Full text of "Stead's Review"

PROHIBITION

AND

COMPENSATION

JAPAN'S STRONG MAN AND
A WHITE AUSTRALIA ,

M. POINCARE ON THE

EUROPEAN SITUATION

POLAND AND THE BALTIC

STATES

SOCIAL LITERATURE

Reviewed by PROF. MEREDITH ATKINSON

Re-^isWred »t the G'P.O., Melboijino, for lr»n»mi';skin
by pobt »s a ncu-Rpap'r.

stead's Revieu), t/lO/iO.

How to Get What
You Want

"The Master Mind" is a book with a wonderful

message for you. It explains the creative,

constructive forces of thought, and

can reveal to you the road

to achievement and

happiness

HE MASTER MIND" reveals the one great truth of the ages.
To real men and women the reading of it is the Great Turning
Point. It is a mental tonic, a sure one, and a good one, with an
effect that is indescribable. You throw off discouragement, and any sense
of inefficiency, and with a right-about-face you go at the world again with
a new view-point — with enthusiasm and resolution, because of a new
and profound belief in yourself — a belief in the Power Within — and you
make your path one of Success all the way.

LET the magic of this wonderful book sink into your mind and brain.
Let it saturate your spirit. Let it quicken your unconquerable
energy, until the overcoming of the difficulties and obstacles of Life
becomes a joy instead of a task for you.

HIS book is certainly for YOU ! It will help you to make a real
success of your life, to lift yourself up, to BE more, to DO more,
and to HAVE more.

" The MASTER
MIND" is

FREE!

Although the message "THE MASTER
MIND " contains is priceless, you may have a
copy FREE by making application for it to-day.
Mention " Stead's Review," and enclose 3d. in
stamps for postage. To-morrow, to-day will
be YESTERDAY! Send for your copy of
"The Master Mind" NOW. Address your re-
quest to —

THE INDEPENDENT INSTITUTE

12 Canberra House
295 Elizabeth Street. SYDNEY

INATTENTION

The Peiman Systerrt
Removes the Cause

Your mind wanders just at the critical
moment and the instructions given you
have to be repeated, or you go away
and bungle the whole matter. In either
case you suffer in the estimation of your
associates or superiors, and they leave
you out when the good things are going.

You think of other things than the
matter in hand. You have ability but
you have not the faculty of concentra-
tion, of close attention, and yet if you
are to do really good work you must
have this faculty. Your interest and at-
tention must be so keen that your whole
mind is given over to absorbing the big —

and the little — things pertaining to your
work.

The Peiman System of IMind and
Memory} Training sh|Ows you how to
create and maintain interest, and how to
concentrate. It prepares your mind to
take vivid impressions of what you have
to know ; it trains you to classify your
knowledge, to retain and recollect it with
certainty. It cultivates self-confidence,
quickens your perceptions, and makes
you thoroughly efficient. Write for our
Booklet, whch "tells exactly what thie
Peiman System does. W/rite the Secre-
tary, The Peiman Institute, 23 Gloucester
House, 3q6 Flinders Lane, Melbourne.

TAUGHT BY POST.

THE PE'LMAN SYSTEM is
Taught by Post in twelve
interesting lessons. It takes
from ten to twelve wieeks
to complete the course.
Benefit begins with the flpst
lesson, and the interest and
attention are maintained
throughout. Write now to
the Secretary, THE PEL-
MAN INSTITUTE. 23 Glouces-
ter House, 396 Flinders Lane,
Melbourne.

CUT THIS OUT AND POST TO-DAY.

To the Secretary.

TTIE PELMAN INSTITUTE.
23 Gloucester House, 396 Flinders Lane, Melbourne.

Please send your free book, " Mind and Memory
Training."

NAME

Address __...._.._ — _..._..»»

11.

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October S, 19t0.

LET BRADSHAW'S
INTO YOUR HOME!

IT WILL MEAN EFFICIENCY

BRADSHAW'S 26 : 6 : 26 symbolises proficiency in Short-
hand, with ease, in a few weelcs — 5 Easy Lessons and In-
structions for Speed practice. One boy completed his Theory,
and was writing slow speed at end of 5li hours.

TYPEWRITING. — Learn to operate a typewriter. To any-
one entering business it is as necessary to know the use of a
typewriter as it is to be able to handle a pen. You will have
the use of a machine in your home. Shorthand writers should
be able to transcribe their notes on the typewriter.

HANDWRITING. — So practically is this subject taught
that ■' once bad peninen " write us of their appreciation, and
are astonished at the short time it takes to develop a finished
style of business handwriting.

ADVERTISING. — There is no profession quite as fascinat-
ing and inspirational as Advertising. To ladies and gentle-
men the Advertising field is broad in its scope. The ability
to write good advertisenvents may be acquired through Brad-
shaw's.

Salesmanship, Tailoring, Cutting, Designing, Timber Mea-
surement, Mechanical Drawing, Boolvkeeping, Business Corre-
.spoiulence, and many other subject-s chn be efficiently
LEARNED by Post.

There are big opportunities awaiting people who are big
enougli to see them. A Bradshaw training will give you the
knowledge and the vision tliat meets opportunity half-way.

You can be taught by specialised postal tuition and be
made :i business success in yovn* leisure time and in your own
home, or you may attend the College.

Write us particulars of your case, and u.«l< for Pamphlet
P.294. Wo will advise you as to a career.

GET A LETTER AWAY TO-DAY

BRADSHAW'S I'i^^m

PTY. LTD.

238 FLINDERS STREET, MELBOURNE, VIC.

October 2, 1920.

STEAD'S REVIEW.

111.

ACCOUNTANCY

AND

Book-keeping

For POSITIONS OF TRUST

You would find that qualification in eitiier of
the above subjects would rapidly advance you
to a POSITION OF TRUST and to GREATER
EARNING ABILITY.

Successive Examinations Show Striking

Scores Secured by Successful Stott

Students

After passing his FINAL EXAMINATION in
ACCOUNTANCY, Mr. G. S. UpstiU. of 273 High
Street, Bendlgo, writes: —

" All my dlfHculties were cleared away by
the concise answers to my queries. It has been
most interesting, and I thoroughly enjoyed the
course. I thank you for your interest through-
out my course of instruction, and congratulate
you on the great successes of your College."

Mr. S. R. Player, of Savernake, N.S.W.,
writes : —

" I owe my success to the splendid instruc-
tion I received from you, and cannot thank you
too much for the care and attention I always
received from your College."

You can Study under the Splendid

Stott System no matter where you

reside

Countless clerks, book-keepers and ambitious
men date their progress from the day they com-
menced with us the study of Modern Mercantile
Methods, Business Practice, Commercial Law,
Book-keeping, or Accountancy. (Any of these
sections may be taken separately.)

NOW is the time to enrol for success. Our
advice Is always fully, freely, and cordially at
the disposal of Inquirers. Write at once for a
fre« copy of our " Students' Guide." It will
explain how we can help you to a miccessful
career.

STOTT'S Technical College

(Incorporating Stott's Correspondence Collece)
Address nearest office:

100 Russell Street, MELBOURNE

117 Pitt Street, SYDNEY

22S Adelaide Street. BRISBANE

Pioneer Wood
Pipe

Copy of letter received from Elmore

Waterworks Trust, Elmore, 28th

February, 1919:—

Dear Sir,--Yours of the 19th inst. in
regard to pipes supplied to this Trust.

The pipes have been and are still in
every way satisfactory, and are quite
suitable for our requirements.

The cost of maintenance during the
six years of service has been nil.

If we were putting in any further
pipe lines, your firm w^ould certainly
be favoured with our orders.

Yours truly,
(Sgd.) S. Southam, Sec.

Send for Our Illustrated Catalogue.

THE AUSTRALIAN WOOD PIPE

Co. Ltd.

Head Office-

Burns Bay Road, Longueville, N.S W.

Contractors to all State Governments.

£22/10/-

Diamonds

World-Famed for
QUALITY AND VALUE

Are an outstanding feature
of STEWART DAWSON'S
splendid varieties of Fashion-
able Diamond Rings. Illus-
trated are typical examples.
All Diamonds set in Pure
Platinum and 18-ct. Gold.

Call to Inspect or Order by Mail

Write for Catalogue

\\m\\ DawsoN

^ AUST, & C9 LIMTO.

Stewarf" Dawsons Corner
MELBOURNE

£22/10/-

£13/10/-

IV.

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October Z, 1920.

« ^

ITT

Display of
Neiv Spring
Suitings

Don't wait for the Mid-Summer
rush before ordering- your New Sea-
Son"s Suit. Put it in hand now. We
hnve a splendid range of Spring mate-
rial — the newest, the smartest and
most complete display under one
retail roof in Melbourne.

English Tweeds ard
Worsteds

These stuff.s are of Excellent Qual-
ity, and represent a class of Texture
universally stiitahle for SjM'ins V^'car.

Australian
Pure Wool Tw^eedf?

In wei.srhts, weaves and colourings in
keeping with the season, add materially
to tlie attractiveness of the selection
provided. The inclusion of

Pure Merino Wool
Indigo-Dyed Twills

will be welcomed by those who favour
this t.vpe of suitin.s: and who of l;ite
have found it practically unyjrocur-
able.

£6 15 to £12 12/

is the price range, wliich, while it pro-
vides for Perfect Tailoring, is so mod-
erate as to constitute a very definite
reason for your calling without delay.

CALL OR WRITE
Patterns are Post Free

LINCOLN, STUART

& Co., Pty. Ltd.

244-54 FLINDERS ST.,
MELBOURNE.

mJL

'JLJm

October 2, 1920.

STEAD'S REVIEW.

The DEAF HEAR

By Wearing Wilson's Ear-Drums

For over 20 years Wil-
son's Ear-Drums have
been giving relief to
thousands of deaf

people.

They are so soft in the
ears one can't tell they
are wearing tliem, and
they are out of sigtit
"When worn. They are to
weak hearing what spec-
tacles are to weak sight
— sound magnifieis, just
as glasses are sight-mag-
nifiers.

They rest the Ear
Nerves by taking the
strain off them — the strain
of trying to hear dim'

.sounds. Tlie.v can be put
into tlie ears, or taken
out, in a minute, just as
comfortabl.y as spectacles
(■an be put on and off.

■'I'liey also yirotoct an>'
raw inner parts of the
ear from wind, cold, diist
oi' sudden and piercing
sounds.

It is as eas.v for a Deaf
jierson to hear wealc
sounds as spectacles make
it easy to read fine print,
and the longer one wears
tliem tlie better liis hear-
ing grows, because they
le.st up, and strengthen,
tlTe ear nerves.

Deafness, from any cause, ear-ache, buzzing noises in the head, running eais, broken
ear-drums, and otlier ear troubles, are relieved and cured l^y the use of Wilson's Ear-Drums.

The price is £1/1 -, for the outfit. After the fii'st pair is bought you may purcha.se a
single drum for 8/-, but the pair you get at first w'll last about two years. Write for
Free Booklet or use Order Form below, and Outfit will be sent at once, with full instruc-
tions.

H, WILKINSON, Wilson Ear-Drum Co., Room
11, 178 Collins St., Melb. (Box 466. G.P.O >
Please send a complete Outfit, containing "V\'il-
son's Ear-Drums, for which I enclose £1 Is.

Name. . .
-Address.

TjlO

Question the successful men and women of to-day in whatever sphere of activity
you like, and they will tell you that the sole reason of that success was that
they so trained their mind and memory, that they were never taken unawares
— they were always ready for the unexpected. They knew that had they ever
failed in this respect, another would have stepped in and displaced them. If
YOU want to gain the high places where big money is earned, systematise
your memory under the

LINNEAN MEMORY SYSTEM

This system trains the mind and memory on the soundest scientific methods to
retain dates, figures, facts, principles, anecdotes, etc., so that they can be
recalled at an instant's notice. The Linnean System can be used by business and
professional men and women in all departments of activity. Cost is trifling, and
you are

Taught by Post in Your Spare Time

Fill in name and nrldress below, ci.it out the advertisement, post to R. BROWN,
211 Swanslon Slrett, Melbourne, and we send you free booklet, " Memory Training,"
fully explaining the Linnean System.

Name...

Address.

VI.

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October i, 1920.

THIS

DEMANDS

YOUR
ATTENTION

MIND POWER

And How to Use It

By PHILIP O'BRYEN HOARE

(From the British Institute of Mental Science, Loixlcn)

THE ONLY personal efficiency course of lessons which teaches
you — and shows you by diagram — ^just how tO bring
thought into action.

LESSONS INCLUDE—
AUTO-SUGGESTION showing you how to become master of your own mind.

PrkMr'CIJTD ATIAM Giving definite, detailed instruction regarding WILL POWER,
tU« t Ln 1 KA 1 lUW SELF-CONFIDENCE and INTUITION.

nrnc/MlAl UAr*MrTIClul Telling you specifically how to attract to yourself;
rhKbUflAL mAbNLil2>M to l^ad instead of being led.

UITUnDV I. Giving you mastery over your own subconscious mind. NOT asking
nLnlUlvIy etc you to remember one thing by not forgetting another.

Send to^ay to-PHILIP O'BRYEN HOARE, M.B.I.M.Sc
229 Collins Street, Melbourne

For FREE Descriptive Circular regarding this great course of lessons.

Mr. Hoare is agent for Orison Swett Marden's great self-help magazine, " The New

Success." Samples, 2/-.

RE P UBLIC

A WEEKLY JOURNAL

Published in the United States

Which reflects the best thought and
ideals of the American people.

Those anxious to keep themselves

informed of sane American opinion

ought to diligently read the "New

Reoublic. "

Editors :
Herbert Croly Francis Hackett

Philip Littell Alvin Johnson

Special articles by famous men and

women supplement the keen editorial

paragraphs dealing with current events

and contemporary thought.

Undtr Vice- Regal

Patronage.

Telephone 11S3S.

P. H. STAFFERS

Tailor, Habit Maker,
Costumier

CLYDE HOUSE. 182 Collins Street,

Melbourne

Yearly subscription, 30/-. Remittances should be
made bv money order to the Republic Publishing
Company, 421 West 21st Street, New York City,
U.S.A., or sent by cheque or postal note to the
New Republic, c/o Stead's, 182 Collins Street,
Melbourne.

WHY N OT ?

If you like STEAD'S REVIEW,
ask us to send a sample copy
to a friend you think would
like it too. We would be glad
to do so with your compliments.
Send Names to —

STEAD'S REVIEW. Melbourne.

October 2, 1S20.

STEAD'S REVIEW.

Vll.

HWtMIUMIIUUIHMUMIfraiHtlllllllllllHIIinMUtimitlJimUilUlEIIUIIUiJUIIEIlllllUih illlltrilllUIIHItlHnaUimfrHJUiUIHUIIHIIIUtHtH»n

?SSDRAW?|

Have you a liking for drawine^for sketching people and things and puttirii f

your thoughts upon papier? Would you like to turn your talent f< t I

drawing into money? It is a fascinating and immensely profitable hobb> i

to be able to sketch quickly and easily the people you see about you, pretty §

scenery, trees and old houses. Did you ever think what a pleasant and pro |

Stable profession is open before anyone with a talent for drawing? Black e

and White Artists make big incomee, the work is extremely interesting and i

enjoyable, and is exceptionally well paid. Many artists engaged in i hi» i

work in Australia make from £1000 to £2000 a year drawing for papers and i

advertisers. Huge prices are paid for cartoons, illustrations and posters |

Editors, publishers, and advertisers are always on the look out for fresh and |

bright black and white sketches, and are willing to pay good prices fc =

them. The profession is full of opportunities for anyone who has a likii^B |

for sketching and who is properly trained. =

There ia no need for yon to leave your home to study this
delightful and absorbmgly interesting art. You can study
anywhere under our up-to-date system of correspondence
instruction, with which you have the help and guidance of a
front rank artist If you are anxious to develop your talent
for drawing so that you can make money

Copy this Sketch

and send it to us for

Free Criticism

This places you under no obligation whatever; it will merely
give us jin opportunity of judging for you whether you have
a talent for this class of work.

When your sketch has been criticised by our artist, we will
return it to you together with our deeply interestini? illus-
trated literature dealing with black and white drawing,
which tells how various kinds of drawings are done, what
prices are paid for drawings, the opportunities that are open
to you. as well as giving you some splendid examples of
modem black and white sketches.

We teach you to draw and help

you to sell your sketches

When etuming your sketch we will send
you full particulars of how we can teach
you Money Making Art, no matter wbi-re
you live. We will show vou exactly what
our system of careful individual corres-
pondence in^rudtion has done for others
and what it » ill do for you. Not only do
we develop your talent for sketching m a
modem, practical anner, but we albu
i{ive you valuable assistance in selling
your drawings, and show you how and
where to dispose o' every kind of sketch
you execute to the best advantafje

FREE

ILLUSTRATED
BOOKLET . . .

Copy the sketch reproduced above and let
us see what you can do with it. We will
also send you free of charge our illustrated
booklet, " Sketching for Pleasure and
Profit," a unique production of ines-
timable value to anyone with a talent for
drawing. Kindly enclose 3d. in stamps
\o cover cost of postage, etc.

THE AUSTRALIAN SCHOOL OF SKETCHING

299 '' Daily Telegraph " Buildings, Sydney, N.S.W.

iniiriiiimiitiiuinuuuiiiuuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiuuiiiiiuuiiiiiiiiiiimiiuiHiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiuiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiuiuu

vni.

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October 2, 19m.

Your home needs music
^You should get

A New Edison

Music is an absolute essential to a home with
any claim to culture. In the New Edison you
get music — real music— not an imitation.

The New Edison Re-creates the artist's voice or instrument with
such fidelity that no human ear can detect a shade of difference
between the two renditions. The famous Edison Tone Tests, made
before over two milHon people, have proved this conclusively.

You should certainly know more about this wonderful instrument. Write to-day
for details, post free.

^ THOMAS A EDISON Ltd., 364-372 Kent Street, Sydney.

■October 2, JD:o.

STEAD'S REVIEW.

IX.

Accountancy Examination Results

COMMONWEALTH INSTITUTE FINAL, MAY, 1920
Hemingway & Robertson's Students Win 14- out of 21 Honours Places

Australian Honours.

First, Australia— Mr. P. K. BLAGDON.
Second, Australia— Mr. L. H. LETHLEAN.
Third, Australia— Mr. R. W. S. NICHOLAS.

Interstate Honours.

1st, Tasmania — Mr. R. N. B. Richard.
2nd, Tasmania — Mr. J. Crawford.
3rd Tasmania — Mr. A. J. Mcllvennan.
2nd, West Australia — Mr. L. G. Thompson.
3rd, West Australia — Mr. A. R. Stubbs.
1st, Queensland — Mr. J. Fleming.

3rd. Queensland — Miss G. A. Peeck.
2nd, South Australia — Miss G. J. Jude.
1st, Victoria- — Mr. P. K. Blagdon.
2nd, Victoria — Mr. L H. Lethlean.
3rd, Victoria — Mr. R. W. S. Nicholas.

We presented 130 candidates for all States, of
whom 113 passed.

\t the last 5 examinations our students have
won 14 first, 13 second, and 13 third (Inter-
state) places throughout Australia (40 out of
90).

OTHER SUCCESSES OUR STUDENTS MAY, 1920

Commonwealth institute Intermediate.

We presented 101 candidates, of whom 82

passed. , „ , ^^

Our students obtained 2nd and 3rd Honours
Places for Australia ; and also 1st and 2nd
places, New South Wales; 2nd and 3rd places
Victoria: 1st and 2nd places. Queensland; 3rd
place. West Australia; 2nd a.nd 3rd places, Tas-
mania. The first place for Australia at the
above examination has been won by our stu-
dents 7 out of 11 times.

Commonwealth May Supplementary.

We presented 17 candidates, of whom 12
passed.

Federal institute Intermediate.

We presented 291 candidates, of whom 235

passed. , . , ^^

Our students obtained 2nd and 4th Honours
places for Australia; also 2nd and 3rd places
Victoria; 2nd place. Queensland; 1st and 2nd
places. South Australia; 2nd place. West Aus-
tralia; 1st, 2nd and 3rd places, Tasmania. At
the last 9 Federal Intermediate Examinations
our students won 5 first. 6 second, and 3 third
places in Australia, and also 13 first, 16 second,
and 5 third places for different States.

Federal Institute Final.

We presented 135 candidates, of whom 118

bur "students obtained 3rd. 4th, 5th and 6th
Honours Places for Australia; also 2nd and 3rd
places, Victoria; 1st and 2nd places. New South
Wales; 1st, 2nd and 3rd places, Queensland; 3rd
place West Australia; 1st place, Tasmania;
2nd and 3rd places. South Australia. At the
last 10 Federal Final Examinations our students
have won 4 first. G second and 5 third places
for Australia, and, also, at the last 5 examina-
Mons. our students won 17 first. 12 second and
? third places for the different States.

Queensland Institute Final.

We presented 14 candidates, of whom 12
passed.

Our student, Mr. England, obtained 2nd place,
and other students secured 6 honours places In
subjects. At the last October Examinations we
presented 19 students, of whom 17 passed, in-
cluding 1st and 2nd places for the full exami-
nation, and 4 first and 4 second places in sub-
iccts.

A.C.P.A. Examinations.

We presented 14 candidates, of whom 14
passed.

Intermediate — 8 presented, 8 passed. Final —
6 presented, 6 passed.

These results include candidates who sat for
the West Australian and South Australian In-
stitutes — whose candidates sit for the A.C.P.A.
examinations.

This is easily the best record ever put up by
any firm of coaches for the Corporation's Ex-
aminations — Intermediate and Fmal.

Municipal Auditors' Examinations.

We presented 4 candidates, of whom 3 passed.

Onlv 6 candidates in all passed this exarnlna-
tion though 17 were presented altogether. Thus
we obtained the majority of the passes.

Our Total Results, May. 1920.

We presented 706 candidates, of whom' 589

133.SS6(3

Total honours places for Australia — 1 first, 4
second, 3- third.

Honours Places, Interstate — 10 first, 17 second.
13 third.

What These Results Demonstrate.

It stands to reason tliat the firm of Account-
ancy Teachers, wliose students perform so bril-
liantly as above, and who pass with such a high
percentage, must have the most efficient methods
and the best course of instruction. iHl'^KLi.
CAN BE NO OTHER EXPLANATION POS-
SIBLE Such results must convince you that
our private, individual home-study teaching
methods are sound, thorough and practical, and
the best for vou in every way. You ensure suc-
cess by enrolling with the firm who has so de-
cisively proved the superiority of its teaching,
not onlv at the above examinations, but at an
Accountancy examinations for ^^any vears
nast YOU DO NOT MAKE ANY KXPRRI-
MENT WHEN YOU ENROL WITH HEMING-
WAY AND ROBERTSON. As proof of our con-
fidence in our own methods of instruction, and
the abilitv of the avera.ge man to succeed with
us WE GIVE A DEFINITE GUARANTEE that
should vou fail at any examination we will
coach you free of further expense untu you
succeed.

It Pays to Qualify in Accountancy.

There is no question of doubt that nowadays
it is essential for every man engaged in com'-
mercial work to obtain the qualification issued
bv one or other of the Inslitutfs of Account-
ants The posstssion of the Degree puts you m
the running for all lii.gh-giade positions. With-
out the Degree you have no chance of securing
any such appointment. In your own interests
vou should give serious consideration to the
advisabilitv of immediately enrolling with th''
obiect of qualif\'ing as soon as possible, Under
our highly specialised private individual methods
you can qualify with a minimum expenditure of
time effort and money on your part. It costs
nothing to enquire. Take the first • step to-day.
Do not put it riff. Now is fhe time to act. Call
or write for a free copy of our "GUIDE TO
ACCOUNT.ANCY." Do it now.

HEMINGWAY & ROBERTSON

The Accountancy Snecialists

MELBOURNE and SYDNEY

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October S, X9^,

Everything for the Garden

The success of your Gardening Activities may be measured to a great extent
by the state of your TOOLS. Don't plod along with incomplete or imperfect
to9ls. Come to our Hardware Section on the Ground Floor for a few sug-
gestions. Here your every need has been anticipated, and both quality and
prices will please you.

IF YOU CANNOT CALL, WRITE for any further particulars you may
require.

Border Shears, long han-
dles, 10 in. blades: plain,
18/6; with wlie.-l. 21/-
per pair.

HedRo Shears, polisheil
handles —

Witli G in. blades, 9/.

With 8 in. blades, 10/6.

With 9 in. blades, l-/-

With 10 in. blades, 13/6

Dock Lifters or Daisy Grubbers-
18 in. long, 3/6.
3« in. long, 5/-.

Turf Cutters. 3S in.. 6/6 each.

Garden Spades, 7/3, 9/&,
10/9 each.

Ladies' Spades,
blades measuring —

8x5. 6/9.

9 X SVa, 6/6, 9/3.

9% X 6. 6/9.

with)

Men's Digging Forks, four

prongs, 7/6, 8/9 each ;

with five prongs, 10/-

each.

Ladies' Border Forks,

6/9, 7/6, 7/9, 9/- each.

Secateurs. 2/9, 3/6, 4/S,
6/5 each.

Garden Hose, best quality,
moulded, seamless, non-
kinking hose, any length
up to 500 feet : Vj in..
1/- per foot: "4 in., 1/7
per foot.

Reliable Lawn Mowers, and so
simply constructed that anyone
can operate or adjust them.

MUTUAL EMPIRE, a well-made
Mower, fitted with three knives,
good quality steel blades. Will
lake the famous " Simple.x " Grass
Catcher. Prices, 12 in., 40/-; 14
in., 42/6.

MUTUAL HENLEY is a medium
weight machine with revolving
knives, water ground. The reel
revolves on brass bearings, with a
device for taking up all wear.
Screw adjusted throu.ghout. 9 in.
driving wheel. Prices, 12 in., 45/-;
14 in., 47/6.

MUTUAL FLINDERS, with five
blades of finest crucible steel, tem-
pered in oil, shear cut and self-
.sharpening. Blades ground under
water Brass bearings; screw ad-
justed; 10 in. driving wheel.
Price, 14 in., S5/-.

Trowels,
each.

Forks, 1/-, 2/6 each.

1/6:

Steel Rakes, fitted with
long handles, 12-tootb
size, 4/- each.

The Mutual

Store Ltd.

MELBOURNE'S LEADING DEPARTMENT STORE

Where Everything

is the Best

by Actual Test

Opp. Flinders St. Station
MELBOURNE

stead's Review, Z/iO/iO

429

September 25, 1920.
A Black Outlook in Britain.

Happenings within the Empire are
this fortnight much more important
than those occurring in Europe. There
is a temporary pause in hostilities in
Poland; the Italian crisis has passed
for the time being; Germany is more
or less quiet, and in France attention
has been concentrated on the resigna-
tion of one President, and the election
of another. In Great Britain, however,
the outlook is black indeed. The miners
are on the eve of carrying out their
threat to strike, the negotiations with
the Government having come to no-
thing. Such a strike would dislocate
industry, tie up shipping, and precipi-
tate a fierce struggle between employers
and employed. It might well perma-
nently cripple Great Britain. In Ireland
matters are going from bad to worse.
Outrages by Sinn Feiners are being
answered by outrages by British sol-
diers. The crimes of the former are
being bitterly denounced, but the per-
petrators of the crimes of retaliation,
on whom the Government could easily
lay its hand, go unpunished. Carson,
who violently incited the Ulstermen to

rebel against the decree of the British
Parliament, and openly recruited an
army, not only escaped punishment, but
later joined the Cabinet, and still goes
about unscathed, whilst the Lord Mayor
of Cork, who is accused of doing the
same things as did Carson in 1914, is
dying in an English gaol !

Ireland, India and Mesopotamia.

Though one may think the Sinn Fein
policy very miseuided, one can well un-
derstand the feeling of those behind it,
and sympathise with them in their con-
viction that nothing can ever be ob-
tained from the British Government
save by force. In India the boycott
proclaimed by Mr. Ghandi appears to
be gaining strength. It was generally
expected that it would fizzle out like a
damp squib ; instead it seems to be burn-
ing brightly towards a formidable ex-
plosion. The recent Chinese boycott
of Japanese goods has banished Japan-
ese traders from the East Indies, and
has bankrupted Japanese manufacturers
and merchants. If Ghandi's boycott is
anything like as thorough, grave indeed
is the outlook in India. But in addi-

430

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October i, 19iO.

tion to the miners" strike, and troubles
in Ireland and India, the British Gov-
ernment is faced with a serious crisis
in Mesopotamia. The possibility of
evacuation is freely discussed, and. for
the first time, it is admitted that the
native population ought to be consid-
ered. The Arabs, it is pointed out. do
not appear to care for British control
any more than they did for Turkish,
and. whilst we, of course, know well
that it would be far better for these
tribesmen to be ruled over by Great
Britain, they somehow fail to realise
the benefits which would accrue to them
under the British flag. I have pre-
viously pointed out. over a year ago
in fact, that Great Britain had no in-
tention whatever of developing Meso-
potamia ; did not propose to continue
the irrigation works, or to attempt to
make the land flow once again with
milk and honey. We were told a great
deal about the possibilities of the coun-
try- — during the war ; were assured
that it could become the granary of the
world, that cotton and other semi-tropi-
cal crops would soon cover thousands of
irrigated acres, and so on and so forth.
No sooner had the Turk been smashed,
however, than the irrigation engineers
and staff were withdrawn, and inspired
reports began to appear, telling of the
immense sums which would be required
to once more make fertile the land of
the Caliphs.

Britain Will Not Develop Mesopotamia.

Anyone who had troubled to seriously
consider the question could have fore-
told that, under British rule, there
would be little or no agricultural de-
velopment ; but. of course, few people
troul)led to think whilst the war was
raging! Why should Britain worry
about creating a new wheat producing
area, which would compete with India.-'
Why try and establish cotton and other
crops already growing in other parts
of her vast domains? Then, even if
she did decide to make good those vague
promises of developmental work, which
had been used to i)opularise the military
venture to Bagdad, would wheat
harvested between the two great rivers
really be cheap enough to compete suc-

cessfully in world markets? It could
only be grown on irrigated land, and
irrigation is costly. It would have to
be transported to Basra, and thence sent
oversea on a voyage as long as that of
Indian wheat from Bombay. In order
to cultivate it, labour would have to be
imported, and the Indian Government,
which would have had to provide the
needed workers, was not favourable.
In India, the irrigated lands are culti-
vated by the local population ; so, too.
are the irrigated areas in Egypt. The
Arabs of Mesopotamia would certainly
not go in for intensive cultivation ; the
land would have to be populated from
India. Further, these Arabs are very
poor customers, indeed. They have not
been used to purchase their sup-
plies from Great Britain, and in any
case, their wants are few. Some ener-
getic person was recently urging that
Australia should try and capture the
Mesopotamian market with her goods ;
but whv bother about so poor a mar-
ket, when there are plenty of really
good ones yet untouched ?
Britain's Object to Block Germany.

The real reasons why Great Britain
wanted Mesopotamia had nothing to
do with the growing of wheat or cot-
ton, or the liberation of the Arabs. In
the first place, she desired to prevent the
Germans getting the country. In the
second, there was oil there, which she
wanted. In the third, she considered it
imperative that she should control the
approaches to Persia and India, and
thus prevent the establishment of an al-
ternative route to that of Suez. Bri-
tish statesmen dreaded Germany obtain-
ing an outlet on the Persian Gulf, and
they went to great trouble, before the
war. to block her from getting a ter-
minus there for the Bagdad railway.
The Germans were exceedingly anxious
to develop Asia Minor — were already
engaged on the enterprise when the war
broke out. Had it not come, that de-
\c!oi)ment would have been vigorously
jnished ahead. The reasons why Ger-
many desired control of Asia Minor
were precisely those which prompted
Great Britain to prevent her getting it.
{Continued cm page 437-)

steads Review, 2/J0/20.

431

History ip Cz^ricE^turc.

'JS

4» Oh, wad some Power the giftie gie us

To see oursels as ithers see us.— BURNS

The best cartoons about the PoHsh
situation are to be found in the Con-
tinental papers, although David Low
does not fail to rise to the occasion

II -',20.-\

[Florence.
" Whoever toucliep a sleeping bear.
Shall do so with the greatest care."

Dc Amsterdavimer.] [Amsterdam.

THE POSITION OF POLAND.
"Help me, boys, or I can't hold the fort!"

— as usual — in his drawing showing
Lloyd George as an angel of peace.

De Atnaterdauimer.^

THE ENTENTE AND SOVIET RUSSIA.

[Amsterdam.

John Bull: "If these negotiations do not tempt him (Trade Resumption), we'll have

to try him with honey."

432

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October 2, t9W.

'"3

Star.^ [London.

It : " Desist I Let us have peace !"
RtrssiA: "Why? Because he didn't kill
me with the gun you gave him?"

Mucha.] [Warsaw.

IN THE "ALBION" STORES.

John Buli, : " You Poles, Hungarians, Aus-
trians, Czechs and others, I do not deal
with you. But you, Mr. Bolshevilt, you may
liave my goods. Your money may be ob-
tained by robbery, but what does that mat-
ter to me?"

// Ji^O.} [Florence.

THE APPETITE OF THH SERBIAN
REGEI«1\

" Don't gobble, your Highness ! Italy has
.some bones that might damage your teeth
and cause you indigestion."

II .}30.] [Florence.

THEY ALL GET SOMETHING.

Others the gold — Italy a wild cat.

stead's Review, 2/10/20. HISTORY IN CARICATURE.

433

II Travaso.'i [Rome.

THE INOPPORTUNE ADVENTURE.

Greece : " You don't fear me because I am
only a poor rabbit. Well, some m'ore laugh-
able animals than I have sent me !"

II ^20.] [Florence.

Italy (to Jugo-SlaV) : "Do you think to
frighten me? In my country we give things
like you. to children to play with."

Western Mail.} [Cardiff.

PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA.
Perseus : " It seems to me, Millera.nd, we
have got a toiigli job here !"

De Amsterdammer.'] [Amsterdam.

Dentist Lloyd George : " So, Mrs. Ger-
mania, the preliminary work is done. The
worst we will accomplish in the next opera-
tion."

vvahre Juvoo.\ [Stuttgart.

GERMANY, AUSTRIA AND THE PEACE

TREATY.

Fliegende Blaetter.'i [Munich.

This picture shows, without mucli fuss,
Just how the S^ja Show seems to us.

434

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October ?., 1920^

Nebelspultcr.] [Zurich.

AT SPA.
" Yes. Fiitz. in Spa we play for your
money I"

Jugcnd.l [Munich.

Between the wou!d-l)e Bolslieviks and the
."Mai'.ed-Fist party, tlie Infant German Re-
Iiublic is not liavins e.Kactly a quiet up-
iii-jnging.

People somehow appear to ima-
gine that the Russians ought to
eagerly embrace any opportunity of
resuming relations with the Western
Powers, ought to welcome their ad-

.S'far.] [London.

THEIR MISREPRESENT ATIVES.

Nebelspaltei:1 [Zurich.

H. M. EBERT,
The Socialist President who is above party.

stead's Review, t/lO/BO. HISTORY IN CARICATURE.

435

star.'] [London.

THE PERSISTENT CALLER

Bxlex.'i [Copenhagen.

THE BRITISH LION,
and the Irish Terrier.

luq'vv/

Evening Neios.l [London.

GETTING OUR OWN BACK.

David : " Do be reasonable, John. What's
the use of searching his pocliets if we don't
put in something to find in them?"

Westminster Gazette.] [London.

OUTLINES OF FUTURE HISTORY.
Going to a Peace Conference, A.D. 1940.

star.] [London.

BY ALL MEANS LET'S HAVE A PYLON.

lAiudon Opinion.]
Sir Eric Geddes begins another bombard-
ment of seaside, towns.

436

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October a, 1X0.

•J (inn liuil.i l.jL.uiiai>n.

"WE ARR SEVEN!"

(The aovemment has appointed seven new
committees to Investigate varioua depart-
ments of public expenditure.)

If seven maids, with seven mops.

Swept It for half a year,
" Do you suppose," the Walrus said,

" That tliey could get it clear?"
" I doubt it," said the Carpenter,

And shed a hitter tear.

varices with enthusiasm. It is well to
be reminded occasionally that, after
all, England, America and France are
supplying weapons and ammunition to
those whose slaughtering of Red
Guards is apparently haiJed with joy
in every Allied country.

The Italian papers show little sym-
pathy with the Poles, but, as was per-
haps to be expected, it is the neutrals
who have the best appreciation of the
real situation, namely, that Poland
was encouraged to attack Russia by
the Allies, who, when Russia hit back
with unexpected strength, failed to
help their protege. ^

F.C.G. in The Westminster Gazette
illustrates the growing feeling that
there is little use in fixing how the
German indemnity is to be paid when
that indemnity cannot be obtained.

1 A

v!*

"vtv

■/

CVj -if J^; ;•.-•*

MWI

fit«r.]

SHACKLED.

[Ltondon,

There has been a great fuss in the
English papers about the sudden in-
crease of railway fares, just before
the holiday season began. This
gravely interfered with the plans of
many holiday maker.<;. and was mnch
resented.

,!^'M'^-::r.i!,

III
>

'.I

Western Mail.'}

CONSOLATION.

fLondon.

Passing Bhow.] [Lond«Mi.

TIIB NEW CROMWELL.

SMn-LiE (to his followers): "Take airaiy
that bauble !"

(In the event of the Mining Bill beeomiaK
law. the miners have resolved to Ignore it.)

st^ad'f^ Revi^tD, z/to/w. PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

437

{Continued from page 430.)

The Germans knew themselves depen-
dent on the British Empire, Russia and
America for certain food supplies, and
much of the raw material of which
their industries stood in need. Wheat,
cotton, wool, silk, tobacco, coffee, even
copra, could be produced in Asia Minor,
which offered also ample room for the
surplus population of the Fatherland.
It would have paid Germany splendidly
to develop Mesopotamia, but it is not
worth Britain's while spending. money
and energy on the country. That money
could be much better used in Africa and
India. The reasons why Great Britain
sent an army to Bagdad no longer
exist, for Germany is effectively cut off
from Constantinople, and no other
Power is anxious to have a route to
the East, which is not controlled by
England. We are assured that Russia
is again dreaming of advancing on In-
dia, but if indeed such advance were
contemplated, it would not be by way
of the Euphrates. Egypt we needed be-
cause of the Suez Canal, and also be-
cause it was a thickly populated land,
capable of comparatively easy develop-
ment.

Now a Question of Oil.

Mesopotamia, on the other hand, is a
very expensive proposition, and, with
the people actively hostile, the game
is obviously not worth the candle. Still,
costly as holding the country may be,
it might still be worth Vhile disregard-
ing the obvious wishes of the people,
providing the. oil found there could be
secured to England in no other way.
The proposal to evacuate and leave the
Arabs to conduct, or misconduct, their
own affairs, suggests either that, on in-
vestigation, the oil wells have proved
less rich than anticipated, or that it is
possible to make SI firm arrangement
with the Arabs, which will enable us
to get the oil without having to spend

some £30,000,000 or more a year in
holding down the people who dwell be-
tween the oil and the Persian Gulf,
Great Britain has to all intents and pur-
poses established a protectorate over
Persia, and it may be that her leaders
are quite satisfied that the oil known
to be in that country will provide all
the fuel needed by England for many
years. The occupation or evacuation of
Mesopotamia is a question of oil. If
the supplies are actually immense, we
are likely to remain. If they are not,
by comparison with those of Persia,
then we are likely to hearken to the
Arabs' wish to govern themselves.
Colonel Lawrence on the Situation.

. No one has been more greatly lauded
in the Jingo press during and after the
war than that remarkable man — Colonel
Lawrence. The wonderful English-
man, we were told, was typical of the
best in the race, and so on, and so forth.
All this laudation was, no doubt, very
distasteful to Lawrence, but he can
comfort himself that his present com-
ments on the Mesopotamian and
Syrian doings of England and France
are likely to make him be dubbed un-
patriotic, even pro-German, by the very
papers which were most fulsome in
their praise ! Writing to The Times
recently, he said : " The J^^rahs rebelled
against the Turks during the war not
because the Turk Government was not-
ably bad, but because they wanted in-
dependence. They did not risk their
lives in battle to change masters, to be-
come British subjects, or French citi-
zens, but to win a show of their own.
Whether they arc fit for independence
or not remains to be tried. Feisal's
Government in Syria has been com-
pletely independent for two years, and
has maintained public security and pub-
lic services in its area. ' Large rein-
forcements,' according to the official
statement, are now being sent to Meso-
potamia, and our garrison will run into
six figures next month. The expense
curve will go up to £50,000,000 for this
financial year, and yet greater efforts
will be called for from us as. the Meso-
potamian desire for independence
grows."

438 STEAD'S REVIEW. October i, mo.

Send Away Every British Soldier. of Mesopotamia exactly as much (or
"It is not astonishing that their as little) as we hold of South Africa
patience has broken down after two or Canada. I believe the Arabs in these
^•ears. The Government we have srft conditions would be as loyal as anyone
up is English in fashion, and is con- in the Empire, and they would not cost
ducted in the English language. So it us a cent. Of course, there is oil in
has 450 British executive officers run- Mesopotamia, but we are no nearer that
ning it, and not a single responsible while the Middle East remiains at war,
Mesopotamian. In Turkish days 70 and I think if it is so necessary for us,
per cent, of the executive civil service it could be made the subject of a bar-
was local. Our 80,000 troops there are gain. The Arabs seem willing to shed
occupied in police duties, not in guard- their blood for freedom : how much
ing the frontiers. They are holding more their oil !" ]
down the people. In Turkish days the

two army corps in Mesopotamia were British Honour at Stake.

60 per cent. Arab in officers. 95 per These are the views of a man who

cent, in other ranks. This deprivation of not only knows the Arabs thoroughly,

the privilege of sharing in the defence but was directly responsible for secur-

and administration of their country is ing their assistance in the conquest of

galling to the educated Mesopotamians. Syria and Palestine from the Turks.

It is true we have increased prosperity It is safe to say that had it not been

— but who cares for that when liberty for Colonel Lawrence, the British suc-

is in the other scale? They waited and cess in Asia Minor would not have

welcomed the news of our mandate, be- been anything like as complete ; but it

cause they thought it meant Dominion is unlikely that even he could have won

self-government for themselves. They the hearty co-operation of the Arabs

are now losing hope in our good inten- had it not been for the definite promise

tions. A remedy? I can sec a cure made in 1915 by Great Britain, that

only in immediate change of policy, she would " recognise and uphold "

The whole logic of the present thing Arab independence in the four interior

looks wrong. Why should Englishmen districts of Syria. France subscribed

(or Indians) have to be killed to make to this promise at the time, and in 1916,

the Arab Government in Mesopotamia, when the Sykes-Picot agreement par-

which is the considered intention of His celled out the still unconquered districts

Majesty's Government? I agree with of Asia Minor between the Allies, the

the intention, but I would make promise to the Arabs was evidently re-

the Arabs do the work. "They can. My membered. This agreement gave

little experience in helping to set up France the absolute disposal of the

Feisal showed me that the art of gov- Syrian coast, but provided that the four

ernment wants more character than inland "districts should constitute an

brains. I would make Arabic the Gov- Arab State, or States, under an Arab

ernment language. This would impose suzerain. It also provided that France

a reduction of the British staff, and a should have priority in rendering econ-

return to employment of the qualified omic and administrative assistance to

Arabs. I would raise two divisions of this State or States, but did not pre-

local volunteer troops, all Arabs, from judice the provision for independence,

the senior divisional general to the It only gave France rights, as against

junior private. (Arabian trained offi- other foreign Powers, and has never

cers and trained N.C.O.'s exist in thou- been subscribed to by the Arabs them-

sands.) I would entrust these new units selves, but only by France, Great Bri-

with the maintenance of order, and I tain, Italy, and the now defunct Im-

would cause to leave the country every perial Government of Russia. The four

single British soldier, every single In- districts are those of Damascus, Horns,

dian soldier. These changes would take Hama and Aleppo. These were occu-

12 months, and we should then hold pied by Prince Feisal, not by the French

mead's Review, 2/io/so. PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

439

or the English. He led an army consist-
ing chiefly of Syrian Arabs, many of
whom had been conscripted by the
Turks, but had deserted or been cap-
tured. Having driven out the Turks he
set up a Government which functioned
for two years, lasted, in fact, until the
French sent a strong force to Damascus,
and annexed the districts on the strength
of the Mandate, which had been given
them as a result of an agreement arrived
at between France, Great Britain and
Italy at San Remo.

flespecting the People's Wishes.

The Arabs, who are unable to fol-
low the twists of Western diplomacy,
and fail to understand its ethics, seem
to imagine that, in agreeing to what is
virtually a French protectorate. Great
Britain has broken her solemn promise
on the strength of which the Allies se-
cured active Arab assistance. This feel-
ing, it would seem, is widespread
amongst the Arabs in the late domains
of the Sultan. It has set Mesopotamia
ablaze, and seriously damaged British
prestige in Asia Minor. It is, to say
the least of it, unfortunate that the
Allies should have decided to give any
Power a Mandate over territory which
they had previously promised should
be completely independent; but let us
hope that the directions contained in
Article 22 of the Peace Treaty, will be
faithfully carried out by the Mandatory
Power. This Article deals with the
fate of " certain communities formerly
belonging to the Tui^ish Empire," and
sets out that " the wishes of these com-
munities must be the principal consid-
eration in the selection of the Manda-
:-4pry." The French recognise that to
«aitit2,ia" control of these four districts
against the wish of the people there
dwelling will involve very serious bur-
dens on France ; just as we are begin-
ning to realise that to continue govern-
ing Mesopotamia, no matter how much
better it would be for the people, there,
when they object* to our presence.*" is go-
inj^ to be a costly business.

France, Britain and Oil.

Another important mattar arranged
at San Remo was that of the control

of the oil deposits in Mesopotamia. The
Sykes-Picot agreement gave Mosul to
France, but failed to give her any share
in the oil found in the neighbourhood.
Before the war the Turkish Govern-
ment had granted a coiicession for the
whole of the Mesopotarmaii fields to the
Turkish Petroleum Company, which
was almost entirely a British concern.
Fifty per cent, of the shares belonged
to the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, in
which the Govenynenlr has the control-
ling interest, 25 per cent, was owned by
the Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company
(a member of the Shell ^roup), and 25
per cent, belonged to the Germans. The
shares of the latter were sequestrated
bv the British Government and, by the
San Remo agreement, have been handed
over to France in return for the latter's
abandonment of her claim to the Mosul
Vilayet.* The French Government also
agreed to the construction of two pipe
lines and two railways across Syria, and
to give facilities for the acquisition of
land necessary for the erection of de-
pots, railways, refineries, loading
wharves, and the like, at the terminal
port on the Mediterranean. France
appears to have no control over the ex-
ploitation of the oil fields, but secures
a share in the oil produced. Many
Frenchmen appear to consider that this
fe a poor exchange for the Mosul Vila-
yet, which Great Britain originally
agreed was in the French sphere.

in Poland.

Peace negotiations are going on be-
tween the Poles and the- Russians at
Riga. The prospects of an early peace
seem bright, owing to the withdrawal
of the Russian insistance on guarantees
concerning disarmament and the like,
which the Poles regard as domestic mat-
ters in which the Soviet Government
has no right to meddle. Apparently,
too, the Poles realise that they cannot
cflunt on active Allied assistance in
fighting the Red Guards, and are not
therefore pushing their claims to a
Greater Poland frontier, but are re-
maining satisfied with the boundary laid
down by Lord Curzon. Fighting has
continued spasmodically, but the Poles

440

STEAD'S REV I }'!]{'.

October 2, tPSO

have evidently noi hccii able to drive
the Bolshevibi entirely out of their ter-
ritory, as these are now voluntarily re-
tiring: beyond the Curzon line. Trouble
continues between the Poles and the
Lithuanians ctf^^fly, it would seem, over
Sulwalki, which the latter claim on
many grounds. The district has, how-
ever, been awarded the Poles by the
Supreme Council, and, as the Lithu-
anians are de])eii(ient i)n the Allies for
access to tlie sea at Meniel. if is prob-
able that thev will .2:ive way under the
pressure that can be brou<;ht upon them.
In Galicia the Ukrainians are reported
to be defeating^ the IJolshevi'ks, but their
leader. Pellura. cannot count on help
from the Allies, and once peace has
been concluded with Poland — thus
liberating: Soviet troops now engaged
in the north — he is likely to ])q over-
whelmed. The future of Eastern
Galicia remains in doubt. It has baen
handed over to the Poles by the
Supreme Council, but ought, by rights,
to go to Ukrainia. That republic, how-
ever, is divided against itself. Petlura
opposes Russia, but an influential party
would establish a close alliance with
the Soviet Government. In the end this
alliance will no doubt take place. If
it does, it is difficult to see how the Poles
can still hold Eastern Galicia.

What is Happening jn Ireland?

I am constantly being asked what I
think is likely to happen in Ireland;
but that is a question no one can pos-"^
sibly answer without far more infor-
mation that we are permitted to get
in this country. One thing I know for
certain, however, and that is that the
news we get about Ireland is utterly
unreliable. It is quite vr^ one-sided and
biassed as the reports about happenings
in Europe sent us during the war; every
bit as inaccurate as most of the cables
•which tell of occurrences in Russia to-
day. The impression left on the mind
after reading the reports about doings
ill Ireland is that the count'-y is seeth-
ing with anarchy, that murder and out-
rage are occurring on every hand, and
that the police, conscientiously attempt-
ing to carry mit their duty, are being

martyred at tiieir posts. The feeling
is subtly conveyed that there is a das-
tardly conspiracy in Ireland for the
shooting of unarmed policemen. That
certainly is not the case. It is also as-
sumed that lawles.sness reigns every-
where. Order, -it would seem, is being
maintained, not by the Irish con-
stabulary, but by the Irvsh Republican
police, who give allegiance to the Sinn
Fein Government. The trouble be-
tween the people and the police has
arisen because the police are not mainly
engaged in police work. •»

Police Martyrs.

The following letter from Ireland
puts the case well. It reads: " If the
Irish police were engaged in genuine
l)olice work they would be in as little
danger as the English police. The Gov-
ernment uses them, however, not to
suppress crime, but to suppress Nation-
alism. Suppose the English police were-
usc<l, not to suppress crime, but to sup-
press Liberalism and Labour, and were
sent among Liberals and Labour men as
spies and ' spotters,' do you hones^tly
think this would be done without lead-
ing to some ghastly results? I quite un-
derstand your hatred of assai^sination .
I hate it myself. Rut, for God's sake,
try to understand what leads to it, and
what would lead to it in England itself
in the same circumstances. What would
you think of a policeman who disguised
himself as a priest in order that he
might hear the confessions of Sinn Fein
prisoners in the confessional? The
English idea that any Irishman would
murder the sort of policeman who looks
after an English village, or does i-poif** ■
duty in the Strand, is not onlr 'albi4i-
crous, but a criminal, one. To my mind
the Government is committing a great
crime against the Irish police. If the
Government were honest, it would nd-
niit that the police force as a police
force has ceased to exist; that it is a
p.Trt of the British army of occupation,
and that the two countries are at war
The Government's present treatment of
the police jnakes mc wonder at times
whether, they do not actually welcome
ilie kill'ng of policemen, in order to hf

.'Ste<ufs jicview, 2/xo/x. PROGRESS OF THE WORLD. 441

able to run an ' atrocities ' propaganda The Thin End of the Wedge.

against Ireland. Every policeman who There is no doubt that the British
is killed is a tra^c martyr to the never- Government is drifting into a position
ending hypocrisy of Dublin Castle.'' where coercion will have to be sup-
f>olice Reprisals. ported by increasing military forces.
^ That this view of the position is cor- ^^^e Irish attitude, " Give us liberty or
rect is shown by the action of the Dub- <i'^lermmate us," is hardening. Un-
lin police, in refusing to do spy work', thmkmg people here often say: "Oh,
•and insisting on being disarmed. An txtermmale them, then!" Yet we
runarmed policeman is apparently the bought the Germans in defence of.de-
«afest policeman in Ireland to-day. It mocracy, and to win the right for sub-
is indeed a curious commentary on the ject* races to determine what form of
situation that, at the very moment when government they wanted. There has_
Lloyd George was appealing to railway ^^^'} "^"^^ "^o^^ bloodshed in Ireland
Tnen " not to refuse to carry a Box of touring the last couple of years than
revolvers, which might help Irish police- touring the entire period of German oc-
men to save their lives," the Dublin eupation of Schleswig, or during the
policemen were handing in their revol- ^^^^ when the Germans attempted to
-vers, and refusing to wear them ! Ac- Prussianise Posen. The Government'^
<:ording to the cables, policemen are - treatment of the Ulster volunteers, and
''assassinated." According to the Sinn of Ihe Irish volunteers offers too glar-
Feiners they are " executed." They "i^ a contrast for it to escape the re-
declare that the case of any policeman proach of partisanship, and we cannot
who is marked down for " execution," wonder that the Irish have become con-
-because of some case of espionage or vinced that force, and force only, will
" murder " is first investigated by some win them the freedom which we com-
fort of tribunal before he is condemned pelled Germany to give the Poles at the
to death. In many cases; too, the vie- Point of the bayonet. My own view is
tim is warned, and given a chance to that the Irish are wrong in refusing the
abandon espionage work: Outside Dub- hybrid sort of self-government the Bri-
lin the work of the Royal Irish Con- tish Ministry offers. In itself it is a
stabulary has been largely taken over poor and almost unworkable thing ; but
by the Irish Volunteers, and it has acceptance would rid the land of Bri-
ceased to function as a police force, tish soldiers, and would give a measure
The constables are to all intents and of internal control, which would enable
purposes interned in their barracks, t^ie people to demonstrate their ability
They have nothing much to do. and. to govern themselves. It would be the
isolated from the^people, they have in thin edge of the wedge, which could
many cases become demoralised. Thev ultimately be driven home to give corn-
are, in fact, strangers in the land, p'ete Dominion Home Rule.
Lx)cked up in the barracks at night, they Defence and a White Australia.
have no relaxations, no company but The vast Australian Continent is
their own in the canteens. The results peopleTby some 5,000,000 souls — men.
can be imagined. These men indulge in women and children. These people
reprisals which are condoned by the have adopted a policy which they re-
Briti.sh Government, and, one might add, ^ard as vital, but which oth -s strongh
are applauded by many people in Aus- resent. Australia s realise that their
tralia. But Irishmen do not fail to point refusal to allow anyone into their Com-
out that, whilst the Republicans take monwealth, unless he meets with their
revenge upon people they believe to be approval, must inevitably irritate t\v^
guilty, the police take blind revenge countries whose nationals are excluded,
even on the innocent. Even our biassed but roundly declare themselves willing
cables admit that when they tell of the to fight, if need be, to uphold this policy
wholesale destruction of villages, and of, exclusion. On the face of it, for
the .shooting up of their inhabitants. su-^'i a handful to keep so huge an area

4,12 STEAD'S REVIEW. ^"^''^^ ^' ^'

in a shrinkinp^ world entirely to them- or wherever he applies, will not only
selves is wicked. On the other hand, promise the emigrant land, they will
there are good reasons why the race undertake to look after him until he is
problems which have been encountered well settled on it. When he goes, there
in other lands should be avoided if pos- is no delay in the cities. He is taken
sible. But. whilst the theory of a White straight to his de.stination, and _ is
Australia is right and defensible, the there established, for the Canadian
manner in which this policy has been Government has no desire to swell the
carried out is wrong, and smacks alto- population of its cities, realising that
gether too greatly of the dog-in-the- men must go on the land if the country
manger proverb, quoted by those who is to be developed., Until Australian
wish to come here. If the Government Governments realise that talk alone will
and the people would keep Australia not get immigrants of the right type,
white, they should systematically set until they are able to show would-be
to work to fill the country with settlers, settlers, before they leave England, the
That is not being done. We hear, it is exact location of the land they will be
true, a great deal about the need for able to take up. and until they actually
immigrants, and our politicians car- take charge of the immigrant and his
nestly declare that they intend " to make family until settled on that land, they
a serious and urgent attempt " to divert can never hope to compete successfully
a portion of the stream of migration wn'th Canada, or to get 'those settlers
from the United Kingdom to the Com- without whom the continuance of the
monwealth, but although there has been White Australia policy is impossible,
ample time to organise the business we Neglecting the Best Protection.
Have thus far got no further than talk. j^ jg ^i^jg poijcy which makes it neces-
Why We Lose Settlers. sary to spend money on defence
We have orators and pamphleteers schemes, yet the most obvious protec-
who tell loudly of the wonderful wealth tion is being almost entirely neglected,
of Australia, of its mighty resources, of We are to spend millions on an army,,
its splendid climate, who preach the and millions on a fleet, but we are only
desirability of settling in the sunny to talk about making " urgent and seri-
Commonwealth, and paint rosy pictures ous attempts " to get settlers to fill a
of quickly made fortunes. But when continent which, until filled, must neces-
the would-be immigrant asks for de- sarily make our neighbours break the
tails, he has to be satisfied with gener- tenth Commandment. If, instead of al-
alities and. in the end, he goes else- locating £8.000,000 and more for mili-
where. He wants something definite tary and naval purposes — as an insur- '
— and he gets it at the Canadian immi- ance premium — we were to use the
gration office, from those in charge of money for bringing settlers to Austra-
settlement in West Africa, from the lia, they would prove a much more ade-
represcntatives of the administration of quate protection than guns or ships.
the East African colonies. A man»with There can be no question whatever
wife and children would be a fool to about the White Australia policy being
traverse the thousands oi miles from directly responsible for our defence ex-
England to the Antipodes, unless he apenditure. Germany has been smashed,
knew that when he got here.' he would we are not afraid of France. Italy does
immediately be able to settle on land not threaten us, nor is there any likeli-
from which he could maike a living for hood of attack from Americans. Why.
his family. At present he can have no then, after a bloody war, which has suc-
assurance that he can obtain land ceeded completely in its avowed object
quickly; he comes here more or less of drushing German militarism and
in the spirit of a gambler. Something making the world safe for democracy,
good may turn up. or it tnay not ; there are we increasing our armaments, and
is nothing definite about it. The Cana- continuing compulsory service on a
dian officials in London or Liverpool greater scale? Just because we are

mead's Revlerv, Z/W/20. PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

443

scared that we cannot otherwise pre-
vent the coming^ in of those we are de-
termined to keep out. Instead of the
victory over Germany lightening our
military burdens, as it was confidently
predicted it would, it has actually in-
creased them, and, 'so far as that im-
portant side of the question is con-
cerned, the war has been fought alto-
gether in vain.

The Fleet More Vital than the Army.

Even if proper attention were being
devoted to the securing of new seLtlers
it would be some time before several
million could be added to the popula-
tion, and meanwhile the policy we have
adopted makes it necessary, in the
opinion of our leaders, for us to pro-
tect the Commonwealth bv the use of
military and naval forces. For this
purpose £7,809,000 is provided in- the
budget, which Sir Joseph Cook intro-
duced the other day. Of this amount
£3,250,000 is for military defence,
£3,959.000 for naval, and £600,000 for
aerial. It appears to me to be quite
obvious that, if once Australia failed
to prevent an army landing on her
coast, or was unable to cut the com-
munications of a large force so landed.
her fate would be sealed. Loss of con-
trol of the sea would mean complete dis-
aster, for our military forces could not
possibly prevail against an enemy far
more numerous, and "infinitely* better
equipped, which could land troops
wherever it wished, and could destroy
our capital cities by shell fire with im-
punity. Therefore, if in truth we are
in such danger, that we must provide
the means of defence, we ought surely
to maintain a strong fleet at all cost,
even at the expense of our army. It
would surely be far better to spend all
the money we allocate for defence upon
the navy which could prevent an in-
vader setting foot in Australia, instead
of spending so much of it on the army
that we have not enough left to pay
for an adequate fleet. The naval pro-
posals of the Government are most dis-
appointing. If there is real danger they
are criminal ! If there is not any dan-
ger, wh\ trouble abolit a fleet at all?
To proclaim the need of defending Aus-

tralia adequately, and then to produce

such a programme for the fleet is

wicked.

Hanging to Britain's Apron Strings.

The proposal is to retain only one
ligh't cruiser in commission. Our battle
cruiser and the other protected ships
are to be used as training vessels, or
will be laid up. The rest of the fleet
will consist of submarines and de-
stroyers. The personnel is to be re-
duced from 576 officers and 6052 men
to 457 officers and 4194 men. For the
time being no attempt is being made to
build up an adequate reserve of am-
munition, oil fuel, and coal. The Gov-
ernment makes no secret of the fact that
it relies upon Great ^Britain to protect
the Commonwealth from those who
might attack her as a result of the
adoption of a policy about which the
Home authorities had never been con-
sulted. We have, in fact, a foreign
policy which is entirely our own, but
we look to someone who has no share
in its control, to protect us from its
consequences. It is pretty obvious that,
if we hope to continue to sit under the
wing of the Mother Country, we will
have to take heed that we do not em-
broil her by our actions. It will come
in the end to our having to modify our
White Australia ideas, or else being pre-
pared to spend far more than at pre-
sent on the defence of our country.
There is another alternative which does
not commend itself to the people — at
present. That is alliance with the
United States which, committed to the
same policy at ourselves, naturally
awakes a similar enmity in the breasts
of excluded peoples.
Disguised Conscription.

As far as the military proposals of
the Government are concerned, they
call for an expenditure of £3,250,000
as a commencement. It is safe*tn say
that, if carried out on the scale sug-
gested by Senator Pearce, military de-
fence will cost much more next yea-,
and still more thereafter. The thin end
of the conscription wedge was driven
into Australia when the Kitchener
scheme was adopted, but. compulsory
service being laid on the boys only at

444 STEAD'S REVIEW. ^''^'«^' '

lir'^r. tlu- full sij,aiificance of the Defence an inva.ior. To properly equip these
Act was not understood in pre-war forces would require further millions;,
days. .As these boys grew up. how- } ct. without equipment, what is the use
ever, they were banded into a citizen of an army? We would be far more
army, and were forced to do a cqrtain secure if, instead of traininj^^ men to*
number of drills, and attend camp for fight before we have- the weapons to
a certain number of days for sca en give them with which to repel a possible
years, and thereafter hold themselves invader, we were to spend the money
ready to join the forces whenever called this training will absorb in strengthen-
up. The scheme only affected boys, ing our fleet, and getting together the^
and was largely unnoticed by men and reserve supplies it needs. There is much
women of voting age, but it was con- talk about organised opposition to the
scription all right, and. after a few military proposals of the Government
years, would have compelled every male by those who so successfully opposed,
in the country to bear arms and sub- conscription when the question was.
mil to training. Now the wedge is be- sukniited to the people; but, it is aito-
ing driven in a little deeper. Instead gelher improbable that there will be
of receiving 16 days' training yearly any more real resistance to the -fur-
for seven years, youths are to be given ther dri\ ing in of the weilge than there
70 days' intensive training in camp was to the introduction of its thin edge
when they reach their eighteenth year, before the war. The defence scheme^^
and are to have 16 days' training an- of the Government wrongly emphasise.^,
nually for the next three years. There the military side at the expense of the:
was much grumbling before the war be- naval, and on that ground the strong-
cause of the dislocation in business est exception ought to be taken to it.
houses and factories caused by the Our money is being spent without ade-
youths having to attend camp, and at quate return, and the insurance pre-
that lime only a comparatively few mium we arc called on to pay is not:
were affected. The trouble will be ac- buying us a sound enough policy. The-
ccnluated now that 70 day? must be present military scheme will break down
spent i» camp, and there is almost cer- though, not because it is a wrong policy,
tain to be a strong agitation in favour not because of the opponents of.con-
of getting the business finished once scription, but because it will prove too-
for all. by lumping all the training now costly for the Commonwealth to carry
spread over four years together, and duriiig the lean years which are loom-
having the conscripts spend not 70 days, ing ahead,
but four months in camp, when 19 or 20. Australia Goes Backward.
aiid then having no further training. ^yhen Mr. Hughes got- back fron>
Four months would no doubt soon be England, after his first visit there dur-
extcnded to six. and perhaps more. j^^, ^\^^ ^^,.^,._ j,.; . ^■^^^^^ ^.^^ u pj-oduce f

An Impossible Burden. Produce! I'roduce!" He also called
Xot only is the training of the grow- loudly for greater efficiency in produc-
ing manhood of .\ustralia to be intensi- tioH. The Go\ ernmcnt. of which he was-
nod. but, in addition, a Aolunteer army the head, naturally did little or nothing
130.000 strong is to be raised. An aiTny to bring efficiency into production, to
large;- than England considered it neces- increase the crops or the size of flocks
.-aryto maintain before the war. near and herds, but the high prices ruling
as she was to the anned camps of the had. it was generally assumed, auto-
Continent. But. although we are spend- matically brought about that increased
ing this great sum on the military forces, production Mr. TTughes said would save
no serious attempt is being made to ]>ro- the Empire. IVactically everyone be-
vide our volunteers and conscripts with lieves that .\ustralia has been produc-
the heavy artillery and other war ing to a greater extent than ever be-
material tliey would need if they hoped fore, and that the boom we have been
to present any adequate resistance to ex]tc-.iieiu:ing. is due to this increase in

«<e«d's tte^iew, iVio/20. PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

445

the production of raw' materials. The
evidence given by Mr. C. H. Wickens,
of the Commonwealt'h Statistician's of-
fice, before. Mr. Justice Higgins, must
have come as a horrid shock apd sur-
prise to those who read it, for it en-
tirely dispelled this illusion, showed, in-
deed^ that production, instead of going
up by leaps and bounds, has actually
decreased greatly ! Prices being so
much higher than those ever before ob-
-teined load, of course, been responsible
for the impression that Australia was
doing better than ever. Prices are go-

- ing to drop, of that there can be no
doubt, although just when the fall will
take place is doubtful. It will probably
come rather sooner than many people
anti?;ipate. The figures dealing with
raw production given by Mr. Wickens
are very disquieting indeed. In 1919
there was 3^00,000 acres less of land
imde^ wheat cultivation than in 1913.
In 4-919 there were 100,000 fewer dairy
cows than in 19f3. Last year the ntim-

" her of sheep in the Commonwealth was
actually 10,000,000 less than in the year
before the war. The drop in horses
and cattle was proportionately the same.
There were 50,000,000 lbs. less wool
shorn in 1919 than in 1914, whilst the
falling off in butter produced was about
17,000,000 lbs. Hadjhe prices ruling
in 1913-14 remained unchanged, the
valite of the production in 1919 would
have been £177.779,000 only, as com-
pared with £218,193,000 in the pre-
war year ! We have heard a great deal
about the development of industries

• during the war years ;-but Mr. Wickens
prieked that bubble when he showed
that, whilst in 1913 the number of
^hands employed was 337,101, the num-
ber in 1919 Avas less— 328.049. The
output in 1913 was worth £161,560.000.
and in 1918 £126,970,000. He stated
that, whilst tfiere had been extension of
industries, largely due to the impossi-
bflity of securing articles from oversea
owing to lack of transport, on the whole
the increases were relatively small. His
evidence was indeed disquieting, as it

showed that, instead of going ahead,
Australia has actually gone back dur-
ing the la'st few years. This must cause
us to look forward to the coming years
with much more misgiving than we did
when we assumed that Australian pro-
duction was bounding ahead, and that
industries ' were ' being established
throughout the land.
Revising the Constitution.

Before long the National Convention,
promised by Mr. Hughes prior to the
last general election, will meet. What
is going to be done there? How are
delegates to be elected? The Conven-
tion is being summoned to revise the
constitution of the- Commonwealth, and
is therefore of the utmost importance.
Presumably delegates will be specially
elected by the people, and the only rea-
sonable way in which these should be
selected is by proportional representa-
tion. That method, however, is hardly
likely to appeal to ' the Government.
There ought therefore to be a strong
agitation against election on the old
system — which has packed the Senate
with representatives of one party only
— and in favour, of a scheme which will
give other parties some voice in the
proceedings. No doubt Mr. Hughes, in
the few moments of leisure he can seize
at Sassafras, is evolving a programme
for discussion ; but it would be infinitely
better if, instead of the Government sub-
mitting proposals — which would un-
doubtedly be treated on party lines —
a special committee were appointed,
charged with the task of taking evi-
dence, and, on the strength of what it
learned in this way, drawing up a
scheme for the revision of the constitu-
tion, which, lacking party bias, and not
the work of Mr. Hughes, would be pro-
j)erly thrashed out at the Convention,
not on party lines, but on its merits. If
suclii a committee is appointed, its per-
sonnel ought to be settled at once, and
it should get busy forthwith. The mat-
ter ought to be taken up in Parliament,
and pushed vigorously without any de-
lay, as time is getting short.

446

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October i, 1920.

W ZEALAND NOTES.

TJB CATHOLIC CHURCH AND MARRIAGES.

rough the efforts of the Protectant
Political Association, -the attitude of the
Roman Catholic Church toward mar-
riage has been raised to the dignity of
a political issue. Before the Associa-
tion advertised the Church's refusal to»
recognise as valid any marriages con-
tracted without the religious ceremony,
few people cared what the Church did
or said. But now the question is fever-
ishly discussed throughout the Dom-
inion, and an attempt is being made
to pass legislation that will render the
Catholic bishops and priests liable to
imprisonment. The bishops have not
been slow to accept the challenge ; they
will go to gaol gladly, they say, rather
than yield one jot or tittle of the
Church's doctrine. If the Protestant
Political Association will but carry its
campaign a little further, it may succeed
in making the Catholic Church as pow-
erful in New Zealand as it is in Ire-
land.

The effective clause of the proposed
law on the subject reads: —

Everj- person commits an ofifence against
this Act. and is liable on summary convic-
tion to imprisonment for one year, or a fine
of £100 whs—

(a) Alleges expressly or by implication
that any persons lawfully married are
not truly and sufficiently married ; or

(b) Alleges expressly or'by implication,
that the issue of any lawful marriage
is illegitimate, or born out of true
wedlock.

The Church's repudiation of purely
civil marriages, together with its policy
of discouraging marriages between
Catholics and non-Catholics, is alleged
to have caused trouble in a few homes.
In such cases, if the non-Catholic will
profess conversion, peace is restored ;
or if both husband and wife agree to
ignore the Church, the home is united.
But when one party is oppressed with
the sense of the Church's displeasure,
and the other declines to heed, there is
trouble. Such trouble is inevitable so
long as religious authority has any

power over the mind. Interference of
the civil power has always served only
to strengthen the Church's influence.

Two of the leading lawyers of the
Dominion, Sir John Findlay and Mr.
M. Myers, have suggested that the
claims of the Church and the State
might be reconciled very easily: It
could be made an offence to deny that
a legal marriage was a " legal " mar-
riage ; and at the same time, the Church
could be left free to say what it liked"
about whether the marriage was a
" true " marriage. But the head of the
Protestant Political Association insists
on the present reading of the proposed
law. The whole dispute is reminiscent
of medieval times, and it is signifii:ant
that a Jewish lawyer should be called
upon to point the way of reconciliation.

According to a cable message, a new
Bill on the subject has been brought
forward. Its effect would be to make
marriages solemnised by priests invalid
in the eyes of the law. It is difficult
to imagine what good it is hoped to
achieve by such a law, beyond gratify-
ing the " righteous indignation " of
those who demand reprisals. The
Catholics would go their way, just as
the Quakers did for generations dur-
ing which their marriages were branded
adulterous, and their children bastards^
according to the law of England.

MARKETING OF BUTTER.

The British Government granted the
requests of the New Zealand butter
producers almost in entirety. The price
of £14 per cwt. is to apply to all butter
delivered to store up to March 31 ; con-
tracts with the United States and
Canada are allowed to be fulfilled, and,
" subject to unforseen contingencies.'"
an open market is to be restored next
season. But some of the .producers are
asking for an absolute assurance of an
open market — that is, the same free sell-
ing as is now permitted to English and
Irish producers.

COAL FROM AUSTRALIA.

The coal shortage became so serious
that a curtailment of the railway ser-
vices was again considered, and was

i>tead-. Review, 2/IO/W. PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

447

only prevented by the action of the Mi-. Mitchell rightly says that we need
Australian Prime Minister, Mr. not lose any sleep over our financial
Hughes, in agreeing to guarantee Ne^v position. West Australia already pro-
Zealand deliveries of Australian coal duces great wealth, yet the country " is
to the amount of atHe^st 50,000 tons per hardly scratched," and is certain to be-
month. Mr. Massey said in Parliament "come one of the big sources of raw
that New Zealand owed k debt of grati- materials of the world. In 1919 the
tude to Mr. Hughes. State produced 56.73 per cent, of total
The trouble in the mines that is gold output of the Commonwealth. Its
largely responsible for the coal short- , first dividend for the 1919-20 wheat
age is 'of an unusual character. The crop was worth £3,075.355. A conser-
men who have to make railway jour- vative valuation estimates the three
neys from their homes to the mines principle products— wheat, wool and
claim that they should be granted the timber— for the coming year,

very low fares allowed -to suburban
workers in the neighbourhood of the
big cities. Their demand is strength-
ened by the fact that the men working
in the State mines receive special con-
sideration in this regard. The Govern-
ment says .that the concession in fares doubling of to-day's acres and crops,
in this case i^s arranged by 'the Mines and the addition of some 2,000,000
Department, not the Railway Depart- sheep, and 100,000 dairy cows to our

at
£11,500,000. Gold should furnish at
least another £3,000,000.

Still, the Premier maintains that this
is nothing like What can, and shall, be
produced. In the wheat belt alone he
looks to a few years' work for the

ment, and that the private mine-owners
could similarly subsidise their workers'
fares. The owners throw the demStid
back on the Government.

WAR IpISONERS STILL HELD.

There are still 23 " enemy aliens " —
~ mostly Germans from Samoa — held in
custody in New Zealand. Sixteen are
adults, and seven children It is claimed
on behalf of the Government that the
reason for their continued detention is
that shipping accommodation is not
available for their repatriation. It is
reported that a protest has been received
from Germanv.

flocks. Then he talks in millions of
acres, when referring to the classifica-
tion of. pastoral lands, now in progress
in the North-West, in the Kimberleys.
and along the South Coast. Again, there
are 10,000 farms in sight in the wet
South-West, suitable for intense cul-
ture and maize, oats, potatoes, for
dairy farming or stock breeding. It is
interesting to note that the Minister con-
siders drainage of wet lands a more
pressing necessity than irrigation of dry
soils.

All of which infomiation and a good
deal of other very satisfactory statis-
tics would show without a shadow of
a doubt that West Australia " has the
goods." and needs only capital, plus en-
terprise, to wipe ofT that £4,000,000 debt
and become a very prosperous country
The State Treasurer (Mr. Mitchell) indeed. Mr. Mitchell has the courage
forecasts in his budget for the next of this conviction : He disdains fresh
twelve months a nett deficit of only taxation ; puts his trust for the shekels
£84,000, or, inclusive of sinking fund that will keep the machine running in
paid out of revenue, a deficit of increased production of revenue from
£315,000. If he proves anywhere near trade; and proposes to proceed with
a true prophet, his incurable optimism soldier settlement (at an average cost
will be counted to him a virtue, for last of £1000 per family), and the most
year the State went £668,224 to the bad. important public works.

WEST AUSTRALIAN NOTES.

448 Btead'e R«v>4ew, t/l9/ii>.

RELIEF FOR GERMANY'S CHILDREN.

The Relief Committee of the Society among the German people than what
of Friends in Melbourne is issuing a England had done in supplying the
special appeal on behalf of the chil^en children with milk,
•f Germany. Recent reports, like those Milk, according to all reports, is still
of Mr. A. G. Gardiner, have revealed the great need in Germany. Two well-
intense suffering in Germany; at the known English authors, Mr. Arthur
same time, the relief supplies for th«t Ponsonby and Mr. E, D. Morel, wrote
country are very much less than for to the London Daily News in July, to
other parts of Central Europe. In a give an account of their own obser-
letter dated August 3rd, from the head- vations during a visit to the Continent :
quarters of the Society oL Friends in " All over Germffiy," they said, " but
London, it is stated that there is- little especially in the industrial centres,
hope of any improvement before next young children are fading away from
summer. The conditions in Leipzig are want of milk and foods, containing milk
mentioned as typical. Miss Emily Hob- and fats." They are still haunted, they
house, the Society's agent for relief at say, by the pitiful faces of the Frank-
that city, declares that all the children furt children, who were being fed by
are undernourished. She is steadily the British and American workers of
feeding 11,000. Many thousands more, the Society of Friends. Yet Frankfurt
just a little farther from the star^'ation was better off -than many German
line, are anxiously awaiting their turn cities. " Health authorities are discus-
to receive the one good daily meal. The sing whether it would not be more mer-
cost of this food is 2s. per week for each""i:iful to let the younger children perish,
child. The lack of linen and clothing aod to concentrate upon attempting to
is no less distressing than the food save those from seven years upwards."
famine ; there are new accounts of new- Fortunately, human hearts rebel against
bom babies being brought to the hos- the thought of sacrifici% any, and,
pitals clad only in paper. while American workers are concen-
^ More recent than the accounts re- trating upon the feeding of school chil-
ceived from the Society of Friends are dren, the British are making it their
those of Mrs. Bramwell Booth, wife special concern to attend to the infants.
of General Booth, of the Salvation In view of the dire need of milk, it
Army. It may be mentioned that the is gratifying to learn that already some
Army is also working for the relief of thousands of tins of condensed milk;
the children in Germany. After her have been forwarded by the relief col-
visit to that country. Mrs. Booth gave lectors in Melbourne. The manufac-
The Manchester Guardian a lamentable turers are giving reduced prices, and
description of the misery in Berlin, half freight rates have been arranged.
" What impressed me most," she said, Although the appeal for the German
" was the general air of deficiency and children's fund has not yet been circu-
lack of nourishment in all the children lated, over £500 has already been re-
I saw, and I saw a great many, not ceived, the list being opened by two
only in the large hospitals and orphan- British working women of Melbourne
ages I visited, but in the crowds about with a donation of £150. Those who
the streets, and at the meetings. I did are giving to this fund should indicate
not see one child with a decent calf to clearly that their donations are for the
Its leg. The children in the hospitals " Special Fund for German Children."
are in a pitiable state. It was terrible The address is Friends' Relief Commit-
to see them lying on pieces of old mac- tee (Children's Fund). 20 Russell
intnsh, without proper clothes or cov- Street, Melbourne. Donations that are
ering, because cotton stuffs are not to not specially earmarked are distributed
be^ had." Mrs. Booth added that no- throughout Europe at the discretion of
thing had created a better impression the headquarters committee in London.

i^lcaa ■: Rt»!ifW, S/ 10/20.

449

MEN OF MARK.

ALEXANDRE MILLERAND : PRESIDENT OF

FRANCE.

An exiraonliiiary set of circum-
stances has made the erstwhile Socialist,
M. Millerand, President of France,
l^sl January, when the Presidential
election was held, he was not a candi-
date, and the light was between
" Tiger " Clemenceau and M. Des-
Chanel, who, for years, had been Presi-
deni of the Chamber of Deputies. The
septuagenarian Premier had many ene-
mies, and these united together to de-
feat him, selecting M. Deschanel as
their candidate with that object. He
was regarded as safe, respectable, and
quite unlikely to attempt to dictate in
any way whatever to the Goveriunent
of the day. Having thus achieved his
ambition, it is tragic that illness should
so soon have compelled M. Deschanel
to resign, and leave the Elysee. Had
that illness developed a few months
sooner, M. Clemenceau would no doubt
have become President. Instead, he is
in retirement, and his nominee for Pre-
mier gets the position which would
have been his.

M. Deschanel's reign was the short-
est of any French President, save only
that of M. Casimir-Perier, who re-
mained at the Elysee for a month less.
The latter had been elected after the as-
sassination of M. Camot, and, like his
precedessor, belonged to a family which
had giten many leaders to France. He
resigned because of differences with his
Ministers, to bo succeeded by M. Faure.
who died of apoplexy^ — so it is said —
before his term was finished. M.
Loubet, Fallieres and Poincare, each
held oflicc for the full seven years. M.
Millerand is the first Socialist to reach
the Elysee, but iong before he had
achieved that goal he had shed his
advanced ideas.

There is a quite remarkable parallel
between him and his British colleague.

Lloyd George. Both entered politics
as advanced radicals, both became
leaders of those who would upset the
old order, and establish a new. Both
were regarded as the hope of the op-
pressed, and the champions of Labour.
Both are great conciliators and adminis-
trators. Both have, however, elected
to join the parties they once opposed,
and are to-day hand in glove with those
big businesses and vested interests they
at one time fought so furiously. They
are. both regarded to-day with bitter
enmity by tliose on whom thA* radical
mantles have fallen, and are looked
upon as the most dangerous foes of
true democracy. But a large section in
France look on M. Millerand as the
protector of all that is best in our civi-
lisation, just as a very powerful group
in Great Britain regards Lloyd George.

The British Prime Minister.is a short,
stocky man; so, too, is Millerand. They
both have a winning manner, although
the Welshman is much more vivacious
than his French confrere. Both have
shown great ability in managing men
and great departments of State. It was
Millerand who was chiefly responsible
for bringing in old age pensions in
France, a boon the aged of Great Bri-
tain have to ^'thank Lloyd George for.
The new President it was who broke the
French railway strike shortly before
the war, and Lloyd George adopted
somewhat the same tactics in smashing
the railway men when tKey struck re-
cently in England. Both men are law-
yers, but both have subordinated the
law to politics, although the French
statesman was far more distinguished
in the legal world than was the Welsh
solicitor.

Alexandre Millerand was born in

_Paris 61 years ago. At the age of 22

he v»-as called to the bar. Like Georges

450

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October i, laiO.

Briand, wlio is expected to >uccccd him
as Prime Minister, he entered politics
as a Socialist, but, as he won his way
to power, he dropped his .Socialism
" in imperceptible stages, much as a
tadpole loses its tail." He was elected
to the municioal council of Paris in
1894, and in the following year became
a Deputy for Department of the Seine,
which he has represented in the Cham-
ber ever since. In 1896 he led the
Socialist movement in France toward
the " revisionist " idea, propounding at
the Socialist congress at St. Mande
what has since been known as the St.
Mande programme. Its aim is to bring
State Socialism gradually into being by
mean.s of Parliamentary action. The
Marxian Socialists continued their re-
volutionary propaganda under Jules
Guesde and Paul Lafarbue, in opposi-
tion to the revisionists. In 1905, how-
ever, die two sections amalgamated
again in the " unified " Socialist party.

M. Millerand first won Cabinet rank
in 1899, when Waldeck-Rousseau
formed a coalition of the parties of
the Left, to settle the Dreyfus affair.
With the consent of Jean Jaures, and
the Socialists whom he led, Millerand
became Minister of Commerce. His
separation from the radical Socialists
thereafter became more and more com-
plete. By this time the General Fede-
ration of Labour was rising to repre-
sent the extreme revolt against capi-
talism. It adopted the Syndicalist
theory — practically the Soviet system
— rejecting Parliamentary or constitu-
tional action, and relying on the general
strike alone as the mctl^d of effecting
a social revolution. Such a theory was
very far removed from M. Millerand's
brand of Socialism, already much modi-
fied. As he drifted further from his
old principles, he came at last to be dis-
owned bv his own section of the Social-
ists. That was in 1909, when he became
Minister of Public Works in Briand's
Cabinet. He dropped out of the Cabi-
net in 1910. hut in 1912 took office again
under M. Poincare's leadership.

M M'llcrand had now adiusted him-
self tn the reartionarv outlook, and. tak-
ing the portfolio of War. made himself

iIk- leii.k-r (it l'"rench militarism. He
was one of the principal authors of the
law increasing the tefln of coflfscription
from two to three years. He continued
in ofhoe flu ring the frequent changes
of Ministry that followed, and, finally
succeeded in the three-year law passed
by Parliament in 1913.

.'Xnother of his acts that won him the
favour of the extreme jingos was- his re-
vival of the military tattoo through the
streets of Paris, a practice wl%ich had
been abandoned for some years.

M. Millerand was out of office for a
few months before the war, but the hos-
tilities brought a new demand for his
services. At the end of August, 1914,
when \iviani formed his Coalition Gov-
ernniciii for the prosecution of the war,
he entrusted the Ministry of War port-
folio to M. Millerand. The failures of
the French campaign in the succeeding
months have been, perhaps unjustly,
largely attributed to the shortcomings
of tlie Minister. The Manchester Guar-
dian says of his war record : —

It cannot be said that M. Millerand's
tenure of office conduced to the successful
prosecution of the war. Although a man of
great ability, with an immense capacity for
work, he has serious limitations. In par-
ticular, he lacks \-ision and imagination, and
is extremely obstinate. Little more than the
mouthpiece of the general staff and the per-
nianent officials, he defended in Parliament
all their blunders and omissions, which were
many. Until lie was forced, not long be-
fore he went out of office, to accept M. Albert
Thomas as Under-Secretary for Munrtions,
no eflfort was made to orgaaise an adequarte
supply of munitions.

The general staff continued, even after
the exi>erience of the early months of the
war. to oppose the use of heavy artillery in
the field, and M. Millerand. as their advocate,
countermanded orders for heavy guns that
h.-id been given by the Army Committees of
the Senate and the Chamber. The Director
of Armaments at the War Office was a
general, who refused to supply the army with
anything but .75 guns, and M. Millerand
stoutly defended him.

In November, 1911. M. Caillaux. then
Prime Minister, obtained from Parliament
a larrc grant for heavv field artillery. ,Wlien
.M. Millerand became Minister of War two
months later, he cancelled the grant, at the
request of the general staff. This was the
reason why France had not heavy artillery
when the war broke out.

During the war the opposition to M.
Millerarrl'.^ policy grew steadilv. The

stead's Review, 2/iO/m.

MEN OF MARK,

451

Army Committees of the Senate and
Chamber denounced him. At length his
chief, M. Viviani, asked him to resign.
M. Millerand refused to do so, and con-
tinued in office until the Viviani Cabi-
net was succeeded by that of Briand. Al-
though M. Clemenceau did not invite
him to join his Government, he
strongly urged that he should be sent
for by M. Poincare, to carry on the
Government when he himself retired
to become a Presidential candidate. Al-
though, as was only natufal, the two
men were at times opposed, they had
long been associated together. This
connection began when M. Millerand
joined the staff of M. Clemenceau's
paper, La Justice, in 1883. He, Clem-
enceau and Pelletan were arbitrators in
the famous Carmaux strike of 1882.
He edited the Socialist publication, La
Petite Republique, until 1896, and two
years later became editor of La Lan-
terne. His action in connection with'
the railway strike in 1910 was bitterly
resented by the workers, who have ever
since regarded him with suspicion and
. dislike. In the imminent conflict be-
tween Labour and the ruling powers in
France, M. Millerand would undoubt-
edly resort to extreme measures if he
considered these necessary. As Presi-
dent, though, he has far less real
power than he had as Premier. It is
understood, however, that he considers
that the President of France should be
entrusted with far greater authority-—
should, in fact, wield the power which
the President of the United States en-
joys. If he attempts to assume that
authority, he is almost certain to come
into serious conflict with the Chamber
of Deputies and the Government.
Neither M. Briand nor M. Poincare is
the sort of man who, as Premier, would
brook any active interference on the
part of the President.

M. Millerand belongs to the Clem-
enceau and Poincare school of venge-
ful hate against Germany, and has
shown himself determined to force
compliance with the terms of the Peace
Treaty in everv particular. He has
also shown himself exceedingly anxious
to maintain the most friendly relations
with Great Britain. The British Gov-

ernment is evidently coming to the
opinion that the rigid enforcement of
the Peace Terms must gravely hamper,
if not altogether prevent, the industrial
and financial recovery of Europe, whilst
its attitude towards the Soviet Govern-
ment in Russia— with which M. Miller-
and will have nothing whatever to do
— is becoming much more tolerant. The
time is obviously not far distant when
the French Government will have to
choose between the British policy and
that it has itself hitherto adopted. For-
tunately, the need for a complete under-
standing between the two countries is
so great, that the statesmen of both will
go to great lengths to avoid jeopardis-

ing It.

In forming his Government last Janu-
ary, M. Millerand departed altogether
from precedent. Instead of apportion-
ing out portfolios to leaders of political
groups, whose support he desired, the
Premier selected his colleagues from
amongst financiers and professional
men, with the object of creating a
highly efficient Government. The poli-
ticians were naturally enraged, and the
downfall of the Cabinet was confidently
predicted. Events proved that M. Mil-
lerand had been well advised in making
" so revolutionary a change. His Minis-
try was found to have more solid
strength than those formed on the old
principle of giving portfolios as the
price of political support. Labour or-
ganisations declared that the Premier
was intent on subjugating the country
to a financial clique, and, with that ob-
ject in view, had deliberately placed
supreme power in the hands of capi-
talists and professional experts.

In Dolitics M. Millerand is accounted
a mas^r of compromise. Though he
was appointed to the unwelcome task of
liquidating Church properties on the oc-
casion of the separation of Church and
State', he did it so tactfully that he is
now looked upon as a friend of the
clericals And little wonder. For he
saw to it that the 1,000,000,000 francs
forthcoming from the liquidation were
allocated, not, as intended, to old age
pensions for workers, but to the cof-
fers of the religious orders.

45:2

STEAD'S REVIEW.

Kttnd^^- Rrvvu,. i/10/Vf

"MORE BRITISH THAN THE BRITONS"

KATO OF JAPAN.

Viscount Kato is regarded in Japan
ni, the leader of the pro-British party.
The fact that he is coming again into
prominence, after a partial eclipse of
four years, is of interest at this time,
when the Anglo-Japanese Alliance is
under consideration. It is quite likely
that he will become Prime Minister in
place of Mr. Kara. Whoever does take
tb«t oftice will have to face heavier re-
sponsibilities, both at home and abroad,
than any former Japanese Prime
Minister. Japan's very success makes
her international problems more
difilcult. Her expansion in China.
Siberia and the Tropical Pacific, in-
volves her in keener rivalry with the
Western Powers ; questions of racial
exclusion, so far from being settled by
our joining hands with Eastern Allies
in the Great W^lr, are stirring the pas-
sions of a wider circle of humanity; the
old alliance with Britain is continued
only on sufferance ; the crude attempt
to form a permanent alliance of all the
victors — Eastern and Western — in the
\yorld War, has met with the fate any
sane person was able to predict. Such
i.'^ the international jungle through
which ]«npan's statesmen are called upon
to guide her. Kato, whether he as-
sumes full leadership or not, is looked
to by many as his nation's best hope.

And what of the home outlook?
There is. first of all, a sick Emperor.
In other lands, the possible passing of
a monarch would not have any political
significance. In Japan, it is an occasion
of keen anxiety — probably beWiisc it is
felt that the revival of Emperor-wor-
ship, with which the people have been
imbued, is as insecure as it is out of
date. Then the power behind the
throne — the company of Elder States-
men — must soon pass. This survival of
the old feudal (lays, which 'has ruled
Japan's course with very scant regard
for the will of Parliament, or of the
oft-changing Cabinets, is now- r(>duc.ed
to its last three members. These three

are still able to wield power under tlv,
vigorous leadership of Prince Yama-
gata ; but all are nearing the end of the
allotted span of life. They will not be
replaced. What is*to take the place of
the old tradition, and the old guiding
hand? Psirliament does not command
respect. .Still less do the upstart rich,
the profiteers, the despised iiarikin. In
industry, as in politics, the old tradition
is passing away. The guild system ha?
broken down. Capitalism has come.
giving power to those who have been
regarded for centuries as mean men,.
below the scale of farmers, carpenters
and smiths. Prosperity has helped the
capitalists hitherto. Now the bubble
has burst. Unemployment is becoming
serious. Discontent grows more and
more menacing.

The task of riding a tiger would be
easy compared with the dangers and
diflFiculties to be met by anyone who
would try to guide Japan through the
next few years. It is not surprising
that Mr. Hara.is reported willing to
resign, th9ugh he recently won an elec-
tion. Three possible successors are
mentioned, and of the three Viscotmt
Kato is considered the most likely.

To British people Kato is especially
interesting. He is described by his poli-
tical foes as " more British than the
Britons." In personal characteristics
as well as in policy, he is said to have
a strong British bent. What is certain
is that, during the war, when many
powerful publicists in Japan were cry-
ing out for a change from a British to
a German understanding, he remained
staunch to the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.

In trying to get a, glimpse at the real
character of this statesman, we have to
remember that he is a diplomat. His
double dealing must be mentioned. But
if we are true to ourselves-, we shall not
brand his dishonesty as something pecu-
liarly Oriental. Winston Churchill is
a Briton of Britons; yet, what of the
miserable decejjtion he practised in

.SteaWa Review, &/i9/20.

MEN OF MARK.

453

sending troops into Russia? Or take
Viscount Grey. Is he not an honour-
able man? Yet did he not, before the
war, give the most solemn assurances
that Britain was not in any way bound
to assist Russia or France in war —
assurances utterly false in intent?
Meeting men of this type personally,
one feels convinced that they could
never be guilty of such dirty trickery as
is attributed to them. But that is, of
-course, because of one's failure to rea-
lise that lying is a necessary accomplish-
•nrent of the diplomat, and one that gives
bim no qualm of conscience. The cult
of nationalism, like the cult of dog-

» matic religion, is held to justify any

number of pious frauds. So, though

• Kato repudiated his p'romrse for the

restoration of Kiaochou to China, and

pla^'ed tricks behind Britain's back, vio-

- lating the terms of the Alliance treaty,
the reader should not be over bitter.

By good fortuiy, it was when
Viscount (then Baron) Kato was out of
office that I met him at Hankow, in
inland China. He was visiting the
general at the Japanese ])arracks — bar-
racks which, by the way, had been
dumped on purely Chinese territory
without ever an " If you please." I
engaged him at once on the subject of
the troubles of the Japanese in Cali-
fornia, which were then (1913) being
much discussed. He spoke with frank
indignation of the efforts of Californian
politicians to deprive Japanese residents
of rights that they had acquired quite
properly. As to the^general policy of
exclusion, he pointed to the humour of
the position: Here was America, the
nation which, a generation earlier, had
been preaching to Japan about the un-
righteousness of exclusionism, and
backing up her preaching with force of
arms, America, which had compelled
Japan to open her doors, now closing
her own against the Japanese !

I was impressed, as others have been,
by Kato's personality. His portraits
give no indication of the sense of re-
serve power he conveys. He thought as
he spoke; and seemed to speak what
he thought — straight. Speaking perfect
idiomatic English, he tried no tricks

of rhetoric. It has been said of him
by one who knows him well that he is
curiously unpopular, and that he cares
nothing for public opinion. So it
seemed to me — that he was one who
would never " shrink from the truth
he needs must think." He is accused
at home of being " too English." I put
him down at first as one who might pass
for the best type of Englishman. Even
in feature he is not at all markedly
Oriental. He seemed one of those
great men in whom there was neither
" border nor breed nor birth " — a world
man.

At that time Baron Kato had been
only a few months back from England,
where he had ser\'ed his second term as
Japan's envoy in London. He is now
sixty years old, and appears to have a
•good many years of active life still be-
fore him. As a boy,*he was taken into
the family of Buchahiro Kato by adop-
tion — a practice still commonly fol-
lowed in Japan when there is no male
heir. His marriage gave him further
powerful family ties, his bride being the
sister of Baron Iwasaki, head of the
jiDwerful Mitsu Bishi company, and a
man of great political influence.

I^ato graduated in law at Tokyo Uni-
versity in 1881, and then took employ-
ment* with the Mitsu Bishi. Marrying
in 1886, he entered the Foreign Office
in 1887. and in 1888 became private sec-
retary to Count Okuma, with whom he
has been closely associated in politics
throughout his career. Through politi-
cal changes Kato lost his post in the
Foreign Office, being transferred to the
financial department, and attaining to
the position of director oi the banking
bureau. However, he was soon back
in the Foreign Office again, and was
sent to England as Minister. Holding
that post from 1894 lo 1899, he won
high regard for himself and his nation,
and prepared the way for the Anglo-
Japanese Alliance of 1902. Returning
to Japan, he was Minister of Foreign
Affairs in 1900 and 1901. In 1902 he
tried to form a coalition Cabinet, but
without success.

Realising the value of press support,
he bought the Tokyo Nichi Nichi in

454

STEAD'S REVIEW

October i, ii>^0-

1904. He became Foreign Minister
a^ain in the Saionji Cabinet, but re-
signed in 1908 because he disapproved
of the policy of nationalising the rail-
ways. When he was reappointed to
London in 1908. with the higher title
of Ambassador. Baron Kato received
a warm welcome from the British press.
He was in London when the Alliance
was renewed in 1911. At the end of
1912 he was recalled to Japan to take
charge of the Foreign Office in the
Katsura Cabinet, but soon fell a vic-
tim to political strife. A scandal arose
over the bribery of naval officials, in
which British armament makers were
implicated. • (Kato was. however, not
accused of complicity.) The Cabinet
resigned, and Kato went touring in
China, the sphere of foreign politics
which is of supreme concern to the
Japanese.

In home politics, since that time, he
has busied himself largely with the con-
solidation of the parties opposed to the
military autocracy. These forces of
mild constitutioi^.ali.sm had been led by
Count Okuma. and it was natural tljat
the mantle of the veteran should fall
on the shoulders of his protege and
friend. Kato formed the^new Ken-
seikai party, which, for a time, was the
strongest party in Parliament, but now
has only half the strength of the Seiyu-
kai. One might wonder how the leader
of a minority party could accept the
Premiership, if offered, especially as he
stands for the principle of a AJinistry
responsible to the majority in Parlia-
ment—but the ways of representative
government^ in Japan are beyond under-
standing.

Kato's critics have little faith in his
devotion to constitutionalism. Address-
ing his party in 1916, he said: "We
shall all continue to fight for the cause
of constitutionalism, thougli there arc
many obstacles to constitutional govern-
ment in Japan." Apparently the ob-
stacles loomed larger than the objective ;
the party's platform, issued a few days
later, contained no mention of such re-
form. It is a difficult issue ; but with
the passing of the Elder Statesmen, it
will have to be faced.

It is the foreign policy of Kato iliat
concerns Britons, and the world. C)n
the subject of " race equality " ami ex-
clusion ism I have told how he expressed
himself frankly in 1913, when he could
talk privately and unofficially. Re-
cently he was interviewed by an Aus-
tralian journalist. .\dam McCay, and
when exclusionism was mentioned, he
changed the subject, laughing about Mr.
Hughes' " interesting speeches " at
Paris — a diplomatic laugh on a subject
on which he feels keenly; but, as repre-
sentative of Japan, he knows this is not
an issue of great popular moment. The
Japanese have too much to think about
at home and in China, Korea and
Siberia, tQ waste a great deal of thought
on Australia's exclusionism. Those
who do think are hurt, deeply hurt, like
Kato. by the drawing of the colour line.
But they are comparatively few.

What is Kato's record as Foreign
Minister during tHose critical days when
Japan's policy in the world war was to
be decided? He found in the Anglo-
Japanese Alliance an excuse for enter-
ing the war. It was a poor excuse, but
Britain acquiesced. He was responsible
for the ultimatum to Germany demand-
ing the surrender of the leased terri-
tory of Kiaochou, " with a view to its
eventual restoration to China." The
world knows what has happened to that
pious declaration. Once the German
garrison had been defeated. Japanese
publicists explained that the promise to
restore had been contingent upon the
peaceful surrender of the territory and
its fortress, Tsingtao.

But this question had previously been
raised, and the following assurance had
been given to the world by Reuter'.^
Agency, on the authority of the Jap-
anese Foreign Office : " Japan will re-
store Kiaochou. She will respect the
territorial integrity of China. The
terms of the ultimatum to Germany are
to be adhered to, whether Tsingtao be
taken by force or otherwise." Reuter's
correspondent stated this was the policy
of Japan, approved by the Emperor, the
Cabinet and other heads of the State.
The American press published the state-
ment as coming from Kato himself. In

Head's Review; 'a/JO/aiJ.

MEN OF MARK.

455

any case, the assurance was allowed to
go, forth to the whole world; Kato did
not repudiate it. But a few weeks later,
after Tsingtao had been taken, Kato
assujed his Parliament that Japan had
'no undertaking wifh any foreign power
to restore Tsingtao. This was probably
as true in better as if was false in intenTT
Japan still holds Tsingtao and !Kiao-
chdu, and, in* addition, has so placed
strategic forces, that she really controls
the whole province of Shantung. She
has, of course, classical Western models
for such operations ; but one would have
hoped that the " honour of a Samurai "
was beyond that of the West.

The conduct of Okuma and Kato to-
ward China in 1915 was even less jus-
tifiable ; the methods used were more
dishonest. Five groups of demands
were presented to helpless China, which
had always relied on the assistance of
Western Powers in protecting her from
crude aggression. Now that the West-
em world was engrossed in its own
quarrels, the Japanese Government
tried to compel China to grant conces-
sions which would have made her in
large measure a vassal of Japan. Not
only was this a violation of the Anglo-
Japanese Alliance, but a further viola-
tion was committed by concealment of
one of the five groups of demands. The
Alliance stipulates that there must be
free and frank discussion between the
.Allies.

When the facts leaked out, the world
\vas shocked. Japan threw the blame
on Kato. It was stated that' the Elder
Statesmen themselves had not knewn
of the fifth group of demands — that
they had been deceived, as Britain had
been. Some people who are familiar
with the undercurrents of Japanese
politics say that this ' was simply
a way of shifting the guilt on to the
head of a scapegoat— that Kato must

really have acted under the influence of
the Elder Statesmen. However, that
may be, Kato suffered.

It had been fully expected that he
would become Prime Ministftr on the
resignation of Okuma, in 1916.. Okuma,
who pleaded ill-health, took the unusual
step of definitely asking the Emperor to
appoint Kato as his successor. The re-
commendation was ignored. Kato, like
a good patriot, makes' no protest against
being sacrificed. His friends say he
acted against his own wishes through-
out the piece, and that he himself
wishes the true fulfilment of the terms
of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, includ-
ing the protection of China. But if he
is made the tool of those with less noble
aspirations, mankind will judge him ac-
cordingly.

In an article in Asi-a in 1917 Kato re-
vealed something of his outlook on the
future. China would become a theatre »
of keener economic rivalry, and Japan
would do well, he wrote, to prepare
for that development. He mentioned
the criticism of Japan coming from
Britons in the Far East, but he attri-
buted this entirely to comi^iercial
jealousy over Japan's success in China. ^
He was confident that the feeling was
not shared by British officials at home.
It is to be regretted that Kato, when
he was in England, did not get closer to
the common people. He would then
have known that there is a heart in the
toiling men and women of Britain that
responds to any appeal to chivalry on
behalf of a persecuted people — even
though the appeal may be made by
those whose concern is for filthy lucre.
Britain and Japan are still far from un-
derstanding one another. ^But it is at
least some satisfaction to know that
Britain has a staunch friend in Taka-
akira Kato — perhaps Japan's strongest
statesman. I.A.B.

Japan's world trade ha» fallen away pounds, or nearly half as great again,
remarkably since the war. The exports During the war, Japan's exports great-
for the first five months of this year ly exceeded her imports, the total ex-
were worth only 95.5 million pounds, cess for the last four years (1915-18)
while the imports were 139.7 million being over £140,000.000.

456

8te<%d^ Htvlf>-w, i/tO/St. \

-■'XV

»?E- OUGHT
i KMOW '

wSS^' ''■•''-

^mmxmm \ is^^

Lord Mayor MoSweeney.

Those who roundly declare that AJ-
demian McSvveeney ought to have been
court-martialled and shot, seem not to
be aware that he was tried by court-
martial at the Cork barracks, on August
16th, and was found guilty of " having
under his control " a Royal Irish Con-
stabular}' cipher code, and having in his
possession " seditious documents." For
the chief magistrate of a city to have
under his control the cipher code of
a police force, which was supposed to
assist him in maintaining order, would
hardl^i be punishable by the death
penally ! And what were the seditious
documents ?

Embargo on Bibles ^Lifted.

'Jlie FedcraUCabinet has decided to
permit the importation q^ German
Bibles, hymn books, etc., which are re-
quired for the Lutheran congregations,
through the agency of the Lutheran
Publishing" CompaTiy, Adelaide. A list
of the titles and numbers of books re-
quired, together with sample copies," is
to be lodged with the Customs Dejjart-
mcn?. The effect of this decision is to
I'uable i)cui«Ie of Ccrman origin, who
would find it diftlcult or hupossible to
use the corresj)onding Fnglish books
of devotion, to have those of their own
tongue; but not to permit religious
books in the ( ierman l-mguage to be
iiscd for children, c.fj., in the Sunday
schools. The Rrilisli church bodies and
the British and Foreign Bible Society
joined with the Lutheran bodirv' in pro-
tc.«;ting again 'it the embargo

An Oil-Burning Titan.

The first trip of the gigantic Cun-
arder, Aquitania, as an oil burner, took
place in August last. Her average
speed from New York to Cherbourg
was 23-28 knots, which enabled her to
make the fastest crossing since the war.
She took in 7000 tons of oil at New j
York for the round trip. It required i
20 hours to fuel her, and only six men I
were needed for the job. Her trip has
called attention to the use of oil as fuel
and strong protests have been made by
leading men aeainst such colossal con-

sumption of a fuel which is becoming
so necessary for the world, and the sup-
plies of which are known to be running
out.

The Value of Hydro- Electrlo Power,

A striking proof of the value of
hydro-electric power is given in the an-
nual report on the working of the Nevr
Zealand Government's installation at
Lake Coleridge, in Canterbury. It has
not only provided homes and factories '
with a reliable and clean supply of heat,
light and power, at a time when coal
users-have been in constant trouble, but
it is estimated to have cost them only
£45.831, when similar services from
coal fuel would have cost about eight
times as much. The output of- power
for the year was over 33.000.000 units.
With the most up-to-date plants using
coal or oil fuel, this power would have
cost from £100,000 to £120,000; but the
actual plants at i.)rcsent available would

stead's Review, It/ 10/20. THINGS ^E OUGHT TO KNOW.

457

ha\c- r,;?.d^ tlit: cost three or ftnir times
as Iri^h,^ so th'i.r there was a saviii:,' of
abotit £.)00,00i). The aim of the Gov-
cniincDl: "is not primarily to make rc-
ve:ifa out of the undertaking, bul it
had a protit of fo585 for the past year,
aftei- payinj^ working expenses, interest,
depreoialior., and an allowance to re-
serve. W'ly does coalless A'^ictoria
continue to allow her water power to
nni to waste?

The PJebiscite in Silesia.

Article So of. the I'eacc Treaty ;):(.'-
vides that Upper Silesia is a |.>lehisciLe
area, in which the inhalMiants are to
vote whether thev wisli to remain Ger-
man, or become Polish. Jthe voting
wil! be by communes, and mt. Inter-Al-
lied Commission will communicate the
^result to tljc Allied Powers. " with a
full report as to the taking of the vote,
and a reconmiendation as lo the lino
which ought to 1>e adopted as the fron-
tier of Germany in tipper Silesia." The
Allied powers, though they are to take
{^ote of the wishes of the inhal/itants as
•t'xpressed at tiie referendum, are not to
be bound by this, but will also lake into
account the geographical and economic
condition of the locality. That is to say,
the inhabitants do not possess the un-
conditional right of self-determination
which ^va,s allowed the people in Schles-
wig. and in East and West Prussia. The
voting is to be taken not less than six
months, or more than 18 months, after
the establishment of the Commission in
the province. The Conmiission^ went
there in Febrtiary last. There are about
2,200,fXX) people living in the plebiscite
area.

Almost at Peace.

Peace treaties have nc>w been signt..d
with all the Powers with which Great
Britain was at war, but the Turkish
Treaty and the Hungarian Treaty have
still to be ratified. Australia, for some
reason or other, has not yet ratified the
Treaty with Austria, but will no doubt
regard the British ratification as tixing
the end of the war with that country.
The Armistice was signed on November
11th, 1918.. Peace with Germajiy wa-<

signed at Versailles on June 28th 1919^
and was ratified on January 10th, 1920.
Peace with Austria was signed at Saint-
Germain on September 10th, 19f9. and
was ratified on July 16th. 1920. Peace
with Bulgaria was signed at Neuilly on
November 27th. 191$, and was ratified
on August 9th, 1020. Peace with Hun-
ary was signed at Versailles on June
th, 1920. and has not yet been ratified.
Peace with Turkey was signed at
Sevres on August 10th, 1920, and has
still to be ratified. The signature.^ of the
Turkish Treaty was delayed owing ta
tiie refusal of the Serbs to append
their signatures because they objected
to having to bear the burden of that
portion of the Turkish debt which was
transferred to the Kingdom of the
Serbs, Croats and .Slovenes.

Canada's Colossal Revenue.

Canada, faced with the need of find-
ing 37'.S,000,000 dols. for ordinary nm-
ning expenses for the year ending
Mard» 31st. 1921, 35,000',000 to make
good the railway and post office deficits,
215,000,003 dols. for demobilisation, re-
patriation, soldiers' ;>ensions, etc. (mak-
ing a total of 625.000.000 dels.)', has
determined to raise the money by taxa-
tion. There is to be no loan at all. The
Government, during the war, instead of
demanding money from England for
supplies i>urchased in Canada, allowed
the hard-pressed Old Country to have
these on credit, .'\ltogether. the Dom-
inion lent the Home Land no less than
jf 140.000.000. About half of this 4ias
been paid back, and :£40,000,000 is due
this year. That sum ^ will be used to
balance the budget. The revenue on the
basis of last year's taxation is expected
lo be 380.000,000 dols. (£76,000,000 at
pre-war exchange). In addition to the
625.000.000 dols. there is a floating debt
of 75,000,000 dols., which is to be with-
drawn, making the total liabilitv for the
year 700.000.000 dols. (£140.000,000).
Quite an imposing sum! As the Bri-
tish rei)ayment and the revenue to-
gether equal only £116,000.000, new
taxes to bring in £26,000,000 are to be
levied. The Feileral Treasurer here
would do well to studv the Canadian

458 STEAD'S REVIEW. October 2, i^io.

budget. It would give him some ideas faction is expressed over the fact that

of how to raise more revenue. Heavy once more Haniburg-Amerika ships wil!

taxes on hixuries, on sales of manufac- engage in the import and export trade

turers, and the like. of Germany, even though under the flag

of another country. P'ull details of the
Locomotives for Oil. agreement are not published, but it is
The Roumanians wanted locomotives confidently asserted that the British
very badly indeed, but the American Government will not be able to inter
makers did not smile on the suggestion fere, on the ground that some clause of
that they should be paid in Treasury the Peace Treaty is being violated,
bonds or notes. The War Finance Cor- Harriman is evidently to get the benefit
poration of the United States was not of the extensive and efficient German
in fapt at all satisfied with the state of organisation, but how far he will be
Roumanian credit, and told the Bald- able to utilise former. German ships is
win locomotives works so. The presi- not clear. He has plenty of his own,
dent of the company set off himself for however. He controls the American
Bucharest, and there arranged the mat- Ships and Commerce Corporation, the
ter on a straight out barter principle. Kerr Navigation Company — which is at
. The Roumanians could have the loco- present 'gj^aeed in running ships from
motives if they would supply oil to their America to Hamburg, and from thence
value. That they undertook to do, and to South America — the American
so, one of the biggest barter deals went Steamship Company, the Shawmut
through. Mr. Vauclain, the president. Company, the Independent Steamshi])
seems to have settled the matter in a Company, the Coastwise Transportation
couple of days, meeting the entire Rou- Company — lines which have already
manian Cabinet in conference for the some 300,000 tons afloat and many
purpose. Fifty locomotives are to be ships building. In addition, the rail-
supplied in all. Before the first is road king controls several huge shS')
landed, the Roumanian Government is building concerns, including Cramps, of
to deliver 10 per cent, of the payment Philadelphia. He has, of course, very
for the entire supply in oil, the re- pov/erful financial interests behind him,
maining 90 per cent, to be paid in and is evidently determined to make a
60 monthly instalments, either in oil or strong bid for a large share of the car-
cash, plus 6 per cent. A similar ar- rying trade of the world,
rangement was made for -^i 100.000

worth of .'^pare parts. Mr. Vauclain Where It Never Rains.
was not much impressed with the rail- The Americans are using their new-
way workshops he saw there, and felt merchant fleet to develop trade with
it necessary to give the Minister of Pub- South America, and are finding the
lie Works a lecture ©n how to run a Panama Canal most useful. It brings
shop and how to handle workmen. The New York Uiousands of miles aearer
latter begin work at 7.30, and knock off Ecuador, Peru and Chile. In these
at 11.30; return at 1.30, and finish at places, as a result of the building of the
5.30, but were mostly a quarter of an canal, American goods have become
hour late in reaching the shop, and ten the rule rather than the exception,
minutes or so early in leaving. American schools now house thousands

of the younger generation of west coast
The Hamburg-Amerika Line Again. people, and New York and New Or-
The German papers tell of the con- leans have largely supplanted Paris and
elusion of an arrangement between the I^Iadrid in their affections. The Psra-
dircctors of the Hamburg-Amerika line vian ports, and many in Chile whose
and the Harriman interests in America, prosperity is steadily growing, do not
the object of which is to pick up the need to trouble about erecting ware-
threads of the German shipping com- houses in which to put stores arriving
pany's pre-war business. Great satis- by ship, or awaiting shipment, because

stead^.^ h-rvietv, 2/10/m. THINGS WE OUGHT TO KNOH

"it

459

it never rains there ! At Antofogasta in
Chile, for instance, there has been no
rain whatever for the last seventeen
years, whilst at the much larger port
of Callao, rain only falls at intervals of
several years.

A Six-Day Week in France.

The introduction of the Six-Day
Newspaper Bill into the French Cham-
ber calls attention to the growth of the
six-day week habit in France. Before
the war shops and restaurants were
open everywhere on Sundays. Now,
only provision shops and a few of the
smaller drapers open their doors^on that
day. The Union of Popular Restaur-
ants has decided that every restaurant
must close for one day a week, so that
the staffs may have a holiday. Satur-
dav or Sunday have been almost univer-
sally selected by the proprietors as clos-
ing days. The Newspaper Bill pro-
hibits the composition, printing and de-
livery of newspapers from six o'clock
on Sunday morning, till six o'clock on
Monday morning, thus giving all news-
paper workers a Sunday holiday.

Greater Roumanla.

Thanks to the addition of Bessarabia
and Transylvania and other territories.
Roumania is now more than twice its
previous size, covering, in all 102,600
square miles. The population of old
Roumania was 7,508,000; that of
Greater Roumania is now 16,407,000.
When the Austro-Germans retired from
Roumania, documents were discovered
which showed that 3,725,148 tons of
cereals, petroleum -and other commodi-
ties had been exported from the coun-
try, during the occupation. The Cen-
tral Powers took away 316 good loco-
motives, and left 306, mostly defective,
behind. To feelp make ^ood the loss,
the Allies sent 50 locomotives from
France, Whilst 11 were handed over
by the Bulgarians. Later on, the Rou-
manians helped themselves to the bulk
of the Hungarian rolling stock. The

report of the British Relief Mission on
soci^al conditions in Roumania reads:
■' The domination of the upper classes
is universal, and the peasants, who re-
present 85 per cent, of the population,
constitute no vital factor in political
life. Many of the difficulties encoun-
tered in administering relief were due
to the supremacy of oligarchic govern-
ment, the members of which seemed
totally unaware of the terrible plight of
the poorer people, even within 50 kilo-
metres of their doors. The riches of
the country are practically unlimited,
but a shortage of labour will be clearly
the limiting factor in production for
many years.

An Expensive Luxury.

The French Chamber has been con-
sidering a bill to stop duelling. The
most effective part of it is the clause
which penalises the publication of re-
ports of duels. If it were not for the
publicity given these encounters in
France, there would be very fev/ of
them. Duelling, by the way, is an ex-
pensive luxury. Under the Second Em-
pire, an ordinary affaire d'honneur cost
each principal about 100 franes, a de-
tailed estimate published in 1909 set the
cost at three times that amount. This
covers "cab-fares for your 'seconds to
attend meetings with the other seconds,
and their outlay at the cafes where the
meetings take place. If pistols are the
weapons selected, they must be hired
from Gaston Renette, at a cost of any-
thing up to 100 francs. Then comes the
hire of an open carriage to proceed to
the field of honour."** Refreshments for
all are needed on the way out, and if the
coachman is to look solemn instead of
sarcastic, he must be well primed. On-
returning to Paris the seconds and the
doctor must be stood a first-rate lunch,
and unless the doctor is a personal
friend he expects a fee of 50, francs.
So, if 300 francs cover the whole busi-
ness, you may think yourself lucky."

460

A Talk About Prohibition. IL

1 haye received many letters oii this subject, and attempt u> .. xi the
questions tbereln in the following conversation. In our next issue I hope to
give some of the views of those who -are strongly advocating Contlnuanc*

Searcher for Information. — VViieii
prohibition came into force in the
United States, were the hotels which
lost their licences compensated?

Prohibitionist. — No ; there was no
compensation. As the United Slates
did not go dry in a day, but State by
State, hotel-keepers had plenty of warn-
ing as to what was likely to happen.

S. — But would it not be fairer to give
compensation when licences are taken
away arbitrarily? The liquor people
are surely right when they say that the
closing of bars will ruin many hotel-
keepers and throw many men out of
work.

P. — ^The American experience hardly
bears that out, but I must admit thjit
compensation seeins fair, although it
ought not to be given unless the three-
fifths majority is altered to a simple
majority.

S. — Why that. Should there not be
compensation in any case.

P. — Hotel-keepers have known for
many years that if a three-fifths
majority of the people demanded no-
licence they would lose their licences,
and no compensation would be paid at
all. If. however, the decision of a simple
majority is declared by Parliament to
be enough, then no-^cence will be car-
ried much sooner, and compensation
should perhaps be given because of the
change.

S. — Is not compensation given now
«nder the Licences Reduction Board?

P. — Yes. There is a compensation
fund which is used for the purpose.
It is created from payments made by
those having licences, who are obliged
to contribute £3 to the Government for
every £100 of liquor purchased on their
premises.

S. — Could not this fund be used if
general no-licence were carried?

1'. — It would not be large enough.
It suffices to compensate hotel-keepers
and others at present, because reduction
is slow, and revenue to swell the fund
is always coming in from licensed
houses, but if all the hotel bars were
shut a! once, the source from which the
fund obtained its revenue would have
dried up. The money would have to
be found by Government.

S.— How does the Licences Reduc-
tion Board work?

P. — The Board was appointed in
May. 1907. The statutory number of
hotels has been fixed for every district.
When the existing number exceeds this,
the Board, as its compensation fund
permits, closes those in excess.

S. — How many bars have been
closed ?

P. — The statutory number for the
whole of Victoria has been fixed at
1667. There were when the Board was
created 2983 licences in existence. This
was 1316 too many, and to date the
Board has closed 1262 of these.

S. — What compensation was paid?

P. — £625,486. Of this sum licences
in Greater Melbourne got £227,682^ al-
though there were only 340 hotels
closed in the metropolis against 922 in
the country.

S. — If it cost only £625,486 to com-
pensate 1262. it ought not to cost such
a great deal tu compensate the 1721 stUl
in existence?

P. — ^It would cost a lot tffore, because
the reduction of licences has made those
remaining much more valuable. This
is shown by the fact that in 1906 there
was one hotel to every 358 of the
population, whilst in 1919 the number
per hotel was 681. The State, by re-
fusing to renew licences, has made the
property of those who are able to re-
new very much more valuable, s^o that

ttrud-s Review, e/a,m. PROHIBITION. 461

the scheme of making these provide the drugs to satisfy their craving, but the

compensation fund is f>erfectly just. experience in districts and States which

S. — Have you any idea of what com- have gone dry is that the consumption

pensation would cost if no-licence were of drugs does not greatly increase, and

carried at the coming election? sly gvog making slowly dies out. As I

P. — There would be no compensation said in the last number of stead% -the

paid at all if no-Hcence were carried only safe thing to do in this matter of

in October, because a • three-fifths prohibition is to see what has happened

majority is necessary. We have no" elsewhere when places ha^'e gone dry.

exact particulars of what compensation S. — Is it not a fact that many of

would cost. But the sum would, of the figures with regard to decrease of

course, be large. crime accidents and the like, which the

S. — When is the question of no- anti-liquor people produce, are inac-

licence to come up for consideration in curate,

othef Australian States ? P. — Quite possibly. I have already

P. — Electors are to vote cm the mat- said that the figures on both sides are

ter in Queensland on October 30th. A misleading if not actually inaccurate,

simple majority is all that is required. But it is quite possible for you to look

There is to be no compensation, but up year books yourself, and verify

five years is allowed for the closing of them. Statisticians are not concerned

the bars. In New South Wales a refer- vvith this controversy, and their figures

endum is to be taken before June 30th, are reliable. Plenty of correct statis-

1921, but the present Government is in- tics can I)c found in American State

clined to postpone the vote. Simple records, in which dry years can be com-

majority and compensation. pared with wet. Take the Detroit

S. — Is it not a fact that people ac- figures, for instance. Michigan voted

customed all their lives to liquor must, itself dry in 1918. Detroit, the centre

if deprived of it, turn to drugs instead? of the motor car industry, has grown

P. — That assertion is constantly enormously during the last few years,

made, but it is not borne out by facts, and the increase in population continues

There are plenty of cases of habitual yearly, so that there are actually many

drunkards, who are induced for one more people there this year than last.

reason or another to give up drink al- For the year wliich ended in May, 1918

together, and who find it possible to (the last wet one), there were 5993 ac-

continue living without recourse to cidents in the city. In the year ending

drugs. Even if every person whose May, 1919 (the first dry one), there

craving for drink was so, great that he were 4950, that is, 1043 fewer. In the

or she had to satisfy it by taking drug's, last wet year there were 99 attempted

the next generation, brought up in con- suicides, and 67 successful ones. In

ditions in which liquor was unobtain- the dry year the figures were 49 and

^ able, would be without that craving 45 respectively, a decrease of 50 in the

P which we are told must be satisfied in one case and 22 in the other. There

somewav. Those who hold up the drug were -48 fewer fatal accidents, 84 to

bogey fail to bear this in mind. 132. 28 fev/er motor accidents, 68 to

S.— But is it not to be expected that 96. These figures suggest that it was

some substitute for intoxicants will be advantageous to Detroit, at any rate, to

found which will be much more injuri- have the bars closed,

ous in its efi'ects than alcohol? The S-— You have gifen me lots of

k opium habit is beino- eradicated by the figures, but it seems to me your

Chinese Government, but the cocaine strongest argument is that people liv-

habit is taking its place, and is becoitiing ing in dry areas increasingly approve

a more widely spread evil than was the complete suppression of the sale

<^ium smoking. Would not the same of liquor. If prohibition were really

sort of thing happen if liquor were resented by the people as an interfer-

barred altogether? ence with their liberties, they would

A «-K-k^->A-y^«'^i-l-<r 4\^£

462

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October

19.i0.

unemployment predicted if Victoria
carries no-licence will not occur, and in
any case the numbers concerned are
small. The loss of revenue, about which
so great a to-do has been made, is
after all, only i2,000,000 at the very
most, probably less than half that. The
reduction in drunkenness and in acci-
dents and crime generally, does seems
to follow when districts and States go
dr}'. I admit all these things, but I
maintain that these good results can be
obtained without ruining the liquor in-
dustry altogether.

P. — What would you do then? We
admit by the way, that the liquor in-
dustry would be ruined, but maintain
that all those employed in it, and the
"breweries themselves, could do other
equally remunerative work.

S. — I have travelled extensively in
Europe, and. in France, Gennany and
Italy, where everyone, almost, drinks
beer and wine, I have never seen any-
thing approaching the ^drunkenness I
have witnessed in English, Scotch and
Australian cities. The reason for this
is that the wines habitually drvmk in
Europe, are very light, so, too, is the
beer. Comparatively little spirit is
taken. In Russia it was vodka — a
spirit — which befuddled the nation. In
France it was absinthe, in Germany it
was schnappes which caused what
drunkenness there was. This, despite
the huge quantities of beer consumed
in Germany. If, instead of entirely
prohibiting the sale of all liquor, the
alcohol contents of wines and beer were
reduced to the European level or even
lower, drunkenness would be greatly re-
duced, breweries would not be injured,
vine growers need not go out oi busi-
ness, barley would still be in demand,
hops would flourish,, cork merchants
would not lose their business, bottle
factories would continue unable to fill
all their orders. Commonwealth and
State would not need to look elsewhere
to get the £2,000,000 they now obtain
from the liquor industry.

P. — And what about spirits? You
say drunkenness is cau'^ed mainl^ by
these in F.urope.

S. — I confess, after what I have seen
in Paris, Glasgow and Moscow, I would
drastically limit the sale of spirits or
even prohibit their manufacture alto-
gether, save for medicinal purposes.

P. — How would you bring this stat«
of things about?

S. — I would vote for the reduction of
licences at the coming election, and
would then agitate to make the Govera-
ment reduce the alcoholic contents of
wines and beer, and to limit the sale
of spirits.

P. — You would fail, of that there is
not the slightest doubt. What would
be the use of limiting the alcoholic con-
tents of wine and beer, when the pre-
sent variety can be freely imported
from the other States? You might
have the liquor interests with you at
the moment, but if no-licence is de-
feated, you could whistle for their sup-
port. They have never suggested that
the potency of wines and beer should
be reduced. They, of course, could not,
do so, as they argue that the drinking
of both is quite harmless. Nor would
they ever approve XP^r suggestion
about limiting the sale of spirits. It is
on the sale of these that the most
money is made. No, there is no half-
way house. You must either stop the
public sale of liquor altogether or sup-
port the present system.

S. — There is another alternative.
Vote no-licence and then agitate for
permitting the sale of light wine and
light beer.

P. — That would suit me very wdl
indeed, but not the liquor folk. Ex-
perience has shown that once a district
goes dry it stays dry, and I have no
fear whatever that, if we got no-licence
in Victoria, your agitation for the sale
of light wine and beer would bear any
fruit. The liquor interests dread the
abolition of licences by popular vote,
because they know that once the people
took tJiem away, they would never
allow them to be given back again.
The benefits to the community when
drinking ceases ctre too great. Once
experii^nco them, and there is no going
back.

Stead',^ Review, 2/ JO/20.

463

Primary education has now been
made obligatory in Chile.

Natives of India are being induced
to emigrate to British Guiana.

Canada has voted £64,000 for the
purpose of fighting the typhus epidemic
in Europe. » i

Australian flour was used extensive-
ly by the Britisli Relief Mission to
Roumania.

The war has left Serbia with 500,-
000 fatherless children, of whom 150,-
000 are quite destitute.

The Soviet Governrnent announces
that it now has 7000 locomotives, in
good repair, at its disposal.

A record total of 3,578,153 tons of
shipping is at present being h\v^* '■; l.e
yards of the United Kingdom.

All restrictions upon German wire-
less traffic, imposed by the Peace
Treaty, have now been- removed.

The United Kingdom is now ^con-
suming 3,000.000 tons of oil a year, as
compared with 2.000,000 tons in 1913.

The famous Zoological Gardens at
Hamburg are to be closed, as the State
can no longer afford to subsidise them.

A first consignment of 10,000 vol-
umes from Germany, recently arrived
at Louvain, for the University library.

The new. Mexican Government has
ordered the conversion of all its war-
ships in the Gulf of Mexico into nier-
chant ships.

The number of Tapanese in the
Pacific Islands that were taken from
Germany, and placed under Japan's
rule is now about 3000.

The Germans have now cleared the
Kattegat of mines. The North Sea

will, however, not be entirely free of
mines until next year.

The King in Council has issued an
order declaring that July 16 shall be
treated as the date of the termination
of the war with Austria.

The number of electors on the roll
in Great Britain in 1919 was 21,775,-
5!?3. Of these, 12,919,090 were men,
and 8,856,493 were women.

The Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra
is organising a immber of concerts for
the Spring of 1921, in England, under
the direction of Arthur Nikisch.

The cost of maintaining the British
forces in the occupied German terri-
tory up to May last, was £49,000,000.
Germany' has contributed £4,000,000.

The steam tonnage of the world has
increased by no fewer than 8,501,000
tons, as compared with June, 1914.
And yet freights are still ruinously
high. ,

Sir Herbert Samuel promised re-
presentatives of the Palestine press
that the censorship, which has con-
tinued since the war ended, should be
abolished.

There is great congestion at the port
of Antwerp, which is full of goods con-
signed to Germany, but which do not
cross the border 'because the Germans
cannot pay.

The first issue of two franc notes
was made in France in July. In all.
15,000.000 franc's worth of these notes
are to be issued at the rate of 100,000
notes a day.

From the date of the Armistice un-
til March last. Great Britain spent £55.-
973.000 on her Russian ventures. Of

♦64

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October ft, 1930..

this sum. £24,525.000 went to the anti-
Bolshevik armies.

America has benefited by the Chinese
boycott on trade with Japan. Imports
of American goods to China last year
were 48 per cent, greater than in 1918.
and four times as great as in 1908.

Four professors of the Flemish
University, founded hy the Germans
at Ghent during their occupation, have
been sentenced to terms of imprison-
ment ranging from two to ten years.

While Australia is suffering from
lack of shipping, many vessels are lying
idle in the ports of Japan. A recent
report stated that charters for a total
tonnage of 400,000 had been cancelled.

The last Roumanian wheat crop was
the best ever known. Over 500,000
tons of wheat were available for ex-
port, but owing to di.=ici:)ntent among
the peasants, only 100,000 tons left the
country.

A condition of the gift of I>ord
Rothcnnere — of £20,000 to fomid a
chair of American History at Oxford
University — is that the holder of the
professorship mu.st be a citizen of the
United States of America.

Lord Inverclyde, the great shipping
magnate, who died on August 16th. left
personal estate to the value of
£2.017.798. His father, who died in
1901, left £1.038,000. and his elder bro-
ther, who died in 1905. left £295,456.

The Reparations Commission is find-
ing that in many cases, the claims for
damage done by the German armies in
France are grossly overstated. In Lille,
for instance, it is stated that the excess
claims ran into many millions of francs.

The secret importation of liquor in-
to Finland — a dry country — is increas-
ing, and there is a general demand
that prohibition should be suspended
for ten years during which period, a
system of liquor control shoulH be
established.

France now possesses the most
powerful wireless station in the world.
It is situated near Bordeaux, and con-
sists of eight 240 metre higJi towers.
It should, like the German station
near Berlin, be able to communicate
direct with Australia.

During the year ending last June,,
the traffic through the Panama Canal
was 8,045.000 tons. The number of
commercial sh1p.<; using it was 2476.
This is a record. In 1913, 5085 vessels
passed through the Suez Canal. ..^Their
tonnage was 20,033.884.

For the fiscal year of 1920, the
United States imported 172,000,000
dollars worth of goods from Germany
as compared with 82,691,000 dollars
worth in 1919. The exports to Ger-
many were 202,176,000 dollars, and
8.818,800 dollars respectively.

The All Russian Metal Workers'
Union recently passed a resolution in
favour of general obligatory labour,
" based on the compulsory census and
distribution of labour power, by the in-
dustrial unions, in conformity with the-
demands of national economy."

In Great Britain, during 1919, the
people spent £386.000,000 on alcoholic
liquors. £195,000.000 on beef and mut-
ton. £165,000.000 on flour, £125,000.-
000 on milk. £100,000,000 on bacon,
£85.000.000 on butter and margarine,
£50,000,000 on sugar, and £45,000,000
on tea.

Butter in France costs six to seven
francs a pound, eggs cost 60 centimes
each, sugar is three francs a pound for
rationed supplies, and four and a-half
francs for free purchases. Veal is
eight francs a pound, and lobsters are
now Sold by weight at eight francs a
pound.

The French loans, raised in England
and the United States during the war,
mature before the end of the year, and
the two creditors refuse to prolong
them. To meet them, and to make
good the deficit on the year's budget,
France is raising an internal loan at
six per cent.

One hundred thousand cows have
been placed at the disposal of the Ger-
man Red Cross, by the American Dairy
Cattle Company, to alleviate the dis-
tress of the underfed Gentian children.
Germany has requested the Bn'tish Gov-
ernment to grant her the cargo space
needed for their transport across the-
.Atlantic.

mteatif! Utivhni;, i/ti/.^

M:^

NEW SOCIAL LITERATURE.

Reviewed by Professor Meredith Atkinsox, M.A.

Creative Revolution. K. and C. Paul.
(Allen & Unwin; 8/6.)

The Bolshevik Theory. R. W. Post-
gate. (Grant Richards; 8/6.)

The first of these books, whose sub-
title is " A Study of Conniiunist Erga-
tocracy," is a review of proletarian
movements and principles during the
course of the last few years. By " cr-
gatocracy " i? meant. " the administra-
tion of the workers, for the workers,
by the workers." And when complete,
it will involve, not class domination,
but the rule of all by all, since non-pro-
ducers will not exist. The transition
from bourgeois oligarchy to ergato-
cracy is to be effected by the dictator-
ship of the proletariat. All through
the work the writers seek to just'ify the
use of force to *' discipline " the recal-
citrant elements, " during the acute
phasrs of the breakdown of capitalist
sociely." But they do not really face
the consequences: in blood and iron, of
such a policy. The first half of the
book is occupied with a detailed de-
scription of the various differences of
outlook between the main bodies of the
Socialist movement. The objects of the
Third International are analysed, and
the Parliamentary system is repudiated
in favour of the Soviet. In a final re-
view of what is meant by" creative re-
volution," the influeri?!^ of men like
Bergson and Freud upon proletarianism
is declared to be profound, the one
through his conception of creative evo-
lution, the other through the effect of
his psycho-analysis in confirming de-
terminist thought. These authorities
are quoted to destroy the idea that rea-
son and free-will arc important factors
in social evolution.

Mr. Postage's book is a much more
cogent and valuable critique of the
theory and applied practice of Bolshe-
vism. I know no clearer account of the
social and economic structure of the
hierarchy of Soviets. The historical

portion of tb.e l)ook, showing the raove-
•ment in proletarian thought from Syn-
dicalism up to Bolshevism is ])articu-
larly good. Both works are agreed in
condemning the Pari jam entary system
as being an impracticable agency of re-
construction from the working-class
standpoint. But both fail to describe in
terms of the inevitable Parliament, the
ultimate form of government for the
whole community. Nearly all these
writers seem to me to be so entirely ob-
sessed with the idea of economic func-
tion, that their political theory is still
vague and unsatisfactory. Neverthe-
less, Mr. Postgate has made a distinct
addition to the literature of the .sub-
ject.

Karl Marx on Vahec. ]. W. ^-cott
D.Ph. (A. &C. Black; 3/-.)

This is a new criticism of an old
familiar theory. But it rs greatly
superior to the criticisms of Marx by
the usual orthodox economist. It ),•;
very fair, in giving Marx credh for
drawing attention to several of the fun-
<lamentals in the capitalist system. The
book is particularly good in its analysis
of the returns on various quantities of
capital, showing Marx commits an er-
ror when " he distinguishes between the
profits really made, and the^ profits
which actually come." The profit ap-
propriate to each capital does not in-
evitably reach the holder of that canital.
The argument is too elaborate to repro-
duce here, but the relations between
labour, value, price and profit are shown
with great clearness.

Men and Thoiiqht in. Modern His-
fory. Emest Scott. (Macmillans.)

Professor Scott has pr9duced a most
interesting and valuable book, planned
upon somewhat novel lines, as indicated
by the chapter hea,dings, such as
"Rousseau nnd Human Rights," "Napo-
leon and Efficiency in Government,"
" Mazzini and Nationality." " Abraham
Lincoln and Democracy," " Karl Marx
and Socialism." " Darwin and Modern

466

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October t, 1996.

Science," " Bismarck and Blood and
Iron," " Woodrow Wilson and the
League of Nations." This method
of taking a leading thinker or
statesman as the representative of a dis-
tinct school or movement has worked
out very successfully. It makes the his-
tory of the nineteenth century stand out
in a series of high reliefs. While the
character of each great man is de-
scribed, it is his place in his century that
the author aims to make clear. An ap-
pendix of interesting quotations is at-
tached to each chapter. No one who
reads the whole book can fail to acquire
a sound all-round idea of the main
movements of thought in the last cen-
tury and a-half — Imperialism, Political
Individualism. Democracy, Socialism,
Free Trade, Evolution and Education.

The Real Wealth of Nationi. I. S
Hecht. (Harrap; 15/-.)

This book, though a good deal too
long, develops in a most interesting way
an economic thesis based upon the de-
finition of wealth as " only those things
that contribute to the well-being of all,
or, to make the problem less compli-
cated, to the wealth of nations." Eco-
nomics is therefore treated as an ethical
science, in the Ruskinian manner.
There is no equality between men or be-
tween nations, either in natural endow-
ment or in positive production. Cur-
rent internationalism is therefore re-
pudiated^and an endeavour is made to
establish an economy, individual and
national, which shall satisfy the defini-
tion of wealth. Competition is' con-
demned as being far from beneficial to
the human race, and the cause of untold
waste and poverty. " The only com-
petition beneficial to humanity is that
of the mind, or co-operation." The
production of necessaries is the first
consideration, enlargement of the divi-
dend in the direction of luxuries to
come as the efficiency of the workers
■ncreases. The elevation of the handlers
of wealth, the n^dlemen, to such a
high place in the economy of the nation
has distracted attention from the pro-
ducers — far and away the more import-
ant class.- And so the book runs the whole
gamut of economic topics, to a some-

what weak conclusion., " a new system
of government." The middleman is tti
be so controlled that his power will dis-
appear, and the wealth producers of all
classes — '' scholars, scientists, engineers,
architects, accountants, artists, writers,
doctors, farmers, manufacturers — ^toge-
ther with the Labour represeatatives of
all skilled trades, who will become " our
producer-rulers." This is getting very
near to Mr. Bottomley's business gov-
ernment, from which may Heaven de-
fend us ! But there is very much more
in Mr. Hecht's argument than that.

Poland and the Minority Races. A.
L. Goodhart, M.A. (Allen & Unwin ;
10/6).

Mr. Goodhart. late of the American
Army, and now Fellow of a Cambridge
College, was Counsel of the Peace Mis-
sion sent by the United States to
Poland. The book is in the form of a
diary, and is a vivid narrative teeming
with interesting facts. The Mission
was undertaken kt the instance of M.
Paderewski, then President of Poland,
to ascertain the truth or otherwis.^. of
the reported wholesale pogroms of Jews
in Poland. Apart from the evidence
relevant to their enquiry which the book
sets forth, the descriptions of outstand-
ing personalities, social scenes and poli-
tical ideas make this work one of the
most interesting of the growing series
from recent travellers in Central
Europe. Most of the anti-Semitic feel-
ing seems to spring from the suspicion,
proved to be largely unfounded, that
the Jews'were Bolsheviks. All sorts of
extravagant stories were exploded cm
investigation, but the number and char-
acter of the outrages committed by the
Poles proved, nevertheless, lamentable.
It is almost impossible to escape a sense
of despair, when one reads the evidence #
of undying racial hatred, abysmal ig-
norance, and economic degradation of
which these pages are full. And yet
proofs of a basic kindliness, a pitiful
yearning after better things are trace-
able throup-hout. Only the intervention
of some^higher power, like the League
of Nations, can stop. these frightful
pogroms, and bring racial equilibrium,,
if not co-operation.

stead's Review, 2/10/&).

467

Imagination.

By Marcus Letcher.

AS Charles 'Godfrey approached
his house he quickened his step
and gave utterance to an ex-
clamation of astonishment. There was
a light in his wife's boudoir on the first
floor — and his wife had gone off into
Devonshire that very evening; he had
helped her into the train at Paddington,
had even watched the train until it was
out of sight.

"Very funny!" he muttered, and
sprang briskly up the steps.

As he turned his latchkey in the lock
the door was opened vigorously from
within, and Jenkins, the butler, con-
fronted him.

" What the deuce is the matter?" he
demanded, angrily. His first hasty
judgment was that Jenkins was drunk.

" A burglar, sir !" the butler gasped
excitedly. " I heard noises on the first
floor, and went up to investigate. A
man dashed past me, and left the house
by the dining-room window. I was
quite unable to stop him, so I weijt to
see what damage he had done. For-
tunately, I disturbed him right at the
start. Mrs. Godtrey's boudoir is badly
upset, but nothing is missing, and the
thief has not damaged any other room."

Godfrey listened with what patience
he could command, and then snapped
out questions curtly.

His wife's bedroom was untouched?
— jewels safe? — good! Had the police
been informed? — no? — well, it must be
done at once. Any idea what the thief
looked like? — none? — a pity. Was the
dining-room window forced ? — unac-
countably left unfastened? That was
grossly negligent. Could not under-
stand such an experienced man as Jen-
kins being so careless. No good worry-
ing about that, however; telephone
nearest police-station at once; ought to
have been done at first.

Jenkins, with every sign of repentant
agitation, proceeded to the telephone.

Godfrey hurried to his wife's bou-
doir. On the threshold he paused for
a moment. It had been a fad of
Miriam's to have this little sanctum ab-
solutely private, and he had indulged
her wish. He found himself sighing
a little regretfully; hfe with Miriam
had somehow lost its savour since those
glorious early days. The pursuit of
wealth had called for all his energies,
he had no time for the trivialities
(Miriam called them humanities, he re-
membered!) of life. It had needed
every effort of which he was capable to
make him the Charles Godfrey whom
the city respected.

He recalled a sentence from one of
the caustic anti-Semitic weeklies:
" This man Godfrey is a company-pro-
moter, a ' giant of finance,' it is true,
and that is enough to make him suspect
to honest men, but at least his nose is ef
normal proportions, and he is an Eng-
lishman !"

Yes. he had "got there" all right.

but^

"Confound it!" he exclaimed, half
aloud, "I'm getting sentimental.
Miriam is enjoying herself ; we cannot
always be honeymooning."

With which wholesome reflection he
stepped into the room. A chair was
lying where obviously it had been over-
turned by the thief in his dash for free-
dom ; one or two photographs were ly-
ing on the floor; a little rosewood writ-
ing desk ^ad been forced, and a few
books froni a shelf in its recesses had
fallen forward, and lay with their titles
exposed.

Godfrey's eye was at once arrested by
one of these. It was a cream-bound
note-book, across which was written in
his wife's bold hand : " For my hus-
band to read when I am gone."
(Continued on page xv.)

468

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October 3, 19S0.

stead's Review, Z/IO/W.

469

THE BALTIC STATES AND POLAND.

The trouble between Poland and
Lithuania has directed attention to the
new republics which have been formed
in what used to be known as the Baltic
States of Russia. These were Cour-
land, in the south, Esthonia, in the
north, and Livonia between the two.

The Esths are related to the Finns.
Settling^ on the southern shores of the
Gulf of Finland about the tenth cen-
tury, they appear to have been a war-
like "predatory race, who fought the
Danes and other neighbours in the
whole-hearted manner of those days.
About 1225, they were conquered by
the Teutonic Knights, and from that
time onwards became entirely subor-
dinate to the great German landowners
who settled and controlled the coun-
try. In the sixteenth century the
Swedes took charge, but after defeat-
ing Sv/eden, Peter the Great annexed
the province in 172L

Livonia, also conquered by the Teu-
tonic Knights, was later controlled by
Lithuania, Poland, Russia, and Sweden
alternately. Ultimately, the northern
portion was annexed by Russia, and the
southern by Poland, but the province
was always the subject of strife be-
tween the two, until finally conquered
by Peter the Great.

Courland, being adjacent to Prus-
sia, was more directly under German
control, but, like Livonia, it was for
long a sort of shuttlecock in the wars
between Russia and Poland. It fin-
ally fell to the fonner some 70 years
after the northern provinces, coming
voluntarilv under the Russian sceptre
in 1795.

It was not until 1881 that the Rus-
sians began systematically to Russify
the Baltic provinces, and to persecute
those inhabitants who refused to be-
come members of the Greek Church.

During the Great War the provinces
Were invaded by the (lermans, who set
up a separate Government in Courland.
Later, after the Armistice, the forces of
von der Goltz appear to have co-oper-
ated to some extent with those of the

Allies against the Bolsheviks. The
Esths and the Letts and the Lithuanians
meanwhile set up provisional govern-
ments of their own. Ultimately three
distinct republics emerged. They ap-
pear to have more or less delimited their
mutual boundaries, and Esthonia and
Latvia have also fixed their frontiers
with Russia. Lithuania, too, appears to
have come to an understanding with the
Soviet Government, but is in conflict
with the Poles, who claim Vilna,
wdiich the Allies have not allotted to
them. The Lithuanians, on the other
hand, claim most of the district of
Suwalki on enthological, historical and
geographical grounds.

The Republic of Esthonia includes
the province of Esthonia and the nor-
thern half of Livonia. It has a popula-
tion of 1,600,000. Thanks largely to
the efforts of the British and American
relief missions, the bad economic and
food conditions were overcome, but the
arrival of Yudenitch's beaten army
created a trying situation. Now, how-
ever, the Esthonian Government has
announced that no further grain im-
ports will be needed, although rice,
sugar, salt and herrings arQ^ still being
sent in large quantities. The Russo-
Esthonia frontier runs through the
centre of Lake Peipus. The southern
boundary reaches the Gulf of Riga,
some 30 miles north of Riga.

The Republic of Latvia consists of
the southern half of Livonia, and the
province of Courland. It has a popula-
tion of some 2,000.000. The capital is
Riga, and the other important Russian
port of Libau is included in its terri-
tory. It stretches right down to the old
Prussian frontier at MemeL thus cut-
ting Lithuania entirely off from the sea.
Memel, with its. immediate hinterland,
however, by the terms of the Versailles
Peace Treatv, has been surrendered by
Germany to the Allies, to do with as
they see fit. and it may be that they will
give the Lithuanians a window to the
Baltic here. Meanwhile, the Lithu-
anian Government has concluded an ar-

470

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October S, iftM.

ran^ement with Latvia for the use of
Libau.

The Government estimates the total
population of the country, including
Vilna. at 4,000,000. America charged
herself with the relief of Lithuania, but
some time before the sending of sup-
plies were to have ceased, the Lithu-
anians intimated that they were able to
manage by themselves.

The new Poland has been carved out
of Prussia, Russia and Austria, which a
hundred years and more ago had par-
titioned it amongst themselves. Russia
at that time took the lion's share, and
Prussia got least of the three. The
Germans, however, developed the terri-
tory they obtained much more systema-
tically than did either Russians or Aus-
trians. They attempted, with consider-
able success, to Prussianise their por-
tion ; the Russians, adopting much more
oppressive measures, failed to Russian-
ise theirs. The Austrians, in Galacia,
made no serious attempt to coerce the
Poles, allowed them m fact to more or
less govern the country. Thus it came
about that the Pqles regarded Austria
with far less bitterness than Russia or
Germany. But the persecution of the
Russians being most severe of all,
Polish hatred was greatest against them.

The firsf partition of Poland took
place in 1772. The second, in 1793, and-
the country was finally divided up in
1795. Napoleon later set up a sort of
independent Poland, which was known
as the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, but
his desire to conciliate Russia caused
him to include in it only the Prussian
provinces and Western Galacia. The
Grand Duchy collapsed when the Grand
Army retreated from Moscow, and, at
the Congress of Vienna, the repartition
of Poland was arranged. Russia got
a much larger share tha«t. before, and
established in her portion what was
known as the " Congress Kingdom,"
with the Tsar of Russia as king. Rus-
sian oppression and Polish risings re-
sulted in the final disappearance of this
camouflage kingdom in 1863. There-
after, Russia systematically persecuted

the nobility, and suppressed every
national effort on the part of the Poles;
but, under her rule, the Polish peasants
were freed from serfdom, and, on the
whole, were less oppressed under their
new masters than they had been under
their old.

There is considerable difference of
opinion amongst the Poles themselves,
and also between the Allies, as to what ''
the boundaries of the new Poland are
to be. Pilsudski and other leaders de-
sire to re-establish the old frontiers
which existed before the first partition.
These touched Riga in the north,_ ran
along the Beresina and Dnieper rivers
in the east, and along the Carpathians in
the south. They enclosed a huge area
where hardly any Poles remain to-day.
The Curzon line appears to follow
pretty rhuch the eastern border of
Napoleon's ephemeral Grand Duchy,
except that it gives Poland the whole
of Galicia, not only half as did the
French Emperor. The Allies now ap-
pear to be agreed on this frontier. The
other boundaries of Poland are almost
exactly identical with those of the
Grand Duchy, save that the latter had
no corridor to Dantzig, being entirely
cut oft' from the sea. The Allies then
would establish a new State, just about
the size of Napoleon's creation, plus
eastern Galicia, and possibly Upper
Silesia, if the people living there so de-
cide.

To give the Poles the Ukrainian half
of Galicia is merely courting trouble,
but oil here, as elsewhere, has played
an important role. The great oil wells
of Galicia are in the eastern portion,
and not only do the Poles desire them,
but the Allies are quite aware that if the
oil fields are in Polish hands, they — on
whose support Poland must always rely
— are able to control them, whereas, if
the Ukrainians got them, such control
would be impossible. In view of the
increasing strength of Russia, and the
determination of the people of England
not to be dragged into another Euro-
pean war, it is almost certain that the
Curzon line will, in the end, be modified
to make it divide Galicia in half.

stead's Review, 2/10/20. 471

EX-PRESIDENT POINCARE ON THE EUROPEAN

SITUATION.

It is difficult for people in England The ex-President points out that,
to altogether understand the French early in 1914, French finances were in
attitude towards the European settle- a most satisfactoi'y state. By com-
ment, and in Australia, at the other parison with the financial position to-
end of the world, it is still more im- day, they undoubtedly were, but it is
possible. We fail to realise the position well to recall that in June, 1914, not
in which France was left by the war, only was the exchequer empty, but
and do not always remember that her there was a deficit of £24.000,000. It
territory was occupied by an enemy is true that a loan -for £30,000,000 to
for four years, and that her industries meet this Avas subscribed many times
were largely destroyed. Looking at over, but the new military commit-
the situation as a whole, leading British ments — due to tlie adoption of a three
thinkers have become convinced that, years' service-r-required a further sum
unless the Versailles Treaty is notably of £38.000,000, which was also to be
modified, the rebuilding of Europe will found by a loan. That is to say,
be impossible. They, therefore, ad- France had reached a position where
vocate a more lenient treatment of she was obliged to meet current ex-
Germany. This, the French will not penses from loan money, instead of
have for anj consideration, and if we from revenue.

recall what fhey have suffered, we can- In submitting the budget in July,

not but sympathise with their attitude, the Minister painted a sombre picture

even though we may regret it of the present financial situation. The

as making the ultimate re-es- public debt, including everything —

tablishment of normal conditions local loans, foreign loans, floating lia-

in Europe well nigh impossible, bilities and funded debt — was 233,-

But whilst we may disagree with 729,0(X).000 francs. In this sum, the

the French view of the situation, it pre-war rate of exchange is used; if

is important for us to understand it were necessary to pay foreign credi-

French sentiment, otherwise we make tors at the present exchange, the for-

tmgenerous judgments. eign debt, reckoned at 34,296,000,000

An exceedingly illuminating article francs would have to be practically
by Raymond Poincare, who was Pre- doubled. Deducting the pre-war debt,
sident of France during all the war 30,000.000,000 francs, there is left
years, appears in La Revue des Deux 203.000.000,000 francs— debts con-
Mondes. He wrote immediately after tracted during the war, and used to carry
the Spa Conference, and expressed on hostilities. M. Poincare states that,
lively dissatisfaction with some of the between the 1st August, 1914, and the
decisions made there. His article opens 31st Tulv. 1920, France spent 233,-
with a brief review of France's finan- 300,000.000 francs. During the ten
cial position, and declares that France years prior to the war, the annual bud-
has a double task — to exercise the most get advanced from 3,565,000.000 to
rigorous economy, and to show the 5,191,000,000. Had the same rate of
same rigor towards Germany in fore- increase been maintained, the amount
ing her to pay her debts, that is to spent in the war years would have
say, to pay for military pensions and been 33,000,000,000, instead of 233,-
for damage done in France. If econ- 000.000,000 francs. There remains,
omy is not exercised and Germany does therefore, he says, an expenditure of
not pay, the new taxes, formidable as 200,000.000,000 francs directly due to,
they are, will prove insufficient to bal- the aggression of Germany. The Treaty
ance the budget, and France will soon of Versailles prevents France from de-
sink under an unbearable load. manding this sum from the vanquished.

472

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October 2, 19»,

By adopting President Wilson's
Fourteen Points. France and England
undertook not to impose on Germany
a penal indemnity, or even an indem-
nity corresponding to the actual costs
of the war. M. Poincare rightly points
out, however, that this renunciation
was magnificently counterbalanced, for
it secured the whole-hearted support
of the United States, and of the
American Array ; " nor must we
forget that, before insisting on
this great restriction of our hopes
and our rights. President Wil-
son had favourably ^contemplated a
solution which would have been utter-
ly unprofitable to us — a solution in
which there would be neither conquer-
ors or conquered." But, he savs, there
are 200,000,000,000 francs' which
France, has had to spend in four years
owing to German aggression, and the
weight of which burdens her finances,
and hampers her activities. Is she not
justified, under the circumstances, in
insisting that, as is 'set out in the
Treaty, Germany shall at any rate pay
for military pensions and make full
reparation ?

It is illuminating to find M. Poin-
care emphasising the fact that German
liability under the Treaty is limited tc
the paying of war pensions, and the
making good of damage done. If the
amount of money required under these
two heads were definitely stated, one
of its gravest faults would be removed
from the Peace Treaty. Unfortunately,
the attitude concerning German in-
demnity payments has hitherto been
that the Germans were to find an in-
definite sum, the amount of which
was to be limited only by their ability
to pay. It is against this indefiniteness
that a great deal of the criticism of the
Treaty is directed.

M. Poincare complains that the sin-
ister theories of Mr. Keynes are hav-
ing more and more influence with the
Allies, and recalls that Mr. Asquith
said in the British Parliamerit. " What-
ever form of words one employs, the
Conference at Spa has been in effect
a Conference for the revision of the
conditions of the Treatv." Mr. Llovd

George, it is true, at once declared that
he could not pass such a criticism, as a
statement of that nature would pro-
duce the most unfortunate effect in
France. His contradiction, says M.
Poincare, was courteous to France, but
unfortunately makes no real change in
what actually occurred at Spa. He
complains that every time the Supreme
Council has met, it has left upon the
Conference table bits of the Treaty
which it had trimmed off the original
document.

Everything that the Germans do or
propose is regarded by M. Poincare
with intense suspicion, and. in review-
ing the French actions and declara-
tions, we must always bear in mind
that the attitude of the whole of France
towards Germany is one of rooted
mistrust. The French do not appear
to believe that the Germans can be
trusted under any circums^tances what-
ever, and no matter what they promise
or undertake to do, it is necessary for
the Allies to be prepared at any mo-
ment to compel compliance by force.
No good can come, says M. Poincare,
by admitting Germans to discussions
on the matter of reparation payments.
He describes the German estimate of
damage done — 7,226.000,000 marks —
as an affront, and asks what is the
use of expecting them to spontaneous-
ly offer anything but ridiculous
amounts. Mr. Lloyd George, by the
way. in referring to the German pro-
posals said that " the scheme they sub-
mitted had been a most complete and
valuable one as giving clear proof that
the Germans were making a real effort
to grapple with the problem of the in-
demnity. It was not an attempt at
evasion, and it had been decided to ap-
point a committee- of experts to discuss
the document with the Germans." This
is a good illustration of the totally
different view of Germany taken by
the leaders of the two countries. Once
we thoroughly grasp this difference,
we can understand why French and
British statesmen do not always see
eye to eye together.

M. Poincare points out that, whilst
the obiect of th*^ Conference at Soa

stead's Review, 2/10/26. THE EUROPEAN SITUATION. 473

was to fix the amount of reparations, measures had formally advised against

it dealt witli practically every other any further discussion of the matter

subject, but left this one untouched, with the Germans. Not only did the

and he goes on : " With great regret, I Allied Governments refuse to take any

am obliged to say that the Conference coercive measures, but they showed

has unfortunately justified my worst themselves much more considerate of

fears. The trial of wsly criminals is Germany than had the Commission,
not insisted on; instead of demanding -phey revised the amount of coal to

immediate disarmament, the Confer- ^g surrendered, they increased the

ence, after a long discussion, agreed to p^ice to be paid for the coal by six

allow Germany a further delay, which n^arks (gold) a ton, and they under-

gave her till the 1st January of next ^qqI^ ^o make advances against the coal

year to disarm." Already, he declares, ^j^^t was surrendering. As France was

events in Poland have made it feasible obtaining most of the coal, this im-

for Germany to insist that it is im- posed a further charge on the French

possible for her to carry out even new Treasury of more than 2,000,000,000

arrangements, because she has to send francs a month. M. Poincare strongly

troops to East Prussia and. in addi- objects to the delivery of coal being

tion, has to cope with internal troubles niixed up with the granting of credits

caused by the Polish war. to Germany. The coal, he' says, " was

The ex-President is naturally most guaranteed to us by the Treaty. This

concerned over the deliveries of coal, coal is due to France. If the Allies

for it was because of this matter that think that, in order to assist Germany

he resigned the Chairmanship of the to her feet, it is advisable to give her

Reparations Commission. That Com- credits, let them do so, but in propor-

mission, finding that Germany had not tion to their means. It is absurd to

carried out her engagements, had done charge France with the greatest part

what it was told to do in the Peace of these advances, on the pretext that

Treaty, in paragraph 17, which reads, she is receiving more coal than the

'" In case of default by Germany in the others. Why is she receiving, or ought

performance of any obligations under she to receive more coal? Because

this part of the present Treaty, the her mines were destroyed by the com-

Commission will forthwith give notice mon enemy." He considers that the

of such default to each of the inter- chief danger in the coal arrangement

ested Powers, and may make such re- arrived at in Spa is the postponing of

commendations as to the action to be coercive measures for a further three

taken in consequence j)f such default months. There are, he says, some

as it may think fit." The Commission amongst our friends who are always

informed the Governments of the cir- anxious to postpone the employment

cumstances, but said that it did not of force until to-morrow,
think it well to recommend any course jhe Spa arrangement, at any rate,

of action, but considered it desirable supplies definite provisions in place of

that the necessary measures to be some which the Treaty had left vague,

taken should be agreed upon by the fhe new protocol sets out that, if Ger-

Allied Powers amongst themselves. many does not deliver to France with-

The next paragraph empowers the in three months the specified quantity

Allies to adopt economic and financial of coal, France shall occupy the Ruhr

prohibitions and reprisals, and any district or some other portion of Ger-

other measures they may deem neces- man territory. Unfortunately, says

sary. " What." asks M. Poincare " did M. Poincare, this action is not auto-

the Allied Governments do after re- matic. France may act alone, but must

ceiving the note from^he Reparations reach an agreement with the Allies as

Commission?" They practically dis- to the region to be occupied, and when

avowed the Commission which in urg- occupation is to take place. " We have

ing adoption of immediate coercive in the Treaty of Versailles a diplomatic

474

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October 2, !»/».

instrument. Let us use it to recall their
engas^cnients to our Allies as well as
their obligations to our late enemies."

M. Poincare is decidedly anxious
with regard to the position in Asia
Minor. Thanks to the Greeks, he says,
the Allies are going to have time to
reflect ; '* it is to be hoped that they
will not profit by the respite to go to
sleep. No matter how great is the
political genius of M. X'enizelos, no
matter how valiant are his troops, we
cannot impose on Greece the crushing
task of alone maintaining order in
Thrace and in Asia Minor . . . ." it
is not the signature of the Sultan at
the foot of the Treaty which is going
to bring tranquillity in Armenia or pro-
tect Persia against Bolshevik invasion
.... it is probable that the Turkish
Treaty will bring us even more sur-
prises than that of Versailles."

It was, he insists, impossible for
France to abandon its manda:te over
Syria. In this connection the mistake
made was to have treated the young
Bedouin, Emir Feisal, as a great Mos-
lem prince. Emboldened by having
been admitted to the Peace Conference

he regarded himself as the master of
Damascus. It was necessary that he
should be eliminated, and having got
rid of him, says M. Poincare, let us-
now devote ourselves to bringing peace
and prosperity to Syria. He admits
that France will have to make great
sacrifices to maintain her position in
Asia Minor.

He ably sets out the French position
with regard to Poland, and surveys the
events which led up to the invasion of
that country by the Bolsheviks. The
Soviet Government, "he says, one must
admit, manoeuvred with a skill which
was humiliating to the old-established
Governments of Europe. He deplores
Lloyd George's action about Dantzig
and the Corridor, and does not like
his attitude towards Poland. Mr.
Lloyd George, he says, has adopted a
tone which was hardly acceptable to a
proud people rendered bitter by a long
persecution, but he goes on to ask
whether " we ourselves, have we al-
ways given our advice with the neces-
sary delicacy? Have we been towards
Poland and towards many of the Euro-
pean Allies as friendly as we should
have been ?"

HAROLD BELL WRIGHT.

The Shepherd of the Hills made
Harold Bell Wright famous in Aus-
tralia. In America, he is probably the
most popular of living authors ; yet, so
discouraging was the reception of his
earliest efforts that he, in despair, de-
cided to give up all idea of writing
stories. His recent divorce from his
wife has excited interest in his career,
and many papers have published brief
sketches of him. One of these appears
in the St. Louis Times.

From this we find that his first novel.
That Printer of Udell's, was written
whilst he was pastor of the Christian
Church of Lebanon. Before having
that charge, he had been pastor of the
church of the same denomination in
Pittsburg, Kansas, which town was the
scene of the story. His health at the
time was very bad, and he was suffer-
ing from great physical weakness.

Lebanon is situated in the Ozarks, a dis-
trict known to all who have read The
Shepherd of the Hills. The young
preacher sent his manuscript to pub-
lishers in New York and Boston, but
one after another, they returned the
bulky package " with thanks." Mr.
Wright gave up in despair, and his
friends began to be seriously perturbed
concerning his health, so much did he
worry. Finally the local doctor, who
was a leading member of his Church,
decided to try an entirely new remedy
for his patient.

This doctor was not wealthy, but the quiet
dwellers of the Ozarks who knew him, con-
sidered him " well off."

"Brotlicr Wright," the physician said one
Sunday to his pastor, " can you go to Chicago
with me to-night?

" Chicago !" gasped the minister. " Why,
no — I haven't any business there, and it's
an expensive trip."

Btead'fi Review^ 2/l0/i(>.

HAROLD BELL WRIGHT.

475

" But you \\'A-%e business there," declared
the doctor, smiling mysteriously. " I have,
too, and we can attend to it together; I'm
going to pay all the expenses."

The physician unfolded his plan. He knew
these Eastern pul)lishers couldn't recognise
a good story when they saw it in manu-
script form. It ' would be different in
Chicago ; but, of course, a personal visit to
the publishers would be better than negotia-

. tions by mail. So the doctor had decided
to take Brother Wright to a Chicago com-
pany, which handled a great book business,
and which ought to be glad to have a chance
at buying the minister's manuscript.

Besides — and here was where Brother and
Sister Wright opened their astonished eyes
widest — the doctor was going to take 700
dollars along with him to pay for getting the
book out, if the Chicago firm hesitated. So
the country minister and the country doctor
went to Chicago. The doctor knew of the
company% having liought books listed in a
catalogue, which is issued twice a year, and
always mailed to him. The books were good,
yet cost him less money than other book
concerns asked. That, he argued, proved
the company to be alert. It would, no doubt,
be glad to print another book as good as the

^minister's.

Arrived in Chicago~they found, how-
ever, that the " big- book " company -did
not occupy fine quarters in one of the
principal business streets of the city, but
was located in a loft in a dingy-looking
building in the poorest district. The
doctor, however, undismayed, tackled
the principals, and finally persuaded
them to bring out this novel, Y^diich wise
publishers without number had refused.
The book people, however, were deter-
mined not to take any risks, and

printed one chapter only, which they in-
cluded in their next catalogue. Orders
at once began pouring in, and the whole
book was printed.

It is now stated to have gone through
editions totalling 7,000,000 copies.

The young minister found that his
growing royalties enabled him to take
a rest, and he and his friends built a
little cabin down on the White River,
Taney Country. There, the ailing
author and his faithful wife resided
for a year amongst the pines of the
Ozarks. He soon began to mend in
health, and set to work on a new story,
urged to the task by appeals from the
Chicago book people.

The ShephcrdTof the Hills was the result
— a story of the very spot where the young
writer was fighting his battle for life and
strength. The Chicago book people em-
ployed like original advertising methods for
the new work. Everybody who knows about
the Harold Bell Wright aooks is acquainted
with the story of tiie success of that second
novel. Others have followed in yearly suc-
ces-sion, all successful, until Wright is to-day
one of the most widely read of living authors.

His old friends at Lebanon are natur-
ally much perturbed that their former
minister should divorce his wife, who
so faithfully tended him during his
early struggles. They wonder if this
thing would have happened if the
cou|)Ie had never left the ciuiet little vil-
lage down in the Ozarks, after Mr.
Wright's novels began to bring him
wealth and fame.

THE BRITISH RELIEF MISSION IN POLAND.

The Relief Commission which visited
Poland last year issued its report some
little time ago. It stated that there was
a shortage of munitions and military
equipment, and that even v.^omen and
boy? of twelve were fighting in the
trenches. Children were dying for
want of milk, and adults were unable
to obtain bread or fats. Most of the
villages had been burnt down by the
Russians in their retreat. Larfd had
been uncultivated for four years, and
had been cleared oi cattle, grain, horses
and agricultural machinery by both
Germans and Russians. The people in

many places were living on roots, grass, ^
acorns and heather. Their clothes were
in tlie last stages of dilapidatioR. The
majority wore no boots or shoes, and
hacl reached the lowest depths of misery
and degradation. Half the population
of Warsaw was in receipt of out-of-
work pay from the Government, whilst
nearly the whole of the population of
Lodz was in a similar plight. 700,000
Polish labourers who had been in Ger-
many at the outbreak of the war, and
had remained there during the
struggle, flocked back to Poland, after
the -Armistice, and swelled the number

476

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October 2, 1920.

of unemployed, which was also aug-
mented by the stream of prisoners and
deportees continually arriving from
Russia. As a rule these unfortunate
people found nothing left of their
former houses, and had to live where
they could find any kind of shelter-
in old dug-outs, or trenches, or holes in
the ground. Some of them made piti-
ful attempts to begin cultivation, using
anything which they could find to dig-
with, such as old bits of scrap iron, or
broken shovels, or bits of wood.
Disease was widespread ; the returning
prisoners carried typhus with them
wherever they went, and in some areas
as much as 60 per cent, of the total
population was afifected by typhus. The
mortality rate had risen to 40 per thou-
sand, and the birth rate in Warsaw had
fallen to 11.9 per thousand. There were
far too few doctors in Poland to cope
with the situation; soap and all essen-
tial drugs and medical appliances were
either totally lacking, or utterly insuffi-
cient to meet the needs of the popula-
tion. The currency was in a chaotic
condition ; there were in circulation
Russian rouble notes of various
amounts. German mark notes, Austrian
kronen notes, Ukrainian notes, Polish
mark notes issued by the Germans,
Polish mark notes issued by the new
Polish Government. German mark
notes were at a premium, as they could
be used to purchase supplies from Ger-
many, and were also accepted by the
Swiss. The United States sent 5522

lbs. of clothing, provided meals for
1,300.000 children daily, and clothed
700,000. One hundred locomotives, and
2000 trucks surrendered by the Ger-
mans to the Allies were sent from
France to Poland. T4ie total needed^
however, was 500 locomotives, and
25,000 trucks. The Relief Commission
made contracts with Germany for the
exchange of Polish potatoes for Ger-
man coal, with Czecho-Slovakia for
Polish coal in exchange for sugar, with
Austria for Polish coal, petroleum, oils,,
eggs, hides, etc., for Austrian tanned
leather, agricultural machinery and
other manufactured goods.

The territory acquired by the Poles
from Germany has an annual produc-
tion of 2,200.000 metric tons of rye,
920,000 tons of oats, 9,680,000 tons of
potatoes, 440,000 tons of wheat, and
510,000 tons of barley, whilst Galicia,
which has been awarded to Poland by
the Allies, produced 780,000 tons of
rye, 6,830,000 tons of potatoes, 610,000
tons of wheat, and 440,000 tons of bar-
ley, in 1913. The crope in these sur-
rendered districts total almost three
times as much as those of Poland pro-
per. The Polish budget for the first
six months of last year showed a de-
ficit of no less than 2,030,000,000
marks. The textile industry, which is
one of the greatest in Poland, used to
employ some 150,000 workers ; it would
require, however, some £6,000,000 to re-
start the industry.

DIVIDING THE BEARSKIN.

In a most interesting article on the
financial arrangement of the Allies,
contributed to the Review of Revkws,
Mr. Sisley Huddeston deplores the ar-
rangement made between Mr. Lloyd
George and Millerand. "Lloyd George,"
he says, " was obsessed with the idea
that it was much more important for
England to fix the division of the in-
demnity rather than the amount of
money which was to be paid." He con-
stantly repeated a phrase which ap-
parent4y pleased him very much, " Ti

is not the size of the joint which mat-
ters, it is the way it is to be cut up."

Well, the cutting-up process has given
more trouble and is more of a menace to the
Entente Cordiale than anything else that
could have been devised by an enemy of
the Entente. The cutting-up process nearly
cut up the Entente. Belgium and Italy were
clamorous, and they helped to put off the
Allied understanding and so put off Spa.
They asked, and with some justice, Tvhy
England and France should arrange what
they themselves were to receive without
consulting other countries which might be
less powerful, but which have certainly suf-

mead's Review, s/10/20. DIVIDING THE BEAR SKIN.

477

II ,}-.'0.] [Florence.

THE SPA BANQUET.
" Look, little one, how generous your mas-
ters are to you."

fered and whose friendship is of great im-
portance to us. Why indeed, should France
and England run off into a corner and ar-
range in private conversations how much
they will take, without regard to what
Serbia or„jany other country shall have?
There are alliances within the Alliance, and
the other Allies look on suspiciously and
jealously. This would have been avoided
so far as England is concerned, if she had
surrendered her imaginary share of a ficti-
tious indemnity.

Mr. Huddleston .says, " So badly do
statesmen do their business, that over
this stupid bit of politics, (for it is
nothing- more) the good relations of
the two Channel countries were again
i» jeopardy."

It was agreed that for every 11 received
■by France, 5 should come to England. That
is what was written in the English version
of the arrangement by Sir Maurice Hankey.
But the French adopted the figures of 55
and 25 — the proportion remaining the same
though the amounts are multiplied. In it-
self it is of no importance whether one ex-
presses the relationship of British and
French claims as 11 against 5, or 55 against
25. But it is obvious that expressed in the lat-
ter form it has the appearance of a percen-
tage. Expressed as the British express it,
it has the appearance of a proportion. What
is the difference? It is enormous.

He declares that the incident is il-
luminating, as it illustrates amongst
other things, " the utter incompetence
of the statesmen to make their meaning
plain."

It illustrates how foolish politics are tak-
ing the place of sound finance in all our dis-
cussions of reparations. For in England,
Mr. Lloyd George was not so much con-
cerned to get money from Germany, as to
show the British people that we would have
a good share compared with France, of
whatever w?s forthcoming. In France, M.
Clemenceau, and later, M. Millerand, were

not so much anxious to compare their pos-
sible receipts with England, as with those of
the Allies in general. The basis of the
agreement was quietly changed. The total
was put at 100, of which France was to re-
ceive the lion's share of 55 ; England and
France together were to receive 80 per cent.,
leaving only 20 to all the other Allies. Now
Italy alone wanted 20 per cent. Why should
France and England calmly allocate to tliem-
selves so much ? The quarrel over the skin
of the bear was fierce ; but the bear was
not yet skinned. ^

The other Allies have assumed that
the arrangement arrived at was a per-
centage one, as explained by Mr. Hud-
dleston, is shown by the cartoons which
have been appearing on the matter in
their hewspapers. The two produced
herewith, are by Italian cartoonists.
They mirror the bitter feeling in Italy
over the asstimed grabbing by France
and Great Britain of four-fifths of
whatever payment Germany was able
to make. Mr. Huddleston continues :—

Because of this substitution of politics for
finance, France believes that we have in
some way tricked her. The fact is she has
tricked herself. It was not a percentage
but a proportion as between France and
England that w^s arranged. The total, so
far as this agreement goes, might have been
.fixed at 150 or 200 or any other figure in-
stead of 100. If I have insisted at some
length upon this particalar difiiculty, which
is only one of many that arose, it is because,
better than any other, it shows how in-
exact are the politicians, and how danger-
ous are politics which are divorced from
realities.

He considers that the whole Euro-
pean situation can be summed up in
the statement that "we will see a strug-
gle between political folly and financial
sanity."

II liO.] [Florence.

The Conference at 9pa has succeeded in
allotting the war indemnity — as shown above.

478 STEAD'S REVIEW. October .?. im.

Financiers, men of affairs, experts, and j{e declares that while Germany is
the politicians themselves realise that the i i . i i ^

hollow pretences which have been put for- '^''^^^' ^^e cannot pay huge sums. what-

ward for so long, are beconiiiifi dangerous. i-"ver may be (lone to furnish politicians-

The will o' the wisp of luige indemnities with oratorical tags. When Germany

will lead us into a t)og from which it will • .. u .11 .,^4- ^.. ,

be hard to extricate ourselves, it was good '^ strong, she will not pay.
enough at the election to talk of recovering ^^,,^.^^ j, tj^^ brutal truth. At present she

everything from Germany (everything alas! j^ ^^..^j^, j^ ■ ^^.^ether we like it or not,

save our dead!), but all sensible men know ^^^ ^^^ ^,,^ ^^^^^^^ ^f ^he world that she

that tiie time has come to stop chasing a ^,,,,^,^j ^^,„^j„ ^^.^^j,. In providing her

if^n .nT"' '• [ t^e ti'-'-'V'"''' i?"'""" ^vitli the means of paying, the Allies wiir

r. n,? LT. •. r^f y "* I''' r'"- I'" •'"■ certainlv deprive her of Ihe will to pay.
ters on a period of stern taxation. She im- - ^ ■'

poses upon herself eight milliard^ancs of j„ discussing the proposal that there
new^ taxes. It is a terrible burden: tmt it is , , , , n 1 . ,

better to shoulder Nt than to keep on wait- should be parallel payments, namely,

ing for the fair and refreshing fruit to that when France received money from

drop from the German tree. Business men Germany, she would pay her debts to

of five nations — America, England, Bel- r- 1 11 r ^ at n •

gium. Italy-have met in Paris to {*ound a England, he refers to M. Pomcare as

World Chamber of Commerce, in which it is '"the most formidable figure in France."
hoped to include Germany, and later on

Russia. Only the common sense of com- He stands for integral reparations; h€:

merce will rescue the world from the poli- stands for French rights in the ^11. political

ticians. Trade must be international ; manu- sense of the term. If M. Millerand fal-

factures and merchants and bankers know tered in his negotiations— that is to say if

that vou cannot, in the world as it is now he placed himself on the terrain of sound

constituted, put Germany outside the pale, linance, of grim reality— then M. Poincare

If business has been blamed for breeding would take care that the Parliamentary

wars (a reproach which is true) the inter- wolves fell upon him: M. Poincare is

nationalism of trade may still bring about looked upon as the eventual successor of

true peace. M. ^^lillerand.

STINNES. SIMONS AND FEHRENBACH.

Raymond Recouly, who was at one pays a great tribute to Lord Derby, to

time correspondent of Le Temps, in whom France, he says, can never be

London, contributes a most interesting sufficiently grateful for his great ser-

article to the Revue Des Deux Mondes, vices in connection with the cementing

giving his impressions of the Spa Con- of the Franco-British Entente. He

ference. In it he supplies thumbnail describes the exceedingly cordial reia-

sketches of some of the principal repre- tions which exist between Marshal Foch

sentatives of the different cotmtries and Sir William Wilson. " They are

there assembled. indeed," he says, " comrades in arms,

Of'M. Millerand, he says: "As and have" absolute confidence in each
usual, he impressed me with his absolute other." Wils n he describes as "ex-
confidence, his loyalty, his patience, coedingly tall, long as a day or rather
good sense and firmness when the in- as a week without bread."
terests of his country ^were at stake. M. Recouly most accurately sums
Vigorous, robust, saying only exactly up the character of Lloyd George, and
w-hat is necessary to be said, he pos- recalls Mr. Maxse's advice to him, when
sesses just those qualities needed in di.s- in London, in 1906, " Watch that man;
cussion with the English delegates." M! he is going to go far." 'He declares that
Recouly quotes a remark of Mr. Lloyd Lloyd George is more than ever master
George concerning him, made to Lord of England, and that, although the
Derby: "When statesmen and diplo- Foreign Office gnipibles sometimes
mats make me promises, I always take about his incursions into foreign poli-
care to have them write these down ; tics, it is always obliged to submit in
but with M. Millerand, this precaution the end. He describes him as impres-
i« unnecessary. If he tells me anything, sionable and versatile, subject to sud-
tbat suffices. In passing, the writer den changes of view, easily influenced.

stead's Review, 2/10/so. GERMAN DELEGATION. 479

familiar only with matters which he has into which it might fall." It is interest-
recently learned, owing to the fact that ing to find that M. Recouly, like almost
his early schooling was weak; in fact, all European writers, refers to the edi-
almost non-existent; impetuous in his tor of The Times as Mr. Wickham
decisions, offering the greatest f)ossible Stead. Before he came on the scene,
contrast to M. Millerand. It is indeed my father had become so widely known
a curious fact that Llovd George has the throughout the whole of Europe, that
characteristics which we have always journalists and statesmen there seemed
been accustomed to regard as French, to imagine that Mr. Steed must neces-
whereas Millerand has those we have sarily belong to the same family !
always looked upon as British. At the M. Recouly has some piquant things
Conference, Lloyd George showed him- to say about Lord Riddel, who prepared
self dominated by a fear of Bolshevism, the official summaries given to the Eng-
and this influenced both his foreign and lish — and American — pressmen. Lord
home policies. He loyally supported Riddel is also a journalist, although he
France in the demand that Germany began his career as a solicitor. Many
should disarm, but did not back M. yesLvs ago, he assumed control of the
Millerand up with anything like the weekly paper, known as The News
same energy on the coal question. M. of the World, which, from a losing con-
Recouly points out that the interests of cern, he transformed in a few years into
Great Britain and France are largely a vast money-making machine. Later
opposed in this matter. Lloyd George he became connected with Sir George
comes from Wales — a great coal coun- Newnes, and is now an intimate friend
try. and showed himself opposed to the of Lloyd George. " A self-made man,
idea of Allied occupation of German a jolly good fellow, without too much
coal districts. education — but a millionaire."

M. Recouly has nothing to say about M. Recouly describes the German
Lord Curzon, who accompanied Lloyd .9^^"^ "°'',\ ^^ejirenbach, as bemg
George, but devotes a good deal of his , fairly tall, with a fine head, broad-
space to Mr. Wickham Steed, the edi- shouldered somewhat corpulent, with-
tor of The Times, who appears to have 2"^ ^^y ^^ ^he rigor or arrogance of a
made a great impression at Spa. He Prussian. He is, of course, from Baden,
took an entire floor of a large build- He has a good voice, that of an orator,
ing of one of the most beautiful boule- accustomed to address public meetings
vards, and established himself there capable of introducing a tremolo, with
with a great staff of assistants, typists Jhe object of impressing country juries,
and telephonists, regardless of expense, 'but visibly burdened by the difficult
A special telephonic installation was put questions which he had to discuss at
in to permit him to carry on conversa- Spa. His speciality as a lawyer wa^
tions with The Times office in Lon- apparently the defence of people ac-
don. Mr. Steed is deservedly popular cused of incendiarism ! What we would
on the Continent; he not only speaks call in England a special pleader. As
French, Italian and German fluently, the conference wenton his role became
but is quite familiar with the slang of more and more insignificant, and that
these countries, and can on occasion use o^ Simons more and more important,
it with effect. During the last twenty The latter, the Minister of Foreign
years, he has' lived in all the chief capi- Affairs, was the real head of the Ger-
tals 9f Europe ; has got to know person- man delegation. He was as different as
ally all the chief statesmen, and has won possible in every way from the Chan-
to the highest position in journalism. M. cellor, very Prussian in appearance, dry,
Recouly adds: " What a friend he has with a cadaverous face, pale, evidently
been to France ; the £nf^«f(? has had no holding himself strongly in leash, he
more fervent defender, no one who has endeavoured all the time to preserve an
been quicker to ward off the perils that impassable countenance. The nervous
menaced it, or to expose the ambushes tension under which he laboured gave

480

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October 2, 1920.

him somewhat the ai^pearance of an
automaton. He it was who had urged
on the German Government to have
Stinnes on the delegation. When asked
by M. Recouly why he had allowed
Hugo Stinnes to speak. Simons declared
that what he saw and heard at the Con-
ference would be good for Stinnes. and
should impress him. " That is the rea-
son why I am glad he came here."
" The first time that I suggested that
he should join our delegation, many of
my Ministerial colleagues strongly ob-
jected. ' You know,' they assured me.
* that he Avill employ violent language
at Spa. which will affront the Allied
representatives,' to which I replied. ' H
he is going to be violent. I prefer that it
should be at Spa rather than at Ber-
lin.' "

The writer goes on to declare that the
influence of Stinnes is very great. Ger-
man ministers at Spa did not hide this
at all. The majority of them are rather
like boys in the presence of a master,
and the fate of the Ministry is more or
less in his hands. The Notes which
Germany has sent to the Allies have
mostly been inspired by him. Curi-
ously enough, Simons, who was at one
time an official at the Wilhelmstrasse,
left diplomacy to take part in indus-
trial affairs. He became director of a
powerful syndicate of iron founders,
and in that position found himself
under the orders of Stinnes, who is one
of the leaders of the industry.

On the whole, M. Recouly, unlike
M. Poincare, appears to be well satis-
fied with the outcome of the Spa Con-
ference.

A NEW ENGLAND-WHEN LABOUR RULES.

\\'hat England will be like in a few
years' time, when Labour has won to
political power, and rules over the land,
is described by Mr. J. H. Thomas in
Pearson's Magazine. This great Labour
leader sketches an England which all
must hope will some day exist, but
alas, the mere change of government to
Labour hands will not bring- Utopia in
the Old Country any more than Labour
control brought it in Australia.
Grounds for discontent and grumbling,
says Mr. Thomas, will be few.

The holiday maker will still have the wea-
ifrier to grumble about ; the dyspeptic will
continue to complain of his breakfast, and
the farmer will ever find a grievance in the
state of his crops, but no man will have
occasion to protest against the conditions
imder which he is expected to live ; no man
will be able to state that someone else is liv-
ing on his sweated labour; and no man will
be able to proclaim that he lacks the oppor-
tunity to improve his lot if he wishes to
do so. There will be no profiteers, no \\n-
employment, no slums, no hungry children.
No man will be expected to work an ex-
cessive number of hours, and no man who
is fit for work will be permitted to shirk it ;
the right to live upon the accumulated wealth
of another will no longer exist ; the right
to the best and highest education the coun-
try can afford will no longer be the exclu-
sive privilege of a favoured class, but will be
open to all whose talents show that they

will Iienefit by receiving it; the onh' qualifi-
cations for the higher civil service will be
character and ability.

Nothing, people say, but a revolution
could bring about such startling and far-
reaching changes. To which Mr.
Thomas replies that a revolution is not
necessarily a violent and bloody revolt,
an orgy of outrage and assassination, an
affair of red caps and barricades. A
revolution may be perfectly bloodless
and peaceful, and he maintains that
England is in the midst of such a re-
volution at the present moment. Not
so long ago a Labour member of Par-
liament was looked on as a freak. How
could an ill-dressed and horny-handed
son of toil possibly help in law-making?
To-day the public body which did not
contain its Labour representative would
be hard to find.

But whereas it has come to be fully re-
cognised that the workers, by their knowledge
and ability, can be of invaluable assistance
in the House of Commons, on County, Town
and District Councils, on Royal Commis-
sions, on Conciliation Boards, and Boards of
Inquiry, it has still to be realised that, ■tvith
a very few exceptions, the worker has no
voice whatever in the control of the industry
by which he gains his livelihood, and which,
therefore, is the primary concern of his daily
life. The workers must be taken more iiito

stead's Revtevi, ft/lO/tO.

ANEW ENGLAND.

481

the confidence of the employers, and it must
be more generally recognised that the men,
by virtue of their close and daily contact
with the details of their work, must often
be able to suggest improvements v/hich
would be invaluable to the concern by which
they are employed.

He cites the experience of the Cad-
burys at Bournville, as showing what
splendid results can be obtained by. tak-
ing; the workers into partnership, but
admits that the Bournville experiment
was not business, for the award of hon-
our and a small prize only is not an
equitable arrangement.

Nevertheless, it is a step in the right direc-
tion, and nothing but the hedge of hostility,
mistrust, and suspicion, which from time im-
memorial has separated the employers and
workers, prevents the country from sharing
the indisputable benefit which would accrue
to individual employers and workers under
the logical development of the experiment —
a universal scheme of real partnership.
This hedge must and will be broken down,
and then the nation will be filled with aston-
ishment that partnership was not an accom-
plished fact years ago. Another feature of
the England of to-morrow will be the
national ownership of railways, mines, canals,
harbours, and roads. Also, there is no rea-
son against, but plenty of reasons in favour
of, the public ownership of the great lines of
steamers.

Mr. Thomas believes in the State
owning many things. He would have
it take charge of the generation of
electricity, thus supplanting " a host of
small and inadequate sources of sup-
ply." Its huge super-power stations
" will generate at incredibly cheap rates
sufficient electricity for the use of every
industrial establishment, and every pri-
vate household in the country."

Profit-making industrial insurance com-
panies which now exploit the poor by a sys-
tem of vicious and wasteful house-to-house
collection of weekly pence, will also have to
be expropriated, and the great army of in-
surance agents will find their place in life
as civil servants, with equitable conditions of
employment ; with the steadily increasing
functions of the Government in vital statis-
tics and social insurance, there will be plenty
of work for them to do.

The liquor traffic, says Mr. Thomas,
must also be taken over by the State;
" the days of Mr. Bung's bloated opu-
lence are numbered."

To-morrow there will be no Mr. Bung; the
nation will control the manufacture and dis-

tribution of intoxicating liquor, and its con-
sumption will in all probability be controlled
under a scheme of local option, by the vari-
ous districts of the country.

Under a Labour Government the
people will without question be far hap-
pier than they have ever been before.
They will without exception live under
decent conditions. Their homes will be
decently built, will be sanitary, and will
be so constructed that they will involve
a minimum rather than a maximum,
amount of labour for those who have to
live in them.

So far as the character of employment
permits, the people who go to work will also
perform 'their labour under the best possible
conditions of health and comfort; there is no
reason why a man should not be comfortable
at his work, if the circumstances of his task
permit. Hours of labour will be shorter
than they are in general to-day, and there
will be a greater tendency in those industries
which lend themselves to it for the employ-
ment of two or more shifts.

Everything will be done to foster the
desire for self improvement. There
will be a national theatre, and a national
opera. Open-air life will be encour-
aged. With cheap railway fares sum-
mer colonies will be created in the coun-
try and at the seaside.

The tremendous importance of children
will be recognised in the new England, and
there will be State endowment of mother-
hood. All children will receivs a thorough
education, and the school-leaving age will be
raised ; special attention will be paid to the
aptitude of a child, and his education will be
fitted to the trade or profession he shows
most promise of succeeding in in after life.
Those who show themselves sufficiently
gifted to benefit by it will be given the op-
portunity to continue their education at one
of the universities, and at the same time
regard will be paid to the financial position
of the family from which the child comes.
It would not encourage a desire for educa-
tion, nor would it foster ambition; indeed,
it would not be right from any point of view
to penalise a family for the cleverness of its
children, and if the family is proved to be in
need of the money which the child would
earn by going to work instead of continuing
his education, that money or some reasonable
percentage of it, would have to be provided
by the State.

Labour, Mr. Thomas admits, is pos-
sessed of no supernatural powers, and
the England of to-morrow that he

482

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October 2, 19ZS.

sketches will not be the immediate out-
come of Labour's accession to office.

The old England stands condemned, and
the foundations of the new England are al-
ready laid — for years past the progressive
forces, with ever-increasing strength and effi-
ciency, have been engaged in digging them
out, and with the formation of a Labour
Govcrjiment, the keystone will be placed in

position, and slowly, but firmly and surely,
a new, more healthy, more beautiful, and
more enduring structure will be erected.

In our next number we will deal with
Mr. Thomas's suggestion as to what
should be done to bring about this won-
derful change in the present state of
affairs in the Old Country.

WILL BRITAIN REMAIN MISTRESS OF

THE SEAS?

The surrender of the German fleet, in first-class capital ships the United

the confiscation of her mercantile States will have outdistanced Great Bri-

marine, finally removed a danger which tain in 1924, and gives the following

was beginning to threaten Great Bri- official figures: —

tain's naval supremacy, and her position „ >t c m^a

.1, •, r^t -D ^ Relative Naval Strength — 1924.
as absolute mistress of the seas. But

the war, which destroyed the Teutonic Class.

competitor, gave an immense impetus I" >rst-Uass Battleships:

to shipbuilding in America, and aroused Royal Sovereign S

in that country an enthusiasm to achieve Queen Elizabeth 5

a predominant place in the world's com- — ~

merce, and a determination that never . . ,,^ . ^

again should the absolute freedom of Indiana "!^"?^?. . . ^"! ^"'d

American ships to sail the seas be effec- Washington 4

tively challenged. The second of Presi-

dent Wilson's Fourteen Points de- <, , ^-i r> ..i l- ^^

, , , , ^ r J r ^, . becond-Class Battleships:

manded absolute freedom of the seas, in British (13.5 in. guns)

war as in peace ; but the establishment Iron Duke . . . . 4

of an effective League of Nations mak- King George V 3

ing this condition unnecessary, it was p-^^ \

dropped by the Americans at Paris. Canada .. '.'. .. .. .. .". .. .. .. 1

The failure of the League to secure any

real authority in the world has caused 13

the Americans to seek other means for . American (14 in. guns)

securing freedom from that search and Cahforma 2

r ,- r xi • 1^1' iNeii) Mextco 3

connscation of their merchant ships Pennsylvania 2

during time of war, whilst their country Oklahoma .. .. .. .. .. '.'. '.'. '.'. 2

was neutral, which they so bitterly re- ^"^^w ^ork 2

sented. They are therefore pushing on ~

with their naval programme, instead of Pirst-Class Battle Cruisers.

scrapping it. Mr. Archibald Hurd dis- British (15 in. guns)'

cusses the present position in The Fort- Hood 1

nightly Reinetv. He siys: — Renown 2

If naval power is to be judged by the num- I

ber of most efficient capital ships possessed . ^

by any country, then within three, or at most . American (16 m. guns)

four, years, the American fleet will have out- Lexington 6

distanced the British fleet. This is not a

matter of idle prophecy, but is a statement 6

which rests upon events which cannot now Second-Class Battle Cruisers:

be annulled, and on work which is in steady British (13.5 guns)

progress in the American shipyards. Tiger 1

Mr. Hurd bases his startling state- '^" J

ment on solid facts. He declares that . 3

Stead's Review^ S/ 19/20.

MISTRESS OF THE SEASf

483

British

First-Class Capital Ships 13

Second-Class Capital Ships 16

American

First-Class Capital Ships 16

Second-Class Capital Ships 11

Not only will there be more ships,
"but they will be more heavily armed.
Mr. Hurd quotes what Mr. Britten, a
Member of Congress, had to say on
this point : —

It will be noted that the American ships
have a total tonnage of 1,118,650 tons against
the British 884,100 tons, showing a superiority
of 234,550 tons, or an advantage of 8,638 tons
per ship. In average speed of all vessels we
are practically the same, showing a fraction
less than 23.7 knots average per ship. In
main batteries we have 340 guns to 314 for
the British, with an average of 10.3 big guns
per ship, to the British 8.97 guns per ship,
while our guns will average 14j inches
against the British 13 2/3 inches, and this
would appear to give us a tremendous ad-
vantage in weight of steel thrown by one
broadside, when we will hurl 548,400 pounds
against 452,000 pounds by all British big
guns.

Our 494 guns in this class average 5.4 inch
calibre against the British 526 guns, with an
average of 4.9 inches, showing our guns to
average larger in calibre and power, throw-
ing 40,158 pounds projectiles against 32,080
for the British secondary battery, which
means that our ships will average 1216^
pounds against 9164 pounds for the British,
or more than thirty-three per cent, to our
navy's advantage. . . ;,

Great Britain has 350 destroyers built and
building-, while we have 322, but ours are
larger, faster and more modern, and it is
not unreasonable to assume our superiority
in destroyers is even greater than in first
line battleships and cruisers. In submarines
England has 150 built or building, and we
have 150 built or building.

It is customary for us t-o comfort our-
selves, when figures of this sort are
brought to our attention, that the Bri-
tish bluejacket is more efficient, and a
more skilful fighter than any other sea-
man in the world, and that, though rival
ships may be larger and more numerous,
the superiority of the men behind the
guns would always give us the victory.
Mr. Hurd points out that we took up
this attitude towards Germany and
were wrong. The war certainly proved
that it was not the men behind the guns
which gave the British ships the vic-
tory, but the number of guns and*their
power. As Professor Pollard reminds

us, in The Quarterly Review, the
Scharnhorst and the Gneisnau, with
eight 8.2 guns and six 5.9 inch guns,
sank by gunfire two British cruisers,
one of them with two 9.2 inch guns, and
sixteen 6 im±-guns, and the other with
fourteen 6 inch guns. " It was German
skill," he says, " which secured the de-
cisive advantages of the light, and of
more accurate fire." Admiral Craddock
on the Good Hope has been compared
to Sir Richard Grenville, on the Re-
venge, but, as the Professor points out,
there was little similarity in the two
actions. In fact, he rather seems to re-
gard the captain of the Gneisiiau as be-
ing more like Grenville, for he says :
" The Gncisnau made an even more
splendid defence against overwhelming
odds, and it was nearly five hours after
the ' open fire ' when she went down."
Says Mr. Hurd : —

If we are not to have a rude awakening,
we should do well to brush aside the sug-
gestion that the United States can never
compete with us on the seas, and concentrate
our attention without ill-feeling, much less
animosity, on the inevitable contest which is
now opening.

He has some comforting things to
say, nevertheless. The Americans, he
thinks, are exhibiting something less
than the highest wisdom in pressing for-
ward the ships that are now on hand.
The six battle cruisers they are build-
ing, for instance, closely resemble the
Hood in type, but that vessel is re-
garded by the British Admiralty as
" embodying a design which will be ob-
solescent in a few years' time." There
is an entire absence from the navy es-
timates of 1920-21 of any provision for
new construction, which suggests that
though the capital ship is not dead, the
type is likely to undergo radical
changes.

But, these considerations apart, and bear-
ing in mind that no addition will be made
to the British fleet during the next three
or four years, the American navy will rank
above the navy of this country in 1923 or
1924 in ships which are now regarded as
first-class. There will then be only three
major navies in the world — the American
fleet, with 16 first-class capital ships, the
British with 13, and the Japanese with two.
If we ignore this, meticulous classification,

484

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October 2, 19i0.

and lake account of all ships of the line
mounting 13.5 inch guns and upwards, the
standing of these three fleets will be — first,
the British navy, with 29 units; second, the
United States, with 27; and, third, the Jap-
anese navy with 11.

Mr. Hurd then goes on to survey
the position of mercantile shipping. The
United States, he says, has stepped into
the place which Germany occupied six
years ago. She is steadily creeping up
to Great Britain, and, while her yards
are building almost exclusively for the
American flag, one-third of the ton-
rrage in hand in British yards will, in
accordance with post-war arrangements
made with France, Italy and Norway,
pass to the registers of those countries
— a point usually overlooked when the
output of American and British estab-
lishments is compared. England can
only hold her position on the seas if the
British mercantile marine is able to
offer efficient service, says Mr. Hurd,
and declares that Government control
or nationalisation would be fatal.

We shall be living in a fool's paradise if
we imagine that now that Germany has for
a time been banished from the seas, we have
little serious competition to fear. We are
confronted with a movement in the United
States, which is supported not merely by
large sections of the manufacturing and
trading classes, but by no mean portion of
the workers. And there are other mercan-
tile marines besides that of the United States.
The competition of Japan, as well as of the
countries of Northern Europe, in the sea-
carrying trade, will be more severe in the
future than it was before the war. These
shipowners have built up large reserves, and
they are to a great extent immune from
many restrictions which are imposed upon
British shipowners by Parliament, besides
being subject to far less onerous taxation.

Whilst we can well imagine that Bri-
tish shipping men will bitterly resent
this new opposition the rest of the com-
munity will undoubtedly rejoice un-
feignedly that it has arrived. Had the
Americans not stepped, so to speak, into
the German shoes, we would have had
to resign ourselves to the perpetuation

of huge freights, double fares and those
other evils which a brief monopoly of
the world's carrying trade had encour-
aged British shipping companies to in-
augurate. We may at least hope that
the intrusion of ships flying the Stars
and Stripes may compel the British
companies to stop charging as much
for a passage to England as the trip
home and back used to cost, will force
them ere long to reduce their £10 and
and more a ton freight, to at least half
that sum, which even then would be
more than double what it was before
the war. The Commonwealth Steam-
ship line — which is boycotted by the
British shipping ring — demonstrated
conclusively during, and after, the war.
that it was quite possible to make ships
pay without charging exorbitant
freights.

Some people seem to be trying to
work up an anti-American sentiment on
the ground that the Americans have the
audacity to challenge Britain's supre-
macy on the sea. If they had a little
more sense, they would rejoice that a
friendly, and, indeed, related, nation,,
will have a powerful fleet in the Paci-
fic, and that adequate competition must
speedily bring down the unwarranted
freights and fares the British com-
panies are at present charging. Mn
Hurd says, in conclusion : —

We, in this insular country, cannot recog-
nise too soon that in the immediate future
we, as the foremost sea-carriers of fhe
world, shall be confronted with keen com-
petition on the part of the American and
other mercantile marines. So long as that
competition is conducted with justice and
equity, we shall have no cause of complaint;
and. even if American shipping is subsidised
or otherwise favoured by State policy, it will
behove us to watch the course of events
without feelings of bitterness or animosity.
We possess no inalienable right to the posi-
tion of the sea-carriers of the world, and if
we are to regain our primacy, we must do
so by oflFering. as we oflfered in 1914 and
earlier years, the most efficient service, and,
for the rest, place our reliance on the sea
instinct and sea aptitudes which we have
inherited

Stead's Review, 2/J0-/2O.

485

'' ENSLAVED *'-BY JOHN M ASEFIELD/

Since the most important event in the
poetic year is the appearance of a new
volume by John Masefield, it behoves
our critical guides to tell us why exactly
this is so, and what precisely we should
think about the Man and his Message.
Until these oracles have thus definitely
spoken, however, humble lovers of
poetry may perhaps be pardoned for
disregarding ephemeral " reviews," and
attempting as best they may to satisfy
themselves, tentatively at least, on these
•deeper questions of poetic values.
Such readers have long since given
themselves several reasons for Mase-
field's pre-eminence ; his immense sin-
cerity ; his intellectual honesty and
freedom from pose ; his simplicity, in
which only the very strong can afford
to indulge ; his vital grasp of reality,
heightened by vision and imagination ;
his wide -experience of life, and great
Ijreadth of sympathy ; his innate large-
ness of soul. He has felt more deeply,
is more feelingly sensitised, impresses
lis with the greater scale and scope of
his inner self and its ponderings, than
is the case with his contemporaries.
Who else is master of the tenderness
without weakness, brooding without
morbidity and philosophising without
prosing, that make us straightway take
his . sonnets to our heart of hearts ?
Where also do we find the modern
frame of mind so perfectly matured —
the thoughtful questioning that seeks
a sane support rather than a false hope
or a futile academic theory? For it
~ is Masefield's great distinction that
he can handle our profoundest prob-
lems without ceasing to be simple, sen-
suous, and passionate. He is always
and above all a poet, past master of
the singing line, the haunting phrase,

* " Enslaved." By John Masefield. Macmil-
~ Jan.

the burning word. He is a supreme
artist in verse-narrative, creating the
most intense interest in the fate of his
protagonists, . whether Reynard or St.
W'ithiel, or the unnamed captives of
the Khali f, and yet 'investing each
verse with felicities which cumula-
tively surpass, even from the stand-
point of poetic achievement, that tragic
suspense itself. Not that his craftsman-
ship is always superlatively excellent in
technical details, for in his latest volume
there are some serious offences against
rhyming, euphony, and scansion ; but
in the larger aspects, in the essential
substance and indescribable quality of
authentic poesy, he is more richly en-
dowed than any other living writer.
Not through virtuosity or sensational
novelty, therefore, has Masefield wrn
this exalted place in our estimation, but
through his possession of the standard
gifts most valued in the orthodox Eng-
lish tradition of major poets; and fore-
most among these is, by general con-
sent, the power to embody in poetry " a
criticism of life."

Unlike the many empty singers of a
busy day, who are now trying to delude
the public and themselves into taking
mere cleverness for. greatness, Masefield
steadily addresses himself to the consid-
eration. of man's fundamental problem
— gi^•en huiTian life under existing con-
ditions, what can we do to make the
best of it ? Here he certainly shares
Milton's feeling: "To sequester out of
the world into Atlantic* and Utopian
politics, which never can be drawn into
use, will not mend our condition; but
to ordain wisely in this world of evil,
in the midst whereof God hath placed
us unavoidably." Similarly Masefield
speaks of " all these thorns through
which we walk to death,"« but he sees
beyond death " nothingness," where

486

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October 2, ift».

Milton saw immortality. Masefield
does not unreservedly promulgate the
dogma of annihilation ; rather, he oc-
casionally voices wistful yearnings or
ironic challenges ; but, on the whole,
puts the claim of survival aside as un-
proved, and manfully sets out to make
the best of what is left — namely, this
world and this life. It is interesting to
note the various forms in which he
presents the idea of an earthly immor-
tality only. Love, freedom, comrades,
but not a blest hereafter, are the amends
for the sufferings and regard for the
virtue of the erstwhile enslaved. Saint
VVithiel's triumph over Satan and his
hell-hounds produces in this world only,
not in the other, a harmony " that can-
not fade, but is forever there." In the
Ozymandias quartette of Sonnets the
upshot fs that we must haste to make
the most of " being alive," for the sake
of achieving something in Time, not
in Eternity. In The Passing Strange
the burden of The Choir Invisible is re-
peated ; we survive only in what we
leave to future generations as " a ram-
part to the mind." In Animula each of
the tragic trio creates his own immor-
tality in his own image, but all three in
terms of the forces of nature — " one
with the blue sea's pureness of delight,"
for instance ; the author is no more com-
mitted to orthodox immortality than
Shelley was in Adonais or Hadrian in
his Animula. While this emphasis upon
the here and now naturally minimises
dubious conventional theology, and the
supernatural promises of religion.
Masefield is far from being a fatalist
on that account. Fatalism is not a solu-
tion of the problem of life, but -a mere
passive consent to do withotit a solution,
whereas Masefield assuredly has a solu-
tion, or at least a workable principle, as
we shall presently see; and meanwhile,
in the narrative poems he strenuously
inculcates active CDurage, persistent ef-
fort, and voluntaristic mastery, not
fatalistic submission.

Fate, that is giveil to all men partly shaped,
Is man's to alter daily till he die. . . .

Things which men
Mean with their iliight, succeed.

The dream fulfilled,
The golden answer to the deeply willed.

Pass deeper to your soul;
There is a spirit m your side

That hell cannot cjjfitrol.

In the more merely reflective poems, he
still can be freed from this charge of
Fatalism, for here his general solution
or working principle comes into play.

This " message " of Masefield's is no
patent-medicine panacea for earthly ills.
He simply presents testimony to the
efiticacy of something that is at least a
practical help, even if it is not a com-
plete theoretical explanation of the
riddle of the universe. This great
solace and solution is, needless to say.
Beauty. When one delimits the field to
a quest or the exercise of the will in
this world, no other conclusion is open
to a poet. Beauty is a word that occurs
very frequently in the pages of Mase-
field, and still more frequently in the
paragraphs of his reviewers, but no
one seems to have tried to explain just
what he means by it. To him Beauty
is clearly something very different from
the metaphysics of Plato, or the ethics
of Ruskin, or the hedonism of Pater,
or the dilettante aesthetics of Wilde.
To him Beauty must be the one divine
thing in this world that we can. be sure
of, that satisfies, that gives to the soul
peace and rest ; the one rational restorer
of human pride and dignity (so sorely
stricken by the loss of the Sunday
school's anthropocentric universe) ; an
all-absorbing loyalty and enthusiasm,
worthy of a strong man's uttermost de-
votion ; and finally a great ideal prin-
ciple able to help its votaries to face
and conquer fate and life and the world.
This vital principle he finds in many
places and relations; it enables him to
forget life's intolerable evils, to defy old
age, to die content; it is the subject and
purpose of all his writing. And con-
sequently, like Spenser, this later Poet
of Beauty reaps as a rich reward, for
his intense self-dedication the power
to saturate his poetry with a special and
appealing beauty of idea, phrase, cad-
ence, and atmosphere, which none of
his contemporaries can match. No
wonder, therefore, that the appearance
of Enslaved is the most important event
in this poetic year. * L.M.

stead's Review, S/XO/20.

NOTABLE BOOKS.

487

A REMARKABLE NOVEL.*

It is easy to describe Open the Door
so as to make you take it for an old-
fashioned love story. The book begins
when our heroine, Joanna Bannerman,
is twelve years old. Her youth is spent
at Glasgow, with occasional visits to
Duntarvie, not far from Perth. She
marries, an Italian, goes with him to
Florence, becomes a widow, returns to
Glasgow, has another love affair, moves
to London, breaks with her lover, and
becomes engaged at last, when she is
thirty, to Lawrence Urquhart, who has
loved her for years. The scene of this
engagement is on the moors near Dun-
tarvie, in a press of memories " much
older than any history that is written
in any book."

Such an account of Open the Door is
not incorrect. It is also preposterously
misleading, for this love story is ex-
plicitly a story of sex-premonitions, of
sex-disappointments, satisfactions of
sex, more seekings, more findings, more
disappointments. The love affair of
Joanna's widowhood is an adultery, her
lover being a married man, Louis Pen-
der. And this description, too, has at
once to be corrected by adding that in
Joanna's adultery there is less mere sex
and itiof^ompanionship, more of edu-
' cation by companionship, than in her
marriage ; and that the author — is she
Mrs. or Miss Carswell ? I don't know;
I'll call her Miss Carswell — feels quite
free to say her say about sex in her own
way, undisturbed by any wish either
to flatter or to outrage other people's
reticence. Sex interests withotit haunt-
ing or obsessing or torturing her. Miss
Carswell is in the happy position of one
who is naturally frank and naturally de-
cent. Her d^cenc}' and her frankness
are not at war. They dwell together
in peace. In other words, they are one
and the same thing. ^

Open the Door is a first novel, yet
Miss Carswell is already a genuine
character drawer. What do I mean by
that? N^everal things. For example,

* " Open the Door." By Catherine Cars-
well. Harcourt, Brace and H»we.

Mrs. Urquhart, Lawrence's mother, ap-
pears, I think, in only one scene. Juley
Bannerman, Joanna's mother, lives
through three-quarters of the book.
Miss Carswell has imagined for each
of these women a mode of feeling, and
a kind of speech that is ultra-idiosyn-
cratic. Mrs. Urquhart'is not more in-
dividually herself through one scene
than is Juley Bannerman through many
scenes. But in life, you object, almost
nobody is so uniformly ultra-character-
istic? In life, you repeat, half the in-
terest of improving one's 'acquaintance
with anybody lies in noticing how she
or he makes an' impression, deepens it,
blurs, contradicts, wipes it out, and re-
news it? Granted, of course, but it is
only after finishing Open the Door, and
thinking the book ovei with intent to
review it, that such notions occur to
me. While I was reading it I never sus- ,
pected Miss Carswell of suppressing
any part of Juley's character, or of
touching up other parts, for the sake
of unity of impression.

Open the Door has many successes in
character-drawing after this kind. It
has, besides, a success in another kind,
less striking, with edges not -so sharp,
a more difhcult kind, more uncommon.
Joanna's first meeting with Louis Pen-
der takes place in Glasgow, at a din-
ner : " Then, turning in obedience to
a sign from her hostess, she became
conscious of a strange man, blase yet
dapper, with a straw-coloured mous-
tache, and rather prominent hazel eyes.
. Of the three men present he
was the only one wearing a stiff shirt,
and his dust-coloured hair w^as quite
short and carefully brushed. It looked
incongruous with the astonishing yel-
low moustache. Yet, in snite of this
deference to convention, there was
something so resentful in the man's
whole presence that the friendliness of
his hand-clasp came to Joanna as a sur-
prise." Now pass on, after stopping just
long enough to note the two signs of in-
experience in this description — the
" blase yet dapper " and the " yet in
spite of " — to Joanna's feeling when

'488

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October 2, 19Z0.

she has her first chance to look at Pen-
der's work: "It was 3 world of ele-
jT.'ince passionately felt, of gallantry
founded on a perfection of melancholy.
Its beauty was full of farewells, at times
resio^ned, at times defiant but always ex-
quisite. And before one could enter
this world one had to learn the idiom
of its creator. This was the more diffi-
cult because, ui^ike s<.) many moderns,
Pender had imposed on himself severe
conventions." Miss Carswell takes
these, and a g;ood many other ingredi-
ents, and fuses them, and makes the
whole thing talk and move and live as
Louis Pender. As we improve our ac-
quaintance with him we feel that his
departures from himself and his returns
to himself are all just like him. Most
of all do I feel this at the time of his
parting from Joanna: I was astonished
first at his acting as he does act,
secondly at my astonishment. This
parting of lovers is one of the most
original and one of the truest that Fve
read.

Glasgow stands solidly on its legs in
this book. It is well seen. So is Val-
lombrosa. London less well. Some-
thing, to tell the truth — and so lively
is my admiration for. Miss Carswell's
gifts, that I don't like to tell the truth
— goes wrong with Open the Door soon
after Joanna's arrival in London. There
are fine things still, like her first sight
of her lover in his wife's company, but
on the whole. I feel that Miss Carswell's
imaginative impulse has spent itself,
that the book's imaginative life is over.
Why these things instead of others? —
T find myself asking. In other words,

I am bored. I no longer care what be-
comes of Joanna. And what does be-
come of her annoys me. Lawrence
Urquhart has " always " loved Joanna :
they were even engaged once, for a
little while. I make no objection. But
Miss Carswell seems to represent the
re-uniting of Joanna and Lawrence as
a coming into port, as haven after
storm, as peace at the last, and so forth.
Well, if that is how Miss Carswell feels
slie ought to have given me a sense of
romance. I ought to have felt the ex-
citement of old times, the romance of
old places revisited, of old loves revi-
vified. Something of the romantic thrill
one gets in Guy Mannering when Harry
Bertram exclaims, " By heaven ! It is
the very ballad." Early in the book
Miss Carswell sows the seeds of such
a romantic thrill — on page 31, when
Joanna, a little girl still, " before turn-
ing homeward between the beech
trunks, . . stooped once more to

the ground, and leaning on her two
palms, kissed the moist grass, till the
taste of the earth was on her lips. ' If
I forget thee, O Duntarvie,'" she whis-
pered, ' let my right hand forget its
cunning.' " Miss Carswell makes in her
last scene an honest attempt to reap
what she has sown, but she fails. I
wonder why she didn't prefer an ironic
ending? It would have bepn more in
her line.

But Open the Door is quite sure to
fasten many readers' eyes upon Miss
Carswell. She can do love and land-
scape and character. It is more than a
remarkable first novel. It is a remark-
able novel. ,. S.

The crop? in Germany are good.
Just before harvest iime, however, the
I)read deteriorated badly in quality. It
consists largely of milled legumes, is
ampalatable and is injurious to health.

Although most of the province of
Quebec is now dry, Montreal remains
wet, and it is estimated that the mon-thly
orders placed in that city for liquor for
delivery in other provinces of Canada
average ;£2,380,000.

A wireless high-powered station is
to be erected at Buenos Aires, in order
to establish direct wireless communica-
tion between the Argentine and Great
Britain.

It is said that there are at present
about 250,000 Armenian girls impri-
soned in Turkish harems, and that
60,000 orphans are held in captivity.
There are no children under five years
old to be found in Armenia.

Bteads Review, 2/10/m.

4S9'

OTHER
PEOPLE'S

HUMOUR

Meggendorfer Blaetter.-] [Munich.

THE KNIPPELSBUHLHR CAT

SHORTAGE.

«K

Passing Shoxo.^ [London.

TRIMMINNG A HAT.

An original scene which has the beauty of

interesting both sexes.

London News.]

Nawt (giving a last shot in heated dis-
cussion with steam driver) : "I cawn't make
aht what the Council wants a roller for
when men like you are walkin' abaht."

London Mail.l

London Opinion.']
j^o«»..« ««».j "And what is that lad of yours going to

ru" tfwtai^m'r"" '"" "»""""' """ SSrSkE the rilht way."

}

490

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October 2, 19i0.

J'c.ssing .S'/toto.] [London.

THE HOUSING PROBLEM.

Proprietor of Bathing Machine : " 'Frald
you're too tai-ly for bathing, gentlemen !
The people wot sleeps in 'em ain't out yet !"

.^:^

London Opinion.'i

Or-D BusYBODT : " What on earth are you
playing, my man?"

The Musician : " Well, if , you're blind,
I'm playing a cornet ; an* if you're deaf, I'm
playing ' Ail Smilin' Morn.' "

Sondags Nissc] [Stockholm.

On account of congestion, it Is said that the
hotels are to adopt stran>T"^firing.

London Mail.}

Irate Farmer : " Now, then, m'lad, I set
you to watch this jar, and it's empty. Who's
bin at it? Come on, out with it."

Boy : " I — I — d-don't want to tell yer, el-
else farver'll 'it me."

Lustige Blaetter.} [Berlin.

" Gentlemen, this is a non-smoker. Can't
you read it?"

" No. The smoke is too dense."

London Maii.]

The Victim: "Couldn't you go and hold
the other end down instead?"

Meggendorfer Blaetter.'\ [Munich.

'" I wish I liaO another position in the
office."

" Why? Does Maier's snoring stop you
from working?"

" No ; from sleeping."

steads Review, S/JO/-M.

491

:URRtnT- EVErt

Q.— Is it true that Japan is spending 50
per cent, of her revenue on arma-
ments?

A. — The Japanese Government's
fio^ures show an enormous increase in
the outlay on armaments, especially on
the Navy,"bu.t not quite 50 per cent, of
the revenue goes on armaments. The
vote for the War Department is some-
what swollen by the inclusion of pro-
vision for military operations in Siberia.
The total amount allocated this year for
the War Department and Navy Depart-
ment is £56.300.000 out of a total esti-
mated revenue of £131,100.000. The
navy vote alone is £35,300.000, includ-
ing £24.400.000 for "extraordinary"
expenditure — that is, chiefly for new
construction. These figures include the
amounts provided in the recent supple-
mentary estimates.

Q. — Has Japan's war vote increased greatly
of late?

A. — The actual expenditure in 1919-
20, including the cost of the Siberian
campaigns, was less than 30 per cent,
of the revenue. The revenue. £167,-
000,000, was much higher than that es-
timated^ for this year. It is expected
that the actual receipts will again be
higher than the estimates, so that the
proportion of warlike expenditure
would not then appear so high.

Q. — How does Japan's outlay on war ser-
vices compare with that of Western
nations?

A. — In proportion to her population,
Japan has a very moderate expenditure
on fighting forces, but the comparative
poverty of the country makes the pro-
portion of this expenditure to the
national revenue very high — higher than
in any other great nation.

Q.— How does Australia's expenditure on
war services compare with that of
Japan?

A. — Australia's budget for war ser-
vices for the coming year is £7,709,000.
In, proportion to population, this sum
is considerably higher than Japan's
total vote, being equivalent to about 30s,
per head, as against 20s. per head in
Japan. Australia's vote, however, is
only about 17 per cent, of her total re-
venue.

Q.— Mr. Hughes says Australia is in honour
bound to supply an adequate fighting
force to the League of Nations. Is
this so?

A. — The terms of the League Cove-
nant do not definitely bind the member-
nations to engage in active warfare
against" a "recalcitrant" nation, but all
members of the League are to regard
themselves as in a state of war with
such a nation, "whether it be itself a
member or not. Article 16 of the Cove-
nant, besides obliging all member-
nations to establish an absolute boycott,,
provides as follows : " It shall be the
duty of the Council in such cases to re-
commend to the several Governments
concerned what effective military, naval
or air force the members of the League
shall severally contribute to the armed
forces to be used to protect the Cove-
nants of the League."

Q. — Does this mean that members of th&
League are bound to resort to con-
scription in case of need?

A.- — According to Mr. Hughes' inter-
pretation, Australia and other members
*are " in honour bound," to provide
" adequate " forces. If adequate forces
cannot be raised by voluntary enlist-
ment, it would certainly be argued by
those who accept Mr. Hughes' view

492

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October 2, ISIO.

that there is a moral obligation to con-
script the men needed.

^.— What is the present attitude of the
political parties in America in regard
to exclusion of Asiatics?

A. — Both Republican and Demo-
cratic Conventions adopted the principle
of continuing the present laws, which
practically prohibit the entrance of
Asiatics. The Democrats in addition
pledged their support " to those several
States whose geographical situation and
internal condition make this policy and
the enforcement of the laws enacted in
pursuance thereto of particular con-
■cern." This would seem to mean that
the Democratic Party would uphold
the anti-Japanese laws of California.
The Labour Party also agreed to a
strong exclusionist policy.

^.— Is it true, as stated by H. V. Clarke,
an ex-soldier, that 37,980 men of the
British forces were executed between
1915 and 1918?

A. — Although Clarke claims to have
obtained these records from Routine
Orders, his figures appear to be grossly
■exaggerated. The Under-Secretary for
War stated in the House of Lords on
April 28th, 1920, that the death sen-
tences passed during the whole of the
war in all theatres upon officers and
men numbered 3076, while the number
of those actually executed was 343. It
is a miserable record, without any exag-
geration.

^2.— Can you tell me the present position
of the construction work on the Cape-
Cairo railway?

A.- — We have seen no comprehensive
account of the work since that which
appeared in the American Review of
Revieivs in 1918. At that time the line
from the north terminated at Khar-
toum, and the line from the south at
Bukama, on the Upper Congo. It was
possible to travel almost the whole of
the intervening distance by steamboat or
motor. Of the 6800 miles of the jour-
ney from Capetown to Cairo, only 150
miles had to be walked. The route of
the through railway has been the sub-
ject of recent negotiations between Bri-
tain and Belgium. In the division of
*x-German East Africa, the Anglo-Bel-

gian frontier between Lakes Tangan-
yika and Victoria has been drawn so
as to ensure that any possible route of
the railway shall be wholly within Bri-
tish territory,

Q.— What is the nature of the taw dis-
franchising "enemy aliens" in vfiew
South wales?

A. — The local Government amending
law, which was rushed through the
State Parliament last December, dis-
franchises Germans, Austrians, Bulgar-
ians and Turks, and also their children,
even when born in Australia. This out-
lawing decree was intended to be per-
manent. Its constitutional validity may
well be questioned. As the Labour
Party at the time protested against the
disfranchising clause, and as that Party
has since come into office, the repeal of
this Act should not be long delayed.

Q. — How many houses have now been
built under the British Government's
scheme?

A. — Two thousand. This was the
number finished by July. The urgent
need of 800,000 houses had been ad-
mitted by the Government.

Q.— Under the rationing system in Eng-
land, was food given free to the poor?

A. — Only the usual charitable aid to
the destitute was granted. Although
the scarcity of food caused much suffer-
ing, there was little actual destitution
during the war. The cause of the seem-
ing prosperity was the keen demand
for workers, consequent upon the re-
moval of so many men to the Front,
and the prolific spending of public
funds.

Q.— What proofs of loyalty could a German
give to the Australian Government in
order to gain the release of his property
from liquidation?

A. — The Government has put ques-
tions in some cases regarding contri-
butions to war loans and patriotic funds,
and the war service of members of the
family within military age. The whole
matter is absolutely at the discretion of
the authorities. Germans who have
been here over ten years are, in most
cases, granted the release of their pro-
perty without question.

Steads Review, 2/ JO/20.

CATECHISM.

49S

Q Can you give me any information

about the Negro Republic of Liberia?

A.— This "land of the free "(as its
name signifies) was founded in 1822
by American philanthropists for the
settlement of released slaves. Its terri-
tory is on the coast of West Africa, be-
tween the French colony of the Ivory
Coast and Sierra Leone. Its area is
40,000 square miles, nearly half the size
of Victoria. The population is esti-
mated at 1,500,000, including 12,000
American Liberians and 500 British
people; the rest are aborigines. The
Government of the country is modelled
on that of the United States. Liberia
has very little foreign trade, and her
slow progress in this direction is attri-
buted to the fact that none but Liberian
subjects are permitted to hold land.
Until 1909 foreigners were prohibited
from trading in the interior. Efforts
are now being made by English and
other syndicates to exploit the forest
and mineral resources. The present
products are palm kernels and oil, cof-
fee, rubber and ivory.

Q. — How many people in Eupen and Mai-
medy voted against annexation by
Belgium?

A.^ — Only 270. However, no attempt
was made to ascertain the real desires
of the people. The district was occu-
pied by Belgian troops. For six months
registers were kept, in which inhabi-
tants might indicate their protest
against annexation. It is easy to un-
derstand that some courage was needed
for expressing such an objection. Re-
cent papers report that four Germans
wer£ condemned at Verviers to 40
days' imprisonment for engaging in pro-
paganda against annexation.

Q. — Will you explain the great divergence
between the British miners' statement
of a £66,000,000 surplus from the coal
industry and the figures given in the
cables?

A. — The cables say that tlie returns
for last quarter show a profit at the rate
of only £3,000,000 net p^r annum. The
miners had taken the figures for a
complete year. It is alleged that the
miners failed to allow for interest, de-
preciation, owners' profits, and capital
adjustments. They may have refused

to recognise the last two items as legi-
timate claims, but it is difficult to see
how they could dispute the depreciation
charge, which is very important in coal
mining. According to the Labour press,
the surplus of £66,000,000 was left after
the payment of all expenses, and a guar-
anteed profit to the owners of £26,-
000,000. as compared with £13,000,000
before the war. It is difiicult to reach
the exact truth.

Q.— What is the population of Sweden?

A.— 5.800.000, according to the es-
timate of 1917. The largest cities are
Stockholm, 408.792 ; Goteborg, 191,535 ;;
Malmo, 111,823.

Q. — Did Sweden ever dominate over Rus-^
sia?

A. — Since Sweden and Russia be-
came nations, they have at different
times conquered large territories from'
each other, but Sweden has not domin-

g. ated over the whole of Russia. Swe-
den's era of power endured for a cen-
tury from the year 1617, when King

4^Gustavus gained possession of both
sides of the Baltic. In 1661 Russia sur-
rendered to Sweden, as war booty, alt
her Baltic provinces — Ingria, Esthonia
and Kexholm. Sweden then had a
realm about twice as large as that of
to-day, including Finland, the islands of
the Baltic, the Baltic provinces, and the
estuaries of the German rivers. The
military exploits of Charles XII. ex-
hausted the country's resources, and
with his death in 1718 Sweden's career
as a first-rate power came to an end.

Q. — Is it a fact that Sweden has no na-
tional debt?

A. — She has a small debt of £55,-
000,000. As this sum is invested in
railway undertakings, it is no burden on
the taxpayer. Australia, with a smaller
population, has a national debt (Com-
monwealth and State borrowings) of
£700,000,000, a large part of which is
not reproductive.

Q.— Why do British manufacturers ob-
ject to wool being scoured in Aus-
tralia?

A. — British manufacturers declare
that the wool is not uniformly welf
scoured, that it is badly graded, and„

494

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October 2, lOiO.

therefore, has to be all gone over again,
when they get it. They also say that
there is considerable doss owing to the
fact that the steel bands .which are.
clamped round the bales cut throiigh
the scoured wool, and that all this
damaged wool has to be separated from
the rest. After this has beeij done, it
is sold to the shoddy merchants for
3d. or less, a pound. A further ob-
jection, but not made by the British
manufacturers, is that in Australia, Jhe
by-products are for the most part al-
lowed to go to waste, whereas in Great
Britain, these are used for manufac-
turing glycerine. There is the same
waste, of course, in gas making in this
country, the valuable by-products are
all allowed to remain in the tar, instead
of being used, as in European coun-
tries, for making dyes and many other
valuable things.

Q. — You referred recently to a British
Commission which went to South
Russia to report on the cereal crops
there. Who sent this Commission?

A. — It was despatched by the British
Government in connection with tW^
British Relief Commission in South
Russia. It was charged with investi-
gating food conditions in Russia, and
with organising export of food sur-
pluses., if these existed. It found, after
careful enquiries, that there vv'ere ample
food supplies in South Russia, but diffi-
culties of transport interfered with
equitable distribution. As far as stocks
of food and raw material were con-
cerned, the problem boiled down to de-
vising means for persuading the peas-
ants to part with these stocks. Money
by itself was useless, and barter was too
slow in operation to meet the situa-
tion. In conclusion, the report states
that nothing can solve Russia's diffi-
culties, save peace. ^>ade can only
levive with peace. Attempts at re-
vival on barter lines can only be tem-
porary. It is hopeless to ex}>ect
amelioration in conditions until civil
war is ended.

Q.— What system of tsxatton is In force in
Japan?

A. — The system is freely criticised in
Japan as pressing unduly upon the poor,

in spite of the fact that the income tax
and the dccise on sake (rice wine) yield
heavier revenues than other taxes,
which are not directed against the rich
man's pocket. The poor in Japan live
so near the hunger line, that they are
severely affected by the taxes on neces-
saries, including the land tax, Customs
duties and excise taxes on sugar, soy
beans, petroleum products and fabrics.
The main sources of tax revenue in
1918-19 were:— Income tax, £12.300.-
000; sake excise. £12.100,000; land tax.
£7.400.000 ; Customs, £6.900.000 ;
stamps. £5.200,000; sugar excise,
£3.600,000; business tax, £3,400,000;
fabrics excise. £2,300,000. Other items
were taxes on inheritances, exchanges
and travelling. The Government also
derives much revenue from its mono-
polies — tobacco, salt and camphor.

Q. — Is the income tax graduated?

A. — Japan has a graduated tax for
individuals, ranging from 3 per cent, on
incomes below £100. up to 22 per cent,
on incomes over £10.000 per annum.
Companies pay a level rate of 7^ per
cent. An amending income-tax law has
been lately before the Diet.

Q.— When foreigners are naturalised in
Australia, do their minor children be-
come Australian citizens eo ipso ?

A.— Yes.

Q. — If the Government revokes the naturali-
sation of the father, do the children
then cease to be Australian citizens?

A. — Not necessarily. The thildren,
as well as the wife, would retain their
citizenship in such case unless it were
taken away by specific order, or unless
they desired, on becoming of age, to
return to their old nationality. These
provisions are contained in the new
Nationality Bill.

Q.— What is the address of the Consul for
Czecho-Slovakia?

A. — Dr. T. V. Danes, late of Prague
University, who has come to Australia
as Consul-General for the new Repub-
lic, has offices at Flat 55. Temperance
and General Building. Sydney, New
South Wales. ^

Cotoler S, Jt9f)0.

STEAD'S REVIEW.

XI.

Some Coughs take a lot of "shaking off"
—generally several bottles of the ordinary
cough mixtures; but the worst and most
obstinate cough will disappear like magic
if treated with

HEARNPS

Bronchitis Cure I

Under the influence of this super -remedy
the improvement is immediate.

w. G.

EJ-----

Xll.

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October 2, IMO^

ON SALE
EVERYWHERE.

As up-to-date as

" WIRELESS"

Prepared paint, like Wireless Tele-
graphy, Motor Cars, Aeroplanes and
other modern utilities, is the out-
come of a need for "Something
better."

Rising labor costs make hand-mixed paint
too expensive to produce— ana machine-made
paint is BETTER paint, because it is mixed
thoroughly.

The world's most modern paint mills produce

Best

under

South t

i i 'oiJ t K ' jJt aji i-

^wnws K^mj.H!^ 'wy=i»g^gpg^^>^ '

callfn^t

8.R

To the Tourist, Scientist, Investor

and, with a hundred voices h'om her milhons
of acres, to the Man in search e^ Land.
Free Information on all subjecl^
available at once on receipt of this coupon.

Name

Address.

Queentlaixi Government Intelligence and Toumt Bureau.
Briflbttne. .^

RUPTURE

ARE YOU A SUFFERER
FROM THIS COMPLAINT?

If so, what are you wearing for it? Is It one of those Old-fashioned and cumbersome steel
sprine trusses, which are a constant source of torture to the wearer? There is no need for you
to wear this kind of contrivance any longer.

You, no doubt, have long been wiNhuig to obtain an appliance that would l>e not only com-
fortable to wear, but one which would alMu hold your rupture under all conditions. If you will
writs us, we will be pleased to send you particulars of our Patent Automatic Air Cushion Rup-
ture Appliance.

Never mind if you have tried everything else. This appliance is Something Entirely New. It
Is, in fact, the very best apparatus for rupture which has yet been invented. It does away alto-
gether with those cumbersome steel springs. There are none of those galling leather under-
straps. Our pad or Air Cushion Is made of soft, pliable rubber, which exerts a gentle, yet firm
and uniform pressure always on the correct spot. To show what we think of this Patent Rup-
ture Appliance,

WE GIA'E A FREE TRIAL.
with every appliance sent out. If it should not prove satisfactory, you are not asked to keep it. The price
is within the reach of all, and the appliance is suitable lor Men, Women and Children. Perfect ease,
comfort and safety from the first day's use. Illustrated Catalogue posted free.

THE WINSLOW COMPANY. 349A Collins Street. Melbourne. Victoria.

stead's Review, 2/ JO /so.

495

FINANCIAL NOTES.

THE MARKET.

A fair amount of business has been
transacted on the Stock Exchanges,
but the voKime -is not sufficient to do
more than provide bread and butter.
The plasterinsf of jam disappeared with
the advent of the Second Peace Loan,
and the washing-up over the Hampton
Plains Gold, and Eastern Tin booms.
The lure to the investor was that by
buying War Loan Stocks, he could take
up his quota in the next issue, and se-
cure an all round increase in his in-
terest return. This attraction led to
solid buying of the different issues, and
now that the loan is out, by the way,
investment is less and prices a little
lower. The new loan is expected to
open at about £97. State stocks keep
steady, but investors are at a loss to
understand Mr. Tudor's persistence in
trying to subject them to taxation. A
definite agreement exists on the point
of their exemption, and agreements
should be respected, otherwise chaos
rules. Mr. Theodore has been having
a little experience of the effects that
follow interference with agreements.
All bank shares are on demand, and no
wonder, for all the institutions have
been earning large profits. Their
finance has been of such a nature as
not to justify the Federal Treasurer's
attempt to force them to accept legal
tender as a reserve against deposits.
The best reserve is gold, and if the
Treasurer went seriously to work to
repay in gold the £10,000.000 lent by
the banks at the outbreak of war, and
concurrently reduced currency, he
would greatly check the inflation of
prices. The largest buying has been of
Union Bank scrip, a good deal of the
demand coming from New Zealand.
Nothing further is heard about the
Commercial Bank of Australia scheme,
although it is believed to have been
finalised. The better position of Bank
of Victoria shares arises from the
strengthening of the general position of
the bank in recent years. Not much
variation has been noticeable in general

securities. Brewery and kindred stocks
in Victoria have stiffened because of
the defeat of the attempt to secure a
bare majority on the prohibition
question. The process of reconstruc-
tion of Companies still goes on, evi-
dently with the object of dodging the
super tax on incomes, predicted as be-
ing one of the inovations of future
hard-up Federal Treasurers. To con-
tinue to increase capital by that means^
writing off assets, is a wrong princigle,
but the Ministry must take the respon-
sibility of compelling such a departure
from sound financial methods, because
of its political policy. Mining specu-
lation has simmered down to very small
dimensions. As was forecast, Badak
troubles have been almost forgotten, for
the sensation was press made. Much
more serious were the losses oyer the
Hampton Plains boom. Some revival
has taken place at the White Hope
mine, because of good assays, from
present workings, but it is too early yet
to do more than to watch and hope.

THE BUDGET.
The more Sir Joseph Cook's budget
is examined, the more shallow it is
found to be. There is fine talk about
economy, an allusion to the need for
deflation, and some truisms about the
need of immigration, but for genuine
constructive capacity, one has to search
in vain. To take off the entertainment
tax, and to clap on higher income tax
is first of all to remove an impost that
ought to be borne so as to put more bur-
dens on the wealth earning sections of
the community. These may not be what
is technically termed the labourer " that
must get what is his," but they are
mostly the workers who. by ability aid
the labourer to stand higher in the
plane of social enjoyment than other-
wise would be possible. The pauper-
ising of all classes is continued. What
with pensions of" every variety,
the war gratuity and philanderings
into the domain of science and
commerce, it looks as if little is left
for private enterprise but to work and

496

STEADS REVIEW.

October 2, t9M.

to pay taxes. All " the heads " get
their increases, big or little, so that
in every quarter expense is being
piled up. There is one ray of
comfort in the Budget. It is not the one
Sir Joseph Cook talks about, but it is
that by dropping expenditure from war
funds, and switching on to revenue, he
is at last on the track that leads to
economy. The tax-payer will soon feel
the burden. When he does, perhaps
the Treasurer will be in London.

NOTE ISSUE RESERVE.
Most people interested in finance
have been seeking for a reason why Sir
Joseph Cook sprang the note issue sur-
prise on the Associated Banks, in his
Bill to provide for the transfer of the
control of the note issue to the Com-
monwealth Bank. That the banks were
unaquainted with his intentions can be
accepted. Otherwise why would they
have hurried to meet him ; why should
they have loosened their tongues from
their usual restraint. No doubt Sir
Joseph Cook is correct in saying that
he consulted authorities, and that they
approved. But why not tell the whole
story, and give the names of the ap-
proving parties to such a piece of legis-
lation. If they comprised the heads of
any of the Sydney Institutions, then a
deeply interesting situation arises, for
what would be disclosed is that there
is a rift somewhere in the ranks of the
banks. If not, was it the "head serangs"
of the Commonwealth Bank. In that
case, doubly was the Treasurer indis-
creet Every man of ordinary build
wants more power. The mere fact
that the Commonwealth Bank is now
steadily losing the rare privileges it
enjoyed during the war, must convey
to the Cabinet the need for scrutinising
any proposal that may aim at .strength-
ening that institution at the expense of
the private institutions. The right thing
to do is to give all a fair field and no
favour. That is the position the Bank
of England occupies, and the same
with the Bank of France. Does not the
whole proposal demonstrate that if
anywhere a consultative and control-
ling body is needed, it is in the Com-
monwealth Bank. A board of business

men would be able, as do the Governors-
of the Bank of England, to digest the
full effect of any proposal intended to^
affect banking currency, not from the
standpoint of a competing Government
institution, but from that of broad
banking and financial interests. ' Such
a body is a necessity.

A WARNING.
A voung banker the other day com-
plained that there existed a tendency
in certain circles to view the financial
situation somewhat pessimistically.
" Australia is all right," he said ; " all
that we have to do is to work out its
salvation, but we must set about the
job manfully." On that point everyone
will agree. All the same, a warning
has to be given in the interests of sound
finance. No one can observe without
regret the steps that are being taken
by numbers of joint stock companies to-
write up capital. In one instance where
a company has been paying a modest
dividend, it is bluntly stated that the
assets have been undervalued. Hence
a reconstruction and a distribution of
bonus shares. The danger in doing
that is that it may mark a parting of
the ways from the practice of safe
finance, introduced after the commun-
ity had realised ths Ifesson of the land
boom collapse. A reason given for
action of this kind is that writings
down have been carried so far that
something had to be done. If the times
were normal, such an argument might
be accepted without demur. But times
are abnormal, and what will help to get
Australian affairs straightened out is
the recognition of that fact, backed by
the determination to provide reserves
for emergencies. The capitalising of
profits very often does not represent a
policy of that kind, so while it is right
there should exist the profoundest be-
lief in the ability of Australia to re-
sist financial strain, it will do all that
the better if temptation to swell capital
is resisted. No doubt the reason, in
many cases, is a desire to dodge the
taxation department, or to prepare for
any movement in the direction of limit-
ing dividends. Even so, the advice to
stick to approved methods holds good.

October 2, 19?.e.

STEAD'S REVIEW.

xni.

WANTED £500 PER ANNUM! |

Can you undertake the following:

1. — Open and close Books of Account, adjust the final entries, take
out Departmental Trading and Profit and Ivoss Accounts, and
construct Balance Sheets ?
2. — Have vou a knowledge of Exchange problems, of Manufacturing
Accounts, Costing, Self-Balancing Ivedgers, Joint and Consignment
Accounts, Partnership, Branch, Company, Hire and Purchase
Accounts, Accounts Current, Statements of Affairs and Deficiency
Accounts ?
3. — Have vou a grip of Company and Insolvency Ivaw, of the Law
of Contracts, Bills of Exchange, Cheques and Promissory Notes,
Sale of Goods, Partnership and Arbitration and Awards?

These are a few of the subjects embraced by our Book-keeping and

Accountancy Courses, which have been compiled by practising and

highly qualified experts.

No books to buy, fees moderate, and you can sit for our Diploma

Test Examinations or those of recognised Institutes when you have

completed the Course or Courses.

Write or call to-day for our free Hand-book, "Accountancy."

Lightband & Donaldson Ltd.

BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTANCY SPECIALISTS

DIRECTORS: R. M. Lightband. A.C.l.S , A.F.I.A.; J. P. Macfarlane. F.C.P.A.. F.F.I.A.. F.I.A.Q.:

George Rees, F.F.I.A.: j. L. Donaldson, F.C.I.. A.F.I.A. : and W. T. Charge, F.A.I.S.. A.F.I.A.

Secretary. P. E. McCarthy, L.I.C.A.. A.F.I.A.

Union Trustee Chambers,
BRISBANE.

National Mutual Buildings,
395 Collins St., MELBOURNE.

(Iommomvcaltl#iJ5aitk»'Hu0tralia

HEAD OFFICE

SYDNEY.

GENERAL BANKING
DEPARTMENT.

Banking and Exchange
business of every de-
scription transacted with-
in the Commonweahh,
United Kingdom, Canada,
United States and abroad.

BRANCHES.

In the principal cities
and towns of Australia,
Rabaul (New Britain)
and London (2).

PUBLIC SAFE DEPOSIT
at Sydney Office.

JAMES KELL,

Deputy Governor.

SAVINGS BANK
DEPARTMENT.

At all Branches of the
Bank, and Agencies at
2809 Post Offices in
Australia, Papua, New
Britain, Solomon Islands
and the Pacific.

Interest on Deposits up to
£1000-3^%.

On Deposits over £1000,
and not exceeding £1300,

3%.

Deposits and With-
drawals may be made
at any Branch or Agency.

SIR DENISON MILLER, K.C.M.G.,

July 1st. 1920. Governor.

XIV.

STEAD'S REVIEW. October 2, im.

ORGANISATION ! !

The Great War proved that all human achievements depend upon
organised brain power.

YOUR success in life depends upon the development of your
brain and the learning of money-earning subjects.

During the past thirty-five years the great organisation of Zercho's
has been qualifying men and women for the best positions in Australia.

You would be safe if you placed your future with the great
College that has trained over one hundred thousand Australians.

To enquire costs nothing, therefore learn what Zercho's Corres-
pondence College can do for you. Enquire about instruction in —

ACCOUNTANCY— if you are a clerk. (Ask for valuable
Free Booklet, " All About Accountancy.")

SHORTHAND & TYPEWRITING— if you are a young lady.

BOOKKEEPING — if you are a junior clerk.

GOVERNMENT POSITIONS— if you want a safe position.

BUSINESS LETTER WRITING AND ADVERTISING— if you are
a business man.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ) _if your ambition is to
STEAM ENGINEERING )■ become a highly-paid

CIVIL ENGINEERING ) Engineer.

There are many other courses, including Surveying, Architectural,
Mining, Educational and University subjects.

During the past thirty years, Zercho's and allied Colleges have trained
125,000 Australians in Professional, Commercial and Trade subjects.

There are over 300 Courses of Instruction — qualification in one or
more will bring more money to you.

We prepare for all examinations, and train over 9,500 students each
year. Send a line, and ask for Free Booklet and other valuable informa-
tion.

ZERCHO^S CORRESPONDENCE COLLEGE

Collins St., MELBOURNE. Liverpool St., SYDNEY. Edward St.,
BRISBANE. Bolton S^, M'^WrASTLE. Grenfel! St., ADELAIDE.

October 2, 19S0.

IMAGINATION.

XY.

IMAGINATION.

(Continued front page 467.)

" When I am gone " He repeated

the phrase slowly. It puzzled him.
Frowningly nervous of what he should
find, he opened the book. From cover
to cover it was filled with page after
page of Miriam's writing. A diary, ob-
viously. Well, the curious inscription
on the outside cover would surely jus-
tify him in glancing through it.

• With a peculiar thrill of anticipation
he turned to the last page. What was
the latest thing she had said? That was
his primary curiosity.

The entry was dated that day.

" The crisis has come at last. I can-
not go on any longer as I have been
doing. I must leave Charles. Whether
I shall go to X. or not I do not know.
At times I feel I must have some man
upon whom to depend ; but then I fear
the publicity, the dirtiness of it all, and
I think it would be better to be alone,
to avoid any open scandal. Yes, I
think I shall just live apart from
Charles, and content my heart with
friendship for the rest of my life. As
Adela says, love is too exhausting."

Godfrey cursed under his breath.
Adela Frensham, notorious writer of
" sex-problem " novels, was the one
woman he could not tolerate among
the many with whom his wife was
friendly. She was " advanced," a hope-
less crank, a woman likely to exercise
a dangerous influence upon Miriam.
Obviously, his attitude to Adela had
been a just one. Surging with anger
and mortification, he read on.

" Charles has unconsciously helped
me to do the thing without wretched
scenes and wearisome explanations. He
has arranged for me to spend a month
at the cottage. I am taking Emily with
me, but no one else. Of course, Charles
said he might run down for a week-
end, and wanted me to take half the
servants ! However, Emily is the only
one I feel I can rely upon ; I shall ask
her to remain with me. What a god-
send Aunt Maria's legacy is. I can
be independent if I decide not to go
to X."

Buy a Re^buUt Typewriter

and save pounds without any sacrifice
of efficiency. Our re-built machine' are
thoroughly overhauled and all worn parts
replaced, before being sold under a gen-
erous guarantee. We have all makes, but
specialise in re-built MONARCHS, UNDER-
WOODS. REMINGTONS and YOSTS.
Inspection or correspondence invited.

United Typewriter X Supplies

Co. Ltd.
399 Lijt. Collins Street, Melb.

. j COpp. Yencken's)

And at 323 George Street, Sydney.

FIELD GLASSES

Telescopes, Microscopes
Surveying Instruments

(New and Secondhand)

This month's list includes:

FIELD GUSSES—
Pair 6x Prismatic Binoculars,

Le Maire. Paris. £10.
Pair 8x Zeiss (War Trophy),

£17 lOs.
Pocket Pair 6x Binoculars

(very good). £7 lOs.
Pair ordinary Field Glasses,

70s.

TELESCOPES-

3in. Astronomical Telescope,
by Henderson, Edinburgh,
£10 10s. 3in. Astronomical
Telescope, by Watson, £12
10s. 3in. EquatorieJ Tele-
scope, by Gaunt. 6iin.
Equatorial Telescope, by
Cooke, London. Full par-
ticulars on application. Large
stock Hcind Telescopes.

MICROSCOPES-

Large selection. Leading makers.

20 good secondhand instruments.

Write for list.

SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS—

Theodolites, Levels, Steel Tapes,

Compasses. New shipments.

Full lists all instruments posted any

address.
Secondhand instruments purchased.

N. H. SEWARD. Optician.

4S7 BOURKE STREET
(■ear Qomd Street), MELBOURNE.

XVI.

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October .?, 1920.

■^

Ventriloquism

CAUSES FUN

AND

MAKES YOU

MONEY

Let me teach YOU

to be a
VENTRILOQUIST

receipt of your name and
address 1 will send interesting literature
dealing with this fascinating art, which
will put you on the road r\ g-^ Tpp »-> a
to social success. No- JT 1\ JZiJClrf •
thin^ to beat it as a amHHn^^B^^B
money-maker and tun-producer. Thou-
sands of pupils all over the world now
raising rollicking laughter by availing
themselves of this offer. ANYONE CAN
LEARN. Write NOW— while you re-
member it, and I will post by return full
■»7^"U1^1I7* ■ particulars how to learn
Jr J\.£l^-il# • this most interesting of
mi^^Mmmm^mmm» Stage and conceit work.

RAY VHf. WI1.TON

Suite 44
178 Castlert^agh Street. Sydney

THE

COLONIAL MUTUAL FIRE

INSURANCE COMPANY LIMITED.

Fire, Marine, Guarantee, Customs
Bonds, Personal Accident and
Sickness, Plate Glass Breakage ^
(including Civil Commotion ^ INSURANCE
Burglary, Live Stock, Motor i — ^^— — ^— —
Car, Employers' Liability and
Workers' Compensation.

Principal Office : 60 Market Street, Melbourne.

Branches in all the States.

W. TUCKER.

General Manager.

The financier looked up impatiently
as Jenkins interrupted his reading.

"If you please, sir. the police "

" Tell the police to go to hell!"

The butler retired discreetly.

'' I shall think things over down on
the moors." Godfrey continued to
read : " there is no occasion to hurry.
Nothing is more certain than that
Charles will not give me a week-end of
his company. A whole day and a-half
away from stocks and shares ! He mu.'tt
think me hopelessly stupid if he
imagines I could expect such a sacri-
fice — now ; when wc were married —
but what is the good of being sentimen-
tal ? Adela is right ; no man loves a
woman once he owns her."

"Damn! Damn! Damn Adela!"
Charles shouted aloud, throwing the
diary across the room. "' Oh. Mirie,
dear, my girl !"

" The police-inspector wishes to see
you. sir." said Jenkins, standing im-
pcrturbably in the doorway.

Suddenly his habitual calm returned
to Godfrey. This was a crisis — ^the
most serious in his life. Miriam's hap-
piness and his own were at stake; it
was no mere tussle for millions. He
must, above all, endeavour to be cool
cind level-headed.

" Thank you. Jenkins." he said,
•teadily. " Will you tell the inspector
that as nothing is missing and I am
exceedingly busy just at present, 1 do
not wish to pursue the matter any fur-
ther?- Then get to bed. J shall be up
for some time yet, very probably."

The butler gone, Godfrey shut the
door, placing a chair against it, as the
lock was shattered, and settled down to
read right through the diary.

Page after page of revelation he
studied grimly. It was, perhaps, a not
uncommon record of a wife nursing a
bitter sense of neglect until it became an
obsession, until it developed into some-
thing near to hatred for her husband;
but to Godfrey it was astounding, al-
most incredible. That other men's
wives should feel so he could believe,
but his wife. Miriam — the thing ap-
peared out of the question, too absurd
to be considered. Yet here was evi-

October 2, 19 W.

STEAD'S REVIEW.

xyii.

^"^^^"fA

By Intelligent Spare=Tinie Study

Concentr.'ite on the essentials tliat will make von efficient and a power in your chosen
profession. LEARN TO DO SOME ONE THING THOROUGHLY. Do not waste tiiwe and scatter
energy, but utilise the le.soiuees of a great Institution- that by virtue of lengthy and
successful experience knows .iust what to teach and ho'w to teach it. The I.C.S. Student
has behind liim such an Institution with thirty years' experience in training 2,200,000
students.

The initial cost of I.C.S. Courses was £750,000, and £40,000 is spent annually in
revision and keeping them abreast of the rapid march of progress. 317 Universities,
Colleges. Government Institutions, etc., including some large Institutions in Australia,
use I.C.S. Text Books for class-room work and reference.

In your own interests, is it not worth your while to enquire just what the I.C.S. can do for you?

You owe it to yourself, your family, and the nation, at any rate to make inquiry
(withoiit obligation) liow you may train and ciualify yourself for a better position. Call
oi- write to-day to one of the offices of the

INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS (c.i.) lh

(The World's Schoolhouse)

183 Pitt Street, Sydney.
70 Giwler Place, Adelaide.

79 Swanston Street, Melbourne.
18 Royal Arcade, Perth.

336 Queen Street, Brisbane.
Box 252, Post Office, Hobart.

WHAT POSITION DO YOU WANT ?

BusixEss Management Cai-penter & Joiner

Mark and mail this Coupon TO-DA Y. It will

be the first step upwards.
Send me (without obligation) full particulars of

the Course marked.

Bookkeeper
Secretary
Shopkeeper
Advertising Man
Window Dresser
Show Card "SVriter
Si.gn Painter
.Architect
Builder

Structural Engineer
Wood Worker
Civil Engineer
Clerk of Works
Concrete Engineer
Municipal Engineer

Motor Engineer
Motor Body Builder
Motor Mechanic
Mining Engineer
Metallurgist
Steam Engineer

Telephone Engineer
Wireless Engineer
Salesmanship
Agriculturist
Poultry Farmer
Indus. Chemist

Refrigerating Engineer Commercial Designer

Caricaturist

Textile Expert
Navigation

Mechanical Engineer Marine Engineer
Draughtsman Electrical Engineer

Works' Engineer Telegraph Engineer

Foreign I^angxiages — French, Italian, Spanish, German, by Phonogi-aph
The I.C.S. teach over 200 Courses. If it is only Commercial Arithmetic, or Handwriting,
Workshop Calcu'a'ions, or Timber Measurements, Business Systems, Precis and Indexing,
Commercial Law, Economics, or Station Book-keeping, WE CAN HELP YOU.

Ask for information concerning any subject in which you may be interested.

S.R.O.

Xo uic

1 (hirrs.t

XVlll.

STEAD'S REVIEW

October 2, 19W.

dence enough, in very truth ! Miriam
was going to leave him ; had practically
left him already.

And who in heaven's name was X?

" Adela introduced me to a charm-
ing poet of hers to-night. He is not a
bit like one's notion of a poet, no long
hair " — Godfrey grunted unbelievingly
as he read this — " just an ordinary man-
about-town appearance; but, no, it is
sacrilege to call him ordinary — that is
the very last thing to say of him. He
is one of the most impressive men I
have ever met. His name — of course,
like all Adela's pets, he is quite un-
known yet — is but I'll call him X. —

it sounds, romantic, and one can write
of a mere letter so much more freely.
He really is most attractive. I thought
he liked me!"

It was a bitter night for Godfrey, a
night of humiliating revelation such as
he had never encountered before. After
his first few outbursts of indignation
he did not attempt further self-defence.
His impartial brain, quick to seize the
vital points of a situation, condemned
him without argument. Miriam was
right — he had neglected her. That it
was for her sake did not justify the
neglect.

And had it, after all, been for her
sake?

Godfrey squared his shoulders. The
thing had to be seen through. He had
to discover if any chance remained to
him. It was no good indulging in pro-
longed mental agonies ; he must act.

The first faint light of the new day
was creeping through the slats of the
Venetian blinds as he rose from the
damaged desk, his course of action de-
cided upon. He went to his study, con-
sulted a Bradshaw, and discovered the
earliest train that would suit his pur-
pose. Then he rang up Jenkins and
ordered a light breakfast.

" I am going to join Mrs. Godfrey
in Devonshire," he informed the butler.
" I find the city too hot after all in this
infernal weather. Tell Mr. Whetson
that I do not wish to be written to. If
any matter of supreme importance de-
mands my personal attention I suppose

II
Fold

up !

Take

with You !

Tvnpi

ivri

l(^ Anvwiiprp

These are the outstanding advan-
tages of the " CORONA " — " the
pei-sonal writing machine."

Folding up in small case, and
weighing but 6 pounds, it can be
taken to the office in the morning
and brought home at night.

The " CORONA " is a boon to
Professional men, Salesmen and
Travellers, because it is available
alike for business or personal re-
quirem'ents, may be used on knee in
train or car, and is Invaluable for
confidential work.

SENT BY PACKET POST.

Special Offer !

FOR GO DAYS ONLY !

To prove the value of this adver-
tisement, we offer a discount of
10/- off regular price of £17/17/-,
and pay postage if cash accom-
panies coupon below.

I herewith hand you remittance
value, £17/7/-, together with
coupon. Please forward a selected
" CORONA " PORTABLE TYPE-
WRITER to the following ad-
dress : —
NAME

ADDRESS.

DATE.

Macdougalls Ltd.

Sole Australasian Agents for
** Corona " Portable Typewriter

32 MOORE STREET, SYDNEY
470 COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE
19 PIRIE STREET. ADELAIDE
AUSTRALIAN TYPEWRITER SUPPLIES CO..

363-365 QUEEN STREET. BRISBANE

October S, 19S0.

IMAGINATION.

XIX.

he must wire; but I am most anxious
to have a complete rest."

• •••••

The breeze across the moors was tonic.
As he strode towards the cottage God-
frey breathed in the magnificent air,
and marvelled at the obtuseness of the
devotion to the City which had hitherto
kept him away from so much delight.
If he were able to fix things up with
Miriam, the future should be very dif-
ferent; that he resolved. The City
could go hang !

"Yes, by the lord!" he almost
shouted ; " it can go hang !" And wav-
ing his walking-stick above his head,
he executed an idiotic step or two, until
his exuberance was checked by the re-
collection that Miriam had yet to be
convinced of his new understanding.
By gad, yes ! and that damned poetic
skunk X. had to be driven out of her
mind! Confound Adela Frensham and
all her crack-brained crew of fruit-eat-
ing dabblers. What did they know of
life? How dared they break up the
homes of decent hard-working men and
women? If he had his way all the
lot

His momentary outburst of enthu-
siasm for the future had quickly yielded
to an incoherent rage against the Bohe-
piian coterie of the brilliant but per-
nicious Adela. This formless but very
active wrath lasted until the cottage
came into view. Then it vanished com-
pletely ; he had room for only one emo-
tion ; he became an exceedingly anxious

A woman was standing at the cottage r^^l V*l^ C mPll^l #^lf*^
gate— was it Miriam? He felt an im- * •^* *^ ^^-^C*A %JK^m. 9

pulse to wave, but, recollecting that she
would never recognise such an unex-
pected visitor at such a distance he re-
frained. Increasing his pace to some-
thing little short of a run, he was soon
able to ascertain that the woman at the
gate was not his wife. Yet he thought
the figure vaguely familiar.

Reaching the gate he almost snarled
as the smiling face of Adela Frensham
was turned provokingly towards him.

" Miracles will never you make

even me a platitudinarian, Mr. God-
frey," she exclaimed mockingly.

WEAR

HOLEPROOF SOCKS

Saves Darning— Outlasts all
other brands

Pure Silk, Lisle and Cotton

SOLD BY MERCERS EVERYWHERE

Indents through Walter Cathro Pty. Ltd.
50 York Street, Sydney

MRIS

C/IRTERS

No Mef a]
can touch you

No Metal can Touch You

ARE MADE FOR YOU
WHEN BUYING

Look for above trade mark plainly
stamped on each pair
SOLD BY

Mercers and Men's Toggery
Stores Everjrvsrhere

Made by STEIN & COMPANY. Chicago

Sole Agents : Walter Cathro Pty. Ltd.
50 York Street, Sydney

XX.

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October S, 19*0.

To Subscribers !

The mechanical cost of filling sub
scriptions has almost doubled in the
past three years. It is still groing: up.
In order to bring it down. STEAD'S
REVIEW henceforth will adopt the
practice of not sending formal acknow-
ledgments of remittances. When you re-
new vour subscription you will no longer
receive a postcard acknowledging it.
Instead, the wrapper on the second
issue following the receipt of your re-
newal will bear the expiration date,
thus automatically informing vou that
your remittance was received and your
subscription extended If you are
subscribing for the first time, the re-
ceipt of the magazine and the expira-
tion date on the wrapper will be our
acknowledgment.

If this form it narked in BLUE, it means that
your subscription expires with this issue.

U this form is marked in RED, it means that
your subscription expires with the next issue.

SUBSCRIPTION FORM.

To STEAD'S BEVIEW, Melbourne.

Please send me STEAD'S REVIEW for
twelve months (26 numbers), beginning

with the issue,

for which I enclose — Postal Note iSs.
Commonwealth. Money Order 18s. 6d.
New Zealand, Fiji and New Guinea.
Money order 20s. elsewhere. (Half-yearly
subscriptions — 13 numbers — received at half
the above rates.)

Name

Full Address

New Subscribers may also use this form.

Note.— STEAD'S REVIEW appears every fortnight.

S.R., 2/10/20.

■' Whatever ha> liappened to persuade
you to leave your beloved city ? Miriam
will be delighted, I'm sure.'"

"Are you staying here?" Charles
.snapped rudely, wishing hard for the
opportunity to eject her, by force pre-
ferably.

" Xo. I have a cottage over yonder
rise."" she drawled, with an assumption
of melodrama, which angered him in-
explicably.

■' Then go away to it at once.""

" I beg your j^ardon?" Adela could
be most dignified on occasion.

Godfrey, however, was beyond re-
straint. " Clear out," he shouted
hoarsely. " get away! Don't let me see
vou near mv wife again, or I'll —
I'll •'

■' Well?" Adela inquired sweetly; but
he had rushed up the path, afraid, in
all probability, of what he might say.

As the patroness of latent genius
turned away across the moor she was
grinning like a schoolgirl after a par-
ticularly audacious escapade.

("lodfrey found his wife busy in the
little kitchen. She and tliC maid were
sharing the iovs of " washing-up."'

" Aliriam. Tve come for that week-
end . . . a bit early," he said, con-
scious that it sounded iame and inade-
quate, but incapable of anything more*
satisfactory with that confounded girl
overhearing all that passed.

His wife spun round excitedly, and
he could ha\e sworn that there was a
welcome in her eyes. When she spoke,
liowever, it was without warmth.

■' You," she exclaimed. " Oh !"'

Of course he had been a fool to fancy
her glad at his coming. The diary was
enough to make any such idea ridicu-
lous. He sensed her dismay, the an-
noyance she must feel at this complete
derangement of her plans. Well, he did
not intend to let her go without a fight,
anyway. He hated " scenes "" as much
as she did. l)ut there are some unavoid-
able " scenes " when life goes askew.

Miriam wiped her hands slowly on
her ajjron. removed the unaccustomed
garment, and passed through the kit-
chen doorway without looking at him
as he held the door open.

October Z, 1920.

STEAD'S REVIEW.

XXI.

Weighs but six pounds
Hcndy to carry anywhere

Write w^ith both hands

An "Uuderwood Portable" Typewriter will enable you to do this — to

write quickly and accurately with both hands. Suitable for all kinds of

writing. A delight to j'ou and to those who receive your letters.

Write for printed matter, or call in and let us have the opportunity of explaining
the easiest of all personal vrriting methods.

Stott

and

Underwood

70 PITT STREET, SYDNEY (and at 426 Collins Street, Melbourne)

Famous English Custard Powder

(NOW MADE IN AUSTRALIA) /

This Famous Custard Powder, which has already become so popular in
England and throughout the Empire, and is unrivalled in its special
quality, is now made in Australia, and still preserves its original character-
istics. It is manufactured under supervision trained in the English factory.
So in all points the people of Australia may rely upon getting the same
fine quality and high-class article as formerly imported, at the same time
fostering Australian industry.

Foster Clark's Famous Custard Powder

Can be obtained from all Grocers and Storekeepers in the following sizes:
16 oz. Containers, making 24 pints. 12 oz. Packets, making 18 pints.

4 oz. Packets, making 6 pints.

XXll,

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October i, 1920.

Peace Society

(Melbourne Branch)

Objects :

OUR GOAL — Abolition of the most feroci-
ous and futile of human follies, a negation
of Christian Principle — War.

OUR METHODS — (1) Completing, Demo-
cratising, and Perfecting of the League of
Nations on the Basis of International Jus-
tice, Goodwill, and Democratic Control of
International Relations; (2) Discouragement
of the War Spirit, and Direct Education In
Schools and Universities in the Ethical and
Economic Principles of International Friend-
ship and Co-operation; (3) Abolition of Pri-
vate Manufacture of Armaments, and World-
Disarmament; (4) Establishment in every
country of a National Peace Bureau for
Diffusion of Mutual Knowledge of each other
by the nations of the world, and the foster-
ing of International Brotherhood.

Write Box ISO 6, Melbourne

Literature Supplied

PROGRESS — INVENTION

PROTECT YOUR IDEAS
GEORGE A. U'REN, Fel. l.P.A.A. Ute A.I.F.

PATENT ATTORNET (by Official Examiiuttioii)

Patents, Trade Marks, Infringements, Searches.

Nineteen years' experience.

Broken Hill Chambers, 31 QUEEN STREET, Melbourne.

Write or call for any information you need.

BURNS AIR mS-SIv

One'BEST'LIgM

•tTM mat* light Mmb

8li Electric UfhU, •t Taa

Kcroient Lamp* cr Oa«

Hundred CaodUa.

Boms 90!tAlrlO]t Bat

A ba«ntlfiU,_PQr« wUU, rt n ar,
nS» licht. ■•WMI ■« «r«M«I
■•■B«k*l loOAvrl HanfcorB*!
ItaATWhar*. OT«r IM njXam,

These Lamps being Portable
they reaoire no fittias.

Let MM post yon a

Best Light
Wall Lamp

complete, whkh frires lOO-candle power lisht

for 50 - Post Free

Send for Catalogue No. B21. which also
omtains Hollow Wire System of Lishtias

BRANDT BROS. LTD.

Air-Gai Engineers
23« PUT STREET, SYDNEY

" Well ?" she asked coldly, when she
had found a thoroughly cosy corner on
the sitting-room settee. " What on
earth has happened to bring my bundle
of stocks and shares down here ?"

" There has been a burglary at home.
Jenkins left a window open. Thief
"v/ent straight to your boudoir — might
have been Russell, nothing like an ex-
footman with a grudge for these jobs!
— he left your den in an unholy mess.
No, you need not worry " — she had
started up in alarm — " Jenkins fright-
ened the beggar off before anything had
been taken. But — your bureau was — er
— forced, and — well, I read your
diary!"

"What? How — how dared you?"
She rose to her full height and towered
over him as he lay back in the depths
of a roomy saddle-back.
" It was meant for me."
"Meant for you?" She paled sud-
denly.

He tossed his head impatiently.
" What is the use of beating about the
bush? The only thing that matters is
that I know."

She sat down opposite him, her face
a furious crimson. " You know '." she
murmured almost inaudibly.

" Of course ; you did not leave much
to the imagination in your diary !"

" Oh ! — and. of course, the cover, it
w^as the cover that made you read.

How silly of me, I " positively she

laughed ; quickly, however, the laughter
changed to tears ; here, obviously, was
hysteria.

" Don't. Mirie, darling," he begged,
leaning towards her. " I have been
wrong, I realise it completely. I have
come to apologise, not to blame. But
I'll fight for you against X. or any other
plausible blackguard while I've a breath
left. I am not going to let you go. Un-
derstand me, I am repentant, but not re-
signed. You are my wife; you loved
me once, and I am going to make you
love me again."

The expression in her eyes was un-
mistakable. He rushed to her chair and
lifted her from it.

" It is not too late. Mirie," he
sobbed: "that is what you mean?"

October t, 10&>.

STEAD'S REVIEW,

xxin.

Rexona Shaving Soap

(MEDICATED)

THE TRIANGULAR STICK

Here is a new Idea in Shaving Soap — another Rexona triumph — one this time
which will be appreciated by men wherever beards grow. Rexona Shaving Soap
contains the same Oils and Essences which have made Rexona famous the world
over, and is made on the Rexona formula, and thus makes a Shaving Stick which
is a Soap and lotion combined. It makes for comfort and hygiene in ehaving. and
tempers the skin against wind and bad weather.

Rexona Shaving Stick (Medicated) is Rexona Soap specially treated so as to
produce a thick creamy lather, which will soften the beard and improve the skin
at the same time. It is delicately perfumed, and medicated on the same principles
as Rexona, and not only produces a lasting lather, but purifies and leaves the skin
in perfect condition. Being an antiseiptic, Medicated Soap, it has a tendency to
quickly heal any cut you may have the misfortune to get, and if troubled with
pimples or blotches of any kind, will daily tend to improve them.

Rexona Shaving Soap

Lathers Easily and
Makes Shaving a
Pleasure

Rexona Shaving Soap will be found the most econo-
mical Shaving Stick on the market, but care should be
exercised not to dip the Stick in the water, but wet the
face and apply the Shaving Soap dry. A few applica-
tions with the shaving brush will quickly produce a thick
creamy lather, which lasts and thoroughly softens the
beard, leaving the skin in a healthy and hygienic condition
after the shave. Everyone should use a Medicated Soap
for shaving, for, after rem'oving the beard and going over
the face with the razor, the skin need» a protection from
the germs carried by the dust which everyone has to
face.

Watch for This Triangular Stick

Rexona Shaving Soap is something entirely new in
every respect. Watch for the triangular enamelled box,
for Rexona Shaving Stick is not round, like the old-
fashioned kinds, but triangular, and packed in a trian-
gular enamelled box, tasty and neat, easy to hold, and
dainty In every respect.

Rexona Shaving Stick is sold everywhere at 1/6.

XXIV

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October

liH».

Mer niurnuired " Of course not, dear
old boy." did not confuse him. It was
the foundation on which he was to re-
build their lives.

Extracted from a letter sent a few
days later by Mrs. Charles Godfrey to
Mrs. Adela Frensham :

such a dear now ; it seems
such a shame to have deceived him. He
worries me occasionally by begging to
be told all about my exact feelings for
X. ( remember how I loathed your tame
poet really?), but this is a phase and
Avill pass.

" You are a genius, but I ha\e said
that before ! Everything worked out
just as you said it would, and I am
amply repaid (oh! my dear, I am, in-
deed!) for the hours I spent copying
your heart-rending prose into that
diary. ( I expect }'0U will use it in a
novel one day, so it will not be wasted !)

" Jenkins played his jjart wonder-
fully. Charles laughs at ' the careless
old idiot,' and is quite unsuspicious.
Dear old Jenkins! He deserves a
monument : in the m.eantime, I have sent
him a pipe !

" I expect the damage I did to my
den will be ])retty nearly irreparable;

but I had to arrange the room realistic-
ally. (What a mercy I have always
had the key and kept the place sacred
to myself!) From what Charles tells
me, Jenkins must have burst the lock
quite professionally. Really, he is much
too clever an old darling to be a butler!

" Unfortunately, Charles is very wild
with you, owing to your supposed evil
influence over me. ( I shall have to tell
him the truth some day!) But as you
foresaw this, vou will not lose flesh,
eh?

'* ' Imagination will save any situa-
l:on,' you said, you brilliant old thing.
What a prophet !"

The wireless apparatus with which
the new American submarines are
equipped, receives- satisfactorily from
nearly the same distance as if the mes-
sage came through the air in the ordin-
ary way. It can, however, transmit
through a radius of 12 miles only.

The theft of typewriters has become
so common in Germany that insurance
companies are charging special prem-
iimis in their theft policies for them.
The cost of a second-hand typewriter
in Germany ranges from 3000 to 4000
marks, that is £200 at the old exchange.

r»jrS*"

• . J*r l._ -«|Vj^c-^.„r--

HiLDYARD STEEL WHEEL WAGONS

Are now fitteJ with PATENT TWIN ROLLER
BEARINGS. 3 horses do the work of 5.

More Durable than Ordinary Axles, and Guaranteed.
Wagons for Wheat, Wool, and All Classes of Work.

Traction Wagons a Specialty.

Wide Tyies. Send for Catalog Now.

HILDYARD WAGON WORKS, Kensington. Melb.

Thank you for mentioninK Stead's Review •when writing to advertiaers.

October 2, ii>.iO.

STEAD'S REVIEW.

XXV.

My Lady Does Not

Dance To-night !

But never again will she be a stay-at-home,
with ought to do but nurse a sore, tender, ach-
ing corn, or painful callous.

To-night's corn is my lady's last corn, for
to-morrow she will obtain a tiny phial of
Frozol-Ice, costing but a few pence, at her
chemist's.

Then : — ^But a few drops of this wonderful
new ether disco\ery spread over the " heart "
of that agonising corn or tender callous and
away vanishes all pain and soreness like a
flash.

Shortly she finds the corn so
loose and withered, it lifts off with
her fingers.

Not one whit of pain or soreness
whilst using Frozol-Ice nor after-
wards. Not the slightest irritation
or inflammation of skin or flesh.

New shoes or fashionable boots
do not daunt Frozol-Ice users.
Hard corns, soft corns, corns
betNxeen the toes and tough cal-
louses all yield to this magic,
soothing compound.

Let all of us be merry again.
Become a Frozol-Ice enthusiast.

Girls — save a little spot on your
dressing table and never let a corn
ache twice.

Ask for

at Chemist's

XXVI.

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October 2, 1920.

Fine Result From Using

MEANS

TONIC NERVE NUTS

FINEST TONIC EVER MADE

MISS IDA CROOK.

"114 Silver Street. St. Peter's,

"November 20th, 1919.

"Mr. W. G. HEAN, Chemist.

" Dear Sir, — It is now something like twelve
months since I met with an accident at the
Newtown carnival, and was taken to hospital,
suffering from concussion. Afterwards I suf-
fered from nerve trouble, pains in the head,
a tired, drowsy feeling, and a disinclination
to do anything but lay down. I always had
a hea.\'y, dull feeling in the head. I tried
all kinds of medicine, but with no advantage
to myself. I grew quite disheartened, and a
feeling that I would never get better came over
me. Recently, however, I heard so much about
Hean's Tonic Nerve Nuts that I decided to give
them a trial. I have now been taking them for
about eight weeks, and for the last five weeks
I have re-ally not suffered any pain, and I am
sure my long-standing trouble has left me.
I intend, however, to keep on taking Hean's
Tonic Nerve Nuts for a while longer. Be-
cause of the good they have done me, I cannot
say enough in their praise. Tou are at liberty
to use my photo., if you so desire. Trusting
this letter will help in some way to make the
goodness of Hean's Tonic Nerve Nuts more
widely known.

" I remain, yours truly,

" (Miss) ID.\ CROOK."

Hean's Tonic Nerve Nuts

Are obtainable from all leading Chemists and Stores, or by post from

G. W. HEAN, Manufacturing Chemist, 178 Castleieagh Street, Sydney;

or Box 531, G.P.O., Melbourne.

Boxes containing 12 days' supply cost 3/- each, or you can get six boxes for
17/3. That is only 3d. per day for better health, or about one-third of what
you would have to pay for the same medicaments if you purchased them in

mixture form.

stead's Review, 2/10/20.

XXVU.

DOErS

The straw
oirdle is one of
the latest of fash-
ion's fancies, and
since straw can be
bought by the
piece, any girl can
make herself one ?
On a printed
shantung or cre-
tonne frock it is
best to join three
or four strands of
different coloured
straw together,
and if by chance
you have any
glove kid handy,
small medallions
of painted or embroidered leather look
very smart sewn on at inteiwals.

Never has there been so decided and
popular a taste for one special fashion
as there seems now to exist for pleated
trimmings. The fascination for such
fanfreluches seems even to exceed the
parallel taste for fringes, which pos-
sessed the modistes and couturieres
some seasons back. The fact that very
soft and supple mater'als are now in'
vogue perhaps explains this phenomenal
engouement, for except with expensive
embroideries, light stuffs such as silk or
cotton crepe are difficult to adorn. A
gown is smart now if merely composed
of a simple material, half pleated and
half plain.

The newest bags for summer gowns
will be made of silk; but they will be
covered with flowers to suggest a
bouquet, the stems pointed upwards, the
blossoms forming the base. The fav-
ourite flowers for this purpose are roses
and violets. Straw bags will also be
very much a la mode. They will be
seen m very gay colours, and set in
elaborate mounts. The bags with tor-
toiseshell mounts are entirely covered

with ostrich fronds. Ribbons to cor-
respond with the hat, or sash, made into
bags, are most chic.

As firewood is scarce and dear, home-
made fire-lighters should be made in the
following way: Take a half pailful of
sawdust, and a half pint of fluid paraf-
fin, and stir the whole, so that the two
substances are well blended. Put two
or three handfuls of the mixture in
pieces of newspaper, and make into
oblong packets. Then wrap each in .
another piece of paper, and tuck the
ends, so as to prevent the nacket from
becoming undone. Pack endwise in a
tin or box, and sprinkle just a little
paraffin over the whole to ensure quick
kindling. To start a fire put one of
these lighters on some cmders or other
fuel at the bottom of the grate, and lay
the fire in the ordinary way, only using
much less than the usual quantity of
wood. These lighters have been tried
in several households with great suc-
cess.

A wire letter basket is most
useful in the kitchen. Baked pota-
toes arranged in it can be taken
out of the oven, turned, and put
back with no danger of burning the
hands. Turned upside down, it makes
a fine rack for cooling bread or cake.
It is safer than a tray for carrying small
pieces of china between the dining-
room and the kitchen.

One pint of distemper and about ^-
Ib. of flour will colour-wash one room
of ordinary size any colour required.
First scald the distemper in a bucket
with about a quart of boiling water,
then mix the flour in a bowl to a smooth
paste with cold water. Stir all the time
whilst adding enough boiling water to
make it about as thick as cream. Then
pour into distemper, mix well, and it
is ready for use. If it gets too thick as
you go on using it, keep adding hot
water.

x.wni.

STEAD'S REVIEW.

October 2, 19m.

Women who are wise will take ad-
vantage of the spring sunshine to re-
move some of the winter grime from
their furs. When tiie latter are very
costly indeed, they should always be
sent to an experienced furrier to be
cleaned or for anything else that re-
quires doing, but furs of average good-
ness can quite well be cleaned at home.

After cleaning cornice poles or any
rods on which curtains run on rings,
rub a little salad oil on the pole, and on
the rings, and they \\\\\ run along so
easily when pulled there will be no
fear of tearinp^ the curtain, or of irri-
tation caused by their sticking. Lard
or dripping would serve the purpose,
but salad oil is cleaner. This simple
method will save much annoyance.

To make Cheese Potato Puff take
5 riced potatoes, 1 tablespoonful butter,
2 eggs. \ cupful milk. H teaspoonful
salt, ^ lb. grated cheese, few grains pep-
per. To the riced potatoes, add cheese,
butter, salt, milk, pepper, and tgg yolks
well beaten. Beat whites of eggs until
stiff and fold into the mixture. Pour
into a baking dish, and bake in a moder-
ate oven. Serve while hot.

Delicious cocoa cake can be made as
follows : Beat together two-thirds cup-
ful of butter and one cupful of sugar,
add three eggs well beaten, one cupful
of milk, two and a-half cupfuls of flour
sifted with two teaspoonfuls of bak-
ing powder, and one-fourth cupful of
cocoa, and add one cupful of chapped
nut-meats. Bake in a moderate oven
and when cool cover with the following
cocoa frosting. Melt ©ne and one-half
tablespoonfuf of butter, add one-half
cupful of cocoa, one and one-fourth
cupful of confectioners' sugar, a pinch
of salt, and one-fourth cupful of milk.
Heat to boiling point, and cook until
it forms a soft ball when tried in cold
water. Take from the fire, add one-
half teaspoonful of vanilla extract, and
beat until creamy. The frosting may be
sprinkled with powdered sugar.

For candy and icing, a delicate green
colouring that is perfectly safe may be
obtained by macerating lettuce leaves
with a spoon. Add the juice slowly
to the boiling syrup until the desired
tint is obtained.

FOR THE PRETTIEliT DANCER

To Remove Superfluous Hair
from the Arms, Neck and Face

DANSEUSE DEPILATORY

S -, post free.

H. FRANCIS & CO.

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTS

280 Bourke Street & 111 Collins Street
MELBOURNE

TMivrouRS

Abscesses, Hydatids, Liver, Kidney
and Bladder Troubles, Rheumatism
Indigestion etc.Cured by Vitadatio.
Write for FREE TRIAL BOTTLE
to S. A. Palmer, (Dept. A.) 439
Flinders Lane, Melbourne.
Sold by Chemists ancj Stores.

W&mmuUia

stead's R9v{eio, t/U/IO.

" M ATHIS "

8- IS H.P.

Known in Europe as the
BABY

BENZ

Extract from English Journal. " THE AUTOCAR " :

Latest Success of ^^M ATHIS ^^

27th March-Race of the ESSEX MOTOR CLUB.

"Mathis" 8 h.p. arrived 1 Second and 1 Third against cars
of 60 h.p.

10th April-BROOKLANDS.

"Mathis" 8 h.p. Result of 4 races: 2 Firsts and 2 Seconds.

17th April-LONDON MANCHESTER (Junior Car Club).

The 8 h.p. " Mathis *' Car wins Two Medals (Gold) for perfect
running.

MADE IN STRASBOURG

Conquered Territory, Alsace

This car is capable of speed, which demonstrates wonderful
development of POWER and the most ECONOMICAL running
expenses possible, as 50 miles per gallon; I 1,000 to 12,000 miles
on tyres. The p'drchase price on list is lowest possible,

Self-Starter, Electric Light, 5 Wheels. Small Family Double Seaters.

Single Seaters — 3.

For a strong, sturdy, reliable, powerful small car.

Particulars and Demonstration by —

LATROBE MOTORS Pty. Ltd.

Her Majesty's Garage, Exhibition Street, MELBOURNE

Telephone 1826 Central. Agents Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, West Australia.

stead's Review, i/lO/tO.

The House of Economy

Smartly Designed Skirts
at Anthony Horderns'

Three charming examples of the distinctive style and price moderation of
Anthony Horderns' Fashionable Skirts.

Our "Guide to the Fashions'' illustrates many other becoming styles.
Send for your copy now. It will be forwarded free.

DJ045

D1045— PRETTY LITTLE SUMMERY SKIRT, in WHITE PIQUE,
featuring Four Tucks above hem, with Side Strappings and
'Kerchief f'ockets, finished Pearl Buttons and Fancy Belt.

Price. 14/11.

D407— Four Hemstitched Frills offset this DAINTY WHITE
VOILE SKIRT, with its Long White Sash, which may be tied in
a bow at back, or looped at side. Price, 25/-.

DI024— SMARTLY DESIGNED SKIRT, fashioned from WHITE
GABARDINE, Panelled Back and Front. Side Empiecements and
Strappings, Cablestitched and Button finished, Strap Belt.

Price. 21/-.

We Pay Carriage on Family Drapery, &c., in N.S. W. ; to the nearest port

on Inter-State Ordera.

Anthony Hordern & Sons Ltd,

Brickfield Hill Sydney

Printed by John Osborne, 508 Albert St., E. Melb., and published by Henry Stead, 182 Collins St,
Melb. Sole Wholesale Distributing Agents for Australasia: Messrs. Gordon and Qotch Pty. Ltd.