftlMrTi<-r 638 

Htfif b*, di<«, and oth<T toobi ... ... 7=16 tu 742 

HfAji <vif'k* Mid ImU valve continued, hints thereon... 557 
^tpfJirM- and v«lvcs ... ... ... 642, 543 

W/ffm*. /.ytwAiP. ... ... ... ... 530 

.(|ff<.j>f. imHtiUiie, suit writer, retrnnmundiUion of ... 494 
Unt'tWti fH"-', I'tiifth iif ... ... ... 383 

tt^fifftr an^ *iil|il>ur<iUK titles ... ... ... 525 

%*ttiiut i/iitt* .. ... ... ... ... 666 

^ff^f/M. wj»»*r( ' f'lWit" 'noo Advortisoment and Vol. 1., 

't A MiPr f*^i /HMff'- for diameter of branch pipes ... 447 
■>v*i **fl <(<w«<l'/rni OH piitfH, pumps, power, ie., 

JIm iH'tfst^^'f ... ... -.. ... ^i\ 

' 4 tftftMli'MM (iti \npvi; wells, pumps, power, 

r^lU* ahowtng )iow to calculate piunp 
yUU If/fM^t '"'"i (">^ ^""^ power, also 
M lim |/itni)M ... ... 445, 446 

631 

• mMWI*, A«,'rf l>an4[niilu(M!eDeiuU, piwu*!!)). ' 



net 

T^ble for air chamben ... ... 38S,)St 

Table for finding the depth of wclla by falling bodies 

in given time ... ... ... ... 41t 

Table for hydraulic rams ... ... 48.i, 466, 4tS 

Table for injectors, steam water heatem, fto. 772, ('4 

Table for lead pipe, strength of (nloo mee Vul. I.) ... W 
Table for pumps ... ... ... 396, 397, 441 

Table for windmills, showing bow to oalonlate power 

from those actually at work ; not ^rxn'ked out in 

figures ... ... ... a 

Table of analysis of water (see Water AnalyRng) 

506ta>ill 
Table of displacement of water in pomp bnrrels from 

Jin. to 12in. diameter and ]2in. lou^... ... 44S 

[And for ^'(in. to 50in. diameter, Kee page 531.) 
Table of experiments, with texta of effective duty 

for hydntulic rams... ... ... 561, f4t 

Table of jointing on cast-iron water pipe socketa ... iS 
Table of London water companlea' duily aupplj ... IS 

493, 495, W 
Table of loss of water head through Ifnida ... 144 

Table of sizes for greenhouse and other boilers ... 79 
Table of sizes of fiimaees for faoating- by hot water T~ 
Table of strength of cast-iron pipes ... ... H! 

Table of theotvtioal stn-ngth of leaden pipe« (w« 

abwYol. I.) ... .W,tt 

Table of asefut hints and facts to bo committed tu 

memory ... ... ... ... ,., |fl 

Table of weights and measures ... ... 530 to IB 

Table on gravitation or falling bodictt ... ...**• 

Table or method, not worked out iu figures, table 

shape, but an illostrativc description of how to 

(ibbiin necessary power for working gc^ared pumpa 

(also see Windlass and also Orab, page 607) ... 4IS 
Table or method to And power of water irheels, not 

worked out in figures ... ... ... (jj 

(Fur examples of above, see pagett 446, 44?.) 
Tabic or role showing bow to rakufate the power of 

pnmps to be worked by horae power ... ... 4li 

Table or rule to show pump barrel proportions 

necessary to raise a certain quantity of water 

in a given time ... ... ... ,,, ||i 

Table showing capacity of pipes... ... .., ui 

Table showing chemiiMils or solid natter held in 

nniiltered wator for the supply of Ifondon ... 4)f, 

4»9/mo, b. 
Table showing f national loss of now throng-b pipes 441, MJ 
Table showing nearest size leaden pipes made, with 

area in inches from Jin. to 6i&. preai^d, and 

from 6iu. to 24in. hand-made (see Pipe arc«).., 44( 
Table showing necessary pressure of watcn- for wtsl 

slso number of gallons delivered per minnte ... 41) 
Table showing numlier of cides, names, ang'lee, and 

areas of polygons ... ... ... ^^_ ))f 

Table showing tlie apiiroximate number of gallons 

pumped per day by eight London \i'ater com- 

paim« .. ... 495, fa 

Table showing the approximate water supply to four 

large towns and live smaller ones ... ^^^ ^f^ 

Table snowing thoorelieal pressure of water in to^ 

tical pipes per square inch, or pounds per rqiur 

inch ; nlso showing vertical feet ... ^ 

[The above table, if worked in conjunction wi^ 

the bibles on jMiges 448 and 534, gives uece««sarr 

[lower for all sij-e pumps, and tlie quantity of 

water pumped, by the simplest method of 

aritlimetir.) 
Table, water, weight of 
Tables, pump •382, 39G, 397, 398. *•' 
446, 447, 448, 465, 466 
4»<.l, SOO, 630, 531, 6: 
Tucks, hanging ball 
fku IlliutrstluiM only (mm L'riuali, kK- 



INDEX. 



796 



T»uka, leud 641 

Tail pipe, vatreei, clutm, &o. ... ... ... 379 

Tank, (.'utticig and (irilliiiif holes in ... ... 746 

Tuk, lend 471, 478, 480 

Tiini, prcBsiiro tlicreon.. ... ... ... 398 

Tank witli Npiiidle vftlres, air nttiiBe*, 4c. ... 671 

Tank with stay rods ... ... ... ... i71 

T«.ppiii(f mriini ^,. ... ... ... 698 

Tttiiiiij; ji^iuts... ... ... ... ... 466 

T«»titif,>- wnlCT bulb. ... ... ... ... 652 

Tip-Tipl(iT9toiy buNQi', JenningB'a p«teiit ... 722 

Toruirolli ... ... ... ... 661,652 

Town vater rapply ... „. ... ... 472 

Trade jealousy ... ... ... ... 486 

TrafMifor houeemaida' slopBinks... ... ... 701 

Trap, iron ... ... ... ... 614 

Turbines, all MtHH ... ... 425, 4-26, 427, 428, 429 

Tuiretit ami BpireB ... ...••672, 673, 674, 676, 676 

Tj-boani jiipe*. ... ... ... ... •478 

Typhoid lev-or (tnijir'AUu.1 gaatric fever) {nee Typhus 
fevM- and Baeitlug ; alro Bacterial Standard 
Purity of Water) ... ... ... 629 

Typhus OF typhnid txi^tllus ... ... ... 629 

UNDETtLATS or soakers ... ... ... 641 

TTnions for lead and iron ... ... 641, 64^ 

TTsefnl hiiit« and fsota ... ... ... ... 443 

Usefol hints and tables... ... ... 630,631,632 

VALLEYS ... ... ... ... 665, 666 

Valves and cocks, repairing ... ... ... 614 

Valves for chemical works ... ... 378, 379 

ValvpB, wLfi;ly.,, ... ... ... ,,. 731 

Velix'ily (hf wijNt through hot-water pipes (also we 

I'oiVitix'j- ^>tem of heating by hot water) ... 730 
Ventilating pipe on pitched roof, interwctinuH of ••667, 

668, 609, 670, 671 
Ventilation for rooms, &c. ... ... ... 782 

VentJlatorB ... ... ... ... ... ••639 

Vciililutor tiirrotn ... ... ... ... 676 

Vii.f', bluukftniithN' and plnmbero' ... ... 'fi 

Volcanoes ... ... ... ... 601, 602 

WAISTK pijxw, Hileiit (also see Bulhs, LuvutuiieH, 

Hinki', &c.) ... ... ... ... 753 

Wat<?r unJiIysiog ... ... ... ... 506 

Water Dnii]yi«b, <^)d andwell-triud ... 613 to 626 

Wator/«id Buimuluidffi, mii^rotn.'*, i:c. ... ... 497 

Water Ulid ithiumuin , ... ... 507 

Waterand artimunia, NoMiler's test for ... ... 626 

Water and iirni-fiUi, zinc, ariwtiitjifetbs'd hydrogen ... 611 
Water and barium ... ... ... ... 611 

Water and bell tower ... ... ... ... 478 

Water and chlorine ... ... ... ... 624 

Water and ioo fonned in caves ... ... ... 493 

Water and Diituriil resen-^irw ... ... ... 496 

Water and poiii^nouitnictalR ... ... ... 607 

Waterand atc-imi product ... ... ... 726 

Water and gulpiiciriu arid, hydrochloric acid, horacic 

add ... ... „. ... .. 612 

Water and tli e lAracli ten ... ... 368 

Water a^itutribuut, iish, iind how they live ... •497 

Water, nt^-btL', and sulplitir ... ... ... 611 

Water, bacterin] wtiindiircl purity of ... ... 529 

Water ujirlhydrjHJtH ... ... 569,660,562,663 

Water companies ... ... ... 490,496 

Water companies and natural filtration ... ... 496 

Water oompanies and police courts ... 480,490 

Water companiw and th^ water, quality of, and 

mterbeda... ... 500, 601 

■nnty Council... 490 

Uwith them... 491 

496 



VJlOS 

Water^ riiiij4tunt Mipply ... ... ... 496 

Water eylindefl", or storage lanka for constant supply 568 

Water demrLTideil from DwnerH and occupiers ... 490 

Water [Jepth iQdita,torH... ... ... ..- 418 

Water, drinking ,,, ... ... ... 493 

Water, drinking, diving for ... ... ... 603 

Water, expansion and contraction of, frost tmrats 

and cause of ... ... ... ... 729 

Water, flow of, by gravitation ... ... ... 446 

Water fiow through bends and Iocs of head ... 444 

Water, fluctuation of ... ... ... ... 496 

Water, free access to lands for ... .... ... 4(JG 

Water, friction lliruii)j:ii ^Liivi pipis ... ... 445 

Water, friction thr>.'ii(fli pipes ... ,,. 444, 445 

Water hammer, cxpi'rimeiita of ... ... 409, 472 

Water hammer ill stmiii pi|iea ... ... ... 46K 

Water, haidness of ... ... ... 511, 612 

Water, heating by injefltors ... ... ... 769 

Water, heating by steam ... ... ... 769 

Water, Ivi-ii-'ihKrcii, iuii|]v"f of ... ... ... 4S4 

Water, London, .Uil> supply ... 492, 493, 495, 600 

Water meters... ... ... ... 660,661 

Water meters registering air ... ... ... 660 

Water, Q>)rra-(irKani«iiH, and sanitary science ... 527 

Water motors ... ... ... ... ... 442 

Water pi]n.'r-, ii'iimii'Ti ... ... ... ... 634 

Water pressure for hose nozzloH... ... ... 436 

Water pressure gauges... ... ... ... 418 

Water preeimre injectors ... ... 773,774 

Water, pressure of ... ... ... 383, &c. 

Water presauro table ... ... ... ... 443 

WhUt prefMire Inlili.', puinjm ... ... ... 397 

Wnter, quantity iwod hy encb petnon daily ... 604 

Water rrtiii, action of ... ... ... ... 468 

W" liter TtK-hla, HttemptK tii atiip ... ... ... 485 

WattT. i«ik, for Btreet and rond watering... ... 491 

WatiT, aumples fl^ f(ir nnalyr<ing, &c. ... ... 627 

Wah-r, sen, nnnlysia of... ... ... ... 626 

Watipr ?-prejnli."r* .,, ... ... ... 436 

Water. Htinking or turbid ... ... ... 497 

Wiiter BUppIy ... .. ... ... ... 36.) 

Water tiiipply, irfiipriiil ti>WQ ... ... ... 532 

Water flvipply in Sontli-Wtwiom Asia .'.. ... 368 

WatiT fiiipplv, L<iudii]i, prcsc-iil ... ... ... 491 

Water Rupjil^ of iLinc liirgt; tjiwiie — IxindAn, Paris, 

New \ oik. Rwme. Miirwillen. Chicago, Sydney, 

Butfalo, and Hamburg ... ... ... 493 

Water supply to Ejjfypt... ... ... ... '368 

W[jUt supply t'l Ilouw" of Parliinnant ... ... '483 

Water supply to lavatoriea ... ... ... 707 

AVutcT Iccts and n4i}ft'iitH ... ... ... 626 

Water, the gn^Lt, ntnl Ih-t water gets contaminated 498 
Water, tho Liiudon, 'lud the quality, with cht-mioal 

pr^iportiuual tfthlu .., ... ... 498,499,500 

Water, t*)wn, Hiiijply ,,, ... ... ... 532 

Wat^sr, WG-ightL>? ... ... ... ... 398 

Wat-.T, weight of, and ^'Mpa(;ity uut4.-s ... 397, 398 

Water wheel, oVorflliot ]>iwer of,. , ... ... 446 

Wiitcr wbK:tn mill Ihi^ii- jioweT ... ... 423, 424 

Water wheels and windmills ... ... ... 483 

Water works and water companies ... ... 488 

Water works, East Ixiudon, Hoyul Commission inquiry 503 

Wanhers and plugs ... ... ... ... 658 

Wavfaers and wastes ... ... ... ... 558 

Washing tray, wastea and plugs... ... ... 700 

Waste preventer cocks .. . ... ... ... 550 

Wedges, lead, &o, ... ... ... ... 638 

WeUs ... ... ... ... ... 365 

Wtll (ur-pnmp blowers,.. ... ... 388,411 

Wells, iiiii'ietit ... ... ... ... 366 

Walla, and how to go down (see Windlass) ... *388 



«ad«, page •lai- " Sec lUuatrsUuu* uttly (mw Urluals, tU-tatiag, page • '9W}. 



796 



INDEX. 



PAOE 

Wells and8priiig8,Beation of **36«, 369,370,372,384,386, 

388, 391, 394, 408, 409, 411, 412, 413, 

416, 410, 421, 422,.438, 440, 460 

Welbt, artesian ••369,372 

WeUfl, Bagnagge ... ... ... ... 473 

Well boring and tools ... ... ... ... 372 

Well boring and tubes ... ... ... ... 371 

Well boring, ooBt of ... ... ... ... 373 

Wells, brine springs ... ... ... 372,373 

Wells, dcp1h of, fonnd I7 falling bodies ... ... 441 

Wells, foul air in 388,411 

Wells, gad 371 

Wells, history of ... ... ... 369. 371 

Wells, Jowph's "'see 

WoUs, JoHCpVs, at Cairo ... ... ... •36S 

Wells, riTcr of ... ... ... ... 473 

Wells, serpentine ... ... ... ... 371 

Well sinking ... ... ... ... ... 370 



VA 

Well sinking with palminet«rs ... ... ... 4 

Well staining and curb... ... ... .■ **i 

WellB, St. Oovor's ... ... ... ... i 

Wells, Strand and HoljTrell ... ... ... i 

Wells, very ancient ... ... ... ... *l 

Well windlass, and going down wells ... ... ! 

Welta and beads ... ... ... ... ( 

Windlass and bucket ... ... ... ... ! 

WindlaSH or crab ... ... ... ... * 

Windmills and water wheels 

Working down roll ends ... ... ... ( 

Working up a ball ... ... ... ... < 

ZYMOTIC dixeaacs, or fermentation badllns (see 
Microbes, Wat«r ADaljsing, Micro -org&niBiaa, 
Stinking Water, &c.) 497, 498, 499, 627, 629, 

Zymotic storms, and how people becx>me infeeted 
with cx>mmon bacillus ... ... 629, 



INDEX OF SURNAMES IN THIS VOLUME. 



PAGE 

BAILEY'S Air Pumps 411,417,418,436,437 

Bailey's Baths and Fittings ... ... ... 761 

Bailey's Steam and Hot-water Drying Booms ... 775 
Bailey's Stoam Kettles, Geysers, Steam and Hot- 
water Ovens ... ... ... 767, 768 

Bailey's System of Heating Houses bv Steam 783, 784 

Blaokbum's Duplex Valve, Fig. 1,023 ... ... 649 

Blake, John, Hydraulic Eams ... ... 4G0, &o. 

Bloxom's Elementary Chemistry Book ... ... 506 

Binby ft Co. 's Hot-water Arrangement ... ... 744 

Bryan, East London Water Works Engineer ... 604 

CHANDLER'S BaD Valves, Fig. 1,040 553 

Clark's Arsenic Apparatus ... ... ... 61t 

Clark, Dr., of Abenlcen, Wat«r Softener with Lime 512 
Cortin's rroof Chamber Cocks with Regulating Keys 

and Spannors, Fig. 1,624 ... ... ... 714 

Cortin's Reliable Regulus Metal Acid Injectors ... 773 

Cutler & Sons, G«a Worku Engineers ... ... 773 

DA VIES, P. J., Acid Injectors, to show the Prin- 
ciple of Injectors ... ... ... ... 770 

Davies, P. J., Air Muffles and Tanks ... 570, 671 

Davios's Ball Valves, Fig. 1,052... ... ... 666 

Davies, P. J., Umameutal Rain Water Head and 

Fiuials ... ... ... 686 to 699 

Davies, P. J., PaU.i-t Lead Tmpii for Hopper Basins, 

Fig. 1,489 702 
Davies, P. J., Pumps, Rams, &o., 384, 390, 396, 401, 402, 

411, 4-20, 421, 467 
D8%-io», P. J., Ball Valve, Figs. 1,037, 1,041, 1,042, 1,043 

563, 554 
Dariea, P. J., Waste Preventw Cocks, Fig. 1,031 661 
Davies, P. J., Sink Cones, Valves, Traps, and 

Junctions, Figs. 1,262. 1,253, 1,486 ...613, 614, 700 

EASTFIELD, William, London Conduit Promoters 486 
Emanuel's Ball Valves, Fig. I,06'>c ... ... 666 

Emanuel'h Baths and J-'ittings ... ... 752, 763, So. 

Emanuel's Cocks and Valves ... ... ... 720 

Emanuel's Glazed Earthenware Sinks and Fittings 705 
Emanuel's Lavatory BasinH and Quick Waste ... 712 
Ewart's lightning Oeyser for Baths ... 768,759 



FARMILOE, T. & W., Lavatory Basins, 709, 711, ' 

713, 
Foil ft Co.'s Cabinet Lavstorv Basins ... 709, 710, 
Pell ftCo.'a Pumps ... * ... ... 393, 

Fell ft Co.'s Shampooing Apparatus 

FeUft Co. 's Sinks 701, 

Fire Appliance Co. 

Foster & Dawson's Patent Hot-water Heating 

Arrangements ... ... ... 777, 778, 

Fowkcs's Fire Engine ... 

Frankland, Percy, Micro-organisms 

Franklin. Professor of Chemistry 

Fraser, Alexandra, Grand Junction Watsr Workt 

Engineer ... 
Fyfe& Co.'s Hydraulic Rams ... ... 400,460, 

GIBBS, Renton, Heating by Hot Water .. 776 to 

Gilkes's Turbines ... ... ... 426 to 

Qosse's Works on Micro-oi^^nisms 
Griffin, Chemists' Appliance Provider ... 608, 

Guest & Ghrimee's Ball Valves, Fig. 1,048 
Guest & Chrimes's Water Meter, Fig. 1,070 
Guest & Chrimes's Double Valve Waste FroTeaters, 

Fig. 1,084 
Gunton, of Kensington, for Wells and Tanks 

HACKS, Joseph, lat« Engineer West Middlesex 

Water Works, Ferrules 
Harper, I^ord Mayor, and Conduit Inspection 
Hartley & Sugden's Boilers and Si^ety YalTes, 

Kg. 1,677 
HaywardTyler&Co.'sFire Hydrants for WaUb, *o. 
Hayward l^ler ft Co.'s Pumps ... ... 4SBta 

Howell, Ward & Co.'s Drilling Machines 

HoweU, Ward &Co.'s Plumbers' Gas Pipe ^Toe ... 

I8LEB & Co.'s Tube Wells 

Isler & Co.'s Overflowing WcIIb ... 

JENNINGS'S BaU Valves, Fig. 1,062a 

Jennings's Patent CombinL<d Tip-np Lavatory toA 

SlopSinks 721, 732, 

Jenuinga's Lavatory Basiaa 



■ ae« mlddl*, Ac, of Paragraph! (sm Deads, page ns). ■* Oee IlliMtratlrau only (see irrlaala, •0lf.«oUng, pace **tca). 



QLOBSABY OF OBSOIiBTB AND TRADE WOEDS. 



797 



Jnmingk's Suiks 



TAVK 

700,702,703.701 



KINO and <jtb«n, Cbemista' nnd Sownog OtwNp 

HM'tin^ ... ... ... ... ... 508 

Kor1ing> Poroolaln Add IaJ>ector ... .73, 778 

Kofiiti;; Brothon* Sileat utd other Water UeBbK* 

uullujecton ... ... ... 770,771 

LAUB£RT'» BiUl Vslvm, Fifs. 1,044, 1,04S, 1,04« 

«M, 5sa 

olwrt'p W««t« Prormter Oocka ... ... Ml 

_ ab, William, Lamb's Oondqit Fraittot«r ... -iSS ' 
^TAnenjtUr'o, Dr., aleoO. E. Davies't, Otvil KigtiiMr, 
mill iiLh> Oarptnter'R Warlc on Ih* lUotOMope. 

All n.-<x>nmiBiia«d ... ... ... ... t37 

lATgc, Bobort, Tyboonie ot London Condtiit Promoter 4S I 

MARSH'S An-cnlc Apvaratiu ... ... ... All 

Munrii'c, Venter, OrignuJ Londoo Bridge Wibic 

Works Bu^wrr ... ... ... ... . 488 

M«tdniTn'i> Acid TnjiMtnni ... ... ... 77S 

Mi.Try»viit}ii-i'i Firv EuginM ... ... 432 b> 434 

lft>nt(fulfler'9 Raou ... ... ... 460, 4e. 

NKAL.Thnmu, WaU-rWOT-ks Engineer ... 48fl 

Niwvlituu'^ Pirc Emriuos ... ... 431 

KewtoQ, Cliainbcr8« Co,*5 Fouotiuiit and Badiaton 

Ui, 783 

PERKlNS'SSyitOTnof Keating by Hot Watn .. 77JI 
P«miau*B Rubber CoQii Vulnw, Ac. ... ... 378 

Pulmmctor Company'* Baths and Fitt!i)}r>, F<jr> 1 fiSi 761 

Alau tea 448 to 4B0 



P*IW 

RATET ft Kitt, Cboivh Baildm and Lead Cormaon £1 n 
RruaKKM'a Elttnentary ChttmlHtry Book ,,. .„ 606 

SHAKES'8 BaUu>, Fig 1,649 7» 

SniMdM), WiUiaa, Sbut-np Binka ... 708, 7'iO 

Strood ft Oo.'a Berawing Hacliinai ... "37,788 

StoM ft Co.'b F«mil«B 3}fi, 087. J>39, 542,ftp. 

StaiiftftCo.'eBaUyA]v(«,Fig. t.OlT, ftc. ... 666 

Stcme ft Oo.'a SCrMt Hyilmiitii for Wnt«r Cartii 663, G6Z 
atone ft Co. 'a Slui™ Valr™ ... ... ... 6«4 

Sbmo ft Oo.*i) Drinking Fountolna and Waato 

Fivroaton ... ... ... ... M6 

TYLOR k &0119* FounUin", WaUi iieu-n, t'-ocka 

and ViiK-cH, Fcrnilce, Waeto Kala, 401, 462, 635, 637 
53S. 612, IMM, 661. 660, 661, 666, 667 

UMDERIIAY*SBiiUValTea,l^g<i. 1,019,1,060, 1,061 66« 

W ARl^.R'8 ITot-wBtAf Oocks with PatMit Baok-nat 

fur KitiJxen B«)iW ... ... ... ... 7M 

Warnor'" WiudJjuwt nod Bucket ... ... ... S74 

Warncr'F Pumpn ... ... ... 388, 400 

Waygood ft Go.'i Llft« and A(<ciimnUtoni 463, 464 

Wuoton, John, with uthen, aUflmpt Lo Slop Water 

RiKht-in ry:>DdoQ ... ... ... 486,486 

WoaWi PulW^ Fi«. 1.221 608 

WbitebuTHt'a tiydrnulir Rami ... ... 466, 467 

WUaon, 04>ar^ Johu, CuuBnuatiou of lufonnatioB 4H2 
Winn, Ohiirl(», Screwing MacbiaM ,.. 738, 789 

Witlit-TH, t)ie Svrpvutinu Bnginrar ... ... 4S3 

Woodwuxd's GroovM Top ^kti... ... 700, 701 

WorUiic^rtoD St«ani Pumping Co.'a Pump" and 

WaUr Motoni 441, 442, 4« 



GLOSSAUY OF OUSOLETE AND TRADE WORDS, 

ALSO OP WORDS VAEYDfO PBOM THEIB ORDINABT SIGXtPICATION, 
AND TRADE TERMS GENERALLY. 



About right. A inb done well. 

Accumulator plat«. A leaden plaleof a apongy nature, 

ur having riSe oi groove* for atoriag electricity iu a 

fwcnndarr or ^torago bnttory. 
A 1, copp«r bottom. A fint'olaM irorkman. 
A coil. 3011. of l]iu. or l^iu. aud 2iu. Uaid pipe. 
A coil. 60ft. of ^in., }bi.. or liii. lead pipe. 
Acres. A plumber afraid to tAokle a Job : a oon'nrd. 
AA^r Sush. A fluch of water to run after rou leave go 

u clonvt pull ur huudla, mi s> to cliurga the baMn of a 

ralve dooct. 
Air chamber. A rctwd wbrrcin uir ii> iiti|Mri«aed to 

fi.nii " ' uilii.in fur thf watw, Hu M to prvwnt jara. 

ntiJ -tream. 

A lentrt ^ ld load pijw. (Svc Length.) 

il-»' '- 

-'(ooLiluD^ ttcaj. 
■^ lo fix work 



Art«aiAii wells. Formerly wdlii bond by mcchanii-n 
thrntigli tmpnrvioua malurtal till watvr wiut found al 
Artuia, iu Fraiioc. wbera well -boring wwi aamionei 
first b> be done, but which is not oorreot. the Cninen 
hartD^ a much longer record of xuch work. 

AsphyxiAtor. An apparatua (or gtiuonting nuolw foe 
tt.-rtiiti»f draina, fte. 

Astragal. A head and flllet», forming a anall moulding. 

Aitnoapberic pump (•ame u Jack pnmp). 

Auat, my. .\ wiitvr-cloact. 

Bacilliu (aoe Cholera booilliu). 

Bag*. TrtHMWH. Plumbtrrn fur 310 ywint worn largv 
tnmaen, and bom about I860 lo 1870 woro Uiou eu 
lar|re and straiglit-Vgged, whioli rotinly bid the toM 
of tbe bootff, that the people nnod to lutk them if tbey 
oairi«d ilivir ItKiln in theu tixiuaer Icgit. Hrnco the 
niuiH; "DNgs" tor trouacra. SbakewptMire called tliMD 
UTibngis." 

^tx, A leror haring a ball at the end lo belsn*** 
^ n*«l ill Miniiectiun witli Ihn wirea of a v 
to m wntar-eloaet. • ^ 



798 



GLOSSARY OF OBSOLETE AND TBADE WOBDS. 



Ball valTe. A fauoet goyenied hy a Tain, a Idnd of 

ball cook. 
Bam-lhaped. Leaden traps made ezoemyGlj larger than 

is neceMWTj to be iietf-olJeaiiBmg', or otlur snofa impro- 

portioncd manafacturod goddft. 
Bar solder. FlumberB' wldor, nomewhnt of a triangular 

shape, the wction acrowi the ban being the nhape \ /, 

tiic nan about 12in. to 15iu. long. 
Barreling. In pump work laiye Btrong leaden piping 

oitod in deep TeUs where stufiing boxes, &o., iirc 

objocted to, and in plaoeH -where the well or working 

barrel in not easily got at for repairing sucker box. 
Barrel!. In pnmp work the cylinder wherein the bucket 

or pinton works. 
Beaver. Beor or ale about 10 or 11 a.ic. 
Beater (same as Marpot). 

Bird's eye. A hole made in lead by a bad workman. 
Bit. A. solder iron made of copper, with iron stem and 

wood handle. 
Blead, to. To blead idgniiioii to mako a small round 

bradawl hole In a pipe to fret dead water out for 

patching pipes. The nolo is then closed, sometimes 

with a wooden peg driven home and soldered over 

with a copper bit. 
Blocks. Two blocks of 4)in. by 3in. qoortering. Sin. 

thick, having a quarter oirrolar p«nlion cut out to 

receive soil pipe when it w being prepared on the 

bench or floor. 
Blue or bluey. Lead. 
Blue piffeon-flyer. A pennn who makes away with 

leu Ulefirally. 
Bluey cracking^. Breaking into ii house and ntcaling 

lead therefrom. 
Bobbin. An elongated kind of hard wood ball or drift 

UNcd in pipt^ bending; to keep it round ; it is driven 

through the piiio with drifts, which sec. 
Bocland. Boukland. 
Bolt (see Tommy). 
Boss. A brass ferrule, wherein Hcrews a cock or draw-off 

valve. 
Bosser. A iituuiber. 
Bossing. To boss up. To work up a comer of a leiiden 

gutter, tray, cess[>oot, or il brake so hh to do without 

solder or burning. 
Bossing iron. A stiuarc-nowd iron for heating the bow 

when comonting in. 
Brake. An internal angle from the outer side of a leaden 

gutter. 
Brass me up. A ^-ulgnr way of asking for wages when 

leaving uu employer in ti hutf . 
Breeched. To bo in ^nxHl circuniHtatii'es. 
Breeching. The junction or rounded jNirt of Io»d 

burning r«x:ks. 
Britch. To britch. Ask an old jilumber. 
Broil. The end of a g-alena rein. 
Bucket. A term in pnmpit. The working~p:irt or pixton, 

having a valve in the centre. 
Butt. A water vessel in the shaiic of a barrel having 

one head or end out. 

Oalme^ or canu. Window lead. 

Oaptain. The agent under the poner in lead diggings. 

Oarucate. As much land as can be ploughed with one 

plough in twelve months. 
Caulk. To run lead into a socket, ftc, and then drive it 

in with a blunt chisel to compress it, to prevent 

leakages. 
Inulker. A murvellous story or lie. 

vlker {see Jointer). 

I^KtoI. An - underground catch pit for receiving 
nces and slept generally. Also a leaden box to 
eoeive the rain water from leaden gutters. 



Clbalk water beds. Same as oolite bod«, idtldi ste. 

Chalybeate. Charley Bates, water ohargea with ira. 

Chambers. In lead mining tunnels. 

Chambers. In lead pnmpe called air cbamlnn. 

Chambers. In vitnol works closed pisoee Eb hi 
leaden tanks to condense imliAiuoiu Tiiiiiis 

Charley Bates. Water charged with icon wfakb si 
corrodes the solder in leaden oistems ; bant dris 
are not affected with this. 

Choker. A downright lie. 

Cholera bocillns. A kind of deadly microbe that la 
in the air and water, and eo eivau that it mnld ti 
folly 12,000 to form a thiead or ^voeosiaB Ifai. ksf 

Oistem pump. A pomp baring an air-ohoialar U 
the purapbockst. 

City solder. Two of lead and one of tin, stsmpedvi 
the Plumbers' Company's stamp, a very old eoiia 
but now beware of solder stamped '*Ct^ 8(dfa 
as it is stamped this name by makers witbost t 
arms stamped thereon, as it dkould be by the Ftnsifae 
Company. 

Clack. Part of a valve, generally the top part. 

Claw. A kind of grapple iron, used to support the ni 
eto., in well bormg. 

Cloth, plumbers', for joint wiping. A kind of pad ■■ 
of moleskin, mode to a suitable thieknewi oy da 
one layer over another till thick enough to pren 
the solder boming the hands. 

Clout. A countenmnk headed nail. 

Clove of lead. In Henry VI.'s time, 71b«. ; Edwaidl 

Coach. A little trolley having an iron pan on lop to r 

the surplus lead from the ueet lead oaating bed to i 

melting pot. 
Coburg. A short length of Jin. or lin. cast lead m 

witn a flange rant thereon for connecting the lean 

mains to the street mains uaod thirty years ago. 
Cock (ground-in). Same as Plug tap. 
Cock (screw -down). A valve, cock, or tap for MTifa 
Oockeys. Plug rock makers. 
Cock's eye (same as Bird's eye). 
Continuous primed pump. A pnmp ooustructed n 

to get empty shoula the valves leak. 
Copper bolt (see Bit). The name is takes frtta i 

plumbers making solder irons from the copper bd 

used in wooden ^ps. 
Copperish. With pliimbors when the landlady ebuf 

too much fur gruo iind diggings. 
Costeaning. &ring or digging holen at right aa^ 

for Kalcna, 
Councilor. A plumber's helpmate or apprmtioe. 
Crab. 'When being wound up or dowu a wrU to I 

knocked against the staging, &c. 
Cram. To put a piece of wood, &c., into the e^' 

Ncjim roll when working down the end 
Cramming, or stop back. To cram a pipe wUkiv 

bread worked into a lirm boll or roll, and pniMW 

u pipe where a cock or valve lets by slowly, so Art< 

jomt can be made ; sometimes whiting or slif i 

used instead of brood. 
Crane. A draw-off water cock, tec, or valva. 
Curb. In wells a wooden drum witnout ] 



Deads. Foreign rubbish, associated with 

mineral ore. 
Devil. A plnmlwr's fire-pot. 
Diggings. A lodging or apartments whi 

iiwiiy from home. 
Dip pot. A put for dipping the point * 

when cutting up sheet lead. 
Distant pump. A pump worksH 

a pump at a distenoe. 



Document, the I'ncc Ticket), 

Dop-parinff. Tuminp^ Ojn r.onien of liwd in k tolA k 

an tuuuikiMi Irny without ticNwin^, hiirniuKi ur eolderinff 

up Iho »D};l«s , pi^-luKKiuK- 
Dotr wrench. A tool fnr iinnMvwIa); pump »mv« nt 

any angle, awI for i-oiifinc<l pInceH. 
DoUy Or sam shop. Ati illir^I pnwnnliiip, or > plai.'V 

where xtcilon &rt1alca are rwelved. Thii" niiRH> io taktm 

irom Ihtt nign uf the bWk doll, onoe tb« mgn of n rag- 

fchfip. 
Down pipe, Thv Hiijiply piye lu a itii[RT>c]nwt. 
DrttBser. A wcmd^ti titni «rilji hitii^o for ft4ttatilii|r dento 

III aliUL-t load, ot for uiixlinir up diMt fend. 
I>Ttft. A Icind of Nhnrt mandrill to driv* th« bobtMn» 

thmii|;h pi|i^t( to g«t llio d«uta out. 
Drip. 'liic jujictioa, sud whom two gotten) meet ono 

cmplrinfT iiilo tli» other; the outlet of a ^tt«r if 

turiiM iJoirn. 
Drip tray. A tniy inadi' of Imul to catch the >lriupiui;« 

of Nulphuric aciii frura thv tup of nil nrid chajnoer; a 

pipe coDveyri the ac.id to tho oxionial pan of the chniDtKV 

to nhow th« rnte nf cnndeaAutJun. 
Dripping box. A lisulnn rnuixiol mlm roof. 
Drop iiif Willi wnk-rj, Tak(>u (•> nol^fh «n« ffriiln. 
D trap. A stink tisp made in tho sLupe <i( the am- 

noriiint O, a trap citirmolv nbikM<d liy thoae ■lotknow- 

iuy- ilA quiilifi'CuttiinM, and bjr ixsijit'- inleraatod in other 

mnkpR n1 trups, alno 1hr<juKn inferior worknMnaUp. 

1)11(1 nu»l]itikr. niiU bad vpatJItttioo. 
Duffbr. In pliiiuhliiK. a biul 'irm'knuui. 
Dumillies. A looL tiiiule with Iviul bniriii^ n wikhIi'ii or 

irnii lianillr* ii»nu?timi>a hc-nt for pipe )>b'iiiliri}f. 
Dummy. A tncco of ■.'uiii; with ImhI «ii oim etui, used lo 

knock bnii>«e, &»., oat <if soil piporf, aail iMctl for 

betiding aoil pipeit, 
Dutch, auction. A li^iuw it( h Ixail mtn^ to threo or flve> 

lead rainoi'B fiir edx luoiitht. 

B&r« (Mc TarikHj. 

Ferrule. A nnio'n nr other 'hmsa <'i>»ni.Tii>.>n tvherotty 

the leaden pipra iirr connoctad to tho etivct mitina. 
Fipuro. What fc. th« fiyiiror Waf[M fmr hotii-. Hume 

a« Si.Tt'W, 
Finger pipe. A blowpipe for load haming. 
Flange 3"^"^^ Immi lu Tuft; . 
Flapper. A flat pioce of l<^ikd uhm) tn knoi^b ahtyit IcAd 

■iri'Bilh 'It intii <-crtiiiti uUri^n lo find IIm riUMiilx-ra of & 

minild, Huoh im a nwmtoing iin n niiii-wntor bitad, Jco. 
Flask. A kJDd of frame to hold aaud fur lead exatiaR 

[not for ahrot l<Md). 
Flouting pole. Itt liiimi> wnrk u wmjilt-ii polo whcronn 

till* biiikct in lixeil. Thin wurlcii li>flilt-r oti the band 

tlinii H loll); length «f iptu puiiip T'mI. 
Fluckont. ^Ule or c1ii,v in n tc«d mine. 
Fliunmuxed. Tho trhole i<iti apollt. 
Fodder of lead. In Lonaoii, Ltjewt. ; In the'Xorth, 

21 cwL 
Frame A i-he«t-Ii^ad oaAting table. 
Frame pump. A wheel pump whose hame oon bo 

uawl for winding mpn up or down in deep wdk, nftec 

worlduh' Willi roga and wlieoliK. and called "geend" 

pumiu. 
Funnel [Mvme im Hoil pipcj. 



Galena. Tlie proper unmo fm 
lavo. A word derived ' 
ilone. 

I (weFra 

a t- 



;.Piw(or"Tein"), 



fter tlx* joint 

OBtillg, 



Oon« to Unasb. Bankrupt. 

Orait. Work. " Arc yon in graft? " ugsifyiiig, " Are 

you in wiffk : " 
<}run. Takf^D u^ equal lA-iM gniae. (See Drop.) 
Orua. On the «iirfn4« above a load mine. 
Oraat captain*. Tbn tnulf-rgrouxtd men in it lead mine 

and u*'Xt man !•> the CAptalu. 
Orub. Fool supplied at your lodgingB, kc. 

Hachet bit, A coppi'i- bit in tho shapo of a amall 

hat<'h^'t. 
Half 8. All S trap wltb onf I'juartor rut. otf , 
Hand draaaing. Suriin); ^fnleua frvjni rubbioh witli 

nieveab; hiu^ ; )u wutt'r. wnietiDieH called "ataudlug 

bnddlc/' 
Hards. Old jointa c:nl froiii olil and other Im^ pipos &e. 
Hearth. Tb« I>cd ■■( » inuffli-. (Sc«i Unfile,! 
Heai. The propor hont far tlw metal, ijr aoliler working ; 

aliki w»cl in lend oArting: " I« tho litwt up^" or 

" H«y« yon giit the heat op F " 
Hide. ISOaorex, 
Hoisting- board (am Stage)- 
Horse. In unALinif, a lienm or piece of timlior to carrj a 

tnniild for iiioiLld-makinf ; in nhoct-IcAd working, a 

mould U> i)n»ui Wd into iilinpi', aiii'li aa liniiil li;tivu(. 
Hump. A pStiiti>>t-r (Jilt of tFiii|wr wii.li hia week; ill* 

tempned, like n cat with ita buck up. 

Inside work, l-'iilng pipw, fte., budde bonwa. ftc. 

Even filing i><i) pipes outxide n building it called 

Inaidr work. 
Irony. lu waUt, ohidjrboat^ water. 

Jack putnp. A leaden pump mndo to pump wster oat of 

r>hiklli>u' wi'Da ; B MiLi'tinii pump. 
Jaw box t*^" Iron innk;. .So tiameil on aunininl al 

WiUiliTWiimon's jnw wllifti at work. 
Joint, pltimber's. A joint madu with aolder, wiped 

BMioitb aud idoan. m'iI.Ii g»<>l iklia|tf, mid ■ymmclriml. 
Jointer. A ninn wh» nuihrH thi- juinta •m canl^imn wat<^ 

and gua nuiiiia. He ia aUo called a c«ulh«r. 

Killed spirits {mt- Spirit*). 

Knighted. A pin put into tbu kvy of a (ai<!k *«■ thiit lh<* 

key will only turn oiiart^r way. I'ecd in lial! eiockB. 
Knocking off'stick lead lutme no Lihtin man). 
KnOW'all. One wlio know* ciforything and yet knowa 

Ladkin, or ladakin. A gUxior'a tool fur opnning tbt> 

i.-ttliui.-- of window lead. 
lAnguot. .\n iron fork in spiimp md mailc to work the 

biir'.lict whi'ii till* buikit i.i a ahort. imr. Vrry old, 
Iiead burninij. Joiufini: llii? 1^1(11-4 of leatl by mm of an 

aerobydrii.' bIowpip(>, wlji«rolpy U t.'».« piljr>>» be'v>me 

<me homugeuueuj! bism of load, mid wiiJtuui the nae of 

wilder. The beat of all jointa for letad work, and 

eapeciaUy ao for (.'hemir.il worlD> ; or, tauki* oualaining 

aeid. or dulyboutc water. 
I^ad laying. Fixing and working lead un roofn. 
laengths of lead pipe, ^in., }in., Iin,. MiuaLi l&ft; 

l)in., Uin., 'Iin., npiala L2ft. i 'i^in., Sin., 3^in„ 4in., 

iiu'i U|iw'un]>i, n|ualn lOfL 
Liquation, Ritdning tin. 
Uttle man. A pirn- of plnntiTrra' wood lath, ahaipensd 

tu a pi'int. ti> kuiir.lc otT all auridiia li^ad wbcn dnwinff 

leaden noil pipuq with w>lder and iroiia. 
Iiods, The fiwan? or cra^k iii the atrata or a rein of 

gnJonn. itf>m<rtimea found at the «nrfa»i, whif^h may 

run milr* uodttr ground and up agitin. whm it la 

known aa "broil," av •' done wilt." 
Lushington, a. A drunkard, or one wbo conttnually 

^oaka himadf with boer. 



800 



GLOSSARY OF OBSOLETE AND TRADE WORDS. 



M achise, lead bumiaff. A kind of onAkwed box of 
tcodfor gfinontliifehy£rogei)gM (toe Lead bantinff). 

Mandril. A •mimtli irooden piiT*U«<l pols to btoid tiiip«t 
lead roimd for ninkiPK i>ii)M tfaeiwu. 

Xorpot, a. A betiber, or ouo tliat U t«'o-fsoe<l or tmui, 
umI irUl <TKtr\ into Knatlicr'B thot» by nlylf cdgjnp a 
K"«k1 miiti out o( liiii pinqtion or " greft *' ; ■ bIj <nuHf. 

Massicot. i/Cii(t •trvun. 

Mnt4 fsiiDc SB ConndUor). 

Metal. I'liunlvrn' Kildtr. 

Mictob«. A mwut" f;i-'nn, lanay diUMn of wliiuk nro 
paliioBQnio tn iiuiii, wliQat oibvc cUawh nri' U'lt hi. 

Mid-feathors hoUow. Flaagcs ou Wilcrb wliiuli pur- 

lii;lly f'rnii thf fliii'. 
Mignonette bed. A privy. 
Minviral tr%il. To trace galens in the Mrih, 
HUer. A kind uf sngw uirad in well boring. 
Mizzle off, to. OUuT vrarkmrn nuikitiR: s duffer raAgn 

hin job, or to " takt' IiIb lii>ok " oH tlii' job. 
Monkey. A dwd wmsht udnl in r(iniic«tioa with pullapi 

to drivv tube* in tulw well wutk. 
Mooch. A moochfir ; a fellow iKArly slvaya out of work, 

dIho a fallow nmrly nlwu^rn lunki(j|f for Ildn^ra that bo 

I'iin turn to n ]iTi>fitB,hli' iii-iHiiint , to Mlink iin-ny frgm 

" jtJb bslf doiw, vtd wbi^ will nvt ntaud K U'lt. 
Muffie. A rererberatory fttmace. 
Mulled over. Work fttt^-mplcj Imt stwrit, or good work 

Miiiilt by ail inff-rior wirkmnii muliflinp wltli it. 
Uullj'. A kind uf Ivam u»cd m. cuck jtrindisy. 

Nictcing buddle. L)k« nmaingr boddlo, but with thr 
trouf;b Uiiide like n iTnuiii, wlnjm tho nn> £■ iiut lunl 
inixMl with plontj- of wutor in the head tmugii. Tbe 
wiit«r in thui s11uw«l to ran down tfa« bottom umna lu 
noUect luiy gftleoA which U not d<-|H>«il0(l in tht t^p 
I rough. 

Nidits. A onvi-riiig ut a network ohanietor. 

Nipples. Loud burnurK* jeta. 

Oolites. Beds of aund and tfrsvel which sunk up uid 
hrild wntor spcngii-likc, n-nd n^ain yield it by dei?reoii : 
u watwr-bcsnnx kind of otrsts Wk thst of diolk bwln. 

Outgo. Tho otitlet of a atink tmp. 

Out of draurht. A suctiou pump fixed too far nway 
from tlin Invvl vt the wiit«r ia s wf II, wfaoraliy Iho 
sUnospheriL- alreuonol foroo tho w»tor tutu ibv puinn 
btuTfll, or a*t plumbers mt. "The pmup won't §ucik 
it lip." 

Overcasting, cir i^LuunK' jninbi. Th'n bitI nf rublmi^r the 
hot iraa over a joint jnot after it hiu bci.>n mnd^v ThJa 
is te SObI over the pores of the nolder to iircvLtit the 
wat«ir, ftc, HWMitiDg throngh. K^poi-iaUy usod nn 
nictluiia uf pump*. 

Pair of plumbers. A plumber nnd Inboiircr. 

Pan closet. A ■ido.iit Imvitixn MmtJiitn^r or l»r;t^ v<-»«'I 
whsi\ju wocka a ooppvr bowl or puu lu bold iiboiil 
Hum innts or m uf water, and was introduced abaut 
eixtf jrcat« ago a« a snbutitnte for tho mlvc tlosot. 

Pathog-enic. lauonlslion of diAeuw. 

Peg-into-it. To Ko to work with s will of dtnut; « lot of 
wtirk ; to w«rk uurd. 

Perambulator. A frame on which woodoa pump^ are 
bored. 

Pigeon. Lead whioh fljrii away from toofe, or loue in 
transit. 

Pig-lugging (ftHi Doff -oaring). 

Pibshes. Load mineairided out to k^ma captainN, sice 
varies fn*tn 60ft. bigb by 33ft. ]oag. 

Pin (isaiue an Tommy). 

Plug tap. A eock haWnjr u nLiill and |^aid-in plug. 

Points, t^niull ihasj wc'dgi'tt used for gutter dripa, &v. 



Paling boards. Bourdvubuut 2ft. or 3ft. long ONedst 

the bork of wnlmfpi in draiusgr^' wor%. 
Poney. A»k ui old pliunbcr : alw> niwxl in well wortc as a 

wafety wbeii btnng woaod up or down. 
Pot. A lead molting pot wt in briekwork. 'I'hii- nuni.' im 

rt'liipoiinly tuvA by lead oaaterc, and sbould any wie 

rjill it n ujjjpM-, it ntcaoA 3,'lj fine. 
Potato trap. A mrelnm Kpcakingor speaker's tsoulli 

toksn from S'ifrui«i»m. A word of oontnmpt for a 

chatterer. 
Pouring stick. A ntidi aboat 12in. loii^c. I}in, wide, 

4in. thirk, with a hcilliiw rut on oiie«idi*tn tioiir wider 
uiW wluni Uiu ]Wiiiit of Ihc Htick i» dirocbM to conrn 
solder to any ^scc whoro a iplaah Htiek cannot be una. i 
AIm mod for Mldf^ng the oprl^ht an^kw of drfaraa. 

Priming pumps. Tbmwiiijf a pnil of water Into the 
linrrcl to iviuhc ibe butkei t*i dniw or Btitk. 

Privjr. A doBSt of decency, iMially made where water- 
cdoaeta c&nnol be oonstntoted. 

Pros. Awater-clui«t; BbbaevialedfoimafwpoTTikATds^v 
(OxfoidUuivsndtyJ. 

P trap. Nearly the f>ame as a D tmp. Imt with the outlet 
wiiuire mid opeu, and more of a H shape. 

Pump tree. A tne bon-d Ut form the barreling of | 
w-oodoiMiiiiup * . 

Purser. Tbe head btudness mno in a lead digging. 

Quench hook. A piece of '^in. ruund iron bartu)^ 
lliti. cyti (jr hole at one end and a pot hook iit tlie 
other i-'ii M ta quenth tho handles of the plumbvn' 
iron* Hiul currj- the metal pi)t. 

Quench pail. A pail to ouol the bandies of plumbeca.* 



Race. Tho .^hate which oonveya water to sn ovarAot 

wattu* wheel - 
Ham. ilydiaulle ram ts.kcH fnim tho Iodb (rank of whIit 

which rocks and drivei, Mmilur to tbe Mlt«:riuf;-ram. 
Bamshnckled. Knocked shmt, ahsttered ; oldflttiagB, 

nuiJi a^ old water-cluMts, old water mHion. &('. 
Regulators, various («v Aeid-makiiitt and L'^- 

Immina. Wattr Closclit, An-.V 
Bigg' To ri]{ a pump : to flt up a ptunp with bU 

ueveasary fittings sod working power. 
Hiugs. In cock grindLiig; thi' xcruLchso, Ice, when Ihe 

giindioK nateruil ii too ooaieo and too dry. 
Hipper. A roof tool for taking tbe nails oat of dates 

wWu fii^l. 
Roaking, roke. To )fi) w1ict<- juu liaru nu right or 

wh>orr yi->u an not wanted ; to rummage ; near to lbs 

wiird '' K">l>e." L-X(iept darknetw. 
Boasting Sm^ltitig gsh^ns in a tnufllo or reverbwatoTT- 

fumsw. 
Rocking standard. A movable fulcrum for the lersr 

L>f a t)iiiu|i hftndlc. 
Rod and sling. A iMXitrirunci^ for making puinp rods 

work through u tlxcd MH^kei ; to ke»*p the rod pprpm 

dicular and to form a ru^kin^ motion, or for a Himilar 

uHu to that of the vibrating lever, but not so guod for 

deep wells. 
Roliinjg jointl. ^teaot of moving oriuUiuff the nlpe 

Rudjolnt in a droalar direcUoo that tho hand and now 

&an r«main on btp no thnt the joint may be ronnd | a 

biul imitic*. 
Roll of lead, "ft by 3ftft.. or larger. 
Rotherham screw-down. Tlie ordinary scrvw-dowa 

draw-oH cook or valve, so named trom being first mads 

at Kijllirrbniu. 
Rotten. I'oTouH tend. BouieiiuK-A called apougy. 
Roimd valve. An old wnlcr-closet volvs loathurcd and 

burin)!' a knifo-vdged ueating. The ndvc U weighted 

duHu with kad. 



I 

i 
I 



J 



aLOBSARY OF OBBOLETB AKB TBADE W0BD6. 



801 



Porpciidicular planlu dri*«n into the outli in 
"jf ilnin wark, kc. 
^tng buddle Wiuhing lead on> to tmnghN hiiviiig 
I tiTXMl supply of running wator. 

Tn gci the aaak ; to he disrlmrgsd !)▼ on oraplcpTt^r. 
lie 111 well wi>rk n piifti ol wwid with a n-ipc eml 
tVirnijuli, linvinK » kniit l.ii.'d thei-ouii, anil whemoa you 
it lUuddlrtl whilitt RoinK dowii or •coming up a iiv^p 

Atny to catch i^vorflo** nr iMka^cA. iut(>dund«r 
t«F-<!lnM)lB, bulha, liMtrrai, kc. 
XoDday. ^Vlle^ a workraan, o*pKrui1ly n 
^Muin, Ukc» a hcilidny on Unodn^r it ia coJlrd 
nt Ucntdajr. 

To atand vum ; to pay for ivfroalimenta or thi> drink 
lolhen*. ISm DfiUy ehiip.) 

or le&d gl&nce. Solphtmt of lotxl and ihe 
nimt niimp af Ipad. 

Tu tfiv^work the go-by; to do it badljr and 
{tbont due oontaderstiua. 
iping castltt. A intt«r-«lMe^. 

IW- A pliimWii «r Ubourwr'a wai^ii. (8«e Figure.} 
rloe box. A leadcD boi to vnppjy an after-fltuA tn 
I B waWr-cliwitft. 

Dlft- 'IVo bpndi' in n pipe tn olt^^r >i thio of pipitip. 
|mofa an a bftit pii"' to gii iircr n plinUi. 

' Icuifs. A gkaier'a knlft' for cutting anlmax i>f 

ow lead, hsvuig » bone haxuUn. which ulni luu un 

[■ hanuner to knock up the pwujfi of gUw into their 

_ Ijr. Ct«tting past the age of work ; dao bo do an ant 
not quite stmightforwardl 
dhavln^- The aot of (Tntting n minute fibaving otT the 
a lend whrre von wiwh ihe suldor !■) ndhcri.'. 
t Shod-a-toftr. To drink witki wnrkniKn ; n glaiui t»^T-tluT 
l>rforp pnrtinit fcr btniuMit iii^fht; u kind of puthclii; 

fihnviK* *TCh pluml^rn at pflrting. 
Is. llic two p:irl» fonniug iviiti'r baU«. 
.'shoaling, or •xploria^. S>.inivhi]ig frirgulma. 
.Shoddy. Bdd and cbuap work. 

^ehoe. Ill pump work the iron irhich i^ ftxod In the 

iit«lniii)f lor the otagM tu rtNtt on. 

Shoe vftlv*. Ati iiM Tnlvf ftir wntftr-i-lowt work, nut ynl 

iin]>ruvfd, u|r>u, thuiigh It'iiH 'j! ihf'iiwinds hiivi- irjadio. 

, Sixes nnd sevena. Work in tltorongh cunfuHinn, b^gan 

. iiu-iiie if"Wii. ftiijhiiw. 

Skullor- A mun Ihut IK finreluKt jiud drcniHiuijrthiiigduwn 
B mil "n 11 pluniU-r. fTbi? duiallwt Ut of atooo falls 
dmndfully liir^l in d<:4>p well*.] 
^Slacker. A nwill^t or liamOKr. 
Slats. Aah lagging tut going round lead humiiig 

tuachineH. 
Slo^^r. A hard wotkvr ; gcncnUl^ not very pitrtioiiljir w 

t>> tiow tlio work is done ao that it in manA. 
SlDUd^ I'wiiuv an TiLTnLfih]. 
. finack. A liltlo food, ■iiuh as n bit of hmd and ohetwo 

with a pint of bncr at iM-er time. 
Snap. TliH pulling and letting ko uf a <;bnlk liw. 
Soil (Haine aa l^umiahk 

I Soil pipe. Thi' loaduu pi[K' Icndiug Eruni n watfr-ptvaet 

triip tothedntiti. 

tirit brush. A bni>h mndo with tiin. nt jin. mnqw 

■nil n ffiv liriiicU'x iilMiut ^in. ImiK', the ["pp being 

Ifiih n bluw frou tliif hnium«r tu bold the 



"flrtc arid or ."j-inr- 



of -Mlto, ako kilted 
I! iia the i^iritx of 

' t]i<i ladle on 



Bpluh atiok. A Ut of wood btb flin, looff, lin. to (In. 

thick, ijitL. wide, nud for Bpitling or spiMliing. 
Split bends. Lcadea bend.^ nude In two hal%-t«. 
Spongy (MX ButtMi). 
SprioRing beam. Ttie pole or timbrr whieh lifts and 

Fnppirts th<> augerv. i:hi«ela, lodsi ^.> in well-boriog, 

ibTiincliiDiM i^iktlMi a jiggor. 
Spring valva (rvryold). Sliailar in ihape to the fht-^ 

viu*», hut oloHLng hdow, and "by loeaus of a spring 

fixod on a spring board on top of thn cistrrti. 
Stan. In pump wnrk, the fi'iumlaticit wbi'fcon tb« 

biimiU am pi]>«> tav fixed in dj.t'p well». 
Stage, board, or &ame. A lar^<' b>3ard lo onroU your 

k-od upon wLmi tizing tho sidrs of &i-id and other 

rhamlwr". 
Standing buddle [tee Ilnud dreaaing}. 
Stand post. As iron post whereto is Stt«d or &xei a 

draW'ofi for drawing wat^r. 
Stand post plug. A portable kind of Htaml postfharing 

one ctiJ prepared to attach to the ftre hydrant ur Are 

ping hols. 
Staves. ThMo no liko nlating faatbnh or alati for 

lagging round plpna when itupport«d oretbead, or for 

vuapenoing wwy large pipea, 
Bteni nail. A kind of bnu« or gim-motal ccnuitDrHiuik 

haadcd Ball, nhont -Hb. ti> 3in, long, |in. or eo thick. 

fiat or ohiaal-i><>iiiit<d, tuod in ohamber work. 
Stick lead. Li>ad run into stii-kti l.Mn. long, of a 

triangular or wen Hquaiu diapc, awl about )in. tliink. 
Stlnkine ^rm watar. Water full of eggx or getnu 

oapaHa of giving contagiDua dincaar. or water oontitin- 

Ing gennit, which under favoursbln oonditionamnltiply 

16,500,000 tN-pamte mriDt within twenty-foiir houra. 
Stink trtkp. A water liile or apparatus holding a oectain 

ijuaiititj of water or otfacr liquid wiMTmn a pipe dipa 

or a duphngm i* luad l» pn-nnit noiiona gitwonn 

vapours nuuv' MUMnng thnrngh the pipe withuut 

getting throngn tlie U(|nld. 
Stoney. Bankivpt; a workman without cash. 
Stop back (aos OnumniDg). 
S trap. A kind of round way atlnk trap taking the form 

iif thti i^onaonant & laid u . 
Strap solder. Solder run into (trips (in. to lin. wide, 

JLTi. thick, and lliii. to ISin. long. 
Stuff. Ill pluiubiu}{, thu lead and materials, such as is 

Ihii ^tutt an the joh. 
Sucker box. Tlio lower tiiIvo of a jack pump. 
Suction pipe. A pipp dipping in mtch a manner thnt 

wuti.T and uir «ru held iu the I^po. 
Suction pump (sm:- Jiirk pump). 
Sweater. A uuuter that reqniren more work dotM than 

in ^[Htd for tbe workman'M health. 
SweatiuE. A leakage coming through the pores of the 

eoidfir or other nuterial liko beodii of jfra^inrtion fram 

the hmw of a man. 
Swoating. In e>jar*e aolder work Itnt you fona woltcd 

JiiiiitA, ihcn ■plash some oaatso solder on thcDntOl the 

juint will take no more : then qnieUy wipe all adder 

nwar and rub thn joint flat with tita dmuwr, ao that 

the Jolot will hv lint and quileligUt together. 
Sweating In joint making is when aeoret joints arc 

required; you make thejoint so that it cannot be soeu ; 

at othiiT times copper bitting a boas or othrr bnuw work 

to lead, fte. 
Swedge. A grooro or leDem in the •divUa of vopper 

wnt-er hallti. 
Swob. A sponge. 
Bwobber. A plumlnr's nuito i>r Iat>i)urar (r^nei) to keep, 

with water and u sptmge, the pipe from upcning wlwn 

drawing lead pipes. 
Swob pot. A b.ind bowl. 
Syphon. In drainngir wurV, u mtink trap, whWi «ee. 



J. STONE & CO., 

DEPTFORD, LONDON, S.E. 



MANUFACTURERS OP 
PATENT AUTOMATIC FLUSHING CISTERNS. 
SELF-CLEANSING TROUGH CLOSETS & URINALS. 
PATENT WASTE WATER PREVENTERS. 
PATENT WATER CLOSETS. 

PATENT APPARATUS for drUling end tapping Water 
Mains, and inserting Ferrules under pressure. 

PATENT INSTANTANEOUS HOSE COUPLINGS. 

PATENT REPAIRABLE BIB COCKS. 

FIRE COCKS, VALVES, & GENERAL FIRE APPLIANCES. 

[BIB AND STOP COCKS. 

NON-CONCUSSIVE VALVES. BATHS. 

ALSO 

Every description of FITTINGS for WATER SUPPLY and 

SANITARY WORK. 



EXTRACTS GIVEN ON PAGES - 

236, 257, 258, 259, 260. - - - Vol. I. 

536, 537, 539, 540, 541, 542, 549. 555. Vol. II. 



804 



ADVFnTTKFAfENTS. 



J. TYLOR & SONS, Ltd, 

2, NEWGATE STREET, LONDON, 

AND 

BELLE ISLE. KING'S CROSS. LONDON, and 335, PITT STREET, SYDNEY. 





COMPOUND CLOSET 
FOB CHILDBEK. 



PATENT 'NOISELESS TOWER." 
OZSTEBN. 





PATENT -C0LT7KN'* OLOSBT. 



PATENT "COLUMN" CLOSET 
FOB CHILBBEN. 



This Closot if! made of lost Wbite KarLlieuwaro. with Lead Trap to shoot either ont or down. 
The iwe of a Lead Tmii ensm-fs the juint betweuu tho closet and soil-pipe being wpII intide. 

This joint between farihi>iiware iiiiil metal — always a difficult joint to make — being aUirfi ihr 
trap, there is no dantier of st^wer gas entering the house through careless fixing. 

The witter filaodH higher than the joint ; careless fixing is thorcfore instantly det«ct«d by the 
water fatlinj? (,n the flpnr. 




ADVEBTI8EMENT8. 



. TYIxOR & SONS, Ltd., 

2, NEWGATE STREET, LONDON, 

Ajcn 

' BELLE ISLE, KING'S CROSS, LONDON, and 335. PITT STREET, SYDNEY. 




80K 



J. Tyler & Sons, Ltd., 

PATENT WATER METERS. 



The New Rotary Mpter is made in sixes ^m 
3 in. to 12 in. 

The " Housvhold " is made m sizoa from 
I in. to ] in. 

The "Pan'M" is only made in one size^ 

iuk) U specially niitAble tor doinesiiv mipplics 

of venter. 



J. Tylor & Sons, Ltd., 

HYDRAULIC AND SANITARY 
ENGINEERS, 

AM. 

RON AND BRASS FOUNDERS. 



I'aUriirfs ami Vanu/ihiHm-i- ••/ 

WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY 
APPLIANCES, FOR DOMESTIC AND 

OTHER PURPOSES. 

PATENT WASTE-NOT VALVES AND 

FITTINGS. 

PATENT WATER METER. 

(Oold Mvdat, London, 18B4: Catcuttai, 1684; 

PrIzo Madal. Parle, 1878.) 

WATERWORKS FITTINGS. 

PLUMBERS' BRASS WORK. 

HICH.PRESSURE VALVES. 

HYDRANTS AND FIRE VALVES. 

STREET WATERING POSTS. 

PUMPS. PUMPING MACHINERY. 

GROOVED CONNECTJONS. 

DISCONNECTOR TRAPS. 

STEAM FITTINGS. 

SALINOMETERS. FOUNTAIN JETS. 

OIVINO AND SODAWATER MACHINERY. 



S06 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



LATEST IMPROVED X^I^ SELF-ACTING 



AIR-PUMP" 



NO.S. 




a 



KmcJIEP AT iiT*TI"jnnw' BJUX. | ]■)■ ".If, sti ri-iiTTriiir' lOiHTKinilT 

NOTB.— Boyle'a Patent "Air-Pump" Ventilator ^ mat»iriictun'<i solely ''.»""■. ""^ 
oncli Vcniilntor hii» iini arw^mpmiyiii^ Trade Qlarlt "ffljt«i. wiilioiit wiiic-h none are genninc. 

N-B.— When ordering, the fwU^m-iti^ rfrmul* (Oiouiil b*' uaod:— "Boyle's Patent 'Air-_ 
Ventilator) I'o*4C*> '^i^- Dtnmptor <>f hoail Dlftmi'ttir nf pipo . Nit. rtii]Liii\.4 . Privt;, omjIilI 

BEWARE or SPURIOUS- IMITATIONS. 

ROBERT BOYLE & SON, Limite 

VENTILATING ENGINEERS, 

64, HOLBORN VIADUCT, 110, BOTHWELL STRE] 
LONDON. GLASGOW. 



ADVERTI8EMENTB. 



*yj 



BRABY'S 

GALVANIZED 



IRON 




^^■■&l ERN 




We are the original introducers of the Hot-water Cylindrical Tanks, 
ninstratcd sheet showing their appUcation sent on request. 

NEW^RTICLE. 
ENAMELLED IRON CISTERNS & TANKS. 



BY ROYAL 
LETTERS PATENT. 




BY ROYAL 
LETTERS PATENT. 



BEND FOR PRICE LIST AND PULL PARTICULARS. 



FRED»^ BRABY & Co., 

4-, EUSTON ROAD, LONDON, N.W., 

& 220. HIGH STREET. BOROUGH, S.E.: 

»OOI^, GIL.ASOO'W Ab DESPTFORD 



OOB 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



BBira rOlt IXXUBTKATXtD LZBT Ha. 81 OF 

JOHN BLAKE'S J'Z. HYDRAULIC RAMS 

ror KAIBIHO VTATDK for ttia Supply of Towns, vuias«*, nrlit&tloB, KaUwsT fttatteas, 

roantolna, ranns, Ac. 

HtCttufor Itotln foiftrr, oAi'fK liolitainftt/rom n .SVrHiB(t/'1'a'"'P>*'''V '^'"'V^ '*« ihi«>. .Vi)(h'(iwor i*nffaiijt 




Plfl. A. 

Thli Rjtoi llfla [*n (if lb* Mm* «*Mr 
UlM WMlC* It 

ilCitfrBiM fwnt plioM d* Kani *U«h 
nlM*^ ■■ - - - - 



HIL| 




iiu FIf. A lUm fiM«tn| up • rm "t »'• 

, If <>,>ik> 11. ohlc-h li (iiiipllid trvai ■ (prliK. 



attea>. Mantom, fl| 

i| 

Thii Itam.vhDit vnrk*! Iir ■ sir**!* «( 
[mi-nn initv).«1II paint' dMB *Wnr mw 
t Hell bi ii>rln« 



■ilu f.iil 

BLAKS'S HYDRAITLIC BAlffS have been supplied to tb« following sniongat DUiera:— 

nir B. A. ciBvi-riiiit. Itart. 

Rlr WlllUii>.Trriiicr, Dart. 

Wf *lWtJWjrM. M «ll».>ii, B««. 

ftir^KmuH iln}i'a. Idirl. 

Kir MoHod K. M. ttiitkr. Burl, 



Ula fkiyvl BiictiuvM ilic IMiH* >r •'i'iiiin<i:;iii 
Bb HIkIi"'** IIii* Mnlinrniiili i>( K'uiliiiili 
Hti Unci! till! I'uki' ot DcTMiUiMru 

Hh {Ir.u-r iUr. hiiki- of WntuilniliT 

llii (Jiacc tJiu i>iiko 'it i.'kvf luiil 

OU titan tli« [hike .if Puitluicl 

Uii Una* the IMtlcr '•[ Siiiriurlniid 

nh Ormcv Hie Diikr >( I.n.<li> 

UlaOnL-T tU- Dukvof :t]jLrlti..iiii)|il. 

nil ilniif the biilip (i( iiinftiiTi 

The Mont Hon. Ilic Muniui-u.ir IEl[><>i 

ITiwMiKt II. -I,. ilti>M»ii|iiu»>'( Hi.winlili-v' 

The )l<jat lloii. tliu Miuiiiii^mif AIhiviv-'iiiiv 

Tli» itiMt H..II. tJ»-M»'<iiiL-vtor L-indoliiUrrv 

Hie Must llim. UtF Uiiri|itiiMi<r <'liiiliiiiiriili-k--t 

Thr Kfvtit H'-ii, till' EnrI ol Livrlir 

'llic Klulil lliir. II.P Karl .<f (1r»>ti 

'Flit- Rlulit fl"». Miv £>rl of (.iilnitKimiijili 

ITlc bxtit Huu Hio KHrl i.f H^itiiiiBj 

TiMi Ktutit HiiTi. tlio £url (.riJrumnl 

HiiT KIhIiI H'iri. llic VMt\ npatiibniiip 

'lllc KiKllt Ui'li. tlic Kail .;t t'jJt'.loii 

lliv Rtulit Hon. tliL- Cuil n( Li.hncM 

■\-\ui KiKht Hon. Uii- Kml 'iF Kf •-rnlmm 

Tlia klirfit H<ii>. tlir Eur] (il llir^HOiHl 

1'hfi Rlflil U'Hi. Kiirl hVirt-ni 

IliD fCI)f)il Hun tlK< KnrI •<f HwtovDy 

'JlYi- Itiulit liun. Iht< ['.iirl i>r VVetiifin 

Tho KIkIiI Hon, lh(! Knri ..f Aiifa;4l«r 

'till- Riiihl flori. lilt' EiLTl i.r ilTArlimiiglt 

'Lliu KliJhi Hiin, itio Kurl vd'nniarfuii 

■Hh- llluht Hon, fiit Eiirl iif Ij.ixliiiljiit.iiiKli 

'l^u Kl)cht H'ln. ttiu Esri •>! l.cli?cBt«i' 

-[lie llluht Hon, U.l> N-..itl.»l,k 

Tlio Kiulit Ilui). till Oiiunieifliif i41iAn««hi9ry 

11ii-t'„ai:l<:«><1e MiTiilln 

Liujy Hi-iin* CtiDkniniilcl*]' 

Till' Dnwui-r IjuIv WlllluiiH Wviili 

Udy nwikloul. Thirhiihy Vark 

Th* Kl«ht Hon hii.l H..ti>n.-I<) 

TlM Rbtht H'Ui. U^rtl |j^<^i»ni-i>t 

Tlie niuM Hiui Lii.l RILIiIckIhIo 

T)ic llliiht ll«(i. hml Ihrarnl 

Tlir niuUt Hnik L.nl Hcllicrt'-n 

riiv RtKlil H»i<. [,.>r<l Uluti 

TlipRtichl FI<,n. L»Ti Knictnii 

Tii« Kiifiii ti.iii, if'M Ki-nlibonnia 

Tl)« Klirlit Hkii, l«n] (^«« 

1'liE Hliflil H->n. mill IUtt. t^ihl Sonsdal* 



lti<- Klulit ll«i< Uir<l nrouiiliam ftnd Vuix 
lln? KiBlil Uini, l/tfl Si-JiHM!nr 
Tlir KU-lii H.iii. I'Til M*<niu:htfii 

■|hi: Itlclit Hiiti. L-inl CHlTiinlnr Chm lie lull 
Till! Riiilil Hi.ii. I'li'l Wiiliiii^hmii 



riid Rli-m Hon. li-nl HiixUfp 

ilir Rl|[)it Iliiii. Ifinl ^1'u>ltl^|r 

Tlic Itlirtil tlnn- 1/inl Hiiin|<t<-ii(TruiWW nt) | 

The Rltilit Hon, binl lliirliiii 

riie Rlittii Il>i.. U-nl AliiiiBcr (the Bwn. i.O | 

T1it' Itluhl. Hull. I/in! livniitnii 

Tht RIeM Hull, Uirrl BiTlmWi 

1'lie KliihL H'hi, lorvl Vinciitjiit (inlwii] 

■Hi.' Rinhi. Hmi. r.i'ril viscimjii Uridpiin 

'til.' Hlj.'lit lliiii. IjTil Vin'ijiint riifrfi-ii 
'Hit nUtiL ll<iii. l>-l-il Vlii..'<itMit Ih.yiko 
Tti» KIkIiI ll'iii 1- S.jlhcl.iriK«f.iuit 

The KIkM Hon. FL U.iK'OKiirrall 

T)i* Hull. !^li' WllllHni Vrntrii rMd 
Thr Hull, ilmrxe Ktnyuti 
niP Hun. A C. (i *nllli.'r|K! 
Til.- Hi>ll H. H.<Vrll 

Tlir llini. ErtlytiH. Hlii 
Tim HiBi rhurl"* Kill" 
The Hnn. 1, li, TtmicIi 
TliP Beit. H-iii B. T, ^t. .I'.lin 

.Viltiiitiil !Hir4i4'*ri:e linikfi lllddloton 

.')r<>»wali) MiBlrjr, lnut- 

Hli WIIUhbi ri.inliin-itininilna, But. 

.iir I'TPilrri.k A. MIIIImhI. llrnl., \t.r 

rilr Hrnry Hiuiin, HnH,. Stiuiili.-jiil 

.xlr MDIInm KIrMeii. IWrl , Fctiiinml™ 

MrRciiiurt Mi-iulni. K*i-l,,.rl MkhiiIi-j 

••Ir HiiniphriiJ' d* Tmir^mi. Iiiirt. 

."•ir UichncI Rolmi Slmw^HU'iinrt. Hurt. 

Mr Hc-nrj W. Rlp]«r. HnH-. .(cn.ln 

Sir W. O. WcinlFy, But.. H<irl»uhn>ii 

frir Kvnnptli Smith UAOkvnzlo. Hut. 

ftlr wmiHiu IMon. Itart., WIn.llMluuo 

Sir Thumu C. C. WetiU-ni, Ktirl. 

»|[ Jfihn ftliBllpy, Unrt- 

SlrtluirlM K .1, ^mythr. But. 

Kir Jiilhui r.i.liluiiiil, Hurt. 

Sir E.Hwil III11.-H, tUiri. 

sir K'liiiiiiirl llii..'lil->', Bnn. 

sir A. M.iHllwlut. Ilic PixtMKi. PerH 

Itir Jntitci Hulwrt WglkM, Bart. 



ii-«ij ^uiiii;* nfii^i ^ ivqin^f, i 
Mr WUtlaiii (JoKlini, Ban. 
Wr K. W. Blftptclt, But. 



Sir J. T. l>lHitjii.|Jfl«.-ljn, But. 

Sir Hnm' Verncy. But. 

Rtr Thiimnii 3(..nry 

Ocntral MAcikeiLdii. Km-erasi HanM 

Oanenl Retard -IVitCPi Kiitiiii. Tlio Piir 

UaJ<>r-a«ieral t^lr H. U. Unvfflock AlUn, nut. 

MMlnrUpiinnl TWdoti. Wilttm Puk 

Mi.i.tr-<)rtieral H. K. MwUati 

O.L.nrl :<lnrklr, Uiniy IIbI], Btauhbum 

r<.|..ii(il MllHumi. raiiTilH-oll Hall 

i_'<'l.iiivl T.iu'nulDj, Tiiwiieler, UuKsalilr* 

t'l.l.inul HnrKTMIM UulilMi Brl«fli 

<'«MibI TtvwuyiH', M.P., 1*11. liTW. iVnintill 

<-«1.iiicl M1U.>nl. Ulttiivil I'lutlc 

Colimvl LryluiKl, Niini.-Iytt.l Hall, Ruthlii 

r.il.iri.'I Krmi.T'Hnthiiril lMi<rnl<iUu Hall 

tVloncl Klchwl W..iw.ley U<tf»«|.-k 

C>>I»r>d K tl JwkH-n, l'*t.Ht Ildll 

a.L.Fiar J. E. K'Ktcr. Suixiii. fltui 

Oii.nipl Hi'l.lfii, tl»<.>lti.} Iliiiitn, Biirnlvr 

(\i|i.ni.-I l^iinl. Wolhun Hall 

LIciit.-ailuiirl Lloy.1. l.niraitvii, Hawhlmnt 

I.I(iiL-tT,.)<ili«t I'nttijti, KomrliMlh llati 

U«l'>t ./ r. Trill. Trtilf'jirf, TuCUM 

Mnji.r Hnntjiiiiii. Ii'k«1<'ii»1.all 

Ma ot Blrtl, rr.ikliej, LniiLntrr 

Ma iiT J. R. U. I'niiilijril, Cmul.ilillui 

Mil or L>«nt. Mpnlthoriip H«I1, n*«t MaUhMt 

Uii nr Fliilay. Manor lluuw. Ulllc Brickhlll 

(.'•ptalii Uiiiiccnitw. WuwkF l*uk 

I'apUln. HIppIalej. Spnnilii.a 1I..ihp. VTairtAKn 

capMin Ofttid}. KkliiKlll l^irb, rmrlUi 



Jnrll 
,W1. 



t'ajitalii IVnriiiend, wlnehnin 

ikpUluBoMnnucl, Brocini-y-CioM! 

Cn|>talii OrMn-kriiniott. Rmiiiott Oall, Ciilnp 



K. K. Rfithti^II, Esg., BrMduH ^'irr 

I, Klrkliy IjiiimUT* 
W. Ilir-Liley Unvti.i- irt. Kai|.. M.P, 



W. ^ Patft TuiiilliiHiii, Klrklit IjiiimL 



V. K noii.i1t-Stxitfi.Kl, F.~| , M P .VjX BiMUs] 
C. K. 11 ll.il>l('<H'. \U.^.. M.f.. .Murt.iii HkII 
Ji.lin )ll>i-k, rju\.. kl P U.ll.>ii )Iall 
HnliMir Ham. Eh.i.. U.P.. Niur.1iii...>t Mnll 
Wctinr..rtli Blacki'U Bciiiiiti.rtit. Kwi., iL-T. 
Uni. (^lurUUlit. Em.. ^I.P., Hntttenil. Bwnt 



JOHN BLAKE, Oxford Street Works. ACCRINGTON, LANC5 



^C5.fl 



lAfAXKR SXJI>)Pr-Y ! I ! 



^ 



JOHN BIxAKH'S 

i Pebtent Self-Acting 

i*^HYDRAULIC RAMS. 



IE8TIH0NI&.LS FOB JOHN BLAKE'S PATENT SELF-ACTING HYDBAULIC RAM8. 



BilaUi DOloa, Bajwm Bivwen, BUvklMirD, 
Ur JOBK OUUCB, Uclwbor SMh. USA. 

I>K tiiHnc. In M«r, IWt, ii«u Dx«<l MWuoltolfl P«rk> the rettilencc 
ot IL A Yvrli>trvl<r «*]., In.F. & pati of )<-t>i Pil«iit " B" Baaia, 
wlUt mIk'III ItBlt-a nllc of d«llTar Plpo oml o«*C-ln>it nukiN WlUl 
valvn Mid t>l"m (urAtv eillimnltliltiK. Hia Ruiiu ant wiiriud by 
TJvtt *Bl«r. ninl fsiit I iranilMxlthiU they would IiinwT.qin «iU<»i« of 
>pt1tk| mhr ixT iln> I if 14 lioiire. tu lh>! ru«r(ulr. al an vtunUlon ot 
ITd tlMl9 [iinlicf hIhii't llia fUtiW. 

I lia*^ grot iilnMiii-? Ill Mjltiic Uw ttaiiii have i^nixvd c«p«iblc ot 
dain^ raarc tliati r>'0 imjiiilamt. tlicy haito wurkeil atjil are tiow Kotkf ii; 
•seowLuglj' wvll. and an eailJ; manaiRfl by a niim on th» attato 
wluj had no pniTfuin ezpvrieniv iii Kunia. I Uiink the material* and 
iMiAiaAnitilp do ytru mnch cradlt. -Vonn tntly, 

JOHN linWaOX, SauUABtiiL 

FromT. rBRNYnoCOB. Baq., Acwiit Co thu KKillT miN. L')1U> 
QISDUP, Bndlai, AiUbuunic, Dtrhy. 31ah:b iTcii. lUH. 

Dkah Sill. luri-niitw lu llie Iwj) Patient " B" Kami you *tArtnl 
•UniwnU»aui>("i t>>r l{I)[ht Hkii Uml llliiiillit. "ii Mjv Altti|>-cii-Ii^- 
Mto BrtBtc, I am itla^i to runipatiiiat* ya un Uio nuoww »I your 

■Uemplta raiar tlir (iL-i^rmn>r ntpytj ••! fat^rr uiidcr i-onditloni lO 
dunwlt, thi- Ix-Uia 1" mix-' llu- Kiittr l>«liis luorvtlMn tlxtr UirM 
Urn** that of tlM working lUL Tlio Ruiia nit- iioiknl uj 
«a(iir ri-<iiii thv Kh-(T l}"Vv. wIDi Uiu tmull worUnutell ot B (AOt 
Slncba*, n'"l liiiiliiu fumi tli« tmrk; liutik cloavby U u iiiiiloiia 
stnaiij Kit imru iir<rlnii v-itur, SiOOO salloni per •Uy nf whldi the 
Xami loiui: ti- ■ (ri.ei'vijlr tlirceuiurtoia uf a nilludlalaiit, miil ai tlui 
cit.rai'r<lliuLt7 hcU'it of A8S) HM alMira thu Eama. Tlic wnt«r U 
lliviii tiravitaM tnun tlio ruuivoir to tha aorrral (anni mid buiUM 
■III Llivoitatc, ifiviag an anplo Mpply lu «acli, and atlll loarliiifa 
^■1 iiKvrl\nw at ths r«a«tmilr. 

] am giait to add tli*t the ]t*nw liRniritu water than jmi tiniiiittnl, 
and amnn Iv wurk with grvai caao aitil tniiMiUinna, nutwltbiuiidtiig 
Um> umat deratloii tJior foTcii to.— Yuuii fnlthfiitiv 

r. FUt.<(VBOUUJl. 

FniMT\ie EIOHT HON. TEB BARL OF lURBOWBY, U. OrwTWOr 
Sijiumi, London, ralmiary £Ul, IMtM. 

miK.— I ha*« p1«aautv lu vutiiiR tliat tlic twu Uyilranltc Bum 
wlili-h yini nuptillQil niid Duil (or nii: laat aulaimii, al Sandw, 
li«vo proTod to tu luiMit (ueocwful, kb4 ibat the work cine cveir 
ptrumuo af durabllltjr, irlillr Ltir m.Muuni)'. aumitand trlcli tho tcmiier 
mask traimcT and IntcrmltUut luppl; liy atuaui iiiiiu|>, will lio 
CMuldaralile. 

. a fall ol about II te«t from a preitmulr viiiiitii: nilll-pool. 
Ibtina aupplr Tiaenrutn US bel Blm-r tli-n l>r>a>k Mh(4i<.-« tlic 



[nnoKi 



r la foRatf. tiin>itlb plpca U ullaa Id luiiulh. Hinf rrik up. u 
iDKiI raqidivd It, about ll.OdO oalloiia jirr duy, 1 uuw mncrttUy 
worii iho t^-tt lUina alwrntUlr ('<^ a fiiiLnicht >ji i>i> ruJi), Imt 
uaii al anr time work the twv togetli*'', U llic titll nuiiiily 'jf ll,oiK) 
gHllana anould be needed. 

Hm buUiaaa of thU atnuewhat rampUcated u-«ur aiiKiilr vra* 
CMiduated Iijr «im wttfa •In^lBr^rDiiintiMw ami pii'i'titalKy : and 
no luttal dlfflcQlllea wueo in Liu- viecuUuu ut the w>irk, xuliif tii tbu 

•toeUclit atlll cftVclonL miii vhnni yaa irut ln>iti yviu wiiTii* at 

AtcringVin. -1 am, Sir. jour wrr ulmUonl HerrAiil, 

UAJSRt)WBy. 

From MABTt>' rrBTUCB, b')., Awiitbi llie RIODT H<>>. [.AUV 
MiKI'lIVV lirK, Kanaone Place, Woreoeter, fvUruarr liitli. UUS. 



iniin Siii,-t have imiat niuaaim Ui luronnlnc r-ni llml tlie 

,,.i._..ii., I...,. wiiLtii jtiu |iuL 111 I'irlheRliclic (fun, Ijidf Niittlitir|ck. 



U'L, lut yuar, liu W'irk<?J, nltd tn WDrkltiu. m'lt 

; liT iiat^i. iiapm kiinw. tiii<1 Lii if raUivl I. • I In Tivlclit 

, .... Ktt. With l.MWrar.11 <>r dilute ma III iiltw, lu n luru* 

— w>j. .i(« M" '-. —1-1 ^, .Jij.j.ij ■■•reiBl lamu tin tua 

«iitoTi>r 



DSAX MK. 

loUutH'iik ■■ 
tlir lIlHckl'ut I 

mlini'li'liL Milan n. t.i 

rtie dlttrUl L>1 i: 

llUrklini-n. !• •it.m: 
Wati-mock*. II 
Uw VVnliT 1 . I 
III III? jiiit •!' 



Thfl «iii>]il)' l>i thi- tank I* nniat amide, nud tliora la hii wleainat* 
.nvrlliiir Irll IwIdh' the Knai. AltuHsthor Uie iiurk ia> tcr> mroL 
•aoMB*.— YoTin liUUiIullr. 

JIARTIK rLETLBn. 

From}. IL MM^ALLIIL ^., C.B., tlunnijih luid Walor Euclnecr. 

ttlsddium, JtwooiMr lit. Ittw. Uuide (Buniiult ol BlauVliiini) 

Wat«r9ii|i))ly, 

the tli-nrt rerort I [iri)aittcd tn tviiil aji 
rhv llycliniitii Rniiia- >iii|i|rtl>^ l.y ;-iin U> 
'i>-:ilt<.t itii'v had lieuit In uiHTatlitu 

. li ITIPL 

'ii.ul iViri— til llie Bnniiiih .it 

I 'I ntcrvulr <il lliv illncktiimi 

|i|||iir miill liut .lul). «hrii 

I I I I'^ii I'lUiiit Uj'lniiitit- Kami 

I , viii r iiiiTii a racmfli liAvlnx a 

i-iir)-liiK lilt ui.iLluiutii iwtu\ 'il U tvil -1 ItluhMOB Uh Xama — iho 
■ utc (rlr>iiit iialer (ravllaliiiu tu a lowci adtaccut nanrvolr. 

Yvii (11(111)11.1 v.] Ki Rniiuly Kmiih wlilcti n<Hilil tpre» UXn vaUuna 
act tla; each lliruiuli 1,^ y»nl* ut dellirty plfv t» n irrrlcr Iknk 
170 iMt Kbtjive the Miua, and 1 an IkiuuJ in itate Lhac tlio mult 

bi> cmulilcmlily eicpoilnl my itiiieclatliina, «• IIik ttaiix at* laiiatdM 
of piunpliilt. and havupuniiH-d, much morv WAter tliar. r>u iiniiuUed. 
Tlic pomiiitaBi; ut ■ffliiiiKy ei^i-i-iU hII I ixt"'!*''. <■'■•' >■. 1" niy 
ii|iinion, rnunli tRxm tlitui i* uiiially nhtiiinizd ti<ii>i ll)<lrii«ill<: lUum, 

Knirn ■ teal I iiiiiIh oh ]|>«pt«mlJer tvlb, 1 (nujul llial ivu Ra]|M 
MlUl ] ini)h mid liliih ■tr'ikca iTs|icrtlvrl}, ■ii|>pll«l villi ItU.'KW 
jtiiUvii* III.** 'lay, liufn'tlLvr pumped W.COO Kailuija per day ui n hvlktit 
lit 170 fiNTt. idviiiK Tl'U iwr ririil, iif i-incii.-uL'y . Biiil i.'iio EUui vurkliq 
al I llieh tlpjlce, and wllh unly to [eot ot wurklnK ttO, luiitdlcd «1Ul 
lU.(iST ualliiiu jH-r (la)', piiiiijietl lO.MT iailiiiiik iwr iLiy lu tlie aano 
holxhl, aliowltUE Ti-7lt pa cant. '>r elhcicncy. 

Ala euhawiueiit ten uiiOirlobcr IlUi. uiir Itani at | inch atrukc, 
and hii*liiB)l feet 9 iDchM ot wiirkms fall, RiiiipUed wKli lSl,aKS 
Italliiin pri day. tmnijieil IT.US galloiia jwr diij* to ■» elevatlun i<t 
irU iDol. the citiclen^y l» thiaewe bDiiiA 7V'&7 pv' oeut. 

Ill anl*lri)CBt Ibeaemulla thaKreatcal care nan lakcii U> pneltltaly 
iiit-iMni-f the water, lwal<lei havInK a neter cheek on teiHl and 

dnllroty piMB. 

'n>e w«rk OLttleil uiil Ijy jnu at Uackhuni U uilataiiLlal ami 
uitinlBL'tiiry In oroiy way, unA If luiy eiiulimr «klie* tu make hit 
uwu oliMinAtiiiu* ho is at IDiorty la came bi-re aiid dn tc. 

From, T. DYNE STEKL. E~|., U.Iiuit.L'.E., Pait Piiralitriil Sixitli 

Walw Iiialltnte of Kii|[iiiM'rt. nnuk Cliaiutjen, Kewpi^tt, Uuu.. 

Ainll iu\\, X"i\. 

D8K WATB&WOBSS. 

IIKAK Sir, Iu '*e;>tciiilH:r U Iiiat vvar 1 apijtlod to you for a 
II) d'Hii'i'' Kam r<ir tlio puriii«<« -jf llie t*ik WalFraurki, to \iu 
capal-Ie i<f rai>lii(c ST. WO iralUiiu l>4r •lay, a helvbt of 1ST feet, Mlth a 
w^irkliiit (oil "tdilvliiK water ti( I'T riKl, nitd ini yuiir BiiBraiitMhiB 
that 1 11 T fun II ■Kin'. 1 ipiTi' l""! aii urder [>jr the Ratn. Themacliiiie 
y«ii iiiiig-tkyl liaa iinw ticii |iin Vi wjrt, wi.l I luve niUcb MtilfaLtlull 
ill tayiiiu that It fiir mid awiiy etrmbt ill Ita jvff^miaiiic ni) mual 
Niii^iiliii' p^iKftHtlima, ari'l luiMl'ily yout-t %.W: I limvu ftuKum- 
I'lctvil a HHE* of EihaiullTc teaU, with the (tdtuwiiig nuulta :— 

WVrklntf lalJ uf diivtnx waMr, S»l«vt: vertical helulit rabed, U17 
fHl : leiit^tli ut rUhig main. ftU feoL, ftutu lUin tu uuttlo* ; leuAh 
ut fitpidy jilpe, SOU feet ; mlnxiapwhoar nUiud, i.eia ; ilHvinK water 
naeil fer hnur, ^,1#l nalTmik, abowtiiB Uio itiiiiarkahle uihI Hrallljliiii 
ranUi ot sa »«s- sent, of attaJM w y. 1'he irMa \tttv. <:>iii:fij|ly 
made and ntprau-il. Itia watvr iiieanirwl ajid lioelt )iivi]ii'ily liiken. 
Kctrml trials wvre mn^c, and I ahall l>e alad to alr^ uny mxiiiotr 

lltli'Ii'iiUiI l>< Ihi' aii)i]i'i I iHiililliu fi'i triJi'Mitlilu lllr InU III tlw ipDl. 
1 uuy huve iCntc tliJl tui Ihi' tlilntf ni'ilti I DkiI ii Inr^c diaiiieler uT 



1^: 



illw, tn uiiVir tu tvliiti' ti'k'llijiti, 
Uitally, 




eit'vlktit eUecU— Youn 
T. UVME SIKKL. 



rd Street Works. ACCRINGTON, LANCS. 



810 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 




THE 

VORTEX 
TURBINE, 

For VhOm up to :EftOit. or 40eft. 



Turbines suitabJe Tor an ptiver or bei^l 

orm 



MURRAY'S PATENT TURBINE GOVERNOR. 

PampMa», Ihttuinij*, ami l-'MiuiaUs satt in ividij to ilejiniU fiiquiriit. 

Gilbert Gilkes & Co,, Ltd.^ 

KENDAL, ENGLAND. 





For 
'VGvy Hi^li Falls. 



"OIRARD" TUTiBIKES. 





WINN'S PATENT ACME SYPHON CISTER 

FOR FLUSHING WATER CLOSETS. 

IN USE ALL OVER THE WORLD. 

80,000 SOLD. 

STILL THE BEST IN THE MARKETS 

Apprvvod and iintbvruvd lor wo hj nil Uic Luudon 
I'fjvinriul Water ComiHitiif h ; nlw:) iivw Itityrlv iikA 
'Barraf\a, Worklioiu^e^. und Hit MajiMy'a Prii-iios thtgt 
itiii: the ouuntrj', iiiul a(U>ptc<d by die leaduiy 
OotniMinifw, whilh nitiro thin KO,<IDO )uitc hem gaii '. 



No. 1163. 
PRICE. M Drawn, SOs.; Qalvtinlzod, 28s. 



Specially suitable for all Patterns ol 
Pedestal Closets. 

WHITE FOR OOHPLETE LISTS. 



CHARLES WINN & CO. BIRMINGHAM, 

MANUFACTURERS OF SANITARY APPLIANCES. 

LONDON OFFICES: 41, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.C. 



as 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



CRAIG'S NEW UNDULATED FRONT LAVATORY. 



ALL KINDS 

SANITARY 
EARIHENWARE. 



GLAZED 

WALL TILES, 

White. Tinted, and 
Enamelled. 



Wo. BT.--aiw. ?J In. Iir Wl in ; iu*b>. OT to. by 13 ta- 

THE "NYPHOS PATENT SYPHONIG WASH DOWN CLOSET AND CISTERN. 

GRAIB S PATENT ENAMELLED FIRE-CLAY SYPHQNIC CISTERN. 
CRAIG'S "MILLION" WASH-DOWN CLOSET, in finest Earthenware-Whlte op Ivory. 

BUCHAN'S PATENT GREASE TRAPS, ACCESS PIPES, &c. 

BUCHAN'S PATENT 

IMPROVED 

VENTILATING 

DHAIN TRAPS, 

WITH 

ENLARGED OPENING ON TOP. 



No. 130. 



EXTRACT FROM TESTIMONIALS. 



Latest Patented Patterns. 




W. IUtii Pakrt. K«j . M.A., B.E., 
M.Jn»t,C.K.l.. F.B.l.A.l., AwHiwt. 
Dublin, writw:- j«„.sM, l«0l. 

" 1 linvv mticli plMiMUv la ofaitnitf Chut 
1 Imvo luul i> ffmut d«Kl of DxperinDue in 
tho lino of the nvu' jMttem BiiAiua Tmp, 
wilh the eDlnrged rouud oi>uiiii}C oi> t^P 




Wmi K\tf-* HinK iHLitT AT &jauTAMUi.K. 



J>'u. i^i. 



no. 134. 

for vmtUaUaiD, iniptiction, *tul vlnuwlnf . 
I ooiuilder xlua Trap tLv bmt of its kind 
in the miirlcet. When espcnw i« a oosH-j 
■iik'niliiiii, wild mngliolc chiuiitM'is uumot^j 
tlicn'fiitp Iw ciinstnipti-d, tin- Ikt^ ^>penJn^ 
atf-ird^ I'OtiB) durable fittnUtic!' fit aooc<« Iu 
the Trnn for iiuptMrdon. It is b1w> ven- 
tui'tul for 1-i'ntiiAtiuti. I hftvc ^■jMiMfW '| 
thiit Tntp iu n Uifcv numbor ul ■nftiiinm. 
and vjt£ unifaTm kucmwi." 



WiTit Extra ^iue luimi Aran amlb. 




Stocl Sizes o( Wide-beadeil Traps. 



Ur«nliu; At Tnti 
Oiiilrt, IX'iu* KiiiccU At W,.l(. 

D A C 

4 in. ii in. 4 in. 
G in. in. 5 in. 

& in. in. 7 in. 



Uc. Iv 
KIjcIkIuuhL <1Im) lu- 



ll IlAlI'l.) 



ABOUT 120.000 

BUCHANS TRAPS 

HAVE BEEN SOLD. 




No. 139. 
Rllllithinil iMHt ali>.Wt>a.t Ivftluid.) 



'"leMakers: J. Sl M. CRAIG, KiLMARNOCK. 



i 
4 



^^ 




814 



ADVERTI8EMENTH. 









PUMPS, 
BATHS, 




T. & W. FARMILOE, 

HI-' 

Plumbers* Brasswork, 



CLOSETS, 
LAVATORIES, 



ANP ALL KINDS Of 



SANITARY APPLIANCES AND TOOLS fortheTRADL 




Gas, Water, and Steam Tubes. 



Rochester Row, Westminster, 

LONDON, S.W. 




ADVERTISEMENTS. 




815 



T. & W. FARMILOE, 

LEAD MANUFACTURERS. 



PtG LEAD 

SHEET LEAD 

LEAD PIPE (:iin. to6in. diam.) 

SOIL PIPE 

PUMP BARREL 

COMPO TUBE 

PURE TIN PIPE 

LAMINATED LEAD 

TEA LEAD 



LEAD PUMPS 
LEAD WIRE 
WINDOW LEAD 
LEAD NAILS 
LEAD HEADS 
LEAD SOCKETS 
LEAD EARS 
LEAD SHOT 
LEAD BULLETS 
I TINMEN'S SOLDER 
I CHEMICAL LEAD 

L 



^ S01.DER 




ANCHOR! BRAND. 



MADE OF 

VERY BEST METALS 

ONLY. 



TIN WASHED PIPE 

LEAD ENCASED 

TIN PIPE 

RECTANGULAR 

LEAD PIPE 

CAST SHEET LEAD 

RED LEAD 

ORANGE LEAD 

LITHARGE 

PEWTER 

SHEET TIN 

LEAD WASHERS 

LEAD VENTILATORS 

LEAD CISTERNS 

CAST LEAD TRAPS 

DRAWN LEADTRAPS 

LEAD FOOT TRAPS 

LEAD PUMP CLACKS 

ANTIMONY 

BISMUTH 

BLOWPIPE SOLDER 



ABSOLUTELY GENUINE GROUND WHITE LEAD. 

PERFECTLY GROUND IN THE FINEST OIL 



Rochester Row, Westminster, London, S.W. 



^ 



And ISLAND LEAD MILLS, LIMEHOUSE, E. 



■M 



616 



Al>VERTISF-VE!rra. 



J. YOUNG & Co., 

Wholesale builders' ironmongers ano MerchaihI 

WHITE LEAD. OILS AND COLOURS. 

KENTON WORKS, 303 to 307, Kennlngton Cross. T.nNnON 

BRANCHES AT BRIXTON AMD BALHAH. 



AU THE LATEST SANITARY APPLIANCES KEPT IN STOCK. 



-'- Hii'^ No, 7fl5. 

^^^' SANITAKYS JUKCnON. 



u 



T 



o.z. cisTmv. 



No. «uj. 



PATKNT DRAIN PLUG. UICA VALVE. 



ivt riOf 



^FM.'>'iictatk>li '^>' ><'■- *<n. f> III, 

i»r. K^h 2/8 2J& 7/a 



[fTOMcfftctttri 

Nm .>: OBLOKO CAXE SIKX. 
fjwm kopi in btoek frmn 20 in. In 42 is. loag. 



> - O 



I 



SHORT TAPER PIPE. 

With 'jiw lulei. 



AVATOBT. 



THE ••KEHNTNGTON 
PORTABLE COOKING BAMOE. Abo Iu.-,a i« ^took .rill. iwo. No. lM.^arARr LAV 

'I'll u-iii.'.n ill 11K-. tliTMi. and (oiir luletB. Bjwiii, 18 in. bj i^ "" (-''— ir ■ 

SEE YOUNfi'8 LATEST IN PEDESTAL CLOSETS. THE "AGILIS," tbeebeipestCloMtflnitalUrt 

||Write for our (uUy Oluatratod Catalogue of BuUders' and Plmnl)«««* Good*, a T«y hM"* 

Pocket Edition. Postage, Id. 



ADVKRTISKMKNTS. 




r^SHAJVK:S & Co., 

TDBBL W0BK8, BBPjEIID, QCai BLBSBBW, 

M.ONDON, MANCHESTER, DUBLIN, GLASGOW, &c., 

B pntrntew an^ 4Hnmiffltturfrs of 

I HIGH-CLASS BATHS. LAVATORIES, WATER-CLOSETS, LATRINES. 

■ WATER WASTE PREVENTERS, URINALS. SINKS, 

■Lnd Sanitary Appliances and Fittings of every description^ 

Shanks's New Patent "Barrhead" Siphonic Closet 

Effectually solves the long-vexed Siphonic Closet Problem. 

lUsulu obtaiJMd are TRULY MARVBLL0D8. 8uparaed>«a utythlng ;9l broiight out 

This phonomene! Closet possesses the following advantages: — 



is the 
5iniplest in 
Construction. 

has the 
Deepest Seal. 

[S inche*.] 

It has the 
Largest Surface 
of Water of 
any Closet. 

(13) by Hi inchea.) 

It Is the 

Most Perfectly 
Flushed. 

It has the 
Most Powerful 
Discharge of 
any Closet. 

ft requires only 
- Gallon 
rn. 




It cannot ^o 
out of Order. 

It cannot be 
Unsealed by 
throwing in 
5lops. 

It has no 
Second Trap. 

It has no 
Joints on Drain 
Side of Trap. 



Fitted with " Perfecto" 

Seat for Greater 

Cleanliness. 

No connection with 
Wait 



TU uBtrated Sheets of this Closet can be had on application., 
^ted Epitome " of Patented Sanitary A.^'^Vvaco.^fe^ ^t^xt 



A. KMANUKLi & SONS, 

SANITARY ENGINEERS, 

9. 1 1 & 13. GEORGE STREET , MANCHE STER SQUARE, LO 

THE "METEOr WASH-DOWN CLOSET 

WITH PATENT CAST LEAD TRAP AND SEATING 





Side View with flyed 
Slop Top. 

THR abore hn» bofm <lpri(ciit<d to iB(«t 
tli« ert>r-ini'miaiii)( diMQWul tw I\^* 
cata) nnd nthrr CIuHutit iri/A Ltml Trap*, tu 
tchUh L«*'i Svil /'■jw juu»y i/ tiuintctni hy mfaitt 
u/ o l^KinUi-'i Iftpe Juint. 

It ia nuidA with 8 TrAp xaA P Trap, tlie 
\wAtmt luiviii)^ iba udIko either ntmiiflit nn 
illu>irat«<l or with bcrKltu ri^ht iir ML 

Hitliertn it tun been ununl Ui ouu f<.<nn 
or uiotli<-r to tit a Fliuhing^-rim Hopper or 
CloMt Bsa'tn to an ordinary L«ui Trn.p. t""' 
tlu! Iftttor Ix^in^ vinbUi from tliu iuHitli' uf 
btvin luiR natuTullj preitmUid u Tcry nn- 
irightlr ap|w»nin«e. Wbit« onamd paint i* 
MnnrtunM naeA to oovirr tlic Iiwd, bat tbiN, 
it Ui ncedlvBH tu M17, ijiiivkl; corrodes unci 
bcMunca (ttcr more offbneivv. 

H u-iti tr WW! /i-rftui tk< illii»lr<Hitnu tJiat 
in rA« •' Jfiifor" Cioft ttilU IWltmt Ixmrl Trap 
tmif Smliiif Otii ha* hiru mtimli/ otrm/inr. 
Tlio EitrtKcnwaro Slv^lt i)^ prwlu'-i'd at t}i(> 
oiiLfro to fll well int<) th« Lead Trap If^n/t 
tkf lilt «f tiffM, BO thut th« inndf of t]u> 
tiaua pmwnU oxnctly tbc mhw upjHornnrv 
M 11 G(Nwt Buaiu and Trap iii unu piooe uf 
EaftbeovaK. 

^F»t«»l Lead Trap nnd }Wting is 

HotildH or (.Tiillit, iintW ftrmi 

ng pcrfwl. Iiwdorn tmai air 





''in 



Front View without 
Slop Top. 



Side View with Bectton 
of Trap. 



balta. This wMtiod n| 
ufttnitia. Siiid cit'tiiiK" ■^mi 

TlM'ran'nwcvwrili'nm'^bbea^ 

fruni rliill". iitid, ■dtlioii^-li u(t|M 
Vi'tiC'n tW^l, lOAV triMnot or Ia(<tr, w\ 

d--\f\up Mlllld llltlpl ATld ItltlM*^! 

TtiH Ltnd 8i-atJUK ii* cur 

water luii\ «< that ifau 8«il 

toio^-thtr indi'pwidtfBt of the tH 
UiiMtD. whii'li 1* prMtJcAllj not* * 
k«* thau a tinitiK to the U 

Ij in n* tM,v afftrUfl. 

The Bamn i« oatrrotl oc 
Loud Seating is acnr«d iitiiidg 
is faibcdd(.<d itiiv the other 
of red Itod, &c.. ndvfng a t^ 
tbciro uglily aouitd fixture, 
■rUttd. tlw .'^i u/ *'>'■ 
\miUpn»^*nt of tkit. 

itnpMuiince. nsd mnj U- xn— 
illuiitnit«^ al«i> with thii 
mitiii ^ildoriit iB-rfwiU* 
warp. The sun 
Vimii IK iiniinnnlr. 
mid it wili '"■ ■■ ■ 
IwiTDiui tL< ' 
if >vet Mi 



APVERTISRMKNTS. 



SIO 



A. EMANUEL & SONS, Limited,, 

W SANITARY ENGINEERS, 

9, II & 13, GEORGE STREET, MANCHESTER SQUARE, LONDON, W. 

THE " INFANCLOS," Regd- No. 244780. 





rLl.^»^lllX. 




. ' /y 



Hi9CTtax. 
Wntrr Surfkow, 8 in- bj- C in. 

TEE "INFAKCXOe" (B»gi.) 

Ih Two Stus. 

H«^M. tnwd* dniBMfr al Ti<|>. 
Iiifiiiit' «...,, „ 121 in. 9| in. by 71 in. 

Child* „...„ wjiii. 



11 



in. by "(in. 
In. bj- T) in. 



A PAdMttl Wuh-down OloMt ApDUAttu for Um um of 
Intente and CbUdno . u fitted JJa the Lomfam Boftrd 
SobooU and elMwbere. 



\if\ in Ixitli i-itiu::'. Tl)c Tull CIkiId (i^xtin iiruiiff 

. Iran txiTT^], wllii A tttnp to prcTintt any fitraio on Itm 

^to uuM-t Um; i«i|uinwi«tit9 of tbv fiondna School Doattd. 



Thi^ rri)««tiil Clowi (Bomb stul Trii|){uOfuipiM*i)liMi«dB| 
of oxlrn HtmnK- stooewan. wblle gUzed lutdde. The Tinfi] 
1m9 a 'Jiu. Inoiw^lion itmi nonv^nteBtlf pliuwd for itn> 
fUiytfiag, nn nrrBii|(«nirt)t wltirb «-apmmn^ hiu> nhnwn tu 
Lv uwutinllr nM'iwatj (or M>hou1 um-. An mrllN'iiwnn' 
AtD])pt!r i^ prundcd, or tbe iaapeciiuu onn nuf be lued fi^ 
wnbUtinn parpuMM in the ordinHTTi' wnj-. The walcr 
mrfBCc in ei(vpti*ianlly lux'i '* '"■ b/ 1 to- . and LIm* bMCfe 
<if t)i«> li«*in t» mrrinl bvrontl the TonioMi line. Tlie ('ilitefn. 
Kmnoucrt wdl>kuowD A. B. C paUDt. f«r two or tltn^' 
irallitiiH lltuih. is miiplied with oulro mtbtr liaiMd ' 
tiiul u<|>e or •eniTM for imn tinm?, Ijin. bore br 
titiiiM iroa] t« krrnngpd inpiuui Ihrow^li ■ i«iD|ftli ol 
CiMtfini by uriT-|>ullin)f' The whoL- afipantue iHjf , 




lie. t. 

LSA.D SOU. PATENT 
800SETS * JOINTS. 



:WEST LONDON LEAD WOR 

Proprietor -R J, DA VIES. j 

MCft: 78, EARL'S COURT ROAD, LONDO 



out in 



"W"RITE FOTi FRIOE LIST. 



'1 





ROYAL PALACE 
_pftlcm SINK COKE 
Id S TRAIOHT PIPE 

TRAP. 

HipbonaUc. Complete with 

«-in, (.Inline. 




LEAD PATENT BURNING MACHINES, BLOWERS, AND FITTINGS, 

SULPHUBIC flCID FOB LEflD BiRPS. jf^ 

SPELTER for LEAD BURNERS.' 

I 

Well Sinker and Well Borer 
to any depth. 

PUMPS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. 



Write for List of Prices, &c., to— 

P. J. DAVIKS, ^^^T^JSj^"* 

ttab 3[rap ^anufarlurfr, plumber, Jttai IBunur, 
^\)tt\ mb (Bciural tcttb (CasUr to tljt ®ra6e, 

78, EARL'S COURT ROAD, KENSINGTON, 

i4 0isrT:)0'5?5. 



I 



\l\ 



■11 

ii 






; ) 



(f 



!;l ; 



iV '•<■ 



I; ■■
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Full text of "Standard Practical Plumbing: Being a Complete Encyclopædia for Practical Plumbers and Guide for ..."

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