TYPEWRITING
AND
COMPUTER OPERATION
[OFFICE SECRETARYSHIP - OSS]
^^■fTAMIUNADUJ
SlBOOKlCORPORATilON
TYPEWRITING
AND
COMPUTER OPERATION
[OFFICE SECRETARYSHIP - OSS]
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
HIGHER SECONDARY - FIRST YEAR
r
v
A publication under
Government of Tamilnadu
Distribution of Free Textbook Programme
(NOT FOR SALE)
A
Untouchability is a sin
Untouchability is a crime
Untouchability is inhuman
''^umi^
TAMILNADU
TEXTBOOK CORPORATION
College Road, Chennai 600 006.
© Government of Tamilnadu
First Edition - 2010
CHAIRPERSON
A.Sonny Lionel
Sr. Vocational Teacher
Voorhees Hr. Sec. School,
Vellore-632001
REVIEWER
V.Parimala Devi
Vocational Teacher,
Government Boys Hr. Sec. School,
Alangayam -635 701
Vellore District
AUTHORS
J.Shyamala
Computer Instructor,
St.Ursula's A.I.H.S. School
Church Park,
Chennai -600 006
D. Kumar
Vocational Teacher,
Government Hr. Sec. School,
Kaveripakkam-632 508
Vellore District.
Freeda Joseph
Vocational Teacher,
St.Ursula's A.I.H.S. School,
Church Park,
Chennai -600 006
P.R. Balaji
Vocational Teacher,
Islamiah Hr.Sec. School,
Pernambut - 635 810.
Vellore District.
This book has been prepared by The Directorate of School
Education on behalf of the Government of Tamilnadu
This book has been printed on 60 GSM Paper
Printed by web offset at:
CONTENTS
Unit Title Page
PART- A
1 Typewriting and Computer Operation
- An Introduction (vi)
2 Typewriter - Key Board 1
3 Fingering Chart & Budget Book (Lessons I to VII) 2
4 Typing Practice:
(a) From Sentences - Lesson VIII 9
(b) From Paragraphs - Lesson IX 10
(c) From Script - Lesson X 11
5 Speed Practice - First Paper 19
PART - B
2.
3.
Short Notes on the Topics
Abbreviations & Symbols
37
41
Statements:
42
(i) Invoices
51
(ii) Credit Notes
58
(iii) Debit Notes
64
(iv) Account sales
70
Letters:
(a) Application
(b) Business letter
(c) Professional letter
(d) Official Letter (One authority to another)
76
84
92
100
4. Government Order 107
(iii)
Unit Title Page
PART - C
1. MECHANISM :
1. Typewriter and its parts 115
2. History of the Typewriter - Kinds of 116
Typewriter- Advantages of Typewriter -
Identification of Typewriter.
3. Key Board: Character keys - Non-Character 117
keys and their uses: Shift keys, Shift Lock,
Marginal Releaser, Back Spacer, Tabulator,
Ribbon Position Indicator, Key Releaser, Space
Bar and Shift systems.
4. Carriage: Size of Carriage Cylinder- 120
Thumb knobs -Ratchet Wheel - Detent Roller -
Detent Release Lever - Variable line spacer -
Line space pawl - Line space Gauge - Line
Space Knob - Reed Rollers - Marginal stops -
Typewriter Scales - Paper Table - Rubber feet -
Method of typing - Eraser.
5. Machine: Mainspring Drum - Draw cord 124
Type Guide- Type faces/Type heads Ribbon
Ribbon movement.
6. Cleaning & Oiling: Cleaning Materials - 127
care taking of Typewriter - Upkeep and
Maintenance - Packing care.
7. Envelope Addressing: Block Method - Indent 129
Method - Advantages - Pin Code Number.
8. Respectable Terms.... 131
9. Question & Answers 132
(Iv)
Unit Title Page
II. COMPUTER OPERATION :
Knowing About Computer 135
The following 2 Chapters:
(a) Introduction to Windows XP and
(b) Windows Explorer can be learnt from The Text
Book - "Computer Science, Higher Secondary
First Year, Volume- II Practice" Published by
Tamilnadu Text Book Corporation, Chennai-600 006.
CHAPTER: I Introduction to Window XP 151
What is Windows XP Evolution of the Windows
Operating System The mouse Logging in Log
Off is at the Bottom Of the Start menu Working
with the Windows XP The Desktop The Start
menu Starting an Application Windows
Windows Dialog Boxes Help and support centre
Customizing Windows XP The Control Panel
Applications Using Applications in Windows
Working With multiple Applications
CHAPTER: II Windows Explorer 154
Files Date organization- Windows Explorer
Working with Folders Changing the View Creating
a New Folder Selecting Files and Folders Moving and
Copying files and Folders Renaming Files and Folders
Deleting Files and Folders Creating Short Cuts
Search The run Command What is new in Windows XP
Guarding against Viruses.
IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED: 163
III INTERNAL EXAMINATION MARKS : 50 170
PRACTICAL I (TYPEWRITING)
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT - 25 MARKS
PRACTICAL II (COMPUTER OPERATION)
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT - 25MARKS
IV. Model Question Paper: 171
(V)
PART -A
TYPEWRITING AND COMPUTER OPERATION
AN INTRODUCTION
Our Tamilnadu Government has designed a New Educational System
in Vocational Scheme, for Vocational students in the Higher Secondary
level especially for 'Typewriting' learning pupils under Office
Secretaryship (OSS) Group. This book has been brought in a simple way
and easy to understand by the students.
Typewriter is a device for writing with neater letters; for doing
quicker and better work; for taking more copies and for reading the typed
matters easily. It is a gift for us, and one of the Developments in ' Science
and Technology' world. In ancient times, people used 'Palm leaves' and
then papers for their writing purposes. But, in handwriting, the letters
are not legible and understandable to read by others, which seem to be as
scribbled. By using the machine (Typewriter), we can get the work neatly
and accurately; with less strain, time saving and economy in stationery
For the welfare of our students, Pictures have been given for
explanation and they can easily understand to operate the Keyboard and
learn its mechanism ; 'Fingering' practice can also be developed. This
book contains 'hand-written scripts' for practicing and to understand
other various handwritings.
When we learn Typewriting/Computer Operation, more attention
must be given to sitting posture to avoid body pain, and strain to the spinal
cord. The Table for keeping Typewriter/ Computer should have the
height of 2 \ ' andacomfortablestool/chair,(18"-6").
This book 'Typewriting and Computer Operation' brings
enthusiasm and stimulate the students to enter into 'Vocational
Education' especially to type-wring and computer operation. Lucid style
(Vi)
and simple diction combined with pictures and apt illustrations make this
book interesting and attractive, It is aimed to improve and inspire the
exiting knowledge of Typewriting and Computer.
Students are the Pillars of our future Nation. This ' Vocational Education'
creates self-confidence to the children. By learning this course, the
future students can avoid to see the 'No vacancy' board; but they can
create their own employment under 'Self Employment Scheme' and
boldly face the unemployment problems.
'Vocational Education' stands first in the developed countries of
this World. We should also give more important to 'Vocational
Education' to become a self-sufficient Country and be a 'Super Nation
Power'.
At the end of this book, a model question paper and some ' important
points to be remembered' are given for Typewriting and Computer
Operation. Students can utilize these, and prepare for the examination.
Names and places, in this book, are all fictions. Some models, scripts
and pictures have been taken from DOTE-question papers and other
public publications for the welfare of our students' practice and we thank
the respective departments.
Finally, I thank my collogues who co-operated with me to bring out
this much successfully. On behalf of the Vocational students, Teachers
and my team I thank Our Tamilnadu Government especially the
Educational Department for publishing a special Text Book through
'Tamilnadu Textbook Corporation' for Vocational Education under newly
framed syllabusfor 'Typewriting and Computer Operation' .
- Author
(Vii)
2. KEY BOARD
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3. FINGERING CHART
1st Row
1
2
3
4 5
6
7
8
9
2nd Row
Q
W
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Y
U
I
O
P
3rd Row
A
s
D
F G
H
J
K
L
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4th Row
z
X
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LEARNING PRACTICES : BUDGET BOOK
FIRST EXERCISE
LESSON I :
asdfgf
;lkjhj
SEND ON EXERCISE
- LESSON H :
awerqfa
;oiupj;
THIRD EXERCISE
LESSON m
: gftfrf
hjyjuj
FORTH EXERCISE
- LESSON TV:
azxcvfa
Ikmnbj
F1F1H EXERCISE
- LESSON V :
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
Zyxviitsrqpoimilkjihgfcdcba
SIXTH EXERCISE
LESSON VI
: NUMBERS -(123454 098767)
SEVENTH EXERCISE
(LEFT & RIGHT)
- LESSON vn
: USING THE SHIFT KEYS
EIGHTH EXERCISE
LESSON VIII:
PRACTICING TN SENTENCE F
4. FIRST EXERCISE - LESSON - 1
asdfgf ;lkjhj asdfgf ;lkjhj asdfgf ;lkjhj asdfgf ;lkjhj
H K
\||/ %T U/>
A and ;
s and 1
d and k
f and j
g and h
- by using little fingers (left and right respectively)
- by using ring fingers
- by using middle fingers
- by using forefingers
- by using forefingers
( >
< >
i 1
< >
< >
r v v .. v v \
A
S
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F
G
H
J
K
L
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TYPE THE FOLLOWING AND PRACTICE AS PER THE
INSTRUCTION OF THE TEACHER:
asdfgf ;lkjhj
asdfgf ;lkjhj
asdfgf
;lkjhj
asdfgf
;lkjhj
asdfgf ;lkjhj
asdfgf ;lkjhj
asdfgf
;lkjhj
asdfgf
;lkjhj
asdfgf ;lkjhj
asdfgf ;lkjhj
asdfgf
;lkjhj
asdfgf
;lkjhj
asdfgf ;lkjhj
asdfgf ;lkjhj
asdfgf
;lkjhj
asdfgf
;lkjhj
asdfgf ;lkjhj
asdfgf ;lkjhj
asdfgf
;lkjhj
asdfgf
;lkjhj
ask
fad
alsas
shad
lads
flags
flask
jag
fag
fall
hash
glad
galls
salad
jak
had
gaff
dash
gall
flash
slash
sad
lad
adds
lash
hall
lakhs
dhalls
dad
asks
alas
dall
3
fall
glass
shall
SECOND EXERCISE - LESSON - II
awerqfa ;oiupj; awerqfa ;oiupj; awerqfa ;oiupj;
a
and
j
- by using little fingers (left and right respectively)
w
and
- by using ring fingers
e
and
i
- by using middle fingers
r
and
u
- by using forefingers
q
and
P
- by using forefingers
f
and
J
- by using forefingers
Q
W
U
n
TYPE THE FOLLOWING AS PER THE INSTRUCTION
OF THE TEACHER:
awerqfa ;oiupj; awerqfa ;oiupj; awerqfa ;oiupj; awerqfa ;oiupj;
awerqfa ;oiupj; awerqfa ;oiupj; awerqfa ;oiupj; awerqfa ;oiupj;
awerqfa ;oiupj; awerqfa ;oiupj; awerqfa ;oiupj; awerqfa ;oiupj;
awerqfa ;oiupj; awerqfa ;oiupj; awerqfa ;oiupj; awerqfa ;oiupj;
TYPE THE FOLLOWING WORDS EACH 5 LINES:
fish
dirks
oldest
apple
grade
falls Kodak
rails
jaded
dead
usual
sales
filed
legal
lease lakes
agile
isles
ahead
larks
roses
hedge
forks
skill rupee
grass
would
alpine
jaded
liked
equip
quail
jokes asked
walks
fiddle
saddle
larger
require
defiles
drawls
refresh
THIRD EXERCISE - LESSON - III
gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj
gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj
g
and
f
Fore finger
t
and
f
Fore finger
r
and
f
Fore finger
h
and
J
Fore finger
y
and
J
Fore finger
u
and
J
Fore Finger
y\
u
^
H
v
if\
TYPE THE FOLLOWING AND PRACTICE AS PER THE
INSTRUCTION OF THE TEACHER:
gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj
gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj
gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj
gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj
TYPE THE FOLLOWING WORDS EACH 5 LINES:
lawyers desired
prepare
feathery
repeated
etiquette yesterday
desire
waggish
typist
kettle further
quoted
ledger
outdoor
pleased theatre
tortuous
gallery
opposed
outflow priority
freehold
thorough
dearly
assisted adopt
allowed
5
ploughed
typewriter
FOURTH EXERCISE - LESSON - IV
azxcvf lkmnbj azxcvf lkmnbj azxcvf lkjmnbj
z and 1
x, k and m
c, v and f
n, b and j
V
Little finger
Ring finger (left & right)
Middle finger
Fore fingers
Fore fingers
B
N
^ if \ ^v
M
TYPE THE FOLLOWING AND PRACTICE AS THE
INSTRUCTION OF YOUR TEACHER:
azxcvf lkmnbj azxcvf lkmnbj azxcvf lkmnbj
azxcvf lkmnbj azxcvf lkmnbj azxcvf lkmnbj
azxcvf lkmnbj azxcvf lkmnbj azxcvf lkmnbj
azxcvf lkmnbj azxcvf lkmnbj azxcvf lkmnbj
azxcvf lkmnbj azxcvf lkmnbj azxcvf lkmnbj
azxcvf
azxcvf
azxcvf
azxcvf
azxcvf
TYPE THE FOLLOWING WORDS EACH 5 TIMES:
lkmnbj
lkmnbj
lkmnbj
lkmnbj
lkmnbj
cat
not
met
men
bent
king
zeal
zero
jack
have
wind
verb
joint
carry
night
tonic
colour
joints
nerves
verbal
jackets
jumbled
booklet
cutting
neither
calling
enlarge
someone
examine
examined
gracious
becoming
enemy
voted
money
marry
thousand
struggle
grizzled
zodiacal
boat
very
move
give
cylinder
possible
frequent
exponent
Calcutta
vineyard
material
sterling
assessment
beginning
meanings
doubtless
FIFTH EXERCISE - LESSON - V
TYPE THE FOLLOWING ALPHABETS FOR FINGERING PRACTICE:
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz.,
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz.,
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz.,
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz.,
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz.,
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz.,
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz.,
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz.,
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz.,
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz.,
,.zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfdcba
,.zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfdcba
,.zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfdcba
,.zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfdcba
,.zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfdcba
,.zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfdcba
,.zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfdcba
,.zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfdcba
,.zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfdcba
,.Zyxwvutsrqponmlkj ihgfdcba
TYPE THE FOLLOWING WORDS EACH 5 TIMES:
Cosmo instant youthful personnel
Quota zigzags up-board witnessed
necy., morning hitherto pessimism
etc., brevity emphasis peasantry
viz., written impulses tolerance
doz., endorse judgment elevation
correspond
fulfilling
technology
indulgence
privileges
rejuvenate
xanthophylls
contemplate
distributor
formulating
controversy
sacrificing
TYPE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES EACH FIVE TIMES:
1. Lost time is never regained.
2. Get- up early and do your work.
3. To-day's youth and to-morrow's old.
4. Age is a virtue when wisdom is with it.
5. Measure your word before it goes out of you.
6. My steps are measured.
7. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
8. Children are innocent and should be guided rightly.
9. Our Land has great sages who knew the eternal truth.
10. Truth never fails.
SIXTH EXERCISE - LESSON VI
LEARNING NUMERICALS: TYPE THE FOLLOWING NUMBERS
AS PER THE INSTRUCTION OF YOUR TEACHER:
123454 098767 123454 098767 123454 098767
123454 098767 123454 098767 123454 098767
123454 098767 123454 098767 123454 098767
123454 098767 123454 098767 123454 098767
123454 098767 123454 098767 123454 098767
TYPE THE FOLLOWING NUMBERS EACH 5 TIMES:
153
4586
48766
1298
96842
67,492
9,18,17,615
765
9539
97530
6541
78646
65,431
10,87,43,111
187
7654
65431
2244
98761
78654
4,16,22,44,882
786
1009
28761
7755
87652
97531
9,34,53,05,090
440
5599
76542
4174
9442
805515
9,89,45,82,990
SEVENTH EXERCISE - LESSON VII
(USING OF SHIFT KEYS - LEFT & RIGHT )
TYPE THE FOLLOWING WORDS USING SHIFT KEY:
EACH 5 TIMES:
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Tamil
English
Tamilnadu
Andhra
Karnataka
Orissa
Maharastra
Delhi
Himalaya
Simla
India
Srilanka
America
Calcutta
Kolcatta
Tailand
England
Kuwait
West Indies
Africa
German
Russia
Rome
Kerala
Parthiban
Dikshaya
Anandan
Vidiya
Vijayanthi
Glory
Trinita
Feeba
Glory
Kumar
Balaji
Shyamala
Freeda
Joel
Royston
Rajini
Kamal
Sivaji
Superintendent Confidential Government
Schedule
Notification
Secretary
Proceedings Reference
Subject
Enclosure
5. TYPING PRACTICE : LESSON VIII
(A). TYPE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES EACH TEN TIMES
1. Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs.
2. A quick brown fox slowly jumped over the lay dogs.
3. Five prizes were quickly distributed by the judge to examiners.
4. Handy Jack's quixotic laziness may grow to be far expensive.
5. Gay men with extra pluck and zeal would often have quiet job.
6. Black market fugitive should be quickly expelled with zeal.
7. May we have Jack squires fix the big lamps for Andy Ziegler?
8. Have you seen my brother-in-Law Jayavendan?
9. The partition of India affected more than 506 of our people.
10. Balaji worked with zeal and vigour.
11. Joel & Subashini took their child on 2nd January 2005 for Kuwait.
12. Messers Parthiban & Co., Ltd were great toy makers.
13. The son got % and the daughter Dikshaya % of their shares.
14. The French Revolution war was in the year 1709
15 Received 5 sets of Typist's Tables (2'-5") & chairs (18" 6" )
16 Now the cost of gold is very high. (One gram=Rs. 1,500/=)
17 Every Indian should say "No Partition".
18 Leave 2 spaces after (.) and (?)
19 Punctuation should be marked carefully.
20 Character builds a good family.
21. Service to the Community is humanity.
22. Anandan got cent percent result in his subject.
23. We must be proud of our Nation.
24. Untouchability is a sin. Untouchability is a crime and also inhuman.
25. Time and tide wait for none. So, make use of the time. All the best.
TYPING PRACTICE : LESSON IX
(B). Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degree:
Type the following paragraphs each five times:
Our National Flag has bite Ashok Chakra on it. This wheel is symbol of
DHARMA. It we always do the right things, we follow DHARMA. The twenty four
spokes in the wheel show the differences between our-people. A small circle
connects these spokes. It shows that we are one. The wheel also shows that we
are going forward.
Our flag is a tri-colour. Saffron is the symbol of sacrifice and a strong mind.
White is the symbol of purity, love and peace. Green is the symbol of plenty and
joy. We hoist and salute our flag. We are ready to make sacrifices for our
country. We want peace and progress. We want to be pure.
Our 'National Anthem' is a song of the great poet Tagore. It was his prayer song.
He sings about the people, mountains, rivers and seas of India. He says that God
is the master of all these and everyone and everything in India praise him. We
sing this song in colours with respect.
All of us salute our National Flag and sing our National Anthem. This shows that
we are one nation. We also promise to love and respect our country, our parents,
elders, teachers and all others in India.
SOME ADVANTAGES OF HIGH SELF-ESTEEM
There is a direct relationship between people's feelings and their productivity.
High self-esteem is evident in respect for one's self, others, property, law, parents
and one's country. The reverse is also true.
LOW SELF ESTEEM
How do we recognize poor self-esteem? What are the behavior patterns of a
person with poor self-esteem? The following is a brief list, which is not all
inclusive but is indicative.
10
TYPING PRACTICE : LESSON X
(C). ^ar'ipti ±o be Pvo^fci<^ad fcjt, -f^> tn< < fue.
<^jJo^Y^l^^ ~^~~ ^ " -~ ^_H_ _
) ■ A )<Ze3Ljats> ieAt<eJcJs AncX&s>t X-^cel
l~<ezzcLt> d*.*->A JLoreb ttis. <entive world 1 .
At U±* %°&* <f&^ ^> U ° *""<*"* ^f"
,« . ^^ <* *£^ ;^^ • fro- ■
£i-g_ C-er»Tm ,£_ C\/v^CS'>r , y .y& v ro^v^; GKt^fiJL^j <=0&-ft > S
PJt>Ov4S-o^ W^ ^OtK.^ U^^CcvL <^=W ><**jtf*_ ^-J^v -
11
6. SPEED PRACTICE
Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:
Education and training in
cosmetology takes you straight to the
world of glamour and excitement and
allows you to explore the opportunity to
work with hair, skin or mails depending
upon your choice. The different
combinations of chemicals allow to
create the right type of product for hair,
skinormails. Thoughtthe possibilities
in the field of cosmetology are endless,
you do require education or training in
this field to be able to find the right path
for yourself. The aim of a make-up
artistes to brining out beauty without
making it look like a disguise. Make-up
artists apply cosmetics to enhance a
client's appearance as also create any
image a particular job calls for. The
artist should be inclined artistically
like blending, shading or creating.
A make-up artist can establish
himself in a salon with a private
clientele, become make-up directorfor
a prestigious department store,
represent a line of cosmetics, work in
Television and Movie production, find
a position with a fashion magazine or
work behind the scenes in theatre
production. Operating as an
independent free lancer allows you to
create your own schedule or find
employment with one company. The
make-up artists should concentrate on
chemistry and anatomy if they want to
make it to the top. Theatre
experience, especially a study of stage
lighting can be really helpful. Six
months to one year work experience in
agoodsalonisimportantaftertraining.
Volunteering your services to
community theatres, fashion shows
etc., will not only provide experience
but also help in establishing contact
with people who may be important to
your career. Star Campbell Place a
master of make-up artistry, says that
achieving delicate effects takes years
of concrete training. The more time
you invest in preparing for this career
the longer your career will be and the
more you will get out of it. It allows you
to be independent mobile and
employable. You can begin by
developing a portfolio that can be
presented to a potential client. The
portfolio can include before and after
photograph so make-over you have
performed, along with any awards or
certificates you may have earned .
The job of Skin Care Specialist
(Aesthetician) here is to offer
treatments to perfect the look and
health of the skin. The aesthetician
can work in a salon, teach, travel giving
demonstrations or become a
consultant to a cosmetic company.
The training for this job should be in a
beauty salon which specializes in or
emphasizes on facial treatments.
These training courses are always
short so he should make the best use
of them. The specialist must read as
much as possible about skin care so
that there is a touch of authority in what
he says.
12
SPEED PRACTICE
Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:-
The invention of paper is
closely-linkedwith the history of
human civilization. Although the
modern printing industry is generally
considered to have bon out of the
invention of movable types of Johan
Gutenberg in 1455, the Chinese had
been printing on paper many hundreds
of years earlier. Paper was first
produced in China in about 105 AD
when papyrus and parchment were
being used in Mediterranean
countries. Tortoise shell, bone metals,
stones, bamboo slips, wooden tables
and silkwere used as writing materials
in China before the invention of paper.
It took centuries to perfect the
technology of producing vegetable
fibre paper. Initially, the raw materials
used was hemp, rope ends, rags and
worn out fishing nets etc. The oldest
sample of paper from Wester Han
Dynasty wasdiscoveredin1957 in
Shaanxi ProvinceofChina.
The ancient Egyptians used
papyrus as writing materials, which is
derived from th plant Cypenus
papyrus. The Papyrus was long
cultivated in the Nile delta region in
Egypt and was collected for its stalk or
stem, whose central pith was cut into
thin strips, pressed together and dried
to form a smooth thin writing surface.
Papyrus is a grasslike aquatic plant
that has woody, blunt triangular stems
and grows up to 4.6 cm high in quietly
flowing water. The triangular stem can
grow to a width of 6 cm. TheEgyptians
used the stem of the pyrus plant to
make sails, cloth, mat, cords and
above all paper. It was adopted by the
Greeks and was used extensively in
the Roman Empire
It was used for the production of legal
documents. Pliny the Elder, gave an
account of the manufacture of paper
from papyrus. The fibrous layers
within the stem of the plant were
removed and a number of these
longitudinal strips were placed side by
side and then crossed at right angles
with another set of strips. The two
layers formed a sheet, which was then
dampened and pressed. Upon drying
the glue-likesap of the plant acted as
an adhesive and cemented the layers
together. The sheet was finally
hammered and dried in the sun. A
number of these sheets were then
joined togetherwith paste to form a roll,
with usually not more than 20 sheets
to a roll. As time passed, other fibrous
plants started replacing papyrus.
By the turn of 3rd Century A.D
papyrus had already begun to be
replaced by less expensive velum or
parchment in Europe. Parchment is
said to have been invited in the 2nd
Century. B.C., The name apparently
derived from the ancient Greek city of
Pergamum. It is the processed skin of
certain animals mainly sheep.
13
SPEED PRACTICE
Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:
In 1452, Christopher Columbus
ignored advice that the Earth was flat
and tried to reach India by sailing west
rather than east. He may have
muddled his continents, but he didn't
fall off the edge, the Earth's surface is
of course curved. A similar question
has been bothering cosmologist for
nearly a century is the universe flat
Researchers now announce that the
answer is yes. Common sense tells us
that flying through space in a straight
tells us that flying through space in a
straight line gets you further and
further away from your starting point.
But common sense and cosmology
(the study of the universe) have little in
common. Researchers have no
difficulty accepting a universe in which
space itself is curved. Fly for long
enough in curved space and you could
find yourself back where you started
But the curvature of a universe does
not just bend the brain, it also has a far
more worrying conclusion.
A universe that contains enough
mass to give it a positive curvature is
doomed to a fiery end. It will gradually
stop expanding and begin to shrink,
ultimately imploding in a cataclysmic
big crunch. A universe, with zero
curvature, a flat universe, escapes this
demise. Conditions in the young
believed to have been rather like being
rather like being inside the sun.
Super-hot protons and electrons were
densely packed, too excited to form
any stable structures. Radiation was
trapped, endlessly bouncing around,
in this seething sea of particles. As this
proto universe grew, it gradually
cooled. When it was about 3,00,000
years old, things finally settled down
enough for atoms to form.
The radiation that had been
trapped finally escaped, an era known
asdecoupling. Since then, it has been
racing through the cosmos largely
keeping itself t itself. Over billions of
years, it too has cooled with the
expanding universe and what must
originally have been energetic ultra-
violet rays now reach us as feeble
microwaves at just a few degrees
above absolute zero. Known as the
Cosmic Microwave Background
Radiation or CMB this radiation hold
important clues about the early
universe, Tiny differences in density of
the baby universe caused tiny
differences in the temperature of the
escaping radiation. These density
fluctuations have grown into the
clusters of galaxies we see to day
Because of the relative
simplicity of the early universe,
physicists believe they have a good
understanding of its mechanisms.
Armed with reliable measurements of
the CMB they would be able to wind
back the clock and calculate the state
of the universe at decoupling and
hence work out its density and
curvature. Researchers finally got the
date they needed just few months ago
when an experiment known as
Boomerang.
14
SPEED PRACTICE
Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:-
The word virus is too familiar to
us and everybody would like to avoid
coming in contact with a virus. This is
because viruses cause diseases not
only in human beings but also in
animals and plants. Virus is a Latin
word meaning slimy liquid or poison.
The list of diseases caused by viruses
is a long one. Perhaps the most
dreaded disease caused by viruses in
human beings is Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Some of
the other diseases caused by viruses
in human beings are infantile
paralysis, dengue, hepatitis B,
influenza, common cold herpes yellow
fever and small pox. Viruses are
parasites. They need a living cell host
for reproduction. Some viruses in fact
bacteria only and they are known as
bacteria-eaters.
The biological nature of virus was
first indicated by a Russian scientist
Dimitry. Ivanovsky and a Dutch
scientist Martinus W.Beijedrinck in the
last decade of the nineteenth century.
All viruses contain nucleic acid either
DNA or RNA and protein . it may be
noted that living cells contain both RNA
and DNA but a virus has only one of the
two. Based on the type of nucleic acid
that a virus contains, it is classified as
DNAorRNAvirus. The size and shape
of virus are determined by the amount
and arrangement of nucleic acids and
proteins. They vary in diameter from
20 nanometres to 400 nanometres
(one nanometer is one billionth of a
metre). Viruses are too small to be
seen with naked eyes. With a few
exceptions they cannot be seen even
with ordinary oroptical microscope.
The vaccinia virus can be visualized
under a powerful optical microscope.
Viruses come in various shapesrods,
threads, spheroids, polyhedrons and
tadpole-like structure. Some viruses
come in combined shapes, for
example, a virus may have a
polyhedral head attached to a rod-like
tail. The infective part of a virus, when
it is outside the host ell is called the
virion. It contains atleast one protein
synthesized by a specific gene of the
nucleic acid of the virus. All viruses
have a protein coat called a capsid
around the nucleic acid. Some virus
like disease causing organisms which
have only nucleic acid and no
structural proteins are known as
viriods. It protects the nucleic acid of
the virus from digestion by enzymes
called necklaces.
It help the virion to penetrate
through the cell surface membrane or
in some cases to inject the infectious
nucleic acid into the interior of the host
cell. It provided sites on its surface
which recognize the receptors on the
surface of the host cells for attaching
the iron. Virus is host specific, that is. A
virus may not harm one type of host but
canseverelydamageanother.
15
SPEED PRACTICE
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Land and Labour in modern
economic parlance are the basic
factors of creation on this planet.
Between the two, labour is supreme,
for it is he who makes conscious and
deliberate efforts to unravel the laws
and mysteries of land and makes use
of them for his own development.
Indeed, his own development is the be-
all and end-all of his entire conscious
effort. Looked at in this light, human
development has been the objective of
human Endeavour ever since Adam
and Eve first appeared on this earth.
Yes in the beginning, the thrust of
human Endeavourwas in the direction
of spiritual development, but now it is in
the direction of material development.
In the earlier years, it was
primarily the responsibility of an
individual to develop himself, but now
it has become the responsibility of the
State to arrange for all round
development of human beings. This
has put human beings in new light. The
shift in emphasis from individual effort
and spiritual development to State
planning and material development
has turned human into a factor of
production an economic. Resource to
be brought up developed and used for
material development of the country as
a whole. Population growth at an
alarming rate comes in the way of
these social objectives in a big way.
Rapid growth of population, therefore,
has rightly been cause of concern in
jour country since the early fifty's.
However, popular perception in this
regard has undergone a sea change
over the last couple of years.
In early fiftys, socio-economic
implications of population growth were
a matter of concern largely in the
context of the argument that rapid
population growth is an obstacle to
development. But now it is
increasingly recognized that the
relationship between population
growth and development is not that
simple it is rather much more complex.
In 1994, it has been forcefully argued
and accepted that rapid population
growth itself is in many ways the result
of a lack of development. In course of
time many other dimensions have
been added to this relationship which
was once viewed to be unidirectional.
After the ICPD Conference population
issue is placed in a much large context
of sustainable development. Over the
years, the concept of development
little has undergone a change.
In the context of people-
centered development, many
dimensions like gender equity,
women's empowerment,
environmental degradation, uplift of
the weaker sections and human
resource development have assumed
considerable significance. From this
point of view, it is essential to look in to
the implicationsof population.
16
SPEED PRACTICE
Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees :-
There are different forms of
governments in the world like,
monarchy, democracy and
dictatorship. Every government
should have a good administrative
system or machinery to levy and
collect taxes, maintain law and order,
to administer justice and to implement
various schemes, for effective
administrative machinery was felt, in
the ancient days also. There were
excellent administrative set up even at
the village level, in India in the ancient
days. Similarly the Romans gad ab
excellent administrative set up,
similarly also the British, french and
the Greeks. However the nature of
recruitment and appointment to the
various posts, were more on
hereditary ;basis than on any other
consideration, inthosedays
The duties of the Governments in
the ancient days were limited to the
extent of providing security to the
people, and defending the country
from foreign invasion. A small and
selected administrative machinery
was sufficient in those days but the
science and technology have changed
the entire set up of the society. The
living conditions of the people have
improved considerably. The
provisions of hospitals, educational
institution, accommodation, highways
and transport etc. Have became the
primary duty of any modern
government. As a result, the
administrative machinery has not only
to be geared up to meet the demand
but also transformed to suit the
modern conditions.
The administrative machinery
has therefore been divided into a
number of departments like civil
administration, police, education,
health, engineering and judiciary etc.
Inthepresentdays. Thequalifications
have been prescribed for every one of
the posts each department along with
the procedure for recruitment and
appointment to those posts. The
service commissions recruiting
boards have been constituted in all the
countries, to recruit the persons, for
the various posts in the different
departments. They have been
accorded status free from
governmental interference and
security of tenure to the members
forming the board with a view to ensure
that the recruitment is made
impartially without fear or favour.
These bodies conduct examinations,
interviews and select the suitable
candidates to the various posts
grades.
The modern administrative system
has become much more important in
these days of the decorative
governments. The representatives
elected by the people need not
necessarily have neither
administrative experience nor talent.
The representative so elected ,
therefore have to depend mainly on
the administrative machinery to
discharge their duties, in their elected
offices as ministers.
17
SPEED PRACTICE
Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:-
Edward Janner was a doctor in
England. He became world-famous
through his vaccination for Small Pox.
Janner was born on 1 7th of May, 1 749
in Berkely at Glon Cestershire,
England. His father was a clergy.
Janner was sent to a local school for
elementary education when he
showed keener interest in the study of
medicine. Studying for medicine in
those days was an ordeal: one had to
get one-self trained under an eminent
surgeon. Later, he had to study in a
medical college for a period of 2 years.
In a small village called Sedbury, near
Bristol, Janner underwent training in
surgery under an able surgeon. At the
age of 21, he went to St. George
hospital in London, where he had to
study further and work. After his
graduation in medicine, Janner went
back to his native home to practice
medicine.
During his training period a
milkmaid approached her trainee
surgeon to get herself treated for
Cowpox. Cow Pox was a mild
sickness common to prevail among
mosfc of the milk-vendors. However
Janner momentously thought of
conducting investigations on Cow Pox.
By this time, his training was getting
over and Janner could take up the
issue more vigorously. After many
years of practice in his native home
and occasional investigation into the
cow pox that had afflicted his milk-
maid. Janner trailed to achieve any
type of success. He also started
working on Small pox with the cases
that had come to his clinic and at last it
was possible for him "to succeed in
getting it solved and treated.
He published his work in 1796
after having studied 27 cases. He
noticed that in the people who had cow
pox they did not contact small pox,
after they were inoculated the fluids of
cox pox. This led him to undertake a
high risk of inoculating an eight year
old Jimmy Phipps with cox pox virus
which he extracted from the fingers of
the milkmaid who had cow pox. The
boy contacted cox pox. After seven
weeks, he inoculated small pox virus
into the same boy, which he extracted
from the patient of small pox. But the
boy did not now contact small pox.
Now, he inoculated the same virus into
another healthy person, he contacted
small pox. The he proved beyond
doubts that people suffering from cox
pox would not contact small pox and
they contacted cox poxfrom the cows.
In those days, people believed that
one a person had small pox and
recovered from it is he would never get
small pox again. This was for truth in
most of the cases. In other wards,
people and had believed that cox pox
and small pox are two different
infections while he proved that people
will not be affected in case they are
inoculated with the attenuated viruses
of cox pox.
18
SPEED PRACTICE
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Indian scientists deserve kudos for
having developed an appropriate
technology in order to meet the fuel
requirements of the rural folk by
recycling locally available organic
resources. Rapid changes and
modifications have taken place since
1950 when the floating dome model
with counter weights was developed
by the Indian Agricultural Research
Institute. It provides centre guide
system for smooth movement of gas
holder and supply of gas at constant
pressure/ This applied technology
was looked upon as only of academic
interest of in the early forties but has
turned out to be of immense
importance since the last decade due
to spiraling prizes of petroleum
products, chemical fertilizers and
othersources of energy.
This technology gained importance
also on account of the ever-rising
demand for petroleum products which
can only be met by enhanced imports
leading to a further drain on our
meagre foreign exchange resources.
The recycling of indigenous resources
has at least met a fraction of our
demands and acted as a deterrent on
this count. The gas plant is a boon to
the Indian farmers. The two main
products of the project from which
material gains accrue are enriched
compost manure and Methane gas
made from local resources available in
the villages. Whereas compost
manure helps to meet the fertilizer
requirements of the farmers in a more
economical and efficient manner and
thereby boost agricultural production,
biogas is used for cooking and lighting
purposes. It is also used in case of
larger plants, as motive power for
driving small engines. In fact the wide
scale utilization of Gobar the most
appropriate answer to solve three
national inter-connected major
problems with which the country is
faced today food, fertilizer and fuel.
The anaerobic decomposition of
organic wastes leads to the production
of methane, which can be readily used
as an energy sources. The mixture of
methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen
and nitrogen produced in this manner
is called biogas. The complex organic
molecules present in the organise
wastes are first broken down to
simpler compounds such as acetate,
hydrogen oxygen, etc. By the action of
a number of different micro organisms.
The simple compounds so
produced are utilised by methogenic
bacteria to produce methane.
Methogenic bacteria can hydrogen
and carbon dioxide for methane
production. There are two major
advantages of this type of energy
source, which are the production of
gasandtheresidual manure.
19
SPEED PRACTICE
Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:-
Indian planning has shifted its
emphasis from self-sufficiency in food-
grains to rural development through
agricultural development. Though it
continues to be the traditional sector,
progress has become rapid on the
agricultural front. A continuous flow of
technology is coming out of the
research stations. To get the best out
of it, information about its implication
on decision behaviour and policy
should be made available to the
farmers without time lag. Policies and
programmes in various sectors and
levels and their justification depend for
effectiveness on dependable
knowledge. Operational research in
agriculture an rural development must
observe conditions which are
changing rapidly due to technological
break-through the data on these are
not available from the existing
sources.
Information has to be updated
frequently foe an effective information
system for agricultural development.
The centre for agricultural and rural
development studies of the Tamil Nadu
Agricultural university established a
rural observatory in support of its
developmental research with the
specific objectives of carrying out the
survey of resources, production,
employment and organisational
pattern. Tamil Nadu was divided into
eight regions based on agro-economic
Conditions. To have rural and urban
contents, one municipality, one town
panchayat and one village panchayat
were selected in each of the above
three regions. These centres formed
the observation centres forthe study.
The data were collected and village
level information showed that
irrespective of the size of the
observation center, the distribution of
population among male
and female is almost; equal. The
percentage of weaker section
depends on the nature of the center.
The prosperity of a region depends on
industrial development also industrial
were concentrated in the
municipalities and not in rural areas.
The availability of infrastructural
facilities resulted in the location of
industries in urban centres. The length
of road and the number of vehicles
operating is directly related to the
degree of urbanisation. The bullock
cart formed the major mode of
transport in town and village
panchayats. Regulated markets, co-
operative marketing societies and
even commission mandies are
operating with urban base only. This
shows the need for dispersal of
purchase and sale centres to help the
villagers.
The detailed household survey
showed that while more than forty
percent of the houses were thatched
ones about sixty percent were tiled
houses. As the degree of urbanisation
increased, the percentage of living in
owned housesdecreased.
20
SPEED PRACTICE
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The major objectives of
nationalisation of commercial banks
as set out by the prime minister may be
summarised that removing the control
over commercial banks by few large
industrial houses. Providing adequate
credit to the hitherto neglected sectors
such as agriculture, small business,
small scale and professional. To
introduce professional management in
commercial banking. To provide
adequate training and reasonable
service conditions for bank
employees. The banks have really
lived up to the expectations of
parliament and the prime minister
The commercial banks have
become powerful institutions
contributing for agricultural and rural
developmental and also the upliftment
of weaker sections of the rural
community. Some of the significant
achievements are rapid branch
expansion expansion, of rural credit,
strengthening of the co-operative
sector and support to village and rural
industries. The commercial banks in
India had organised themselves along
the lines and patterns of British banks.
They are more comfortable with trade
and large industrial houses than with
the agriculture sector and small
industries. A number of changes has
taken place in mral areas after
commencement of the planning era.
The concept of rural developmental
has nether been concise consistent.
Gandhiji's ideas are different from
those of jawaharlal Nehru and they are
again different from the ideas of indira
gandhi.
These three dominant
personalities, who played a significant
role in the economic development of
the country, have left their imprints.
Tumultuous and far reaching changes
have taken place after the
nationalisation of commercial banks.
Even before 1969, agriculture and
allied activities were experiencing
rapid growth under suggested five
year plans. The national credit council
pointed out a large credit gap in the
rural economy. It has suggested
measures to improve and monitor the
flow of credit to the rural sector and
also recommended a multi agency
approach instead of depending on the
co-operativecredit societies alone.
While the banks priorto nationalisation
were reluctant to enter rural areas and
lend for rural acitvities in support of
various governmental programmes.
Even during the British rule, the
Government had recognised the
importance of agriculture and
developed the co-operative
organisations to take care of
agricultural credit. At that point of time
and perhaps up to 1975, rural
development was seen merely as
agricultural development.
21
SPEED PRACTICE
Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:-
Classica dance in India adheres to a
rigorous code, though some minor
improvisations have been attempted
and accepted in recent times.
According to the Hindu mythology,
when Lord Sive shook a hand drem,
the world beatits first rhythm. And as
he moved his body in tune with its beat,
the universe came into being. The
dancing Siva is known as Nataraja and
all classical dancers invoke Nataraja
as the symbol of cosmic energy. In
India, the e\aesthetic theory is that
dance, music and drama are
inseparable, This principle was first
enunciated in Bharatas treatise Natya
Sastra, written in the 3rd century;
B.C.Indian dance essentially tells a
story poetically, with movements of
hand mudras and foot and gesture of
eye and row abhinaya, all this is
supplemented and complemented by
a set pattern of music.
A characteristic feature of the
classical dance is the intricate
footwork, tala which is emphasized by
the jingling of ankle-bells by thedancer
as well as the rhythm maintained by the
drummer. Therearefourmain schools
of Indian traditional dance. By far the
oldest of the classical styles is Bharata
Natyam, which follows the ancient
treatises more closely than any other
style. With its roots in Tamilnadu, this
dance, which has retained its purest
form is usually performed solo and
comprises movements of pure rhythm,
reamatic rendering of a story or
depiction of a mood Bharata Natyam
was once part of therites of worship in
temples and was performed by
dancing girls attached to temple.
Kathakali frkom kerela is a
spectacular and powerful dance-
drama, in which the artists don an
elaborate make-up and enact tales
from the epics. Kathak began as a
religious performance and under
Mughal Ipatronage in the 16th and 17th
centuries evolved as a court-dance.
The Manipuri style of Manipur in
eastern India, revolves round the
pranks of Krishna when he was young.
Some of the other schools of Indian
dance are the Kuchipudi of Andhra
Pradesh, Odissii of Orissa, Mohini
Attam of Kerala and the Yakshagana of
Karnataka. For variety, colour and
drichness of emotion, the Inian dance
forms have pdractically no parallel in
any other part of the world. In fact,
Indian classical dances have traveled
oout of the country to influehelp the art
forms of neighbouring Sri Lanka,
Indonesia, Thailand and even Japan
andAmerica.
India has also a variety of Tribal and
Folk dances. To the tribals and village
folk, dance seems to be the most
natural medium of expression.
Occasions like marriages. Births,
festivals, fairs, harvests and hunts are
all marked by dancing. The more
popular of the folk dances are the
Bhangra (Rajasthan), Ghumer and
Gibba (Punjab), Garba (Gajarat),
Kolattam (Tamilnadu and Karnataka)
and Kaikottikali(Kerala).
22
SPEED PRACTICE
Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees :-
During the period 1895 1905,
many path breaking discoveries were
made which not only ushered in
revolutions in several disciplines of
science but also changed our very
understanding of some of the
prevailing concepts in science. The
discovery of electron by Joseph John
Thomson in 1897 was one such
discovery. In fact, the discovery of
electron is one of the greatest
discoveries of modern physics. The
electron was the first of fundamental
constituents of all matter to be
proposed and in the last hundred
years. It has withstood all the tests of
elementarily.
The discovery of electron has
not only revolutionized scientific
thought but also our ways of life. Once
electron was proposed as a
fundamental constituent of matter, the
scientists started building models of
atomic structure. Atoms in their
normal states are not electrically
charged. So, as the electrons are
negatively charged, it became obvious
that the atoms also dairy a charge of
positive electricity to counterbalance
the negative charge. Gradually, the
physicists built up an idea how these
charges were arranged in an atom.
Among these models, the Rutherford
model had the most lasting influence.
Rutherford discovered that the atom
consisted of a heavy positively
charged coresurroundedbyelectrons.
The existence of proton was
recognized in 1914.
In 1931, neutron was
discovered by James Chadwick and
the number of elementary particles
rose to three i.e. electron, proton and
neutron. However, with the advent of
particle accelerators, hundreds of so
called elementary particles were
discussed. To scientists, it was a real
shock. They were not prepared to face
so many elementary particles. From
the very beginning of human
civilization, the idea of fewer basic
constituents of nature has fascinated
man. To over come this complexity, a
new model viz. quark model was
proposed. According to this model, all
the particles experiencing strong
interactions are made of quarks was
experimentally supported in 1969.
Today the elementary particles and
interaction between them are
described the Standard Model.
According to this model,
elementary particles are classified as
leptons i.e. these particles interact
with electro magnetic and
gravitational fields but beyond that
they interact only through weak
interactions, hadrons and gauge
bosons. Le[tons and hadrons interact
byexchanging gauge Bosons
23
SPEED PRACTICE
Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees :-
Many illnesses are caused by
irregular meals or from the habit of
eating whatever catches the fancy or
happens to come in handy. Such
"carelessness" results in decreased
efficiency too. You are what you eat.
Hence, eating good means on time is
very important. Scientific meal
planning is knot too difficult. It may
appear complicated to a beginner
when he or she is told that a complete
and balanced diet is essential to meet
the needs of the individual. The needs
of a person depend on his or her age,
sex, body size type, temperament,
nature of work, the climate and the it
ate of health of his or her mind and
body. The term daily diet means all the
food a person eaters during the day.
Die ; may refer to either food ordinarily
eaten orthat selected with reference to
a particular state of health. A few
simple rules combine all the
requirements, and a little practice
makes direct meal planning second
nature.
Nutritionists define good meals
as those which supply nutrition to meet
body needs, protect the body against
disease and are enjoyable to eat. With
the knowledge of nutrition, one can
easily choose food to fulfill the first two
requirements; yet how much one
enjoys one's food depends on one's
taste and attitude in eating. You can
train yourself to enjoy all essential
foods. It is not clearly understood why
24
some children seem to dislike certain
foods. But experience shows that a
persistent effort I overcoming most
dislikes is rewarding.
Researchers have discovered
that the custom of three meals a day is
based on convenience and not on
biological needs. Tests show that
blood sugar concentration and
muscular efficiency are lowest before
breakfast and remain at this level until
a meal is taken. After eating, blood
sugar rises sharply and efficiency
increases but the two fall again to a low
level within two-and-a-half to four
hours unless another meal is taken.
From these facts, it appears that a high
level of energy can be maintained by
eating every two and a half to three
hours throughout the day.
Experiments on factory workers have
proved this to be true. Today, many
factories, offices and schools have
incorporated in their schedules a
"nutrition" or "snack" period mid-
forenoon and mid-afternoon,
The bed time snack is a matter
of individual preference. Top avoid
interfering with sleep, it should either
be omitted or be very light and contain
lightfood such as milkorfruit. An over
weight person and the elderly should
avoid food before retiring. It is
unfortunate that breakfast is so often
slight. People who stay in bed. Late,
rush with dressing and eat on the run.
SPEED PRACTICE
Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:-
Rene Descartes was born on
March 31, 1596, in France. His father
was a member of the nobility. He lost
his mother a year after his birth. He
was raised by his maternal
grandmother and by a nurse to whom
he was devoted. In 1606, he entered a
Jesuit College that was established
for the education of the young nobility
and completed in 1614 the eight-year
course of studies. His studies left him
with a felling of dissatisfaction at the
extent of his own ignorance. But he left
behind a mark of extreme brilliance.
He spent the period from 1 61 8 to 1 626,
divided between participation in many
campaigns of the Thirty Years War in
D8tch. He never married. He was
doing military service without salary,
Descartes spent most of his time in the
study of mathematics. By the age of
22, he began to develop his analytical
geometry underthe title 'La Geometric'
by which the mathematicians still
affectionately referto it.
It set forth the idea that a pair of
numbers can determine a apposition
on a surface; one number x as a
distance measured horizontally, the
other y as a distance measured
vertically. In the concept of co-
ordinates, he gave a method
commented to be 'the greatest single
step ever made in the progress of exact
sciences'. He started, in 1619, work
on his magnum opus Discourse on the
method of Rightly Conducting the
Reason, which stamped him
immediately as one of the great
thinkers of his age. He postulated his
notion of the unity of all science which
was a revolutionary concept which
contradicted the notion of Aristotle.
The book contained three minor
appendices on the behaviourof lenses
meteors and geometry. A 106 page
foot note outlined analytical geometry,
which he did it is an endless wavy line,
the exact graphic equivalent of the
pulsating ebb and flow of electric
current in a power cable, which has
practical application in electrical
engineering.
Descartes showed, for
instance, that all quadratic equations,
when graphed as connected points,
becomestraightlines, circles, ellipses,
parabolas or hyperbolas. Going
beyond the quadratic, he established
that each class of equations of higher
degree brings into being a whole new
tribe figure of eight, hearts, hummocks
and petal shapes.
25
SPEED PRACTICE
Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:-
Science affects the average man
and woman in two ways already. He or
she benefits by its applications, driving
a motor car or omnibus instead of a
horse-drawn vehicle, being treated for
disease by a doctor or surgeon rather
than a priestora witch, and being killed
with an automatic pistol or shell in
place of a dagger or a battle-awe. It
also affects his or her opinion. Almost
everyone believes that the earth is
round and the heavens nearly empty
instead of solid. And we are beginning
to believe in our animal ancestry and
the possibility of vast improvements in
human nature by biological methods.
But science can do something far
bigger for the human mind than the
substitution of one set of beliefs for
another, of inculcation of skepticism
regarding accepted opinions. It was
gradually spread among humanity asa
whole the point of view that prevails
among research workers and has
enabled a few thousand men and a
few dozen women to create the
science on which modern civilization
rests.
For if we are to control our own
and one another's actions as we are
learning to control nature, the scientific
point of view must come out of the
laboratory and be applied to the events
of daily life. It is foolish to think that the
outlook which has already
revolutionized industry, agriculture,
war and medicine will prove useless
when applied to the family, the nation
or the human race. Unfortunately, the
growing realization of this fact is
opening the door to in numerable false
prophets who are advertising theirown
pet theories in sociology as scientific
Science is continually telling us
through their mouths that we are
doomed unless we give up smocking,
adopt or abolish birth control and so
forth. Now it is not my object to support
any scientific theory, but merely the
scientific standpoint. What are the
characteristics of that standpoint? In
the first place, it attempts to be truthful
and therefore impartial. And it carries
impartiality a great deal further than
does the legal point of view. A good
scientist will be impartial between Mr.
Smith a tapeworm and the solar
system. He will leave behind him his
natural revulsion of the tapeworm,
which would lead him to throw it away
instead of studying it as carefully as a
statue or a symphony and his awe for
the solar system, which led his
predecessors either to worship its
constituents or at least to regard them
as inscrutable servants of the
Almighty, to exalted for human
comprehension.
Such an attitude leads the
scientist to a curious mixture of pride
and humility. The solar system turns
out to be a group of bodies rather small
in comparison with many of their
neighbors and executing the
movements according to simple and
easily intelligible laws.
26
SPEED PRACTICE
Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:
The brain is the essential organ
of mind. As the chief focus of the
nervous system the brain, with its vast
number of cells closely inter-linked, is
related to all the tissues and organs of
the body by means of nerves. The
reception by the brain cells of
messages from the various sense
organs arouses what is called
sensation and consciousness, which
from a physiological point of view, is
simply awareness of sensation. All
mind functioning is therefore primarily
dependent on efficient sense organs
and healthy nerves to transmit
impulses when these sense organs
arestimulated.
In turn, consciousness depends
upon the integrity of the brain cells
and should these cells be injured, as in
concussion from a blow or damaged by
the poisons of alcohol ordisease, then
consciousness may be reduced or
completely suspended. All forms of
mental activity use up energy in then
ever cells and this need is met with by
an increased flow of blood containing
nutriment to the brain triples between
birth and adulthood- reaching a final
weight of about 1 kilogram fro men and
1.3 kilogram for women. By the age of
50 though, it shrinks slightly, losing
about 30 grams. There is no
correlation between brain size and
intelligence. A man's brain is usually
slightly larger than a women's but in
both sexes the brain makes up a
similar proportion of total body weight.
Two writers hold opposite records for
brain size. The writers hold opposite
records for brain size. The brain of the
Russian author Ivan Turgenev
weighed 2.012 kilogram.
The brain of the French writer
Anatole France (1844-1924) weighed
little more than half that figure, 1 .017
kilogram. The grain is divided into two
hemispheres, each a mirror image of
the other. The right hemisphere
controls the muscles of are receives
information from the left half of body.
The left hemisphere monitors are
controls the right half of the body. In
right handed people, the majority, the
left side the brain is concerned with
such skills reading, writing and talking.
The right hemisphere deals with
artistic activity and the workings of the
imagination. In left handed people the
functions the two hemispheres many
be reversed. The average brain
contains about ten thousand million
neurons-microscopic nerve cells.
Each cell has a slender
projection call an axon which links if to
other parts of the central nervous
system. Some axons stretch the
length of the spinal cord making them
more than a meter (23.3 ft) long and
the longest cells in the body. Each
neuron is also linked to neighboring
neurons by upto 50,000 connections
knows as dendrites.
27
SPEED PRACTICE
Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:
A morning walk is the best
exercise which can keep all of us fit
fresh for the whole day. This is an
exercise which is suitable for all
sections of society whether young or
old. A walk in the morning time
refreshes the mind and body and
improves the health. Of course, it is a
light exercise and highly beneficial for
physical and mental fitness. The lungs
are provided with fresh air which is
very essential for the body. It is for this
reason that the doctors always
recommend the patients for having
morning walk. Many great men like
Gandhiji have succeed stressed its
importance. Gandhiji himself also
used to go out for a morning walk every
daywithoutfail.
There is no doubt that it is not very
easy for some persons to get up early
in the morning, particularly in the
winter season. But, for those who
have formed and cultivated a regular
habit of rising early, a walk in the
morning is a must. If they miss it even
for one day, they feel very lazy and
miss something for the whole of the
day later on. Generally in small
towns, people go out of for a walk in the
fields which are quite near. In certain
towns where there are canals, people
en enjoy their walking along their
banks. On the other hand, in big cities
like Bombay and Calcutta people
cannot have the opportunity to go into
the fields for a walk every day. They
can either have it on the roads in the
early morning or they can go to the
public parks where they can enjoy
fresh air. Thus a morning walk is
different in a small town and a big city.
But, on the other hand, walking in the
morning is a must for all the city
dwellers. This is the only time when
they can hope to breathe in fresh air.
While walking through the fields in
small towns early in the morning. One
can Enjoy the beautiful scenery of
nature. A cool breeze is blowing at this
time and one feels very pleasant. The
birds which rise early in the morning
are chirping in the business and on the
branches of the trees. Some farmers
are also ploughing the fields while
others are busy reaping the standing
crops. In the villages side one can also
see the working of the persian wheels
for drawing water out of the wells. In
the cities where the people generally
go to the public parks for a walk, one
can see many old men, walking or
doing light exercises. We can many
also find some persons doing yogic
exercises on the green grass.
28
SPEED PRACTICE
Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:-
Business is part of society. In fact, it
exists only at the sufferance of society.
No business can exist without its
corresponding customer. Therefore,
the primary duty of business is to
satisfy the desires and aspirations of
society. Retailers are part of any
business and even the most
uneducated among them will realize
that in their own interests, they have to
safeguard the interests of the
consumer. They are primarily
engaged in selling goods and services
to the ultimate customers or
consumers. So, they are of utmost
importance in the distribution of
consumer goods. Let us briefly
analyse what is meant by retailing. It is
an important and final act from which it
derives social significance. It
contributes to the fulfillment of the
marketing process in which the various
functions of the seller are
accomplished. It is final marketing
process which is an integral part of the
productive process in the sense that it
adds value to the goods supplied or
services rendered through creation of
time, placeand possession utilizes.
No doubt, a retailer is an
intermediary. Nevertheless in the
scheme of things, he is very necessary
as he serves a vital purpose as the last
link in the distribution channel whose
services cannot be ignored or
undermined, especially in the fast-
moving business world of to-day.
Whether a producer of manufacture
produces it is the ultimate customer
who has to consume it. It is here the
retailer plays a vital and important role
by creating and also stimulating a
demand for the goods manufactured
by the producers. He has thus a key
roletoplayin marketingthegoods.
It is the job of retailerto be always in
touch with the consumer, assess his
requirements, find out his choice for
particular goods and procure them
from the respective manufactures and
supply them to him at competitive
prices. He is acting as a purchasing
agent oftheconsumerand atthesame
time the selling agent of the producer.
He can best co-ordinate the product
development and product
consumption. He is called upon to
match the requirements and aspiration
of the consumer to the ability of the
producer to meet those aspirations. It
is un uphill task. But, a resourceful
retailer will be able to stock a wide
range of goods and meet the demands
of the consumer from time to time.
29
SPEED PRACTICE
Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:-
A strong foundation exist in the
State both by way of manpower and
infrastructure for launching a concentrate
effort for accelerated economic growth.
Government of India is planning to create a
favourable investment climate and the
State government propose to take full
advantage of this to reap the maximum
benefits for the State. Economic growth
has also to be balanced with justice in
providing avenues for the percolation of
these benefits of the common man. One of
the major problems in the State is large
scale unemployment and the industrial
policy of the State has to consider a
balanced development not only in high
technology sectors or in large scale and
medium industries but also in the
traditionally high employment oriented
areas like handlooms, cottage and village
industries and small scale sector, both
organized and unorganized. Over
contribution to the State and this sector
would also require support and
strengthening. With these objectives in
view certain measures are proposed to be
introduced from the current year.
The major incentives provided by the
State, in addition to infrastructure support,
to large and medium industries have been
capital subsides and Interest free sales tax
loans. It is proposed to streamline these
incentive packages in such a way as to
direct their focus to backward areas and
also to specific categories of industries
which need to be attracted to the State. The
power sector has already been provided
high priority in our plan programmes and
the endeavour of the state would be to
overcome the deficit in power by the end of
the Seventh Plan. The government are
also considering power generation to be
taken up through independent
corporations in collaboration with private
sector, with external aid or commercial
credit so that the process of augmenting
generation capacity can be speeded up .
The textile policy which has been
announced does not provide adequate
support of the handloom sector. It is very
essential not only to modernize the sector
but also to provide suitable incentives and
financial inputs in order to increase their
marketing competence so that increased
output can be sustained and the large
employment provided by such output is
not affected. Unlike the Central
government, the States lack advantage of
directly tapping resources like internal
assistance or domestic borrowing.
30
SPEED PRACTICE
Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:-
The Central Government has on July 24,
1991 announced in the Parliament an open
and liberalized industrial policy lifting all
forms of controls, abolishing MRTP limit
and compulsory licensing, allowing direct
foreign investment up to 5 1 per cent equity
and fresh look at public sector, barring
eight core areas. The 1991 industrial
policy tabled in Parliament unshackles the
Indian industry from unnecessary
administration and legal controls and
complements series of measures taken by
the new Congress Government in trade
policy, exchange rate, and overall macro-
economic and fiscal management. In a
dramatic move, the Government has
abolished industrial licensing for all
projects excepting for eighteen industries
related to security, strategic and other
considerations.
of to attract NRI and other foreign
investments, the Governments has thrown
open thirty four areas including
metallurgy, food processing, hotel and
tourism industries. Now onwards,
approval would be given for direct
investment up to fifty one per cent equity
in high priority industries. This change in
expressed to go a long way in making
Indian policy on foreign investment
attractive.
The policy stipulates that dividends to
be expatriated; by companies with foreign
equity will have to be met through export
earnings over a period of time. Foreign
equity proposals need not necessarily be
accompanied by foreign technology
agreements.
The policy is demanded by the Indian
industry sought to amend the MRTP Act to
remove the threshold limit of assets of
Rupees one hundred crore in MRTP
companies and dominant undertakings.
The amendment would eliminate the need
for prior approval of Central Government
for establishment of new undertakings,
expansion, merger, amalgamation, take-
over and appointment of directors. In a bid
The policy says that there shall be no
bottlenecks of any kind in clearance of
proposals for foreign equity participation.
The companies with foreign equity up to
fifty one per cent will be encouraged to act
as trading houses, primarily engaged in
export activities. This will generate
greater passage of Indian goods to export
Markets.
31
SPEED PRACTICE
Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:
The proper and timely implementation
of plans has great importance in the
planning process. It is facilitated, if the
necessary individual are taken at the stage
of formulation itself. The investments in
the plans is devoted to large individual
investment projects and development
programmes and schemes. There are a
number of steps common to both these
areas. In addition, for each of the two
broad areas, there are specific tasks to be
undertaken for ensuring effective
implementation. For example, pre
investment planning should be carefully
undertaken before taking up large
individual projects. This involves an
analysis of resources potential which
should be followed by feasibility studies
covering aspects such as cost estimates,
profitability and assessment of national
economic benefits. The projects could
then be selected on the basis of technical
and economic criteria.
After the project formulation stage,
attention has to be paid to efficiency and
economy in the construction of projects.
Apart from the use of improved techniques
of planning steps must be taken to improve
the systems of reporting on progress and
short-comings in implementation. There
should be a better co-ordination of the
efforts of the different agencies engaged in
construction work to ensure the
completion of the projects according to
schedules. During the operation stage also
efforts are required for education of costs
and improvement of efficiency and
productivity. The plan is concerned not
only with creation of new production
facilities but also with getting maximum
results from existing facilities.
Application of improved managing
systems can go a long way in yielding
better results in this regard.
Continuous appraisal of progress is of
vital importance for ensuring
implementation. Suitable information
and reporting systems and will have to be
devised so that those responsible for that
implementation can anticipate difficult
and short comings and take appropriate
corrective measures then and there.
Efforts should also be taken at this stage to
reduce costs and also to ensure optimum
utilization of scarce materials at the
national level and also avoid their wastage.
Each year every large project should
undertake forward planning both in
physical and financial terms for a further
period of five years.
32
SPEED PRACTICE
Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:-
Discipline is a comprehensive
term. It may refer to the mental and
moraltraining oftheyoung. Itmayalso
refer to the body of rules, the
observance of which is very necessary
to attain the objectives of a group.
Viewed from the point of view of the
individual it consists of a set of rules
written or unwritten which must be
obeyed. Viewed from the point of
authority controlling a group, it is a
system y which the mass at the bottom
is made to behave in the way wanted by
the authority. The average man goes
through almost from the cradle to the
grave. His life is shaped into a mould
by the parents, the school, the religion,
elders and superiors. It is exercised in
various ways by ethical laws, legal
codes and customs.
Theforemost value of discipline is, it
conditions the raw man and fits him to
be a useful member of the society. The
various rules and regulations are
evolved out of past experience by
others and a man going though them is
saved all the trouble by following the
course appointed for him. The training
beings from his childhood and by the
time he becomes a mature youth he
has gone through a safe road. It is not
something impossible for a man to
observe, and often carries the grace of
appreciation and even prizes.
Thusforinstance, the child observing it
is liked by parents and teachers. In
fact in any walk of life, the observance
of it is enjoined by law, social customs,
religion or education or be it just a
behaivour of what is expected of him,
has a direct value. Such a value may
mean marks forthe child, a higher rank
for the army man, or higher order for
the man of religion a promotion for the
ma n in an office success for the
professional man and definite profit of
forthe business man.
The subjective value of discipline to
the individual is not of less value either.
Man is subject to a good manyfailings.
Great man are characterized by their
self-control and sense of duty which
was all acquired only through a life of it.
Hence to be pure and to be strong in
heart ultimately the man must be
thought a course of discipline.
Discipline rules are the result of a
number of factors. When a boy joins
his school, or a young man nhis
regiment, the new recruit is faced with
a curriculum a drill to which the he must
outwardly conform whether he likes it
or not. Only the authority has a clear
idea of the meaning and value of the
whole set of arrangements.
33
SPEED PRACTICE
Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:-
The travel and tourism industry is a
service industry with employment
opportunities in both the public and
private sectors and its scope is
worldwide rather than provincial.
Today, tourism is the worlds fastest
growing industry. This industry
provides both monetary gains and
social benefits. It is probably the rare
instance of an industry earning foreign
exchange without exporting national
wealth. The development and
promoting of tourism in all its aspects is
a highly competitive field and also an
extremely challenging pursuit.
Tourists can be a capricious lot, so
their demands are ever changing and
they are always on the lookout for
something new, different and unique.
Tourism is a field where there is no
ultimate strategy or foolproof formula
for excellence. You must by young, full
of enthusiasm, like people, love your
country, have interest and experience
of traveling be proud of your heritage
and should like people from your own
country and abroad to discover and
understand the fascinating aspects of
India. You should have the ability to
handle people, organize them, deal
with them and communicate with them.
Once you are sure that you would like
to make a career for yourself in this
industry, you should be aware of the
areas of productive employment, the
organization in this sector and the
courses or subjects which would
qualify you for a job in this fast growing
industry.
The work opportunities in the
Department of Tourism at the Union
and State levels range wide with
openings for those with just basic
degrees as also for those who have
professional qualification. The
Tourism Department and Directorates
at the state and union level have the
responsibility of promoting and
publicizing travel and tourism within
the country, especially the tourism
spots in that state, for the domestic
tourists whowishtodiscovertheirown
country. There are openings for
information Assistants at the office
counters of the Tourism department
where you have to supply answer to
queries of tourists, help them to plan
their itinerary in India. You could also
be at the Welcome to India desk of the
Government of India Tourist
Information Offices at the international
and domestic airports.
Here your job would be to greet
tourists on arrival and help them sort
out their arrangements, solve there
problems, guide them on where to go,
how to reach there, what to do and so
on.
34
SPEED PRACTICE
Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:-
Leprosy occupies a special
position among communicable diseases
because of the long duration of the disease,
the frequency of disabilities and the social
and economic consequences it engenders.
From an economic point of view, leprosy's
primarily a disease of the nerves. Although
the modem medical technology has
succeeded in changing the disease coursed
of leprosy patient, he is still not assured of
freedom from deformity and disability.
The physical deformity in leprosy which is
permanent and often progressive, results
in both reduced employment opportunities
for the patients and economic loss to the
family. The consequences of these are
much more pronounced due to the added
effects of social stigma attached to the
disease . Leprosy is considered to be the
major cause of blindness in the South East
Asia Region.
Through the increasingly
widespread distribution of Multidurg
Therapy land its effectiveness, the
prevalence of leprosy, as measured by
numbers of registered cases has been
reduced from 5.4 million cases in 1 994 the
reduction in prevalence of registered
casers to one per ten thousand people in
each endemic country by the year 2000 AD
The largest total number of untreated
registered cases are to be found in India
and Brazil.
estimated actual number of cases. This
number of undetected cases is believed to
be the highest in India and Bangladesh. Of
all the diseases known to India, leprosy has
the longest history and greatest number of
victims who are deprived of human dignity
and love. The exact number of victims
living in the country is unknown.
According to world health organization
statistics, India accounts for nearly 50% of
the total number of leprosy cases in the
world. While this is so in India, the State of
Tamil Nadu is known for the highest
endemicity. Numbers alone do not
adequately describe the problems posed
by the disease Millions of leprosy patients
in India are living in sorrowful conditions
and are struggling through out their lives
against deformities, disfigurement and
disabilities. The deformed leprosy
patients are living an isolated miserable
life.
They are hated because of their
physical ugly appearance. In India, a great
majority of leprosy patients arte living in
remote villages where the chances success
to appropriate medical care in leprosy are
limited. Though majority of the patients
and their relatives are aware of the
availability of appropriate medical care.
They are not prepared to utilize it because
of the social stigma.
There is always a gap between the
number of registered cases and the
35
SPEED PRACTICE
Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:-
For if we are to control our own
and one another's actions as we are
learning to control nature, the scientific
point of view must come out of the
laboratory and be applied to the events
of daily life. It is foolish to think that the
outlook which has already
revolutionized industry, agriculture,
war and medicine will prove useless
when applied to the family, the nation
or the human race. Unfortunately, the
growing realization of this fact is
opening the door to innumerable false
prophets who are advertising their own
pet theories in sociology as scientific
Science is continually telling us
through their mouths that we are
doomed unless we give up smocking,
adopt or abolish birth control and so
forth . Now it is not my object to support
any scientific theory, but merely the
scientific standpoint. What are the
characteristics of that standpoint? In
the first place, it attempts to be truthful
and therefore impartial. And it carries
impartiality a great deal further than
does the legal point of view. A good
scientist will be impartial between Mr.
Smith a tapeworm and the solar
system. He will leave behind him his
natural revulsion of the tapeworm,
which would lead him to throw it away
instead of studying it as carefully as a
statue or a symphony and his awe for
the solar system, which led his
predecessors either to worship its
constituents or at least to regard them
as inscrutable servants of the
Almighty, to exalted for human
comprehension.
Such an attitude leads the
scientist to a curious mixture of pride
and humility. The solar system turns
out to be a group of bodies rather small
in comparison with many of their
neighbors and executing the
movements according to simple and
easily intelligible laws.
After the project formulation
stage, attention has to be paid to
efficiency and economy in the
construction of projects. Apart from
the use of improved techniques of
planning steps must be taken to
improve the systems of reporting on
progress and short-comings in
implementation. There should be a
better co-ordination of the efforts of the
different agencies engaged in
construction work to ensure the
completion of the projects according to
schedules. During the operation
stage also efforts are required for
education of costs and improvement of
efficiency and productivity. The plan is
concerned not only with creation of
new production facilities but also with
getting maximum results from existing
36
37
PART : B
SHORT NOTES ON SUBJECT TOPICS
1. STATISTICAL MATTER: A Tabular Statement giving particulars of certain
things or achievement, the particulars generally occupying the first column and
the figures occurring the other columns
2. (a) INLAND INVOICE: A document giving full details of the price, quality, size
and quantity of goods sold within a country.
(b) DEBIT NOTE: A Debit note is a statement sent by the seller to the buyer when
and undercharge is rectified or when goods sold have not been noted in the
invoice.
(c) CREDIT NOTE: ACredit note is a statement sent by the buyer when a portion
of the goods is returned by the buyer as damaged, etc., orwhen an overcharge
is corrected.
(d) ACCOUNT SALES: A statement rendered by an agent to his principal after
effecting the sales showing the amount realized and the net amount after
deducting the commission and the expenses connected with the sale
3. (a) APPLICATION: A requisition by a person seeking a job or asking for a
benefit such as scholarship, permit, etc. ,
(b) BUSINESS LETTER: A letter from a firm or a company to its customer or to
another business house.
(c) PROFESSIONAL LETTER: A letter written by a professional like Engineer,
Doctor, Lawyer, etc. and in some cases, a businessman.
(d) OFFICIAL LETTER: (One authority to Another authority): A letter from a
Government or quasi-Government office to another Government or quasi-
Government Office orfirmorto an individual.
4. GOVERNMENTORDER: An Order issued by the Government underthe powers
delegated by the Governor
37
PART - B
ABBREVIATIONS
A/C :
Account
B.P. :
Bills Payable
Authd. :
Authorised
BR. :
Bills Receivable
Addns. :
Additions
Bal. fr.d :
Balance from
Accd.
Accrued
Br. Govt. :
British Government
Acctt. :
Accountant
B/f. :
Brought forward
Arnt. :
Amount
B/d. :
Brought down
Addl. :
Additional
Bk. of Eng.
Bank of England
Annl :
Annual
Bindg. :
Binding
Accrdg. :
According
Bus. :
Business
At F.D. :
At Fixed Deposit
C.A. :
Chief Accountant
Advt. :
Advertisement
Chartered Accountant
App. A/C
Appropriation
Cap.
Capital
Account
Curr,
Current
Accdg.
According
Commn.
Commission
Addl.
Additional
Chartd.
Chartered
Adjt.
Adjustment
Constn.
Construction
A.G.
: Accountant General
Cum.
. Cummulative
Alice.
: Allowance
C/f.
: Carried forward
Agst.
: Against
C/d.
: Carried down
A.O.
: Accounts Officer
Cash at C.A.
: Cash at Current
Appln.
: Application
Account
Assn.
: Association.
CashatS.B.A/c
: Cash at Savings
Asst.
: Assistant
Bank Account
Ann.
: Attention
C.S.
: ■ ChiefSuperintendent
Bd.
: Board
Chief Secretary
Bk.
; Book, Bank, Block
C/o.
: Carried over
B/s.
: Balance Sheet
C.C. Bk,
: Co-operative
Bal. or Bee.
: Balance
Central Bank
Bldgs.
Buildings
Contgcy.
: Contingency
Depn.
: Depreciation
Ind. Bk.
: Indian Bank
Dis.
: Discount
Ins.
; Insurance
Dev.
: Development
Instn.
: Institution
Dedn.
: Deduction
Ind.
: India or Indian
Deb.
: Debenture
Int. Div.
: Interim Dividend
Div.
Divident
Infm.
Information
38
ABBREVIATIONS
Dr. :
Debtor or Director
Liby. :
Library
Dn. :
Division of Down
Lia. or Liaby. :
Liability
Disconcn. :
Disconnection
Mg. of Mang. :
Managing
Dec en. :
Decision
Misc. :
Miscellaneous
Dept. :
Department.
Maintce. _. :
Maintenance
Dy. :
Deputy
MD. :
Managing Director
D/s. :
Dear Sir (s)
N.P. " :
Net Profit
Expr. :
Expenditure
N.L. :
Net Loss
Endts. :
Endorsements
Natl. Sav. :
National Savings
Engr. :
Engineer
Nom. Cap,
Nominal Capital
Edl. :
Educational
Notfn. :
Notification
E.g. :
Example
O.D. :
Overdraft
Estd. :
Established
Obtng. :
Obtaining
Expln. :
Explanation
Obsvn. :
Observation
Exps. :
Expenses
Orgn. :
Organisation
Excdg.
Exceeding
Objn.
Objection
•Eqty.
Equity
P&L.
Profit and Loss
Fd. Dep.
Fixed Deposit
Prtng.
Pringint
F/fly
Faithfully
Premm.
Premium
Follg.
Following
Provdnt. Fd.
Provident Fund
G.P.
Gross Profit
P.P.
. Provident Fund
G.L.
: Gross Loss
Provns.
: Provisions
Gl.
: General
Pendg.
: Pending
Govt.
: Government
Prely.
: Preliminary
Govr.
Governor
Possn.
: Possession
H.O.
: Head Office
P.O.
: Postal Order
H.M.
: Head Master
P.T.O.
: Please Turn Over
H.Q.
: Head Quarters
Publn.
: Publication
H.R.A.
: HouseRentAllowences
Ptn.
: Printing
Q!n.
: Qualification
Subscrbd.
: Subscribed
Qtn.
: Quotation
Socy.
: Society
Qty.
: Quantity
Sectt.
: Secretariat
Qn.
: Question
Suggn.
: Suggestion
Regr.
: Registrar; Register
Supt. /Supdt.
: Superintendent
Res.
: Reserve
Subsdry.
: Subsidiary
Regd.
: Registered
Transfd.
: Transferred
39
ABBREVIATIONS
Reqd.
Required
Tradg.
Trading
Red.X
Red Cross
T/w
Typewriter
Remn.
Remuneration
Tech.
Technical
Regn.
Registration
Tempy.
Temporary
Rly.
Railway
U.C. "
Upper case
Stt.
Statement
Unexpd.
Unexpected
S.Crs.
Sundry Creditors
Underwrtg.
Underwriting
S.Drs.
Sundry Debtors
w.e.f.
with effect from
Sty.
Stationary
w.r.t
with reference to
Subscripn.
Subscription
W.k.
Week / Work
Spl/ spe
Special
W.h.
Which
Secy.
Secretary
PROOF CORRECTION SYMBOLS
UC
Upper Case
Run on -*-^
Proceed without break
Lc
Lower Case
CT"
Cap.
Capital
#
Leave space
Caps.
Capitals
(2>
Joint together
All Caps.
All Capitals
N.P.
Next Para New Paras
/
Interest
F.P.
Fresh Para
P.// [
Parts
Rom. fig
Roman Figure (ii)
Circle
In wrds(Words)
In Figures (2)
Oces.
Circumstances
Letter or word
In Words (Five)
Ote.
Circulate
Underlined
Use capital as
Trs. (Trans)
Transpose
Twice Italics
the case may be.
\
(Change)
stet
Let it stand
Single
All Capitals with underline
01
Delete
Quotation
Foot (5')
(Omit it)
apostrophe (Ram's)
Madurai
Initial capital
Omission of a letter (I'll)
•> •
Therefore
Double
Inch (5'6")
•
Because
Quotation
Ditto (")
/
The
PUNCTURATION FOR FIGURES:
9,34,53,050.90
93,453,050,90
9,345,30,50.90
9,345,30,50.90
9,34,530,50.90
Ordinary
Millions , (Population, Tonnes)
Hundreds
Thousands
Lakhs
40
PROOF CORRECTION METHODS
Method of directing correction
(Symbols and/or abbreviations)
Explanation
/Expansion
Solution
Raw?^(/£
^
Apostrophe
Rama's
SO.
/4*At^
Arabic numerals
12
CtvkCt*
C&.p
Capital Letter
India
Sf)Ma
Caf*
Capital Letters
INDIA
^ftA^n fcoinoTOL!
an c«p*
All Cap. Letters
INDIANECONOMY
Cn tXc^ l£a h
^ fe»fc
Caret Mark
in the book leaf
ttiQnnpst-
— \
Close up
inmost
frW 1
&i cT &
Delete
fulfil
5U
/©
Fullstop
St. (Saint)
As 3 QOt
jG)
Comma
As I go,
3 /*«u*
/©
Semicolon
I saw;
Co^*»/v^a|-wt
4"
Hyphen
Co-operative
^
Indent
Purchase
LESS Returns
Hwt^ fr've
Xr. V^S" 4 -
In figures
25
S3
X-)T> UJCti-
In words
twenty three
**>y /^\<r>oi fO«.HM
Irai.
Italic Letters
my Alma Matter
In a*>xmucKj«A
#
Leave Space
inasmuch as
0Tta -mam
v- '
Less Space
One man
to *Sf" rrwiKef
SVi-l-
Let it stand
in the market
geok-
l.c
Lower Case
book
ttx& tine fe htool .
p. w.ft
F-P
Paragraph
Next Paragraph
Fresh Paragraph
The book was
sent by post.
It was fine to
read.
^CF l*Ja Ww te
Run cm
No Paragraph
The book was sent
by post. It was fine to
read,
i^^A
** «*
Quotation
"Navy"
-frfc-
Ro*n,
Roman numerals
XXH orxxii
^£p*nar£
Sp.
Spelling
separate
cx
Tm>-
Transpose
2
^
Tni.
Transpose
25
■ n ■ a. -t
TnA.
Transpose in order
in the book
2l.£., ljc
Upper Case
India
3 wfirf,-*flo tB<?«hj
Search, find & insert
* Asterisk
©Symbol for 'at'
I wish to go to
Mumbai City
41
1. STATEMENTS
(A) LAY-OUT
2a
4a
4b
4c
4d
5(.
ii
ii
iv
6.
1 . Title of the Statement (Head lines)
2. &2a. Heads of the Details
3. Serial Number
4. Head of the Particulars
4a, 4b, 4c & 4d - Sub-Headings (Particulars)
5 Rupees in (if any)
6. The word Total'
42
(B). MODEL
STATEMENT
STATE-WIDE DISTRIBUTION OF FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
SANCTIONED AND DISBURSED BY THE INDUSTRIAL
DEVELOPMENT BANK OF INDIA
//
1968-
69
1969-
70
s.
N.
State
Amount
Sanctioned
Amount
disbursed
Amount
Sanctioned
Amount
disbursed
//
(Rupees
//
in crores)
1.
Andra Pradesh
154.40
159.90
1,773.70
1,637.20
2.
Assam*
12.40
24.40
3.
Bihar
159.90
266.60
965.20
441.70
4.
Gujarat
328.80
301.80
3,724.60
3,148.90
5.
Haryana
58.10
53.60
262.10
249.80
6.
Kerala
133.00
68.30
440.00
342.30
7.
Madhya Pradesh
171.30
143.70
543.00
517.90
8.
Maharashtra
2,217.70
1,100.10
9,621.20
8,812.90
9.
Mysore
489.70
263.60
1,052.70
859.70
10.
Orissa
348.60
46.20
504.10
223.40
11.
Tamil Nadu and
Pondicherry
118.50
114.50
1,111.70
1,134.90
Total
4,180.00
2,518.30
20,001.70
17,393.10
*Pa
rticulars in respect of 1968 -
68 are not 6
ivailable.
43
|v/te bha. 4-olloiM'na SlaJjtoe nb awi j-u&.u^:-
Y
€Ar
Scol-oa,
Sooa^o3
Aoo3- oh,
&oo4~3fi°£~
<f
&oo$- 2g&&
7T\l>uiu2&ae£(
%^\0
\&A*5
b>%%
N ^°tM^ r Qoty
t
6,a33
I 8/6^
&o, 010
sz>y-
5<^(II7V
r$L0?
/
7
•ye/te
/s-
— 4- .
q^JLB
10,6*0 /,
f! 31^
44
Tube, the. fiojjoifiJM <S LffLmnagy b and. yvlc^XApl-
fvarn-e, of
\/o£m£> of ProdKxdTtrr^
I9$r<r
l^re
\<=\r¥
CT'n $4kka o£ 'rupees)
qo3o,m
$<l<10.60
31 ££-40
/4io* °4
&"?£e . Go
€"313 (j^Q
G7&.Q4
45
~J\Ah^ the- ^JooUntfj S l^U^yyan^b -cxrdL w^Ll u£.>~
fifcSPA . ilMD&L PRITVCIPA-L.' PRODUCT! <!>W
OF CRop^
I
U
.c*
C-RopS
*aA ^ _ _ _
<-poidkiu
• Co fcte?*v
/Aveo.
I^ecc^airear A>€e*"
3?^
pTrodUAefer?Yu
fjf^ir^KLTonz Ton*
it -f~ -
UA I A.
35^
IS^U
3>^k
3^1
3#£>
46
Ci;
3.
c*o
<Sa?r€£2^
1— utujua
foiA/e^
Far fcke. ye^ />
. — • r ' ■ ~
C3; c-A3 co
¥p 4 < 2>AoU^>
5~J £*^L-
&s%3
&?33 2oo3f
t
}k,iyt>.
SfiSf
urn
To to,
7&;
3V-5W
£1,253
5-3/4-19
3%l^j
47
Cap^
Arte t^Go^" (^i^p^S^ r
,| cxXjuA
t^a&u-*
AckIqucLx
T
^
M^ASIT?
O
u
o
thuSaiVft*-*
CoConju^t
/t£-,3»*
2-3^ I *
3feyS2C>
2^rtF^
3o^oo^
MancKi
4T
"^lo^^S
t
l^^poD
~£
/I
\^>00-0-
&XpH%
48
yJhGL £Ul -PoliocMV^ Sbxkn>an£ a <rvL W^ u£
-pcmgoLr
CoJpS.
\/CJ\r
[Wf-<*e
$a,nncLaJl
Treat*
oiooo^ &QO)
Flr-e
4, fe I/W
afcW#
(IJU
I^OO
3000
£.300
49
fyJfXL- the. -polhirir^ SlgfoyW r ar\& <yxjJU U^:~
S TAT£-M £jv r SHokn) rv 6i p/vR-p coupes
Warrte- of
pdT tkc pe^ ocL
/ Comnrr\>odi{^
taooo ^ o \
3 4~$~£
£Loo<si .. 03
[M a cA/ sn-ev a
3&V-5-
13 4-C
7^1&
/ l
s
S\oc?t
3oco
&AG?-
}&&Q
pbu*v(s
1 Sroo
]S~OQ
/
\po)
Oife«2f
33^
];SlOO
ToLs^-
\3 / < SOrf
SL y l 2,1
s^-Hr"
_ _ _ - _
i
. — _ _. —
50
2. INVOICE
a (LAY-OUT)
3.
4.
6.
INVOICE
1..
2.
7.
8.
10
11
12
13
14
15.
16.
17.
18.
1. Name of the Company in Capitals 10. Quality
2. Nature of the Company.
3. Telephone Number
4. Telegrams
5. Post Box Number
6. Address of the Company.
7. Invoice Number
Exempted).
8. Date of Invoice
9. To Address
11. Particulars
12. Rate
13. Amount
14. The word 'Total
15. Total amount in words
16. E. & O.E. (Errors and Omissions
17. For 'Name of Company' in Capitals
18. Designation of the Authority.
51
INVOICE - (b) MODEL
INVOICE
//
MODERN ELECTRICALS LIMITED
//
(Dealers in Electrical goods)
Telephone: 53146
Telegrams: 'Modern'
No. 384/74
//
Messrs. Pari Anand and Sons,
Building Contractors,
Thiruppathur
//
Post Box No. 61,
4 West Mahsi Street,
//
,rd
23 m May 1975.
//
E.&O.E.
Quantity
Particulars
Rate
Amount
10 dozens
6
Switches
Ceiling Fans
LESS Discount at 10%
ADD packing charges
Total
(Rupees one thousand eight hundred
And eighty only)
Rs. P
25 00
300 00
Rs. P
250 00
1,800 00
2,050 00
205 00
1,845 00
35 00
1,880 00
for MODERN ELECTRICAL LIMITED,
////
Sales Manager
52
~Typ&- b^a, 4h)jc\A^n^ Xrwg>;c^ &<rui irvSU- ^>\^
^ • 35", gb0c«w *st v
aor, PhJteL Sfc v
0J9
&9 <NO*.
ch&rfe* •
mrd- -£*$& <pdU0
$U> 00
ls-00
40a 00
&*■ P.
^aa do
9*S~oo
~<££6~oo
E> #- o<&
far Su-^K/ o^J*^±
53
4
T~N\JO)a?
-j4&S2phor& : 5^1 3-f
pew*wba&ur- <£<£) £14/
3* 1 TAavch 3.0&0.
CQCSrvjJb a)} Tfntf of
R*. P
e?SZ) OO
A?, itO.£
OVvCw )
~R4- P.
&SDO OO
-73.0 00
\do 00 /£>
54
Yr\&rt&£\z.r
VC
Tt^e tka, fyDoitfry ^fWg)^ ci™*. ~>ru£^ u^j~
rz, ■ __
Ti rxLj^unr^ G3^ (30)
p d <*fc Sox JVi- ^^
4-^ (hanndkj fend,
Er&<U>- - 63 g oo !
^•n^L M,a^ ^004 -
&SA6\V>\3\*j
\06
Pb'Zjtf-CuiA'^
"bate'
ADO) ' P&acjrv^ &-
),00O oo
fao oo
55"~oo
1,6^ OO
£* & O , E
^r IU Steti^ J^f^
'Ctyf
[M^rr^er
55
*
Tfye. fcAc rfbfhvJKj -XfvvofCL- a™L tu£cl tA-jbt-
kAMALR/vj Stores
<5lfcy
1
PcizStJoula
~ -t* -
rJ"
J 00 ?\0*.
£° ?<*-<$&> ^votfl, &z*;
I Vot_. v pTlot 7 p€*v
Totsdi
00 \s-
Goo
4-soo
P<Jf. P.
J.T. 00
3o 00
~&c}3 00
S'^0
30 \ *0
i=. tLG, &
gar VamoSLraA Skznmz /oxftt
56
\v\prr&Qev
\*4ih*z- t&£2- <fii>}}ovJn® iX-r-ivof^-e- orrwL yvJU^ vdb\~
Te-fiz^ W*_ * <£<S5B / / 5- Put jQax, ff^o , 5^
N/OTrfcK/ ^trcaU T>Cofc v
63A 003,
3© J^o^d
5" "
,c
W
£, &- O £
1
&s-P
300 00
&<*. P.
I £"ZJO 00
"rf f 4oo 00
C fijjdlp&46 Sj&j&rv ))r&UG0fnd- '
57
2.(ii) CREDIT NOTE- MODEL
CREDIT NOTE
///
Telephone: 450 1 6
Telegrams: 'Saroja'
No.29/71
)f
Messrs. Soori & Company,
21 Car Street,
Kancheepuram 63 1 501.
//
Cr.by SAROJINI TEXTILES
//
Post Box No. 18+
35 Purasai High Road,
Madras 600 007.
If
22 nd January 1971.
Details of Invoice
Particulars
Amount
//
Invoice No. 110
18thJanuarvl971
Invoice No. 102
19 th January 1971.
By 50 Petty Coats at Rs. 16/-
each returned not beine
the size ordered
By 5 pairs of silk dhotis at Rs. 400/-
each pair returned being
damaged
(Rupees two thousand and eight
hundred only)
Rs. P.
800 00
2.000 00
2.800 00
if
for SAROJINI TEXTILES,
fffl
Accountant.
58
CRlfDxT IAxjTIF
/^*m^guw _ ^co OSS ■
-ote-
PansijCcM$Jxx$
1(T0 JNA*f, Uutr Ua-zcU
B)j » Stf r\as\ rvc^frV* otb
I 5QO oo
|oo oo
, & rr /Ht? fASHlOrV ttt>LLr& y
(J-eauzL CJ&LXtL,
59
7ty£e tha folhu^r^ CyeJM-" .fvofc : a™L vu&t- tAf l~
CJRe&)T KOTi?
ChaY\ri0j. - £00 <DQ3 .
Cr- bu Tamea Tbwr LJnX^ // CafiJ .
5~/*7 J^i. jq^
R*T P.
5"ooo 00
^000 00
far Tames Iowa. Unw5 v
[M. career
60
Type- )&~ <folk>{A4*0 CRed/t i^ttf anrA. yvdUwp*
d&ET»-r fVOTB
'V&tetg yam t \ °- Coo l_"
Or. hu
3^ i^. j^
COOL- P/V\AS
nevoid* tfs^o, ^J'V-
pot-zTtfctu^fl*^
By 0f4-£easorv
Amcwdz
[000 00
<firr COOL. FATvxS',
Ma*
"9
er
61
past: Bs^x (TV? , ^3;
^l^rtr rvov, sooo.
c-^ by. Pari a^jd sor^
|0)fc" Nov- ao<*3
2-°^
pa-zflzcAAiU
■Y-tf
Totzut
R<*- P.
4^53 <?o
l^doG OO
5, -QO OO
Xd
•fi
<TV~
P/*R1 AflVD ^^.
/£vCO£> u 90 \j&\&Mr
62
Tty^ te rpo\\cv^r^ Qnr^JjAr tfydte : a ^ vu^ u£j ,
CRi?3>r
J^va-r Z7vD)/\ L£gt v
^tffrcujZ^
*Xrw. *vo- gj -
7/W C&nf} ate
Roll cJc &*. SO
<&rr Pacit ;Gm»A Umits^
4
63
fle^}<nj&SL f^Oirya^
enr
2.(iii) DEBIT NOTE- MODEL
DEBIT NOTE
III
Telephone: 443456
Post Box No.%.
Telegrams: 'Nathan'
5 Jones Road,
Madras 600 015.
//
No. 10/72
31 st March 1972.
//
Messrs. Ramalingam & Sons,
Station Road,
Madras 600 033.
//
Dr. to SWAMINATHAN & SONS
n
Details of Invoice
Invoice No.3
25 th March 1972
Invoice No. 8
28 th March 1972
Particulars
To 20 meters of Raymond tweed
at Rs,37/-per meter mentioned
in the invoice, which should be
Rs. 43/- per meter
To a Diece of long cloth charged
at Rs.40/- which should be
Rs.50/-
Total
(Rupees one hundred and thirty
only)
Amount
//
Rs. P.
120 00
10 00
130 00
If
for SWAMINATHAN & SONS,
nn
Chief Accountant.
64
T>¥& u /von?
~VdL&§yfWN! \ * Kumar'''
No- I6fl/a^oo.
Past &3>?fv>, 5"59 y
"S 3 ^ "Jurte, (^.ooo
<J)£JIM&0 Of 3T*KVtffCfl-
P^yt3cMj2a'»^
__ Marcs
To 10 P*4a*s&
Jfar kurr^r j^J***j jftop
R*. P.
53 oo
152) OD
65
3>e^it- jvcm?
Cke?aiW~ goo oof .
SlBrtkr $s*[anr. &000 ,
Pfl'tftl CAAJ^^ca-
"To (o ^^tru-o of
^o'^ M^Tf^ <&oso
73 lo ^'zfu- 0^
R*-a
30 ■ O O- ^
^
f^lSC^
^00 £>°
fair Paq\ Ak#> Co v
66
Pgra^brl-eHnr
J)BB)T fvojlE
T&hj?h<m*: 3^35.3^3 P-.Q.|\o. 3osr,
y
M/s. £^ul /lGj v
1)r- (o <SA-fvVOv^ A*v3> ^M^f^y
P^tA-oui^'fcS'
71>\v, rv> . Jot
^/fcr JMfjjY- c^ooo
Wh ' shd < he. R*. ^ .
To 3o Ribbzm yv]\&
aJtr R£ 55/* eaeK/
|0O 0<D
<9SZ) 00
<^rr 3/WK^m, fcts£> Co ',
67
PA/s- ]3o£m- m Go-,
Id, \/<Ma£sKnr Sb>
Qel&Xih erf- xbwoTo
7/fc neb- £cdj.
'P?\'zftfaAj^-aa f
lb
To
itjh . s.hi . h*. R^.&szj/ 5ZT0 OO
<?LSZ5 00
^sz> 0O
TctDJL
t^'A^L -PrfK/ ot\&^
pcwftmeTr.
68
Tyfie- Iks^ h>\huAnij Debit kot^ Qrx dL yuUv^>\^
rarmS't ^SH-fM
7#~ M^tt I^Cj
SoSUryi Q3& oof.
DelaxJU c?f j:m\oia^
ftwkoAJb*
rjr
££-Mr peJb, <&**>
.
To SeicemeL c&ak,
"To Co<5fc of (i
R*. P.
2^oo eo
\0O CO
S~, ooa o o
%crr- BH-IM B&V1&S ,
fc&loum femir
69
2. (Iv) ACCOUNT SALES-MODEL
Telephone: 82067
Telegrams: 'Madan'
Post Box No. 519.
209 Anna Saiai,
Madras 600 002.
. //
12 th February 1991.
///
ACCOUNT SALES
//
Account Sales of 50 eater Filters sold on account and at the risk of Messrs.
Rub y and Company Limited, Mayiladuthurai.
Number
Particulars
Amount
Rs. P.
Rs.P.
ai5
50 Water Filters at Rs.80/- each
LESS Charges
4,000 00
Transport
100 00
Insurance
300 00
Commission at 5%
20000
Balance as per Draft enclosed
(Rupees three thousand and four
■
600 00
3,400 00
hundred only)
E. & O. E.
for MKADAN MOHAN TRADERS,
Manager.
70
(Zh&r\'rv&J — Goo o^ji ,
-X_st ^^^^V ^ 0o ^ ■
A/c ^o^k. a-f dL ^o. of 1 Rwe-r <W.
\^-Aj^mri0[ir<3l^cLA •
^\M.7rm \^eir
SOO
JpcA.'tftei QJjQoorz
uses
CK^iry
e&
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too oo
^££_
c3<3
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ia)
<^5t?
oo
15", ft. • 1£
£<*> p.
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1,35® oo
_ I
iSfeAfV /VrvD COMPAQ
71
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3oi*7
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p&tffr&JUrJ
at &£ \G/QOo/* ea.chJ
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73
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74
pb^fc Box r\/o< ,9.35-1
/kCCOlfr^JT ^AVU=S
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£-. & d, ^
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75
3. LETTERS (A) APPLICATION - LAY OUT
APPLICATION
1
5.
6.
7.
TO
11
12
1.
The word 'From'
2.
The 'from address'
3.
The word 'To'
4.
The 'To address'
5.
salutation
6.
Subject:
7.
Reference
8.
Body of the Application
9.
Complementary Close
10.
. Enclosures if any
11.
, Place and
12.
, Date
76
(B) APPLICATION- MODEL
From
//
Regena Rani, B.Sc, (IT) M.C.A.,
201. N.G.O.A. COLONY,
Sankarankoil,
Tirunelveli District. 627 756.
//
To
//
The Managing Director,
R.PSoftware Pvt. Ltd.,
Bangalore. 56
//
Sir,
//
Sub: Application for the Post of Manager - for your esteemed Concern.
//
Ref: Your Advertisement in Daily Journal dated 25th January 2009.
//
//
I came to know from the advertisement in the daily journal dated 20th
March 2009 that there is ka vacancy for the post of Manager in your esteemed
concern. I beg to submit myself as a candidate for the same.
//
I am twenty two years old with a good physique. As for my qualification
I like to state that I have passed the B.Sc, Information Technology and M.C.A.,
With70% of marks. I have also passed the typewriting English and Tamil Senior
Grade with first class. If I have a chance to work under your esteemed concern
I assure that I will discharge my duties to the entire satisfaction of the superiors.
I am also enclosing herewith my Dio-Data for your kind perusal and
favourable orders.
//
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
Sankarankoil, ////
30th January 2009
(REGENA RANI)
77
Ti*P<2.. "ttta ^foliotcXr** PtVPl'i Cation W «. P-ropej*-
To
st*y %
78
Wa- <Ps^
9vof^-/
'to
-vo rv^
T- Tfc-m llx N\ *B -.B £ v 3> -^- Ray Co v
loVJz.
-*
/C ■
jO/V
•■5\
/
R*{- : /oW AJlJfWv-tU* *v*a"V uK ^ioVt^
Boo^ol - &. 3^oli \y p^lpW ^<CU-4
2_£>- ot - 2-
oo:
y ul^VrT y alcove OtTJLM ^ CornA. 4
Jty\oc6 "^^hf^T^N^A.vje.J c^ V/LC^r^cy Jf-ev J p»<s-f
79
80
^
t o
%\r,
,jl> ft ff ji^-r rlKJ: ******
81
K o< << ^ ^ v ■.
cO-T-4. fA-cnArf c^do^. _>0v^ fox ^/'iflflmfi^i
o.C cW-eol /#'*" jJXyL ^jboi, , _9 ^f^) -fir / po-^-'
^.r^ £Wjl *3ooV
82
Type. ^A-fUlowiV* JLypAt^eAj^*- w- p^p^/rf^*^ .
F^^ ^U y F*t.w 77, sW.Uvk^U si-,
,. ^. ^.. f}/ Jny 4^ S^^ui f^
ft cJL, ;• J w J^ * b ^- <^ri^
^
83
(B). BUSINESS LETTER - LAY OUT
BUSINESS LETTER
1.
2.
3 5.
4 6.
7.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14(.
15..
1. Name of the Company in Capitals.
2. Nature of the Company within brackets.
3. Telephone Number on the left side.
4. Telegrams
5. Post Box Number on the right side
6. Address of the Company.
7. Reference Number
8. Date
9. To address
10. Salutation
11. Body of the Business Letter
12. Complimentary Close
13. for NAME OF THE COMPANY in Capitals.
14. Name of the Authority in capitals within brackets.
15. Designation of the Authority.
84
3.(b) BUSINESS LETTER-MODEL
BUSINESS LETTER
DEVANATHAN AND COMPANY
//
(F ruit Merchants)
Telephone: 34511 Post Box No.2(h
Telegrams: 'Devan' 29 Bazaar Road,
Cuddalore607 001.
/f
Ref. No.5/409 15th June 1983.
ft
Messrs. Abdul Samad and Company,
Fruit Mart,
Madras 600 001.
ft
DeV Sirs,
If
We are in receipt of your order No. 30, dated 10th June 1983 for the supply of 100
jaok fruits on or before the 10th of next month.
ft
While we thank you for your kind order, we very much regret our inability to
comply with your order as we are already committed to the supply of a similar
bulk order about the same time to another party.
However we can pass on your order, if you so desire us to do, to our sister concern
here who will be able to supply you jack fruits of the best quality. t
We assure you of our prompt action at all times.
//
Yours faithfully,
for DEVANATHAN AND COMPANY,
fUf
(T.DEVANATHAN)
Partner.
85
Ty-^3C- tfat fiofloiMrvfl QuSfNSSS LjETTBR* }ms fizmper!-
^ A ■ VjVex. 4l c<? v
hJ<^eftfat'>na7r) _ SI) OOj .
-CtT C^tawb^ Uy«. are ^sy/y ^sr / doHoju In de*-
CLU/are. 0-t-fkST y&Kior^.
your ordsnr oOmu^ JotwoaA, wJ2< £>e. dL&vpnbckJL to
CJdn^ fczJciay a-nct hs>j>e- fhs ft^y CA*7U&£ reao/v ycrt^o^y
Friday ,
A&m<tir>f Uolu io be. aJtr your jerries- o± oM frnx*!
7Ke?r*uru& y^U.^
far £U8>R.£\ MyMVlA/V *#- CerMPAf^,
^ — ~~j CM . SfswTMiu)
86
Tu^e. Iks: &>)k>**ry &us)*ess L^ttt^ ]w
RAV)j55H TexTJU? LlMITEP
&0, fodsJL Rpad y
hot hen. aff-jjce*^ fe-/ fca^^er dU^^-- \<XrxLQu a^rmn^
tA/e_ <X6Say^- ^ou~ to" CHA'zr J^eob <y,nrdL Mte^^PisistrJpkr
£yr ISfwWvj Tejcfc^ Lini lteA J/cstyS
^r*i
87
TeSty raw? : * Ra&u " <3a fc U *™*arv Sty £5
^ e ^.N0. lo/W ^"^ * Jlir " = - ,<? ^'
our iflJfet otekflw- ^^ ^fir^JFOcwW
O-f / Vaw>iw o2xi*» t&f. <?|o°<&> />" O/K. We^dxuS.
We u^ to <W** Wj,. ^L
+1* (A of /te <**XJ£> t
far RA 6iU AfVP Com^
<p7r&p&y
T^^^w; - S/vta' 4.*, ^ et H*jr ft* '
to.. ,0/43*. P ™^-A^ f
&l2rb x^ifl/ ^^=sr ^000
IZSd ££*„*■£ ^ g - <**-.
4^ C^^rrr, ^^ r /Jt _ i„J^™ ? '^
0^- <*x$>&J=r yew ^^Mu y^j*
far r$*rr* :rrv*»A L, W TB3> y
^- C M . SAtfV^A^iJ)
89
7JTV -Wr*. st oses
"* ^£>fk TuoL ^=^3,
^A£ Roy fe-roituuLA ,
Log- L».ugl Ytel^u^ (yr- /v. ^>»?<JL^
"^ '^U^UM l^oUL Ir^^U UCL^U 1*A
Sg&^o* Lw*> <u>***-^<= > y^*^tf dX - £ ^ L " a ~
(jy. \JASA W3
90
#* ^'^JH^J^g a^.
3^ch
fK2h- DlO£>).
•Lo -Stex-Jut <^ kinsunej*- erf yr- Vcl~$>uX&1 {¥ir-y>
cue. S>dJUcUl ya^L, <S«xnig- emfe^ -
91
3.(d) PROFESSIONAL LETTER - LAYOUT
1 3.
2 4.
5
8.
9....
10(.
1. Name of the Sender in Capitals.
2. Designation of the Sender
3. Telephone Number on the right side
4. Address of the Sender
5. Date
6. To Address
7. Salutation
8. Body of the Professional letter.
9. Complementary Close.
10. Name of the sender in capitals within brackets.
92
PROFESSIONAL LETTER - MODEL
^APATHY. ItA, Telephone: 336
Nagapattinam.
27 th January 1964.
The Collector of Tanjore,
Tanjore.
tf
Sir,
If
I am deeply touched by your appeal for funds for relief of flood victims in Bihar. I have
collected a large number of blankets and also a sum of Rs. 10,001/-(Rupees ten thousand and
one only). Kindly let me know to which officer the blankets should be sent
//
' The amount collected is being sent to you by a crossed cheque. Please acknowledge the
receipt. .
Awaiting your further instructions.
Yours faithfully,
////
(V.GANAPATHY)
93
<$CLcj?XvGd M®uj^ A&24; Mtef Tfo
'Xn fteL AuJt e^c^DJ^A ffcMJL LOih. ^ou.
Of \f~^Z^^TJj^n2^^ feu** #&&JL .
94
foz, 23-*^ Tju&a j-oc/. fW" M£"+ t*^ *** A £: ot'
^^ iU- ^^ ^rr sTs ~Jjw
95
P'ROFFSSIOMRU. LETTER
^Kj2A\n#ci. - boo coZf
>! V
<T,X r^ol^ *, V ^ -Hue- &IJ^
ffU?A
-*-'** *" ' y^ ^V*
(_K).t*)> &\&rj \ OzfS .
96
-»#***"* u *£UxMm . 7X ^ Shut.
TJo
■*"*■ H hartn T7 "™* "*, *& fo. Of^nlcr) &. <hL
in-g ^ eM^^dL fat A u nrt*Mv£L
KJVr-<£. J* /fc ' -+*«Avu <4V ^ penned o^ ^ ft^
^d ******* ^. t£-&^cU r^osio) ^
97
98
Professional letter.
C^U2>rMr*»*=M . boo \t>) .
QjT\A ~Zbu^SU 2^,
U
Pf»«*. to '^jCo "fcT® 9«%«v~*-
,G=>
99
3.(d). OFFICIAL LETTER -LAY OUT
(ONE AUTHORITY TO ANOTHER)
4....
6.
8.
10.
1. Name of the Office
2. 'From' Name & Address of the Authority (Sender) on the Left side.
3. 'To' Address of the authority (Receiver) on the Right side.
4. Letter Number and date.
5. Salutation
6. Subject
7. Reference.
8. Body of the Official Letter.
9. Complementary Close.
10. Designation of the Official.
100
MODEL
OFFICIAL LETTER
(One authority to another authority)
CHINGLEPUT MUNICIPALITY
III
From
//
Thiru. R.Dhanasekarn, M.A.
Commissioner,
Chingleput Municipality
Chingleput 603 003
(To
(
( Dr. K.Madhavan, M.Sc.,(Agri) Ph.D.
( 5, Adams Road,
( Chingleput- 603 001.,
(
(
//
//
Sir,
//
//
//
//
Letter No. 344/02-6, M.E.P, Dated the 11th September 2002
Sub: Malaria Programme - Destruction of wild growth around municipal area.
Ref: (1) From the Director of Public Health, letter No. 554/M 02-6,
dated the 06th August 2002
(2) Your letter dated the 09th August 2002
With reference to your letter second cited, I am to state that the Director of
public Health hask suggested that wild growth of plants breeding mosquitoes may
be destroyed.
//
2. Insturctions have been issued to the Malaria Eradication party not to disturb
the herb arrowroot. However, instructions have been issued to spray insecticides
over the plant to protect the plant and to present the possibility of breeding.
//
Yours faithfully,
////
Commissioner.
101
^^* A - --J L"
a fl*** ""; cuw^v) ^vwl-V^ JU^ Js^lao W*a^t '{b Gfaa-jvota , /vwaefo
^^
C SVjV'yVVtX^^- © n V\&.'\.
102
T«*f>e fc -ivSHom/m l Official uti&r 'J* profit &*-■
Of- / 0-{$ul c&fc £l\<dr B^om (Jrr\^J{^)
rraxTj X To
J^* .,-- ,. _ ■ ■- . ,
s^,
Lr- No- 6^ A 730 7/3^ -5 i-f. / 4ft ^yi. J^.
"Rat *•' 2W 3kptV b.*o.H%wl**-s,
cMuA /fcx tote ^<m.i9?^.
^y <£- tk>. S\L&r ^Juh\lsJL <A ffct J?rx-ig*Jn<K)
toff" -RQjjfl&AjLL S\^em -$&kUr$* f nuA ^rro^o^^X^
£A/. -&AJV- (JrdpJricn)
103
Tk-P-e. ^jl, ^oMo^S'f^ edficXaSi MMj^l ~i+* f^&mc
k^M^HeEFCJ^^^ rOUN)i^T :5 ^ ,T y
To
Sl\,
■ I
MP- AAA- ^ gfLZ^^^--y-— T , ^..
Jo, <^>ffr p f
iL-
^JM^ cT^
^^v^i^X ,
104
V ^ ttstycmdim, $r woMfijj
o>tf>
p-row
It ■ '*
\ KIolcIa^ goo O05
L
SW,
*>*
W * I*, 3* ^f ; to c^t ft*^
Z\vdL )****/ J*****, jv^cUUeci
PuJA^C falaXLenj (^/fftOLrt,
105
^UU^Mer c± &cVa\ ^U^di^t /( ' C*f>
R
To iv)
To
S'lv,
Sub: &| n .3)effc.-Wifc ofejc/^**-* fe>v£^«
^ ^^ /^ ^ W- -
<^e aJU^^y v**^ rji edited'
to ^©Vfi^ r '' vvviZAA ^' ^ —
Mro^\ 'fa*** ■
106
4. GOVERNMENT ORDER- LAY-OUT
GOVERNMENT ORDER
1
2
3
6.
7.
9..
10.
H( )
12.,
13.
14.
15.
16
17
1. Name of the Government
2. The word 'Abstract'
3. Content of the Abstract
4. Name of the Department
5. G.O.Ms. Number
6. Date of the Government Order
7. The word 'Read the following'
8. The Content (G.O. Ms. No. Department and date) of 'Read the following'.
9. ORDER
10. Body of the Order
11. 'By order of the Governor' within the bracket.
12. Name of the 'Secretary to Government' in Capitals
13. The word 'Secretary to government'
14. The word 'To' and To Address
15. 'Copy to '
16. Forwarded By order
17. Section Officer.
107
MODEL
GOVERNMENT ORDER
GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU
//
Abstract
//
Indian Medicine - Code of Medical Ethics -Addition to warning notice -
Approved.
//
Health and Family Planning Department
//
G.O.Ms. No.1190 Dated the 15th May 1974
//
Read the following:
//
G.O. Ms. No. 5622, Health, dated the 29th July 1973.
//
ORDER:
//
The Government direct that the following additions be made to Part III - warning
notice of the code of Medical Ethics approved in G.O. Read above:
//
(i) There is no objection to advertisements of the firm of manufacture or of their
reputed medicinal preparations.
//
(ii) The photographs of the firms may be advertised bay not the photographs of
patients or clients or the Registered Medical practitioners.
//
(By order of the Governor)
//
PG.MURTHI,
Secretary to Government.
//
To
The Director of Indian Medicine, Madras 600 006.
//
Copy to
All Collectors
//
Forwarded / By order
////
Section Officer
108
•Chu ( A ^Ofp-t^ Twj\v*.r &rUfrn*cJ
&A-TZJ fcsi If Get -*-e>0 J
JU- pr-Q <Ua.w t /v^rvf *j jo^ri/^ h**-4*tu
-_=£ __ _____ / _*?\.
109
9<
JAlt*-*~j. _ _ „ __ — — —--
5-o .Mj.M**(&cf £*,(C4 /& [o 1 ^ *M>V> JW ■
fhwo Ate- ^tVic^y g PpwhA ^^ y&*&
.oto ft**.
no
^L^u_s—<^. _ __
Ill
112
(: S»-u . o> J =* ; i *"*» "Sqc^* - ciWrvsrAOOi too oo^
TT&tfit-*-
\oo>
fo hUxjc- i&-L*-^e- oin ls&1~ <a~o Q^'nJD hlou , /?!>?
V <5-eA-/\rr Cji-^ s^l js-a^er fasjy.& ^*"-e, y-ate~^. 7f~" <;r *' ^ J
^ '^c^'v^-^vi ^rat^ yevtr 05^5-tcc- Jprr£<Zr
C^£<SP)n ru*vA * (000 60 Z_|
113
Q^r6
©rc(w '.
, fl^\A—
a_. ~r^ -^^^ -^ — 7 °
114
PART-C
I. MECHANISM
1. Typewriter and Its Parts
6 7 8 10 ' 12
l w *?_«'-« t. p- "S: ^ ^m m. m w
j W 9. WilW: Iffi S? *S *?© "8! 1R •"f *1S
pr .«? i? «^ : *i 3s? w ] W w IE •» i*
21 24
1 . Handle / Line Space Lever
2. Plunger Knob
3. Thumb Wheel
4. Cylinder Release Lever
5. Line Space Lever
6. Carriage Release Lever Right
7. Left Hand Margin
8. Margin Scale
9. Type bar guide
10. Ribbon Carrier
1 1 . Segment
12. Paper bail Roller
13. Right hand Margin
14. Cylinder (Platen Roller)
15. Carriage Release Roller Left
16. End of the Paper Indicator
17. Cowl Cover
18. Carriage
19. Margin Release Key
20. Shift Lock
21. Shift Key
22. Tabulator Bar
23. Spacebar
24. Ribbon Colour Indicator
115
2. HISTORY OF THE TYPEWRITER:
The first typewriter was invented by Mr. HERRY MILL and was later
developed by Sholes, Glidden, Soule and Yost. The first practical typewriter
was however, introduced in 1 8 73 and it was brought to India only in 1 8 7 6 .
Letters are type-written on the paper; hence this machine is called as
typewriter. The typewriter is most commonly used and best of office machine.
Typewriter is a device for writing with neater letters, for doing quicker and
better work, for taking more copies and for reading the typed matter easily.
There are noiseless, electric and electronic typewriters also.
KINDS OF TYPEWRITERS
There are two kinds of Typewriters:
1 . Standard Typewriter
2. Portable Typewriter
Standard Typewriters are most commonly used for office Purpose.
Portable Typewriters are used for camp purpose and it can be easily taken
during travel.
ADVANTAGES OF TYPEWRITER
1 .Neatness and accuracy .
2. Less strain.
3. Greater speed [less time ortime is saved].
4. Economy in stationary.
5 .More number of copies can be taken.
IDENTIFICATION OF TYPEWRITER
AType writer can be identified by its make and serial number.
Question:
1 .Who invented the typewriter? And when?
2. How many kinds of typewriter are there?
3 .What is the advantages of typewriter?
4. How can a typewriter be identified?
5 .What is the use of standard model and portable model?
We can divide the typewriter in 3 main parts ;
(1) KEY BOARD (2) CARRIAGE (3) MACHINE
116
3. KEY BOARD
f-+\ fan] | TABULATOR BAR | JH] [**\
| SPACE BAR |
The front portion of the machine where all keys are placed is called the 'key board'.
There are two kinds of key board :(1 ) Universal standard Key Board and (2) Ideal
Key Board.
All the modern typewriters have only the Universal Standard Key Board. Ideal
Key Board is not in use now.
The Universal Standard Key Board is not arranged in the alphabetical order or
'abed' order.
Frequently occurring letters like "e,r,l", are fixed in the middle of the key board to
be operated by strong fingers.
According to the strength of the fingers, the other letters are arranged in the Key
Board. So the Keys are not arranged in the alphabetical order.
There are 44 character keys in the Key Board, in all Typewriters. Each Key
represents two letters (upper case and lower case characters)
There are 9 non- character Keys are also found in the Key Board. They are as
follows:
1. Shift Keys 2. Shift lock 3. Margin Releaser
4. Back spacer 5.Tablulater 6. Ribbon position Indicator
7. Key releaser 8. Space Bar 9. Personal touch Indicator
117
When we operate the character Key, the carriage moves 1 degree towards left
with making an impression.
When we operate non-character Key, the carriage moves 1 degree towards left
but not making any impression.
Dead Key is a Key which gives an impression but not making the carriage to
move. It is available only in Tamil type writer .
'N' and 'IT are called master Keys. These are used to check up the alignment.
'a' and ';' are called Guide Keys and the two little fingers are called Guide fingers,
'asdf and ';lkj' are called Home Key.
NON- CHARACTER KEYS AND THEIR USES :
1. SHIFT KEYS: There are two shift keys and one shift lock on the Key Board.
Two shift Keys are placed on the both side of the Key Board. Shift Key is used to type
the upper case character occasionally but Improper uses of shift key causes Bad
Alignment. The two shift keys are for the use of easy manipulation.
2. SHIFT LOCK: The shift lock is used to type the upper case character
continuously and also to type headings, Boarders and under score in the display work.
The shift lock Key can be released by using the shift Key.
3. MARGINAL RELEASER: This is used for typing beyond the set margins It is
used to complete a word on the right side margin. It is also used on the left side for
typing marginal notes paragraph numbers and etc.
4. BACK SPACER : when we operate the back spacer , the carriage moves
towards right by one degree by leaving blank space . this is used to fill up omissions
and to make correction. To type combination letters etc.
5. TABULATOR: Itconsistof
(1) Tabulator Bar
(2) Tabulator Set Key
(3) Tabulator Clear Key
There are as many number of tabulator stops in the tabulator rack as there are
degrees in the carriage scale.
The tabulator bar is used to bring the carriage to any particular position quickly
towards left.
The tabulator bar is used to type tabular are columnar statements, specifications
and indent paragraphs. (giving five spaces for paragraphs)
6. RIBBON POSIION INDICATOR : Otherwise called ribbon colour
indicator or ribbon switch or bi-chrome device lever, is fixed at the right side of the
keyboard.
The up and down movement of the ribbon is controlled by the ribbon position
indicator.
7. KEY RELEASER: It is used for releasing the type bars when 'jam' occurs
duetomishandling.
8. SPACE BAR: It is located at the bottom of the key board and operated by the
right thumb. If we use the space bar the carriage moves 1 degree towards right
without making impression (1 degree blank space). Also It is used for leaving blank
space between words.
SHIFT SYSTEMS: There are two kinds of shift system:
(a) Segment Shift System. (b) Carriage Shift System.
QUESTIONS:
1 . How many Non-character Keys in their Typewriter?.
2. How many character Keys in the standard key board?
3. What is meant by a Dead Key?
4. What are the Guide Keys and Home Keys ?
5. What are the Guide fingers?
6. What is the use of shift Keys and shift Lock?
7. What is the use of space Bar?
8. What is the use of Back Spacer?
9. How many kinds of shift system?
10. What is the use of margin Releaser?
119
4. CARRIAGE
CARRIAGE :
Carriage is an important part in a
typewriter. The carriage can move in
both the direction. Carriage moves
towards left whenever the space Bar,
Tabulator bar or carriage Releaser
Lever is used.
Different sizes of carriage can be
fitted to the Standard Typewriter.
SIZES OF CARRIAGE:
1. Foolscap Size
80 degree to 1 00 degree
2. Draft Size
1 1 degree to 1 25 degree.
3. Brief Size
1 30 degree to 1 40 degree.
4. Police Size 180 degree.
5. Manifest Size 240 degree.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Carriage and its parts
Line Space and Carriage Return Lever
Line Space Pawl
Line Space Knob
LineSpaceGauge (1,2,3)
Left Tumb Wheel
Variable Line Spacer
Cylinder Ratchet Wheel
Cylinder Ratchet Detent Release Lever
Cylinder otherwise called Planten
10. Paper Deflector
11. Frolnt Carriage Scale
12. Cylinder Lock
CYLINDER: It is also known as Platen. Cylinder is made of Rubber. The shape
of the cylinder is round so as to get one impression at a time . It helps to feed the
paper.
There are three kinds of Cylinders.
1. Soft Cylinder
2. Hard Cylinder
3. Medium Cylinder
Thefollowing points will prolong the life of the Cylinder:
1. By giving lighttouch.
2. By using backing sheet while typing.
3. No oil should be used for rubber parts. Use petrol or spirit and
4. Damaged or slippery cylinder is one of the causes for irregular line
Spacing.
5. Punctuation marks should be typed gently in order to avoid injury to the
Cylinder
120
LEFT THUMB WHEEL
THUMB WHEELS: Otherwise called
as Cylinder Knobs. There are two thumb
wheels / Cylinder knobs, each one on
both the sides. It is used to insert and
remove the paper from the cylinder. It
is also used to rotate the Cylinder.
Variable Line Space Lever
VARIABLE LINE SPACER :
1 . To type on the ruled sheets.
2. To type Chemicals formula and Algebra sings.
3. To type component letter.
4. To Give fractional line space.
LINE SPACE LEVER: It isfitted on the left side of the carriage. It helps to return
the carriage to the next writing line. So it is also called carriage return level
PAPER BAIL : It is fixed above the Cylinder and has two rollers.
It holds the paperfirmly at the top. It prevents the paper from flying in the air. It helps
to type up to the very bottom of the paper.
CARDHOLDERS: It helps to hold the paper. To type on cards, envelops and we
can type at the top of the paper and also to the bottom edges of the paper. It is also
used to draw vertical ruling.
CYLINDER RATCHET WHEEL : It is also known as line space ratchet wheel.
It is a toothed wheel fixed at the left end of the Cylinder. It helps to regulate the line
spaces (viz. single line space, one and half, two, two and half & 3. Etc).
Worn-out teeth of the Cylinder ratchet wheel is one of the causes for irregular line
spacing.
DETENT ROLLER: It is a small steel roller pressing the tooth of the Cylinder.
Cylinder rotates tooth by tooth to make space between lines. Worn-out detent roller
1 . Cylinder Ratchet wheel
2. Detent Roller
3. Detent Release Lever
121
Is one of the causes for irregular line spacing.
DETENT RELEASE LEVER: By using this lever we can type mathematical
symbols and chemical formulae while the current page is being typed
LINE SPACE PAWL: It is acting on the Cylinder ratchet wheel. It is attached to
the line space lever.
LINE SPACE GAUGE : It indicates single, double and treble line spacing. So, It
is also called Line space Indicator.
LINE SPACE KNOB and also called LINE SPACE ADJUSTING LEVER or
LINE SPACE REGULATOR. It acts on the line space gauge and controls the line
spacing.
FEED ROLLERS:
There are 2 sets of feed
Rollers under the Cylinder.
These are made of Rubber
or Cork. When these feed
rollers are in close contact
with the Cylinder, they help
to hold the paperfirmly.
MARGINAL STOPS: There are two marginal stops. The are on the Marginal
rack and moved to the desired degree in the marginal scale.
Left Marginal Stop:
1. Control the left margin.
2. Control the movement of the carriage towards Right.
3. Defective left marginal stop causes irregular left margin.
Right Marginal Stop:
1. Control the right margin.
2. Control the movement of the carriage towards Right.
3. It causes the ringing of the bell and the bell warns that the line of typing is coming
toan end.
4. It locks the key levers.
TYPEWRITER SCALES: There are four scales in the typewriter.
1. Marginal scale or PaperTable Scale
2. Carriage Scale or Paper Bail Scale
3. LinefinderScale orAlignment Scale
4. Front Scale or Line Space Adjusting Scale
122
PAPER TABLE: It protects the paperfrom the oil parts.
RUBBER FEET: There are four rubber feet under the Typewriter for the
protection of the machine.
METHOD OF TYPING: Two types of typing methods:
1. Sight Method: More strain, more mistakes-- Not advisable
2. Blind Method: Without seeing the key-board typing the matter. It increases
the speed -Advisable.
Typing with uniform touch and with equal interval between operation of character
keys is called 'RhythmicTouch'.
ERASER: The carriage should be brought to either end of the typewriter and
correct the mistakes with an eraser, to avoid dust falling into the typewriter.
Questions:
1 . Mention the various size of the carriage?
2. How many kinds of Cylinder?
3. How many scales are there in the typewriter?
4. How would you preserve the life of Cylinder?
5. Give the other name of theThumb knobs and mention its uses?
6. What is the use of Line Space Adjusting Leaver?
7. What is the use of Card Holder?
8. How many marginal stops and what are the uses?
9. What is the use of Variable Line Spacer?
10. What is the use of Feed Roller?
11. How many Method of typing?
12. How to erase the mistake while typing?
1 3. How many rubberfeet in the typewriter? Mention its uses?
14. What is the use of Cylinder Ratchet Wheel?
15. What is the use of Detent Roller?
123
5. MACHINE
MAIN SPRING DRUM:
Main Spring: Main Spring Drum (Backside)
Coiled
Spring
Kept
inside
the
Drum
Main Spring «-
Plain 5pring74i
Tension Screw]
Main Spring
Drum
It is located at the left back side of
the Typewriter. In this drum there is
mainspring with tension. This
mainspring tension is otherwise
called Carriage Tension which is
the most important of the
Typewriter. The carriage moves
from right to left due to this
mainspring tension which is situated on the left side. In Urdu (language) Typewriters
the mainspring is fixed in right side and so the carriage moves from left to right when
we type. There is no mainspring in Electric Typewriters.
1 . Too much main spring tension cause the jerky movement of the Carriage
2. Too low main spring tension cause the sluggish movement of the carriage.
There are other two main tensions in the Typewriter:
1. Key tension.
2. Touch Regulatortension.
DRAW CORD: It is also called as Draw Band or Draw Strap. One edge of the
Draw Cord is hooked with the mainspring drum and the other edge is hooked with
carriage end. Due to mainspring tension the connected draw cord pulls the
carriage towards left. If the draw cord is cut off, the carriage will not move.
TYPE GUIDE or CENTRE GUIDE: It is also known as Common Centre
Printing Point. It allows only one type bar to enter through and strike against the
Cylinder while typing. It is cleaned with the Chamois Leather.
TYPE HEADS:
The following are the kinds of Type Heads/ Type faces:
1.
Pica
...10 Letters per inch
2.
Elite
...12 Letters per inch
3.
Roman
... 09 Letters per inch
4.
Gothic
5.
Italics.
6.
These typefaces should be cleaned with Petrol.
124
RIBBON MOVEMENTS: There are three Ribbon Movements of the carriage.
1 .Up and down Movement
2. Lengthwise Movement
3.Automatic Reverse Movement
Up and down Movement is used to utilize the full Width of the Ribbon.
Lengthwise Movement is used to utilize the full length of the Ribbon.
Automatic Reverse Movement is used to utilize the Ribbon for many times.
RIBBON MOVEMENT OF THE CARRIAGE
L-Left
R - Right
1 .Charector key
2. Key Lever
3. Ribbon Uiversal Bar
4. L link
5. Ribbon Feed Pawl
6. Bevel Gear (or)
Ribbon Ratchet Wheel
7. Ribbon Stop Pawl
8. Ribbon Spool
9. Ribbon Carrier
10Ribbon
125
RIBBON:
Ribbon take is made of cotton or silk, dipped in ink. It makes the impression visible
on the paper.
There are two kinds of Ribbon:
1. Record Ribbon: It is used for ordinary purpose
2. Copying Ribbon: It is used for copying purpose
Double colour Ribbon is called 'Bi-chrome Ribbon'
To preserve the Ribbon from moisture or from dryness the typewriter should be
covered soon after the work is over. Normal length of the ribbon is 8 yards and /4
inch. Width.
Questions:
1 . Where is the Mainspring drum Located?
2. What is the use of Mainspring?
3. What is meant by Draw Cord? Mention it's uses?
4. What is the use of Type guide?
5. Mention the kinds of Type faces/Type heads?
6. How many kinds of Ribbon?
7. Name the three movements of the Ribbon?
8. How may colourtypes of Ribbon?
9. Which is called Bi-colour Ribbon?
10. What is the other name of Type Guide?
126
6. CLEANING AND OILING
CLEANING MATERIALS:
1. Long handled Brush.
2. Type Cleaning Brush.
3. Wire Brush.
4. Oil Can
5. Touch Oiler
6. Petrol or spirit
7. HatPinorsharppin
8. Duster Cloth
9. Chamois Leather or Polishing Cloth
1 . Long Handled Brush is used to clean the outer parts (External Parts)of the
Typewriter, (e.g. Carriage, Type bars, type segment and etc.)
2. Type Cleaning Brush is also known as Hard Brush. It is used to clean the type
faces by dipping with petrol.
3. Wire Brush is used to clean the inner parts (Interior parts) such as key
leavers.
4. Oil can is used for oiling the outer parts. Only Typewriter Oil or three-in-one
oil is used for oiling the Typewriter.
5. Touch Oiler is used for oiling the interior parts (the frictional parts)- (like
Ribbon gears, pinion wheel, escapement wheel, dogs and etc.)
6. Petrol or Spirit is used for cleaning the rubber parts (Cylinder, feed rolls, type
faces, type segment and etc.)
7. Hat Pin or Sharp Pin is used to clean the dirt and dust which is filled in the
slots (letters like a,e,o,u,d,g,r,q,andetc.)
8. Duster Cloth is used for cleaning the base board, metal cover and for wiping-
out the excess of oil in the carriage way rods.
9. Chamois Leather or Polishing cloth is used to clean the nickel parts.
127
CARE TAKING OF TYPEWRITER:
1 . Should clean the typewriter daily.
2. Should clean the typeface/type head fortnightly.
3. Should oil the typewriter monthly.
4. Overhauling Should be done once in a year.
5. Rubber parts, type faces should be cleaned with petrol.
UPKEEPAND MAINTENANCE:
1 . Typewriter must be closed or covered when it is not in use.
2. It should be handled very carefully.
3. Hard touch must be avoided and lighttouch should be given
CARE SHOULD BE GIVEN WHILE PACKING:
1. Bring the carriage to the centre.
2. Two marginal stops should be brought to the centre
(Close together)
3. Space bar must be tied with frame.
4. Shift Lock should be pressed
5. Coverthe machinewith metal cover orby good cloth.
128
7. ENVELOPE ADDRESSING
There are two methods of Envelope Addressing:
1. Block Method
2. Indent Method or Indentation Method
In Block Method of envelope addressing, all the lines of the receiver's address should
be commenced from one and the same degree near the middle-centre of the
envelope.
In Indent Method, the first line of the addressee's address is to be commenced near
the middle centre of the envelope but the other lines should be commenced indenting
or leaving five spaces after every one of the lines.
There are two types of envelopes:
1. Ordinary Envelopes or as Post Covers
2. Window envelope or Panel Envelope orOutlook Envelope.
TOP LEFT CONRNER
BOOK POST
Urgent, etc.
LEFT CENTRE
Despatch Clerk's
Signature
TOP CENTRE
On I.G.S.Only,
QMS
TOP RIGHT CONER
(For affixing stamps),
BOTTOM LEFT CORNER
Sender's addres in
Block Method in single
line spacing
MIDDLE CENTRE
Receiver's Address
129
ADVANTAGES:
1 . Window envelopes generally used by Insurance Companies.
2. It saves labourand time.
3. Address need not be typed twice.
4. Risk of wrongly addressing in the Enveloping can be avoided
5. It can be visibly seen through glass paper of the window envelope.
PIN CODE NUMBER must be typed immediately following the name of the Town
leaving a space after the first three digits. (e.g.Vellore 632 006)
Questions:
1 . What are the materials required for cleaning and oiling?
2. What is meant by Window Envelope?
3. What are the advantages of Window Envelope?
4. How do you take care of yourTypewriter?
5. How do you pack your machine during travel?
6. How many methods of Envelop addressing? What are they?
7. Where to type the 'To' address and 'From' address on the
Envelope?
130
8. The following respectable terms are used either before commencing
the name or the end of the name of the addressee:
Male (unmarried)
Female (unmarried)
Male ( married )
Female (married)
Company(with personal name)
Company(with impersonal name)
Before the designation of officials
Governor or President of India
Madathipathis Head of Mutts Pope
Christian Priest / Monks
- do Nuns
Judges
Respectable authorities or persons
- do ladies
Physician Males
Physician - Female
Master or Selvan, Mr. or Thiru. or Sri
(Selvan B. Sughanthar Master A. Newton
Miss or Selvi or Kumari (Miss Vijayanthi,
Selvi. Raja Rajeswari
Mr. or Sri or Thiru. or at the
end Esq. or AvI. (Thiru. K.Anandan,
Amos Esq.)
Mrs. or Smt. or Tmt .
(Tmt. Savithiri Balaji)
M/s.or Messrs. (M/s. Spencer & Company )
.The (The Imperial Industry Ltd.,)
.The (The Manager )
. H.E. (His Excellence)
His Excellency
the Government of Tamil Nadu.
.. H.H. (His Holiness).
His Holiness Kanchi Kamakodi
Jaganatha Swamigal
.. Rev . Father Arul Francis
Rev. Sister. Daisy Rani
. Mr. Justice Perumalswamy
Chief Justice Mr. (name)
Muslim Males
Muslim Ladies
Hon'ble Thiru. or Hon'ble sir
Hon'ble Tmt . or Hon'ble Smt .
Dr. Lionel Royston
Dr. (Mrs.) or Dr.(Kumari) or
Dr. (Tmt) Or Dr.(Smt) or Dr. (Selvi )
Janab S.Hayath Basha Sahib
Janaba M.A. Zehrajabeen Sahiba
131
9. MECHANISM QUESTION & ANSWERS
1 . What is a typewriter?
Typewriter is a machine which produces impression like a print.
2. Who invented the Typewriter and when?
Sir. John Henry Mill invented the Typewriter in 1714. First Typewriter
brought to India in 1876. Electronic Typewriters were introduced invented in 1936
by Muthiah of Ceylon. In 1958 Tamil Nadu Government approved a Standardized
Tamil Key Board.
3. What are the various kinds of Typewriter?
There are two kinds of Typewriters. They are:
1. Standard Typewriter 2. Portable Typewriter
Standard Typewriters are used in Offices, Institutes and Schools.
Portable Typewriters are used for Camp purposes.
4. How can a typewriter be identified?
A Typewriter can be identified by its make (Model) and its serial number.
5. How many keys are there in the Keyboard?
There are 44 Character Keys and 11 Non-character keys in the Keyboard.
6. What is meant by a "Dead Key"?
The Dead Key causes impression but does not causes the carriage to
move. It shows in the Language Typewriters.
7. What is Character Key? What is non character key?
The key which give impression while typing are called Character Keys.
Keys which do not give impression are called non-character keys.
8. Mention the Non-Character keys?
(A) Space Bar, [Shift key], [c] Shift lock, [d] Back Spacer key,[e] Tabulator
Bar, [f] Tabulator set key, [g] Tabulator clear key, [h] Margin Releaser, [i] Key
Release key.
9. What is the use of Space Bar?
Space Bar is used to give one space between one word to another. The
carriage moves to left when it is pressed. It is also used to type vertical borders in
display work. Space Bar is fixed at the bottom of the key Board. This should be
operated by right thumb.
132
10. What is the use of Back Space Key?
Back space key is used to type (to fill up) the omitted characters. The
Carriage moves one space to right side when it is press.
11. What is the use of shift key and shift lock?
Shift key is used to Type upper case characters (Capital letters)
occasionally and to release the Shift Lock. Shift lock is used to type upper case
characters continuously.
12. What are the Guide Keys?
Guide keys are 'A' and ';'.
13. What are Home Keys? Why are they so called?
'asdf and ';lkj' are called Home keys. Because the respective fingers
should remain on these keys when not striking the other keys.
14. Which is the Master Key? What is the use of Master Key?
Keys with capital letters 'N' and 'H' are called Master keys. It is used to
check the alignment of other types.
1 5. What are the various sizes of Typewriter?
[A] Foolscape 80 -100 degree [b] Brief size 140 degree [c] Policy 180degree
[d] Manifest 240.
16. State the different kinds of Typefaces?
Pica (10 letters for one inch)
Elite(12 letters for one inch)
Roman/Large pica ( 8 letters for one inch)
Madrid pica, Cubic pica, Cheque Writer, Italic, Script etc.
The Kind types that is most commonly used in pica and Elite.
17. What are the two kinds of shift systems ?
a) Carriage shift system b) Segment shift system. Segment shift system is
advantageous.
18. What are the uses of Type bar cushion or Rubber bed ?
Type bar cushion is arranged under the type faces. It reduces the sound
while typing . It prevents damage to the type bars.
19. What are the uses of variable Line spacer?
The Variable Line spacer is used to type on ruled papers, to type chemical
formula and fractions, to type algebra sings and to type double total lines
133
20. What is the link between pinion wheel and the carriage ?
The carriage Rack is the link between pinion wheel and the carriage.
21. When the Typewriter is to be taken to distant places, how should the
marginal stops be placed?
The two marginal stops should be brought together to the centre place of
the carriage. The carriage does not move either left or right side.
22. Why is the carriage always moving from right to left?
The mainspring which givers the tension to draw the carriage is fixed in; the
left back side of the typewriter. So the carriage is moving always from right to left,
23. How many movements of ribbon are there?
There are three movements:
a. Step by step movement of Lengthwise movement.
b. Up and down movement or Breath wise movement.
c. Automatic reversal movement.
24. What is meant by alignment?
Alignment is the forming of letters in a regular line with even space between
them.
25. What happens if the Draw Cord snaps?
The Carriage suddenly dashes to the left side.
26. What is Mainspring? Describe the function?
Mainspring is a coiled spring. It is screwed tightly and fixed in the
Mainspring Drum. Mainspring Drum is fixed in the left backside of the machine. It
supplies the motive power to draw the carriage towards left through the draw cord.
27. How Many rubber feet are in the Typewriter? What are the uses of it?
There are four rubber feet in the typewriter.
Uses: 1. To reduce the sound and prevent the machine from moving while
typing.
2. To prevent damage to the key levers.
28. How many methods followed in typing? What are they?
There are two methods of manipulation of the key board
They are 1 )Touch method or Blind method
2) Sight method
29. What is meant by touch system?
Touch system means mentally locating the position of the keys by sense of
touch without looking at the key board.
134
II. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER OPERATION:
Knowing About Computer
What is a Computer?
We use Typewriter Machines in our daily life.
Typewriter Machines make our work easy.
Machines save our time, energy and give us
comfort. But a Computer is an advanced
machine found from the basic of the typewriter.
Computer is also a Machine. It helps us to do our
work with ease and makes our life easy.
Computers are used in almost all walks of life.
Computers work on electricity. They need to be switched ON before we can use
them. We switch ON rthe Computer using the ON/OFF Switch. When we switch
ON the Computer, Electricity flows from the Power Plug through the Power Cable
to the Computer. To check whether a Computer or its part is ON or OFF, we need
to check the Power-ON I Light . If the light glows it is ON, Or else, It if OFF
Almost all the Computer parts have Power ON Lights on them.
Electricity is dangerous . Never touch Plugs or wires when the Computer is
ON. You can get hurt if you are not careful.
Early History
2500 BC- The Abacus
1614 AD - Napier's Bones
1633 AD- The Slide Rule
1642 AD - The Rotating wheel Calculator
1 822 AD - The Difference Engine
1890 AD - Generation of Computers
Generation of computers
First Generation
Second Generation
Third Generation
Fourth Generation
Fifth Generation
Data, Information and Program
1940 - 1956 : Vacuum Tubes
1956- 1963 : Transistors
1964 - 1971 : Integrated Circuits
1971 - Present : Microprocessors
Present and Beyond : Artificial Intelligence
Computer is a tool for solving problems. Computers accept instructions and data,
perform arithmetic and logical operations and produce information. Hence the
instructions and data fed into the computer are concerted into information through
processing.
135
Data
Processing
Information
Basically data is a collection of facts from which information may be derived. Data
is defined as an un- processed Collection; fo raw facts in a manner suitable for
communication, interpretation or processing.
Hence data are
Stored facts
Inactive
Technology based
Gathered from various sources.;
On the other hand information; is a collection of facts from which conclusions
may be drawn. Data that has been interested, translated or transformed to reveal the
underlying meaning. This information can be represented in textual, numerical, graphic,
Cartographic, narrative, or audiovisual forms.
Hence information is
Processed facts
Active
Business Based
Transformed from data
Algorithm is defined as a step-by-step procedure orformula for solving a problem
i.e. a a set of instructions or procedures for solving a problem. It is also defined as a
mathematical procedure that can usually be explicitly encoded in a set of computer
language instruction that manipulate data.
A computer program (or set of programs) is designed to systematically solve a
problem. For example, a problem to calculate the length of a straight line joining any two
given points.
The programmer must decide the program requirement develop logic and write
instructions for the computer in a programming language that the computer can
translate into machine language an d execute. Hence, problem solving is an act of
defining a problem understanding the problem and arriving at workable solutions.
In other words, problem solving is the process of confronting a novel situation,
formulating connection between the given facts identifying the goal of the problem and
exploring possible methods for reaching the goal. It requires the programmer to co-
ordinate previous experience and intuition in order to solve the problem.
136
Hardware and Software
Introduction
A computer system has two major components, hardware and software. In
practice, the term hardware refers to all the physical items associated with a computer
system. Software is a set of instructions, which enables the hardware to perform a
specific task
Computer Hardware
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to accept data (input), and
process it into useful information (Output). It also stores data for later reuse (storage).
The processing is performed by the hardware. The computer hardware responsible for
computing are mainly classified as follows:
Main
Memory
Secondary
Storage
Input Devices
CRU
Output
Devices
Input devices allows the user to enter the program and data and send it to the
processing unit. The common input devices are keyboard, mouse and scanners.
The Processor, more formally known as the central processing unit (CPU), has the
electronic circuitry that manipulate input data into the information as required. The
central processing unit actually executes computer instructions.
Memory from which the CPU fetches the instructions and data is called main memory.
It is also called as primary memory and is volatile in nature.
Output devices show th processed data - information - the result of processing. The
devices are normally a monitor and printers.
Storage usually means secondary storage which stores data and programs. Here the
data and programs are permanently stored forfuture use.
137
The hardware devices attached to the computer are called peripheral
equipment. Peripheral equipment includes all input, output and secondary storage
devices.
Computer software
Software refers to a program that makes the computer to do something
meaningful. It is the planned, step-by-step instruction required to turn data into
information. Software can be classified into two categories: System Software and
Application Software.
Computer Software
1
System Software
Application Software
System software consists of general programs written for a computer. These
programs provide the environment to run the application programs. System software
comprises programs, which interact with the hardware at a very basic level. They are
the basic necessity of a computer system for its proper functioning. System software
serves as the interface between hardware and the user The operating system
compilers and utility programs are examples of system software
Application software
n
System software
H
H
Hardware
The most important type of system software is the operating system. An
operating system is an integrated act of specialized programs that is used to manage
the overall operations of a computer.. It acts time an interface between the user,
computer hardware and software. Every computer must have an operating system to
run other programs. DoS (Disk Operating System), Unix, Linux and windows are some
of the common operating systems.
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The comelier software translates the source program user written program) into
an object program (binary form). Specific compilers are available for computer
programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, C, C++ etc. The utility programs
support the computer for specific tasks like file copying, sorting, linking a object
program, etc.
Source Program
Compiler
Object Program
An Application software consists of programs designed to solve a user problem.
It is used to accomplish specific tasks rather than just managing a computer system.
Application; software are in turn, controlled by system software which manages
hardware devices.
Some typical examples are : railway reservation system, game programs, work
processing software, weather forecasting programs. Among the application software
some are packaged for specific tasks. The commonly used application Software
packages are word processor, spread sheet, database management system and
graphics.
One of the most commonly used software package is word processing
software. Anyone who has used a computer as a word processor knows that it is far
more than a fancy typewriter. The great advantage of word processing over a
typewriter is that you can make changes without retyping the entire document. The
entire writing process is transformed by this modern word processing software. This
software lets you create, edit, format, store and print text and graphics. Some of the
commonly used word processors are Microsoft word, WordStar, WordPerfect, etc.
Spreadsheet software packages allow the user to manipulate numbers.
Repetitive numeric calculations, use of related formulae and creation of graphics and
charts are some of the basic tools. This capability lets business people try different
combinations of numbers and obtain the results quickly. Lotus1-2-3, Excel, etc. are
some of the famous spreadsheet applications
Type of Software
Functions
Examples
Word Processors
All personal Computers are
loaded with word processing
software which has the same
function as a typewriter for
writing letters, preparing
reports and printing
Microsoft word,
Word Perfect,
Word star
Spreadsheet
A table containing text and
figures, which is used to
Calculations and draw charts
Microsoft excel,
Lotus 1-2-3
Database
Management
System
Used for storing, retrieval and
Manipulation; of Information
Microsoft Access,
Oracle.
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Basic Components of a Digital Computer
Introduction
Computers are often compared to human beings since both have the ability to
accept data, store, work with it, retrieve and provide information. The main difference is
that human beings have the ability to perform all of these actions independently
Human being also think and control their own activities. The computer, however,
requires a program (a predefined set of instructions) to perform an assigned task.
Human beings receive information in different forms, such as eves, ears, nose, mouth,
and even sensory nerves. The brain receives or accepts this information, works with it
in some manner, and then stores in the brain for future use. If information the time
requires immediate attention, brain directs to respond with actions. Likewise the
central Processing Unit (CPU) is called th brain of the computer. It reads and executes
program instructions, performs calculations and makes decisions.
Components of a Digital Computer
Computer system is a tool for solving problems. The hardware should be
designed to operate as fast as possible. The software (system software) should be
designed to minimize the amount of idle computer time and yet provide flexibility by
means of controlling the operations. Basically any computer is supposed to carry out
the following function.
-Accept the data and program as input
- store the data and program and retrieve as and when required.
- Process the data as per instructions given by the program
- Communicate the information as output
Based on the functionalities of the computer, the hardware components can be
classified into four main units, namely
- Input Unit
- Output Unit
- Central Processing Unit
- Memory Unit
These units are interconnected by minute electrical wires to permit
communication between them. This allows the computer to function as a system. The
block diagram is shown below.
Input
Unit
^>
Central
Processing Unit
^>
Output
Unit
Memory Unit
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Functional Units of a Computer System
Input Unit
A Computer uses input devices to accept the data and program. Input devices
allow communication between the user are the computer. In modern computer
keyboard, mouse, light pen touch screen etc, are some of the input devices.
Output Unit
Similar to input devices, output devices have an interface between the
computer and the user. These devices take machine coded output results from the
processor and convert them into a form that can be used by human beings. In modern
computers, monitors (display screens) and printers are the commonly used output
devices.
Central Processing Unit
Central Processing Unit
Control Unit
Arithmetic and
Logic Unit
Registers
Central Processing Unit
CPU is the brain to any computer system. It is just like the human brain that
takes all major decision, makes all sorts of calculations and directs different parts of the
computer function by activation and controlling the operation. It consists of arithmetic
and logic units, control unit and internal memory (registers). The control unit of the
CPU co-ordinates the action of the entire system. Programs(software) provide the
CPU, a set of instruction to follow and preform a specific task. Between any two
components of the computer system, there is a pathway called a bus which allows for
the data transfer between them
Control unit controls all the hardware operations, , those of input units, output
units, memory unit and the processor. The arithmetic and logic units in computers are
capable of performing addition, subtraction, division and multiplication as well as some
logical operation. The instruction and data are stored in the main memory so that the
processor can directly fetch and execute them.
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Memory Unit
In the main memory, the computer stores the program and data that are
currently being used. In other words since the computers use the stored program
concept, it is necessary to store the program and data in the main memory before
processing.
The main memory holds data and program only temporarily. Hence there is a
need for storage devices to proved backup storage., They are called secondary
storage devices or auxiliary memory main memory and is much less expensive.
Stored Program Concept
All modern computer use the stored program concept. This concept is known as
the Von-Neumann concept due to the research paper published by the famous
mathematician John Von Neuman. The essentials of the stored program concept are
- the program and data are stored in a primary memory (main memory)
- once a program is in memory, the computer can execute it automatically
without manual intervention.
- the control unit fetches and executes the instructions in sequence one by one.
- an instruction can modify the contents of any location in the stored program
concept is the basic operating principle for every computer.
Central Processing Unit
Functions of a Central Processing Unit
The CPU is the brain of the computer system. It performs arithmetic operations
as well as controls the input, output and storage units. The functions of the CPU are
mainly classified into two categories :
- Co - ordinate all computer operations
- Perform arithmetic and logical operations on data
The CPU has three major components.
-Arithmetic and Logic Unit
- Control Unit
- Registers ( internal memory)
They arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) is the part of CPU where actual
computations take place. It consists of circuits which perform arithmetic operation over
data received from memory and are capable of comparing two numbers.
The Control unit directs and controls the activities of the computer system. It
interprets the instructions fetched from the main memory of the computer, sends the
control signals to the devices involved in the execution; of the instructions.
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While performing these operations the ALU takes data from the temporary
storage area inside the CPU named registers. They are high-speed memories which
hold data for immediate processing and results of the processing.
Input Unit
Control Unit
ALU
v
i t
Internal
Memory
1 t I
i i I x
Out put
Control Path
Data Path
Main Memory
Secondary Storage
Functions of a CPU
Working with Central Processing Unit
The CPU is similarto a calculator, but much more powerful. The main function of
the CPU is to perform arithmetic and logical operations on data taken from main
memory. The CPU is controlled by a list of software instructions. Software instructions
are initially stored in secondary memory storage device such as a hard disk, floppy
disk, Cd - ROM, or magnetic tape, these instructions are then loaded onto the
computer's main memory.
When a program is executed, instructions flow from the main memory to the
CPU through the bus. The instructions are then decoded by a processing unit called
the instruction decoder that interprets and implements the instructions. The ALU
performs specific operations such as addition, multiplication, and conditional tests on
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the data in its registers, sending the resulting data back to the main memory or storing it
in another registerforfurther use.
To understand the working principles of CPU, let use go through the various
tasks involved in executing a simple program. This program performs arithmetic
addition on two numbers. The algorithm of this program is given by
(1) Input the value of a
(2) Input the value of b
(3) Sum = a+b
(4) Output the value of sum
This program accept two values from the keyboard, sums it and displays the
sum on the monitor. The steps are summarized as follows :
1. The control unit recognizes that the program (Set of instructions) has been
loaded into the main memory. Then it begins to executes the program
instructions one by one in a sequential manner.
2. The control unit signals the input device(say keyboard) to accept the input for
the variable 'a'.
3. The user enters the value of 'a' on the keyboard.
4. The control unit recognizes and enables to route the data (Value of a) to the pre-
defined memory location (address of 'a').
5. The steps 2 to 4 will be repeate4d for the second input 'b' The Value of 'b' is stored
in the memory location (address of 'b').
6. The next instruction is an arithmetic instruction. Before executing the arithmetic
instruction, the control unit enables to send a copy of the values stored in
address of 'a' and address of 'b' to the4 internal registers of the ALU and signals
the ALU to perform the sum operation
7. The ALU performs the addition. After the computation, the control unit enables to
send the copy of the result back to the memory (address of 'sum').
8. Finally, the result is displayed on the monitor. The control unit enables to send the
copy of the values of the address of 'sum' to the monitor (buffer) and signals it.
The monitor displays the result.
9. Now this program execution is complete.
The data flow and the control flow of CPU during the execution of this program is given
as
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Summary
* Computers are often compared to human beings since both have the ability to
accept data, store, work with it, retrieve and provide information.
* A computer system is the integration of physical entities called hardware and non-
physical entities called software.
* The hardware components include input devices, processor, storage devices and
output devices.
* The software items are programs and operating aids so that the computer can
process data.
* A computer uses input devices to accept the data and program.
* In modern computers, monitors and printers are the commonly used output
devices.
* CPU is the brain of any computer system. It consists of arithmetic and logic units
control unit and internal memory (registers).
* Control unit controls all the hardware operations, ie, those of input units, output
unit and the processor.
* The arithmetic and logic units in computers are capable of performing addition,
subtraction, division and multiplication as well as some logical operations.
* In the main memory, the computer stores the program and data that are
currently being used.
* All modern computers use the stored program concept. This concept is due to
John Von Neuman.
* The smallest unit of information is a single digit called a 'bit' (binary digit), which
can be either or 1.
* The Secondary memory is the memory that supplements the main memory. This
is a long term non-volatile memory.
* The most common input device is the keyboard.
* Mouse is an input device that controls the movement of the cursor on the display
screen.
* Monitor is a commonly used output device.
* Some of the commonly used storage devices are hard disks, magnetic tapes,
floppy disks and CD-ROM.
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Uses of Computers
Computers are very useful Machines. Unlike many other machines that have
definite purposes, a Computer can do any number of things. They help us to
play games, write letters, do calculations, draw and paint pictures, listen to
music, watch movies, etc. Computers are used in many places. Some of the
common places are:
Business places and in Other places:
Computers are used in business places like shops, Offices, Banks, Homes
schools Industries, etc. There are many repetitive jobs in business places,
Computers are used very effectively to handle three types of jobs, since they
never get bored doing the same thing again and again.
Features of the Computer*
A Computer has the following four important qualities. These are what that
makes a Computer such a special machine.
1. The Computer works very fast. It can do a number of calculations in a
second. At best, we can only do one such calculation in ka few seconds.
2. We might make mistakes, while we work. But the Computer never makes
mistakes. It always gives results correctly. The Computer never gets tried.
It can work continuously for many hours.
3. Computers have a large memory. They can store large amounts of
information.
4. Unlike other machines, A Computer can do a verity of Jobs.
Types of Computers:
I Micro Computers
I Mini Computers
I Main Frame Computers
I Supercomputers.
Main parts of the Computers
are:
I The System Unit
I Monitor
I Key board
I Mouse
The System Unit looks like a box.
All the Other Computer parts (called Peripherals')
are connected to the System Unit. The System Unit is a very important part of
the Computer because it contains the 'Central Processing Unit (CPU) The CPU
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is the Computer's most important part because:
X The CPU does all the work that we give to the Computer.
X It controls all the activities of the Computer. Hence, it is also called the
'Brain' of the Computer.
X The CPU is a single semiconductor chip made of Silicon. It sits inside
the System Unit. It is fitted on the main circuit board of the Computer
called the 'Mother Board'
X In the system, the Input Devices get data and instructions from the user,
and then place them in the Main Memory (RAM)
X The CPU takes these (data and instructions) from the Main Memory and
then processes it. It then sends the results back to the Main Memory.
The results are then send from the Main Memory to the Output Devices
for the user.
A CPU is also known as the 'Microprocessor'
In early Computers, CPUs were made of Vacuum
Tubes and were very large.
The CPU has two main components:
1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
2. Control Unit.
The Arithmetic and Logic Unit carries out all the arithmetic (calculations like
addition subtraction, multiplication and division) and Logic (comparisons like
A>B) operations of the Computer. The Control Unit controls the activities of
the ALU, Memory and the other devices.
A CPU's speed is measured in Mega Hertz (MHz) or Giga Hertz (GHz).
MONITOR:
After processing the Input, the Computer presents the results to us through
the Output devices. The Monitor and the Printer are the most common Output
Devices of the Computer (but there are many more)
I Monitor is also called 'Screen'
I The Monitor is connected to a circuit board called 'Display Adapter Card'
in side the System Unit.
A Monitor looks and works like a TV set. It is an Output Device that displays
information from the Computer (like text, pictures, movies, etc.,) It also
displays our instructions that we type using the keyboard. There are two
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types of Monitors Monochrome and Colour. Monochrome Monitors display
information in a single colour whereas Colour Monitors display information
in various colours. Monitors come in different sizes. Monitor resolution is
determined by the number of 'Pixels' (which is the short for 'Picture
Elements') A Monitor with greater number of
Pixels has a higher resolution and hence can
display a sharper picture.
There are various Controls on the Monitor. These
are used to control the Brightness, Contrast and the
Position of the picture on the Monitor.
There is an ON/OFF Switch to turn the Monitor ON
or OFF. There are also Controls to adjust the
following:
Brightness: This helps us to adjust the brightness
of the picture on the Monitor.
Contrast: This helps us to adjust the contrast of the picture on the Monitor.
Apart from these, there are a few other controls to control the position of the
picture on the Monitor. We will learn about these later.
KEYBOARD:
We give the input to the Computer using the Input Dev ices The Keyboard and
the Mouse are the most common Input Devices of he Computer (but there are
many more)
I The Keyboard is an Input Device.
I It is used to enter information into the Computer.
101 keys The job of each key is printer on it.
Most Keyboards have
A Keyboard has a set of Alphabet Keys, (A to Z are marked) Number keys
(0 to 9), Function keys (The keys labeled F1 to F12 on the top of the
keyboard)and some Special keys.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Special Keys are located at
different places on the
keyboard.
Some of the Special Keys are:
Enter Key.
Spacebar Key.
Caps Lock Key
Backspace Key
Delete Key
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The Enter Key is the big fat Key. It is used to enter instructions into the
Computer. It is also used to type anew line ink the Computer. We press the
Enter Key with our right pointing finger.
The long thin Key at the bottom of the Keyboard is called the Spacebar. This is
the longest Key on the Keyboard. The spacebar is used to give space between
words. We press the spacebar with our thumb.
Caps Lock Key is used to type letters in capitals( upper case). After pressing
this key once, whatever we type appears in capital letters. After pressing this
key once again, whatever we type appears in small letters.
The Backspace Key and the Delete Key are just like Erasers. Both are used to
correct mistakes while typing. When we press the Back space key, the letter to
the left of the Insertion Point is erased. Pressing the Del Key deletes a letter to
its right
When typing the Keys of the Keyboard of the Computer, the following correct
sitting posture should be followed always:
X Sit at the right height
X Keep the elbow slow and down by your sides.
X Pull the Keyboard to the edge of the table
X Hold the hands with curved fingers over the keys.
X Place your wrist off the table,
A Put both your feet on the floor (if possible)
MOUSE
The Mouse is also an Input Device. It has a
tail and looks like a real Mouse. It has two buttons
at the top-left and Right. Some moue comes with
three buttons (Left, Right and Middle button) A Mouse
is connected to the Computer with a cable. When we
switch on the Computer, a Pointer that looks like an arrow
appears on the Monitor. This is called the 'Mouse Pointer' Mouse allows us to
move the Mouse Pointer on the Computer Screen.
We can do the following things using the Mouse:
X Point X Left- Click X Right click X Double Click
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X Drag and Drop
The Mouse has a Ball under it. The Mouse moves on this ball. This is called the
'Tracking Ball' It is similar to the Steering Wheel of a car. It helps us to control
where the Moue Pointer on the Computer Screen is going. When we move the
Mouse, The Tracking Ball also moves. This makes the Mouse Pointer also to
move.
We should always use a Mouse with a Mouse Pad. Or else, it will get spoilt.
While working, if the Mouse goes off the edge of he Mouse Pad, e should pick it
up and place it in the center of the Mouse Pad.
Trackball: Trackball is a pointing device similar to a Mouse. It also allows us
to move the Pointer on the Computer screen. It consists of a ball resting on two
rollers and one or more buttons. If we roll the ball using our finger, the pointer
moves on the computer screen. Trackballs are usually found in Laptop
computers.
Pinter
Printer is an output device that prints text or images on paper or other media
(Like transparencies). By printings you create what is known as a "hard copy" There
Printer
Impact
r
Line
Printer
]
Serial
Printer
(Dot matrix
printer)
I
Non-impact
I T
Thermal
(fax) Printer
Laser
Printer
1
Inkjet
Printer
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CHAPTER - 1
AN INTRODUCTION TO WINDOWS XP
What is windows XP?
Windows XP Professional is a user-friendly operating system designed for
popular use. The most important advantage of using windows is its GUI (pronounced
as GOOYEE). It is said that the right side brain is good in processing the pictures and is
the seat of creative thinking and intuitive ideas whereas the left side brain is good at
logical thinking. It is believed, before the introduction of GUI, users of OS, mainly used
their left side brain, keeping their right side brain idle. It is felt, Windows effectively uses
the left and right side of the brain. Many other operating systems (including MS-DOS)
use Command Line Interface ( interface lets any one connected with the machine.
Actually interface is a (virtual) connection between two entities. For example, TV.
Remote is an interface which connects a user and a TV). In this kind of interface, you
have to remember cryptic Commands and type them without mistakes. To make things
worse some operating systems are case-sensitive also (LS, Ls, IS or Is are not same) .
A simple spelling mistake or missed space will result in an error. Windows displays all
the information on the screen and all you have to do is to point and select using the
mouse, with its GUI. A picture is worth a thousand of words, as they say.
Windows XP Professional combines all the positive aspects of its Microsoft
predecessors. This satisfies all the users who want to prevent frequent crashing of
software and want to use easy techniques.
Mouse
If you want to extract work from the computer, you have to input data. The input
can normally be provided by the keyboard and the Mouse. You know the keyboard. It
you want to move from cone window to another, unless you know the keyboard
combinations, it will be very difficult to move one window to another by using keyboard.
But the mouse intuitively provides the idea.
As you have learnt in the earlier section, windows XP uses GUI. That is, all
information is displayed on the screen. You can use it by simply pointing to it and
selecting. To do this you use the mouse. The mouse is an input device that you move
on a flat surface (usually a mouse pad.) When you move the mouse, a pointer movers
on the screen. This pointer, called the Mouse Pointer, is used to point to things on the
screen. The mouse has either two or three buttons on the top. The left button is the
most often used. Described below are mouse actions that you need to know to use
window XP effectively.
Note-Click on and click are used interchangeably for example you can write
Click on the button or click the button . Both forms are used in this chapter.
1)Move: Moving the mouse is simply dragging the mouse on the mouse
pad so that the mouse pointer moves in the direction you want, without touching the
buttons. This action allows you to point to things on the screen.
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2) Click: Clicking is used to select objects on the windows screen. To click,
ensure that the mouse is pointing to want you want and press the left button of the
mouse once and release the button immediately.
3) Double-click: Double-clic is most often used to start applications. To double-
click, point to what you want and press the left button of the mouse twice in quick
succession. You should get used with double-click; because new comers to the
computerfield find it difficult to cope with double-click in the beginning.
4) Click and drag: this mouse action is used to move an object from one place
to another. When you click and drag and object from one place to another. When you
click and drag an object, the object moves along with the mouse pointer. To click and
drag, hold the left button of the mouse down and move the mouse to the place wherever
you want.
Mouse after right click
The right click: Right Mouse button gains a lot of significance now-a-days. If
you right click on an item, you will be provided with a context sensitive menu (context
sensitive menu changes its contents depending on the situation ) This also called shot-
cut menu you can experiment with that menu. The context sensitive menu provides
almost all the facilities offered by menu as well as toolbars. You can change left mouse
button into right mouse button and vice versa. In this case the left click becomes the
right click and vice versa. This action may be helpful; to the left handed people.
Moving the mouse pointer via the Keyboard.
Again you can create the effect of all the above operations by keyboard
operations, In the beginning, people are very much attracted by the use of mouse, but
when they have to write lengthy programs, changing mouse and keyboard frequently is
irksome. Therefore those people who are experts in typewriting prefer to make use of
keyboard to bring the effect of mouse click.
The following keys can duplicate the mouse operations. It you want to use
your keyboard to do the work of the mouse, you have to follow these steps:
1 ) Click the Start button
2) select the Control panel in the menu and click it.
3) Choose the Accessibility Options in the menu and click it.
4) It opens a screen, click on Accessibility option under pick a Control
Panel icon.
5) Open the Mouse tab
6) Activate use Mouse Keys check box if it is not already activated.
Windows XP allows you to move the mouse pointer by using the arrow keys
on numeric keypad of the keyboard.
Note 1 : Make sure that you have Num Lock turned on.
Note 2 : Mouse keys do not work with the separate arrow-key keypads found on most
modern keyboards.
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Besides the basic arrow movements, you can also use the numeric keypad keys
outlined here. The following table gives you the equivalent keys for mouse operations.
Key
Equivalent Mouse Action
5
+
/
*
Click
Double -Click
Select the left mouse button
Select both mouse buttons
Select the right mouse button
These key can be used as follows:
To double-click an object, use the arrow keys to move the pointer over the
object, press the slash key (/) to select the left mouse button, and press the plus sign (+)
to double-click
To right-click an object, use the arrow keys to move the pointer over the object,
press the minus sign (-) to select the right mouse button, and press 5.
To drag-and-drop an object, use the arrow keys to move the pointer over the
object, press the slash key (/) to select the left mouse button, press Insert to lock the
button, use the arrow keys to move the object to its desired destination, and press
delete to release the button and drop the object.
To click an object, use the arrow keys to move the pointer over the object, press
the slash key (/) to select the left mouse button (if it isn't selected already), and press 5
to click.
To right-drag-and-drop an object, use the arrow keys to move the pointer over
the object; press the minus sign(-) to select the right mouse button; press Insert to lock
button; use the arrow keys to move the object to its destination; and then press Delete
to release the button to drop the object, and display the context menu.
Use Mouse Keys when Num Lock is on. These options determine the
relationship between Mouse Keys and the Num Lock key. When On is activated (this is
the default), for example, Windows XP will use Mouse Keys whenever you have Num
Lock is on. If you then turn off Num Lock, you can use the regular arrow keys.
Show Mouse Key status on screen : When this check box is activated,
windows XP displays the Mouse Keys icon in the system tray. Double-clicking this icon
opens the accessibility Properties dialog box.
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CHAPTER: II
WINDOWS EXPLORER:
What is new in windows XP?
1) Easier Installation and Updating
Roughly speaking, installation means the addition of program files and folder to
your hard disk. Windows XP includes several features designed to make it easier to
install and to keep up-to-date, the program files and folders.
2) Effective Multi-user capabilities
Windows XP keeps each user's files separate so that no user can see another
users files unless they have been shared deliberately. It lets multiple users Log on at
the same time. End users run their applications.
3) Redesigned start menu
Windows XP provides a redesigned start menu that is easier and quicker to use.
The start menu appears as a panel containing two columns. The lower part of the left
column automatically reconfigures itself to show your most used applications. The
start Menu can also be customized to the show classic start Menu (Similar to the start
menu of Window 98 ).
4) Taskbar changes and enhancements
These improvements are designed to help beginners. Experienced user may
switch back to how it was in the earlier versions of windows, if they like.
Taskbar locking: By default, windows XP Professional locks the Taskbar. This
prevents taking the taskbar to an inaccessible area.
Taskbar scrolling : Taskbar locking prevents flexibility. It the taskbar is of a
fixed size, buttons for the running applications must become very small and
useless when 10 or more applications run, To tackle the situation windows XP
provides a scroll bar on the taskbar when required.
Taskbar Button grouping : Windows XP provides only one button per
application when there is not enough space to accommodate buttons on the
taskbar. This too prevents minimizing the size of buttons displayed on the
taskbar. It shows the name of the current active window along with the number
of windows and a drop-down arrow. If you click the button, it will show you the
list of windows by title, you can select any one of them
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5) Notification area
The status area (system tray) is known as notification area. Notification area
shows a few icons of the programs which are automatically executed at start up.
6) better Audio and Video Features
Windows XP includes a set of new features and improvements for audio and
video.
7) CD Burning
Windows XP provides built-in CD burning capabilities, which reduce the effort
taken by the user while writing something into the CD.
8) Search companion
Windows XP includes Search Companion, an enhanced search feature to
search forfinding information both on your PC and in the world Wide Web
9) Enhanced Autoplay Feature
If you insert a CD and if it starts playing the music from it or installing any
software it contains, immediately, this facility is called autoplay. This feature is
enhanced considerably in Windows XP
10) More Games
Windows XP includes more games than the previous versions of Windows.
This may be a welcome move for young people.
11) Remote desktop Connection
This improved feature lets you use your computer to access a remote computer
with less effort.
12) A more Useful Winkey
One or two winkeys may be provided in modern keyboards. Normally the key is
situated between ctrl and Alt keys. This key possesses the windows logo. Windows
XP includes more functionality for the Winkey. You are provided table with the uses of
Winkey.
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WINKEY COMBINATIONS
Winkey Combination
Winkey
Winkey+b
Winkey+Break box
Winkey+D
Winkey+E
Winkey+F
Winkey+Ctrl+F
Winkey+F1
Winkey+L
Winkey+M
Winkey+Shift+M
Winkey+R
Winkey+Tab
Winkey+Shift+Tab
Winkwy+U
What it does
Toggles the display of the start menu
Moves the focus to the notification area
Displays the System Properties dialog
Displays the Desktop
Opens an Explorer window showing My computer
Opens a search results window and activates search
Companion.
Opens a Search results window, activates search
companion, and starts a Search for Computer.
Opens a Help and support center window
Locks the computer
Issues a Minimize All Windows command
Issues a Minimize All Windows command
Displays the Run dialog box
Moves the focus to the next button in the Taskbar.
Moves the focus to the previous button in the Taskbar
Displays Utility Manager.
13) Improvement for portable computers
Windows XP includes several improvements for portable computers (such as
Note book computers).
14) More Help
Windows XP delivers more Help-and more different types of Help-than and
other version of windows. You have already seen some help topics of
interest.
156
15) Network Connectivity
Windows XP provides various improvements in network connectivity.
16) Multiple Monitor Support-For Both Desktop and Laptop.
Windows XP Professional also introduces a new technology called Dual View,
which offers excellent opportunities to multiple monitor support especially to
laptops. The above characteristics can apply to both windows XP Professional
and windows XP Home.
The following characteristics strictly belong to Windows XP Professional.
17) Backup and automated system Recovery (ASR)
Windows XP Professional includes a Backup utility and an ASR feature that can
be activated from boot up to restore a damaged system.
18) Offline Files
Offline files allows you to store copies of files located on network drives on your
local drive so that you can work with them when your computer is no longer
connected to the network.
19) Remote Desktop
Remote Desktop allows you to access the Desktop of the computer connected
remotely as if you are accessing the Desktop of y9our own computer. If you
need to connect to your computer remotely via Remote Desktop connection,
you need Windows XP Professional rather than windows Home. So far, you
have seen features that caught your eyes. Now, you are going to see the
facilities hidden in Windows XP Professional.
20) Protected Memory Management
Windows XP offers fully protected memory management. With this facility,
Windows XP can handle memory errors effortlessly.
21) System File Protection
Windows XP offers a feature called system file Protection that protects your
system files from inadvertent mistakes on your part.
22) System Restore
Windows XP provides a system Restore feature. This is more effective than
System Restore feature found in windows Me.
157
You can use System restore to rollback the changes to an earlier point at
which the system was working properly.
23) Device driver Rollback
Windows XP tracks the drivers you install and lets you roll back the
installation of the driver. In other words, you can revert to the driver you were
using before.
24) Compatibility with Windows 9x applications
Windows XP runs all applications that would run on windows 9X, Windows
NT and windows 2000.
Guarding Against Viruses
The literal meaning of virus is poison. Virus enters into the living things and
passes its code t the cells of the host. The host cell forgets to undertake its own work, it
becomes the industry for producing viruses, Computer virus is a mischievous program
designed to damage the Software, Hardware and / or data.
The technique of the biological virus is employed by the computer virus also. It
enters your computers as innocuous software and multiplies many time,. In that
process, it takes the lion's share of the memory normally, erasing your own useful
programs.
Though virus started from the Bell Laboratory in the name of core wars, it
showed its ugly head to the world by the handiwork of a self taught Software engineer.
But still the method of creating viruses was kept as a secret. One of the eminent
computer professionals, while receiving a prestigious award, revealed the secret of
creating viruses to the audience. The entire computer world was shell-shocked. This
opened the Pandora box. From then on, the computer world is coursed with many
viruses. Most of them are created by the students to just show their intelligence to the
world, thus causing a loss of millions of dollars. The virus designers mainly attack
windows OS.
Viruses come in three basic flavours. They are file infectors, Boot sector
viruses and Trojan horse viruses
File infectors attach themselves to executable files and spread among other
files when you run the program
Boot sector viruses replace the hard disk's master boot record (or the boot
sector on a floppy disk) with their own twisted version of the bootstrap code.
This lets them load themselves into memory whenever you boot your system
(the famous "Michelangelo" virus is one of these boot sector beasts).
158
Trojan horse viruses, which appear to be legitimate programs at first glance but
when loaded, proceed to viciously damage your data:
Viruses are, by now, an unpleasant fact of computing life, and you just have to
learn to live with the threat. But somehow in the beginning, the Microsoft chose
to ignore this ugly threat, but now Microsoft deals with this crime more seriously
in Windows XR There are vendors who provide antiviral vaccines that will
protect you from the hazards of this threat. Anti virus is a program to safeguard
your system from the virus programs.
There are many such anti viruses, which make the life of the programers
some what easy.
Here are two tips to keep your system virus-free:
1 . The main source of the viruses is the floppy disk. So, one should be very
careful about the floppies.
2. Now-a-days, the internet is the major source of producing viruses. One
should be very careful while downloading files from the Internet. Keep your
virus utility's virus library up-to-date. By some accounts, more than 100 new
virus strains are released each month, and they just get nastier and nastier.
Regular updates will help you keep up-to-date
The Economical explorer Keyboard
If you want to have alternative methods for the mouse click, here is the table.
Alt+Enter Display the properties sheep for the selected objects.
Alt+F4 Closes explorer ( actually closes the active window ).
Alt+left arrow Takes you back to a previously displayed folder.
Alt+right arrow Takes you forward to a previously displayed folder
Backspace Takes you to the parent folder fo the current
Ctrl+A Selects all the objects in the current folder.
Ctrl+C Copies the selected objects to the Clipboard
Ctrl+V Pastes the most recently cut or copied objects
Ctrl+X Cuts the selected objects to the clipboard
Ctrl+Z Reverses the most recent action.
Delete Sends the currently selected objects to the recycle Bin
159
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
Shift+Delete
Shift+10
Tab
It helps to rename the selected object.
Displays the find dialog box with the current folder
Opens the Address toolbar's drop-down list.
Refresh the Explorer window. This is handy if you have
made changes to a folder via the command line or a DOS
program and you want to update the Explorer window to
display the changes
Cycles the highlight among the all Folders list, the
Contents list, and the address toolbar.
Delete the currently selected objects without sending
them to the Recycle Bin
Displays the context menu for the selected objects
Cycles the highlight among the All Folders list, the
contents list and the address toolbar. F6 does the same
thing.
Keys for Moving the Cursor through Text
Key
t
Where it Moves the Cursor
One character to the right
One character to the left
Up one line
Down one line
Home
End
Ctrl+Home
Ctrl+End
Page Up (Page Up)
Beginning of the line
End of line
Top of document
End of document
Up a page (or screen)
160
Page Down (Page Dn) Down a page (or screen)
Ctrl+ * One word to the left
Ctrl+ ^ One word to the right
t
Ctrl+ i Up one paragraph
Ctrl+ ▼ Down one paragraph
Ctrl+Page Up (PgUp) To top of previous page
Ctrl+Page down (PgDn) To top of next page
Summary
The opening screen is called the Desktop. It contains icons and taskbar. Icons are
small pictures representing applications. The taskbar has the start button, the quick
launch toolbar and the System Tray.
The Start menu acts as a launch pad for most of the applications in the computer.
You can start application using the icons on the desktop or the start menu.
The rectangular area on the desktop that is used by an application is called a
window.
Every window has a title bar with sizing buttons, menu bar, tool bar and borders.
A window can be moved, resized or closed.
Windows XP allows you to customize the desktop and taskbar.
The Control Panel allows you to install and manage different hardware and software
components in your computer.
It is always a good practice to shut down the computer properly before switching the
power off.
Files can be of two types -Application and document files. Applications are used to
create data files
Command Prompt option on the start menu allows you to use DOS commands and
run DOS- based programs
The Clock on the taskbar is used to change the date and time
161
The Calculator is like an ordinary calculator. WordPad is a simple word processor
that is used to enter and store text. Paint is used to draw and colour pictures.
Windows allows you to use multiple applications at the same time.
You can switch between applications using the buttons on the taskbar.
You can also transfer data between two applications.
The Clipboard is a temporary storage for data being copied or moved.
All information on disks are stored as files. Every file has an unique file name.
A collection of files is called a folder
Windows explorer is an application that allows you to manage your files and
folders.
Windows Explorer provides two Bars. They are Explorer Bar, folders Bar. Explorer
Bar provides easy way to move, copy or delete.
Using windows explorer, you can, view the files and folders on your disk.
Create new folders, Copy and move files and folders. Rename files and folders
Delete files and folders
Create shortcuts for frequently used files and applications.
CD-RW can be used as a floppy.
The Search feature allows you to search for files or folders.
The Run command provides an alternate way to start applications and open data
files.
Viruses are ugly programs that spoil work. One has to be careful about them.
162
IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED FOR THE
1st CHAPTER AN INTRODUCTION TO WINDOWS XP
1. Windows XP is an Operating System.
2. The opening screen is called the Desktop. It contains icons and Taskbar,
Icons are small pictures representing applications. The Taskbar has the
Start button. The Quick Launch toolbar and the Systems Tray.
3. The Start menu acts as launch pad for most of the applications in the
computer.
4. We can start applications using the icons on the desktop or the Start menu.
5. The rectangular area on the desktop that is used by an application is called
a Window.
6. Every window has title bar with sizing buttons, menu ,bar, tool bar and
boarders.
7. A Window can be moved, resized or closed.
8. The Control Panel allows you to install and manage different hardware and
software components in your computer.
9. It is always a good practice to shut down the Computer properly before
switching the power off.
10. When we move the mouse, a pointer move on the screen. This pointer,
called the Mouse Pointer.
11. Turn off the computer by the key combinations of Alt=F4 and the click turn
off button.
12. Resource Button: This button is used to restore the window to its original
size (i.e. to the size before you maximized it.)
163
13. Maximize Button: Click on this button enlarges the window to fill the entire
desktop.
14. Close Button: This button is used to close a window.
15. List Box: These boxes display a list of choices, we can select the one we
want by simply clicking on it.
16. OK button in a dialog box, Window will accept our choices
17. Cancel button will make windows ignore the changes and close the dialog
box.
18. Blue Underlined Text: Click the blue underline text, it will open the item
associated with the text.
19. Green Underlined Text: Click on this term it will provide the definition of the
term.
20. Changed View: In order to reclaim more space, we can hide the left pane by
clicking the Change View button. If we again click Change View button, the
left pane will appear once again. We can also perform the above action
manually. We can drag the right pan to the left, so that a right pan may
occupy the entire screen.
21. Home: This is the background display that appears on the desk top.
22. Click on screen saver tap in the display prosperities dialog box
23. Control panel provides two views to control panel. Namely (i) Category view,
(ii) Classic view.
24. The opening screen of Windows XP is called the Desktop.
25. The two different start menus are usual start menu, and classic start menu.
26. Control Panel allows you to install and manage different hardware and
software components in your computers.
27. When we in are in Welcome Screen Ctrl+Alt+Del Key combinations entering
in the user name and password dialog box.
28. Closed button is used to close a Window.
164
2ND CHAPTER: WINDOWS EXPLORER:
1 . All information on disks are stored as Files.
Each file has an unique file name.
2. It is a collection of files is known as Folder
To start Windows explorer click
3. Start ? All programs ? Accessories ? Window Explores
1. Windows Explorer is an application that allows us to manage our files and
folder.
2. Explorer is divided into three categories, namely
(l)File and Folder Task (ii) Other places (iii) Details
3. A small yellow icon represents each folders
4. Create new folders, copy and move files and folders. Rename files and
folders.
5. Create shortcuts for frequently used files and applications.
6. To Open a new folder:
Click File ? New ? Folder (A new folder is created temporary)
7. A plus sign to the left of the folder icon in Folder Bar indicates the presence
of Subfolders within this folder
8. + sign to display a list of the subfolder. Sign will hide the details.
9. If there is no +sign to the left of a folder icon, it means that the
folder does not have any subfolder.
10 Views will help us in finding a forgotten file
11. Windows Explorer provides two Bars. They are explorer Bar,
Folders Bar, Explorer Bar provides easy way to move, copy or
delete.
12. Using Windows, Explorer, we can, View the files and folders on our
Disk.
13. Moving and Copying Files and Folders:
Once the files are selected, we can move or copy them using Cut,
Copy and Paste in three different ways.
165
(i) Click on the Ed
(ii) Right click on
short cut menu
(iii) We can use th
(Ctrl+c) to copy
14. Difference between
folders untouched
removes the files or
destination location
15. CD-RW can be usee
16. CD-R disk cannot b(
17. Click File? Rename
18. Recycle Bin is like tl
1 9. The Search feature
20. The Run command |
applications and op<
21. To use the Run com
Run. Type the file r
22. File name is made u
(i) main component
23. The dot (or full stop)
Extension
24. Start Paint: Click on
25. Windows XP allows
(i) Keyboard shortci
166 26. Shortcut Method to K
Paint. To do it, first i
Accessories/ Paint
27. What is new in Win<
(a) Effective mu
(b) Easier Insta
(c) Redesigned Start Menu.
(d) Taskbar changes and Enhancements.
(e) Notification area.
(f) Better Audio and Video features
(g) CD Burning
(h) Search Companion
(i) Enhanced Auto play Feature
(j) More games.
(k) Remote Desktop connection
(I) A more useful win key.
(m) Improvement for portable Computer.
(n) More Help and Network Connectivity.
(o) Multiple monitor support for both desktop and laptop
(p) Backup and Automated system recovery.
(q) Offline files.
(r) Remote Desktop
(s) Protected Memory Management
(t) System file protection and system Restore.
(u) Device Driver Rollback.
(v) Compatibility with windows 9x Applications.
28. Viruses come in three basic flavours. There are
(i) File Infectors
(ii) Boot sector viruses,
(iii) Trojan horse viruses
Viruses are very dangerous programs which spoil work. Every
one should be careful when Operating the System.
167
Abbreviations
ALU
Arithmetic Logic Unit
ASCII
American Standard code for Information Interchange
ATM
Automatic Teller Machine
BIT
Binary Digit
CAD
Computer Aided Design
CPU
Central Processing Unit
CD
Compact Disk
Dbase
Data Base
DOS
Disk Operating System
Dpi
Dots per Inch
EEProm
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
FDDI
Fiber Distributed Data Interface
FTP
File Transfer Protocol
FIFO
First in First Out
GR
Giga Bytes
GUI
Graphical User Interface
HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
ICChip
Integrated Circuits Chip
ICANN
International Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
ICANN
International Corporation; for Assigned Names and Numbers
IP
internet Protocol
ISP
Internet Service Provider
LAN
Local Area Network
LSB
Least Significant Bit
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol
MAN
Metropolitan Area Network
MODEM
Modulator Demodulator
MSB
Most Significant Bit
MB
Mega Bytes
MICR
MSDOS
NIS
OSI
OS
OCR
OMR
Pixel
PC
PDA
PROM
SJF
RAM
ROM
UTP
WWW
WAN
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
Microsoft Disk Operating System
Network Interface Card
Open System Interconnection
Operating System
Optical Character Recognition Software
Optical Mark Recongnition
Picture Element
Personal Computer
Personal Digital Assistant
Programmable Read Only Memory
Shortest Job First
Random Access Memory
Read Only Memory
Unshielded Twisted Pair
World Wide Web
Wide Area Network
169
III. INTERNAL EXAMINATION
PRACTICAL I (TYPEWRITING)
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT - 25 MARKS
i) Record work : Preparation of Albums, Names of parts Cleaning &
Oiling, Envelope addressing, etc., ....5 marks
ii) Maintenance of files and Note Book & etc., ....5 marks
iii) Performance in monthly tests & terminal exams ....5 marks
iv) Attendance & Attitude _....5marks
v) Typewriter maintenance in the class room 5 marks
PRACTICAL II (COMPUTER OPERATION)
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT - 25 MARKS
MARKS : 50
i) Record work : Chapter I (Introduction to Windows XP)
and Chapter II (Windows Explorer)
ii) Maintenance of files and work Book & etc.,
iii) Performance in monthly tests & terminal exams
iv) Attendance & Attitude
v) Computer system maintenance in the class room
...5 marks
...5 marks
...5 marks
....5 marks
....5 marks
170
IV. Model Question Paper
XI. Standard
TYPEWRITING - ( PRACTICAL)
English
PART -A
Time : 15Mts.
Marks: 50
(Maximum Marks:150)
Land and Labour in modern
economic parlance are the basic
factors of creation on this planet.
Between the two, labour is supreme,
for it is he who makes conscious and
deliberate efforts to unravel the laws
and mysteries of land and makes
use of them for his own
development. Indeed, his own
development is the be-all and end-
all of his entire conscious effort.
Looked at in this light, human
development has been the objective
of human Endeavour ever since
Adam and Eve first appeared on this
earth. Yes in the beginning, the
thrust of human Endeavour was in
the direction of spiritual
development, but now it is in the
direction of material development.
In the earlier years, it was
primarily the responsibility of an
individual to develop himself, but
now it has become the responsibility
of the State to arrange for all round
development of human beings. This
has put human beings in new light.
The shift in emphasisfrom individual
effort and spiritual development to
State planning and material
development has turned human into
a factor of production an economic.
Resource to be brought up
developed and used for material
development of the country as a
whole. Population growth at an
alarming rate comes in the way of
these social objectives in a big way.
Rapid growth of population, therefore, has
rightly been cause of concern in jour
country since the early fifty's. However,
popular perception in this regard has
undergone a sea change over the last
couple of years.
In early fiftys, socio-economic
implications of population growth were a
matter of concern largely in the context of
the argument that rapid population growth
is an obstacle to development. But now it
is increasingly recognized that the
relationship between population growth
and development is not that simple it is
rather much more complex. In 1 994, it has
been forcefully argued and accepted that
rapid population growth itself is in many
ways the result of a lack of development. In
course of time many other dimensions
have been added to this relationship which
was once viewed to be unidirectional.
After the ICPD Conference population
issue is placed in a much large context of
sustainable development. Overthe years,
the concept of development little has
undergone a change.
In the context of people-centered
development, many dimensions like
gender equity, women's empowerment,
environmental degradation, uplift of the
weaker sections and human resource
development have assumed considerable
significance. From this point of view, it is
essential to look in to the implications of
population.
171
PART : B Question No. 1
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172
Question No. 2
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173
Question No. 3
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174
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Question No. 4
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5- 6 •
PART : C
Qn.No: 5 Mechanism 10 x 2 = 20
Answer any ten of the following questions. Each question carries equal
marks.
01. Who invented the first Typewriter ? When?
02. How many kinds of Typewriter there? And what are they?
03. How will you Identify your Typewriter?
04. How many thumb wheels are there ? Mention its uses?
05. How many kinds of Cylinders? And What are they?
06. Mention any 2 sizes of the Cylinder?
07. What are the guide fingers? And Which is the guide row?
08. What will happen when the draw card is cut off?
09. Mention any 2 Non-Character keys?
10. How many Character keys are there in the key board?
11. When cleaning and oiling has to be done?
12. What are the accessories required for cleaning the typewriter?
13. What is the use of a wire brush?
14. Mention the two types of envelope?
15. How will you clean the nickel parts?
176
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