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BOSTOl^ 
PUBLIC 
LIBRARY 


1978 

Statistics 
of  Income 

r 

U  3s/;i 


Individual 


[Jl]©(o)0ifi]( 


2    1981 


DEPOSITORY 


Department  of  the  Treasury 


Internal  Revenue  Senhce 


Publication  79  (3-81) 


Statistics 
of  Income 


Other 
Publications 


Publications  for  sale 

Individual  Income  Tax  Returns,  1978 

Preliminary  (51  pp.,  $3.25) 
Individual  Income  Tax  Returns,  1977 

(286  pp.,  $7.00) 
ZIP  Code  Area  Data,  Individual  Income 

Tax  Returns,  1969  (131  pp.,  $2.75) 
Business  Income  Tax  Returns,  1978 

Preliminary 
Sole  Proprietorship  Returns,  1977 
Corporation  Income  Tax  Returns,  1977 

Preliminary 
Corporation  Income  Tax  Returns,  1975 

(235  pp.,  $6.00) 
Estate  Tax  Returns,  1976  (60  pp.,  $3.25) 
Personal  Wealth  Estimated  from  Estate 

Tax  Returns,  1972  (62  pp.,  $1.75) 
Fiduciary  Income  Tax  Returns,  1974 

(98  pp.,  $2.75) 
Small  Area  Data  from  Individual  Income 

Tax  Returns,  1974  (447  pp.,  $6.00) 
International  Income  and  Taxes, 

Foreign  Tax  Credit  Claimed  on 

Corporation  Returns,  1974  (158  pp., 

$5.50) 
International  Income  and  Taxes,  U.S. 

Corporations  and  their  Controlled 

Foreign  Corporations,  1968  and  1972 

(235  pp.,  $5.50) 
Sales  of  Capital  Assets  Reported  on 

Individual  Income  Tax  Returns,  1973 

(263  pp.,  $7.00) 
Individual  Retirement  Arrangements, 

1976  (37  pp.,  $2.50) 
International  Income  and  Taxes, 

Domestic  International  Sales 

Corporation  Returns,  1972, 1973,  and 

1974  (192  pp.,  $6.00) 
Private  Foundations,  1974-1978 
Individual  Income  Tax  Returns, 

Contents  of  reports  for  1967-1976 

(15  pp.,  $1.50) 


Publications  in  preparation 

Partnership  Returns,  1977 

International  Income  and  Taxes,  U.S. 
Corporations  and  their  Controlled 
Foreign  Corporations,  1974 

International  Income  and  Taxes, 
Domestic  International  Sales 
Corporation  Returns,  1975-1978 

Individual  Income  Tax  Returns,  1979 
Preliminary 

Corporation  Income  Tax  Returns,  1976 

Organizations  Exempt  from  Income 
Tax,  1975-1978 

International  Income  and  Taxes, 
Foreign  Income  and  Taxes  on 
Individual  Income  Tax  Returns,  1975 


Statistics  of  Income  publications  are  for 
sale  by  the  Superintendent  of  Documents, 
U.S.  Government  Printing  Office 
Washington,  DC.  20402 


slfil  oH'Oef 


1978 


Individual 

Dra©(o)DTfQ(l  ^g 


Publication  79  (2-81) 


Department  of  the  Treasury 
Internal  Revenue  Service 

William  E.  Williams 

Acting  Commissioner 

Joseph  T.  Davis 

Acting  Deputy  Commissioner 

Russell  E.  Dyke 

Assistant  Commissioner 
(Planning  and  Research) 


Statistics  Division 

Fritz  Scheuren 

Director 
Howie  Wilson 

Assistant  Director 

Bennett  R.  Moss 

Chief,  Planning  and  Review  Staff 

Robert  A.  Wilson 

Chief,  Statistics  of  Income  Branch  I 

John  Dl Paolo 

Chief,  Statistics  of  Income  Branch  II 

John  P.  HInlker 

Chief,  Projections  and  Special  Studies 

Branch 

Raymond  C.  Sansing 

Chief,  Mathematical  Statistics  Branch 

Thomas  F.  Nagle 

Acting  Chief,  Operations  Branch 


This  report  was  prepared  in  the  Statistics 
Division  by  Philip  Clark,  James  Dumais,  Tom 
Gearin,  Charles  Hicks,  Rich  Hillelson,  Patrick  Piet, 
Richard  Thompson,  Norman  Waits,  and  June 
Walters  of  the  Individual  Income  Statistics  Section, 
under  the  direction  of  Jack  Blacksin  Major  contrib- 
utors to  the  publication  were  Peter  Sailer,  who 
designed  the  tables,  Noreen  Hoffmeier,  who 
prepared  the  text,"  and  Ray  Plowden,  who 
coordinated  the  review  of  the  data  Other 
contributors  included  Ray  Shadid,  who  designed 
the  statistical  sample;  Cheryl  Ingram,  Les  Ralston, 
and  Dave  Watson,  who  were  responsible  for 
coordinating  the  data  processing  and  systems 
design  in  the  Service  Centers  and  the  Data  Center; 
Ruth  Wise,  who  did  the  copy  design  and 
preparation;  and  Mary  Haigler,  who  typed  the  texl 

Statistical  abstracting  of  the  data  was  done  at 
each  of  the  ten  Internal  Revenue  Service  Centers 
Curt  Taylor,  Lome  Woodworth,  and  Sylvia  Martin 
of  the  Data  Center  designed  and  directed  the 
computer  processing.  Antonio  Sanchez  and 
Rosemary  Senneff  of  Facilities  Management 
Division  were  responsible  for  the  publication  of  the 
report 

Special  recognition  is  also  extended  to  John 
Witschie,  graphic  designer  in  Facilities  Manage- 
ment Division,  now  retired,  who  for  many  years 
designed  the  format  of  all  the  Statistics  of  Income 
reports  and  guided  us  through  their  publication. 


This  report  contains  data  on  sources  of  inconne,  adjusted  gross 
income,  exemptions,  deductions,  taxable  income,  income  tax,  tax 
credits,  self-employment  tax,  tax  withheld,  and  taxpayments.  Also 
shown  are  foreign  and  domestic  dividends,  capital  gains  and 
losses,  and  selected  income  and  tax  items  for  States.  Classifi- 
cations are  by  tax  status,  size  of  adjusted  gross  income,  marital 
status,  and  form  of  deduction. 

Additional  unpublished  information  from  individual  income  tax 
returns,  classified  by  States  and  by  size  of  adjusted  gross  income, 
is  available  on  a  reimbursable  basis  from  the  Internal  Revenue 
Service,  Statistics  Division.  Two  public  use  computer  tape  files  of 
the  records  selected  for  the  Statistics  of  Income  sample  are  also 
available  on  a  reimbursable  basis  from  the  National  Archives  and 
Records  Service:  the  Individual  Tax  Model  File,  which  is  suitable 
for  making  national  level  estimates,  and  the  State  Tax  Model  File, 
which  is  suitable  for  making  State  level  estimates. 

Suggested  citation 

Internal  Revenue  Service 
Statistics  of  Income— 1978, 
Individual  Income  Tax  Returns 
Washington,  D.C.  1981 


COMMISSIONER  OF  INTERNAL  REVENUE 
Washington,  DC  20224 


February  23,  1981 


The  Honorable  Donald  T.  Regan 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
Washington,  DC  20220 


Dear  Mr.  Secretary: 

As  required  by  section  6l08  of  the  Internal  Revenue  Code,  we 

have  prepared  for  publication  the  complete  report,  Statistics of 

Income— 1978.  Individual  Income  Tax  Returns.  This  report,  based  on  a 
sample  dravm  from  the  89.8  million  returns  filed  during  Calendar  Year 
1979,  presents  estimates  of  taxpayers'  income,  exemptions,  deductions, 
credits,  and  tax.  Major  classifiers  used  are  size  of  adjusted  gross 
income,  marital  status,  and  State  of  residence,  as  well  as  taxable 
and  nontaxable  returns. 

The  report  provides  data  on  the  new  residential  energy  and 
business  energy  investment  credits,  as  well  as  on  provisions 
effective  for  Tax  Year  1978  that  were  specified  by  the  Tax  Reform  Act 
of  1976,  the  Tax  Reduction  and  Simplification  Act  of  1977,  the 
Revenue  Act  of  1978,  the  Energy  Tax  Act  of  1978,  and  the  Foreign 
Earned  Income  Act  of  1978. 


With  kind  regards, 

Sincerelv, 


Acting  Commissioner 


Department  of  the  Treasury        Internal  Revenue  Service  '" 


Contents 


Guide  to  Basic  Tables,  V 

Introduction,  VI 

Requiremaits  for  Filing,  VI 

Changes  in  Law,  VII 

Section  1 

Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income,  1 

Section  2 

Deductions  and  Exenptions,  51 

Section  3 

Tax  Ccmputaticn  and  Tax  Rates,  73 

Section  4 

Tai^ayers  Age  65  or  Over;  Credit  for  the  Elderly,   107 

Section  5 

State  Data,  127 

Section  6 

Explanation  of  Terms,  173 

Section  7 

Sources  of  the  Data,  Description  of  the  Sample  and 
Limitations  of  the  Data,  191 

Section  8 

1978  Forms  and  Instructions,  205 

Section  9 
Index,  255 


iv 


Guide  to 
Basic  Tables 


Section  1 

Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 

Cumulated  inocme  and  taxes   (table  1.1),  6 

All   returns  by  marital  status    (tables  1.2,    1.3),    9,    15 

Sources  of  inccroe   (table  1.4),    16 

Joint  returns   (table  1.5),     2  3 

Returns  with  inooine  earned  abroad   (table  1.6)  ,  30 

Nontaxable  returns   (table  1.7),  33 

Returns  with  and  without  presidential  election  campaign 

funfi  checkoff    (table  1.8),  34 
Fcrm  1040A  returns   (tables  1.9,   1.10),    35,    36 
Returns  by  size  of  income  under  alternative  concepts      x' 

(table  1.11),    40 
Selected  incoroe  items  hy  size   (table  1.12),    46 

Section  2 

Deductions  and  Exemptions 

Itemized  deductions: 

By  type  (table  2.1),  55 

By  size  of  itemized  deduction  (table  2.2),  57 
Sources  of  inoonie  by  marital  status  (table  2.3),  58 
Total  as  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income 

(table  2.4),  59 
Medical  deduction  as  percent  of  adjusted 

gross  inooine  (table  2.5),  60 
Taxes  deducted  as  percent  of  adjusted  gross 

inccroe  (table  2.6),  51 
Interest  deducted  as  percent  of  adjusted 

gross  inccroe  (table  2.7),  62 
Contributions  deducted  as  percent  of  adjusted 
gross  income  (table  2.8),  53 
Returns  filed  ty  dependents  with  unearned  income  (table 

2.9),  64 
Exemptions  by  type  (table  2.10),  65 
Exemptions  by  marital  status  (table  2. 11), 71 


Section  3 

Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 

Type  of  tax  computation  (table  3.1),  80 
Sales  of  capital  assets  (table  3.2),  84 
Returns  with  residenticJ  energy  expenditures  (table 

3.3),  86 
Total  income  tax  hy  size  (table  3.4),  88 
Total  income  tax  as  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income 

(table  3.5),  91 
Income  tax  before  credits  (table  3.6),  93 
Earned  income  credit  (table  3.7),  95 
Additional  tax  for  tax  preferences  (table  3.8),  96 
Taxpayments  (table  3.9),  100 
Tax  due  (table  3.10),  104 
Tax  overpayment  (table  3.11),  105 
Refund  (table  3.12),  106 

Section  4 

Ta)$)ayers  Age  65  or  Over;  Credit  for  the  Elderly 

Sources  of  inocme  (table  4.1),  111 
Joint  returns  (table  4.2),  116 
Itemized  deductions  (table  4.3),  121 
Credit  for  the  elderly  (table  4.4),  122 

Section  5 
State  Data 

Sources  of  income  (table  5.1),  131 

Zero  bracket  amount  and  itanized  deductions  (table 

5.2),  134 
Income  tax  before  credits  (table  5.3),  137 
Exemptions  by  type  (table  5.4),  140 
Selected  items  hy  size  of  adjusted  gross  income  (tcible 

5.5),  144 


Introduction 


Requirements 
for  Filing 


The  data  presaited  in  this  report  are  estimates 
based  on  a  stratified  sample  of  individual  inoonie  tax 
returns,  selected  before  audit,  and  represent  cover- 
age of  the  89.8  million  Forms  1040  and  1040A  filed  by 
the  nation's  taxpayers  for  Inccne  Year  1978.  The 
number  of  returns  filed  for  1978  represents  an 
increase  of  afproximately  3.6  percent  over  those 
filed  for  1977. 

The  Internal  Revalue  Code  of  1954,  as  amended,  pro- 
vided the  legal  basis  for  tax  activity  detailed  in 
this  report.  Criteria  specified  by  the  Internal 
Revenue  Code  covering  the  filing  of  a  tax  return  and, 
therefore,  determining  the  basic  coverage  of  the  in- 
formation in  this  report  are  outlined  under  "Require- 
maits  for  Filing."  Revisions  to  the  Code  which 
affected  the  conparability  of  some  of  the  data  in 
this  report  with  data  presented  for  previous  years 
are  described  under  "Changes  in  Law." 

Organizationally,  this  report  is  divided  into  9 
sections.  The  first  section  presents  data  on  the 
number  of  returns  filed  and  the  sources  of  income 
reported  on  those  returns,  classified  by  marital 
status  and  by  size  of  adjusted  gross  income.  The 
itemized  deductions  and  types  of  exenptions  claimed 
on  the  1978  tax  returns  are  covered  in  section  2. 
Secticai  3  provides  detailed  data  on  the  1978  tax 
liability  as  vrell  as  on  any  tax  credits  and  taxpay- 
ments  applied  to  that  tax  liability.  Data  from 
returns  filed  by  taxpayers  age  65  or  over  or  from 
returns  showing  a  credit  for  the  elderly  are  pre- 
seited  in  section  4.  Section  5  covers  tax  return 
data  classified  by  State. 

Each  of  the  first  five  sections  contains  some 
explanatory  text  related  to  the  material  presented  in 
the  section.  Terms  used  in  this  report  are  actually 
defined,  however,  in  section  6.  Section  7  contains  a 
descriptiai  of  the  sample  of  tax  returns  used  for  the 
estimates  in  this  report,  as  well  as  a  discussion  of 
the  method  of  estimation  used  and  the  sampling  vari- 
ability of  the  data.  Facsimiles  of  the  tax  return 
forms  (and  their  instructions)  from  which  the  data 
were  gathered  for  1978  are  reproduced  in  section  8. 
Finally,  section  9  consists  of  an  index  to  the 
information  presented  herein. 


The  principal  criterion  which  determined  whether  an 
individual  had  to  file  a  return  was  the  size  of  gross 
incone  (aU  incane  received  in  the  form  of  maney, 
property,  and  services,  that  was  not,  by  law, 
expressly  exempt  from  tax) ,  specified  according  to 
the  individual's  marital  status.  For  1978,  as  for 
1977,  a  return  had  to  be  filed  hy: 

(1)  a  single  person  (other  than  a  surviving  spouse) 
under  age  65  with  gross  inccsne  of  at  least  $2,950; 

(2)  a  single  person  (other  than  a  surviving  spouse) 
age  65  or  over  with  gross  income  of  at  least  $3,700; 

(3)  a  surviving  spouse  under  age  65  with  gross 
incone  of  at  least  $3,950; 

(4)  a  surviving  spouse  age  65  or  over  with  gross 
income  of  at  least  $4,700; 

(5)  a  married  ooiple,  filing  a  joint  return,  with 
both  spouses  under  age  65  and  with  a  combined  gross 
income  of  at  least  $4,700; 

(6)  a  married  coi:ple,  filing  a  joint  return,  with 
one  spouse  age  65  or  over  and  with  a  combined  gross 
incone  of  at  least  $5,450; 

(7)  a  married  coiple,  filing  a  joint  return,  with 
both  spouses  age  65  or  over  and  with  a  combined  gross 
income  of  at  least  $6,200; 

(8)  a  married  person,  regardless  of  age,  whose 
spouse  was  filing  a  separate  return,  if  that  married 
person  had  a  gross  income  of  $750  or  more. 

In  addition,  any  individual  claimed  as  a  dependent 
on  another  person's  return  had  to  file  if  he  or  she 
had  "unearned  income"  (such  as  dividends,  interest, 
or  capital  gains)  of  $750  or  more.  Self -employed 
persons  also  had  to  file  if  they  had  "self-eirployment 
income"  of  $400  or  more  in  order  to  pay  self-employ- 
ment tax. 

Coverage  of  returns  belcM  these  income  levels  was 
generally  limited  to  persons  filing  for  a  refund  of 
inccite  tax  withheld  or  of  the  earned  income  credit. 

Most  taxpayers  had  to  file  tax  returns  within  3  1/2 
mcnths  after  the  close  of  their  accounting  periods. 
Since  the  accounting  period  used  by  nearly  all  indi- 
viduals for  Tax  Year  1978  was  the  calendar  year,  this 
meant  that  returns  were  due  by  April  15,  1979.  How- 
ever, each  taxpayer  could  be  granted,  upon  request, 
oie  automatic  2-month  extension  of  time  to  file  if  he 
or  she  paid  any  estimated  tax  due  ty  the  original  due 
date,  by  which  time  the  request  for  an  extension  had 
to  be  made.  In  addition,  U.S.  citizens  residing  or 
traveling  outside  the  United  States  and  Puerto  Rico 
were  automatically  granted  (without  requesting)  the 
2-month  extension. 


Vi 


Changes  in  Law 


There  were  five  revisions  to  the  Internal  Revenue 
Code  which  affected  the  oonparability  of  the  data 
presented  in  this  report  with  that  presaited  in 
previous  years — the  Tax  Reform  Act  of  1976,  the  Tcix 
Reduction  and  Sinplif ication  Act  of  1977,  the  Foreign 
Earned  Inocme  Act  of  1978,  the  Revenue  Act  of  1978, 
and  the  Energy  Tax  Act  of  1978.  While  each  of  these 
laws  contained  provisions  which  primarily  affected 
other  tax  years,  the  following  became  effective  for 
1978: 

(1)  the  Tax  Reform  Act  of  1976  (a)  increased  the 
amount  of  net  capital  loss  (from  $2,000  to  $3,000) 
which  could  be  used  to  offset  csrdinary  income  in  any 
one  year,  and  (b)  changed  the  holding  period  (from  9 
to  12  months)  necessary  for  a  capital  asset  to 
qualify  as  long-term; 

(2)  the  Tax  Reduction  and  Sinplif ication  Act  of 

1977  extended  both  the  general  tax  credit  and  the 
earned  income  credit  through  taxable  years  ending  in 

1978  (both  had  been  scheduled  to  expire  at  the  end  of 
1977); 

(31  the  Foreign  Earned  Income  Act  of  1978 
instituted  new  provisions  relating  to  the  taxation  of 
income  earned  abroad,  primarily  effective  for  Tax 
Year  1979;  the  Act  specified  that  for  1978,  however, 
a  taxpayer  could  elect  to  file  a  return  using  either 
the  pre-1978-Act  provisions  or  one  of  the  two  new 
methods  specified  in  the  1978  Act;  that  is,  the  tax- 
payer oould  (a)  exenpt  $15,000  ($20,000  for  anployees 
of  charitable  organizations)  of  earned  income  from 
taxation  but  apply  higher  tax  rates  to  any  remaining 
non-exempt  income  (the  pre-1978-Act  method) ,  or  (b) 


either  exclude  \jp  to  $20,000  from  taxation  because  of 
residence  in  a  ao-called  "hardship"  area  or  take  an 
adjusbnent  to  gross  income  for  certain  expenses  of 
living  abroad  (generally  limited  to  the  amount  of 
foreign  earned  income) ,  and  apply  the  most  advanta- 
geous tax  confutation  method  to  any  remaining  income 
in  either  case; 

(4)  the  Revalue  Act  of  1978  (a)  increased  (from 
50  to  60  percent)  the  amount  of  net  capital  gain 
which  oould  be  excluded  from  gross  income,  effective 
for  taxable  transactions  occurring,  and  installment 
payments  received,  after  October  31,  1978,  (b)  speci- 
fied that  the  capital  gain  realized  from  the  sale  or 
exchange  of  a  principal  residence  after  July  26, 
1978,  would  no  Icnger  be  a  tax  preference  item,  and 
(c)  provided  for  a  one-time  exclusion  (from  gross  in- 
come) of  up  to  $100,000  of  gain  realized  on  the  sale 
or  exchange  of  a  principal  residence  occurring  after 
July  26 ,  1978 ,  for  taxpayers  age  55  or  over ;  and 

(5)  the  Energy  Tax  Act  of  1978  (a)  introduced  two 
"energy"  credits — a  residential  energy  credit  for  ex- 
penditures on  energy  conserving  equipnent  (such  as 
insulation)  and  renewable  energy  source  property  (such 
as  solar  and  wind  prc^>erty)  in  or  on  the  principal 
residence  of  a  taxpayer ,  and  a  business  energy  invest- 
ment credit  for  investment  in  specific  types  of  energy 
property  by  those  taxpayers  engaged  in  a  trade  or 
business,  and  (b)  specified  that  intangible  drilling 
costs  would  become  a  permanent  tax  preference  item 
(under  the  Tax  Reduction  and  Siirplif ication  Act  of 
1977,  intangible  drilling  costs  were  a  tax  preference 
itan  only  for  taxable  years  beginning  in  1977) . 


Wl 


Section  1 


Returns  Filed 

and  Sources 

of  Income 


Contents 


Introducticn,    1 

Statutory  adjustments  to  gross  income, 3 

Income  earned  abroad,  3 

Long-term  capital  gains,   3 

High-inocme  returns,  tcixable  and  nontaxable,    4 


Text  tables 

lA  Sources  of  income  and  selected  tax  items,  1977 
and  1978,  1 

IB  Number  of  returns  hy  marital  status  and  size  of 
adjusted  gross  inocme,  3 

IC  Returns  with  long-term  capital  gains  in  excess  of 
short-term  capital  losses  reported  on  Schedule  D: 
amounts  excluded  at  the  50  percent  and  60  percent 
rates,  by  size  of  adjusted  gross  inocme,  4 

ID  Number  of  nontaxable  returns,  classified  by  size 
of  inocme  under  alternative  ccxioepts,  5 


Introduction 

The  information  presaited  in  this  section  covers 
primarily  the  number  of  returns  filed  for  Inocme  Year 
1978  and  the  sources  of  income,  including  the 
statutory  adjustments  to  gross  inocme,  reported  on 
these  returns.  The  major  classifications  of  these 
returns  are  size  of  adjusted  gross  inocme,  marital 
status,  and  taxability  or  nontaxability  of  the 
return. 

Characteristics,  such  as  sources  of  income  and 
selected  tax  items,  of  the  returns  filed  for  1978 
ccitpared  to  1977  are  summarized  in  table  lA.  As  can 
be  seen  from  that  table,  the  number  of  returns  filed 
increased  by  more  than  3  million,  from  86.6  million 
for  1977  to  almost  89.8  million  for  1978;  correspon- 
dingly, adjusted  gross  income  increased  from  almost 
$1.2  trillion  to  $1.3  trillion.  Table  IB  illustrates 
the  effect  of  these  changes  by  size  of  adjusted  gross 
inocme.  From  1977  to  1978,  returns  showing  income  of 
less  than  $5,000  declined  by  more  than  1.0  million, 
from  23.3  to  22.2  millioi,  while  those  showing  in- 


Chart 

lA  Number  of  returns  filed  by  size  of  adjusted  gross 
inocme,  1968,  1973,  and  1978,  2 

Basic  tables 

1.1  Selected  income  and  tax  items,  by  size  and  accu- 
itulated  size  of  adjusted  gross  income,  6 

1.2  All  returns:  adjusted  gross  income,  itemized 
deductions,  exenptions,  and  tax  items  by  size  of 
adjusted  gross  income  and  by  marital  status,  9 

1.3  All  returns:  sources  of  inoome,  deduoticns,  and 
tax  iteiTB  by  marital  status,  15 

1.4  All  returns:  sources  of  inoome  and  adjustments 
by  size  of  adjusted  gross  income,  16 

1.5  Joint  returns:  sources  of  inocme  and  adjustments 
by  size  of  adjusted  gross  income,  23 

1.6  Returns  with  inoome  earned  abroad:  selected 
items  by  size  of  adjusted  gross  income,  30 

1.7  Nontaxable  returns:  sources  of  inoome, 
deductions,  and  tax  items  by  size  of  adjusted 
gross  inoome  and  deficit,  3  3 

1.8  Returns  with  and  without  presidential  election 
canpaign  fund  checkoff:  response  boxes  checked 
by  marital  status  and  size  of  adjusted  gross 
income,  34 

1.9  Form  1040A  returns:  sources  of  income, 
dediEtions,  and  tax  items  by  marital  status,  3  5 

1.10  Form  1040A  returns:  sources  of  income, 
dediEtions,  and  tax  items  by  size  of  adjusted 
gross  income,  36 

1.11  All  returns,  taxable  returns,  and  nontaxable 
returns:  number  of  returns,  inoome,  deductions, 
and  credits,  by  size  of  income  under  alternative 
concepts,  40 

1.12  Selected  income  items  by  size  of  specified 
inocme,  4  6 


Tabia  1A. — Sourcaa  of  Incoma  and  Salactsd  Tax  Itamt,  1977  and  1978 

[All  figures  are  eslimalas  based  o^  sampias — money  amoonis  are  m  thousands  of  dollars] 


Item 

1977 

1978 

Change,  1977 
to  1978 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

86,634.640 

64,381.136 
22,253,502 

1.156.492.225 

969.403,997 

29.211,627 

49,451,960 

504,256 

13.313.657 

1.973.133 

20.776,605 

583,502 
27.020.483 
54.603,049 

2.986,778 
2.241,354 
2,763.650 
2.967,539 
19,329.363 

138,519.421 
215,176,997 
938,966,454 
205,167.620 
172.111.669 

13,637,761 
156,473,906 

1,322.615 
159.796.824 

4,074,592 
164.024,104 

69.771,551 

68.688.305 
21.083.246 

1.302.447,386 

1.090.291.855 

32.743.819 

53.546.508 
3.565.293 
15.044.767 

2.284,806 

23,231,376 

1,256,902 
30.206,475 
61.222,522 

3,139,157 
2,559.670 
3.079,603 
2.636,501 
22.364,066 

164,432,406 
219,667,696 
1,062.190.322 
215.787.307 
203.803.653 

17.065.591 
186,718.062 

1.514.475 
168.232,537 

4,705,994 
193,164,649 

3  136  911 

4  307  167 

Adjusted  gross  income  less  deficrt          

Sources  ol  income 

143.955,161 

Pensions  and  annuites  ir  adjusted 

3  532  192 

Business  and  prolesston  net  profit 

4094  548 

Small  Business  Corporatton  net  profit 

Swies  o(  capital  assets  net  gain 

Sales  ol  property  other  than  capUl 

6  619  473 

152  379 

-349  038 

25  912  985 

123.221,666 

10  619  667 

191  560 

631.402 

Total  ta»  liability             

29.160.745 

'ConMsta  of  sute  incom*  lai  ratundt,  abmorfy  r»owvM,  vtd  otf>er  incofne  l«n  lou. 
NOTE-  Detail  may  noi  add  to  lolal  becsuM  ot  roundlns. 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 


cxjne  of  $20,000  or  nore  increased  from  18.3  to  22. '^ 
million.  This  trend  is  even  more  dramatic  when 
viewed  over  a  10-year  period,  as  can  he  seen  in  Chart 
lA.  For  1968,  31.9  million  returns  showed  adjusted 
gross  income  of  less  than  $5,000;  by  1978  there  were 
only  22.2  millicn  returns  in  this  income  class.  How- 
ever, returns  showing  income  of  $25,000  or  more  in- 
creased from  1.6  million  for  1968  to  13.7  million  for 
1978. 

Cumulated  data  for  the  number  of  returns  filed,  the 
amount  of  adjusted  gross  inoone,  and  the  anount  of 
total  income  tax,  classified  by  size  of  adjusted 
gross  income  are  shown  in  table  1.1.  Tables  1.2  and 
1.3  present  information  classified  by  marital  sta- 


tus. Data  for  sources  of  income  and  adjustments, 
classified  by  size  of  adjusted  gross  income,  are  pre- 
sented for  cill  returns  in  table  1.4  and  for  joint 
returns  in  table  1.5.  Special  topics  for  which  data 
are  presented  are:  returns  with  inccme  earned  abroad, 
table  1.6;  nontaxable  returns,  table  1.7;  responses 
to  the  presidential  election  canpaign  fund  question, 
table  1.8;  Form  1040A  returns,  classified  by  marital 
status  in  table  1.9  and  by  size  of  adjusted  gross 
income  in  table  1.10;  and  "high-income"  returns  (dis- 
cussed in  detail  belowl ,  table  1.11.  Table  1.12 
shows  data  for  selected  sources  of  income  by  size  of 
the  source  of  income. 


Chart  1A. 

Number  of  returns  filed  by  size  of  adjusted  gross  income,  1968, 1973,  and  1978 


w 


Millions  of 
returns  filed 

35 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 


Table  16— Number  o(  Returns  by  MaHtat  Status  and  Size  of  Adjusted 
Gross  Income 

[Ad  ligu'es  »'(•  esnm^ies  D^scd  on  samples] 


Size  ot  Adiusled  gross  income  and  manlal  slalus 

1977 

1978 

Change    1977 
lo  1978 

Number  ol  returns  lor  all  8djusl«d  gross  tncotne 
ctaasas — ; 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

86.634,640 

89.771.551 

3.136.911 

44,004.343 

1,294,752 

5,837,754 

152,837 

35,344,954 

44.483,348 

1,567,250 

6.382,444 

126.139 

37.212,370 

479.005 
272,498 
544,690 
-26,698 
1,867.416 

Beturns  ol  heads  ol  households 
Returns  of  surviving  spouses 
Returns  of  single  persons 

23.262.635 

22.236.197 

-1.026.438 

Joinl  relurns  ot  husbands  and  wives 

Separate  relums  of  husbands  and  wives.  ,     , 
Returns  ol  heads  ol  households 
Returns  ol  Surviving  spouses 
Relurns  ol  single  persons 

3,433.270 

531,211 

1642,178 

29,372 

17,626,604 

2,929,584 
649,035 

1.553.456 

32,974 

17,071,148 

-503,686 

1 1  7,824 

-88,722 

3,602 

-555,456 

W.OOOunderSlO.OOO.  total  

19.342.81S 

19.585.276 

242.457 

JOini  returns  ol  husbands  and  wives 

Separate  returns  of  husbands  and  wives 

Returns  ol  heads  of  households 
Returns  of  surviving  spouses 
Returns  ol  single  persons 

7  000,508 

351,956 

2,088,617 

47,729 

9.854,009 

6,050.137 

453,128 

2.444,978 

31,786 
10,605,247 

-950.371 

101,172 
356,361 
-15,943 
751,238 

S10.000  under  $15,000.  lotal 

14.299.206 

14.241.599 

-57.607 

Joint  returns  Of  husba.ids  and  wives 
Separate  returns  ol  husbands  and  wives  . 
Returns  ol  heads  ol  households 
Relurns  of  surviving  spouses 
Relurns  ol  single  persons 

8,131,231 

224,961 

1,278,999 

28,275 

4,635,740 

7,443.907 

237,573 

1,307,103 

22,537 

5.230,479 

-687,324 
12,612 
28,104 

-5.738 
594.739 

$15,000  under  $20,000,  total 

It. 404.973 

11.408.934 

3,961 

Jomi  relurns  ol  husbands  and  wives 

Separate  returns  of  husbands  and  wives 

Returns  of  heads  ol  households 

Returns  of  surviving  spouses 

Relurns  ol  single  persons 

8,775,364 

126.111 

530,768 

9,280 

1.963,450 

8  156.001 
134,454 
619,091 
21,177 

2.478,211 

-619.363 

8,343 

88.323 

11,897 

514,761 

$20,000  or  more,  total 

16,325,007 

22.299.545 

3.974,538 

Joint  returns  of  husbands  and  wives 
Separate  returns  of  husbands  and  wives 
Returns  of  heads  ol  households 
Returns  ol  surviving  spouses 
Returns  ol  single  persons 

16,663,970 
60,513 
297,192 
38.181 

1,265,151 

19,903,719 

93.060 

457.816 

17,665 

1,827  285 

3.239,749 

32,547 

160,624 

-20,516 

562,134 

Statutory  Adjustanents  to  Gross  Incxane 

flftjustments  to  gross  inorane  included  expenses 
incurred  by  business  men  and  women  or  by  farmers  in 
the  course  of  running  a  business,  as  well  as  certain 
expenses  of  enplovees  such  as  moving  or  travel 
expenses.  Sole  proprietorship  expenses  were  reported 
on  Schedules  C  and  F  (or ,  in  the  case  of  partnerships 
or  anall  Business  Corporations,  on  the  appropriate 
forms  filled  in  ty  these  aitities)  and  are  detailed 
in  the  reports  Statistics  of  Inccme — Sole  Proprie- 
torship Returns,  Statistics  of  Inocme — Partnership 
Returns,  and  Statistics  of  Inocroe — Corporation  Inccme 
Tax  Returns. 

Data  on  total  statutory  adjustments,  disability 
inooroe  exclusion,  payments  to  an  individual  retire- 
meit  arrangement  (IRA) ,  payments  to  a  self-orployed 
retiranent  (Keogh)  plan,  and  deduction  for  expense  of 
living  abroad  are  presented  in  tables  1.4  and  1.5. 
Data  on  the  other  statutory  adjustments  (employee  bu- 
siness expenses,  moving  expanses,  forfeited  interest 
penalty,  and  alimony  paid)  were  rwt  tabulated  for 

1978.  Tax  law  changes  affecting  the  deduction  for 
expense  of  living  abroad  are  discussed  below  under 
"Income  Earned  Abroad." 

Inocme  Earned  Abroad 

The  Rjreign  Earned  Income  Act  of  1978  revised  the 
method  of  taxation  used  by  individuals  with  income 
earned  abroad,  effective  primarily  for  Tax  Year 

1979.  The  Act  specified,  however,  that  for  1978 
taxpayers  could  elect  to  use  either  the  new 
provisions  set  forth  by  the  Act  or  those  in  effect 
prior  to  its  enactment.  Therefore,  for  1978, 
taxpayers  could  (a)  under  the  1977  rules,  exempt  up 
to  $15,000  ($20,000  in  the  case  of  enployees  of 


charitable  organizations)  of  earned  income  from 
taxation  but  apply  higher  tax  rates  to  anv  remaining 
non-exenpt  income  or  (b)  under  the  1978  rules,  either 
exclude  up  to  $20,000  from  taxation  because  of 
residence  in  a  so-called  "hardship"  area  or  take  an 
adjustment  to  gross  income  for  certain  expenses  of 
living  abroad  (generally  limited  to  the  amount  of 
foreign  earned  incone)  and  apply  the  most  advanta- 
geous tax  computation  method  to  any  income  remaining 
after  the  deduction  or  exclusion  had  been  taken  into 
account. 

Table  1 . 6  shows  the  total  amount  of  incoite  earned 
abroad,  and  the  amount  exempted,  excluded,  and  deduc- 
ted, as  well  as  selected  tax  items  for  returns  with 
inocme  earned  abroad.  (Additional  information  on  the 
tax  oonpjtation  methods  for  these  returns  is  shown  in 
section  3,  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates.)  Because 
the  Foreign  Earned  Income  Act  was  not  enacted  until 
November  of  1978  and  because  it  affected  both  Tax 
Years  1977  and  1978,  the  data  on  incorre  earned  abroad 
for  1978  may  be  slightly  overstated. 


Long-Term  Capital  Gains 

The  anount  of  long-term  capital  gain  included  in 
adjusted  gross  income  for  1978  was  affected  by  both 
the  Tax  Reform  Act  of  1976  and  the  Revenue  Act  of 
1978.  For  1978,  a  capital  asset  had  to  be  held  for 
more  than  12  months  in  order  for  it  to  qualify  for 
Icng-term  capital  gain  treatment,  as  specified  by  the 
Tax  Reform  Act  of  1976.  For  Tax  Year  1977,  the 
holding  period  was  9  months;  for  1976  and  earlier 
years,  it  was  6  months. 

While  the  Tax  Reform  Act  of  1976  specified  when 
assets  were  eligible  for  long-term  capital  gain 
treatment,  the  Revenue  Act  of  1978  specified  what 
amount  of  long-term  capital  gain  would  be  excluded 
from  gross  income  in  determining  adjusted  gross  in- 
ocme. Effective  for  taxable  transactions  occurring, 
and  installmait  payments  received,  after  OctDober  31, 
1978,  an  amount  equal  to  60  percent  of  net  long-term 
capital  gain  was  excludable  from  gross  income.  Prior 
to  that  date,  an  amount  equal  to  50  percent  of  this 
capital  gain  was  excludable.  (The  net  amount  of 
long-term  capital  gain  was  defined  as  the  excess  of 
the  net  long-term  capital  gain  over  the  net 
short-term  capital  loss.)  For  Tax  Year  1978  returns 
which  included  the  October  date  (most  individual 
returns  were  for  Calendar  Year  1978) ,  the  amount  of 
capital  gain  excluded  was  the  sum  of: 

(1)  60  percent  of  the  lesser  of  (a)  the  net 
capital  gain  for  the  taxable  year,  or  (b)  the  net 
capital  gain  taking  into  account  only  sales  or 
exchanges  after  October  31,  1978;  plus 

(2)  50  percent  of  the  excess  of  (a)  the  net 
capital  gain  for  the  taxable  year  over  (b)  the  net 
capital  gain  taken  into  account  under  (1) . 

Table  IC  presents  data  on  the  effect  of  this  tax 
law  change.  Of  the  $48.6  billion  of  net  long-term 
capital  gains,  $42.5  billion  was  subject  to  the  50 
percent  exclusion  rate  and  $6.0  billion  subject  to 
the  60  percent  rate.  More  than  23  percent  of  the 
returns  with  net  long-term  capital  gains  showed  gains 
excluded  at  the  higher  rate,  even  though  it  was  in 
effect  for  only  2  months  of  the  year. 

In  addition  tc  providing  for  the  60  percent  capital 
gain  exclusion,  the  Revenue  Act  of  1978  also  speci- 
fied that  taxpayers  age  55  or  over  oould  exclude  from 
gross  inocme  up  to  $100,000  of  gain  realized  from  the 
sale  or  exchange  of  a  principal  residence  occurring 
after  July  26,  1978.  No  breakout  is  provided  in  this 
report  of  the  extent  to  which  taxpayers  took  advan- 
tiage  of  this  provision. 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 


Table  IC— Returns  With  Long-Term  Capital  Gains  In  Excess  of  Short-Term 
Capital  Losses  Reported  on  Schedule  D:  Amounts  Excluded  at  the  50  Percent 
and  60  Percent  Rates,  by  Size  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income 


[All  figures  are  eslimales  based  on  samples — money  amounts  are  in  tnousands  0'  dollafS) 

Long-tenn  capital  gains  >n  excess  of  shorl-term  capital  losses 

Size  of  adjusted 
gross  income 

Number  ol 

relums 

Total 

Excluded 
pofton 

Amount 

included 

m  adjusted 

gross  income 

(1) 

(2) 

{31 

(4) 

All  Returns  With  Net  Long-Term  Capital 
Gain 

Total 

5.272.317 

48.588,985 

24.898.423 

23,690.562 

Under  $5,000 

$5,000  unde>  $10,000    . 

$10.000under$15,000                                         

$15,000  under  $20,000.   . 

$20,000  under  $25,000                                             -      - 

$25,000  under  $30,000 

524.641 
675.075 

711.250 
642,697 
623.182 

508.595 

3.094,249 
2,630,138 
2,969,696 
3.703.876 
3,342,655 
3,442,217 

1,597.959 
1.364.031 
1.519.447 
1.901,144 
1,710,433 
1.763,698 

1.496,289 
1,266,107 
1,450.249 
1,802,732 
1,632,222 
1,678,518 

$30,000  under  $50,000                                                .    . 
$50,000  underSlOO, 000 

$100.000undef$200.000                                         -   - 
$200,000  under  $500,000                                     

948,350 
469,374 
129.634 
33.756 
4,346 
1.417 

8,643,714 
7,939,062 
5.162,656 
3,916,087 
1,647.616 
2,097,019 

4,432.659 
4,071.737 
2,642.154 
2.000.199 
837,681 
1,057,271 

4,211,046 
3,867,326 
2.520.502 
1,915.688 

$1,000.000ormore         

1,039,748 

Returns  With  Capital  Gains  Subject 
to  50  Percent  Exclusion 

Total 

4.S69.7S7 

42,548,843 

21.274,421 

21.274.421 

under  $5,000              .   . 
$5,000  Ljnder$10, 000 
$10,000  under$l5.000 
$15,000  under  $20,000 
$20,000  under  $25,000     . 
$25,000  under  $30,000 

492,096 
618,589 
657,066 
597,064 
572.881 
464,504 

2,585,838 
2,140,400 
2,623,616 
3.211,733 
2,951,503 
3,016.232 

1,292,919 
1,070,200 
1.311,808 
1,605.666 
1,475,751 
1,508,116 

1.292,919 
1,070,200 
1.311,808 
1 .605.866 

1,475,751 
1,508.116 

$30,000  under  $50,000 
$50,000  under  $100,000 
$100,000  urtder  $200, 000 
$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  under  $1 .000,000 
$1,000,000  or  more 

869.159 
439,307 
121,328 
32,242 

4,170 
1,351 

7.535.441 
6,916,909 
4.554,365 
3,494,521 
1,508.883 
2,009.403 

3,767,720 
3,458,454 
2.277.182 
1,747.261 
754.442 
1.004,701 

3.767.720 
3.458.454 
2.277,182 
1.747.261 
754.442 
1.004,701 

Returns  With  Capital  Gains  Subject 
to  60  Percent  Exclusion 

Total 

1.227.987 

6,040,142 

3,624.003 

2,416,141 

Under$5.000 

$5,000ur>der$)0.000                                      -    - 
$10,000  under$l5, 000 
$15,000  urwjer  $20,000 
$20,000  under  $25,000 
$25,000  under  $30,000 

97,492 
162,574 
148,942 
146,084 
148,250 
105,554 

508,411 
489,738 
346,061 
492.143 
391,152 
425,985 

305,040 
293.831 
207,639 
295,278 
234,681 
255,582 

203,370 
195,907 
138,441 
196,865 
156,471 
170,403 

$30,000  under  $50,000  .  . 
$50,000  under  $100,000 
$100,000  under  $200, 000 
$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  under$l.000.000 
$1,000,000  or  more 

225,625 
136.526 
43.399 
11,448 
1,566 
525 

1,108.274 

1.022,154 
608,291 
421,566 
138,732 

87,616 

664,948 
613.282 
364,971 
252,939 
83,239 
52.570 

443,325 
408.872 
243.320 
168.627 
55.493 
35,046 

NOTE   Detail  may  net  add  to  total  bacausa  of  rounding 


High-Incone  Returns,  Taxable  and  Nontaxable 

The  Tax  Reform  Act  of  1976  mandated  the  annual 
publication  of  "information  on  the  amount  of  tax  paid 
hy  individual  taxpayers  with  high  total  incomes,"  as 
well  as  "the  number  of  such  individuals...  who  owe  no 
Federal  inocme  tax."  The  law  specified  that,  in 
addition  to  adjusted  gross  income,  three  additiraial 
inocme  concepts  were  to  be  used  as  classifiers: 
adjusted  gross  incone  plus  excluded  tax  preferences; 
adjusted  gross  inocme  less  investment  interest;  and 
"expanded  incone,"  which  was  arrived  at  by  both 
adding  tax  preferences  to  and  subtracting  investment 
interest  from  adjusted  gross  income. 

Neither  tax  preferences  nor  investanent  interest 
were  available  in  a  pure  form  from  the  tax  return.  In 
the  case  of  excluded  tax  preferences  (amounts  of 
irtcome  cr  deductions  afforded  special  tax  treatment) 
only  two  were  available  for  all  taxpayers:  the 
dividend  exclusion  of  ip  to  $100  per  taxpayer 
receiving  qualified  dividends  and  the  capital  gains 
exclusion,  equal  to  a  portion  (either  50  or  60 
percent,  depending  on  the  date  of  the  transaction)  of 
the  excess  of  net  long-term  capital  gains  over  net 
short-term  capiteil  losses.  If  the  sum  of  the 
excluded  capital  gains  plus  other  tax  preferences 


(which  were  subject  to  the  additional  tax  for  tax 
preferences,  i.e.,  the  "minimum  tax")  exceeded 
$10,000  ($5,000  in  the  case  of  married  persons  filing 
separate  returns) ,  the  taxpayer  was  required  to  file 
a  Form  4625  to  compute  the  additional  tax.  For  such 
taxpayers,  the  "tax  preferences  excluded  from 
adjusted  gross  income,"  as  tabulated  in  table  1.11, 
also  included  the  following  items  from  Form  4625:  the 
excess  of  accelerated  depreciation  on  certain  real 
property  and  property  subject  to  a  lease  over 
depreciation  computed  under  the  straight-line  method; 
the  excess  of  rapid  amortization  allowable  on  certain 
capital  e)5>enditures  (such  as  pollution  control 
facilities)  over  the  rormal  depreciaticm  deducticHi 
otherwise  allowable;  the  excess  of  percentage 
depletion  over  the  "adjusted  basis"  of  the  property; 
unrealized  gain  on  the  exercise  of  stock  options; 
amounts  set  aside  as  bad  debt  reserves  by  financicd 
institutions  in  excess  of  the  amounts  needed  on  the 
basis  of  actual  past  experience;  and  intangible 
drilling  costs  to  the  extent  that  any  amount  deducted 
as  a  current  expense  exceeded  the  amount  that  oould 
have  been  charged  to  capital  and  deducted  over  the 
applicable  number  of  yecirs. 

One  tax  preference  item  from  Form  4625  that  was  not 
included  was  the  itemized  deduction  tax  preferer>ce. 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 


In  ocntrast  to  the  other  items  en  Form  4625,  the 
itemized  deduction  tcix  preference  was  not  excluded  or 
deducted  in  arriving  at  adjusted  gross  incone,  but 
rather  was  a  deduction  from  adjusted  gross  inoone  in 
arriving  at  taxable  income.  Therefore,  it  did  not 
qualify  as  a  "tax  preference  excluded  frcm  adjusted 
gross  inccme"  for  purposes  of  this  report  and  was 
thus  not  applicable  to  any  of  the  three  inoone 
concepts. 

The  purpose  of  adding  tax  preferences  to  adjusted 
gross  income  was  to  obtain  a  measure  of  total  inccrie 
which  gave  various  sources  of  inccme  more  nearly 
equal  treabnent,  i.e.,  to  include  the  full  amount  of 
each  type  of  income,  before  any  of  the  exclusions  or 
deductions  allowed  under  the  Internal  Revenue  Code. 
Similarly,  the  purpose  of  subtracting  investment 
interest  was  to  obtain  a  more  nearly  equal  treatment 
of  various  types  of  expanses.  In  naking  out  their 
tax  returns,  taxpayers  who  borrowed  money  for 
investment  purposes  included  the  gross  income  from 
those  investments  in  their  adjusted  gross  incomes  and 
deducted  the  interest  on  the  borrowed  money  as  part 
of  their  itemized  deductions.  This  was  in  contrast 
to  the  tax  treatment  of  business  and  farm  taxpayers, 
who  deducted  their  business  expenses  from  their 
business  receipts  and  included  only  the  net  amount  in 
their  adjusted  gross  incomes.  In  other  words,  the 
purpose  of  subtracting  investment  interest  from 
adjusted  gross  inccme  was  to  have  an  income  concept 
that  included  the  "net"  amount  of  investment  inccme 
(income  less  allocable  expenses),  just  as  it  included 
the  "net"  amount  of  business  or  farm  income. 

Since  most  taxpayers  were  not  required  to  identify 
on  their  returns  all  of  the  interest  en  amounts  bor- 
rowed strictly  for  investment  purposes,  it  was  neces- 
sary to  approximate  an  amount  of  "investment  inter- 
est" for  the  statistics.  The  method  used  was  to  con- 
sider all  interest  deducted  other  than  the  amount 
reported  on  the  separate  "home  mortgage  interest" 
line  as  being  potential  investment  interest.  However, 
the  amount  tabulated  for  purposes  of  table  1 ,  11  as 
investment  interest  expense  was  limited  so  as  not  to 
exceed  the  amount  of  investment  inccme  (interest 
received,  dividends,  and  capital  gains)  included  in 
the  ta^^ayer's  total  income,  as  described  below. 


Since  four  different  inoome  concepts  were  used  for 
table  1.11,  and  since  these  concepts  contain  differing 
amounts  of  investment  inoome,  the  investment  interest 
expense  was  limited  depaiding  on  the  income  ooncept 
being  tabulated,  cis  follows: 

(1)  When  the  income  coTcept  being  tabulated  was 
"adjusted  gross  income"  or  "adjusted  gross  income  less 
investment  interest,"  investment  income  equalled  the 
sun  of: 

(a)  interest  received, 

(b)  dividends  aifter  the  exclusion  of  up  to  $100 
per  taxpayer, 

(c)  all  net  short-term  capital  gains, 

(d)  that  portion  of  Icng-term  capital  gains 
included  in  adjusted  gross  income,  and 

(e)  all  the  net  short-term  aind  one-half  the  net 
long-term  capital  losses,  limited  to  $3,000  per  tax 
return. 

(2)  When  data  en  "expanded  income"  or  "adjusted 
gross  inoome  plus  excluded  tax  preferences"  were 
tabulated,  investment  income  equalled  the  sum  of: 

(a)  interest  received, 

(b)  dividends  before  exclusion, 

(c)  all  net  short-term  capital  gains, 

(d)  all  net  long-term  capital  gains,  and 

(e)  all  the  net  short-term  and  one-half  the  net 
long-term  capital  losses,  limited  to  $3,000  per  tax 
return. 

Table  ID  shows  the  shifts  in  inccme  class  that 
resulted  from  adding  tax  preferences  to  adjusted  gross 
income,  from  subtracting  investmait  interest,  and  from 
making  both  adjustments.  Depending  on  which  inccme 
concept  is  used,  the  number  of  "high-income 
nontcixables"  (returns  with  total  inccme  of  $200,000  or 
TKxe  and  no  "total  income  tax")  varied  from  90  (based 
on  adjusted  gross  inoome  minus  investment  interest)  to 
113  (based  on  adjusted  gross  income  plus  excluded  tax 
preferences) . 

In  addition  to  the  data  presented  in  this  report,  a 
detailed  analysis,  based  on  all  1977  and  1978  tax  re- 
turns in  the  Statistics  of  Income  santples,  showing  the 
reasons  for  nontaxability  ind  "near"  nontaxability 
will  be  available  later  this  year  from  the  Office  of 
Tax  Analysis,  U.S.  Department  of  the  Treasury, 
Washington,  DC  20220. 


Table  ID.— Numbw  ol  NonluabI*  IMwm,  Clm*Nlwl  by  Sla  of  Ineonw  Undw 
Altomattv*  Concepts 

(An  figures  ore  asOmalM  bu«d  on  Minpl«sJ 


Total 

Sae  ot  Income  undof 
attemabve  concepts 

Undw 
$100,000 

$100,000 

UTHler 
$200,000 

$200,000 
or  more 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

{*) 

Tot»l  numt»f  ol  fitume                                            j 

21,0S3^4« 

21,061.915 

1.226 

105 

21,0ei,B49 

1,284 

113 

21,062.106 
900 

90 

21,0«2.«7 

21,061.854 
179 
14 

21.061.648 
183 
15 

21.062.047 

1.101 

61 
1.040 

1.101 

119 
962 

m 

Slz«  of  ExpwKlMl  Incofiw 

Undef  $100,000         

7 
91 

96 

8 

90 

Under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200,000                

Under  $100,000                              

$100,000  ury}er  $200,000                

$200,000  or  more 

Individual  Retums/1978  •  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 


Table  1.1 — Selected  Income  and  Tax  Items,  by  Size  and  Accumulated  Size  ol  Adjusted  Gross  Income 

[All  figures  are  estimates  baaed  on  samples-money  amounts  are  in  thousands  ol  dollara] 


Size  and  accumulated  ue 
of  adjusted  gross  income 


Number 

ol 
returns 


Percert 
ol 
total 


Adjusted  gross  income 
Kasdellcit 


Percent 

ol 

total 


Average 
(OoKan) 


Taxable  rettfra 


Number 

d 
returns 


d 
total 


Adjuetsd  groes  Inconie 
lea  dead! 


(1) 


(2) 


(3) 


(7) 


SIz*  of  Adjustad  Gross 

To«tl   

No  adjusted  gross  Income 

$1  under  11,000         

JI.OOO  under  »2,000    

»2,000  under  $3,000    

t3,000  under  $4,000    

$4,000  under  $5,000  

$5,000  under  $6,000  

$6,000  under  $7,000  

$7,000  under  $8,000  

$8,000  under  $9,000    

$9,000  under  $10,000       

$10,000  under  $11,000  

$11,000  under  $12,000  

$12,000  under  $13,000  

$13,000  under  $14,000  

$14,000  under  $15,000      

$15,000  under  $20,000  

$20,000  aider  $25,000    

$25,000  under  $30,000  

$30,000  under  $50,000  

$50,000  under  $100.000 

$100,000  under  $200,000    

$200,000  under  $500,000    

$500,000  under  $1.000.000 

$1,000,000  or  more 


524.071 
3.487.295 
4,999,609 
4.680,830 
4,553,366 
3,991,026 

4,403,902 
4,401,607 
3,849,675 
3,699.146 
3,2X,856 

3,152,904 
2.947.780 
2,913,381 
2,668,149 
2,559,385 

11,408,934 
8,552,615 
5,386,257 
6535,452 
1,471,406 

285,309 
59.884 
6.581 
2,041 


06 
39 
56 
52 
51 
44 

49 
49 
4.3 
4.1 
36 

35 
33 
3,2 
30 
29 

12,7 
95 
60 
73 
16 

03 
01 


P) 
0 


1,902,447  JOO 

-7,471,364 
2,023,096 
7,473,213 
11,705,483 
15,907,472 
17,943,794 

24,317,061 
28,607,922 
28,868,719 
31,367,198 
30,649.637 

33.1M.725 
33.905.286 
36.397,341 
35,995,235 
37,132,041 

198,794,563 
190,941,609 
146,822,233 
236.969.911 
96.283.476 

37.512.860 
16.711,100 
4.382.486 
4.106.279 


02 
06 
09 
12 
1,4 

1.9 
22 
2.2 
24 
24 

2,5 
26 
28 
2.9 
29 

15,3 
147 
11,3 
18,3 
74 

29 

1,3 
03 
03 


14,600 

-14.256 
580 
1.496 
2.501 
3.494 
4.496 

5.522 
6.499 

7.499 
8.480 
9.487 

10.496 
11.502 
12.493 
13.491 
14,508 

17,424 
22,326 
27^59 
36,566 
65.436 

131.482 
279.058 
665.930 

2.011. 


1004 


14.780 

2.619 

137.382 

140.762 

2.273.149 

^567.829 

3.033.869 
3,388,295 
3,369,340 
3,455.488 
3.054.152 

2.996,320 
2,635,892 
2,853,486 
2617.196 
2514.889 

11.279.676 
8.491.015 
5.352.156 
6.495,225 
1,460,169 

284,200 

59,796 
••8,612 


0 
P) 


0,2 
02 
3,3 
37 

4,4 
4,9 
4.9 
50 
44 

44 

41 
42 
3,8 
3,7 

164 
12,4 
78 
9.5 
21 

04 
01 


P) 
P) 


1J41X2J*t 

-661.285 
994 

211.347 

363.014 

8.150.861 

11.581.541 

16.760.000 
22.066,266 
26,216,276 

29,306,404 
26,967257 

31,476,964 
32,627,180 
35,650,364 
35,300,466 
36,480,270 

196,583,473 
189,572,664 
145,804,644 
237,464,394 
96,568,047 

37,371,333 
16,668,841 
4,377,556 
4,103,975 


(9) 


P) 
P) 
P) 


0.7 
0.9 

1.4 
U 
20 
24 
23 

U 
26 
29 
28 
29 

15.8 
15.3 
11i 
19.1 
77 

3.0 
13 
0,4 
0.3 


Taxable  relums-Conllnued 

Taxable  income 

Inconw  tflx  aftBT  crMfits 

Total  Income  tax 

Number 

ol 
returns 

Amount 

Percent 
ol 
total 

Number 

ol 
returns 

Amoait 

Percent 
ol 
total 

Amouit 

Psrotnt  o(- 

Anenga 
team 

In 
(Ooin) 

ol  adjusted  gross  income 

Total 

Taxable 
Incame 

AdMM 
grt» 
Inooms 

(10) 

(11) 

(12) 

(13) 

(l<) 

(15) 

(16) 

(17) 

(11) 

(19) 

(20) 

SIz*  ol  Adjuslsd  Gross  Incoms 

Tow    

No  adjusted  gross  income 

60,050,434 

•475 

136,989 

140,313 

2,273,068 

2,566,818 

3.03^862 
3.387.865 
3.369.267 
3.452.403 
3.054.068 

2.998.207 
2.835.547 
2.853.483 
2.616.922 
2.514.882 

11.278.777 
8.490.499 
5.351.617 
6.491.523 
1.458.902 

283.753 
59.649 
6.538 
2.017 

1,027,301,022 

•20 

390.091 

372.391 

6504.654 

9.344.542 

13.920.051 
18.280.075 
20.600.267 
23.968.012 
23.705.292 

25.890.668 
26.839.806 
29.436.585 
29.263.807 
30.397.526 

163.237.583 
156.969.252 
121.431.375 
196.965.129 
78.841.226 

M.869.259 
13.556,415 
3.388.927 
3,068,070 

100.0 

P) 
P) 
P) 

06 
09 

14 
18 
20 
23 
23 

25 
26 
29 
28 

30 

159 
15,3 
118 
19,2 
7.7 

3,0 
13 
03 
03 

01,014,401 

•27 

•2,101 

136,943 

140,343 

2,272.064 

2.562.801 

3.029.493 
3,387.782 
3,366.540 
3.452,092 

3,053,811 

2,997,252 
2,834,617 
2,852,575 
2,615,454 
2,513,808 

11,272,830 
8,483,526 
5,349,746 
6,485,256 

1,454,445 

282,938 
59,426 
6,503 
2,009 

110,710,002 

•88 
•5,214 
8,324 
12,006 
145,079 
461,997 

949,111 
1,424,942 
1,743,453 
2246,870 
2.415.353 

2828,334 
3.010.133 
3.551.691 
3.676.437 
3.975.357 

23.387.996 
25.282.593 
21.927.091 
42.534.179 
24.031.456 

12.572.827 
6666.246 
1.900.316 
1.890.961 

100,0 

P) 
P) 
P) 
P) 

01 
02 

05 
0.8 
0,9 
12 
13 

1,5 
16 
19 
20 
21 

12  5 
135 
117 
228 
129 

67 
36 

1,0 
10 

100,il2,S37 

63.448 
6,267 
9,439 
13,076 
147.392 
465.316 

954.216 
1.427.624 
1.746.340 
2261,153 
2418,544 

2,631,844 
3,011,941 
3,554,404 
3,680,387 

3,961,131 

a419,368 
26,310,801 
21,977,167 
42,741,012 
24,380,402 

12866,761 
6,896,404 
2001141 
2,015,197 

lOOlO 

P) 
P) 
P) 
P) 

01 
02 

05 
01 
09 
12 
13 

1,5 
16 
19 
20 
21 

124 
134 
11,7 
22.7 
130 

11 

37 

1.1 
1,1 

1M 

P) 

P) 

2.4 
3.5 
23 
5,0 

M 
71 
15 
94 
102 

109 
11.5 
121 
12,6 
131 

14,3 
161 
111 
217 
30,9 

416 
50,9 
591 
663 

1M 

P) 

P) 

4.5 
3.6 
18 
4.0 

5.7 
6.5 
69 
77 
8.3 

9.0 
9.4 

too 

104 
109 

11,9 
134 
151 
110 
26,5 
34.4 
413 
457 
49,1 

vm 

4293 

$1  irder  $1,000  

$1  000  under  $2  000       

2J8J 

m 

$2000  under  $3000                 ..,,,  . 

93 

$3000  under  $4  000       

B 

$4  000  under  $5000 

in 

$5,000  under  $6  000         .  , ,                      

315 

$6,000  under  $7,000       

421 

$7,000  under  $8,000    

511 

$8000  under  $9000             

862 

$9,000  under  $10,000  

IK 

$10000  l«ider  $11  000                           .    . 

044 

$11,000  under  $12,000  

1,017 

$12000  und»  $13000        

1241 

$13,000  aider  $14,000  

1,401 

$14  000  aider  $15000 

1513 

$15,000  aider  $20000 

2.071 

2,911 

$26,000  under  $30  OOO       

4101 

$30  000  aider  $50  000 

ifiK 

150.000  under  $100000    

11.W7 

$100000  under  $200  000 

45237 
115,332 

1200,000  under  $500  000    

$500,000  under  $1,000,000  

304101 

9n3ii 

FootnotM  tf  and  ol  Ubia. 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 


TabI*  1.1 — Sclectad  Income  and  Tax  itema,  by  Size  and  Accumulatad  SIza  of  Adjuatad  Qroaa  Incoma-ConUnuad 

[AJI  liflufes  afe  estmales  based  on  samptgs-money  amountt  ara  in  thousafujs  of  dollars] 


Sue  and  accutriuJaled  sue 
ot  adjusted  groea  income 


Nunibe' 

o( 
fetims 


Perceol 
o( 
total 


Adfusled  groes  income 
Ian  deficit 


total' 


Average 

(Dolan) 


Taxable  returns 


Number 

o( 
returns 


total 


Adjusted  gross  income 
leas  deficit 


of 

total' 


(3) 


(5) 


(T) 


Cumulated  From  Smallaal  Slza 
ol  Ad|uatod  Qroaa  Incoma 

No  adjusted  gross  income 

$1under|1,000    

»1  under  12.000  

II  irder  M.OOO  

It  under  KOOO  

J1  under  $5,000  

It  aider  $6,000  

$1  iJider  $7,000  

$1  under  $8,000  

$1  under  $9,000  

11  under  $10.000 

$1  aider  $11.000 

II  under  $12.000 

$1  axler  $13.000 

II  aider  $14,000  

II  aider  $15,000  

$1  aider  $20.000 

II  aider  $25.000 

$1  aider  $30.000 

$1  aider  150,000 

11  aider  I10O.0OO 

II  aider  $200.000 

$1  under  $500.000 

$1  aider  $1,000,000  

$1  or  more 

Alntum 


524,071 
3,487,295 
8,486,904 
13.167,734 
17.721.100 
21.712,126 

26.116,028 
30,517.725 
34,367,400 
38,066,546 
41,297,402 

44,450,306 
47,396,066 
50,311,467 
52.979,616 
55,539,X1 

66,947,935 
75,500,550 
80,886,807 
87,422,259 
88,893,665 

89,178,974 
89,238,858 
89,245,439 
69,247.480 

89,771,551 


0.6 
39 
95 
147 
197 
242 

29.1 
340 
36.3 
424 
46.0 

495 
528 
56.0 
590 
619 

74  6 
841 
901 
97  4 
990 

993 
99.4 
994 
994 


-7.471.354 
2,023,096 
9,496,310 
21.201,792 
37,109,265 
55,053,058 

79,370,119 
107.978,041 
136,846,760 
168,213,959 
198,863,595 

231.964.320 
265.669.606 
302,266,947 
338,262.182 
375,394,223 

574,168,786 

765,130,395 

911.952,628 

1,150.922,539 

1,247.206,015 

1,284,718.874 
1,301.429,974 
1.305,812,460 
1,309,918,739 

1,302,447,386 


02 
07 
16 
28 
42 

61 
82 
10,4 
126 
15.2 

177 
203 
231 
256 
287 

438 
584 

696 

879 
952 

96-1 
994 
99.7 
1X0 


-14J56 
580 
1,119 
1,610 
2,094 
2,536 

3,039 
3,538 
3,962 
4,419 
4,815 

5,219 

5. 

6,006 

6385 

6,759 

8,577 
10,134 
11^74 
13,165 
14,030 

14.406 
14,584 
14,632 
14,677 

14,506 


14,780 

2,619 

140,001 

280,763 

2,553,912 

5,121,741 

8,155.610 
11,543.905 
14,913,245 
18,368,733 
21,422,865 

24,421,206 
27,257,097 
30,110,583 
32,727,779 
35,242,668 

46.522,344 
56,013,359 
60,365,515 
66,860,740 
68,320,909 
68,605,117 
68,664,913 

68,673,525 
68,688,306 


O 


02 
04 
37 
75 

11,9 
16.8 
217 
26.7 
312 

356 
397 
438 
47  6 
513 

67  7 
801 
879 
97  3 
995 


1M.0 
1000 
100,0 


-661.285 

212,340 

575,354 

8,726,015 

20,307,656 

37,067,616 
59,125,874 
84,412,150 
113,718,554 
142,685,611 

174,162,775 
206,799,955 
242,440,309 
277,749,774 
314,239,044 

510,822,517 

7X,395,181 

846,289,825 

1,063,754,219 

1,179,322,266 

1.216.683.599 
1.233,382,439 
1,237,759,996 
1,241,863,970 

1,241,202,685 


(9) 


P) 
O 
C) 


07 
1.6 

30 
4.8 
6.8 
9.2 
11,5 

14.0 
167 
195 
224 
253 
41.1 
56.4 
681 
873 
95.0 

960 
993 
997 
100.0 


Size  and  accumtiated  size 
of  adjusted  groaa  income 


Cumulated  From  Smalteat  SIza 
of  Adtuated  Groaa  Incoma 

No  adjusted  groaa  income 

II  aider  $1.5»  

II  aider  $2,000  

II  aider  $3,000  

$1  aider  KOOO  

11  aider  $5,000  

$1  aider  $6.000 

II  aider  $7,000  

$1  under  $8,000  

II  aider  $9,000 

$1  aider  110,000 

tl  aider  111,000 

II  aider  $12.000 

$1  aider  $13.000 

II  under  $14,000  

II  under  $15,000  

$1  aider  $20.000 

II  aider  $25,000  

$1  under  $30,000  

$1  aider  $50,000  

$1  aider  $100.000 

II  aider  1200,000 

II  aider  1500,000 

II  aidir  11,000,000 

II  or  more 

Aitetuma 

Pootrwtas  at  and  of  taliie 


Taxable  returns-Continued 


Number 

ot 
returns 


(10) 


•475 

137,464 

277,777 

2,550,835 

5,117,653 

8,150,515 
11,538,380 
14,907,647 
18,360,050 
21,414,118 

24,412,325 
27547,872 
30,101,356 
32,718,277 
35,233,159 

46,511,936 
55,002,435 
60,354,052 
66,845,575 
68,304,477 

68,568,230 
68,647,879 
68,654,417 
68,666,434 

68,656,434 


(11) 


•20 

390,111 

762,503 

7,267,156 

16,611, 

30,531,750 
48,611,825 
69,412,092 
99,400,104 
117,105,395 

142,996,063 
169,835,869 
199.272,454 
228,536,261 
258,933,787 

422,171,370 
579,160,622 
700,591,996 
897,557,125 
976,396,351 

1,007,267,609 
1,020,824,024 
1,024.212,962 
1,027,301,022 

1,027,301,022 


of 
total 


(12) 


m 

m 


0,1 

07 
1.6 

3.0 
4.8 
68 
91 
11.4 

13. 
165 
194 
22.2 
25i 

41.1 
56.4 
682 
874 
95-0 

98.0 
994 

99.7 
1M-0 

1X0 


Income  lax  after  credits 


Nuntw 

of 
retans 


(13) 


•27 
•2.101 
139,044 
279,387 

2,551,471 
5,114,272 

6,143,765 
11,531,547 
14,698,067 
18,350,179 
21,403,990 

24,401,242 
27^35,859 
30,068,434 
32,703,688 
35,217,696 

46,490,526 
54,974,052 
60,323,796 
66,809,053 
68,263,498 

68,546,436 
68,605,862 
68,612,365 
66,614,374 

68,614,401 


(14) 


•88 

•5,214 
13.537 
25,645 
170,625 
632,622 

1,581,732 
3,006,675 
4,750,128 

9,412,361 

12,240,685 
15,320,819 
18,872.510 
22,548,947 
26,524,305 

49,912,303 
75,194,896 
97,121,987 
139,658,168 
163,687,622 

176,260,449 
182.926,697 
184,627,012 
186,717,973 

106,718.062 


of 
total 


(15) 


P) 
(0 


01 
03 

08 
16 
25 
37 
5.0 

6.6 
8.2 
101 
121 
14.2 

26-7 
40.3 
52.0 
74.8 
877 

944 
98.0 
99.0 
1X0 

1X0 


Total  Income  tax 


(16) 


63.448 

6,267 
15.707 
28,783 
176,175 
641,563 

1,595,779 
3,023,403 
4,769,743 
7,021,596 
9,440,140 

12,271,984 
15,353,925 
18,906,329 
22,586,716 
26,569,847 

49,989.214 
75,3X,015 
97,277,183 
140,018,195 
164.390,596 

177,255,347 
184,151,751 
186,153,892 
188,189,069 

188,232,537 


Total 


(17) 


O 
P) 
P) 
P) 


01 
03 

08 
1.6 
25 
17 
50 

65 
82 
100 
120 
141 

266 

40-0 
517 
74-4 
874 

94-2 
979 
969 
lX-0 

loao 


Taxable 


(16) 


P) 
P) 


11-8 
13.0 
13.9 
15.6 
16.8 

17.6 
18.0 
18.2 
183 


Adjusted 
groas 


(19) 


9.8 
10.8 
115 
12-9 
13-9 

146 
14-9 
15-0 
152 


Average 
ncome 

tax 
(Dolars) 


(20) 


4,233 
2,393 

112 
103 
69 
125 

196 
262 
320 
382 

441 

503 
563 
628 
690 

754 

1,075 
1,369 
1,611 
2.094 
2,406 

Z584 
^682 
2,711 
i740 

2.740 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  income 


Table  1.1 — Selected  Income  and  Tax  Items,  by  Size  and  Accumulated  Size  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income-Continued 

[Al]  figures  are  estmales  based  on  samples-money  amounts  are  in  thousands  of  dollars] 


All  returns 

Taxable  returns 

Sae  and  accumulated  size 

Numtief 

of 
returns 

Percent 
of 
total 

Adfusted  gross  income 
less  deficit 

Number 

of 
returns 

Pefcert 
of 
total 

Adjusted  gross  income 
IMS  deficit 

Amount 

Percent 

o( 

total' 

Aiferage 
(Dollarsl 

Amount 

Pereent 

of 

total' 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

(4) 

(5) 

(6) 

P) 

(8) 

(9) 

Cumulated  From  Largest  Size 
of  Adjusted  Gross  Income 

$1  000  000  or  more                

2,041 

8,622 

68,506 

363,815 

1.826,221 

8.360,673 
13.746,930 
22,299,545 
33.708,479 
36,267,864 

38.936,013 
41.849,394 
44.797,174 
47,960.078 
51.180.934 

54.980.060 
56,729,755 
63,131.452 
67,536,364 
71,526,380 

76.079,746 
80.760,576 
85,760,186 
69,247,480 

89,771,551 

C) 

C) 

01 
04 
20 

93 
153 
248 
376 
404 

434 
466 
49  9 
534 

57  0 

61  1 
654 
70,3 
762 
797 

847 
900 
966 
994 

1000 

4,106,279 
8,488,765 
25.199.866 
62.712.725 
158,996.200 

397.966.111 
544,766,344 
736,729,964 
934,624.517 
971,666,558 

1,007,651,792 
1.044,049,133 
1,077,954,419 
1,111,065,144 
1,141.704,781 

1,173.071.979 
1,201.940.698 
1,230,648,620 
1,264,665,681 
1,272,809,476 

1,288,716,947 
1,300,422,430 
1,307,896,643 
1,309,918,739 

1,302,447,366 

0.3 
06 
19 
46 
121 
304 
416 
56-2 
713 
742 

769 
79  7 
823 
848 
872 

896 
918 
93.9 
95.8 
97  2 

984 
993 
998 
1000 

994 

2,011,896 
964,647 
367,649 
177.247 
67.111 

47.600 
39.630 
32.993 
27.724 
26.791 

25.880 
24.948 
24.063 
23,171 
22,307 

21,375 
20,466 
19,492 
18681 
17,796 

16939 
16102 
16.251 
14.677 

14.508 

"8.612 

68,406 

352,616 

1,612,785 

6,308,010 
13,660,166 
22,151,181 
33,430,857 
35,946,746 
38,562,942 
41,416,428 
44.252.320 
47.250.640 
50.304,792 

63.760,280 
57.129,620 
60,517,915 
63,561.784 
66,119,613 

66,392.762 
68.533.524 
68,670.906 
68,673,625 

68,688,305 

C) 

0 
01 
0.5 
2.6 

121 
19.9 
322 
487 
523 

561 
603 
644 
68.8 
73,2 

78.3 
832 
68.1 
925 
963 

996 
998 
1000 
1000 

1000 

4.103.975 
8.481.631 
25.170.372 
62.541.705 
158.109.751 

395.574.145 
641.468.790 
731.041.454 
927.624.927 
964.114.196 

999.423.662 
1.035.074.016 
1.067.701.196 
1.099.178160 
1.128,146.417 

1,157,451,621 
1,182,738.097 
1,204.796.355 
1,221,566.414 
1,233,137.966 
1,241,288,617 
1,241,651,630 
1,241,862,977 
1.241,863.970 

1.241,202.685 

03 

S500  000  or  mwe        

0.7 

2.0 

$100000  Of  more                           

50 

$50  000  or  more                       

127 

$30,000  or  more 
$25,000  or  more 
$20,000  or  more                                                   

319 
43.6 
589 
74  7 

$14,000  Of  more                                                                        

$13,000  Of  more 
$12,000  Of  more 
$11,000  or  more 
$10,000  or  more 
$9,000  or  more 

776 

80.5 
833 
86.0 
88.5 
90.8 

932 

970 

984 

993 

$2,000  Of  mote 
$1,000  Of  more 
$1  or  more 

All  returns 

100.0 
100.0 
1X0 

999 

1 

Taxable  retums-Contifiued 

Taxable  income' 

Income  tax  after  credits 

Total  income  tax 

Number 

ol 
returns 

Amount 

Percent 
ol 
total 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

Percent 
of 
total 

Amount 

Percent  of- 

Average 

income 

tax 
(Oollafs) 

of  adjusted  gross  income 

Total 

Taxable 
income 

Adjusted 
gross 
income 

(10) 

(11) 

(12) 

(13) 

(14) 

(15) 

(16) 

(17) 

(18) 

(19) 

(20) 

Cumulated  From  Largest  Size 
ol  Adjusted  Gross  Income 

$1,000,000  Of  more 

$500,000  or  more         , 
$200,000  or  more 
$100,000  or  more 
$50,000  or  more 

2,017 

8,666 

68,204 

351,957 

1,810.859 

8,302,382 
13,653,999 
22,144,498 
33,423,275 
35,938,157 

38,565,079 
41,408,562 
44,244,109 
47.242,316 
50,296,384 

53,748787 
57,118,054 
60,505,919 
63,538,781 
66,106,699 

68,378,667 
68,518970 
68,666,959 
68,666434 

68,666434 

3,088,070 
6476998 
20,033,412 
50,902,671 
129,743,897 

326709,026 
448140,400 
606,129,662 
768,367,235 
798,764,760 

828,028,567 
857,465,162 
884,304,969 
910,195,626 
933,900,918 

967,888,930 

978,489,197 

996,769,272 

1,010,689,323 

1,020,033,866 

1,026,538,519 
1,026,910,910 
1,027,301,001 
1,027,301,022 

1,027,301,022 

0,3 
06 
20 
50 

12,6 

318 
43  6 
689 
74  8 
77  8 

806 
636 
661 
886 
909 

932 
962 
97  0 
984 
993 

999 
1000 
1000 
1000 

lOOO 

2.009 

8.612 

67.938 

350.876 

1.805,321 

8,290,676 
13,640,322 
22,123,848 
33,3%,678 
36,910,486 

38,626,940 
41,378,616 
44,213,132 
47,210,38» 
60,264,195 

63.716287 
67.082.827 
60.470.609 
63.500.102 
66.062.903 

68.334,987 
68,475,330 
68.612,273 
68.614,374 

68,614,401 

1,890,%! 

3,791,276 
10,457,524 
23.030,351 
47.061,807 

89,696,986 
111,523,077 
136,806,670 
160,193.669 
164.169.026 

167.946.463 
171.397.166 
174.477.268 
177.305.622 
179.720,975 

181,%7,e46 
183,711,299 
185,136,241 
186085,351 
186,647,349 

186,692,428 
186,704,436 
186,712,760 
186717,973 

166,718,062 

10 
2.0 
56 
123 
252 

480 
597 
733 
658 
87  9 

899 
918 
934 
960 
963 

975 
984 
992 
997 
99.9 

100,0 
1000 
1000 
1000 

1000 

2,015.197 
4,017.336 
10.913.742 
23,770.493 
48,160.894 

90,891.906 
112,869,074 
138,179,875 
161,599,242 
165,680.373 

169.260.760 
172.615,164 
175,897,105 
178,728,949 
181,147,493 

183,399.346 
186.146.686 
186,573.310 
187,527,526 
187,992,914 

188,140,306 
188,153,383 
188,162,822 
188,169,089 

188,232,537 

1,1 
Zl 
58 
126 
256 

48.3 
600 
73.4 
65.9 
880 

900 
916 
935 
950 
96,3 

97  5 
96.4 
992 
997 
99.9 

100,0 
1000 
100.0 
100.0 

100.0 

6S.3 
62.0 
54.5 
467 
371 

27  6 
252 
226 
210 
20,7 

20.4 
20,2 
199 
196 
194 

191 
16.9 
187 
166 
164 

183 
18.3 
183 
18.3 

18.3 

491 
474 
434 
380 
30.5 

230 
208 
189 
17.4 
17.2 

169 
167 
166 
163 
161 

15.8 
157 
156 
154 
152 

15.2 
15.2 
15.2 
162 

16.2 

986.326 
466.481 
159.539 
67.412 
26.562 

10940 

$26  000  Of  more                                                  .      . 

8,263 
6238 

$15,000  or  more 
$14,000  or  more 

$13,000  or  more 
$12,000  Of  more 
$11,000  Of  more 
$10,000  or  more                                    

4,834 
4,606 

4.389 
4,173 
3,975 
3.783 
3.601 

3411 

$7,000  or  more                                      

$6000  or  more                                     

$5,000  or  more                                         

$4,000  or  more 

$3,000  Of  more 

$2,000  or  more  

$1  000  or  more 

1241 
3.083 
a951 
2.843 

2,751 
2,745 
2,740 
2740 

All  returns 

2,740 

'Estimate  should  be  used  with  caution  because  of  the  small  number  of  sample  returns  on  wlilcli  it  is  based 
**Oata  combined  or  deleted  to  avoid  disclosure  of  information  for  specific  taxpayers 
'Percent  based  on  positive  income  only 
'Less  than  0  05  percent 
'Percent  not  computed 
NOTE  Detail  may  not  add  (o  total  because  of  rounding 


Individual  Retums/197€*Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 


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>>  to  rt  3  O  « 


16 


Indivifiual  Returns/1978*Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 


en  en  en  r--  oo  CO 
(D  (D  CM  o>  oin 
in  in  •-_  CO  CD  CM 
r-'  en'  r-'  r-"  in  in* 
CO  CO  00  ID  T-  o> 
CO  O)  en  CM  en  r- 
cm'  en  en  cm' 


en  h-  o  o  »-  o 
r^  ^  (D  00  in  a> 
T-  en  in  CO  in  r- 
o  co'  id"  ai  aS  en 
in  coo  00  00  CM 

(D  »-  O  (D  CO  ^ 

cm"  cm"  cm  1-"  co'  cm' 


en  o>  o  00  CO  ^ 

O)  •-  CM 


CM  O)  CM  Cvj  O)  CO 
CM  '-  CM  O)  CM  CM 
CO  CM  O)  ID  CD  h- 

co"  cm"  r-"  o"  ■v"  in" 

en  ^  o  in  CO  O) 

oeo  •-  CD 

»-"  CM  CO  cm' 


r-  OJCM  r-  CD  O) 
in  in  »-  m  f^  m 
r^  r^ooo  ^  ^ 
ooen'.-"ocM" 
en  mo  r^  CO  CM 
CD  »-  o  to  en  V 
cm"  cm"  cm  »-"  co"  CM 


N.  mcM  ■-  o> 
en  CM  *r  •-  in 
m  •-_  to  cD_  o_ 
o  r~-  0)  00  00 


in  ^  r^  1-  in  r». 
00  CO  r-  00  o  in 
co_  m  r-  »-  O)  ■- 
m"  OJ  CO  m'  ■fl''  t' 
r-  o>  »-  CO  CM  CO 
1-  en  CO  00  r-  in 


O)  o  C)  O)  en  1^ 
o  en  r^  o  r-  m 
r-  ^  en  1-  CD  CM 
CM  en  in  o'  co"  ■v' 
(D  m  e\j  r^  CO  en 
■w  en  en  CM  in  en 


encMin  ■^  a>  in 
■o-  ■^  m  CD  '-  en 
en  CM  co_  "«t  r-  CM 
CD  cd"  ^'  in 
CD  •-  CM 


c»  oo  r^  en  CD  o) 
^  r^  o  ooco  in 
m  '-  ■*  m  r^  o 
ai  cm'  cd"  m"  cd  r-" 
»-  CM  en  o  o)  ■^ 
en  CD  <D  in 


ooocn^cMin 


CM  o)  m  r-^  •-  CO 
in  ^  CM  CD  CO  en 
■'T  en  en  CM  in  CO 


(D  en  ■v  <D  in 
o  r-_  en  -c^  oi 
cd'  ui  ^'  m' 

^  »-  CM 


r-  O  CMCD  >-  00 
■«»  ^  CMD  CD  O 

cD_  ■^_  co_  o_  m  o 

CM  m  oen  "*  in 

(D  T-  CD  ^  in  en 

»-"  CM*  en"  CO*  cm" 


CD  CD  CM  *-  ■•- CD 

CM^mcor-  »- 

T-  m  1-  CM  CM  CD 

m  ^  «t  o)  O)  O) 

^  en  ^  en  CM  o 

CO  T-<DOO)(D 

CO  CD  CD  <D  ">J- in 
enencD  (D  '- 

CM  CM  CM 

CM  CM  CM  »- CO  CM 

■V    T- 

CO  O)  O)  r^  »-  (D 

r*-  CM  ^  (DCD  '- 

o)  Tf  CO  en  CD  CM 


en  CM  ■v  CM  O)  •* 
o  o  CM  en  CD  •- 
in  en  h-  oi  ^_  in 
en  en  »-  o  en  m 
CD  r-  CD  en  s  m 
r^  CO  1-  1^  CD  m 
cm"  cm"  cm"  •-"  en  cm" 


CO  CM  1-  OD  CD 

T-  o)  m  CD  ffl 
■V  en  ■w  oo  CO 
o'  ■^'  oi  cd'  o" 
en  en  m  ffj  CM 

CM  CM  CM 


en  r-  -^  e\j  en  CM 
o  r^  CD  en  •-  in 
o)  ^  CD  CO  CO  in 
r-"  co'  "f  00  CD  f~- 
o  en  en  m  m  ■"3- 
CM  TT  eon  f^  in 


CD  CO  -^  00  ®  ^ 
»-  aj  CT)  CT)  o  r^ 
T-  en  r^  CO  o  m 
CD  m"  cm'  en  oo"  oo" 
r^  r--  Tf  oo  in  ^ 
■V  en  en  CM  in  en 


CMco  com  »-  m 
(D  CD  ^  o  en  -^ 
,-  en  <D  CO  r*-  CM 


cncjim  ■«  ^co 
inm  ■*  enS'^ 

cncomenr^cM 
CD  m  m  CD  COO 

»-  (D  -V  CMCncD 

r^  f^  r^  T-  CO 
eoaxocoo) 

cji  ■<»■  CD  "*  m  o 

»-  CM  en  CM  »-  en 

en  (D  r-  m 

CO  o  CM  r-  m  1-^ 
tor-  ^  (t>m  «T 
■»T  cncocgmen 

O)  o)  1-  m 

h-  '^  CM 

en  in  o  ^  CM 
ffl  in  CD  iT  .*: 
co  CD  CO  o  (D 
CM  oo"  ^"  cd'  cm 
tor-  en  en  1^ 

•-  0>  ^  CO  CM 


SOO  CD  CO  CO 
to  in  (D  (D 
■•-  CD  O)  "*  CM 

CM  CD  -v'  ^'  eo' 

en  ■<-  r-  f-.  1^ 

OJ  o  ■<-  1^  ■^ 

cm"  1-*   T-' 


■<i  m  m  r' 
r-  en  CM  en  en 
CO  ^_  o>  ■<-  o 
cm"  (C  CO  m'  cm' 


CM  en  (J>  oor- 

'-  (DCM'^eO 

»-  o  ■*  1^  m 
O)  cm'  r-'  ■*'  m 
o  CD  »-  *-  en 
o  o  CM  CO  m 

T-'  cm"  •-" 


r-  »-  o  CO  CM  m 

CD  CM  -^  ■V  CM  CM 

m  OO  >-  CD  CO  OJ 
en  o  to'  co"  o'  cd' 

CM  *-  t-  CM  m  Tf 


CD  O  CD  n  CD  O 

r-  m  CO  m  CO  o 
en  to  tD_  o_  r-  o 
m*  o  h-"  to  r-  CM 
r-  00  CM  ■«»■  CO  ■* 
r-  r~  yf  n 


SCO  en  in  o  »- 
o  in  o  o  o> 
CM  o  en  ■*  to  r- 
cm"  r-'  r-"  in  ai  in 
o  -v  00  CO 
to  CM 


CO  CO  o  en  CM  en 

3  »-  CM  CM  mm 
o  o  »-  mm 


»-  »-ajcDO  ^ 
o»  O) '-  ^  (Dm 
en  »-_ »-  CO  CD  h- 
o  CO  en  en  en  a> 
r-  r-cM'^eocn 

'-'-'J-  CO 


Sr-  en  o  1^ 
O)  in  m  CO 
t—  ffl_  co_  en  en 
r--"  m'  r»."  in  m" 
a>  V  ffl  en  •- 
mcM 


O  en  ■^  O  CD  CM 

CO  tn  o  -^  o  r^ 
r-  o  m  CM  '-  r*- 


CD  oo  tD  '-  "<»  »» 
CM  CO  CM  in  »-  CD 
tf  CO  CM  O  r- CD 
co"  r-."  V  cm"  o"  en" 
to  CD  CM  CO  r--  m 
en  ^  (D  1^  ci>  ^ 


m  m  CO  en  o)  CM 
*-  CD  CO  "-  "*  CO 
CM  eg  tD  tD_  ^_  ^ 

V  O)*  co"  cm'  »-" 

O  CD  CD  '- 

en  CO 


com-ii-  r-  o^ 
r-.h-03CDCD 

»-  (OoencMcn 

ssssss 

CD  CD  r-  CO  en 
CO  cncooo 
m  m  to  to  tn 

•-  (XJO^  CMcn 
•    cgof-  -^ 

^  ^  CM 

»-  encMr--  moo 
in  in  T-  CM  CD  ^ 
CO  ■*  CD  1^  en  ■>*■ 

cor-- to  CM  •- 
O)  to  to  1- 

COCO 

1^  CO  »-  CM  CM 

^  ^  en  •-  ■•- 
r-  f^  oi  r-  oo 
o"  co'  en"  cm"  r-' 
^  (D  m  CM  to 
»-  en  1^ 


1^  CM  (D  ^ 
■^  en  T  o>  r- 
r^  en  en  ^  CM 
en"  en"  ■«"  m  co* 

CM  <-  CDOr^ 
*-  tT  (D  CD  1^ 


CO  ■^  in  en  ocn 

m  "t  O)  h-  CM  CD 

oen  Tt<-  o*- 
^'  r-'  cm'  o'  tj  o> 
1-  ■^  ■w  CM  CO  m 


O)  O)  CO  CO  »-  CM 
■V  -^  o>  in  o  en 
■*.  *-_  CM_  eD_  in  eq 
o>  ^'  r-'  O)'  o)  m" 
r-  <D  en  r^  (D  m 


OCO  CO  00  o  • 
r-  o  ■^  m  "T  • 
r-  oo  o  m  CM 
en  r-'  ■-"  (D  cm" 
com »-   • 


m  m  o  to  ^ 


to  O)  to  CD  •-  CM 

to  ■^  o>  m  o  CO 
in  '^  CM  ffl  m  CD 


OCD  00  CD  O 

r-.  o  ■^  m  Tt 
r-  COO  in  CM 


CM  CM  CO  CM  r-  (D 

CO  CM  O  CO  CM  m 

en  to  tD  en  r-  CM 


(0 

o 
o 

■D 


3 
< 

o 

0) 
N 

0) 


0)  = 


(A  o 

<S 


mS 


en  CM  in  r^  O)  en 
ffl  CO  ^  ^  o  en 
h-  r^  tD  CO  to  en 
CO  ^  en  m"  --"  a> 


o)  CO  CO  en  en  " 

com  T- CM  CM- 
O  O)  CO  f-  • 


o  ■*  m  to  CO 
XT  o"  m"  cm'  en 
«  ^en  n  cm 


00  CM  m  r^  0)cn 
^  en  ■^  ■«  o  en 
*"■.  '^,  *°  "-  *  ''I 
m'  ^'  en  m"  ^'  o) 


o>  CO  en  en  en 

CD  m  T-  CM  CM 

oenen  t- 

i-'cM 


CO  en  »-  CM  -^ 
m  to  en  CM  m 
co_  CO  ■w  ■*  r- 

in  O)  CD  CD  s 

to  to  to  r--  CO 
CM  '-  CM  en 


o]  1-  r^  CD  CO 
(^  ^  CM  en  ■v 
to  m  m  CM  o 


■•-  00  ■«?  CO  (D  ■* 

CO  r-.  f-.  ffl  »-  ^ 
en  T-  r^  m  '^  »- 
cm"  r-"  CO  en  t"  en 
or-  CM  CD  o  ■<f 
en  en  •w_  cm  id  m 
»-  »—  en  '^  en  CO 


CD  CO  CD  en  1^  r^ 
m  ^  en  m  r--  o) 
eo  -^  in  CD  oen 

■^  r-"  o"  m*  cm"  r-' 

•-  I--  •-  CD  ^  O 

m  en  o  OO  »-  CD 
co'  cm"  en  cm'  cd  ■*' 


r-  en  in  in  O)  CM 
o  CO  r-  o  o  CO 
m  T-  ^  CO  CM  ^ 
o  ^  o"  en"  O)  ff) 
mco  o  r-  CO  en 
en  1^  CO  o  CM  CM 
O)"  m"  cm"  »-" 


o  or~-  CM  en  en 
•-  CM  CD  ■>!■  -If  t^ 
O  O  CD  CM  to  CM 

■■J-'  ai  cm'  o"  o"  o" 

^  o  cnt-.  ■<-  CM 
cMcn  o>  cMmcn 


O)  1^  CO  r-  en  !^ 
■^t  CO  CM  r-  oo  r-. 
<j>  h-  m  en  en  CD 
T^  •<r  cm'  co"  o"  to* 
in  m  CD  ©to  r- 
cn  ©  o>  r-  o  f-- 
en"  cm"  cm'  cm'  to'  -"f 


■-  CM  ■v  o>  o> 
•-  o  m  en  en 
to  m  r- CD  en 
m'  o  m"  cm"  h-' 
O  o  CD  r-  CM 
en  r-  CM  o  m 
en"  m'  cm'  ^' 


CM  '-  r-  CM  o  en 
CM  <D  to  m  O)  r- 
en  CD  CO  en  •-  <D 
in"  (D  CD  m'  m  cm 
o)  r*-  CO  O)  en  CM 

■^  (tKD  CM  O  CD 

CM*  CM*  cm"  en  eo"  cm" 


"C  o  ^  m  en  -"J 

tn  CO  O  CM  CM  o 

'^  •-  T-  o  c^  en 
^"  en  h-"  oD  T-'  T-' 
■^t  en  CM  m  -It  m 
en  CD  r*-  CD  en  CM 
CM*  cm"  cm"  cm'  m"  ■^' 


1^  o  »-  CO  m  ■^ 
CO  m  a>  r-  ^  o 
,-  to  eo  ■'T  ■'T  o 
■^" '-'  TT  co'  cd"  cm" 
CO  o>  r^  m 
CO  en  CM 
m'»-" 


en  o  o  -c  m  en 

CDO  CM  •-  CD  O 

CO  e\j  O)  »-  OO  00 
1-'  cd'  en  o"  ai  o' 
CM  r-.  CD  O)  o  en 
1-  CD  CO  CD  O)  CD 
•-'  cm'  cm'  C«j" 


m  o  CO  ^9-  CO  o 
in  ®  en  »—  en  CD 

CM  O  CO  CO  OCO 

■-"  ■^f  •-'  eo" »-"  co" 
r-  ■v  en  CMO  CM 
CO  CD  CD  CD  en  cm 
cm'  cm  cm  cm  m"  tt" 


CM  ■-  CM  CM  CM 

o  r-  m  o  Tf 
tn  CO  o  ■^^  ^_ 
V  cm'  ^*  oo*  CO* 
m  CO  r-  m 
to  en  CM 
iti  ^ 


en  "J  r-  m  CO 
CO  en  r-  ■■-  — 
in  r-  r-  r-  " 


■«T  Ol  CD  r-  o 


en  en  en  O)  r- 
m  mco  ^  1- 
f-.  CO  o  •-  a* 
■<r*  en*  m"  i~-'  o' 
m  en  to  r-  1- 
1^  oo  o  r*-  CO 
CD  r--."  r-'  cd'  r-" 


1-  o  •-  r^  CM  r- 
en  en  f*-  CM  r»-  o 
■*  ■-  m  CO  CM  r*- 
OJ  r-  ffl  1—  1-  CO 
r--  »-  >-  o)  ■w  Tj- 
^  r-  CM  00  en  '- 


m  ■*  Ol  m  CO  r- 
CD  CD  CD  en  to  in 
CM  o>oi  r^  m  r- 
en  CO  r-'  cm"  •-'  co" 
■<-  00  CM  f^  o  en 
©  m  00  to  CO  ■^ 


i^  CM  en  en  m  en 
Ol  in  '-  OJ  *»  m 
m  o  »-  m  CO  en 
m"  en"  en"  cd"  r^'  en 
Ol  n  o  m  en  to 
CM  r-.  tn  en  CM  CD 


n  CM  •-  m  o  o 
m  '-»-,-  oo  -T 
^  m  too  en  1- 
to'  >-"  r*-"  en  co*  en" 

O  CD  CM  CO  00  CO 
CM  tD_  ^  ffl  !-_  t- 

h-'  V  ai  ai  m* 
CMco  ^  m 


•V  in  (X)  •-  CM  CM 
m  r^  O  en  CD  •- 
to  Ol  »-  mo  r-- 
m"  en"  a>  cm  •-*  cm' 
Ol  CD  o  ■<-  coo 
en  Ol  en  en  r^  »— 


r^  CO  tn  fflin 
CM  T-  en  •-  to 
r^  r-  CM  ■-  in 
o'eo"'-"o*r-." 
m  o  ^  m  m 
r-  ^  ffi  en  Ol 


eo  CD  en  <D  CO  en 
I-.  en  •-  ffi  CO  ^ 
Ol  Tf  o  m  o  1- 
co  m  I--'  r-"  cd'  cm' 
o  CM  CM  CO  en  m 
CO  1-  o  o  o  *>■ 
h."  ai  h."  r-"  to'  in 


cncDO  oDcncM 
r-  m  CM  eo  CO  O) 
CM_  r-  o  (D  en  eo 
^'  ^'  V  co"  en"  w 
r*.  CM  m  1-  •-  00 

OCDC0O»-O 

m"  tt  -q-"  V  oo"  m' 


to  CM  ^  ^  m  to 
to  CD  m  CO  Ol  ■- 
T-  (D  en  m  •-  to 
cm"  t-"  o"  r*-'  m"  ^' 
1-  CM  en  ■v 

OCMCM 


CM  ■v  in  ^  '-  CO 
^  CO  ci  eo  '^  ^ 
tn  to  en  o  CO  CM 
cd"  oj"  r."  f-.*  to"  ai 
CO  r-  o  '-  »-  m 
CM  en  en  r-  CM 
cm"  ■*"  m"  m"  m" 


■*  r-  ■«?  o  CD  00 
CM  CM  »-  >-  r-  o 
»-  en  m  CM  ^  en 
cd'  o*  m*  o'  co"  oo' 
o  r^  '-  Ol  r^  CD 
o  m  eo  en  o  o 
m'  -a-"  "<r'  co'  oo"  m' 


CMO  o  1-  eo 
n  ^  O)  CM  o 
O)  eo  m  m  eo 
oo'  "*'  Ol  r-'  cd" 
m  •-  CM  -v 

Ol  CM  CM 

m'l-' 


O  T-  CM  CD  'fl- 

■<j-  mo  1^  (D 
CO  '9  oo  CO  CO 
aS  ai  -n  '-"  to" 
■>r  eno  ■v  en 
■^  r^  o  o  en 
aS  oo'  co"  r-.'  cm" 
■<*■  •-  m  r-  tn 
^  ^  ^  in 


en  ^  '-  en  CM 
oo  en  o  r-  m 
en  h-  CO  ^  ' 
cm"  cm"  o*  ^'  T 
CM  '-  Ol  en  CM 
CM  CO  CO  to  1^ 
ai  to'  cm"  o'  o' 


2  «-  o 
joig-o 

<  CI 


CO  mm  1-  m  »- 
m  mm  ^  CO  1- 
oi  Ol  oo  CO  eo  o 
•»j  cm'  o"  cd'  (d'  co" 
CM  »-  CO  f*-  —  o 
O  CD  CM  ■^  O  O 


tD  00  o  r^  oico 
r--  CM  CM  m  Q  en 

in  ^  CM  CM  CD  CM 

cm'  co"  ^  en  ^'  CM 
Ol  •-  r-  en  "*  CM 
en  •-  m  CM  eji  ffl 
cm'  m'  Ol  »-*  o*  to" 
r-  r-  1^  »  Ol  V 


1-  CD  o  o  to  en 
T-  f^  coo  CO  r- 

Ol  ^  O)  1-  ^  CM 
en  en  cm*  '-"  cm"  co" 
CO  CO  »-  •-  00  o 
en  CM  m  r--  CO  »- 
to"  co"  r--"  co" "«'  ^" 

CM 


lo  m  in  •-  ^  T-  ^ 

flO  V  r^  o  CO  CO  ■^ 

te  Ol  CD  CD  m  CD  1- 

cJ  eo"  en" »-'  ^*  en  V 

O  -^  •-  ■<?  ^  h-O 

w  ■«■  m  CO  en  CM  ^ 

1-  I  co"  co'  1^'  oo"  ^" 

»  CM  ■v  m  CO 


Ol  ffl  ro  r^  ^  ^ 

»-  I^  »-  V  CD  ■"!■ 

<D  h-  en  o  to  to 
Ol"  cm"  en  co'  cm  ■^" 
in  r^  CM  r-  r-  tn 
Ol  Ol  CD  -T  m  eo 
o'  en  oo'  o'  ai  m" 
r-  r«-  r^  m  m  ^ 


■V  r-  en  •-  •- 
Ol  ^  en  ^  en 
CO  o  en  eo  m 


m  r-  (X)  en  ^. 

O  CO  CM  CD  m 

r-  m  CD  m  Ol 

T-'  o"  o'  ■*'  Ol' 

oj  T-  en  en  CM 
m  CO  m  p^  r- 
r--'  en  CD  CD  in 
■<»■  "*  r-  Ol  CO 
*-  T-  1-  r- 


E  £ 


m  CD  00  CM  CM  ^ 

r-  Ol  CM  1^  o  (p 
en  •-  <n  CO  o  to 
o'  tt'  ■^"  •-'  o"  o' 
'-  en  en  in  CO  o 

0  CMCO  CM  Ol  »- 

01  of  oo'  co'  to'  co' 


en  CD  o  ■^  •-  m 
m  en  o  Ol  CD  CM 

•-"  o*  o'  r-."  CM*  to' 


CM  CD  O)  ^  •-  •- 

m  o  o  CO  CO  ■>? 
^  ^  CO  ffl  m  o 
m*  '-*  m*  ai  co'  cm' 
CO  r^  oo  in 
m  V  CM 
co"--" 


•-  t-  eo  m  o  CM 
oo  T-  Ol  CO  ^  •- 
r^  en  to  to  to  CM 

S'  co'  ^'  r-'  ai  -t' 
«—  o  m  o  en 
»-  "f  CD  (^  in  CO 
CM  m'  tD  to'  m" 


CM  o  to  en  m  to 

eo  o  CM  CO  >-  in 

co'V  r^  Tf  o  t- 

o'  co'  co'  r-'  --'  cm'  m  o  ■* 

r^  en  CM  en  Ol  in   en  cd  a 

f  Ol  to  CM  ■*  en   -v  ■*  c 

m'  ^"  V  V  co'  in   cd'  '-" 


m  Ol  S)  CD  CM 
CM  CD  O  Ol  >- 

CM  »-  CM  1^  to 


r^  tDo>  ^  m 
Ol  f^  Ol  en  ^ 
^  CM  m  Ol  m 
to'  m' '-"  co"  Ol 
en  CD  '^  o  Ol 

CM  m  CM  ^  CM 


in 

o 

c 

k 

3 

a> 

oc 

0) 

f- 

< 

oo 
ooooo 

O  O  O  O  r\i' 
OOOq-J^ 
■^r  CD  CO  »-  */> 

o  *-•-•-•-  "D 
Q  O  (D  <D  (D  TJ 
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19 


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_  CD  "g  9.  o"  m"  o" 


Individual  Returns/1978*Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 


27 


O)  ■*  in  <  to  n 
o  r^  r^  r)  c\ir) 

O)  CNJ  (D  CO  Oj  O) 


to  o>  r«-  ^  m  ci 
(D  *-  CNJ  ^-  CM  en 
r^  CM  en  •-  •-  o 
o>  oi  in*  o  •-"  en 
^  CM  •-  in  ^  r) 
m  ^  CM  *- 


3  tn  (O  m  o  3 

3  CT)  C*)  O  O  TO 

5  o  o  ■*  <n  •- 
i  •-'  ID  cm'  5'  o 


(D  (£)  in  (D  CM  (C 

cm"  a>  5'  3'  <£  O) 

CM  T-  Cj  O)  O)  CJ 
CM  CM  CM*-  coco 


80)  cn  CO  ■- 
CM  CO  f^  r- 
r--  00  m  V  o 


o  o>  in  CO  ^  to 
o  «-  ■v  CO  m  to 

■C  CM  in  O  O  CM 


com  Tf  o  t^  ■w 

CM  n  00  CM  O  CM 

^  h-  in  r^  f^  CO 


^  •-  CO  01  in  o 
00  •-  ■*  tea> 
Tf  CM  to  r^  in  »- 
cri  — '  cm'  CO* 
o  ■«  •- 


in      ch  * 


m  o  en  to  o  m 

8'  •-■  r-'  c5  cm'  r^' 
o  TO  to  in  (S 


TO  ID  r^  CM  CO 
CM  CM  Q  V  to 

f^  h-  to  r^  f- 


(p  m  r^  r^  ^ 

OT  01  CM  <o  c 
o  •-  o  in  a 


p  to  ■-  CJ>  'V 
Si  in  »-  OD  »- 
CM  •-  CM  —  V 


in  c\j  O)  to  ^  to 
01  CO  ^  r*-  OT  »— 
o  CD  O)  »-  ■^  1^ 
TO*  CM*  CM*  r-"  ■*  O) 
CJ)  i-Of^OtD 
*-  •-  CMCMCOCO 


OJ  in  en  ^  to  CM 

(O  TO_  ^_  CM_  CO_  •-_ 

oj  1-"  iri  m"  in  1-' 

to  O  O  CM  CO  '^ 

■*  in  tt  •»  CM  »- 


(^  O  »-  •-  CO  to 
■*  CM  OJ  1-  CO  O 

r^  »—  CO  CO  f^  CO 
to"  cm"  eo'  eo'  cm'  co' 
to  in  o  •-  •-  •- 

•^  CO  CO  •- 

cy"'-' 


CM  CNJ  •-  CD  3  (O 
0>  CD  O  0>  (O  CI 
o  ^  r*.  O  CD  CM 


CO  r-  •-  CO  to  ■- 

TO  CM  '«^  to  to  O) 

in  m  CO  CO  TO  CO 

V  O"  CD  O'  '9  to' 
O  •—  h*  CO  O)  ^ 
CM  CO  CM  CO  0>0) 


O  -V  O)  CNJO> 
OtOCMOCO 

00  CO  r*  »-  o 
ai  CM  r*-'  od"  (D 
TO  r».  O  *-  CM 

1-  CM  CO  — 

cm"--' 


o)  o  CM  inr~  o 
^  CO  to  m  •-  t- 
»-  O)  in  in  oTO 


CM  O)  CO  -V  CM  CM 

m  o  »-  CO  »-  o» 

CM  '-  ^  (X)  CM  CM 


O  r^  in  T-  »-  r^ 

T-  *-  tp  n  CM  to 

^  mo  tji  CM 


OJ  C3>  in  *-  CM  to 
»-  (D  CM  r^  CMCO 
n  U^  Tj  r-  OtO 


r^cy  ocnTO 


CO  ■^ 


tOOtOCMtO  to 
Tf  TO  to  0>(0  CM 

1^  in  '-  ^  in  o 
'a>y-'  3'  o" 
o  TO  oo  in 

TO  *-  CM  »-  CM  CM 


<P       O)  3 


o)  >-  CM  in  in  1^ 
r^  CM  CO  to  in  ■<- 
TO  r<-  in  O)  in  CM 

N-'  •-'  '-"  ^'  V  O" 

1-  in  tt  o  o  CM 

CM  CM  CM  CM  in  CO 


en  in  CO  i^  m  CO 
o  CO  T-  m  O)  m 
o  O)  00  CO  »-  in 
to"  co"  >-'  V  co'  in" 

f^  O)  O  (^  1^  CO 

in  ■^  CO  1- 


*"  31^  3  <5  »-  tj) 

1-  to  3  to  to  to  CO 

<o  oin  -^  ■^  Tf  <n 

CM  to"  ^*  O)  3"  in  to' 

^  o  '-  CNj  to  r>-  1^ 


en  ■v  o  CM  r^  O 
01  •-  eg  o  to  CO 
CO  f-  TO  h-  1^  CM 
to'  oi  r-'  tJ)  3'  o" 
TO  --  ^  TO3  t- 

1-  CM  CM  •-  ■»  CO 


CM  '-O'V  CO 

in  r^  O  r^  O 
uTV  en*-  1- 


tt  CM  to  o  CM  en 
o  CO  CM  en  ^  00 
o  CM  CM  00  in  00 
r-"  cm'  in  en  o  en 
m  u^  to  to  O)  o) 


E  2 


to  r^  CM  ■^  to  CO 
CO  to  eo  1^  o  CO 

^  CO  CO  O  O  CO 

O)  to  CO  CO  CO  CO 

t3>0  '-  OCO'W 

'-•-'-  CM  »- 


CMtoocDt^  cy 

O  f^  CO  TO  •—  CO 

•-  o  O)  e\j  r-  CM 


m  CM  CMO  CO  CD 

CD  1- in  r^  to  CM 

O)  CM  CM  O  ■<-  TO 

en  1-'  to'  to'  of  K 
CM  to  r^ 


3  in  o  •-  CD  to 
in  r^  O)  r^  -^  O 
m  O)  in  o  CM  •- 
cm'  eo'  in  o>'  cm'  h-" 

01  O)  »—  O)  CO  '^ 
T-        CM  T- 


TO  in  in  CMr^ 
i^  to  to  00  -v 

•-  O  (D  CM  0> 


CO  o  r^  to  •- 
1^  TO  to  in  en 
to  CO  »-  (J)  »- 
cm'  in  eo'  r-'  eg 
in  O)  en  to  (O 
■-  in  in  in  ^ 


CM 


CM 


in  o)  CM  o  f^ 
r^  m  in  oi  CO 
r^or-coto 
h.".-"oo"V 
en  01  in  p^  r^ 
CM  *-  CM  CM  to 


CM  ^  TO  ®  in  r 
m  o  CM  1^  3  u 
in  in  ^  o  to  ^ 
o"  o  in"  (D*  -v" « 

CM  CM  r^  CO  CM  c 

^  ^  r-  en  in  a 


o)  CO  O)  to  r^  to 
•^  in  o  CO  -v  CM 
en  m  o  ■«  CO  CO 
cm"  co'  ^  ^  en  ai 
1-  en  o  en  to  »- 
O)  o  CM  o  o  in 
>— '  cnT  cm  cm  in  ^" 


en  CM  in  r^  o  CM 
•-  -v  r^  (O  CM  -c^ 

0>  TO  O  S  CMO) 

h-"  eg"  CM*  to"  CM  ■<r 

I^  CO  ■^  CD  too) 

r^  •-  en  o  CM  CM 
cm"  r^  en"  1-' 


r^  to  »-  »-  TO  CD 
CM  to  O)  f^  m  CM 

o  -w  ■»>■  01  CO  1^ 


en  CM  r^  to  m  o> 
•-  m  CM  o  eo  to 
CM  en  f^  »-  o  to 
en"  en  ^"  en"  ■^"  o" 
CO  in  eo  ■v  en  CM 
to®  o)  o)  r*  CM 
T-" »-"  W  ^"  V  ■«-' 


■*  i^  r^  (O  o> 

CM  to  CO  CM  to 

m  m  en  to  to 
in  o  o  o  to" 

O)  1^  O)  TO  '^ 
CM  O)  CM  o  in 
cm'  o  en  '-' 


to  O)  *-  CM  en  CM 
•-  o  to  ■•-  r^  o 

■^  O  t-  m  -iT  CM 

to"  ■^"  eo"  iri  ^'  I-' 
CMtn  -^  00  *- 

*-  *-  CM  CO  CO  CO 


O)  eo  CM  CM  (D  o 

in  tn  •-  ^  m  ^ 
CD  -c^  o  o  3 »-_ 
en  cm'  en  to"  cm"  i-*" 
CM  CMO  O)  eo  CO 
en  en  en  CM  to  ^ 


TO  ■*  o  »-  ^  CM 
r^  O)  OJ  to  r^  en 
to  *-  CM  ■<»■  o  en 
m"  to'  1-"  oi  -r^ 
CO  O)  m 
1^  CM 


0)|^  T-  TO  3  ■* 
TO  m  TO  i^  to  K 
^  O)  O)  (O  CM  (O 

^" "  ^"  en"  o"  r-" 
CM  CM  en  in 

•-  CM  CM 


TO  CD  o  en  ■<-  CM 

CM  to  O  0>  ^  ■^ 
CM  m  CO  CD  O)  r^ 
co'  co'  ■<-'  <d'  o'  cm 

01  0>  O)  to  •"  CM 
CM  CM  CM  CM  to  ■V 


en  in  o  in  in 
•-  CM  •-  eo  o 
01  CT)  ffl  ^  ^ 


en  3  <  en  en 

S  to  in  3  en 
ento  om 
tn  1^"  (D  oi"  oi" 
o  •-  o>  en  1- 
CM  to  1^  com 
^'  en  ■<»■'  m'  od' 
en 


r^  rr  en  o  r^ 
m  *-  en  ■^  CM 
i--_  eo_  3  OJ  <o 
r^'  cm'  oi  h-  m" 
eo  ■*  a>  to  to 


mto  to  1-  •-  CM 
torn  to  o  CO  r^ 
TO  o  ^  '-  CO  o 


m  eg  TO  to  en  en 
CM  CO  CM  en  en  O) 
■^  TO  *-  to  into 
^"  o"  r^'  in  T-" »-" 


CM  r^  CO  CO  CM  to 
p^  TO  ^  to  to  r^ 

0)_  in  CM  CO  CO  CM 

r^"  in  in  r~'  to  h- 
o  O)  m  CO 


o  to  o)  CO  -c  m 
CM  "C  O)  i^  en  h- 
•^  o  in  1^  m  o 
cm"  cm"  m"  in"  to'  eo' 


StocMmoen 
m  CO  ■•-  »-  »- 
ino  ^  CM--  •- 


»-  TO  r-  O  CD 

to  CM  p^  ■<-  en 
o  r^  •-  coto 


r*  a  o  1-  3  to 
eg  CM  to  «  ■^  o) 
cjto'o'o'o'to' 


m  to  *-  o  CM  to 
TO  '-  en  to  o  en 

O)  CO  U^  to  CM  o> 


TO  o  3  en  en  en 

CM  to  3  CO  CO  CM 

O)  ■v  00  to  en  1" 
m'en'r^'cM' 
en  CM 


1-  CMTO  CM  o  to 

»-  m  m  TO  O)  T- 

cn  enco  r^  en  m 

'  •  m'  m"  to' 


O)  CM  0>  ^  f^  ■V   O)  CM  m  t3)  to 
O  3  in  ■^  to  CM    ■■- O '- CM  o 

to^^cncoo)   »-TOtDtom 


r^  CM  3  o  o 
■*  f^  to  CO  ■* 
■-  to  m  m  o 


1-  to  to  o  en 
O  en  r^  00  o 
en  »-  CM  »-  in 


r-  CM  to  en  o  00 
to  CM  o  en  en  T- 

t£)  TO_  3  in  TO  0)_ 

oi  to'  iri  to  p^'  ^' 

TO  t-  CM  ^  CM  m 


en  CM  00  CM  00  ■■- 
TO  CO  CO  to  1^  m 
^  en  CM  o  '-  O) 
eo' to"  cm"  to"  00  cm" 
t^  m  to  to  O  CO 

CM  '- 


■^  •-  mcoo  r^ 
o  o>  ■>!■  r*  p^  •- 
cMmcMcno-- 
^"  cm"  '-"  o"  03  ■«" 
m  o  CM  p^  •-  en 
coco  T- 


»-  CM  01  O)  O)  00 

en  to  m  r^  p^  o 
o>  m  O  OD  O  OD 


m  CM  '-  in  in  en 
en  "C  en  r^  m  to 
s  TO  O)  en  TO  ^ 


^CM  tOOCM 

CM  eo  »-  P^  in 
encM  '- 


to  to  n  m  ^  o 
■>»  m  -c-  m  o>  t» 
•-  01  m  TO  to  to 


i~  CM  T-  TO  mTO 
CM  to  T-  O  to  I^ 

o  en  •-  O)  m  CM 


in  o)  f-  p^  •-  p^ 
CM  in  r*  ^  p^  m 
(^  m  CM  in  to  CM 


CM  -V  CM  »-  to  CM 

1^  CO  O)  i^  CM  eo 
o)  en  ^  CO  CO  P^ 
^"  *  *  r»."  in  cm' 


to  CM  CM  CM  o>  r^ 

CO'^  CM  3  r-^  ■* 
TO  o  00  ■^  OP^ 
»-'m'V*-**~*o> 

CM  CM  CM  to  f^  ^ 


TO  CO  TO  O  1^ 

TO  en  00  -c^  CM 
TO  »-  »-  m  o) 
o>  to'  to'  "O-' 
otn  »- 


E  ff 


p^  o  1^  to  ■- 

0>  TO  »  *-  CO 
TO  CO  r~  O)  r^ 
o'  tn  cm'  to'  T-' 
»-  en  m<D  O) 

CM    »-  T-  CM 


m «—  mm  »- 

CM  r^  OD  OJf^ 

r^  r^  cno  *- 


CO  to  ■*  CM  p^  m 
O  CM  1^  O)  1^  p^ 
r-  m  r^  tM  to  to 
o"  to'  to"  m'  en"  to' 
CM  c\j  m  TO  ■*  ■* 


1-  to  CO  n  ^  CO 
TO  OCM  m  CM  CM 

O)  e^  in  ^_  CM  CO 

m  a>  o"  m"  oi  cm" 

1^  o)0)  o  r-  CM 

t-  '-eg 


»-  OtDflOO  ■•- 
»-  eo  o>  to  •-  r- 
01  en  CM  o>  r-  r- 
o"  to"  to"  in  CM 

TO  to  O  CM 

m  en  »- 


m  cooen  1^  oi 
cncnoor^m 

•  tOf^  •-  ODCM 

•  ■  »-"cg*tM" 
<eo^ 


tT  1- to  to  O  CD 

co"  cm"  oj"  *»■"  in  00' 
to  o  eo  o  f^  ■•- 

<-  ^CM 


n »-  com  ^ 
■^  r-  to  »-  eo 
o>  o>  O  o>  ^ 
r-"  en  to  m  en 
r^  to  o  CM 
meoi- 


^  CM  f^  eno)  eo 
o  CM  ■<-  mcM  r^ 
CO  TO  to  »-  m  »- 
oi  ■<*■'  cd'  en  o'  cm' 
CM  CM  m  ■^  n 


r-  eg  to  ■*  Tj-  p^ 
CM  O)  CM  ^  r^  o 
3^  o>_  m  p*-  -3  CM 
to'  m"  o  o  to  O) 
tt  (^  to  p^  m  1^ 


P*-  to  P*-  CO  »-  ^ 
"*  to  1-  eo  p  eg 

eg  o"  3'  ^' »-" 
CM »-  in  »- 


o  T-  to  p^  to  o 

CM  •-  01  o  en  CM 

•  *-  to  •-  ■*  to 

*  "  eo"  tJ)  m' 

CM  CM  en 


CM  to  to  CD  »-  en 
■^  m  CM  m  TO  ■^ 
r^  m  o  O)  m  m 


o  m  to  en  m 
eo  m  *-  p^  TO 
m  f-  o  coen 
o'  en  ^'  ■■-'  •-" 
CM  o  m  '- 

If  CM 


'^  CO  to  CM  en 

O  to  O  CO  CO 

CM  p^  to  p-  m 
o'  cm'  cm"  to"  to' 

TO  m  TO  CO  (O 
T-  '-  CM  ■^ 


TO  CM  CM  O  0> 
O  CM  CM  ^  en 
en  *-  to  CM  to 


p^  »-  TO  m  to  ^ 

to  0>  TO  TO  CO  r^ 
^  m_  en  en  en  cm 
oi  o"  -v"  •-"  ^"  to" 
cm  in  in  1-  r^  <D 

0>  t-  CM  CO  to  ■^ 


r*-  r*-  01  o>  m  CM 
O)  CM  CT>  to  h-  o 
T-  en  CM  ■^  eo  TO 
to"  cm"  m"  o>  -*'  O) 
o  CMO)  o  -^  en 
^  m  ^  m  ^  eo 


0>  O)  n  p^  •-  to 
TOCDOt-^  OCM 

o  ■o-  CM  (D  tor- 
cm'  r-'  o'  -v"  en  --" 
m  tn  ■<-  r-  "*  r^ 

O  to  »»  P-  P-  TO 


to  -^  to  P^  O  CM 
CO  o  1^  3  •-  to 
00  ^  CM  to  ■V  CM 

to"  <*  m"  m"  ■*"  to' 

3eM  o  ■v  o  m 
»-  •-  CM  CO 


1^  i^  »-  O  O)  T- 
o  to  m  r*-  •-  CO 
O)  m  m  »»  o  m 


■■-  ^         -V  CO  CM  •- 


TO  m  tn  o)  O) 
O  P-  '-  o  O) 
■V  O)  O)  P^  CM 

-  O)'  eg  o"  ^  00'  eo'  m' 

itnoD  oeoor^'- 

rencn  oto-cr^to 

^"  ^"  ">r  co'  cm'  '-"  T-" 


TO  m  to  o  to  to 
OD  'V  -^  -v  m  »- 
m  O)  •-  O)  1-  eo 
co'  co'  cm'  oi  1-"  cm' 

CM  tn  ■^  OJ  TO  CO 

T-         ^  ^  ^  CM 


to  •-  to  o  ^  tn 
CM  CO  m  O)  1-  r^ 
TO  to  -r-  to  to  n 
*-'  to"  m"  ■^"  •>-"  to" 
CO  •-  CM  en  en  en 
CM  CM  CM  eg  (D  m 


■V  tn  o  CM  o>  O) 
ooeneoQ'r- 
TO  P^  o  a>  oicM 
ai  ■*'  o"  '-^  tn  •-" 
o  ■fl-  •- 


TO  tM  m  o  --  0 
TO  tn  en  CMO)  to 
^  O  •-  r^  en  m 
cm' cm' en"  o"^"'-" 
»-       »-  00  '^  O) 


SO)  to  CO  '^  »— 
<-  ^  ^  3  p^ 
CO  tn  TO  CM  to  1^ 
to"  iri  P^'  oi  eo'  co' 
000  t-  t-  CM 

CM  CM  CM  CM  to  m 


m  »-  O) "-  in 
to  en  CM  en 
o  ^  •- 


■c  TO  -v  -v  3 
^  eg  *-  1^  to 
'~.  P.  ^.  '^.  ^. 
■^  en  ^  m'  en" 
■V  r-  o)  o  O) 
•—  ®  o  en  en 
^"      ^'  ^"  to" 


OOQOOO 
000000 
000000 
■*'  id'  to'  o'  m"  o' 

*-  1-  --  eg  OJ  eo 


88° 

(_^  u  O  O  O 

gS.oog 

P  O  O  O  °  m 

o  o  CM  m  —  Ir 
m  •-  v»v>4A  o 


CM  ^  to  to  o  m 
^  ^  ^  ^  CM  eg 


ooooc 

2  m  '-  CM  m  •- 


lAtAVHAViiA 


28 


Individual  Returns/1978*Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 


in  -^  o  oD  r-  — 
en  CM  o  in  1-  r^ 
to  to  CM  r-  T-  I- 
"*"  to'  co'  cm'  oo'  (D 
t\j  en  eg  in  ■*  en 


tn  m  to  en  eg  r>- 
in  in  o  ffl  in  T- 
O)  r*-  00  en  oi_  (D 
en  '-'  iri  en  h-"  aS 
eg  CO  rj  eg  i^  en 


Su^  eg  en  »- 
-  -a-  en  o  CO 


m  V  (D  in  o  en 
oi  eu  1^  o)  eg  en 
in  o  -^  1^  OJ  CD 


eg  -^  CD  eg  eg  •- 
in  00  r»;  o  o>  r-_ 

in  f*-"  eg'  ai  cD  cm 
»-  m  CM  »-  tt  eg 


f  O  00  o  3 
f)  03  m  o)  O) 


r-  O)  eg  in  ■*  (D 
'-  (tuD  to  OlO 
—  to  tji  en  o  CO 
in  (D  en  aJ  to  co' 


en  •-  r-  enooto 

i-cn  Tj  -^  oj 
£<x>  tor-  eg 

'^:z-'-?i- 

CM  T- 

O) »-  r^  o  o  00 
en  eg  m  m  CO  f^ 
tfi"  eg  ^  ^  to 


m  oi  ^  T-  m  »- 
en  *-  r^  ^  O)  to 
■.-  o  to  in  o  en 
O)  o  'V  to*  ai  o 


(D  to  r--  en  eg 
o>  <o  <D  eg  en 
o>  CM  mr^  en 


■-  eg  in  en  r-- 
■w^  o)  en  CO  eg 
oo  ■c  to  ■w  00 


CM  in  in  m  ^ 
'^  CD  o  en  to 
in  (JD  to  0)0 
V  to"  eg* '-'  in 
in  T-  CM  CM  to 


r-  Tt  •fl'  -^  eg  T- 
o  r-  00  o  OJ  O) 
w  Ti  o  CM  t-  r- 
oo'  en  O)  o'  eg'  <£>' 
en  en  in  S)  s  CO 


r-  <D  m  00  CD  '- 
T-  ^  1-  en  (D  in 
CM  -If  00  CM  (D  in 
■>fo"eg"'-"o"'<J-" 
r-  en  o  a>  ■^t  en 
y-  -t-  ■<-      nm 


'-  (D  •-  CM  CM  00 

en  ■v  ■•-  OO  eg  '- 
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30 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •   Returns  Filed  and  Sources  ot  Income 


Table  1.6— Returns  With  Income  Earned  Abroad:  Selected  Items  by  Size  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income 

(All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples  -  money  amounts  are  in  ttiousands  ot  dollars] 


Income  earned  abroad 

Amount  exempted, 
excluded,  or  deducted 

Salaries  and  wages 

Total  net  profit  less  loss 
from  business  activities' 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

(4) 

(5) 

(6) 

(71 

(81 

All  returns  with  income  earned  abroad 

Total 

169.951 

5,772.795 

166.801 

2,367,749 

134.749 

4.214.735 

17,483 

11.220 

No  adjusted  gross  income 

21  443 

296  297 

"21  196 

■279  969 

'4  277 

•7,110 
270,156 
438,999 
505  104 

•308 
•6,604 
•2,091 
•  1  819 

•3  639 

64.599 

944  707 

54  599 

39,624 
25  317 

$10  000  under  $20  000                                         

26  392 

761  146 

26  206 

428  866 

•-8,304 
•1  986 

$20  000  under  $30  000                               

21  435 

714  762 

20  012 

262  310 

19  862 

$30,000  under  $50,000                                                

22.093 

1.040,476 

21,210 

293  057 

2.597 
3,109 

$50,000  under  $100,000                                                 

19.220 

1,403,379 

18,952 

295,286 

19,113 

1,377,564 

-9,558 

$100,000  under  $200,000                                              

4,257 

498,278 

4,147 

67,531 

4,112 

533,861 

742 

15,122 

$200,000  under  $500  000                                              

464 

96,414 

432 

6  664 

$500,000  under  $1,000,000                    

40 

12,609 

39 

594 

36 

10,286 

20 

3,378 

8 

4.729 

8 

93 

3.446 

Returns  witfi  tax-exempt  foreign  income 

Total 

135.790 

3.759,102 

135.790 

1,955,180 

101,617 

2,168,942 

10,543 

20,929 

No  adjusted  gross  income 

•21,147 

•287.774 

•21,147 

•278,325 

•4,228 

•3.626 

•12 

•-527 

$1  under  $10,000                                                                

51,173 

857.110 

51,173 

688,989 

36,771 

226.950 

•3.178 

•162 

$10,000  under  $20,000                                                       

23,776 

698,814 

23,776 

395,983 

22,750 

362.080 

•1.856 

•  —  11,164 

$20,000  under  530.000                                                       

16,649 

556,755 

16,649 

235,316 

15,076 

365.112 

•1.623 

•2,693 

$30,000  under  $50,000                                                      

13,174 

582,550 

13,174 

185,024 

13  076 

512  945 

1,888 

5,923 

$50,000  under  $100,000                                                     

8,374 

581,097 

8,374 

144,075 

8,325 

519.862 

1,611 

5,382 

$100,000  under  $200,000                                                   

1,277 

145,005 

1,277 

23,550 

1,181 

133.100 

266 

10,874 

$200,000  under  $500.000 

195 

41,356 

195 

3,420 

191 

39.559 

93 

5,327 

$500,000  under  $1,000,000 

20 

6,830 

20 

422 

16 

3.971 

13 

2,177 

$1,000,000  or  more 

5 

1,811 

5 

78 

3 

1,736 

3 

83 

Returns  witti  exclusion  of  income 

earned  in  fiardsfiip  areas 

Total 

6.136 

272.267 

6.136 

98,100 

6.126 

178.337 

2.966 

-16.070 

No  adjusted  gross  income 

_ 

$1  under  110000 

•2,853 

•86,001 

•2,853 

•42,795 

•2,853 

•43206 

•2,853 

■-16,214 

$10,000  under  $20,000 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

$20  000  under  $30,000 

■981 

■45,994 

•981 

•16,223 

•981 

•30.199 

•98 

•  —  14 

$30  000  under  $50,000 

•1.054 

•55,479 

■1,054 

•20.020 

•1,054 

•35.774 

— 

— 

$50  000  under  $100,000 

•1.238 

•83,530 

■1  238 

•18.585 

•1,228 

•67  386 

•10 

•167 

$100  000  under  $200,000 

•5 

■428 

■5 

■400 

•5 

•1  014 

— 

— 

$200  000  under  $500  000 

•5 

■835 

•5 

•78 

•5 

•767 

•5 

•1 

$500  000  under  $1  000,000 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

$1  000  000  or  more 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Returns  witfi  deduction  for 

expense  of  living  abroad 

28.644 

•49 

1.751,754 

•3,485 

28.644 

■49 

314,468 

•1,643 

27.872 

•49 

1.832.351 

•3486 

3.372 

•49 

346 

No  adjusted  gross  income 

•-873 

$1  under  $10,000 

■573 

•1,596 

■573 

•1,596 

— 

— 

•573 

•1  360 

$10  000  under  $20  000 

•5.608 

•144.437 

■5,608 

•32,883 

•5,559 

•102  910 

•49 

■2,587 

$20  000  under  $30,000 

•2,382 

•65,157 

•2382 

•10,771 

•2382 

•74  564 

— 

— 

$30  000  under  $50  000                                                      

6.982 

369,873 

6,982 

88,014 

6933 

388  086 

709 

2  068 

$50  000  under  $100  000 

9.870 

756,038 

9.870 

132,626 

9,822 

801  440 

1439 

-15917 

$100  000  under  $200  000 

2.901 

350,921 

2,901 

43,581 

2852 

397  979 

438 

4  387 

$200  000  under  $500,000 

257 

52,214 

257 

3,167 

254 

56,526 

106 

3  800 

$500  000  under  $1  000  000 

19 

5,115 

19 

172 

••21 

••7,361 

••9 

•■2  943 

$1  000,000  or  more 

3 

2,918 

3 

16 

Footnotes  at  end  of  table 


Individual  Returns  / 1978  •   Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 
Table  1.6— Returns  With  Income  Earned  Abroad:  Selected  Items  by  Size  of  Adjusted  Gross— Continued 

(All  figures  ate  estimales  based  on  samples     money  amounts  ace  m  Ihousanrts  ol  dollacs| 


31 


Size  of  adiusled  gross  income 


AM  returns  with  income  earned  abroad 


Total.. 


No  adjusted  gross  income.. 

$1  under  $10,000  

$10,000  under  $20,000 
$20,000  under  $30,000 

$30,000  under  $60,000    

$50,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200,000 

$200,000  under  $500.000 

$500,000  under  $1,000,000... 
$1,000,000  or  more  


Returns  wilti  tax-exempt  foreign  income 


Tola!.. 


No  adjusted  gross  income.. 

$1  under  $10,000     

$10,000  under  $20,000 

$20,000  under  $30,000 

$30,000  under  $50,000 

$60,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200,000 , 

$200,000  under  $500,000 , 

$600,000  under  $1,000,000.. 
$1,000,000  or  more , 


Returns  witti  exclusion  ol  income 
earned  in  hardstiip  areas 

Total 

No  adjusted  gross  income 

$1  under  $10,000 

$10,000  under  $20.000 

$20,000  under  $30,000  

$30,000  under  $50,000  

$50,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200,000 

$200,000  under  $500,000 

$500,000  under  $1,000,000 

$1,000,000  or  more 


Returns  witti  deduction  for 
expense  of  living  abroad 


Total.. 


No  adjusted  gross  income.. 

$1  under  $10,000    

$10,000  under  $20,000    

$20,000  under  $30.000 

$30,000  under  $50,000 

$60,000  under  $100,000 , 

$100,000  under  $200,000 , 

$200,000  under  $500,000 

I  $600,000  under  $1,000.000.. 
$1,000,000  or  more 


Ad)usted  gross  income 
less  deficit 


Number  of 
returns 


(91 


•2.853 

•981 

•1,054 

•1,238 

•5 

•5 


(10) 


53.043 

4.081.973 

•4,535 

■-15,653 

54,599 

276,085 

26,392 

413,726 

21,435 

507,601 

22,093 

888,794 

19,220 

1,288,701 

4,257 

546,251 

464 

122,218 

40 

27,163 

8 

27,088 

18.882 

2.306.712 

■4,239 

•  —  14,714 

51,173 

248,794 

23,776 

367,393 

16.649 

380,486 

13.174 

514,506 

8.374 

551,299 

1.277 

168,003 

195 

54,233 

20 

13,114 

5 

23,598 

166.285 


■26,992 

•27  718 

•34,434 

•75,202 

■837 

■1,102 


28.644 

1.578.503 

■49 

•-763 

■573 

•299 

•5.608 

•85,074 

•2,382 

•67,662 

6.982 

302,446 

9.870 

673,670 

2.901 

369,019 

257 

64,287 

19 

13,319 

3 

3.490 

Total  Itemized 
deductions 


Number  o) 
returns 


■4,227 

11,955 

13,061 

10,250 

9.606 

2,219 

339 

37 

8 


40.306 


•4,227 
10,886 
■9,331 
9,126 
5,666 
899 
147 


2.04B 


■981 

•171 

•886 

•5 

•6 


■4,061 

■1,326 

953 

3,364 

1,272 

198 

18 

3 


(12) 


314.776 


•30,358 

43,534 

64,116 

62,370 

72,722 

26,419 

8.259 

2.514 

4.485 


■30,358 

33,559 

■42,343 

54,187 

41.460 

12,836 

4,442 

1,827 

4,307 


•4,990 

■1,428 

•8.064 

•58 

•60 


79.663 


•23,278 

■6,574 

6,755 

25,767 

12,550 

3,874 

687 

177 


Exemptions 


496,625 

51,747 

155,088 

57,966 

73,389 

73,666 

66,085 

16,830 

1,691 

135 

28 


388.105 

•50,761 

148,236 

49,999 

62,226 

41,921 

29,167 

5,075 

639 

66 

16 


■5,706 

•1,079 

•2,991 

•3.253 

•10 

•25 


95.609 

■246 

■1,146 

■16,386 

■6,718 

25,222 

34.416 

11,473 

927 

55 

12 


372,469 

38,810 

116,316 

43.475 

55.042 

55,260 

49,564 

12.623 

1,268 

101 

21 


291.079 

■38,071 

111,177 

37,499 

46,669 

31,441 

21.875 

3.806 

479 

50 

12 


■4.280 

•809 

•2,243 

•2.440 

•8 

•19 


71.707 

■184 

■860 

■12,289 

■4,289 

18.917 

25,812 

8,606 

695 

49 

9 


Taxable  income 


Number  of 
returns 


138.329 

3.609.583 

44,420 

143.622 

26,392 

363,928 

21,435 

426,704 

22,093 

803,798 

19  220 

1  196.470 

4,257 

514.065 

464 

113.730 

40 

24.660 

8 

22606 

05,037 

1.970.064 

41,667 

120,909 

23,776 

331,008 

16,649 

320.008 

13,174 

468,082 

8,374 

605692 

1,277 

154,109 

195 

49.768 

20 

11,296 

5 

19,293 

6,136 


■2.853 

•981 

•1,064 

■1,238 

•5 

•6 


(161 


•22,713 

•24.175 

•31,310 

•67.544 

•787 

■1.040 


28.022 

1.458.422 

■6,608 

■68,442 

■2.382 

■59,717 

6,982 

279.647 

9,870 

532,612 

2,901 

351.818 

257 

60,336 

19 

12,639 

3 

3,313 

Footnotes  at  end  of  table. 


32 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 


Table  1.6— Returns  With  Income  Earned  Abroad:  Selected  Items  by  Size  of  Adjusted  Gross— Continued 

|AII  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples  -  money  amounts  are  in  ttiousands  of  dollars] 


Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 


All  returns  witfi  income  earned  abroad 


Total- 


No  adjusted  gross  income 

$1  under  $10.000 

$10,000  under  $20,000 
$20,000  under  $30,000 
$30,000  under  $50,000 
$50,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200.000 

$200,000  under  $500,000 

$500,000  under  $1.000.000.. 
$1,000,000  or  more 


Returns  with  tax-exempt  foreign  income 


Total.. 


No  adjusted  gross  income 
$1  under  $10,000 
$10,000  under  $20,000 
$20,000  under  $30,000 
$30,000  under  $50,000 
$50,000  under  $100,000 
$100,000  under  $200,000 
$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  under  $1,000,000 
$1,000,000  or  more 


Returns  witti  exclusion  of  income 
earned  in  hardship  areas 


Total 


No  adjusted  gross  income. 

$1  under  $10,000 

$10,000  under  $20,000 
$20  000  under  $30,000 
$30  000  under  $50  000 
$50,000  under  $100  000 
$100  000  under  $200  000 
$200  000  under  $500  000 
$500,000  under  $1  000  000 
$1,000000  or  more 


Returns  with  deduction  for 
expense  of  living  abroad 


Total., 


No  adjusted  gross  income 
$1  under  $10,000 
$10  000  under  $20  000 
$20  000  under  $30  000 
$30  000  under  $50  000 
$50  000  under  $100  000 
$100  000  under  $200  000 
$200  000  under  $500  000 
$500  000  under  $1  000  000 
$1,000  000  or  more 


Income  tax  before  credits 


Number  of 
returns 


(17) 


12.246 

1,177,050 

18,960 

■19.917 

25,818 

86.481 

21,435 

101.898 

22,044 

219.108 

19.220 

440.815 

4.257 

224.840 

464 

56.459 

40 

14.213 

8 

13.318 

79.003 


•16,107 

23,202 

16,649 

13,174 

8,374 

1,277 

195 

20 

5 


•2,853 

•981 

•1,054 

•  1 ,238 

•5 

•5 


27.973 


■5,608 

•2  382 

6,933 

9  870 

2  901 

257 

19 

3 


(18) 


Foreign  tax  credit 


Number  of 
returns 


611.140 


•17.729 

81.644 

78.259 

125.032 

195.127 

70.066 

25.173 

6.433 

11.676 


•2.188 

•5.924 

•6.983 

•22.635 

•346 

•649 


•10.693 

•14.210 

77,898 

226  302 

151  087 

29  133 

7413 

1  642 


(19) 


71,912 


•4,227 

18.969 

9.551 

18.390 

16.315 

3.983 

437 

32 

8 


48.212 


•4.227 

18.748 

•7.071 

9.862 

6.940 

1,175 

169 

15 

5 


1,054 

•544 

•5 

•5 


24.304 


•3.399 

■2.382 

6.591 

8.936 

2.736 

241 

16 

3 


(20) 


654.308 


■8.145 

56,563 

36,751 

117,574 

248,618 

137,863 

32,974 

6,016 

9,804 


296.868 


•8,145 

56.292 

•25.945 

58.072 

90.810 

33.893 

12.436 

2.458 

8.817 


•3.669 

•5.789 

•345 

•28 


•5.715 

•10.779 

47.965 

146.935 

102551 

18053 

3  191 

987 


Income  tax  after  credits 


Number  of 
returns 


(21) 


86.426 


•10.506 
15.979 
18.611 
19.838 
17.054 
3.956 
438 
36 


55.501 


•7.653 

•13.584 

13.997 

11.408 

7.502 

1.147 

186 

19 

5 


•981 
•  1  054 
•1.238 


■2.209 

■2.210 

6.493 

8  576 

2  730 

244 

17 

3 


(22) 


500.713 


■9.198 

25.977 

61.046 

97.380 

186.315 

85.893 

23.212 

8.180 

3.512 


300.138 


•8.245 

•21.837 

49.308 

64.470 

100.875 

35.940 

12.641 

3.964 

2.858 


26.990 


•953 

•5  727 

•3  124 

■16.566 


■620 


■4,101 
■3  002 
28618 
77  155 
47  713 
10  890 
4  2'5 
654 


Total  income  tax 


Number  of 
returns 


■Estimate  stiould  be  used  witfi  caution  because  ot  I  tie  small  number  of  sample  returns  on  wtiicti  it  is  based 
■  ■Data  combined  to  avoid  disclosure  ot  information  toi  specific  taxpayers 

Consists  o(  business  and  profession  farm  pailnerstiip  and  Small  Business  Corporation  net  profit  less  net  loss 
NOTE  Detail  may  not  add  to  total  because  of  rounding 


(23) 


86.475 


■10,506 

15,979 

18,611 

19,838 

17.102 

3.956 

439 

36 


•7.653 

•13.584 

13.997 

11.408 

7.519 

1.147 

187 

19 

5 


6.131 


•981 
•1.054 
•1  238 


22.513 


■2209 

■2210 

6  493 

8.607 

2.730 

244 

17 

3 


(241 


505.255 


■9.198 

25.977 

61.046 

97.656 

188.093 

86.352 

23.431 

8.505 

4.997 


■8.245 

■21.837 

49.308 

64.470 

102.402 

36.038 

12.708 

4.168 

4.342 


■5  727 

■3  124 

■16  566 


■4  101 
■3  002 
28  894 
77  407 
47,925 
11  022 
4  337 
654 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •   Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 


33 


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34  Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 

Table  1.8— Returns  With  and  Without  Presidential  Election  Campaign  Fund  Checkoff:  Response  Boxes  Checked  by  H/larital  Status  and 
Size  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income 

(All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples] 


Total 
returns 

Returns 

witti  no 

eligible 

tax 

Re 

urns  with  eligible  tax 

Total 

With  one  or  more 
"Yes"  boxes  checked 

Nonjoint  returns 

Number 

of 
returns 

Number 

of "Yes 

boxes  checked 

Total 

NumtDer  of 

returns  with 

no  boxes 

checked 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

(4) 

(5) 

(6) 

(7) 

All  returns  total 

89,771,551 

9.010.975 
9.234.196 
8.394.928 
8.251.372 
6.930.002 
6.100.684 

5,581.530 
5.010,364 
4,680,008 
4,277.947 
8.552.615 
5.386.257 

6.535.452 

1.471.406 

285.309 

59.884 

6.581 

2.041 

22.236.197 
19.585.276 
14.241.599 
11.408,934 
22.299.545 

20,150,806 

8.818.496 
6,783.711 
2,361,022 
1.157.015 
413.026 
247.731 

99.395 
69.620 
49.693 
32.485 
49.932 
26.708 

31.578 

9.331 

972 

82 

".? 

16.873.872 

2.659.398 

387.694 

111.230 

118.612 

69,620,745 

192.479 
2.450.485 
6.033.906 
7.094.357 
6.516.976 
5.852.953 

5.482.135 
4.940.744 
4.630315 
4.245.462 
8.502.683 
5.359.549 
6,503.874 
1.462,075 

284.337 
59.802 

••8.613 

5.362.325 
16.925.878 
13.853.905 
11.297.704 
22.180.933 

23,030,457 

48.316 
627.478 
1.860.259 
2.102.775 
2.022.772 
1.858.968 

1.785.639 
1.592.035 
1.605.977 
1.402.195 
2.966.396 
1.986.237 

2.488.214 

554.794 

103471 

21.948 

2.270 

713 

1.484.187 
5.177.413 
4.447.692 
3.797.122 
8.124,043 

35,696,534 

52.845 
628.962 
1 .894.829 
2.484.071 
2.667.217 
2.697.570 

2.680.152 
2,504.203 
2.624.298 
2.402.120 
5.329.870 
3.704,157 

4,729,014 

1,053.617 

196.598 

41,531 

4,199 

1,281 

1,494.881 
6.233.043 
6.614.756 
6.293.587 
15.060.267 

30,706,564 

151.491 
2.439.533 
5.797.685 
5.619.946 
4.345.781 
3.216.573 

2.526.697 
1.843.387 
1.383.823 
1 .000.292 
1.321.843 
488.139 

414.828 

123.964 

24.475 

6.678 

••1,429 

5.299.672 
13.054.764 
6.735.913 
3.234.859 
2.381.356 

7,588,167 

Under  $2  000                     

52  714 

S2  000  under  S4  000 

635  987 

$4  000  under  $6  000         

1  372  670 

$6  000  under  $8  000       

1  417.237 

S8  000  under  SlO  000                                          

1  056.031 

$10  000  under  $12  000     

843.960 

$12  000  under  $14  000              

623  486 

424,925 

$16  000  under  $18  000                 

336,742 

246.035 

$20  000  under  $25  000                        .    ...              

307.512 

$25  000  under  $30  000                   

109.737 

107.457 

SSO  000  under  $100  000                    

41.823 

S100  000  under  $200  000             

8.781 

£200  000  under  $500  000                                 .                 

2.516 

All  returns,  summary: 
Under  $5  000                                

1.380.105 

3.154.534 

$10  000  under  $15  000 

1.706.880 

768.268 

578.380 

Returns 

with  eligible  lax  — 

Continued 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Nonjoin 
Con 

returns— 
tinued 

Joint  returns 

Numtier  ot 
returns  with 

one  "Yes" 
txix  ctiecked 

Number  ol 
returns  with 

one  "No" 
box  checked 

Total 

Number  of 

returns  with 

no  boxes 

checked 

Numtier  of 
returns  with 

one  "Yes" 
box  checked 

Number  ol 

returns  with 

two  "Yes" 

tx)xes  checked 

Numtjer  of 

returns  with 

only  "No" 

boxes  checked 

(8) 

(9) 

(10) 

(11) 

(12) 

(13) 

(14) 

All  returns,  total . ,  . 

9,744,520 

43.786 
625.994 

1.822.278 

1 .694.255 

1.320.135 

978.945 

834,301 
633,026 
521 .359 
354,089 
502,076 
200.061 

160.796 

42.789 

8,178 

2,011 

307 

134 

1.473.491 
4.032.957 
2.145.157 
1.176.563 
916.352 

13,373,877 

54,991 
1,177,552 
2.602.737 
2.508.454 
1.969.615 
1.393.668 

1.068.910 
785.436 
525.722 
400.168 
512.255 
178.341 

146.575 

39.352 

7.516 

2.131 

311 

123 

2.446.076 
5.867.273 
2.883.876 
1.290,028 
886.624 

38,914,181 

40.988 

10.952 

236.221 

1.474.411 

2,171.195 

2,636.380 

2.955.438 
3.097.357 
3.246.492 
3.245.170 
7.180.840 
4.871.410 

6.089.046 

1.338.111 

259.862 

53.124 

5,554 

1,630 

62,653 

3,871.114 

7.117.992 

8.062.845 

19.799.577 

9,789,494 

17.004 
4.768 

96.503 
433.402 
570.019 
671.143 

811.183 
733.693 
851,593 
802.896 
1.743.344 
1.128.180 

1.472.893 

355.904 

77.863 

16.620 

1.923 

563 

27.211 
1.094.485 
1,833.617 
2.036.891 
4,797.290 

617,708 

"3.412 
27.224 
58.192 
41.421 

56.825 
46.841 
66.297 
46.029 
100.846 
68.256 

86.618 

13.182 

2.166 

354 

34 

11 

"88.828 
135.471 
121.942 
271.467 

12,668,229 

••6,013 

34,570 
381,296 
644,445 
838.602 

894.513 
912.168 
1.018.321 
1.002.077 
2.363.474 
1.717.920 

2.240.800 

498.823 

93.127 

19.583 

1.929 

568 

••1,066.324 
2.167.064 
2.498.617 
6.936.224 

15,838,750 

Under  $2,000      

19.454 

4.700 

$4,000  under  $6,000   

101.737 

632.489 

$8  000  under  $10  000     .... 

898,539 

1.085.214 

$12,000  under  $14,000 

1.192.917 

1.404.655 

$16,000  under  $18,000 

1.310.281 

1.394,168 

$20,000  under  $25,000 

2.973.176 

$25  000  under  $30  000 

1.957.054 

$30,000  under  $50  000 

2.288.735 

$50,000  under  $100.000 

470.202 

$100,000  under  $200  000       

86.706 

$200,000  under  $500,000 

16.567 

$500,000  under  $1  000  000       

1.668 

$1 .000.000  or  more 

488 

All  returns,  summary: 

Under  $5.000 

$5,000  under  $10.000 

24,746 
1,632,173 

2,981,840 

$15,000  under  $20.000 

3,405.395 

$20,000  or  more   

7.794.596 

•  'Data  combined  to  avoid  disclosure  of  mtormation  for  specific  taxpayers 


Individual  Returns  / 1978  •  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  ol  Income 


35 


Table  1.9— Form  1040A  Returns:  Sources  of  Income,  Deductions,  and  Tax  Items  by  Marital  Status 

[All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples — money  amounts  are  in  thousands  ol  dollars] 


Selected  income  and  lax  items 


Number  ol 
returns 


Joint  returns  ol 
husbands  and  wives 


Number  ol 
returns 


Separate  returns  ol 
husbands  and  wives 


Number  ol 
returns 


Returns  ol  heads 
ol  households 


Number  ol 
returns 


Returns  ol  single  persons 


Number  ol 

returns 


Number  ol  returns 

Adjusted  gross  income.. 

Salaries  and  wages 

Dividends  in  adjusted 
gross  income 


Interest  received 

Zero  bracket  amount.. 

Exemption  amount 

Taxable  income 


Income  tax  belore  credits 

Credit  lor  contributions 

to  candidates  for  public  office.. 

General  tax  credit 

Earned  income  credit: 

Total 

Used  to  offset  income 

tax  before  credits 

Relundable  portion 


Income  tax  after  credits.. 

Total  taxpayments 

Total  tax  withheld 

Tax  due  at  time  of  filing.... 


Tax  paid  with  return 

Balance  due  after  remittance.. 

Total  overpayment 

Overpayment  refunded 


(1) 


(2) 


JIL 


W 


_15L 


J6L 


(7) 


_18L 


(9) 


llOl 


35.947.141 
35.942.662 
35.861,367 

485.987 

8.718,277 
33,227.211 
35.947,141 
33.227,211 

24,987,090 

988,110 
24,987,090 

3.295,271 

1,193.622 
2,650.941 

23.025,556 

35,166.473 

35.166.473 

2,619.045 

1,786.612 

1,962.758 

32,960,862 

32,945,115 


263,565,890 
262,495,599 

69.820 

998.755 

71,447,816 

47,973.071 

217,067,267 

27.926.158 

26,816 
2,757,740 


115,648 
564.060 

25.025,953 

33,655.589 

33.644.330 

691.984 

396.004 

295.980 

9,884,460 

9,882,488 


8.531,814 
8.531.814 
8,531,814 

127,458 

2,348,708 
8,175,208 
8.531.814 
8.175,208 

7.383,205 

298,988 
7,383,205 


254,669 
1,068,451 

6,892,999 
8,343,508 
8,343.508 
1,472.999 

1.067,774 
1,114,162 
7,011,924 
7,001,275 


111,186,961 
110,836,664 

9,043 

339,538 
25,086,851 
22,118,441 
89,541,488 

12,293,855 

11,983 
1,145,728 

239,296 

11.731 
227,566 

11.124,413 

13,698,890 

13.689,857 

480.430 

293.556 

186.874 

3.282.145 

3,281,479 


749,782 
749  782 
744  939 

■5,077 

100,288 
690,156 
749,782 
690,156 

585,981 

35,818 
585,981 


531,297 
715,481 
715,481 
179,801 

63,181 
157,281 
544,983 
544,983 


3,885.653 
3,876.401 

•41 

9,212 

1,020,310 

974,340 

2,965,949 

376,450 

884 
33.543 


342.023 

375.328 

375.328 

49,045 

14,124 
34,921 
82,351 
82,351 


3,259,465 
3,259,465 
3,259  465 

•24,314 

329  722 
2866.876 
3259  465 
2,866876 

2.348,526 

93,859 
2,348,526 


908,953 
1,518,122 

1.677  448 

3,087,621 

3.087,621 

132.648 

78.796 

90  039 

3,116.771 

3.116.771 


22.011  057 
21.959410 

•2.564 

49.083 
5,755  665 
6567  251 
15  808.224 

1  798  571 

2,115 
254.271 


100.005 
322.667 

1.442  179 

2.435,708 

2.435.054 

18072 

8776 

9.296 

1  333  758 

1  333  758 


23  406  080 
23  401  601 
23.325  149 

329,138 

5  939.559 
21  494971 
23406  080 

21  494  971 

14  669.378 

559  445 
14,669  378 

89  282 

•30.000 
64  368 

13923.812 

23.019.863 

23  019.863 

833.597 

576,861 
591  276 

22  287  184 
22,282086 


126482.219 
125.823.124 

58.172 

500.923 

39,584.990 

18  313.038 

108  751  606 

13  457.282 

11  834 
1  324,197 

17  740 

•3912 
13.828 

12  117339 

17  145  662 

17  144,090 

144,437 

79  548 

64,889 

5  186  205 

5  184  900 


'Estimate  should  be  used  with  caution  because  ol  the  small  number  of  sample  returns  on  whicti  it  is  based. 
NOTE:  Detail  may  not  add  to  total  because  of  rounding. 


36 


Individual  Returns/ 1978*  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 


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CO  m  s  ^  o)  en 
m  CM  o  cocn  r~ 
CO*  co"  m"  ^"  en  cm* 


in  CD  en  r^  p  en  m 
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r-  en  en  r*-  p  en  m 

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»-  CM  en  en  CM 


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(D  to'  m'  ■*"  en"  cm" 


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3  (A  W  W</» 


Individual  Return8/1978*Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 


37 


mE 


I   CM  0>  ^  CT)  ffl 

I  m  ■v  toojcn 

to  o  r^  CM  CO 

ai  to"  cr»  ^"  o 

r^  CMr^  03  ^ 

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i^ocMOTOin  » 

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aoJOtotO'C'-  ^ 

1  CM  CM  •-  •-  «0 

or 


I  CM  ^  to  r^  r^ 

I    CM  CT)  •-  OO  »- 
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0  en  -v  CM  o>  O)  c 

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3'  CM  CM*  n*  m*      »-"  en  o  to*  ^'  oi  v'      n 
oo  CO  00  o      to  g>  CO  to  to  ■*  •-      *- 

w—  en  ert  ^        mnirua—  •-  r- 


-  CO  CT*        CO  CM  CM 


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to  in  in  CO  f^ 
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»-*  co"  cm'  oo'  co" 

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CM  ^  •-  S  in  IP  r^ 
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CO  ■«■ 

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0)CO 

cm"  cm" 


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a  to  CD '-W 

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3   3   3 


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m  : 

2c 


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="-  <^  _ 

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88 

".om'p' 
mf-  ^?5 


Individual  Returns/1978*Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 


39 


^    i; 


mi 

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II 

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co"  ^"  o"  -r-'  co'  cm' 

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II 

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m  o)  CO  ^  o> 


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■>-  CO  ■v  ^  n 


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m 
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cS**-*      cM'^toiopinp  .    .    .    ._       .,, _       ^^    

»-  I-        < 


o.S 

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40 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 


Table  1.11 — All  Returns,  Taxable  Returns,  and  Nontaxable  Returns:  Number  of  Returns,  Income,  Deductions,  and  Credits,  by  Size 
of  Income  Under  Alternative  Concepts 

[All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples — money  amounis  are  in  thousands  of  dollars] 


Numtwr 

ol 
returns 

Amount 

ol 
income 

Tax  prelerences 

excluded  from  adjusted 

gross  income' 

Investment  interest 
per  income 
concept' 

Adjusted 

gross 

income 

less  deficit 

Itemized  deduction  per  income  concept 

Tax  status  and  size  of  income 

Total' 

Interes 
dedu< 

paid 
■tion* 

1  o^   ^laiuj   oi lu   Hj<^&    wi    iiiwii>v 

Number 

ol 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

ol 
returns 

Amount 

under  alternative  concepts 

Number 

ol 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

(4)         ' 

►        (5) 

(6) 

(7) 

(8) 

(9) 

(10) 

(11) 

Part  1— All  Returns 

Size  of  adluited  gross  Income 

Tout    

»9,771.551 

1,302,447,386 

15.596.939 

29.361.431 

15,693,307 

8.010,834 

1,302,447,386 

25.756,298 

164.432.406 

23.543.646 

60.6(1.144 

Under  $200,000 

$200,000  under  $500,000 

$500,000  under  $1,000,000 

$1,000,000  or  more                                                        - 

89,703,045 
59,884 
6581 
2,041 

1,277,247,521 
16,711,100 
4,382,486 
4,106,279 

15,533,060 
55.554 
6332 
1,973 

24,514,069 
2,563,958 
1,064,687 
1,228,697 

15,643.880 
42.968 
4,896 
1,564 

7,117,602 
662,368 
175.627 
165,237 

1.277,247,521 
16.711,100 
4.382,486 
4,106,279 

26,689.003 
58.756 
6,515 
2,024 

159.236,751 

3,173,663 

997,139 

1,024.963 

23,488,151 
48,473 
5,346 
1,678 

69,469,694 
814,585 
212,114 
184,751 

Sl2e  of  eipanded  Income^ 

Tom  

89,771,551 

1,323,477,415 

15.596,939 

29.361,431 

15,846,227 

8.331.402 

1,302,447,386 

25,756,294 

156.101.004 

21.657.246 

52.349.742 

Under  $200,000 
$200000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  under  $1,000,000 
$1,000,000  or  more 

89,686.414 
72.300 
9,392 
3.445 

1.289,763,109 
20.267.585 
6.277.852 
7,168,868 

15,516,382 
68,033 
9.147 
3,377 

22,254,914 
3,186,737 
1.671.302 
2,348,477 

15,786,024 
50,862 
6.775 
2.566 

7,460.966 
544.691 
184,416 
141,339 

1,274.969,161 
17,625.538 
4,890.%7 
4,%1,731 

26.673,666 
70159 
9.202 
3,367 

161,406,049 

2,773,397 

878,674 

1,042,984 

21,814,904 
36,803 
4,142 
1,397 

52,029,115 
264,120 
38,099 
18,408 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  Income 
plus  tax  preferences 

Total  

89,771,551 

1,331,808.817 

15.596,939 

29,361.431 

15,646.227 

0.331.402 

1,302,447,386 

25,756.298 

164.432,406 

23,543,648 

60,8(1.144 

Under  $200,000 
$200000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  under  $1,000,000 
$1,000,000  or  more 

89,681,285 
76,664 
9,929 
3,673 

1,296.071.336 
21,522,397 
6,622,564 
7,592,519 

15,511.320 
72.334 
9.680 
3,606 

22,084,429 
3,273,679 
1,587,160 
2,416163 

15,780,895 
55,226 
7,312 
2,794 

7.222,741 
664,315 
214.446 
229.900 

1,273,986,907 
18.248,719 
5.035,404 
5.176,356 

25,668,440 
74,523 
9,739 
3.596 

158,435.004 
3.559,220 
1.112,774 
1.325.409 

23.471.045 
61.656 
7,943 
3,004 

69,210,560 
958,543 
259,282 
252,769 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  Income 
less  Investment  Interest 

Total   

89,771,551 

1.294,436.552 

15.596,939 

29,361,431 

15,693.307 

8,010.834 

1,302,447.386 

25,756.204 

156,421,572 

21,900.257 

52,670,310 

Under  $200,000 
$200000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  under  $1,000,000 
$1,000,000  or  more 

89,707,359 
56.176 
6,122 
1,894 

1.270.877.778 
15,658,104 
4,071,741 
3,828,929 

15,537.327 
51.909 
5,877 
1,826 

24.750.369 
2.427.765 
1.001.448 
1,181,849 

15,648,194 
39,260 
4,436 

1,417 

7.373,973 
418,956 
133.542 
84,364 

1,278,251,750 
16,077,060 
4.205,283 
3,913,293 

25,6«.314 
56,048 
6055 
1.877 

152,323.314 

2,497,164 

794,207 

806,887 

21.867,429 

29,313 

2,772 

743 

52,394,170 
229,473 
33,281 
13,386 

Part  II — Taxable  Returns 

size  of  adjusted  gross  Income 

Total   

68,688,305 

1.241,202.685 

13,646,4(6 

27,421,695 

15.193.767 

7,605.758 

1,241.202.615 

24,614.256 

156,646,479 

22,638,864 

57,855,277 

Under  $200,000 
$200,000  under  $5^,000 
$500,CiM  or  more 

68,619.897 
59,796 
8,612 

1,216,032,313 
16,688,841 
8,481,531 

13,582,686 
66,500 
8.301 

22,576,266 
2.563,082 
2,283,347 

15,144,414 
42,919 
6454 

6713,736 
551,548 
340475 

1,216.032,313 
16,688,841 
8,481,531 

24,547,041 
58,684 
8.531 

151,463,4% 
3,166.416 
2,017,567 

22.583,432 
48.413 
7,019 

56.646.683 
813.006 
395.687 

Size  of  expanded  Income^ 

iial   

68.688,305 

1,260.713.271 

13,646,486 

27,421,695 

15.341.725 

7.911.109 

1,241,202,685 

24.614.252 

148,735,370 

21,026,767 

49,944,168 

Under  iJOO.OOO 
$200,000  under  $500000 
$500,000  or  more 

66,603,273 
72,206 
12,826 

1,227.031,484 
20,242,971 
13,438,815 

13,565.995 
67.972 
12.519 

20,321,999 
3,181,312 
3,918,383 

15,281,570 
50,819 
9,336 

7,041,550 
544,139 
325,420 

1,213.761,036 
17,606,798 
9,845,852 

24,631,697 
70,094 
12,661 

144,061.061 
2.767,182 
1.917,127 

20,984,470 
36,762 
5,535 

49,624,868 
263,291 
56,019 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  Income 
plus  tax  preferences 

Total  

68,688,305 

1,268,624,380 

13.646.486 

27,421,695 

15,341,725 

7.911,109 

1,241,202,685 

24.614,256 

156,646,479 

22,638,864 

57,(55,277 

Under  $200,000                           .'. 

66,598,152 
76564 
13,589 

1,232,922,101 
21.4%,624 
14.205.654 

13.560,940 
72,268 
13,278 

20151,724 
3,268,056 
4,001,914 

15,276,449 
56,177 
10,099 

6804,080 
663,386 
443.642 

1.212,770377 
18,228,568 
10,203,740 

24,626,479 
74.452 
13,325 

150662,188 
3,551,636 
2,432,656 

22,566,327 
61,597 
10940 

56,387,916 

$200000  under  $600,000 
$500,000  or  more 

966,666 
610494 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  Income 
less  Investment  Interest 

Total   

68,688.305 

1,233.596.927 

13.646,466 

27,421,695 

15.193,717 

7.605.756 

1.241,202.685 

24.614.252 

149.040.721 

21.068.968 

50,249,519 

Under  $20t  .'JOO 
$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,300  or  more 

68,624,203 
56,094 
8,008 

1.210,065.125 
15,637,157 
7,894,645 

13,586,925 
••59,561 

22,811,153 
••4,610,542 

15,148.720 
39.217 
5,850 

6,%9.462 
418.425 
217,871 

1,217.034,587 
16,055,582 
8,112,517 

24,551,344 
54,982 
7,926 

144,962,794 
2,490,563 
1,597,364 

21,036,185 
29,271 
3,512 

49.974.741 
228.621 
46.156 

Footnotes  at  end  of  table 


Individual  Retums/1978  •  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 


41 


Table  1.11 — All  Returns,  Taxable  Return*,  and  Nontaxable  Returns:  Number  of  Returns,  Income,  Deductions,  and  Credits,  by  Size 
of  Income  Under  Alternative  Concept* — Continued 

[All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples — money  amounts  are  in  thousands  of  dollars] 


Tax  status  and  size  of  income 
under  alternative  concepts 


Numtwr 

of 
returns 


Amount 

of 
income 


Tax  preferences 

excluded  from 

adjusted  gross  income' 


NumtMr 

of 
returns 


Investment  interest 
per  income  concept' 


Numl>er 
of 

returns 


Adjusted 
gross 

income 
less 
deficil 


Itemized  deductions  per  income  concept 


Numtier 

of 
returns 


Interest  paid  deduction* 


Number 

of 
returns 


(1) 


(2) 


(3) 


m 


(5) 


(6) 


(7) 


(8) 


0) 


CO) 


Part  III  — Nontaxable  returns 

Sin  o4  adjwlatf  groM  Inconw 

Total  

Undet  1200.000  

1200,000  under  »500.000    

$500,000  Of  rrwre  

Sin  of  eipafided  inconw' 

Tout  

Under  $200,000       

$200,000  under  $500,000    

$500,000  Of  more  

Size  of  adjMtotf  grots  Incomo 
plus  tax  p*o*«*onc« 

Total  

Under  $200,000      

$200,000  under  $500,000    

$500,000  or  more       

Size  of  adjusted  gross  Incofflo 
less  Investment  Interest 

Total  

Under  $200,000    

$200,000  under  $500,000  

$500,000  or  more  

Footnotes  at  end  of  table. 


2I,I»3,2M 

21.083.148 


21,0«3^4( 

21.083.141 
94 
11 


21.083.133 
100 
13 


21.083,156 
82 


•1^44,701 

61,215.208 
22.269 
7.234 


•2,7M.144 

62.731.625 
24.613 
7.905 


63,1M,437 

63.149.235 
25.773 
9.429 


60.812.653 
20.947 
6.024 


1.950.395 
54 


1.950.387 
61 
5 


1.950,380 
66 


1,950,402 
••51 


i.M«,rw 

1,938.823 
876 
37 


1,932,915 
5,425 
1,396 


1,932,705 
5,623 
1,409 


1,93g,7M 

1,939.216 
••521 


499.466 
49 
5 


504,502 

504.454 
43 
5 


504,502 

504,446 
49 
7 


499.474 
43 
3 


403.867 
820 
389 


419,406 
552 
336 


418.661 
929 
704 


405,076 

404,611 
531 
35 


61,215.208 
22,269 
7.234 


•1,244,701 

61.218.116 
19.740 
6.845 


(1,244,701 

61.216530 
20.150 
8.020 


•1,244,701 

61.217.164 
21.478 
6.059 


1.141.962 
72 


1,142,042 

1.141.969 
65 


1,142,042 

1.141.961 
71 
10 


1.141.970 
66 
6 


7,7»5,927 

7.773.254 
8.148 
4.525 


7.354,988 
6216 
4,431 


7,772.816 
7,584 
5,527 


7.3ao,asi 

7.370.520 
6.602 
3.730 


904.719 
60 
5 


830.434 
41 


904.718 
59 
7 


831.244 
42 
3 


(11) 


IJKiMI 

2.823.011 
1.579 
1.278 


2.404.266 
830 


2,822,634 
1,676 
1,557 


2,419,428 
852 
510 


42 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 


Table  1.11 — All  Returns,  Taxable  Returns,  and  Nontaxable  Returns: 
of  Income  Under  Alternative  Concepts — Continued 

[All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples — money  amounts  ace  in  thousands  of  dollars] 


Number  of  Returns,  Income,  Deductions,  and  Credits,  by  Size 


Tax  status  and  size  of  income 
under  alternative  concepts 


Itemized  deductions  per  income  concept — Continued 


Taxes  paid  deduction 


Numt>er 

of 
returns 


Contributions 
deduction 


Number 

of 
returns 


Medical  and  dental 
expense  deduction 


Number 

of 
returns 


Total  miscellaneous 
deductions 


Number 

of 
returns 


Zero  bracket  amount 


Number 

of 
returns 


Exemption 
amount 


Part  I  — All  Returns 

Size  of  adjuited  grow  (ncome 


Total 


Under  $200,000 
$200,000  under  $500,000    . , 
$600,000  under  $1,000,000 
$1,000,000  or  more 


Size  of  eipanded  Inconw^ 


Total 


Under  $200,000      

$200,000  under  $500,000    - . 
$500,000  under  $1,000,000 
$1,000,000  or  more 


Size  ol  adjuitod  grou  Income  plus 
excluded  tax  preferencM 


Total 


Under  $200,000 
$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  under  $1,000,000 
$1,000,000  or  more 


Sin  ol  M)|u»tod  gion  Ineom 
loss  Inirostinent  Interest 


Total 


Under  $200,000 
$200,000  under  $500,000    . . 
$500,000  under  $1,000,000 
$1 .000.000  M  more 


Part  II — Taxable  Returns 

size  of  adjusted  gross  Inconw 


Total 


Under  $200,000 
$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  or  more 


Size  of  expanded  Income^ 


Under  $200,000  

$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  or  more 


Size  ol  adjusted  gross  Income  plus 
excluded  lax  preferences 


Under  $200,000      

$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  or  more  


Size  of  odjustod  gross  Income 
leu  Investment  Interest 


Under  $200,000  

$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  or  more    


(12) 


(13) 


(14) 


(15) 


(16) 


(17) 


(18) 


(19) 


(20) 


(21) 


(22) 


25,616.919 

25.549.713 
58.687 
6.499 
2.020 


25,616,919 

26.534.272 
70.103 
9.194 
3.360 


25,616,919 

25.529.166 
74.466 
9.721 
3.588 


25,616,919 

26.654.016 

54. 

6.040 

1.873 


465.325 
58.626 
8.512 


24,532,463 

24.449.877 
70.048 
12.538 


.444.768 
74.394 
13.301 


469.620 

54.936 

7.908 


59,506,135 

57.718.847 

1.184.604 

320.832 

282.652 


59,506,635 

67.512.279 

1.284.422 

353.995 

356.140 


59,506,635 

57,442.230 

1.330.865 

362.759 

370.982 


59,506,635 

67.793.062 

1.133.853 

311.228 

268.692 


57.993,794 

56.207.046 

1.183.436 

603.314 


57,993,794 

56.000.318 

1.283.528 

709.948 


57,993,794 

56.9X.464 

1,329.786 

733.546 


66.280.977 

1.132.959 

579.858 


23,939,571 

23.873.980 

57.224 

6.374 

1.993 


23,939,571 

23.859,242 

68,072 

8.948 

3.309 


23,939,571 

23.854.203 
72.359 
9.475 
3.534 


23,939,571 

23.878,205 

63,693 

6,926 

1.847 


22.997.026 
67.164 
8.362 


23,062.551 

22.982.280 
68.019 
12.262 


23.062,551 

22.977.249 
72.299 
13.003 


23.001.242 
53.640 

7.' 


19,691.249 

18.002.928 
853.761 
363.603 
470.966 


19.691,249 

17.881.344 
872.869 
378.408 
568.628 


19,691.249 

17.830.961 
898.819 
379.129 
582,340 


19.691.249 

18,058,918 
831,188 
353,567 
447,576 


17.303.388 
853,219 
834,223 


18,990,630 

17,181,766 
872,382 
936,682 


17,131,446 
698.272 
961.113 


17.359.320 
830.701 
800.609 


17,677,763 

17.843.793 

29,605 

3,324 

1.061 

17,677,763 

17.835.294 

35.858 

4.833 

1.798 


17,877,763 

17.832.844 
37.931 
6.090 
1.918 


17.677.783 

17.845.925 

27.782 

3.093 

983 


16.948.529 
29.574 
4.382 


16,9«2,465 

16.940.028 
35.829 
6.628 


16.9*2.465 

16.937.680 

37.901 

7.004 


16.962.4*5 

16,950.658 
••31.827 


12,203,9*3 

12.151.849 

43.827 

6.710 

1,697 


12.203.9*3 

12,140,349 
52,642 
8.154 
2.839 


12.203.9*3 

12.138.167 
53.975 
8.852 
2,988 


12.203,9*3 

12,155.008 
41.351 


10.250.450 
43.650 
8.302 


10.238,950 
52,492 
10,960 


10.302.402 

10,236,768 
53,825 
11,808 


10.302,402 

10.253.681 
••48.821 


21.862.47S 

21.803.143 

61.537 

5.941 

1.854 

21.**2.475 

21.789.971 
61.106 
8.336 
3.062 


21,6*2.475 

21.785.251 
65.082 
8,871 
3,271 


21.M2,475 

21,807.010 

48.249 

5.605 

1.711 


20.998.105 
51.483 
7.790 


20.984.927 
61.059 

11, 


21.057^7* 

20,980.213 
65.030 
12.135 


21.001.966 

48,201 

7,212 


12.349.195 

11,893,432 
276,786 
93,880 
86.097 


12,349,195 

11.842.963 
299.344 
99.919 
106.969 


12,349.195 

11.813.096 
317.018 
102.752 
116.330 


12.349,195 

11.922.166 
261.299 
89.946 
75.795 


11.504.176 

11.055.930 
272.106 

176.141 


11.005.168 
295.489 
203.618 


11.504.176 

10.975.594 
312.888 
215.694 


11.084.175 
257.080 
162.921 


65.2*0,660 

85.212.373 
69.724 
6.646 
2.018 


*5,2*0,<«0 

85.196.160 
71.660 
9.280 
3.360 


85,260,6*0 

85,191,263 
76,032 
9,798 
3,667 


65,260,660 

85,216,548 
66,124 
6,100 


66,65«.434 

68,588,230 
59,649 
8,555 


68,672,011 
71,790 
12,633 


66.656.434 

68,567,120 
75,958 
13,356 


6,656,434 

B.592.399 

56.053 

7.982 


215,767,307 

216.577.031 

184,338 

19.907 

6.032 

215.787.307 

215.527.467 

221.452 

28.259 

10.129 


215,767,307 

216.512.277 
234.407 
29,860 
10,763 


215,767,307 

215.589.924 

173,225 

18,521 

5.638 


16*,e24,744 

188.614.714 
184.115 
26.914 


188.566.132 
221,244 
38,368 


1**,*24.744 

188.549.961 
234.186 
40,698 


188,627,589 
173.016 
24.140 


164.900,n2 

164,719.314 

159.505 

16,822 

5.132 


164,900,772 

164,678.689 

189.431 

24.011 

8.642 


164.900,772 

164.664.521 

201,521 

25.485 

9.245 


164,900,772 

164.731.361 

149.099 

15,581 

4.731 


132.0*1.734 

131.900.546 
159.267 
21.920 


132.0*1.734 

131.859.929 
189.182 
32.623 


132,0*1.734 

131.845.784 
201.257 
34,693 


132,0*1.734 

131,912,571 
148,875 
20.288 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 


43 


Table  1.11 — All  Returns,  Taxable  Returns,  and  Nontaxable  Returns: 
of  Income  Under  Alternative  Concepts — Continued 

[All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples — money  amounts  are  in  thousands  ol  dollars) 


Number  ol  Returns,  Income,  Deductions,  and  Credits,  by  Size 


Itemized  deductions  per  income  concept — Continued 

Tax  status  and  size  of  income 
under  alternative  ODncepts 

Taxes  paid  deduction 

Contributions 
deduction 

Medical  and  dental 
expense  deduction 

Total  miscellaneous 
deductions 

Zero  bracket  amount 

Exemption 

Numtjer  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  ol 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  ol 
returns 

Amount 

(12) 

(13) 

(14) 

(15) 

(16) 

(17) 

(18) 

(19) 

(20) 

(21) 

(22) 

Pari  III  —Nontaxable  returns 

Slit  ot  adlutlxl  gnu  Incofiw 
Total    

1,0>4,45« 

1.084.388 
61 

7 

1,0M,45« 

1,064.395 
55 
6 

1,0M,456 

1.084.387 
61 
8 

1,004,456 

1.084.396 
55 
5 

1,513,041 

1.511.802 
1.168 

71 

1,513,041 

1.511.960 
894 
187 

1,513,041 

1.511.765 

1.080 

196 

1,513,041 

1.512.085 
894 
62 

•77,020 

676.956 
60 
5 

877,020 

876.962 
53 
5 

•77,020 

876.954 
60 
6 

•77,020 

876,963 
53 
4 

700,410 

699.540 
543 
336 

700,411 

699.578 
487 
353 

700,410 

699.515 
547 
357 

700,410 

699.598 
487 
333 

tKJtU 

895.264 
31 
3 

••5,2m 

895.266 
29 
3 

M5,2M 

895.264 
30 
4 

•>5,2M 

896.267 
"31 

1,»01,5«1 

1.901.399 

178 

4 

1,901,501 

1.901.399 
150 
32 

1,901 ,5(1 

1.901.399 
150 
32 

1,901,541 

1.901.427 
••154 

•05,007 

805.038 
54 
5 

•05,007 

805.044 
47 
6 

•05,007 

605.038 
52 

7 

•05,007 

805.045 
48 
4 

045,030 

837.502 
4.681 
2.837 

045,020 

837.794 
3.855 
3.371 

•45,020 

837.502 
4.130 
3.387 

045,020 

837.981 
4.219 
2.820 

16,024,220 

16.624,143 
75 
8 

16,024,230 

16.624.149 
70 

7 

1t,024,23« 

16.624.143 
74 
9 

16,624,224 

16.624.149 
71 
6 

24,042,543 

26962.316 
223 
24 

24,042,543 

26.962.335 
206 
20 

24,942,543 

26.962.316 
222 
25 

24,042,543 

26.962.335 

209 

19 

32,119,030 

32.818.768 
238 
33 

32,019,039 

32.818.760 
249 
29 

32,019,03a 

32.818.737 
264 
37 

32,119,039 

32.818.790 
224 
25 

Under  $200,000    

J200  000  under  $500  000                              

$600,000  ot  more                                         

Total  

Under  $200  000                                                        ,  , 

$200,000  under  $500000                          

$500  000  or  more                                          

Sin  ol  adlutlKl  grow  Incofflt  plu 
•icludod  tai  pnfervncM 

Total  

Under  $200,000      

$200  000  under  $500  000     .   . 

$500,000  or  more 

Size  ol  adluated  groM  Inconio 
io$a  Invoaliiioiit  littsrMt 

Total  

Under  $200  000      

$200,000  under  $500,000    

Footnotes  at  erid  of  (able 


44 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 


Table  1.11 — All  Returns,  Taxable  Returns,  and  Nontaxable  Returns:  Number  of  Returns,  Income,  Deductions,  and  Credits,  by  Size 
of  Income  Under  Alternative  Concepts — Continued 

[All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples — money  amounts  are  in  thousands  of  dollars] 


Income  tax 
before  credits 

Additional  tax  lor 
tax  preterences 

Tax  credits 

Total 

Foreign  tax  credit 

Total 

under  alternative  concepts 

Numtier 

ol 
returns 

Amount 

Number 
ot 

returns 

Amount 

Number 

ol 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

ot 
returns 

Anxjunt 

Number 

ol 
returns 

Anx)unt 

income 
tax 

(23) 

(24) 

(25) 

(26) 

(27) 

(28) 

(29) 

(30) 

(31) 

(32) 

(33) 

Part  1  —All  Returns 

Total                     

86,280.660 

85,212,373 
59,724 
6,545 
2,018 

1,062,190,322 

1,042.137,731 
13.571,9% 
3,392,522 
3,088,073 

73.087,283 

73,019,034 
59,692 
6,542 
2,015 

203,803,653 

192.882.171 
6,980.529 
1.982.807 
1.968,146 

495,332 

479.093 

13.278 

2.154 

807 

1,514,475 

1.058,257 
230,156 
101,825 
124,237 

73.076.848 

73.008.599 
59.692 
6.542 
2.015 

17,085,591 

16.621.633 
314.282 
82.491 
67,185 

278,267 

269,068 

7,398 

1,277 

524 

901,030 

788,644 
62,144 
22,131 
28,111 

181,232,537 

Under  $200,000       

$200  000  under  $500  000                              

177.318,794 
6.896,404 

2,002,141 

2,015,197 

$l»  of  eipanded  Income^ 

Tom  

85,280.660 

1,062.190,322 

73,087.283 

203,803.663 

495,332 

1,514,475 

73.076.848 

17,085.591 

278,267 

901,030 

188,232.537 

Under  $200,000 
$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  under  $1,000,000 
$1,000,000  or  more 

85,196,160 
71,860 
9,280 
3,360 

1,040,171,457 
14,367,779 
3,845,679 
3,805,407 

73,002,840 
71,815 
9,271 
3,357 

192,007,268 
7,203,454 
2,192,391 
2.400,540 

463,312 
25,071 
4,798 

2,151 

797,391 
298,938 
162,253 
255.894 

72,992,406 
71,815 
9,271 
3,357 

16,572,165 
333,698 
92,897 
86,831 

267,836 

8,113 

1,553 

765 

789,228 
59,292 
22,574 
29,936 

176,232,493 
7,168,693 
2,261,747 
2,569,603 

$l2«  ol  adlusled  gross  Income 
plus  lax  prefereflCM 

Tout   

85,280,660 

1,062.190,322 

73,087,283 

203,803.653 

495.332 

1,514,475 

73,078,«48 

17MS.S91 

278,2«7 

901,030 

188,232,537 

85,191,263 
76,032 
9.798 
3.567 

1,039,605,401 
14,759,286 
3,941,284 
3,884,350 

72,997,961 
75,973 
9,787 
3,562 

191.758,043 
7,359,098 
2,240,112 
2,446,399 

460,503 
27,441 
5,061 
2,327 

774,098 
308,680 
163,566 
268,131 

72,987.526 
75,973 
9,787 
3,562 

16,555,863 
344,498 
94.995 
90.234 

267,432 

8.377 

1.650 

808 

786,778 
60,734 
23,044 
30,474 

175,976.278 

$200  000  under  $500  000                              

7,323,280 

$500  000  under  $1  000  000                                

2308683 

$1,000,000  or  more 

2,624,296 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  Income 

Total                                 

85,280,660 

85,216,548 

56,124 

6,100 

1,888 

1,062,190,322 

1,042,697,124 
13.184,827 
3,284,212 
3,024,159 

73,087,283 

73,023,186 
56,113 
6,097 
1,887 

203.803.653 

193,139.610 
6,817,998 
1,926,943 
1.919,101 

495.332 

481,097 

11,599 

1.929 

707 

1,514,475 

1,092,831 
212,216 
95,074 
114,353 

73,076,848 

73,012,751 

56.113 

6,097 

1,887 

17.085.591 

16,639,192 
302,921 
79,067 
64,411 

278,267 

269,559 

7.022 

1.199 

487 

901,030 

791.426 
60.510 
21,430 
27,665 

188,232.537 

Under  $200  000                                                     

177,593.249 

$200,000  under  $500,000                                         

$500,000  under  $1.000000                                        

$1,000,000  or  more 

6.727.293 
1,942.950 
1.969.044 

Pari  II  —Taxable  Returns 

Sl2«  ot  adlusted  gross  Incoma 

ToUl  

68.656,434 

1,027,301,022 

68,645,866 

202.270,173 

495,332 

1,514,475 

68.635.431 

15«2,111 

241,638 

721,943 

188J32.537 

Under  $200000                                                       .... 

68,588,230 
59.649 
8,555 

1,007,267.609 
13.556,415 
6,476,997 

66,577,696 
59,620 
8,550 

191.357.962 
6,973,114 
3.939.097 

479,093 
13,278 
2,961 

1,058,257 
230,156 
226,062 

68,567,261 
59.620 
8.550 

15.097.425 
306,867 
147,820 

232,477 
7,366 
1,795 

615,090 
58,447 
48,406 

177,318,794 

$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  or  more 

6,896,404 
4,017,338 

Size  ot  expanded  Income^ 

68.656,434 

1,027,301,022 

68,645,866 

202.270.173 

495,332 

1.514,475 

68.635,431 

15352,111 

241,638 

721,943 

188.232.537 

Under  $200,000 
$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  or  more 

68,572,011 
71,790 
12,633 

1,005,300.832 
14,352.292 
7,647,898 

68,561,496 
71,747 
12,623 

190.482.858 
7.196.047 
4.591,269 

463,312 
25,071 
6,949 

797,391 
298,938 
418,147 

68.551.061 
71.747 
12.623 

15,047,755 
326,291 
178,065 

231,245 
8,080 
2,313 

615,674 
55,421 
50.849 

176,232,493 
7,168,693 
4,831,350 

Size  ol  adlusled  gross  Income 
plus  lax  preterences 

Total  

68.656.434 

1,027,301.022 

68,645,866 

202,270.173 

496,332 

1.514.475 

68,635.431 

15352,111 

241,638 

721,943 

188.232.537 

Under  $200  000         

68,667.120 
75.958 
13.356 

1,004,735,280 
14,743,705 
7,822,037 

68,556.623 
75.901 
13,342 

190,233,834 
7.351,683 
4,684,655 

460,503 
27.441 
7.388 

774,098 
308,680 
431,697 

68.546.188 
75,901 
13,342 

15,031,655 
337,083 
183,373 

230,841 
8,345 
2.452 

613,224 
57,037 
51,682 

175.976.278 

$200,000  under  $500,000    

$500,000  or  more 

7,323,280 
4,932,979 

Size  ol  adjusted  gross  Income 
lest  Investment  Interest 

Total  

68,656,434 

1,027.301,022 

68,645,866 

202,270,173 

495,332 

1.514.475 

68,635,431 

15,552,111 

241,638 

721,943 

188.232.537 

Under  $200  000                                          

68.592,399 
56,053 
7,982 

1.007,826,498 
13,169,338 
6,305,184 

68.581.842 
56.045 
7.979 

191,615,200 
6,810.591 
3,844.382 

481,097 
11.599 
2,636 

1,092,831 
212,216 
209.427 

68,571,407 
56.045 
7.979 

15.114,782 
295,514 
141,815 

232.968 
6.989 
1.681 

617,872 
56,638 
47,433 

177,593,249 

6,727,293 

$500  000  or  more                                    

3,911,994 

Footnotes  at  er)d  of  table 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  ol  Income 


45 


Table  1.11 — All  Returns,  Taxable  Returns,  and  Nontaxable  Returns:  Number  of  Returns,  Income,  Deductions,  and  Credits,  by  Size 
of  Income  Under  Alternative  Concepts — Continued 

[All  figures  are  esbmates  based  on  samples — money  amounts  are  in  thousands  ol  dollars] 


.. 

Taxable 

Income  tax 
before  credits 

Additional  tax  for 

Tax  credits 

Total 

Fofeign  tax  credit 

Total 

under  alternative  concepts 

Number 

ol 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

of 
returns 

AnxjunI 

Number 

ol 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

ol 
returns 

Amcunt 

Number 

ol 
returns 

Amount 

income 
tax 

(23) 

(24) 

(25) 

(26) 

(27) 

(28) 

(29) 

(30) 

(31) 

(32) 

(33) 

Part  III  — Nontaxable  returns 

Sin  of  adlusted  gtxjtt  Income 
Total  

16,(24,226 

16.624,143 
75 
8 

16,624,226 

16.624.149 
70 
7 

16,624,226 

16.624.143 
74 
9 

16.624,226 

16.624.149 
71 
6 

34,US,300 

34.870.121 
15.581 
3.597 

34,669,300 

34.670.625 
15.487 
3.187 

34,6(9,300 

34.870.121 
15.680 
3.598 

34,(69,300 

34.870.625 
15.488 
3.186 

4,441.417 

4,441.338 
72 

7 

4,441,417 

4.441.344 
66 
5 

4,441,417 

4.441.338 
72 

7 

4,441,417 

4,441.344 
68 
5 

1,533,479 

1.524.208 
7.415 
1.856 

1,533,479 

1.524.410 
7.407 
1.663 

1,533,479 

1.524.208 
7.415 
1.856 

1,533,479 

1.524.410 
7.407 
1.663 

- 

- 

4,441,417 

4.441.338 
72 

7 

4,441,417 

4.441.344 

68 

5 

4,M1,417 

4.441.338 
72 

7 

4,441,417 

4.441.344 
68 
5 

1.533,479 

1,524,208 
7,415 
1.856 

1,533,479 

1.524.410 
7.407 
1.663 

1,533,479 

1.524.208 
7.415 
1.856 

1,533,479 

1.524.410 
7.407 
1.663 

36,629 

36.591 
32 
6 

36,629 

36.591 
33 
5 

36,629 

36.591 
32 
6 

36,629 

36.591 
33 
5 

179,0(7 

173.554 
3.697 
1.836 

179,0(7 

173554 
3.872 
1.662 

179,0(7 

173.554 
3.697 
1.836 

179,0(7 

173564 
3.872 
1.662 

Under  $200,000               

$200  000  under  $500  000          -   - 

$500,000  or  more 

Sl»  ol  eipondod  lnco«w> 
Total  

— 

Under  $200,000    

$200  OOO  under  $500  000 

$500  000  or  more 

Size  of  adjutled  giou  Income 
plus  lai  protofencaa 

Total  

Under  $200000        

_ 

$200000  under  $500000     

$500,000  or  more               

Size  of  adjusted  grots  Income 
less  Investment  Intamtt 

Total  

Under  $200000                    

— 

$200,000  under  $500,000    

*  *  Data  comb<n«d  (o  avoid  disclosure  of  information  for  specific  taxpayers 

■The  SUIT)  ol  excluded  net  long-term  capital  gains,  dividend  exclusion  and.  to  the  extent  reported,  other  lax  preferences  from  Form  4625  The  Itemized  deduction  tax  preference  is  not  irKluded  in  this  concept 

'Investment  interest,  tor  the  purpose  of  this  table,  is  defined  as  interest  deducted  {excluding  horrie  mortgage  interest)  limited  to  the  amount  of  investment  ir>come 

i|n  the  case  o'  the  "Adjusted  Gross  Income"  and  "Adjusted  Gross  income  Plus  Excluded  Tax  Preferences"  lines,  (his  is  total  itemized  deductions  as  transcribed  from  Sctwdule  A  In  tfie  case  ot  the  "Expartded  income"  and  tfie 
"Adjusted  Gross  Income  Less  Investment  Interest'  lines,  this  Is  tolat  Itemized  deductions  minua  Invectment  interest 

•In  the  case  ot  the  "Adjusted  Gross  income  '  and  Adjusted  Gross  Income  Plus  Excluded  Tax  Preferences"  lines,  this  is  interest  deducted  as  transcnbed  from  ttie  tax  return  In  tfw  case  of  the  "Expan<led  Income"  and  the 
"Adjusted  Gross  income  Less  lnv©strT>enl  interest"    '^nes.  this  13  interest  deducted  minus  investment  interest 

^Adjusted  gross  income  plus  excluded  tax  preferences  minus  investment  interest 

NOTE  Detail  may  not  add  to  total  t>ec3use  ot  rounding 


46                                                        Individual  Returns/ 1978  •   Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 
Table  1.12— Selected  Income  Items  by  Size  of  Specified  Income 

[All  figures  are  estimates  baeed  on  samples  —  money  amounts  are  in  t thousands  of  dollars] 

Il 

Adjusted  gross  income 

Deficit 

Salaries  and  wages 

Business  and  profession 

Size  of  specified  income  item 

Net  profit 

Numtwr  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

HI 

(2) 

(3) 

(4) 

(5) 

(6) 

(7) 

(8) 

Total 

$1  under  $1,000 
$1,000  under  $2,000 
$2,000  under  $3,000 
$3,000  under  $4,000 
$4,000  under  $5,000 

$5,000  under  $6,000 
$6,000  under  $7,000 
$7,000  under  $8,000 
$8,000  under  $9,000 
$9,000  under  $10,000 

$10, 000  under  $11, 000 
$11,000  under  $12,000 
$12,000  under  $13,000 
$13,000  under  $14,000 
$14,000  under  $15,000 

$15,000  under  $20,000 
$20,000  under  $25,000 
$25,000  under  $30,000 
$30,000  under  $50,000 
$50,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200,000 
$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  under  $1,000  000 
$1,000, 000  or  more 

89.247.480 

3,487,295 
4,999,609 
4,680,830 
4,553,366 
3,991,026 

4,403,902 
4,401,697 
3,849.675 
3,699,146 
3,230,856 

3,152.904 
2.947.780 
2,913,381 
2,668,149 
2,559,385 

11,408,934 
8,552,615 
5,386,257 
6,535,452 
1,471,406 

285,309 

59,884 

6,581 

2,041 

1.309,918,739 

2,023,096 
7,473,213 
11,705,483 
15,907,472 
17,943.794 

24.317.061 
28.607.922 
28.868,719 
31.367.198 
30.649,637 

33,100,725 
33,905,286 
36,397,341 
35,995,235 
37,132,041 

198,794,563 
190,941,609 
146,822,233 
238,969,911 
96,283,476 

37,512,860 
16,711.100 
4.382.486 
4,106,279 

484.306 

123,296 
47,919 
57,891 
32,426 
35,970 

16,146 
10,827 
13,394 
8,220 
12,289 

9,983 
12,352 

11  071 
4  135 
4,010 

22,369 
10,365 
12,213 
16,413 
12,218 

6,511 

3,025 

766 

497 

7.471.354 

60,333 
72,025 
143,709 
113,035 
160,583 

89.160 
71.170 

100.706 
70.008 

116.460 

103.078 
143.348 
137.049 
55.686 
57.907 

380.870 
236.958 
326.651 
606.165 
844.719 

887,225 

905,109 

530,194 

1,259,205 

80,278.349 

4.227.743 
5.161.933 
4.586.024 
4.192.960 
3,449.134 

3.814.026 
3.733.032 
3.217.670 
3.086.394 
2,783,289 

2,855,596 
2,668,000 
2,530,662 
2,329  057 
2,316,099 

10,598,712 
7,659,973 
4.804,629 
5.212.543 
876.266 

149.117 

23,814 

1,403 

273 

1.090.291.855 

2,303,895 
7,692,687 
11,471,513 
14594,013 
15,499,639 

21,057,751 
24,227,121 
24,109,231 
26,177,583 
26,368  943 

29,994,693 
30,668,158 
31,600,288 
31,434,230 
33,591,647 

184,615,299 
170,966,350 
131,068,555 
188,785,929 
56,829,076 

19,452,188 

6,393,587 

903,471 

486,008 

6.160.518 

1.276,340 
730,771 
529,772 
426,172 
346,937 

257,722 
255,080 
211,901 
206,389 
163,456 

141,091 
126,149 
112,166 
113,270 
86,898 

347,713 
218,566 
146,881 
288,474 
147,472 

23,243 

3,484 

415 

156 

61.413.70: 

557,47: 
1,068,74; 
1,312,32< 
1,488,65( 
1,552.29; 

1  411,76' 
1,654,02! 
1,591,81C 
1,753,76( 
1.549,27: 

1.478,40", 
1,448,80! 
1,398,14' 
1,528,88! 
1,258,07; 

6,015,09 
4,862,53 
4,020,37 
11,016,97' 
9,864,89: 

2,990,62 
964,02: 
279,54- 
347,20. 

111 
ill 

w 

IS 
If. 

P. 

D. 

sio 
il 

il! 
il! 
i'< 

ilS 

lil 

a 

iS) 

il 

K 
& 

il 

Business  and  profession 

Farm 

Parlnerstiip 

Size  of  specified  income  item 

Net  loss 

Net  profit 

Net  loss 

Net  profit 

NumtDer  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(9) 

(10) 

(If) 

(12) 

(13) 

(14) 

(15) 

(16) 

Total 

$1  under  $1,000 
$1,000  under  $2,000 
$2,000  under  $3,000 
$3,000  under  $4,000 
$4,000  under  $5,000 

$5,000  under  $6,000 
$6,000  under  $7,000 
$7,000  under  $8,000 
$8,000  under  $9,000 
$9,000  under  $10,000 

$10,000  under  $11,000 
$11,000  under  $12,000 
$12,000  under$13,000 
$13,000  under  $14,000 
$14,000  under  $15,000 

$15,000  under  $20,000 
$20,000  under  $25  000 
$25,000  under  $30,000 
$30,000  under  $50,000 
$50,000  under  $100  000 

$100,000  under  $200  000 
$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  under  $1 ,000  000 
$1,000,000  or  more 

2.033.857 

868,015 
364,972 
228,426 
138,390 
88,015 

67,577 
42,516 
34  171 
28,953 
24,454 

18,613 
18,717 
11,222 
11,763 
10,034 

28,938 
13,443 

7,901 
15,507 

7,654 

3,139 

1,092 

246 

99 

7,867.195 

355,520 
531,571 
560,137 
481,136 
393,960 

368,724 
275,060 
254,385 
245,891 
232,007 

195,252 
214,610 
139,718 
157,574 
145,086 

507,118 
297,326 
218,084 
592,761 
516,846 

428,493 
319,722 
167,405 
268,809 

1,318.651 

291,297 
179,035 
105,652 
102,062 
67,952 

58,252 
60  658 
53,278 
18,329 
28,262 

32,170 
20,028 
35,686 
25,460 
18,380 

66,236 
46,826 
42,219 
47802 
16,651 

2,009 

380 

21 

6 

11,034,552 

130,801 
266,043 
257,562 
346,284 
307,094 

315,528 
400,371 
404,048 
154,517 
268,766 

340,110 
231,828 
447,260 
346,577 
264,655 

1,169,775 
1  041,542 
1,143,121 
1  777,172 
1  036,241 

261,595 

100,838 

12,591 

10.234 

1,386.143 

360,277 
280,942 
175,319 
105,495 
104,889 

67,533 
34,739 
41,956 
37,739 
12,929 

23,233 
21,695 
13,996 
5,200 
10,687 

31,511 
20,699 

7,859 
16,411 

8,591 

3,305 

941 

141 

56 

7,469.259 

166,452 
410,340 
439,565 
368,548 
469,975 

371,222 
223,734 
313,720 
317,322 
122,713 

244,258 
248.533 
176,697 
69,652 
155,647 

544,753 
469,058 
217,031 
617,194 
600,305 

442,696 

271,225 

94.013 

114.604 

1,764.522 

416.082 
180.718 
140.486 
105.016 
86.936 

60,766 
73,890 
52.800 
49.520 
33.865 

36,139 
29,608 
29,177 
24,626 
20,981 

101  541 
63,166 
41,973 

105,330 
82,257 

24,273 

4,765 

481 

126 

24,274.1511 

147.31: 
268.83 
347,13; 
361,73 
383,17: 

334,89 
476,83 
393,371 
420,67. 
323,15: 

380,22! 
343,32( 
363,72. 
330,50f 
303,76f 

1,785,08! 
1,429,85: 
1,142,03'. 
4,057,07C 
5,634,011 

3,205.43£ 

1.326,14^ 

315.915 

199.93! 

i 
1 

i3 
SI 

K 
1 

il 

D 

1 
1 
1 
1 
! 

i 
li 
li 
i! 
1! 

1 

li 
1! 
i 

Footnotes  at  end  of  table 

Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 


47 


Table  1.12— Selected  Income  Items  by  Size  of  Specified  Income— Continued 

[All  figures  areeslimat^s  based  on  samples  -  money  amounis  are  in  thousands  ol  dollafs) 


Size  of  specided  income  item 


Partnership 


Number  ol 
returns 


Small  Business  Corporation 


Net  protit 


Numt)er  ol 
returns 


Number  of 
returns 


Sales  ol  capital  assets 


Net  gam 


Number  of 
returns 


(17) 


(191 


(20) 


(21) 


(22) 


(23) 


(24) 


Total 


$1  under  $1,000 
$1,000  under  $2.000... 
$2,000  under  $3,000  ..„ 
$3  000  under  $4,000.... 
$4  000  under  $5  000... 

$5,000  under  $6,000 
$6  000  under  $7  000 
$7  000  under  $8,000 
$8,000  under  $9,000 
$9,000  under  $10,000 


$10,000  under$11, 000 
$11,000  under  $12,000 
$12,000  under  $13,000 
$13,000  under  $14,000 
$14,000  under  $15,000 

$15,000  under  $20,000 
$20,000  under  $25,000 
$25,000  under  $30,000 
$30,000  under  $50,000 
$50,000  under  $100,000 


$100,000  under  $2(50.000 

$200,000  under  $500.000 

$500,000  under  $  1 ,000,000 .. 
$1.000. 000  or  more    


461.662 
165.494 
87.991 
61.392 
41.617 

32.634 
30.253 
18.546 
15,815 
17.567 

12.872 
10.813 
12.606 
12.687 
8.031 

29.750 
19,034 
10.633 
24.482 
18.881 

8.195 

3.404 

736 

313 


159.329 
235.439 
219  182 
209.507 
186.955 

177  647 
196.154 
138.287 
134.216 
166.897 

135.592 
125.185 
156.014 
171.501 
116.546 

518.544 
425.096 
290.709 
955.334 
1.290.340 

1.137.143 

1.004.061 

491.701 

587.994 


404.391 

95.156 
39.022 
31.152 
31.301 
21.916 

19,706 
19.865 
10.862 
10  241 
6.474 

5.627 
10.775 
7.788 
5,964 
4.706 

18.333 
17.371 
7.908 
23.412 
11,714 

3.669 

1,120 

232 

77 


36,938 
55.695 
73.813 
108,792 
98.377 

106.036 
129.685 
81.847 
86.897 
61.283 

59,133 
124.611 
97.790 
81.050 
67,626 

320,716 
387,699 
219.284 
878.746 
787.746 

488.289 
319.835 
156,014 
197,958 


246,953 

69  867 
19,385 
22,620 
17.989 
13.324 

11.415 
12.936 
11.579 
3993 
7.996 

2.639 
4.212 
9.835 
978 
2.131 

4.625 
8.217 
3.427 
8.771 
8,204 

1  718 

916 

121 

55 


2,741.053 

28  827 
29495 
54,701 
61,062 
60,484 

62,060 
83  363 
88,030 
33923 
76,133 

27,976 
48,389 
124,620 
13,312 
30,639 

80,863 
176,102 

93.350 
330.211 
550.880 

234.190 

260,472 

82,162 

109.810 


6,604,562 

3.444.540 
921  239 
523,871 
345327 
246,707 

160.128 
142.425 

96.926 
107,008 

89,158 

58,374 
47,369 
40,085 
35.924 
29,415 

119,585 
64,738 
29,061 
53,876 
31,070 

10.964 

5.041 

1.153 

578 


26.232,396 

1  018  456 
1  329  305 
1,276.627 
1  195  147 
1  105,651 

868.576 
925.154 
722.035 
909,572 
842,121 

612.752 
542.963 
502,512 
483  200 
426,697 

2,046.275 
1.447.710 
794  777 
2,045.169 
2,135.829 

1  489.301 

1  519.660 

779.267 

1.213.638 


Sales  of  capital  assets 


Sales  of  property  other  than  capital  assets 


Size  of  specified  income  item 


Net  loss 


Net  gam 


Number  ol 
returns 


Number  of 
returns 


Net  loss 


Dividends  in  adiusted 
gross  income 


Number  of 
returns 


Number  of 
returns 


(25) 


(26) 


(27) 


(28) 


(291 


(30) 


(31) 


(32) 


Total 


$1  under$1.000     

$1,000  under  $2,000... 
$2,000  under  $3,000 ... 
$3.0(X)  under  $4,000 ... 
$4,000  under  $5,000  . 

$5,000  under  $6,000 
$6,000  under  $7,000 
$7,000  under  $8,000  .. 
$8,000  under  $9.000... 
$9,000  under  $10,000 . 


i  $10,000  under  $11,000 
a  $11,000  under  $12,000 
i  $12,000  under  $13,000 
I  $13,000  under  $14,000 
5  $14,000  under  $15,000 

I  $15,000  under  $20,000 

a|$20,000  under  $25,000 

$25,000  under  $30,000 

$30,000  under  $50,000 

$50  000  under  $100,000 


2,106,524 

1,006.262 

356.108 

184.011 

559,746 

"397 


3,001,020 

353,710 
505.968 
456.131 
1,679,238 
••5,973 


$1(X1  000  under  $200,000  .... 

-  $200  000  under  $500,000 

$600,000  under  $1.000,000 .. 
$1  000,000  or  more 


740,014 

391.220 
110.614 
67.893 
40.875 
24.516 

21.044 
11.546 
12.347 
8,247 
7.520 

6.598 
2.869 
5.002 
3.932 
2.737 

9.963 
4.768 
2.401 
2.825 
2.266 

619 

180 

23 

9 


144.253 
165.286 
161.582 
142.809 
110,506 

114.376 
75.739 
93.757 
71.058 
71.325 

67.930 
32.538 
61.846 
53.295 
39,776 

176.378 
105,906 
64.252 
109.955 
157.694 

84  227 
50.065 
15.988 
30.974 


338.125 

213.500 

53.859 

19.682 

10948 

5,972 

4.481 
3.989 
3,423 
1,517 
5.561 

1,280 
841 
871 
656 
508 

2.655 
1.978 
1.917 
2,647 
1,144 

476 

162 

43 

15 


944,610 

71,748 
78.950 
46.264 
36,404 
26,461 

24,398 
25,003 
26  224 
12.788 
53,795 

13.221 
9  562 

10.879 
8.819 
7  334 

44  331 
45,185 
51  014 
100  133 
71,539 

61,332 
54,619 
29,737 
34,869 


9,425.819 

5.841.999 

1.187.154 

593.710 

371.705 

269.617 

218,042 
149,668 
103.220 
84.954 
52.489 

52.465 
44  789 
39  164 
29.577 
29.507 

116.360 
62,329 
33,530 
75.705 
45.081 

16.421 

6,570 

1,199 

564 


30,206,475 

1,663.149 
1.679,095 
1.466.956 
1.277.262 
1.208.475 

1.196.035 
961.774 
775.800 
720.993 
497.707 

548.727 
516.391 
488  280 
398.742 
428  287 

1.994.217 
1  381.393 
911,065 
2,884  679 
3.044,444 

2,249.840 

1.925,428 

821,509 

1.166,226 


Footnotes  at  end  of  table 


48  Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 

Table  1.12— Selected  Income  Items  by  Size  of  Specified  Income— Continued 

[All  figures  are  estimate »  based  on  samples  -  money  amounts  are  in  ttiousands  of  dollarsl 


Size  of  specified  income  item 


Interest  received 


Number  of 
returns 


Pensions  and  annuities 
in  adjusted  gross  income 


NumtDer  01 
returns 


Number  of 
returns 


Number  of 
returns 


(33) 


(34) 


(35) 


(36) 


(37) 


(38) 


(39) 


(40) 


Total       

$1  under  $1,000  

$1,000  under  $2,000 
$2, OCX)  under  $3, OtX) 
$3,000  under  $4,000 
$4, OCX)  under  $5,000  

$5, (XX)  under  $6,000       

$6, OCX)  under  $7,000 
$7,0CX)  under  $8,000 
$8,000  under  $9,000 
$9, IXX)  under  $10,000 

$10,000  under  51 1.000 
$11, 000  under  $12,000 
$12,000  under$13,000 
$13,0(X)  under  $14,000 
$14,000under$15.000 

$15,000  under  $20,000 
$20,000  under  $25,000 
$25,0CX)  under  $30,0CX) 
$30,000  under  $50,000 
$50. IXX)  under  $100, OCX) 

$100,000  under  $200,000 
$200,000  under  $500,000 
$5(X),000  under  $1 ,000,000 
$1,000,000  or  more 


46.107.411 

33,509,341 
4,694,457 
2,340,854 
1  490,461 
1,078.885 

674.078 
548.929 
343.160 
291.995 
190.230 

166.962 
1 19.478 
105.476 
85.535 
53.480 

210.031 
79.561 
42.498 
59,719 
17.449 

3,539 

1,084 

145 

64 


61.222.522 

7,475,212 
6,759,767 
5,726,733 
5,178,434 
4,796,919 

3,696,236 
3,560,435 
2,568  234 
2,474,793 
1,803,978 

1,752,636 
1,372,923 
1,310,701 
1,156,850 
778,675 

3,568,718 
1,772,914 
1,149,013 
2,198,034 
1,135,024 

474,421 

307,015 

94.947 

109.913 


8.373.564 

32.743,819 

904.093 

452,498 

850,501 

1,259,287 

741,534 

1,831,267 

689,253 

2,391,204 

597,828 

2,685,734 

603,665 

3,314,003 

437,534 

2,842,193 

308,138 

2.312,948 

272,276 

2,307.615 

208,470 

1.980,621 

149,988 

1.575,534 

134,430 

1,542,106 

106,043 

1,326,232 

56,146 

760.212 

62,991 

911.458 

139,522 

2.356,450 

66,563 

1,469,954 

26,108 

703,704 

16,359 

579,102 

1,994 

122  991 

116 

14,713 

"12 

"3,993 

3.69S.5S3 

1,842.574 
656,317 
316,404 
172,472 
150.892 

94.180 
75.359 
58.397 
51,839 
42,619 

32,998 
28,276 
16,510 
19,427 
11,129 

49,329 
26,933 
15,447 
23,882 
8,473 

1,738 

315 

34 

9 


752,313 
950,682 
777,180 
595,572 
673,357 

517,952 
490,292 
439,848 
439,825 
401,860 

340,122 
324,729 
206,010 
261,458 
160.486 

840.814 
600,629 
421  422 
880,582 
551,520 

228,667 
92  508 
23,059 
13,015 


3.268.753 

1,545,676 
706,215 
358,594 
201,167 
116,001 

72,726 
61,635 
33,858 
37,760 
23,332 

16.979 
16.132 
7.890 
7.225 
8.033 

20.254 
13,137 

4,991 
10,250 

5,554 

909 

362 

49 

24 


7.844,747 

674,696 
1,008,913 
877,061 
702,835 
517,645 

395,408 
397,335 
253,833 
320,629 
221,626 

177,603 
184,515 
98,775 
97,675 
117,078 

351,691 
284,706 
137  968 
369,596 
364,686 

123,065 
97,172 
31,734 
38,502 


Royalty 


Estate  or  trust 


Size  of  specified  income  item 


Number  of 
returns 


Number  of 
returns 


Numt>er  of 
returns 


Number  of 
returns 


Amount 


(41) 


(42) 


(43) 


(44) 


(45) 


(46) 


(47) 


148) 


Total 

$1  under  $1,000 
$1,000  under  $2,000 
$2,000  under  $3,000 
$3,000  under  $4,000 
$4,000  under  $5,000 

$5,000  under  $6,000 
$6, OCX)  under  $7,000 
$7,000  under  $8,000 
$8,0CX)  under  $9,000 
$9,000  under  $10,000 

$10,0(X)under$11,000 
$11,000  under  $12,000 
$12,000  under  $13,000 
$13,000  under$14, 000 
$14,000  under  $15,000 

$15,000  under  $20,000 
$20,000  undet  $25,000 
$25,000  under  $30,000 
$30,000  under  $50,000 
$50,000  under  $  1 00,000 

$100,000  under  $200,000 
$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  under  $1 ,000,000 
$1,000,000  or  more 


611.009 

362.908 
67,572 
47,655 
21,272 
11,307 

11,936 
9,772 
6,365 

11,568 
4,190 

4  708 
5,874 
6,240 
2,912 
5,483 

7,036 
5.331 
3,967 
8,026 

3,715 

2,039 
927 
132 

74 


2,746.567 

105,817 
95,755 

114,385 
74,975 
50,457 

64,749 
62,121 
47,036 
98,607 
39,639 

49,977 
66,297 
77,977 
38,959 
79,2% 

119,752 
114,948 
108,891 
319,935 
249,678 

280,513 

257,342 

88,993 

140  467 


33.100 

18,696 

3.808 

1,739 

1,750 

390 

398 
259 
870 
87 
117 

491 
138 
1,690 
•120 
280 

407 
483 
169 
577 
391 

198 
26 


186.697 


4,555 

5,752 

4  170 

5,949 

1,779 

2,210 

1,703 

6,258 

750 

1,123 

5,075 

1,589 

21,019 

•1,635 

4,066 

6,975 

11,608 

4,633 

22,184 

28,726 

23  768 

6,916 

6,905 

7  349 

730,098 

303,824 
113,119 
69,910 
60,364 
40,371 

22,201 

23,023 

16,345 

7,614 

5,386 

9,519 
7,573 
2,351 
2,650 
3,416 

18,722 
5,762 
4,378 
7  465 
4,219 

1,209 

526 

117 

34 


3.310.272 

113,375 
163.934 
175,089 
209,796 
181,658 

123,226 
148,542 
122,311 
63,955 
50,431 

97,672 
87  166 
28,941 
35,546 
49,608 

321,295 
126,847 
120,052 
285  141 
291,261 

169,447 
163,338 
80  216 
101  425 


63.165 

40,790 
9,796 
2,899 
1,456 
1,065 

2,314 

117 

308 

•558 

784 

•102 
•79 

•273 
■66 
•75 

952 

71 
419 
314 
235 

375 

102 

11 

4 


14  407 
14831 
7  374 
4,897 
4,631 

12,542 
776 

2,218 
•4,757 

7407 

•1,060 
•929 

•3,508 
•894 

•1,108 

17,105 
1,563 
11,722 
11,798 
16,561 

47,033 

30,833 

7  115 

5600 


Footnotes  at  end  of  table 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •   Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 


49 


Table  1.12— Selected  Income  Items  by  Size  of  Specified  Income— Continued 

|AII  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples       rTioney  amounts  are  in  thousands  of  dollars] 


Size  of  specified  income  item 


Alimony 
received 


Number  of 
returns 


Other  income 


Number  of 
returns 


Number  of 
returns 


Total 


$t  under  $1  000 
$1,000  under  $2  000 
$2,000  under  $3,000 
$3,000  under  $4  000 
$4,000  under  $5,000  ,,. 

$5,000  under  $6,000  ... 
$6,000  under  $7  000  ... 
$7  000  under  $8,000  ... 
$8,000  under  $9,000  ,,, 
$9,000  under$10,000 


$10,000  under  $11,000 
$11  000  under  $12,000 
$12,000  under  $13,000 
$13,000  under  $14,000 
$14,000under$15,000       ,,„ 

$15,000  under  $20,000 
$20,000  under  $25,000 
$25,000  under  $30,000 
$30,000  under  $50,000 
$50  000  under  $100,000 

$  100,000  under  $200,000 
$200  000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  under  $1 ,000,000 
$  1 ,000,000  or  more 


260.030 

32,943 
64.236 
43.805 
26.553 
22.743 

16.272 
12,714 
7,733 
1.934 
■4.504 

•2.153 
•22 
•2,408 
•3,114 
•2,649 

10,956 

2,378 

•609 

1,628 

610 

•51 
••15 


1501 


(51) 


(52) 


(53) 


21  066 
88,374 

106  789 
90  840 

101,945 

88  668 
78,971 
57,107 
16,833 
•40,894 

•23,282 
•244 
•29,316 
•40,705 
•38,039 

187,570 
53,968 

•16,448 
62,283 
35,194 

•6,347 
••6,506 


2.996.528 

2,079,553 

443,146 

190,334 

87  864 

42,213 

40,227 
26,526 
11,583 
13,876 
4,011 

14  021 
4,284 
3,190 
4,031 
2,305 

7,400 
8,840 
2,710 
5,769 
3,660 

764 
185 
29 

7 


4.079.1S8 

572,246 
610,457 
447  168 
299,290 
188,033 

213,799 
172,016 

88,756 
117,748 

37,862 

144,788 
49  080 
39,359 
53  522 
32,999 

128,447 
188,506 
71,806 
209,397 
229,554 

100.088 
52.608 
19,028 
12,632 


50.561 

5.001.025 

92  188 

31,049 

25  109 

37,772 

16281 

39459 

12,209 

42.055 

7,018 

31,391 

8,887 

47,946 

3,799 

24,793 

6,652 

49,937 

3,831 

33,392 

5,992 

55,918 

3  392 

35,239 

2295 

26,806 

2,558 

31,471 

2,692 

36,858 

1,553 

22  646 

17,373 

304,823 

6,430 

143,126 

5,300 

140,431 

10,655 

421,513 

8,410 

592,302 

4,529 

624.230 

2302 

694,016 

666 

460  332 

440 

1,073,521 

'Eslimale  should  be  used  with  caution  because  ot  the  small  number  ot  sample  returns  on  which  it  is  based 
'  'Data  combined  to  avoid  disclosure  of  information  (or  specific  taxpayers 
NOTE:   Detail  may  not  add  to  total  because  ot  rounding 


Section  2 


Deductions 
and  Exemptions 


Contents 


Introduction,  51 
Itemized  deductions,  51 
Unused  zero  bracket  amount,  51 
Dependents  with  unearned  income,  53 
Exenptions,  54 


Text  tables 

2A   Form  of  deduction  and  size  of  adjusted  gross 

income,  1977  and  1978,  52 
2B   Exemptions  by  type,  1977  and  1978,  53 


Chart 

2A  Returns  with  itemized  deductions  as  a  percent  of 
all  returns,  by  size  of  adjusted  gross  inoome, 
1968,  1973,  and  1978,  53 


Basic  tables 

2.1  Returns  with  itemized  deducticns:  deductions  by 
type  and  by  size  of  adjusted  gross  inoome,  55 

2.2  Returns  with  itemized  deductions:  deductions  by 
type  and  by  size  of  itemized  deduction,  57 

2.3  Returns  with  itemized  deductions:  sources  of 
inocme,  deductions,  and  tax  items  by  marital 
status,  58 

2.4  Returns  with  itemized  deductions:  total  itemized 
deductions  as  a  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income 
by  size  of  adjusted  gross  incoiie,  59 

2.5  Returns  with  medical  and  dental  expense 
deduction:  medical  and  dental  expenses  deducted 
as  a  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income  bv  size  of 
adjusted  gross  income,  60 

2.6  Returns  with  taxes  paid  deductioi:  taxes  deducted 
as  a  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income  bv  size  of 
adjusted  gross  income,  61 

2.7  Returns  with  interest  paid  deduction:  interest 
deducted  as  a  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income  by 
size  of  adjusted  gross  income,  62 

2.8  Returns  with  contributions  deduction;  contribu- 
tions deduction  as  a  percent  of  adjusted  gross 
income  by  size  of  adjusted  gross  incotie,  63 

2.9  Returns  filed  by  dependents  with  unearned 
income:  selected  sources  of  income,  deductions, 
and  tax,  by  size  of  adjusted  gross  inoome,  64 

2.10  All  returns:  exaiptions  by  type,  number  of 
exenptions,  sources  of  inocme,  by  size  of 
adjusted  gross  income,  65 

2.11  Exemptions  by  type  and  marital  status,  71 


Introduction 


Data  presented  in  this  section  cover  deductions 
from  adjusted  gross  inoome.  These  deductions  were 
used  to  arrive  at  taxable  income  and  included  the 
$750  allowed  for  each  personal  exemption. 


Tables  2A  and  2B  highlight  dianges  from  1977  to 
1978  in  the  form  of  deduction  used  and  the  types  of 
exenptions  claimed,  respectively.  Returns  with 
itemized  deductions  increased  from  22.9  million  for 
1977  to  25.8  million  for  1978.  There  was  also  a 
slight  increase  in  the  number  of  returns  with  a  "zero 
bracket  amount  only,"  from  59.0  million  to  59.7  mil- 
lion. All  types  of  exemptions  claimed  increased 
between  the  two  vears,  although  the  number  of  tax- 
payer exemptions  showed  the  largest  change — more  than 
3  million,  from  130.7  to  134.4. 

The  basic  tables  in  this  section  cover  the  follow- 
ing topics.  Data  for  the  major  categories  of  item- 
ized deductions  are  shown  in  table  2.1,  classified  by 
size  of  adjusted  gross  income,  and  in  table  2.2, 
classified  by  the  size  of  each  major  type  of  itemized 
deduction.  Characteristics  of  returns  with  itemized 
deductions,  classified  by  marital  status,  are  pre- 
sented in  table  2.3.  Data  for  the  types  of  itemized 
deductions  as  a  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income  are 
shown  in  tables  2.4  through  2.8.  Information  on  re- 
turns filed  by  dependents  with  unearned  income  can  be 
found  in  table  2.9.  Detailed  information  on  the 
types  of  exenptions  claimed,  including  types  of 
dependent  exenptions,  are  shown  in  table  2.10,  clas- 
sified bjy  size  of  adjusted  gross  inoome,  and  table 
2.11,  classified  by  marital  status. 

Itanized  Deductions 

Generally,  as  a  result  of  the  Tax  Reduction  and 
Sinplification  Act  of  1977,  taxpayers  could  itemize 
their  deductions  only  if  the  total  exceeded  the  zero 
bracket  amount  (exceptions  to  this  rule  are  discussed 
below) .  Chart  2A  illustrates  the  general  decline  in 
the  proportion  of  returns  with  itemized  deductions, 
from  43  percent  for  1968  to  28  percent  for  1978.  The 
major  types  of  itanized  deductions  which  could  be 
claimed  were  taxes  (for  example,  real  estate  and 
State  and  local  inoome  taxes),  medical  exp«ises, 
interest  expanses,  charitable  contributions,  and 
certain  "miscellaneous"  deductions. 

Unused  Zero  Bracket  Amount 

The  Tax  Reduction  and  Sinplification  Act  of  1977 
required  that  four  groups  of  taxpayers  itemize  their 
deductions,  evai  if  those  deductions  were  less  than 
the  zero  bracket  amount.  These  groups  were: 

(1)  certain  married  persons  filing  separate  returns 
(if  one  spouse  claimed  itemized  deductions,  the  other 
had  to  do  so  as  well  and,  in  some  cases,  this  may 
have  meant  claiming  no  deductions  where  one  spouse 
claimed  all  the  deductions) ; 

(2)  dependents  with  unearned  income,  i.e.,  children 
with  investment  inoome  who  were  being  claimed  as 
dependents  on  their  parents'  returns,  but  who  were 
also  filing  on  their  own  because  they  had  unearned 
income  of  $750  or  more  (while  the  law  stipulated  that 
the  children  had  to  itemize  en  their  own  returns, 
they  were  allowed  to  substitute  their  earned  income 
for  total  itemized  deductions  if  the  former  was  the 
larger  of  the  two) ; 

51 


52 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Deductions  and  Exemptions 


Table  2A. — Form  of  Deduction  and  Size  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income,  1977  and  1978 

[All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples — money  amounts  are  in  thousands  of  dollars) 


Form  of  deduction  and  size 
of  adjusted  gross  income 


Number  of  returns 


Ctiange. 

1977 
to  1978 


Adjusted  gross  income  less  deficit 


Ctiange, 

1977 
to  1978 


Average  adjusted  gross  income 
less  deficit  (dollars) 


Ctiange, 

1977 
to  1978 


(1) 


(2) 


(3) 


H) 


(5) 


(6) 


(7) 


(8) 


(9) 


All  Returns 

Total 

Under  $5,000 

$5,000  under  $10,000 

$10,000  under  $15,000 

$15,000  under  $20,000 

$20,000  or  more 

Returns  with — 

Total  Itemized  Deductions 

Total 

Under  $5,000 

$5,000  under  $10,000 

$10,000  under  $15,000 

$15,000  under  $20,000 

$20,000  or  more 

Zero  Bracket  Amount  Only 

Total 

Under  $5,000 

$5,000  under  $1 0,000 

$10,000  under  $15,000 

$15,000  under  $20,000 

$20,000  or  more 

Returns  witti  neittier  itemized 
deductions  nor  zero  bracket  amount: 


86,634,640 

23,262,635 
19,342,819 
14,299,206 
11,404,973 
18,325,007 


22,896,507 

417,884 

1,482,079 

3,110,297 

4,549,006 

13,337,241 


SS,95«,9S5 

18,105,276 
17,622,037 
11,188,909 
6,855,967 
4,987,766 


89,771,551 

22,236,197 
19,585,276 
14,241,599 
11.408,934 
22.299,545 


25,756,298 

438,096 

1,577,463 

2.855,845 

4.550.191 

16,334,703 


59,717,131 

17.513.193 
17.994,599 
11,385.754 
6.858.743 
5.964,842 


3,136,911 

-1,026,438 

242,457 

-57,607 

3.961 

3.974.538 


2,859,791 

20.212 
95.384 

-254.452 
1.185 

2.997.462 


757,176 

-592.083 

172.562 

196.845 

2.776 

977.076 


1,158,492,225 

49.618.146 
142.660,976 
177.144.037 
198.020.323 
591.048.744 


595,037,440 

1,313,378 

11.748,795 

39,526,423 

79,992,684 

462,456,161 


566,452,677 

51,557,126 
130,657,714 
137,617,614 
118,027,640 
128,592,583 


1,302,447,386 

47,581,705 
143,810,537 
176,630,628 
198,794,563 
735.729.954 


708,460,175 

1.262.033 

12.497.180 

36.202.597 

80.308.615 

578.189.751 


597,699,822 

50,107.978 
131.237.662 
140.328.031 
118.485.948 
157.540.203 


143,955,160 

—2.036.441 

1.149.561 

-613.409 

774.240 

144.681.210 


113,422,735 

—51,345 
748,385 

-3,323.826 
315,931 

115,733,590 


31,247,145 

—1.449.148 

579.948 

2.710.416 

458.308 

28.947.620 


13,372 

2,132 

7,375 

12,388 

17,362 

32,253 


25,988 

3.142 

7,927 

12,708 

17,584 

34,674 


9,607 

2,847 

7,331 

12,299 

17,215 

25,781 


14,508 

2,139 

7,342 

12,395 

17,424 

32,993 


27,50* 

2,880 

7,922 

12,676 

17,649 

35,396 


10,008 

2,861 

7,293 

12,324 

17,275 

26,411 


7 
-33 

7 
62 
740 


1,518 

-262 

-5 

-32 

65 

722 


14 

-38 

25 

60 

630 


-480.056      -2,997,891       -3,712,611  —714,720 


Form  of  deduction  and 
size  of  adjusted  gross  income 


Zero  bracket  amount 


Ctiange,  1977 
to  1978 


Total  itemized  deductions 


Ctiange,  1977 
to  1978 


(10) 


(11) 


(12) 


(13) 


(14) 


(15) 


All  Returns 

Total 

Under  $5,000  

$5,000  under  $10,000 

$10,000  under  $15,000 

$15,000  under  $20,000 

$20,000  or  more 

Returns  with — 

Total  Itemized  Deductlona 

Total 

Under  $5,000 

$5,000  under  $10.000 

$10,000  under  $15.000 

$1 5.000  under  $20.000 

$20,000  or  more 

Zero  Bracket  Amount  Only 

Total 

Under  $5,000 

$5,000  under  $10.000 

$10,000  under  $15.000 

$15,000  under  $20.000 

$20,000  or  more 

Returns  with  neither  itemized  deductions  nor 
zero  bracket  amount 


205,167,620 

27.570.601 
47,767.218 
39,217.345 
33,731.207 
56,881,250 


67,516,139 

636,988 

3,450,882 

8,443,019 

13,483,381 

41,501.868 


137,651,481 

26.933.613 
44,316.336 
30,774.325 
20,247,826 
15,379.381 


215,787,307 

27,646,302 
47,692,344 
38,467,028 
33,133.224 
68,846.408 


75,937,593 

723.257 

3.622.243 

7.678,489 

13,291,876 

50,621,729 


139,849,714 

26,925,045 
44,070,101 
30,788,540 
19,841,349 
18,224.680 


10,619,688 

77,702 

-.74,873 

—750,316 

-597,983 

11.965.159 


8,421,455 

86.269 

171.361 

-764.531 

—191.506 

9,119.860 


2,198,233 

-8.568 

-246.235 

14.215 

—406.477 

2.845.298 


138,519,421 

1.140.589 

6.001.157 

13.302.796 

21.683,092 

96,391,787 


138,519,421 

1,140,589 

6,001,157 

13,302,796 

21,683,092 

96,391,787 


164,432,406 

1.041,367 

6.506.052 

12.920.692 

22.481.420 

121.482.875 


164,432,406 

1.041.367 

6,506,052 

12,920,692 

22,481,420 

121,482,875 


25,912,985 

-99,222 

504,895 

-382,104 

798,328 

25,091,088 


25,912,985 

-99,222 

504,895 

-382.104 

798.328 

25.091.088 


NOTE    Detail  may  not  add  to  total  because  of  rounding 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Deductions  and  Exemptions 


53 


(3)  "dual-status"  aliens,  i.e.,  aliens  who  spent 
only  part  of  the  year  in  the  United  States;  eind, 

(4)  taxpayers  with  inccme  from  sources  in  U.S. 
possessions  excluded  from  Federal  inoome  taxation. 

Taxpayers  in  these  four  categories  whose  itemized 
deductions  fel]  short  of  the  zero  bracket  amount  had 
to  compute  an  "unused  zero  bracket  amount,"  which 
equalled  the  amount  of  the  short- fall.  The  "unused 
zero  bracket  amount"  was  added  to  adjusted  gross 
inocrie  in  the  computation  of  taxable  income,  since 
the  tax  rate  schedules  which  were  applied  to  taxable 
inoone  allowed  for  the  full  zero  bracket  amount. 

Dependents  With  Unearned  Inoome 

Data  for  "dependents  with  unearned  inoome"  for  1978, 
as  shown  in  Table  2.9,  represent  only  information 
tabulated  from  Form  1040.  A  person  who  qualified  as  a 
dependent  with  unearned  income  could  file  a  Form  1040A 
if  he  or  she  met  the  normal  requirements  of  the  Form 
1040A  and  if  that  person's  earned  income  exceeded  both 
his  or  her  itemized  deductions  and  appropriate  zero 


Table  2B — Exemption!  by  Type,  1977  and  1978 

(All  fiyuros  aie  eaiimaiits  basuO  on  Mimplv»  -MO'iftv  amounit  are  in  inouuinils  ol  dolls' 


E.omptions  by  rype 

1977 

1976 

Chanoe.  1977 
to  1976 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

Alt  Exemption! 
Numbof  o(  leturns                                  a... 

66,634.640 
215,176.997 
161  362  746 

88.771.551 
219.867.696 
164  900  772 

3,136.911 
4,690,699 

3  S18.024 

Ei«mp«onB  lor  Tsipaytr* 

Number  ot  returns 
Number  o(  e.emplwns 

66.634.640 
130.733.790 

69.771.551 
134,362.112 

3.136,911 
3.648.322 

Exemptions  loi  Age  65  of  Over 
Number  ol  returns 

8.028.471 
10.480,724 

6.370.125 
10.096,604 

341.654 
516.060 

Eiempllons  for  Bllndnesa 
Number  ol  returns 
Number  ol  exemplKins 

176,156 
1 79,026 

187.234 
188.010 

11.078 
8.984 

Eiemptlont  for  Oependenta 
Number  ol  felums 
Numtjei  ol  esemptKins 

35,046,923 
73,783,457 

35.645.941 
74.300.770 

S97.018 
517.313 

bracket  amount.  (While  dependents  with  unearned 
inoone  were  required  to  itemize  their  deductions,  they 
could  substitute  their  earned  income  if  it  was  lairger; 


Chart  2A 

Returns  with  itemized  deductions  as  a  percent  of  all  returns,  by  size  of 
adjusted  gross  income,  1968, 1973,  and  1978 


Percent 
100 


^  1968 
Q  1973 
■  1978 


80 


60 


40 


20 


Total 


Under 
$10,000 


$10,000 

under 
$15,000 


$15,000 

under 
$20,000 


$20,000 

under 
$30,000 


$30,000 
or  more 


Size  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income 


54  Individual  Returns/1978  •  Deductions  and  Exemptions 

however,  the  amount  of  earned  inccme  used  as  a 
substitute  was  limited  to  the  zero  bracket  amount.  1 
Those  dependents  with  unearned  inoone  who  used  Form 
1040A,  however,  could  rot  indicate  that  status  on  that 
form.  Therefore,  only  the  information  from  the  Form 
1.040  returns,  where  an  indication  cjould  be  made,  was 
tabulated  for  this  report. 

Exemptions 

In  the  ccnputation  of  taxable  income,  each  taxpayer 
was  allowed  one  exeitption  of  $750  for  himself  or  her- 
self. On  a  joint  return,  husband  and  wife  oould  each 
claim  an  exemption,  even  if  only  one  had  income. 
Additional  $750  exemptions  oould  be  claimed  by  both 
tai^ayer  and  spouse  for  blindness  or  for  having 
attained  the  age  of  65.  A  married  person  filing  a 
separate  return,  but  whose  spouse  had  no  income  and 
was  not  the  dependent  of  another  taxpayer,  could  also 
claim  all  the  exemptions  to  which  that  spouse  was 
entitled.  In  addition,  one  exeivption  could  be  claimed 
for  each  qualified  dependent. 


Individual  Returns  / 1978  •  Deductions  and  Exemptions 


55 


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—  —  —  cm'  m"  co' 


mo—  to  m  ^ 
cooco  m  —  CM 
■^  oco  p-  mo 
to  cm'  •»"  CO  to  cm' 


<D  CM  CO  OCD  coo 

m  m  cor-  o  (Dco 

(M  —  (D  —  -^  m  1^ 

^'  to  O)  CT)  —  CM  — 

—  men  Tf  CM  tt  r- 

(o  •-  rjto  CO 


—  CMOOOIO  CD 

to  —  oor-  CD 
m  CM  m  CO  •-  CO 
m  »-  o  r-  CO  CO 
oo-*i-r-  o  r-. 

—  ■<*  r-  CD  —  CO 

—  —  —  —  mco' 


—  r-  00 
o>tD  ■<*■ 
CM  mo 
— '  ■^'  ■^" , 
to  tor-  u 
mco  CM 
m'—' 


■W  tDCM  CM 

COOCM  ^ 

to  in  o  o 

J  co'  co'  cm"  cm 


1^  CMCMOm 

tomocMi^ 

CO  O  CD  ^  00 

—  to"  o'  —  cm' 

■W  O  CM  coco 

omcD  "*  "« 


toco  m  —  to 
CD  to  ^  a>o 
O  ^  CD  —  r^ 
co'  1^'  m'  o"  ^' 
tor-  mmco 
■<*  mcomco 


■g  o  <«  <u  <u  I'TJ 

S  O  -O  -OTJ  T3   C 

.  ^  C    C    C    C    -D 

g  W   ^3   =>   =>    =0 

t  .-  ooooo 

D  0)00000 

•-  "D  O  O  O  O  o 


gooooo 
ooooo 
o  o  o  o  o  o 

V  CD  CD  O  m  O 
—  —  —  CM  CM  CO 

<D  il>  <D  0)  lU  V 
T3  T3  ■O'DT3"0 
C  C  C  C  C  C 
3    3   D   D   3   D 

O  OOOOO 
O  OOOOQ 
O  OOOOO 


„  3«44AV 


TDT3  C   C   C   O       t 
C  C    3    3   3o       3 

O  O  Q  Q  Q  *-:     ■- 

OOOOOQ      a> 

§§888°  1 

com  — cMm—     5 


.  .  OO 
OOOOO 
O  O  O  O  ry- 

-  ^  to  CD  —  W 

O  •--->-•-  OJ 
O  0)  0)  0)  4)  -O 
OT3-0-OT3  C 
tvi  C  C  C  C  3 
^  3  3  3  3q 
-  OOOOO 
OJ  O  OO  OO 
■o  O  O  O  O  Q 
£■  cm"  ■^'  (D  co'  — 


OOOOOO 

OOOOOO 
o  o  p  p  p  O 
■>t'  to'  CO  o'  m'  (i> 

—  —  —  CM  CM  CO 

<ll  flj  QJ  <1>  (1)  <U 
■O  T3  "O  "D  T]  -D 
c  c  c  c  c  c 

3    3    3   3   3   3 

OOOOOO 
OOOOOO 
OOOOOO 
CM  ^  (D  00  O  iri 

—  —  —  —  CM  CM 


OOg 
:  O  O  O  V 
O  OOOO 

°  o  o  o  °.  a- 
o  ocMm  —  S: 
m  —  t^«*<rt  o 
*^  *^  w  w  .-  c 
._   ^  0)  <l)  d)  ^ 

"a  T3  c  c  c  o 

C    C   3   3   Dq 

o  o  o  o  o  •-< 

OOOOOO 


Cioo 

ooo 
°m'cJ 

O  —  CM 
—  (/»</»  0) 

<^  ^  ^  ?^ 


T  o  0)  "o  "o  E 

loOT)  C    C    w 

.m  c  3  3  o 
i2*«  ^ooo 
E  woooo 

3  0)0000 

S"0  Porno 
2?  Cm—  -  CM 


56 


Individual  Returns  / 1978  •  Deductions  and  Exemptions 


■o 

0) 

3 
C 

C 

o 
o 

I 
a> 

E 
o 
o 

c 


C3 

■D 


■a 
< 

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0) 
N 

M 

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c 
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C 

3 
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0) 

a 


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0) 

1- 

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1 

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0) 

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N 

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0) 

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c 

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0) 

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1 

(i> 

ffl 

t 

CM 

OJ 

0) 

3 

^ 

■^ 

e5 


CO  <x)  a>  r-  m  r^ 
0>  CO  CO  O)  in  r^ 

C\J  CVJ  1-  CO  CO  T- 


COf^CMCMClO  CO^CMC 

r^-cMOOOJco  CNtor*-'- 

cNji-cocorocD  co<N'-' 

"-  ■-  CO  CNl  ^  T-  '»  CO  * 


S  mtDOomr- 
2;  ^  mco  r-  moi 
*      GO  r-  oi  o  oo  '- 


to  mm  1- CO 
CO  03 1-  <om 
»-  ^-  ^  coco 
V  CD  <b  •-  ■v 


(O  "-comTiT-^  r-r-mcor-co      tocoojc 

0  co-^'-ojmcD  coco^mcMcji      cd^idt^ 

o  "jCNcvjococo  r^mocoojr-      ocq*    • 

CO  CM  <D  00  CM  m  m  '    •-  cd  ^  co  ^      ^  »- 

CO  T-    O    ■W    T-     7-     ^  

CO  ^     T-  •  . 


a>'-TjtD»-m  r-i-mtoi^co       cor-c 

"'3-co(oa)mm  co-'j-'^mcMO      cor-~« 

OtDt-r^coh-  r-cooajOh-       .-co* 

cDoir-^cD-^  "    ^co^co^       co'- 

mcD-^'-'-^  


I  I 


CDCOCM  ">J(D 
CD  ^  CDOO 
m  r—  CD  ^f^ 


m  CM  m  CO  ^  •- 
o  CO  ^  CO  r-  o 
o  coa>  CD  C31  m 
^  •-  ■*  CO  CM  h- 


cocomcM  too 
r^cocMm  'J  r-- 
r-  mmcooir- 
cb  CO  m  o  CD  CO 

coo  ^  O  T  CO 

T-mmcNj  oo 


^  '-        CMCMCO  ■• 


CM  T 


OCMcoco  ^  r- 

O  T  CM  CDCM  Ol 
■^  t^  y-  y-  r^  CO 

cji  c\j  r-  CM  r-  CD 
O  O-w  C7)  r-  ^ 
O  CT)  f*-  CT)  O  O 
^'  c\i  m'  CM       '-' 


m  coi*-  CD  ocji 
CM  (D  (31  CM  CO  m 
"-  cj)  Ti  .-  r^  CM 
•-  CD  CO  CD  CO  r-- 

h-  C31  •-  CM 

CM  r^  ^ 


^  OOicOCD  •- 
r~-  com  •-  cDm 
mojcjico  n  tX) 
CO  'J'  N.  o>  O  r~- 
co  CJ>  r--  CM  O  <D 
r-  CM  •-  Of^  CO 
1-  CM  CO  ■^' »-'  O 


or-  TJ  CMO)  CM 

CM  CO  o  CM  en  r- 

CT>  ^  cb  ^  m  m 

CM  CO  CM  CO  h-  y- 
r>-  CO  ^-  Oi  CT>  O 
CO  CM  m  cm'      y- 


tO  CM  CO  CO -If 
CM  O  •-  CO(D 

o  m  o  COCO 
O)  r-  o  CD  -^ 
o  r-  CO  ■<»  CM 

TI    ^    7-    1-  CO 

CM  m"  O)  CD 


E- 


COOr^  CMOOQO 
CM  en  CM  tDCO  ^ 
CO  Tf  Tj  CM  r-  CM 

CD  CM  CO  CO  .-  m 

CM  r-  CD  CM  O  C31 

CM  m  CO  (J) 


CMco  ^  r-  CO  ^ 

mco  ^  CO  r-  "3 
•-  "^  T-  m  CM  o 

CM  Oi  ^  ^  CO  o 

i^cor^  ocoo 
^  ■>*  r^O'-co 
.-  .- V-'  c\i  m'  CO 


en  CM  CO  com  rr 
"-  m  T-  -^  "-CM 
Tt  1-  CO  r-  mo 
CM  o  ^  cri  tb  CM 
eor^r-  m 
mcocM 


CO  r-  CD  CO  CM  m 
oo  CO  o  ^  r^ 
•-  O  'tf  CD  CM  C3) 
*  o  .-  a>  CD  CO 
■<-  o  o  CM  m 

^  CO  CO  CO 


^  r—  coco  coco 
CMco  com  ^  r- 
CO  Tj  ■^j  r-  cMm 
ifl-  oi  ■^  m  oi  •- 
o  oi  CO  r-  CT)  r«- 
•-  cor—  0)0co 
i-'  ^'  --'.-"  m  CO 


OOOCD  m  CD  CM 
OCT)  CO  r-  O  CM 
'-  COCT)  CD  m  o 
00  CM  CO  CO  CO  CM 

m  to  r-  m 
mco  CM 


o  m  CO  CO  tD 
CO  ^  CO  oai 

m  f--  •-  Tj  oi 

CO  T-  CO  '->- 
O)  CM  CO  •»  >- 

^  m  CO  in  CO 

^  CM  TT  to 


m  CM  CO  oD  •-  CO 


^  "-  tt  CO  m  CO 
comco  r-~  .-  CO 
r- com  T-  CM  CO 
oi  o'  en  Tf  CD  CO 
CMr^  ^  CM  M'  CO 

^  •-  CM  ^  COCM 


m  tt  CO  O)  r-«-  CT) 

CO  COO^  '^  CO  '— 

o  ^  *»  O  CO  T 
m  CO  tb  CO  r-  ■^ 

O  CO  CO  CO 

in  CM 


•  mm  ^  o  to 

•  CM  •-  r^  -rj  CO 

tOCDtO  r~-  r~. 

commtDcj>o 
t-  CD  CO  coco  1^ 
cocor-  om^r 

CO  CO  CD  •-  com 
COCO'-  CO  COO 

^  m  -9  CO  to  'J 

CO 

o 

00 

CM  mcD  torn 
coor-oco 
■V  ^  mr-  ^ 

■  '  "SS 

^  T-  ^  COCM 

coco  -^  or-  ■* 
CO  CD  CD  CO 

eo 

in 

m  'J  oocD 
.-  --cooco 

r--  to  r-  CM  r-  ^ 

00  ">»  CM  to  •-  CO 

^  o  ^  r-  •-  to 


en '-  O)  n  to  CM 
mco  CO  in  CD  r- 
m  to  CD  m  (D  r- 
in  r-  to  to  CTJ  CD 
oco  ^  r-  ^  h^ 

^  --    .-    ^   TJ  CO 


to  r-  -^  -^  f^  m 
CO  CD  m  CD  CO  CO 

CD  r-  Tj  CO  CD  CO 

oi  tbcM  r— ' 

CO  CD  CO 
CO  •- 


.      ■>-  <yi  y-  y-  y- 

,    mco  to  COCO 

CD  CO  ■^  CM  CM 


mor-  m  •-  en 

CO  ^  O  r«-  CD  CO 
tOcDtor-  r-  o 
cocbooomr- 
c>CMco  t»-  ^  r- 
--■-■-  ■w  CO 


CO  CD  r-  CD  to  ■^ 
CM  CD  CO  h-  COCO 
O  O)  CO  CO  0>  CO 

in  m  CM  t^ 
CO  toco 
to  .- 


r-  CMCO  tD  >- 
com ^  t-  to 
CO  ^  in  C30  CO 

O)  CO  CO  CO  f^ 

•-  »-  CD  O)  r- 

•-  CM  COtD 


^  ^  CM  m  CDCM 

r-  (Dco  cot]00 
CO  »-  "tl-  CO  Tj  CM 
CD  O  O'  r-'  CM  <D 
■51  CO  O  '-  CMCM 
^  •-  CM  CO 


«T   Tl  mco  CD  CM 

O)  oma>co  CO 
Ti  CD  ^  m  CO  T- 
cb  CM  m  to  00  CO 
CO  mcM  r-  mm 
^j  m  r--  r--  o  to 


CO  r- CO  to  o  r>- 
CD  CM  CO  COCO  ci 
^  CO  OJ  f^  CO  o 
r-  CO  CO  CD  CO  iri 
CO  O)  CM  r-  CD  CO 
cncMm  CM 

CM  •-" 


•-  (ji  r-  f-  ^  ^ 
CO  f^  m  1-  CO  ^ 
CD  CO  CO  CO  OO) 
CD  »-  O)  O)  CM  CM 

•^  comi^  ^ 

•-  CM 


m  CO  r-  CO  CM  CO 
CO  CT>  CO  m  CO  m 

CT)  CT>  O  CO  CT)  CT) 
r-  coo  cb  CO  m 
m  r-  o  rr  '^  CO 
CO  ^  ID  r-  OtD 


h-  CD  r-  CD  CD  CM 
o  mco  o  r-  CD 
f--  oi  -T  ^  CO  r- 
r-  CD  r—  CM  to  CM 
CD  ^  .—  r~-  CT>  oo 

CO  CM  m  CM 


m  CO  o  00  CO 

CM  T-  O  ^  O 

mcoocoo 
r-*  m  m  m  CM 

CO  •-  ^  (^  CO 

•-  ■^  OI--  en 
.-  '-co 


CnOtOCD  CMCO 

mtoo to  19  CO 
oqmcoco  T  CD 
CM  -"J  co'  r-'  co"  CM 
r~.  o  tor-  CM  1- 

•-  CM  COtDCO 


CD  CD  O  tDCDCM 
CO  0>  ^  CO  o  oo 

mCM  mco  r-  CM 

o  '-'  m'  O)  h-'  y~ 
coo  CM  CO  en  CM 

encM  m  r-  ^  ^ 
•-  y-  »-■  ^'  CO 


r-  r-  cor-  »-  ^ 
.-  cMmco  'fl-  m 
'—  CO  CT)  m  oi  CO 
tb  r>-  ■^T  '-'  in  >- 
CO  CM  CO  m 

tlD  .-  CM 


r--cocMOcDCD  r-cMtomcoo 

cMenco^inco  maicDcoco'* 

tDr-O'-CD'-  "9  m  CO  CO  r-- (D 

in  CD  CM  CO  r- lb  cri  ^  ^  cm  cm  r-. 

cMm'-'jco»-  '-r-cDCNr-o 

•-CMTtr-  CDi-^r-^^ 

'-   '-   .-   ■>!  CO 


O)  ^  COCOCOCM  ^ 

CO  ocDcocom  2 

•9  a>to  ■w  0)00  ^ 

en  CM  ■<»  —  m  •-  £ 

cMcom  g 


00  » 


CM 


(D  O  CO  ^  CM 

to  CM  in  CD  CM 

ooto  CM  m  ■- 
o  m  o  CT)  CO 
r-  r-coor- 
CM  '-  cocD  '- 

'-*  cm'  CO  TT 


■>J  cgoom  coco 
CM  ■«T  oom  T- 

tD  0>  (7)  CO  CO  CM 

tb  oo'  CO  to  tn  CO 

CO  *-  o  m  CO  I*- 

■--  CMCO  ir 


»-  m  ■-  ocno 
o  .—  m  m  r-^  o> 
■^  '-  ■^  m  ^  to 
•-  00  m  m^^ 
CD r-  CM  m  too 
in  CD  CO  o  r-  tt 


mco  CM  ^  CO  to 
mco  to  CD  om 

O  ■>»  CM  r-  CD  CD 
CM  CO  CO  coco  o 
CM  CO  CD  in  CO  r- 
r-  Tj  CM  CO  CO  ^ 

■5f  CM  --' 


■^  CD  Ol  CO  '-  oo 
O  CMCO  •-  CMCD 

CM  r-  r-  r^  (D  m 

CM  ^  CD  CO  CM  CO 

CO  CO  r-  O 

'-  CM  ^ 


omcMcoto  '- 

.-  CMCMCDtDCO 

tocommcoo 
•-  ■-  r-  ooco  ^ 
'-  mcncM  "-  CD 
mtor-  or-  CO 


■^  1-  r-  CTi  CO  m 
CM  OCO  ■-  OICM 
m  CMCM  CM  mcD 

■-  O  O  CO  CO  O 

en  CM  tD  m  CD  r- 

tD  ^  CM  CO  CO  ^ 


r^  CD  •-  fMO 
commooo) 

mCD  CM  ^  CD 

J 

■>»'-'-  CM  O 

O)  Ol  00  ^  CO 

to  CO  CM  CM 

a. 

If)  0) 
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T-  CMm 

r-  m  CO  r-  CM  o 

m  CO  CM  CM  CMCD 

CD  O  CO  r-  CO  m 


CD  CD  CO  •-  oo 

en 00 <J) CM  mo 

CO  tD  CO  CM  "-  tp 

r-  ■-  m  o  CO  tb 

inCM  CM  (DCO  •- 
oco  toco  oo^- 
.-  '-  .-  ^  ^  CO 


OOCM  -^  "d  CO 

mr-  CM  CM  r-  CD 
■9  to  r-  CM  CO  O) 
in  cj  CD  r-  cb  ^ 
CO  coco  m 

■^  to  CM 

in  '-■ 


r-  -^  .-  -"J  CD  CO  CD 

irt  CD  in  CD  CO  CO  CD 

m  '-  CO  o  en  CO  ^ 

csf  o  en  '-  CO  m  >- 

to  CM  CM  O  CD  CD  CT> 

o  t-  CM  in  r- 


"-  m  o  ■-  tD  CO 

tD  m  tD  in  CM  CD 
coo  o  o  ^  en 

CD  CT)  m  Ol  --CO 
CD  00  CD  CO  O  CD 
CD  CM  m  00  CO  CD 

.-"  r-   •-   -^  CO 


r^  TT  .-  ^  O  c 

TT  tt  ^  to  r*~  0 
r-.  ooo  '-  n  0 
CM  CO  CD  r-  tb  -- 
.-  CM  torn 

T  COCM 


CT)  CO  r^  m  to 
O  •-  to  CD  -w 

CM  CO  m  '-  CD 

^'cM  T  m 


OO 
oo 

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2  d  -  - 

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«  W   ^   3 

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tD  •-  W 
WW  ^ 

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D  t:  c 

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000 
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COCO  '- 


000000 
000000 
000000 
^  to  CO  o  m  o 

'-  '-•-  CMCMCO 
tA  t/)  MM  W  tA 

d)  D  <D  QJ  <D  Qj 
■D  TD -O  "D  "a  "O 

c  c  a  c  c  c 

a   3   D   3  3  D 

000000 
000000 
000000 
CM  ^  tb  CO  o  m 

T-   »-  f-   .-  CMCM 


■    :ooy 
:  O  O  O  '^. 
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gPddg 
Pooo°  u, 
oocMm »-  ir 
m  y-  (/*««  w  o 
****  ^  ._  ._  c 

^  ^  qj  <U  Oj  c 
0)  OJ-O  T3  n   'r 

TD"o  c  c  c:  o 

C   C   D    D   3o 

='='ooog 
o  o  o  o  o  '-'- 
000000 

PPo'odg 
00000'-'. 
com  •-  CM  in  .- 


.  00 
00000 

O  O  O  O  rJ 
O  O  O  o  ^ 

<j  cboo''- w 

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OTD  X3X3"0  C 
C^  C   C   C   C    3 

1-  00000 

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■o  O  O  O  O  Q 
^  cm"  V  cb  co'  '- 

3  W WWM W 


000000 
000000 
o  o  o  o  o  o 
■^'  tb  00*  o  m'  o 

T-  .-  T-  CMCMCO 
t/i  Vi  V>  Vi  V*  t/i 

tl)  tl)  (1)  H)  (If  HJ 
■D-O  TD-OT3-D 
C  C  C  C  C  C 
D    D    3    3    3    3 

000000 
000000 
000000 

CM  "J  CD  CO  o  m 
.-  1-  T-  T-  rgCM 
fa4  ti9  t)<»  (/)  w  M 


:  O  O  O  R 
00000 

°  O  O  O  °  a, 

00  cMm  •-  2: 
m  1-  w  w  w  o 

««*>9  ^   ^   ^  c 
^    ,-    (U  0)  0)  t 

"DTD    C    C   C   O 
C    C    Z)   3   Do 

^^ooog 
o  o  o  o  o  M 

000000 


00 


000? 


00  ooo"-^ 

CO  m  '-  CM  m  '- 

04  W  b^  W  tA  W 


00 
000 
000 

>•     :  P  ih  O     . 

m     :  O  1-  CM 
J2      t- w  w  tu 

e    w  ^  ^  5 

E  o  -  (1)  <u  y 
tO  (Wdt;  c 
i;;oT3  c  c  ^ 
-m  c  3  3  o 
"*^  ="000 
E  - 0000 

3  0)0000 
^   C  uT-  >-  CM 

_  3  WWW  (rt 


t 

r 

0 

nt 

tc 

T 

i= 

0 

<i: 

n 

3 

c 

0 

CJ 

0)  JD 

3 

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to 

0 

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Individual  Returns  / 1978  •  Deductions  and  Exemptions 


57 


Table  2.2— Returns  With  Itemized  Deductions:     Deductions  by  Type  and  by  Size  o(  Itemized  Deduction 

(AH  (igufes  are  eshmales  based  on  samples  -   money  amounts  are  in  thousands  ot  dollars] 


Total  Itemized 

Medical  and  dental 

Taxes  paid 

Interest  paid  deduction 

Size  ot  Itemized  deduction  type 

deductions 

expense  deduction 

deduction 

Total                    1 

Home  mortgage  interest 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  ot 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

(4) 

(5) 

16) 

(7) 

(8) 

(9) 

110) 

Total 

25.756.298 

31,800 
59,928 
27,924 
•28,492 
29,370 

36,449 
38,812 
51,420 
69,140 
439.905 

926,138 
4  620,091 
5.657,008 
8.259.467 
3.014.338 

1629,387 

413,399 

159,500 

205,070 

42,129 

16,531 

164.432.406 

1.996 

8.178 

6.845 

•10.391 

13.435 

24.394 
33.762 
64.696 
123.008 
1.030.763 

2,551,397 
16,585,644 
25,343,500 
49,845,480 
25,727,151 

19,258,320 
7,040,956 
3,548,750 
6,799,898 
2,800,684 
3,613155 

17.877.783 

3.181.283 

5,432.029 

972.066 

923.176 

880.050 

1.749.669 

1.236,387 

1,478  940 

846  161 

418,001 

226,908 

208.431 

98.896 

98.292 

65.774 

37.381 

13.973 

4.819 

4,626 

791 

130 

12.203.983 

166.851 
790.059 
243,034 
322.752 
394.965 

1,082619 
1,075,057 
1,803,516 
1  456,823 
927,879 

617.731 
718.341 
441,191 
589,681 
565,259 

442,677 
237,613 
105,298 
158.290 
48.326 
16  122 

25.616.919 

93.423 
166,457 
204,192 
215,695 
270,361 

1,362,247 
1,943,531 
4,912,114 
4,898,417 
3,825,178 

2,572,575 

2,653,054 

1,123.634 

854,846 

247,317 

163,025 

50,457 

25,290 

27,060 

5.977 

2,069 

59.506.835 

6415 
24,762 
51,282 
76,099 
123,063 

869,488 
1,709,642 
6,154,839 
8,525,541 
8.573,707 

7,035,373 
9,067,128 
4,980,397 
5,108,157 
2,119,159 

1  949,958 
863,315 
563,128 
902,697 
398,692 
403,991 

23.543.648 

609,520 
437,597 
491  408 
464,663 
544  669 

1,313,903 
1  418  326 
2,866.046 
2.972980 
2,885,731 

2,562,505 
3,248,670 
1,664,861 
1,402,823 
346,062 

191,058 

57,482 

24,714 

30,429 

7,305 

2,896 

60.681.144 

26674 

63.981 

121,339 

163,081 

244,940 

824710 
1242112 
3,586,154 
5,190,627 
6,480,701 

7012,811 
11,198,346 
7,402,682 
8,269,242 
2,940,395 

2,257,303 
979,353 
549,880 

1,016,271 
494,523 
616021 

19.826.879 

292424 
380  270 
487  176 
542.274 
690,142 

1,721,396 
1,559.366 
3.087,463 
2933451 
2,501,624 

1,844,030 

2,128,877 

893,100 

599,670 

103,738 

47.215 

9.846 

2.805 

1,866 

134 

12 

39.274.512 

15,934 

$100  under  $200       

57  971 

120,854 

$300  under  $400                         

189,602 

310561 

$500  under  $750 

$750  under  $1  000    

1074,733 
1365,709 

$1  000  under  $1,500                     ,      , 
$1500  under  $2  000 
$2  000  under  $2,500 

$2  500  under  $3  000            

$3  000  under  $4  000 

3,866  517 
5  126  482 
5601.857 

5  045,811 
7  303,583 

$4  000  under  $5  000 .... 

3,955  292 

$5  000  under  $7  500 

3,510866 

$7  500  under  $10  000        

878857 

$10  000  under  $15  000            

553  729 

166,359 

60,711 

$25  000  under  $50.000 

$50,000  under  $100  000 

$100  000  or  more 

59,102 
8.385 
1,595 

Contributions  deduction 

f^iscellaneous  deductions 

Excess  Itemized 

Total 

Net  casualt 

or  theft  loss 

deductions 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(11) 

(121 

(13) 

(14) 

(15) 

(16) 

(171 

|18| 

23,939.571 

3,413,096 
3,583,546 
2,964,373 
2,509241 
1,831,419 

3,161,450 
1,648,300 
1,824,658 
1,036,111 
645,021 

385,837 
437,393 
177,538 
171,730 
55  988 

42.680 
16.788 
7.470 
16.212 
6.811 
3.909 

19.691.249 

166,155 
513,214 
725,862 
866,358 
816,299 

1,931,370 
1,427,740 
2,219,383 

1  791  615 
1  431  530 

1  052,028 
1  493,567 

783,276 
1024,827 

478,774 

516,626 
290,315 
165,315 
555,213 
467,814 
973.966 

21.862.475 

5.510.301 
3.594.347 
2  988,941 
2,053,280 
1,466,464 

2,377,141 

1,248,969 

1,132,750 

534,046 

268,903 

178,413 
196  605 
109,959 
103425 
31  029 

33,114 
10,851 
9,222 
11,388 
2,323 
1  004 

12.349.195 

246.709 
530,042 
734,030 
711  321 
656,182 

1,455,489 

1  075  093 

1  373  030 

918,238 

596,807 

491,318 
673,232 
485  105 
620,573 
266,062 

390,998 
184  159 
209  296 
389  372 
154  129 
188,011 

2,473.064 

441,330 
518,651 
261,280 
209,871 
160,442 

249,765 
159  442 
146  198 
82  563 
62  521 

44,175 
41  447 
22,687 
28412 
20,039 

9  155 
4,203 
5  233 
5,100 
272 
278 

2.300.338 

22,900 
68,761 
61,977 
70  207 
69,396 

149723 
137,050 
179,308 
143,703 
139  670 

122732 
146919 
100279 
168  623 
172  480 

110818 
71,462 
120,695 
171  477 
19,420 
52  737 

25,417,827 

365,784 
521.699 
585,606 
628,252 
663,801 

1,609,874 
1,607,319 
3,186  101 
2,676780 
2  403,230 

1965,928 
2  853  318 
1896,486 
2367,883 
902403 

655,908 
213,512 
107,371 
155,410 
35455 
15  707 

87.987.241 

$1  under $100                                      

18  896 

77,807 

$200  under  $300 
$300  under  $400 
$400  under  $500 

$500  under  $750 
$750  under  $1  000 

147  152 
216  141 
298,043 

1,008,676 

1  403  657 

$1  000  under  $1  500 
$1  500  under  $2  000 
$2  000  under  $2  500 

$2  500  under  $3  000                     

3,967  963 
4684  784 
5  380  690 

5  378  501 

$3  000  under  $4  000 

9861  215 

$4  000  under  $5,000 
$5  000  under  $7,500 
$7  500  under  $10  000 

$10  000  under  $15  000       

8  469  100 

14,348  520 

7  719  336 

7  877  774 

$15  000  under  $20  000     

3,660  024 

$20  000  under  $25,000 
$25,000  under  $50  000 
$50,000  under  $100  000 
$100  000  or  more 

2,386  636 
5,207  526 

2  390  376 

3  482  427 

'Estimate  should  be  used  with  caution  because  of  the  small  number  of  sample  returns  on  which  it  is  based 
NOTE:  Detail  may  not  add  to  total  because  of  rounding 


58 


Individual  Returns/1 978*Deductions  and  Exemptions 


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Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Deductions  and  Exemptions 


59 


Table  2.4— Returns  With  Itemized  Deductions:  Total  Itemized  Deductions  as  a  Percent  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income  by  Size  of  Adjusted 
Gross  Income 


[All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples— money  amounts  are  m 

thousands  ol  dollars] 

Total  Itemized 
deductions 

Total  Itemized  deductions  as  a  percent  ol  adiusled  gross  income 

Size  ot  adjusted  gross  income 

Under  10  percent 

10  under 

5  percent 

15  under  20  percent 

20  under  25  percent 

Number  ot 
returns 

Amount 

Number  ot 
returns 

Amount 

Number  ol 
returns 

Amount 

Number  o( 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(1) 

(21 

(3) 

(4) 

(51 

(6) 

(71 

(8) 

(91 

(101 

Total 

25,756,298 

438,096 
1,577,463 
2.855,845 
4.550,191 
5.142.205 
3.891.837 

5.586.485 

1.372.000 

274.881 

58.756 

6.515 

2.024 

164,432,406 

1,041,367 
6.506.052 
12.920.692 
22.481,420 
27,725,420 
23,155,068 

41,536.290 

17  267.478 

6.602.964 

3,173,563 

997,139 

1.024,953 

667,040 

73,893 
38,087 
13,706 
•9,207 
13.526 
25,120 

182,824 

215.881 

72,298 

19.779 

2.064 

656 

3.031,569 

9.392 
13.526 

6,511 
•9,298 
19,159 
59,867 

655,875 

1,130,394 

661,109 

339,997 

71,432 

55,010 

2.879,638 

•15,021 
•3,538 
11,962 
128,618 
264,951 
623,650 

1,419,755 

334,855 

64,958 

11,059 

1,016 

255 

14,521,875 

•3,483 

•3,194 

19,436 

313,656 

823,881 

2,303,196 

6,707,888 

2763,442 

1  060,174 

373.980 

83.676 

65.867 

5.641,746 

•22.731 

•7.895 

128,108 

689,.  80 

1.574,916 

1,237,591 

1,601,406 

319,598 

50,137 

8,556 

825 

203 

30,232,330 

•10,208 

•12,743 

311,849 

2,261,648 

6,258,744 

5,880.934 

10.216,428 

3,578,448 

1,125,906 

404,650 

94,170 

76,602 

5.841,990 

•24,247 
32,194 

485,906 
1.333.717 
1.499.568 

997.958 

1.205.601 

222.069 

34.512 

5.543 

531 

144 

34,854,701 

Under  $5,000 

•15.973 

$5,000  under  $10,000 

70,993 

$10,000  under  $15,000 

1,439,105 

$15,000  under  $20.000 

5.304,145 

$20,000  under  $25,000 

7,539,206 

$25,000  under  $30,000 

6,051,389 

$30,000  under  $50,000                 

9  758  374 

$50,000  under  $100,000                  

$100,000  under  $200,000                

3.197.533 
996.861 

$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  under  $1,000,000 
$1,000,000  or  more 

338,326 
78,703 
64,093 

Total  Itemized  deductions  as  a  percent  of  adjusted 

gross  income  —  Continu 

ed 

• 

25  under  30  percent 

30  under  40  percent 

40  under  50  percent 

50  under 

50  percent 

60  under  70  percent 

Size  of  adtusted  gross  income 

Number  ot 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(111 

(12) 

(13) 

(14) 

(151 

(16) 

(17) 

(18) 

119) 

(201 

Total 

Under   $5,000 

3,892,194 

•11.984 
130,890 
559,692 
997,533 
909,685 
530,294 

603,561 

125,896 

18,722 

3,474 

357 

106 

25,869,916 

•6,462 
329,132 
2,004,398 
4,820,060 
5,523.435 
3,931.057 

5,983,715 

2,225,939 

659,828 

264.008 

65.676 

56,205 

3,728,336 

24,791 
325,019 
878,076 
938,809 
649,398 
370,411 

425,271 

94,379 

17,178 

4.257 

559 

188 

27.465,239 

19,024 
971,334 
3,811,885 
5,521,599 
4,908,524 
3,424,288 

5,255,495 
2.100.878 
772.615 
418,330 
131,455 
129,813 

1,357.362 

26,293 
334,938 
385,573 
266,022 
153,733 

68,251 

82,939 

29,224 

7,417 

2,409 

409 

154 

10,856,341 

33.500 
1.209.342 
2,074.227 
2,025.743 
1.498.835 
812.564 

1.313.310 
864,978 
443,665 
315,191 
121,757 
143,230 

635,152 

31,436 
229,260 
163,159 
97,441 
36,191 
23.215 

33.761 

14,285 

4,236 

1,712 

326 

130 

5,867,381 

52,457 
995,074 
1,092,185 
929,617 
428,840 
337,994 

644,850 
529,613 
316,177 
268,796 
125,319 
146,260 

410,645 

36,520 
174,184 
107,036 
41,951 
23.309 
4,142 

12,946 

6,504 

2.910 

876 

186 

81 

3,837.834 

85,628 

$5,000  under  $10,000 
$10,000  under  $15,000 
$15,000  under  $20,000 
$20,000  under  $25,000 
$25,000  under  $30,000 

$30,000  under  $50,000 
$50,000  under  $100,000 
$100,000  under  $200,000 

$200,000  under  $500,000 

$500,000  under  $1  000.000 

828,644 
833,733 
469,750 
337,326 
71.919 

319,454 
280,753 
258,038 
173.542 
79.859 

$1,000,000  or  more         

99  189 

Total  Itemized  deductions  as  a  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income  — 

Continued 

70  under  80  percent 

80  under  90  percent 

90  under  100  percent 

100  percent  or  more 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  ol 
returns 

Amount 

Number  ol 
returns 

Amount 

(21) 

(22) 

(23) 

(24) 

(25) 

(26) 

(27) 

(281 

Total 

Under   $5.000 

206,042 

20.406 

102.414 

49,678 

16,843 

3,928 

2,455 

5.094 

3.689 

1.002 

408 

88 

37 

2,005,332 

66,698 

542,940 

446,876 

214.901 

64.193 

49.914 

148.597 
181,613 
103,480 
89,435 
45,922 
52,763 

154,865 

30.048 

67,375 

29.088 

9.821 

5,806 

5,165 

3,789 

2,692 

714 

283 

63 

21 

1,671,327 

93.269 
427,656 
288  094 
143,572 
108,275 
122,448 

123,609 
144,613 
87,028 
63,759 
35,595 
33,409 

98,223 

28,128 

37,411 

20,306 

6,276 

978 

•718 

2,820 

1,004 

281 

220 

54 

27 

1,049,232 

83,502 
248,563 
228,696 
100,791 

19,814 
•18,919 

104,399 
67,013 
34.746 
58.807 
35.325 
48,656 

243,065 

92,598 
94,258 
23.555 
14.173 
6.216 
2.867 

6.718 

1.924 

516 

180 

37 

23 

3,169,328 

562.771 

$5,000  under  $10.000 

$10,000  under  $15,000 

$15,000  under  $20,000               

$20,000  under  $25  000                    

852.912 
364.696 
366.439 
195,187 

$25  000  under  $30  000                         

90,580 

$30,000  under  $50,000 

$50,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200,000                              . 

$200  000  under  $500  000                                            .      . 

304,296 

202,261 

83,339 

64  742 

$500,000  under  $1  000  000               

28.248 

$1  000  000  or  more                                                      .  .    . 

53  857 

'Estimate  should  be  used  with  caution  because  of  the  small  number  of  sample  returns  on  which  it  is  based 
NOTE:  Detail  may  not  add  to  total  because  of  rounding 


60 


Individual  Returns  / 1978  •  Deductions  and  Exemptions 


Table  2.5-Returnu  With  Medical  and  Dental  Expense  Deduction:  Medical  and  Dental  Expenses  Deducted  as  a  Percent  of  Adjusted 
Gross  Income  by  Size  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income 

(All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples  -  money  amounts  are  in  thousands  ol  dollars] 


Medical  and  dental 
expense  deduction 

Medical  and  dental  expense  deduction  as 
a  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Under  1 

percent 

1  under  2  percent 

2  under 

J  percent 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(1) 

<2) 

(3) 

(4) 

(5) 

(6) 

(7) 

(8) 

Tola! 

17.877.783 

201,627 
1.261.516 
2.238.793 
3.258.285 
3.579.529 
2.581.641 

3.735,237 

847,656 

139,509 

29,605 

3.324 

1.061 

12.203.983 

283.116 
1.592,941 
2,146,908 
2,225,837 
2,010,244 
1,291,914 

1,899,386 

567,734 

133,769 

43,827 

6,710 

1,597 

8.562.782 

•5.065 

75.213 

347.244 

1.216.363 

1,820.081 

1,558.714 

2,673.377 

707.651 

127.126 

27.762 

3.148 

1.038 

1.008,464 

•53 

3.093 

23.193 

126,450 

201,903 

183,218 

342,269 

104.227 

19.031 

4.266 

544 

217 

2,038,793 

•6.462 
108.224 
335.992 
401.301 
470.467 
304.761 

359.505 

48.732 

2,937 

370 

36 

6 

709,588 

•280 
14,492 
57,825 
106,353 
158,927 
124,211 

195,413 

44.630 

5.419 

1.550 

361 

128 

1,481,589 

•1.369 
56,581 
214,829 
356,728 
369,791 
220,996 

231,482 

27.229 

2.280 

269 

30 

5 

844,507 

Under  $5,000 

•83 

$5,000  under  $10.000 

10.866 

$10,000  under  $15,000                

68,380 

$15,000  under  $20,000 

$20,000  under  $26  000 

156,381 
204,462 

$25,000  under  $30.000 

148,468 

$30,000  under  $50,000    

205,708 
40  902 

$50,000  under  $100  000                                               

$100,000  under  $200,000                                          

6  857 

$200,000  under  $500  000                                           

1.674 

$500,000  under  $1.000,000 

493 

$1,000,000  or  more 

232 

Medical  and  dental  expense  deduction  as  a  percent 
of  adjusted  gross  income  ~  Continued 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

3  under  4  percent 

4  under  5  percent 

5  under  6  percent 

6  under  7  percent 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  ol 
returns 

Amount 

Number  ol 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(9) 

(10) 

(11) 

(12) 

(13) 

(14) 

(15) 

(16) 

Total 

1.122.836 

10,505 
68,641 
172,813 
288,529 
239,243 
161,308 

162,935 

17,551 

1,107 

180 

••24 

859.100 

1,409 
21,157 
75,958 
176.221 
187,068 
151,642 

200.688 

37,839 

4.801 

1,709 

••607 

834,005 

•5,160 
55,522 
140,659 
220,011 
198,653 
110,647 

93.041 

8.992 

1.135 

167 

14 
4 

791,588 

•945 
21.438 
80,880 
172,486 
196.068 
133.668 

151.610 

25.373 

6,496 

1,982 

386 

256 

603,932 

•4,215 
70,374 
123,612 
147,357 
115.706 
76.059 

58.605 

7,158 

779 

56 

••11 

658,132 

•848 
31,932 
86.044 
140  118 
138.839 
114,408 

115,588 

23.763 

5.422 

732 

••438 

515,498 

•1,660 
56,421 
139,562 
137.487 
84.728 
51,954 

36,733 

6.048 

783 

104 

15 

3 

639,400 

Under  $6  000 

•425 

$5,000  under  $10,000 

32.453 

$10,000  under  $15,000  

114.290 

$15,000  under  $20,000    

157,651 

$20,000  under  $25,000      

123,899 

$25,000  under  $30,000       

91,280 

$30,000  under  $50,000 

85,437 
25  144 

$50,000  under  $100,000  

$100  000  under  $200  000            

5.989 
1  976 

$200,000  under  $500,000 

$500,000  under  $1  000  000 

600 

$1,000,000  or  more 

257 

Medical  and  dental  expense  deduction  as  a  percent 
of  adjusted  gross  income  —  Continued 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

7  under  8  percent 

8  under  9  percent 

9  under  10  percent 

10  under  15  percent 

Number  ol 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(17) 

(18) 

(19) 

(20) 

(21) 

(22) 

(23) 

(24) 

Total 

363,134 

8,295 
56,136 
90,863 
93.058 
66,819 
20.530 

23.354 

3.503 

486 

81 

9 

481,599 

2.197 
33.062 
85.016 
120,879 
110,995 
41,140 

65,663 

15,887 

4,555 

1,779 

427 

301,835 

•10,747 
46,978 
78,629 
78.082 
44,494 
20.652 

19.490 

2,328 

348 

77 

••10 

441,577 

•2.560 
32,595 
83,341 
114,938 
83,315 
47,276 

58,088 

12.895 

4.004 

1.927 

••638 

235,044 

•5.048 
33,961 
64,938 
74.637 
31,271 
9,084 

13.036 

2,828 

160 

71 

10 

381,965 

•2,061 
25,461 
75.674 
122.499 
65,194 
23,975 

45.644 

17,109 

1,821 

1,899 

629 

763,983 

33,727 
177,346 
242,322 
146,550 
89,532 
31.111 

34.949 

7.081 

1.148 

201 

16 

1  433,003 

Under  $5.000 

17  549 

$5  000  under  $10  000                                     : 

1 75  598 

$10,000  under  $15,000                 

366.989 

$15,000  under  $20,000             

$20,000  under  $25,000                    

301.875 
230,858 

$25  000  under  $30  000 

105,099 

$30,000  under  $50,000                                  

$50  000  under  $100  000 

154,289 
54,468 
17  670 

$100,000  under  $200,000         

$200,000  under  $500,000 

$500,000  under  $1  000.000 

7,500 
1.108 

$1,000  000  or  more     

Medical  and  dental  expense  deduction  as  a  percent 
of  adjusted  gross  incorr^e  —  Continued 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

15  under  20  percent 

20  under  30  percent 

30  under  50  percent 

50  percent  or  more 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(25) 

(26) 

(27) 

(28) 

(29) 

(30) 

(31) 

(32) 

Tola! 

394,937 

18.416 
145,709 
130,338 
48,357 
30,902 
5,671 

12,060 

3,082 

300 

99 

"3 

879,107 

13,180 
196,475 
268,258 
138,060 
117,120 

27,365 

75,094 

32,367 

6,218 

4,409 

••561 

248,881 

9,068 

121.833 

69.673 

21.605 

8,295 

6.716 

9.107 

2.185 

494 

112 

3 

773.352 

8.205 

234,163 

205,937 

90,393 

46,216 

46.155 

83.395 

35.415 

15.917 

7.133 

422 

231.354 

37,217 
117.620 
60,376 
12,327 
3,857 
•1,189 

6,297 

2,147 

274 

60 

896,268 

51,220 

318,456 

228,269 

88,734 

30.134 

•13.767 

95.419 

51,407 

14,383 

4,481 

179,180 

44,683 
70.967 
37,043 
16,993 
•6,690 
•2,249 

•1,266 

1.141 

•152 

•6 

1.406.333 
182  102 

Under  $5  000                                                                    

$5,000  under  $10,000 

$10,000  under  $15  000 

326  855 

$15,000  under  $20,000                                                        

212,801 

$20,000  under  $25,000  . 
$25,000  under  $30,000 

$30,000  under  $50,000 

$50,000  under  $100.000 

$100,000  under  $200  000         ..    .            

•115,246 
■40,242 

•26,081 
46,308 
•15  187 

$200  000  under  $500  000                                    .  ,            , 

•810 

$500,000  under  $1 .000.000 

$1,000,000  or  more                                     .       . 

'Eslimate  should  be  used  with  caution  because  of  the  small  number  of  sample  returns  on  which  jt  is  based. 
*  'Data  combined  to  avoid  disclosure  of  information  for  specific  taxpayers. 
NOTE  Detail  may  not  add  to  total  because  of  rounding 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •   Deductions  and  Exemptions 


61 


Table  2.6— Returns  With  Taxes  Paid  Deduction:  Taxes  Deducted  as  a  Percent  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income  by  Size  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income 

|AII  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples  -  money  amounts  are  in  thousands  ol  dollarsl 


Taxes  paid  deduction 

Taxes  paid  deduction  as  a  percent  of  adjusted 

gross  income 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Under  1  percent 

1  under  2  percent 

2  under  3  percent 

Size  of  adtusted  gross  income 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(1) 

(21 

(3) 

(4) 

(5) 

(6) 

(7) 

18) 

Toltl 

25,616,919 

345.685 
1.554.965 
2,843,179 
4,550,120 
5,136,302 
3.891,812 

5,582,985 

1,370,159 

274.506 

58,687 

6.499 

2.020 

59.506.835 

257,883 
1,637,253 
3,521,610 
7,098,741 
9,646,798 
8,728,295 

16,795.173 

7,281.010 

2,752,085 

1,184,604 

320,832 

282,552 

73,828 

•3,673 
•9,566 
•4,001 
8,843 
7,011 
4,022 

11,505 
12.932 
6.698 
4.271 
922 
384 

33,053 

•84 
•338 
•324 

880 
1.267 

819 

2,501 
5,877 
6,386 
7,626 
3.227 
3,725 

293.984 

■7,142 
34,444 
43,242 
38,051 
33.783 
22.367 

50,754 

38,375 

19.246 

5.856 

556 

168 

193,751 

•350 
3,846 
8,516 
11,106 
11,679 
9,866 

32,362 
42,734 
39,358 
24,249 

5,471 
4,214 

712.185 

17,220 
44,853 
68,493 
78,214 
117,288 
92,510 

181,323 

85,013 

22,027 

4,593 

493 

158 

640.732 

Under  $5,000               

1,452 

$5,000  under  $10  000    

8,762 

$10,000  under  $15,000 

22653 

$15,000  under  $20,000 

36.743 

$20,000  under  $25,000 

67,978 

$25,000  under  $30,000 

66.154 

$30,000  under  $50,000 

173419 

$50,000  under  $100,000 

143,365 

$100,000  under  $200,000          

72,761 

$200,000  under  $500,000 

32,377 

$500,000  under  $1,000.000 

8,322 

$1,000,000  or  more 

6,744 

Taxes  paid  deduction  as  a'percenl  of  adjusted  gross  income  —  Con 

inued 

3  under 

4  percent 

4  under  5  percent 

5  under  6  percent 

6  under  7  percent 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(9) 

(10) 

(111 

(12) 

(13) 

(14) 

(15) 

(16) 

Tom 

Under  $5,000 

1.235,956 

19,407 

65,293 

93,865 

200,670 

263,382 

186,113 

289,505 

88,842 

22,547 

5,591 

576 

165 

1.347,151 

2,661 

18,189 

42,121 

126.715 

207.779 

179.146 

373.816 

208.914 

105.831 

55.991 

13.391 

12.598 

1.736.873 

•15,010 
74,053 
167,612 
334,609 
353.214 
269,338 

382,239 

108.798 

26,275 

5,177 

434 

114 

2.291,052 

•1,625 

26,413 

97,675 

267,538 

360,100 

331,623 

635,732 

327,581 

156,153 

64.181 

12,846 

9,584 

2,359,841 

22,661 
105,366 
211.786 
413.000 
503.644 
406,061 

533,340 

131.647 

27,214 

4,623 

409 

90 

3,695,041 

2,937 
49,457 
148,784 
407,502 
624,906 
611,107 

1.084,594 

477,230 

194,926 

69,937 

14,670 

8,991 

2.905.196 

30,684 
74,207 
307,555 
510,383 
612,044 
495.001 

693,392 

151,852 

25,349 

4.288 

357 

84 

5.275.404 

4,807 

$5,000  under  $10,000 

$10,000  under  $15,000 

$15,000  under  $20.000 

39,420 
254,317 
582.096 

$20,000  under  $25  000     

898,788 

877,486 

1  658  239 

$50,000  under  $100  000                                   

644.015 

216.379 

$200,000  under  $500  000         

76.161 

$500  000  under  $1  000  000                             

15.186 

$1,000,000  or  more 

8.508 

Taxes 

paid  deduction  as  a  percent  of 

adjusted  gross  income  —  Cont 

nued 

7  under 

3  percent 

8  under  9  percent 

9  under  10  percent 

10  under 

5  percent 

Size  of  adiusted  gross  income 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(17) 

(18) 

(19) 

(20) 

(21) 

(22) 

(23) 

(241 

3.090,343 

24.521 
75,936 
295,307 
552,368 
726,999 
531.061 

726,022 

132,893 

21,408 

3,447 

311 

70 

6,319,537 

5,244 

46,887 

280,457 

731,716 

1,230.718 

1,092,168 

1,983,111 

644,299 

209,476 

71,165 

15,467 

8,828 

2.898,043 

17.529 
95,254 
268.652 
514.906 
626.470 
514.268 

708,239 

132,870 

16,513 

2,993 

259 

90 

6,736,324 

5.331 

65.673 

296.291 

772,698 

1.197,752 

1.198,408 

2,196.325 

720,609 

181,822 

70,258 

14,249 

16.908 

2,475,946 

20.913 
82,528 
271,330 
439,373 
541,197 
387.390 

606.667 

107.688 

15.732 

2.735 

309 

84 

6,333,619 

4,679 

63,202 

330,029 

734,191 

1.150,071 

999,481 

2,098,437 

649,794 

193,896 

70,855 

19,460 

19,524 

5.854,979 

31,924 

370,997 

751,496 

1,158.528 

1.148.717 

832,822 

1,215,993 

286,412 

47,536 

9,115 

1,085 

354 

18,384,174 

13,496 

$5  000  under  $10  000            

373,630 

1.142,251 

$15  000  under  $20  000     

2,430,297 

$20  000  under  $25  000                       

3,036,807 

$25  000  under  $30  000     

2,635,194 

$30  000  under  $50  000     

5,279,688 

$50  000  under  $100  000                  

2,242,538 

$100  000  under  $200  000 

752,298 

$200  000  under  $500  000              

306,097 

$500  000  under  $1  000  000 

87,902 

84.977 

Taxes  paid  deduction  as  a  percent  of  adjusted  gross 

ncome  —  Cont 

inued 

15  under  20  percent 

20  under  30  percent 

30  under  50  percent 

50  percent  or  more 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(25) 

(26) 

(27) 

(28) 

(29) 

(30) 

(31) 

(32) 

ToUl 

Under  $5  000           

1,230.041 

21,182 
245,022 
209,098 
219,769 
164,365 
128.569 

148,268 

71,433 

17,593 

4,092 

483 

167 

5,086,737 

14,306 
336,733 
453,002 
647.507 
612.037 
580.054 

935.803 
802.455 
394.834 
196.238 
55.463 
58.305 

531,962 

33,721 
187,725 
130,593 
67,814 
33,414 
20,959 

32,357 

18,234 

5,246 

1,579 

243 

77 

2,214,423 

30.867 
339,758 
361.365 
265.812 
174.903 
131.826 

287.616 
284,289 
165,844 
103,269 
38,168 
30,708 

158,621 

41,565 
74,767 
19,967 
13.021 
1.855 
1.223 

2.556 

2,389 

947 

269 

50 

12 

629,563 

59.337 
198.920 
82,401 
78.195 
14,517 
12,763 

33,781 
57,835 
46,446 
27,202 
11,844 
6,323 

59,121 

38.533 

14,954 

182 

571 

2,919 

108 

825 

781 

175 

58 

12 

3 

326.274 

110.707 

$5  000  under  $10  000                     ,              

66.026 

$10  000  under  $15  000 

1,424 

$15,000  under  $20.000 

5.745 

$20  000  under  $25  000 

57,496 

$25  000  under  $30  000                   

2.199 

$30  000  under  $50  000                

19  750 

$50  000  under  $100  000 

29  474 

$100  000  under  $200  000                  

15  676 

$200,000  under  $500  000 

9,998 

$500  000  under  $1  000  000                 

5,164 

2,615 

•Estimate  should  be  used  with  caution  because  of  the  small  number  of  sample  returns  on  which  It  is  based 
NOTE;  Detail  may  not  add  to  total  because  of  rounding. 


62 


Individual  Returns  / 1978  •   Deductions  and  Exemptions 


Table  2./- Returns  With  Interest  Paid  Deduction:  Interest  Deducted  as  a  Percent  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income  by  Size  of  Adjusted 
Gross  Income 

[All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples  -  money  amounts  are  in  thousands  of  dollars) 


Interest  paid  deduction 

Interest  paid  deduction  as  a  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Under  1  percent 

1  under  2  percent 

2  under  3  percent 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

(4) 

(51 

(6) 

(7) 

(8) 

Total 

Under  $5.000 

$5,000  under  $10.000 

23.543,648 

176.591 
1.224.103 
2.539.047 
4.279.524 
4.916.850 
3.692.870 

5.215,828 

1,209,646 

233,692 

48,473 

5,346 

1,678 

60,681,144 

274.275 
2.168.580 
4.825,923 
9,139,012 
11,245,813 
9,072,038 

15,132.213 

5.681.925 

1.929,915 

814,585 

212,114 

184,751 

1,283,419 

■12.365 
42.918 
97.613 
144.963 
186.191 
187,678 

403,432 

148,208 

43,604 

13,495 

2,062 

890 

226.026 

•270 

1.920 

5,518 

12,012 

20,376 

24,162 

67,845 
42,768 
25,210 
15,559 
5,030 
5,357 

1,158.287 

•2.507 
29,179 
80,569 
156,701 
190,693 
180,377 

362,790 

116,690 

30,215 

7,51? 

809 

238 

626.389 

•100 
3.134 
14,934 
42,303 
66,246 
77,214 

204,370 

114.890 

58.823 

30.686 

7.722 

5.968 

1.297.282 

•8,882 

45.292 

95.575 

171.412 

213,533 

218,630 

406  508 
106,800 
24,589 

5454 

517 

90 

1,070.647 

•777 

8  741 

31,007 

75,279 

120,675 

151,124 

$15  000  under  $20  000          

$20  000  under  $25.000 

$25  000  under  $30  000       

$30  000  under  $50  000     

375248 

$50  000  under  $100  000      

177.582 

$100  000  under  $200  000                                         

81.238 

$200  000  under  $500  000.                                      

37,123 

8,250 

$1  000  000  or  more 

3,602 

Interest  paid  deduction  as  a  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income  -  Continued 

3  under  ^ 

percent 

4  under 

3  percent 

5  under  6  percent 

6  under 

1  percent 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  ot 
returns 

Amount 

(91 

(10) 

(11) 

(12) 

(13) 

(14) 

(15) 

(16) 

Total 

Under   $5.000 

1,336,321 

•12,347 
25,650 
89,296 
186,363 
251,425 
244,806 

396,941 

103,995 

21,021 

4.049 

364 

64 

1,495,179 

•1.068 
6.802 

39.807 
117,351 
198.840 
235.522 

510.719 

239,264 

95,592 

38,331 

8,279 

3,605 

1,409,845 

•3,399 
46,987 
111,700 
190,383 
282,430 
245.195 

413.180 

94,278 

18,834 

3.175 

235 

49 

1,946.293 

•326 

17,288 

66,067 

152,811 

282.997 

302.106 

688.690 

275,817 

109  811 

39,020 

6,932 

4,528 

1,292,376 

•2.746 

27.949 

90,576 

163,522 

271,060 

269,888 

359,928 

87  984 

16,255 

2,256 

181 
31 

2,174,158 

•649 

11,948 

61,180 

161.482 

336.924 

405.440 

724.548 

315,010 

114,096 

33,463 

6,477 

2,942 

1.301,013 

•709 

42.976 

77,804 

180732 

314,216 

247,800 

344,495 

78,146 

12.250 

1.715 

137 

33 

2.491.606 

•113 

$5  000  under  $10  000 

22  461 

$10,000  under  $15,000        

65.820 

$15  000  under  $20  000 

206  749 

$20,000  under  $25,000        

$25,000  under  $30.000 

$30,000  under  $50,000 

$50,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200,000 

$200,000  under  $500,000       .                                  

460  236 
438.113 

624.522 

328.504 

105  566 

30234 

5  818 

$500  000  under  $1  000  000 

Interest  paid  deduction  as  a  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income  -  Continued 

7  under  8  percent 

8  under  9  percent 

9  under  10  percent 

10  under  15  percent 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  ot 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(17) 

(18) 

(19) 

(20) 

(21) 

(22) 

(23) 

(24) 

Total 

Under  $5.000 

$5,000  under  $10  000 

1,277.233 

•2,091 

41,939 

98,053 

188,530 

288,491 

224,167 

346,427 

75.583 

10.515 

1.318 

92 

27 

2.766,880 

•771 

24.938 

91.799 

251  376 

484,286 

457,526 

949,983 

369,171 

101.561 

26.706 

4.395 

4.370 

1,277.441 

•3.499 
37.222 
111.017 
210,018 
300,511 
236,625 

309,901 

59,374 

7,940 

1,234 

83 

17 

3,003,420 

•509 
26,443 
120,823 
318,238 
580,453 
549,250 

958,598 

324,866 

87,782 

28,751 

4,812 

2,895 

1,275.628 

•919 
34,207 
104.312 
224,995 
320,677 
232  657 

294,202 

55.106 

7.528 

939 

70 

16 

3.307.359 

•337 
28.276 
125  553 
380.798 
691.062 
601.138 

1,022,015 

335.042 

92.779 

23,620 

4506 

2,233 

5.178,195 

12340 

143466 

473.915 

1  166.204 

1,341,229 

850,042 

1.003,807 

163,915 

20,286 

2,691 

244 

56 

16.141,200 

7,026 
149  178 

$10,000  under  $15,000                               

771,110 

$15,000  under  $20  000                                 

2,558,109 

$20,000  under  $25,000                                 

3.712,222 

$25,000  under  $30  000                                   

$30,000  under  $50,000                                

4,418210 
1  266  136 

$50,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200,000             

3 1 4  686 

$200,000  under  $500,000 

$500,000  under  $1  000  000 

89,520 
19  657 

$1,000,000  or  more 

12  994 

Interest  paid  deduction  as  a  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income  -  Continued 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

15  under  20  percent 

20  under  30  percent 

30  under  50  percent 

50  percent  or  more 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(25) 

(26) 

(27) 

(28) 

(29) 

(30) 

(31) 

(321 

Total 

2.764,722 

9.249 
147,638 
448  494 
746.415 
604,098 
381,901 

355,577 

60.620 

8.996 

1.542 

156 

36 

10,717,227 

6  560 
205.418 
1.015,323 
2.247.886 
2,303.631 
1,790,361 

2,174,558 

670,713 

201,423 

73,254 

17.415 

10.686 

1,784,420 

13,074 
241,699 
443,115 
429,176 
300,041 
141.570 

169.541 

38.562 

6.019 

1.439 

151 

33 

8,390,926 

12,978 

488,870 

1,326.441 

1,746,416 

1,533,061 

891,821 

1.458,173 

602,624 

190  484 

99,978 

25,193 

14,887 

675,796 

34,291 
214.299 
182,893 
104,315 
48,447 
29,222 

42,108 

15,116 

3,988 

933 

135 

49 

4,114,684 

58,209 
632,841 
819,581 
638.561 
393,265 
281,869 

551.274 
368496 
198.651 
101.684 
34.178 
36.075 

231,670 

58.173 

102.682 

34  115 

15  795 

3,808 

2312 

6,991 

5,269 

1  652 

714 

110 

49 

2.209.150 

Under  $5,000                                   

$5,000  under  $10,000                    

540  322 

$10,000  under  $15,000                                 

270  959 

$15,000  under  $20,000                               

229  642 

$20,000  under  $25,000                               

61,538 

$25,000  under  $30,000                                 

$30,000  under  $50,000 

44  042 

203  562 
251  041 
152  212 
146  657 
53  451 

$50,000  under  $100,000    

$100,000  under  $200,000                                       

$200,000  under  $500,000                                         

$500,000  under  $1,000,000 

$1,000,000  or  more 

71  142 

'Estimate  should  be  used  with  caution  because  ot  the  small  number  of  sample  returns  on  which  ii  is  based 
NOTE:  Detail  may  not  add  to  total  because  ot  rounding 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •   Deductions  and  Exemptions 


63 


Table  2.8— Returns  With  Contributions  Deduction:  Contributions  Deduction  as  a  Percent  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income  by  Size  oi 
Adjusted  Gross  Income 

(All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples  -  money  amounis  are  in  thousands  of  dollars] 


Contribulions  deduction 

Contributions  deduction  as  a  percent  ot  adtusted  gross  income 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Under  1  percent 

1  under  2  percent 

2  under  3  percent 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

(4) 

(5) 

(6) 

(7) 

(8) 

Total _ 

23.939,571 

209.807 
1.318.292 
2.667,737 
4.195,562 
4.833,150 
3.716,600 

6.435,450 

1.330,670 

266,722 

57,224 

6,374 

1,993 

19.691,249 

94,567 
691.959 
1,381,251 
2,242.482 
2,764,179 
2,404.690 

4.722.055 

2,438.483 

1,263.262 

863.761 

363.603 

470.956 

8,013,717 

26.008 

201.886 

721.350 

1,397.208 

1.789.496 

1,349.348 

1.944.736 

461.342 

96.676 

22.413 

2.497 

759 

1,177.191 

307 
8,669 
45,484 
119,904 
198,189 
183.754 

365,955 

165,163 

62.449 

26.777 

6.839 

4.702 

8,034,277 

24.857 

259,429 

511,846 

1,045,497 

1,239,248 

1,043,777 

1,500,063 

340,196 

58,304 

10,110 

767 

183 

2,502,249 

1.303 

30,668 

95.499 

269.453 

398.644 

415,066 

809.063 

322.086 

109,404 

39,342 

7,174 

4,557 

3,401.436 

22,215 

142.403 
397.896 
675.752 
671.674 
636.691 

821.842 

194.481 

33.246 

6.696 

443 

101 

2.328,642 

Under  $6,000 ! 

1.286 

$6,000  under  $10.000 

29,412 

$10,000  under  $15  000 

124,880 

$15,000  under  $20,000 

247,602 

$20,000  under  $25.000 

368,339 

$25,000  under  $30,000 

354,674 

$30,000  under  $50.000 

$50,000  under  $100,000    

309  131 

$100,000  under  $200.000 

106,948 

$200,000  under  $500.000 

37  937 

$600,000  under  $1,000.000 

7.208 

$1,000,000  or  more 

4,596 

Cont 

rtbutions  deduct 

ion  as  a  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income— Continued 

3  under  < 

percent 

4  under  5  percent 

5  under  6  percent 

6  under  7  percent 

Size  ot  adjusted  gross  income 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(9) 

(101 

(11) 

(12) 

(131 

(14) 

(15) 

(161 

Total 

Under  $5  000 

1,679,800 

13.820 
116.847 
207.148 
313.017 
281.747 
243.490 

376.024 

104.645 

20.530 

3.214 

261 

57 

1,607.305 

1.835 

32.633 

90.548 

190.860 

217,684 

228,718 

473,684 

237,207 

94,091 

30,447 

5,820 

3.979 

1.061.042 

14.845 
112,678 
119,460 
190.364 
206.894 
122.799 

217.780 

61.320 

12.376 

2.286 

196 

64 

1.265,833 

2,444 

41,118 

66.696 

149.710 

206.407 

148.223 

358,486 

180,746 

73.374 

28.332 

5.825 

5.576 

722,771 

16,294 
83,988 
70,700 
126,437 
138,273 
103,817 

135,682 

36,679 

8,970 

1,762 

124 

45 

1,043.281 

3,312 
38.163 
46.886 
122,641 
169,183 
156,112 

274,915 

131,688 

64,394 

26.996 

4,529 

4,463 

498,518 

12.631 
49.735 
68.489 
81,481 
84,701 
68,420 

100,518 

24,746 

6.396 

1.210 

152 

39 

860,992 

2.576 

$5,000  under  $10.000 

24.724 

$10  000  under  $15  000 

68,196 

$15,000  under  $20  000 

94.598 

$20  000  under  $25  000 

124.359 

$25,000  under  $30  000 

123.925 

$30,000  under  $50,000 

239.739 
103812 

$50,000  under  $100  000 

$100  000  under  $200  000        .      ... 

55  528 

$200,000  under  $500,000 

21.847 

$500  000  under  $1  000  000      

6.531 

$1,000,000  or  more 

5.157 

Contf 

butions  deduct! 

Dn  as  a  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income  —  Continued 

7  under  £ 

percent 

8  under  9^ercent 

9  under  10  percent 

10  under  15  percent 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(17) 

(18) 

(19) 

(20) 

(21) 

(22) 

(23) 

(24) 

Total ; 

Under  $5,000 

391.824 

2.042 
48.260 
63.180 
44.364 
92.627 
53,100 

69,264 

23.654 

4,214 

985 

121 

33 

783,835 

474 
28,129 
48,671 
59,292 
154,981 
107,978 

196,154 
116,544 
40,920 
20,699 
5.916 
4.075 

291.668 

•1.005 
31.270 
56.816 
47.019 
66.231 
29.680 

63.008 

14.444 

3.240 

829 

99 

28 

632,899 

•188 
19.061 
60.425 
70.006 
104,292 
67,348 

163.103 

82.742 

36,803 

19,401 

5,610 

4,921 

300,886 

4.575 
28.642 
56,035 
66,616 
56,282 
36,079 

38,020 

11,829 

2,945 

753 

86 

24 

694.247 

1,466 

21.451 

71.017 

1 1 1 .625 

120.719 

91.622 

133.471 

74,577 

36,812 

20,321 

6,310 

6,965 

891,235 

19,278 

74.266 

160.942 

214.864 

166.166 

94.790 

128.211 

32.004 

8.035 

2.259 

326 

95 

2.580.100 

9  199 

$5,000  under  $10  000 

73  647 

$10  000  under  $15  000 

248.685 

$15,000  under  $20  000 

461.258 

$20,000  under  $26.000 

417.914 

$26  000  under  $30  000                         

306.639 

$30  000  under  $50  000             

545,969 
257,860 
126  146 

$50,000  under  $100.000 

$100,000  under  $200  000 , 

$200  000  under  $500  000       

79  260 

$600,000  under  $1  000,000 

26,789 

26,742 

Contr 

bulions  deduction  as  a  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income  —  Continued 

15  under  20  percent 

20  under  30  percent 

30  under  60  percent 

50  percent  or  mote 

Size  ol  adiusted  gross  income 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(25) 

(26) 

(271 

(281 

(291 

(30) 

(31) 

(32) 

Total 

Under  $6  000             

307,105 

19,572 
52,132 
73,255 
56.941 
37.341 
24.815 

27.317 

10.297 

3.708 

1.395 

252 

80 

1,177,987 

11.374 
72.649 
154.367 
173.679 
140.417 
117.411 

174,763 
118,621 
86.652 
69,599 
28,239 
30.215 

209,931 

8,401 
70,082 
61,811 
28,144 
18,041 

6,877 

14,606 

6,433 

3,474 

1.636 

371 

166 

1.162,824 

7,888 
125,814 
156,826 
116,069 
97,894 
46,042 

126.285 
106.896 
117,651 
115,543 
64,154 
81.762 

97,191 

9.638 
36.812 
16.228 
6,993 
3,818 
2.865 

7.234 
6.478 
3,919 
2,354 
564 
288 

1,384,712 

6,928 
104,370 
75,662 
47,977 
28,677 
29,247 

104.643 
162.765 
202,841 
253,313 
144,660 
223,928 

38,168 

14,626 
10.873 

3.592 

865 

•1.613 

2.052 

1.146 

2,122 

690 

423 

115 

51 

491,152 

43.996 

$5  000  under  $10  000 

41.561 

$10  000  under  $15  000                                   

38.607 

$15,000  under  $20  000 

7.608 

$20  000  under  $25  000                                

•16,678 

$25  000  under  $30  000 

28,032 

$30  000  under  $50  000 

21  420 

$60  000  under  $100  000                      

78.646 

$100  000  under  $200  000                       

60.248 

$200  000  under  $500  000                

63.948 

$500  000  under  $1  000  000                                 

40.097 

$1  000  000  or  more                 

60.320 

•Estimate  should  be  used  with  caution  because  of  ttie  small  number  of  sample  returns  on  which  it  is  based, 
NOTE,   Detail  may  not  add  (o  total  because  of  rounding 


64 


Individual  Returns  / 1978  •  Deductions  and  Exemptions 


Table  2.9  —  Returns  Filed  by  Dependents  with  Unearned  Income:  Selected  Sources  of  Income,  Deductions,  and  Tax,  by  Size  of  Adjusted 
Gross  Income 


|AII  figures  are  eslimales  based  on  samples 

-  money  amounts  are  in  ttiousands  of  dollars] 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Number  of 
returns 

Adjusted 

gross  income 

less  deficit 

Salaries  and  wages 

Dividends  in  adjusted 
gross  income 

Interest  received 

Number  of 
returns 

1 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

(4) 

(5) 

(6) 

(7) 

(8) 

Total 

585,555 

261,336 
172,876 
67,868 
35,556 
•19,468 
27.345 
1.106 

2,146,406 

346.067 
468.968 
344.847 
241.097 
•165.738 
491.766 
87.923 

300,678 

93.750 
107.677 

42.874 
•23,758 
•14,323 

17,635 
661 

573,255 

80.711 
168,487 
104,914 
•124,205 
•40,651 
53.554 
732 

227,832 

82.530 
68.481 
•23.552 
•15.174 
•11.930 
25.361 
804 

557,068 

53,603 
94,411 
•34,388 
•43,245 
•80,202 
227.706 
23.513 

516.419 

217.353 
157.121 
63.741 
32,433 
•19,468 
25,280 
1,023 

540,894 

171.192 
143.624 
118,329 

30,566 
•12,262 

55,275 
9,645 

Under  $2,000 

$2,000  under  $4,000 

$4,000  under  $6,000 

$6,000  under  $8.000 

$8,000  under  $10,000    

$10,000  under  $50,000 

$50,000  or  more 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Sales  of  capital  assets 
net  gain  less  loss 

Estate  or  trust  net 
income  less  loss 

Zero  bracket  amount 

Total  itemized 
deductions 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(9) 

(10) 

(11) 

(12) 

(13) 

(14) 

(15) 

(16) 

Tola! 

130,091 

38.064 
52.139 
•7.750 
•5,863 
•6.851 
18.806 
618 

103.215 

11,817 
13,031 
•1,339 
•1,195 
•6.926 
54.164 
14.743 

68,633 

•7,223 

23,940 
•13,856 

•3.743 
■11.452 

•7.612 
807 

132,367 

•4.372 

20.271 
•37.932 

•8.819 
•24,620 
•15,730 

20,623 

581,649 

257.431 
172.876 
67.868 
35.566 
•19.468 
27.345 
1.105 

1,170,264 

479.740 
358.611 
148.270 

78.223 
•42.830 

60,159 
2,431 

294,652 

111,646 
93.334 
42,660 
•11.798 
•12,139 
21,970 
1.105 

201.704 

56,226 
67,243 
32,896 
•2,885 
•12,920 
23,412 
6.122 

Under  $2.000 

$2,000  under  $4.000 

$4,000  under  $6.000 

$6,000  under  $8.000 

$8,000  under  $10.000 

$10,000  under  $50.000 

$50,000  or  more         

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Excess  Itemized 
deductions 

Unused  zero 
bracket  amount 

Taxable  income 

Income  tax  before  credits 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(17) 

(18) 

(19) 

(20) 

(21) 

(22) 

(23) 

(24) 

Total 

3,494 

•2,761 
733 

7.704 

•3.780 
3,924 

431,806 

215,906 
121,070 

48.866 
•11.798 
•12.139 

21.654 
•373 

761,588 

418,810 
198,035 

73,570 
•23,070 
•13,786 

34,081 
•235 

581,649 

257.431 
172,876 
67.868 
35.556 
•19.468 
27.345 
1.105 

2,471,223 

578,946 
537.346 
367.516 
237.500 
•164.924 
501.558 
83.433 

462.476 

173.116 
138.018 
67.868 
36,556 
•19,468 
27,345 
1,105 

283,327 

14,190 

Under  $2,000 

$2,000  under  $4  000 

27  710 

$4,000  under  $6,000                                   

37,311 

$6,000  under  $8  000 

28  168 

$8,000  under  $10,000                                

•23,041 

$10,000  under  $50,000 

$50,000  or  more 

38.490 

General  tax  credit 

Total  income  tax 

Total  tax  liability 

Tax  due  at  time  of  filing 

Total  overpayment 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(25) 

(26) 

(27) 

(28) 

(29) 

(30) 

(31) 

(32) 

(33) 

(34) 

Total 

Under  $2,000 

$2,000  under  $4  000 

462,476 

173.116 
138.018 
67,868 
35.556 
•19,468 
27,345 
1,105 

25,526 

5.486 
4.994 
4.359 
3.166 
•2.433 
4  RRfl 

404.117 

135.801 
116.973 
67.868 
35.556 
•19.468 
?7  345 

241,368 

8,736 
21,830 
32,544 
24,481 
•20,547 
95  964 

405,944 

137,509 
117,092 
67,868 
35,556 
•19.468 
27.345 
1,106 

245,544 

8.835 
22.053 
32.942 
25.592 
•21.057 
97.770 
37,295 

297,260 

126,295 
69,053 
49.109 
22.346 

•13.243 
IK  ?n3 

101,271 

8.076 
10.296 
20.482 

7.830 
•9.426 
?7  750 

218.804 

70.870 
98.503 
18.759 

•13.210 
•6.225 

•11   14? 

43,358 

7.346 
12  568 

$4,000  under  $6,000 

3  992 

•2  941 

$8,000  under  $10,000 

$10,000  under  $50,000 

•  1 1  666 

199 

1.106 

37,2 

» 

1.011 

17,412 

•95 

•434 

'Estimate  should  be  used  with  caution  because  of  the  small  number  of  sample  returns  on  which  it  is  based. 
NOTE:  Detail  may  not  add  to  total  because  of  rounding. 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •   Deductions  and  Exemptions 


65 


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66 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •   Deductions  and  Exemptions 


ass's 


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p^f--mto  - 

•-in  •-  to  in  to 
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'-  ^  T-  Of^  « 

f^  COCOP^  ^  ID 
•-  ^  (O  00  CM  CM 

tooif^  moofo 

SSt" 

CMP-.0000) 
toto^  «-  ^ 
f^r-CMtom 

CM  CM  CM  CM--  •- 

•- 

m  vco*-»- 

cMCMco^  r 


M  ^000  ^ 
OP^  ■-  O)  •-     , 
J  -J  -9  cMm 


CM  WCDCOI^ 


CO  COO  O  CO 
CM  too  0)0 

comco  --co 


m'lri  tDiri  co" 
CO  (Din  to  CO 


ompr-r- 

V  r-'  '-'  (J)  tf 

0(---«  r-  a 
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O)  to  O  CO  CO 

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m"  o  o'  t"  (o 
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m  --p^p 
o>  ^"op^cm" 
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COtDCM  "J  P^ 
f^"olO^CM^" 


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Individual  Returns/ 1978  •   Deductions  and  Exemptions 


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t  1-  r-  CD  CD 

CM  uS  ^  ^  CO  O 

CO"-  co^  coo 
co--,«>o_r-_o 
^"ojcNico'r-r-" 


coin  COCM  O)  »- 
CO  Oi  <£>  CO  f-  »- 

CMf^  CD  en  (D  CO 


to  CT>  CO  ®  CO  Q3 


o>        cOtDCOOOCOCT) 

£      '»'  o'  O)  cm'  r-"  ■-' 

5  CM  ^  (D  1-  CO 


^030(0^  O 

CO  cor-  coin^ 
r«-cy  00  CM  CO  o 


O)  '-  OCMOCNJ 
CD  ^  OCOCOO) 

in  CO  ^  (O I —  CO 


CO  ■«  CO  »»  r-  CM 

0(DCOO)CMCO 
CO  f^  ^J  CO  '5  t 

inr-cMcoirio 


ini^  ^0)co  '- 
»nai  o>  h-  ^  r- 

CO'cMCMCMlri  ^' 


O  CD  CO  CM 


CM  CO  CO  CD  ■-  CJ> 

r-incMCMino 

coco  in  o  •-  CM 


-  CO  (o  f>»  CO 
CD  »ri  cm"  CO  cm' 


f^  CM  O  CM  O  0> 
C  CO  ■-  0>  CM  U^ 

f-  cocoinocD 

CO  ■-  T-CMCM 


coco  T-  CO  CD  CO 
O  ^  ■-  O)  00  CO 

(Dooco "-  incM 


CMCMCOCOCi 


CO  •-  CO  in  CO  ffl 


r-  "-  ^OCMO'- 
^-  CD  "-  in  r>-  CM 
r-  in  CJ>  cj)  00  en 


r-.  (O  p«-  ■-  lO  (*- 

CO  TT  CM  T-  ^I  CM 

O  ^  coco  CMr«- 
cri  co'  o'  cd'  o  o' 
ocooocor  ~ 


^  ^  CM  ■- '-  CvJ^«-«-COO 


CO  CO  ^ojinco 

O'  CT>  CM*  tjl  cm" 

coco  r-  •- 


o>  r«-  ^  CO  in  ^ 
CD  CM  'J  'I  CO  en 
If  •-  00  r*- 1  CO 

ij  CO  CM  in  (7)  t' 

1-  CMOcncno 
O  •-  CO  inin  r-- 


at  o  o  •-  CD  T      en  cDO  m  ^  co 

^'r--'0)  CM  CD  •-         CD  fOO>CO  CO  ^ 


ojcncMcot^  •- 
in  If  CT)  CO  1  CO 

00  <  cm'  't  ai  cm' 
^  CO  ij  cor^  CO 

CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM 


o  ^(D"-  f-  in 

CD  OlOai  CD  CM 
tT  O  '-_  CD  CM  f- 

cm'  I/*  V  r^  cm" 


00  r~-  CO  CM  CM  eo 
CD  o'  >-  CD  eo"  en 

coeor^co  t  "- 


CD  CO  CM  OCT)  CM 

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CM  CM  CD  CM  in  •- 
■-"  CD  r-'  cm"  co'  00 
r^oen  •-  CMco 
ooxo  coco  o 


CO  eo  ^-  CM  en  r^ 
r-  cococo  u  O 
(7>cnco  ^  ^  CM 


in  in  r*- o>  in  »n      r-inino 


noo  •-  inin 

lO  •-  r-«- 1^  in  CT) 

CO  1  CO  CM  ■«  CM 
"-  OO  CO  O  CO  CO 

o  ^  tn  O)  ocM 
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ooco  coo  CO  c 


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in  cococo  CM  ^ 

O  CO  O"  CO  cm" 


•-  a>0) CM CMO 

'-  OlnocM^- 
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CD  CM  ■-  in  OCM 

CM  (Oin  h-  •-  o> 


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(D  O)  •-  (D  in  0> 

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00  O  CO  •-_  ■^  '- 

•-  Oi  O  CO'  r^  CO 

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--"  --"  --'  i-'  CM  <-"       cm" 


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OO  COO)  CO  00  CO 
MCOCM 


in  ■*  o>  CM 


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c  c  c:  tr  c  c 

3   3   3   3   3   3 

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com'-cMin  .- 


ij  in  CO  00  CM 

S'eoeo  r-"r-* 
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CO"-  CO  CM 

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coco  coco 


CM  in  r^  CO  CM 

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en  •-  •-  O  in 


f^  CM  O  CM  »»- 

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(O  o>in  to  CO 
T-  r^iD  ^o 


r- CO  CM  (D  CO 


•-  en  CM  CO  00 
co'cMfflco'eo' 


\iuinTreo 


CMcocDr^  <- 

^"  --"  —"  cm"  eo" 


CO  CTICO  00  CD 

en  oio  in  CO 

eo  1^  CO  ^  en 
in  coco  in  in 


f^  t^'-OOO 

men  CD  t-o 
in  coco  ^  o 
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CM^f^  COO) 

a>  T-  ^  o  to 

iri  t'  ih  CD  cm" 

CMCo^eo 


mr-oo'fCMin  cD-^mMO 


in  •-  —  CMr- 
iri  h-  cd  CO  t" 
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en  in  •-  coo 


in  "-o  —  CM 


r-  CMOCOCO 
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en  co'  ^"  eo"  cd'  cd' 

CMOCO  ij-  0>  ^ 

CO  CM  O  OCM  CM 

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0>0>  N-  CM  ®  <0 

vh-  COO  cocn 
cOco  in  •-  CT>  in 
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r-(D  1  ^  r--  CO 
r~-co  CO  r--  in  "- 


in  •-  00  o  co  ^ 
CO  OO)  ^  O)  r^ 

(O  "- to  OO)  CM 

o'cm'Vcd' 
inm^ 

CM  CM 


coo)-«  lncM^ 


—  ^COOOOcD 


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00  coco  in  "J  CO 
en  p-~  eo  tn  eo  o 

■W  U  CMOOrOO 


tc^  o>  ^  tflf^ 


ocor^ocno 

CO  o'  l"  O) 


iIO)CM'-iTCO  (OOeOOlO^  incMmt^coco 

tOCMCMCM^r-  r-.0(Df*-CMO  r-0)CO'-tO^ 

OO^Oteow^  *'^^,^.^. ''I*'.  P*^.''^.'^.'^.*^. 

^'  r-'  co"  r-'  o"  f^'  "» tti  eo  co  o'  i*^'  o'  i^"  i^"  o'  i-'  o" 

cMCM'-CMinin  '-totn'*'^'''-  mogi-ocMcD 


cooenoiD^  cD'-cn— T-^ 

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(O  C3)  r^  CO  r- CO  1CMOCO  itO) 

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—  —         COCM 


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CD  9  in  (D  00  ^ 

mcoeo  tomo 


o>eDOCMmo 
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CO  W  OJCO  '^  o 
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CO  o) "-  in  ^  en 
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r-  ■«  o>  CM  •-  CO 
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r- 00  CO  i-~  in  •- 


CO  CO  CM  CO  in  CO 

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tM  *-  ineococM 


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O  O  O  O  _J 

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tr  oco^ 


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to  ^  ^-  in  o 
CMtocOco'co' 
•-  *-l^tDO 

T'"'°'°5 


CO  tM  CD  CM  to 


COfMO)  to  to 

■wcototow 
COI^  ''itoo, 
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■-co  vencMin 

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CO  tn  ffl  ^  O)  ffl 

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en  CMO)  CM  CM 


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OtOtMt^O 

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cor-enmcoeo 
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co "W  --CD  CM  CD 

r^  lO  r-.  i»-  CD  CM 

CO  ^  •-  0>^  CO 

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co-a-r-  -CM^- 

CM  0)00  COO 

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■WO'-tDO'J 

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1 

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r-  1  CO'-  r-  to 
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(OTTO)  CM  CO 

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"=000 
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Individual  Returns/ 1978  •   Deductions  and  Exemptions 


s  ssssas 

<0        CM(0O»(0  V  o 

o    ■»■■  ■  ~RiS 


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U'CMCM  ^CMO 


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r-*ocOQ 
CD  o^  incoo 


-  •-  m  ^      0)uicM«- 


i-inooo  •- 
o<^  ^  coo  •- 

CMCOQO  ^  OOr^ 


ocmO^coi^  r^ 


-  CM  CM  CM  (DCMCOf^OOCM 

")  (O  •-  r-^  CMCMtOOT 

om  OiO  wcom 

^  ffi  o  CM  into 

cm'  ^'  "-" 


•-  OlOCM  ^  ■- 
CM  0>  in  CM  CM  00 

^'  (d  a»  (o  cm'  to 

CO        to     I   CM  00 

7      '  I  I 


<DCT)^  —  OOO 

SCOOO  Ol^ 
ID  V  CO  CO  (D 

coin  •-  o>  ^  to' 

CM--  ^CO  to  — 

III    "■' 


CMg)CMCoo>n 
oiomg  (Dto 

^^  P»*  o>  O*  '^-  CO 

CO  CO  CD  inf^  o) 

n  COtDN.  V  r- 
0>CJlf^  ^  •-  •- 


tomr^  O)o>co 
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CM  ^-_  CM  CM  —  CO 

^"co'r- "r^'co  ^' 
in  in  o>o>  OO) 
■—  no 


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mcM  t-r^  to* 
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r^to^  (O  —  •- 


■-  tootocoic 

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(OCMCMr^ino      "-tpr^iDffl^ 
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(OtOOtO  >-  O) 
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(D  CT)CO  o>  r*.  o 


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COCO(D'-COCO        OltOTtor-CM 


in  oj  1^  in  ^  o 
mcocor^r^  (O 


•-  CO  r*-  CO  CO  CO 


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co'  co"  co'  ai  f^  ID 


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r>cp  ^  ^ 
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h-  to  0>(0  Q 
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CO  CO  CO  CM  r^ 


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f^  ai^  in  (D 


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CO  *-tMO(0 
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71 


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6 

Section  3 


Tax  Computation 
and  Tax  Rates 


Contents 

* 

Introduction,    73 

Inoome  subject  to  tax,  74 

Regular  method  of  tax  oorputation,  7  5 

Alternative  tax  computation,  7  5 

Conpjtation  of  tax  on  partially  tax-exeitpt  incone,    7  5 

Residential  energy  credit,    7  6 

Business  energy  investment  credit,  7  6 

Earned  inoome  credit,  76 

Conparability  of  tax  credits  data,  79 

Additional  tax  for  tax  preferences   (minimum  tax),   79 

Overpayment  and  tax  due,  79 

Text  tables 

3A   All  returns:  selected  income  tax  items  by  type 

of  tcix  computation,  75 
3B   Returns  with   residential   energy   credit   or 

business  energy  investment  credit:   type  of 

credit  by  size,  77 
3C   All  returns:  derivation  of  total  tax  liability, 

by  size  of  adjusted  gross  inoome,  78 

Charts 

3A  Number  of  returns  and  amount  of  total  income  tax, 
percent  distribution  by  size  of  adjusted  gross 
incone,  1978,  74 

33   Residential  energy  expenditures  by  type,  1978,  7  6 

Basic  tables 

3.1  Returns  with  income  subject  to  tax:  adjusted 
gross  inoome,  deductions,  exemptions,  taxable 
income  and  tax  items  by  size  of  adjusted  gross 
inoome  and  by  type  of  tax  computation,  80 

3.2  Returns  with  net  gain  from  sales  of  capital 
assets:  gains  and  losses  by  type,  by  size  of 
adjusted  gross  income,  and  by  selected  types  of 
tax  computation,  84 

3.3  Returns  with  residential  energy  expenditures: 
expenditures  by  tvpe  and  oon^wtation  of  the 
energy  credit,  by  size  of  adjusted  gross  income, 
86 

3.4  All  returns:  adjusted  gross  inocme  and  total 
income  tax  by  size  of  adjusted  gross  income  and 
total  inoome  tax,  88 

3.5  Returns  with  total  income  tax:  total  income  tax 
as  a  percent  of  adjusted  gross  inoome,  selected 
items  by  size  of  adjusted  gross  income,  91 

3.6  Returns  with  inoome  tax  before  credits:  tax  and 
credits  by  size  of  adjusted  gross  income,  93 

3.7  Returns  with  earned  income  credit:  earned  income 
by  type  and  credit  before  and  after  phaseout,  by 
size  of  adjusted  gross  inoome,  95 

3.8  Returns  with  tax  preferences:  selected  sources  of 
incone,  tcix  items,  tax  preferences,  and  computa- 
tion of  additional  tax  for  tax  preferences  by 
size  of  adjusted  gross  inoome,  96 

3.9  All  returns:  tax  liability  and  taxpayments  by 
size  of  adjusted  gross  inoome,  100 

3.10  Returns  with  tax  due  at  time  of  filing:  tax  due 
by  size,  104 

3.11  Returns  with  tax  overpayment:  tax  overpayment  by 
size,  105 

3.12  Returns  with  refund:  refund  by  size,  106 


Introduction 

The  taxpayer,  in  determining  the  1978  total  tax 
liability,  had  to  take  into  account  several  factors. 
These  included: 

(1)  "incdie  subject  to  tax,"  generally  adjusted 
gross  inoome  minus  personal  exenptions  and,  if 
applicable,  excess  itemized  deductions  or  plus  the 
unused  zero  bracket  amount, 

(2)  the  method  of  tax  conputaticxi  to  be  used  on 
the  inonroe  subject  to  tax  (including  the  use  of  the 
tax  tables  or  tax  rate  schedules) , 

(3)  marital  status,  which  determined  the 
applicable  set  of  tax  rates, 

(4)  taxes  from  any  of  the  special  oomputations, 

(5)  any  tax  credits  the  taxpayer  was  entitled  to 
apply  against  inoome  tax, 

(6)  the  additional  tax  for  tax  preferences  (the 
"minimum  tax") , 

(7)  any  other  taxes,  and 

(8)  any  taxpayments  made  during  the  tax  year  to 
aocount  for  the  year's  tax  liability. 

As  described  below,  "income  subject  bo  tax"  in  the 
statistics  was  the  actua]  base  used  to  determine  "tax 
generated,"  the  primary  oonponent  of  "incone  tax 
before  credits."  The  amount  of  "tax  generated" 
depended  on  the  type  of  tax  oonputation  used  and  the 
taxpayer's  marital  status.  To  "tax  generated"  was 
added  the  sum  of  the  "taxes  from  special  ccnputa- 
ticns"  to  determine  inoome  tax  before  credits.  From 
this  sum,  statutory  credits  (such  as  the  credit  for 
the  elderly,  the  general  tax  credit,  and,  beginning 
with  Tax  Year  1978,  the  residential  energy  credit) 
were  subtracted  bo  obtain  "inoome  tax  after  credits." 
For  purposes  of  this  report,  all  or  part  of  the 
"earned  inoome  credit"  (discussed  later  on  in  this 
section)  was  also  subtracted  in  arriving  at  incone  tax 
after  credits. 

"Total  incOTe  tax"  consisted  of  the  sum  of  income 
tax  after  credits  and  the  additional  tax  for  tax 
preferences  (the  minimum  tax) .  This  amount  was  crea- 
ted for  purposes  of  Statistics  of  Inoome  (no  such 
amount  actually  appeared  on  the  tax  return  itself)  to 
determine  whether  a  return  was  taxable  or  nontax- 
able. Total  inocme  tax  was  used  to  determine  the 
taxable/nontaxable  status  of  a  return  since  its  com- 
ponents were  considered  bo  be  most  representative  of 
inoome  taxes,  as  opposed  to  social  security  or  pen- 
alty taxes,  on  current-year  incone. 

Chart  3A  illustrates  the  distribution  of  income  tax 
paid  according  bo  income  size.  The  largest  propor- 
tion of  returns  filed  (24.8  percent)  occurred  in  the 
under  $5,000  adjusted  gross  income  class  and  accoun- 
ted for  the  smallest  proportion  of  total  income  tax 
paid  (less  than  one-half  of  1  percent) .  Conversely, 
the  smallest  proportion  of  returns  filed  (2.0  percent) 
occurred  in  the  highest  class,  $50,000  or  more,  and 
accounted  for  the  largest  proportion  of  total  inoome 
tax  paid  (more  than  25  percent) . 

"All  other  taxes"  (such  as  the  self-enployment  tax 
and  the  penalty  taxes  on  individual  retirement 
arrangements)  were  added  to  "total  inoome  tax"  to 
determine  the  "total  tax  liability."  FDr  purposes  of 


73 


74 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


Chart    3A. 


Number  of  returns  and  amount  of  total  income  tax,  percent  distribution  by 
size  of  adjusted  gross  income,  1978 


Percent  of  returns 
30        25        20         15        10  5 


Size  of 

Adjusted 

Gross 

Income 

V 

Under 
$5,000 

$5,000 

under 

$10,000 

$10,000 

under 
$15,000 

$15,000 

under 
$20,000 

$20,000 

under 
$25,000 

$25,000 

under 
$30,000 

$30,000 

under 
$50,000 

$50,000 
or  more 


Percent  of  total  income  tax 
5        10        15       20        25 


30 


this  report,  all  or  a  part  of  the  earned  irwome  credit 
was  subtiracted  from  "all  other  taxes"  in  arriving  at 
total  tax  liability. 

Once  ttie  taxpayer  determined  the  tax  liability,  he 
or  she  then  subtracted  any  taxpayments  (such  as  in- 
come tax  withheld  or  estimated  tax  payments)  made 
during  the  year  to  determine  any  overpayment  of  tax  or 
any  additional  amount  of  tax  to  be  paid  at  the  time 
the  return  was  filed.  For  purposes  of  this  report, 
all  or  part  of  the  earned  income  credit  was  also  used 
to  determine  any  overpayment  or  tax  due. 

Table  30  presents  data  for  the  derivation  of  total 
tax  liability.  "Tax  from  tax  tables"  was  the  equiva- 
lent of  the  tax  figure  which  the  taxpayer  obtained 
from  the  tax  tables;  it  had  already  been  reduced  by 
the  amount  of  the  general  teix  credit.  "Tax  genera- 
ted," on  the  other  hand,  was  computed  for  the  statis- 
tics and  represented  the  actual  amount  of  tax  on  tax 
table  income  or  taxable  irxxme,  before  reduction  by 
the  general  tax  credit.  These  two  tax  figures,  as 
well  as  the  genereil  tax  credit,  were  ocsnputed  arrf  are 
shown  for  all  returns  whether  or  not  each  amount 
actually  appeared  on  the  taxpayer's  return.  "Income 
tieix  before  credits"  was  also  ooitputed  for  the  statis- 
tics since  this  concept  did  not  actually  appear  on  the 
teuc  return.  The  reason  for  this  was  that  the  general 


tax  credit  could  only  be  used  to  reduce  income  tax  (or 
"tax  generated")  and  not  the  taxes  from  special  ccrpu- 
taticns;  the  other  statutory  credits  could  be  applied 
to  both  income  tax  and  the  tiaxes  from  special  ccmputia- 
tions. 

Inocme  Subject  to  Tax 

"Income  subject  to  tax"  for  most  taxpayers  con- 
sisted of  adjusted  gross  irKxiroe  less  personal  exeirp- 
tions  and,  if  applicable,  excess  itemized  deductions 
or  plus  the  unused  zero  bracket  aitount;  in  other 
words,  it  was  equal  to  their  "taxable  income."  This 
was  true  in  the  case  of  taxpayers  using  the  regular 
tax  conputation,  the  alternative  tcix,  or  the  maximum 
tax  OMipjtaticn  methods.  This  was  also  true  for  tcix- 
payers  who  computed  a  tax  on  partially  tax-exempt  in- 
come (earned  abroad)  but  did  not  use  any  other  type  of 
tcix  computation  (such  as  alternative  or  maximum  tax 
ooit^putaticn) . 

For  ottier  returns  (those  with  the  standard  incone 
averaging  tax  aanputation  method  or  with  tax  on 
partially  tax-exenpt  income  and  another  tax  oonpjta- 
ticxi  method) ,  income  subject  to  tax  was  not  the  same 
as  taxable  income.  Income  subject  to  tax  for  these 
returns  was  oonpited  for  the  statistics  by  working 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


75 


Table  3A.— All  Returns:  Selected  Income  Tax  Items  by  Type  of  Tax  Computation 

I  All  figures  rtfe  estiTifiru'  hdseO  i>r\  sninplfls  -mooey  amounls  aif  m  lli(.uis<»r«K  ol  [Ifilld'si 


Numbei 
ol 

Adjusiea 
gross 

Income  subject  to  lax 

Tax  generated 

Tvpe  ol  la"  compulalion 

Number 

Number 

lalurns 

less 

deficit 

ol 
returns 

Amount 

of 

returns 

Amount 

ni 

12) 

131 

|4i 

I5l 

(6J 

89.771.551 

1.302.447,336 

85,280.660 

1.056.299.430 

73.072.787 

203,573.966 

Returns  wilti 

4.490,891 

-1,830  473 

80.268,577 

1.076,916,780 

80,268,577 

870.069,780 

68  060.684 

145  435,288 

Income  averaging  tan  compulation 

4.454.324 

162.197,592 

4,454,324 

131320,534 

4,454  324 

34,101.992 

34,622,272 

287,187 

29,423,781 

287,187 

MaxinKjm  artf  alterrxative  to*  computation 

13,089.377 

78,811 

11  117,741 

Alternative  tax  computation  only 

53.699 

1  177563 

53,699 

1.019,975 

53.699 

296,176 

Tax  on  partiaBy  tax-exempl  income  and  arrother  lax  compulation 

5  852 

495,977 

5,852 

Ho  ifvome  subiecl  to  lax,  but  with  laxes  from  special  computations 

Botti  income  subject  to  lax  and  taies  trom  special  computations 
No  income  subject  to  la»,  but  wiiti  additional  tax  lor  ia«  preferences 

6,277,732 

252.361 

4,988,415 

242,095 

Both  addriponal  la»  lor  lax  preferences  and  income  subject  lo  la« 

29.538,812 

465,124 

21  620,724 

452,854 

Income  tax 

Income  lax 

Additional  tax 

belore  credits 

afler  credits 

(or  tax  preferences 

Type  Of  tax  computation 

Amount 

Amount 

Amount 

returns 

returns 

returns 

(7) 

(81 

191 

(10) 

I'll 

(12) 

73.087.283 

203.803.653 

68,614,401 

186,718.062 

495.332 

1,514,475 

4.250 

5,909 

1,685 

30,208 

131,271 

Regular  tax  computation  only 

68.070.950 

145,609,977 

195,236 

456,868 

4.454.324 

34,123.682 

227,586 

287,187 

78.811 

AKemalive  lax  compulabon  only 

132,210 

5,897,546 

35,910 

164.591 

Tax  on  partially  tax-exempt  income  only 

Tax  on  partially  tax-anempt  income  arxj  arxjther  lax  computation 

53,699 

296,176 

37  968 

151.116 

■172 

•1,138 

4,250 

Botti  income  subject  to  tax  and  taxes  from  special  computations 

252,361 

No  income  sub|ect  lo  tax.  Out  with  additional  tax  for  lax  preferences 

•27 

Boiti  additional  tax  lor  tax  preferences  and  irxrome  subiect  to  tax 

452.866 

•Estimate  stiould  be  used  wrth  caution  because  ol  the  small  number  of  sample  returns  o 
NOTE  Detail  may  not  add  to  total  because  of  rourxlirtg 


I  wtiicti  ii  IS  based 


backward  from  "tax  generated"  to  derive  the  amount  of 
ircone  subject  to  tax.  In  other  words,  incxxne  subject 
to  tax  was  defined  as  the  amount  of  "taxable  income" 
which  would  have  produced  the  same  tax  had  the  regular 
tax  ooirputaticn  method  been  used.  For  returns  with 
the  standard  inocme  averaging  method,  the  ccnputed 
income  subject  to  tax  was  lower  than  the  actual  amount 
since  the  t:ax  was  applied  to  the  end  result  of  a 
complex  set  of  computations  which  determined  an 
"average"  of  the  taxpayer's  current-year  and  prior- 
years'  incomes.  For  returns  with  tax  from  partially 
tax-exempt  irxxme  and  another  tax  computation  method, 
on  the  other  hand,  income  subject  to  tax  could  have 
been  either  greater  than  or  less  than  taxable  income, 
depending  en  whether  these  other  tax  confutation 
methods  resulted  in  a  net  tax  savings  to  the  taxpayer 
(see  table  3.1). 

Table  3A  provides  a  summary  of  the  types  of  tax 
computation  used  by  taxpayers.  Of  the  $1,056  trillion 
of  income  subject  to  tax  reported  for  1978,  $870 
billion  was  reported  on  returns  for  which  the  regular 
method  of  tax  oaiputation  was  the  sole  method  used. 

Regular  Method  of  Tax  Corputation  . 

The  "regulcir"  method  of  tax  oarputation  consisted  of 
applying  one  of  four  sets  of  graduated  tax  rates  to 
brackets  of  "taxable  incone."  These  tax  rates  v«re 
specified  in  the  "tax  rate  schedules"  and  incorporated 
into  the  "tax  tables."  The  set  of  rates  used  depended 
i^xsn  the  ta^qayer's  mar  its'  status.  For  1978,  the 
regular  method  of  tax  oonputation  was  the  sole  method 
used  on  80.3  million  returns.  Of  these,  68.1  million 
tiad  income  tax  before  credits  (see  tables  3A  and 
3.1) .  The  ranaining  12.2  million  returns  had  no 
inocme  tax  before  credits  because  the  income  subject 
to  tax  on  these  returns  consisted  entirely  of  the  zero 
bracket  amount  and  as  such  was  subject  to  the  zero 
percent  rate. 


Alternative  Canputation  of  Tax 

Incoms  tax  before  credits  was  usually  computed  by 
applying  graduated  rates  ranging  from  0  to  70  percent 
to  taxable  income.  However,  taxpayers  with  large 
amounts  of  taxable  income  which  included  long-term 
capital  gains  oould  profitably  elect  the  alternative 
tax  computation.  The  effect  of  this  election  was  to 
limit  the  tax  rate  on  the  first  $25,000  ($12,500  for 
married  persons  filing  separately)  of  the  taxable 
portion  of  the  long-term  capital  gain  to  50  percent. 

In  ocsnputing  the  amount  of  long-term  capital  gain 
includable  in  adjusted  gross  incone,  the  net 
short-term  loss  was  combined  with  the  net  long-term 
gain.  Only  a  portion  of  any  resultant  long-term  gain 
was  included  in  adjusted  gross  income.  (See  section 
1  for  an  explanation  of  tlie  amount  of  long-term  gain 
included  in  adjusted  gross  irx3ome. )  If  the 
alternative  tax  oonputation  were  elected,  gaierally 
the  first  $25,000  ($12,500  for  married  persons  filing 
separately)  of  such  included  gain  was  taxed  at  a  rate 
of  50  percent  (in  effect,  25  percent  of  the  total  net 
gain).  The  tax  en  the  amount  above  $25,000  (or  above 
$12,500  for  separate  returns)  was  the  excess  of  the 
regular  tax  en  total  taxable  income  over  the  regular 
tax  en  taDtal  taxable  income  reduced  by  the  net 
long-term  capital  gain  in  excess  of  $25,000  (or  in 
excess  of  $12,500  for  separate  returns). 

Table  3.1  shcx^s  selected  characteristics  of  returns 
with  the  alternative  tax,  including  the  tax  savings. 
Capital  gains  cind  losses  for  alternative  tax  conputa- 
tion  returns  are  shown  in  table  3.2. 

Canputation  of  Tax  on  Partially  Tax-Exeirpt  Inocme 

A  new  procedure  for  computing  tax  on  particilly 
tax-exejnpt  income  was  introduced  by  the  Tax  Reform 
Act  of  1976.  This  procedure  was  then  postponed  to 
Tax  Year  1977  by  the  Tax  Reduction  and  Sinplification 


76 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


Chart  3B. 

Residential  energy  expenditures  by  type,  1978 


Renewable  energy 
source 
3%         Other  energy 

Caulking       *  conservation 

2% 


Storm  windows 

and  doors 

42% 


A3t  of  1977  and  revised  and  postponed  to  Tax  Year 
1978  tjy  the  Foreign  Earned  Income  Act  of  1978.  Under 
the  rules  in  effect  for  Tax  Year  1978,  the  taxpayer 
had  the  cption  of  exempting  tp  to  $15,000  ($20,000  if 
the  taxpayer  was  employed  by  a  charitable  organiza- 
tion) of  foreign  personal  service  income  from 
adjusted  gross  income  and  using  a  special  tax  cortpu- 
tation  method,  or  either  taking  an  adjustment  to 
gross  income  for  expenses  of  living  abroad  or  exclu- 
ding income  because  of  residence  in  a  "hardship"  area 
cind  using  the  most  advantageous  tax  ocmputation 
method.  Foreign  personal  service  income  included 
OOTpaisation  for  personal  services  actually  rendered: 
direct  condensation  such  as  salaries,  wages,  and 
cdtmissicns;  plus  deferred  compensation  such  as 
pensions  and  annuities.  For  any  deferred  ocinpeisa- 
tion  to  qualify,  however,  it  had  to  have  been 
received  by  the  last  day  of  the  taxable  year  fol- 
lowing the  one  in  which  it  was  earned. 

If  the  taxpayer  elected  to  take  the  exeitption,  the 
following  procedure  was  used  to  compute  the  tax.  The 
taxpayer  first  oorputed  a  tax  on  the  full  amount  of 
income,  including  the  tax-exeitpt  amount,  using  the 
regular  tax  computation  method.  The  taxpayer  then 
computed  the  regular  tax  on  the  tax-exempt  amount. 
The  difference  between  these  two  tax  figures  was  the 
tax  on  the  non-exempt  income.  This  procedure  could, 
and  generally  did,  result  in  a  tax  which  was  higher 
than  the  regular  tax  would  have  been  on  the  same 
amount  of  taxable  income.  Therefore,  table  3.1  shews 
a  negative  amount  for  tax  savings  on  returns  with  tax 
on  partially  tax-exempt  income.  On  returns  with  tax 


on  partially  tax-exenpt  income  and  another  type  of 
tax  computation — the  conputation  described  above  used 
in  conjunction  with  the  alternative,  maximum,  or 
maximum  alternative  tax  computation — the  tax  could 
have  been  either  more  or  less  than  the  regular  tax  on 
the  same  amount  of  taxable  income. 

Residential  Energy  Credit 

The  Energy  Tax  Act  of  1978  provided  for  a  credit 
against  tax  for  expenditures  for  certain  types  of 
property  which  served  to  reduce  energy  oonsuitption 
(such  as  insulation)  or  which  replaced  or  supple- 
mented existing  methods  of  heating  and  cooling  (such 
as  solar  or  wind  property) .  This  credit  was  avail- 
able to  individuals  for  qualifying  property  installed 
in  or  on  the  individual's  principal  residence.  The 
credit  consisted  of  two  separate  parts  (one  for  the 
"energy  conservation"  expenditures  and  the  other  for 
"renewable  aiergy  source"  expenditures) ,  each  with 
its  own  separate  computation  and  requirements. 

Table  3.3  details  the  coitputation  of  the  residen- 
tial energy  credit,  as  well  as  the  expenditures  for 
each  of  the  property  types  under  the  two  categories. 
Each  type  of  credit  was  based  on  a  percentage  of  the 
exp«iditures  and  each  was  subject  to  a  maximum  dollar 
limitation  per  residence — $300  for  energy  conserva- 
tion expenditures  and  $2,200  for  renewable  energy 
source  expenditures.  These  dollar  limitations  aire 
reflected  in  columns  13  and  14  as  "energy  conserva- 
tion credit  (before  limitation)"  and  columns  23  and 
24  as  "renewable  energy  source  credit  (before 
limitation)."  "Total  residential  energy  credit 
(before  limitation)"  was  the  sum  of  the  two  types  of 
energy  credits  just  described;  it  was  subject  to 
another  limitation,  the  sum  of  income  tax  before 
credits  less  all  other  statutory  credits,  shown  in 
the  table  as  "income  tax  before  residential  energy 
credit."  That  portion  of  the  credit  which  did  not 
exceed  "income  tax  before  residential  energy  credit" 
was  tabulated  as  "credit  used  for  1978";  any  excess 
amount  was  tabulated  as  "credit  carried  over  to  1979." 

Chart  3B  illustrates  the  distribution  of  the 
expenditures  qualifying  for  the  residential  energy 
credit.  Expenditures  for  insulation  and  for  storm 
windows  or  doors  each  accounted  for  42  percent  of  the 
total  expenditures;  those  for  all  types  of  renewable 
energy  source  property  were  only  3  percent. 

Business  Energy  Investment  Credit 

In  addition  to  the  residential  energy  credit  for 
individuals,  the  Energy  Tax  Act  of  1978  also  provided 
for  a  tax  credit  for  "energy  property"  used  by 
businesses.  This  credit  actually  represented  a 
revision  to  the  investment  tax  credit  rules  by 
allowing  a  10  percent  credit  for  investment  in 
specific  types  of  energy  property.  Table  38  presents 
data  for  the  2,209  returns  claiming  the  business 
energy  investment  credit  by  size  of  the  credit,  while 
tables  3.6  and  3.9  contain  similar  data  classified  by 
size  of  adjusted  gross  income. 

Additional  information  on  the  business  energy 
investment  credit,  including  data  on  the  specific 
types  of  property,  will  be  available  in  Statistics  of 
Inocme — 1978,  Sole  Proprietorship  Returns. 

Earned  Inocme  Credit 

This  was  a  credit  against  income  tax  for  taxpayers 
with  adjusted  gross  inocme  of  less  than  $8,000  eind 
was  equal  bo  as  much  as  10  percent  of  the  first 
$4,000  of  "earned  inocme."  To  be  eligible,  the  tcix- 
payer  had  to  have  provided  a  home  the  entire  taxcible 
year  for  either  a  child  who  was  under  19  years  of  age 
or  a  full  time  student,  or  a  dependent  diild  (regard- 


77 


Individual  Returns/1978  (Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


Table  3B.— Returns  With  Residential  Energy  Credl 

[All  ligufes  are  eslimaiei  based  on  sample*     monov  amount*  aie  in  Ifiouian 

or  Business 

i  ot  ilollarsl 

Energy 

Investment  Credit:  Type  of  Credit  by  Size 

Total  energy  credits 

Sue  or  crodil 

Number  of 
ralums 

Amounl 

Total 

Energy  conservation  credit 

Renewable  ertergy 
source  credit 

Number  o( 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amounl 

Number  of 
returns 

Amounl 

(1) 

(2) 

(31 

(4) 

(5) 

(6) 

(7) 

(8) 

Tom 

3,987,334 

1.102,609 

401.247 

436,307 

5,762 

20,387 

5.509 

668 

•549 

1,536 

159 

117 

M3.1M 

179,157 
152,663 
96.092 
131,154 

2,568 

15.158 
6.569 
1,138 

•1,143 

3.624 

396 

1.293 

6.M0.6ia 

3.966.572 

1,102,445 

400,641 

436.264 

5.749 

20,31 1 

5,550 

646 

•549 

"1,691 

59t.M» 

179.135 
152,641 
96,001 

131.136 

2,563 
15,109 
6,511 
1,062 

•1.143 
"4,007 

S,»19,M1 

3,987,317 

1 ,095,902 

402,525 

434.093 

•4 

559.403 

176.691 
151,875 
98,396 
130,235 

e».341 

25.524 

3,962 
3.438 
3,084 

6.067 
19,559 
4.926 
1,168 

•115 
1,498 

32.107 

1.350 
576 
877 

1,141 

SI  ufxtef  $100 

$100  urKtei  $200 

$200  urxtor  $300 

$300  under  $400                                                             

$400  under  $500           

14.103 

$1,000  under  $1  500 

$1  500  under  $2  000 

2,029 

$2  000  under  S2  200 

$2,200  under  $2,600 
$2,500  under  $3,000 
$3,000  or  more 

3,296 

Business  energy  mveslmenl  credit 

Total 

Nonretundable  portion 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  ot 
returns 

Amount 

Number  o1 
returns 

Amounl 

(9t 

(10) 

(11) 

(12) 

(13) 

(14) 

2.209 

1,241 
201 
•423 
•44 

•11 
S4 
•40 
•42 

1,647 

24 
27 
'96 
•17 

•5 
53 
*44 

•76 

"15 

3,018 

1,227 
135 
•423 
•43 

50 

7 
•41 

U50 

23 
17 
•96 
•16 

32 

8 

•74 

192 

•14 
"67 

•11 
•36 
•33 

$100  under  $200 

$200  under  $300 
$300  under  S400 

$400  under  $500 
SSOO  under  $1,000 
$1,000  under  $1,500 
$1,500  under  $2,000 

■5 
•22 

•36 

$2,200  under  $2,500                                                    

$2500  under  S3000                                                     

'Estimate  shooia  be  used  with  caution  because  of  Ihe  small  numtier  of  sample  returns  on  wfiich  rt 
"Data  combinea  lo  avoid  disclosure  of  intormstKin  (or  specific  taxpayers 
NOTE.  Detail  may  noi  add  lo  total  because  oi  rounding 


less  of  age)  who  was  disabled.  The  computatiidn  of 
the  earned  inccne  credit,  which  is  detailed  in  table 
3.7,  worked  as  follows: 

(1)  "TDtal  earned  income"  was  oottputed  by  adding 
together  salaries  and  wages  and  self-eitploynient 
income  (less  self-enployment  losses) ,  and  th^n 
subtracting  any  amount  of  disability  pay  exempted 
from  taxation.  Self-eirployment  income  (net)  was  the 
amount  reported  on  Schedule  SE  for  the  purpose  of 
cornputing  the  self -employment  tax  and  included  either 
net  earnings  from  sole  proprietorships  and  partner- 
ships or  two-thirds  of  gross  profits,  limited  to 
$1,600. 

(2)  If  total  earned  inoome  exceeded  $8,000,  the 
taxpayer  was  not  eligible  for  the  earned  inccme 
credit,  even  if  adjusted  gross  inoome  was  less  than 
$8,000.  Por  all  remaining  returns,  a  tentative 
"earned  inoome  credit  before  phaseout"  was  oamputed 
by  taking  10  percent  of  total  earned  inccne. 

(3)  The  figure  computed  in  (2)  above  was  first 
limited  bo  $400.  Then,  if  either  adjusted  gross 
inoome  or  total  earned  income  exceeded  $4,000,  the 
figure  was  further  reduced,  i.e.,  "phased  out,"  by  10 
percent  of  the  excess  of  the  larger  of  these  two 
amounts  over  $4,000.  The  result  of  this  ocmputation 
is  shown  as  "earned  inocme  credit  after  phaseout, 
total."  This  represented  the  total  amount  of  earned 
inoome  credit— $1,048  billion  for  1978. 

Since  the  earned  inccme  credit  oould  result  in  a 
refund,  even  ta^qayers  with  little  or  no  tax  liabi- 
lity  oould    receive    the    benefit    of    the    full    amount. 


For  the  purpose  of  these  statistics,  the  following 
ccnpcnents  of  the  earned  inccme  credit  were  distin- 
guished: 

(1)  "Used  to  offset  income  tax  before  credits." 
Oomputed  on  a  return-by-retum  basis,  this  was  the 
lesser  of  (a)  earned  income  credit  after  phaseout,  or 
(b)  inoome  tax  before  credits  minus  all  credits 
except  the  earned  income  credit.  If  the  former 
exceeded  the  latter,  inoome  tax  after  credits  became 
zero,  and  the  return  was  classified  as  nontaxable  for 
this  report.  This  represented  $152.9  million  for 
1978. 

(2)  "Used  to  offset  all  other  taxes."  Computed  for 
returns  with  no  inoome  tax  after  credits  (after  the 
adjustment  in  (1)  above,  if  any) ,  it  equalled  the 
lesser  of  (a)  earned  income  credit  after  phaseout 
minus  earned  inccme  credit  used  to  offset  inconK  tax 
before  credits,  or  (b)  the  sun  of  all  taxes  (except 
inccme  tax  after  credits)  included  in  "total  tax 
liability."  This  amount  was  used  to  reduce  total  tcix 
liability;  however,  the  individual  oarponents  of 
total  tax  liability  were  rx3t  reduced.  Of  the  $1.0 
billion  tr>tal  earned  irxrcre  credit,  $94.2  million  was 
tabulated  cis  "used  to  offset  all  other  taxes." 

(3)  "Refundable  pcartion."  Corputed  for  returns 
with  no  "total  tax  liability"  (after  the  adjustment 
in  (2)  above,  if  any),  it  equalled  the  excess  of 
earned  inocme  credit  after  phaseout  over  the  amounts 
ccnputed  in  (1)  and  (2)  above.  Most  of  the  returns 
showing  an  earned  irxxane  credit  had  a  "refundable 
pocticn,"  amounting  to  $801.2  million. 


78 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


Table  3C.— All  Returns:  Derivation  of  Total  Tax  Liability,  by  Size  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income 

[All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples  -  money  amounts  are  m  thousands  of  dollars] 


Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 


Number  of 
returns 


Adjusted 

gross  income 

less 

deficit 


Tax  from  tax  tables' 


Number  of 
returns 


General  tax  credit' 


Number  of 
returns 


Tax  generated' 


Number  of 
returns 


(1) 


(2) 


(31 


(4) 


(5) 


(6) 


(7) 


(8) 


Total 

Under  $5.000 

$5,000  under  $10,000 
$10,000  under  $15,000. 
$15,000  under  $20,000 
$20,000  under  $30,000 
$30,000  under  $50,000. 
$50,000  or  more 


22.236.197 
19.585.276 
14.241.599 
11,408,934 
13,938.872 
6,535,452 
1,825,221 


1.302,447,386 


47.581.705 
143.810.537 
176,530.628 
198,794.563 
337,763.842 
238.969.911 
158,996,200 


70.261,086 


5.359.226 
17.236.055 
14.025.260 
11.369.456 
13.923.300 
6,525.843 
1.821.946 


193,325,491 


648.175 
9.200.852 
17.589.794 
24.048.643 
48.455.169 
43.952.351 
49.430.508 


73,072,767 


6.910.219 
18.365.313 
14.142.846 
11.380.624 
13.925.028 
6.526.699 
1.822.038 


10,248,475 


250.338 
1.647.784 
2.222.114 
2.048.080 
2.545.738 
1.198.551 

335.869 


73,072,767 


6.910.219 
18.365.313 
14.142.846 
11.380.624 
13,925,028 
6,526,699 
1,822.038 


203,573,966 


898.513 
10.848.636 
19.811.908 
26.096.723 
51.000.907 
45,150,902 
49.766.377 


Taxes  from  special 
computations 

Income  tax 
before  credits 

Total  tax  credits 

Income  tax 
after  credits 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(9) 

(10) 

(11) 

(12) 

(13) 

(14) 

(15) 

(16) 

Total 

256,611 

17,094 
38,373 
49.401 
32.685 
61.004 
40.488 
17.566 

229,686 

7,969 
16,733 
24,670 
14,655 
63,201 
42,756 
59,702 

73,087,283 

6,923,404 
18,366,306 
14,142,851 
11,380,945 
13,925,028 
6,526,705 
1,822.044 

203,803,653 

906.482 
10.865.369 
19.836.578 
26.111.379 
51.064.108 
45.193.658 
49.826.079 

73,076.848 

6,913,293 
18.366.304 
14.142.851 
11.380,624 
13,925,028 
6.526.704 
1.822.044 

17,085,591 

273,772 
2,085,640 
2,724.624 
2,723.380 
3,854,424 
2,659.479 
2,764,272 

68,614,401 

5,114,299 
16,289,718 
13,813,706 
11,272,830 
13.833.272 
6.485.255 
1.805.321 

186.718.062 

632.710 
8.779.729 
17.111.954 
23.387.998 
47.209.684 
42.534.179 
47.061.807 

Under  $5.000 

$5,000  under  $10.000 

$10,000  under  $15.000 

$15,000  under  $20.000 

$20,000  under  $30.000 

$30,000  under  $50,000 

$50,000  or  more 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 


Additional  tax  tor 
tax  preferences 


Number  of 
returns 


Total  income  tax 


Number  of 
returns 


All  other  taxes 


Number  of 
returns 


Earned  income  credit  used 
to  offset  all  other  taxes 


Number  of 
returns 


Total  tax  liability 


Number  of 
returns 


(17) 


(18) 


(19) 


(20) 


(21) 


(22) 


(23) 


(24) 


(25) 


(26) 


Total 

Under  $5,000 

$5,000  under  $10,000... 
$10,000  under  $15,000, 
$15,000  under  $20,000 
$20,000  under  $30,000. 
$30,000  under  $50,000 
$50,000  or  more 


495,332 


22,406 
12,547 
13.545 
40.324 
81.761 
138.383 
186.366 


1,514,475 


72,300 
18,848 
17,753 
31,369 
78,284 
206,833 
1 ,089,087 


68,688,305 


5.136.521 
16.301.144 
13.819.783 
11.279.676 
13,843  171 
6.495.225 
1.812.785 


188,232,537 

705.010 
8.798.577 
17.129.707 
23,419.368 
47,287,968 
42,741.012 
48.150.894 


8,408,874 

1.232.954 
1.609.638 
1.375.362 
1.213.493 
1.473,176 
957.177 
547.074 


5,046,510 


283,583 
600.513 
736.689 
748.508 
1 .063,443 
953,468 
660,306 


567.833 


295,312 
272,521 

r        Not  a; 


94,197 


57,761 
36.436 


70,441,155 


Not  applicable 


( 


5,942,666 
16,865.617 
14,011,854 

1.362.816 
13.914.764 

6.523.812 

1.819.626 


193,184,849 


930,832 
9.362.655 
17.866.396 
24.167.876 
48.351.411 
43.694.480 
48.811.201 


'Shown  here  for  all  returns  with  a  tax.  whether  derived  from  the  tax  tables  or  tax  rate  schedules.  This  amount  was  net  of  the  "general  tax  credit," 

'Shown  here  for  all  returns  with  "tax  generated."  even  though  a  majority  of  the  taxpayers  did  not  actually  have  to  compute  this  amount, 

'Shown  here  for  all  returns  with  a  tax.  whether  derived  from  the  tax  tables  or  tax  rate  schedules.  This  amount  was  before  reduction  by  the  "general  tax  credit." 

NOTE  Detail  may  not  add  to  total  because  of  rounding. 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


79 


The  number  of  returns  (5.2  million)  with  the  earned 
inoome  credit  shown  in  this  report  represents  both 
taxpayers  who  claimed  the  credit  on  their  returns  as 
originally  filed  and  taxpayers  who  subsequently 
claimed  the  credit  after  being  notified  by  the 
Internal  Revenue  Service  during  the  course  of  pro- 
cessing the  returns  for  revenue  purposes  that  they 
were  apparently  eligible  to  receive  it.  For  purposes 
of  the  statistics,  (feta  for  returns  in  the  latter 
category  were  obtained  from  the  Internal  Revenue 
Service's  Individual  Master  File.  This  oombined 
approach  was  taken  in  order  to  present  more  accurate 
information  en  the  total  number  of  returns  and  the 
amount  of  the  earned  inoome  credit  for  Tax  Year  1978. 

Ccnparability  of  Tax  Credits  Data 

Occasionally,  taxpayers  failed  to  limit  the  amount 
of  statutory  tax  credits  to  the  amount  of  income  tax 
before  credits.  Since  the  Internal  Revenue  Code 
specified  that  these  credits  oould  not  exceed  income 
tax,  all  statutory  credits  were  limited  for  purposes 
of  the  statistics.  For  1977  and  earlier  reports, 
this  limitation  was  acoomplished  by  reducing  the 
credits  in  order  of  their  size,  on  a  return-by-return 
basis.  For  1978,  however,  the  credits  were  limited 
in  the  order  in  which  they  were  to  be  applied  against 
income  tax  as  specified  by  the  Internal  Revenue 
Code.  This  processing  change  has  resulted  in  the 
estimates  for  certain  tax  credits,  such  as  the 
investment  credit,  being  slightly  higher  than  they 
would  have  been  had  the  earlier  method  been  used. 

Additional  Tax  for  Tax  Preferences  (Minimum  Teix) 

First  introduced  for  1970,  the  purpose  of  the 
additional  tax  was  to  make  possible  the  taxation,  to 
some  extent,  of  amounts  not  taken  into  consideration 
in  arriving  at  taxable  income.  These  amounts  were 
previously  accorded  special  treatment  and  were 
described  in  the  law  as  "tax  preferences."  The  major 
tax  preference  items  were  capital  gains  (the  net 
long-term  capital  gains  in  excess  of  short-term 
capital  losses)  and  the  itemized  deduction  tax 
preference . 

For  1978,  any  married  person  filing  separately  with 
$5,000  or  more  of  total  tax  preferences  and  any  other 
person  (including  married  persons  filing  jointly) 
with  $10,000  or  more  of  total  tax  preferences  had  to 
file  a  Form  4625,  Conputation  of  Minimum  Tax  (see 


facsimile  in  section  8).  However,  a  portion  of  total 
tax  preferences  was  excludable  in  arriving  at  tax 
preferences  subject  to  tax.  For  1978,  this 
excludable  portion  was  the  leirger  of  the  standard 
exclusion  or  the  exclusion  due  to  tcixes.  The 
standard  exclusion  was  $10,000  ($5,000  for  married 
persons  filing  separately) .  The  exclusion  due  to 
taxes  was  one-half  of  the  sum  of  incone  tax  after 
credits,  tax  from  recomputing  prior-yecir  investment 
and  work  incentive  (WIN)  credits,  and  the  penalty  tax 
on  premature  redemption  of  individual  retirement 
bends,  less  the  special  incone  averaging  tax,  the  tax 
on  accumulation  distributions  of  trusts,  and  penalty 
taxes  en  self-enployed  pension  plans. 

For  ]  978 ,  the  tentat  ive  tax  on  tax  preferences 
equalled  15  percent  of  the  tax  preferences  subject  to 
tax.  The  aotual  additional  tax  for  tax  preferences 
equalled  the  tentative  tax  reduced  by: 

(1)  15  percent  of  any  1978  business  net  operating 
loss  which  the  taxpayer  could  carry  to  a  future  year 
(this  amount  to  be  paid  as  a  deferred  minimum  tax  in 
the  year  to  which  the  net  operating  loss  was  carried); 

(2)  "unused"  portions  of  the  elderly,  political 
contributions,  child  care,  and,  beginning  with  1978, 
the  residential  energy  tax  credits  (the  unused 
portion  was  the  amount  by  which  these  credits 
exceeded  inoome  tcix  before  credits  reduced  by  the 
general  tax  credit); 

(3)  any  tax  based  on  tax  preferences  from  which  the 
taxpayer  derived  no  benefit  (this  occurred  when  the 
taxpayer  had  more  than  enough  deductions  and  exenp- 
tions  to  offset  adjusted  gross  inoome) . 

The  final  step  in  arriving  at  the  current  year's 
additional  tax  for  tax  preferences  was  to  add  in  the 
"deferred  minimum  tax,"  based  on  a  net  operating  loss 
carryover  from  a  prior  year. 

Overpayment  and  Tax  Due 

Tables  3.10  through  3.12  classify  taxpayers  by 
whether  they  ended  the  year  with  a  tax  overpayment  or 
a  tax  due  at  time  of  filing.  The  data  shown  in  these 
tables  reflect  the  effect  of  the  earned  inoome  credit 
for  1978  (i.e.,  the  amount  of  tax  overpayment  increa- 
sed arri  the  amount  of  tax  due  decreased) .  For  1978 , 
almost  65.5  million  returns  had  an  overpayment,  while 
21.6  million  had  a  tax  due.  Approximately  2.7  mil- 
lion returns  had  neither  and  were  excluded  frcrni  these 
three  tables.  Generally,  these  were  returns  with  low 
income,  no  tax  liability,  and  no  income  tax  withheld. 


80 


Individual  Returns  / 1978  •  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


Table  3.1  -  Returns  With  Income  Subject  to  Tax:  Adjusted  Gross  Income,  Deductions,  Exemptions,  Taxable  Income  and  Tax  Items 
by  Size  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income  and  by  Type  of  Tax  Computation 

[All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples  -  money  amounts  are  in  thousands  of  dollars] 


Type  of  tax  computation  by  size 
of  adjusted  gross  income 


Number  of 
returns 


Adjusted 
gross 
income 


Unused  zero 
bracket  amount 


Number  of 
returns 


Excess  Itemized 
deductions 


Number  of 
returns 


Exemptions 


Number  of 
exemptions 


(1) 


(2) 


(31 


(4) 


(51 


(6) 


(7) 


Returns  With  Regular  Tax  Computation  Only 

Total 

Under  $5.000 

$5,000  under  $10,000 

$10,000  under  $15,000 

$15,000  under  $20,000 

$20,000  under  $50,000 

$50,000  under  $100.000 

$100,000  under  $200,000 

$200,000  under  $500.000 

$500,000  under  $1 .000.000 

$1,000,000  or  more  

Returns  WItli  Income  Averaging  Tax  Computation 


Total.. 


Under  $5,000 

$5,000  under  $10.000 

$10,000  under  $15,000.., 
$15,000  under  $20.000... 
$20,000  under  $50.000... 


$50,000  under  $100.000 

$100,000  under  $200.000 

$200,000  under  $500.000 

$500,000  under  $1,000,000 
$1,000,000  or  more     


Returns  With  Maximum  and  Regular  Tax  Computation 


Total.. 


Under  $5.000 

$60,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200,000 

$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  under  $1,000,000 
$1,000,000  or  more 


Returns  Witti  Maximum  and  Alternative  Tax  Computation 


Total.. 


Under  $5.000 

$50,000  under  $100.000 

$100,000  under  $200.000 

$200,000  under  $500.000 

$500,000  under  $1.000.000,. 
$1,000,000  or  more 


Returns  Witli  Alternative  Tax  Computation  Only 


Total.. 


Under    $20.000 

$20,000  under  $50,000 

$50,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200.000 

$200,000  under  $500.000 

$500,000  under  $1.000.000 

$1,000,000  or  more 

Returns  Witti  Tax  on  Partially  Tax-Exempt  Income 


Total.. 


Under  $5.000 

$5,000  under  $10,000... 
$10,000  under  $15,000.. 
$15,000  under  $20,000 
$20,000  under  $25,000 
$25,000  under  $30,000 


$30,000  under  $50.000 

$50,000  under  $100.000 

$100,000  under  $200,000 
$200,000  under  $500,000  . 
$500,000  under  $1,000,000  , 
$1,000,000  or  more 


80.268.577 

17.884.088 
19.450.913 
14.034.735 
10.950.897 
17.318.147 

598.581 

25.301 

4.765 

783 

367 


1,076.916,780 

51.191.143 
142.820.898 
173.863.446 
190.703.638 
476.031.097 

36.256.114 

3.271.079 

1,369,721 

530,728 

878,916 


4.454,324 

162.197.592 

35,063 

178,924 

436,116 

3.110.254 

305.338 

2.314,791 

7,725,040 

99,267,980 

613.525 

68.178 

10.917 

1.043 

304 

39,622,604 

8,726,604 

3,004,650 

699,677 

530,908 

287.187 

34.622.272 

3.498 

145.296 

115.793 

20.580 

1.618 

402 

164,018 

11,767.148 

15.223.470 

5.650.079 

1.058.751 

758.806 

78.811 

13.089.377 

23.031 

39.815 

14.028 

1,574 

363 

1.927,100 
5,492,621 
3,950,804 
1  030,866 
687  986 

132.210 

15.746.686 

3.581 

82.700 

34.593 

9.246 

1.511 

579 

164.228 
6  152,556 
4.583  467 
2,637,897 
1,028,425 
1,180,113 

59.551 

1.705,152 

•573 
•8.455 
•7.205 
•11.740 
13.310 
•2.210 

•2,815 
•69,098 
•96,537 
•195  488 
295,536 
•59  044 

8,097 
6,598 

1,156 

188 

16 

3 

307,005 

444,100 

152,991 

52,147 

10,527 

20,864 

470.197 

373,800 
59,084 
19,841 
•5,551 
11,213 

•698 


•40 
•1,916 
••239 


"171 

•171 


•197 
•57 


8.176 


•226 
•5  706 
•1,326 


•855 
••63 


804.609 

669,512 
84,124 
31,465 
•2,931 
15,445 

•1.123 


3,252 


•3.050 
■•194 


•337 

•337 


•91 
■39 


17.409 


•321 

•12  998 

•2,006 


•1,909 
••175 


21.684.380 

132,534 

1,441,999 

2,781,055 

4,356,544 

12,370,402 

571,515 

24,520 

4,672 

776 

363 


•2,085 

33,215 

172.027 

2.202,670 

557,769 

63,548 

10,492 

1,018 

303 


274,810 

2  092 

137,826 

112,603 

20,287 

1,604 

398 


76,712 

21,777 

39,085 

13,921 

1.569 

360 


124.618 

3.296 

76.335 

33.842 

9074 

1  497 

574 


22.043 


•3.178 
•2.651 
•7.122 


4932 

3.255 

747 

140 

16 

3 


63.046.687 

117.252 

1.996.587 

4.817.732 

8.630.341 

39.584.020 

6.013.581 
916.639 
466.110 
194.585 
309.839 


13.878.032 

•707 

34  835 

246.048 

6.925.770 

4,555.601 

1.258.993 

532,369 

186.343 

137.368 


4.406.263 

6.690 

1.323.112 

2.029.337 

781,846 

152.287 

112.990 


1.757.114 

213.845 
695.226 
573954 
162.222 
111.867 


2.580.701 

13  640 
687,252 
761,957 
576273 
253017 
288  562 


192.806.576 

24,051,083 
39.987.620 
35.879.107 
32.438.337 
58.184.410 

2.158.155 

89.524 

14.862 

2.348 

1.130 


52.377 

400.027 

1.215.112 

10.616.342 

2.235.677 

246.428 

38.909 

3.644 

1.035 


1.056.753 

5.058 

517.274 

450.557 

76.615 

5.840 

1.409 


286.029 


78.898 

149.806 

50.553 

5.477 

1.295 


5.286 

260.200 

116.481 

30  476 

4.950 

1,892 


— 

•1,146 

— 

■12  683 

•8  552 

•15.088 

•3  822 

•20,945 

17  866 

53.043 

- 

•4,420 

26.094 

23,554 

19,254 

21,665 

8.033 

4.628 

3732 

628 

1.263 

54 

3.818 

8 

Footnotes  at  end  of  table 


Individual  Returns  / 1978  •  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


81 


Table  3.1  -  Returns  With  Income  Subject  to  Tax:  Adjusted  Gross  Income,  Deductions,  Exemptions,  Taxable  Income  and  Tax  Items 
by  Size  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income  and  by  Type  of  Tax  Computation— Continued 

[All  figufes  are  estimates  based  on  samples  -  money  amounts  ate  in  thousands  of  dollafs] 


Type  of  tax  computation  by  size 
of  adjusted  gross  income 


Income  subject  to  tax 


Taxable 
income 


Zero  bracket 
amount 


Number  of 
returns 


Tax-exempt  income 
earned  abroad 


Number  ol 
returns 


Income 

tax  before 

credits 

regular 

computation 


Tax 
generated 


(9) 


(101 


(111 


(12) 


(131 


(14) 


(15) 


116) 


Returns  With  Regular  Tax  Computation  Only 

Tol»l 

Under  $5,000      

$5,000  under  $10.000 

$10,000  under  $15.000 

$15,000  under  $20,000 

$20,000  under  $50,000 , 

$50,000  under  $100.000 

$100,000  under  $200.000 

$200,000  under  $500,000 

$500,000  under  $1.000.000 

$1,000,000  or  more 

Returns  With  Income  Averaging  Tax  Compulation 


Total.. 


Under  $5.000 

$5,000  under  $10,000  . 
$10,000  under  $16, 000 
$15,000  under  $20,000 
$20,000  under  $50,000 


$50,000  under  $100,000 
$100,000  under  $200,000 
$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  under  $1,000,000  , 
$1,000,000  or  more 


Returns  With  Maximum  and  Regular  Ta>  Compulation 


Total.. 


Under  $5,000  

$50,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200,000 

$200,000  under  $500.000 

$500,000  under  $1  000.000 

$1,000,000  or  more       

Returns  With  Maximum  and  Alternative  Tax  Computation 


Total.. 


Under  $5,000     

$50,000  under  $100,000  

$100,000  under  $200,000  

$200,000  under  $500.000 

$500,000  under  $1.000.000 

$1,000,000  or  more     

Returns  With  Alternative  Tax  Computation  Only 


Total.. 


Under   $20,000 

$20,000  under  $50,000 

$50,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200.000 

$200,000  under  $500.000 

$500,000  under  $1.000.000.. 
$1,000.(X)0  or  more  


Returns  With  Tax  on  Partially  Tax-Exempt  Income 


Total.. 


Under  $5.000 

$5,000  under  $10,000 
$10,000  under  $15,000 
$15,000  under  $20,000 
$20,000  under  $25,000.. 
$25,000  under  $30,000.., 


$30,000  under  $50,000 

$50,000  under  $100.000 

$100,000  under  $200.000 

$200,000  under  $500.000 

$500,000  under  $1 .000.000.. 
$1,000,000  or  more    


870.069.780 

33.705,090 
110,917,721 
142,167,848 
167,747.475 
392.824.213 

28.625.039 

2,287.297 

892,484 

334,381 

568,231 


137.215,648 


265,348 

1,979,945 

6,567,657 

84,383,004 

33,390.439 

7.282,790 

2  443.101 

610,601 

392,764 


29.423,781 

153.871 

10056  081 

12  856,215 

4  810  771 

902,084 

644  759 


1  654,081 

4  685.040 

3,338.935 

864,536 

575.148 


12.851.641 

146  714 

6.270.193 

3,734.150 

2,038,757 

771,696 

890,132 


1,511.730 

•1  956 
•59,686 
•76,990 
•188,966 
239,894 
•55,729 

263,245 
410,506 
141,659 

47,948 
9.223 

17,039 


870.069.780 

33.705.090 
110917.721 
142,167.848 
157.747.475 
392.824.213 

28.626.039 

2,287.297 

892,484 

334,381 

568,231 


131.320.534 

243.737 

1,880.628 

6.301.793 

81.319.812 

31.716.422 

6,756.096 

2,244,664 

476,623 

382,769 


29.423.781 

153,871 

10,066,081 

12,866,215 

4  810,771 

902,084 

644.759 


11,117.741 

1  654.081 

4685.040 

3.338.935 

864,536 

575,148 


146,714 

5,270,193 

3,734.160 

2,038.767 

771.696 

890.132 


1.515.952 

•1.966 
•59.586 
•75  990 
•188  956 
239.894 
•65.729 

263.243 
427.798 
137.339 

42.803 
7.955 

14.705 


80.268,577 

17.884.088 
19.450.913 
14.034.735 
10.950.897 
17.318.147 

598.581 

25,301 

4.766 

783 

367 


4.454,324 

35.063 

178.924 

436.116 

3,110.264 

613.625 

68.178 

10,917 

1.043 

304 


287,187 

3,498 

146,296 

115.793 

20.580 

1  618 

402 


23.031 

39.815 

14  028 

1.574 

363 


132.210 


3,581 

7  474 

82.700 

247  925 

34.593 

106  448 

9.246 

27  650 

1  511 

4  508 

579 

1  717 

59.551 


200.574.644 

27.646,469 
47,692,847 
37,978,132 
31,878,213 
63,606,588 

1.878,601 

76,930 

13,640 

2,201 

1,024 


13.528.736 


83,433 

472,784 

1  226,887 

9  680  167 

1,916,109 

211,271 

33941 

3,226 

930 


886.897 

7  696 

444  388 

364  171 

64.392 

5  026 

1  225 


69  029 

125  173 

44  124 

4  900 

1  128 


157.955 


•573 

•1  834 

•8,456 

•16  064 

•7,205 

•16112 

11,740 

•28  124 

13.310 

41  266 

•2.210 

•4066 

8,097 

25,910 

6.698 

20327 

1.156 

3,602 

188 

592 

16 

48 

3 

9 

44.357 

•17,482 

•15.057 

•1,683 

•3,148 

5,176 

1,776 
••32 


•1,030 
••29 


37 


59.551 

•573 
•8.465 
•7.205 
•11  740 
13.310 
•2.210 

8.097 

6  598 

1  156 

188 

16 

3 


680.497 

•155.313 

•310,176 

•32,781 

•76,637 

73691 

32,163 
••796 


•14  273 
••440 


•620 
•140 


900.248 

•16  863 

•126  826 

•108  360 

•  1 79  205 

190,401 

•22807 

119  268 

111,912 

20,965 

3260 

350 

33 


145.435.288 

898,466 
10,803,733 
19,522,998 
25,021,131 
78,210,941 

8,864,075 

1,006,559 

606,207 

213,947 

388,230 


36.647,092 


32,756 

290,989 

1,091,538 

18,781,685 

11,154,938 

3,317,662 

1,385,272 

326,303 

265,957 


13,512,225 

53.546 

3.808,517 

5,883.552 

2.744.642 

682.612 

439.456 


5,692,778 


644.067 

2.189.662 

1.909.902 

557.506 

391.650 


5,982,079 

51.002 

1.941.420 

1,720.779 

1,165.438 

496.902 

606,637 


434.533 

•17 
■7,884 
•  1 1 ,908 
•36,073 
40,086 
•15,985 

62,349 
147,572 
67,006 
27,825 
5,989 
11,841 


145.435.288 

898,466 
10,803,733 
19  622,998 
26,021,131 
78,210,941 

8,864,075 

1,006,559 

606,207 

213,947 

388,230 


28,365 

268,346 

1,024,254 

17,686,669 

10,289,642 

2,994.624 

1,249,222 

301.918 

258,962 


12.462.524 

53.005 

3,720,754 

5,475,223 

2,360,147 

486.533 

366,861 


627  188 

2047392 

1  693,026 

481,332 

329  586 


5.888.061 

50736 

1,922  420 

1  679  422 

1  140674 

491  742 

603  066 


507,578 

•48 
•16  538 
•20.563 
•51,338 
61698 
•22,119 

76,652 
164.221 
64,796 
24276 
6  116 
10214 


Footnotes  at  end  of  table 


82 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


Table  3.1  -  Returns  With  Income  Subject  to  Tax:  Adjusted  Gross  Income,  Deductions,  Exemptions,  Taxable  Income  and  Tax  Items 
by  Size  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income  and  by  Type  of  Tax  Computation— Continued 

[All  figures  are  eslimales  based  on  samples  -  money  amounts  are  in  thousands  of  dollars) 


Type  of  tax  computation  by  size 
of  adjusted  gross  income 


Tax 
savings 

over 

regular 

computation 


Average 


savings 
(dollars) 


Income  tax 
before  credits 


Number  of 
returns 


Total  credits 


Number  of 
returns 


Additional 
tax  for  tax 
preferences 


Number  of 
returns 


(171 


(19) 


(201 


(22) 


Returns  With  Regular  Tax  Computation  Only 

Total 

Under  $5.000 

$5,000  under  $10.000 

$10,000  under  $15,000.  

$15,000  under  $20,000  

$20,000  under  $50,000  

$50,000  under  $100.000 

$100,000  under  $200.000 

$200,000  under  $500,000 

$500,000  under  $1,000,000 

$1,000,000  or  more 

Returns  With  Income  Averaging  Tax  Computation 


Total.. 


Under  $5,000 

$5,000  under  $10,000  -. 
$10,000  under  $15,000. 
$16,000  under  $20,000- 
$20,000  under  $50,000 


$50,000  under  $100,000 
$100,000  under  $200,000 
$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  under  $1,000.000.. 
$1,000,000  or  more 


Returns  With  Maximum  and  Regular  Tax  Computation 


Total.. 


Under  $5.000 

$50,000  under  $100.000 

$100,000  under  $200.000 

$200,000  under  $500,000 

$500,000  under  $1,000,000,. 
$1,000,000  or  more 


Returns  With  Maximum  and  Alternative  Tax  Computation 


Total.. 


Under  $5,000 
$50,000  under  $100,000 
$100,000  under  $200,000 
$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  under  $1,000,000 
$1,000,000  or  more 


Returns  With  Alternative  Tax  Computation  Only 


Total.. 


Under    $20,000 

$20,000  under  $50,000 
$50,000  under  $100,000 
$100,000  under  $200,000 
$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  under  $1 ,000,000 
$1,000,000  or  more 


Returns  With  Tax  on  Partially  Tax-Exempt  Income 


Total.. 


Under  $5,000 

$5,000  under  $10,000 
$10,000  under  $15,000 
$15,000  under  $20,000. 
$20,000  under  $25,000., 
$25,000  under  $30,000 


$30,000  under  $50.000 

$50,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200,000 

$200,000  under  $500.000 

$500,000  under  $1,000.000.. 
$1,000,000  or  more 


2,545.100 

4,392 

22,643 

67,285 

1,095,027 

865,296 

323,028 

136,050 

24,385 

6,995 


1,049.702 

541 

87.762 

408.329 

384.395 

96.079 

72.595 


514,254 


16.879 

142.260 

216.876 

76.175 

62.064 


266 

18.999 

41.357 

24,764 

5.160 

3.472 


-73,045 

•-31 
•-8.654 
•-8.655 
•-15.265 
—  11.611 
• -6.134 

-14.303 

-16.649 

2,210 

3.548 

873 

1,626 


125 
127 
154 
352 

1  410 

4,738 

12.462 

23,380 

23,010 


3,655 

155 

604 

3.526 

18,678 

59.381 

180.585 


6,525 


733 

3,573 

15,460 

48,396 

170.975 


74 
230 
1,196 
2.678 
3.415 
5.997 


—  1,227 

•—54 
•-1,024 
•-1,201 
•  —  1.300 

-872 
•-2.776 

-1.766 

-2.523 

1,912 

18,872 

54,563 

542.000 


68,070,950 

6,918,588 
18,322,788 
13,956,717 
10,933,089 
17.310.782 

597,887 

25222 

4.733 

780 

364 


35.063 

178.924 

436.116 

3.110.254 

613,525 

68,178 

10,917 

1.043 

304 


287,187 

3.498 

145.296 

115.793 

20.580 

1.618 

402 


23.031 

39,815 

14,028 

1.574 

363 


3.581 

82,700 

34.593 

9.246 

1.511 

579 


59,551 

•573 
•8,455 
•7,205 
•11,740 
13.310 
•2,210 

8,097 

6,598 

1,156 

188 

16 

3 


145,609,977 

900,566 
10,820,466 
19,547,655 
25,035,671 
78,308  147 

8.877.341 

1.011.647 

505.939 

214.207 

388.339 


34.123.682 

28,365 

268.346 

1.024.370 

17,695.387 

10.299,171 

2.995,686 

1,250.948 

302.145 

259.264 


12,469.469 

53,005 

3.723,611 

5,478,284 

2,360,907 

486.649 

367.013 


5,189,489 


628.007 

2.054.745 

1,695,050 

481,798 

329.889 


5.897.546 

50.736 

1.924,770 

1,682,314 

1,143,408 

492,891 

603.427 


507.580 

•48 
•16.538 
•20.563 
•51.338 
51.698 
•22,119 

76.652 
164.221 
64.796 
24,276 
5.117 
10.214 


68.062,145 

6,910,106 
18,322,786 
13,956,717 
10,932,768 
17310,782 

597,887 

25,222 

4,733 

780 

364 


35,063 

178,924 

436,116 

3,110,254 

613,525 

68,178 

10,917 

1.043 

304 


287.187 

3,498 

145,296 

115,793 

20,580 

1,618 

402 


78,811 


132,210 


12.965.999 

273,173 
2070.326 
2,650.772 
2  539.853 
4,909,736 

428.998 

52.518 

24  986 

8.714 

6,924 


2.917.351 


6.378 

53,668 

149.396 

1,543.300 

781.218 

272,921 

90,696 

14,244 

5,530 


548,147 

4,890 

191,459 

229,044 

91.290 

20,755 

10,708 


190,197 


23.031 

31.475 

39.815 

65.906 

14,028 

57,535 

1.574 

20,762 

363 

14.519 

216,595 


3,581 

2.420 

82,700 

75,118 

34,593 

63,987 

9.246 

37,759 

1.511 

15,848 

579 

21.463 

246.725 


•573 

•40 

•8.455 

•8,936 

•7.205 

•20,170 

11  740 

•34,132 

13,310 

25,063 

•2,210 

•252 

8.097 

28,251 

6,598 

77.398 

1.156 

30,268 

188 

12,016 

16 

2,168 

3 

8,041 

123) 


195,236 

5,201 

7,819 

8,445 

30,111 

95,867 

38.407 

7,158 

1,743 

305 

180 


•49 

4,358 

9.314 

119.501 

68.736 

18.947 

5.567 

839 

275 


568 
1.523 

286 
••34 


•96 

2.320 

985 

121 

13 


35,910 

•19 

15.650 

14.579 

4.529 

819 

314 


446 


•342 
•79 
•21 
••4 


Footnotes  at  end  of  table 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


83 


Table  3.1  -  Returns  With  Income  Subject  to  Tax:  Adjusted  Gross  Income,  Deductions,  Exemptions,  Taxable  Income  and  Tax  Items 
by  Size  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income  and  by  Type  of  Tax  Computation— Continued 

(All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples  -  money  amounts  are  in  thousands  o(  dollars) 


Type  of  tax  computation  by  size 
o(  adjusted  gross  income 


Total  income  tax 


Number  ot 
returns 


As  a  percent  ot 


Income 

subtect 

to  tax 


Adjusted 
gross 
income 


Average 
income 

tax 
(dollars) 


(251 


(26) 


(27) 


(28) 


Returns  With  Regular  Tax  Compulation  Only 


Tola!.. 


Under  $5.000 

$5,000  under  $10,000 
$10,000  under  $15,000 
$15,000  under  $20,000 
$20,000  under  $50,000 


$50,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200.000 

$200,000  under  $500.000 

$500,000  under  $1,000,000. 
$1,000,000  or  more 


Returns  With  Income  Averaging  Tax  Computation 


Total- 


Under  $5,000 

$5,000  under  $10.000... 
$10,000  under  $15.000.. 
$15,000  under  $20,000  , 
$20,000  under  $50,000 


$50,000  under  $100.000 , 

$100,000  under  $200,000 , 

$200,000  under  $500,000 

$500,000  under  $1,000,000., 
$1,000,000  or  more     


Returns  With  Maximum  and  Regular  Tax  Computation 

Total 

Under  $5,000 

$50,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200,000 

$200,000  under  $500,000 

$500,000  under  $1 ,000.000 

$1,000  000  or  more 


Returns  With  Maximum  and  Alternative  Tax  Computation 


Total.. 


Under  $5,000 

$50,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200,000 

$200,000  under  $500,000 

$500,000  under  $1,000.000... 
$1,000  000  or  more 


Returns  Witti  Alternative  Tax  Computation  Only 
Total 


Under   $20,000  

$20,000  under  $50,000 

$50,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200,000 

$200,000  under  $500,000 

$500,000  under  $1,000.000.. 
$1,000,000  or  more 


Returns  With  Tax  on  Partially  Tax-  Exempt  Income 


Total.. 


Under  $5,000 

$5,000  under  $10,000.  .. 
$10,000  under  $15,0IX). 
$15,000  under  $20,000 
$20,000  under  $25,000 
$25,000  under  $30,000  , 


$30,000  under  $50,000 , 

$50,000  under  $100,000 , 

$100,000  under  $200,000 , 

$200,000  under  $500,000 

$500,000  under  $1,000.000... 
$1,000,000  or  more 


63.739.131 

133.1 00.846 

5,117,080 

631,000 

16,260,535 

8,762,066 

13,649,625 

16,905,107 

10,845,800 

22,517,113 

17.240,150 

73,514,569 

594,891 

8,563,459 

26,149 

1,030,474 

4,752 

532,130 

783 

226,172 

366 

419,768 

31.702 

166.012 

425.945 

3,065,530 

607,911 
67,612 

10,895 

1,042 

304 


286.309 

3,424 

144,731 

115,587 

20,560 

1,616 

402 


23,020 

39,798 

14.025 

1,572 

363 


131,890 


31.951.043 


22.000 

221,115 

882.659 

16,306,123 

9,717,068 

2,872,493 

1,285,258 

340,678 

303,650 


11,926,910 

48,114 

3,532,931 

5,252,212 

2,270,799 

466,476 

356,377 


5,007.793 


596,611 

1,992,304 

1,640,841 

462,283 

315,754 


5,845,542 


3,570 

48.321 

82,436 

1.869,898 

34,550 

1,666,646 

9,245 

1.147,956 

1.511 

500.466 

579 

612.254 

263,799 


■673 

■7 

■4.228 

■7.602 

■3.404 

•393 

■7.032 

■17,207 

10.658 

26.644 

•2.210 

•21,867 

8,097 

48,401 

5,914 

88,123 

1,057 

34,626 

182 

12.328 

15 

3,087 

3 

3,513 

15.3 

1  9 

79 

11  9 

14  3 

18  7 

29  9 

46  1 
59  6 
67  3 
73  9 


90 
118 
14  0 
20  1 

30  6 
42  5 
57  3 
71  6 
79.3 


40.5 

31,3 
36  1 
409 
472 
51.7 
55.3 


36  1 
42  5 
49  1 
53  5 
54,9 


32.9 
355 
446 
663 
649 
68  8 


17.4 

■0.4 
■128 
■05 
■9  1 
11  1 
■39  2 

18,4 
20,6 
262 
28  8 
38  8 
23  9 


12.4 


1  ? 

123 

6  1 

539 

97 

1,239 

118 

2.076 

15.4 

4.264 

23  6 

14,395 

31  6 

40,975 

,38  H 

1 1 1 ,980 

42  4 

287,576 

47  8 

1,146,880 

7? 

694 

96 

1.332 

11  4 

2.072 

164 

5.319 

24  5 

15.984 

3?  9 

42,485 

42  8 

117,968 

48  7 

326,946 

57.2 

998,849 

37,1 


(29) 


7,300 


41,657 


?9  3 

14,052 

30  0 

24,410 

34  5 

45.439 

40? 

110.501 

44  1 

288.840 

47,0 

886.510 

63.568 


310 

25.917 

36  3 

50.060 

415 

116.994 

44  8 

294.073 

45.9 

869.846 

29  4 

13.535 

30  4 

22.683 

36  4 

48.239 

436 

124.170 

48  7 

331,215 

51.9 

1.057,434 

■n? 

■12 

11  0 

■1,798 

■04 

■115 

■8.8 

■2,447 

90 

2,500 

37  0 

■9,895 

15.8 

5.978 

19  8 

14,901 

22  6 

32,759 

236 

67,736 

29  3 

206,800 

168 

1,171,000 

'Estimate  should  be  used  with  caution  because  of  the  small  number  of  sample  returns  on  which  it  is  based 

"Data  combined  to  avoid  disclosure  of  information  for  specific  taxpayers 

'A  negative  amount  in  this  column  indicates  that  the  tax  computation  resulted  in  a  higher  tax  than  the  regular  computation  would  have 

NOTE    Detail  may  not  add  to  total  because  of  rounding 


84 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


Table  3.2— Return  J  With  Net  Gain  From  Sales  of  Capital  Assets:  Gains  and  Losses  by  Type,  by  Size  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income,  and  by 
Selected  Types  of  Tax  Computation 

[All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples — money  amounts  are  in  thousands  of  dollars] 


Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 


Numtjer  of 
returns' 


Returns  witti  regular  tax  computation  rates  only^ 


Number  of 
returns 


Net  gam 

from  sales 

of  capital 

assets 


Short-term  capital  gains  and  losses 
reported  on  Schedule  D 


Capital  loss  carryover 


Numt)er  of 
returns 


Amount 


Net  capital  gam 
after  carryover 


Number  of 
returns 


Net  capital  loss 
after  carryover 


Number  of 
returns 


(2) 


(3) 


W 


(5) 


(6) 


(7) 


(8) 


(9) 


Total 

Under  $5,000 

$5,000  under  $10,000 

$10,000  under  $15,000  , 

$15,000  under  $20,000  , 

$20,000  under  $25,000  

$25,000  under  $30,000 , 

$30,000  under  $50,000 

$50,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200,000  „., 
$200,000  under  $500,000,,., 
$500,000  under  $1 ,000.000 
$1,000,000  or  nxjfe  


6,604,562 

645,341 
865,869 
894,767 
842,798 
7X,131 
633,871 

1,197,614 

549,138 

143,090 

35,938 

4,533 

1.472 


439.126 
848.198 
892.579 
840.644 
787.201 
633.407 

1.191.644 

442.690 

68.334 

12.547 

1.423 

511 


21,666,116 

407.431 
1.263.036 
1.573.350 
1.981.529 
1.811.953 
1 .835.868 

4.640.156 
3.743.645 
1.804.715 
1.328.281 
551,645 
724,506 


30,419 

•405 

•3,990 

•4,425 

•235 

•803 

•1,686 

8,279 

8,052 

1,904 

523 

95 

22 


186,045 

•4,876 
•11,614 

•7,869 
•10.848 

•6.880 
•10,165 

22,177 
51,275 
34,999 
14,887 
9,258 
3,196 


792,150 

27,662 
54,253 
68,010 
101,413 
108,726 
95,485 

219,831 

95,221 

17,240 

3,708 

444 

157 


2,057,152 

23,265 
63,292 
115,228 
178,076 
197,521 
166,277 

490,955 

482,734 

199,293 

99,624 

28,961 

11,926 


238,049 

•5,559 
7,921 
17,547 
24,520 
26,140 
34,034 

66,448 

43,293 

9,328 

2,587 

475 

197 


1,040,948 

•8,025 
38,942 
44,284 
31,373 
70,838 
68,655 

128,694 
236,198 
167,521 
145.596 
45,008 
55,816 


Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 


Returns  with  regular  tax  computation  rates  only^ — Continued 


Long-term  capital  gams  and 

losses  reported  on 

Schedule  D 


Capital  loss  carryover 


Number  of 
returns 


Amount 


Net  capital  gain 
after  carryover 


Number  of 
returns 


Amount 


Net  capital  loss 
after  carryover 


Number  of 
returns 


Taxable  portion  of 
capital  gam  distributions 
reported  on  Form  1040 


Number  of 
returns 


(10) 


(11) 


(12) 


(13) 


(14) 


(15) 


(16) 


(17) 


Total 

Under  $5,000 

$5,000  under  $10,000 

$1 0,000  under  $1 5,000 

$15,000  under  $20,000    

$20,000  under  $25,000  

$25,000  under  $30.000 

$30,000  under  $50,000  

$50,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200,000.... 
$200,000  under  $500.000 .... 
$500,000  under  $1 .000.000 . 
$1,000.000or  more     


71,505 

•5.020 
4,345 
9,461 
6,860 
5,158 
5,588 

16,531 

14,246 

4,111 

969 

156 

60 


394.000 

•48,788 

5,781 

19,402 

32,828 

.18,812 
10,979 

80,432 
83,873 
60,295 
17.615 
8,431 
6,765 


4,845,956 

335,836 
658,299 
709,082 
641,354 
620,309 
508,131 

943,055 

362,929 

54,897 

10,372 

1,236 

458 


41,150,372 

760,488 
2,442,165 
2,962,981 
3,701,353 
3,373,052 
3,491,109 
8,639,743 
6,999,552 
3,498,759 
2,673,487 
1,116,756 
1 ,490,928 


82,923 

•2,548 

•4,226 

•523 

9,585 
13,543 

8,532 

27,623 

12,716 

2,826 

699 

88 

14 


175,712 

•38,581 
•1,017 
•2,861 
7.666 
15.490 
9.272 

34,602 

36,660 

15,615 

8,902 

4,806 

241 


957,363 

88,455 

166,123 

152,248 

148,921 

114,368 

85,815 

149,879 

44,173 

6,521 

816 

34 

10 


176,470 

14,153 
27,288 
35,893 
25,870 
15,893 
9,636 

30,705 

13,416 

1,894 

1,266 

35 

423 


Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 


Returns  with  regular  tax  computation  rates  only^  — Continued 


Net  long-term  capital 

gains  in  adjusted 

gross  income 


Number  of 
returns 


Income  subject  to  tax 


Number  of 
returns 


Income  tax 
before  credits 


Number  of 
returns 


Additional  tax  for 
tax  preferences 


Number  of 
returns 


(18) 


(19) 


(20) 


(21) 


(22) 


(23) 


(24) 


(251 


Total 

Under  $5,000 

$5,000  under  $10,000 

$10,000  under  $15,000 

$15,000  under  $20,000 
$20,000  under  $25,000 
$25,000  under  $30,000 

$30,000  under  $50,000 

$50,000  under  $100.000 

$100,000  under  $200,000,... 
$200,000  under  $500.000.... 
$500,000  under  $1,000,000. 
$1,000,000  or  more 


4.845,555 

335.836 
658.299 
709,082 
640,951 
620,309 
508,131 

943,055 

362,929 

54,897 

10,372 

1,236 

458 


19,570,709 

371,607 
1,173,473 
1,425,096 
1,785,455 
1,613,854 
1,669,227 

4,153,097 
3,283,893 
1,619,143 
1,236,294 
527,174 
712,397 


6,158.304 

439,126 
848,198 
892,579 
840,644 
787,201 
633,407 

1,191,644 

442,690 

68,334 

12,547 

1,423 

511 


124.407,781 

971,045 
4,576,381 
8,623,004 
11,772,252 
14,336,087 
14,181,242 

36,721,136 

22,416,516 

6.798,601 

2,613,720 

660,124 

737,673 


5,819,174 

220,441 
755,384 
876,383 
833,705 
784,815 
633,035 

1,190,534 

442,150 

68,261 

12,534 

1,421 

511 


29.898,379 

30,186 
396.407 
1.124.653 
1.874.189 
2,533.104 
2.777.295 

8.696.223 
7.219.142 
2.950.868 
1,403.726 
403.690 
488.897 


399.316 


1,146.927 


1.113 

1,515 

7.824 

11,932 

12.236 

13,872 

38.582 

27,461 

30.178 

25,128 

49.335 

47.895 

30,197 

191.051 

98,301 

298.202 

23,573 

208.593 

6,545 

165.360 

1,027 

69,009 

405 

86,908 

Footnotes  at  end  of  table 


Individual  Returns  / 1978  •  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


85 


Table  3.2 — Returns  With  Net  Gain  From  Sales  of  Capital  Assets:  Gains  and  Losses  by  Type,  by  Size  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income,  and  by 
Selected  Types  of  Tax  Computation  —  Continued 

[All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples — money  amounts  are  in  ttx>usands  of  dollars) 


Sze  of  adjusted  gross  income 


Returns  with  alternative  tax  computation' 


Number  of 
returns 


Net  gain 

from  sales 

ot  capital 

assets 


Short-term  capital  gams  and  losses 
reported  on  Schedule  D 


Capital  loss  carryover 


Numtwr  of 
returns 


Net  capital  gam 
after  carryover 


Number  of 
returns 


Amount 


Net  capital  loss 
after  carryover 


Numt)er  of 
returns 


Long-term  capital 

gams  and  losses 

reported  on  Schedule  D 


Capital  loss 
carryover 


Number  of 
returns 


(26) 


(27) 


(28) 


(29) 


(30) 


(31) 


(32) 


(33) 


(34) 


(35) 


Total.. 


Under  $5.(XX) 

$5.(XX)  under  J10,(XX) 

$10,000  under  $15,000 

$1 5.000  under  $20.000 

$20,000  under  $25,000 

$25,000  under  $30.000 

$30,000  under  $50,000  

$50,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200,000 

$200,000  under  $500,000 

$500,000  under  $1 ,000,000 ., 
$1,000,000  or  more         


211,021 


3.581 

105.731 

74,408 

23,274 

3,085 

942 


2,912,721 


15.614 
592.738 
956.590 
706.636 
295.490 
345.652 


4,242 


1,426 

1,851 

817 

102 

46 


39,S98 


10,514 

15,971 

9,402 

1.287 

2.725 


38,830 


■1.107 
18.172 
13.831 
4.724 
756 
240 


246,435 


•3,125 
55,029 
86.311 
54.091 
24.427 
23.451 


•19 

13.672 

13.826 

5,440 

829 

281 


242,250 


•27 
41,251 
86,400 
66,446 
17,523 
30,601 


10,109 


4.501 

3.688 

1,586 

259 

75 


92,481 


18.753 

34.379 

24,680 

6,851 

7,818 


Returns  with  alternative  tax  computation^  —  Continued 


Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 


Long-term  capital 

gains  and  losses 

reported  on 

Schedule  D  — Contnued 


Net  capital 
gam  after 
carryover 


NumtMr  of 
returns 


Taxable  portion  of 
capital  gam 
distributions 

reported 
on  Form  1040 


Numt)er  of 
returns 


Net  long-term  capital  gains 
in  adjusted  gross  income 


Number  ot 
returns 


Amount  subject  to  tax  at  - 


50  percent 
rate 


Regular  rates 


Numt)er  of 
returns 


(36) 


(37) 


(38) 


(39) 


(40) 


(41) 


(42) 


(43) 


(44) 


To««l 

Under  $5,000 

$5,000  under  $10.000 

$10,000  under  $15.000 

$15,000  under  $20,000  

$20,000  under  $25,000    , 

$25,000  under  $30,000 

$30,000  under  $50,000 

$50,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200,000.... 

$200,000  under  $500,000 

$500,000  under  $1 ,000,000 
$1,(300,000  or  more 


211,021 


3,581 

25.014 

05,731 

1,122.876 

74.408 

1.853.499 

23.274 

1.397,341 

3,085 

568.674 

942 

682,112 

•574 
261 
"17 


211,021 


3,58 1 

105,731 

74,408 

23.274 

3,085 

942 


2,666,208 


12.489 
537,677 
870.234 
652.545 
271 ,063 
322,200 


1,585,743 


12,489 

528.350 

677,668 

300,464 

50,195 

16,577 


22,619 


1,759 

1 1 ,204 

7,553 

1,539 

564 


1,080,465 


9,327 
192,566 
352.081 
220  868 
305,623 


Returns  with  alternative  tax  computation^  —  Continued 


Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 


Taxable 
income 


Income  subject 
to  tax 


Income  tax 
before  credits 


Number  ot 
returns 


Capital  gams 
tax  preference 


Numtjer  of 
returns 


Additional  tax  for 
tax  preferences 


Number  of 
returns 


(45) 


(46) 


(47) 


(48) 


(49) 


(50) 


(51) 


(52) 


Total 

Under  $5.000 

$5,000  under  $10.(X)0   

$10,000  under  $1 5.000 

$15,000  under  $20,000  

$20,000  under  $25,000  

$25,000  under  $30,000  

$30,000  under  $50,000  

$50,000  under  $100 000 

$100,000  under  $200,000.... 
$200,000  under  $500,000.... 
$500,000  under  $1,000,000. 
$1,000,000  or  more  


23.969,382 


146,714 
6,924,274 
8,419,190 
5,377,692 
1 ,636,232 
1 ,465.280 


23,969,382 


146.714 
6,924.274 
8,419.190 
5,377,692 
1,636,232 
1 ,465.280 


211,021 


11,087,035 


3.581 

50.736 

105,731 

2.552.777 

74,408 

3,737.059 

23,274 

2,838,459 

3.085 

974,689 

942 

933,315 

71.844 


•19 

22.369 

31,849 

14,409 

2,429 

769 


•79 

311.300 
752.624 
636,326 
274,477 
325,929 


•19 

15,746 

16.899 

5,514 

940 

327 


•6 
20,325 
51,785 
45.631 
24,670 
30,675 


•Estimate  should  be  used  with  caution  because  ol  the  small  number  ot  sample  returns  on  which  it  is  based 

•  •Data  combined  to  avoid  disclosure  of  information  for  specific  taxpayers 

'Includes  returns  with  no  lax  computation,  these  returns  were  excluded  from  all  subsequent  columns 

'Includes  returns  with  income  averaging  and  returns  with  maximum  tax  on  personal  service  income  not  also  having  an    alternative  tax. 

'Includes  those  returns  with  maximum  tax  on  personal  service  income  having  an  alternative  tax  computation 

•Less  than  $500, 

NOTE:  Detail  may  not  add  to  total  because  of  rounding. 


86 


Individual  Returns/1978*Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


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,-*  co"  to'  oi  to'  CO  r-'  co'  00  oi  oi  '-' 

•   •    coin  in^rotCM 

CO  h-  o>  ■rr  .-  .- 


n  ■^  g>  to  ■- CO  r--  incn^-i^oco  ^  o  co  o   1 

CO  (ooiino^in  ^  co  .- in  .- oo  cmcocdco   ' 

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ui  .-■^'  ^' 


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•     0)0  COCD^  OK 

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CD  ■*  f^ 


S?    95  S2M5   inm^om.-    ptp'-co  eocotp 

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90 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


2  "c  , 


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to  Oi  ^  to  in 
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5  "D        HJ 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


91 


Table  3.5— Returns  With  Total  Income  Tax:  Total  Income  Tax  as  a  Percent  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income,  Selected  Items  by  Size  of  Adjusted 
Gross  Income 

(All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples — money  amounts  are  in  ttiousands  ot  dollarsl 


Size  ol  adiusted  gross  income 


Total  income  tax  as  a  percent  o(  adjusted  gross  income 


Total 


Number  of 
returns 


Adjusted 

gross 

income  less 

deficit 


Total 

income 

lax 


Under  5  percent 


Number  of 
returns 


Adjusted 

gross 

income  less 

deficit 


Total 

income 

tax 


5  under  1 0  percent 


Number  ol 
returns 


Adjusted 

gross 

income  less 

deficit 


Total 

income 

lax 


All  Haturns 


Tom. 


No  adjusted  gross  income 

$1  under  $5,000       

$5,000  under  $10,000   

$10,000  under  $15.000 

$15,000  under  $20,000  


$20,000  under  $30,000 

$30,000  under  $50.000 

$50,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200,000 

$200,000  or  more 

Joint  Return* 

Total 


No  adjusted  gross  income 

$1  under  $5,000  

$5,000  under  $10,000    

$10,000  under  $15,000 

$15,000  under  $20,000 

$20,000  under  $30,000  

$30,000  under  $50,000  

$50000  under  $100,000  .... 
$100,000  under  $200,000 
$200,000  or  more 


NonJoInt  Returns 


Total . 


No  adjusted  gross  income 

$1  under  $5,000  

$5,000  under  $10,000  

$10,000  under  $15,000  

$15,000  under  $20.000 

$20,000  under  $30.000 

$30,000  under  $50,000  

$50,000  under  $100,000  ... 
$100,000  under  $200,000 
$200,000  or  more 


(2) 


(3) 


(4) 


(5) 


(6) 


(7) 


(8! 


(9) 


68.688.305 

14,780 

5,121,741 

16,301,144 

13,819,783 

11,279,676 

13,843,171 

6,495,225 

1,460169 

284,208 

68,408 


38,587.496 

11,862 

8,432 

3.661.302 

7,086.001 

8,049,075 

12,033.733 

6,080.682 

1.336.373 

259.734 

60.302 


30.100.809 

2.918 
5.113.309 
12.639,842 
6.733.782 
3.230.601 

1.809.438 

414.543 

123.796 

24,474 

8,106 


t.24t  .202.685 

—661,285 

20,307,556 

122,378,255 

171.553.233 

196.583.473 

335.467,308 

237,464,394 

95,568,047 

37,371,333 

25,170,372 


918.254.754 

—528,652 

25,876 

29,916,413 

89,272,614 

141,013,691 

293,140,934 

222,272,314 

87,378,587 

34,126,267 

21,636,710 


322.947.931 

—  132,634 
20,281,680 
92,461,842 
82,280,619 
55.569.782 

42.326.374 

15.192.080 

8.189.460 

3.245.066 

3.533.662 


188.232.537 

63.448 
641.563 
8.798,577 
17,129,707 
23,419,368 
47,287,968 
42.741.012 
24.380.402 
12,856.751 
10.913.742 


143,641.372 

48.422 

12.540 

1.052.584 

6.551,007 

14,557,960 

39,340,570 
39,234,113 
21,930,173 
11,606,390 
9,307,612 


44.591,165 

15.025 

629.023 

7.745.993 

10.578.700 

8.861.408 

7.947.399 
3.506.899 
2.450,228 
1 ,250,360 
1,606.130 


10,579,902 


4,364.913 

4.166.045 

1.402.483 

388.889 

168.381 

62.570 

23.015 

3.183 

423 


4.695,624 

•774 

2.797.491 

1.297.152 

367.521 

154,185 

55,571 

19,729 

2,823 

378 


5,884,278 

4,364,139 

1,368,554 

105.331 

21.368 

14,196 

6,999 

3,286 

360 

45 


79,830,298 

17,047,969 

31.226.224 

16.576.098 

6.655.839 

3.926,911 

2.350.983 

1 .509.964 

412.485 

123,826 


51.166,085 

•3.634 

22.149.699 

15.275.878 

6.287,056 

3,575,246 

2,095,060 

1,304,061 

367,429 

108.024 

28,664,213 

1  7,044.336 

9.076.525 

1.300,219 

368.783 

351.664 

255.923 

205.903 

45,056 

15,802 


2,213.949 

438,923 

814,753 

524,706 

213,998 

109,418 

61,442 

37,988 

9,377 

3,346 


1,436.328 

•26 
550,813 
483,956 
200,912 

103,431 

54,986 

31,029 

8,231 

2,945 


438,898 

263.939 

40.750 

13.086 

5,988 
6,456 
6,959 
1,146 
400 


20.012.152 

712,939 
8,906,725 
5,851,296 
2,940,826 

1,390,614 

179,312 

25,959 

3,655 

826 


•3,050 

843.760 

5.068.196 

2.776.324 

1.355.278 

174.602 

23.427 

3.356 

679 


9.763.480 

709.889 

8.062.965 

783.100 

164.502 

35.336 

4.710 

2.532 

299 

147 


229.820,406 

3.101.253 
62.641,136 
73,011,143 
50.295,299 

32,025,826 

6.288.166 

1 .655.307 

477.580 

324.697 


•11.867 

7,610,427 

63,807,320 

47.469.886 

31.221.258 

6.111  219 

1.492,182 

438.007 

262.017 


71,396,224 

3.089.385 

55.030,709 

9,203,824 

2,825,413 

804.568 
176.948 
163.124 
39.572 
62.680 


173.000 

4.803.732 

5.716.167 

4.171.125 

2.690,618 

504,080 

126,889 

37,191 

24,243 


•727 

472,637 

4.965.308 

3.942,399 

2,623,691 

490.437 

114.875 

34.055 

19.635 


5,583,282 

172.273 

4.331.095 

750859 

228.726 

66.928 
13.643 
12.014 
3.13S 
4.608 


Size  ot  adjusted  gross  income 


Total  income  tax  as  a  percent  ot  adjusted  gross  income  —  Continued 


10  under  15  percent 


Number  of 
returns 


Adjusted 

gross 

income  less 

deficit 


Total 

income 

tax 


1 5  under  20  percent 


Number  of 
returns 


Adjusted 

gross 

income  less 

deficit 


Total 

income 

lax 


20  under  25  percent 


Number  of 
returns 


Adjusted 

gross 

income  less 

deficit 


Total 

income 

tax 


(10) 


(" 


(12) 


(13) 


(14) 


(15) 


(16) 


(17) 


(18) 


All  Returns 

Total 

No  adjusted  gross  income  

$1  under  $5,000  

$5,000  under  $10.000 

$10,000  under  $15.000 

$1 5.000  under  $20.000 

$20,000  under  $30.000 

$30,000  under  $50.000 

$50,000  under  $100.000 

$100,000  under  $200,000 

$200,000  or  more 

Joint  Returns 

Total 

No  adjusted  gross  income  

$1  under  $5,000     

$5,000  under  $10.000 

$10,000  under  $1 5.000 

$15,000  under  $20.000 

$20,000  under  $30,000  

$30,000  under  $50,000  

$50,000  under  $100.000 

$100,000  under  $200.000 

$200,000  or  more 

NonjoInt  Returns 

ToUll 

Uo  adjusted  gross  income  

$1  under  $5,000    

$5,000  under  $10.000 

$10,000  under  $15.000 

$15,000  under  $20.000 

$20,000  under  $30.000 

$30000  under  $50.000 

$50,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200.000 

$200,000  or  more         


38.721 
3.204.224 
5.380.338 
5.659.362 

7.327.963 

1 ,246.625 

56.416 

5.329 

943 


13,967,874 

•29 

•6.762 

714.111 

4.889.198 

7.075.391 

1.225.365 

51.406 

4.816 

796 


8.952,047 

38.692 

3.197.462 

4.666.227 

770.164 

252.572 

21.260 

5.010 

513 

147 


415,780,842 

145.648 
28.318.202 
65.448.458 
100.088.942 

174.223.721 

42.985.311 

3.519.327 

706.974 

344.261 


311,941,750 

•85 

•56.186 

10.106.984 

86.969.165 

168.487.924 

42.206.423 

3.200.296 

640.078 

274.609 


103,839,092 

145,563 
28.262.015 
55.341.473 
13.119.777 

5.735.797 

778.888 

319.030 

66.896 

69.652 


52,234,754 

16.411 
3.136.829 
8.255.259 
12.081.291 

22.471.625 

5.684.073 

455.752 

90.105 

43.408 


39,270.024 

•10 

•6.615 

1.073.314 

10.357,374 

21.720.058 

5.580.698 

415.480 

81.733 

34.741 


12,964,730 

16.401 
3.130.214 
7.181.945 
1.723.917 

751.567 

103.375 

40.272 

8.372 

8.667 


10,966,593 


15.596 
1,174,010 
2,224,097 

4,169,466 

3,196,523 

177,269 

8.070 

1,562 


6,753,309 


•9.833 

•1.835 

12.340 

3,433,417 

3,116.924 

170.420 

7.231 

1,309 


4,213,284 


•5.763 
1.172.175 
2.211.757 

736.049 

79.599 

6.849 

839 

253 


287,072,653 


125.496 
16.353.460 
38.357.785 

106.260.687 

113.827.491 

10.560,016 

1,023,670 

564,048 


212,308,542 


•70,742 
•21.896 
226.211 

89.444,149 
1 1 1 ,025,068 

10,144,297 
913,322 
462,859 


74,764,111 


•54,755 
16,331,564 
38,131.574 

16,816,538 

2,802,424 

415,719 

110,348 

101,189 


49,278,127 


20.955 
2.587,352 
6,693,360 

17,765,519 

20,038.937 

1.891.021 

181.094 

99.890 


36,430,620 


•12.208 

•3.864 

39.169 

14.781.786 

19.534.602 

1.815,595 

161,408 

81,989 


12,847.507 


•8,748 
2.583.488 
6.654.191 

2.983.733 

504.336 

75.425 

19.686 

17.901 


460 

6.434 

10098 

63.780 

733.767 

1,520,475 

416,155 

14,052 

2,276 


1,808.241 

•417 

•2,206 

•3,186 

•1,377 

12,134 

1,375,710 

398,086 

13.162 

1,963 


959.256 

•43 
•4.228 
•6,912 
62,403 

721 .633 

144,765 

1 8,069 

890 

313 


106.500,517 

1.688 

52.777 

145,992 

1,141,992 

17,589,430 

59,935,259 

25,043,326 

1,777,074 

812,980 


81,510.308 

■1,552 

•21,012 

•42,970 

•25.371 

328.263 

54.800.839 

23.932.091 

1.668.420 

689,789 

24,990,209 

•138 

•31.765 

•103,021 

1  1  •6,621 

17'il,167 

5  134.420 

1.111.235 

108,653 

123  190 


23,521.585 

398 

12.464 

29.976 

245.336 

3,833.113 

13.122.703 

5.689.251 

404.521 

183.823 


18.014.961 

•366 
•4.862 
•9.257 
•5.882 
70,146 

11,954,792 

5,433,924 

379.994 

155.737 


5.50<3.624 

•32 

•^.602 

•20.718 

239.454 

3,76i.967 

1  167  911 

255327 

24.527 

28.085 


Footnotes  at  erxl  ol  table 


92 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


Table  3.5— Returns  With  Total  Income  Tax:  Total  Income  Tax  as  a  Percent  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income,  Selected  Items  by  Size  of  Adjusted 
Gross  Income — Continued 

I  All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples— money  amounts  are  in  ttiousands  ol  dollars] 


Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 


Total  income  tax  as  a  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income  —  Continued 


25  under  30  percent 


Number  of 
returns 


Adjusted 

gross 

inconie  less 

deficit 


Total 

income 

tax 


30  under  40  percent 


Number  of 
returns 


Adjusted 

gross 

income  less 

deficit 


Total 

income 

tax 


40  under  50  percent 


Number  ol 
returns 


Adjusted 

gross 

income  less 

deficit 


Total 

income 

tax 


(19) 


(20) 


(21) 


(22) 


(23) 


(24) 


(25) 


(26) 


(27) 


All  Raturna 


Total. 


No  adjusted  gross  income 

$1  under  $5,000  

$5,000  under  $10.000 

$10,000  under  $15.000 

$15,000  under  $20.000 


$20,000  under  $30.000 

$30,000  under  $50,000  

$50,000  under  $100,000        

$100,000  under  $200,000       

$200,000  or  more  

Joint  Raturna 


Total . 


No  adjusted  gross  income 

$1  under  $5,000   

$5,000  under  $10.000 

$10,000  under  $15.000 

$1 5.000  under  $20,000 

$20,000  under  $30,000 
$30,000  under  $50,000 
$50,000  under  $100,000   -, 
$100,000  under  $200,000 
$200,000  or  more      


Nonjoint  Raturna 


Total  . 


No  adjusted  gross  income 

$1  under  $5,000        

$5,000  under  $10,000  , 
$10,000  under  $15,000 
$15,000  under  $20,000 

$20,000  under  $30.000 

$30,000  under  $50.000 

$50,000  under  $100,000  ., 
$100,000  under  $200,000 
$200,000  or  more 


778,660 

•991 

•9 

•22 

2.227 

45.981 
251.328 
441.233 

33.776 
3.093 


580,617 

•991 

•9 

•22 

•1.821 

•541 

124.906 

417.571 

32.026 

2.730 


•406 

45.440 

126.422 

23.662 

1.750 

363 


45,860,117 

•4.846 

•68 

•258 

36,244 

1.260.066 

10.458.874 

28.823.803 

4,137.749 

1.139.209 


38,037.494 

•4,846 

•68 

•258 

•27.650 

•12,069 

5,747.164 

27.346.976 

3.922.849 

975.614 


7,822,624 


•7.594 

1.247.998 

4.711.710 

1 .476,827 

214,900 

163,595 


•1,353 

•18 

•74 

8.898 

325.397 

2,792.650 

7,894,673 

1,153,410 

316,294 


•1.353 

•18 

•74 

•6.926 

•3.412 

1.513.435 

7.485.002 

1 ,093.470 

270,759 


•1,972 

321,985 
1,279,216 

409,671 
59,940 
45,535 


787 

801 

•164 

•259 

3,144 

36,888 

301.098 

154.808 

17.970 


•325 

•781 

•164 

•259 

624 

7,002 

250,691 

146,980 

16,391 


92.702 


•462 
•20 


•2.520 

29.886 

50,407 

7,828 

1,579 


50,123,583 

3.320 
4.887 
•2,025 
•4.378 

82,058 

1,556,792 

22,981,322 

19,899,646 

5,589,156 


•1,256 

•4,714 

•2,025 

•4,378 

16.416 

262.131 

19.562.751 

18,886.777 

4.965.705 


6.417.430 


•2,064 
•173 


•65.642 
1.294,661 
3,418,572 
1,012,868 

623,450 


17,205,263 

1,062 

1,715 

•721 

•1,550 

29,758 

499,682 

7,635,592 

7,025,045 

2,010,138 


15,004,728 

•387 

•1,652 

•721 

•1,550 

5,874 

87,569 

6,452.717 

6.667.054 

1.787,205 


2.200,534 


103.064 

355 

194 

•216 

•34 

119 

399 

18.231 

56.112 

27,404 


77.463 

•355 

•175 

•216 

•34 

•87 

242 

4,456 

46.938 

24.960 


•675 
•63 


•23.884 
■112.114 
1.182.875 
357.991 
222.933 


•32 

•157 
13.775 
9.174 
2,444 


18.828.803 

960 

1,455 

•2,251 

•637 

2.588 

15.089 

1.412.664 

8,134,073 

9,259,085 


15.578.978 

•960 
•1.287 
•2.251 

•637 

•1.825 

9.708 

351.891 

6.912.088 

8.298.330 


3,249.825 


•763 

•5,381 

1,OFO,773 

1,221,985 

960.755 


8,256.966 

459 
680 
•921 
•277 

1,132 

6,430 

604,626 

3,511,121 

4,131,320 


6,823.321 

•459 
•610 
•921 
•277 

•768 

4,171 

149.433 

2.966.147 

3.700.535 


1.433.645 


•364 

•2,259 

455,193 

544,974 

430,785 


Total  income  tax  as  a  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income  —  Coniinued 


50  under  70  percent 


Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 


Number  of 
returns 


Adjusted 

gross 

income  less 

deficit 


Tolal 

income 

tax 


70  under  100  percent 


Number  of 
returns 


Adjusted 

gross 

income  less 

deficit 


Total 

income 

tax 


100  percent  or  more 


Number  of 
returns 


Adjusted 

gross 

income  less 

deficit 


Total 

income 

tax 


(28) 


(29) 


(301 


(31) 


(32) 


(33) 


(34) 


(35) 


(36) 


All  Raturna 


Total  . 


No  adjusted  gross  income     

$1  under  $5,000 
$5,000  under  $10,000 
$10,000  under  $15,000 
$15,000  under  $20,000 

$20,000  under  $30,000 

$30,000  under  $50,000    

$50,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200,000  

$200,000  or  more  

Joint  Raturna 


Total  . 


23.329 

441 

775 

•299 

•88 

1,707 

974 

586 

5,071 

13,388 


16.265 


7,354,661 

525 
5,320 
■4,083 
•1,372 

45,261 

41.304 

47.941 

780.005 

6.428.850 


5,607,377 


323 

2,941 

•2,424 

•843 

23,292 

22.352 

26.690 

422.652 

3.659.974 


3,164.192 


No  adjusted  gross  income 

$1  under  $5.000 

$5,000  under  $10.000 

$10,000  under  $15,000 

$15,000  under  $20,000  


$20,000  under  $30,000  , 

$30,000  under  $50,000  

$50,000  under  $100,000 
$100,000  under  $200,000 
$200,000  or  more 

Nonjoint  Raturna 
Total 


No  adjusted  gross  income 

$1  under  $5,000 

$5,000  under  $10,000 

$10,000  under  $15,000 
$15,000  under  $20,000 

$20,000  under  $30,000 
$30,000  under  $50,000 
$50,000  under  $100,000 
$100,000  under  $200,000  . 
$200,000  or  more  


•414 

•436 

•268 

•136 

•1.318 

•777 

•299 

•4.083 

•2.424 

•88 

•1.372 

•843 

•1.676 

•44.498 

■22,808 

•252 

•10.416 

•5.995 

437 

33,978 

19.031 

2.265 

357.544 

195,046 

10.698 

5.153,733 

2.917,001 

137 
16 
•9 

•74 

1,974 

33 

136 

109 

497 


1,177 

■136 
■4 
•9 

•74 

348 
•24 
99 
106 
377 


7,064 


•27 
•639 


•31 
•722 

•149 
2,806 
2,690 


1,747.284 


•89 
•4,002 


•763 

•30,888 

•13,963 

422,462 

1,275,117 


•55 
•2,164 


•484 

•16,357 

■7,659 

227,606 

742.973 


•1.626 

•9 

■37 

3 

120 


435 

123 

■105 

■1.313 

49,365 

1,276 

9,616 

15,867 

576,141 


■431 

■25 

■105 

■1.313 

7,962 

■984 

6,554 

15,425 

439,404 


182.039 


■41.403 

■292 

■3.062 

443 

136.737 


361 

119 

■87 

■1,135 

35,527 

1.044 

7.870 

13.053 

430.441 


354,610 

■358 

■24 

■87 

■1.135 

6,187 

■812 

5.363 

12.642 

328,002 


135,025 


■29,340 
■232 

■2,507 

410 

102,439 


18.283 

14,780 

1,997 

325 

848 

40 

55 

98 

71 

43 

26 


15,037 

11,862 

1,941 

145 

811 

39 

52 
84 
51 
31 
21 


3,246 

2,918 

■56 

■180 

■•38 


3 
•14 
20 
•12 

5 


—623.438 

—661 ,285 

912 

2,567 

9,361 

674 

1,395 
3,848 
4,760 
6,211 
8,119 


—498,318 

—528,652 

809 

935 

8,843 

654 

1,325 
3,304 
3,509 
4,330 
6,525 


-125,120 

-132,634 

■104 

■1,633 

■■537 


70 

■545 

1,251 

■1,881 

1,494 


130.955 

63,448 
9,272 
4,372 

12,019 
1,555 
2,569 
7,619 

10,052 
9,182 

10,867 


104,375 

48,422 
8,586 
2,369 

1 1 .080 
1.493 
2.408 
6.618 
7.725 
6.610 
9.063 


26.580 

15.025 

■687 

■2,003 

■■1.002 


161 
■1.001 

2.327 
■2,572 

1,804 


■  Estimate  stiould  be  used  with  caution  because  of  ttie  small  number  of  sample  returns  on  which  it  is  based. 
•■Data  combined  to  avoid  disclosure  of  Information  for  specific  taxpayers. 
NOTE:  Detail  may  not  add  to  total  because  of  rounding. 


Individual  Returns/1978«Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


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Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


95 


Table  3.7 — Returns  Wltti  Earned  Income  Credit:  Earned  Income  by  Type  and  Credit  Before  and  After  Pfiaseout,  by  Size  of  Adjusted  Gross 
Income 

{AM  figures  are  estimates  t)ased  on  samples  —  money  amounts  are  in  ttiousands  of  dollars) 


Numt)er  ol  returns 

Adjusted 
gross 

income 
less 
deficit 

Earned  income 

Size  ol  adjusted  gross  income 

Total 

Joint 
relums 

Beturns  of 

fieads  of 

house  twlds 

Total 

Salaries  and  wages 

Number  ol 
returns 

Amount 

(1) 

(21 

(3) 

(4) 

(5) 

(6) 

(71 

Total 

5,191,834 

36.250 

655.161 

1.114,759 

1.578.791 

1.806.873 

2,342,760 

30.644 
218.808 
492.086 
694.765 
906.457 

2,703,369 

2,732 
404,646 
589,697 
845,254 
861,040 

24,124,718 

—593.686 
777.000 
3.406940 
7.994.386 
12.540,078 

24,379,933 

98.689 

797.637 

3.344.368 

7.824.179 

12.315.060 

4.828,649 

10.656 

613.766 

1.033.857 

1.472.771 

1.697.599 

22,590,117 

No  adjusted  gross  tncxjme 

48.701 

$1  under  $2,000            

755.146 

$2  000  under  $4  000          ,.            ...                      ... 

3.155.593 

{4,000  under  $6,000      

7.242.966 

$6,000  under  $8,000     

11.387.712 

Earned  income  —  Continued 

Earned  income  credit 

Size  ol  adjusted  gross  income 

Sett -employment 
income  (net) 

Disability  income 
exclusion 

Belore 
pfiaseout 

After 
pfiaseout 

Numt)er  ol 
returns 

Amount 

Number  ol 
returns 

Amount 

Total 

(8) 

(9) 

(10) 

(11) 

(12) 

(13) 

Total „ 

737,550 

31.401 

68.455 

158,889 

222,063 

256,742 

1,837,719 

49,989 

43,694 

202.013 

595.637 

946.386 

14,007 

■688 
■4,223 
■2,610 
•6,486 

47.903 

■1.203 
•13.239 
■14.424 
■19.038 

2,435,773 

9.864 

79.497 

333.955 

781.754 

1.230.703 

1,048,303 

6  422 

$1  under  $2  000                                                                   ..... 

78  342 

$2  000  under  $4  000                                                          

327.885 

448  060 

$6  000  under  $8  000                                                              

187  594 

Earned  income  credit  —  Continued 

After  phaseoul  —  Continued 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  Income 

Used  to  offset  income 
tax  before  credits 

Used  to  offset 
all  otfier  taxes 

Refundable  portion 

Numtier  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(14) 

(15) 

(16) 

(17) 

(18) 

(19) 

Total                              - 

1,698,414 

■43 

•20,046 

476,346 

1,201.979 

152,934 

•1 
■1,375 
57,624 
93.935 

567.833 

30.944 
38.696 
126.554 
194.846 
176,794 

94.197 

4,546 

4,711 

24,517 

43,170 

17,254 

3,950,506 

30,024 

652,410 

1,109.828 

1.399.253 

758.991 

801,171 

1.876 

73.630 

$2  000  under  $4  000       

301.993 

$4  000  under  $6  000                                                                    

347.267 

$6  000  under  $8  000               

76.405 

Earned  income  credit  — 
Continued 

Incorrre  tax  belore 
credits 

Size  ol  ad)usted  gross  income 

After  pfiaseout  — 
Continued 

Income  tax  after 
credits 

Returns  witfi 

wfx}lly  relundable 

earned  income  credit 

Number  ol 
returns 

Amount 

Number  ol 
returns 

Amount 

Numt)er  of 
returns 

Amount 

(20) 

(21) 

(22) 

(23) 

(241 

(25) 

Total 

2,961,030 

5,306 
616.465 
968.659 
919.312 
451,288 

679,831 

782 

71.474 

284.880 

269.266 

53.430 

2.442,278 

•43 

87,132 

798.717 

1.556,386 

609,324 

■1 

3,505 

123,135 

482,684 

947,469 

■782 

62.279 

884.408 

216.863 

— 

$2  000  under  $4  000       

■22 

3.580 

$6  000  under  $8  000         

213.260 

'Estimate  should  be  used  with  caution  because  ot  the  small  number  of  sample  returns  on  which  it  is  based 
NOTE:  Detail  may  not  add  to  total  twcause  ot  rounding 


96 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


Table  3.8  —  Returns  With  Tax  Preferences:  Selected  Sources  of  Income,  Tax  Items,  Tax  Preferences,  and  Computation  of  Additional 
Tax  for  Tax  Preferences  by  Size  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income 


[All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples  - 

money  amounts  are  m  tfiousand 

i  of  dollars] 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Number 

of 
returns 

Adjusted  gross 

income  less 

deficit 

Salaries  and  wages 

Business  and  profession, 
net  profit  less  loss 

Farm  net  profit 
less  loss 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

(4) 

(5) 

(6) 

(7) 

(8) 

Total 

594,811 

20.701 
24.811 
15.067 
45.763 
91.883 
147,741 

144,369 

71,986 

26,779 

4,251 

1,460 

40.946,523 

-1,746,136 

141,008 

193,096 

802,048 

2,349,256 

5,783,676 

10,066,512 
9,785.101 
7.725.079 
2.855.193 
2.991.690 

374.422 

6.977 
10.178 

7,341 
16.673 
52.974 
99.736 

101.001 

54.340 

20.657 

3.367 

1.178 

15.802.996 

256.337 
113.796 
64.049 
169.341 
704.520 
2.213.801 

4.283.986 

4,189.299 

2.710.607 

703.401 

393.869 

180,646 

8.521 
7,348 
10,764 
11,595 
26.139 
39.005 

45.761 

21.460 

8.062 

1.451 

540 

1.519.589 

-366,377 

-71,814 

5,187 

-988 

50.942 

231.744 

641,269 
459,601 
271.939 
91.744 
206.343 

89.660 

7,780 
5,817 
4,685 
7.278 
16.521 
19.043 

15,707 

8,303 

3,583 

687 

256 

-808.235 

No  adiusted  gross  income 
$1  under  $10,000 
$10,000  under  $15,000 
$15,000  under  $20,000 
$20,000  under  $30,000 
$30,000  under  $50,000 

$50,000  under  $100,000 
$100,000  under  $200,000 
$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  under  $1,000,000 
$1,000,000  or  more 

-324,163 
-89,825 
-63,420 
-40.820 
-74.274 
-13.298 

-33.627 
-52.678 
-55.700 
-32.300 
-28.131 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Sales  of  capital  assets, 
net  gam 

Net  long-term  capital  gams 
in  adjusted  gross  income 

Dividends  in  adjusted 
gross  income 

Interest  received 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

ol 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

ol 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

(9) 

(10) 

(11) 

(12) 

(13) 

(14) 

(15) 

(16) 

Tolal 

538.306 

19,487 
20,603 
14,262 
43,714 
84,393 
137,186 

128.805 

61.989 

22.957 

3.658 

1,252 

14.961.403 

732.088 
294.997 
236.070 
567,863 
1,210.999 
2.435.897 

3.127.330 
2.464.705 
1 .974.636 
844,521 
1,072,298 

533.749 

19,425 
20,368 
14,162 
43,708 
83,895 
136,564 

127.436 

60.824 

22.547 

3,600 

1.230 

14.275.722 

676,287 
280,819 
231,274 
558,328 
1.196.240 
2.368.666 

2,948.590 
2,312.481 
1.862.665 
803.610 
1.036.763 

308,041 

5,916 
10,587 

2.229 
15.253 
32.808 
61,228 

95.294 

56.138 

23.313 

3.921 

1.354 

5.943.923 

115.090 

12.595 

15.621 

39.863 

127.490 

396.398 

921.120 

1.286.770 

1.479.273 

734,378 

815.327 

553.736 

14,570 
16.181 
11,728 
42,049 
86.678 
140.640 

139.583 

70,326 

26,347 

4,190 

1,444 

4.894.033 

$1  under  $10,000 
$10,000  under  $15,000 
$15,000  under  $20,000 

$20,000  under  $30,000         

$30,000  under  $50,000 

$50,000  under  $100,000 
$100,000  under  $200,000 
$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  under  $1,000,000 
$1,000,000  or  more 

189,058 
68,910 
29,950 
139,884 
408,625 
775,033 

1.165,335 
993,013 
693,173 
228,274 
202,778 

Rent  net  income 
less  loss 

Royalty  net  income 
less  loss 

Partnership  net  income 
less  loss 

Itemized  deductions 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Total 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

(17) 

(18) 

(19) 

(20) 

(21) 

(22) 

(23) 

(24) 

Total 

281.670 

9,749 
12,512 

6,610 
16,115 
43,346 
67,710 

72,490 

36,547 

13,551 

2,262 

778 

-110.333 

-122,923 
-24,545 
-27,713 
-12,121 
-57,624 
-78,717 

-40,238 

134,905 

86.070 

18.634 

13.940 

59.857 

2,032 
4,766 
•204 
320 
5,858 
11,862 

17,270 

10,658 

5,440 

1.042 

405 

1.019.831 

1.626 
14.525 
•6,690 

2,384 
35,487 
71,251 

221,276 
249,123 

210,453 
97.017 
109,998 

237,433 

11.103 

5,099 

2,287 

8,839 

21,610 

45,783 

70,618 

48,297 

19,453 

3.210 

1.134 

-1.818.074 

-873.642 

-114,619 

-51,578 

-71,528 

-97,217 

-344,195 

-340,941 

-93,302 

88,491 

52,232 

28,225 

451,366 

12,766 

8,401 

27,630 

56,073 

113,731 

130,990 

69.770 

26.344 

4.211 

1,450 

9.931.449 

No  adjusted  gross  income 
$1  under  $10,000 
$10,000  under  $15,000 
$15,000  under  $20,000 
$20,000  under  $30,000 
$30,000  under  $50,000 

$50,000  under  $100,000 
$100,000  under  $200,000 
$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  under  $1,000,000 
$1,000,000  or  more 

100,763 

85,105 

230,346 

497.062 

1.253.824 

2.292.709 

2.161.657 

1,767,208 

730.840 

811.933 

Footnotes  at  end  of  table 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


97 


Table  3.8  —  Returns  Witti  Tax  Preterences;  Selected  Sources  of  Income,  Tax  Items,  Tax  Preferences,  and  Computation  of  Additional 
Tax  for  Tax  Preterences  by  Size  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income— Continued 


[All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples 

-   money  amounts  are  in  thousands  ol  dollars] 

Itemized  deductions  — Coniinued 

Contributions  deduction 

Interest  paid  deduction 

Taxes  paid  deduction 

Miscellaneous  deductions 

Size  ol  adjusted  gross  income 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

ol 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

ol 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

125) 

(26) 

(27) 

(28) 

(29) 

(30) 

(31) 

(32) 

Total 

418.792 

6,100 
6.612 
21.878 
52607 
107.597 
125.147 

67.549 

25734 

4  133 

1.435 

2,236.461 

7.528 

8.679 

29  980 

80.931 

162,429 

355  842 

446.860 
499928 
270729 
373.666 

379.289 

12.040 
8.240 
17.465 
47  714 
96.534 
111.095 

59.297 

22.126 

3.550 

1228 

3.294.387 

36.366 
46.707 
92.016 
172.218 
498.160 
860.814 

727.798 
520.308 
173.985 
168.034 

450.567 

12,766 
7,984 
27,630 
56,073 
113.566 
130.816 

69.767 

26.309 

4.208 

1  449 

3,197.811 

38.317 

16.603 

74  441 

180.651 

403.741 

766.800 

748.334 
553.446 
212,881 
203.698 

366,500 

9.688 

4  380 

15.987 

45204 

93,341 

109,288 

61.677 

23  806 

3.889 

1.340 

881  362 

No  adjusted  gross  income 
$1  under  $10  000 
$10,000  under  $15,000 
$15  000  under  $20  000 
$20  000  under  $30  000 
$30  000  under  $50,000 

$50,000  under  1100,000 
$100  000  under  $200,000 
$200  000  under  $500  000 
$500,000  under  $1  000,000 
$1,000,000  or  more 

2.712 

5.786 

8.762 

23.835 

126.462 

212.951 

195  794 

171.271 
68.903 
65.885 

Number  ol 

returns  with 

no  taxable 

income 

Income  subject  to  fax 

Income  tax  before  credits 

Income  tax  a 

ter  credits 

Computation  of 
additional  tax 

lor  tax 
preterences 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Tax  preterences 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

Total 

(33) 

(34) 

(35) 

(36) 

137) 

(38) 

(39) 

(40) 

Total 

No  adjusted  gross  income 
$1  under  $10,000 
$10,000  under  $15,000 
$15,000  under  $20,000 
$20,000  under  $30,000 
$30,000  under  $50,000 

$50,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200,000 

$200,000  under  $500,000                  

39,612 

20.701 
7.694 

1.317 
1.256 
2.859 
3.744 

1.378 

457 

149 

35 

22 

555.199 

17,117 
13.750 
44.607 
89.024 
143.997 

142.991 

71.629 

26.630 

4,216 

1.438 

31.832.855 

51,635 

107.964 

568.676 

1  742.881 

4.336.935 

7.488,259 
7.438.002 
5.837.321 
2.097,976 
2.173.318 

539,399 

■21 

6.818 

11.993 

43.899 

87.832 

142.672 

142.465 

71.450 

26.600 

4.213 

1.436 

13.114,643 

•96 

1.982 

11,705 

83,781 

334.738 

1.050.137 

2.517.712 
3.298.161 
3,138,421 
1,269,295 
1,408,614 

505,038 

•20 

1.949 

8.186 

38,342 

78,681 

137.206 

137.970 

70,668 

26.405 

4  181 

1.430 

12,339,566 

•66 

964 

6.975 

68,721 

287,353 

948,347 

2.328.617 
3.126,858 
3.000,496 
1.217,732 
1,364,459 

18,381,866 

■926  292 
409.126 
267.107 
639.874 
1.371.970 
2.822375 

3.820.069 
3  179.866 
2  573  263 

$500  000  under  $1  000  000 

1  088  316 

$1,000,000  or  more 

1.283.618 

Computation 

of  additional  tax 

lor  tax  preferenc 

es— Continued 

Tax  preferen 

ces— Continued 

Itemized  d 
tax  pret 

eductions 
erence 

Accelerated  depreciation 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Tot 

at 

Low  income  rental  housing 

Other  rea 

property 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

ol 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

ol 
returns 

Amount 

(41) 

(42) 

(431 

(44) 

(45) 

(46) 

(47) 

(48) 

Total 

No  adjusted  gross  income 
$1  under  $10,000 
$10,000  under  $15,000 
$15,000  under  $20  000 
$20,000  under  $30,000 
$30,000  under  $50  000 

$50,000  under  $100,000 
$100,000  under  $200,000 
$200,000  under  $500  000 
$500  000  under  $1  000  000 
$1,000  000  or  more 

51,462 

235 

10.060 

3.633 

6.372 

7.544 

10.241 

7.469 

3.666 

1.673 

386 

183 

577,970 

5.625 
21.702 
10.741 
17.329 
51.582 
99.256 

111.001 
75,831 
81.320 
42.479 

61  104 

93,658 

3.729 
1.183 
1.583 
3.799 
8.270 
15,840 

25,390 

21.967 

9,697 

1.716 

584 

619,346 

55.472 
10.470 
6.637 
13.623 
33.613 
52.246 

123.340 
163.150 
104  827 
36.068 
19,900 

7,675 

239 

•114 
•4 

•615 
•99 
833 

2.072 

2,427 

1.009 

190 

73 

63,549 

5.199 
•195 
•13 
•244 
•861 

4.909 

14.241 

20.517 

11.055 

3.541 

2  774 

80.871 

3.522 
1.121 
1.509 
1.145 
7.618 
13,460 

22,384 

19.423 

8.689 

1.671 

529 

423.820 

45,627 
8.408 
5.887 
12341 
26.129 
42.609 

70.002 
102.361 
68.458 
27.368 
14.630 

Footnotes  at  end  ot  (able 


98 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


Table  3.8  —  Returns  With  Tax  Preferences:  Selected  Sources  of  Income,  Tax  Items,  Tax  Preferences,  and  Computation  of  Additional 
Tax  for  Tax  Preferences  by  Size  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income— Continued 


(All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples  - 

money  amounts  are  in  thousand 

3  of  dollars] 

Computation  of  additional  tax  for  tax  preferences  — Continued 

Tax  preferences  — Continued 

Accelerated  depreciation 

Amortization 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Leased  personal  property 

Total 

Of  pollution  control  facilities 

Of  railroad  rolling  stock 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

(49) 

(50) 

(51) 

(52) 

(53) 

(54) 

(55) 

(56) 

Totil           

19,050 

1.088 

•47 

•70 

•2.113 

998 

3.080 

4,895 

4,543 

1,791 

319 

106 

131.978 

4.646 
•1.867 

•738 
•1.038 

6.623 

4.728 

39.097 

40.272 

25.314 

5.160 

2.4% 

M 

•46 

••6 

•5 
•22 
••5 

854 

■484 

••2 

•27 
•255 
••86 

3« 

•13 

•5 

"? 

•12 
"? 

16 
•2 

•2 

"1 

•10 
••1 

16 

••4 
..,2 

356 

No  adjusted  gross  income 
$1  under  $10,000 
$10,000  under  $15,000 
$15,000  under  $20,000 
$20,000  under  $30,000 
$30,000  under  $50,000 

$50,000  under  $100,000 
$100,000  under  $200,000 
$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  under  $1,000,000 
$1,000,000  or  more 

••26 
••330 

Computation  of  additional  tax  for  tax  preferences  — Continued 

Tax  preferences— Continued 

Amortization  — Continued 

Stock  options 

Bad  debt  reserves 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Of  on-tfie-job  training  facilities 

Of  child  care  facilities 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

(57) 

(58) 

(59) 

(60) 

(61) 

(62) 

(63) 

(64) 

Totil 

$1  under  $10,000 
$10,000  under  $15,000 
$15,000  under  $20,000 
$20,000  under  $30,000 
$30,000  under  $50,000 

$50,000  under  $100,000 
$100,000  under  $200,000 
$200,000  under  $500,000 
$500,000  under  $1,000,000 
$1,000,000  or  more 

(') 

(') 

•32 

•32 

•4(2 

•482 

13.882 

•17 
•3.947 

•;3 

•9 
3.520 

3.960 

1.875 

489 

48 
14 

246.951 

•1,103 

•43,849 

••214 

•95 
20,712 

79,788 

54.223 

41.902 

4.348 

717 

•18 

•18 

•55 

•55 

Computation  of  additional  tax  tor  tax  preferences— Continued 

Tax  preferences  — Continued 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Depletion 

Capital  gams 

Intangible  drilling  costs 

Type  not  reported 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

(65) 

(66) 

(67) 

(68) 

(69) 

(70) 

(71) 

(72) 

Tolll ..  .                                              

66.917 

1.577 
4.128 
690 
1.654 
3.055 
9.098 

19.881 

16.079 

8.459 

1.666 

630 

1. 054.41 2 

17,277 
5,592 
6.931 
5.224 
18.942 
62.105 

192.783 
256.955 
256.812 
119.809 
111.982 

S32.263 

19.428 
20.399 
14.162 
43.708 
83.731 
135.454 

127,311 

60,782 

22,464 

3.600 

1.224 

14.963.501 

736.186 
307.822 
239.371 
590.280 
1.248.047 
2.512.390 

3.114.077 
2.415.777 
1,937.903 
829.832 
1.051.817 

45.099 

1.828 
1.009 
73 
736 
1,907 
6.934 

14.%9 

11.419 

4.893 

%5 

366 

890.871 

108.940 
19.690 
3.426 
11.439 
19.692 
75.628 

198.203 

212.898 

149.514 

55.131 

36,309 

893 

•18 

••92 

•497 
225 

43 
14 
4 

7.906 

•1,206 

$1  under  $10,000                                      

$10,000  under  $15,000                           

$15,000  under  $20,000                             

$20,000  under  $30,000 
$30,000  under  $50,000 

$50,000  under  $100,000 
$100  000  under  $200  000 

••1.803 

•822 
993 

$200  000  under  $500,000              

730 

$500,000  under  $1,000,000 
$1,000,000  or  more 

563 
1.788 

Footnotes  at  end  o(  table 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


99 


Table  3.8  —  Returns  With  Tax  Preferences:  Selected  Sources  of  Income,  Tax  Items,  Tax  Preferences,  and  Computation  of  Additional 
Tax  for  Tax  Preferences  by  Size  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income— Continued 

(All  figures  are  eslimates  based  on  samples   -   money  amounts  are  in  thousands  ol  dollars) 


, — . 1 

Compulation  of  additional  tax 

tor  tax  preferences  — Continued 

Recomputed  tax 
preference  income 

Exclusion 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Tol 

3l 

Standard  e 

xclusion 

Exclusion  due  to  all  taxes 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

.Number 

01 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

ol 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

ol 
returns 

Amount 

(731 

(741 

(75) 

(761 

(77) 

(78) 

(79) 

(80) 

Total 

594.029 

19,952 
24  790 
15  067 
45  763 
91  883 
147  741 

144  358 

71  985 

26  779 

4  251 

1  460 

18.182.071 

754  128 
402230 
266545 
638  456 

1  370  192 

2  820  333 

3811  218 

3  177  708 
2  571  345 
1  067  648 
1  283  266 

594.029 

19,952 
24,790 
16067 
45  763 
91,883 
147  741 

144  358 

71,985 

26  779 

4,251 

1  460 

7.909.763 

183516 
213,902 
143  258 
430  774 
856  037 
1  424,986 

1  471  806 

1  287  123 

1,035  886 

408  459 

455013 

4S4.50S 

19.930 
24,790 
15  067 
45762 
91883 
147  714 

100314 

7,774 

1.112 

121 

38 

4.294,821 

183  196 
213,891 
143,258 
430,763 
855  037 
1  424,516 

965,918 

76486 

11  182 

1  214 

360 

139,552 

22 
••23 

•27 

44  044 

64  211 

25672 

4  131 

1  422 

3,614.941 

320 
•22 

•472 

615  888 

1211  637 

1  024  704 

407  246 

454  663 

No  adjusted  gross  income 
$1  under  $10  000 
$10  000  under  $15  000 
$15  000  under  $20  000 
$20  000  under  $30  000 
$30  000  under  $50  000 

$50  000  under  $100,000 
$100  000  under  $200  000 
$200  000  under  $500  000 
$500  000  under  $1  000  000 
$1,000  000  or  more 

Computation 

of  additional  lax 

for  tax  preferences  — Continued 

Exclusion- 

-Continued 

Tax  preferences  subject  to  tax 

Tentative  tax 

Dn  preferences 

AdditionE 
tax  prefe 

1  tax  for 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Exclusion  d 
lax  aft 

ue  to  income 
;r  credits 

rences 

Number 

of 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

ol 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

ol 
returns 

Amount 

Number 

ol 
returns 

Amounf 

(811 

(821 

(831 

(841 

(85) 

(86) 

(871 

(66) 

Tolll 

No  adjusted  gross  income 
$1  under  $10  000 
$10,000  under  $15  000 
$15  000  under  $20  000 
$20,000  under  $30  000 
$30  000  under  $50  000 

$50  000  under  $100  000 
$100  000  under  $200  000 
$200  000  under  $500  000 
$500  000  under  $1000  000 
$1  000  000  or  more 

139.493 

•18 

44,043 

64  210 

25670 

4  130 

1  422 

3.604.415 

•136 

514  582 

1  206  829 

1  022  396 

406  421 

454  049 

502.626 

17,250 
20  605 
1j657 
42364 
81826 
139497 

126,017 

45154 

13293 

2  155 

608 

10.272,309 

570612 
186  327 
122,288 
207  681 
515  155 

1  396  346 

2  339  412 
1  690  666 
1  535  460 

679  189 
828  256 

502.478 

17246 
20,605 
13  657 
42  364 
61  826 
139497 

125  874 

45  154 

13,293 

2  153 

807 

1,540,589 

85,570 
28234 
18  337 
31  135 
77,242 
209,236 

350852 
283,566 
230,313 
101.866 
124,238 

495,332 

14  773 
20  160 
13  646 
40  324 
81  761 
138  383 

125  066 

45  061 

13  278 

2  154 

807 

1.514,475 

63  359 
27  789 
17  753 
31  369 
78284 
206833 

348946 
283  923 
230  156 
101  825 
124  237 

'Estimate  should  be  used  with  caution  because  of  the  small  number  of  sample  returns  on  which  it  is  based. 
"Data  combined  to  avoid  disclosure  of  information  for  specific  taxpayers 
^There  are  returns  in  the  population  with  this  characteristic,  but  none  In  the  sample. 
NOTE    Detail  may  not  add  to  total  because  of  roundmg 


100 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


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■<»  CO  r-  '-  CM  CO 
o  ^  ^  ■^  mm 
O)  m  r--  to  m  CM 
od  ■-  '-  to'  ■^'  oo' 
CO  f^  00  CO  f^  r-^ 
•-  CM  O)  CM  (OCM 


to  ■-  o  m  mr- 
^  coco  CM  OJ^- 
co  CM  CO  r-  r-  r- 
tO  •-  "J  O  (O  '- 
to  00  CO  CO  to  (O 
CO  CM  CO  CO  O)  CM 
•-   •-  •-"  •-'  CM  cm" 


f-  coco  •-  (om 

O  ■^  CM  ■-  •-  •- 
Tt  in  (DCMOO  ^ 

CM  tri  Tj  (o"  ■^  '-" 

cocoo-^ 

co<j)cg 


^  (O  oocoo 
CM(0  •-  CO  •- 
mcD  CM  OCO 

r-"  r^"  (o'  r-'  •^' 
O)  m  00 1^  '— 
^  in  co  CO  00 

■-  (O  CO  CO  c> 


CMm  m  cococo 
COO)  m  0)(0  r^ 
CMi^  CO  -^  om 


(MCMOO  ■^  in  1- 
CMCOOltO  CO  O) 

If)  to  CO  '-  CM  r«w 
(o'm'  cm'  CO  ■^'  r*' 
to  to  (Ooocom 


CM  Tfr^O)  toco 
(D  a)r-*  m  to  »- 

O  00  to  CO  O)  (O 


coi^  oom  r^  CO 

^0(0(0'-'- 
O)*-  (DCM  »-  CM 


•-  mom  <j  •- 

to  ^  coco  •-  00 

CO  ocooooo  m 


IV  CO  00  to  (D  00 

m  •-  cofv  (D  '- 

(O  m  (DOOTCO 

o*  (J)  (J)  m'  oo'  CO 
'-  in  ooto  tt  ^ 

^  ^  CM»- 


0)(J)  COOfM 

r»-  o  ^  m  CM 
(D(0  CO  ^  •- 
(O  CO  oo  O)  CO 
Of*  (Dt^CO 

^  ■^  ^  r^ 


11 


CM  in  CO  (O  (3)  O) 

ocMf^or^co 

■W  (0  0^(0  CO 

o'  O)  oo'  to'  »-*  oo' 
h-  CD  ^  h-  0)(0 


Tf  fv  »-  0)00 
i-fv  *-  to  ^  CO 
00  CO  »-_  ^_  O  CM 

'-'co'm'to'cM' V 
(Ocoo  o '-  m 

T-  1-  —  .-  CM  »- 


O)  m^  CM  CM  m 
(V  coo  ■-  O)  '- 
(DO)^  -^T  (O  m 

fv'm'co '-'  •-' 

OJtD^  *- 

CM  y- 


omiv  I**  fv  oo 

OCM  ^  O)  CM  O 
•-  r-~  torn  r»-  o 


r-  CM  -^  CM  m  m 

CMCO  •-  CO  CM  ■^ 
r->.  CO  CO  »—  CO  O) 
CO  to  O)  o'  T-'  I*-' 
■<J  CMOIOO  n 

y-  r-         ■^  CM  T- 


o  '-  CM  CO  CO  m 
'-'coco'--''-" 
O)  CD  -^  '- 
CM  '- 


^  T-  COtD  to 
CMm  OCDCO 
CM  ^  ^  CM  00 


a> 

c 

c 
o 
o 


o 
o 


< 


o 


M 


c 

0) 


a. 


■D 
c 


■  —  1/1 


^  ° 


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CO  CO  CD  to  O)  CO 

m  •-  r-  r-  o  cj) 
r-'  ^.  to  CO  ^  ^ 
OOJ  ro  •-  to  m 
O)  '—  CO  CO  o  o 

CM  CM  CM  CM  CM 


como)  >-  CO  »- 
coinmco  CO  CO 

»-  CM  (D  m  CM  o 

o  m  ^*  oi  m"  CO 
mto  mm  o  Oi 
■-o  ■-  --mrv 

CM  cm'  cm  cm  ^  CM 


to  (OtDOO  to  to 

to  mo)  Tj  CM  T- 

tO  '-  •-  O  CO  O) 

o)  CD  cm'  to*  to'  m' 

oo  -^  ■-  '-  CM  1- 

iv  t-ro  ■- 


r-.  rv  CO  CO  oo  o 
mco CO  »-  •—  o) 
CO  n  ■■a-  -^  (D  in 
^'  o'  m  o  m'  to* 
•-o  »-  m  -^  rv 
(Dco  rv  COCO 


OCD  fv  CO  1-  CM 

(om  T-  CO  ^  m 

COCJ)  CM  <  •-  o 
o  ■'t'  T-  ■-  CO  ■^ 
(DO<3)  CM  ^  m 
O  O  o  •-  ■^  r- 

CM  CM  CM  CM  ^  CM 


CO  CM  C0CD0)(O 
(MtO  ■^  '-  "^  '- 
O  CO  O  •-  CM  (J) 

(b  iv"  O)  m'  (D  m 

■-OO'-CM'^ 
r-  •-  CO'- 


CM  CO  ■<*  COCM 

CO  O)  o>  O  f*- 
^  CO  00  iv  m 
rv  co'  o'  co'  00* 

CM  CM  m  CO  O) 
•-  tp  CM  00  (D 

^  in  m  m  CM 


11 


CM  "J  •-  '-  fv  to 

CO  m  o)  fv  ^  tD 
(O  to  ^  m  T  o 
'-  to'  ■^'  cm"  m'  (3) 
r^  •-  (J)  -^  IV  CO 
m  (p  in  ^  CM  m 
fv  rv  to  (b  m  ^ 


coco  o  CM  moo 
in  O)  fv  (J)  CO  to 
0)00 CO  m  0)0 
00  tb  --'o)  CO  tt 

CMIv  ^  ■>)■  OT  •- 

omcMco  CO  o 


tooco  oo  o  O) 
(7)  ■^  ^  ■-  r-  CO 
•-  mcM  O)  to  »- 

■q'  .-  rv'rv 
m  IV  -.J 

O  CO 


CO  CM  CO  O)  CO  O) 
CO  CO  CM  00  fv  00 
(O  CO  coo  CD  CM 

(O  m  m  CM  o  C) 

•-  »-  ■■T  IV  o  CM 

1-  m  COO  ^ 


in  ivco  ^  1-  '- 
CO  oo  ^  -^  r- 
to  CO  ^  CO  m  o) 
■sj  CO  '-"  '-'  ■«'  co' 
IV  ■'I-  t-  CO  IV  o 
CD  mCM  coooo 


CM  CO  CO^  fv  00 
(D  in  Ofv  (DOO 
O)  ■-  COCO(D  '- 
IV  fv"  (b  IV 
0O(D  -t 
0)00 


■C  OOCOCM  in  CO         CM 


CM  "I 


mm^a-       oocococMmco 


rv  oo  oo  to  CM 
CM  •-  •-  m  tD 
r^  t-  o  CO  fv 

r^  CO  to  ^  ^ 
o  CD  (O  ■-  O) 
m  ■-  "•»  CO  IV 

CO  m  o'  r-  '- 


omm  CO  T-  cr 
•-  (D  -^  m  to  m 
00  O)  •-  CM  T-  m 
cm"  cm  •'»  m'  •-"  ■^" 

tDmO)(DCM  CM 
CM  CM  CM  cm'  cm 


orv  rv  u-)oocM 
O)  CO  m  a>(D  CM 

(DCOm  (D  -^  (D 
tb  O  tv  CM  CT)  o 

■—  CO  •—  ^  CD  m 

CM  •-  CM  CM  CDO) 

cm'  cm'  cm  eg  tt'  cm 


OOOCOIV  CM  T 

•^  miv  o  O)  to 

mOCO-^  CMOM 


m  -c  •-  CO  mco 
o  ■^  moo  ooo 
CO  -^  •-  to  rv  00 
CD  tb  ^  r~  m  o) 

•-  O  ^  IV  O)  CM 
to  00  IV  CO  O) 


O  cococo  to  CO 

o  o-*  '-  mco 

rv  00(0  0)  (D 
^  CM  O)  a>  CM  ■- 
'-  CD 'J  <J)  '-  O 
'-  O  ■-  '-  CO  CD 
CM  CM  CM  CM  V  CM 


CDm  (Dcom  ■- 
tv  fv  COO)  1-  on 

CO  CO  rv  1-  CM  CM 

tb  rv'  oo'  o*  m'  ■c' 

CM  CO  (DOO  IV  to 

T-  m  mcM 


•-  rv  tD(o  ^ 
(OO  como) 

'-  CM  CM  >-  (D 

^'  cm'  o)  (o  (b 

(Mfv   7-   .-  00 

cgtv  ^  If)  ^ 
^  m  m  m  ^ 


11 


(DomcMco  m 

CO  ^  (MCM  CO  to 

tD  »-  m  m  ^  CO 
(m'  »-  (b  CO  O)  ^' 

CM  OOOfv  o  CM 

to  CO  IV  in  ^  IV 
IV  rv"  (D  (b  m"  ■'t 


CMO)fv  00  oo 
cMmoocoo)  m 
om  o  m  O)  rv 

tb  CO  o  r^  CM  O) 
mcocMCM  m  CM 

•-(0(0  0)0'- 
^  (O  CO  CM  m  CO 


(DOfv  O  CM--  J2 
(O  CMO)  -c  mCM  *" 
IV  O  CO  m  IV  (D      *". 


h-  COOOO  CD  rv 
rv  to  tDO)  ^  rv 
CO  cocomco  to 
m  CM  o)  o  m  CM 
•-  ■<»  --  IV  CM  m 
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CM  ^  in  m*  ^ 


rv  0)0)  ^  (Dm 
m  o  om  Tj  CM 
Tf  rv  toco  Tj  CO 
CO  tT  cb  cb  CM  iri 

0>  -^  CO  O  CM  ■- 

o  tocM  o)  m  •- 
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CO  IV  O)  CM  00  o 
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mcoco  "^  fv  (D 
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m  CD  r^  -- 
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CO 


2  r-  o  r-  ■c  CD 

;C  to  CO  o) »-  m 

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104 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


Table  3.10— Returns  With  Tax  Due  at  Time  of  Filing:  Tax  Due  by  Size 


(All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples  —  money  amounts  are  in  thousands  of  dollars 

Size  of  tax  due 

Number  ol 
returns 

Adjusted 
gross 

income 
less 
deficit 

Total  tax 
liability 

Tax  due 
at  time 
of  filing 

Tax  withheld 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

(4) 

(5) 

(6) 

21,630,276 

1.112.020 
1.061.772 
1.012.278 
1.038.684 
832.692 

782.915 
1,436,906 
2,362,767 
1,817,744 
1,427,395 
3,873,923 
1.604.256 

861.774 
2.405.145 

493,267,612 

14.466.244 
13,485.436 
13,575,040 
14,031,699 
12,549,779 

12,105.583 
22.116.634 
40.915.005 
34.349.700 
28.295.736 

87.285.203 
43.002.563 
25.813.081 
131.275.911 

94,986,540 

1.775.528 
1.666.279 
1.710.066 
1.756.812 
1.631.810 

1.667.496 
3.023.599 
5.804.837 
5.129.650 
4.316.707 

14.652.576 
8.057.963 
5.281.273 

38.511.944 

24,969,333 

13.179 
39.586 
62.828 
91,047 
92,813 

106.960 

248.566 

584.088 

630,862 

640.448 

2.750.548 

1.957.560 

1.492.560 

16.258.289 

15,328,628 

799.483 
725.275 
673.522 
685.598 
565.840 

573.709 
1.069.520 
1.770.226 
1.387.459 
1.106.032 
2.893.072 
1.110.669 

566.516 
1.401.707 

51.356,301 

1.530.994 
1.422.855 
1,436.509 
1.438.155 
1.356.165 

1.390.767 
2.450.227 
4.591,948 
3,895,379 
3,213,792 
9,879,878 
4,702,491 
2,621,098 
11,426,041 

$1  under  $25                                             

$50  under$75              

$100  under  $125                                               

$125  under  $150                                              '. 

$200  under  $300    

$300  under  $400 

$400  under  $500    .  . 

$500  under  $1,000                             

$1,000  under  $1,500 
$1,500  under  $2,000 
$2,000  or  more 

Estimated  tax  payments 

All  other  taxpayments' 

Total  refundable  credits' 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  ol 
returns 

Amount 

(7) 

(8) 

(9) 

(10) 

(11) 

(12) 

Total 

4,568.076 

186.215 
166,052 
197.837 
198.713 
155.383 

112.474 
213.488 
367.046 
303.164 
227.345 
778,887 
404.095 
287,521 
969,856 

17,567,720 

202.619 
185.614 
204.267 
215.629 
170.664 

160.296 
307.562 
584.738 
576,223 
436,148 

1 ,895,647 

1,309,643 

1.109.569 

10.209.099 

1,573,519 

47.246 
54.950 
39.326 
54.013 
49.565 

29,588 
39.824 
101.713 
81.200 
71.712 

308.696 

168.169 

98.222 

429.295 

1,092,835 

28.736 
18.225 
6.461 
11.982 
12.168 

9.472 
1 7.244 
44.005 
27.185 
26.318 

126.504 
88.269 
58.046 

618.221 

104 

•9 
95 

346 

•58 
286 

1? 

$1  under  $25 
$25  under  $50 

IS 
11 

$100  under  $125                         

1^ 

$1 50  under  $200 
$200  under  $300 

$400  under  $500 

n 

$500  under  $1.000 

1' 

$1,000  under  $1,500 
$1,500  under  $2,000 
$2,000  or  more 

SI 

"Estimate  stiould  be  used  witri  caution  because  ol  the  small  number  of  sample  return 
'Consists  of  tax  paid  witti  request  for  extension  of  filing  time,  excess  social  security  t 
'Consists  of  ttie  refundable  portions  of  tfie  earned  income  credit  and  the  business  en{ 
NOTE    Detail  may  not  add  to  total  because  of  rounding 

s  on  which  It  IS  t 
axes  withheld,  c 
vgy  investment 

ased 

redit  lor  Federa 

credit 

tax  on  gasoline 

.  and  other  taxpayments 

no 

Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


105 


Table  3.11  — Returns  With  Tax  Overpayment:  Tax  Overpayment  by  Size 


[All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples  -  money  amounts  are  in  thousands  ot  dollars) 


Number  of 
returns 

Adiusted 

gross  mcome 

less  deficit 

Total  tan 

habili'y 

Overpayment 

Total 

Ref 

und 

Credit  on  1979  estimated  lax 

Size  of  tax  overpayment 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

(4) 

(5) 

(6) 

17) 

(81 

Totll 

65.468.163 

2,701,535 
2,606,626 
2,534,007 
2,333,236 
2,412,321 

2,867,104 
5,388,198 
10,108,325 
8,188,953 
5,514,133 

12,522,938 
4,254,758 
1,827,845 
2,208,184 

802.046.591 

17,808,251 
16,411,169 
17,831,261 
18,554,279 
19,927,219 

22,606,351 
48,038,580 
92,011,564 
83,452,217 
67  128,971 

190,085,247 
88,078,903 
43,789,595 
76,322,983 

98.057.162 

2,123,865 
1,808,599 
1,955,166 
2,087710 
2,197,673 

2,345,844 
5,232,989 
9,777,532 
9,059,817 
7,705,053 

22,518,440 
11,368,256 
5,954,222 
13,921,996 

35.415.451 

33,258 

96,479 

155,231 

202,885 

270,705 

394,053 

935,576 

2,532,559 

2,837,449 

2,459,388 

8,726,136 
5,143,349 
3,133,813 
8,494,572 

63.775.981 

2,572,536 
2,517,377 
2,447,554 
2,258,800 
2,312,953 

2,818,435 
5,293,245 
9,920,577 
8,065,210 
5,406,325 

12,259,885 
4,125,602 
1  757,272 
2,020,210 

33.034.549 

31,880 

93,095 

149,600 

196,093 

259,101 

387,231 

917,319 

2479,936 

2,789,215 

2,400,825 

8,497,230 
4,930,175 
2970,044 
6,932,804 

2.237.857 

129,583 
89,283 
92,450 
80,273 

104,099 

50,006 
111,085 
227,965 
145,700 
149,367 

370,610 
207,290 
113,387 
366,759 

2.380.903 

$1  under  $25 

1,377 

$25  under  $50 

3,384 

$50  under  $75 

5,631 

$75  under  $100 

6.792 

$100  under  $125 

11,603 

$125  under  $150 

6,822 

$150  under  $200 

$200  under  $300 

$300  under  $400 

18,257 
52,623 
48,235 

$400  under  $500 

58,563 

$500  under  $1,000       

228,906 

$1,000  under  $1,500 

213,174 

$1,500  under  $2,000 

163,769 

$2,000  or  more                 

1,561,768 

Tax  w 

iniieid 

Estimated  tax  payments 

All  other  ta 

(payments' 

Total  refundable  credits^ 

Size  of  tax  overpayment 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  ot 
returns 

Amount 

Number  ot 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(9) 

(10) 

(11) 

(12) 

(13) 

(14) 

(15) 

116) 

Tol»l 

$1  under  $25 

62.891.322 

2,487,615 
2,378,911 
2,360,367 
2,209,922 
2,272,839 

2,774,459 
5,193,751 
9,763,750 
7,975,264 
5,389,772 

12,226,109 
4,113,064 
1,761,559 
1,983,940 

118.538.686 

1,829,234 
1,667,885 
1,890,484 
2,099,974 

2.274.110 

2.582,903 
5,849,727 
11,613,574 
11,286,003 
9,559,683 

29,227,963 
15,255,449 
8,250,415 
15,151,281 

3,234,732 

195,703 
187,751 
155,946 
126722 
145,662 

89,124 
181,003 
313,089 
212,913 
215,212 

531,269 
265  992 
147,309 
467,037 

12.377.480 

269,275 
209,348 
189,701 
172,104 
177,021 

132.121 
256.019 
548.821 
430.867 
419.098 

1.458.351 

1  087  740 

728055 

6.298.959 

2,309.653 

71  484 
52  988 

54  623 

55  121 
38,805 

45,049 

72  113 
124418 
127  654 
102,695 

518.870 
371  274 
252.111 
422448 

1.755.225 

57  711 
25,070 
25  099 
15  108 
11  789 

13  734 
32  214 
58712 
39  886 
52274 

197.644 
153  281 
107  622 
965  080 

3.950,594 

62  590 
86  569 
100  712 
51  451 
61  735 

103  931 
219  150 
493  121 
586  703 
563  961 

1  509,975 

95669 

8643 

6384 

801.222 

903 

$25  under  $50                              

2  774 

$50  under  $75 

$75  under  $100                              

5112 
3  409 

$100  under  $125 

5.457 

$125  under  $150    

11  139 

$150  under  $200 

$200  under  $300 

$300  under  $400 

$400  under  $500       

30  604 
88.984 
140.510 
133  385 

$500  under  $1  000 

360  617 

$1  000  under  $1  500            

15  135 

$1  500  under  $2  000 

1  943 

$2  000  or  more 

1  248 

'Consists  of  tax  paid  with  request  tor  extension  of  filing  time,  plus  excess  social  security  taxes  withheld,  credit  for  tax  on  gasoline,  and  other  taxpayments 
'Consists  of  the  refundable  portions  of  the  earned  income  credit  and  the  business  energy  investment  credit 
NOTE:  Detail  may  not  add  to  total  because  of  rounding. 


106 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


Table  3.12— Returns  With  Refund:  Refund  by  Size 

(All  figures  are  estimales  based  on  samples  —  money  amounts  are  in  thousands  of  dollarsi 


Number 

of 
returns 

Adjusted 
gross 

income 
less 
deficit 

Total 

lax 

liability 

Overpayment 

Size  of  refund 

Total 

Refund 

Credit  on  1979 
estimated  tax 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

(4) 

(5) 

(6) 

(7) 

(8) 

$1  under $25                                                       ..    . 

63,775,981 

2.635.906 
2,543,514 
2.459,673 
2,268,405 
2,328,227 

2,831,257 
5.313,474 
9,922.974 
8.076.527 
5,386.840 

12,241.028 
4.091,558 
1.747.007 
1.929.591 

759,831,158 

..    17.734.135 
15.731.640 
16.934.822 
17.778.202 
19,010,233 

22,011,722 
47,160,977 
89.084.813 
81.338.342 
64.913,028 

183.903.023 
83,418.565 
41,047,022 
59,764,632 

89,064.286 

2,186,886 
1,731,263 
1,853,435 
1,996.003 
2,098,628 

2,253,612 
5.112.086 
9.320.976 
8.693.892 
7.344.968 

21.405.928 

10.448,840 

5.369.330 

9.248,438 

33.702.081 

100,179 
115,538 
162,279 
213.635 
277.109 

398.491 

945,162 

2,518.835 

2.820.738 

2.420,096 

8.597.814 
4,999,079 
3,044,660 
7,088,468 

63,775,981 

2,635.906 
2,543.514 
2,459,673 
2,268.405 
2.328.227 

2.831.257 
5,313.474 
9.922.974 
8,076,527 
5.386.840 

12.241.028 
4.091.558 
1.747.007 
1.929.591 

33,034,549 

32,169 

94,010 

150,724 

197,306 

261,275 

389,085 

922.488 

2.486,440 

2.798,311 

2,402,277 

8,523.267 
4,943.678 
2,991.743 
6841.777 

545,675 

63,954 
26,171 
18,116 
15,442 
20.005 

14.159 
36.361 
42.614 
33.274 
22,074 

88,700 
44,090 
32,549 
88,166 

667,533 

68.010 

$25  under  $50        

21.528 

$50  under  $75      

11.555 

$75  under  $100  

16329 

$100  under  $125    

15.833 

$125  under  $150 

9.407 

$150  under  $200 

22.674 

$200  under  $300     

32.395 

$300  under  $400 

22.427 

$400  under  $500 

17.819 

$500  under  $1.000 

74.546 

$1,000  under  $1,500 

55  401 

$1,500  under  $2.000 

52.917 

$2,000  or  more                   

246.691 

Size  of  refund 

Tax  withheld 

Estimated  tax  payments 

All  other  taxpayments' 

Total  refundable  credits' 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(91 

(10) 

("1 

(12) 

(13) 

(14) 

(15) 

(16) 

Total 

62,227,188 

2.470.347 
2,366,757 
2,334,122 
2.184,352 
2.251,715 
2,763.456 
5.177.133 
9.699.923 
7.925,229 
5.337.538 

12.108.643 
4.045,143 
1.720,694 
1.842.136 

115,883,586 

1 ,820,823 
1,643.711 
1,850.685 
2.070,254 
2,245,626 

2,550,823 
5,825,384 
11,493,133 
11,140,433 
9.435.765 

28.921,885 
14  974,770 
8,045,966 
13,864,328 

1,698,709 

146,694 
125.772 
83.196 
73.303 
70.514 

56319 
110.467 
149.618 
113,966 

92,947 

271,102 

120,286 

76.672 

207.853 

4.984,296 

423,616 
168,304 
133,572 
112,940 
109.320 
73.952 
168.755 
204.236 
199.506 
161,379 

567,214 

342,755 

286,476 

2.032.271 

2.160,614 

62,108 
52.560 
50.825 
56.665 
34.472 

44,639 
65.344 
113,904 
119,926 
92,956 

492,419 
355.959 
245,314 
373,523 

1,103,544 

41,795 
32.118 
26,236 
23.018 
15.910 
16.224 
33.173 
55.864 
35.900 
34.661 

154.423 

115.398 

79,596 

439,228 

3,906,815 

55.357 
83.857 
102.276 
51.232 
56.212 

103.836 
216,082 
484.232 
580.472 
562,520 

1.503.159 

94.809 

8.313 

4.458 

794,941 

831 
2,668 
5,221 
3.425 
4.880 

11,105 
29.936 
86.577 
138.790 
133.259 

360.219 

14.996 

1.953 

$1  under $25                                

$25  under  $50                               

$50  under  $75                                  

$75  under  $100 

$100  under  $125        

$125  under  $150 

$150  under  $200 

$200  under  $300        

$300  under  $400  

$400  under  $500 

$500  under  $1.000 

$1,500  under  $2,000 

'Consists  of  tax  paid  with  request  lor  extension  of  filing  time,  excess  social  security  taxes  withheld,  credit  for  Federal  tax  on  gasoline,  and  other  taxpayments 
'Consists  of  the  refundable  portions  of  the  earned  Income  credit  and  the  business  energy  investment  credit 
NOTE:  Detail  may  not  add  to  total  because  of  rounding 


Section  4 


Taxpayers 

Age  65  or  Over; 

Credit  for  the  Elderly 


Contents 


Intrortuction,  107 

Returns  with  age  exenptions,  107 

Credit  for  the  elderly,  107 

Text  tables 


4A 


4B 


4C 


Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over:  selected 

tax  items  by  marital  status,  109 

PDrm  1040A  returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over: 

selected  characteristics,  110 

Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly:  credit  by 

age  of  taxpayer  and  size  of  adjusted  gross 

income,  110 


Chart 

4A  Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over  as  a  percent 
of  all  returns,  ty  size  of  adjusted  gross 
incone,  1968,  1973,  and  1978,  108 

Basic  tables 


4.1 


4.2 


4.3 


4.4 


Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over:  selected 
incone  and  tax  items  by  size  of  adjusted  gross 
inccms.  111 

Joint  returns  with  at  least  one  taxpayer  age  65 
or  over:  selected  inoonie  and  tax  items  by  size 
of  adjusted  gross  inccxte,  116 

Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over  with 
itemized  deducticxis:  itemized  deductions  by  type 
and  by  size  of  adjusted  gross  income,  121 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly:  selected 
inoonie  and  tax  itans  by  size  of  adjusted  gross 
income,  122 


Introduction 

This  secticn  presaits  data  for  two  groips  of 
returns:  those  on  which  one  additional  exemption  was 
claimed  for  each  taxpayer  age  65  or  over,  and  those 
on  which  the  credit  for  the  elderly  was  claimed. 
Most,  but  not  all,  of  the  returns  falling  into  the 
latter  category  were  filed  by  persons  who  also 
claimed  an  age  exeirption. 

For  1978,  as  for  1977,  the  filing  requirement  for  a 
single  person  age  65  or  over  was  $3,700  in  gross 
income  (ccnpared  to  a  $2,950  requirement  for  those 
under  65),  while  for  a  person  who  qualified  as  a 
"surviving  spouse"  the  amount  was  $4,700  ($3,950  for 
those  under  65) .  For  joint  returns,  if  one  spouse 
was  65  or  over,  the  filing  requirement  was  $5,450  and 
it  was  $6,200  if  both  spouses  were  65  or  over 
(oonpared  to  a  $4,700  requirement  for  joint  returns 
with  both  spouses  under  65) .  The  reason  for  the 
higher  filing  requiremaits  was  that  the  extra  age 
exenptions  made  taxpayers  below  these  limits  nontax- 
able in  any  case. 


Returns  with  Age  Exemptions 

Persons  age  65  or  over  benefitted  from  certain 
special  tax  provisions  under  the  Internal  Revenue 
Code.  These  included: 

(1)  an  additional  $750  exemption  for  each  taxpaver 
age  65  or  over, 

(2)  the  exemption  from  taxation  of  social  security 
inocme,  a  major  source  of  income  for  many  older 
persons,  and 

(3)  the  "credit  for  the  elderly,"  described  below. 
In  addition,  taxpayers  age  65  or  over  could  aulso 

include  the  extra  exemption  for  age  65  or  over  in 
oonputing  the  personal  exenption  portion  of  the 
general  tax  credit. 

Table  4A  shows  selected  items  reported  on  returns 
of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  classified  by  marital 
status.  For  1978  almost  8.4  million  returns,  accoun- 
ting for  $113.0  billion  of  adjusted  gross  income  and 
$18.2  of  total  income  tax,  were  filed  by  taxpayers 
age  65  or  over.  Joint  returns,  representing  4.8 
million,  and  returns  of  single  persons  3.3  million, 
accounted  for  more  than  97  percent  of  those  filed. 

Changes  hy  income  levels  in  the  number  of  returns 
filed  by  ta^^ayers  age  65  or  over  from  1968  to  1978 
are  illustrated  in  chart  4A.   The  proportion  these 
returns  represent  of  all  returns  filed  has  remained 
relatively  constant  at  around  9  percent.   However, 
returns  showing  adjusted  gross  income  of  less  than 
$5,000  have  declined  from  about  13  percent  to  9  per- 
cent, primarily  because  the  increased  filing  limits 
required  fewer  people  to  file.   The  proportion  of 
returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over  in  the  income 
classes  between  $5,000  and  $20,000  has  almost  doubled 
relative  to  all  returns,  but  has  declined  by  about 
half  in  the  higher  inocme  classes  of  $20,000  to 
$30,000  and  $30,000  or  more.   This  may  be  attributed 
to  the  relatively  constant  nature  of  the  sources  of 
income,  such  as  paisions  and  annuities,  received  by 
these  taxpayers.   Those  taxpayers  under  age  65  are 
more  likelv  to  have  inccms,  such  as  salaries  and 
wages,  whicii  are  more  reflective  of  the  changes  in  the 
oost  of  living. 

The  tables  in  this  secticai  represent  information 
reported  on  both  the  Form  1040  and  Form  1040A.  How- 
ever, as  can  be  determined  from  table  43,  only  about  7 
percent  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over  filed  Form  1040A, 
primarily  because  much  of  their  income  was  in  the  form 
of  pulsions,  annuities,  and  rental  income,  and  because 
many  of  these  taxpayers  claimed  the  credit  for  the 
elderly.  All  of  these  itatis  required  the  use  of  the 
Form  1040. 

Credit  for  the  Elderly 

For  taxpayers  under  age  65,  the  basic  amount  of 
income  subject  to  the  credit  for  the  elderly  was 
pensions  and  annuities  received  from  public  retirement 
systans,  limited  to  $2,500  for  single  persons,  $3,750 
for  couples  filing  jointly  if  both  had  qualifying 
pensions,  and  $1,875  for  married  persons  living  apart 


107 


108 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Age  65  or  Over;  Credit  for  the  Elderly 


from  their  spouses.  This  base  was  further  reduced  by 
pensicns  received  under  the  Social  Security  or  Rail- 
road Retirement  Acts  and  by  the  amount  of  earned 
inocne  in  excess  of  $900  ($1,200  for  taxpayers  over 
age  62) .  The  actual  credit  for  the  elderly  equalled 
15  percent  of  the   (reduced)   base. 

The  (income)  oonputaticxi  base  for  taxpayers  age  65 
or  over,  on  the  other  hand,  was  simply  $2,500,  $3,750, 
or  $1,875,  depending  en  marital  status,  reduced  by 
pensicns  received  under  the  Social  Security  or  Rail- 
road Retirement  Acts.  Instead  of  an  earned  incone 
limitation  reducing  the  base  for  the  credit,  taxpayers 
age  65  or  over  used  an  adjusted  gross  income  limita- 
tion.    This  limitation  equalled  one-half  of   the  excess 


of  adjusted  gross  incoie  over  $7,500  for  single  per- 
sons, over  $10,000  for  married  couples,  and  over 
$5,000  for  married  persons  who  were  separated.  Thus, 
no  credit  was  allowed  for  single  persons  age  65  or 
over  with  adjusted  gross  incomes  over  $12,500,  married 
coi^Jles  with  incomes  over  $17,500,  or  separated 
persons  with  incomes  over  $8,750. 

Details  on  the  size  of  adjusted  gross  income  and  the 
age  of  taxpayers  claiming  the  credit  for  the  elderly 
are  shown  in  table  4C.  Of  the  689,000  returns  showing 
a  credit  for  the  elderly,  almost  two-thirds  was  re- 
ported on  returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over.  Char- 
acteristics, such  as  sources  of  income,  of  all  returns 
with  a  credit  for  the  elderly  are  shown  in  table  4.4. 


Chart    4A. 

Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over  as  a  percent  of  all  returns,  by  size  of 
adjusted  gross  Income,  1968, 1973,  and  1978 


Individual  Returns/1978«Age  65  or  Over;  Credit  for  the  Elderly 


109 


Table  4A.— Returns  of  Taxpayers  Age  65  or  Over:  Selected  Tax  Items  by  Marital  Status 

(All  figures  are  estrmates  based  on  samples — money  amounts  are  in  thousands  of  dollars) 


Marital  status 


Number  of 
returns 


Adjusted 

gross  income 

less  deficit 


Exempttons 


Number  of 
exemptions 


Returns  witfi  zero  bracket 
amount  only 


Number  of 
returns 


Zero  bracket 
amount 


All  ratums,  total 

Joint  returns  of  fiusbands  and  wives,  total . . 

Both  age  65  or  over 

Husband  age  65  or  over,  wife  under  65.. 

Wife  age  65  or  over;  fiusband  under  65. . 

Separate  returns  of  husbands  and  wives 

Returns  of  heads  of  households 

Returns  of  surviving  spouses 

Returns  of  single  persons      


Marital  status 


(1) 


(2) 


(3) 


m 


(5) 


(6) 


8,370,125 

4,800.892 

2.625,985 

1,609,112 

365,795 

80,925 

139,037 

•8,970 

3.340.301 


113,025,209 

78.159.800 

42.374.133 

29.615.827 

6.169,840 

1,002,879 

1,631,834 

•105,900 

32,124,796 


24,816,862 

17,511,398 

10,623,954 

5,751,340 

1,136,104 

164,651 

369,220 

•26,910 

6.744.683 


18,612,647 

13,133,549 

7,967,966 

4,313,505 

852,078 

123,488 

276,915 

•20,183 

5,058,512 


5,9S2,6SS 

3,288,533 

1,794,770 

1,237,991 

255,772 

46.133 

100,356 

•8,884 

2,508,749 


14,868,90* 

9.560,771 

5.143.937 

3,650,597 

766,237 

72,613 

212,532 

•28,429 

5,094,564 


Returns  with  itemized  deductions 


Number  of 
returns 


Total 

itemized 

deductions 


Zero 
bracket  amount 


Number  of 
returns 


Excess  itemized 
deductions 


Number  of 
returns 


Taxable  income 


Number  of 
returns 


All  returns,  total 

Joint  returns  of  husbands  and  wives,  total  . 

Both  age  65  or  over 

Husband  age  65  or  over;  wife  under  65 . 

Wife  age  65  or  over;  husband  under  65. 
Separate  returns  of  husbands  and  wives  - . . 

Returns  of  f>eads  of  households 

Returns  of  surviving  spouses 

Returns  of  single  persons      


(7) 


(81 


(9) 


(10) 


(11) 


(12) 


(13) 


(14) 


1,908,533 

1,196,536 

630.656 

472,155 

93,725 

33,162 

32,682 

•86 

646,067 


13,910,725 

9,399,611 

5,180,221 

3,582,555 

636,835 

178,802 

188,073 

•2,100 

4,142,139 


1,851,178 

1,174,727 

615,995 

465,484 

93,248 

32,634 

32,618 

•86 

611,113 


5,104,163 

3,669,024 

1,908,499 

1 ,464,844 

295,681 

52,214 

71,717 

•275 

1.310.932 


1,902,437 

1.196.468 

630.589 

472.154 

93.725 

27.360 

32.682 

•86 

645.841 


8,538,236 

5.570.778 

3.162.154 

2.071,698 

336.927 

128,333 

116,172 

■1,824 

2.721.128 


7,803,833 

4.463.260 

2.410.765 

1.703.475 

349.020 

78.767 

132,974 

•8,970 

3,119,862 


87,363,72* 

60,457,959 

31,861,150 

23,583,271 

5,013,538 

775,635 

1,245,207 

•83,893 

24,801,036 


Mental  status 


Tax  preferences 


Additional  tax  tor 
tax  preferences 


Income  lax  after 
credits 


Total  income  tax 


Number  of 
returns 


Number  of 
returns 


Number  of 
returns 


Number  of 
returns 


Amount 


All  returns,  total 

Joint  returns  of  fiusbands  and  wives,  total  . 

Both  age  65  or  over 

Husband  age  65  or  over;  wife  under  65 . 

Wife  age  65  or  over;  husband  under  65 . 
Separate  returns  of  husbands  and  wives  . . . 

Returns  of  heads  of  households 

Returns  of  surviving  spouses 

Returns  of  single  persons 


(15) 


(16) 


(17) 


(18) 


(19) 


(20) 


(21) 


(22) 


151,560 

108.100 

57.126 

45.498 

5.476 

2.090 

630 

•85 

40.655 


4,757,887 

3.529.530 

2.034.622 

1.387.611 

107.298 

47.229 

29.973 

•2.489 

1.148.666 


124,883 

89.034 

48.006 

35.864 

5.164 

1.915 

449 

•84 

33.401 


379,114 

285.022 

164.459 

115.147 

5.416 

3.676 

2.314 

•185 

87.717 


5,756,956 

3.281.344 

1.710,521 

1.288.802 

282.021 

65.789 

106.791 

•8.970 

2.294.062 


17,824,741 

12,679,754 

6,912,868 

4,863,466 

903,420 

206,388 

237,444 

•9,737 

4,691,419 


5,764,334 

3.287,461 

1,713.891 

1.289.662 

283.908 

65.827 

106.830 

•8.970 

2.295.246 


18.203,855 

12.964.776 

7.077.327 

4.978.613 

908.836 

210.264 

239.758 

•9.922 

4,779,136 


•Estimate  should  be  used  with  caution  tsecause  of  the  small  number  of  sample  returns  on  which  it  is  based. 
NOTE:  Detail  may  not  add  to  total  because  of  rounding 


110 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Age  65  or  Over;  Credit  for  the  Elderly 


Table  4B. — Form  1040A  Returns  of  Taxpayers  Age  65  or  Over:  Selected  Characteristics 

(All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples  —  money  amounts  are  in  thousands  ol  dollars) 


Number  of 
returns 

Adjusted 
gross 
income 

Exemptons 

Salanes  and  wages 

Dividends  in 
ad)usted  gross  income 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Total 
numtjer  of 
exemptions 

Number  of 

exemptions 

for  age  65 

or  over 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  ol 
returns 

Amount 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

(4) 

(5) 

(6) 

(7) 

(8) 

Total 

Under  $5  000 

565,347 

299.943 
171.638 
52.362 
31.052 
•10.352 

3,524.939 

866.359 
1.255.453 
625.560 
538.000 
•239.568 

1,550,061 

750.152 
519.075 
155.779 
93.999 
•31.056 

622,098 

327.041 
195.372 
55.797 
33.536 
■10.352 

547.768 

282,364 
171,638 
52.362 
31.052 
•10.352 

3,400,400 

784,418 
1,228.533 
616.083 
533.530 
■237,836 

22.528 

•16.347 

•2.559 
•3.622 

31,253 

$5,000  under  $10,000 
$10,000  under  $15,000 
$15,000  under  $20,000 

•90 

Interest  received 

Zero  bracket  amount 

Taxable  income 

Income  tax  before  credits 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Numt)erof 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(9) 

(10) 

(11) 

(12) 

(13) 

(14) 

(15) 

(16) 

Total 

Under$5.000 

200,018 

96.041 
51,453 
25.843 
18.275 
•8,406 

93,286 

50.928 

26.920 

9.388 

4.470 

■1.580 

480,323 

214.919 
171,638 
52,362 
31,052 
■10,352 

1,110.595 

336.591 
494.798 
150,711 
95,367 
■33,126 

480,323 

214,919 

171.638 

52  362 

31.052 

■10  352 

2,423,451 

364.802 
866.146 
508.726 
467.501 
■216.276 

311,879 

56,343 
161  770 
52,362 
31,052 
•10,352 

238,359 

4.087 
58,711 
63,904 
72,637 
■39,019 

$5,000  under  $10,000 
$10,000  under  $15,000 
$15,000  under  $20,000 
$20,000  or  more 

General  tax  credit 

Income  tax  after  credits 

Total  tax  liability 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(17) 

(18) 

(19) 

(20) 

(21) 

(22) 

Total 

Under  $5.000 

$5,000  under  $10,000      

$10,000  under  $15,000.  . 

311.879 

56.343 
161.770 
52.362 
31.052 
•10  35? 

34,172 

2.744 
16.341 
7.635 
5.589 
•1  Rfi.3 

261.497 

•26.649 
141.082 
52.362 
31.052 
•10  35? 

203,814 

■1.342 
42.269 
56.090 
67.048 
•37  nfi4 

261,497 

■26.649 
141.082 
52.362 
31.052 
•in  35? 

203.834 

•1.342 
42.269 
56  090 

$15,000  under  $20.000 

67  068 

$20,000  or  more                 

•37  064 

•Estimate  sfiould  be  used  with  caution  tiecause  of  the  small  numtier  of  sample  returns  on  which  it  is  based 
NOTE:  Detail  may  not  add  to  total  because  of  rounding. 


Table  4C.  — Returns  Witti  Credit  for  the  Elderly:  Credit  by  Age  of  Taxpayer  and  Size  of  Adjusted  Gross  Income 


(All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples  —  money  amounts  are  in  thousands  of  dollars] 

All  returns 

Returns  of  taxpayers  under  65 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Number  of 
returns 

Adjusted 

gross  income 

less  deficit 

Income  lax 
before  credits 

Credit  for 
the  elderly 

Number  of 
returns 

Adiusted 

gross  income 

less  deficit 

Income  tax 
before  credits 

Credit  for 
the  elderly 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

(4) 

(5) 

(6) 

(7) 

(8) 

Total 

Under  $5  000                 ,    .  .                   

689,246 

51.479 

377.963 

160.139 

43.293 

37.108 

17.695 

1.569 

7,352,500 

230.815 
2.860.862 
1.924.523 
735.307 
857.716 
640.992 
102.285 

803,923 

7.324 
208.224 
192.434 

98.823 
132.563 
137.252 

27.304 

145,255 

3.406 
68.441 
40.311 
13.664 
12.298 

6.680 
454 

245,059 

■11.097 
73.104 
69.864 
39.703 
34.738 
15.341 
1.212 

3,609,340 

•46.102 
581.491 
857.764 
677.034 
804.725 
563.772 

78.453 

499,746 

•2.008 
44.466 
93.646 
91.954 
124.219 
123.600 
19.853 

73.106 

•1.446 

$5,000  under  $10  000                               

19.172 

$10  000  under  $1 5  000                                  

21.772 

$15,000  under  $20.000 

12.963 

$20  000  under  $30  000       

1 1 .695 

$30,000  under  $50  000 

5.702 

$50,000  or  more  

356 

Retu 

ns  of  taxpayers 

age  65  or  over 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Total 

Joir 

u 

t  returns  with  one  taxpayer 
ider  65  and  one  65  or  over 

Number  of 
returns 

Adiusted 

gross  income 

less  deficit 

Income  tax 
before  credits 

Credit  for 
the  elderly 

Number  of 
returns 

Adjusted 

gross  income 

less  deficit 

Income  tax 
before  credits 

Credit  for 
the  elderly 

(9) 

(10) 

(11) 

(12) 

(13) 

(14) 

(15) 

(16) 

Tbtal 

444,187 

40.382 
304.859 
90.275 
•3.590 
•2.370 
•2.354 
•357 

3,743,160 

184.713 
2.279.371 
1.066.759 
•58.274 
•52.991 
•77.220 
•23.833 

304,177 

5.317 
163.758 
98.788 
•6.869 
•8.343 
•13.652 
•7.451 

72,149 

1.961 

49.269 

18.539 

•702 

•603 

•978 

•98 

82,646 

38.421 
36.937 
•2.232 
■2.345 
•2.354 
■357 

948,702 

307.778 
451.128 
•36.422 
•52.321 
•77.220 
•23.833 

89,632 

14.749 
41,093 
•4,430 
•8.258 
•13.652 
•7.451 

17,883 

£5  000  under  $10  000                     

6.658 

8.960 

•593 

$20  000  under  $30  000           

■596 

•978 

•98 

'Estimate  should  be  used  with  caution  because  of  the  small  number  of  sample  returns  on  which  it  is  based 
NOTE  Detail  may  not  add  to  total  because  of  rounding 


Individual  Returns  / 1978  •  Age  65  or  Over;  Credit  for  the  Elderly 


111 


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Individual  Returns  / 1978  •  Age  65  or  Over;  Credit  for  the  Elderly 


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1,068,166 
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874,554 
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556,141 
4,362,023 
2,292,970 

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Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Age  65  or  Over;  Credit  for  the  Elderly 


121 


Table  4.3— Returns  of  Taxpayers  Age  65  or  Over  With  Itemized  Deductions:  Itemized  Deductions  by  Type  and  by  Size  of  Adjusted  Gross 
Income 

(All  figures  are  estimates  based  on  samples  —  money  amounts  aie  in  ttiousands  of  dollars] 


Total  Item 

zed 
ns 

Medical  and  dental 

Taxes  paid 
deduction 

Interest  paid 
deduction 

&ze  of  adjusted  gross  income 

deductio 

expense  deduction 

Total 

Home  mortgage 
interest 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  ol 
returns 

Anxiunt 

Numt)er  ol 
returns 

Amount 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

(4) 

(5) 

(6) 

(7) 

(8) 

(9) 

(10) 

All  raturns  total     

1.908.533 

■4.211 
14.365 
111.066 
1  52,862 
162,296 
148.118 

152.516 
120.526 
103.074 
95.773 
184,715 
158.721 

276.521 

158.481 

47.755 

14.743 

2.070 

720 

67.528 
377.272 
357.249 
262.758 
843.726 

13,910,725 

•11.398 
72.011 
420.011 
642.609 
724.325 
708,802 
748,144 
568.290 
584.879 
486.196 
1.062.288 
948.048 

2.083.240 

1.943.118 

1.174.036 

906.540 

370.416 

456.373 

265.897 
1.604.457 
1.698.120 
1.398,191 
8,944.060 

1,726,007 

■4,211 
10,997 
108,622 
141,274 
151,547 
135,604 
142,784 
115,716 
98,148 
79,210 
167,394 
145,492 

241,258 

132.391 

38.068 

11.245 

1.527 

519 

64.118 
352.533 
334.586 
2J6.876 
737.894 

2.788,977 

■1.002 
18.487 
203.249 
257.938 
314.501 
298.682 
269.574 
162.455 
142.753 
156.370 
245.014 
153.605 

285.408 

1 74.623 

67.948 

30.748 

5.236 

1.385 

1 1 1 ,639 
683,538 
624,931 
404,902 
963,967 

1.893.716 

■4.211 
14.365 
111.066 
142.168 
161.569 
146.369 

152.075 
120.300 
103.074 
95,773 
184,715 
158,721 

275.793 

158.275 

47.724 

14.736 

2.063 

719 

67.528 
365.851 
354.833 
262.758 
842.746 

4,863,834 

■6,234 
44.528 
105.590 
132.614 
196,950 
161,219 

183,653 
173,237 
165,318 
161,543 
385,198 
402.947 

882.084 
846.184 
498.566 
310.791 
103.148 
104.030 

93.730 

392.186 

429.795 

415.175 

3.532.948 

1,031,020 

■3.583 
4.958 
50.122 
71 .930 
81.009 
86.567 

69.206 
70,107 
50,661 
50,082 
98,195 
107.154 

161.807 

85.803 

28.560 

9,397 

1,372 

507 

28,302 
183.300 
190.310 
136.313 
492.795 

1,930,910 

■484 
4.297 
38.010 
104.431 
90.497 
1 16.403 

81.386 
83.176 
62,000 
62,344 
143,002 
147,970 

321,812 
256.176 
182.832 
125.781 
53.045 
57.263 

20.220 

217.499 

237.100 

168.209 

1 .287.882 

611,514 

•3.583 
■1.851 
26.872 
48.432 
61.423 
58.082 
39.097 
44.139 
35.794 
27.178 
61.912 
62.358 

86.943 

38.633 

11.200 

3.401 

454 

162 

22,756 
119.405 
117.469 

86.821 
265.063 

806,232 

■188 

■1  676 

21,857 

77.984 

Sfl  000  under  SlO  000                                         

66.967 

67.565 

47.658 

42.415 

$16  000  under  $18  000                      

37.986 

33.628 

$20  000  under  $25  000                    

71.636 

$25  000  under  $30  000        

86.179 

125.210 

$50  000  under  $100  000     

76.689 

$100  000  under  $200  000                       

32.238 

13.228 

2.001 

1.126 

All  returns,  summary: 

14.595 

154.076 

$10  000  under  $15  000  

133,415 

$15  000  under  $20,000 

95.837 

$20  000  or  more        

408.308 

Contnbutions 
deduction 

r^iscellaneous  deductions 

Excess 

Itemized 

deduction 

Size  of  adjusted  gross  income 

Total 

Net  casualty  or 
theft  loss 

s 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

NumlDer  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

Number  of 
returns 

Amount 

(11) 

(12) 

(13) 

(14) 

(15) 

(16) 

(17) 

(18) 

All  returns  total 

1.782,325 

■4.177 
8.160 

96.775 
138.842 
142.837 
132.352 

141.958 
115.162 
91.722 
85.841 
181.850 
154.671 

270.041 

154.103 

46.586 

14.498 

2.038 

712 

54.512 
336.279 
328.452 
238.583 
824.499 

3,303,563 

■3.659 
4.340 

61,340 
131.579 

95.101 
109.268 

174.351 
124.681 
106.601 
80.723 
228.720 
165.879 

436,623 
482.155' 
313.691 
351.096 
172.394 
261.363 

36.661 

259.359 

336.571 

259.053 

2.411.920 

1.580,122 

■3.083 
4.918 

99.083 
116.584 
123.488 
117,391 

123,810 
100.966 
85.001 
75.954 
157,745 
139.256 

241.399 

133.712 

41.700 

13.407 

1.949 

676 

54.930 
292.226 
289.943 
213.179 
729.844 

1,023.439 

■18 
359 
11,822 
16,047 
27.276 
23.230 

39.180 
24.740 
108.207 
25.216 
60.355 
77.647 

157.313 

183.980 

111.000 

88.125 

36.593 

32.332 

3.647 
51.875 
69.722 
150.851 
747.343 

100,445 

■2.572 

•688 

■8.562 

•6.609 

•6,012 
•3,946 
•7,260 
•2.509 
9.659 
16.625 

18,106 

11,853 

3.879 

1,724 

312 

129 

•562 
11,260 
12.621 
13.715 
62.287 

179,985 

•560 

•2.167 

■12.496 

■5.292 

■2.778 
■523 
■87.710 
■3.597 
7.861 
7.151 

19.128 
14.000 
7.056 
6.417 
2.019 
1.231 

■325 

14.899 

8.070 

91.830 

64,862 

1,902,437 

•4.211 
14.365 
107,699 
152,862 
162,296 
145,723 

152,516 
120,260 
103,074 
95,773 
184,715 
158,721 

276,521 

158,414 

47,755 

14,742 

2.070 

720 

64.161 
377.272 
354.588 
262.758 
843.658 

8.538,236 

■1.539 

$2  000  under  $4  000                                  

33.362 

156.755 

$6  000  under  $8  000                                

242.619 

274.203 

$10  000  under  $12  000    

295.428 

337.354 

$1 4  000  under  $16  000             

228.593 

298.258 

$18  000  under  $20  000                            ..   .. 

219.663 

539.766 

$25  000  under  $30  000     

470.687 

1.259,588 

$50  000  under  $100  000 

1,469,787 

$100  000  under  £200  000                                  

1,029,819 

$200  000  under  $500  000    

862,248 

$500,000  under  $1 .000,000 - 

364,288 
454,279 

AH  returns,  summary: 

Under  $5,000  

$5  000  under  $10  000                  

107.977 
600.502 

$10  000  under  $15  000    

707.850 

671.446 

$20  000  or  more               

6.450.461 

'Estimate  sfiould  be  used  wilfi  caution  because  of  the  small  number  of  sample  returns  on  which  it  is  based 
NOTE  Detail  may  not  add  to  total  because  of  rounding 


122 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Age  65  or  Over;  Credit  for  the  Elderly 


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Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Age  65  or  Over;  Credit  for  the  Elderly 


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Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  Age65o'Over;  Credit  for  the  Elderly 


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Section  5 


State  Data 


Contents 

Introduction,   128 

State  data,     128 

Method  of  geographic  coding,    j28 

Text  table 

5A  Returns  with  residential  energy  expenditures: 
expenditures  bv  type  and  oomputation  of  the 
energy  credit,  by  State,  129 

Chart 

5A  Returns  with  residential  energy  expenditures  as 
a  percent  of  all  returns,  by  State,  1978,  127 


Basic  tables 

5.1  Selected  sources  of  income  and  tax  items  by 
State,  131 

5.2  All  returns,  returns  with  itemized  deductions  by 
type,  and  tax  itans  by  State,  134 

5.3  All  returns:  income  tax  before  credits,  tax 
credits,'  and  taxpayments,  by  State,  137 

5.4  All  returns:  exemptions  by  type  and  number  of 
returns  by  number  of  exenptions  other  than  age 
or  blindness,  by  State,  140 

5.5  All  returns:  adjusted  gross  income,  salaries  and 
wages,  exenptions,  and  inooroe  tax,  by  size  of 
adjusted  gross  income  and  State,  144 


Chart  5 A 

Returns  with  residential  energy  expenditures  as  a  percent  of  all  returns, 
by  State,  1978 


6%  under  9% 
9%  or  over 


128 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  State  Data 


Introduction 

Data  in  this  section  classify  taxpayers  by  State, 
based  on  the  address  reported  on  the  tax  return  as 
described  below.  For  1978,  infornation  is  shown  for 
sources  of  income  (table  5.1),  itemized  deductions 
(table  5.2),  tax  credits  (including  the  new  energy 
credits)  and  taxpayments  (table  5.3),  and  exemptions 
(table  5.4).  Table  5.5  presents  data  for  selected 
items  for  all  returns  and  joint  returns,  classified 
by  both  State  and  size  of  adjusted  gross  income. 
Table  5A  and  chart  5A  highlight  data  for  residential 
energy  expenditures  and  the  residential  energy  credit 
by  State.  A  detailed  description  of  the  computation 
of  the  credit,  as  shown  in  table  5A,  is  givai  in 
section  3,  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates. 

State  Data 

The  tables  in  this  section  classify  taxpayers 
according  to  the  State  address  reported  on  the  tax 
return,  including  the  District  of  Columbia  and,  as 
described  belcw,  Puerto  Rico.  Returns  of  service  men 
and  women  who  filed  from  Army  Post  Office  and  Fleet 
Post  Office  addresses  are  classified  in  a  separate 
category,  as  are  returns  of  U.S.  citizens  living  in 
U.S.  possessions  or  abroad. 

Residents  of  Puerto  Rico  had  to  file  U.S.  inccme 
tax  returns  only  if  they  had  income  from  sources 
outside  Puerto  Rico  or  income  earned  in  Puerto  Rico 
as  employees  of  the  U.S.  Government,  and  the  income 
on  their  returns  was  limited  to  these  amounts.  U.S. 
citizens  residing  abroad  had  to  file  tax  returns  and 


indicate  the  amount  of  income  exenpted,  excluded,  or 
deducted  even  if  they  ultimately  had  no  tax  liability 
as  a  result  of  these  reductions  to  income.  Provi- 
sions of  the  Foreign  Earned  Inoome  Act  of  1978 
affected  taxpayers  with  inccme  earned  abroad  and  are 
described  in  section  1,  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of 
Income,  and  section  3,  Tax  Ccsiputation  and  Tax  Rates. 


Method  of  Geographic  Coding 

Geographic  coding  of  returns  for  Statistics  of 
Inocme  was  based  on  the  address  at  the  tcp  of  each  tax 
return.  With  some  exceptions,  cnly  the  State  givai  in 
the  address  determined  the  classification  of  the  re- 
turn. Separate  codes  vrere  used  for  each  of  the  three 
categories,  APO/FPO,  Puerto  Rico,  and  U.S.  citizens 
abroad.  In  addition,  returns  showing  Washington,  D.C. 
in  the  address  were  coded  (as  Maryland  or  District  of 
Columbia)  according  bo  the  street  address  and  ZIP 
code,  rather  than  on  the  basis  of  "District  of 
Columbia,"  in  the  address. 

Coding  returns  on  the  basis  of  the  address  alone  was 
subject  to  certain  limitations.  Not  all  taxpayers 
gave  their  home  address;  some  reported: 

(1)  the  address  of  the  tax  lawyer  or  accountant 
who  prepared  the  return, 

(2)  the  address  of  their  place  of  business,  or 
(31   a  post  office  box  number. 

To  the  extent  that  such  an  address  was  located  in  a 
State  different  from  the  taxpayer's  home,  the  accuracy 
of  the  data  was  affected. 


Individual  Returns/ 1978 •State  Data 


129 


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»-  CM  O)  CO 

«-  CMCO  *~ 


CO'-  CO'-  (O 

cMtoegcM  *- 
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coco  comm 
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CM      m  •- 


coU  "^.coo. 


00  O)  ^  om 
in  1^  O) '-  eo 
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r«.  CM  O  CM  O      r^  CM   I 

0O--  CMCMO        COCO     I 

eo  m  CM  f-  00      cocm 


»-  eo  CM  CM  r^ 

CM  CM  CJJ  1-  O 

O  O)  o>  o  o 
S        ^  CO  CO 


O)  ■^  «i  CMin 
1-  O)  m  CM  ■* 

r-  ■V  (D  CO  CM 

ent-'t-'cMO 


m  to  »-  O)  *- 
m  ■»  o>  CM  eo 

t-0(DCM  ^ 

o)  ■v"  *-" »-"  m' 
eo  »- 


(O  r^  CM  (O  CO 
o"m"r*."Veo" 


o  cMiDor^ 
O  r^  eo  o  eo 
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eg"'-"eo"'-"Tr" 


(O  in  o  00  CO 
o)  o  r-  m  CM 
o  in  (o  CO  ID 
^'cM  *-"<d"^" 


(O  in  (D  oi  o 

CM_  CO  (--_  CM_  m_ 

ej>  O)  eo  »-  CO 


CM  CD  ID  o>  to 
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m  »-"  eo"  oj"  eo" 


^  CO  r^  00  eo  o>  oo 

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»-"  cm"  O)"  CO  (D  »-"  * 


r--  CM  m  1-^  o 
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o>       ^  ^  '- 


0>  O  CM  (D  r^ 


(X>  ■«  (O  O)  eo 
»-  r-  CMcoeo 
coior*  ■*  o 
o"  m"  o"  -r-'  -n 

O)        CM  (D  (O 
CO  t- 


■^f^eo'-co  r^o>mo>i^  ■*r^tom<D  oxU'-^'-  '-■'j-flDO>m  '-cmcocmco  m'-r^oir* 

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to  ai  r»"  o"  eo"  »-'  cm  m  -v"  ^"  o" »-"  eo  •-"  eo"  ■*'  co"  eo'  eo"  r*."  ■f"  co"  "^"  to'  ■*'  i^" »-"  eo"  oi"  cm  to  iri  h-"  cm  o 

CM  r^  O)  m  CO  (D  •- CM  o  eo  to  cm  ^ '- eo  r^  cm  p  i^  »-  oi  o>  ^  in  eo  r^  cm  o  oo -v  '-tOf^cO'- 

i~  '-CMCOCM  y-  CM        <D  »-  CO              CO                          •- •-  »-  CM 


m  CM  '-  '-      o  o  • 

I  eoto  -fl-  ID      atat' 

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rtocncMCM      tccmcm 


CM  CM     I   < 


OJCMOCO 

p^  eo  mo 
o  <D  •-  eo 


jf^com'^      O'-cocji 

I'-'-oto      m  ^  o  r*   I 

•    •    m*-      CMcooco 


oojmco  o 


I  I  I 


I  O)  •-  O  CD       m  CM  • 

I  •*•-■<»  r^       00  IT  • 

t-  <X>C\Hfi        to  y- 


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CM--  mCMO 

oo  -^  m  i^ 
m  CM  CMCO  in 


CD  -^  meoa> 


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m  oco^r 

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cMCoeoo   1 
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CM  t^  CO  ^  in 

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131 


cjoi  ■^  <o<o  to  <X)t^  <o  <n  cMc\ir^^*f 

§r^  (M  t- CO  w  CO  CO  >n  Q  cj  oJ  oj  ^  in 

CO  in  ^  CM  A  CO  (o  r^  in  wocm^co 

T^  ai  <o  r-'  in  *-"  in  cm"  cm  -v  in  r^'  ip  ■*"  V 

Sm  Q  o>  r^  CO  r».  CO  in  CO  co  »- ^  in  f»- 

^»-<n  inco  -^  ■^^.-coco 


m  f^  oj  r».  O) 
O  01  CtJ  o  (O 
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in  ^  r^  (D 

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5o>  <p  *-      CO  in  ep  ^  ^      *- tp  p  ■- csi 
COO'-      h- (O  ^  r^  ■w      (O  w  w  m  oj 

»- CM  CO  »-        fOm-VT^  ^  ■- CO  O)  CM 


r^  cj)  ■«»■"«■  g 
mco  T-  CM  ^ 
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m  ^  ^  5  o 

^  "*  CM 


?in3So 
CJ)  ®  CM  CO 

S'  in  V  p  cm' 
CO  »-  W>  CO 


3in  CDOO 
.,  -O  CJ>  f^  (J> 

m  CM  ■*  CO  o 


?(X}CM(D 

f  »-  cor^ 

bCMCMCn 


CT)  to  "^  CMOp 
eg  CM  (D  'W  CO 

■*  <D  r^  CO  •- 

t-*  Co"  CO  lO'  OD 

CMf^  PCO  *- 

•-  Oi         CM 


SO)  o>  1^ 
CDCocn 

CO  ■«  P  CO 

(p  ^'  cm'  co" 


_         •-  ^  CO  iri  S 

r».      CM  'Y  r^  a>  r 
tp   I  a)<D^ 


i  r 


^  f-*  OJ  CO  CO  CD  O)  •- CM  CO 

•- Op  •- m  CM  (fif-ini^*- 

cj>*i^f^f^  (6<Pf--oDtn 

CD  o  in  cm"  in  »-"  m"  cm'  n  cp" 

CO  »- CM  O)  CM  5  ^  <p  in  O) 


r^  f^  ^  r«.  CM 
CO  m  CM  CO  00 
ai  p"  ^'  CO  n' 
CO  '-ooiin 

CO  CM  CO  Ol 


CO  O)  o>  CO  in 

»-C0(^  t-  O) 

coin  r^  rv  in 
CO  eg"  p'  iri  co' 


^  CM  r^  »-  CO 
1^  1^  r^  »-  o> 
m  cp  p  r-  f^ 


II 


ssiH 

5  mr^  CM  T- 
p  CO  00  r^  IP 
*i^  in  CO  CO 

r^  OJCDincn 

1 

cy      rtcMj 

jjij^cog 

SS2g5 

■^mcocor^ 

CO  CO  CO  CM 

oo  p  0>  •- (P  ^OlpCMF^ 

0)05*03  incDmmcM 

flOCO'TCOO*  CDCMr^CT)CO 

in  O)  O)  cm'  in  cp*  cp*  cm"  o"  m" 

mcocDi^'^  in^co^ 


-  r^  (D  (D 

-  oomco 

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ino  ^r-  o 
(p  (Dco  pr^ 
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01  O  O)  O)  t^ 

o  ^  mo 


<T)  ^  «-  ^  CM 

m*  o)*  CO*  cm'  co" 
mr-  ■•-  m 


Sh-(DC 
COT^d 


u>      03  r^i^  0)cg 

SCO    1      I   CMCP 
I  '  CM 


CM  m  o)  ■^  ■<- 

(p  (O  *-  1-  CO 
^  00  CM  ^_  OT 

cp"  m'  in  <B  f-" 
CO  »-  m  eor^ 

•-  OOCM 


CO  00  (P  CMP 

?"0)  ^"rvT'T-" 
CM      m  *- 
OCM         I 


CM  <p  mf^  O) 
O)  t^(P(Pcy 
■*.  ^. '".  "l  'X 
CO  CO  03  CO  r^ 

^COCM*-  CM 
I      I         --CM 


poi^  mo 
5  3  <-  P  »- 

T-  CO®  »-  P 

■r-'m"»-'o'o" 


<P  <P<T>CM  r^ 


'If 


*-  ■*  cp  f^  CM 

mi^  egmo 
m  p  ■*  (p  »- 


5  I  I! 


II 
e  2 


h-cjcMmp^  (p  p  3  »- p 

T-<ppcoo)  o)r*^coo) 

comcpuSi^  ep  m  »- cp  »- 

r-"      V      m"  ■«"  co"  V  *-"  (P' 

CO  m  ^      CO  p  OT 


ptp  ^  ■-  p 

rt  CM  CM  (P  CM 

CM  ^  O)  r^  m 
"  cm"  r-" 


b  CO  T- 


ssaas 

CMO)  -^t  OJCO 

moomcom 
^  copmo) 

mp  mco  0 

S^SSfe 

r^PCPCMCM 

r^  cooopm 

i-CMCP-fl- 

P^  CDCM-- 
r-OCOtP 

30)^<P  ■*(0<J>'^0 

tcdt-p  Oi^^moo 

gSooo  --cocj)(oo 

5"  cm"  cm"  0"  m*  cm"  o*  o"  <p" 


I  li 


»—  CO  P  o>  r»> 

^  OOCM  O)  CM 

coo  P  oo  oo 
(p  »-"  00  V  r^" 
r-  r^  CM  op  CO 
CO  ^  m  ^  m 


cop 
■<r  p'  ai 

O)C0f^ 

fs.  IP  r^  CO  CM 


s!<pomco 
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T  p  CM  in  CO 


■^  CM  ■^  IP  CO 

CM'^  cpoom 
p  rv  m  »-  CO 
2"  m"  m  p"  (p' 


(P  <D  f^  CO  m 
r^  o>  CO  ro  p 
'-I-  in  00  m 

p'fCuj(P*o" 

m  r^  ^  r^  m 
r«.  CMm  p  1- 


m  CO  CM  CO  P 
p »-  ^  i-CO 
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o  ai  m*  ^"  a> 
t-  -er^  ■wo 

CM 


cor^oo^ 
cm' 


OOCMQ  •- 
C»  CM  0  CO 
COCM--  (O 
tp'^r-'.I   (P* 

m,(       ■>)■ 


CM 


II 

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s  s? 


m  p  p  r^  p  ^ 

S»-  P  CD  CM  m  ., 

cMmtnco  w^<pr^eo 

<D  ai  p"  <d"  r^'  CO  cm"  00"  00"  o) 

^p*-^3  P'^fVr^oD 

»-  ^  CO  *-  CO'"- 


8      3  ■WC0P3 
COCM  i-PP 
CO      m  V  w  m  ^ 


<p  f^_  CO  o>  m_  m_  p_  h-  »-_  <J) 
p  3"  h*"  r»." »-'  p'  m"  iri  CO  oo 
^ooppf^      OJ-wr-coco 


O)  n  CO  00  CM 

CP  m_  CO_  CO  y-^ 
■v  ai  cy"  o"  ai 

y-  yt  y-  tOCM 


»-  o>  •-  p  m 
incom  cMm 
■w  r^  p  CM  m 
i-"  o  m'  ■*"  ai 


ph-  T-<5  *- 

CPCMOPO 

CM  p  r^  »-  CO 

S"  m"  p"  CO  o>" 
CO  mo  m 
T-m 


3QC0PCM 

oppr^  p 
coco  O)  r^  m 
m'  3'  ■^"  p*  CM* 
eg  p  (p  m  r« 


CO  3  p  p  r^ 
p  m  P  CM  p 
com  •-  ■*  r-^ 
cMp*o'p"r*" 
r^  p  CO  CM  m 
CM  o  O)  ^  O) 
m'co*o*r»-"^" 
<-       <-       CM 


p  0)r^  m  o> 

mm  ^  P  p 

cDh*  CM  m  m 

'  o>  p'  o ' 


•V  f^  CO  cop 


r-  1-r^co*- 
^-  peomeo 
CM  ^  CO  in  f^_ 
m'  00  ■<-'  CO  a> 
CO  CO  o  P  o 

CO  ■<-  m  o  m 
w"  O)  CM  o'  00' 
CM  eg  m  CM 


OO'V  OO'"-  f^ 

PpT-   .-  CO 

m  K  O)  p  3 
00  r».'  ai  3'  3' 
1-  T-  cocip 
CM  p  m  CM  m 
cm"  co"  p"  w'  w' 


r^  ^  CM  m  ■^ 
mooo  P)  o) 
oo'f^'p)co"m" 
m'-oeM3 
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^'m'o'co'eg" 
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O)  3  p  »-  p^ 
r^  CO  P  h-  CM 
O)  -v  P  CO  r«- 


O)  CO  O)  CO 

r^  0)mf^  _ 
p-  cooo  ■«■ 
p"  cm"  cm"  eg"  ■< " 


s  s 


<pa>eo  m  CM 
CMf^  '-  3  o 
weooo'*  o 
"o'r-'VcM* 
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PCMOf^  O) 

^"  cm'  O)  co'  m" 
^      ^p 


8y-  y- cr>ai 
O)  CO  p  m 
p  p  *-.  co_  r-._ 
r*"  h-"  ai  ai  m" 
1^  »-  01  w  p 
o>  w  O)  P  P 


01  01  oo  r^ 
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CM  O)  p  ■«■ 
r-T  ■w"  CM  •-' 
1^  <D  <p  <p 

CO  CM  CM  CO 

cm' CO 


s 

m 

•  < 

Mi 


II 


eo»-  pr^  eg 

PPPCMP 

CO  ^  m  m  p 
co"  p"  eg*  3*  m" 
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CM  T-  00  CP  m 


(p  3  T-  h-m 

0<P--  O)'- 

o"  eg"  co"  p"  cm" 


P  P  CM  CM  CM 
CMh-CO  *-p 

CO  CM  »-  eo  p 
co'  *-'  'T  eo"  m" 


p  r*  f«*  pin 
00  COP*- r- 
m  CO  P  CO  P 
V  r-'  CO  ai  •-' 
r^  3  CMO  o 

*        CO  ■w 


S*-pa)h- 
p  p  r»  p 

ai  3'  3'  00'  1-" 

So  P  O)  (P 
CM  CO  n  r^ 


O)  o)  CM a>m 
ppr^op 


eoegpco  3 
eo  p  CM  r^  (ft 
o  P  o>  O)  O) 
T-"  ^*  o"  (p*  m' 
•-  CM  i*  p  »- 
h-  n  eg  0  CM 


CM  eo  CM  V  m 
cy  co3CMf^ 

O  i-P'-P 
p"  CM  CM  P  T-" 

r-  mcM  *-  m 

O)  0>  P  CO  CO 


C0COP3  eg 

OOPCOf^ 

eo  CM  m  'V  '- 
eo"  (p'  m"  m'  m" 


f^  cocy  pp 

CM  *-  CM  O)  CO 

egr^  ooieo 
h-"p"(p"o)"o" 

f^  P  P  O  CO 

»-  p  w  <p  f^ 


m  CM  C3> 
coco  CM  _ 

o  *-  ■w  eo 
m"  -yf  o"  r-' 

1^  F^  CM  CO 
•-  CO 


s  ^ 


-  y-  •-  CM  CO  T 


SQCO  ■W  *- 
ocj)  •-  m 
r^  oor*-  m  O) 
^'  m'  (p" 

m  cj)  r^ 

eo  CO  -v  CM  00 


mo  i-m  »- 
^  CO  (P  m  m 
CM  m  »-  p  m 
r«»'  eg"  p"  m'  p" 
o<D  *-ey  CO 
y-  <oa)0>  y- 
r-"  co"  p"  ai  in" 


Srj-p  ■"-  r^ 
r-  <pmo) 
r^  OD  ^  p  ■v 
r^"  m"  o  r»-'  cm' 
enooocM"- 
<cc\ity>y-  to 


eg  e 


<  m  CM 


00  o>  o>  eg  eg 

?h-  O  CD  CM 
_  ■•-_  cg_  p  p 

p  m  m  n  P 
p_pr*._pm 
h-"  V  00'  m'  m' 


m  m  a.  _ 
(P  t«^  o  f^  r^ 
m*i-"'W*co"'-" 
mp  CM  O)  •- 
m  eooco  ■w 
3  (P  <p"  ^-*  CO* 


y  w  r^  (p  p 
3  eg  CO  m  p 

S'W  <-  COCM 


3cpr^  T- 

f  f^  m  CO 

1  •-  W  CO 

cm'  3"  eg"  cm"  o' 

Sc3  1-f^  3 
1-  O)  ■w  p 
co'  co" »-"  <P  r>-' 
1-        CMf^ 


mco<ppcg 
'<  a>m  CM  00 
^  CMpy  cgp 
h'"  y-'  00'  o'  m" 
m  m  *-  eo  o 
w  (O  ■v  O)  m 
cm'  •-'  m'  eo'  r-' 
cocM      eg 


^  r^  ^ 
m  p  CM 
00  r*  r* 
m"  w"  m'  00 

Sen  TTf^ 
eg  CO  m 
cg'co' 


•o 

(0  a 

a>i. 
ES 
o  I 


II 
e  2 


CMCO  <-  <-  3 
P  P  <J)  n  ^ 

egom  »-  *- 
co*'V*--"3"r-" 
»-  f^  p  p  03 
CO  ^or^<p 


DT^mr^  y- 


<  p  01  r«. 
pcy^  Ki<5 


eocgmp'V 

OJOO'^ 

eo  pt 

m'  p'  eg  co'  r~ 
r^  r^  p  CO  3 
y-  at^-v  ■i 


-me 


CM  CM 


^jCO< 

eoooSc .  _, 
W  CO  p  <p  o 
n-*cm'p'p'o* 
m  3  p  P  CO 
r«  ^  p  CP  00 
•-'cg'cr**-' 


SOJOf-'  o 
r«.  p  m  ■<- 
r^  w  o  ^  00 


03  CO  (P  CO  CO 


m  P)  eg  CO  m 
"«T  r^  i-^  00  p 
o  w  en  •-  eg 


li 
1=1 


riiil 


132 


Individual  Returns/ 1 978  ^State  Data 


£^* 


E  £ 


to  ^  O)  ^  to 
OD  in  CM  CM  <D 

r*.  cn  r^  r-  ^ 
cm"      O)  en  ■*' 

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CM  O  O)  CO  o 

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to  1-  O  •-  CM 


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00  1^  O)  in  en 
1^  O)  o  ■w  en 
■^  in  to  CM  ^ 
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CD  ^  CM  00  ■- 

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cm'       •-'  co' 


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CO  CO  CO  CO  CO 


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»-  (DOcor- 
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CO  m  CD  CO  t- 

CD  ■—  CD  r*-  CTl 
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r^(Or~.oDO  cDr*-»-r*-<D  O^^cmo  O'-Oin—  o  —  i^CTJin  in  —  ^r^CT>  CMr--cocD 

coinoieoin  t-incMin^  cmiDcD- in  cocm  —  in—  ooco  —  inoo  oicoco^^j  r-incoin 

eoiDOOco  iTJCM^o^in  cofO- (D—  — cDinOCTi  cDinincoO)  coinincMco  •-•-r^cvj 

xiicocOfo  corocDCM^  cocticm- cm  CMCOCOO>—  to  —  'jinr^  co  —  —  cmCT)  r^--'     in 

in  —  cocoin  CT^roincg^  cocor-.cOfM  o  —  O^^co  cococmoc- 


-  CM  CM  — 


CM 


COO 
CO  CM 
—  CD 


-moo  .. . 

13  m  CD  (D  —  c 

D  CD  CO  m  CO  c 

O)  CO  CO  ■  - 

^  CDO)  — 

—  (J)  CM 


(3>  —  (O 

o  m  CD 


COO^fOOl®      CMO^CMf^  h-CO^^CO  CMCO—   r-CO  0>C\J  —  O^ 

moco^co    mcMf--cooD  cocD^mco  inr--f-~^ci  fMOCTif^oi 

r-tocomin    cococM^f^  cmcd  —  coo  ct>ooo  —  01  a>CM  —  cmo 

-    -        —         ^coCTii^o  coin- coCT)  comcoffl^  co  —  mcMO 

CT>COCO<OtO  —   —   CM  —  CO  COCMCMlDCD  CDCOcDCDCO 

r^  ,r-<  f-\  >r\  .rt  (-iinrurir-i  ("^rtfTiinr-.  (Tt  t^  ert  r-  r^ 


in     ^in  —  ffl—  ■-cocji'^o  com-  ojcn  comcijio^ 

o>    CMmooco  a>coco<o<o  —  —  cm  —  co  cocmcmido 

^     (Of--infflco  r--momin  ococmoo  co^fficof^ 

ihcO  O^  —  —  CMCM  ^^o>co  — 


CO  CO  (O  O  CO 

^  in  CD  CM  ^ 
r-  r-  O  —  O 

CO  Tj  CM  01  CD 

m  O  in  CM  r- 
CO  (D  CD  CO  CD 
CT*  —  —  CD 


r-  CO  ^  CD  m 
m  CT)  CO  CM  CO 
CO  o  r-  m  o> 
CD  1^  CO  —  a> 
m  01  CO  <D  CO 
in  CM  r-  CO  CO 


CM  CM  CD  CO  CO 

r-  r^  —  —  r- 
■V  CO  m  CO  r- 
o>  r^  r-  a>  CO 


^  1  CO  ^3 

o  00  O  CO 
—  CM  CO  i^ 
CO  —  CM  CO 
CO  TJ    CM 


r-  CM  a^  CO  ^ 

m  CM  CM  CM  CD 
(O  T  O  en  CD 
•»  ^  CO  o  — 
CO  CO  m  —  CO 
—  —  00  CD  CO 


—   O  —  CMCD 
CO^OCM^       -      ....... 

CDCTi---—  CO     CmcDCOO 

in  in  CO  m  01 

CO  iT.  CM  CO  CM 
O  —  CM  CM  O 


-CO  —  CT>    CTicomooo 


O  ■*  CM  CO  — 
—  CD  CO  —  O 
I'  CM  ^  CM  CM 


in  —  oo>co  — ^co'TO  inffieooin  oococmi— tc  mcuiDoo 
CT^nCMf-~Oi  mocOcDCM  inh-r-coco  cOcoa)Oco'^'^'*'C3 
in^m^CD     OOCD'--CD      TOiOOcO^-      IDCOOOOICO     tD—  ^CTi 


cDCTioO"—  r--»-co  —  Oi  oicomooD  tcmvcmcm  in^m^co  i_iuii.i'--iu  ■quiuun.''—  IDCOOOOICO  >*'—"««' 

cO'^Oico  ^^r-coco  co^inCT>—  r-iDCM^CM  0'jmCT>co  cmco— cbo  coo- cmcd  •—  cocm.-"cD  cO'^CMm 

inCTicoco  CMOco^-ffi  f--mocMCO  ^^•-  —  m  r^  —  oi^Ci  co  —  ocMin  0CT>0'~-^  r-~-CMcoc^[o  cd^-cmco 

- —  ^mcOCO  ID  n  O  CJ>  -  COC3>CDCMtO  O  —  in  ID  V  — CD-OCDcO  ^  '^ 


CMinOlCOCO      CMOtor^tO      r-ifiut^ 

eococMCMO)    CT)®OCMco    m  —  co^ 

w-  V—        —  —      —  CMCO  — 


O  CD  CO  (3>  "^  CD 

O  CO  h-  CO  C)  ^ 

«  —  O  CO  CM  — 

at  ro  <D  O  CM  in 

(M  OJ  (D  to  —  -^ 

CD  ^  tD  Oi  C\*  — 

<M  CM    —  —  to 


04 


CM 


ojcDcD^m  cDOf^mco  moicomm  cDtocotoo  ^mocM—  comcotom  aimocor>-  ocococmco  totO'^co'^  cii^oo 

Q^f^^co  (Dh-CT>^t~-  (Dinminn  cooinoiCM  in^r-to-  mr-^cMm  — inoocoCTi  CMto  —  coco  ot^co^oi  ^  —  r-ffl 

•-CTiTincM  oocotocD—  (M  ffi  t~~  t~~  03  CMf-inf---  mooointo  cm- m^-to  oin-join  ■^mcocMco  i^— fflcooo  ooo'Jt 

CDOICDCO^  "-""CMmCM  —   OCDODin  —   COCMOCO  CO'~-in"T®  CM^O>010  ^CMCOCMCM  OcO  —  CMCTl  COTOlDCMT  'JCTlCT>fO 

^J^^f^—   —   CM  COCT)C>CT>CO  m  —  iT'lO  incOCM-  CO  O^^CMCO  OtOOCMCM  CO^COr-C^  —   COOTm  CMCMmm^  m  —  CMCO 

(Df^coco^  cocDinr--—  CMom- f^  cococomcM  --in  —  cooo  ■-tOf~-r--^  '^cmcmco'^  cococmcmoi  tooi'-^o  ^  ^       co 

CMCO  f-~tO  CMinCMCMCMCO  ^mOCO—  ^  —  CO         U>CO  OCMCMO  —  COCM  ^«J   —   ^ 


—  CO  ■<J  O  O 
r-  —  iD  Cm  CO 

to  r^  f--  CO  CM 


cT)  o>  ^  f^  CO  o  CD  t^  CD  to  in  f--r-.^eo  iobcMCOffi  ooinCMOoD  CT)Cm  —  o^-  f..T-inr^rv.  — OCMCO—  O)f*-tooo  — cmcocm 

r-.OCT>eDCM  tMOcot-ij  — mo  —  o  Ococm  —  o  cdcocdocm  tocMr-coTi  cMr^-TCMO  mcoi  —  CM  ocmcdcoo^  cocoo  — 

O><j>r-r-oo  —  TCO^iD  ocor-CMf^  "Jco^cmco  OOiCTicmco  omcMOiCM  co^i^OJ-  cococMr--  Otocoor--  m  —  CDco 

—  tOfOlDOD  ^   —   COCM^  inOCM  —   in  OlCTl^ciO  tOCMr-r-CO  01—   —   CM^  OOCT)  to  CO  CTlCOCMlO^  CO  —   O^r^  CM^CMT 

co-^cocDiTi  cor-- CM^  ^or-'w—  cDr-otO'^  oeof^CMCo  cMicMinco  i^,-tD"«[^  ^cooocmcD  cocMr^roo  cor-cNo 

—  cMCMCMco  cococoino  OCT)- coi  cDCMmmi^  ajCMmcoco  oo^mocM  oOO^co  ocMmffi^  — omcDco  — co       — 

^   ^                 to-                 ■tCM—          —   —  —  CMCO-  —  (MCOCM  ^"^-'^  —          —   W  CM—          — 


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Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  State  Data 


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gross 

income 

less  deficit 

in 

43.379 
•7.644 
49  196 
42  181 
37  463 

16357 
•4342 
15.943 
•1606 
93344 

•8  782 
12  307 
18,280 
20  161 
76  485 

21660 
•110 
13  086 
13,873 
17  640 

•8.497 
25632 
11,688 
42341 
12655 

65  107 
•1.727 
10.991 
•2  115 
•2  182 

117  044 

18  301 

343,700 

•21  097 

•4  604 

•18871 
•35  198 
•34.515 
136,003 
•9706 

•17,188 

•59,908 

275  737 

•1  621 

•1  241 

•55  431 

•2,437 

•1  829 
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!!. 

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£86  Zl 
989P. 
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619. 
6P5  1. 

■819 
■32 

■2.517 
■77 

•8.389 

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2E9  11 
IPZ. 
9E2  1. 

•2805 

•9 

•1,153 

•431 

•1,374 

•355 

•316 

12.926 

•5,214 

•843 

221. 

OZ. 

P6Z. 

921. 

6919. 

13067 

988 

30629 

•3,310 

•693 

•866 
•1.904 
•3.158 
9451 

•423 

2P. 

55281 
868  1. 
696. 

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9262. 

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71 

•1  549 
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•3,386 
•4588 
17  701 

•819 
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•2517 
•77 

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•2805 

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•1,153 

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•1  374 

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P129. 

92621 

91£. 

981. 

221. 

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1  092  462 

82591 

1,508,401 

898  322 

13  985  922 

1  452  495 

2095824 

247  822 

567  193 

7  763  709 

1  376  213 
448  018 
334  385 

6  869  798 

2  573  004 

2  033  766 
1,651  939 
1  451.105 
1,480.794 
478354 

2243  096 
3  194.388 
3570,365 
1657.943 
561  286 

2,665.340 
401  553 
867  128 
481  332 
540  868 

4  333.806 

550  544 

10762662 

2016805 
346  225 

4690276 
1.783  391 
1  343.122 
5.193071 
520419 

928  476 

410  060 

1  388  493 

6,260,400 

505  165 

176.637 
2.163  875 
1927.917 

507  032 
2.165  827 

224  778 
•21  738 
•16  298 

212.774 

s 

1 
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C«J  Py  I/)  ID  »- 
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(71  V  »-  00  o 
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149661 

44249 

39908 

642869 

284  995 

231.039 
192  213 
161,285 
156,850 
53  981 

207  646 
307.901 
356  602 

208  940 
76  143 

260742 
39.210 
92  631 
35  163 
58832 

424538 

67  605 

988  436 

209.552 

39,230 

499610 
174  060 
149192 
543  932 
60,447 

92756 
47.664 
156  976 
532.647 
51829 

21  905 
190971 
184.197 

53  115 
252  023 

18  446 

•468 

•5346 

19647 

O)  1/1  OCV(  ID 

Ol      ^  .-  ^ 

at  —  attsir^ 
CM  (D  .-  (n  V 

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£  E 
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Z 

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o 

76682 

4,046 

103.822 

86  949 
861.971 

100.427 

137  611 

14.503 

26.579 

542  989 

109  630 

34  583 

29,013 

486  622 

210357 

174015 
139  748 
125.060 
115  774 
40.738 

171,252 
228377 
269  749 
153096 
61  327 

207  469 
29  891 
67  728 
27  955 
43  350 

333  113 

53090 

758  269 

165,059 

28542 

370.639 
129  114 
117.486 
425  540 
45  481 

74  401 
33  404 
121,473 
423.807 
39  984 

16403 
154.924 
137.501 

43.544 
181.434 

13.532 

•316 

•3,561 

18  195 

m 

CO  -D 
h-    C 

nj 

5 

i 

2  058  727 

259  716 

1.499  081 

1  221  733 

14273893 

1  772,795 

1  952510 

363,272 

392  104 

5.545  201 

2  996  338 

595571 

557  001 

6,987  856 

3.323  471 

1  833815 

1  485  524 
2,023879 

2  141  507 
679  085 

2  604  528 

3  529  182 
5  563  381 
2,502315 
1  251  600 

2886  293 
485,783 
976467 
500  740 
594  526 

4541  188 

738  050 

10  147,809 

3  306  155 
410  174 

6.611,087 
1.736  967 
1.623.308 
7  158  312 
592  133 

1  657  361 

4 1 4  084 

2601.453 

8.061  743 

789  581 

307  892 
3  191.327 
2,489  335 

1  066  930 

2  892  826 

295  578 

527  129 

52  662 

311  134 

c 
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UJ 

^ 

§ 

2.573.026 

318.374 

1.867.537 

1  552.658 

17  556.430 

2.089.306 

2290  134 

418.068 

485  135 

6.801.501 

3  700.837 
727  959 
727.163 

8  712  064 

4  059  006 

2  317  825 
1  806  356 
2463,221 
2678036 
809  762 

3  141  617 
4247,549 
6876,037 
3051  620 
1  721,099 

3  585,046 
588,515 

1  181,055 
583  556 
712,916 

5  585  608 

939,057 

12  722  800 

3  929  822 
493  297 

8  081  424 
2  085  851 
1  931.420 
8  474.632 
693.850 

2019.212 

516.643 

3  156.133 

10206.293 

1  044.060 

377.231 
3  735  940 

2  962  769 
1  265  797 

3  606.531 

362  823 

579.821 

73.032 

416.327 

5 

s 

3,430701 

424.498 

2.490.049 

2.070.210 

23  408.573 

2785.741 

3,053512 

557  424 

642846 

9068  668 

4934  449 

970  612 

969551 

11  616  085 

5,412008 

3,090  433 
2  408.475 
3284  295 
3570714 
1  079  683 

4  188  822 
5.663  399 
9  168  049 
4.068.826 
2  294  798 

4  780.061 
784  686 

1  574  740 
778  074 
950554 

7  447  477 

1  252.076 

16.963.733 

5.239,763 

657  729 

10.775  232 
2.781.134 
2.575  226 

11  299  509 
925  133 

2  692  282 

688  857 

4  208  177 

13.608391 

1  392  080 

502  975 
4  981  253 
3950  358 
1  687  729 
4  808  708 

483  764 

773.095 

97  376 

555  103 

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CM 

1 

17.351  764 
3395.800 

13.476.793 

9,264514 

148,896.951 

17  489,354 

21  886  667 

3,691  574 

4  541  250 

49302732 

26,087  505 

5943.659 

4,577.641 

75859.512 

32295302 

17  107  245 
13,602,530 
16.916.161 
19925055 
5  130551 

28.697  794 
34  205814 
59  980  460 
24  127  051 
9.812497 

27  088  438 
4,053  179 
8753  209 
5048,982 
5500  822 

48.595.651 

6.301,756 

106.024.093 

27  693  713 
3,411  760 

65062570 
15424,142 
15  137  001 
67  358.612 
5268  347 

13  542  776 

3  104  848 

21  912.176 

76  472  457 

7040,331 

2.457  145 
31.651293 
25418.256 

8  930  226 
27  505,082 

2  905  851 

3294,767 

345  724 

3578001 

5  ^ 
IE 

3    3 

5? 

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in 

^- 

s 

1  313.202 
174983 

1,001,591 
764  141 

9  697.144 

1  207,960 

1,329,468 

244  699 

320  987 

3668748 

1  999  798 

403  217 

355293 

4  770.947 

2,207,971 

1.175.393 

976982 

1,262.645 

1  433.903 

447  724 

1  757  431 
2442,305 
3698  083 
1.690,622 
830.062 

1.926.784 
323479 
637  080 
341.457 
398.810 

3  045  723 
479  884 

6.972.367 
2  183.403 
265969 
4376.571 
1.112.318 
1,066.402 

4  739.845 
396,358 

1  117  788 

270.359 

1.712.982 

5.348.615 

501  754 

199.175 
2,112341 
1  683  579 

663  634 
1  923  298 

192  833 

377  032 

31  625 

194  787 

(75 

South  Carolina  -                        

South  Dakota 
Tennessee 
Texas 
Utah 

Vermont 
Virginia 
Washington 
West  Virginia 
Wisconsin 

in 
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New  Jersey     

New  Mexico    

New  York     

North  Carolina   

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Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire 

Alabama         

Alaska 

Arizona               ... 

Arkansas      

California        

Colorado        

Connecticut    

Delaware 

District  of  Columbit 
Florida       

Georgia        

Hawaii       

Idaho  

Illinois 

Indiana     

Iowa       

Kansas    

Kentucky          

Louisiana      

Maine 

Maryland        

Massachusetts   . . . 

Michigan          

Minnesota 
Mississippi 

h 
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Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  State  Data 


141 


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hi! 
liril 

outn  Carotin 
outh  Dakota 
ennessee 
exas 

tah 

Vermont 
Virginia 
Washington 
West  Virginia 
Wisconsin 

VVyoming 
APO/FPO' 
Puerto  Rico 
us   citizens 

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142 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  State  Data 


i/i»-v»n^  touir^uiO)  f*-eoinc>jn  oit^Ofsi^ 
■-l^^CT)CO  CO<13'-CT)CM  OJCOi/liDO  "-^O^O"- 
■O'uiOCTio    otintNtDr-     (boj^ooiT)    moiminr-- 


"-r-o^csj  ton  oiOiOj 
»r)  r-  Cii  •-  •-  r-  ■«  U)  r-  to 
to  00  g^  CJ>  r>    o  to  0»  n  n 


^  m  (M  aj  ^ 
ro  (D  00  00  ^ 
n  en  oil  to  >o 

■-  (M  CO  (^  0> 

■^  eg  «-  ID  a> 
CO  ^-  eg  tn 


«3  r-  to  i/) 
TT  ■w  r-  r) 
r-  ■«  ■v  O 


m  (O  -     .- ^. 
m  OJ  rg  ^  Cg 
CD  u^  ■—  Oi  ^ 
*-'    —  r-  O)  to  lO 
—     (O  •-  O  f^  CT> 


15 

Z 


-Tjo     r-0>Oioa>     f-t-r-(£>eD 


-  ■>T  r^ 


0)^n<Jtto  OCTif-to*-  r-csjcoto 

^OCgO'>T     vr-O  —  1     O'-or-O     f^^OtntO     asmtncgio     nojO^coto     onount-     lOtOr-Mro     toooo-jo  i"^'-*£M^  ?iPlR,'l 

ocB-fOO)    inrgcvji--r-.     -w  (7)  ■*  r- -<T     to -i  CD  o  ui    m  o -I  in  r-     o>  •«  r^  to  ^     (m  ^  to  r- r-     oi  ■*  oa  m  3;     9  •!  :i  *  ^  2  "2  ?  2  H^  «  f^  r' S 

^ifixTtDio    r--n(om'w     tnor-con    r-^O'-d    oiin«»aDCT)     ^tocNi^to     ^^■vmin    cMr~n'--(7>    mmfnin*-  <nu-)c\(CDrM  nm*    to 


f- 


DOJ^CDr^      tDOCNJtOtO     cooin 
f-»CT)cor--ir)     f--«-incoco       "" 


00<T>'-tn     HCTiTtntD 


_  ___  __  _  r^cNJinooiT)  nofnt^o  o>QO»-inr»j  Ofn^CT>tD  oif^voo  p^ootn 

-j.-aJrgcD  tDcstbtDd>  cjiinf^  —  t^  ^iiintDO  nm^  —  m  laiminto  co  —  toro"-  '"5^'*^*5  ^5"*^ 

■-TOnTi  ^comr^--  oeD(Mr-tO  (M0<0  —  a>  —  ^ntoco  O«5f^cor-  (Otoojr-oo  ojfno>^n  r-^omO) 

TTtotoco  tOtNJ'-'TO  r^  Oi  •-  n  ^  iD^tMOJO  Oin--(NiO  OO^^I^  rgrgcotO—  ncDi/>f^O>  tptD*- 

OtninCT)^  m»-coco(D  '-coc)CT>rn  'Tnto**'^  "     " 


rg  ^  • 


OCT>'-(^'/l     l/)(DdCTli/l     r-COOJtOtO 
—     —       -      tooiOton     'jr-ocMCg 
cgrj^infO     ncoajmtn 


^  r) »»  (M  ^ 

T  CT>  (O  0>  n 

•-  in  Cg  O)  ^ 

r-  ■-  <o  tn  a^ 


■  CO  ^  eg  TT 
0"-cor-.0  cOtDOOOi  rnoir^totD 
r^^oo--^  (Oni^OW)  r^toooii^ 
t~.  r-  .-  c^  00    CT^CM«-(J3fcr)    lOtOf^co-- 


_,,_,.-.-     .-.     _-..        _       i/)toto  u^'-footo  in^'-O'-  ffi'-ooto  (Mcootn 

inO</>ootO     i/i^jfirncg     tOOtOOfg  (Df-^oooo^  rgtDr^^CM  CTi(D^r--CT>  wtOOiD 

—  —        -      __  —  —    -     c)rgTt.-(D  r--tn'-inn  ^ocmcooi  ^incy«"f^  tO'-fflrfi 

^ton^CT)  OrgcOf^tO  r~~  a>  in  O^  ^  nn'-inCM  ^c-i«-ip 

CNjf'i'Jf^fO  ^OiOj^cg  ofg--*-in  ffitOt'-Cin 

CMCy'JO'-  cOf^f^cgr\j  in'-ococg                          ^ 


g  n  o 


—  —  CO 


rg 


rg 


en 


n 


Tt  n  to  oj  rg    r-nocn--     oon--  —  •-     mtO'-oocn  \n  \n  <d  <t>  O)  oou^•fl■^gn  "-r-totDrg  oocNjrginn  ocoootn  oj^tocgo  ocsirj^ 

cgnorvjoi    t£)-'r)^(n     -t  <-  t£> -^  n    xn  to  to  m  o>  ■^cnocg-  cgn-rgcM  oo-oo  '^<£>f^'r'Z  92'^'^?  SiSS?*"  ^2°2? 

■tfOffirgiO     tMininintD     cOfMtnmcg     mtonr^^  CDOiiDtjo  mr-)(0(Mcn  tO'-mtOO  r^a>rgi£)tD  CgoO'-'-tNj  coioirg^  ir>'>y^'>j 

■wr-O'^r^     --rg-jiOtD     CNicjitOt^O     rgcgfgr^O  —r-ono^n  inr^OitOO  ■j'^i^^tD  cor-r-r^to  ^ooriTjoi  tOTO-^TOin  n  ^  •-  r 
----tcottOii^co^'                                                                         '     ' 


15 

z 


3lS 


<  o  o! 


z 


n  in  to  r-  CI 
in  00  ^  CO  o 
to  in  o  CO  n 

in  o  —  o  in 

—  CO  CO  CD  ^ 

—  00  •-  00  to 
m   ^  eg  CO 


"I  O  to  to  CO 
r-ntO'-'^  coTtto^o 
(ooiin-itj)  tococoin*- 
<--f\(0--ijD     TTu^CMCTlu^ 

TTtO'-«-f^   (O'-'-OW 

»-        rg 


n  (M  CO  (^  CO 
O  ■^  m  in  tD 

r-  •-  •»  {\(  m 
to  ■w  CT)  CO  *» 
in  o  a>  to  CO 


m  •-  •-  01  CO 
^  —  r-  Oi  c\j 
CO  in  Cg  CD  (^ 


cM'-^co^  ^to^inoj  cMtDOio^  .---to^' 
or-otoo)  co^'-u->>-  omcM  —  to  ottcdcocti 
^^rocor-     CMincoor^     TOin^^o"  "■ 


(D  oo  to  in  CM    r^  •- 


—  00"  in  06  to  0>  to  rg 

_-,.-._  "-cor-^oicvj  (NO^eoin 

p^coeoocM  r^fOto^Oi  CT^inr--.-- 

^to«-tD»^     O^oorg«-     rgr^^org     ■-toO'-in  aocMtDi^tO  r--coCT)CM 

too^tooo    coinoi'-iO    fOtor^inin    o*'-om'~-  oioocmcoo  (DOioo 

cD--^tD^     oiinooiCTi    ino^toinin    (--o>0(0(^  (£)tOintoo>  cor-'     00 
rg  —  oOf-          r^^^O--     co       co—  —          o>r^CNtD 

—  CM  —  CM  CM 


00  cm  cm  CO  ^ 
•-  in  CO  o  CO 
to  00  to  —  CO 
00  (D  in  to  T 

in  CM  ^  •-  CD 
CO       CM  rg  rg 

CM 


incnr-r-o  oir-cootD 

OiJCDinCM  CDinCMODT 

^cooicM^i  ■-■^iino^ 

incMoooo  — cmoOO 

ino^mn  ^coootoo 

CM  CO            —  ^            CD  in 


inoir^eoo     "-co^eoffi     'j^cmcoco  r~ino*-oo  r-^tooO'-in    CTiOoor^fO    f^coinf"-*"     inrg 

otoco'-o     "TO>CT)Oin    n  —  co'-r-  ^tomcocD  wcMr^tMco    inmcg-;—     coco^to' 

rotOtoinoir-CTicotDOi*-— CO  —  CM  f^^inin--  — co' 

r-tOtnr^co     tOtnin  —  ^     coin  —  —  ^  cD^^Oco  cotoo>^^ 

CDCMintOO     CMr--OiCMCD     r-r-cOCTioo  h^oiniin  OOitncoo 

CMrgcoco*-     'j^r^co—     ^       •-  to  —  inin  ocmcm—  — 


coboo^oo    oiCMOcD—  ^ino^nin  tO'ttDtO 

tOCMcocM—  ocotOCMto  o)coinin 

toto  —  r-—  inOQir^co  intO"     co 

CM          ^•-—  ICO  —   CO 


mm  —  otn  co(T><DtDto  ^cgo)CT)n 

rg  —  OCMCO  cocor^coo  cocOfOCD"! 

OOi»-r~~—  OCMtOtDCO  iotOr^CT)in 

^rgrgco-  intotb- c6  r~.  —  toif- 

-CM  —  ino)  — — a>ocM  cDtoffir-in 


tn    CM  —  CO  —  ^    mr- 


CO  CO     in  —        CO  ^ 


Oi  o  to  CO  CT)  CT)  CO  00  ^  to  00  CO  o  CO  (D  —  in  r^  •-  —  to  CM  CO  r^  h-  cm  ct>  ^  rg  c\j  —  in  di 

-    .--.„-.     _,iocof— CM  a>cotooo>  cor-otM(D  T-cnmr-tD  cootococo  ^to  —  coco  totDcooo 

cor-r-r-co     omooio  CDto  —  (Dtj  tm^tD^  incMCsiOtD  incEcomin  — -jcgom  tommco 

coocMcnm    inr-cM^co  — comtbo)  — coco^^  cMmrgo—  moginocM  coi^com^  — co^rm 

eoom'^rg    co  —  o>  —  f"-  cocr>cgr--«»  ininrgcoco  r-^in^iin  (--iDinr--cM  mcoi^toco  1^  —  —  ^ 

cocOcotn—     r-'OgintO'-  to       rg—  —  ^  —  torn  1--COCOOI—  rg       "Jto—  cotO- to  —  ■ 


n  eg  I —  ^T     uj  u>  iM  i-j  «j     r^  -sj  .*.  ^  -. 
rg—  —     ^  —  toin  1--COCOOI  — 

—  CO  — 


—  r-  0»  T  CO  00  CM  "*  O  "» 

tOOfDCDO  rgr-^im 

0(Dh-inrg  TjotOtDO 

inorgr-cg  mcMCOtb- 

inmn'jco  f-inr-rgp-. 
CM       rg  —  ooco^        —  CT> 

CM 


^co«-  rocNjro  —  CM  r-~tbCTiOin  — oooioorg 

eo  —  inrgr^  —  Oirgoieo  OcOf^iOtO  r^tOO>  —  r 

rgcvr^oto  0<Dinco—  — rvi^tom  <D<0(OCDr 

in—       inin  cocmcmco—  in«o^—  ^       •-       ' 


"J  —  ^  o  o  1^  CO  O)  f-  CT>  fg  o  c^  c5  —  ffi  in  CO  csl 

CMOO  —  tOOl  (Dr-cocom  tOOOOCDf^  tococoto 

rsjinrg- CM  r-^CMtotocD  — mor-co  to- mt 

h~tDCT>CT>—  COOCMOtO  inOCMCMCM  CT1CT>0"- 

r-.F^r-  —  —  toto  —  cgO  m^Oicon  coco  —  eg 

CMCMCMco—  rg        itrg-  to^—in          —  ■ 


CO  rr  CM  r-  o  00  —  in  CO  <D 

CM^  —  CM—  r^cor^to^ 

^h-coinco  OTOtoooo 

—  inO^O)  iDCVJCOtDCM 

iincMOCD  TTininm^ 

^-     ^r^r^^to  —  —  r-~cofM 


—  00  O  h-  CO  CO  ^  in  ff)  CD  CM  00  d  O)  tb  to  r-  ti>  ?g  V-  o  r-  —  cm  co  t5'S15'c^"m"TfrC^lClC  ^  ^  co  tii  lA  r^'  i-l  ^  f-~ 


<    O  01 


o^r-'jco    ocDr-tom  — cototocD  oi'^cof^to  — f--r-t^in  oOh-rgn 

r--  —  cDCMin    oiO>in>-o  oi^ococo  (Or-<Dcoo^  — oi^coo  o  —  inoico 

CMOinoiD  cocMr-cDtD  inh-r-tor-  toihihocD  — coo  —  cD 

f^cOCTi-  O  Oino>coin  r-OCO^-  — cgOOOCO  r^intOCMO) 

O>cococot£)  ^coco  —  (M  ico—(Dr^  ^cooin—  intOCT>«0 

■^lO    (ocmcmtj—     ir>o>  —  in—  in       ^^^  o  —  lOin  cocmco^- 

.-  —  —         CM  —  — 


(Ocor-coco     lOOin-  CM 

OltDlD  —  CD      coo—   —   — 

OfOr-cg—     ryr-OJO  — 


—  torg- in  cocMOi  — 

CT)r-tDCDin  Oitorgrg 

'joDcofOin  irg  —  in 

—         iD  in  —  in         —  ' 


CM  rg  CD  (O  in  m  co  O  0>  co 

iDtDOOCMCT^  CTtCMCTtCMO 

TiiDco^co  r-cotor^rg 

incointDco  inio-JCMin 

—  r^  —  (0»j  torg-  CDCD 

'J       'JCM—  into-  —CO 


CO  •-  ^  in  c5  CO  (D  a>  to  to  CO  o  to  CO  CO 

ttidcmo^  r-orgO"»  —  Oin  —  o 

—  CMCM'^CM  TIOOCMCT)  inCO»JtOf^ 

f^eOCOCTitD  CDOOO-  to  —lOOfOCD 

cj>r-cMi^  u^CMomto  m  —  ^joir- 

(■--  —  r-CT)  ■^^^in—  i^cMinf^cg 
CM  «-  •- 


CO  r^  —  o  —    (Mco^cOr'i    cicofgoff>    m  ■^  lA  tB  F-    o  't  CT>  in 

TtTTCDCO^     '     —     -—      -----         _____ 

to  rg  -  -  - 
CO  o  o  to  OJ 
to  ^  00  ^  00 
r-  —  eg  —  — 


_      ,    _     _  _     _    .     _  K  -<*  aiiA 

COOOOOOCM      inCMCMOO     OOtOCMlO      ^— coro 
^    -       r--o     CT^in^itooi    o'"~'TincM     in-jin- 


QO  -J  CO  r-  — 
—  CD  to  in  — 
CO  —  o  oo  — 


:>  •~  o  c\i  a>  (OCTico  —  00 
DCMincDtO  ■^OTinr^ 
-^^(D—      TJ  —  too  — 


tn^-r-cDto    'J— 00 

f'-O^  —  ^     <oo— f~- 

(O  f~-  csKD  rg  ■ 


—        to 


rg 


^       Q} 


ri    ,n    '-'    (O  -r 


O  ;z  J  O 

« oI ;  o  ™ 

o  ^  ™i  z 
O  O  11>  !?  o 
UUQQu. 


™      01   *■   OOQ 


<U   R)   (D  ^ 


I        Q    ™    (0    O   -l- 

, ,j^^Ss£5s 

25555    55555    55ZZZ 


J  J  J  r  r 

01  a>  OJ  o  o 


;,-  U£ 


0)  c 


HI  v  <u  u  u     i-Jt'-o)^     o 

zzzzz   OOOtLo:   en 


—  C  (0  £ 
3  C  K  fo 
O  4)   4j  - 

cnt-  ►-  D 


C    CO    , 

O  c    ■ 

E  -  ^ 


o>Otr  y 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  State  Data 


143 


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at 

a 

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c 

o 

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01 

1 

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CO 

1 

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0) 

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0) 

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0) 


0) 

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0) 


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0)      o 

a.   E 


E    I 


0) 

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0) 

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en 

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si? 

tf>  c  ** 
r    -  13 

<    O   0) 


0'  E 
f- 


«   C    41 

<  o  ^ 


<    O  0) 


0>    iDincM^r-  oonto^o  usc^'-fNjn  in'-fnm-- 

So><o«-o>'~-  ic(0'-io^  iDviDiDin  inr^r^*-^ 

0)    <btOCT>^^  offi'-oo  "-i^tbncn  — cmoooo 

tn    ori'-mtp  r-<Mcnr>^  ^^ncneo  r^O(7>i/i^ 


■-■-coooo  eo^O'-c» 
CO  00  ^  O  (C  0)0(0  0'- 
■t  ^--OlCNiOO         — o 


-  V    mtoonn    odcnji/hd    toooeo  —  m 


KtOOJO'*^  r)iO(Dr)ui  r-O'-i^iO  ^^ 
cO(D'-f^o  CNjn^'-CNj  nrvjr^oo  foo* 
into^eon    cMtDOOto    mtNCMOom    CTin 


(OCMnoim    (DfNJcor)'-    i-oicvjinfo    r«-oi'-cM^    ooooon-O)    id 
•-•-CTinr)    O'-oitDP^    o»'-h-*otNi    r>f^f^(Deo    n--o>i^r^ 
(DtD  —  oin    cn^coi^t*-     Ofoosoco     •-ojoir'-n     mTiooto 


o  o>  ^  r- o>    o  o  o>  n  o 

o  CM  .- If)  in    (X)  r)  CM  CM  in    r>  n  ^  eo 


_         ._^  <cr»<c(0O  omnno  "-no  —  cm  W'-como 

•-^■-lorn  co^-ntOh-  r^wv  —  co  (O^CMin*-  r^csiCTtr-oo 

o^mco^D  ojooaointD  eommr-^  tO(D*-neo  *-«-in(Nt 

ooro    <Dino^oo    CM(M(M--r-     omr-nCM  oicM^tooo  o6tM--TTr-  Tiojr-r-<j)  cDOib' 


^  r-  r-  CM  en    (D  T 


coo»vineo     "-r-CMOicn     inr-omo    cvJOChtoCM     --o—  ■ 


oD  ^D  r-  CO  o 


oocMincMcn     n  -^  \n  o  •-     0(OtO<Tic\j    <dcm  —  f-o     ^t^^coro 


CM  oo  •-  in 
o  CM  in  en 
CM  r-  to  (D 
o  ^  in  "J 

—   Cvj  CM  o 

CM  —   •      CM 


oi  r^  V 

inoOOf^CT)     COCMOO) 

ncoincnto    ococnco^ 


^  ooa)!*-"-^  oiocMO*-    a>^  —  cMin 

to  oooo)'-  a)t~-'WCM'«    ci'-'-r-oo 

in  O)  CM  ^  o  m  •- in  (O  ■- o    (D  o  co  o  r^ 

w  ^r-ino>0)  a)inr-'-c\i    o^iDcd—     tDc-imcon    r-tD'-mto 

»  lO      incoCT)  C01T       --r)    cO'-cMcno    mn^to—    ^DOO>^Dln 

K  CO  .-CM  —  .-  — 


^CMOOCT)    oono>r-in    co--^r-CT)    mocTiCMr-     ^cmcocmO 

•-inooco    o^nno    •-  '-  c^  oo  t^    t-~inf--ino 

CMoocMtoi^     r-'W.-'Vr-     (ooiinoo    cor-n<Dv 


CM  oo  1^  CM  n 
oi  in  (D  .-  Q 
r-  (D  t>.  CM  a> 


rcMtoom    o^Do^oi    inoo^no) 

3  —  CM—   .-      CMCMfMtD  (OC0C0(D 


^  o  (O  o  n    p^  « 
tn  •-  in  ^  "5         r 


^  o  —  (D 
o  <n  h-  m 

CO  CTt  ^  CM 


~~\n  aoirt  O    ^  •-  K  K  •-    rt  (T  46  •-  W  F^^  ^i  Ki  —  •*  rt  -^  in  co  m  n  (o  9>  cm  —  cD  in  o  o  ■«  in  uj  cm  —  in 

...        o^r-a>a)    ^in-woo)    (oor>CMin  tocMinoin  o—'-r^'V  tor-.cnotD  v  a>t'^  <^<d  i^ooicoco  cmcocoo 

f(£io3    '-■<j(Din^    intoo)  —  CO    r-nor-o  oin  —  ^co  tocncMcnto  -^CMOCMto  tDOtOTto  omcncoi--  — oocm<d 

-  to  cri  o  CM  cm  en  lO  rS  ID  to  CT"  o  CT»  cti  o  r--  .-  .-  •-  ^  oi  f^  <D  CM  CO  t*-  en  < 


<o    ^(b  —  cno    oomncDCM    cocM<oCT)in    -^  <tii£)  f 


n    o  -  - 


o—  — CMtM  r-p-vOir-  (DOT^cno  ojinooto—  t~~  o  <jitD<\t  fn^m"jco  CMCT»cncMm  cocoo 

r-ncMr-CT)  cnmocMff)  oocnt--0(D  cnooooir-  oconoeo  ^o  —  f-cn  o— tocncn  cocmoo 

otooocn  tor-cncnCT)  cm  —  m^-Ti  enr-o^cncM  iDTj^ir-a)  oio^ocn  Tr—CMOtn  ^  at  t 

tn    <ocT>iheb^  oo  —  o*D  cncMto  —  cm  ooio^^  ocjioscD'T  intoo^co  ihtnc""— •* 

«o    f-      Tifnoi  (o*o— --in  —fM  —  f-cM  cotnmincvj  cocmoo^  r^.-(»i.-.-  cocnc 

<0                                 ^  —  —CM—                                                   —CM—  —          c 


t~~  to  h-mcnor-  oooiDcmcm  ^nto  "  r^ 

^n  -^  CMCOcnoiiD  oimco^cJ)  mincMCM 

._      ,tMiO  incMCOO-  0000(00^  0)0-     CT) 

intnoiino  (nruo-  ^  — cm  —  cMcn  OO)       r-. 


(D  CM    in  —  oo  ID  tn 


am—  cncnoor-h-  ootDincM 
-— <p  ointDcncn  mmcncM^ 
3«CT)    r-a»— in^-      -       ■- 


—  CMvmcn  —  —  ^mm  m  —  om^j  tr  a>  ai  in  as  idcm^— o  — cn^r  —  —  o^ocor^  CMComm 

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■—  CM  co'  m"  co"  ^ 


P-P-  CMCM  CM  O 

o^  ■-  '-  cJi  en 
TT  eg  P-  CTI  0_  P- 
TT  ^"  CO  co"  m"  m' 
CO p- en  men p- 

tDCM  CO  P*-  in  CO 

CO  CO  CO  cm'  r*'  r^' 


mr^  ■w  o  esi  u 
.-  '-COtJl  ■- 
p  p  CTI  — 
CMlri 


o  p—  m  m  CO 
o  en  eg  —  -tj- 
CO  m  •*  p-  p 

CO  CO  eo  CO  p- 


(J)  h-  CO  CO  >-  O 

'-  ocom  mco 
m  m  p  p  p-  CM 
O  CT)  CT^  ^  m  t— 
mr^  e3)CDOio 

'-  "-  CMCO  '-  CO 


CO  ^  '-  -^  CO  CTI 
eg  CO  to  to  m  CM 
f^ooco  r--  ■<f 
■^' CO '-'•-'toco 
mm  ^  CO  r—  '— 

CM  CM  CM  •-  COCM 


CM  to  CT)  eo  O 

CO  CO  CM  CO  CO 

p  CM  m_  < 
m"  V  co"  ■>!  •- 
m  CO  o  CO  o 
"I  f^  p-  men 


(TJ  ^_  — 

oE  o^ 


r-  CDCO  •-  CD  ^ 

CMOO  m  oocD 

00  m  •-  p-  o  p- 
co'  P-'  iri  esi  o'  m' 

01  m  m  CO  00  in 

TT  O  CD  CD  •—  (31 

cm'  V  m'  to'  m'  ^' 


^r-  coco  o  m 
cocDootn  eg  '- 

CDCOCDin  CO  tT 

cm' or-' CM  to' P-' 
in  to  •—  o>  01  CO 


^  r-.  CT)  en  CTI  CM 

QO  CO  P-~  P-  CM  -^ 

cn  CO  o  p  ^  co^ 
iri  00'  01  cm'  cm'  to' 
p-  ^-  m  •-  eg 
m  CM  o  CM 
cm'  m'  '- 


CT>  01  '—  CO  01 

'-  m  CO  op- 

O  CM  CM  '-  O 


en  ^  CO  eo^- 


^coocoOp^ 
m  m  1^" »-  CO  CT) 
meo  >-  CO  o  '- 

t-  •-  coco  CM  CO 


OCM  COCM  en  CO 
CT)t3)mcDen  r^ 
copop(3)_m 
cm"  ct>  eg'  •^"  en  ai 
com-^ooco  '- 

CMCvI  CM  '-  COCM 


'—  CT)  CO  T-  CO  CO 
P-  01^  '-  "O'  CM 

'-  (7)m  T-  •- 


CM  CM  -^  CM  »- 
■^  CT)  eg  o  -^ 
CM  ^  CT)  to  -^ 

p^'m'to'o'o" 

r^  CO  CM  ■<»■  CM 
■w  r^  p-  mo) 


COOJP-  CM  P~  CD 

■^  •-.  m  CO  CM  r— 
r-  '-  1-  O)  5  "W 


in  ■< 


nmco  ^ 


to  CO  r^  t^J  1—  CO 

T-  QO  CM  I^  O  CO 

CO  in  CO  CO  CO  ■« 
CM  ID  cr-  csi  cm'  o 
cDCDr-  r-  p-  CO 


CO  CD  ip  en  CO  u 


in  ^  *—  in  V  CO 
in  co'  en  co'  r--'  co' 

CT)  ■•»■  C3  in  CT)  ID 

CM  f--  eji  CO  CM  CO 
co'  ■-'  o  P-'  ^' 


^  in  o  r-.  CO 

03  ■^   CO  CD  CD 
^  CT>  O  ^  S 


—  •-  •-  in 


comf^  •-  •*  CO 

0O(3>l^  ^  i-CO 
f-  to  p  (31  01  p 
to"  m"  o"  C3i  co'  CO 

o  -^  mo  to  ^ 
f-  tn^- »-  COO) 


GOCT)  P~-  00  P- 
egco  m  r-*  m  P- 
eg  m  to  I-- •- /^^ 
o'm  COP-  too' 
CO  CO  r^  •-  COCO 
cn'-oo  -^m 

T-'r-'f-'CM'^' 


CO  OOCM  1^  CM 

o  COP-  CO  m  CT) 

CM  m  CM  O)  ""*  p 

'-  CM  t^  CT)  to  *- 
oomcMto 
CM  mcM 


CO  f^  comt^ 
to  ■^  or-  o 
cji  CO  egtocD 
V  o'  co'  eg"  m' 
o  p-  '-  cMm 
f^  eg  ■^  p-  - 
cm'  cm"  cm'  r 


00  CO  <?)  00  CD  CO 


O  CM  CM  CO  CO  in 

to  .-  o  p  p  ^ 


CO  CD  CD  CO  CO  CM 

r—  10  CM  CO  to  CTI 
eg  r—  CD  00  01  eo 

O  (D  CO  CD  ^  O 


ID  CM  -^  ■■T  in  ID 

CD  CO  in  CO  (31  1- 
•—  p  CO  in  ■-  ID 

.-  CMcn  -"T 

id'  ■- 


CO  -^    •—  tT>  CM 

CO  CO  CD  p-  in 

CO  P-   p  ^  -- 

CM  •—  Ol  CO  CM 
CM  p  00  ID  P- 
(31  CD  cm"  CD  CD 


C0  0)0  ■^  P-  (O 
'-  '-  -^  CT)  •-  O 

mtooooego 


oco  (3)  '-  COCM 
OOeni^  CT)CM0O 

CMmcDcncMoo 


to  ^  moto  p- 

O)  CMCT)(DCO 

m  •-  m  ■^ 
co' »-'  cm' 


■<-  p-  -If  CO  eo 

•-  P-  tOCM  OJ 
CO  Tt  p  ^_  C3)_ 
f^'  m'  co"  en  r-' 
to  CM  O)  to  m 
CM  CO  •-  • 


i  «  ? 

VI   J5   I 

300 


Ul    CJ 
tO^         CM 


CD  m  m  •-  in  •- 
in  m  in  -T  CO  •— 

CTI  CTI  CO  CD  CO  ezD 

^  cm"  CD  <d'  cd'  CD 

CD  CD  CM  "IT  CD  O 

CM  ^j  IT)  CO  (O 


CD  00  CD  P-  <3>  CO 

r*-  CM  CM  in  CD  CO 
m  ■—  CM  CM  CO  CM 
cm'  id'  •— '  oi  •— '  cm 

CD  ■—  P-  CO  TT  CM 

CO  •—  in  CM  01  CO 
CM  iri  o> "-  cd"  id" 


•—  CD  CD  O  CD  CT^ 
"-  P-  ID  OCOr- 


?  CO  ■-  --  COCD 

h  CM  in  r-  CO  '— 

■    ■  -p-I--»' 


-)  *  CO  .-   ' 


CD  CO  CM  CD  in 
(--  m  co  ir>  <3) 

•-  O'  CD  1'  CT>' 

CO  •—  en  en  CM 
IT)  CO  in  p-  p- 

I--  CO  id"  cc>  cri 


^  ^  CMO)  m  »- 

cDi^  CO  CO  •-  m 
m  CM  '-  m  TT  p 

(O  tOCM  r—  CT)CT) 

'-  toco  t-  m  CO 

I   coco  CM  P-  O 


CO  O)  tjl  to  to  CO 
m^  *-  tDCT)CO 
e«J^  OCTJCM  p 
O  CD  cm'  ^"  to  CO 
OCTi^encM  -^ 
OCM  •-  •-  to  P- 


CM  (O  (O  CMCO  CM 

m  o  CO  •—  CO  CO 
CO  to  p*  p-  m  p— 
m'co"co'rCoo"o" 

CO  CD  CM  to  CM  •- 
to  (D  -f  »- 
cm" 


■^  CM  OCOO 
to  to  enoo 
m CM  mcDto 
•-'  t-^"  (-.'  cm"  eg" 
to  CT)  m  m  s 
to  ^  tOCTim 
CM  cm"cm"co' 


^-  E 


in  ip  CO  CM  cm  -^ 
r—  CT)  CM  r-  CD  CO 

CT>  •-  CT>  CO  CD  CO 

CD  ^"  ■^'  ^"  CD  CD  _ 

■- CO  <3nn  CO  o       CO  •- 


m  CO  CD  oi  ID  CM 

"  O  CD  P-  CM  CD 

m  CO 

in  CO 


CM  CD  CT)  ^  »-  •- 

Lfi  e^  O  CO  CO  -T 
^r  ^T  CO  CO  m  o 
in  •—  m  (31  CD  CM 


CM  coo  ^  CO  m 
CTIO  -^  O  T-  CT) 

m  m  '^^  ■^  p  p- 
(d'»-'o'o"^  m" 

T-  CM  tor-  CO  CT) 


00  CO  CO  '-  CMCT) 
CTlOCOCMOOl 
CM  ■"!  CO  CO  ■W  1- 


CMCO  '-  CO  m  r^ 
OCOOCTX 
CO  CO  CM  m 
^'cnco 


CO  ^  m  enr- 
ol to  r-  CO  eo 
t:  o  to  p  to_ 
m"  00  m"  o'  co" 
O'*!  '-p-r- 
encn  CM  •-  CM 


.  :o 
:oO 
00000 
o  o  o  o  fj 
o  o  o  Q-  v^ 

T  lO  CO  '-  w 

o  ^  -.  ^  .-  OJ 
O  0)  0)  <U  0)  -o 
OTJ-COTS  C 
cm"   C    C    C    C    D 

.-00000 
0)00000 

■00    O    00    Q 

^  CM  -W  to  co'  •- 


000000 
000000 
o  o  o  o  o  o 
T  to  CO  o  m  o 

'-  •-  .-  CM  CM  CO 


J:)  TD  TD  T3  TD -O 
C  C  C  C  C  C 
3    3   D   D   3   D 

000000 
000000 
000000 


:      dcig 

:  O  O  O  R 

00000 

gRo'o'g 

°  O  O  O  °   -i 

oocMm  •-  2: 
m  —  w«/»*«  o 
fAtf*  ^  ^  ^  c 
,_  w  (U  0)  0)  ^ 
0)  QJ-OTJ-D  S 

■aT3  c  c  c  o 

C   C    D   3  3o 

^  ^'ooog 

O  O  O  O  o  R 
000000 
PPoo'dg 
o  o  o  o  o  "-l 
enm  •-  CMm  -- 

MM  t>4MM«9 


00 

o  00 

000 

Pm'o' 

O  •-  CM 
•-  WW  0) 


F  o  -  0)  0)  ? 

_  O  0)  ^D  "O   t 

«;o-o  c  c  ,_ 
-m'  c  D  3  o 

^««  =000 

E  .-0000 
u  ojo  000 

S^m  '-  '-CM 


000000 
000000 
000000 
■*j'  to'  co'  o'  m"  o 
'-'-•-  CM  eg  CO 

W  W  tA  W  W  W 

<U  <D  II)  0)  0)  ID 
■CO  ■D'OTJ'O 
C  C  C  C  C  C 
3   3   3   3   3   3 


0)  (yO-OTJ  J: 
T3"D  C  C  C  O 
C  C  3  3  3f 
3   3- 


fl,  -  -I  o  m  o 
¥^in  '-'-CM 

D  W  V»  WtT 


Individual  Returns  / 1978  •  State  Data 


145 


•    --  \n\fi 
^  tooo 

o^iDO  f  in 
1^  in  1^  in  t  rg 

■-  OOOCD  T-     1 
OOtDOJOO  n 

^  in  t-^  co(D 
r-  00  ^  »- 

■" 

""'"SS, 

»-  .-in CD  .- 

CO  CO  CM 

<x>ino 

no>  CM  (D  coo 

Siooo  ^  or^ 
CO  ■^  en  g^  in 
VcM'cr>'^"a>(£)' 


CD  '^1^  0>CD     I 
^  CM'-  tJ)  i 

a>ocD 
iri(3> 


i  § 


00^  CD  (D  00  CO 

1-  en  n  .-  0)0) 

CO '^  CD  •-  CO  ■^J 


f»-  r- oj  CM  CO  O) 
in  CM  CO  1^  cof^ 
in  CM  in  mm  ^ 

S'cd'co'  t-'co  T-' 
O'-m'-  .- 
mcM  •- 


cnmoco  CO  •*» 
r^  CMCJl  .-  ^  (D 
(MOCMCO  ttjr^ 


CM  r-  -v  CD  ro  r»- 
•-  coO'^in  ^ 


S8Z 


CO  CO  »-  CO  r^ 


O  c  c        V 
O  «  _  " 

3   O)  *:    <T)    - 


m  CD  '-  CMco  •- 
mco  coco  r^  CO 
o  -^  o  (^  en  m 
*j  co'  rg  m'  r-~'  cm 


COCOOO  ^  CDO 

mr^  o  cnocD 
inr^  .-  ^  Tj  -^j 

m'  cd'  cm  h-  ri  m' 
.-      .-  ■-  cncM 


OCM  r^  tntn 
mco  coco  CO 

CO  CO   »-  CM  CO 


mmo)  T-  (D  o 
CM  g>h.  tn  CM  CD 
">j  ocotn  CO  CM 


coo »-  coco  m 

SO)  r^  .-  CO  1- 
O  CDtD  •-  CO 
•-"h-OTr  o'm' 

CM  .-  CO  CMOJCD 


00  ^  (DfM  CO  ^ 
(j)fM(MPg  r-  CD 
coco  •-  m  •- 
t-'m'o'.-" 


coo  ■«»  cooo 
r^  o  m  ">»  o 

CO  CM  moo  CM 


■o 

0) 

3 

C 
O 

o 


■o 
c 

CO 

0) 

E 
o 
u 


0) 


< 


(0 


E 
o 
o 


■D 
C 


a 
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0) 


0) 

(0 


c 


(A 
O 

5 

0) 


0) 


0) 


oE  o' 


^  •H'  r^  CMOOO) 

Tl- CJ)  CD  O  .-  ■^ 
CM  .-  f^  O  .-  ^ 

•<t  ■«t'  cm'  m'  oo"  CO 


cDOooo)  mm 
m  CO  o  1^  CO  oi 
in  ■v  .-  co_ .-_  CD 
m'  o>  cm"  r-'  ^'  m' 

T-         .-  »-  (OCM 


ocMcom  1- 

a>COCMf^  CM 

CO  ■^  coco 


r*  CO  CO  C31  CD 
0»CM  O)  1^  CM 

m  CD  m  CO  -T 


CO  '^  CM  n  0>  CO 

cMm  1^  comoo 

CD  O  CM  O  0>  CM 

^  ^  a>  cd'  CO  ^ 

tT  CO  .-  tT  O)  O 


■^Ocor^  (D  Tj 
n  oir^  •-  r^  ^ 
O)  O  --  00  -^  h~ 

•-  m  m  m  .-  --" 

COCMCOCMO  r^ 

»-.-.-  .-co  .- 


f^  m  OO  m 
.-  CM  o  .-  ■^ 
CO  CO  ■«  OTCM 

m'c7> 'o'.-'o' 
CD  CO  ocMm 


.-  V-  CM  r-  -^  m 
.—  O)  00  ^  ^-  CO 
1^  CM  r^  CMCMO 


f^  CMO  .-  .-  m 
f^  coo  r-*  Or- 
eo ^_  m  m  to  r- 
o'  ^'  O)  cd'  co'  ^' 
mcotn  r«-  oi^ 
CM  .- 


coo  OiCD  -^ 
r—  CO  (j>  ^  O) 
1^  m  .-  -^  oo 


O)  COCM  .- 
CM  r^  ^  .- 


.-  CM  h-  CO  in  CO 
CO  .-  mo  ^  .- 

CO  Ol  CM  m  CD  CM 

oi  ^  CO  o  o)  r^ 
CM .-  oooom 

.      .-(-.-  CM 


oo  ^  1^  m  r^ 
cDin  CD  to  ^  r^ 
OfM  o  ^^  O) 
co'  co'  00  o  o  m 

■^  P-  CM  (D  .-  O 

CO  com  m  (DCM 


J3^   t 

E  o  3 


CD .-  CD  p^  com 
CO  .-  CM  .-  com 
com  ■«  m  CM  .- 


CM  mcDf^  O  CO 

CM  f^  00  ■^  ^  O 

CO  m  CO  .-  "7^  ^. 
co'  cm'  co'  ^'  ai  iD 


.-  CM  .-  ■"!■  O 
OlOO  COCM  1^ 
iO^  ^  OUT) 

i-'o'oo'co'o' 


CMr~  CM  CO  C^J  O 

^  mr-  1-  fs.  o 
O)  CO  m  ^_  0)_  O) 
r^  to  CD  oi  CM  CO 

•     .-  CMCM  CM 


CO  1^  mco  CM  O) 


CO  -^  O)  r^cM  CO 
omcoco  ■^  .- 
oimoco 


p-  .-  cnmo 
^  CM  ■.-  mco 
^  00  r^  CO  ^ 


SCO  CO  CO  o> 
eg  ^  OCJ) 
m_  CD  m  CM  ^_ 

O)  r-'  m  m*  cm" 

.-  CD  tDh     ~ 


OJ  tn  *"  - 

«  «  E  JO  y 

3  O  O  «v= 

< 


.—  CO  .—  CO  CO  CO 

moo  ■^  CM  1^  CO 
a>mo  CO  cm  m 


CM  00>  P-  O)  CO 

CM  ■^  CO  r-  coco 

m  CO  o)  "*  O)  o 

m  "^  mco  .-  QO 

CM  .- 


.-  OCT)  a> 
.-  cor--  iSj 
o  m       • 


m  </  CM  O)  o 
m  o  CM  com 
CO  .-  r-  CM  CO 
o  •-"  o'co'o' 

T-  |v-  .-  coco 


.-  CO  O  (Oh-  ■w 
m  ^  CD  ^  -T  r^ 
(D /^  P-  CM  CO  O 

oo'  CD  m'  co"  cm'  .-' 
cocMCD  m  m  o 

•-  •      '-  CM  CM  CO 

I 


COCM  ^  CD  CO  .- 
COtOCDOO  ^  t- 

r^  .-  r-  m  m  CD 

CO  CO  CO  O)  CD  ^ 

in  coo .-  coco 

^  ^  CD  coco  CO 


m  cocM  h-  o>  ^ 

1^  CO -V  CD  CD  CO 

.-  O)  ■c  .-  m  o 
cd'  o>  cm"  co'  co'  m" 
oimmrsj  CO  CM 

T-OOCO  .- 


CM  CO  .-CD  CD 
"^  CM  COOJ  CM 

O) .-  .-  cMm 
CD'r^'r-.'m"'.-" 
f^  r-  mo>.- 
l  CD  a>  -^  oo 
.-'co' 


E  o  a 


CO  CO  CD  CD  ■.-  a> 

m  ^  o  p^  o)  f^ 
eo .-  -^  coco  CO 
.-'^'h-.'^"cM"co' 


.-  CO  ^  .-  r-  CD 

CO  CO  GO  CD  P--  .- 

.-  CD  -^  -v  r-  CD 

Tj'  cm"  co"  ■w'  O)  CD 


p-  r^o  in;    I 

h-  P^CM  O*      I 
OOCD   T- 


m  a>  CMcom 
CD  oi  oi  r-  r- 
CM  r^  f^  mcM 
co'o'co'cd'cm" 
»-  m 


.-  omoj  t^  CD 

COI^  .-  .-  ■^  CM 

en  oomcMO) 


oi  CM  ■'I  CO  m  CO 
^  O  CD  T-  CO  .- 
mo  p^  oi  o>o 
m'^'m'cM'cMo' 
COCO  CO  CO  CO  m 


in  TT .-  CO  CO  p- 
coa>m  ^  m  .- 
ma>cD  -^ 
cjicm'oj' 
m.- 


^  00  .—  CO  Ol 

■'f  CO  r^  CD  ^ 
^  CO  CM  CO  m 
om  com'o) 
eo  c>  ^-  CO  o 

CM 


ooor^r--0)0>      op-mr-co.  co  t- cd  .- a> 

cDcooooo^      co.-or-.-*  cMmcooio 

o^m^cDeo      .-lOcDco.-  CMO  m.-a> 

cMmcMCM      m^co'V.— CO      r^coi^ocM  cmcococoo 

.-        .— .-"-.-m^       .-^CNJ.-*  rocoo 

CM .-           *  m 


oo  p-  m  -q'  m 
■^  CO  m  .-  or*. 
CM  •    CO  .-m  .- 


moo) .-  CO  .- 
cooor^mp- 
mCMCM  CM  oco 


CM^OCM  Tj  .- 
CMCOCDO  ^CO 
CDCDCM'^  CDCO 
h-"  CD  COO)  CO  m' 
h~  cocnco  m  .- 

CM  CM 


O)  mcM  ■'J-  00  ^ 

CD  O)  CO  (DO  O 

CO  p-co  CO  m  ^ 
cD"h-'o  O)  Oj'cm' 
CO  CO  CM  m  .-  .^ 

CO  cm  — 


J3_  E 

E  o  = 


.-  CDCD  CO  CO  P- 
m  CMCO  CD  om 

CO  CM  CM  00  CM 
■     CD  O"  co"  O 


0).-'^o>'^h-  como'^f^" 

IV.  la- CD  .- <?>  m  coo^-O'    • 

cocDr-_^_mf^  cMr-cD .-  • 

o"r--"cD'cD*mo"  OCT 


^  r^  rjp^  m 

1^  CM  CD  Ol  CM 

r^  m  CMoo  .- 


m  m  m  .-  CM  CO 

T  CD  r^  OCM  CO 
—  CM  .-  CD  ■—  CD 


COCO  CD  .-  CO  .- 
.-  mO  .-  tT  CO 
O'^  r^  xj  f^  in 


CO  CO  CO  •    o  o> 
.-  I^  -^  •     CO  .- 

.-COCSI 

CM'">jeo' 


CO  m  CD  -^  r 

CO  CO  CM  ■^  -^ 
OCMCJ)P--0_ 

co'  cd  m'  cd'  *-" 

COP-  CM  »- 
.-CMCO 


^  ^  cDcom 

CO  O  Ol  CO  O) 
CM  .-  (DP-  O 

.-'  m'  co'  co'  co" 

■W  CO  ^  .-  CM 
.-   .-  ^  CM 


o  c  c       « 

^  o  ffl  ^  « 
Si-5  o  a 


OlOCD  mcDco 
.-  COO  0»l^  CD 

CO  m  to  CO  oo  CM 
CM*  ai  ^  cd'  o"  .-" 

CM  CM  CO  .-  ■<-  CM 


coco  CVJ  CMO  ■^ 

coco  mmo  CM 

O  P—  O  O  Ol  CO 

^  m  p-  o> .-  o 

CM  .-.-.-  ^  CO 


CD  CM  mcDO  • 

CO  m  coi^  CM  • 

CO  CO  CO  CO  • 


CM  -^  CM  ■^  m 
CD  CO  P^  ID  CM 
O  CD  O)  OCM 

CM  CO  cm"  m  o> 
CD  .*  m  ■>*  o 


CDCOCOCMm'^ 
OOT  CDCDCOOl 

mm  CD  CO  com 
■^' .-'  P-"  co"  co'  co' 

P-  CM  CO  O  COcO 


cDmcop-  ■^  oi 

coco  CO  '-  CM  f^ 

cD-<J  ■^  ■^  mco 


■^J  f^  CO  CM  (D  CD 
.-  CM  CO  ■.-  CO  CD 
COOCOCO  — 
f^'  co'  cd"  .-' 
.-  "tt 

CM 


^  m  CO  CM  ^_ 

CM  00  CO  COP- 

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m'cD'co'^'cM' 
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oEo°- 
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mmo>co  »-  CO 
CO  CO  CM  m_  o  •- 

CM  O  CM  cd'  ^  CM 
CM  CO  CO  ■.-  .-  CM 


CDOCMCOO)  CO 
CO  ■^  m  "«J  CM  o> 
o  "W  om  CD  o 


CO  f^  CDP^  CO  • 
CM  ^  CM  CO  CM  • 
CM  CD  ^  CO  • 


m  o  CO  t^  CO 
m o  oi oco 

CM  CD  CO  GO  ^ 

CO  CD  ^  m  -- 


CO  CM  CM  m  CM  CO 

o  m  ^  CO  OOCD 
p-  moo  .-  CO  CM 
o>  CO  .-  to  ai  CM 

P-  CM  .-  CM  -^  f^ 
.-  .-  CM  CM  .-  .- 


cMomoo .-  oi 

O  P*-  O  cO  Oi  00 
CO  CD  m  ■.-  r-_  O 
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p-  mm  ^  .-  p- 

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O  CO  00  Ol  CO  CO 
CO  P-COP-  .-  P- 
CO  OCM  f^  CM 


P-  CM  CO0OO> 
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o'  ^"  m*  V  V^ 

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CO  CO  CO  1^  coo 


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.-  oi  ocMmoi 

CM  CM  cor-  CDCD 
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r-  .-  1-  .-  eOCM 


CD  coco  .- 
CO  O  "<T  ■•- 

om 


CM  m  CD  CO  CO 

CO  n  CD  CO  P- 

o  O)  m  CO  o 

.-    Tl    CO  P-    P- 

.-  .-  CMCM  CM 

cm' 


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cm'  o'  cm'  r-'  ■•-' .-' 
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.-  CM  com  ^  m 


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CO  o>  m  tt'  .-'  CM 
CM  a>  ^  CM  m  CD 

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CO  ■^  como)  m 
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m  coom 
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m' .»'  m' .-  TT  o' 


n  CO  "<»  CMO  ■^ 

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mCMCOCD  CT)  CD 

CO  CO  am  CO  CO 
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.—  CO  CO  CO  ^  o 

m  ^  Tj  CO  CO  m 


(^  com  .-  CO  -^ 

CO  ■^  CMf^  Tf  .- 

CD  m .-  CO 


CO  CO  a>  O)  m 

CO  CO  00  P*  ^ 

CO  p-  m  h-  ■^■ 
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f-  m  CO  .-  .- 
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CO  CO  CO  o  o 
CM  ■•-.-.-  CM 


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.-  —  .-.-  CO  CM 


p-  p-  coco  T-  . 
CM  P-  m  coo  • 

Tt  CO  CO  P-  CO 
CM  cm'  m'  P-'  'J 

P-  O  CO  CM  • 
.-  CO 


CM  CO  CM  CO  CD 
CD  r^  CM  CO  P*- 

to  m  '-  mco 

.-'.-"(DP-'m' 

cocD  oa)  ^ 

■^  cocMm 

cm" 


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CO  CM  CO  a)  CM  m 
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cm' 


CM  CM   .-  1^  .- 

m CO  COO .- 
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Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  State  Data 


0>    I  a>r^  -V  (O 
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com  COOlD  CM 


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r^oocMOoocNj 
(DO) com  ■>»  (^ 


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•-  in  coco<D 
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T-(M  (OOOtn 


Sen  ^  CO  00  O 
in  »-  (MO  CM 
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m  o  r»-  oo  f^'  If) 
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CM  CO  '9  (O  cc  o 

•-"cm" 


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IT  ■^t^  in  in  CM 
in  00  o)_  h-  ^_  o)_ 
o"  o*  h-'  m  CO  m' 

^  r-CM  CM  ■*  -^ 
(D  to  cor-  CM  CM 
■w"cm''-' 


in  -^  o  •-  O) 

■■T  (OOO  to  f^ 

h-  CM  in  CO  CO 

r-'  co'  iri  r-'  to 

oto  ^  o 

in  CM  (O 

^'co' 


J3^   t 

Sob 


CO  1  -^ooco 

to    I   OOCO  CM  O 
to  •-  to  CO 


00  to  »-  O  1^  to 

incM'^  to  •-  ■^ 
r- toincD  tn  tn 

r*.*(Doo>  in'o 
CO  CO  CO  CM  in  to 


to  tni-  cMoo  1^ 

(D  ^-  ■^  (OCM 
(D<nh-  CM 
0"h-"'-' 


00  CO  CO  o  o 

too  in  ^  to 

■V  in  CM  r^ 


O)  »-  CO  ■^  to  to 
CM  ^  into  o  -^ 

O)  •     OJtO  ^  OT 
Cvi  co'  Tf"  cm" 

•-■•-»-  in 

•     ■•-  CM  CM 


T  "-  in  tOCT)  o 
■WCMO  r*  coo 
o  CO  o  in  CO  CM 
CM  in  ^"  o  cm'  cm" 
f^ooco  *-  mm 
CMOgcg  CO  com 


O  ■<»■  CO  CO  CO  ">» 
CT>  CM  TJ  CM  to  CO 

CO  tomoo  CO  CM 


OCO  OICO  ■^ 

r*-  CM  Ti  -^  pw 

c:)0  '-CMO_ 

to'  •-  V  •-' 

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torn  »-  to  •-  m 
eor^  cocM  00  >- 


(^  CO  CO  m  O)  r^ 
f^  OtD  1^  00  •- 
r^  OOCO 


■*  (D  COtDCO 

T-o  mo'- 
(O  CO  m  ■.-  CO 
rC  oo"  ■^" '-"  h-" 
h*  IV.  ror^  CO 
»-  CM  OCSJ  ■^ 


(DCOO)  »- 1^  »- 
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COO)  to  to  to  CM 

■*"  to"  co"  1-"  cm"  to" 

■*  O  1^  1-  CO  "* 
CO  Tt  Tf  f^  r^  O 


m  ^  (Ocoo)  p^ 
r^mco  ■•-  ^  O) 
mco 00 r-~  •-  T- 
coo'cm'cm '-'co' 
como>co  mo> 

0)00)0  CM  CO 
•-"         •-"  CM  1-' 


0)r^0) »-  CO  ■^ 
tor»-tD  •-  r^  ^ 
ocoi^  mooo) 
to' ^' to' cm' cm' 

tOCM»-<M 

cm' 


CM  ^  to  COO) 
CM  O)  (OCMOO 
•—  CO  CO  CO  CO 

o"  ■^"  cm"  co"  o" 

toto  •-  noo 

oif^  mtom 

■.-"rgcgrC 


coocomtoco 
to »-  CM  omco 

CO  »-  CM  f^  "^t  CO 


;eo| 


f^CVIO  ■^  CM  CO 

ooo)  T-  ■v  m  m 
o  CO  ^  to  ■^_  r-_ 
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ncM  »-  o  o  o 

^  .^  T-  ■.-  CM  •- 


comco  o  CO  1- 

OiOCOCOOCM 

r^.  CO  r^O)  T- 


tO  »-  0)CMCO 

00  to  m  »-  O) 

Tt  to  CM  CO  ^ 
O)  ^  ^  O)  CO 

O)  o  m  r^  Tf 
'-  CO  cocM    ■ 


T-  i~  CO  1-  COO) 
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tooqoomm_ 
to  m  CO  m''^' cm' 
r*.  CO  CO  00  o  ^ 
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mco  ^  r^  tocM 
r^  r^  O)  to  >-  o 
OOO)  (DO)  1-  o 
o"o)"to"'^"o''-" 
mco  CM  ocMm 

OOOt-COO) 


in  ^  ■^  CO  r^  CO 
■«3-  '- CO -^  O)  to 
CM  r^  0>  o  '-,  o 
cm'  co'  ^'  m*  <r)  T-' 

COmCMCM 

r^tO'- 

cm' 


toco  coo  * 

^  CO  CO  CD  CO 

CO  to'  cm"  cm  ^" 
Tf  OOO  •-  '- 
O  (J)  rv.  rs.  0- 

^'  ^"  CM*  cm"  h 


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0>  CO  00  CM  (DO 
h*  to  00  CO  ^  ^ 

r^'  CM  *-"  n  o'  i- 

CO  to  to  CO  »-  '- 
CM  CM  •* 


om  1-  0)00  '- 

OOO  CM  CM  CM  CO 

o  m  co_  oo  CO  to_^ 
cm'  co'  to'  cm'  r--'  co' 
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com  -^  -^  o  r^ 


CM  OtO  »-  »-  O 

00  ■^  OO  r^  CO 
■V  ■^T^  •<-  inn 
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to  -^  OCM 
h-  CM 


CM  CM  1-  moo 
CM  CO  mooo 
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^'i-'cm' 


1^  r^  oro  r*.  < 
O)  CO  CM  r^  CO  in 

(D  |>^  f^.CO  CM  CM 

cdcdooo' cm'o' 
r-  CO  0)0)  CM  to 
CM  tomo  to  m 

t-'t-'CM' 


ocM  mmm  -51 
1-  to  toocM  m 

1-  '-  CM  o>  ^  -c 
o  T-'  to'  ^'  r-'  ■^' 
OCM  CMcomco 
T—  CO  CO  to  O)  CO 

co'co'-Tm'cM'co' 


to  ^m  r^  »-  r~ 
to  t-mo  tom 
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to  ■^  ■^  <7)  CM -- 


to  CM  to  to  00 

r^  m  OtOO) 
CO  o  CO  oO  oo 


E  o  3 


CO  CO  CD  to  t^  to 
CO  1-  CM  CM  CO  CO 

mtoto  o  r^  CO 


cDcj)CMcomco 
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■'t  r-  "If  to  m  CM 


CM  Tf  OtDI^  u 
CM  OOO  T-  CM 
■V  CO  CO  CM 

r-'m"'-' 


i-CO  O  -^  - 
CM  T-  mi^  CO 
»-  m  en  CMto 
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mocM  1^00  ■^ 

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cMOiooo  o  m 
r^oej)"-  '-0 
enr^-  ^_m_o  to 
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rr  tOtOO)'-  ■- 
CM  CM  CM  CM  to  m 


in  r-.  •—  o  O)  CO 
(^  CM  en  r^  *»  in 
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CM  ■v  CM 

1^  1- 


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r^m  (OtocM 

to  O)  CO  COO) 

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CM-^  (0^   — 


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ti)  «  E  to  y 

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—  ™  t->^  <u 
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(OOCJ)  tOOO) 
(D  ■»-  1^  CO  ^  o 

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>-  O)  en  1^  f-  •- 

>-  ">J  CM 


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O  ^  0)0)  CM 

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tOCM'^  o 


(ocom »- »-  O) 

•-  coco  l^  I^  CO 

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(o'o)■^'o'^-'co 
cMO>mo(0  0) 
to  en f^  (OCM CM 
I  1-"  cm"  co" 


•-  torn  •-  CM  CM 

coco  T-  cm  mo 
m_  CO  r*-_  m  to  m_ 
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en  ■<»■"  ■^"  in  "<T  m' 


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m  tDCMCDf^l^ 
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cor-  o  to  r*-  CM 

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cMom  to  CM  m 
co'h-'^'o'to'o' 
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enm  -^  cMco  r^ 
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©"r^."'-" 


•-  r^  to  ^co 
coco  to  r^  CO 
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co'cj)'o''-'i^' 
mcD  OCOCM 


o>r^  cno>  to  en 
■-  000  r^  to  to 
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CM  CO  CM  ■*  to  CO 
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0>  CO  to  o  o 

CO  r-  mcM 


oi  •-  o>r^  ino 
eg  T-  cocootO 
CM  CO  in  <J>  r-  O) 


Or^  CD  to  CM  ^ 
in  eg  »-  o)  toco 
totoo  CO  a>o 
h-  f--  ^'  h-  ^'  m 
tocMin  eoo>  »- 
mcMinr-  cm  eg 
eg  eg 


cocO'-f^  ■v  o 

Segf^  CMO  in 
CT>eMr)0)  »- 
•-'  eg'  o'  iT)  co'  co" 
to  eg  to  to  to  *- 
to  mmeg 
co"--" 


£  o3 


CO  ^  00  CO  oo  o> 
incjjr-  «-  ^  ■^ 
r-  CD  *-  to  •-  ■^ 
co"  co'  <ji  n"  o'  to' 

■      •-  CMCMtO 


CO  CM  CM  T-  CD  in 
o  r^  in  "I  to  o 
totn  to  CM  o  CM 
o  in  ^  ui  r^  CM 
eg  eg  ">»  CO  tj)  CD 


ooocOf-  --  ^ 
•T  to  CO  CO  to  •- 
»-  CO  to  in 
■<T'iricM' 
co-- 


>-  in  in  CM  to 
1^  CM  into  o) 
in  in  CO  in  ^ 


•-  cj)  r-  otocM 
»-  in  in  ^  mo 
0)0  CO  1^  coco 


oooo)  --  CM  eg 
inocj)  com  ">r 

r-_  CM_  CN  to  "<f  CO 

co'to'cM'eg'i-'V 
^  •-  CO  ^  •-  00 


O)  CM  1-  ■^  CD  CO 
eg  to  to  r^  o  CO 
CD  r-  -v  eg  ■<- 


^  h-  OCT)  CO 
CMO)  CD  CO  m 
CO  CO  CO  CM  CD 

co'  r--"  CO  m'  to' 
toco  CO  to  -^ 

CM  O)  ■V  CM 

--"o' 


O  CO  CD  O)  to 
00  ^  --  C7)0 
(D  h-  CM  ■<-  ~ 


2  «^ 

(rt  tn  t 

(fl   CJ 

■D  CDc 

<       - 

comto  coco  m 
CD  O  CO  cO  O  CO 
f^  '-.  r^.  r^,  co_  eg_ 
">*'  --*  o*  o'  o'  ^' 
m  cocoeg  o  1^ 

^  .     »-eMCM  H' 


r*  CM  r^  ocoo) 
m  *-  1^  CM  toeg 
oo  ^  to  CO  r^  r^ 
m'r-'m '-co'i^' 

»-  --  Tf  oo -- (3) 
CO  ^  r^  h-  CM^- 


otoo  CO  CD  CD 
O  to  CO  tJ)  ■'t  to 
CO  CM  "J  T- 


CM  --        CO  •- 


O)  oo  CD  CO  m 

to  O)  --  CO  CM 
O  f^  CO  CO  CD 

o'  co'  cm"  •-'  r»-" 
h-  O)  mcoco 
I  TT  o)  r^  eg 


CM  CO  (?)  Ol  ■-  00 
O)  h^  CO  f^  f^  O) 

mo  ^  CO  ^  to 

o'  1^"  m"  cm'  •-'  •-' 

to  to  --  O  CO  CO 
I    •     --  ■-CM'U 


CO  o  ^  ffl  to  m 
■^  <D  in  m  to  m 
in »-  i~  CT)  in  00 
cm"  (^' 0)0'' to' m' 
0)0)  CO  m  -—  CO 
in  CM  r-^  coto  "T 


f^  foo m O)  r^ 
CO  ^  to  to  m  r^ 
r^  r^tD  ^  CO  in 
cm"  cm"  f^"  >-'  oo"  o' 
CM  coocooo  1^ 
oo  o>co  ^ 
co'--' 


O)  T  ^  mo 
r^  ^  »-  CMr». 
to  ■^  ^  ^  co_ 
o'  m'  cm'  co'  co' 
eif^  eg  Tfin 
Tf  •-  eoeg 
•-'--"eg' 


CM  O)  C3>  t-  P^  CM 
O'-h-egoo 
oo  T-  f^  mmto 


COCM  •-  CO  -^  CO 

N-cor^  ■^  •- to 
■^  tDO)  CO  coo 


r-  ■^m  ^  o  ej) 
tO(3)Oor^  r- 
eo  ^  to  r^ 


oco  O  1-  CD 
to  O)  r^  O  CO 
in  •-  o  CM  oo 
1^  CO  O)  »-  00 
CO  (Df*^  or- 
•-eg 


O)  »-  T^  O)  0)0> 

CO  CM  1-  T-  CM  m 
CDtDOCMCM  eg 


'-O">j-como 
■^  (oomo)  o 
a)motom  r^ 


CM  r*. coo  ■^  eg 
egocooco  ■^ 
esi-v*-  m  •- 


CO  to  -~  co  CO  oo 

0)00)OCMCM 

■^  CD  eg  T-  --CM 
co'  cm'  m'  co'  eg'  ■^' 

>-  Tt  CD  GO 


h-co  -v  r^  to  TJ 
--  ^  om  CTieo 
eg  o  O)  CM  o  "* 
oi  o>  f^  ^  '^  o> 
coco  om  •-  CD 

--  .-  to  CM 


--  ■>!  •-  CO  C31  m 

oooi-  r^r^  -- 
CO  r-  m  o  o  oo 
cd'  h-'  •-'  V  in"  ■^" 

0>  tOtO  tT)  CM  C\J 

in  to-- 


f^  to  to  r^  to 

OCM  CMCM'^ 
O)  N-  00  00  CO 

^'  CTi "-  eM'  to' 


CJ)  to  ■>-  CM  m  TT 

com  to  f^  o  ^ 
^  CM  ino)  --  O) 


^  in  »-  CD  00  to 

"(f  CDOOi  to  CM 

cc-N- tome?) 


COCM<7)Or^  ■•- 

in  mo)  CM  CM  1- 
r*-  -voimco  m 
O)  to' '-  >^*  m'  f>.' 
•-  ^CM  CO  "<r  CO 
GO  into  t- 


E  o3 


^  CO  00  ^  O)  CO 

mo)  CO  ^  oocM 
om  r^  ^  mcM 


0)tom  o  ^  ^ 
o>cocMO)  tom 
*»  O)  1^  r^  'W  -- 


^  CO  CD  •     t^  CM 
^  0(D  •    f^  eg 


T-  r-  *-  ^  in 

■^  CM  O)  00  to 

eg  CM  (3)  1-  CM 
N-  O)  r—  oi  CD 
r-  CM  tD  ■»r  o 

CM  --  ■-  CO 


1^  CM  CO  T-  CM  r- 
'-'-'-  comco 

•     CM  m_  O)  (D  CO 

o>  --"  —'  co'  V 

CO  -- CD  0)00 


Ti  CD  mm  CM  •- 
o »-  or-  00  m 
tDin  o  m  r^  co 
to'  eg'  XT)  r-*  to"  eg' 

(DtOf^  tOtOO) 


n  eg  •    •    -^  o 
to  in  ■    •    to  in 


tOtJ)  to  --  CO 
■T  CM  -^J  fv.  CO 

CO  ^  tJ)  -    - 


mo)toi--  CM 

to  O)"-  to  CM 

h-  mcD  h-  m 
oj  m'm'  O)  to' 

COtOO)  >^ 
•-CMco  r— 


CO  r^o  1^  to 

O)  CM  0)0)  tD 

^  CO  tom  •- 

n  --'r»-'  go'  to" 

00  ^O)  r—  00 

eg--  •-  CO 


5  -  £  o  ^ 

3  0)  t  ™  — 


o--  meg^o 

h-  (OOCMtJ)  V 
O)  O  t3  to  to  CM 

•-"  o»  r-*  o"  co"  iri 
r—  CO  O  -^  CO  O) 
*-  --  CMCN  •-  »- 


©■^  CO  mtj)  CO 
1-  «-  m  r-  CO  CD 
r—  r^  CO  CO  t--  CO 
V  CD  CO  ^  ^'  r-' 
1-co  CD  tomto 

.-•-'-'-  CO  CM 


CD  eg--  •-  »-  m 
^  to  CO  GO  -^  r^ 
(D  tOCDmCvJ 

co'  o'  ^  eg' 
^  1^  — 

CO 


oeg  ocMco 

h-  00  tDCOtD 

to  to  oco  ■^ 
o'»-'m'to'^' 

OtO  tOOCM 
^  ^  CO  ^  O 


"^CMCgCM-^O 

.-coinoTj-in 
r-  o  CD  h-  •-  »- 
^  to  CM  o>  to  o 
OtO  h-  O  tDI^ 
■.-  eg  ^  .-  --  .- 


--  cc  oeg  i-  CD 
O)  O)  CO  CO  CM  If 
^  ^  o  r-  t3)  r^ 
m'mo)'-' to*  to" 
COCM  CD  CO  •-  o 
•-  T-  .-.-•«»  CO 


mocg  T-  -q-  in 

■^  -V  CO  CO  CO  ^ 

oco'^  rj-^  •- 

t^  --eg 
CO  -- 


1^  I--  CD  m  ^ 
tor-  CM  r-  o> 
tJ)CM  0)0  ■^ 
r-.'  •-"  m'  to"  o' 
O)  o>  O)  to  m 

CO  to  to  ■«  CM 


a. 

E 

0) 

X 

LU 

U 

— 

0) 

o> 

n 

n 

5 

■o 

■o 

o 

c 

n 

ra 

c 

w 

CO 

« 

o 

r 

ra 

m 

U) 

_   0)        o 

I-    D  t 


O  O)  "«)■  CM  CM  CO 

m  "<j-  CM  •-  m  -- 

O  (^  CO /^  CM  t^ 

to'  "^'  1-"^  co'  1^'  to' 
r-  ^j  CO  CM  in  o 

--  •-  CM  CM  ■-  CN 


tof*-  ^  eMt3)  ^ 
oooo)r-  o  m 
toin o r-  •-_ CO 
cm' cm'  o'  eg'  co"  t-' 
cM^  (^  toco  '^ 
^  t-  1-  T-  coeg 


^  OtDCOm  CD 
I^OO'-OtO^- 

h- CO  ■v  CO  eg 


to »-  mcM  1^ 
om  t^oi^ 
TT  00  r^oco 
t^"  m'  to'  00*  iC 

^  1-  GO'-  ■^ 

■^  m  to  ■^  o 


mor-  m  f^  f*. 
in  CM  •—  GO  m  ffl 
in  coo  •-  mco 
CD  CO  m"  O)  eg  •- 
O  ■<»  --  ego)co 

•-  CM  CM  T-  1-  •- 


egmi^  ■^  cd  cm 

OTOCMO  --  CD 

CMOfoco  f^  m 
'-'tocMtdcd'-' 
O)co  CO  oo  t\l  T- 

^    T-    f-     T-     ■^    CO 


^  COO  CO  P-  CO 
h~  ■^CM  eg  ^  r- 
CO  •-  •-  O)  m  >- 
CD  ^  CD  m 
CO  eg  CM 
to  -- 


CO  to  Om  CO 
,-  T-  O--  CD 
CO  to  ^  O)  O 
r-'  v  oo'  to"  ■^' 
eg  CD  "-  -n  CO 

■^  t   TJ  •<»  CM 


r-  tOCMO  »-  *- 
CO  CM  00  CO  to  00 
•-  ■^  ■^  --  f^  CO 
co'  cm'  oO  O  to'  ■« 

■^f  T-  CM  to  O  CO 

•-  CO  ■^  tOtOOO 


T-CMO  »-f-cO 

■^  •-  O)  OO  ^  m 
to  m  o  to  CO  to 
m'o)  CM  o  r^  o 
r-too)  --coco 
to  to  00  --  egr* 

r-'  cm'  •-' 


tj)  --r^  too  in 
o  mtof^  r-  O) 
CO  tor-  to  ^  o 

O  o'  CD  to  "-  CO 
CO  CO  •-  to  ■- 
CO  CO  eg 


V  --  m  1-  o) 
to  O)  ^  to  CO 
OOO  CO  »>■  CD 
cj>'i-'t-'o'cd" 

■C  O  OOOCM 

cc  m  COCO  o 


O)  m  O)  --  *-  to 
omcM  cooo 
O)  f  CO  O  CM  o> 


cot?)  CD  CO  mr~ 
ocom  o  tD  to 

^  CM  h-  r-  GOO) 

o^aif^  CM  ■-  CM 
•-CD  to  to  o>  to 
Ocoej>OtOCM 
•-'  T-'  cm"  cm" 


OtO  to  mcoo) 
.-  ooi^  "«j-  r-  CO 
o  m  m  ^  o  O) 
r-.'cM'r--*irim*0)* 
CO  ^-0)^—  ^  -- 
m  mmcM 

CO**-* 


—  ■^r-oO"*o 
o  o  to  >-  o  1^ 
CO  oi^  COCO  eg 


•-co  ■<-■<»■  to  GO 

cor^  7-  (D  o)to 
com  •-  ■'I-  ocM 


CMO)  CO  to  toco 
to  coototo  •- 
o  e3)com 

•-*tD'CM' 

tj)  •- 


O)  m  OO)  to 

O  m  CMCM  ■"!■ 

r-  N.  to  --  GO 
m'  >-'  m'  cm'  ">j-" 
(^  CM  m  ">»  oo 
CM  eg  ■-  >-  CM 


m  --  CMO  CO  1^ 

CM  CO  OH^  0)0) 
CD  -c  r-  o  r~  CM 


co»-  CO  o  CO  m 

to  O)  f^  CM  CO  CD 
inr-  p-  •-  O  h- 


CO  "-om  tDi- 
Oll^CO  COCM  ■^ 
eg  CO  GO  CO  ^ 


cMcomcoK 
to  m  --  m  R 


m  ■<-  ejjo  "«j 
O  CO  1^  ^  to 
CO  O)  CO  to  CO 
co'  cm'  m'  ^'  o" 
m  CM  com  CO 

CM  CM  •-  —  CO 


O 

o 

c 


(A 

o 
o 

■a 

U) 

_3 

< 
C 


« 

< 

I 

in 
ra 


,/,  to  E  to  o 

3   O   O   «^ 


•V  mcoo »-  O) 

O)  ^  CM  CM  CM  CM 
O  -V  CO  ■T  .-  OO 

CM  CO  n  00)0) 
I  torn  OO  r-  O) 


mo  CMmoitD 
too)  mo)  to  CO 

coco  CO  tD  to  to 
^"  O  cm'  I^  CO  GO 

oo  "-co--  -- 

roco  o  •—  m  o 

--'  --"  eg"  cm' 


to  tDcooco  r^ 
tD  r-  ■*  moto 
O  COO)  ■^  CMO) 

f^"  -"t"  r*.'  m"  •-"  o) 
m  r-to  ■-  mto 
m  to  ">»  CM 


CO  CM  to  to  to 
■^  r-  tO(7)o 
■«j  r-  OtocM 
•-'  ■'*'  co'  •-  co' 
■^  O  toto  •» 
m  oi  •-  to  CM 


^  O)  CD  m  a>  O 
to  o  r-  CO  to  -- 
•-  CO  CM  Tt  m  •- 
co"  co'  o  ■»!  ■-'  o 
m  in  o)  •-  1^  to 
■^  to  tototj) 


^  CM  ■'»  1^  coto 
Tj  ocM  ejimco 
CO  o  to  r-  ■^  o 
r-'  •^'  ■'I  ">f  to  CO 
CO  -v  r-  coco  CO 
T-  o^CMCMO  m 
y-'      ^".-"co'rg* 


CO  ^CMOO  ■^  O 

rgmcMcoco  -- 
m  in  •-  -^ /^  eg 
eg  o  r-  co  o'  -V 
P~-  CD  •-  CO  *-  CD 
CM  --O) "»  •- 
ttcm' 


cor-  m  •-  ^ 
•-  m  ■'T  CO  II 
CD  to  ■<T  •-  °5 
Go'-'T'-'oiGf 
to->t  m'-f? 
(--en  ^  *-y 
.-'og'eo'^ 


00  --  CM  CO  ■<■  •- 
mco  eg  r-  CO  to 
to  -^  »-  T-  O  CO 


'-0>COCMO)0 
00  eg  to  ">»">*■  r-. 
Tj  •- CO  to  ■<»  •- 


f--  -v  o  (--  f^  eg 
m  mO)f^  f—  CM 
to  --mr- 


E  oa 


CM  to  eg  Tj  to 
O)  O)  O  r—  tj) 
CO  "^  CO  CO  03 

oo'  *-*  m*  •-  O) 
OtO  i^mo 
CO  eg  •-  •-  to 


S--  ■- o  00  r-.  cj) 
_  o  --  to  r-.  r-  CM 
~  r-  om  o  CO  o 
ffi  r-'  o'  cm'  r-"  r-'  m' 
J2      o)  m  CO  CO  O)  CO 


•-r--  moo)0> 
(--■^omcD  •- 
--  motD  •-  eg 


--  CO  to  "-mo 
r-  oco  CO  torn 
o  a\  O)  to  ■- 
iri  cm'  to  •-" 
•-ro 


P-  O  OCMO) 

r-  CM  o  r^  O) 
•»  eg  r-.  CO  »- 
CO  to'  GO  co'  r- 
OitDOJr-co 
CM  eg  T-  •-  CO 


OO 
OOOOO 
O  O  O  O  pj 
oooK^ 


O  <-  -  1-  -  01 
O  0)  0)  0)  0)  TJ 
O-D-D-D-O  C 
cm'  c  C  C  C  3 

.-OOOOO 
OJOOOOO 
■DOOOO_Q 
^CM'nto'co''- 


OOOOOO 
OOOOOO 
OOOOOO 

^' to*  (DO*  mo' 

T-  T-  ^  CM  CM  CO 

<u  A)  a;  0)  CD  <u 
■CD-Dri  "o-a 
c  c  c  c  c  c 

3  3   3   3   3   3 

§00000 
QOOOO 
OOOOO 


°ooo°-  ^ 
ooegm"-  S 
m »-  vtvivy  o 

._    w  0)  CD  0)  ^ 

T3  -O  C  C  C  O 
C   C   3   3   Do 

==ooo§ 

O  O  Q  Q  Q     - 

gOOOOiT 
-Rooo'S 

00000*^ 
com  --  eg  m  »■ 


3  So 


^"o°.o"m"o 
S^m  .-  *-cg 


Soooo 

;  'ff  CO  CO  »-  w 
:  tAV>tAty>  ^ 

§£  £   0)   S  D 

rJ  C  C  C  C  3 
^3333 

.-  OQOOC 
OJOOQQC 
■DO  000(- 


OOOOOO 
OOOOOO 
OOOOOO 

"<t'  to'  CO*  o  m'  o' 

T-  •-  •-  CM  CM  CO 

0)  0)  <U  (U  0)  0) 
■O  "D  TD  13  -D -D 
C  C  C  C  C  C 
3  3   3    3    3   3 


9^«i««^MM         < 


g^tooo.-      •-•-'-'-egcM 


m  — MMM   o 

._  w  0)  0)  0)  ^ 
T3T3  C  C  C  O 
C    C   3   3   3o 

=^8888 

5ooo_o 

o'  o'o  o  o  °. 

2m  •-  tNim  •- 


r;  ^  P  o  m  o 
Sj£m  —  --eg 
_  3  »A  *»  w  — 


148 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  State  Data 


5  I  I 


CO  too 

•-  r^co 

IT)  in  o  in  in  (O 
iD  iv  c^i  r- a>  "J 

CDinN-mt^o 
incM^cn  T-  to 
oi  CM  oj  Tt  n  CO 

coiD*-  r^  '- 
•    coco  CO  in 

CO 

men  T-  "^  0)CD 
—  c>im  to 

en  CO  to 'J  r^  o 

CO  •-  r- 
-^co 

(Oioinoo  CNj  c\j 
miDinfO  (N  in 

OCM  I-  to  '-  CNJ 


cj)Oooin  toto 
^  -^in  -^  csj  1- 

OlCT>tD  '- 


f^  if)  CNJ  c^oo 

•    oo »-  coo 
00  "*  in  ■- 


CDO--  r^  o  >- 

■«*■  CM  "(I  ■^T  O  CO 

r^  CD  r^  o  (^  o> 
in  iri  to'  to'  Tt  n 

CNJ  CNJ 


in  CNiCNi  ■"!■  in  »- 
oo"^j-inf^o> 
■^  in  0)00  to  CT) 


I      I   If)  1-  u 


cjicMh-or^cD 

to  ■^  >- CD  CNI  CO 
^  tOCNJ  ■^  CO  ^ 

If)  ^  ^  to  CO  to' 


^  n  »-  CO  1-  r- 
co  inh-  CNJ  CO  •- 
O)  inoco 
co'iri'-" 


too  '-  Ot3) 
■-  O  C3>i-^  "^ 

—  ■'t  in  CO  to 


com  to CNi in 

•     to  ■^  CNIO) 
Tj-  OTCO-- 

^"  to"  oo"  to 


o  c  c       (rt 
o  ro  .^  *" 

n  o.^  a)-5 


00  CVJ  -IT  CM  CO  in 

if)csj  in  nco  O 
in  to  CNJ  -^j  CO  r- 
i/i      o  to  r^  CO 


OO  in  o  ■^  cj) 
in  CO  CO  in  CO  to 
CNJ  in  CO  ID  ■w  ■^ 
to  to  --  m  o  in 

CM  CM  CM  to  f^  in 


in  coinoco  h- 
*-  '- O)  CNJ  r-  CO 
O)  1-  ■w  in 


O)  in  f*~  CO  CO 
tj)  in  ^-  '^  o 
^  CM  CO  to  T- 

tO  >— '  CM  •-  CM* 

CO  r-- 1--.  »- 


"^  CM  ■'J  O)  CM  CO 

CO  CO  r-  --  mm 
in  CD  cj)  r\j  ■*!  CM 


cor-  CM  CD  CM  to 
co-^ococor^ 
incMcocomco 

CMCMCDlDI^CO 
■^  CNI  CD  CO  CD  m 

fommo 

o »-  CNjr^  r- 
coco  to  CD  CO 
CDCNJO'-  ^ 

S^::"feg 

cor-co*- 

"^cDCNjm  ^ 

T-         tOCNJCM 

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<1> 

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■^3-  "^  .-  r-  to  CNJ 
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CO  r-  m  CO  coco 
CD  en  r-  to  to  CM 
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CMCM 


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mo »-  ■-  coto 


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to  r-  r^  mco  •- 
CO  m  o  como 


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r-  en  r.  mr^ 
to  ■«  cMmor 
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_  3  M  (AlAM 


158 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  State  Data 


E03 


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CO  in  CO  oxTun 
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in  CO  O  Oi  CD  ID 

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CM  coi^  m      >- 


00  C\J  OJ  CO 

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ri  in  fNj  T~" 
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ocoooi^  »- 
00(0  eg 
ifi'od'-' 


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en  •-  cDin<M 

to_  to  ^  in 

in  n'  r*-'  (M* 

•-  into 00 


CO'~(nCMOCO         COI^'-f^'-fM 

o>  •    >- (^  o>  rt      cpCT>tM'Wcptn 

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»-  CM  CM  CM  CO 

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(OOCMmOCD 
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mr-  a>  >-  inco 
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CM  CM  ■'I-  "<f  CJ>  CO 


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■■-  1-  .-  CM 


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I 


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to  com  m  toco 

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CO  CM 


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<D  ■*  O  ■^  CO  CO 

t-.'^r^  .-  00 


1^  CM  to  ■^  CD  r- 
.-  f^  CO  "-  CD  •- 
tor-  CDO 


CM  CO  O  CO  'D 

mo  r^  toco 
^  m  (ocom_ 
cm'  r-  tD*  O)'  ■.- 
CO (O  (DO)  in 

CMCO  CO  CM  ^ 


(oo)m  com  m 
r-.  CM  .-  com  CM 
^  01  CO  en  CD  o 
01'  o  o>  01  o>  TO 
cotDmOf*-  to 
•-  to(0(o  m 


mo)  f^  (M  CM  m 
CD  r^  ■^  o  .-  f^ 
(M  CO  .-  tD  eg  .- 
r-"  to'  CO  m*  m'  cm' 
(Dco  m  r>-  CM  m 
m  CO  CD  m  CO  CD 


CD  CO  CO  CO  ^  o 

CD  r-  CD  CM  CMCM 

CO  o  CD  CO  CO  m 

^  CO  to  O)  CM  .- 
CD  CO  CO  CM 
OCM 


CMf^  0)0>  r«- 
r^  00  to  ■^  CD 
O  01  T^  CD  CD 
co'  o"  cm"  cd'  I^" 
CO  to  ^  m  O) 
coco  ^  mm 
■■-" .-'  co' 


mr-  0)0>r^  O 
com  ■^  cor-  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO  O  CO 


CO  r^  m  OtO  •- 
OCDCO  to  co^ 
CD  c*  O)  m  "-  r- 
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^  -v  ■w  CO  toco 


r-  m  o  r*-  0  m 
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CM  mocvi 


CD .-  mo  r^ 
mm  --tD  .- 
CO  to  to  000 


'-  r-  CD  •-  O)  o 
CD  CD  ^  CO  om 

CD  CD  ■^  .-  CO  CO 

cm"  cm  i^'  to'  o'  cm" 

1-  COCM  "<»  m  CD 

"-  ^  CO  Ti  m 


mcocMCO  r^  r- 
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CD  O  to  CD  CO  tD 
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<o  tr  r-  CO  ■«  m 

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CM  O  CO  ^  'J^ 
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CMCO  r-  O  -^ 
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CM  CM  O  CO  CO 

td  to  td  td  ^-' 

O  '-  tD  ■^  O 

■^o  mtocM 


^  CM  .-  CMtOO 

COOTO  .-  mcM 
m  o  ^-  o  O)  m 

O)  to"  ■-  O"  CM  V 
Tf  ■^  ■^  CO  CD  CO 


o  ^  o  •-  m  m 

CO  CM  ■^  r^  CM 
CO  OCO  CM 

■^'  td  1-' 


CM  •-  O  -^ 

f^  o  ■^  1^  r- 
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to  ^  cmo  ^ 


oooc 
000c 
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:  ^'  CD  CD  r 

d  w  ._  ._ 

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cm'  c  c  c 

W  =•  =>  3  ^o 

^00000 

0)00000 
■D  O  O  O  O  Q 
S  CM*  ^  CO  CO  •- 
3m  tAMMM 


T3  c 
C   3 


000000 
000000 
000000 

•»'  CO  CO  o'  m  o 

,-.-'-  CM  CM  CO 

0)  (1>  0)  Q)  <U  0) 

C  C  C  C  C  C 
3  D  3  D  D  3 
000000 
000000 
000000 

cm"  ^'  CD  to'  o'  m' 

.-  .-  1-  .-  CMCM 
tAMMt>9(A(A 


;ddg 

:  O  O  O  °- 
00000 

P  o  o  o  ■=■-  Q, 
o  OCM  m  '-  Sr 
m  .- wt«  w  o 
w  w  ^  ^  ^  c 

w  .-  m  0)  0)  ^ 

■D'D  C  C  C  O 
C   C   D   D   Do 

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000000 

O  O  O  O  O  '^- 

com'-  cMm  .- 


:  00 

:0  00     -. 
:0  00 

>-    ■  P  m'  o" 
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3  0)0000 

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3  wooooc 

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^  cm"  ■^"  to"  to'  -■ 

3  MtA  W  Wty 


000000 
000000 
0000  o  o 

V  CO  TO*  o  m'  o 

'-.-'-  CM  CM  CO 

O)  0>  0)  (1)  <1)  0> 
■D'D'DT3"DT3 
C  C  C  C  C  C 
D   3   3   D   3   3 

000000 
000000 
000000 
(M  -^  to  TO  o  m 
i~  ^  .-  .-  CMCM 


oog 
0  o  o  '-^- 
00000 
g°o'dg 
P  o  o  o  "-l 
o  o  CM  m  •-  t. 
m  .-  trt  wt/»  o 

*^*^      w       ._       _      C 

^    ^    Q)    Q)    Q)    ^ 

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C   C    3   3   Do 

='='ooo§ 
o  o  o  o  o  •^- 
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(O  m  1-  cMm  • 

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-m  ^ 
E  ^o 

3  0)0 

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:  00 
3  00 
3  00 

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3  '-CM 
-  *0</»  0) 


c  c  ^ 
D   3  O 

000 
000 
000 

din  o 

.-  .-  CM 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •  State  Data 


169 


o  c   C         tf 

O    ™    w    X 

E  E  «?o.^ 


E  03 


oEo^ 


o 

E 
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E  oB 
3      a. 

Z 


I' w  ?      - 
«  (ft  E  tfi  o 

i  «-   O  1*  4> 


E  o  = 


1   f^  •-  IDCO 

1  in^f  cMin 

^  ■^  OiCM 

*    ^'  •^'  r^' 

CM  CM 


(Oin  10  r^  o>  •- 
iDiniOinmco 

lO  •-  CO  CM  CM  rv 

■-'  r-'  n'  00'  cm"  CO 
■»y  CO  CO  in  cj)  CO 


Scoo)  in  -^  ■^ 
C^fMCOCM  •- 
in  •-  r*.  CO  co_  CM 
cnaio's'to'^-' 

f^COCM 


01  ■^ 


m  ^ 


■"I  CM  (^  .  .  - 
OCD  01  CMI^ 
■-■'  O)  to  CM  CM 
•  CM  O  "<»  O 
•-  CO  ^ 

cm' 


in  CD  CO  CM  01  CO 

Sino  CO  oio) 
t^  (D  ^  COCM 


CO  CO »-  o)  CM  : 


■>j  CO  cDino 
00  r-  a><o  CO 
CO  CM  1^  o  r^ 


61,330 
53,814 
66,719 
121,832 
198,475 
141,414 

149,463 
246.834 
326.469 
315.122 
788.999 
403.389 

460,651 

89,240 

16,934 

2,864 

200 

29 

149,708 
352,462 
420,551 
758,751 
1,762,306 

69,112 
58,022 
98,544 
139,450 
231,722 
153,373 

166.353 
249.314 
335.819 
328,287 
797,806 
407,615 

468,007 

92,497 

18,061 

3,066 

220 

37 

179,219 
417,631 
451,880 
781,266 
787,309 

(J)  •-■^ino  T- 
cT^  '-coo  to 
CT)  -^  ■<»  CM  r^  in 
if)  (o  in  ■>»  o)  CO 

CO  COCM  O  ■«T  CM 

•    •    --  ^  ^ 


CO  toco  CM  coco 

r^co  r^  in  OTO) 
in  1^  CO  o)  o)  in 
in  r^  ijit^  ai  r- 
CDCO  CO  o  oco 

TJO)  CO  CM  «J  CD 


OOCMOCO  '^  1^ 
CM  CM  CO  CM  to  O 

r-'  CD  CO  CO  CM  in 
to  CO(D  CM  •- 
1^  OJCO  T- 


CM  ^-  f^  CO  in 

^  CO  CO  -^  CM 
O  (D  CvJCT)  -^ 
O  ■-'  '-  csj  "!t' 
O^  lO  y-  KD  f^ 

in  CO  o  CM 

^  COCM 


01  ^  CD  O)  in  CO 

CJ>  in  CM  CM  f^  CM 

cm'  o"  r*-'  •-'  o>  cm' 
■-  •    CM  in  ^ 


lOro  o  cooo  r^ 
"(f  r^  CO  CM  ox 

CO  CO  (D  CM  CM  CO 


"t  ■c  V  in  O)  CO 
CO  m  iD  '^  in 
"<s-  CMor- 
in  o'  •^' 


CM  CO  toco  0> 
Oin  CDh-  CM 
f^  1-  CO  "^  CSJ 

00  CO  CT>  CM  in 

>-  CO  *-  oiin 

.-  ,-  Tj 


to  ^  CO  o  ^  r^ 

O  •-  T-  n  COCM 
CD  in  to  CO  CO  CM 

cm"  f^"  o"  ■^  o'  ■^' 
to  CO  CO  CO  01 01 

I  1-  CM  CD  -^ 


r*  »-  CO  ino  CM 

COOincOCDCT) 
r---  -^  tocDO 
O  •-'  CO  CO  '-"  <ji 

CM>^  ■^  -^  1^  O 

COO  ■^  in r-  00 
^'  1-'  r^  -n  cm" 


i~  mtocoino 
r^  i^cD  —  O)  '^ 
to  00  »-  in  CD  CM 

o  tD  -^  iri  ai  1^ 
co  r- CO  >-  CO  •- 
^  ^  CDCM 


o  in  "x  in  CO 

■«JCO  •-  "T  >- 

coco  ■* 0 to 
co'  to  co'  r-'  co' 

CO  ■^T  CO  T  CO 

o  com  CO 
*-" »-"  co'  ^" 


o)  "^  in  o  T-  r^ 
cDr«^  o  r^  (O  -^ 
m  r-  o  »-  CM  -^ 
in  co'  to'  o'  in  in 

1-  ■^  CM  "T  ^-  -^ 


'-in  ■^  cMco  •- 
»-  CO  CO  CO  CO  in 
O)  '-  o  ^  ^,  '^. 

r^'  •-'  in  r~'  TT  co' 

Ti-  r-^  CO  CO  •-  o 

CM  »- 


o  »-  >-  0  M  : 
•-  inr-  r^  r*. 
O)  r»(or^  • 


T-  CO  0C3)0 
to  CO  CM  CO  f^ 

r»-o  oo)!^ 
rij  co'  O) »-  r^ 
■^  CM  rg  o  to 

•-  •-  CM  ^ 


■'J  r--  CM 

into  CO  (Din  CO 
inoootocMco 
cor^  ^  cj)iD  to 

co-^  ooWtDh- 
CM  0  CM  in  r-  0 

CM--  r^cTioj 

CO 

r^  r--  .- in  CM  ■- 

SSS£'°" 

^  CO'-  CO 

p^  into  r^  r*»  to 


ina>  •-  CMO  CO 
^  (j>  oo  in  in  r«- 
oi  cocMooco  in 


0>  ^  ^  O)  O)  CD 
01  5  o  coco  ■^ 
y3  CO  ro  •"  in  to 


incM  tocMin  "- 
in  ^  CO  ffun  *- 

^  (D  —  CO 


f^  (OtOCMOOD 

in  -^  ■«  coooo 
■-  OicocMto  r^ 
o  r^  •-  CM  •-'  to 
■-       CM  •-  •-  '- 


■J  ^  to  1^  to  — 
CO  cT>  CO  ^  in  '«i 
0)  r^  in  in  o  •- 


intooi  o  ■-  CM 
O)  to  r^  ^  to  •- 

tOOCM  ■f 
'-'  ^  CM 

in  — 


CO  o  to  '-  r>~  CM 
n  r^  o  —  00 
•-  00  •-  in  OCM 


■-  r-  00  r^  to  o 
CMOCO  CO  CM  f^ 
co  cJ>  CO  to  CM  ^- 
•«»  co'  CO  •-  ■-'  CO 
00  COO)  CO  to  CO 
.-coco 


CT>cO  ^  CM  r-  • 
00  ■-  ino)  o)  • 

n  CMO^  •-  to 

co'  CO  r-'  co'  -r-' 
ocncM 


-—  in  CM  ID  Ol  CO 

r*-  in  »-  to  CO  en 
CM  in  ^  f^  in  in 


1^  ■'T  CM  to  to  o 
r-  a>  •-  .-  in  •- 
(^  in  o  in  o  CO 
tb  in  tb  CO  r^  CM 


'-  CO  ■«  to  ^  • 


oiinr^f^  .-  o 
ooojco  r«j  ■^ 
r^  r-  CT>  to  CO  ^ 


CO  to  r^  mmm 
a)tOincoocM 

CM  CM  f^  00  CO  in 

f^  tj  00  p-  in  CO 
cicj>  o  to  o  m 

•-  •-  ■'T  CO 


tT  CM  r^  CM  CM  •- 
01  O  00  h-  ^  CT) 
■-  a>  CD  CM  CD  r^ 
to  --^  CO  CM  in 

tMOJOO  CO  •- 

in.- 


CMOICOO  ■^  h- 
co  '-  to  -n-  O)  •- 
r-  CM  CO  o  •-  •- 
CM  CM  (O  ^J  CO  in 


•-  in  ^  CMCOCO 

CO  »-  o>  •-  ino 
in  CM  CO  O  CM  •- 
r^'  tb  to'  co'  CO  CO 


r-  ^  O)  1^  CM 
coco  ^  ^  < 

■-  CM  CM  0» 

iri  -c'  r-.'  00' 


in  CM  CM  CM  in 
^00  •-  in  p>" 
f^co  ^  •-  m 


1^^  CO(jOO) 
Tj  to  '-  — to 
in  1^  p  to  " 
cm'  o'  oi  co'  cm' 
rgrr  ^  (Doo 


to--  'W  O  ■- 
r%.  TT  to  ^  ^ 
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CM  r^  ■^'  o  r^' 
CM  to  to  •-  CM 

•-co  CM 


CM  •-  ini^  O) 
O'C  r».  »-  CM 
oin  CD  CO  in 


to  to  to  to  CO 
■^f  CJl  CM  •-  .- 
o  01  CO  CO  00 

^"  iri  CO » 

■^  CO  (JICO  •- 
I         —CO  to 


com  h-cMco 

CO  »-  CO  CO  CM 

CM  to  CO  CO  m 

lo'  CM  m'  co'  ai 


O)  m  oj  CO  o  to 

■•T  r-  r^  CO  CO  o 
O  CM  to  to  o  to 


inr^  .-  ■.-  r^i^ 
O'^  r-  o  CM  01 
CM  in  y~  '-  a-^ 

tOCM  tb^  CM  '- 

CM  r^  CM  CM  in  to 

•-  •-  CM  CM  to  ^ 


CO  coco  in  CM  O 
motDCMma> 
•-  ■<»  tJ)  ■-  CD  o 
.-'  tb  m  CO  CO  ai 

O)  r-  CM  CT>  •- 
r-  cocM 


■*T  '-  '»  mo 
in  '-  CM  o  ■- 
tji  r^  r^  O)  CM 
r-'  cm'  '-  tb  go" 
.-  r--.  rococM 
T-  CO  m  (D 
cm' 


to  como  ^  1^ 
■^  r-  CO  I--  O)  ■- 

CM  CO  ^  CO  CM  CM 


OCM  ^  CMtO  CD 
.-  t-  CO  CM  O  .- 

r^  CO  CO  ^  ^  CO 


moto  1^  mco 
in  CD  01  CM  m  ■^ 

CMCDCM  CO  ■-  OT 
^  iD  T  CO  CD  CO 

o  mco  .- 


13-  £ 
E  0  = 


^  to  r-  tocM  m 
CO  CD  CO  ■t  m  O) 

CO  to  CD  CM  CO  O 


CO  CM  tomoco 
mo  CO  CO  f*-  ^ 
o-^  -^i-  O  CO  r^ 
m  tb  to  CO  00  to 

00  '-  OCM  -- 

"-     T-     •-    CM    T- 


O)  CO*-  CM  »-  CM 

CO  r-  ^  tor^  .- 
n  h-CD  CO 


h-  CO  O  tD  ■- 
r-  O  -^  CO  to 

^   »-  tD  ^  CM 
CD  CO  CT)  O  •— 

COO  m  too 

.-  CO  CM  CM  m 


O)  to  ^  CO  COO) 

"^  r-  CD  r»-  OO) 

CO  CO  CM  CD  to 

.-  CO  ^  m  o 


CO  torn  o  coo 

CM  •-  in  CM  »»  -- 

in  -^  CM  CT)  coco 


.-  m  too  CM  m 

00-^  OO  CO  CM 
CD'- CD  •- 
■^'co' 


mcM  '-  •■.    . 

OCM  CO  to  CO 

r-'^f  coto  to 


oom  00  m  to 
in*-  f^  CO  CO 
CM  to  in  CM  to 


o  c  c       to 
o  «  w  « 

EE  «^  a.^ 
3  <i,  C  nj  - 

ZJO       ^ 


tOOOO)  .-  to  CO 

moco  .-  m  CO 
(j>mo  CM  CT)  '- 
CT)  00  O  CT)  r^  m 
CD  CO  CM  m  toco 

CM  CM  eg  CM  CM  CM 


o*-  ^  toco  •- 
torn  CO  CO  to  1^ 
in  CO  ocor-  1^ 
00  CM  .-"  r-' 1^' 1^" 
OCT)  r^  ^  •-  CM 

CM  CM  CO  coco  ^ 


in  ^  -T  coco  '- 

*-  tD  (O  00  •-  to 
tOOOCMOCM 


CD  CM  ^  mo) 
r^  o  r^  CT)CM 
■-  ^  moom 
o'  in  co'  o  tb 
mcM  omcM 
tb  to  to  00  00 


CMCM  --O  --O 

^  CO  m  m  h-  o 

•—  CO  CT)  CM  CO  CO 
CM  (J)  ^  CM  »J^ 
CM  CM  TT  CO  —  CM 


fO  •—  O  CT)  CT)  CO 


m^-  ■»!  .-  -^  •«T 

mtDCT)  CM  (O  — 
CO  .-  .-  ^ 


Tj  CM  CO  ■^  CD 

'-co  to  •-  r^ 

COf--  ^  CO  "* 


_  a;   < 

ffl  ^  ».  - 

oEo! 


^  •-  toco  to  •- 
ommo  •-  ■^ 
t-  r^  o  (D  in  01 
cm'  cm'  m'  o'  *»  ■^' 
omr--  CD  o  in 

CO  CM  CM  CM  CO  CM 


CM  ^  CD  CO  00  r^ 
.- to  CM  f^  r-  O) 
CO  CO  to  to  m  CT) 
O  r^  ^  CM  tb  •- 
COO^  CO  to  CM  CO 
CM  CM  CO  CO  00  ^ 


CD  m  m  ^  r-  O 
CM  CM  CT>  tOrO  ^ 
00  to  ^  CM  CM 


COCM  CDO  . 
^  0>  O  CO  CO 
CO  to   •-  COCM 

f»-'  r»-'  CO  CM  co" 
O  •-  •*  com 

f^  1^  to  CO  CO 


CD  OICOOCO  1^ 
01  r~  »-  COCM  ID 
(D  CO  -^  (DO  -^ 


mr~.  CD  ID  CM  CO 
1^  (DO  coco  iD 
COCDCD  CO  r-  O 


tooo  ■-  CD  CO  m 

(7)CD  iD  r-  t^  •- 

(OtD  CO  ^ 


OOtO  f^  lO  f^ 
CM  ■-  —  CO  iD 
O  •-  CO  ^  CO 


cotom  CM  •-  o 

CMCO  •-  O)  ^  CO 
to  •-  '-  ^-  (D  CO 
O  O)  CO  (D"  CO  "- 
r^  O  '-  0000 
CM  m  mr^  o  ■- 


00  coco  CMO 
I^CO  .- tOOO 
1^  m  CM  r-  CM  CM 

O  00  tb  r-  •-'  r*-' 
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CD  ^  com  to  CT) 

.-  •-  —  ^  CM 


00  to  CT)  CT)  -V  ■'T 
CMCOCM  P^  tD  m 
CMCO  '-  '-  r^  CM 

r»-'  ■^'  CM  '-'  CO  m' 
totooco  •- 

COCD  ■^  »- 


01  CO  CM  00  CM 

OCT)  r-  CO  "^ 

^  CO  CT)  tOCO 
CO  CD  m  06  CM 
r^  O  O  ^  CM 
O  O  00  O  o 
•-'  cm'  cm'  *i  co' 


CD  f*-  •-  CM  to  m 

m  in  o  ■^  00  (D 

CD  CO  CO  CO  Ti  O 
r^  CD  CO  CM  CD  CM 

CM  CD  CT)  CT)CO  1- 


r^  r^  r^  mh-  m 
(D  ^  to  CO  ^  m 
to  r^  '-  •-  00  to 
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to  to  ID  00  ^ 
•-.-'-  CM  ^  to 


CMtO  O  "sj  O  •- 

m  CM  •-  CM  to  ^ 


E  o  = 


•-  to  •-  m  'J  to 

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CM '-•-'-■'-  »- 


to  ^  coCT>cor^ 
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r^  m  CM  h-  m  r- 
CO  CO  >-  CO  to  uo 
coo  .-  CDCM  »- 
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•-  CM  CM  CM  to  <T) 
.-  to  to  to  (D 
TT  O)  '-  "^ 


CO  CM  in  ■C  CM 
to  CO  T-  CD  CO 

CO  1^  p  T  r- 

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Section  6 


Explanation 
of  Terms 


Explanations  of  terms  are  designed  to  aid  the  user 
in  interpreting  the  statistical  content  of  this 
report  arri  should  not  be  construed  as  interpretations 
of  the  Internal  Revenue  Code  or  related  regulations, 
procedures,  or  policies.  Code  secticns  cited  were 
those  in  effect  for  1978.  Section  8,  1978  Forms  and 
Instructions,  provides  further  information  about  many 
of  the  items  in  this  report.  Where  appropriate,  a 
cross  reference  is  provided  to  additional  explanatory 
material  found  in  sections  1  through  5. 

Accelerated  Depreciation  on  Low-Incone  Rental  Housing 

See  "Tax  Preferences." 
Accelerated  Depreciation  on  Other  Real  Property 

See  "Tax  Preferences." 
Accelerated  Depreciation  on  Leased  Personal  Property 

See  "Tax  Preferences." 

Additional  Tax  for  Tax  Preferences  (minimum  tax) 

This  was  a  15  percent  tax  inposed  on  "tax 
preferences  subject  to  tax."  This  tax  could  be 
reduced  by: 

(1)  15  percent  of  any  1978  net  operating  loss  which 
the  taxpayer  oould  carry  to  a  future  year  (this 
amount  then  to  be  paid  as  a  "deferred  minimum  tax" 
for  the  year  to  which  the  net  operating  loss  was 
carried) ; 

(2)  "unused"  portions  of  the  credit  for  the 
elderly,  the  political  contrih)utions  credit,  the 
child  care  credit,  and,  beginning  with  1978,  the 
residential  energy  credit;  the  unused  portion  was  the 
anount  by  whicii  these  credits  exceeded  income  tax 
before  credits  reduced  by  the  general  tax  credit. 
(See  also  section  3,  Tax  Conputation  and  Tax  Rates, 
for  a  description  of  the  oomputation  of  this  tax.) 

Adjusted  Gross  Inccine 

This  amount  was  the  result  of  reducing  gross  income 
from  all  sources  subject  to  tax  by  adjustments  such 
as  the  following: 

(1)  ordinary  and  necesscury  expenses  of  operating 
a  trade  or  business, 

(2)  employee  business  and  moving  expenses, 

(3)  expense  deductions  attributable  to  rents  and 
royailties, 

(4)  expenses  of  outside  salesmen  attributable  to 
earning  a  salary,  ocmission,  or  other  oonpensation, 

(5)  depreciation  and  depletion  allowed  life 
tenants  an3  incone  beneficiaries  of  property  held  in 
trust, 

(6)  exclusion  of  allowable  "disability  income"  if 
the  disability  income  was  included  in  gross  salary, 

(7)  deductible  losses  from  sales  of  capital 
assets  and  other  property, 

(8)  deductible  portion  of  the  excess  of  net 
long-term  capital  gain  over  net  short-term  capital 
loss, 

(9)  excludable  portion  of  qualified  dividends  (up 
to  $100  per  ta}?)ayer) , 


(10)  business  net  operating  loss  deduction, 

(11)  contributions  to  a  self-orployed  retirement 
fund  ("Keogh  Plan")  by  the  self-enployed,  and  to 
individual  retiranent  arranganents  by  employees  or 
self-enployed  persons, 

(12)  forfeited  interest  penalties,  incurred  by 
persons  who  made  premature  withdrawals  of  funds  froti 
time  savings  accounts, 

(13)  alimony  payments, 

(14)  exclusion  of  the  ordinary  income  portion  (in 
contrast  to  the  amount  treated  as  long-term  capital 
gain)  of  the  taxable  amount  of  a  lump-sum  distribu- 
tion from  a  qualified  pension  or  retirement  plan, 
taxed  separately  from  other  sources  of  income  at  the 
taxpayer's  election,  and 

(15)  beginning  with  1978,  deductions  for  certain 
excess  costs  of  living  abroad. 

A  deficit  occurred  when  the  allowable  deductions  or 
losses  exceeded  gross  income. 

Adjusted  Gross  Income  Less  Investment  Interest 

Each  of  these  items  is  defined  in  this  section. 
However,  for  a  oonplete  description  of  this  income 
concept  see  "High-Inocme  Returns,  Taxable  and  Non- 
taxable," in  section  1,  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of 
Inocme. 

Adjusted  Gross  Income  Plus  Excluded  Tax  Preferences 

Each  of  these  itans  is  defined  in  this  section. 
However,  for  a  ccnplete  descripticm  of  this  income 
concept  see  "High-Incone  Returns,  Taxable  and  Non- 
taxable," in  sectim  1,  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of 
Inocme. 

Adjustments 

See  "Statutory  Adjustments." 

Age  65  or  Over 

The  presence  of  the  additional  exanption  allowed 
taxpayers  age  65  or  over  was  used  as  the  basis  of 
this  classification.  In  the  case  of  joint  returns  of 
husbands  and  wives,  seme  had  only  one  additional 
exemption  for  age  65  or  over  while  others  had  two 
additional  exemptions  for  age,  indicating  that  both 
husband  and  wife  were  age  65  or  more.  Whether  one  or 
two  exenptions  were  claimed,  the  return  was  con- 
sidered as  a  return  of  a  taxpayer  age  65  or  over. 
(See  also  section  4,  Taxpayers  Age  65  or  Over;  Credit 
for  the  Elderly.) 

Alimony  Received 

Payments  received  as  alimtny  or  separate  mainte- 
nance were  inocme  to  the  person  receiving  them  (and 
an  adjustment  to  gross  income  for  the  person  paying 
them)  if  the  payments  were: 


173 


174 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Explanation  of  Terms 


(1)  required  un3er  the  terms  of  a  decree  of  divorce 
or  separation  or  a  written  instrument  incident  to 
that  decree; 

(2)  paid  in  discharge  of  a  legal  obligation  based 
on  the  marital  relationship; 

(3)  paid  after  the  decree  and  on  a  periodic  basis. 

All  Other  Taxes 

For  purposes  of  this  report,  this  amount  repre- 
sented the  sum  of  the  self-employment  tax,  tax  from 
recomputing  prior-year  investment  credit,  social 
security  taxes  on  tip  incone,  any  penalty  taxes  on 
individual  retirement  arranganents  (IRA's),  and  any 
other  unspecified  taxes.  This  was  in  contrast  to  the 
"other  taxes"  portion  of  the  Form  1040  itself,  which 
was  conposed  of  the  taxes  listed  above  plus  the  addi- 
tional tax  for  tax  preferences  (minimum  tax) .  The 
minimum  tax  is  tabulated  in  this  report  as  part  of 
"total  income  tax"  and  serves  as  part  of  the  require- 
ments for  determining  the  taxable  or  nontaxable  clas- 
sification of  a  return.  (See  also  "Taxable  and  Non- 
taxable Returns"  and  "Total  Incone  Tax"  in  this 
sectiai.) 


Alternative  Conputation  of  Tax 

This  method  of  computing  income  tax  limited  the  tax 
rate  on  the  first  $25,000  (first  $12,500  for  married 
persons  filing  separately)  of  the  taxable  portion  of 
the  excess  of  net  long-term  capital  gain  over  net 
short-term  capital  loss  to  50  percent.  (Because  the 
alternative  tax  was  computed  at  no  less  than  50 
percent,  the  computation  was  advantageous  only  to 
taxpayers  whose  taxable  income  was  large  enough  to  be 
taxed  at  rates  higher  than  50  percent  under  the 
regular  tax  conputation  method.)  Amounts  in  excess 
of  this  $25,000  ($12,500)  base  were  taxed  at  the 
regular  rates. 

Ta35>ayers  with  large  amounts  of  taxable  incone 
which  included  both  personal  service  incone  (wages, 
pensions,  and  the  like)  and  net  long-term  capital 
gains  could  avail  themselves  of  the  "maximum  tax"  on 
this  income  (limiting  the  tax  rate  on  personal  ser- 
vice income  to  50  percent)  as  well  as  the  alternative 
tax  en  net  long-term  capital  gains.  (See  also  "Maxi- 
mum Tax  on  Personal  Service  Incone"  in  this  section 
and  "Alternative  Tax  Conputaticn"  in  secticxi  3,  Tax 
Conputation  and  Tax  Rates.) 


Amortization  of  Child  Care  Facilities 

See  "Tax  Preferences." 
Amortization  of  On-the-Job  Training  Facilities 

See  "Tax  Preferences." 
Anortization  of  Pollution  Control  Facilities 

See  "Tax  Preferences." 
Amortization  of  Railroad  Rolling  Stock 

See  "Tcix  Preferences." 
Bad  E)ebt  Reserves 

See  "Tax  Preferences." 

Balance  Due  After  Remittance 

This  amount  was  the  difference  between  "tax  due  at 
time  of  filing"  and  the  remittance  tendered  by  the 
tcixpayer  with  the  return  ("tax  paid  with  return") . 


Blindness  Exenptions 
See  "Exemptions." 

Business  Energy  Investment  Credit 

The  Energy  Tax  Act  of  1978  provided  for  an 
additional  10  percent  investment  credit  for  business 
energy  property  acquired  and  placed  into  service  or 
constructed  after  September  30,  1978.  Property  eli- 
gible for  the  energy  investment  credit  had  to  have  a 
useful  life  of  3  years  or  more  and  had  to  fall  into 
one  of  the  six  following  categories:  (1)  alternative 
energy  property,  (2)  solar  or  wind  energy  property, 
(3)  specifically  defined  energy  property,  (4)  recy- 
cling equipnent,  (5)  shale  oil  equipnent,  or  (6) 
equipment  for  producing  natural  gas  from  geo-pres- 
sured  brine.  Each  of  these  types  of  property  was 
further  defined  by  the  Act.  In  addition,  the  Act 
specified  that,  in  certain  situations,  property 
eligible  for  the  energy  investment  credit  did  rot 
qualify  for  the  regular  investment  credit. 

Under  the  law,  two  separate  parts  of  the  business 
energy  investment  credit  were  distinguished — one  for 
solar  and  wind  property  and  the  other  for  the 
ranaining  five  categories  of  qualifying  property. 
For  all  categories  of  the  business  energy  property 
other  than  solar  and  wind  property,  the  credit  was  10 
percent  of  the  investment  in  the  energy  property. 
This  amount  was  then  added  to  any  credit  computed  for 
regular  investment  credit  purposes  and,  as  such, 
oould  OTily  be  used  to  reduce  "incone  tax  before 
credits."  This  amount  is  shown  in  the  statistics  as 
"business  energy  investment  credit,  nonrefundable 
portion."  For  solar  and  wind  property,  the  credit 
was  again  10  percent  of  the  investment.  However, 
this  portion  was  not  included  in  the  regular 
investment  credit,  but  rather  was  treated  as  a 
taxpayment  used  to  reduce  "total  tax  liability," 
which  oould  be  refunded  to  the  taxpayer.  This  amount 
is  shown  in  the  statistics  as  "business  energy 
investment  credit,  refundable  portion."  (See  also 
section  3,  Tax  Conputation  and  Tax  Rates.) 

Additional  information  on  the  business  energy 
investmait  credit  will  be  available  from  Statistics 
of  Incone — 1978,  Sole  Proprietorship  Returns. 


Business  or  Profession  Net  Profit  or  Loss 

This  source  of  inoone  was  reported  by  individuals 
who  were  sole  proprietors  of  a  non-farm  business  or 
self-employed  members  of  a  profession.  When  there 
were  two  or  nore  sole  proprietorships  operated  by  the 
same  taxpayer (s) ,  the  single  amount  of  profit  or  loss 
included  in  adjusted  gross  income  represented  the 
oonbined  profit  ard  loss  from  all  business  activi- 
ties. The  proprietor  was  required  to  exclude 
investment  incone  from  business  profits  jird  to 
include  it,  instead,  with  the  various  types  of 
investment  inoome  for  which  separate  provision  was 
made  en  the  individual  income  tax  return. 

Business  costs  and  expenses  were  deductible  from 
gross  receipts  or  gross  sales  in  arriving  at  net 
profit  or  loss.  Compensation  of  the  proprietor  was 
taxable  income  and,  therefore,  not  allowed  as  a 
business  deduction  in  computing  net  profit.  The 
deduction  of  net  operating  losses  fron  other  years 
was  not  considered  a  business  expense,  but  was 
offset,  instead,  against  "other  incone"  on  the 
proprietor's  income  tax  return. 

Information  en  business  receipts  and  expenditures 
can  be  found  in  Statistics  of  Inccme — Sole  Proprie- 
torship Returns. 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Explanation  of  Terms 


175 


Capital  Assets 

See  "Sales  of  Capital  Assets." 
Capital  Gain  Distributions  Reported  on  Form  1040 

These  distributions  included  the  following: 

(1)  Long-term  capital  gains  credited  or 
distributed  to  individual  taxpayers  by  regulated 
investment  companies  (mutual  funds) .  Gains  credited 
but  not  distributed  were  reported  as  income,  but  the 
ta:q)ayer  was  also  credited  with  the  amount  of  tax 
paid  on  the  gains  by  the  regulated  investment  oonpany 
(mutual  fund) ; 

(2)  Long-term  capital  gains  distributed  by  real 
estate  investment  trusts. 

Normally,  taxpayers  would  have  reported  these 
distributions  on  the  supporting  schedule  used  for 
this  type  of  income  (Schedule  D,  Capital  Gains  and 
Losses).  However,  if  the  taxpayers  did  not  need 
Schedule  D  to  report  any  other  gains  or  losses  or  to 
compute  the  alternative  tax,  they  then  entered  50 
percent  of  the  capital  gain  distributions  directly  on 
line  15,  page  1  of  Form  1040. 

For  purposes  of  this  report,  "capital  gain 
distributions  reported  on  Form  1040"  are  tabulated  as 
part  of  "sales  of  capital  assets"  and  are  reflected 
in  the  long-term  capital  gain  and  loss  and  net 
capital  gain  and  ]oss  data.  (See  also  "Sales  of 
Capital  Assets"  in  this  section.) 

Capital  Gains  and  Losses 

See  "Sales  of  Capital  Assets." 
Capital  Loss  Carryover 

See  "Sales  of  Capital  Assets." 

Casualty  eind  Theft  Loss,  Net 

Personal  casualty  and  theft  losses  not  conpensated 
for  by  insurance  were  deductible  from  adjusted  gross 
income  to  the  extent  that  the  loss  for  each  casualty 
or  theft  exceeded  $100.  A  casualty  was  defined  as 
cotplete  or  partial  destruction  of  property  resulting 
from  an  identifiable  event  of  a  sudden,  unexpected, 
or  unusual  nature.  While  this  deducticn  is  shown 
separately  in  this  report,  it  is  also  tabulated  as  a 
part  of  "miscellaneous  deductions." 

Child  Care  Credit 

This  credit  was  claimed  by  taxpayers  who  incurred 
expenses  for  the  care  of  dependent  children  under  age 
15  (or  other  dependents  or  spouses  who  were  disabled) 
while  these  ta:5>ayers  were  working.  Qualifying 
expaises  included  both  those  for  services  performed 
within  the  home  (such  as  for  babysitters,  maids,  and 
cooks)  and,  in  the  case  of  children  under  age  15, 
services  outside  the  home,  such  as  those  performed  by 
day-care  centers  or  nursery  schools. 

The  actual  credit  equailled  20  percent  of  the 
smallest  of  the  following  three  amounts: 

(1)  total  qualifying  expenses,  as  described  above; 

(2)  earned  income  while  these  expenses  were  being 
incurred;  for  this  purpose,  "earned  income"  meant 
salciries,  wages,  tips,  and  other  employee  ocnpensa- 
ticn  plus  net  earnings  from  self -employment .  In  the 
case  of  a  married  ooi5)le,  neither  of  whom  was  dis- 
abled, the  lower  of  the  two  earned  incomes  had  to  be 
used;  couples  with  only  one  earned  incone,  or  who  did 
not  file  a  joint  return,  did  not  qualify  for  the 
credit  unless  one  spouse  was  a  full— time  student  at 
an  educational  institution  during  each  of  5  calendar 
mcnths  during  the  tax  year; 


(3)  $2,000  ($4,000  if  the  expenses  incurred  were 
for  care  of  two  or  more  qualifying  dependents). 

The  child  care  credit  was  not  refundable  and  was 
limited  to  income  tax  before  credits  minus  the 
general  tax  credit,  credit  for  the  elderly,  foreign 
tax  credit,  investment  credit,  work  incentive  (WIN) 
credit,  and  contributions  to  candidates  credit. 

Contributions  Deduction 

Contributions  deductible  from  adjusted  gross  income 
were  gifts,  in  the  form  of  cash  or  property,  to  (a) 
organizations  created  in  the  United  States  or  its 
possessions,  or  under  its  laws,  and  operated  for 
religious,  charitable,  scientific,  literary,  or  edu- 
cational purposes  exclusively,  or  for  the  prevention 
of  cruelty  to  children  or  animals,  (b)  veteran's 
organizations,  and  (c)  governmental  agencies  which 
used  the  gifts  for  public  purposes.  Individuals  who 
were  members  of  a  partnership  cilso  included  their  pro 
rata  share  of  partnership  contributions. 

In  general,  a  deduction  was  allowed  for  all  contri- 
butions LP  to  50  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income, 
with  the  exception  of  contributions  to  private  non- 
operating  foundations  which  were  subject  to  a  20 
percent  limitation.  However,  contributions  of  cer- 
tain capital  assets  which  had  appreciated  in  value 
were  subject  to  a  30  percent  limitation  unless  the 
taxpayer  elected  to  take  the  unrealized  apprecia- 
tion into  account  for  tax  purposes  by  reducing  the 
contribution  deduction  by  50  percent  of  the  potential 
long-term  capital  gain  on  a  sale  of  the  property. 
Contributions  exceeding  the  50  (or  30)  percent  limi- 
tation could  be  carried  over  to  be  deducted  in  the 
next  5  years.  (Contributions  subject  to  the  20 
percent  rule  could  not  be  carried  over.)  Therefore, 
in  addition  bo  contributions  made  in  1978,  the 
statistics  also  include  amounts  carried  over  fron 
1973-1977  that  were  within  the  current  year's 
percentage  limitations. 

Contributions  to  Candidates  Credit 

An  individual  tai^ayer  was  allowed  to  take  a  credit 
against  income  tax  for  political  contributions  paid 
during  the  year.  This  political  contribution  could 
be  to  a  candidate  or  candidates  for  election  to  a 
Federal,  State,  or  local  office,  in  a  primary, 
general,  oc  special  election,  or  it  could  be  to  a 
political  campaign  ocnriittee.  The  credit  equalled  50 
percent  of  the  amount  contributed,  limited  to  $25 
($50  on  a  joint  return) . 

In  lieu  of  the  credit,  a  taxpayer  oould  elect  to 
take  an  itanized  deduction  for  the  full  amount  of  any 
political  contributions  made,  limited  to  $100  ($200 
en  a  joint  return).  The  contribution  was  reported  as 
a  "miscellaneous"  deduction  (rather  than  a  "contribu- 
tion") on  Schedule  A  and  was  tabulated  as  part  of 
"miscellaneous  deductions"  for  this  report. 

Credit  for  Tax  on  Certain  Gasoline,  Fuel,  and  Oil 

This  was  a  credit  allowed  in  full  or  in  stated 
amounts  by  section  39  of  the  Internal  Revenue  Code 
for  excise  taxes  paid  en:  (1)  gasoline  used  on  farms 
for  fcirming  purposes,  (2)  gasoline  used  for  nonhigh- 
way  purposes  or  by  local  transit  systems,  (3)  lubri- 
cating oil  used  for  nonhighway  purposes,  and  (4) 
specified  fuels  which  were  either  used  for  certain 
purposes  other  than  the  purpose  for  which  they  were 
sold,  or  resold  during  the  taxable  year.  These  tcixes 
oould  be  applied  as  a  credit  to  reduce  the  income  tax 
liability  when  the  return  was  filed  (with  any  amount 
in  excess  of  the  tauc  liability  refunded)  or  refunded 
during  the  taxable  year  if  the  credit  for  any  fuel 
category  or  any  lubricating  oil  in  any  of  the  first 
three  quarters  of  the  yesir  was  at  least  $1,000. 


17g  Individual  Returns/1978 

Credit  for  the  Elderly 

The  credit  for  the  elderly  was  available  to  all 
taj^ayers  age  65  or  over  (within  certain  incone 
limitations)  and  to  those  taxpayers  under  age  65  who 
received  a  taxable  pension  or  annuity  from  a  public 
retirement  system  (also  within  certain  inccme 
limitations).  The  credit  equalled  15  percent  of  the 
taxpayer's  income,  the  amount  of  which  was  determined 
under  one  set  of  rules  for  taxpayers  age  65  or  over 
and  under  another  set  of  rules  for  government 
retirees  under  age  65  and  their  spouses,  A  govern- 
mental retiree  (under  age  65)  whose  spouse  was  65  or 
older  could  use  whichever  set  of  rules  resulted  in 
the  larger  credit. 

See  section  4,  Ta)5)ayers  Age  65  or  Over;  Credit  for 
the  Elderly,  for  a  more  ooriplete  description  of,  and 
the  data  en,  the  credit  for  the  elderly. 

Credit  on  1979  Estimated  Tax 

This  credit  was  part  of  the  overpayment  on  1978  tax 
which  taxpayers  specifically  requested  to  be  credited 
to  their  estimated  tax  for  1979.  (See  also  "Overpay- 
ment" in  this  sectiOTi.) 

Deduction  for  Expense  of  Living  Abroad 

In  order  to  give  U.S.  citizens  living  and  working 
abroad  equitable  tax  treatment  with  those  individuals 
working  in  the  United  States,  a  statutory  adjustment 
to  gross  income  for  an  employee's  excess  cost  of 
living  abroa3  was  provided  for  by  the  Foreign  Earned 
Income  Act  of  1978.  The  deduction  was  limited,  in 
general,  to  the  individual's  earned  income  from 
sources  outside  the  United  States.  The  amount  of  the 
deduction  was  the  sum  of  the  following  qualified 
amounts:  (1)  oost-of-living  differential,  (2)  housing 
expenses,  (3)  schooling  expaises,  (4)  hone  leave  trav- 
el expenses,  (5)  a  limited  hardship  area  deduction, 
and  (6)  in  certain  instances,  maintenance  for  a  sepa- 
rate household.  (See  also  "Inccsne  Earned  Abroad"  in 
this  section  and  in  section  1,  Returns  Filed  and 
Sources  of  Income.) 

Dependent  Exemptions 

See  "Exemptions." 

Dependents  With  Unearned  Incone 

An  individual  who  could  be  claimed  as  a  dependent  by 
another  taxpayer  had  to  file  a  tax  return  if  he  or  she 
had  unearned  income  (such  as  interest,  dividends,  or 
capital  gains)  in  excess  of  $750.   In  addition,  as  a 
result  of  the  Tax  Reducticn  and  Simplification  Act  of 
1977,  these  taxpayers  were  required  to  itemize  their 
deductions,  even  if  the  total  amount  of  deductions  was 
less  than  the  appropriate  zero  bracket  amount.   (This 
was  in  contrast  to  most  other  taxpayers  who  could 
itemize  their  deductions  only  if  the  total  itemized 
deductions  exceeded  their  zero  bracket  amount.)  If 
these  taxpayers  also  had  earned  incone   (such  as 
wages),  they  could  substitute  the  earned  income,  if 
larger,  for  the  amount  of  itemized  deductions;  the 
amount  of  any  earned  income  substituted,  however,  was 
limited  bo  the  zero  bracket  amount.   For  purposes  of 
the  statistics,  those  returns  with  earned  income  equal 
to  or  greater  than  the  zero  bracket  amount  were  tabu- 
lated as  "zero  bracket  amount  only"  returns.  Those 
returns  with  earned  incone  less  than  the  zero  bracket 
amount  were   tabulated  as  returns  with  itanized 
deductions,  with  any  specified  itemized  deductions 
tabulated  as  reported  by  the  taxpayer  and  any  earned 
income  used  tabulated  as  part  of  "miscellaneous 
deductions. "   (See  also  section  2,  Deductions  and 
Exemptions . ) 


Explanation  of  Terms 

Depletion 

See  "Tax  Preferences." 

Disability  Incone  Exclusion 

The  disability  income  exclusion  (formerly  the  "sick 
pay  exclusion")  was  available  only  to  taxpayers  who 
retired  an  disability  before  age  65,  who  had  not 
reached  age  65  before  the  close  of  the  taxable  year, 
and  who  were  totally  and  permanently  disabled  ipon 
retirement.  The  maximum  exclusion  was  figured  at  a 
weekly  rate  of  $100.  However,  if  the  taxpayer's 
adjusted  gross  incone,  before  this  exclusion, 
exceeded  $15,000,  the  excess  reduced  the  amount  of 
the  exclusion  dolTar-for-dollar.  Thus,  the  exclusion 
was  eliminated  entirely  for  taxpayers  whose  adjusted 
gross  incomes  exceeded  $20,200  ($25,400  in  the  case 
of  a  married  ooiple,  where  both  spouses  were  eligible 
for  the  exclusion) . 

Dividend  Exclusion 

A  taxpayer  could  exclude  ijp  to  $100  of  eligible 
dividends  from  adjusted  gross  inccme.  On  joint 
returns,  the  maximum  exclusioi  was  $200  if  both 
husbard  and  wife  received  eligible  dividends,  each 
excluding  up  to  $100  against  their  respective  divi- 
dend incone.  For  an  explanation  of  eligible  divi- 
dends, see  "Domestic  and  Foreign  Dividends  Received" 
in  this  section. 

Dividends  in  Adjusted  Gross  Incone 

Total  domestic  and  foreign  dividends  less  the  divi- 
dend exclusion  equalled  dividends  in  adjusted  gross 
incone.  (See  also  "Domestic  and  Foreign  Dividends 
Received"  and  "Dividend  Exclusion"  in  this  section.) 

Donestic  and  Foreign  Dividends  Received 

Domestic  and  foreign  dividends  received  consisted  of: 

(1)  dividends  eligible  for  the  dividend  exclusion, 
which  were  dividends  received  from  domestic  corpora- 
tions, either  directly  or  indirectly  (e.g.,  as  a 
beneficiary  of  incone  from  estates  or  trusts,  or  as  a 
partner  for  his  or  her  distributive  share  of  partner- 
ship profits) ;  and 

(2)  dividends  rot  eligible  for  the  dividend  exclu- 
sion, which  were  dividends  received  fron  foreign 
corporations,  tax-exerapt  farmers'  cooperatives,  real 
estate  investment  trusts,  and  corporations  most  of 
whose  business  was  conducted  in  U.S.  possessions. 

Donestic  and  foreign  dividends  did  not  include 
capital  gain  distributions  from  regulated  investment 
conpanies  and  real  estate  investment  trusts,  nontax- 
able distributions  of  stock  or  stock  rights,  returns 
of  capital,  or  liquidation  distributions.  Taxpayers 
were  also  instructed  to  exclude  so-called  dividends  on 
deposits  or  withdrawable  accounts  in  mutual  savings 
banks,  cooperative  banks,  savings  and  loan  associa- 
tions, and  credit  unions,  and  patronage  dividends 
declared  by  farmers'  cooperatives  and  other 
cooperative  organizations. 

Earned  Incone  Credit 

The  Tax  Reduction  Act  of  1975  provided  for  an 
"earned  incone  credit,"  available  for  Tax  Year  1975 
to  low-income  workers  who  maintained  a  household  and 
had  dependent  children  whom  they  claimed  as  exemp- 
tions. This  credit  was  based  on  earned  incone, 
consisting  of  wages,  salaries,  and  other  employee 
corpensation,  plus  net  earnings  from  self-employment, 
ana  was  intended  to  offset  the  impact  of  social 
security  taxes  on  low-income  individuals  and  to 
encourage  them  to  obtain  employment.  The  Tax  Reform 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Explanation  of  Terms 


177 


Act  of  1976  subsequently  asntinued  the  earned  income 
credit  for  Tax  Years  1976  and  1977  and  liberalized 
the  recjuirements  for  clainung  the  credit.  The  Tax 
Reduction  and  Simplification  Act  of  1977  extended  the 
earned  income  credit  through  taxable  years  ending  in 
1978. 

The  maximum  credit  was  10  percent  of  the  first 
$4,000  of  earned  income,  or  $400,  and  was  reduced  by 
an  amount  equal  to  10  percent  of  the  taxpayer's 
adjusted  gross  income  or  earned  income,  whichever  was 
larger,  above  $4,000.  Thus,  at  the  $8,000  adjusted 
gross  inocme  level  (or  earned  inocroe  level)  the  cre- 
dit was  eliminated. 

Taxpayers  who  met  the  following  five  conditions 
were  eligible  to  claim  the  earned  inocme  credit: 

(1)  had  ]ess  than  $8,000  of  adjusted  gross  income 
or  earned  income,  whichever  was  larger, 

(2)  maintained  a  household  which  was  the  principal 
place  of  abode  for  the  taxpayer  and  either  a  child 
who  was  under  19  years  of  age  or  was  a  full-time 
student,  or  a  dependent  child  who  was  disabled, 

(3)  were  rot  entitled  to  exclude  from  gross  income 
any  amount  of  income  earned  from  sources  outside  the 
United  States  or  from  sources  within  U.S.  possessions, 

(4)  had  a  taxable  year  that  represented  a  full  12 
months,  and 

(5)  filed  a  joint  return  if  married. 

The  earned  inocme  credit  was  unique  in  that  it 
could  result  in  a  refuirf  to  the  extent  it  was  rot 
used  to  offset  the  income  tax  liability.  Thus,  even 
if  an  individual  was  not  otherwise  required  to  file  a 
return,  it  was  to  his  or  her  benefit  to  do  so  and  to 
claim  the  earned  income  credit.  See  sectioi  3,  Tax 
Computation  and  Tax  Rates,  for  a  further  discussion 
of,  and  the  data  on,  the  earned  income  credit. 

Estate  or  Trust  Net  Income  or  Loss 

This  was  the  beneficiaries'  share  of  fiduciary 
income  (with  the  exception  of  the  items  described 
below  which  were  reported  separately)  from  any  estate 
or  trust.  Income  from  estates  or  trusts  included 
amounts  required  to  be  distributed  and  amounts 
credited  to  benef iciairies'  accounts  from  current-year 
fiduciary  income,  whether  or  not  actually  received. 

Also  included  was  the  beneficiaries'  share  of  any 
accumulation  distribution  made  in  the  current  year  by 
the  fiduciary  of  a  complex  trust  for  income 
accumulated  in  prior  tax  years.  Beneficiaries'  share 
of  these  distributions  was  reduced  by  their  share  of 
depletion  and  depreciation  deductions  before 
reporting  the  net  amount  as  part  of  adjusted  gross 
income. 

Taxpayers  excluded  from  estate  or  trust  income 
their  share  of  dividends  and  gains  or  losses  from 
sales  of  capital  assets  and  other  property.  Such 
inocme  (which  made  i^i  the  largest  portion  of  income 
from  an  estate  or  trust)  was  included  on  the  tax 
return  on  the  separate  lines  provided  for  these 
income  types  and  was  not  identified  for  the 
statistics.  A  loss  from  an  estate  or  trust  was 
allocated  to  the  beneficiary  only  upon  settlement  or 
termination  of  an  estate  or  trust  which,  for  its  last 
tax  year,  (a)  still  had  a  net  operating  loss 
Ccirryover  or  a  capital  loss  carryover,  or  (b)  had 
deductions  (other  than  those  for  exemptions  and 
charitable  contributions)  in  excess  of  gross  income. 

Additional  information  on  estate  or  trust  income 
can  be  found  for  selected  years  in  Statistics  of 
Income — Fiduciary  Income  Tax  Returns. 

Estimated  Tax  Payments 

These  payments,  simmarized  on  the  individual  income 
tax  return,  were  paid  quarterly  based  on  the  1978 
Declaration  of  Estimated  Income  Tax,  Form  1040ES. 
The  amount  reported  included  any  credit  which  was 
applied  against  the  estimated  tax  by  reason  of  an 
overpayment  of  the  1977  tax  liability. 


Excess  Itemized  Deductions 

This  deduction  concept  represented  the  amount  by 
which  total  itemized  deductions  exceeded  the  zero 
bracket  amount.  (See  also  "Form  of  Deducticm," 
"Total  Itemized  Deductions,"  and  "Zero  Bracket 
Amount"  in  this  section  and  "Itanized  Deductions"  in 
section  2,  Deductions  and  Exemptions.) 

Excess  Social  Security  Taxes  Withheld 

For  1978,  if  the  total  social  security  (FICA)  tax 
withheld  was  greater  than  $1,070.85  because  an 
employee  worked  for  more  than  one  employer,  the 
excess  oould  be  taken  as  a  credit  toward  payment  of 
an  employee's  income  tax.  Any  amount  in  exoess  of 
tax  liability  was  refundable.  In  the  case  of  a  joint 
return,  the  credit  was  computed  separately  for  each 
taxpayer . 

Exartptions 

In  the  confutation  of  taxable  income,  a  $750 
deduction  was  allowed  for  each  exemption  claimed. 

An  exemption  was  allowed  for  each  taxpayer  shown  on 
a  return  (on  joint  returns,  husband  and  wife  were 
each  regarded  as  a  taxpayer) .  If  either  husband  or 
wife  filed  a  separate  return,  the  spouse's  exemption 
could  be  claimed  on  that  return  only  if  that  spouse 
did  not  file  a  return,  had  no  gross  income,  and  was 
not  the  dependent  of  another  taxpayer.  Additional 
exemptions  were  allowed  for  the  taxpayer  or  spouse 
who  indicated  either  teing  age  65  or  over  or  blind, 
or  both. 

Exemptions  were  also  allowed  for  qualified 
dependents.  In  general,  an  individual  qualified  as  a 
dependent  if  that  person  had  gross  income  less  than 
$750  ($750  or  more  if  in  category  (2)  below)  , 
received  more  than  half  his  or  her  support  from  the 
taxpayer,  was  related  to  the  teixpayer  (such  as  a  son, 
daughter,  parent),  or  lived  in  the  taxpayer's  home  as 
a  memh)er  of  the  household  for  the  whole  year. 

The  total  number  of  exemptions  shown  in  this  report 
includes  some  duplication.  This  occurred  in  the  case 
of: 

(1)  dependents  other  than  children  who  had  gross 
income  less  than  $750,  but  filed  a  return  to  obtain  a 
refund  of  tax  withheld  on  wages, 

(2)  dependent  children  with  unearned  income  of 
$750  or  nore  (dividends,  interest,  capital  gains,  and 
the  like) ,  and 

(3)  dependent  children  under  19  years  of  age  or 
students  regardless  of  age  who  either  (a)  were 
required  to  file  a  return  because  their  gross  income 
was  $2,950  or  more,  or  (b)  had  gross  income  of  less 
than  $2,950,  all  of  it  earned  incoms,  and  filed  a 
return  only  to  obtain  a  refund  of  tax  withheld  on 
wages. 

In  each  of  these  instances  individuals  were  counted 
twice,  as  taxpayers  filing  their  own  returns  and  as 
depaidents  on  another  taxpayer's  return.  (See  eilso 
section  2,  Deducti«is  and  Exemptions.) 

Expanded  Income 

This  amount  was  obtained  hy  adding  together 
"adjusted  gross  income"  and  "tax  preferences  excluded 
from  adjusted  gross  income"  and  then  subtracting 
"investment  interest."  Each  of  these  terms  is 
explained  separately  in  this  section.  However,  for  a 
further  explanation  of  expcinded  income,  see 
"High-Income  Returns,  Taxable  and  Nontaxable"  in 
section  1,  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income. 

Farm  Net  Profit  or  Loss 

This  source  of  income  was  reported  by  indivi- 
duals who  were  sole  proprietors  of  a  farm.  When 
there  were  two  or  more  farms  operated  hy  the  same 


178 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Explanation  of  Terms 


taxpayer,  the  single  amount  of  profit  or  loss  in- 
cluded in  adjusted  gross  income  represented  the 
combined  profit  and  loss  fran  all  farming  activities. 

Farm  business  costs  and  expenses  were  deductible 
from  farm  gross  business  receipts  in  arriving  at  farm 
net  profit  or  loss.  Excluded  from  farm  net  profit  or 
loss  were  (1)  gain  from  sales  of  livestock  (except 
poultry)  held  for  breeding  purposes,  of  unharvested 
crops  sold  with  the  land  (when  the  land  was  held  for 
a  period  which  qualified  it  for  long-term  capital 
gains  treatment),  and  of  other  farmland,  all  of  which 
were  reported  on  the  separate  schedule  for  sales  of 
property.  Form  4797,  and  (2)  farm  rental  income  based 
on  crops  or  livestock  produced  solely  by  the  tenant, 
without  material  participation  of  the  landowner  (or 
sublessor)  in  the  operation  or  management  of  the 
farm,  reported  as  rental  inccme  ty  the  owner  on  the 
separate  schedule  for  suf^lemental  income  (Schedule 
E). 

Additional  information  on  farm  receipts  and  ex- 
penditures can  be  found  in  Statistics  of  Inccme — Sole 
Proprietorship  Returns. 

Foreign  Tax  Credit 

A  credit  against  inccme  tax  was  permitted  for 
foreign  taxes  paid.  The  credit  was  for  the  income 
and  profits  taxes  paid  to  foreign  countries  or  U.S. 
possessions  and  included  the  taxpayer's  share  of  such 
taxes  paid  through  partnerships  and  fiduciaries. 

In  general,  the  tax  credit  was  limited  to  the 
same  proportion  of  the  income  tax  before  credits  as 
the  taxable  inccme  from  foreign  sources  bore  to  the 
entire  taxable  inccme,  but  could  not  exceed  the 
foreign  taxes  paid.  In  addition,  the  credit  was 
further  limited  to  income  tax  before  credits  minus 
the  general  tax  credit  and  the  credit  for  the 
elderly.  Amounts  in  excess  of  this  limitation  oould 
be  carried  back  2  years  and  the  remainder  carried 
forward  5  years  for  use  in  ccnputing  the  credit  for 
these  years. 

Additional  information  is  available  periodically 
from  Supplemental  Report,  Statistics  of  Inccme — 
International  Income  and  Taxes,  Foreign  Inccme  and 
Taxes  on   Individual  Inccme  Tax  Returns. 

Form  of  Deduction 

For  purposes  of  this  classification,  returns  were 
categorized  into  one  of  three  groups:  those  with 
nonbusiness  itemized  deductions,  those  with  a  zero 
bracket  amount  only  (known  as  standard  deduction 
returns  for  1976  and  prior  years),  and  those  with  no 
deductions.  For  a  return  to  fall  into  either  of  the 
first  two  groips,  there  had  to  be  positive  adjusted 
gross  income  and  in  the  case  of  the  zero  bracket 
amount  only  returns,  adjusted  gross  incone  had  to 
exceed  the  exemption  amount.  The  reason  adjusted 
gross  income  had  to  exceed  the  exanption  amount  was 
that  the  exemption  amount  was  subtracted  from 
adjusted  gross  income  first,  before  the  zero  bracket 
amount;  the  zero  bracket  amount,  no  longer  a  deduc- 
tion from  adjusted  gross  income,  was  actually  the 
first  portion  of  taxable  inccme,  the  amount  "taxed" 
at  the  first,  or  zero  percent,  tax  rate.  Returns  in 
the  third  grotp,  those  with  neither  itemized  deduc- 
tions nor  zero  bracket  amount  only,  were  either  (1) 
deficit  or  "breakeven"  returns,  since  there  was  no 
inccme  from  which  to  subtract  any  deductions,  or  (2) 
returns  with  no  itemized  deductions  and  with  adjusted 
gross  income  less  than  the  exemption  amount.  (See 
also  section  2,  Deductions  and  Exemptions.) 

Fully  Taxable  Pensions  and  Annuities 

See  "Pensions  and  Annuities." 


Fully  Taxable  Pensions  and  Annuities  Reported  on  Form 
1040 

See  "Pensions  and  Annuities." 

General  Tax  Credit 

This  credit  against  income  tax  was  available  to  all 
taxpayers  with  a  "tax  generated."  ESccept  for  married 
persons  filing  separate  returns,  the  credit  equalled 
the  larger  of: 

(1)  the  personal  exemption  credit,  equal  to  $35 
multiplied  by  the  number  of  exemptions,  including 
those  for  age  and  blindness;  or 

(2)  the  taxable  income  credit,  equal  to  2  percent 
of  taxable  income  reduced  by  the  appropriate  zero 
bracket  amount,  but  never  more  than  $180. 

Married  persons  filing  separately  could  only  use 
the  personal  exemption  method  of  oonputing  this 
credit. 

The  Tax  Reduction  and  Sinplif ication  Act  of  1977 
extended  the  general  tax  credit  through  taxable  years 
ending  in  1978  and  required  the  general  tax  credit  to 
be  incorporated  into  the  tax  tables,  thereby  elimi- 
nating the  need  for  many  taxpayers  to  make  Uiis  com- 
putaticyi.  Those  taxpayers  ineligible  bo  use  the  tax 
tables,  however,  were  still  required  to  ccitpute  their 
own  general  tax  credit. 

For  purposes  of  the  statistics,  the  general  tax 
credit  is  shown  for  all  returns  with  a  "tax  gener- 
ated" even  if  it  was  not  actually  carputed  by  the 
taj^iayer.  The  amount  of  the  general  tax  credit  was, 
however,  limited,  on  a  retum-by-return  basis,  to  the 
amount  of  "tax  generated." 

Heads  of  Households,  Returns  of 

These  returns  were  filed  by  "unmarried"  persons  who 
furnished  over  half  the  cost  of  maintaining  a  house- 
hold for  the  entire  year  for  at  least  one  qualifying 
relative.  Unmarried  persons,  for  purposes  of  this 
classification,  were  defined  as  single  persons, 
married  persons  legally  separated,  certain  married 
individuals  living  apart  but  not  legally  separated, 
or  persons  married  to  nonresident  aliens. 
"Qualifying"  relatives,  such  as  children,  parents, 
brothers,  and  sisters,  generally  had  to  qualify  as 
the  taxpayer's  dependents  and  had  to  actually  live 
with  the  taxpayer.  There  were  two  exceptions  to  this 
rule.  Parents  of  the  taxpayer  had  to  be  dependents, 
but  did  not  have  to  live  in  the  same  household; 
children  of  the  taxpayer  did  not  have  to  be  depen- 
dents, but  did  have  to  reside  in  the  same  household 
as  the  taxpayer. 

A  special  tax  rate  schedule  was  provided  for  heads 
of  households  which  gave  approximately  half  the 
benefit  of  the  joint  return  schedule. 

Home  Mortgage  Interest 

See  "Interest  Paid." 

Inccme  Averaging 

The  standard  income  averaging  computation  permitted 
a  part  of  an  unusually  large  amount  of  taxable  income 
for  any  one  year  to  be  taxed  at  lower  rates,  thus  re- 
sulting in  a  lower  amount  of  tax  due  than  would  have 
resulted  if  the  taxpayers  had  conpjted  their  tax 
using  the  regular  tax  computation  method.  An 
eligible  individual  oould  choose  this  oonputation  if 
the  "averageable  inciome"  for  the  year  was  more  than 
$3,000. 

"Averageable  incone"  was  the  amount  by  which 
"adjusted  taxable  income"  exceeded  120  percent  of  the 
average  "base  period  income"  (the  average  of  taxable 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Explanation  of  Terms 


179 


incone,  with  certain  other  adjustments,  for  the  4 
preceding  tax  years) .  Briefly,  the  inccroe  averaging 
ooitiputation  operated  to  tax  all  averageable  income  at 
the  same  rate  which  applied  to  the  first  one-fifth  of 
such  income.  "Adjusted  taxable  income"  (taxable 
income  for  the  ocmputaticn  year),  from  which  the 
averageable  income  was  derived,  covered  all  income 
except  "excess  oormunity  property  income"  and  certain 
amounts  received  by  owner  anployees  (see  the  instruc- 
tions for  Schedule  G  in  section  8,  1978  Forms  and 
Instructions,  for  definitions) .  "Base  period  inoane" 
included  taxable  inccme  and  income  earned  outside  the 
United  States  or  within  U.S.  possessions  which  had 
been  excluded  from  taxation  under  sections  911  and 
931  of  the  Interna]  Revenue  Code. 

Income  Earned  Abroad 

A  U.S.  citizen  who  was  a  bona  fide  resident  of  a 
foreign  country  oouTd  choose  one  of  three  methods  to 
reduce  U.S.  taxable  income.  All  three  methods  were 
related  to  earned  incone  received  by  the  taxpayer 
while  living  abroad.  (See  also  "Changes  in  Law"  and 
section  1,  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income.) 

The  first  method  involved  the  use  of  an  adjustment 
to  gross  income  for  certain  expenses  incurred  while 
living  abroad.  This  adjustment  was  introduced  by  the 
Foreign  Earned  Incone  Act  of  1978.  (See  "Deduction 
for  Expense  of  Living  Abroad"  in  this  sectiwi.) 

The  secor*3  method  allowed  a  taxpayer  who  resided  in 
a  "camp"  established  hy  an  enployer  in  a  "hardship" 
area  to  exclude  up  to  $20,000  of  earned  income  from 
gross  income.  A  taxpayer  who  lived  in  a  camp  for  the 
entire  year  could  use  the  full  exclusion  amount; 
otherwise,  the  annount  was  determined  on  a  prorated 
basis  according  to  the  number  of  days  during  the  year 
which  the  ta)^ayer  lived  in  the  camp.  This  "hardship 
area  deduction"  was  also  introduced  by  the  Foreign 
Earned  Incone  Act  of  1978. 

The  third  method  available  was  for  a  taxpayer  to 
exempt  up  to  $15,000  ($20,000  for  an  employee  of  a 
tax-exenpt  domestic  charity)  of  foreign  earned  income 
fron  gross  incone.  A  taxpayer  who  lived  abroad  for 
the  entire  year  could  use  the  full  exemption  amount; 
otherwise,  the  exempt  portion  was  prorated  based  on 
the  number  of  days  the  taxpayer  lived  abroad.  An 
election  to  use  this  method  to  reduce  U.S.  taxable 
income  also  required  the  use  of  a  special  tax  oon^xj- 
taticn  procedure.  For  more  information  on  this  tax 
coiputation  method,  see  "Tax  en  Partially  Tax-Exempt 
Inoome"  in  this  section. 

Earned  income  was  defined  as  wages,  salaries,  pro- 
fessional fees,  and  other  corapensaticn  for  personal 
services  actually  rendered.  It  did  not  include  divi- 
dends, capital  gains,  or  interest.  Earned  incone 
paid  to  U.S.  citizens  by  the  U.S.  Government  was  not 
tax-exanpt,  nor  were  pensions  or  annuities  tax- 
exerpt  if  attributable  to  employer  contributions  made 
for  services  rendered  outside  the  United  States. 

Additional  information  is  available  periodically 
from  the  Supplanental  Report,  Statistics  of 
Incone — International  Incone  and  Taxes,  Foreign 
Income  and  Taxes  on  Individual  Income  Tax  Returns. 

IrKxme  Subject  to  Tax 

For  taxpayers  using  the  regular,  adternative,  or 
maximun  tax  computation  methods,  incone  subject  to 
tax  was  the  same  as  taxable  income  (adjusted  gross 
inoone  less  the  personal  exanption  amount  ard  excess 
itemized  deductions) .  For  tcixpayers  using  the  incone 
averaging  method,  income  subject  to  tax  was  a  reduced 
amount  of  taxable  income  especially  oonputed  for  the 
statistics  by  working  backwards  frcm  the  tax  itself. 
For  those  returns  with  tax  en  partially  tax-exempt 
inoane,  inoane  subject  to  tax  Wcis  also  computed  by 
working  backwards  from  the  tax  figure,  but  it  could 


have  beai  either  greater  than  or  less  than  the  actual 
taxable  income  depending  on  whether  the  taxpayer  used 
the  maximum  or  alternative  methods  as  well.  (See 
also  section  3,  Tax  Cotrputation  and  Tax  Rates.) 

Incone  Tax  After  Credits 

Income  tax  after  credits  was  equal  to  "income  taix 
before  credits"  minus  the  general  tax  credit,  credit 
for  the  elderly,  investment  tax  credit,  foreign  tax 
credit,  work  incentive  (WIN)  credit,  contributions  to 
candidates  credit,  new  jobs  credit,  child  care 
credit,  residential  energy  credit,  any  other  credits, 
and,  for  purposes  of  this  report,  to  the  extent  that 
it  did  not  result  in  a  negative  amount,  the  earned 
income  credit.  The  portion  of  the  earned  income 
credit  whidi  did  not  result  in  a  negative  amount  is 
tabulated  as  "earned  income  credit  used  to  offset 
inocme  tax  before  credits." 

Income  Tax  Before  Credits 

This  amount  consisted  of  two  oorapcnents:  "tax 
generated"  and  "taxes  from  special  oomputations." 
Generally,  "tax  generated"  was  the  tax  liability 
computed  on  current  year  "tax  table  income"  or 
"taxable  income"  based  on: 

(1)  the  regular  tax,  whether  derived  from  the  tax 
tables  or  tax  rate  schedules, 

(2)  the  alternative  tax  en  net  long-term  capital 
gains, 

(3)  the  income  averaging  tax, 

(4)  the  maximum  tax  on  personal  service  incone,  or 

(5)  the  tax  on  partially  tax-exempt  income  earned 
abroad. 

"Taxes  from  special  ooiputations"  generally  were 
related  either  to  prior-year  income  or  to  inccroe  that 
had  been  excluded  from  adjusted  gross  income.  As  a 
result,  it  was  possible  for  a  taxpayer  to  have 
"incone  tax  before  credits"  without  having  "taxable 
inoome"  (or  "tax  table  inoane"). 

Income  Tax  Withheld 

Tax  withheld  included  amounts  deducted  from 
salaries,  wages,  tips,  and  other  forms  of  ranunera- 
tien.  An  anployer  oould  use  either  the  "percentage" 
or  "wage  bracket"  method,  both  of  which  were  based  on 
graduated  rates  ranging  from  14  to  36  percent,  or  any 
of  the  alternative  methods  permitted  by  the  Internal 
Revenue  Service  in  determining  the  amount  to  be  with- 
held. 

In  addition  to  income  tax  withheld  en  salaries,  as 
reported  on  Form  W-2,  tax  withheld  from  pensions  and 
annuities,  as  reported  on  Form  W-2P,  was  included  in 
this  amount.  Beginning  with  Tax  Year  1977,  tax 
withheld  on  certain  gambling  winnings,  as  reported  on 
Form  W-2G,  was  also  included. 

Individual  Retirement  Arranganent 

For  taxable  years  beginning  after  December  31, 
1974,  an  individual  who  was  not  covered  by  a  quali- 
fied private  or  governmental  retirement  plan  was  able 
to  set  ip  an  individual  retirement  arrangement  (IRA) 
(a)  at  a  bank  or  other  qualified  financial  institu- 
tion, (b)  by  investing  directly  in  individual  annuity 
contracts  issued  by  an  insurance  company,  or  (c)  by 
investing  in  special  retirement  bonds  issued  by  the 
Federal  Government.  Contributions  to  such  a  plcin, 
which  were  limited  bo  the  lesser  of  $1,500  or  15 
percent  of  the  individual's  earned  inccroe  (wages, 
salciries,  and  net  earnings  from  self-employment) , 
oould  be  deducted  from  the  employee's  gross  inccroe  in 
arriving  at  adjusted  gross  income.  Taxpayers  oould 
not  start  withdrawing  funds  frcm  the  account  until 
they  reached  age  59  1/2  and  had  to  start  doing  so 


180 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Explanation  of  Terms 


upon  reaching  age  70  1/2.  Penalty  taxes  were 
assessed  in  the  event  the  taxpayer  failed  to  coiply 
with  these  limitations. 

The  Tax  Reform  Act  of  1976  provided  for  the 
establishment  of  an  IRA  (separate  frcn  that  of  the 
working  spouse)  for  a  ronworking  spouse,  effective 
for  1977.  The  total  deduction  from  gross  inccnie  in 
this  instance  was  limited  to  the  smallest  of  (a) 
$1,750,  (b)  15  percent  of  the  working  spouse's  earned 
income,  or  (c)  twice  the  smaller  amount  contributed 
to  either  spouse's  IRA  (thus  making  it  advantageous 
to  oontr  ibute  the  same  amount  to  each  IRA) . 

Intangible  Drilling  Costs 

See  "Tax  Preferences." 

Interest  Paid 

Interest  paid  en  personal  debts,  mortgages,  bank 
loans,  and  installment  purchases  of  real  or  personal 
property  was  deductible,  but  interest  paid  on  noney 
borrowed  to  buy  tax-exempt  securities  or  single 
premium  life  insurance  and  endowment  contracts  was 
not.  The  amounts  deductible  as  interest  expense 
included  "investment  interest"  (that  amount  paid  or 
accrued  on  indebtedness  incurred,  or  continued,  to 
purchase  or  carry  property  held  for  investment)  as 
reported  on  Form  4952,  subject  to  the  limitations 
prescribed  in  the  law.  Interest  relating  to  busi- 
ness, royalty,  and  rental  inooroe  was  deducted 
directly  from  these  items  and  was,  therefore,  rot 
reflected  in  the  interest  paid  statistics.  For  in- 
stallment purchases,  interest  paid  included  amounts 
stated  in  the  contract,  certain  unstated  amounts  of 
interest  as  provided  in  Code  section  483,  and  finance 
charges. 

Interest  Received 

Interest  received  was  the  taxable  portion  of 
interest  received  from  bonds,  debentures,  notes, 
mortgages,  personal  loans,  bank  deposits,  and  savings 
accounts.  Taxpayers  were  also  instructed  to  include 
so-called  dividends  en  deposits  or  withdrawable 
accounts  in  mutual  savings  banks,  cocperative  banks, 
savings  and  loan  associations,  and  credit  unions. 
Excluded  was  the  interest  on  a  State  or  local 
Government  obligation.  Such  interest  was  tax-exartpt 
and,  therefore,  did  not  have  to  be  reported  on  the 
tax  return. 

Investment  Credit 

This  tax  credit  was  based  en  a  percentage  of  the 
"qualified  investment"  in  certain  new  and  used  depre- 
ciable assets,  chiefly  machinery  and  equipment  with  a 
useful  life  of  3  years  or  more.  The  applicable  per- 
centage for  most  property  acquired  and  placed  into 
service  or  constructed  during  the  period  January  22, 
1975,  through  December  31,  1976,  was  10  percent  of 
the  qualified  investment  as  provided  for  by  the  Tax 
Reduction  Act  of  1975.  The  Tax  Reform  Act  of  1976 
extended  this  10  percent  rate  through  1980.  Before 
January  22,  1975,  the  credit  was,  in  general,  7 
percent. 

The  cost  of  the  property  determined  the  taxpayer's 
qualified  investment,  which  was  an  amount  that  took 
into  account  the  length  of  the  property's  intended 
life  and  whether  the  pr<^>erty  was  new  or  used.  Small 
Business  Corporations  and  partnerships  were  eligible 
for  the  credit,  although  the  credit  itself  was 
claijned  not  by  these  entities  but  by  the  shareholders 
and  partners,  respectively,  on  their  individual 
income  tax  returns.  There  were  also  limitations  on 
the  credit  itself,  for  the  most  part  dependent  on  the 
presence  or  size  of  income  tax  (excluding  the  penalty 


taxes  on  self-employed,  or  Keogh,  plans  and  the 
special  income  averaging  tax) ,  reduced  by  the  foreign 
tax  credit  and  the  credit  for  the  elderly.  Amounts 
in  excess  of  these  limitations  could  be  carried  back 
3  years  ard  the  remainder  carried  forward,  in  gener- 
al, to  the  succeeding  7  years,  for  use  in  ccrrputing 
the  credit  for  these  years. 

The  Energy  Tax  Act  of  1978  allowed  taxpayers  to 
claim  a  refundable  investment  credit  for  solar  and 
wind  property  and  a  nonrefundable  snergy  investment 
credit  for  certain  other  types  of  energy  property. 
This  was  in  addition  to  the  regular  investment  credit 
if  the  energy  property  also  qualified  as  regular  in- 
vestment credit  property.  Ttie  nonrefundable  credit 
was  reported  and  tabulated  as  part  of  the  regular 
investment  credit,  while  the  refundable  portion  was 
reported  arri  tabulated  as  a  taxpayment.  (See  also 
"Business  Energy  Investment  Credit"  in  this  section.) 

Investment  Interest 

This  was  an  amount  computed  for  the  statistics  on 
all  returns,  as  required  by  the  Tax  Reform  Act  of 
1976.  It  was  equal  to  total  interest  deducted,  other 
than  heme  mortgage  interest,  limited  to  investment 
income  (interest  received,  dividends,  and  capital 
gains).  Hcwever,  since  investment  inccme  varied 
according  to  the  income  concept  tabxilated,  the  amount 
of  investment  interest  expense  varied  as  well.  Thus, 
for  those  inccaiie  concepts  which  did  rot  include  tax 
preferences  (adjusted  gross  inccme  and  adjusted  gross 
income  less  investment  interest) ,  dividends  after 
exclusion  arri  the  portion  of  the  excess  of  net 
long-term  capital  gains  over  net  short-term  capital 
losses  included  in  adjusted  gross  income  were  used  as 
the  basis  for  computing  investment  interest 
expenses.  However,  for  those  inooroe  concepts  which 
included  tax  preferences  (adjusted  gross  income  plus 
excluded  tax  preferences  an3  expanded  inccme),  divi- 
dends before  exclusion  and  the  full  amount  of  net 
Icng-term  capital  gains  over  net  short-term  capital 
losses  »ere  used.  A  step-by-step  description  of  the 
computation  of  investment  interest  as  well  as  a  fall 
ejqjlanaticn  of  the  inccme  concepts  used  is  shown 
under  "High-Inocme  Returns,  Taxable  and  Nontaxable" 
in  section  1,  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income. 

Itemized  Deductions 

See  "Total  Itemized  Deductions." 
Itemized  Deductions  Tax  Preference 

See  "Tax  Preferences." 
Joint  Returns  of  Husbands  and  Wives 

These  were  returns  of  married  taxpayers  claiming 
the  joint  return  filing  status.  The  combined  inccme 
of  each  spouse  had  to  be  reported  on  this  return. 

Marital  Status 

The  five  marital  status  classifications  were: 

(1)  joint  returns  of  husbands  and  wives, 

(2)  separate  returns  of  husbands  and  wives, 

(3)  returns  of  heads  of  households, 

(4)  returns  of  surviving  spouses,  and 

(5)  returns  of  single  persons  not  heads  of  house- 
holds or  surviving  spouses. 

Marital  status  was  usually  determined  as  of  the 
last  day  of  the  taxable  year.  If  one  spouse  died 
during  the  tax  year,  the  other  was  considered  married 
for  the  entire  year.  If  a  taxpayer  was  divorced 
during  the  tax  year  and  did  not  ranarry,  the  taxpayer 
was  considered  to  be  unmarried  for  the  entire  year. 
Each  of  the  above  classifications  is  defined  under 
separate  heading  in  this  section. 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Explanation  of  Terms 


181 


Maximum  and  Alternative  Tax  Ccnputation 

See  "Maximum  Tax  on  Personal  Service  Inocme." 

Maximum  and  Regular  Tax  Conputation 

See  "Maximum  Tax  on  Personal  Service  Inoorne." 

Maximum  Tax  on  Personal  Service  Income 

"Tax  generated"  was  usually  oornputed  by  applying  to 
taxcible  income  graduated  tax  rates  ranging  from  0  to 
70  percent.  However,  taxpayers  with  large  amounts  of 
"personal  service  income"  could  elect  tE>  limit  the 
top  tax  rate  on  such  income  to  a  maximum  of  50 
percent.  This  was  done  by  splitting  taxable  income 
into  "personal  service"  and  "other"  taxable  income. 
The  graduated  regular  rates  up  to  50  percent  were 
applied  to  personal  service  taxable  incane;  the  50 
percent  limitation  was  applied  to  amounts  which  would 
have  been  subject  to  rates  higher  than  50  percent. 
Other  taxable  income  was  taxed  at  regular  rates 
higher  than  50  percent,  except  for  any  portion 
subject  to  capital  gains  rates  under  the  alternative 
tax  computation. 

"Personal  service  income"  vas  gross  income  from 
salaries,  wages,  professional  fees,  and  compensation 
for  personal  services.  If  the  taxpayer  aigaged  in  a 
trade  or  business  where  both  services  and  capiteil  were 
material  income-producing  factors,  tp  to  30  percent  of 
net  profit  was  considered  earned  income.  Net  proceeds 
from  the  sales  of  property  created  by  the  taxpayer 
were  also  considered  earned  income.  Beginning  with 
1977,  pensicns,  annuities,  and  other  deferred  ccmpen- 
saticti  for  personal  services  rendered  in  the  past 
could  also  be  included.  "Personal  service  net  income" 
was  personeil  service  inocme  as  here  defined  less  allo- 
cable deductions  and  expenses. 

Personal  service  net  income  was  used  to  determine 
"personal  service  taxable  income."  Taxable  income  was 
multiplied  by  the  ratio  of  personal  service  net  income 
to  adjusted  gross  income.  The  result  (limited  to  the 
amount  of  taxable  income)  was  then  subject  to  reduc- 
tion by  the  "tax  preference  offset,"  the  total  amount 
of  tax  preferences  reported  on  Form  4625  (see  "Tax 
Preferences"  in  this  section) .  "Personal  service 
taixable  income,"  then,  was  the  result  of  applying  an 
earnings  ratio  to  taxable  income  and  then  subtracting 
from  that  result  those  items  which  had  already 
received  special  tax  treatment,  namely  the  tax 
preferences . 

The  part  of  taxable  income  which  was  not  personail 
service  taixable  income  was  "other  taxable  income." 
Other  taxable  income,  in  turn,  consisted  of  "other 
taixable  income  subject  to  regular  rates"  and  "other 
taxable  income  subject  to  the  capital  gains  rate." 

Tax  generated  was  the  sun  of  tax  en  personal  service 
taxable  income,  oortputed  as  described  in  the  first 
paragraph,  plus  the  tax  on  "other  taxable  income." 
Except  for  taxpayers  using  the  capital  gains  rate  of 
the  cilternative  tax  computation,  the  tax  on  "other 
taxcible  income"  was  the  regulcir  taix  en  taxable  income 
less  the  regulair  tax  an  personal  service  taxable 
income.  For  taxpayers  electing  the  alternative  tax 
computation,  the  tax  on  "other  taxable  income"  was  the 
alternative  tax  en  capital  gains  plus  the  regular  taix 
en  taxable  income  less  the  regular  tax  on  the  sun  of 
personal  service  taxable  income  and  taxable  income 
from  long-term  capital  gains. 

The  maximum  tax  computation  was  not  available  to 
married  persons  filing  separate  returns  or  to 
taJ5)ayers  electing  income  averaging.  (See  cilso 
"Alternative  Computation  of  Tax"  in  this  section.) 


Medical  and  Dental  Expense  Deduction 

In  general,  medical  and  dental  expenses  oould  be 
claimed  as  itemized  deductions  to  the  extent  that 
they  exceeded  3  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income. 
Expenditures  considered  for  this  deduction  were  the 
actuaJ  amounts  paid  during  the  taix  year  for  health 
care  of  the  taxpayer,  spouse,  dependents,  and  any 
other  person  who,  except  for  the  fact  that  he  or  she 
had  $750  or  more  of  gross  income  or  filed  a  joint 
return  with  his  or  her  spouse,  could  be  claimed  as  a 
dependent.  Amounts  paid  for  drugs  and  medicines  were 
included  in  medicail  expenses  only  to  the  extent  that 
they  exceeded  1  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income. 

Any  insurance  payment,  received  on  account  of 
medical  expenses  incurred,  reduced  the  cost  which 
could  be  considered  as  medical  expenses  actually  paid 
by  the  taj^Jayer.  However,  one-half  of  the  cost  of 
medical  insurance  up  to  $150  was  fully  deductible  as 
a  medical  expense  without  regard  to  the  3  percent 
limitation,  while  the  remaining  one-half  of  the  cost 
plus  any  excess  over  $150  was  subject  to  the  3 
percent  limitation. 

Minimum  Tax 

See  "Additional  Tax  for  Tax  Preferences." 

Miscellaneous  Deductions 

Included  in  the  statistics  were  all  specified 
nonbusiness  deductions  from  adjusted  gross  income  for 
which  separate  categories  were  not  provided  on  the 
return  form  plus  personal  casualty  and  theft  losses. 

On  the  return  form,  miscellaneous  deductions  inclu- 
ded expenses  incurred  in  the  collection  of  income;  or 
for  the  management,  conservation,  or  maintenance  of 
property  held  for  the  production  of  incore  subject  to 
tcix;  gambling  losses  rot  in  exoess  of  winnings 
reported  in  income;  amortization  of  bond  premium; 
expenses  connected  with  the  taxpayer's  employment 
(for  example,  dues  to  professional  societies,  cost  of 
tools  and  stpplies  for  the  job,  and  fees  to  employ- 
ment agencies);  fees  paid  for  the  preparation  of  a 
tax  return;  allowable  expenses  of  an  employee  in 
connection  with  the  aiployer's  business;  and  up  to 
$100  ($200  for  a  joint  return)  of  contributions  to 
candidates  for  public  office. 

Casualty  and  theft  losses,  while  shown  as  a 
separate  category  en  the  return  form,  were  included 
as  "miscellaneous  deductions"  for  the  statistics. 
(See  also  "Casualty  and  Theft  Loss,  Net"  in  this 
section.) 

For  purposes  of  the  statistics,  miscellaneous  de- 
ductions also  includes  any  amount  of  earned  inocme 
substituted  for  itemized  deductions  by  taxpayers  who 
qualified  as  "dependents  with  unearned  income."  (See 
"Dependents  with  Unearned  Inocme"  in  this  section.) 


New  Jobs  Credit 

The  new  jobs  credit,  provided  for  by  the  Tax  Reduc- 
tion and  Simplification  Act  of  1977,  was  designed  to 
encourage  businesses  to  hire  additional  arployees. 
The  credit  for  years  beginning  in  1978  was  50  percent 
of  the  excess  of  the  total  uneitployment  insurance 
wages  (FTJTA)  paid  during  Calendar  Year  1978  over  102 
percent  of  the  total  FOTA  wages  paid  during  1977.  For 
pjrposes  of  this  oomputation,  the  maximum  FOTA  wages 
were  $4,200.  Sole  proprietors  claiming  this  credit 
had  to  reduce  their  deduction  for  wage  and  salary 
expense   by  the  amount  of  the  credit. 


182 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Explanation  of  Terms 


Einployers  were  also  allowed  to  take  an  additional 
credit  of  10  percent  of  the  first  S4,200  of  FOTA 
wages  paid  to  each  handicapped  esnployee  referred  to 
the  employer  upon  oonpletion  of  a  vocational  rehabil- 
itation program.  Only  wages  paid  during  the  1-year 
period  beginning  when  the  employee  was  first  paid 
FOTA  wages  were  taken  into  account  in  computing  the 
10  percent  credit.  The  credit  was  limited  to 
one-fifth  of  the  amount  of  the  regular  50  percent 
credit  which  was  available  without  regard  to  the 
$100,000  limitation. 

The  total  amount  of  the  credit  could  rot  exceed  (1) 
50  percent  of  the  increase  in  total  wages  paid  for 
the  year  over  105  percent  of  the  total  wages  paid  in 
the  previous  year;  (2)  25  percent  of  the  current-year 
FOTA  wages;  (3)  $100,000;  and  (4)  income  tax 
(excluding  the  penalty  taxes  on  self-employed,  or 
Keogh,  plans  and  the  special  income  averaging  tax) 
after  reduction  by  all  tax  credits  except  the 
residential  eiergy  credit.  Any  excess  credit, 
hcwever,  could  be  carried  back  to  the  3  preceding  tax 
years  and  the  remainder  carried  forward  to  the  7 
succeeding  tax  years. 

Partnerships,  Small  Business  Corporatiais,  and 
estates  and  trusts  computed  the  credit  at  the  entity 
level  and  passed  it  through  to  be  claimed  by  the 
partner,  shareholder,  etc.  The  amount  of  the  credit 
allowed  to  the  individual,  was  limited  to  the  indivi- 
dual's proportionate  part  of  the  income  tax  allocable 
to  the  interest  in  the  entity. 

Other  Income 

Included  here  were  such  items  as  prizes,  awards, 
sweepstakes  winnings,  gambling  profits,  recovery  of 
bad  debts,  insurance  received  as  reimbursement  for 
medical  e35>enses  taken  in  a  previous  year,  arri  any 
other  income  subject  to  tax  for  which  there  was  m 
specific  lire  provided  on  the  return  form.  Taxpayers 
were  required  to  apply  any  deducticxi  for  business  net 
operating  losses  against  "other  income." 

Other  Tax  Credits 

"Other  tax  credits"  included,  in  general,  only 
those  statutory  credits  which  were  used  to  offset 
income  tax  and  could  not  be  identified  as  credit  for 
the  elderly,  child  care,  investment,  work  incentive 
(WIN),  foreign  tax,  new  jobs,  contributic»is  to 
candidates  credits,  or  residential  energy  credit. 
Other  tax  credits,  to  the  extent  that  they  were  in 
excess  of  total  tax  and  were  refundable,  were 
tabulated  as  part  of  "other  taxpayments . " 

Other  Taxpayments 

"Other  ta:5>ayments"  included  the  credit  from  a 
regulated  investment  conpany  for  tax  it  paid  on 
undistributed  capital  gain  dividends,  the  "throwback 
tax  credit"  allowed  trust  beneficiaries  for  certain 
taxes  previously  paid  hy  the  trust,  and  any  other 
unidentified  amounts  that  could  not  be  allocated  to 
excess  social  security  taxes  withheld  or  credit  for 
tax  on  gasoline,  fuel,  and  oil.  Other  tax  credits, 
to  the  extent  that  they  were  in  excess  of  total  tax 
and  were  refundable,  were  also  tabulated  as  other 
taxpaymaits . 

Overpayment 

An  overpayment  of  tax  occurred  when  the  "taxpay- 
ments" exceeded  "total  tax  liability."  Overpayments 
could  be  refunded;  or,  at  the  taxpayer's  election, 
taken  as  a  credit  on  the  subsequent  year's  estimated 
tax;  or  taken  partly  as  a  refund  and  partly  as  a 
credit  against  estimated  tax.  (See  also  "Credit  on 
1979  Estimated  Tax"  and  "Refund"  in  this  section  and 
"Overpayment  and  Tax  Due"  in  section  3,  Tax  Computa- 
tion and  Tax  Rates.) 


Partnership  Net  Profit  or  Loss 

Partnership  net  profit  or  loss  was  reported  by 
persons  who  were  members  of  a  partnership,  syndicate, 
joint  venture,  or  unincorporated  association.  The 
taxpayer's  profit  or  loss  shown  was  the  share  only  of 
the  ordinary  income  or  loss  of  the  enterprise 
together  with  payments  made  to  the  taxpayer  for  the 
use  of  capital  or  as  a  salary,  if  the  individual  was 
a  member  of  more  than  one  partnership,  the  single 
amount  of  partnership  profit  or  loss  reported  in 
adjusted  gross  income,  whether  actually  received  or 
not,  was  the  net  result  of  all  shares. 

Beginning  with  1976,  an  "at  risk"  limitation  was 
introduced  on  a  partner's  deductible  losses  that  were 
attributable  to  certain  partnership  "tax  shelter" 
activities  to  which  a  partner  contributed  cash  or 
property.  In  general,  losses  were  allowed  only  to 
the  extent  of  the  aggregate  amount  the  partner  had 
"at  risk"  in  the  activity  at  the  close  of  the  year. 
(The  amount  "at  risk"  was  the  partner's  cash  or 
property  investment  or  amounts  borrowed  for  which  the 
partner  was  personally  liable  or  which  was  secured  by 
property  other  than  the  amount  the  partner  had 
invested.)  The  amount  "at  risk"  was  reduced  by  the 
losses  deducted;  hcwever,  a  loss  in  excess  of  the  "at 
risk"  amount  could  be  carried  over  for  possible  use 
in  the  following  year. 

Partnership  net  profit  or  net  loss,  as  shown  in 
this  report,  did  not  include  dividends  qualifying  for 
the  exclusion,  net  short-  and  long-term  capital  gain 
or  loss,  interest  on  tax-free  covenant  bonds,  and 
shares  of  specially  allocated  income  or  loss,  even 
when  these  amounts  were  received  through  a  partner- 
ship. Such  income  was  included  on  the  tax  return  on 
the  separate  lines  provided  for  these  income  types. 
Deductions  for  which  there  were  separate  lines  on  the 
return  were  similarly  excluded  from  partnership  net 
profit  or  net  loss. 

Additional  inforitation  for  partnerships  can  be 
founa  in  Statistics  of  Income — Partnership  Returns. 

Payment  with  Request  for  Extension  of  Filing  Time 

This  payment  was  made  when  the  taxpayer  filed  Etorm 
4868,  /plication  for  Automatic  Extensicai  of  Time  to 
File  U.S.  Individual  Tax  Return,  and  gained  a  2-month 
extension  of  time  to  file  the  Form  1040.  The  appli- 
cation operated  to  extend  the  time  to  file.  It  did 
not  extend  the  time  for  payment  of  expected  tax  since 
full  payment  of  any  tax  due  had  to  be  made  with  the 
application  for  extension.  When  the  taxpayer  filed 
the  return,  he  or  she  entered  the  amount  paid  with 
Form  4868  on  Form  1040  to  determine  any  tax  still  due 
or  any  amount  of  overpavment  of  tax. 

Payments  to  an  Individual  Retirgnent  Arrangement 

See  "Individual  Retirement  Arranganent." 

Penalty  Taxes  on  Individual  Retiranent  Arrangements 

A  taxpayer  could  start  withdrawing  funds  from  an 
arranganent  after  reaching  age  59  1/2,  and  had  to 
start  doing  so  after  reaching  age  70  1/2.  With- 
drawals prior  to  reaching  age  59  1/2  were  subject  bo 
a  penalty  tax  equal  to  10  percent  of  the  premature 
distributiOTi.  Failure  to  withdraw  funds  after 
reaching  age  70  1/2  resulted  in  the  taxpayer's  paying 
a  50  percent  excise  tax  on  the  amount  by  which  the 
minimum  required  distribution  exceeded  the  distri- 
butions actually  received  by  the  individual  during 
the  year.  Contributions  to  the  retirement  arrange- 
ment in  excess  of  the  legal  limitation  for  the  year 
(15  percent  of  earned  income;  $1,500  maximum)  were 
subject  bo  an  excise  tax  equal  to  6  percent  of  the 
excess  contribution.  (See  also  "Individual 
Retiremait  Arrangement"  in  this  section.) 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Explanation  of  Terms 


183 


Pensions  and  Annuities 

Generally,  pensions  represented  periodic  inccme 
received  after  retiranent  and  made  in  consideration 
of  past  services  with  an  ejnp.loyer,  white  annuities 
were  inccme  payable  at  stated  intervals  in  considera- 
tion of  a  specific  premium.  A  taxpayer  could  acquire 
a  pension  or  annuity  either  by  purchase  fran  a  com- 
mercial (xganization  (usually  life  insureince,  endow- 
ment, or  annuity  contracts)  or  under  a  plan  or  con- 
tract connected  with  the  taxpayer's  employment. 
Those  pensions  or  annuities  obtained  in  connection 
with  employment  oould  be  purchased  entirely  by  the 
taxpayer  or  could  be  financed  in  part  (a  contributory 
plan)  or  in  whole  (a  noncontributory  plan)  tv 
contributions  of  the  employer. 

Since  a  noncontributory  pension  was  one  paid  for 
entirely  by  an  employer,  the  amount  received  by  the 
employee  was  fully  taxable.  This  fully  taxable  pen- 
sion was  reported  on  line  17,  "Fully  taxable  pensions 
and  annuities,"  of  Form  1040  rather  than  on  Schedule 
E,  Supplementcil  Income  Schedule,  which  was  used  to 
report  amounts  received  from  a  contributory  pension. 

For  the  taxpayer  who  participated  in  a  contribu- 
tory retirement  plan  while  employed,  the  amount 
received  was  only  partially  taxable.  In  general,  the 
amount  excludable  from  gross  income,  the  nontaxable 
portion,  represented  the  taxpayer's  contributions 
under  the  plan,  while  the  taxable  portion  represented 
the  employer's  contribution.  (In  the  case  of  a  sur- 
vivor-beneficiary of  a  deceased  employee,  a  "death 
benefit  exclusion"  of  up  to  $5,000  oould  be  excluded, 
in  addition  to  the  deceased  employee's  contribution.) 
The  entire  amount  of  pension  received  for  the  year 
Wets  reported  en  the  supplemental  income  schedule 
(Schedule  E,  Form  1040) ,  with  the  taxable  portion 
shown  separately  and  carried  forward  to  line  18  of 
Form  1040,  and  included  under  the  heading  "Pensions, 
annuities,  rents,  royalties,  partnerships,  estates 
and  trusts,  etc."  When  it  was  possible  for  the 
retired  enployee  or  a  survivor  to  recover  the  employ- 
ee's contributions  within  3  years  by  the  annuity 
payments  received,  the  payments  were  nontaxable  until 
recovered,  after  which  time  the  pension  or  annuity 
was  fully  taxable.  This  was  the  "three-year  rule" 
computation  method.  If  this  method  was  inapplicable, 
the  ta:^ayer's  yearly  receipts  were  prorated  into 
taxable  and  nontaxable  portions  based  on  life 
expectancy  at  the  time  that  the  pension  or  annuity 
stcurted  (or  "term  certain,"  if  the  annuity  was  not 
payable  for  life) . 

Receipts  from  individually  purchased  annuities 
were  usually  prorated  into  taxable  and  nontaxable 
pcarticns,  since  the  taxpayer  oould  expect  bD  receive 
more  than  the  cost,  but  not  within  3  years. 

Personal  Exanption  Credit 

See  "General  Tax  Credit." 

Presidenticil  Election  Campaign  Fund  Checkoff 

Taxpayers  oould  elect  to  designate  $1  ($2  on  a 
joint  return,  if  both  the  taxpayer  and  spouse  so 
elected)  of  their  1978  tax  liability  to  be  applied  to 
the  Presidential  Election  Campaign  Fund.  This  desig- 
nation oould  be  made  by  checking  the  appropriate  box 
on  Form  1040  or  Short  Form  1040A.  The  election  did 
not  affect  the  size  of  the  tai^sayer's  tax  liability 
for  the  year. 

Refund 

A  refund  of  tax  included  cill  overpayments  not 
applied  by  the  ta;5>ayer  as  a  credit  to  the  next 
year's  estimated  tax.  (See  also  "Overpayment"  in 
this  section.) 


Regular  Tax  Coiputation 

Typically,  the  taxpayer,  in  determining  "tax 
generated,"  first  computed  tax  table  or  taxable 
income.  Depending  on  maritetl  status,  the  taxpayer 
then  applied  rates  from  one  of  four  tax  rate  schedules 
to  compute  the  tax.  In  some  instances,  the  taxpayer 
used  the  equivalent  tax  table  or  requested  the 
Internal  Revenue  Service  to  compute  the  tax.  Returns 
of  such  taxpayers  are  also  classified  under  the 
regular  tax  confutation  method.  (See  also  section  3, 
Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates.) 

Rent  Net  Inccme  or  Loss 

Rent  net  income  or  loss  constituted  a  part  of 
adjusted  gross  inccme  and  was  determined  by  deducting 
from  gross  rents  amounts  for  depreciaticn,  repairs, 
maintenance,  interest,  taxes,  ccmissions ,  adverti- 
sing, fuel,  insurance,  janitor  services,  and  any 
other  allowable  expenses  related  to  the  rented 
property.  Rental  income  from  farming  operations 
conducted  solely  by  the  tenant  without  material 
participation  of  the  landowner  were  also  included 
here. 

Residential  Energy  Credit 

In  order  to  reduce  energy  consumption  and  to 
encourage  the  developnent  ani3  use  of  alternative 
energy  sources,  a  residential  energy  credit  was 
provided  for  by  the  Energy  Tax  Act  of  1978.  The 
credit  was  actually  made  up  of  two  separate  parts, 
one  based  on  qualified  "energy  conservatiai  expendi- 
tures" and  the  other  on  qualified  "renewable  energy 
source  expenditures,"  with  different  requiranents  for 
each  type  of  credit.  The  entire  residential  energy 
credit  was  available  for  qualified  items  installed  in 
or  on  the  taxpayer's  principal  residence  from  PpriX 
20,  1977,  through  Decemtier  31,  1985.  However,  the 
credit  could  rot  be  claimed  for  any  taxable  year 
beginning  before  January  1,  1978;  therefore,  it  was 
first  available  for  use  on  1978  tax  returns.  A 
maximum  amount  was  specified  for  each  part  of  the 
credit,  although  a  minimum  $10  amount  for  the  sum  of 
both  credits  was  required  before  any  credit  was 
allowed.  None  of  the  credit  was  refundable,  but  any 
credit  exceeding  inoome  tax  reduced  by  all  other  sta- 
tutory credits  oould  be  carried  over  to  subsequent 
years  through  1987.  Before  the  credit  was  carried 
over  to  a  subsequent  year,  however,  it  could  have 
been  used  to  reduce  the  additional  tax  for  tax 
preferences  (minimim  tax)  for  the  current  year. 

The  credit  for  energy  conservation  property  was  15 
percent  of  the  first  $2,000  of  expenditures,  inclu- 
ding original  instcillation  costs,  with  a  maximum 
credit  of  $300  per  residence  over  the  entire  period 
the  credit  is  to  be  in  effect.  The  credit  was  avail- 
able for  each  dwelling  unit  used  by  the  taxpayer  as  a 
principal  residence;  however,  the  construction  of  the 
dwelling  unit  had  to  be  substantially  ocrpleted 
before  ^ril  20,  1977,  in  order  for  the  energy  con- 
servation e^qaenditures  to  qualify.  In  addition,  the 
taxpayer  had  bo  be  the  first  person  to  use  the  pro- 
perty instcilled  and  that  property  had  to  be  expected 
to  remain  in  use  for  a  least  3  years.  Energy  conser- 
vation property  consisted  of  insulation,  storm  win- 
dows and  doors,  caulking  and  weather-stripping,  and 
certain  other  items  (such  as  an  automatic  energy- 
saving  sett>ack  thermostat,  furnace  replacement  bur- 
ner ,  or  a  meter  displaying  the  cost  of  energy  usage) . 

The  credit  for  renewable  energy  source  property  was 
30  percent  of  the  first  $2,000  and  20  percent  of  the 
next  $8,000  of  e:q>enditures,  including  labor  costs 
for  cnsite  preparation,  assembly,  or  original 
installation,  with  a  maximun  credit  of  $2,200  per 
residence  over  the  entire  period  the  credit  is  to  be 


184 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Explanation  of  Terms 


in  effect.  In  contrast  to  the  credit  for  energy 
conservation  property,  the  renewable  energy  source 
credit  was  available  for  items  installed  on  both 
existing  and  newly  oraistructed  principal  residences. 
The  ta}5Myer  had  to  be  the  first  person  to  use  the 
property  and  that  property  had  to  be  expected  to 
ranain  in  use  for  at  least  5  years.  Renewable  energy 
source  property  ocnsisted  of  solar,  wind,  and 
geothermal  energy  property. 

See  secticn  3,  Tax  Cotputation  and  Tax  Rates,  for 
more  information  and  the  data  on  the  residential 
energy  credit. 

Royalty  Net  Income  or  Loss 

Net  royalties  consisted  of  gross  royalties  less 
deductions  for  depletion,  depreciation,  office  rent, 
legal  fees,  clerical  help,  interest,  taxes,  and  simi- 
lar items.  Gross  royalties  included  revenues  from 
oil,  gas,  and  other  mineral  rights;  and  revenue  from 
patents;  copyrights  on  literary  works;  trade-marks; 
formulas;  and  so  on.  Certain  royalties  received 
under  a  lease  agreanent  on  timber,  coal,  and  dcroestic 
iron  ore  were  eligible  for  capital  gains  or  ordinary 
loss  treatment  under  Code  section  1231,  and  as  a 
result  of  the  separate  computation  required  by  that 
secticn  are  reflected  in  the  statistics  for  "sales  of 
capital  assets"  and  "sales  of  property  other  than 
capital  assets." 

Salaries  and  Wages 

Salaries  and  wages  as  reported  on  the  tax  return 
were  amounts  of  compensation  for  personal  services. 
Also  included  were  oomnissions;  bonuses;  tips;  fees; 
excess  reimbursement  over  employee  business  expenses; 
and  the  value  of  nonmonetary  payments  for  services, 
e.g.,  merchandise,  acocitinodaticns,  or  property. 
Identifiable  amounts  for  any  of  these  categories 
whidi  may  have  been  reported  by  taxpayers  in  "other 
income"  were  treated  as  salaries  and  wages  for  the 
statistics.  Excluded  were  portions  of  salaries  and 
wages  earned  abroad  which  were  tax-exanpt  under  spe- 
cial provisions  of  the  law. 


Sales  of  Capital  Assets,  Net  Gain  or  Loss 

In  general,  capital  assets  for  tax  purposes  inclu- 
ded all  property  held  for  personal  use  or  invest- 
ment. Examples  of  such  assets  were  personal  resi- 
dences, furniture,  automobiles,  and  stocks  and 
bo«3s.  Assets  used  in  the  normal  course  of  business 
activities  (such  as  inventory  held  for  sale  during 
the  ordinary  conduct  of  business)  and  depreciable  or 
real  property  held  for  sale  or  used  in  a  trade  or 
business  were  specifically  excluded  fron  treatment  as 
capital  assets. 

In  addition,  net  gains  from  the  disposition  of 
certain  types  of  property  which  were  not  classified 
as  capital  assets  could  be  treated  as  capital  gains 
under  section  1231  of  the  Code.  This  included 
property  used  in  business,  such  as  buildings  and 
machinery,  and  also  certain  specific  types  of  assets 
such  as  cut  timber,  coal,  domestic  iron  ore  and 
timber  royalties,  and  unharvested  crops  sold  with  the 
land,  if  the  land  were  held  for  more  than  one  year. 

On  the  other  hand,  net  gains  frcm  seme  types  of 
property  included  under  the  definition  of  capital 
gains  oould  be  denied  capital  gains  treatment  under 
certain  other  secticns  of  the  Code.  Generally,  these 
sections  denied  capital  gains  treatment  to  gain  that 
resulted  from  the  recapture  of  depreciation  already 
claimed  on  the  asset. 

The  following  concepts  were  used  in  the  oonputation 
of  net  capital  gain  or  loss  for  the  purposes  of  this 
report: 


Net  short-term  gain  or  loss — Gains  and  losses  frcm 
the  sales  or  exchanges  of  capital  assets  held  for  one 
year  or  less,  beginning  with  1978,  were  considered  to 
be  short-term.  For  1977,  the  holding  period  was  9 
months  or  less  while  for  1976  and  earlier  years  it 
was  6  months  or  less.  Short-term  gains  fron  current- 
vear  sales  were  combined  with  any  short-term  capital 
loss  carryover  and  any  net  short-term  gain  or  loss 
received  from  partnerships  or  fiduciaries. 

Net  long-term  gain  or  loss — Gains  and  losses  from 
sales  or  exdianges  of  capital  assets  held  for  more 
than  one  year  were  considered  long-term  and  were 
eligible  for  special  tax  treatment  (see  "Net  capital 
gain"  below)  .  To  obtain  the  net  Icng-term  gain  or 
loss,  gains  or  losses  from  current-year  transactions 
were  oorabined  with: 

(1)  net  long-term  gain  car  loss  received  from  part- 
nerships, fiduciaries,  or  Small  Business  Corporations, 

(2)  capital  gain  distributions  of  regulated  invest- 
ment ccrpanies  (mutual  funds)  and  real  estate  invest- 
ment trusts,  and 

(3)  long-term  capital  loss  carryover  from  recent 
years  prior  to  1978. 

Short-term  capital  loss  carryover — This  carryover 
equalled  that  portion  of  short-term  capital  loss 
incurred,  but  not  deducted,  in  a  previous  tax  year 
because  of  the  limitation  to  net  capital  loss 
claimable,  as  discussed  below  under  "Net  capital 
loss." 

Long-term  capital  loss  carryover — This  carryover 
equalled  that  portion  of  long-term  capitcil  loss 
incurred,  but  not  deducted,  in  a  previous  tax  year 
because  of  the  limitation  to  net  capital  loss 
claimable,  as  discussed  below  under  "Net  capital 
loss." 

Net  capital  gain — If  the  oombinaticn  of  net  short- 
term  gain  or  loss  and  net  long-term  gain  or  loss  re- 
sulted in  a  positive  amount,  the  taxpayer  had  a  net 
capital  gain.  For  taxpayers  with  Icng-term  capital 
gains,  the  actual  amount  shown  as  net  capital  gain 
(and  thus  carried  into  adjusted  gross  inocme)  was 
less  than  the  oorrputed  combined  anount.  For  net 
long-term  capital  gains  resulting  fron  Sciles  or  ex- 
changes of  assets  before  November  1,  1978,  50  percent 
of  these  gains  (reduced  by  any  short-term  capital 
losses)  could  be  excluded.  For  net  long-term  capital 
gains  resulting  from  sales  or  exchanges  of  assets 
after  October  31,  1978,  60  percent  of  the  excess  over 
short-term  losses  was  excludable.  Short-term  capital 
gains,  on  the  other  hand,  were  always  fully  includ- 
able in  net  capital  gain. 

Net  capital  gain  also  included  capital  gain  distri- 
butions which  would  have  been  reported  on  Schedule  D, 
Captial  Gains  and  Losses,  except  for  the  provision 
that  taxpayers  who  had  no  other  gains  or  losses  and 
did  not  need  to  oorpute  the  alternative  tax  oould 
simply  enter  the  portion  of  capital  gain  distribu- 
tions included  in  adjusted  gross  income  on  line  15  of 
Form  1040.  These  distributions  were  always  consi- 
dered bo  be  long-term  capital  gains.  The  statistics 
include  a  separate  tabulation  of  capital  gain 
distributions  not  reported  on  Schedule  D. 

Net  capital  loss — If  the  ocmbinaticn  of  net  short- 
term  gain  or  loss  and  net  long-term  gain  or  loss 
resulted  in  a  negative  amount,  the  ta^^aayer  generally 
showed  a  ret  capital  loss.  In  many  cases,  however, 
the  actual  amount  included  in  net  capital  loss  (and 
thus  carried  into  adjusted  gross  income)  was  less 
than  the  computed  ocmbined  amount.  For  taxpayers 
with  long-term  capital  losses,  only  50  percent  of 
such  losses  (reduced  by  any  short-term  capital  gains) 
was  includable  in  net  capital  loss.  After  this 
reduction,  net  capital  loss  was  further  limited  to 
the  lesser  of  (a)  taxable  income  (computed  without 
regard  to  capital  loss  or  personal  exemptions)  or  (b) 
beginning  with  1978,  $3,000  ($1,500  for  married 
persons  filing  separately) . 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Explanation  of  Terms 


185 


Amounts  of  capital  losses  in  excess  of  limitations 
(a)  or  (b) ,  whichever  was  applicable,  ooulrj  be 
carried  over  to  subsequent  tax  years,  as  described 
above.  (See  ad  so  "Changes  in  Law"  and  section  1, 
Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Incrme.) 

Sales  of  Property  Other  Than  Capital  Assets,  Net  Gain 
or  Loss 

Property  other  than  capital  assets  generally  inclu- 
ded property  of  a  business  nature,  in  contrast  to 
personal  and  investment  property  which  were  capital 
assets.  Sane  types  of  prc^>erty  specifically  included 
were  (1)  certain  depreciable,  depletable,  and  real 
business  property;  (2)  accounts  and  notes  receivable 
in  the  ordinary  course  of  business  generated  from  the 
sale  of  goods  and  services  ordinarily  held  for  sale 
by  the  business  or  includable  in  the  inventory  of  the 
business;  (3)  certain  copyrights,  literary,  musical, 
or  artistic  compoeiticns  or  similar  properties;  (4) 
any  share  of  gain  or  loss  received  through  partner- 
ships and  fiduciaries;  and  (5)  arxaunts  resulting  from 
certain  "involuntary  ccnversions,"  including  net 
losses  from  casualty  and  theft.  Gains  from  the 
disposition  of  sane  property  types  not  considered  to 
be  capital  assets  could  be  treated  as  capital  gains 
under  certain  conditions.  Conversely,  under  certain 
other  conditions  gains  from  the  disposition  of  some 
property  types  considered  to  be  capital  gains  could 
be  denied  capital  gains  treatment.  Taxpayers 
reported  all  gains  and  losses  not  receiving  capital 
gains  treatment  on  Form  4797,  Supplemental  Schedule 
of  Gains  and  Losses. 

Self-Elqployed  Retirement  Plan  (Keogh)  Deduction 

In  general,  self-employed  individuals  could  contri- 
bute to  a  qualified  retirement  plan  (Keogh  or  H.R.  10 
plan)  and  deduct  all  or  a  part  of  such  contributions 
in  oonputing  adjusted  gross  income.  The  amount  which 
oould  be  deducted  was  based  on  "earned  income,"  de- 
fined as  (1)  net  earnings  from  self-employment,  but 
only  with  respect  to  a  trade  or  business  in  which 
personal  services  of  the  taxpayer  were  a  mater  icil 
inoone-producing  factor,  and  (2)  income  from  the 
disposition  of  certain  property  ty  individuals  whose 
personal  efforts  created  the  property.  The  maximum 
amount  of  the  annual  contribution  to  the  plan  and 
deduction  was  15  percent  of  earned  income  or  $7,500, 
whidiever  was  less. 

Self-E>iployment  Income 

See  "Earned  Income  Credit." 

Self-E>iployment  Tax 

This  tax,  levied  under  the  social  security  system, 
was  reported  by  each  individual  who  had  self-employe 
ment  earnings  of  at  least  $400  derived  from  a  sole 
proprietorship  or  from  any  share  of  partnership 
profits.  U.S.  citizens  employed  by  foreign  govern- 
ments or  international  organizations  were  subject  to 
self -employment  tax  en  salaries.  Certain  types  of 
inoone  and  deductions  such  as  investment  income, 
capital  gains  and  losses,  deductions  for  net 
operating  losses,  and  casualty  and  theft  losses  were 
not  cdloMed  in  ocjn^xiting  self-eitployment  earnings. 

The  mciximiin  amount  subject  to  self -employment  tax 
for  1978  was  $17,700,  reduced  by  any  wages  on  which 
socickl  security  tax  had  been  withheld  by  any 
employer.  The  maximun  self-enployment  tax  payable 
was  $1,433.70,  based  on  the  8.1  percent  rate  in 
effect  for  that  year.  For  1977,  the  rate  was  7.9 
percent,  while  the  maximim  aitount  of  earnings  subject 
to  the  tax  was  $16,500  and  the  maximum  tax  was 
$1,303.50. 


Separate  Returns  of  Husbands  and  Wives 

Generally,  these  were  returns  of  married  persons, 
each  of  whom  filed  a  return  independently  of  his  or 
her  spouse  and  reported  only  his  or  her  own  income, 
exoiptions,  and  tax.  Also  included  were  returns  of 
married  persons  where  only  one  spouse  ha3  incctive,  but 
elected  to  use  this  classification,  and  also  returns 
with  ocnmunity  property  incone  divided  between 
husband  and  wife. 

If  the  husband  (or  wife)  filed  a  separate  return, 
the  wife's  (or  husband's)  exemption  oould  be  claimed 
on  that  return,  but  cnlv  if  the  spouse  who  was  rot 
filing  had  no  gross  incone  and  was  not  the  depen- 
dent of  another  taxpayer. 

Single  Persons,  Returns  of 

These  were  returns  of  (a)  unmarried  persons  who  did 
not  qualify  as  head  of  household  or  surviving  spouse, 
or  (b)  certain  married  individuals  living  apart  from 
their  spouses  who  maintained  a  heme,  independently  of 
the  spouse,  that  was  the  home  of  the  individual's 
child  or  stepchild  for  more  than  6  but  less  than  12 
months  of  the  year. 


Size  of  Adjusted  Gross  Inccme 

The  amount  of  adjusted  gross  income  reported  by  the 
taxpayer  on  the  return  was  the  basis  for  classifying 
data  by  size  of  adjusted  gross  income.  Returns  with 
deficit  and  those  on  which  incone  and  loss  were  equal 
were  classified  as  having  "no  adjusted  gross  income" 
and  appear  as  a  separate  class  in  most  basic  tables. 
The  absence  of  a  class  labelled  "no  adjusted  gross 
incone"  indicates  that  any  deficit  or  breakeven 
returns  in  a  table  were  included  in  the  lowest  income 
class . 

Size  of  Expanded  Inccme,  Adjusted  Gross  Income  Less 
Investment  Interest,  and  Adjusted  Gross  Income  Plus 
Excluded  Tax  Preferences 

The  amounts  en  which  these  classifications  are 
based — adjusted  gross  inccme,  investment  interest, 
and  tax  preferences  excluded  from  adjusted  gross 
inoone — are  each  described  in  this  section.  Returns 
on  which  this  ooraputaticn  resulted  in  zero  or  a 
negative  amount  were  included  in  the  lowest  income 
class. 


Small  Business  Corporation  Net  Profit  or  Loss 

Net  inoone  of  a  qualified  Small  Business  Corpora- 
tion (defined  in  section  ]371  of  the  Code),  whether 
or  not  distributed,  was  taxed  directly  through  each 
stockholder .  Net  losses  were  al located  to  each 
stockholder  to  be  offset  against  inccme  from  other 
sources. 

Small  Business  Corporation  income  shown  in  this 
report  was  the  amount  taxable  to  stockholders  as 
ordinary  income.  Net  long-term  capital  gain,  reduced 
by  the  special  tax  inposed  at  the  corporate  level, 
retained  its  character  in  the  hands  of  the  stock- 
holders and  is  included  in  the  statistics  for  net 
gain  or  loss  from  sales  of  capital  assets.  Undistri- 
buted income  earned  in  previous  years  was  taxable  to 
stockholders  in  the  year  it  was  earned  and  oould  be 
distributed  during  the  current  year  without  any 
further  tax. 

Information  en  Small  Business  Corporations  can  be 
found  in  Statistics  of  Income — Corporation  Income  Tax 
Returns. 


186 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Explanation  of  Terms 


Social  Security  Taxes  on  Tip  Inccnie 

This  amount  consisted  of  social  security  tax  on 
unreported  tip  income  and  uncollected  employee  sociail 
security  tax  on  tips. 

Cash  tips  amounting  to  S20  or  more  that  the  tax- 
payer received  in  a  month  while  working  for  any  one 
employer  were  subject  to  withholding  of  income  tcix 
and  social  security  tax.  Cash  tips  counted  toward 
social  security  benefits  and  an  employee  was  required 
to  report  these  tips  to  the  employer;  the  employer 
then  withheld  the  social  security  tax.  However,  if 
the  employer  was  unable  to  withhold  the  amount  of 
social  security  tax,  the  amount  of  uncollected  social 
security  tax  on  tips  was  indicated  on  the  employee's 
Form  W-2,  and  the  taxpayer  was  required  to  report  the 
unc»llected  tax  ana  pay  it  with  the  Form  1040. 

If  the  employee  did  not  report  the  tips  to  the 
employer,  the  employee  was  required  to  conpute  the 
social  security  tax  en  unreported  tips  en  Fonn  4137 
and  attach  it  to  Form  1040. 

State  Inecme  Tax  Refunds 

These  amounts  represeited  that  part  of  a  refund  of 
State  income  tax  attributable  to  itemized  deductions 
taken  in  a  prior  year  that  resulted  in  a  Federal  tax 
benefit.  Taxpayers  were  instructed  not  to  net  the 
refundable  amount  against  the  current  year's  itemized 
deduction  for  State  and  local  inocme  tax. 

States 

State  classifications  were  based  on  the  taxpayer's 
address  shown  on  the  pre-printed  address  label  or 
reported  by  the  taxpayer  on  the  return.  Data  for 
returns  with  addresses  outside  the  50  States  and  the 
District  of  Colunbia  are  shown  in  three  separate 
classifications  in  the  State  statistics.  Returns 
from  the  Virgin  Islands  and  those  with  foreign 
addresses  are  classified  under  "U.S.  citizens 
abroad."  Data  from  qualifying  returns  filed  by  bona 
fide  residents  of  Puerto  Rioo  are  shown  in  a  separate 
category.  The  third  classification  covers  returns 
for  armed  service  personnel  stationed  abroad  who 
filed  their  returns  in  New  York,  California,  or 
Washington  where  their  Army  Post  Office  (APO)  or 
Fleet  Post  Office  (FPO)  was  located.  (See  also 
section  5,  State  Data.) 

Statutory  Adjustments 

These  were  certain  adjustments  to  gross  inceme 
allowed  as  deductions  in  arriving  at  adjusted  gross 
income.  Statutory  adjustmeits  ocnsisted  of  the  dis- 
ability income  exclusicn,  moving  expense  deduction, 
employee  business  expense  deduction,  payments  to  a 
self-employed  retirement  (Keogh)  plan,  forfeited 
interest  penalty,  payments  to  an  individual  retire- 
ment arrangement  (IRA),  alimony  paid,  and  beginning 
with  1978,  deduction  for  expense  of  living  abroad. 
(See  also  section  1,  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of 
Income.) . 


Stock  OptiOTis 

See  "Tax  Preferences." 

Surviving  Spouses,  Returns  of 

These  returns  were  filed  by  widows  or  widowers 
whose  spouse  had  died  during  either  of  the  2  pre- 
ceding years,  who  had  not  remarried,  and  who  had 
maintained  a  heme  which  was  the  principal  abode  of  a 
child  er  stepchild  for  whom  the  taxpayer  was  entitled 
to  an  exemption. 


Surviving  spouse  taxpayers  could  use  the  joint  re- 
turn tax  rates  for  the  2  taxable  years  following  the 
year  of  death  of  the  spouse;  however ,  the  deceased 
spouse  could  not  be  claimed  as  an  exanption,  except 
for  the  year  of  death. 

Tax  Credits 

Tax  credits  consisted  of: 

(1)  credit  for  the  elderly, 

(2)  investmait  credit, 

(3)  foreign  tax  credit, 

(4)  ocntributiens  to  candidates  credit, 

(5)  work  incentive  (WIN)  credit, 

(6)  general  tax  credit, 

(7)  new  jobs  credit, 

(8)  residential  energy  credit,  and 

(9)  "other"  tax  credits. 

In  addition,  fcr  purposes  of  this  report,  the  amount 
of  earned  income  credit  used  to  offset  inceme  tax  be- 
fore credits  was  included  under  this  classif icatioi. 

Each  of  the  above  is  described  under  separate 
heading  in  this  section.  (See  also  section  3,  Tax 
Computation  and  Tax  Rates.) 

Tax  Due  at  Time  of  Filing 

"Tax  due"  was  reported  on  returns  where  the  "total 
tax  liability"  exceeded  the  total  "taxpayments." 
(See  also  "Overpayment  and  Tax  Due"  in  section  3,  Tax 
Computation  and  Tax  Rates.) 


Tax  From  Recomputing  Prior-Year  Investment  Credit 

The  investment  credit  provisions  of  the  law 
included  a  "recapture"  rule  which  required  taxpayers 
to  pay  back  all  or  a  portion  of  any  investment  credit 
taken  en  property  disposed  of  before  the  end  of  the 
useful  life  claimed  in  oenputing  the  credit.  The  law 
specified  that  if  property  qualifying  for  the  credit 
was  disposed  of  before  the  end  of  its  intended  useful 
life,  the  tax  for  the  year  of  disposed  was  increased 
by  the  difference  between  the  credit  originally 
claimed  and  the  credit  that  would  have  been  allowed 
based  on  the  shorter  actual  life. 

Tax  credits  could  not  be  applied  against  this 
additional  tax. 


Tax  Generated 

This  amount,  computed  for  the  statistics,  was  the 
tax  on  "taxable  income"  or  "tax  table  income"  before 
reduction  by  the  general  tax  credit.  On  most  returns 
(those  without  one  of  the  "taxes  from  special  compu- 
tations") this  equalled  "income  tax  before  credits." 


Tax  on  Partially  Tax-Eacempt  Income 

Taxpayers  with  income  earned  abroad  could,  for 
1978,  use  a  special  method  of  confuting  tax  on  their 
income  as  provided  for  originally  by  the  Tax  Reform 
Act  of  1976.  Basically,  under  this  method,  the  tax- 
payer first  oonputed  a  tax  on  the  full  amount  of 
inocme  including  any  tax-exenpt  amount,  using  either 
the  regular,  maximun,  or  alternative  tax  oonfiutation 
methods.  The  tajqaayer  then  computed  the  regular  tax 
on  the  tax-exempt  income.  The  difference  between  the 
two  tax  figures  was  the  tax  on  the  non-exempt  income. 
This  procedure  generally  resulted  in  a  tax  v^ich  was 
higher  than  the  regular  tax  would  have  been  an  the 
same  amount  of  taxable  income.  In  either  case,  if 
all  the  income  were  exenpt,  there  was  no  tax  liabi- 
lity. (See  also  section  3,  Tax  Confutation  and  Tax 
Rates.) 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Explanation  of  Terms 


187 


Tax  Paid  with  Return 

This  was  the  amount  of  tax  tendered  by  the  taxpayer 
with  the  return  in  the  event  that  the  taxpayer's 
"total  tax  liability"  exceeded  "total  taxpayraents . " 
(See  also  "Tax  Due  at  Time  of  Filing"  and  "Balance 
Due  After  Remittance"  in  this  section.) 


Tax  Preferences 

The  following  income  and  deduction  items,  which 
were  given  special  treatment  in  the  computation  of 
taxable  income,  were  considered  tax  preferences  and 
were  subject  to  an  additional  tax  (the  so-ceilled 
"minimum  tax") : 

(1)  Accelerated  depreciation  on  (a)  low-incone 
rental  housing;  (b)  other  real  property  (defined  in 
Code  section  1250);  and  (cl  leased  personal  property 

(defined  by  section  1245) .  The  excess  of  accelerated 
depreciation  over  the  amount  coiputed  under  the 
straight-line  method  was  considered  a  tax  preference. 

(2)  Amcrtizaticn  of  (a)  certified  pollution  control 
facilities;  (b)  railroad  rolling  stock;  (c)  on-the- 
job  training  facilities;  and  (d)  child  care 
facilities.  The  excess  of  these  special  rapid 
write-offs,  over  what  otherwise  would  have  been  a 
depreciation  deduction,  was  considered  a  tax 
preference . 

(3)  Stock  cptions.  Upon  exercising  a  stock  opticn, 
an  employee  did  not  actually  receive  income  when  the 
fair  market  value  of  the  stock  was  greater  than  the 
option  price.  This  price  difference  was,  however, 
treated  as  a  tax  preference  in  the  year  the  option 
was  exercised. 

(4)  Bad  debt  reserves.  Financial  institutions  were 
allowed  deductions  toward  a  reserve  for  bad  debts 
under  prescribed  rules.  When  these  deductiwis 
exceeded  the  amount  required  by  actual  experience, 
the  excess  was  oaisidered  a  tax  preference. 

(5)  Depletion.  The  excess  of  depletion  over  the 
adjusted  basis  of  property  (reduced  by  depleticm 
taken  in  prior  years)  was  a  tax  preference.  Thus, 
when  the  taxpayer  had  written  off  the  investment,  a 
tax  preference  was  realized. 

(6)  Capital  gains.  A  portion  of  the  excess  of  net 
Icng-term  gain  over  net  short-term  loss  was  excluded 
in  confuting  adjusted  gross  income.  The  excluded 
portion  was  treated  as  a  preference. 

(7)  Intangible  drilling  costs.  Intangible  drilling 
expenses  incurred  by  operators  of  oil  and  gas  wells 
were  chargeable,  at  the  operator's  option,  either  to 
capitcil  or  to  current  expenses.  However,  beginning 
with  Tax  Year  1976,  to  the  extent  that  any  anount 
deducted  as  a  current  expense  exceeded  the  amount 
that  oould  have  been  charged  to  capital  and  deducted 
over  the  applicable  number  of  years,  it  had  to  be 
reported  as  a  tax  preference. 

(8)  Itemized  deductions  tax  preference.  This  was 
the  excess  of  "adjusted  itemized  deductions"  over  60 
percent  of  adjusted  gross  income.  "Adjusted  itemized 
deductions"  was  defined  as  all  itemized  deductions 
except  those  for  medical  cind  dented  expenses  and 
those  for  casualty  and  theft  losses.  (If  adjusted 
itemized  deductions  exceeded  100  percent  of  adjusted 
gross  income,  the  excess  over  100  percent  was  not 
included  as  a  tax  preference,  since  it  had  no  tax 
consequence . ) 

The  above  items  were  considered  tax  preferences, 
whether  incurred  directly,  by  individual  taxpayers, 
or  distributed  or  allocated  bo  them  as  owners, 
beneficiaries,  or  shareholders  of  partnerships, 
estates  and  trusts,  anall  Business  Corporations,  and 
regulated  investment  oonpanies. 


Tax  Preferences  Excluded  from  Adjusted  Gross  Income 

The  purpose  of  this  item  was  to  approximate,  to  the 
extent  possible  from  tax  return  data,  economic  income 
exenpted  from  taxation  under  provisions  of  the 
Internal  Revenue  Code.  Its  oonponents  were: 

(1)  divider^  exclusion  (up  to  $100  per  taxpayer 
receiving  qualified  dividends), 

(2)  capital  gains  exclusion,  and 

(3)  any  other  tax  preferences  reported  on  Form 
4625,  except  that  the  "itemized  deductions  tax 
preference"  was  not  included  in  this  income  concept. 

The  derivation  of  "tax  preferences  excluded  from 
adjusted  gross  incone"  is  discussed  in  greater  detail 
in  section  1,  Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income, 
under  "High-Income  Returns,  Taxable  and  Nontaxable." 


Tax  Savings  Fran  Special  Tax  Computations 

In  this  report,  the  amount  of  tax  savings  is  the 
difference  between  the  tax  resulting  from  using  the 
provisions  of  one  of  the  special  tax  oonputatiois 
(e.g.,  alternative  tax,  maximum  tax,  or  tax  from 
income  averaging) ,  and  the  amount  of  regular  tax  that 
would  have  resulted  from  not  using  these  provisions. 

Tax  Table  Income 

This  was  a  new  income  ccncept  introduced  by  the  Tax 
Reduction  and  Simplification  Act  of  1977.  On  returns 
with  a  "zero  bracket  amount  only,"  this  amount 
equalled  adjusted  gross  income.  On  returns  with 
itemized  deductions,  this  amount  equalled  adjusted 
gross  income  minus  "excess  itemized  deductions"  or 
adjusted  gross  income  plus  the  "unused  zero  bracket 
amount".  Those  taxpayers  eligible  used  this  tax 
table  income  in  the  tax  tables  to  determine  their 
tax;  otherwise,  they  used  tax  table  income  to  derive 
"taxable  income"  (tax  table  income  minus  the  exemp- 
tion amount)  which,  in  turn,  was  used  to  determine 
their  tax  from  the  tax  rate  schedules. 

Tax  table  income  was  not  tabulated  for  deficit 
returns  or  for  returns  on  which  excess  itemized 
deductions  exceeded  adjusted  gross  income. 


Taxable  and  Nontaxable  Returns 

Taxability  of  a  return  for  purposes  of  this  report 
was  determined  hy  the  presence  of  "total  income  tax" 
(the  sum  of  inoane  tax  after  credits  and  the 
additional  tax  for  tax  preferences) .  Some  returns 
classified  as  "nontaxable"  may  have  had  a  liability 
for  tax  from  the  self-enployment  tax,  the  social 
security  taxes  on  tip  income,  tax  from  recomputing 
prior -year  investment  credit,  penalty  taxes  on 
individual  retirement  arrangements,  or  other  taxes; 
however ,  these  taxes  w-ce  disregarded  for  purposes  of 
this  classification,  since  the  first  two  were 
considered  social  security  (rather  than  income) 
taxes,  and  since  the  remaining  ones  were  either  based 
on  prior-year's  income  or  were  penalty  taxes.  For 
the  purposes  of  this  report,  the  earned  income  credit 
was  treated  as  an  amount  which  oould  be  used  to 
offset  income  tax  before  credits.  (Since  the  earned 
income  credit  was  refundable,  it  was  subtracted  from 
income  tax  after  reduction  by  all  other  statutory 
credits  for  the  statistics.)  As  a  result,  some 
returns  became  nontaxable  strictly  because  of  the 
earned  income  credit  when  there  was  ro  additional  tax 
for  tax  preferences  and  the  earned  income  credit 
exceeded  income  tax  before  credits  reduced  by  any 
other  credits. 


188 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Exolanation  of  Terms 


It  should  be  noted  that  classification  as  taxable 
or  nontaxable  was  generally  based  on  each  return  as 
it  was  originally  filed;  the  classification  does  not 
reflect  any  changes  resulting  from  audit  or  other 
enforcement  activities.  However,  there  was  an  exoej^- 
tion  in  the  case  of  the  earned  income  credit.  Many 
taj^Jayers  received  the  credit  only  after  the  Internal 
Revenue  Service  had  reviewed  their  return  during  pro- 
cessing for  revenue  purposes  and  notified  them  that 
they  were  eligible  to  receive  the  credit.  Therefore, 
while  these  returns  v^re  neither  amended  nor  correc- 
ted through  audit,  thev  were  adjusted  during  revenue 
processing  and  these  adjustments  are  reflected  in  the 
data.  (See  also  "Earned  Inccme  Credit,"  in  section 
3,  Tax  Confutation  and  Tax  Rates.) 

Taxable  Inccme 

Taxable  income  was  the  amount  to  which  tax  rates 
were  usually  applied  in  arriving  at  "tax  generated." 
It  was  determined  by  subtracting  from  adjusted  gross 
inoane  "excess  itemized  deductions"  (or  by  adding  the 
"unused  zero  bracket  amount")  and  the  exemption 
amount.  The  zero  bracket  amount,  that  portion  of 
incane  subject  to  tax  at  the  zero  percent  rate, 
represented  the  first  portion  of  taxable  inccme. 


Taxes  From  Special  Ccmputations 

These  represented  the  second  component  of  "inccme 
tax  before  credits"  (in  addition  to  "tax  generated") 
and  consisted  of: 

(1)  the  "special  averaging  tax"  (from  Form  4972) , 
oomputed  ty  a  taxpayer  who  received  a  lump-sum  dis- 
tribution from  a  qualified  pension  or  retirement  plan; 

(2)  the  "multiple  recipient  special  averaging 
tax"  (from  Form  5544),  computed  by  a  taxpayer  who 
received  a  share  of  a  single  lump-sura  distribution 
from  a  qualified  pension  or  retirement  plan; 

(3)  the  tax  on  accumulation  distributions  of 
trusts  (from  Form  4970) ,  computed  by  a  taxpayer  who 
received  a  distribution  in  the  current  year  which  was 
based  on  income  accumulated  by  a  trust  in  prior  years; 

(4)  the  tax  from  recapture  of  prior-year  credit 
for  purchase  of  a  new  principal  residence  (from  Form 
5405) ,  oomputed  by  a  taxpayer  who  had  claimed  the 
"new  house  credit"  for  1976,  but  then  sold  the  new 
house  and  failed  to  replace  it  with  another  quali- 
fying new  house  within  an  18-mcnth  period;  and 

(5)  the  penalty  tax  from  premature  or  excess  dis- 
tributions from  a  self-employed  (Keogh)  retirement 
plan  or  trust. 

None  of  these  taxes  oould  be  reduced  by  the  general 
tax  credit,  although  they  were  subject  to  reduction 
by  the  other  statutory  credits. 


Taxes  Paid  [Reduction 

Taxes  allowed  as  a  deduction  frc»n  adjusted  gross 
inccme  included  personal  property  taxes.  State  and 
local  income  taxes,  certain  State  and  local  retail 
sales  taxes.  State  gasoline  taxes,  taxes  paid  to 
foreign  countries  or  U.S.  possessions  unless  a  for- 
eign tax  credit  was  claimed,  and  real  estate  taxes 
except  those  levied  for  iirprovements  that  tended  to 
increase  the  value  of  the  property.  Federal  taxes 
and  State  and  local  taxes  on  cigarettes,  tobacco,  and 
alcoholic  beverages  were  not  deductible,  nor  were 
State  and  local  fees  for  vehicle  license  plates 
(unless  the  fees  were  based  on  the  value  of  the 
vehicle)  or  drivers'  licenses. 

Taxes  paid  en  business  property  were  deducted 
separately  en  the  schedules  for  business,  rent,  amd 
royalty  inoeme,  and  cure,  therefore,  excluded  from  the 
teixes  paid  statistics. 


Taxpayments 

These  payments  were,  generally,  made  before  the 
return  was  filed  and  were  applied  against  tax  liabi- 
lity to  determine  any  amount  payable  c»r  refundable  at 
the  time  of  filing.  They  consisted  of  the  following: 

(1)  income  tax  withheld, 

(2)  excess  social  security  taxes  withheld, 

(3)  credit  for  tax  on  certain  gasoline,  fuel,  and 
oil, 

(4)  payments  on  1978  declaration  of  estimated  tax, 

(5)  payment  with  request  for  extension  of  filing 
time,  and 

(6)  other  taxpayments. 

Exih  of  the  above  is  described  under  separate 
heading  in  this  section. 

While  the  earned  income  credit  was  shown  as  a 
taj^jayment  on  the  tax  return  itself,  it  is  tabulated 
separately  for  purposes  of  this  report  and  not 
included  as  part  of  taxpayments.  (See  also  "Earned 
Income  Credit"  in  this  section  and  in  section  3,  Tax 
Computation  and  Tax  Rates.) 

Total  Income  Tax 

Total  income  tax  was  the  sum  of  income  tax  after 
credits  and  the  additional  tax  for  tax  preferences. 
It  did  not  include  any  of  the  other  taxes  which  made 
up  "total  tax  liability."  Total  inccme  tax  was  the 
basis  for  classifying  returns  as  "taxable  or 
nontaxable . " 

Total  Itanized  Deductions 

Itemized  deductions  from  adjusted  gross  income 
oould  be  claimed  for  contributions,  interest  paid, 
taxes,  medical  expenses,  casualty  or  theft  loss, 
union  dues,  and  other  qualifying  expenditures  for 
which  no  specific  line  or  schedule  vas  provided  on 
the  return.  Such  other  expenditures  included 
educational  expenses  and  certain  expenses  owinected 
with  the  taxpayer's  employment. 

The  Tax  Reduction  and  Simplification  Act  of  1977 
required  that  four  groups  of  taxpayers  itemize  their 
deductions,  even  if  those  deductions  were  less  than 
the  zero  bracket  amount.  Those  individuals  were 
either  dependents  with  unearned  inccme,  married  and 
filing  a  separate  return,  dual  status  aliens,  or 
persons  excluding  income  received  from  sources  in 
U.S.  possessions.  Dependents  with  unearned  inccme 
could  substitute  their  earned  inccme,  if  it  was 
larger  than  their  itemized  deductions. 

Totcil  itemized  deductions  was  the  amount  before  the 
zero  bracket  amount  was  taken  into  account.  It  was 
tabulated  only  from  returns  showing  positive  adjusted 
gross  inccme.  (See  also  section  2,  Deductions  and 
Exaiptions.) 

Total  Tax  Liability 

Total  tax  liability  was  the  sum  of  income  tax  after 
credits,  additional  tax  for  tax  preferences,  self- 
atiployment  tax,  social  security  tax  on  tips,  tcix  from 
recomputing  prior-yeeir  investment  credit,  taxes  from 
individual  retirement  arrangements,  and  other  tcixes, 
reduced  by  the  "earned  income  credit  used  to  offset 
all  other  taxes"  (defined  under  "Earned  Income 
Credit"  in  section  3,  Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates) . 

Type  of  Tax  Computation 

There  were  seven  methods  of  computing  the  tax  on 
income  subject  to  tax  (taxable  income  on  most 
returns)  used  to  classify  returns  for  the  statis- 
tics. These  methods  were: 

(1)  regular  tax,  as  computed  from  the  tax  tables  or 
tax  rate  schedules  accompanying  the  Forms  1040  or 
1040A; 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Explanation  of  Terms 


189 


(2)  alternative  tax,  cxmputed  on  Sctieduie  D, 
Capital  Gains  and  Losses; 

(3)  iixxxne  averaging,  oorpjted  on  Schedule  G, 
Inoaroe  Averaging; 

(4)  maximun  oombined  with  regular  tcix,  cxaiputed  on 
Part  I,  Form  4726,  Maximum  Tax  on  Personal  Service 
Income; 

(5)  maximun  combined  with  alternative  tax,  oomputed 
on  Part  II,  Form  4726,  Maximum  Tcix  on  Personal 
Service  Inccme; 

(6)  tax  on  partially  tax-exempt  income,  confuted  on 
Form  2555,  Exanption  of,  or  Deduction  from,  Inccme 
Ecirned  Abroad;  and 

(7)  tax  on  partially  tax-exempt  inccme  in 
combination  with  (2),  (4),  or  (5). 

All  of  these  tax  oomputation  methods  are  described 
in  this  section.  (See  also  section  3,  Tax  Coiiputa- 
ticn  and  Tax  Rates.) 

Unused  Zero  Bracket  Amount 

This  deducticn  concept  represented  the  amount  by 
which  the  zero  bracket  amount  exceeded  total  itemized 
deductions.  (See  also  "Zero  Bracket  Amount,"  "Form 
of  Deduction,"  and  "Total  Itemized  Deductions"  in 
this  section  and  "Unused  Zero  Bracket  Amount"  in 
section  2,  Deductions  and  Exanptions.) 

Vfork  Incentive  (WIN)  Credit 

Ta^ayers  could  take  a  credit  against  their  income 
tax  liability  of  20  percent  of  the  WW  (Work 
Incentive  Program)  wages  paid  an  employee  hired  under 


the  Federal  Work  Incentive  Program.  This  program  was 
intended  to  provide  welfare  recipients  the  training 
and  job  opportunity  needed  to  help  them  become 
ecoronically  independent.  The  Tax  Reduction  Act  of 
1975  extended  the  WIN  program  to  include  Federal 
welfare  recipients  of  the  Aid  to  Families  with 
Dependent  Children  (AFDC)  Program  under  the  Social 
Security  Act.  Small  Business  Corporations  and 
partnerships  were  eligible  for  the  credit,  although 
the  credit  itself  was  claimed  not  by  these  entities, 
but  by  the  shareholders  cind  partners,  respectively, 
on  their  individual  income  tax  returns. 

The  credit  was  limited  bo  the  first  $50,000  of  tax 
liability  (defined  as  income  tax  less  the  special 
inccme  averaging  tax  from  Forms  4792  and  5544  and  the 
Section  72(m)(5)  penalty  tax,  reduced  by  the  general, 
elderly,  foreign  tax,  investment,  and  political 
contributions  credits)  plus  50  percent  of  such  tax 
liability  in  excess  of  $50,000.  Amounts  in  excess  of 
these  limitations  could  be  carried  back  3  years  and 
the  remainder  carried  forward  to  the  7  years  subse- 
quent to  1978  for  use  in  computing  the  credit  for 
these  years. 

Zero  Bracket  Amount 

This  anount  replaced  the  "standard  deduction,"  in 
effect  for  1976  and  earlier  years.  For  1978,  as  was 
true  for  1977,  the  zero  bracket  amount  was  $3,200  for 
married  tajqayers  filing  jointly  and  surviving 
spouses,  $2,200  for  single  persons  and  heads  of 
households,  and  $1,600  for  married  taxpayers  filing 
separately. 


Section  7 


Sources  of  the  Data, 

Description  of  the  Sample 

and  Limitations  of 

the  Data 


Contents 

Sources  of  the  data,  191 

Sample  criteria  and  selection,  191 

Method  of  estimation,  191 

Sampling  variability,  191 

Processing  and  management  of  the  sample,  193 

Text  tables 


7A 


7B 


Number  of  Form  1040  and  Form  1040A  returns  in 
the  populaticn  and  sanple,  1978,  192 
Estimated  nuitiber  of  returns  for  selected  ipper 
limit  coefficients  of  variation  by  size  of 
adjusted  gross  income/deficit,  193 


Basic  tables 

7.1  All  returns:  coefficient  of  variation  for 
sources  of  income  and  adjustments  by  size  of 
adjusted  gross  income,  194 

7.2  Coefficient  of  variation  for  selected  sources  of 
inocnie  and  tax  items  by  State,  201 


Sources  of  the  Data 

The  data  in  this  report  were  estimated  from  a 
stratified  simple  random  sanple  of  unaudited 
individual  income  tax  returns.  Forms  1040  and  1040A, 
filed  by  U.S.  citizens  and  residents  and  processed  in 
the  ten  service  centers  of  the  Internal  Revenue 
Service  during  Calendar  Year  1979.  The  total  sample 
of  157,792  returns  was  selected  from  a  population  of 
90,067,233  returns. 

The  estimates  in  this  report  are  intended  to 
represent  all  returns  filed  for  Income  Year  1978. 
While  the  overwhelming  majority  of  returns  processed 
during  1979  were  for  Calendar  Year  1978,  a  few  were 
for  non-calaidar  years  ending  during  1978  and  1979 
and  some  were  delinquent  returns  for  prior  years. 
Returns  for  recent  prior  years  were  used  in  place  of 
1978  returns  received  and  processed  after  December 
31,  1979.  This  was  dane  in  the  belief  that  the 
characteristics  of  returns  due  but  not  yet  filed 
could  best  be  represented  ty  the  returns  for  previous 
income  years  that  were  processed  in  1979. 

All  returns  processed  during  1979  were  subjected  to 
sampling  except  tentative  and  amended  returns. 
Tentative  returns  were  not  subjected  to  sampling 
because  the  revised  returns  may  have  been  sampled 
later  en,  while  amended  returns  were  excluded  because 
the  original  returns  had  already  been  subjected  to 
sampling. 

Sample  Criteria  and  Selection 

Form  1040  and  1040A  returns  filed  and  entered  into 
the  Internal  Revenue  Service's  Individual  Master  File 
System  during  1979  were  stratified,  by  computer,  into 
sample  classes  based  en:  the  presaice  or  absence  of  a 
Schedule  C  (Profit  or  Loss  from  Business  or  Profes- 


sion) ;  State  from  which  filed;  form  used  (Form  1040 
or  1040A) ;  size  of  adjusted  gross  income  (or  deficit) 
or  largest  of  specific  income  (or  loss)  items;  and 
size  of  business  and  farm  receipts.  Returns  were 
then  selected  from  the  sample  classes  using  the 
ending  digits  of  social  security  numbers  at  rates 
ranging  from  0.02  percent  to  100  percent. 

The  five  State  Groups  listed  in  table  7A  were 
formed  en  the  basis  of  the  combined  total  number  of 
Forms  1040  and  1040A  from  each  State.  For  each  State 
contained  in  each  State  Group  the  sample  was  designed 
to  select  a  minimum  number  of  1,600  returns.  This 
resulted  in  each  State  Groi^)  receiving  a  different 
set  of  sampling  rates.  In  addition,  within  each 
State  Group  the  sanple  was  allocated  to  sample 
classes  so  as  to  reduce  variance.  A  return  fell  into 
one  of  the  sample  classes  when  the  return  amounts  for 
the  larger  of  adjusted  gross  inccme  or  largest  of 
specific  income  items  and  size  of  business  plus  farm 
receipts  both  fit  into  the  boundaries  of  the  sanple 
class. 

Table  7A  contains  the  number  of  returns  in  the 
population  and  sample  by  sample  strata  and  State 
Groip,  along  with  a  description  of  the  sanple 
strata.  A  comparison  of  the  total  population  of 
table  7A  with  the  total  estimated  population  shown  in 
the  national  tables  of  this  report  will  disclose  a 
small  difference.  This  difference  resulted  from  an 
estimated  295,700  returns  being  excluded  from  the 
national  tables  since  they  contained  no  inccme 
information  or  were  identified  as  amended  or  tenta- 
tive returns  after  saitpling. 

Method  of  Estimation 

Weighting  factors  were  obtained  by  dividing  the 
computer  population  count  of  returns  in  a  sample 
stratum  by  the  number  of  sample  returns  for  that 
stratum.  The  weighting  factors  were  then  converted 
to  "integer  weighting  factors"  which  were  applied  to 
each  return.  For  exanple,  if  a  weight  of  44.24  were 
conputed  for  a  stratum,  24  percent  of  the  sample 
returns  in  that  stratum  would  receive  an  integer 
weight  of  45,  and  76  percent  a  weight  of  44. 

Sampling  Variability 

The  particular  sample  used  in  this  study  is  one  of 
a  large  number  of  all  possible  samples  of  the  same 
size  that  oould  have  been  selected  using  the  same 
sanple  design.  Estimates  derived  from  the  different 
sanples  would  differ  from  each  other.  The  deviation 
of  a  sample  estimate  from  the  average  of  all  pos- 
sible samples  is  called  the  sampling  error.  The 
standard  error  of  an  estimate  is  a  measure  of  the 
variation  among  the  estimates  from  the  possible 
sanples  aid  thus  is  a  measure  of  the  precision  with 
which  an  estimate  from  a  particular  sanple  approxi- 
mates the  average  result  of  all  possible  samples. 


191 


192 


Individual  Returns/ 1978  •Sources,  Sample,  and  Limitations 


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Individual  Returns/1978  •  Sources,  Sample,  and  Limitations 


193 


The  ocefCicient  of  variation  (CV)  is  the  standard 
error  of  the  estimate  expressed  as  a  percent  of  the 
estimate.  Coefficients  of  variation,  ooirputed  using 
a  sum-of -squares  method,  are  shown  for  selected 
frequency  and  amount  estimates  and  appear  in  tables 
7.1  and  7.2  of  this  section.  The  upper  limit 
coefficients  of  variation  shown  in  table  7B  were 
ocsnputed  using  a  formula  based  on  the  sum-of -squares 
method.  These  coefficients,  applicable  to  frequen- 
cies only,  are  meant  as  a  general  guide  for  use  when 
ccnputed  coefficients  of  variation  are  not  shown. 

The  sample  estimate  and  an  estimate  of  its  standard 
error  permit  the  construction  of  interval  estimates 
with  prescribed  confidence  that  the  interval  includes 
the  population  value.  For  example,  from  table  1.4, 
the  amount  estimate,  X,  of  State  inccme  tax  refunds 
is  $2,369  billicn  and,  from  table  7.1,  its  related 
coefficient  of  variation,  CV(X),  is  1.4  percent.  The 
standard  deviation  (error)  of  the  estimate,  SE(X),  is 
needed  to  construct  the  interval  estimate  and  is  the 
product  of  the  estimate  and  its  coefficient  of  varia- 
tion: 

SE(X)  =  X  .  CV(X) 

=   ($2,369  billion)  .  (0.014) 

=  $0,033  billion. 

This  SE(X)  value  is  then  subtracted  from  and  added 
to  the  estimate,  X,  to  construct  a  68  percent  confi- 
dence interval  estimate.  The  interval  is  ooirputed  as 

X  -  a:(X)<Y<X  +  SE(X),  with  68  percent 
confidence, 

where  Y  is  the  population  value  estimated  hy  X. 
Based  on  this  data,  the  interval  estimate  is  froti 
$2,336  billion  to  $2,402  billion  ($2,369  -  $0,033  and 
$2,369  +  $0,033).  A  conclusion  that  the  average 
estimate  of  State  income  tax  refunds  lies  within  an 
interval  computed  in  this  way  would  be  correct  for 
approximately  two-thirds  of  all  possible  similarly 
selected  samples.  It)  obtain  this  interval  estimate 
with  95  percent  confidence,  multiply  the  SE(X)  value 
by  two.  (For  this  data  the  resulting  intervcil  would 
be  from  $2,303  billicn  to  $2,435  billion.) 

Whenever  a  weighted  frequency  (and,  in  most  cases, 
its  corresponding  amount)  is  less  than  3,  the  esti- 
mate is  combined  or  deleted  in  order  to  avoid  disclo- 
sure of  information  for  specific  taxpayers.  These 
oombinaticns  and  deletions  are  indicated  by  a  double 


asterisk  (**).  In  all  other  cases,  estimates  based 
on  less  than  10  returns  are  considered  unreliable  and 
are  indicated  by  a  single  asterisk  (*)  to  the  left  of 
the  data  item(s).  Estimates  with  coefficients  of 
variation  exceeding  35  percent  should  also  be  used 
with  caution.  Occasionally,  an  estimate  based  on 
fewer  than  10  returns  will  have  a  coefficient  of 
variation  less  than  35  percent.  However,  coeffi- 
cients based  on  so  few  observations  are  themselves 
generally  unreliable. 

A  dash  in  place  of  a  frequency  oc  amount  estimate 
indicates  that  no  return  in  the  sample  had  that  char- 
acteristic. A  dash  in  place  of  a  coefficient  of 
variation  for  which  an  estimate  is  shown  indicates 
that  all  returns  with  that  characteristic  were 
selected  at  the  100  percent  rate. 

Processing  and  Managanent  of  the  Sample 

The  adequacy  of  the  sanple  selection  process  was 
reviewed  hy  applying  prescribed  sampling  rates  for 
each  stratum  to  the  population  count  for  that  stra- 
tum. A  follow-up  was  required  to  reconcile  differ- 
ences between  the  actual  number  of  returns  selected 
and  the  expected  number. 

In  transcribing  and  tabulating  the  information  from 
the  returns  in  the  sample,  checks  were  imposed  to  im- 
prove the  quality  of  the  resulting  estimates.  Incor- 
rect or  missing  entries  were  altered  during  statis- 
tical editing  tr>  make  them  ooisistent  with  other 
entries  on  the  return  and  accompanying  schedules. 
Data  v«re  also  adjusted  during  editing  in  an  attenpt 
to  achieve  consistent  statistical  definitions. 

Quality  of  the  basic  data  abstracted  at  the  pro- 
cessing centers  was  controlled  there  by  means  of  a 
continuous  subsampling  verification  system.  In 
addition,  the  Statistics  Division  in  the  National 
Office  conducted  an  independent  reprocessing  of  a 
atiall  subsaitple  of  the  returns  statistically  pro- 
cessed in  the  field  as  a  further  check  on  proces- 
sing. Prior  to  tabulation,  numerous  oomputer  tests 
were  applied  to  each  return  record  to  assure  that 
premier  balance  and  relationships  among  return  items 
were  maintained. 

Finally,  prior  to  publication,  all  statistics  and 
tables  were  reviewed  for  accuracy  and  reasonableness 
in  light  of  provisions  of  the  tax  laws,  taxpayer  re- 
porting variations  and  limitations,  economic  condi- 
tions, comparability  with  other  statistical  series, 
and  statistical  techniques  used  in  data  processing. 


Individual  Return8/1978*Sources,  Sample,  and  Limitations 


Table  7B — Estimated  Number  of  Returns  (or  Selected  Upper  Limit  Coefficients  of  Variation  by  Size  of  Adjusted  Gross 
Income/Deficit 

1C«I|S  are  estimated  number  ol  returns  1  


Sae  ot  adjusted  gross  incofne/deScrt 

Of  variation 

(CV.) 

(Pefcent) 

Undef 
$10,000' 

$10,000 
under 

S15,000 

$15,000 
under 

$20,000 

$20,000 

under 
$30,000 

$30,000 
under 
$50,000 

$50,000 
under 
$100,000 

$100,000 
under 
$200,000 

$200,000 
under 
$500,000 

$500,000 

and  over 

{!) 

(2) 

(3) 

(4) 

(5) 

(6) 

m 

(8) 

(9) 

2 

5 

10 

23,200,000 
3,710,000 
928.000 
232.000 
103.000 
75,700 
37.100 

7.690.000 
1.260.000 
315.000 
79,000 
35.000 
25.700 
12.600 

6,610,000 

1.060.000 

264.000 

ee.ooo 

29.400 
21.600 
10,600 

5.170,000 
927,000 
207.000 
51.700 
23.000 
16.900 
6.300 

1.d30,000 
293,000 
73,200 
16.300 
8.100 
6.000 
2.900 

426.000 
68.500 
17,100 
4,300 
1.900 
1.400 

eeo 

112,000 

17.900 

4.500 

1.100 

500 

370 

180 

25,500 

4,100 
1.000 
250 
110 
60 
40 

Estimates  of  this 

stratum  have  no 

C  V   since  all 

50 , 

194 


Individual  Returns  / 1978  •  Sources,  Sample,  and  Limitations 


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Individual  Returns  / 1978  •  Sources,  Sample,  and  Limitations 


195 


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O  "U  4)  0)  IDT3 
OT3  "D-D  T3  C 
cm"  C    C    C    C    3 

w  O  o  o  o  o 

<D  O  O  O  O  O 
"D  O  O  O  O  Q- 

^cm'  ^'cbco''- 

3</>  Mb4  V>M 


OOOOOO 
OOOOOO 
OOOOOO 
■^'  cb  CO*  o"  in  d 

'-'-•-  CVJ  CM  CO 

ID  0)  Qj  Q)  0)  <1) 

c  c  c  c  c  c 

3   3   3   3   3   3 

OOOOOO 
OOOOOO 
OOOOOO 
cvT  "<j'  cb  CO  d  m" 

•-'-•-■-  CM  CVJ 


ooy 

:  O  O  O  P 
OOOOO 

gc^tddg 

R-oooR  -, 
oocMin'-  2; 
<n '-  w«rt«/»  o 

rt  w  ^  ^  ^  c 

>-  fc.  <u  D  a)  ^ 

0)  <1)  "O  -D  "D  i: 
"D  ^  C  C  C  O 
C   C   3   3   3o 

^  ='ooog 
o  o  o  o  o  R 

OOOOOO 

°-°dddg 
o  o  o  o  o  R. 

co  in  •-  CM  in  »- 

*/i  Vi  *A  *A  fA  tA 


^S5 
£  ^o 

3  0)0 
—  ■DO 

_3  w 


OO 

OO 

oo 
lo'd 

'-CM 
MM  CU 

£  £  I 
■□■at 

C   C    w 
3    3   O 

ooo 

goo 
oo 


Individual  Returns  / 1978  •  Sources,  Sample,  and  Limitations 


197 


15 


~      oo^r^omp^j      opoo^r^oi     epcpriCT>oo     "•      (c-ooiftco^      oof^^ooo      oxonooo       R 
■^      liScgebcri'^o      ocoi-i-tbh-      ricNicNi--oo     ^      cb>ric6r^(£>'-^      oocvioiibod      <ocvie>j^'oc>       "* 


cDootDcO'-co       ■<»<ooj<Ncnr^      '-<^*-(j.w^  ^'-o      OTOnnm-^r^       •-o»-o>oo       * 

odoioicocir-       i^r^r^r^'w^       <mi-^«-00C)     ^       ri-c'ifi'-'oco      i^fv-i^rofj-ty       oj'-^t-ooo        * 


(O  -^  •-  ff)  CM  •■ 


(N  CM  ri  rj  CO  •-      t- 


o>  CO  o*  CM  ir> 
CMCvitb  CO  r^ 
CMCM--  »- 


o  ^ 


£^ 


cooi  ID  o>  in  CO 
uSo  oa>  ocb 

(D  ^  CO  »-  CM  •- 


eS 


cooico^cooo      r»-in(Ooioioo 


■a 

0) 

3 
C 

C 

o 
o 
I 

E 
o 
u 

c 


26 


?>  {/I 
CO  O 


E^ 


15 


ciO'^m'-o  oooi^-vcof^  '-CM0C100 
co^iri^ood  r^r^f^f^Tj'^t  eM^'--ooo 
(MCM  »-  •-  ^ 


CMOi^in^Oi      O'-incMojto      ocotocsioo 
r-CM^-iD'-co       i-cvicjicbcoo      ojouacooo 

CM  1/1  TT  ^  CO  CO         cOCOCvlCMCOCM        •-  •- 


tDOOO^(D        OlfMCO^CMCO 


r^  CM  f^  O  O)  O)  CM  d  CD  If)  CD  <3> 
cbr-OOtD^-^  COCMCOOCO'«T 
CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CNJ  •-   •- 


^  CO  ■»?  CO  O)  O)  r^- CO  tfi  o>  CM  »-  0^00(000 
cO'-^aJCMOr>^  ■"T-q-^'O'^'in  cbcocMCgoo 
r^Oi-^rococM       CMCvjcMcvj'-'- 


o 
C3 

0) 


3 

< 


&" 


CD'-  CO  ^  CD'- 

CM  to--  '-0O'- 

CO  CM  0)000 

■^ 

1  '"■' 

^ 

CM  coco  f-  00  »- 

0<D  »-  ■-  OO 

to 

or^oo  •-  r^ 

CDtDCMCOnr^ 

■(f  CO  CM  CM 

CO 

0^0)0  0)^  r^ 

^  (OCMOJ 

cocDincocM 

O  ■- CM  ^  I^  to         »- CD  iD  ■- O  •-        O^OCMOO 

co^-i^cdi^cM      coOT'-ootbco      i^tbi/icMoo 
cDa)too)u^ai       r^  C7)  CD  C31  ^  CO      cm  ■- ■- ■- 


I  CO  ■^ 

'  IT)  CO 

COO) 


^  coco  •-  O  '- 
GO  O)  >/)  CO  cb  CO 
r^  a)cDcn  ^  co 


-  -^  CO  CM  (D 

~  to  >-  •- 1^ 

~  ^  Ul  CD  •- 


(/) 


~     cntDcococoo 

"^        --*  O  CD  *-^  CO  CM 

1-  in  CM  CO  ^  CO 


■^'-oajr^cD  <Mcoc3)0)00 
cococo-^r-CM  iri  CO  in  (J)  CD  o 
COCMCOeO'-CM       •- •- 


CO  ■-  CM  1-  T  CO 


■^  10  0)0)  o  o 


■o 

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C 
(Q 
Q) 

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u 

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flJ3 

uc 


^l 


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15 


C3)  r^  -w  m  CO  (^ 
O  Of^  CO  -w  o 

CM  CO  CM  <N  CM  CM 


CO  ■^  CM  0)l^  CO 

r^  o  CO  cbcbcvi 

COO)  ^  CM  CM  CM 


P        T-  OCO-*!  (DO) 


r^  T  O  r-  to  ^ 
CM  CO  CO  in  (O  "If 

■^  ■W  CMCM  »-  »- 


r^^-eocoinr^  ocor^O'-tD  co^cmcdoo 
cO'-^cO'-iTjcM  tboi'-cbf--^"^  cdincb-^'oo 
•-inmoo'^co      ■^■^TcocM'-'- 


ooo>0)  ^  in 


T- in  CO  csj  •- (3^       CM  h- o  r^  r^  ^ 
CMCMcO'ccocM      oxbcJihoic) 

CMfOfMCOCMCM         •-•-CM'-         •- 


in  r^  r^  •-  ^  CM 


-o>0)u^      •'jt^inooo       •? 

-ihoiO         ■^OJCMOJCDO  '^ 


3 
O 


> 


^       o 

g  f 

I        o 


0) 

3 


OO 
OO  OOO 
OO  OOf^ 
op  Oq^^ 

■V  tb  00  •-  (rt 

MM  MM   j_ 

§.-  ^  .-  .^  0) 
0)  01  OJ  U)  -Q 
O  ^  -0  TJ  U  C 
oJ  C  C  C  C  D 
M  =>  =»  =  ^O 
^OO  OOP 


OOOOOO 
OOOOOO 
OOOOOO 

■w  (D  CO  o  in  o 

•-  •-  f-  CM  CMCO 
MMMMMM 

0)  lU  V  <U  0)  ^ 
■DT3  -D  -O  T3  ■□ 
C  C  C  C  C  C 
3   3   3   3^3 

gOOQOO 
OOOOO 
p  O  O  p  O  O 

CM  tt  (b  oj  o  ih 

.-.-.-  ^  CM  CM 


J888 

ooooo 

o  o  o  o  P  -, 
oocMtn  •-  S 

in  •-  MM  M  n 
WM  ^    ^    ^    c 

.^     ._     OJ    D    Qj    t 

lU  QJ  "D  TJ  T)  •- 
■OTJ  C  C  C  O 

C    C    3    3    3o 

=^ooo§ 

Q  Q  O  O  O  O 


O 

■_:_:       OO 

:00000 

tOOOOf^ 

■  O  O  O  <-J  ^ 

t'  CD  CO  •-  W 

MMMtA  ^ 

C3  .-.-.-   w  Oj 

O  <V  <U  CD  0)  "O 

OT3  "O  "O-O  C 

nS  C   C   C   C   3 

^  OOO  o  o 
DOOO  OO 
T3  O  O  O  O  Q- 
^  CM  -^  tb  CO  .- 
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OOOOOO 
OOOO  OO 
p  O  o  o  p  O 
^  CD  CO  o  in  o 

■-'-•-  CM  CM  CO 
M*AMM  M«9 

<1)  O  V  4J  A)  (1> 
TD'OTDTD  T3'0 

c  c  c  c  c  c 

3  3  3  3  3  3 
OOpO  QO 

oopo  po 

OOOO  OO 

c*j  -v'  tb  CO  o"  in 

t-  •-  .-  .-  CMCM 
MMMM  MM 


oog 

OOOH 
OOOOO 

P  O  O  O  °  a, 

oocMin  •-  2? 

in  •-  MMM  o 
»«*'  w    ^    _    c 

w   w    D  QJ  (U  ^ 
a>  D-OTJ  -D  s 

-o-o  c  c  c  o 

C    C    3    3    3o 


o  o  o  o  o  P 
com  •-  CM  m  •- 


>-  0)  oj  ! 


t  Q  •-  flJ  UJ  ? 
5iS^  c  c  w 

tf,  C    3   3  O 
C*^        OOO 

£  -pops 

3  (DOOOO 

S^vn--cM 


198 


Individual  Returns  / 1978  •  Sources,  Sample,  and  Limitations 


CO 

O 

c 

3 

o 

e 
< 

CO 

^       T-'-OOOl'J       COCMVC310Or^       cjocor^-^oo      "^ 
<^      r- CO  "tj  eji  CO  in      to  in  ih  cb  oi  c\j      i^diri'^dd     •^ 

r--aom«>mTi       (MootDCM^       --asr^mqo 
cotbcocicor^      ootbirir^oco     cdtDin^do 

CMtD^CMCSjT-         ,- ^  T- T- ^  ^ 

O?           r^  r^  o>o  r^ 
""           (bcgoidco 

E 

CD 

Z 

o 
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If 

z 

eg 
r^ 

T       CD  in -o^  en  in  ■-       cMoocri'-cnin       --cocDcooo     *       csir-r^mcxJO      cn-r  in  co  m  cO       cmcDCDcjoo        *           -^r-coocNj 
"      cbindiriinen      cj^-cMcdood      tb-^rcnc^Jod     ^      i^cnriincjiio      ricMcvicocbd      tOTj^cocodd       ^          h-Oii^cd-«f 

u. 

o 

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3 

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§ 

S  S2SSS5  H^-^'^-M   ^SSS§§  S   SS;25^;:i  SSSSSS  SSSS§§    S     SSo^5 

z 

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z 

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CM        [^^^CO^-CM        CO'-'-COO"^        (Din'-tDOO       ^         ■^  rv.  ^  CM  r- C\J        r-^I^COf^CO        0»<D'-CDOO          P             in  tO  CO  CO  •- 

M      in  iri  CO  CO -T  cri      ci  o-j  ^^ -t  en  d      iriTrm-^dd     "      cocodoih-^.      tfiinuSinCTid      iri-^rin-^do       «>          oicococo'q- 

c 
g 

o 

Q. 

■o 

C 
(TJ 
If) 

C 
3 

m 

o 

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3 
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CO 

''^       ■^  CD  CM  CD  o  1-       coinO'-cD'-       o  in  o)  CO  o  o     *o       mcor-r^'-co       r-oo-^CJ)'-       ocOCDcWOO        R           --r^cnr^O) 
*"      CO  oi  cri  CO  crj  CO      r-^  r- rv!  co -^  to      -ti  ■t 'j  ^  d  o     •"      oicdd'-cncd      f^  en  r- co  ■^  co      "<r -^r -^  •«»  d  d       '^          co  ih -r  it  ^ 

2 

o 

Q)    C 

If 

Z 

CO 
CD 

T       CD  r^  TT -T  r^  en       ^  od  ■*  co  CT»  P-.       cooicxjcDOO     *^       co -a- en  r-. -tt  r--       co  en  in  CTi  p  r--       cncjicqcDOO        "?           cnc30-~coin 
*-      cocbcD(Diriiri      ifi'«T'<t^'cMcr)      c\jCMCMcndd     '^       r^T-T-cocbiri      in^^r-^cncn      cMCMCMc-idd       ^          cmcocooj-- 

a 

CD 

Z 

3 

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(D 

"*.      orwinmcDin      r^  t^  id  o>  m  c:i      ■■j-coco'voo     '^.      en  ct>  •- oo  co  en      oicjir^ocDO      ■wcocc'^oo       p          m  cm '- cm  r^ 
o      irirjcncncncn      cncnricncMCM      --^cood     <=      ^cjico^^co      cocom^cmco      ---cnoo       eg          eg  cm  cm  cm  o 

"o 
S  E 

z 

CD 
CD 

T      a3CM'-cj)--co      coi^ini^tD'-      cococmcooo     ">      omcocmoo^      ooo'P'^'P'-      '^'^'^^op        ■*          o>r--incncp 
c>      cncncncMcnoi      CMcacvicMr^cM      dd'-oidd     o      oi  c6  iri -^  ri  cri      ricM^^^'^f^      ooi-cgoo        '-          .,-.^^^0 

CP 

to 

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o 

Q. 
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a. 
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(0 
(0 

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c 

3 

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CD 

«      uT-cDr-cocn      ^-a^cocO'jin      ^cor-cMoo     '^      (3>  r- cj)  cm  eg  0      con^inur^      oocNir-cnoo       T          mcMCoo'^ 
*      ■^■^ocjjoo      cj)  CO  CM  en  in  oi      -^cocncridd     **      cj>  r^ '- en  ^r  cm      CMt^incD^-d      ■^■^cncooo       2          cnr-ocoto 
^cncMCM-wco       CM  CM  en  CM  CM  ■-       •-  T-      •-                         ^cDinmcon      encMcncMCMCM       -- ■>-       '-                  ^           1- cm  eg  i- 

o 

II 

z 

CD 

p      <n  CD  CD -a- CM --       CO  ■^  en  1^ -«T  eg       egorgegoo     »       r-- co  cu -^r  r^  -       ^  r^  0  •- (D '-       cn^-cgegoo        "^           incDiO-j*- 

■"    SSfcSSS    SSSSi^S    rt-ou,,dd   ">    r^gog^gj    SSSSS2    <^<°  — OO     ■»       c.00,^.0 

c 

CD 

CD 

CD 

z 

c 
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CO 

**?      inr-co'-'-o      i-r-cocDoocn      cocDonoo     ^.      cocm'-'Wcmcm      h-CMcoincDen      ocDCDcnoo       "^          cnincneom 

'■  sassss  ssasss  -^---oo  •"  s'ls^ss^js  s^sssts  °^'^^°°    "     oasis'" 

o  ^ 
S  £ 

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CM 

CD 

^.      o-wCMOCMco      cncncMCj>CMO       -j  r- -cr -- 0  0     P       tfiocoentficp       en  co  m  cd  ct>  i--       U3  (^ -<»  ^  p  0        P           rg--CMcnco 
"      ■^inTTCDdco      iDeoob-^tde^      mcncne^do     **>      cnd'-ej>T-eg      cd  eri  cJi  in  d  cm      iricncneodo       '^          cm  en .- d  en 

Ol 

3 
C 

C 

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o 

1 

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CO 

Q. 

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o 

OJ 

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5. 

CD 

o 

CD 

z 

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P       'TCM^OCD'-       enocOinoocD       ^mcsiooo     P       cooommegeM       coi^oincnr--       -megooo        P           oopcocDrv. 
<^       egegCMCnoicc:       i^imn-tJCJxj)       -tjCMegcMOO     ^^       "^dcnegegcn       ebincD-^dcT)       ■^CMCMCMdo        ^           megdcricM 

o 
w  to 

Si 

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P       ■wincMOinr^       cm  03  en  en  eg  in      egoo^oooo     ^       cocomencDin      00  (7)  to -^  en  co      cmoo>cooo        P           r-cn'-'^en 
<^      cDf^cdintoen      cn^cM.-r^^:      en  cm -- ^  d  0     ^^      cd  <- cd  03  c6 -<T      eo^cM--r^i^      cncM'-i-dd       oi          cMocor-rj 

c 
m 

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5. 

CC 

o 

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■^      en  0 -w -o^ -o^  r^      tnoocoin-«i      m-q-CMOioo     •*      cm  r- (^  to  t- 00      CMCDcDcnto^r      tc^cMcnop       P          oi -<r  en  eg 'O^ 
'"      iri  CM  ih  CM  en  cji      cnen'-dtbr^      en  cm  cm '- d  d     "^      obcni^cbirid      d  en  ■^  i- d  r-      cncMCM»-dd       "*          ■>!  c6  d  r^ '- 

SE 

z 

iT) 

P      CMOcocncMto      r- en  en -tj  00  CM      cot-ooioo     ^       coegcnooicM      --^intopen      co^ppoo       P          inpCMpen 
'"     o6c7)a3N-cod      ddtoden'^      ■•-  r~  ■r- d> d> d>     *"      ^-cjiendcnr-      r-r-dtoen-*      T-^^-^ddd       *         inihTjeO'- 

_ 

D 

5 
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3) 

3 
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0 

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tn 
c 
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a 

< 

:c 

:a 

2 

d  '- 

0  QJ 
0"D 
cm'c 

w  0 

(DO 
TDO 

3W 

0 
0 
0 
CD 
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c 

3 
0 
0 
0 
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0 
0 
0 

s 

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c 
= 
0 
0 
0 
to 

0 

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= 

00 

$10,000  under  $12,000 

$12,000  under  $14.000 

$14,000  under  $16,000 

$16,000  under  $18,000 

$18,000  under  $20,000 

$20,000  under  $25,000 

$25,000  under  $30,000 

$30,000  under  $50.000 

$50,000  under  $100,000 

$100,000  under  $200,000 
$200,000  under  $500,000., 
$500,000  under  $1,000,000 
$1,000,000  or  more 

Under  $2,000 

$2,000  under  $4,000    

$4,000  under  $6,000 

$6,000  under  $8,000      

$8  000  under  $10  000 

$10,000  under  $12,000 

$12,000  under  $14,000 

$14,000  under  $16.000 

$16,000  under  $18,000 

$18,000  under  $20,000 

$20,000  under  $25,000 

$25,000  under  $30,000 

$30,000  under  $50,000 

$50,000  under  $100.000 

$100,000  under  $200.000... 
$200,000  under  $500,000... 
$500,000  under  $1,000,000 
$1  000  000  or  more 

Total  nontaxable  returns 

All  returns,  summary 

Under  $5,000                

$5,000  under  $10,000 

$10,000  under  $15,000 

$15,000  under  $20,000 

$20  nnn  or  mnrp 

Individual  Returns  / 1978  •  Sources,  Sample,  and  Limitations 


199 


E 
< 


15 

2 


E 
< 


Z 


gtO'TtM'-r--      ooi^minoq      m^cocnoo    *r      h-o><n»-tor^      ooo«^»nino)     nco^cnoo 
-ocvj'^mai      oj'-inco'^tri      T-oSr^tboo     *"      tb^^tb*-'-*^     coryaiogiriQ      f>io)f^(Doo 


I  in  rt  ojrg 


cga)0*»nu^tn      "C-m^DrtcM 


Stno 
cMrj 


cMco^in^cn     n^^oofM 


COO)  fNir*.  CO  ■« 
^  r^  oiuS  cvio 
•«■  o>  p-  If)  *n  C5 


00  o  oo  O  •"  CO 


0)(0  0>000 
r^  ■-  c«j  csi  tri 


(D^iDocou^      oO(M(cr^cor^ 
OJoicgocpih       ^  CNJ  (£p  CM  h»  eg 


oo>cMco>-a)      ^or^oii^-^o) 


o>cnoa>'^ 


•^  ih  uS  csi  -^f  ^ 
ro  If)  in  in  ■^  ^ 


-  inoxNJOO 


rjcofMO  CO 


P        CO  »-  CO  tOCMO) 

S2      "-^  oJ  CO  "^  fo  i/i 


CO  ■-  coeootn 
r*  CO  ^'  O  CNJ  fv! 
intocDinm  iT) 


a>cMfo  '-oo 
CO  ^'  iri  r«-^  ci  o 

^  CM  CM  CM 


•?  O'-ocJir^  »- 
•£  ■r^  oi  o  f^  ■*  ■- 
*"       ■«»  o>  •    yDO)  CO 


CO'-OCOOifi  '- CO  CO  »- o  O 
f^cbcMcbrgc)  n'-irif^ocD 
in  CD  CO  in  in  (D      ■^cmcncm 


^*  0>  0>  CO  r^ 
'-  cococdtb 
CNiinmco  •- 


E 
< 


-'-'-CO'^CD       oomcoO'^cM 


-oojnoo    P      eMt-Of^o«>     ojin^o^co     <oromnoo 
•-oiotfir^oi      r^h-oiotbo      cdcviebf^oo 


i^  h»  m  •-  CO 
ihcbo  oc\i 
m  ^  m  T  •- 


■o 
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3 
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CA 

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comcoo^to      cor-cocDoo 
CO  f^  CD  iri  "-^  CO      CNi  t^  r^  ifS  ci  o 

COCMCO  COCMCM         »- 


<31 1- CM  o  in  CJ> 


ocMa>pr<»(0 

r^  h*  (bin  ^  CO 

to  CM  to  CO  CM  CM 


•-  CM  CM  CM 


tooo »-  oin  r^ 

•n  CO  CO  CM  CO  CM 


CD  CO  CO  <3>  CO  en      f^r-^O'-oo 
cbcM-foJcoco      cbricocMotb 

CM  CM  CM  CM  »-  •- 


Es 


lOin-^coocD      CM^OO)'-'-      r^r^'-cooo 
incooicdoioi      oj^-cm-^jcoco      mtococMcio 

COCMCJCMi-         CMCMCMCM'-'- 


COO>  CO  o  CO  m 

tboinaj  CM  f- 

eo-^  CO  CO  eg 


ocoa>  •-  »-  f^ 
lb  iri  r^  r-  •*  CO 

CO  CM  CM  CM  1-  •- 


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COOCOCO'-CM        CgCDOcOCM^        CMCMCDlDOO 

CMcbococno)      cjicbodcboo      ^  cm  •- ^  <z>  o 

■-CMCOCMCM'-  »-^^^.-^ 


(OCMCO'-VCD         OCMinO^JCO 

'-cocb'-cbcb      T- CD  ai  r^  CD  CD 

CM'^'^JCOCMCM         eg--'-'-'-  — 


f  in  (o  in  CO 


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ru  c   C  C    C    D 

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c  c  c  c  c  c 

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oocgin  •-  S: 
in  '- »/» WW  o 

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coin*-  eg  in  — 


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200 


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c\ji-  ^  T-  ^ 


otDcnni-r-^      mooojooo 
cocii^^r-d      cncb'T'^oo 

CO^cnCOCMCM        CNJ  1-  ■>- •-  f-  >- 


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rj^d(o     md^^dd     cocsiciJo«idd 


r-  cvim  ID  CO 


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CNJ  m  CN  ■- ■- ■-        ^  r-  - 


•—  CO  m  m  00  f^ 
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for^  (N  CM  T-  ^ 


csjcD'— T-fooo      •— o*— m<DQO      i^omr^oo     ^      cMoomco'im      ^■— cocd^-o      p^T-mr^oo 
dcMmdcocM      i-^ddaimm      cMCMcvicsidd    *^      '-dododnd      "-oddmm      cMCMC\jc\idd 

CMCOCVJT-'-'-'-'-  ■^rCDCM'-'-i-'-'-'- 


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CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CO 


CVJ-^  O  CO  ■>!  - 


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[»-^ocom      ^^oco^*-        I    I    I    I    I    I 
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r^incNcon      com'^noo 


mr*  CO  ■'f  d 
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OCOCOOOOCD        CO'^'-l^'VO 

dcoi^cocDO      cvi'-cO'-O'^ 
CMCsiCMCMCMCM      comcomoco 


I  I  I  I  I 


l^coococo       ^■^T-^ 


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CO  in  como  CO 


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cooa3^r--o       m'-ooor*- 


cO'-tO^r^--       O^-cOmcMCO 

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cDcommco      ^  CO  CO  ^  CM  CM 


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CO  •-  cod  ^ 

CM  CM  CM 


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--  CO  CM  CM  CO  CM 


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CM  •-  OO  O  CM 

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CM  »-  >-  OCO 
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1-  CM  1-  CM 


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C    C    3    3    3o 

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com  •-  CM  m  •- 


oo 
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»-  W  W  QJ 


£  Eo  ■-  <u  <u  c 

a  30  <i>"0"0  c 

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Individual  Returns/1978  •  Sources,  Sample,  and  Limitations 


201 


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o»n^»-»*    ocor5»-iD    no>--oco    oi'-oi^m    omfficn--      CNipr^^r-    ocNjpepr-    pcoooto    fn^ojtfi^    min 
e6iri(b»-h-    riooeo'-    cyoryri^    cvjiOCT>cotr)    rgoitjir^cNj     ootbnitn    r^"-a)Oio    norji/i^    ^^-oooc^    r«-ih 


m  in  (D  oj 
r«-  uS  ui  w 


coh-cotptn    *-Tpnio    oocMOCMO    (Md»-cnr^    »-o>mincn    coojou^ot 
CT)(0(Oo6n    r*  aj  —  CNJ  ui    (cr^r-uScb    (Dr-o>CMO>    or^for-o    h~  r^  <Dh«.  ^ 


(or^-^tjir^    (Oc6r^(ocvi    •-(oo-wco    f^cbr^cMf^    h-ocgth 


to    ocvjtDcnaj    rgoiO'-io    otOCT>cg»-    T-cDCMr-oj    ^of^*-'-    omcDOJOJ     0)f^p»-cn    cnj^(0(Op^    ^(oo>co(D    T-^"ja>r^ 

fi    ocgaoco'-    (noowcNuri    nornoo    oocgtoocn    o>^otoi^    cootD'5'-      r^C7)rJ»-n    Oiooto^    gpinnco    2*^^?'?;  ?, 

cdcoo— ■-    ncNjT?  — n    ojSfy  — cj    --cNjojtNjn    -  n -- cvj  cj    cgm—^-^      —  •- •- oj  cvj    —  cm  cm -- ^    ^  (m  cm  —  n    c^cmcmcmcm 


I  (Dtn 


ot    cnuico'-'^    r^tocpino>    ^pjcmoiti    h-a)C>pco    o^cooco    CT>ni/i^r*      oo  —  t^p   t^o^»-(D    r^co^<oo)    r^r^^ootp    m   |^^ 
r^    r--cicgih^    citbci^oj    ^oc*Je6^    cmcm  —  uif^    ^(b  —  crt^    m^— cor^      —cricb^pj   cd^'-oco    r^(0*f<DO    m^c^cmwio    —      cm^ 


cDiniotoco  oia)co(J)co  ^Dtomcoin  cnr-m—oo  i-nmcO'-  T-r-ooono 

ncnTfoJcy  aJoocM'-  oicncDcotb  c\^u^t^icocM  c*i'^ir)^<7)  •-rr-ij^tDr^ 

i-CM'-in<T)  CMnr^tDOi  ^r^in'-co  •-cO'-r-tJi  — O""'^  ^"^      "■" 

•-      c^  >-  CM  ♦- tn  O" 


mtnuir-Ti    cO'-coootD    f*-r-coo»-    t-cmcmcoO)    — 

, ,        TTiocnr-r^    oxDcpTra)    ihr^ooinr)    cpioc^r-Q    "J- 

^CM'-cjo      i-inr-r-.--    oo)^**    (D'-r-crun    ^<Crtmco    — 


OCM'^^CJ)    cncDcrup'-    ^r--^cooi    ocptO'-tp    -^tOr 
cicntbO"-   oDuitbotD    coi^ootcm    coojocnj^ 

'-CJCMi-'-'-tDCMlD'-'-CM  •-  •-CNJCNJ 


n  -^      T  O  CM  ■^  »■ 


otpcotDO)  r- •- in  CM  ■v 
cDcricricocb  •- o  tt  ib  ^ 
ir)>-CM«~        '-•-'-'-in 


O'-omcM    ^inoO'-in 
.-ojcnr^in    r^  a>  —  ID  CO 

CM        ■-        —      —  •-  CMCM  — 


fs.    ^cvjCMCDCM    ^•-'-c*io>    oor^iDO    mpmtDOT    p^»-ui^    co-^'-tpcM     ocoai»-CT>    pincMtvO)    ooincMto    — poif*-—    inCT)0<D 
o    id<£)<bincM    iri(b'-tbcr>   tbincricotri    ihtbintbcri    iri^^tbin    ih^cb^^    ^incvjiri^    cocbincoiri   tbihinc^cn   ebmTtDto    mr^pr;~- 


•-CMcoin^    cMOiinino    inoiitoDCM    opi*^r^cD    incnaiCMco    cmoicmoicm     cy^^p  —  o    ffif^pT-tn    [^a>h-oo^    —^o  —  '^    \ntn  oto 

C\j^T-r-0     —  ^CM^"-     r-»-  —  O^      ^CM'-^^      ^^O  —  CM     ^^i-^CM      r-»-ci'-CM     O  —  CM'-CO     CMr-t-Cio     ^'-  —  CM'-     CMO)©^! 


oinincoto    ^OJOCMco   (n»-'-oocM    OJpin^p    ^cMh-ino    ^coc^oin     oor-coco    <oo>r».cD'-    r^mr^oico    id  cu  ^  in  ^    <t  cm  ^  ai 
—  ^  —  CMO    T^r^ciimT^    ■r^cNJcMOi-^    »-^cyi-^— cri    •-■-ci'-cM    '-cMCMCMtri    •-  c^d  ^  m    O'-'-ocn    — co'-O'-    tn'---'-'-    cMoih-^ 


o  tp    ^c*Dr^CT>cM    oiocMcpo    in  00  CM  CM '-    h-cMr^ci^    c^in^CMO     CMh-oopcM    r^  CTi  CM  f^  ^*    •sroxofN-eo    cmocO'-cm    »- (d  co  r^ 
cjo    •-cvi'-cr)'-    ococMCJ*-    •-  —  --  —  en    »-*-o»-'-    *-»->-'-cr)     •-'-o»-cm    O'-cmocm    •-•-t-o*-    ih»-»-^'-»-    cooimco 


-oco    --oiinoio    a)co^tDO    r^tomoo   inncMtnr^   cocNtmtoto   a)O»a>cM0p    cOf-tpin 
-•-CM    '-oo^-'-    O'-'-'-cn    o—ocDCM   o—^ocg   — cj^o-^    csioo'-^ci    ^oio^ 


tp  in  •-  <•)  o   CO 


3pT-(pp    inpr-inin    pCMcpr-K    cnocnuDO    incncMoocp    axvjptocM    ^okcm^    omcginco    loi^i^totn    r^tccMio 

J»-'-<0<i     OCM  —  OCi     Ci'-OCJCM     •-odO'-      OOOOCM      O— CDO'--     CJt-^'-^OCM     —  O"-©©     ■^OOOO     CNjCTJ-^Tr 


E  «  <" 

fl  «  2 
<<< 


§1 


s      ...... 

life?  eS^pl  Sciii 


202 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Sources,  Sample,  and  Limitations 


r>CM^(oo<D    (Oocyst*-    CMCMh-r-o*   (D»-cnc\i(o    or^ooicy   oooc^JOtc^i  ■^O'- mt^    ritqtoiopi   f^. ® 


N  ^  oeqirt- 


OJCMOIOO     0>T-A<D(0     OOtCOOtK 


»-'-ooo'^   (r)0)00»-  ^^oxoeo    eqcg^eo^    coo)»-co(o   ui moo o o)    (O  |    i  i 
i-'i-^G6<bri   »-cdoor»-t*io>^ep(b    lorih-ir^iri    ^*-^<boiu)   m*-'cyr«-o6    uS  t 


r--^an/>c)    oiTfcioiCM    oofotoni^    (ot^oicvj»-    oeoojf^oo    OJCNun-g-cDOxtJ'-'-'-    t^'Vcoooy    mo)co(0<o    uir-nm'V    cgmr^in 

sassiQS  SSSSS  gSSSS  2SSS5  gSfSS  SS2SS£?;§S2  E5S88S  feSSiSiffi  ^aSS§  SSSS 


ir--tou^<or^    <Doco^^    not^<oo    cy^cooo    nr^cjojto   ^-r^motD  <^r50(0^    ojUJ^rjp    o<oa)^^    ininip^Oi    innr>oo 
■  otboooio    (briih^r^    dcocoinai    toKoioio    »-fl6obdd   df^obooi  o)(r><lJoir^    r^oicbr-*'-    ^-ed^irioo    aioiaoo    "O^gJQ 


iff 


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u,   v^*,-.,--    CNjotp'-in    in^^ino*   mcMcovflO    --inoi^ 
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Section  8 


1978  Forms  and 
Instructions 


Contents 

Form  1040  and  instructions,  206 

Form  1040A  and  instructions,  231 

Schedules  A&B,  Itemized  Deductions  and  Interest  and 

Dividend  Income,  24  5 
Schedule  D,  Capital  Gains  and  Losses,  246 
Schedule  E,  Supplemental  Inocme  Schedule,  24  7 
Schedule  SE,  Computation  of  Social  Security 

Self -Employment  Tax,  248 
Schedule  TC,  Tax  Cotipjtation  Schedule,  248 
Fcsrm  2555,  Exemption  of,  or  Deduction  from,  Inctxne 

Earned  Abroad,  249 
Form  3468,  Conputation  of  Investment  Credit, 

Schedule  B,  Computation  of  Business  Energy 
Investment  Credit,  251 
Form  4625,  Computation  of  Minimum  Tax — Individuals,  252 
Form  4798,  Carryover  of  Pre-1970  Capital  Losses,  2  53 
Form  5695,  Energy  Credits,  2  54 


205 


Individual  Returns/1978*  Forms  and  Instructions 


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Individual  Returns/1978*  Forms  and  Instructions 


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224 


Individual  Returns/1  978»  Forms  and  Instructions 


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vSi^S  o^Sg 


^(nu^in   uSiAt/iin 


>S5f-  *2§3 


«>  0>  ^   CM  3  <a  r 


5gSSSS|S 


S  cn  o>  ih  c 


gsgsgsgs 


S  f^  g  5   •-  r> 


ssas 


)  O  ry  fo  ^  8  r^  * 


icp  V  o  lorg  »  3 

isssstsss 


rga>3Q  iprg«)3 

S3  i£  m   CT)  ^  CM  4 
CO  <D  CO   <o  O)  ^  a> 


sgsgsssg 


|SgS§SgS 


u^  en  rt  f-.    ^  10  m  d 

7-  en  ■v  kfl   t«-aiOi.- 


)  CT)  S  o   o  o  o  c 


SKIgg! 


82S?  3S 


m  S  S  O  1/4  o  S  S 
tqoioto  o  — »-_f5 

gsigsgssa 


ssg:s;st 


CpVO<0    fM»SO 
Qf>43l4>    r~fl6c5(V4 


CO^OIP   <MC0«»O 

3<o  AVi   —  (Nj  "j  (3 
<o  A  o  di  o>  ^  o> 


§3  0(0    IN  CD  3  < 


iSlssISS 


inSSS  xSSS 

e>«  n  n  v_  «  S  in  w 

gsgsgsss 


■J  r>  1^  .-   in  O)  f 

^  10  to  s>  2  5'^ 


^^^»o  irt  in  iti  \n 


^SS  ss 


usSiiio  uSow^o 


8S8S  gsga 

>o  10  r- p-_  at »  at  at 


ilMU 


CT>i45>-r--  rjoiio.- 
•"rttfjco  alO).-r) 


5o  <o  IM   ®  V  Qlp 
^  ry  3  u)  "^  m  o 


gocffM  op^cuD 


se§s  issS 


ggS|3S3| 

as's's"  srSs 
Iggsgsss 

RS'R'S'RSSa 


SgS| 
RSSR' 

|sga 


=  15 

ill 

OSCA  *- 


is-,  -^^ 


co!h.-CM  2^«>i~- 


<n  U1  if)  (S   (D  S  iZ  S 


a|S|ss3§ 


His  SS§s  SS§5  ;_s§5  i?ls  sSSs  SsSi  SssS  ISSs  ?gS.5  Jcli  5§|S  isSs  s|§ 


>  3«  S  m 


iX  w  S  ?i  ^  (M  3  ui 


lSr-CT)Q   ^033 
•»  -v  -v  tfr  «o  141  u%  lO 


llfsgsgs 


QCMrt'jr  ii'^a* 


SSoo  3s ^^ 


(o cb  en  1-  cmSuIi' 


S^osC  Nnuiuj 


0  3  iS  <i 


gagssssa 


OrvS-gj  jp^-3* 


S""  S  0  i^4  rno  B  C 
(^  ^t  «i   «  ^  w  » 


sass  asat 


agagagag 

fifirfSfSiRifrf 


evi  fM  f^_  6j  rt  (O  rf  ri 


Moryr)   3SKa) 

^^uitn   iAini4im_ 


agag 3ga| 


'Am 


>  oei  o  o  o  o  »- 


gssassg; 


gSg|53fi 


f £52  SEIS 


<M  n  m  (0       ™  S  $^| 


?.§g.i3.g?i 


§3i3§3g2 


is ■- 54  K 3 <o P- 
A  0  01  91  ^  91  o> 


ggssssss 


^!§^I5§I3 


agagagag 
ggsgass 


S.-r<4«  18SS01 


ass; ss^S 

(M_  (M  rn_  r-i  (M  rt  o  <^_ 


Sgsllisj 


vvioo  irtXDim 


£g»SEs§5 

t^  ri  ri  n"  n"  <l"  rl'  n' 


Si  5  *  $  SSoo 


£SS??§3^ 


Sii;2f2i 


IIP 


[ggii§S5 


•X  'H  "^  K  '^  '^  "^  '^. 


IsP.SsP. 


liiiiiii! 


§3121 


III! 


SSiifyfifii!)^ 


Ill 


UlC 


i   ! 

•        8 

^        I 

Sil 


Ii 
li 

IS 


Slii 


Sis 


55li 


r  I 


nil 


nil 


p(P>^>Q   ""^Sff 


^^sSSlis! 


SSS^saSSK 


|£i§ 


III!  III!- 


IB!  I 


Sf.SS  5}?S. 


SIS5SS3S. 


SS.ISSS5S 


s  CO  en  0>  b>  en  d^  « 


isSiisgi 


ii;sst.8.  ssas 


:sSS£QS3!S 


|§|S3gg§ 


[|S3§3§s 


:?¥! 


V<*^Si  til^iintn 


iE  5SSs 


3  <Do  55 


(SlAfcJci 


III! 
mil 


8SJ 

iSii 


9sw>?i<4i  £ttli23 


2illl§gg 


s.E.I.S.I.SS.S 


^^P.gjP. 


S;52SS5l 


^^Ertin  All) to 3;  u^iolcS  3wwS_ 


fcS?s5SlS 


A  o>  9>  o>  00 . 

cSctcici  nriviri  ■ 


nil 


Ma 


^o4$o»  cviSoo 


clciftfl  t^fie^fi  cif4r^f4  fiNr* 


m.inm 


SlESSlSfc 


§BS§SSEs 


IP 


f.5||.5.3|.| 


;iii§§S§ 


E§?^^^!?i 


i% 


S3iE§i8i 


3}  CD  fi>  M  In  A  X_  O) 


eirinri  rinriri 


mumnm.mAmnm 

KKKR'KEKK  1:1:1:1:  KKK!:  RKKia  nfltlH 


a>enA9)  S^9o 


ES§§ 


s?ss 


iSiSlSSI 


I  (^f  N  csT  (4(s(f^f4  cJrJfJ. 


ftt4t^rJ<Jt4 


S58( 


pS5 


5S5! 


RRSGt 


|88 


iia§ 


ntititi 


mi 


III 
III 


Indivi 

dual  Returns/1  978*  Forms  and  Instructions 

225 

m  ;l 

"3^gC  SE 

u -JES  oo 

«  oo5>S,?S 

"'EEgSg. 
— —  c  ^6  g  J3  *  So 

ifiWiS 

es'lil^i': 

CL.  E  -e-s  -  =<^ 
«0  S  =£  JE   o«  3 

^  "  ISci  ESS 

2liiii-°fi 

ssi    1 

iii- 

SsiS 

unuu 

£S2s »s5S 

600 

811 
622 
833 
944 
855 
866 
87.- 

Miunu 

976 
987 
998 
1.009 
1.020 
1.031 
.044 
.056 

§8??   "55? 

?  =  ?iS 

1 
i 

8 
1 

\ 

; 

00 

en 

Sslsisis 

sSSs l«5i 

l.OOO 
1,011 
1.022 
1.033 
1.044 
1.055 
1.066 
1.079 

§5=5 ;2?? 

1  191 
1.204 
1.216 
1,229 
U41 
1.254 
1.266 
.279 

rSsS  SP.S 

a??? 

1,035 
1.046 

1057 

1,068 
1,079 
1,090 
1.101 

1.114 
1,126 
1,139 
1.151 
1.164 
1,176 
1.189 
1.201 

1.214 
1.226 
1.239 
1.251 
1.264 
1.276 
1.289 
1,301 

1,314 
1,326 
1.339 
1,351 
1,364 
1,376 
1.389 
1,401 

1/414 
1.426 
1.439 
1.451 
1.464 
1.476 
1.489 
1.501 

1.514 
1526 
1.539 
1.551 
1.564 
1.576 
1.569 
1.602 

IS  13 

over 

7.850 
7,900 
7,950 
8.000 

III? ||§| 

S.400             8,450 
e.4S0             8.500 
8,500             8,550 
8.550             8,600 
8,600             8.650 
8.650             8.700 
8.700             8.750 
8.750             8,800 

8,800            8.SS0 
8,850            8,900 
8.900             8.950 
8.950            9.0OO 
9.000            9.050 
9.050            9.100 
9.100            9.150 
9.150            9.200 

9,200            9,250 
9J50            9.300 
9.300             9.3SO 
9.350            9.400 
9.400            9.450 
9.450             9.500 
9.500            9.550 
9.550            9.600 

9.600           9.850 
9,650            9.700 
9.700            9.750 
9.750            9.800 
9.800            9.850 
9.850            9.900 
9.900            9.950 
9.950          10,000 

10.000          10.050 
10.050          10.100 
10.100          10.150 
10.150          10JCO 
10.200          10J50 
10J50          10,300 
10,300          10,350 
10,350          10,400 

10.400          10.450 
10.450          10.500 
10.500          10,550 
10.550          10.800 

r    1 

II!-!- 

And  the  total  number 
on  line  7  Is — 

112    13 

i 

Sjgs  S£sa 

ssSS  Ssss 

SHSsSSs 

sSssSII? 

*5sS 

SSS« 

s;s3 

xaSs 

S   SSs^Hsg 

§sSS  ssSP 

sss«S52i 

2SSS«§S§ 

SSSSSSa* 

iSSsSSis 

|8js  gsas 

"    i;S;558g 

slllSSaS 

sSsSsiSS 

sslsSSIs 

"SSIgESg 

iSSSssis 

silSiSiH 

1".     Is 

5.050 
5.100 
5,150 
5.200 

SS8 

?§SgS8S| 

5.800            5.850 
5.850            5.900 
5.900            5.950 
5.950            6.000 
8.000            6.050 
6.050            6.180 
6.100            6.150 
6.150            6,200 

8.200            8.250 
6.250            6.300 
8.300            6.350 
6,350            8.400 
8,400            8,450 
6,450            8,500 
8,500            6,550 
6,550            6,800 

llil  nil 

III!  III! 

7.000            7.050 
7,050            7,100 
7.100            7.150 
7.150            7.200 
7.200            7.250 
■  7.250            7.300 
7.300            7.350 
7.350            7.400 

7,400             7,450 
7,450             7.500 
7,500            7,550 
7.550            7.600 
7.600            7.850 
7.650            7,700 
7,700            7,750 
7,750            7,800 

1-      1 

|3SS  1 

5-:  ' 

o  o  o  c 

>  oooo  oooc 

oooo   oooo 

oooo  oooo 

oooo  oooo 

oooo  oooo 

oooo 

"isa 

S5KS 

oooo   oooo 

oooo  oooo 

■•  =  »a  5;ss 

Seas  ss  =  s 

SSSs  SSS3 

SgS2 

S2RS  S3S; 

?sas  ssfes 

S.SSZ  assf 

asss  sa|  = 

§SsS»S5S 

sSisSssS 

SsSIS 

1  ssM 

Spisg.si 

sillllE^. 

P.s.i.?§?l 

?i?i§is§ 

iS?gs§s§ 

?§Sigl2i 

i 

1 

n  12,600  Of  let 

2.800 
2,625 
2.650 
2.875 

i 

1'     1 

IS? 

2.800 
2.825 
2.850 

2,875 

m 

sill? 

8SSS  sags 

<4'  r>  ri  m'  n'  n'  n  n~ 

§gi? 

n  n  «■  ^ 

iiii 

ri  W  n  ri 

isgs  gssa 
is-;-;  ;25;- 

|S|S 
«  «  V  «- 

nil 

1 1 


i    ^ 


ill 
ill 

ui  J 
CDS  3 

lis 


I 


I 


0) 

CO 

i 

r> 

■)!'* 

k| 

(D 

|K 

?? 

in 

— 

--3 

* 

: 

— 

I 

n 

N 

=   I 


i-D  in 
n 

(M 


I 


1.1  "I 


8S3S  SS*3  aSI§  3SS° 


AAAd>  oooo 
tp'  lO  to"  (O  f-"  r-"  P-"  f~' 


\Mi 


siSSSSaS 


II 


sasE 


81.53 


J28I 


^fiSS 


esss  SCS2 


sSSI  S5SS 


!JSS  S3S! 


?Si§  ??5? 


s3gS  8255 


||8S 


E.SSi^  ^i^R§ 


SaSa 


CSSIQ 


3ESS 

9  V  V  CO 


gSISJSSi 


Sa§S 


83ZS 


Sill 
III! 


S.3.$ 


R^^^  ^i^5 


III! 


sses 

iSSritf 


SSSSS!?» 


cfimmai     a>OoO 


r,^r*^r^r^  n  O  o  c^ 


essg  Jgst 


|§S§  Sgs| 


sagj  sSSS 


sSo^i  vSss 


^;.§?  im 


"2»EgS§i 


ss 


E88  2sae 


S  S  o  S  5_  5  ^_  ^_ 


§gSgS22g 


2s i|  sill 

4OCD0O>    0>  Ok  o>  o> 


sens  Mii 

1355  III? 


8552 


C8SS 


§§ii  Eic 


r»  ci  da  3    ' 


^^^§  ^p.s 


^SaSaiSj 


£§§§ 


B8!Q  338S 


im.  s.??? 


III! 
III! 


[Ill 


III 


iiilSsSSS 


||g.|  §111 


Jg|8  ^l^% 


«  CD  ^  «•     (^  «'  CP  V 


81iS  §§31 


«Ri^i^  l^n^ 


55J5  ^eSs 


nil  III! 

nil  III 


SS.^tS  (cESSS 


^  irt  irt  irt      irt  ul  lO  lO 


522?  SSs? 


^  O)  Ok  A 


l-lll 


§3gS! 


^  V  oa  O    r.  «  lO  ai 


8!^,»»    SSSj 


gsss 


gggj  5sSs 


ISgS  ???^ 


s^si  i|§5 


3  ^  OJ     p  5  ift  « 


SgS| 

gsgs 


5551 

55iS 


Sj  ry  r^  ra    cj  o  rt  rt 


S55li§li 


7i0>90    r^fK,40<p 


sSSH  iliSS 


iin 4(1  UI    u^  ID <0  <o 


SggS  SSfcS 


te  •!!!»!" 


a)  r^  r^  CO    lO  lO  >fi  ^ 

qj  O  rv  «     <o  (C  o  (Si 


ses 


SSSs  i 


ss»3  sags 


SI8S8  S58S 


51?? 
gsss 


SS8S 


o  o  o  M    tn  ■*  ir  ■• 


<o  3  iS  S  I 


§555 

8RRS" 


SgS| 

551? 
ssas 


SiSi  iil^ 


i£«S  I 


?^^!(!  ^?S3. 


§5SS  SgiS 


1  £5s§ 


§8.55  ?.S.?^ 


■?;.5.  mi 


tScC  SS 


Hill 


nil 
nil 


ggll5Sil 


V  O'  to  *0'    ^'  'D  (O'  tf» 


s§p  ;??! 


(O  e  <o'  K>'   «'  to'  <o  it> 


xsil 8 sis 


;isi^§.  P.SS, 


313151  eSSE 


cq  i  35  3^   ft  fin  ^_  oi 


iin  nn 


f§ 


^  ^^?s. 


|5P  MU 


:i§S  Si 


8N33  a; 


P.5?  5-5 


ISS? 1115 


3s  8? 


nil 
nn 


nn 
nn 


SSSS  s;S5 


81  li  lgS? 


(nd)0^9)     OOOO 


!^i^S 


J5S:  Sii^ 


m.i  urn 


RSKS 


nnnn 
nn  iiiif 


gas 


§5SS 


;s8; 


??<§!§ 


S|g| 


5§l§ 
55ii 


sags  gxffs 


isSS  SSES 


cgii iiii 


i  J?2  ?.?^^ 


55?|  S.?53S 


SS?8.  ggsi 


CO  e  «  «   «  ao  a>  B 


nnnn 
nnnn 


226 


Individual  Relurns/1 978  »  Forms  and  Instructions 


3  ii 


IIS 


■     2-C  "O   O 


■lis* 


=•  SS  EcE-. 


>T3£)   J 

■  "D  E  e° 


)     >.CCS)  » 


a  is  ' 


|f^ 


Si! 

t-  eS 


-E  =^ 


(0 

^ 

g 

r» 

^ 

ll 

(0 

li 

in 

tg 

'H 

"t 

a  E 

*  ■ 

n 

£ 

i 

(M 

- 

t  I 


oooo    oooo    oooo    oooo    oooo    oooo    oooo    oooo    oooo    oooo    oooo 


oooo    oooo 


3  o    oooo 


9000    oooo 


3  O      «■  ru  O  a 


;S5s 


sssg  ssss 

§K8S  gSgS 


oooo    OOOO 


3  o    oooo 


OOOO    oooo 


S8S2  E;:S«S 


ssss  sgsg 

IB  «  W  »      «  »  «  «* 

SSSS  ssss 


oooo 


oooo 


oooo 


*^.    5  o._ «  «, 
3    rtww"! 


oooo   oooo 


oooo    oooo 


3000   oooo 


oooo   oooo 


oooo   oooo 


oooo   oooo 


cnr)^>ri    (0<or~.o 


sss§  sss§ 

ririrlrf    n  m  n  ri 


§S|S  §38S 

ri  n  n  ri    r>  rf  rf  « 


oooo    o  c 


oooo    oooo 


>000      OOOr 


sssa  sisis 


sKss  ast? 


r{«if>(B     ibr>-<s9i 


q  <Q  lo  V     o  ^  c 

ssss  ss: 


s|S|  ssss 
ssss  ssss 

«D  •  *  ffl   O  O  »-  T- 


OOOO  OOOO 


oooo  OOOO 


oooo  oooo 


OOOO  oooo 


oooo  oooo 


oooo  ■ 


oooo  oooo 


3  O  >-  OJ  rt  ^ 


s|ss  ssss 
SS|S  §sss 


OOOO      OOOO 


oooo    oooo 


iKinQ    >>pih>tn 


sssg  ssii 


aHS 


wtiScStO  ^uS(pS 


ssss  ssss 

c*  n  F)  <»  «  lA  in  iS 

ssss  ssss 


OOOO  oooo 


oooo  oooo 


-aDcb(7i  O^-c^W 


!sa 


-  (o  ui  a  2  fy  !z  ' 
f  5  5*  *  3  5  ^r  ^ 


JO.-N  Sn«»iX 


SSS§  S|3§ 

ssss  ssss 


oooo  OOOO 


OOOO  OOOO 


oooo  OOOO 


3  o  o  oooo 


oooo  oooc 


oooo  oooo 


;s! 


S8S§  S|S| 

SSSS  ssgs 


oooo  oooo 


) o  o  o  oooo 


oooo  oooo 


oooo  oooo 


oooo  oooo 


oooo  oooo 


S  CO  r-  CO  So 


sssg  s|S| 
ssss  ssss 

IOIOFX.P-   tOMAOt 


oo  oooo  oooc 


oooo  oooo 


;ass 


ssss  Rsas 


isS§  s=Sif 


IQJfM^  S'^'^X 


scss  S8;si 


ssss  ssss 
°.--.5  i".".* 

§SS3  gSgS 


oooo  oooo 


ssss  SS£3 


sg§i ;s3i 


8S§  = 


ssga  c'sJg 


silS  gSii 


«  *  tS  «' 


ssss 

»  r^  r.  S 
»  «{  «'  • 


§S§S.  §3§S 


OOOO  oooo 


OOOO  oooo 


oooo  oooo 


oooo  oooo 


3  O  O  ^  •-  a 


So  9  (O  •*  <^  O  CO 
rt  o  «»  wS  (o  r~  r>. 


r<JO(9<0     ^OiO<B 


ssss  ssss 

^  •".•". "  t  '^  1  •. 


|S8S  gSSS 


OOOO  OOOO 


OOOO  OOOO 


OOOO  OOOO 


OOOO  OOOO 


OOOO  oooo 


5SSS  ssss 


gSsSSgJE 


nil 

ssgs 


sssg 

|S8S 


n  M  W>  M  tff  « 


oooo 


oooo 


oooo 


oooo 


sis::? 


SggS 


8s; 


8S|3 


u  S 


—  E 
Ul   c 


5  I 


I' 

Hi 


CD  C  > 


;^i- 


|e 


ifi  HI 

II 


I' 

131 


fli 


L  111 

r  I 


3;IS 


ssss 

O  *-  f  K 


gsss 


00<0'«  NOCDIC 


ssss  ssss 

<M_  ^  r»  <_  V  A  lit  Z 


ssss  ssss 

^  <%j  ^  «  *  »  as  in 


si 51  SSI? 


pg-fjOl*.  moScl 


8|s§  ssss 


III!  IIP. 


3aj8»-  (nirtr-* 


1333  SSg^ 


SSSS  3838 

W  r^  K  S  «  «  9),  O 


SS83  SSSS 

Siorofo    S(oSo> 


p^nin   IbaJOl 


I?Sk  3§kS 


ssss  ssss 

t\  S  «  «    «  31  tn  as 


8383  ssss 

^  fi  «  ri   9  w,  w^  in 


isja 


ssg; 


3g?§ 


§|gs 

e  cf  e  tf 


^sJisaJg 


p_  K  irt  in  in  >ri  K  S_ 


s«sg  sasi 


IlliiP.I 


!3|3  gsss 

f  5  rf  s  -■  t'  r-  *"- 


<scocoa>  c><7)0^ 


sss^sgsg 


§in  o  in   O  ul  o  u> 
o  •-  •-  *5  w  PS  M 


§«  O  (O  CM  CO  3  p 
CM  «  ift  r~  CO  O  ^ 
V  w  <D    <0  io  f^  K- 


CO  o>  o>  at  ot  o>  o  o. 


sssg  sgsg 


iSggiill 


isii ;5i? 


SiSS  §iSi 


U.Si! 


Illlllll 
||i|i?|2 


iC«33  ss^a 


-  CO  cr:  Q    ^  fg  <9  » 


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1  Returns/1978  •  Forms  and  Instructions 

227 

1 
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3.569  3 
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3.600  3 
3.616   3 

3.631    3 
3.647   3 
3,662   3 
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m 

17,200       17,250 
17,250       17,300 
17,300       17J50 
17J50       17,400 

17,40fr      17.450 
17,450       17,500 
17.500       17.550 
17,550       17.600 

17,600       17.650 
17.650       17.700 
17.700       17.750 
17.750       17J00 

17,600       17J50 
17.050       17.900 
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19J00       19,250 
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lejOO       19.350 
19.350       19.400 

19.400       ia.450 
19.450       19.500 
19.500       19.550 
19.550       19.000 

19.600       19,650 
19.650       19.700 
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19.750       19,100 

19.800       19J50 
19.650       19.900 
19.900      19.950 
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228 


Individual  Returns/1978e  Forms  and  Instructions 


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204  242  255    266 
222  261  276    lU 
216  282  297    109 
254  301  317    330 
270  320  336    349 
265  318  3S5    36S 
299  355  373    186 
111  172  191    404 
327  3S9  408    4  2 
341  405  425    439 
354  421  441    4  5 
ill  416  457    4  1 
380  451  471    487 

19    23    24    24 

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2 

•  Totel  of  emount  on  Form  1040.  line  29  end  nontenehle  feeelpti  euch  ee        t».  le  peld  ell  veer  (Alamede.  Contfe  Coete.  Sin  Frenclico,  and  Santa  Clar* 

unojnploymeni  compensation  and  public  eesiitanco  paymenla                                      *  Selea   taj>    paid   on   purchaia  of  electricity   of    750   KWH   or   mor»   par 

•  Local  sale*  laxee  are  not  Included.  Add  an  amount  based  on  the  ratio        month,  billed  alter  June  30,  1978,  may  be  added  to  the  table  amounti 
between  the  locel  and  State  islai  tax  m<)s  coniidaring  the  number  of           <  Sales  tax  paid  on  the  purchaaa  of  any  iingla  Item  of  clothing  for  }17S 
montha  the  laias  have  been  in  effect.                                                                           or  more  may  be  added  to  the  table  amount*.                                    ^      .   ^.  . 

'  Local  aalei  taxea  are  not  Included.  Add  the  amount  paid,                                      •  Salea  tai  paid  on  purchaaea  of  nalurel  gal  or  electricity  after  April  1, 

•  The  I  %  percent  local  Mlaa  U«  la  Includad-  If  the  V4  ol  1  percant  lalee       I9J8.  may  be  added  to  the  table  amount*.  For  local  sales  tax  see  footnote  2. 

Page  44 

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239 


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I 


Individual  Relurns/1978*  Forms  and  Instructions 


241 


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oooo  oooo 


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nil 


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f)  S  5    (M  ■«  3ai 


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o 

CM 


242 


Individual  Returns/1  978  •  Forms  and  Instructions 


I  n  I 


till 

^   |E  go 

2  ^  o  6  — 


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^     TJ=   RE 


M 


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3  O  O     oooo 


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o  —  —  *5  (sSi-»* 

gsss  sstss 

Bo*-'-  K«v*l»» 


oooo 


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HK  S8«2 


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SCI  <o  O  Q  r-.  <r  •- 
n  V  >n  w  (o  r-  oD 


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oooo  oooo 


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oooo  ooo^ 


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gl§§  IS§I 


•if  «  itf  »>  f«  fk.'  *>.*  ti. 


§|§S§g§s 


oooo  oooo 


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SSS  tSR; 


a  >/>  S  S  S  S  5 

SSSS  S3SS 


oooo  oooo 


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a  s?.?A 


-  ^^  R 


sssasisis 


KmuIS)  SlSwJin 


§SiS  i§^§ 


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K  ^  r^  K  t-  rJ  ».*  K* 


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'z^n assa 


ssse  ESS! 


ssas  sgss 


SKS3  §3g3 


>oo  oooo 


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CS3&  S^HH 


UU^M^ 


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0  ;-  R  N  p  *  3 


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00  0(0 


:»»« 


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isa§  S3SSS 


SSSi  iSii 


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oooo  oooo 


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n  ^  g>  V    riop^i 


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nil  III! 


1333  3333 


in  u5  (3  (O    ( 


•-  (O   lA  <~-  S  c 


3|S| |3S 


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■>  3  (O   f-  5)  o  ^ 
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SO  O  O    OOOO 
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§83 |38^ 

(4  cl  M  cm'  oi  (4  nl  ( 


CCOVCO    <M  IQ  O  V 

ojcS^CM   vinr--co 


;(^fcMN   cJric^f^ 


|3|3  §333 

N  <4  cJ  <3  f^  <S  <^'  ^' 


9  A  10  3  in  S  S  u> 


iss.lllli 
llls.illl 


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o  CO  o  CO  rt  rt 


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llllilll 


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338  3838 

_  o)  at  0  o  *-,*-,  ^ 


8383  8333 

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r>  rf  p»  r»   r»  rf  m  rf 
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tgss 
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SI 


Individual  Returns/1  978  •  Forms  and  Inslruclions 


243 


■»  rfi  K       as  oi  Q  -- 
•^  ^  ^  V       ^  ^  in  tfi 


06-^      ^  ^  ^  ^ 


a(b?o       fjrtj'ici 


SsSr 


SS5£ 


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8SS   asss 


Sols     =-,2.? 


iJsS  5ssf 


§?5S 


33;:!!;   i^isigs 


SS?   ^SSi   sis?  i&sS   lia?  I.SsI  iS.si.  i.lsi 


01  tT>  *  o>      (r>  8  o  c 


i0r~aS%       ^jjoK 


|i;S    SSSS 


"S***""      "'S'^Jfl 


>SC5 


--j>j^«i      Scbcft  — 


liife  i§  =  ?. 


S  N  cy  W       rt  rt  rt  rt 


^_  tn  in  in      >f>  to  >n  << 


ISkS   2^8? 


cho>o>CQ      Soid>o 


iSSS  SS;§ 


ntn!Sr~      So<-N 


iSS;   S22I 


0  3  3     S  to  S 


W  <D  tD  u 


5  8SS    feSS= 


fi  S    S  Si  ^  !Q 


sSS? 


!.«.^g.  mm 


S?s§  3SSt 


"SSS  l?SI 


cioich9k      6t9>oo 


ilS3K;:  SS?; 


SSS8  SiS? 


in 

M 


.  0  =  5 
-Si 


sgss 


I  p.  I 

SSSE 


ssss 


S|S| 


ssag  g|S| 


o  o  g  Q   o  c 


S|||  ||3S 


SSSS  gsss 

S  «  91  9,   5  o  —_  --_ 


i  «  .. 


S83S  SSS8 


oSSuS        SuSfiS 
^  y  K  «       3  w_  31  i/> 


at*  471*  oi  0>       at  «'  oi  a 

III!  nil 


assa 


iS 


i 


i£>  r~-  CO       S5  O  c 


asag 


sisi 


SiQ  S  r-       5t  o  •-  (M 
rt  PI  PI      n  V  ^^ 


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is5S 


O"-!^"*       iAi!Sr~<n 


3(0  171        —   ^  to  o 
•-  cj       ■«  <n  to  f- 


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■)9tor-       (ij3c5-- 


S  S  <6  (O 


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g|§; 


inr>jt/><r>       ojtooir 

a g s|   s I a I 

SSoS     oinSu 


SR3h     s^**^ 


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3^S5     SSKS 


SSSo     SSSi 

tn  ifi  ui  IS       10  10  «f  H 


fy  cy  p]  CM 


^ojSg     inCSS 


tOtOtoCD         tZStOtOF>^ 


COOOflOCO        co^OC 


;S5S    8SSS 


gsag   agsg 


CJ  m  o>  (M  to  o>  P 
o  ^  Si  V  tn  to  a 
1.  ^.  ^  ^       «_ «»  ^ 


SSSS  ssss 
2255  S  IS  5  5 

ssss  ssss 


^§S^  M%% 


in_  ui  1/1  Ji_      ui  D 


w  *  jg  o>   E  *  " 
hi  h!!  h.  ?   h»  t  S 


ffj;x" 


sgja  1551 


8§3?i  sSil 


sSSS  5Esi 


"  Iff   2  S  a>  c 


as3s  ssas 

gasa  ga§a 

(D  40  tff  lO    t^  «  lO*  le 


isll 


S  S  3  u 


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UH   SSaS  lil§  lil=  §§35  ilil  IIkS  aISS  8511  SSSi  S§ig  Sig£  SSsS  gESS 


1355  iliS 


uJ  S  3  u 


ss§ 


S!S££    S 


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a*3¥?      <Dr--55 
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SiSS  sSSs 


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S.SII  iM% 


cS?i  £Si: 


■>3P5     So^q 

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3  t~~  <o  m       O^cuC) 


rtorto      HrtCTo 


iiss;   a§S§. 


SSSi  liSS 


tD0cb0      Qcochch 


isssg 


n  a  A  o> 


88? 


cy  W  o^  (^_       c^  ^  rt  c^. 


§§gj    «§S§ 


§§iii   £§§§ 


r.  r-  r-  K      t-  fiS  a 


CD  A  3>  K      01  fc  o  o. 


0901030^        AAAOI 


i^ji^^Sii  SRSS 


SaSS  §lai 


v_  tilt  (A  in   10  in  ui  1/ 


SSil.l  IS 5? 


O  CD  3  CD   CD  A_  GO  A 


§s2i  11 


R5SS 


S 


l!-!-l  III! 

§§§g.  III! 


I!l§  BBI 


S8S 


III! 


3§38  3|S| 

III!  §111 


III!  III! 


nil 


III!  III!  III!  III! 


nil  nil 

III!  nil 


HI! 


5551 


nil  1155 


0000 


SgsS 


3S5I 


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Section  9 


Index 


Acs3elerated  depreciaticxi  (See  Tax  Preferences) 
Additicnal  tax  for  tax  preferences: 
Classified  by: 

Size  of  alternative  income  concepts,  44-45 
Type  of  tax  computation,  75 
Comparison,  1977  and  1978,  1 
Definition,  173 

Derivation  of  total  tax  liability,  78 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  100 

Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  115 
Classified  by  marital  status,  109 
Joint  returns,  120 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  126 
Returns  with  incoiie  subject  to  tax,  82 
Returns  with  net  gain  fran  sales  of 

capital  assets,  84-85 
Returns  with  tax  preferences,  99 
Adjusted  gross  income  (See  Adjusted  Gross  Inocme 

Less  Deficit) 
Adjusted  gross  income  less  deficit: 
As  classifier,  185 
Average,  6-8 
Classified  by: 

Porm  of  deduction,  52 

Classified  by  State,  134 
Marital  status,  15 
Size  of  adjusted  gross  income,  46 
Size  of  alternative  income  ooncepts,  40-41 
Size  of  total  income  tax,  88-90 
States,  131 

Classified  by  size  of  adjusted  gross 
income,  144-171 
Type  of  exanptions,  65-70 

Classified  by  State,  140-143 
Type  of  tax  ooitputation,  75 
Coefficient  of  variation,  194 

Classified  by  State,  201 
Conparison,  1977  and  1978,  1 
Definition,  173 

Derivation  of  total  tax  liability,  78 
Itemized  deductions  as  percent  of,  59 

By  type  of  itemized  deduction,  60-63 
Percent,  6-8 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  16 

Classified  by  marital  status,  9-14 
Form  1040A  returns,  36 

Classified  by  marital  status,  35 
Filed  by  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  110 
Joint  returns,  23 
Nontaxable  returns,  33 
Returns  filed  by  depaidents  with  unearned 

income,  64 
Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over.  111 
Classified  by  marital  status,  109 
Joint  returns,  116 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  122 

Classified  by  age  of  taxpayer,  110 
Returns  with  earned  income  credit,  95 
Returns  with  income  earned  abroad,  31 
Returns  with  income  subject  to  tax,  80 


Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Returns  with  refund,  106 
Returns  with  tax  due  at  time  of  filing,  104 
Returns  with  tax  overpayment,  105 
Returns  with  tax  preferences,  % 
Size  and  accumulated  size,  6-8 
Ttotal  income  tax  as  a  percent  of,  91-92 
Adjusted  gross  income  less  investment  interest: 
Classified  by  size  of  alternative  income 
concepts,  40-41 
Definition,  173 

Repeated  on  nontaxable  returns,  5 
Adjusted  gross  income  plus  excluded  tax  preferences: 
Classified  by  size  of  alternative  income 

concepts,  40-41 
Definition,  173 

Reported  on  nontaxable  returns,  5 
Adjustments  (See  Statutory  Adjustments) 
Age  65  or  over: 
Definition,  173 
Exempt icms  for: 
Classified  by: 

Marital  status,  71 
Size  of  adjusted  gross  income,  65 
State,  140 
Coitparison,  1977  and  1978,  53 
Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  111 
Classified  by  marital  status,  109 
Joint  returns,  116 
Reported  on: 

Form  1040A  returns,  110 

Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  122 

Classified  by  age  of  taxpayer,  110 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  121 
Alimony  received: 

Classified  by  size  of  alimony  received,  49 
Coefficient  of  variation,  194 
Definition,  173 
Reported  an: 

All  returns,  16 

Classified  by  marital  status,  15 
Joint  returns,  23 

Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
All  other  taxes: 
Definition,  174 

Derivation  of  total  tax  liability,  78 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  100 

Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  115 

Joint  returns,  120 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  126 

Alternative  tax: 

Definition,  174 

Repcarted  on  returns  with  income  subject  to 
tax,  80-83 

Reported  on  returns  with  net  gain  from  sales  of 
capitcil  assets,  85 

Tax  savings,  82 

Type  of  tax  computation,  75 
Amortization  (See  Tax  Preferences) 
Averages  (See  specific  item) 


255 


256 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Index 


B 

Bad  debt  reserves  (See  Tax  Preferences) 
Balance  due  after  rotiittance: 
Definiticxi,  174 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  103 

Form  1040A  returns,  39 

Classified  by  marital  status,  35 
Blindness  exenptions: 

Comparison,  1977  and  1978,  53 

Definition,  174 

Reported  on  all  returns,  65 

Classified  by  marital  status,  71 
Classified  by  State,  140 
Business  energy  investment  credit: 
Classified  by  size  of  credit,  77 
Definition,  174 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  103 

Classified  by  State,  138-139 
Returns  with  inocme  tax  before  credits,  93 
Business  and  profession  profit  or  loss: 

Classified  by  size  of  net  profit  and  net  loss,  46 
Coefficient  of  vauriation,  198 

Classified  by  State,  201 
Conparison,  1977  and  1978,  1 
Definition,  174 
Reported  en: 

All  returns,  20 

Classified  by  marital  status,  15 
Classified  hy  State,  131 
Joint  returns,  27 

Returns  with  itanized  deductions,  58 
Returns  with  tax  preferences,  96 


Capital  gain  distributions: 

Coefficient  of  variation,  196 
Definition,  175 
Reported  en: 

All  returns,  18 
Joint  returns,  25 

Returns  with  net  gain  from  sales  of  capital 
assets,  85 
Capital  gains  and  losses  (See  Sales  of  Capital  Assets) 
Casualty  or  theft  loss  (net) : 
Definition,  175 
Reported  on: 

Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  121 
Returns  with  itsnized  deductions,  56 

Classified  by  size  of  the  deduction,  57 
Classified  by  State,  136 
Child  care  credit: 
Definition,  175 

Reported  en  returns  with  income  tax  before 
credits,  93 
Classified  by  State,  137 
Coefficient  of  variation  (See  also  specific  item): 
Definition,  193 

For  selected  incone  and  tax  items  by  State,  201-203 
For  sources  of  incone  and  adjustments,  194-200 
Contributions  deduction: 

As  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income,  63 
Classified  by  size  of  alternative  income 

concepts,  42-43 
Classified  hy  size  of  the  deduction,  57 
Definition,  175 
Reported  on: 

Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  121 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  56 

Classified  by  State,  135 
Returns  with  tax  preferences,  97 


Contributions  to  candidates  credit: 
Definition,  175 
Reported  en: 

Form  1040A  returns,  37 

Classified  by  marital  status,  35 
Returns  with  income  tax  before  credits,  94 
Classified  by  State,  138 
Coitributicns  to   candidates  deduction  (See  Miscel- 
laneous Itanized  Deductions) 
Credit  for  tax  en  certain  gasoline,  fuel,  and  oil: 
Definition,  175 
Reported  on  all  returns,  102 
Credit  for  the  elderly: 
Definition,  176 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  122-126 

Classified  by  age  of  taxpayer,  110 
Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  114 

Joint  returns,  119 
Returns  with  income  tax  before  credits,  93 
Classified  by  State,  137 
Credit  en  1979  estimated  tax: 
Definition,  176 
Reported  en: 

All  returns,  103 
Returns  with  refund,  106 
Returns  with  tcix  overpayment,  105 
Credits  (See  Tax  Credits) 


D 

Deduction  for  expense  of  living  abroad: 
Coefficient  of  variation,  200 
Definition,  176 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  22 
Joint  returns,  29 

Returns  with  inoome  earned  abroad,  30 
Deductions  (See  Total  Itemized  Deductions  and  Zero 

Bracket  Amount) 
Dependents'  exemptions: 

Conoparison,  1977  and  1978,  53 
Definition,  176 

Type  of  depaident  exempt  icms,  65-66 
Classified  by  marital  status,  71 
Classified  by  State,  141 
Dependents  with  unearned  inocme: 
Definition,  176 
Returns  of,  64 
Depletion  (See  Tax  Preferences) 
Description  of  the  sample: 
Method  of  estimation,  191 
Sample  criteria  and  selection,  191 
Sources  of  the  data,  191 
Disability  inoeme  exclusicMi: 
Coefficient  of  variation,  200 
Definition,  176 
Reported  en: 

All  returns,  22 
Joint  returns,  29 

Returns  with  earned  inocme  credit,  95 
Dividend  exclusion: 

Coefficient  of  variation,  195 
Definition,  176 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  17 
Form  1040A  returns,  36 
Joint  returns,  24 
Dividerris  in  adjusted  gross  inoome: 
Classified  by  size  of  dividends,  47 
Coefficient  of  variation,  195 

By  State,  202 
Oonparison,  1977  and  1978,  1 
Definition,  176 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Index 


257 


Reported  on: 

All  returns,  17 

Classified  by  marital  status,  15 
Classified  by  State,  132 
Form  1040A  returns,  36 

Classified  by  marital  status,  35 
Filed  by  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  110 
Joint  returns,  24 
Returns  filed  by  dependents  with  unearned 

inocme,  64 
Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  112 

Joint  returns,  117 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  123 
Returns  with  itanized  deductions,  58 
Returns  with  tax  preferences,  % 
Domestic  and  foreign  dividends  received  (See  Divi- 
dends in  Adjusted  Gross  Income) 


Earned  inooroe  credit: 
Corputation  of,  95 
Definition,  176 

Derivation  of  total  tax  liability,  78 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  101,  103 

Classified  by  marital  status,  15 
Form  1040A  returns,  38 

Classified  by  marital  status,  35 
Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  114-115 

Joint  returns,  119-120 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  125-126 
Returns  with  inocme  tax  before  credits,  93 

Classified  by  State,  137-139 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Estate  or  trust  incone  or  loss: 

Classified  by  size  of  net  inocme  and  net  loss,  48 
Classified  by  State,  133 
Coefficient  of  variation,  199 

By  State,  203 
Cortparison,  1977  and  1978,  1 
Definition,  177 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  21 

Classified  by  marital  status,  15 
Joint  returns,  28 
Returns  filed  by  depdendents  with  unearned 

incone,  64 
Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  112 

Joint  returns,  117 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  123 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Estimated  tax  payments: 
Definition,  177 
Reported  en: 

All  returns,  102 

Classified  by  State,  139 
Returns  with  refund,  106 
Returns  with  tax  due  at  time  of  filing,  104 
Returns  with  tax  overpayment,  105 
Excess  itemized  deductions: 
Classified  by: 

Marital  status,  15 

Classified  by  size  of  adjusted  gross 
income,  9-14 
Size  of  exoess  itemized  deductions,  57 
State,  135 
Definition,  177 
Reported  on: 

Returns  filed  by  depaidents  with  unearned 

inocme,  64 
Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  113 
Classified  ty  mariteil  status,  109 
Joint  returns,  118 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  124 
Returns  with  income  subject  to  tax,  80 


Returns  with  itanized  deductions,  56 
Classified  by  marital  status,  58 
Reported  by  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  121 
Exoess  social  security  tax  withheld: 
Definition,  177 
Reported  on  all  returns,  102 
Exeiiptions  (See  also  specific  type) : 
Classified  by: 

Size  of  alternative  income  concepts,  42-43 
State,  136 

Classified  by  size  of  adjusted  gross 
inocme,  144-171 
Conparison,  1977  and  1978,  1 
Definition,  177 
Reported  en: 

All  returns,  9-14 
Form  1040A  returns,  37 

Classified  by  marital  status,  35 
Filed  by  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  110 
Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over.  111 
Classified  by  marital  status,  109 
Joint  returns,  116 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  122 
Returns  with  inocme  earned  abroad,  31 
Returns  with  income  subject  to  tax,  80 
Types  of  exemptions,  65-70 

Classified  by  marital  status,  71 
Classified  1^  State,  140-143 
nonpar ison,  1977  and  1978,  53 
Exenption  credit  (See  General  Tax  Credit) 
Expanded  income: 

Classified  by  size  of  altrnative  income 

concepts,  40-41 
Definition,  177 
Reported  on  nontaxable  returns,  5 


Farm  profit  or  loss: 

Classified  by  size  of  net  profit  and  net  loss,  46 
Classified  by  State,  131 
Coefficient  of  variation,  198 

Bi'  State,  201 
Comparison,  1977  and  1978,  1 
Definition,  177 
Reported  en: 

All  returns,  20 

Classified  by  marital  status,  15 
Joint  returns,  27 

Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Returns  with  tax  preferences,  96 
Filing  requirements,  VI 
Foreign  tax  credit: 

Classified  by  size  of  alternative  income 

concepts,  44-45 
Definition,  178 

Reported  on  returns  with  incone  tax  before 
credits,  94 
Classified  by  State,  138 
Reported  on  returns  with  inoome  earned  abroad,  32 

Form  1040A  returns: 

Classified  by  marital  status,  35 

Classified  by  size  of  adjusted  gross  income,  36-39 

Filed  by  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  110 

Form  of  deduction,  178 

Forms  arri  instructions,  205-254 

Fully  taxable  pensions  and  annuities  (See  Pensions 
and  Annuities) 


Gains  and  losses  from  sales  of  capital  assets  (See 

Sales  of  Capital  Assets) 
General  tax  credit: 
Definition,  178 


258 


Individual  Retums/1 978  •  Index 


Derivation  of  total  tax  liability,  78 
Reported  on: 

Form  1040A  returns,   37 

Classified  by  marital  status,  35 
Filed  hy  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,   110 
Returns  filed  by  dependents  with  unearned 

incxme,  64 
Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,   114 

Joint  returns,  119 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,   125 
Returns  with  income  tax  before  credits,  93 
Classified  by  State,   137 
Geographic  coding,   128 


H 

Heads  of  households,  returns  of 
(See  also  Marital  Status): 
Comparison,  1977  and  1978,  3 
Definition,  178 
Exaiptions,  71 
Reported  on: 

Form  1040A  returns,  35 
Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  109 
Returns  with  earned  income  credit,  95 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Selected  items,  12 
Sources  of  inocme,  15 
High-income  returns: 

Classified  by  size  of  alternative  income 

concepts,  40-45 
Definition,  4 
Hone  mortgage  interest: 

Classified  by  size  of  home  mortgage  interest 

deducted,  57 
Classified  by  State,  135 
Definition,  178 

Reported  on  returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or 
over,  121 
Reported  on  returns  with  itemized  deductions,  55 


I 

Income  averaging: 
Definition,  178 
Reported  on  returns  with  income  subject  to 

tax,  80-83 
Selected  income  tax  items,  75 
Tax  savings,  82 
Inoone  earned  abroad: 
Definition,  179 
Reported  on  all  returns,  30 

Reported  on  returns  with  inocme  subject  to  tax,  81 
Inoome  subject  to  tax: 

Classified  hy  type  of  tax  oomputation,  75 
Definition,  179 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  81 

Returns  with  net  gain  from  sales  of  capital 
assets,  84-85 
Returns  with  tax  preferences,  97 
Inocme  tax  after  credits: 
Classified  by: 

Marital  status,  15 

Clcissified  by  size  of  cdjusted  gross 
income,  9-14 
State,  138 

Type  of  tax  ocmputation,  75 
Comparison,  1977  and  1978,  1 
Cumulated,  6-8 
Definition,  179 

Derivation  of  total  tax  liability,  78 
Percent  and  accumulated  percent,  6-8 


Reported  on: 

All  returns,  100 

Form  1040A  returns,  38 

Classified  by  marital  status,  35 
Filed  by  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  110 
Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  115 
Classified  by  marital  status,  109 
Joint  returns,  120 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  126 
Returns  with  earned  income  credit,  95 
Returns  with  income  earned  abroad,  32 
Returns  with  inocme  tax  before  credits,  94 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Returns  with  tax  preferences,  97 
Inoome  tax  before  credits: 
Classified  by: 

Size  of  alternative  income  ooncepts,  44-45 
State,  136 

Type  of  tax  oomputation,  75 
Conparison,  1977  and  1978,  1 
Definition,  179 

Derivation  of  total  tax  liability,  78 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  93 

Classified  by  State,  137 
Form  1040A  returns,  37 

Classified  by  marital  status,  35 
Filed  by  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  110 
Nontaxable  returns,  33 
Returns  filed  by  dependents  with  unearned 

inocme,  64 
Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over ,  114 

Joint  returns,  119 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  125 

Classified  by  age  of  taxpayer,  110 
Returns  with  earned  income  credit,  95 
Returns  with  inocme  subject  to  tax,  82 
Returns  with  net  gain  frcan  sales  of  capital 

assets,  84-85 
Returns  with  tax  preferences,  97 
Inocme  tax  withheld: 

Classified  by  mcirital  status,  15 
Classified  by  State,  139 
Definition,  179 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  101 
Fcarm  1040A  returns,  38 

Classified  hy  marital  status,  35 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Returns  with  refurxl,  106 
Returns  with  tax  due  at  time  of  filing,  104 
Returns  with  tax  overpayment,  105 
Individual  retirement  arrangement  (IRA)  adjustment: 
Coefficient  of  variation,  200 
Definition,  179 
Reported  on  all  returns,  22 
Reported  on  joint  returns,  29 
Intangible  drilling  costs  (See  Tax  Preferences) 

Interest  paid  deduction: 

As  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income,  62 
Classified  by: 

Size  of  alternative  income  ooncepts,  40-41 

Size  of  interest  paid,  57 

State,  135 
Definition,  180 
Reported  on: 

Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  121 

Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  55 

Returns  with  tax  preferences,  97 
Interest  received: 
Classified  by: 

Meiritcil  status,  15 

Size  of  interest  received,  48 

State,  132 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Index 


259 


Coefficient  of  variaticn,  194 

By  State,  202 
Conparison,  1977  and  1978,  1 
Definition,  180 
Reported  en: 

All  returns,  16 

Porm  1040A  returns,  36 

Classified  by  mariteil  status,  35 
Filed  by  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  110 
Joint  returns,  23 
Returns  filed  by  dependents  with  unearned 

inoome,  64 
Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over ,  112 

Joint  returns,  117 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  123 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Returns  with  tax  preferences,  % 
Investment  credit: 

Classified  by  State,  137-138 
Definition,  180 

Reported  on  returns  with  income  tax  before 
credits,  93 
Investment  interest: 

Classified  by  size  of  alternative  income 

concepts,  40-41 
Definition,  180 
Itemized  deduction  tax  preference  (See  Tax 
Preferences) 
Itemized  deductions  (See  Total  Itemized  Deductions) 


Maximum  and  alternative  tax  oonputation  (See  Maximum 

Tcix  on  Personal  Service  Ircone) 
Maximum  tax  on  personal  service  income: 
Definition,  181 
Reported  on  returns  with  income  subject  to 

tax,  80-83 
Tax  savings,  82 
Type  of  tax  canputation,  75 
Medical  and  dental  expense  deduction: 

As  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income,  60 
Classified  by  size  of  alternative  income 

concepts,  42-43 
Classified  by  size  of  medical  deduction,  57 
Definition,  181 
Reported  on: 

Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over ,  121 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  55 
Classified  by  State,  135 
Minimum  tax  (See  Additional  Tax  for  Tax  Preferences) 
Miscellaneous  itemized  deductions: 

Classified  by  size  of  alternative  income 

concepts,  42-43 
Classified  by  size  of  miscellaneous  deductions,  57 
Definition,  181 
Reported  en: 

Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  121 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  56 

Classified  by  State,  136 
Returns  with  tax  preferences,  97 


J 

Joint  returns  of  husbands  and  wives  (See  also  Marital 
Status) : 
Classified  by  State,  144-171 
Coirparison,  1977  and  1978,  3 
Definiticn,  180 
Exernptions,  71 
Reported  en: 

Form  1040A  returns,  35 
Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  109 
Classified  by  size  of  adjusted  gross 
inoome,  116-120 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  110 
Returns  with  earned  inoane  credit,  95 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Returns  with  presidential  election  campaign  fund 

checkoff ,  34 
Returns  with  total  incone  tax  as  percent  of 
adjusted  gross  inocme,  91-92 
Selected  items,  10 
Souroes  of  inoane,  15 

Classified  by  size  of  adjusted  gross 
inoome,  23-29 


Limitations  of  the  data  (See  Description  of  the 

Sample  and  Coefficient  of  Variaticn) 
Lcng-term  capital  gains  and  losses  (See  Sales  of 

Capital  Assets) 

M 

Marital  status  (See  also  specific  type): 

Conparison,  1977  and  1978,  3 

Definiticyi,  180 

Exatpticns,  71 

Reported  on: 

Form  1040A  returns,   35 
Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,   109 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,   58 
Returns  with  presidentied  election  canpaign  fund 
checkoff,   34 

Selected  items,  9-14 

Souroes  of  income,  15 


Net  capital  gain  and  loss   (See  Sales  of  Capital 

Assets) 
New  jobs  credit: 

Classified  by  State,   138 
Definition,   181 

Reported  on  returns  with  income  tax  before 
credits,  94 
Ncn joint  returns   (See  Marital  Status) 
Nonsarapling  errors   (See  Description  of  the  Sample) 
Nontaxable  returns: 

Classified  tv  size  of  alternative  income 

concepts,  5 
Conparison,   1977  and  1978,   1 
Definition,  187 

Souroes  of  income  and  deductions,   33 
Number  of  returns   (See  also  specific  type) : 
Classified  by: 

Size  of  alternative  income  concepts,   40-45 
State,   131-133 

Classified  by  size  of  a3justed  gross 
inocme,   144-171 
Type  of  tax  corputation,  80-83 
Coefficient  of  variation,   193 
Conparison,   1977  and  1978,   1 

Classified  by  marital  status,   3 
Credits,  93-94 
Exaiptions,   65-70 

Filed  by  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,   111-115 
Form  1040A  returns,   36-39 

Classified  by  marital  status,   35 
Form  of  deduction,   52 
Itemized  deductions,   55-56 
Sample  size,   192 
Souroes  of  income,   16-22 
Tax  liability  and  taxpayments,   100-103 
Total,  cumulated,  6-8 


0 


other  deductions   (See  Miscellaneous  Itemized 

Deductions) 
Other  dependents    (See  Depoidents'  Exemptions) 
Other  income  or  loss: 

Coefficient  of  Vciriaticn,   200 


260 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Index 


Classified  hv  marital  status,   15 

Classified  by  size  of  other  irKxme  and  loss,  49 

Definition,  182 

Reported  en: 

All  returns,  21 
Joint  returns,  28 

Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Other  tax  credits: 
Definition,  182 

Reported  en  returns  with  incane  tax  before 
credits,  94 
Other  taxpayments: 
Definition,  182 
Reported  on  all  returns,  102 
Overpayment  (See  also  Refund) : 
Classified  ty: 

Marital  status,  15 
Size  of  overpayment,  105 
State,  139 
Definition,  182 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  103 
Form  1040A  returns,  39 

Classified  by  marital  status,  35 
Returns  filed  by  dependents  with  unearned 

inccjne,  64 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Returns  with  refund,  106 


Partnership  inoane  or  loss: 
Classified  by: 

Marital  status,  15 

Size  of  net  income  and  net  loss,  46-47 

State,  131 
Coefficient  of  variation,  199 

By  State,  201 
Comparison,  1977  and  1978,  1 
Definition,  182 
Reported  en: 

All  returns,  21 

Joint  returns,  28 

Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 

Returns  with  tax  preferences,  96 
Payment  on  1978  declaration  of  estimated  tax  (See 
Estimated  Tax  Payments) 

Paymait  with  request  for  extension  of  filing  time: 
Definition,  182 
Reported  en  all  returns,  102 
Penalty  taxes  en  individual  retirement  arrangements: 
Definition,  182 
Reported  on  all  returns,  101 
Pensions  and  annuities: 
Classified  by: 

Marital  status,  15 
Size  of  pensions  and  annuities,  48 
State,  133 
Coefficient  of  variation,  194-195 

By  State,  203 
Comparison,  1977  and  1978,  1 
Definition,  183 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  16-17 

Joint  returns,  23-24 

Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  112 

Joint  returns,  117 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  123 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Personal  exemption  credit  (See  General  Tax  Credit) 
Political  contributions  (See  Contributions  to 
Candidates  Credit  and  Miscellaneous  Itemized 
Deductions) 

Presidential  election  campaign  fund  checkoff: 
Definition,  183 
Reported  en  all  returns,  34 
Reported  on  Form  1040A  returns,  39 


R 

Refund  (See  also  Overpayment) : 
Classified  by: 

Marital  status,  15 
Size  of  overpayment,  105 
Size  of  refund,  106 
State,  139 
Definition,  183 
Reported  en: 

All  returns,  103 
Form  1040A  returns,  39 

Classified  by  marital  status,  35 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Regular  tax  computation: 
Definition,  183 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  75 

Returns  with  income  subject  to  tax,  80-83 
Returns  with  net  gain  from  sales  of  capital 
assets,  84 
Rent  incane  or  loss: 
Classified  by: 

Marital  status,  15 
Size  of  net  inccme  and  loss,  48 
State,  132 
Coefficient  of  variation,  196 

By  State,  202 
Comparison,  1977  and  1978,  1 
Definition,  183 
Reported  en: 

All  returns,  18 

Joint  returns,  25 

Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  112 

Joint  returns,  117 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  123 
Returns  with  itanized  deductions,  58 
Returns  with  tax  preferences,  96 
Residential  energy  credit: 

Classified  by  size  of  residential  energy  credit,  77 
Computation  of,  86-87 

Classified  hy  State,  129-130 
Definition,  183 

Reported  on  returns  with  incojie  tax  before 
credits,  94 
Classified  by  State,  138 
Retirement  inccme  credit  (See  Credit  for  the  EUderly) 
Royalty  inccme  or  loss: 
Classified  by: 

Marital  status,  15 
Size  of  net  income  and  loss,  48 
State,  132 
Coefficient  of  variation,  196 

By  State,  202 
Ccaiparison,  1977  and  1978,  1 
Definition,  184 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  18 

Joint  returns,  25 

Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  112 

Joint  returns,  117 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  123 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Returns  with  tax  preferences,  96 


Salaries  and  wages: 
Classified  by: 

Marital  status,  15 
Number  of  exeiptions,  67-70 
Size  of  salaries,  46 
State,  131 

Classified  hy  size  of  adjusted  gross 
inocme,  144-171 
Coefficiait  of  variation,  194 
By  State,  201 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Index 


261 


Comparison,  1977  and  1978,  1 
Definition,  184 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  16 

Form  1040A  returns,  36 

Classified  by  marital  status,  35 
Filed  by  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  110 
Joint  returns,  23 
Nontaxable  returns,  33 
Returns  filed  by  dependents  with  unearned 

income,  64 
Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over.  111 

Joint  returns,  116 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  122 
Returns  with  earned  incone  credit,  95 
Returns  with  income  earned  abroad,  30 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Returns  with  tax  preferences,  96 
iles  of  capital  assets  gain  or  loss: 
Classified  by: 

Marital  status,  15 
Size  of  net  gain  and  loss,  47 
State,  131 
Coefficient  of  variation,  196-198 

By  State,  201 
Ccrparison,  1977  and  1978,  1 
Oomputaticn  of  net  capital  gain,  84-85 
Gains  excluded  at  different  rates,  4 
Definition,  184 
Reported  on: 

AU  returns,  18-20 

Joint  returns,  25-27 

Returns  filed  by  dependents  with  unearned 

income,  64 
Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over.  111 

Joint  returns,  116 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  122 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Returns  with  tax  preferences,  % 
ales  of  property  other  than  capital  assets  gain 
or  loss: 
Classified  by: 

Marital  status,  15 
Size  of  net  gain  and  loss,  47 
State,  132 
Coefficient  of  variation,  198 

By  State,  202 
Conparison,  1977  and  1978,  1 
Definition,  185 
Reported  en: 

All  returns,  20 

Joint  returns,  27 

Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over.  111 

Joint  returns,  116 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  122 
Returns  with  itatiized  deductions,  58 
anpling  criteria  (See  Description  of  the  Sample) 
lanpling  variability  (See  Coefficient  of  Variation) 
lelf -employed  retirement  deduction: 
Coefficient  of  variation,  200 
Definition,  185 
Reported  on  all  returns,  22 
Reported  on  joint  returns,  29 
ielf-enployment  inocme  (See  Earned  Inoonie  Credit) 
ielf-enployment  tax: 

Corparison,  1977  and  1978,  1 
Definition,  185 
Reported  on  all  returns,  101 
ieparate  returns  of  husbands  and  wives  (See  ailso 
Marital  Status): 
Conparison,  1977  and  1978,  3 
Definition,  185 
Exemptions,  71 
Reported  ai: 

Porm  1040A  returns,  35 

Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  109 


Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Selected  items,  11 
Sources  of  income,  15 
Sick  pay  exclusion  (See  Disability  Income  Exclusion) 
Single  persons,  returns  of  (See  also  Mcurital  Status): 
Conparison,  1977  and  1978,  3 
Definition,  185 
Exemptions,  71 
Reported  on: 

Form  1040A  returns,  35 
Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  109 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Selected  items,  14 
Sources  of  income,  15 
SJnall  Business  Corporation  profit  or  loss: 
Classified  by: 

Marital  status,  15 
Size  of  net  profit  and  loss,  47 
State,  133 
Coefficient  of  variation,  199 

By  State,  203 
Comparison,  1977  and  1978,  1 
Definition,  185 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  21 
Joint  returns,  28 

Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Social  security  taxes  on  tip  incane: 
Definition,  186 
Reported  on  all  returns,  101 
Sources  of  inocme  (See  specific  type) 
Sources  of  the  data  (See  Description  of  the  Sample) 
Standard  deduction  (See  Zero  Bracket  Amount) 
State  data: 

As  classifier,  186 

Classified  by  size  of  adjusted  gross 

income,  144-171 
Computation  of  residential  energy  credit,  129-130 
Coefficient  of  variation,  201-203 
Exemptions,  140-143 
Itemized  deductions,  134-136 
Sources  of  income,  131-133 
Tax  credits  and  taxpayments,  137-139 
State  income  tax  refunds: 

Classified  by  marital  status,  15 
Classified  hy  State,  133 
Coefficient  of  variation,  194 

By  State,  203 
Definition,  186 
Reported  on: 

AU  returns,  16 
Joint  returns,  23 

Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Statutory  adjustmaits  (See  also  specific  type) : 
Classified  by  marital  status,  15 
Coefficiait  of  variation,  200 
Conparison,  1977  and  1978,  1 
Definition,  186 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  22 

Joint  returns,  29 

Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  113 

Joint  returns,  118 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  124 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Stock  options  (See  Tax  Preferences) 
Surviving  spouse,  returns  of  (See  cilso  Marital 
Status) : 
Conparison,  1977  and  1978,  3 
Definition,  186 
Exemptions,  71 

Reported  on  returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or 
over,  109 
Reported  on  returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Selected  items,  13 
Sources  of  income,  15 


262 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Index 


Tax  cxanputation  (See  specific  type) 
Tax  credits  (See  also  specific  type) : 

Classified  by  size  of  alternative  inoone 

concepts,  44-45 
Classified  by  State,  137-138 
Comparison,  1977  and  1978,  1 
Definition,  186 

Derivation  of  total  tax  liability,  78 
Earned  income  credit,  95 
Reported  en: 

Form  1040A  returns,  37-38 

Classified  by  marital  status,  35 
Filed  by  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  110 
Nontaxable  returns,  33 
Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  114 

Joint  returns,  119 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  125 

By  age  of  taxpayer,  110 
Returns  with  income  subject  to  tax,  82 
Residential  energy  credit,  86-87 
By  size  of  credit,  77 
By  State,  129-130 
Type,  93-94 
Tax  due  at  time  of  filing: 
Classified  by: 

Marital  status,  15 
Size  of  tax  due,  104 
State,  139 
Definition,  186 
Reported  on: 

Form  1040A  returns ,  39 

Classified  by  marital  status,  35 
Returns  filed  by  dependents  with  unearned 

inoone,  64 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Returns  with  tax  liability,  103 
Tax  from  reccrputing  prior -year  investment  credit: 
Definition,  186 
Reported  on  all  returns,  100 
Tax  generated: 

Classified  hy  type  of  tax  confutation,  75 
Definition,  186 

Derivation  of  total  tax  liability,  78 
Reported  on  returns  with  income  subject  to  tax,  81 
Tax  law  changes,  VII 
Tax  liability  (See  Total  Income  Tax  or  Total  Tax 

Liability) 
Tax  en  partially  tax-exempt  income: 
Definition,  186 
Reported  en  returns  with  income  subject  to 

tax,  80-83 
Tax  savings,  82 
Type  of  tax  computation,  75 
Tax  overpayment  (See  Overpayment) 
Tax  paid  with  return: 
Definition,  187 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  103 

Form  1040A  returns,  39 

Classified  hy  marital  status,  35 
Tax  preferences: 
Definition,  187 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  96-99 

Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  109 
Returns  with  net  gain  from  sales  of  capital 
assets,  85 
Tax  preferences  excluded  from  adjusted  gross  income: 
Classified  by  size  of  alternative  inocme 

concepts,  40-41 
Definiticn,  187 
Tax  rate  schedules,  228 
Tax  savings  (See  specific  type  of  tax  ooraputation) 


Tax  table  income: 

Definition,  187 
Tax  tables,  222-227 
Taxable  income: 
Classified  by: 

Marital  status,  15 

Classified  by  size  of  adjusted  gross 
incc»ne,  9-14 
Size  of  alternative  inccsne  concepts,  44-45 
State,  136 
Comparison,  1977  and  1978,  1 
Cumulated,  amount,  percent,  6-8 
Definition,  188 
Reported  on: 

Form  1040A  returns,  37 

Classified  by  marital  status,  35 
Filed  by  taxpayers  age  65  or  over ,  110 
Nontaxable  returns,  33 
Returns  filed  by  dependents  with  unearned 

income,  64 
Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over ,  113 
Classified  by  marital  status,  109 
Joint  returns,  118 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  124 
Returns  with  inccsne  earned  abroad,  31 
Returns  with  income  subject  to  tax,  81 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Taxable  returns: 

Classified  by  size  of  alternative  income 

concepts,  40-44 
Comparison,  1977  and  1978,  1 
Cumulated,  number,  percent,  6-8 
Definition,  187 
Taxes  fran  special  confutations: 
Definition,  188 

Derivation  of  total  tax  liability,  78 
Type  of  tax  ocmputation,  75 

Taxes  paid  deduction: 

As  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income,  61 
Classified  by: 

Size  of  alternative  income  concepts,  42-43 

Size  of  deduction,  57 

State,  135 
Definition,  188 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  55 

Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  121 

Returns  with  tax  preferences,  97 

Taxpayer  exanptions: 

Comparison,  1977  and  1978,  53 
Definition,  177 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  65 

Classified  by  marital  status,  71 
Classified  by  State,  140 
Form  1040A  returns,  37 
Taxpayments  (See  also  specific  type) 
Classified  by: 

Marital  status,  15 
Size  of  refund,  106 

Size  of  tax  due  at  time  of  filing,  104 
Size  of  tax  overpayment,  105 
State,  139 
Definition,  188 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  101-102 
Form  1040A  returns,  38 

Classified  by  marital  status,  35 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Total  deductions  (See  Total  Itemized  Deductions  and 

Zero  Bracket  Amount) 
Total  income  tax: 

As  percent  of  erijusted  gross  income,  91-92 
Average,  6-8 


Individual  Returns/1978  •  Index 


263 


Classified  by: 

Marital  status,  15 

Classified  by  size  of  adjusted  gross 
income,  9-14 
Number  of  exenptions,  65-70 

Classified  by  State,  142-143 
Size  of  alternative  income  ooncepts,  44-45 
Size  of  total  income  tax,  88-90 
State,  133 

Classified  by  size  of  adjusted  gross 
inoane,  144-171 
Coefficient  of  variation,  203 
Corparison,  1977  and  1978,  1 
Cumulated,  amount,  percent,  6-8 
Definition,  188 

Derivation  of  total  tax  liability,  78 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  100 

Returns  filed  by  dependents  with  unearned 

inoone,  64 
Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  115 
Classified  by  marital  status,  109 
Joint  returns,  120 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  126 
Returns  with  income  earned  abroad ,  32 
Returns  with  income  subject  to  tax,  83 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 
Total  itemized  deductions  (See  also  specific  type) : 
As  percent  of  adjusted  gross  income,  59 
Classified  by: 

Marital  status,  15 

Classified  by  size  of  adjusted  gross 
income,  9-14 
Size  of  alternative  income  concepts,  40-41 
Size  of  total  itemized  deductions,  57 
State,  134 
Conparison,  1977  and  1978,  1,  52 
Definition,  188 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  55 

Classified  by  marital  status,  58 
Nontaxable  returns,  33 
Returns  filed  by  dependents  with  unearned 

incone,  64 
Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  113 
Classified  by  marital  status,  109 
Joint  returns,  118 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  124 
Returns  with  income  earned  abroad,  31 
Returas  with  tax  preferences,  96 
Total  tax  liability: 
Classified  by: 

Marital  status,  15 

Size  of  refund,  106 

Size  of  tax  due  at  time  of  filing,  104 

Size  of  tax  overpayment,  105 

State,  133 

Reported  on  returns  with  income  tax  before 
credits,  138 


Coefficient  of  variation,  203 
Comparison,  1977  and  1978,  1 
Definition,  188 

Deriviaticn  of  total  tax  liability,  78 
Reported  on: 

All  returns,  100 

Returns  filed  by  dependents  with  unearned 

income,  64 
Returns  of  taxpayers  age  65  or  over ,  115 
Form  104QA  returns,  110 
Joint  returns,  120 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  126 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  58 


u 


Unused  zero  bracket  amount: 
Classified  ty  State,  134 
Definition,  189 
Reported  on: 

Returns  filed  by  dependents  with  unearned 

income,  64 
Returns  with  income  subject  to  tax,  80 
Returns  with  itemized  deductions,  56 


W 

Work  incentive   (WIN)  credit: 
Definition,   189 

Reported  on  returns  with  income  tax  before 
credits,  94 


Zero  bracket  amount: 

Classified  by  size  of  alternative  income 

concepts,  42-43 
Classified  by  State,   134 
Coiparison,  1977  and  1978,   1,   52 
Definition,   189 
Reported  on: 

Form  1040A  returns,   36 

Classified  by  mcirital  status,   35 
Filed  by  taxpayers  age  65  or  over,  110 
Returns  filed  by  dependents  with  unearned 

income,  64 
Returns  of  taxpayers  eige  65  or  over,   113 
Classified  by  maritail  status,   109 
Joint  returns,   118 
Returns  with  credit  for  the  elderly,  124 
Returns  with  income  subject  to  tax,  81 


•U  S  G0VE8NNENT  PRINTING  OfFICE:  1981  347-775/8428 


1978 

Statistics 
of  Income 


Individual 

DDi]©(Miixg  TiiK 


Section 

1        Returns  Filed  and  Sources  of  Income 


2        Deductions  and  Exemptions 


3        Tax  Computation  and  Tax  Rates 


4        Age  65  or  Over;  Credit  for  the  Elderly 


5        State  Data 


6        Explanation  of  Terms 


7        Sources,  Sample,  and  Limitations  of  the  Data 


8        Forms  and  Instructions 


9        Index