The story of the Australian church

PRINCETON, N. J. ^

3X5110

Section .5.3.8

II

I

THE STORY

OF THE

AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

Brighton : 129, north street.
New York : E. & J. B. YOUNG & CO.

1898.

THK DIOCESES OF AUSTRALIA.

Colonial dturclj ??tstorics

THE STORY

OF THE

AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

EDWARD SYMONDS

THEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATE OK KING's COLLEGE, LC NUON

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE TRACT COMMITTEE.

LONDON :

SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE,

NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE, W.C. J 43, QCEEX VICTORIA STREET, E.C.
BRfGHTON : 129, NORTH STREET.

New York : E. & J. B. YOUNG & CO.
1898.

Richard Clay ^< Sons, Liauted,
London & BtmoAv

PREFACE

The ample records of the early days of Australian
settlement deal chiefly with secular concerns. There
is very little information extant which may be used
with any profit by the Church historian. From 1788
until the close of the century, it was a hand-to-hand
fight for bare existence. To provide food and
repress crime taxed the resources of the authorities
to the uttermost. In comparison every other con-
sideration seemed trivial and unimportant. This does
not, it is true, justify the neglect of religion — quite
the contrary ; it is alluded to only to explain what
would otherwise be to Christian people unintelligible.
That the chaplains — first Mr. Johnson and afterwards
Mr. Marsden — should have been able to accomplish
so much single-handed and in the teeth of such
unheard-of discouragements is a marvel. ' In judging of
their work we must discard all preconceived ideas of
modern times and throw ourselves into their actual
surroundings — no church, no school, no discipline, no
accessories of divine worship, no support from the
ruling powers beyond occasional proclamations, which
were bitterly resented by those who wished to be left
to their own evil devices.

With the advent of additional clergy, headed by the
Rev. William Cowper, in 1808, a better moral and
spiritual tone began to prevail, from the authorities
downward. Decent churches were provided, with
fittings which if not altogether churchly were at any
rate helps to a more reverent demeanour. Schools

vi

PREFACE

were built as essential adjuncts to the Church's
operations. And though these were in course of time
laid violent hands on by the Secularists and the land
intended for their maintenance resumed by the State,
yet they were not uninfluential in their day. In the
mother colony at least the recognition of the Church's
claims to have the teaching of her own children has
been recognized by every successive parliament. That
it is not so with Victoria, or Queensland, or South
Australia is to be extremely regretted. Yet are there
signs which make one hopeful that the growing sense
of the community against the exclusion of religious
instruction from the school curriculum will at no
distant day compel an amendment.

Within the limits of a brief historical sketch it has
been found impossible to dwell upon many minor
details, interesting in themselves, but with scant
bearing on the destinies of the Australian Church.
Especially is it impossible to trace the full develop-
ment of the several dioceses after their separation
from the metropoUtan diocese of Sydney in 1847, and
their further subdivision from time to time as the
exigencies of church extension demanded. Each of
the older dioceses calls by this time for a story of its
own, for each has a story well worth teUing. Such
pioneers as Tyrrell, Perry and Short, unselfish, able
and zealous, supported on the one side by Gray of
Capetown, consecrated with them, and on the other
by Selwyn of New Zealand, what have they not been
able to bring about by the blessing of the Divine
Head of the Church ! Their successors — good and
true men also — have entered into their labours, and
have wisely built on their foundations, hence the
stability of Church institutions in Australia to-day —
their complete freedom combined with respect for
authority, offering in these respects an example which
may well be followed by much older bodies. Fortun-

PREFACE

vii

ately we have biographies of all three of these eminent
missionary bishops which may heartily be commended.
To their records these pages stand deeply indebted,
as also to the reminiscences by Dean Cowper of his
life-long friend and diocesan, Bishop Barker.

I have besides to add my grateful acknowledg-
ments for help derived from a perusal of an account
of the foundation of the colony by Judge-Advocate
David Collins; of Mr. Justice Burton's Religion and
Education in New South Wales ; of Bonwick's Curious
Facts ; of Rusden's History of New South Wales ; and
of the Rev. Dr. Braim's New South Wales ; nor must I
omit to tender my best thanks for sympathetic help
to the librarians of the Sydney Public Library, who
courteously placed every record they had at my
disposal, and to the registrars of the dioceses of
Sydney, Melbourne, and Ballarat, who willingly did
the same with their diocesan and synod reports.

That this little history may arouse a greater interest
in and sympathy with the building up of an important
branch of the Catholic Church in the southern hemi-
sphere and so correct many existing misapprehensions
is the abiding prayer of

The Author.

March 24, 1898.

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I

CONTENTS

PAGE

INTRODUCTORY ... ... ... ... ... II

THE COLONY FOUNDED 1 4

INITIAL DIFFICULTIES ... ... ... ... 2 1

SIGNS OF PROGRESS ... ... ... ... 25

THE SENIOR CHAPLAIN's RETIREMENT ... 29

REV. SAMUEL MARSDEN ... ... ... 3 1

CHURCH BUILDING ... ... ... ... 34

EDUCATIONAL EXTENSION ... ... ... 38

AUSTRALIA'S FIRST BISHOP 40

FORMATION OF SCHOOLS ... ... ... 47

DIOCESE OF TASxMANIA ... ... ... ... 50

J, „ ADELAIDE ... ... ... ... 53

„ „ MELBOURNE ... ... ... 56

„ „ NEWCASTLE ... ... ... 6 1

CLOSE OF BISHOP EROUGHTON's EPISCOPATE ... 64

METROPOLITAN DIOCESE OF SYDNEY ... ... 72

DIOCESE OF ADELAIDE ... ... ... ... 76

EDUCATION IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA 79

EDUCATION IN VICTORIA 82

FURTHER CONFERENCES ... ... ... 85

DIOCESE OF BRISBANE ... ... ... ... 91

X

CONTENTS

PAGE

DIOCESE OF GOULBURN ... ... ... ... 94

FORMATION OF SYNODS 96

CHURCH BUILDINGS ... ... I02

VICTORIAN CHURCH FINANCE I06

DIOCESE OF PERTH ... ... ... ... 1 09

„ BATHURST ... ... ... ... Ill

„ „ NORTH QUEENSLAND ... ... II 3

A YEAR OF SYNODS ... ... ... ... II4

DIOCESE OF GRAFTON AND ARMIDALE ... II 7

BALLARAT II 9

„ „ MELBOURNE ... ... ... I25

THE ABORIGINES ... ... ... ... 1 29

CONCLUSION ... ... ... ... ... 138

THE STORY

OF THE

AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

INTRODUCTORY

Our earliest reliable information of the great
southern land — the terra Australis of the older
navigators — is derived from Captain Cook. In May
of the year 1770 that famous commander stood into
Botany Bay in his little exploring barque the
Endeavour. During the previous year he had com-
pleted his observations of the transit of Venus at
Tahiti, for which his expedition had been principally
fitted out. Making westward he had skirted the
coast of New Zealand and had finally passed through
the stormy straits known by his name — between the
northern and southern islands. He struck the coast
of New Holland at about 37° south latitude, not far
from the present boundary between New South Wales
and Victoria. Sailing from Botany Bay northwards
at daybreak on Sunday, May 6, the sailor on the
look-out reported a deep inlet, then, as now, guarded
by precipitous headlands to the north and south.
In the ship's log the incident is simply recorded —
" being two or three miles distant from the land and
abreast of a bay or harbour in which there appeared

12 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

good anchorage, and which I called Port Jackson."
Brief and insignificant language indeed by which to
describe one of the finest and most capacious harbours
that the world possesses. The native inhabitants
are reported as scanty in number, di\ided up into
small bands of twenty or thirt\- persons, the fighting
men amongst them being noticeably few. They
appeared to be as black as negroes, an impression
afterwards modified by closer acquaintance, and both
sexes looked to be entirely naked.

Most of the earlier discoveries had been confined
to the western shores of the island. In 1527 a
Portuguese commander named ^lenezes had ap-
proached from the side of the Indian Ocean. Next,
in 1605, another Portuguese navigator, Luis Paj^ de
Torres by name, had sailed between New Holland
and New Guinea, thereby proving them to be islands,
the two largest on the globe. At the beginning of the
seventeenth century the north-western coast was sighted
and mapped out by Dirk Hartog, a Dutchman of
wide renown. Then within six years the south-
western portion of AVest Australia was \-isited by
a Dutch vessel, the commander of which is nameless.
Finally in 1665 the whole country, known and ima-
ginary, was named by the Dutch New Holland.

But the most important voj^age by far to the Pacific
Ocean was made by Captain Abel Tasman, who
sailed from Bata\4a, discovering and naming Van
Diemen's Land and part of the west and north
coasts of New Zealand. Captain Fumeaux again
sighted Van Diemen's Land in 1 7 73, and after sailing
up the east coast, came to the hasty conclusion that
there was only a deep bay to separate Van Diemen's
Land from New Holland. He therefore set sail
without fiirther delay for Queen Charlotte's Sound,
New Zealand.

Nevertheless the shores of this almost limitless

INTRODUCTORY

13

territory had no sort of attraction for either Spanish,
Portuguese or Dutch voyagers, who were on the look-
out for outlets for their commerce rather than for
fields of colonization. But the very point to which
they attached not the slightest importance was eagerly
seized upon by English discoverers. The time was
especially ripe for the discovery of a new land. By
the declaration of American independence the planta-
tions now comprised within the United States were
finally closed to imperial settlement. A new outlet
must be found for the many thousands of convicts
which it had been the custom to transport there.
And here was a land not only fair to look upon, and
one to add immeasurably to the treasures of geo-
graphical science, but a land of enormous area
eminently suited to relieve the crowded gaols and
penitentiaries of the mother country.

In Captain Cook's eyes his timely discovery was
little short of providential, as may be gathered from
his enthusiastic report. In the rich pastures and
varied climate of the new hemisphere he saw infinite
possibilities cf future expansion. Since the African
coast had been explored without success here was a
solution of the problem in this sunny land of indefinite
extent, curiously free from unfavourable conditions,
yet sufficiently removed from the centres of civilization
to reduce the elements of danger to a minimum. In
this favourable view Captain Cook was strongly
supported by the gifted botanist of his expedition,
Sir Joseph Banks, who agreed with his leader in
looking upon the Australian shores as a kind of
terrestrial paradise. Their recommendations were
hailed on all sides with acclamation ; even the con-
victed criminals themselves welcomed the prospect
of a betterment of their lot by successful industry.
Parliament too unanimously approved the project.
The endless gratitude of his countrymen is undoubt-

14 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

edly due to the gifted and prescient commander who
was as patriotic as he was skilful and brave.

THE COLONY FOUNDED

It was under auspices such as these that Governor
Arthur Phillip, with his little fleet of ten sail, cast
anchor in Botany Bay on January 20, 1788, after a
chequered passage of eight months and a quarter.
So far the authorities had eagerly availed themselves
of this promising field for the bestowal of criminals.
But they were not apparently so eager to make
provision for the criminal's reform, notwithstanding
that the declared objects of the setdement had included
the moral benefit of the convict immigrant. We have
it on the authority of the Rev. Samuel Marsden that
until the fleet was on the point of sailing for New
South Wales no chaplain had been thought of, and
that it was only through the influence of Bishop
Porteus and Sir Joseph Banks that the Government was
moved to appoint one, in the person of the Rev.
Richard Johnson, to accompany the little band of a
thousand souls to their new home in the wilderness.
The good effects of this arrangement, so grudgingly
assented to, were not long in showing themselves.
While at Rio de Janeiro the chaplain was able to
hold service on board two of the transports each
Sunday during their stay in port; also again at the
Cape of Good Hope, where strangely enough the
prisoners were found to be in excellent health. Indeed
when we consider the vicissitudes of such a voyage
in those days, the absence of disease and mishap is
truly remarkable. In resuming their passage many
seeds and plants likely to be useful were taken in at
the various ports of call — coffee, cocoa and cotton,
orange, lemon and guava, vines, figs and sugar-cane,

THE COLONY FOUNDED

15

rice, -wheat, barley and maize — a wise and thoughtful
step which had far-reaching consequences.

On arrival Botany Bay was at once and unanimously
pronounced unfit for the requirements of the colony,
notwithstanding that Captain Cook himself had given
such a glowing account of the surroundings as to cause
its choice for the experimental settlement. Leaving his
fleet at anchor Captain PhiUip explored the coast
northwards in one of his ship's boats, and to his
gratified surprise found a capacious and beautiful
harbour in place of the small inlet for boat shelter he
had expected from the description of Port Jackson.
With all possible speed, and with increasing delight,
the different coves of this extensive and land-locked
harbour, studded with islands, were examined one by
one, and the preference given to that which had the
finest spring of fresh water, and in which ships could
anchor so close to the shore that at a very small
expense the largest of the vessels could be unloaded.
Three days later the whole party was safely conveyed
from Botany Bay and landed on the shores of a
richly-wooded cove, on the banks of a rippling stream
about seven miles from the ocean. The portable
canvas house brought out for the governor's use was
set up in its place, the Union Jack unfurled, the
officers and marines drawn up in line, and the infant
community of 1030 souls founded under the name of
Sydney, in honour of the English Minister of the day.

As to the immediate prospects of the infant colony
opinions soon began to differ widely. On the one
hand it was spoken of as embracing every possible
element of success, while others declared the country
to be the worst that ever was seen — barren and for-
bidding. Others again laid stress upon what seemed
to them to be the prophetic words of Bacon, that
"it is a shameful and unblessed thing to take the
scum of the people with whom you plant, and not

1 6 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

only so but it spoileth the planting, for they will ever
live rogues and not fall to work, but be lazy and do
mischief, ... to the discredit of the plantation."
Certain it is that famine dogged the steps of Governor
Phillip and his party. Officer after officer despaired
of growing any article that would be of real use.
And this despite the fact that the plants and shrubs
brought from Rio and the Cape showed rapid signs
of flourishing. It must be owned that convicts were
not the best fitted to cope with the hardships of pioneer
setdement. Continuous labour in a hot climate, and
the restrictions laid upon them by authority to ensure
the general safety were not at all to their taste.

The absence of any religious sanction greatly
increased the difficulty. On the evening of that me-
morable 26th of January when the marines were firing
their volleys to salute the national flag, and healths
were being drunk to his Majesty the King and the
Royal Family, amid the general acclamations, there was
no sound of praise, or prayer, or thanksgiving for the
abundant mercies of a remarkably prosperous voyage.
Amid the busy scene of clearing space for the encamp-
ment and pitching tents, there was no acknowledg-
ment of an overruling 'Providence. One cannot but
recall the striking contrast of the foundation of Canada
in the middle of the previous century. Of that
ceremony we read that " tents were pitched, camp fires
lighted, evening fell, and Divine service was held.
Fireflies caught and imprisoned in a phial upon the
altar served as lights, and the little band were solemnly
urged by their chaplain to remember that they were
as a grain of mustard seed, that should rise and grow
till its branches overshadowed the earth ; that although
they were few, yet that their work was the work of
God, and that His smile would be upon them and
their children."

Where the fault lay we cannot exactly say. The

THE COLONY FOUNDED

17

chaplain so tardily added to the establishment must
have stood by like the aborigines wondering. In the
face of severest discouragement he had not only visited
the vessels in port, but now on landing had set himself
to a regular visitation of the sick, travelling from camp
to camp for advice and instruction to all who would
accept them, with very little effect it is to be feared on
the disastrous state of religious apathy. No pressure
of other business, and no obstacles placed in his way
were allowed to interfere with such religious services
as he was able to hold, as often as the weather
permitted. Nearly three months elapsed before a
recently finished storehouse was temporarily set apart
as a place of worship. An attempt was made to
keep Good Friday of 1789 solemnly in this building,
and the convicts were exhorted to spend the rest of
the day in their gardens. In August of the following
year, we find Mr. Johnson bitterly complaining of the
flagrant disregard of public worship, left again as he
pathetically urges to the chances of open-air gatherings
unprotected from wind, rain and sun, the sole shelter
for the scanty congregation being the nearest big tree.
Touched by the chaplain's evident distress, official
orders were at last given that three pounds of flour
should be deducted from the rations of every overseer
and two pounds from those of each labourer failing to
attend at least once on Sunday without excuse.

Nor can it be said that Governor Phillip was per-
sonally unfriendly to the chaplain's religious duties.
Simply stated, the work of the latter was not part of
the official routine, and so was in practice ignored.
No governor was ever entrusted with vaster powers,
which on the whole were exercised wisely and well.
Practically a despot, he kept his unruly flock well in
hand. Particularly he laid down wise and tolerant
rules for intercourse with the natives, forbidding any
dealings with them on the part of the convicts, and

B

l8 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

visiting with condign punishment those who killed or
ill-used them. Above all, there was to be no kind
of forced labour or slavery permitted. As regards
public worship, his conscience would seem to have
been at length touched, for when the evil example of
the higher officials was brought home to him he naively
admitted that if nothing else would do he must attend
service himself, and that he expected his officers to
do the same. At the foundation ceremony previously
spoken of he had omitted nothing — with the single
and fatal exception of the religious service — that was
likely to make the ceremonial elaborate and impres-
sive. The speech he delivered on that occasion testi-
fied to his high sense of responsibility, and was quick
with anticipations of the benefits which would accrue
from a successful issue of their great experiment.
That the chaplain of the expedition was called upon to
take no part in the inauguration was owing no doubt
to an official prejudice against him and his sacred
office rather than to any personal prejudice on the
governor's part. It is to be remembered how
grudgingly the appointment was made at all, and
under what strong pressure from without of men of
influence in Church and State. Considering, more-
over, how little provision had been made either for the
religious instruction or comfort of the criminal, or for
the moral training of his children, it is satisfactory to
know that in less than two years sites at least were
beginning to be set apart for churches, and an endow-
ment in land provided for glebes and schoolhouses.
Probably the state of things at the outset was so
radically bad that in an official sense the chaplain's
influence counted for little or nothing. It is but fair
also to note that the first Christmas Day was observed
with due ceremony, the chaplain preaching an
earnest and suitable sermon.

About the middle of February 1788 Lieutenant

THE COLONY FOUNDED

^9

King was told off to establish a station at Norfolk
Island in the South Seas, and sailed thither in tlie
Supply, with tents, provisions, and flax-dressing tools,
thus laying the foundation of quite a new and flour-
ishing colony. The island climate was found to be
more reliable, and the soil more fertile than on the
mainland. Free settlers were found willing enough to
risk the voyage, and these were accompanied by a
band of sailors and marines. In every way this
island colony offered a strong contrast to the parent
colony at Sydney. At the tmie of the latter's great-
est scarcity, Norfolk Island was reaping the advantage
of her superior fertility of soil, and even when fears
were entertained on account of the increase of popu-
lation, they were promptly removed by the arrival for
the breeding season of flocks of mutton birds, named
by the grateful colonists " birds of Providence." For
their religious needs the commandant was unusually
solicitous. He read the service every Sunday
morning in his own house, and that there might be no
excuses made, he issued an order to the effect that
"no person is to absent himself from pubhc wor-
ship, which will begin at eleven o'clock, when every
one will come clean and orderly and behave himself
devoutly." What Norfolk Island afterwards became
is only too notorious, and forms a dark blot in the
annals of English colonization. Lieutenant Kind's
wise and thoughtful government was not continued
by his successor. Throughout several years no
clergyman was appointed to minister there, dire as
the need must have been, except that in a case of
more than ordinary urgency the Rev. Henry Fulton,
who had been sent out from Ireland for seditious
practices, but whose conduct had been most exem-
plary, was given conditional emancipation and allowed
to perform divine service. Also for awhile the chap-
lain of the New South Wales Corps, the Rev. J.

20 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

Bain, was granted permission to volunteer his services

to accompany a band of sixty-three emigrants from
Port Jackson in 1792.

In the interval the parent colony was threatened
with prompt extinction by famine. Much of the soil
was sandy and poor. Competent superintendents
were lamentably few. Anything like skilled labour
was practically unobtainable, which is the more sur-
prising seeing that one of the main objects of the
expedition was to clear and settle the land, and to
provide permanent homes for the better among the
criminal population. Many it is true were weakly
from questionable living, and all were insufficiently
fed. Altogether, it is concluded from the first ten
years* experience that the labour performed was not
nearly equal to the expense of maintenance. Defect-
ive accommodation was an additional factor in the
failure of the industrial problem. ^^len of doubtful
antecedents, to say the least, let loose upon
society during the night hours, compelled to resort to
any means that came most readily to hand to procure
a lodging, and only too prone to theft and drunkenness,
must of necessity become citizens of the worst descrip-
tion. Nor must the scandalous conditions of the
voyage out, the shocking immorality tolerated, and an
absence of the simplest comforts for the sick be left
out of count in gauging the non-success of Governor
Phillip's first attempts at self-support. The off-scour-
ings of city streets do not provide the best tools
wherewith to make of the wilderness a fruitful field.
Total failure was prevented solely, and the settlement
rescued from imminent starvation by the timely
arrival of the vessels of the second fleet.

INITIAL DIFFICULTIES

21

INITIAL DIFFICULTIES

The desultory food supply from Batavia and the
Cape of Good Hope barely kept the colony alive,
while inland the harvest of grain was so poor that in
accordance with Government proclamation the whole
crop had to be reserved for seed. Where hunger pre-
vailed petty thefts and robberies of larger extent must
needs prevail also. These were incessant, one con-
vict being sentenced to 300 lashes for stealing potatoes
from the chaplain's garden. The governor's garden
fared no better, was in fact constantly plundered. A
youth of seventeen was actually executed for stealing
property of no more than five shillings in value from a
tent. Another with leg-irons partially removed was
caught robbing a farm and severely punished.

Shortly after the first Christmas had been celebrated
in the midst of such novel surroundings steps were
taken to extend the borders of the original camp.
Fourteen miles up the river land had been cleared and
broken up for cultivation at a spot called Rose Hill,
the military and convicts dwelling in tents in the
meantime. On the banks of the Hawkesbury to the
north some fertile plots had been found, and these
were being developed as opportunity offered. At
an important crisis fishing in the harbour became a
valuable resource, as also an admirable means of
healthily employing many of the prisoners. An inci-
dent occurred in June 1790 which marks the trend
of public opinion, and emphasizes the prevailing desti-
tution. As every eye was strained seaward for the first
glimpse of the relieving vessels, long overdue, a trans-
port was signalled having on board a band of 222
women convicts. A cargo "so unnecessary and
unprofitable " was not enthusiastically welcomed,

2 2 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

especially when it was given out that a thousand
more of both sexes were on the high seas and might
at any moment be expected.

All this time the chaplain had aroused consider-
able sympathy by his touching appeals on behalf of
some of the women landed from the transports.
Sickness had decimated their ranks, and the survivors
were put to sore straits among the lewd and aban-
doned of the older hands. But his influence, unfor-
tunately never very strong, was much checked by a
rumour that he was keeping back the proceeds of a
public collection entrusted to him for distribution.
Nor was this the only obstacle by many which con-
tinually interfered with the success of his really
devoted labours, and which eventually broke down his
physical powers. One glimpse of a silver lining to
the cloud there was, however, in this same month of
June. In response to the chaplain's persistent
appeals to the Government it was ordered that in the
laying out of each township 400 acres were to be
reserved for the maintenance of a minister of religion,
and 200 acres for that of a schoolmaster.

We have but to read contemporary records as to
the shameful lack of the commonest necessaries for the
settlement — no medicines or provisions for the sick,
no beds, blankets or clothing worth speaking of, no
decent accommodation for the women convicts — to be
convinced of the hopelessness with which the chaplain
must have carried on his task. There were, in short,
difficulties innumerable to contend with. Prison
discipline tended to harden the prisoner; numbers
were reckless and abandoned from former habit, while
from the ruling powers no attempt was to be looked
for to uphold his authority beyond an occasional
general order to overseers of gangs to insist upon a
formal attendance at Divine service. Inasmuch as
this service was for the greater part of the year held

INITIAL DIFFICULTIES

23

under a burning sun, exposed to all weathers, we
cannot be surprised that persons, whether of higher
or lower rank, came so seldom and so reluctantly to
public worship. Nor is it wonderful that, patient
man as he was, the chaplain should submit it to
his Excellency's own consideration whether, before
the approaching winter, some place of worship should
not be thought of and built both in Sydney and at
the new settlement at Parramatta."

That these earnest and continual pleadings, although
falling at the time upon deaf ears, were not without
effect will be seen from the events recorded in our
next chapter.

On the third anniversary day, January 26, 1791,
matters had sufficiently settled down to allow of a
formal commemoration of the foundation of the
colony. Colours were hoisted and congratulations
exchanged, still with no house of God in which to
render fitting thanks. The summer was an excessively
hot one. Birds dropped gasping and dying from the
stifling atmosphere. But to compensate somewhat
maize began to ripen favourably at Rose Hill, and the
prospect of starvation for the time receded. Workmen
were told off to finish residences for the chaplain and
the surveyor, good clay for making bricks having been
discovered.

With the advent of increased military protection
represented by the New South Wales Corps, the
clerical strength was also raised, though not for long,
for its chaplain, the Rev. J. Bain, immediately
volunteered for work in Norfolk Island. For some
reason or other a wave of lawlessness swept across
the settlement about this time. Possibly the recent
landing of hundreds of graduates in crime of all
degrees of proficiency had much to do with it. More
than one consignment had been dispatched to Norfolk

2 4 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

Island. Others had made good their escape into the
wilds \nth the insane idea of walking to China,
encountering on their way the most frightful perils.
A terrible mortality began to afflict the colony.
Insanity made fearful inroads. And soon, in April
1792, a fresh anxiety was added by the expiration of
sentence of many of the earliest arrivals. With a
\-iew to settle the^e as resident cultivators, grants of
land were made as to the free settiers from the old
countT}-, with a promise of implements, convict labour,
and provisions for two years.

The New Year of 1793 opened like its predecessors
without a place of worship of any kind or description.
The chaplain of a Spanish man-of-w£u-, paying a visit
to the colony at this period, is constrained to express
his astonishment at the services which were still
being held in the open air, and to add that had
the place been settled by his countr}-men, " a house
of God would have been built before any house for
man."

From a combination of circumstances the passion
for strong hquors spread through the community
like a plague. Rum was an ordinary medium of
exchange equally with dollars. It entered even into
the Church building accounts, and played a leading
part in the erection of the Sydney hospital. Convicts
and setders were alike slaves to its malign influence.
Cargoes were sent on speculation from the United
States, notably from Philadelphia, in this case at any
rate belying its name. Merchants of repute forced
its entrance against the most stringent regulations.
Flour, on the other hand, was proportionably scarce,
advancing in value to 4//. per lb. Sheep sold up to
j£S each, and turkeys at ^2 2s. per couple. An
English cow and calf fetched ^80. Nine-tenths of
the free settlei^ were heavily in debt to the merchants.
Frequent cruel murders, for which no redress could

SIGNS OF PROGRESS 25

be had, compelled the numbering of the houses
occupied by convicts, and the placing of the tenants
under strict surveillance.

SIGNS OF PROGRESS

Worn out by five years' weary waiting to no purpose,
and despairing of ever gaining assistance from the
Government, it is not to be wondered at that Mr.
Johnson should have decided at last to take the
matter of church building into his own hands, which
he did in July 1793. His design was not by any
means pretentious, simply a " wattle and daub "
structure to accommodate about 300 worshippers.
It was built on a rise to the eastward of the head of
Sydney Cove. In his return of the cost the total is
set down at ^£^67 12^-. iid., of which 14s. iid.
was paid in spirits, flour, pork and tobacco, and the
remainder in dollars, which, after many vexatious
delays, was eventually refunded by Government. Poor
as the building was, it served for a second five years
the double purpose of church and school until it was
destroyed by fire. The term "wattle and daub," it
may be explained, describes in brief a working of
wattle boughs into a kind of hurdle included within
strong posts, and daubed with a tenacious clay.

By the arrival of the Rev. Samuel Marsden in the
early part of 1794 his senior's anxieties were greatly
relieved. On the first Sunday after landing he com-
menced his duties by preaching to the military in
barracks in the morning, and in jNIr. Johnson's new
church in the afternoon. In September of the same
year a temporary church was finished at Parramatta
out of the materials of two old huts, and opened by
Mr. Marsden. Previously the chaplain had been
obliged to hold his fortnightly service, when not in

26 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

the open air, in the nearest hut to be found vacant
for the time being.

Thus for the first time decent places of worship
were to be found in both settlements. Indeed a
more permanent church had been planned for Parra-
matta, but before it was ready for use it was made
use of for a gaol or lock-up, and subsequently for a
granary for stores. The boon of these places of
worship was not granted a day too soon, for the
general state of society was as dissolute as could well
be. Profane and obscene conversation had become
so prevalent that the senior chaplain had issued an
appeal to the colonists to desist from conduct which
tended to degrade even the aborigines. His frequent
protests lodged at Government House were fast gaining
for him the reputation of a troublesome and dis-
contented character. The lieutenant-governor at the
time was a Major Grose, of the New South Wales
Corps, who was suspected, and with reason, of
winking at the prevailing immorality. On a memor-
able Christmas evening the watch-house was full
of prisoners, whereas forty or fifty persons only were
to be found at church. The deluge of fiery spirits
poured in on the unfortunate colony undoubtedly did
much to deepen the shameless habits of the people.

It was invariably found that under naval com-
mandants a much greater encouragement was given
to religious observances than under military com-
manders, consequently the long tenure of authority
by the latter was anything but beneficial. Still an
improvement was gradually being etiected. Despite
the turbulent disposition of the convicts a better observ-
ance of the Sunday was followed by an improvement
in other directions. As regards the women especially
very stringent regulations were enforced, the good
effect of which was soon apparent. Altliough neither
a firm nor a good ruler, Governor Hunter must at least

SIGNS OF PROGRESS

27

be credited with the effort to bring his superior
officers to some sense of their responsibihty.

It is very curious to contrast Governor PhiUip's
anticipations for the colony as " the grandest acquisi-
tion of the Crown," with the pessimistic views of his
successors. True he was of a more sanguine turn of
mind, and was speaking of a yet untried future,
whereas they had borne the brunt of the battle. And
there was always that brink of starvation, on which
the colony was for ever hovering, A state of things
under which 4000 persons were dependent on outside
sources for their daily bread, with the pressure of
hunger so great that one convict is reported to hav^e
died from eating his week's allowance in a single
meal, could not be otherwise than painfully dis-
couraging. We read, too, that even the guests at
Government House were expected to take their own
bread with them.

The forlorn state of the children, growing up in
ignorance in the midst of the most debasing surround-
ings, pressed sorely on the chaplain's mind. In his
perplexity he turned to the Society for the Propaga-
tion of the Gospel, and readily obtained from them a
grant for teachers. The school-room was provided for
by his little wattle church, where he had the happi-
ness to see as many as could be got together instructed
in ways of sobriety and cleanliness. It was his anxiety,
as set forth in his letter of appeal in 1792, to have
schools established after the English pattern, from
which some missionary effort might also be made to
Christianize the aborigines.

At the end of 1798 Governor John Hunter, who
had landed in 1795 as captain of the New South
Wales Corps, in reporting the burning of Mr. Johnson's
useful if plain church, stated that hp had laid the
foundation of a larger stone church on the opposite
side of the cove, the quaint round tower of which was

2 8 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

already finished. The main building, however, pro-
gressed but slowly. The intended church at Parra-
matta was of smaller size, and was being raised with
equal slowness. While these were in process of com-
pletion, a spacious storehouse was set apart, with
suitable fittings, for Divine service. The arrival of a
band of refugee missionaries from Tahiti this year did
much to strengthen the hands of the overworked
chaplains. They were most kindly received, and
settling down at Parramatta, exercised a cheering and
wholesome influence upon the society which had
welcomed them. To help on the improvement, over-
seers were again charged to muster their men regu-
larly, and to attend with them at church ; officers were
ordered to send their servants, and licensed houses
were closed by proclamation — all excellent commands,
if only the bulk of the residents could have been got
to show some real respect for religion.

In the development of the country's resources, a
striking advance had been made by Mr. John Mac-
arthur, who may be called with truth the founder of
the wool industry of Australia. Granted a tract of
5000 acres on the Cowpastures at Camden, Mr. Mac-
arthur set to work by largely improving his flocks
and herds as opportunity offered, and with truly extra-
ordinary results. Before the end of the century his
tiny flock had increased to the number of 7000,
and he had won an additional 4000 acres from the
wilderness about him. His example was quickly
followed by the Rev. Samuel Marsden, who, besides
his kindred energy, was likewise quick to see the
illimitable possibilities of the industry. Both chap-
lains, indeed, were accused of making gain by secular
pursuits, which no doubt they did, though not for
their selfish benefit, and in a perfectly legitimate way.
That they were allowed the labour of assigned servants
is nothing to their discredit, seeing that healthy em-

THE SENIOR CHAPLAIN's RETIREMENT 29

ployment, with humane treatment, was a necessity for
the prisoners themselves. Mr. Marsden especially
had a strong sense of the usefulness of industry, on
the part of both parson and people. He himself
laboured indefatigably with hand and brain. His
great success as "the best practical farmer in the
colony," as he has more than once been called, did
not in the least interfere with his more spiritual
duties. Not seldom he would take the steamer to
Sydney on the Saturday, officiate there on Sunday
morning, and walk back the thirteen miles to Parra-
matta for service in the evening. Differing widely as
he did from his senior in office, they were alike in
their strong practical common-sense as they were
alike in their devotion to the best interests of the
community.

THE SENIOR CHAPLAIN's RETIREMENT

The departure in 1800 of the Rev. Richard Johnson,
the first and for several years the only chaplam of the
settlement, gives an opportunity of judging more
impartially the worth of the man who had been willing
at such short notice to lead so forlorn a hope. As
we have already recorded, his appointment was an
afterthought, no spiritual provision for the expedition
having been intended at head-quarters. In the scath-
ing words of the good Bishop Nixon of Tasmania,
"there were constables, military guards, and a governor
on board — everything to coerce the wretched exile,
but not one thought was bestowed on the exile's soul."
Unhappily, though of strong personal excellence, the
chaplain was wanting in the force of character neces-
sary to cope with the stupendous difficulties of his
position. On the voyage out he had been unceasing
in the duties of his office, but on landing he had

30 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

been completely ignored. A more determined man
would have perhaps enforced the recognition of his
sacred office, and would have insisted on his right
to confer a rehgious sanction on the foundation
ceremonies. His kind-heartedness really stood in
his way. Against despotic rulers such as these
Australian governors were to all intents and purposes,
he had no chance, and their sub-officers did their
utmost to thwart his plans for improvement. It
was with the greatest hesitation that he gave any
information as to the neglect of church attendance.
"I used,"' he says long afterwards, "to get as many
of them together as I could, and after reading a part
of the service, I gave them an exhortation." What
a confession of failure may be read between the
lines. Yet his patient devotion to duty in the midst
of every kind of discouragement, did undoubtedly
have its effect in the end, although he remained
only to see the foundation of the first permanent
church. " On the Sunday after our landing," writes
one of the official members of the party, " Divine
service was performed under a great tree, in the
presence of the troops and convicts, whose be-
haviour on the occasion was equally regular and
attentive : " a circumstance which leads Mr. Justice
Burton to wonder whether a softening influence might
not have been gained over even these hardened
criminals by an initiatory act of confession and prayer,
as marking the beginning of a new life under God.
At any rate, the universal testimony of the convicts
themselves, in after years, was that they did not
believe that there was a better man than Mr. Johnson
in the wide world. At the time of his leaving, these
convicts had grown to 4000 in number. His success
in cultivating the Httle plot of ground allotted to him
did indeed provoke a good deal of ill-natured fault-
finding, but with his quiet energy, seconded by his

REV. SAMUEL MARSDEN 3 1

blameless life, he was able to live it all down. Being
very provident and thrifty, it was almost entirely due
to him that the seeds taken on board at Rio and the
Cape were safely kept and planted immediately on
arrival. He was, in fact, an intense lover of natural
objects, and so took a keen interest in the little flock
of sheep which he kept, in addition to his plantation.
His voice was continually lifted on behalf of the help-
less aborigines, lest the swearing and drinking white
man should corrupt them — a plea much in advance
of the habits of the time.

REV. SAMUEL MARSDEN

The chaplain who now, on the departure of his
chief, took up the work single-handed, after filling the
post of assistant for six years, was of a totally different
temperament. A sturdy Yorkshireman of an ardent
and impetuous disposition, he was as unbending in
his dealings with evil-doers, as he was manly towards
the peaceably-minded. Mr. Wilberforce calls him a
" moral hero." As a matter of course he quickly came
into conflict with the authorities. As chaplain he re-
sented the governor's interference with his spiritual
duties, maintaining that they were being performed
strictly within Church statutes. The formation of
Sunday-schools outside his control was especially
objectionable to him as a reflection on the clergy. He
threw himself heart and soul into the work of better-
ing the condition of the women workers in the factory
at Parramatta, and insisted on their receiving more
decent accommodation. When this was granted, he
obtained by the same means the estabHshment of an
orphan school, which was urgently called for. The
farming class, too, were deeply indebted to his influ-
ence and to his practical knowledge of their wants.

32 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

A school-church was built for them on the Hawkes-
bury, an annual charge of twopence per acre being laid
on the residents for the maintenance of a religious
teacher. Such good works as these did in fact go far
to disarm the hostility of his many detractors.

There being now as many as 600 men off the
books, and the ex-convict being as a rule of thoroughly
abandoned character, it became necessary to practise
a severity of discipUne little adapted to restore order.
At such a crisis it was more than unfortunate that the
blunder should have been committed of making the
chaplains magistrates. At a time when cattle-stealing
and bush-ranging were rampant, the fearless discharge
of duty by a clerical magistrate could not but cause
intense hatred, and lead sooner or later to serious
reprisals. Hence the conspiracy that in 1802 de-
nounced Mr. Marsden and threatened his life. Among
a more than usually ferocious set of Irish prisoners
such plots were of common experience, the women we
are informed being even more violent than the men.
Their animosity was implacable. As some sort of
justification, it cannot be doubted that Mr. Marsden
did order men to be flogged to whom he would in all
probability be called upon later on to act as spiritual
adviser, although it is pleaded on his behalf that he
was absent when the severest sentences were passed.
Also to his credit it must be said that it was against
the vices of the emancipist party, who by their wealth
and position formed by this time what of aristocracy
there was in the colony, that he levelled his unspar-
ing rebukes. Governor Macquarie, otherwise a just
ruler, inclined to favour the freed class, and so there
grew up a hatred of the magisterial chaplain, and an
antagonism between him and the governing powers.
The dispute led to an inquiry by Mr. Commissioner
Bigge into the whole matter, as it concerned the
general welfare of the colony. Besides the accusation

REV. SAMUEL MARSDEN

33

of cruelty, it was urged that Mr. Marsden "spent his
days between the cares of farming, grazing, and
trade, and the oversight of his mills." Being made
of much sterner stuff than the mild-mannered Mr.
Johnson, he stood his ground manfully, and after a
searching investigation he was acquitted of the graver
charge. The Commissioner's opinion was that some
of the chaplain's arrangements did not altogether con-
sist with the dignity of the ecclesiastical character,
but he was praised for his noble efforts to reform the
factory or depot for women convicts, and for his
efforts to provide for the neglected orphans of both
sexes. In justice to the accused, the deplorable state
of society at the time must be taken into account.
By his own testimony, which was not sought to be
disproved, his mills and farm were carried on by a
trustworthy manager without anxiety on his part, and
exhibited a necessary example of industry and thrift
to the released prisoners.

One of the good results of Mr. Commissioner Bigge's
report was the appointment of an archdeacon. There
was previously no responsible head so far as the
Church was concerned. By the Commissioner's in-
fluence the post was given to the Rev. Thomas
Hobbes Scott, who had formerly been his private
secretary — a man of no sufficient knowledge of
Church affairs, but a good friend to educational ex-
tension. He remained only five years, and was suc-
ceeded by the Rev. Wilham Grant Broughton, a priest
of unbounded resource, of inflexible purpose and burn-
ing eloquence. The appointment was pressed upon
him by the Duke of Wellington, then in power, who
gave it as his decision that the Australians must have
a Church, and who urged, with true prophetic instinct,
that " there was no tehing to what extent and import-
ance these new colonies may grow." The duke took
a most hearty personal interest in pushing on the new

c

34 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

archdeacon's preparations, and assigned him a salary
of ;;/,'"20oo per annum.

Very naturally Mr. Marsden was greatly disappointed
at not receiving the appointment of archdeacon, feel-
ing that his claims had been passed over for a stranger,
yet he was in every way loyal to his superior in office,
and when Archdeacon Broughton arrived he had no
more faithful ally. Representing totally opposite
schools of thought, they had the most cordial respect
for each other. In fact, in the Rev. Samuel Marsden,
lax as he was in matters of form and ceremonial, the
Church had ever a strong supporter.

CHURCH BUILDING

The pleasure with which the notice was received in
1803 that the new church at Parramatta was ready for
occupation was somewhat qualified by the general order
assigning to it its name. " Out of respect to the
memory of Governor John Hunter," the church was
to be known as St. John's. Similarly Governor
Phillip's rule was to be commemorated by the dedica-
tion of the first permanent church in Sydney as St.
Phillip's. Both parishes were proclaimed by Govern-
ment order in July 1803. In Van Diemen's Land the
merits of Colonel David Collins were in like manner
memorialized by the dedication of St. David's Church
in Plobart Town.

However, the buildings were too greatly needed to
allow of a too close scrutiny into the origin of their
dedicatory titles. Much more important was the
problem of reaching the mass of the strangely mixed
population. Governor King, who had succeeded the
mistaken Captain Hunter, was fortunately a man of
great resource and of undoubted excellence and force
of character. He had been recommended to the Im-

CHURCH BUILDING

35

perial authorities by Phillip, as his successor, but had
been passed over in favour of the commanding officers
of the New South Wales Corps, Grose and Paterson,
to the evident detriment of good and stable govern-
ment. Wiser counsels prevailed in the end, placing
at the head of affairs in the mother colony the able
lieutenant-governor of Norfolk Island. One of his
first acts was to sympathize with the misfortunes of the
orphan children, whose future had pressed so sorely on
the chaplain's conscience, and of whom he wrote in
1806, that "finer or more neglected children were not
to be met with in any part of the world." The Asylum,
containing 1800 inmates, was endowed by a grant of
1 2,000 acres at Cabramatta, and a farm of 600 acres at
Petersham. The forlorn condition of the women con-
victs at Parramatta has been already touched upon, and
now compelled attention. Some hundreds of these
were employed in the Governm.ent factory, with no
provision for their decent lodgment. The few who
were able to sleep on the premises did so amongst the
machinery and refuse on the floor. By far the great
majority had to find accommodation where they could
of a most wretched description, and subject to name-
less temptations. What wonder that these women be-
came notorious as " more dissolute and abandoned
than the men."

In Major-General Lachlan Macquarie, Governor
King had for successor an able administrator, an
excellent officer, and one really desirous of advancing
the best interests of the colony, but he was unhappily
given to favouritism. This habit was indeed attri-
buted in turn to each of the Australian governors. The
conflicting interests of the emancipists, as the freed
prisoners were called, and the exclusionists, who
favoured a large scheme of free immigration, com-
pelled the executive to declare for one or the other.
Governor Macquarie generally sided with the emanci-

36 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

pists, while Sir Thomas Brisbane, of later date, as
strongly recommended the introduction of free settlers,
and during his government a large, number of such
settlers were welcomed from the Scotch border. The
main objection to this course was the insufficiency
of convict servants, who were at the time regarded as
indispensable to the profitable cultivation of the land.
At any rate, between raids upon property by the
aborigines, and the alternation of floods and droughts,
agriculture was certainly not in a very flourishing
condition. After the flood of 1806, wheat ran up in
price to ^4 per bushel, and coarse bread to 2s. per lb.
For one bushel of seed-wheat, the incredible price of
j£"7 was wilhngly paid.

To Parramatta, as temporarily the seat of Govern-
ment, was accorded the privilege of the first stone
church. It was built to seat 400 persons. Two
western towers were added subsequently by the wife
of Sir Charles Fitzroy, to remind her of the twin
towers of the Church of the Reculvers. Of the
opening ceremony the Sydney Gazette reports the
presence of "many ladies of the first respectabiHty."
The first chaplain had preached in a carpenter's shop,
in a deserted hut, or more frequently in the open air.
His successor for many years did the same. A
brighter era dawned when, in 1804, three Tahitian
missionaries were welcomed by Governor King, and
provided with house and board in return for their
services at the various settlements.

In 1807 Mr. Marsden left for England, to plead
the cause of New Zealand missions, and to obtain
help for his own work. The Rev. Henry Fulton was
left in charge. In August 1808 the Rev. William
Cowper arrived, and was placed in charge of St.
Phillip's, where he did most excellent work as a
fearless and devoted parish priest. He was quickly
followed by the Rev. R. Cartwright. When Mr.

CHURCH BUILDING

37

Marsden returned to the colony in 1810, the popu-
lation numbered over 10,000 souls. By 181 2 there
were four clergy ministering, with two substantial
churches.

From the year 18 10 onwards, the Church began to
take more definite shape. The clerical staff was
augmented by the appointment of the Rev. John
Youl, and again in 18 18 by the arrival of the Revs.
Richard Hill and John Cross. At Mr. Youl's death,
in 1820, his place was filled by the Rev. Thomas
Reddall, who was stationed. at Campbell Town. Thus
was the way prepared for a more complete Church
organization. Under letters patent of Geo. IV., Oct. 2,
1824, the archdeaconry of New South Wales was
estabUshed within the diocese of Calcutta. The
choice of first incumbent was unfortunate. Fresh
from secular occupations Archdeacon Scott was never
really in touch with his clergy, and was besides greatly
deficient in tact. Consequently, after a brief but
troubled rule, the post was vacated, to be filled by a
man immeasurably his superior in every respect. In
the meantime the staff of clergy had been increased
to fourteen, ministering in eight churches and six
chapels. Seven of the chaplains were provided with
parsonage houses, two occupied temporary parsonages,
four were in receipt of rent allowance, and one resided
at the Parramatta Orphan School.

In 1833, in an important dispatch, Sir Richard
Bourke enumerates an archdeacon, fifteen chaplains,
and fourcatechists; also seven stone or brick churches,
of moderate size and respectable appearance, within
forty miles of Sydney, besides two in more remote
districts, and several less permanent buildings in
various places, serving a total population of 60,000.

The Rev. William Grant Broughton, second arch-
deacon, ^nd virtually the father and founder of the
Austrahari Church, was born in 1788, and was at the

38 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

time of his selection by the Duke of Wellington
chaplain of the Tower of London. His acceptance
of the arduous post was prompt, and his duties were
commenced ^^'ith all the strength of his nature. In
a letter to a friend he describes the sphere of his
work as ha\'ing a church at St. Albans, another in
Denmark, another in Constantinople, with the Bishop
in Calcutta.

EDUCATIONAL EXTENSION

The instructions issued by King George III. in
1790, to Governor Phillip, to set apart in each new
township 400 acres of land for the maintenance of a
minister of religion, and 200 acres for that of a school-
master, which were repeated in 1809 to Governor
Macquarie, continued in force until 1824, when they
were superseded by royal charter. This charter was
promulgated by King George IV. to the following
etfect: —

" Whereas we have taken into our royal considera-
tion the necessity of making provision for the main-
tenance of religion and the education of youth
in our colony of New South Wales, and for that
purpose have thought proper to erect into one body
politic and corporate, such persons as are hereafter
mentioned, viz. the Governor and Chief Justice, the
several members of the Legislative Council, the
Archdeacon, the Colonial Secretary, the Attorney-
General, the Solicitor-General, and the nine Senior
Chaplains — they are hereby authorized and empowered
to purchase, hold, or alienate certain lands; to sell to
the amount of one-third, and to grant leases up to
thirty-two years, the proceeds to be divided inro —

Improvement and building account. For
making roads, erecting farm buildings, building and

EDUCATIONAL EXTENSION

39

repairing of churches, schools, and parsonages, clear-
ing and settling the estates.

"(2) Clergy and school account. For expenditure
on the maintenance and support of clergy and school-
masters in the proportions of five-sevenths and two-
sevenths respectively."

The bishop or the archdeacon was constituted the
visitor to all the said schools. Former trusts and
properties were to be vested in this corporation, and
one-seventh in extent and value of all lands in every
county was to be set apart under the title of the
"Clergy and School Estates." The previous expense
to the Treasury for educational purposes had been
about 7,000. Some 1487 children were under
instruction. Owing to serious delays, no grant was
issued until 1829, and no provision was made for
existing institutions. And what was more detrimental
still, this munificent provision was largely neutralized
by, the envious opposition of those who were hostile
to the entire theory of State aid to religion. Not-
withstanding that the colony was founded on the
principle of identity of Church and State, we find a
powerful body among the colonists at this time
objecting to what they characterized "a dominant
and endowed Church."

Finally, the charter was revoked in 1833, after
extended notice. Owing to the unexampled difficulties
thrown in the way of the trust, much valuable Church
property was sacrificed in Sydney, Parramatta,
Windsor, and other places ; being sold or leased, and
otherwise lost to the Church. On August 28 all the
property of the corporation was to revert to the Crown,
but was still to be disposed of for the purposes of the
original charter.^ It is a surprising fact that the

^ "In such manner as to his Majesty and his heirs and successors
shall appear most conducive to the maintenance and promotion
of religion and the education of youth. "

40 THE STORV OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

archdeacon should have been allowed to sail for
England in May 1S29 in ignorance of the revocation,
although the notification of it had been issued the day
before. Nor was he informed until Ions: afterwards
that the schools were to be removed from his control
and superintendence.

Archdeacon Broughton paid this his second visit to
the old country in 1S34, to secure help in the many
undertakings which were springing up around him.
He found the home authorities sadly cold and reluct-
ant, so was obliged to return alone and dispirited.
His appeals, however, were not wanting in results in
other directions. The "S.P.C.K." voted ;^3ooo, and
the "S.P.G." ;^iooo, for the lessening of the spiritual
destitution under which a great part of the colony
was labouring. A diocesan committee of the two
societies was formed for the " joint extension of
religion and education throughout the length and
breadth of the land." Fourteen more churches \vere
built, and nine additional clergy sent out to the colony,
the English benefactions being generously met by the
colonists themselves raising the sum of 13. 5 00 for
Church extension in one year.

Australia's first bishop

The year 1S36 must undeniably be marked as the
beginning of the modern growth and development of
the Church in Australia. It was in this year that the
otiice of archdeacon was revoked, to make way for a
resident episcopate. The grounds for making the
change are stated in the Royal Letters Patent, dated
June 18: — "Whereas the doctrine and discipline of
the United Church of England and Ireland are pos-
sessed and observed by a considerable part of our
loving subjects in New South Wales, Van Diemen's

Australia's first bishop

41

Land, and Western Australia, and these are deprived
of some of the offices prescribed by the Hturgy and
usages of the Church aforesaid, by reason that there
is not a bishop residing or exercising jurisdiction
within the same : We have determined to . . . erect
these our colonies into a bishop's see or diocese, to
be called the Bishopric of Australia, of which William
Grant Broughton is appointed first bishop, who together
with his successors shall be subject and subordinate to
the archiepiscopal see of Canterbury," It was further
provided — that every future Bishop of Australia should
take the oath of due obedience to the Archbishop of
Canterbury as his Metropolitan ; that a written en-
gagement to perform the duty should be a sufficient
title for Orders ; that the Letters of Orders were to dis-
tinctly state that they were for the diocese of Australia
only ; that the recipients should not be obliged to
make the oath or subscription required in England,
and that the Bishop of Australia should be held to be
a body corporate with perpetual succession.

Vigorous of intellect, of devout mind, deeply
attached to Church principles and usages, and ot
exhaustless energy, the newly-appointed bishop reso-
lutely faced the difficulties of his position. His visits
were extended to the remotest settlements, and every-
where his enthusiasm enkindled a responsive liberal-
ity. Confirmations were everywhere held, and a
further band of twenty clergy, of whom five were for
Van Diemen's Land, were dispatched at the expense
of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel.
That the colonists were intensely grateful need hardly
be stated, more especially when they heard that in
addition to the profuse liberality of the two great
societies, a number of English Churchmen, led by the
Rev. Edward Coleridge, had collected and sent out
no less than ^3000, to help to remedy " the dearth
of the appointed means of grace and salvation," The

42 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

list was headed by his Majesty King AVilliam IV.,
who presented services of plate for Holy Communion,
for the use of St. Phillip's and St. James's churches, of
the value of loo guineas each.

Sydney, with a population of nearly 20,000 souls,
possessed the two consecrated churches already named.
There were four clergy besides the bishop, of whom the
Rev. E. A. Dickin officiated in a brewery storehouse in
the parish of St. Lawrence. The average number attend-
ing Divine service was at St. Phillip's between 600 and
700, and at St. James's about 1200. In the country
districts as many as thirty-two new churches were in
contemplation. At the chief centres of population, New-
castle, Bathurst and Gk)ulbum, small churches, holding
from 200 to 300 persons, were erected. At Stroud,
Port Stephens, the head-quarters of the Australian
Agricultural Company, to whom had been granted a
million acres of land,- in return for an expenditure of
a million sterling, a church was built through the
exertions of Sir Edward Parry, of which the incumbent
was the Rev. William Macquarie Cowper, the first of
Australia's sons to be devoted to the priesthood, and
the son of one whose exertions in the cause of religion
and morality have never been sufficiently recognized.
The son is yet actively engaged as Dean of Sydney
and Bishop's Commissary.

Although in 1S37 the foundation stone was re-laid
by Governor Sir Richard Bourke, of the cathedral
church of St. -Andrew, which the bishop had decided
on as one of his first efforts towards Church extension,
no great progress was made until 1S46, when a
new committee was formed and fresh plans adopted.
The intervening years were busy beyond description.
The appointment of chaplains by the Crown, apart
from the bishop's control, was the source of much
friction. The work of the clergy, too, was excessively
severe, both bodily and mentally, lea\'ing no time for

Australia's first eishop

43

study or systematic parochial visitation. At Parra-
matta two clergymen were all that could be obtained
to minister to a scattered population of 3500, with of
course outlying districts at great distances. In an
early address to the clergy, the bishop laments the
lack of helpers in touching language. "I cannot look
on," he says, " with tranquillity while I see such
extended and populous districts devoid of churches,
devoid of clergymen, devoid of schools."

The first annual meeting of the diocesan committee
of "S.P.C.K" and "S.P.G." held on June 30, 1837,
showed most gratifying results. Of the thirty-two
additional churches, several were in rapid progress,
and the remainder were only delayed by the lack of
competent workmen. The Httle band of fifteen
clergy were growing feeble from age and long service.
Their engagements being made to cover as wide an
area as possible, the physical toil and mental strain
were incessant. No intermission of rest was possible,
even in the oppressive heat of summer, and exchange
of duty was not easy. Continuous travelling and poor
accommodation helped to break down the strongest
health. In the early days of his government, Sir
Richard Bourke was emphatic in his advice that
public aid should be given to Church work. " I
think it necessary that, at this early period of the
colony's existence, the Government should grant pe-
cuniary assistance for the establishment of religious
institutions, and take upon itself the nomination of
the ministers, or it might happen that the ordinances
of Christianity would be neglected, or its tenets per-
verted by incompetent teachers." The senior chap-
lain's stipend was fixed at £600 per annum, on the
surrender of his glebe. Others of the clergy received
respectively, ^500, ^460, ^400, ^350, and ^250,
together with glebe and parsonage house, or rent
allowance. The rest were granted ^^250 and forage

44 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

for their horses. In response to the bishop's contin-
ued appeals, promises of more clergy were received
from home, which would eventually nearly double his
inadequate staff.

In November 1840, the Roman Catholic Bishop Fold-
ing visited Europe, and on his return in 1843 assumed
the title of Archbishop of Sydney, conferred on him by
the Pope. Bishop Broughton indignantly scouted the
claim, contending that there can be neither two
metropolitans in the same province, nor two bishops
of one diocese. The one would involve a reversal
of the canons of the Church, the other a contradiction
of the ordinances of the Lord. The inference
from the establishment of an archbishopric, with
metropolitical privileges within the limits of the
province of Canterbury, must unavoidably be that it
is intended thereby to deny to the Primate of All
England any rightful possession of metropolitical juris-
diction within the limits of the new or assumed arch-
bishopric. Moreover, the erection of the city of
Sydney, within this already existing diocese, into an
episcopal see amounts to a denial that there is a law-
ful Bishop of Australia, according to the canons and
usages of the Church." The form of protest was as
follows : — " In the name of God, Amen. We, William
Grant, by Divine permission bishop and ordinary pastor
of Australia, do protest publicly and explicitly, on behalf
of ourselves and our successors . . . that the Bishop of
Rome has not any right or authority, according to the
laws of God and the canonical order of the Church,
to institute an episcopal or archiepiscopal see or sees
within the limits of the diocese of Australia and pro-
vince of Canterbury."

The protest was loyally supported by his presbyters in
the following pronouncement: — "We, the undersigned
presbyters, duly licensed within the diocese and juris-
diction of Australia, being present in the church of

AUSTRALIA S FIRST BISHOP

45

St. James the Apostle at Sydney ... in the year of
our Lord 1843, do hereby testify that ... at the
conclusion of the Nicene Creed, standing at the north
side of the altar or communion table of the said
church, the Right Rev. Father in God, William Grant,
bishop of iVustralia . . . did read in our presence,
and in the sight and hearing of the congregation, all
that protest herein before set forth.

Robert Allwood, B.A., Minister of St, James's,
Sydney.

H. H. Bobart, M.A., Minister of St. John's, Parra-
matta.

Thomas Steele, LL.D., Minister of St. Peter's,

Cooks River.
W. B. Clarke, M.A., jNIinister of St. Simon's, Castle

Hill.

Henry T. Stiles, Minister of St. Matthew's, Wind-
sor.

William H. Walsh, Tvlinister of St. Lawrence's,
Sydney."

An active controversy followed. The newspapers
were filled with letters on both sides, pamphlets were
issued, and the Rev. Robert Allwood delivered six
valuable lectures, proving from Holy Scripture, the
testimony of the Fathers, and the decrees of ancient
councils, that no Bishop of Rome could claim jurisdic-
tion beyond his own see.

The kind of work which pressed upon him on all
sides may be judged from a reference to one of the
bishop's journals of visitation. It is not quite the
earliest, but it affords a fair sample of the rest. Starting
on June 12, 1843, with a meeting of the diocesan
society, which was attended by upwards of 1000
children, we find his lordship next day laying the
foundation stone of the new church of St. Thomas,
North Shore; June 14, confirming at St. Anne's,
Hunter's Hill; 15th, embarking for Morpeth, preaching

46 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

there and at East Maitland on the i8th ; journeying to
the Paterson 19th, and Gresford 23rd. Then, after
various minor visits, the new church of St. Mary,
West Maitland, was consecrated June 28, and that of
St. Peter, East Maitland, next day. A confirmation
was held at St. Peter's on the 30th, and at St. Mary's
July I. Thence to Singleton, Edenglassie, and Scone.
On the road several baptisms and a churching were
solemnized in a wayside hut. Mudgee was reached
overland by July 28, and the mission to the aborigines
there inspected. At Bathurst continuous storms of
wind and rain were met with, but large numbers
assembled to Hsten to the bishop's plans for the
erection of a church. A confirmation followed at
Holy Trinity Church, Kelso, on August 6, and thence
by way of the Blue Mountains to Sydney. Friday,
September 15, saw the bishop on board a merchant
barque bound for Port Phillip. The Heads were
entered on the 2 5th, and the day spent in beating up
towards Geelong. Melbourne was visited October 9,
where a church of "dark-coloured stone" was found
dedicated to St. James. Confirmation was adminis-
tered on the 27th to eight}--seven candidates. Em-
barked for Sydney December 11, but on the 14th,
meeting the steamer S/iaffuvck at the Heads, bound
for Launceston. a transfer was made for Van Diemen's
Land. Arrived there on the 15th, and left for Sydney
on the 1 8th, having preached fifty-six sermons in
ninety days.

Of these early confirmations the bishop has the
pleasure to report that " the appearance and demean-
our of young persons who have come forward on
these occasions, their unaftected seriousness, their
evident marks of attachment to the Church and its
ordinances, and the piety with which they have
pledged themselves to fulfil the solemn engagements
which they undertook in my presence, have filled

FORMATION OF SCHOOLS

47

with satisfaction not my heart alone, but the breasts
of all who truly desire the welfare of this colony."

FORMATION OF SCHOOLS

At the very outset Bishop Broughton was in conflict
with the authorities in the matter of primary education.
When the first school was mooted by the Rev. Richard
Johnson, he was at once supported by grants from
the "S.P.G." Ten years later an evening school was
formed for the notorious "Rocks" of Sydney. Orphan
schools were founded at Parramatta in 1819, by General
Macquarie, after the example of Governor King. The
King's School was established in 1832, at the head
of which was the Rev. Robert Forrest, with a salary of
;£"ioo per annum only. By a vote of the Legislative
Council ^^2300 wereexpendcd on thesiteand buildings,
sufficient for the reception of from sixty to eighty
boarders and day scholars. As with the orphans of
the State, all the children were presumed to be
members of the Church of England. About 230 of
the former were being educated and maintained at a
cost to the revenue of ^£2^00. The schools founded
by the Clergy and School Corporation numbered
thirty-five, attended by 1250 children. They gave a
plain, useful education, were superintended by the
chaplain, and the Church Catechism was taught in
all. By resolution of the council they were opened
by reading a chapter from the Authorized Version of
the New Testament.

In place of these schools. Governor Macquarie now
suggested that others should be formed on the Irish
system, for the general education of the youth of the
colony of all creeds — the Scriptures to be read, but
no religious instruction to be given by the master or
mistress ; the schools to be open on one day of the

48 THE STORY OF THE AUSTR.\LIAN CHURCH

week to the clergy for special religious instruction.
The bishop stoutly opposed, as he did at a later date,
when in 1839 George Gipps proposed a somewhat
similar plan of combined schools. In 1826 the
Church had sixteen schools open, with over 1000
scholars. In 1840 there were forty Church schools,
educating 2500 children. Aid was given by Govern-
ment equal to the receipts from private sources,
altered in 1841 to a grant to necessitous schools of
hd. per day for each child in towns of 2000 people
and upwards, and in other places from ^d. to per
day. The annual subsidy of the Parraniatta Orphan
Schools was increased to ;^6ooo, of the Church
parochial schools to ^2950, of others to ^£5^70.
By the Act of 1837 the actual existence of a church
and school was made essential to the appointment of
a minister receiving aid. In the State schools of
Western Australia religious instruction "by any clergy-
man " was forbidden, and separate schools for Roman
Catholics were established.

Always an anxiety to the well-wishers of the colony,
the subject of education was raised to paramount
importance by the cessation of transportation. Many
of the tutors had been themselves convicts, whose
influence was in itself corrupting. To avoid the taint,
it is recorded that in secluded parts Christian mothers
made the most heroic efforts to teach their own
children. With the same view the bishop pleaded
valiantly for a large measure of free immigration.
He proposed, in 1838, a loan of ^£"2, 000, 000 for the
introduction of 3000 adults, the land fund to bear
the cost. In 1846 Mr. Robert Lowe carried a reso-
lution in the Legislative Council in favour of schools
after the Irish National system, but Governor Sir
Charles Fitzroy claimed delay, in order to see whether
such an important change was warranted by the
circumstances of the colony. Again Bishop Broughton

FORMATION OF SCHOOLS

49

made an earnest appeal for suitable provision for
religious instruction, "without which," he urged, "the
people must gradually sink to that very low standard
of morals, which it was among the chief purposes of
bringing them to this country that they might help to
elevate." Despite all opposition, the measure was
eventually carried. A board of national education
was formed in 1848, as also a denominational board
to control grants made to such schools.

Sunday-schools were the exception rather than the
~ rule, the first anniversary being held in 1821 at St.
Phillip's. In the census of 1838 the only Sunday-
school mentioned is that of St. Lawrence, with ninety-
five children. The average number in the primary
schools of the parish was 230. For St. James's the
number given is 500, divided amongst five schools.
At St. Phillip's there were also 500 attending four
schools. St. John's, Parramatta, reports a good
average of Church-goers, from 500 to 600, but no
schools. The withdrawal of aid to the King's School
in this town was subsequently recommended.

A small church at Newcastle, where there was a
population of 704, seated nearly 300 persons, with an
average attendance of 230. The clergyman's resi-
dence was much out of repair. For the support of
the clergy, an Act was passed, under Sir Richard
Bourke, securing to the minister a stipend of from
£100 to £200 per annum, according to the number
attending Divine service. Grants were to be made
from the Treasury towards church building of not less
than £200, and not exceeding ;^iooo, to meet an
equal amount raised by voluntary subscription. A
Bill introduced into the council by Mr. Lowe to secure
to the Church of England clergy the freehold of their
benefices was, after a dignified and eloquent speech
by Bishop Broughton at the bar of the House, by leave
withdrawn.

D

50 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

DIOCESE OF TASMANIA

With the fleet sailing in 1803, for the occupation of
Port Phillip as a convict settlement, came the Rev.
Robert Knopwood as chaplain. On the failure of
the attempt and its diversion to the banks of the
Derwent, in the south of Van Diemen's Land in 1804,
Mr. Knopwood accompanied the expedition. He
was a magistrate, but did not incur the Tiatred of the
prisoners as did Mr. Marsden at Parramatta, being
of rather jovial disposition. Except with the lower
classes, who had a great liking for him, he did not
command much respect. The first church was a
large tent, which was succeeded by a small wooden
building, with thatched roof and earthen floor, to
seat about 100. On this being blown down. Divine ,
service was provided for in the Government stores or
workshops, of which the arrangements were of a most
primitive character. The foundation of a permanent
church was laid on February 19, 181 7, to be named in
early colonial fashion St. David's, out of compliment
to Colonel David Collins, the commandant. It was
consecrated in 1823 by Mr. Marsden, senior chaj^lain
of New South Wales, then on a flying visit from
Sydney, the year in which the Rev. AVm. Bedford
succeeded to the chaplaincy. A holiday was pro-
claimed, to give eclat to the grand procession of civil
and military oflicers. Described in the Syd?iey Gazette,
St. David's figures as a church "which for beauty and
convenience cannot be exceeded by any in the
Australasian hemisphere," a sufficiently glowing de-
scription of the future pro-cathedral of the diocese.

Some curious Government orders are extant relating
to the conduct of Church service previous to the
completion of St. David's. Thus, in March 18 18, it
is announced that " Divine service will be performed

DIOCESE OF TASMANIA

51

at the Barracks, Government House, at 11 o'clock
on Sundays, when the weather permits, until further
orders." The reference to the weather became a
necessary one, from the inabiUty of the verandah to
shelter more than the clergym.an and a select number
of the inhabitants. The troops on parade were to
attend, and the inspector of public works was ordered
to enforce the regular attendance of all the Crown
servants in and around the town. St. John's Church,
Launceston at the northern extremity of the island,
was founded in 1824, and consecrated in 1827, by
Archdeacon Hobbes Scott, of Sydney. Its first
incumbent was the Rev. John Youl, a returned
Tahitian missionary. Of his eccentric methods, it
is saifl of him that he was in the habit of summoning
his people to church by beating on an iron barrel
with a mallet.

In 1823 Mr. Knopwood was followed in the
Government chaplaincy by Dr. Bedford, a man whose
schemes of reform were warmly seconded by Governor
Arthur, and followed up by the efforts of the colonists,
who willingly gathered under his leadership. Drunken-
ness and immorality had been terribly prevalent, for
the early history of Van Diemen's Land was the old
story of strong drink. Constables were paid their
wages in rum. A local distillery was started. By
the imposition of a heavy duty, however, aided by the
influence of the chaplain and his sympathizers, the
tone of society was soon greatly changed for the
better. It was not to be supposed that a community
founded on and saturated with convictism would set
an example of high principle. The wonder is that
from such beginnings the colony should have devel-
oped so favourably. No doubt the timely steps taken
for providing a fitting educational system exercised a
beneficial mfluence, as did also the extension of
political and social freedom to all classes. But it is

52 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

none the less due to the persistent and self-sacrificing
efforts of the clergy and devout laity that the fallen
were raised, and their children helped to remove the
old stigma from their midst. Whatever may be said
of the dissipation of high and low — and words are too
weak to express a proper horror and detestation of
the vicious conduct of many even in authority — yet it
must be remembered that the men and women trans-
ported to Australia were in numberless cases the
sweepings of British cities, prepared for every excess
of crime. Add -to this that there was no one on the
protracted voyage out to guard the safety of the
women convicts, and that on arrival the circumstances
in which they found themselves almost inevitably
contributed to their continued depravity. • So late as
1822 prisoners were landed with no one deputed to
receive them, or to protect the women from licence and
drunken revelry. Travellers were warned against the
dangers of the road after dusk, and there was little
less danger of being stripped and plundered in the
lower parts of the cit}-. No one laboured more
strenuously to mend so horrible a state of things than
the Yen. Archdeacon Cowper, of Sydney, where " the
Rocks " had attained an unenviable notoriety for filth
and crime. Lady iMacquarie too gave active help in
the crusade. A reference to the Imperial Parliament
seemed to have no appreciable effect.

A brighter side to the picture appears in the
endeavours of the wise and good Sir John Franklin,
while governor, to secure a higher education for the
youth of the colony. Through Dr. Arnold of Rugby,
he secured the services of a former pupil, the Rev.
John Philip Gell. Lord Normanby accepted the
nomination. Mr. Gell arrived towards the end of the
year 1840. Like the governor, he had a high sense of
the importance of his mission, "to become the father
of the education of a whole quarter of the globe," —

DIOCESE OF ADELAIDE

53

an exalted standard indeed. New Norfolk, some
twenty-five miles up the Derwent, and a spot of great
beauty, was decided on as the site of the new
"Christ's College," which was — to quote again Sir
John Franklin's anticipations — " to train up Christian
youth in the faith as well as in the learning of
Christian gentlemen."

On August 1 8, 1842, the young Queen thought good
to "separate, divide, and exempt the island of Van
Diemen's Land, and to declare the same to be the
diocese of the Bishop of Tasmania." The Rev. Francis
Russell Nixon was appointed to the see, an excellent
choice in every way. The cathedral church was fixed
at Hobart Town.

DIOCESE OF ADELAIDE

The primary needs of South Australia were attended
to by the Rev. C. B. Howard, who had come out as
one of the colonizing party of 1836. Besides pro-
viding his stipend, the " S.P.C.K." had made a grant
of £200 towards the cost of a small wooden church,
to seat 350 persons, the building of which was rapidly
pushed forward. A wooden parsonage was erected
alongside. But although the clergyman's stipend was
found by the society in England, he was bound to
hold his licence from the Bishop of Australia, which
unfortunately he was not inclined to do. The conflict
was carried to the length of a repudiation of episcopal
control. The question was referred home by the
bishop to Lord John Russell, who upheld his lord-
ship's claim to jurisdiction throughout the whole of
Australia. There could be in fact no other decision
possible. The disputed point was happily settled by
the foundation in 1847 of Adelaide as a separate see.
In the meantime a second priest had arrived in 1840,

54 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

in the person of the Rev. James Farrell, afterwards
dean of the cathedral, whose stipend was found by
the Hberahty of the " S.P.G." Mr. Howard's early
and lamentable death in 1843 ^^ft this priest to
struggle on alone for three years, until the welcome
arrival of two colleagues, the Revs. W. J. Woodcock
and James Pollitt. These again were joined shortly
afterwards by the Revs. G. Newenham and W. H.
Coombs, for so many years the incumbent of Gawler.

The munificent gifts of Miss Burdett Coutts in
connection with the " Colonial Bishoprics Fund,"
were such as to make possible the establishment of
the see at a much earlier date than would otherwise
have been practicable. The Rev. Augustus Short, D.D.,
of Christ Church, Oxon., and Vicar of Ravens-
thorpe in Northamptonshire, was chosen first bishop,
and set sail in September 1847, with his wife and
children, in a barque of only 362 tons, the Derivent.
Coincident with his arrival was the celebration of the
eleventh year of the foundation of the colony. Land-
ing in Adelaide after a passage of sixteen weeks, the
bishop was instituted in the pro-cathedral of Holy Trin-
ity, on December 30. After a month's stay at Govern-
ment House, as the guest of Colonel Robe, he removed
to a small cottage at Kensington, preferring to feel
his way gradually, according to circumstances. By his
own statement he found the outlook encouraging.
Five clergy were in the field before him, and the
people, he states, were particularly intelligent and
enterprising. An endowment fund was his chief
care, in which his hands were greatly strengthened by
the generous eftbrts and gifts of Mr. W. Leigh, of
Aston Hall, Lichfield, who gave town lands in the
new capital, which subsequently produced a rental
;£35oo per annum, for the general purposes of the
Church.

By the end of six months the bishop had visited

DIOCESE OF ADELAIDE

55

most of the settled districts, consecrated ten new
churches, and confirmed numbers of young people in
every settlement. Also, before the end of the year
1848, he had finished a six weeks' tour in Western
Australia, a part of the continent cut off by the 11 00
miles of the Great Australian Bight by sea, and by
the trackless desert by land. He was accompanied
by the Rev. Mathew Blagden Hale, who had come
out with him from England, and who afterwards be-
came first bishop of that western portion of the diocese.
A stone church at King George's Sound, the first port
of call of incoming steamers, was consecrated on
October 20. Here the Rev. John Wollaston was
labouring. Busselton, Bunbury, Picton, and Fre-
mantle, were so many links in the chain to Perth, on
the Swan River, where a cordial welcome awaited
him from the governor. Of the six clergy at work,
four were in receipt of Government stipends of p^ioo
each, the Church population numbering about 3700
out of a total of 4600.

The bishop preached at St. George's, a rooniy but
plain building, which on November 15 he was able to
consecrate. A week later a second church was con-
secrated on the Upper Swan, of which the Rev. Mr.
Postlethwaite held charge. Of the Middle Swan, the
Rev. W. ^^litcheli incumbent, the bishop records that
the parsonage was " no better than an Enghsh
labourer's cottage." Testimony is borne to the
estimable character of the founder of the colony, a
Mr. Peel, by the fact that at his residence at Man-
dorah, twenty-three were at the Church service, out of
a total population of twenty-five. The bishop returned
to Adelaide in January 1849.

56 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

DIOCESE OF MELBOURNE

St. Peter's Day 1847 was a / .veritable red-letter
day for the Australian Church. By some it has been
called its birthday, but it may be more aptly regarded
as the day of its confirmation. The consecration in
Westminster Abbey of the four bishops who were so
ably to lay the foundations of a colonial episcopate,
was sufficient of itself to mark off the day to all time.
Of the officiating prelates, it was fitting that Bishop
Blomfield should be the preacher. He chose for his
text St. John xxi. 15. There were present besides
Archbishop Howley, the Bishops of Gloucester and
Bristol, Winchester, Chichester, and Lichfield.

For some time past Bishop Broughton had been
forced to the conclusion that he could not efficiently
superintend a diocese ten times the size of the United
Kingdom. .Nor was he the man to render perfunc-
tory duty. He had expressed his willingness to give
up a third of his own income, and had besieged the
two great English societies with incessant appeals.
The establishment in 1841 of the Colonial Bishoprics
Fund enabled plans to be matured for the subdivision
of unworkable dioceses. Founded on the appeal of
Bishop Blomfield and Archbishop Howley to remedy
the neglected condition of English colonists in differ-
ent parts of the world, a sum of ^600,000 had been
raised by its means for the endowment of more than
forty dioceses. Since the year 1833 the number of
bishops abroad had grown from five to seventy-five.
The see of New Zealand was the first to reap the ad-
vantage. Five years later, by the munificence of Miss
Burdett Coutts, the diocese of Adelaide was endowed
to the west, while by Bishop Broughton's surrender of
;£"iooo of his yearly income, the see of Newcastle
was made possible to the north. Grants were made

DIOCESE OF MELBOURNE

57

of ^£"10,000 by the "S.P.C.K." and £7S^^ by the
''S.P.G."

The earliest settlement of Port Phillip coincided
with the foundation of the bishopric of Australia.
Batman and Faulkner, on their arrival from Van Die-
men's Land in 1835, had obtained from the blacks
what purported to be a conveyance of 600,000 acres
of the surrounding country, in return for sundry knives,
tomahawks, and blankets. This astounding document
was promptly disallowed, both in Sydney and by the
home authorities, but land to the value of jQ'jooo was
granted towards the legitimate expenses of settlement.
The Crown laid sole claim to the ownership of the
soil, and properly forbade any so-called purchases
from the aboriginal inhabitants. When Captain Lons-
dale was appointed first magistrate, the population
numbered about 400. The earliest religious service was
conducted in Mr. Batman's house, by a Wesleyan
minister from Van Diemen's Land, according to the
use of the Church of England. Part of the afternoon
congregation was made up of a band of fifty blacks,
who are said to have behaved with great propriety,
and to have especially enjoyed the singing. A visitor
from the same island, the Rev. T. B. Naylor, next
year baptized the first white child born in Melbourne.

Five acres on either side of Little Collins Street
were set apart for Church purposes, not without the
usual accusation of favouritism, and a small wooden
church was speedily erected on the site which in after
years was to carry the pro-cathedral of St. James. In
1838 the little Church community was encouraged by
a visit from the Metropolitan, who was greatly pleased
with the zealous laymen who were serving the tem-
porary church. The Rev. J. C. Grylls arrived, as
S.P.G." chaplain, the same year. Towards the close
of 1839 the more permanent church was founded by
his Honour, Chief-Justice Latrobe.

58 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

On a second visit the needs of Geelong, always a
keen rival of the metropolis, were pressed on the
bishop's notice, when, with his accustomed quickness,
he drew out a rough sketch on the spot, and laid the
fTrst stone of Christchurch within ten days, on the
site of two acres granted by Government. This was
in September 1843, the midst of a keen depression
following on a period of feverish speculation.

In January 1846 the sum of ;£"iooo was voted by
the central Government at Sydney, towards the
building of St. James's, to meet an equal amount
privately subscribed. The Metropolitan nobly added
his own donation of ^500. A church was started on
Eastern Hill about the middle of the year, to be
dedicated to St. Peter. But an earlier ecclesiastical
foundation than all had been made as far back as 1834,
by Messrs. Edward and Stephen Henty, who had
begun operations as squatters or sheep-owners at
Portland, a lovely district in the extreme south-west
corner of the colony. The thatched barn in which
Mr. Stephen Henty first held Church service was
replaced by a plain brick building, with timber-framed
tower, in time to welcome the visit of a clergyman in
1 84 1, the Rev. A. C. Thomson. With the rapid
extension of settlement, with churches springing up on
all sides, the Metropolitan's duties increased and
multiplied to an alarming extent. With infinite pains
he contrived to respond to every call made upon him ;
still the burden was beginning to press beyond the
power of the strongest man to bear. The consecration
on the same day of bishops for Melbourne, Newcastle,
and Adelaide happily relieved the strain in time, and
opened up unlimited possibilities to the Church in
Australia.

On their consecration, the Right Rev. William
Grant Broughton, heretofore Bishop of Australia, was
proclaimed by royal letters patent Bishop of Sydney,

DIOCESE OF MELBOURNE

59

the others, " with the bishops of Tasmania and New
Zealand, to be suffragan bishops, subject and subor-
dinate to the see of Sydney, in the same manner as any
see within the province of Canterbury is under the
authority of the Archbishop of Canterbury." They
were all to be known by the title of Lord Bishop.
Suitable provision for episcopal residences failed from
lack of local funds. Nor was the appeal of the Arch-
bishop responded to, backed up though it was by Mr.
W. E. Gladstone, Under-Secretary for the Colonies, for
the purchase or setting apart of available land for the
augmentation of episcopal incomes. The separation
of Port PhiUip from the mother colony of New South
Wales was successfully accomplished in 1851. Of the
80,000 inhabitants, 25,000 were located in the new
capital, iMelbourne. Two years previously the separa-
tion had been recommended in a report of the Com-
mittee of Privy Council, which, among other things,
provided (Schedule C) that a sum of ^30,000 should
be allotted for the maintenance of public worship,
"under the sanctioned regulations of the Churches of
England and Rome, of the Church of Scotland, and
of the Wesleyan Society." All vested rights of indi-
vidual clergymen under the Constitution Act of 1842
were to be maintained inviolate.

Charles Perry, first Bishop of IMelbourne, arrived in
Hobson's Bay on January 23, 1848, in the Black wall
liner Stag, and was installed on the 28th, in the pro-
cathedral of St. James, yet unfinished and unconse-
crated. He found the work in the hands of three
Government chaplains, the Revs. A. C. Thomson, E.
Collins, and J. Y. Wilson, to whom were now added
three from his own party. Of these the Rev. Hussey
Burgh Macartney, a D.D. of Trinity College, Dublin,
was within a few weeks appointed archdeacon of Gee-
long ; the Rev. F. Hales, after good work in the diocese,
left for Van Diemen's Land, to become eventually

6o THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

archdeacon of Launceston; and Mr. H. P. P. Handfield ,
was commissioned on ordination to St. Peter's, Eastern
Hill, of which ^he is still the incumbent, venerable in
years as in honourable service. The existing church
attendance was not good. Educational arrangements,
even in Melbourne, were far from satisfactory.

What the state of the country districts must have
been may be gathered from the vivid descriptions of
Mrs. Perry in her Letters from Gippsland. "The
post," she writes, "goes into the country one week
and returns the next. The rudeness of the settlers'
huts, and of their mode of living, is extreme. The
door of the inn is a foot too short at top and bottom,
while there are cracks three inches wide between the
slabs." A congregation of 200 attended Divine
service held in a neighbouring wool-shed.

As an instance of the bishop's wonderful power of
endurance, we find him at the close of his Gippsland
tour starting immediately with his party on another
from Geelong to Port Fairy, "in two dog-carts
driven tandem." The little wooden church there
was filled to overflowing, served by an educationist of
standing, though not licensed to the cure of souls, the
Rev. Dr. Braim. Owing to the wetness of the season,
the journey on to Portland was made by sea. From
Warrnambool the return trip included the inland
settlements of Ballan and Bacchus Marsh. What
impressed the bishop most strongly throughout the
trip was the unbounded hospitality of the people, and
their anxiety for the ministrations of their refigion.
A staff of itinerating clergy was proposed, with a
central home, from which the dwellers in the bush
might be reached periodically.

The extension of the episcopal tour to the north-
east through Seymour, Mount Macedon, Wangaratta,
and the Ovens, gave occasion for a long-desired meeting
of the bishops at Albury, the border-town between

DIOCESE OF NEWCASTLE

6l

New South Wales and Victoria. For a humorous
description of this meeting, with its quaint and strange
accompaniments, we are again indebted to the facile
pen of Mrs. Perry. We are likewise given a glimpse
of the side of Bishop Broughton's character not often
turned to the public eye — his real liveliness of dispo-
sition, contrasting with the intense earnestness which
was so patent to everybody.

DIOCESE OF NEWCASTLE

To hasten the subdivision of his diocese, becoming
every day more urgent, Bishop Broughton generously
offered to surrender one-half of his income, to be
divided between the proposed new dioceses of
Melbourne and Newcastle. The offer was only
accepted for the latter to the amount of ;^iooo per
annum. William Tyrrell was consecrated first bishop
in Westminster Abbey, on the never-to-be-forgotten
St. Peter's Day 1847, one of the galaxy of able and
devoted men who have left their mark on the Church
indelibly. He was accompanied to his see by his
two examining chaplains, the Revs. H. O. Irwin and
R. G. Boodle, and seven candidates for holy orders.
Sailing in the good ship Medway, he safely reached
Sydney on January 16, 1848. It was early on a
Sunday morning, under a cloudless sky of intensest
blue, that the bishop and his party were conducted
to the temporary cathedral of St. Andrew, to join with
their Australian brethren in the celebration of the
Holy Eucharist, The Metropolitan was away on a
visitation. No time was lost in journeying on
towards their destination. Morpeth was decided on
as the episcopal residence. Mr. Irwin was appointed
to the charge of Singleton, Mr. Boodle to that of
Muswellbrook. In the meantime Bishop Broughton

62 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

had returned to his see city, and immediately arranged
a meeting of welcome from the diocesan committee
and the Church of England Lay Association. Amid
universal congratulations, the hope was expressed that
the occasion might prove "an indication that the
episcopate would be made in future commensurate
with the necessities of the increasing population of the
colonial empire."

Nominally the see of Newcastle embraced an area
of 800 by 700 miles, but the settled portions probably
covered a region of about 500 by 250 miles, chiefly
taken up by squatters or sheep-owners. There were
twelve clergy already at work, making fourteen in all.
On January 30 the bishop was instituted in the pro-
cathedral, a poor and nondescript building, which has
been recently removed to make room for the soHd
stone structure which it is hoped will one day grace
the heights of the city. By the year 1849 had
elaborated a plan for the better training of literates
for the priesthood, under which many good men were
in after years trained for holy orders. His veneration
for the metropolitan bishop led him to. seek counsel
from him in Sydney in every difficulty; one of the
first to occur being how to provide for the growing
educational needs of the people. Very little depend-
ence could be placed on the good-will of Government,
and the annual grant from the "S.P.G."' barely
sufficed for a nucleus of the requisite funds. A
general diocesan society was resolved upon, which
not only did good work on its own account, but
eventually developed into a complete synodical organ-
ization. On May 26, 1850, a church was consecrated
at Armidale, the most northerly in the diocese at that
time, now the seat of a separate diocese, that of Grafton
and Armidale. The visitation was extended to
Brisbane and Ipswich, there being much Church work
in progress there requiring supervision.

DIOCESE OF NEWCASTLE

63

Bishop Tyrrell's keen interest in missions had been
intensified by a flying visit from his old college friend .
and companion, George Augustus Selwyn, on his way
to New Zealand, and his aff'ection led to his under-
taking, in 185 1, a voyage to New Zealand and
Melanesia, in the mission schooner Border Maid.
The mission was then in its trial stage. He returned
on September 20, after an absence of four months,
when, finding that the Morpeth steamer had left
Newcastle, he set out to walk the twenty miles which
separated him from his modest home.

The increasing usefulness of the Diocesan Church
Society was much more fully apparent as settlement
gradually pushed its way into the bush districts of the
interior. There were the shepherds and selectors to
provide for spiritually, besides the enormous develop-
ment of population brought about by the gold dis-
coveries. The rough and sometimes lawless character
of the diggers, from every country almost in the
world, constituted an added difficulty. A diocesan
book depot was initiated. The bishop was anxious,
too, to do something for the welfare of the aborigines,
a matter in which he had the warm sympathy of the
governor. Sir William Denison, but every plan mooted
was checked by the coldness of the Legislative
Council.

In 1853 the bishop, now alone, since the departure
and death of his metropolitan, went to Sydney to
meet Bishop Selwyn, to devise some means of secur-
ing a Church of England college affiliated to the
university, in which Church students might be boarded
and cared for. He succeeded in reconciling a good
deal of factious opposition, and, what was more, carried
his point with the Government. He was again called
to Sydney in July 1855, to welcome the new metro-
pohtan. His pleasure in discussing Church methods
adapted to the changing circumstances of the colony

64 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

was very great. The same year he suffered the loss
of one of his chaplains, the Rev. H. O. Invin, by
removal to Tasmania. The Rev. W. M. Cowper was
also promoted to St. PhilHp's, Sydney. At least
twelve more clergymen were sorely needed. In
writing home the necessities of his diocese, he pleaded
with the secretary of the "S.P.G." not to send
" doubtful men, who leave England on account of
debt or weak health, or from some untoward event
in their past history." He desired men who would
choose ministerial work as their first love, strong and
earnest spirits, sound in mind and body. Towards
the end of 1857 he took steps for the subdivision of
the diocese, by the separation of Moreton Bay and
districts north and west of Brisbane. Some months
later he was able to announce that towards the
endowment of a new see there the ^'S.P.C.K." had
promised a grant of ;^iooo, the "S.P.G." ;^iooo,
and the English committee of the diocese £']oo.
Also from the original endowment of the see of
Newcastle £2^,00.

CLOSE OF BISHOP BROUGHTON's EPISCOPATE

Another memorable year in Australian annals was
the year 1850. It witnessed the birth of two Con-
stitution Acts, one providing for the new independent
colony of Victoria, the other concerning the far-away
settlement of Western Australia, just coming into
notice, and soon to become a receptacle for the
convict element rejected by the older States. Before
its close the Church was destined to meet in confer-
ence, preparatory to the establishment of free synods
in all the dioceses.

That the land might be more profitably cultivated,
pardons were freely granted to men nearing the end

CLOSE OF BISHOP BROUGHTON's EPISCOPATE 65

of their sentences, Western Australia being loud in
its demand for convict labour. Van Diemen's Land,
on the contrary, by its own choice, protested against
its continuance as a penal settlement, and wished to
be known for the future as Tasmania. The request
was very properly granted. The little island-colony,
ihe beginning of which had been so steeped in
wickedness, was making a brave start for moral and
constitutional freedom. In none of the more populous
centres has education been more wisely or more
generously fostered.

On the whole the previous decade had brought
troublous times to colonists. Impending ruin had
many times threatened a general break-up. For a
time the resources of the Church were well-nigh
exhausted. Emancipists, by which name were known
the great body of released prisoners and their sympa-
thizers, no longer made up the bulk of the population.
Free immigration still further shifted the balance of
power. Among those who most strongly denounced
the transportation system was Bishop Broughton.
His efforts, already alluded to, in favour of a national
scheme of immigration under definite religious over-
sight, were greatly helped by the terms of the Consti-
tution Act of 1842. On the rejection of the report
on transportation by the local legislature, the question
was taken up vigorously by Mr., afterwards Sir Charles,
Cowper. Dissensions followed respecting land tenure,
the high purchase value on the abolition of free grants,
viz. from five to twelve shillings an acre, being singled
out for bitter agitation.

Notwithstanding these cares, and the monetary
crisis which day by day seemed more threatening, the
progress of diocesan affairs was by no means stayed.
The foundation stones were laid of St. Stephen's,
Camperdown, and St. Mary's, Balmain, and a finished
church at Denham Court was consecrated. In the

E

66 THE STORV OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

western interior, afterwards the diocese of Bathurst, an
active visitation was made with the happiest results,
the bishop making a wide circuit by way of Yass to
consecrate the church of St. Saviour at Goulburn, the
precursor of the present cathedral church of that
diocese. Christchurch, Queanbeyan, and St. John's,
Canberra, were consecrated during March 1845, fol-
lowed by. the consecration of St. John's, Ashfield, on
August 19, and Christchurch, St. Lawrence, next day.
At the last-named ceremony twenty-six of the clergy
were present, and the offertory amounted to 14. An
exhaustive tour of the northern portion of the diocese
around Scone, Murrurundi, Tamworth, and Armidale,
prepared the way for the subsequent formation of a
new diocese at Newcastle. Many churches were
either projected or carried to completion.

By the timely discovery of gold the influx of popu-
lation was increased by leaps and bounds. But beyond
bringing the much-needed labour, it is doubtful whether
the gold-fields, with all their richness, were of real
benefit to the country. Disturbances were frequent
and widespread. The miOral effect was generally
disastrous. The mad race for wealth ended, as a
rule, in an equally mad expenditure.

Bishop Broughton was one of the first to appreciate
the loss to the diggers spiritually, of having neither
church nor school. He hurried away to the scene of
the earliest finds near Bathurst, whither thousands had
been drawn by the wild desire to grow rich in a day.
At O'Connell he called the men together at dawn of
day, and entreated them to build a church, excavating
with his own hands a portion of the foundations.
Inspired by his example, the roughest and most care-
less set to \vork with a will, so that before breakfast-
time the holes for the posts were ready. Other w illing
hasds felled trees, shaped the logs for plates and joists,
and fitted the framework, which was then completed

CLOSE OF BISHOP BROUGHTON's EPISCOPATE 67

within a very few hours. Teams from Bathurst brought
canvas for covering in, doors, a prayer-desk and com-
munion-table. In four days the whole building, sixty-six
by twenty-one feet, was ready for occupation. Early on
Sunday morning the bishop, mounting by a ladder to
the ridge, in his episcopal robes affixed a little wooden
cross to the end of the pole; then, having descended, set
apart the structure to the worship of the Holy Trinity,
by the name of Christchurch. The bell called the
rejoicing people together, crowds of whom could not
find entrance, and a celebration of the Holy Eucharist
fittingly concluded a ceremony reminding one of Mr.
Johnson's early labours on the flower-decked slopes of
Sydney Cove. It being nine o'clock in the morning,
the sermon was preached from the text, " And it was
the third hour."

To Bishop Tyrrell of Newcastle is mainly owing the
introduction of a more central organization for the
management of Church affairs. But the necessity was
sufficiently patent to all, and was urged persistently by
each of the bishops upon the laity of his diocese.
For many months the Metropolitan, enthusiastic as
ever, was in frequent consultation with his provincial
bishops, until in September 1850 matters were so far
advanced as to allow a general Conference being held
in Sydney. The summons was answered in person by
the entire bench of bishops. The names — to be held
in ever-grateful remembrance — were William Grant
Broughton, George Augustus Selwyn, Francis Russell
Nixon, Augustus Short, Charles Perry, and William
Tyrrell.

Owing to the pressing needs of their own dioceses, the
bishops could spare but a short month for conference,
but in this time questions were introduced of stupen-
dous importance, and were pronounced upon with
singular tact and judgment. A final disposal of any
of them was not for a moment contemplated. On the

68 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

ground of ibe proved worthlessness of letters patent,
and that in consequence a living authority and head-
ship was called for, for purposes of discipline, it was
affirmed, to begin with, that duly-constituted diocesan
and provincial synods, charged among other powers
with the election of bishops without interference by
the secular authorities, were a necessity. Bishops
were to be tried by the bishops of the province, and
priests or deacons by the synod of the diocese, a
practice founded on the position occupied by the
Catholic Church in primitive times. Discipline was
to be enforced on bishops by their brother bishops, on
the clergy by their synods, on the laity by private
admonition or refusal of Communion. Clergymen were
not to be removed except on sentence pronounced by a
recognized tribunal. The Canons of 1603-4 were held
to be generally binding, while the Authorized Version
of Holy Scripture and the Thirty-nine Articles of the
Book of Common Prayer were to remain unaltered.
The conversion and civilization of the Australian blacks,
and of the heathen races of the Western Pacific, came
prominently before the conference — a difficult matter
made yet more difficult by the wandering habits of
these poor people, and the divergency of their language
and innumerable dialects. An Australasian Board of
Missions was forthwith constituted, in the hope of
future extension.

A pronouncement was made on the subject of
''Regeneration, the work of God in Holy Baptism,"
the Bishop of Melbourne dissenting, who pleaded for
an explanation of the rite as the " sacrament of regen-
eration." Some demur having been made as to the
public reading of the offertory sentences, and the Prayer
for the Church Militant, the bishops decided that "no
clergyman can be justly suspected of holding opinions
at variance with the sound teaching of the Church, in
consequence of his complying with the rubric."

CLOSE OF BISHOP BROUGHTON's EPISCOPATE 69

With united voice their lordships bound themselves
"not to incur the responsibility of incorporating
themselves with Boards, either general or local,
having the reputation of schools in which erroneous,
defective, or indefinite religious instruction is given."
I he subdivision of dioceses was to be under the
control of the provincial synod. A very necessary
warning was sounded against irregular marriages,
which had become sadly frequent.

A more notable gathering of single-minded men was
never held ; all filled with an enthusiastic love of
Church and Country ; all pioneers in a cause calling
for the most devoted self-sacrifice ; as wise in deliber-
ation as weighty in action, of intense sympathy,
of untiring energy and of rare administrative powers.
From the Metropolitan downwards all were imbued with
a burning desire to lay broad and deep the foundations
of a Church polity which should bind in one, indis-
solubly, the present and future dioceses of Australia.
Naturally some were more highly gifted than others,
by instinct, by training, and by practical knowledge,
for the solution of the grave problems submitted to
them. To name but one, Bishop Selwyn would
come charged with the experience of the stirring events
which had accompanied his pioneer work in New
Zealand. He would be further fortified by the advice
of his young friend, William Ewart Gladstone,
given the year before, to "organize themselves on
that basis of voluntary, consensual compact, on which
the Church of Christ rested from the first." Before
leaving Auckland, he had been the recipient of an
address signed by the Governor, Sir George Grey,
the Chief-Justice, the Attorney-General, and other
leading citizens, praying that "the Church might be
constituted in some way that would secure to her the
power to manage her own affairs, and that in any
such constitution the laity might have their full weight."

70 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

The Bishop of Newcastle at first sided with those
members of Conference who desired the full sanction
of the Home Government for the institution of the
proposed synods, but on reconsideration came to
the conclusion that a simple Enabling Bill was suffi-
cient, as in New Zealand and South Australia.

On the decisions of Conference being referred to
the several dioceses for consideration, replies were
received from the following; — From Melbourne it
was suggested that bishops should be appointed as
hitherto by royal prerogative, or by the recommend-
ation of the diocesan synod. That there should be one
assembly, consisting of clergy and laity, presided over
by the bishop. Objection was raised to the creation
of an Australian province, suggesting instead that the
senior bishop should be ex-officio Primus, subject to
the Archbishop of Canterbury. Also to any system of
education which included instruction not based on
the Holy Scriptures, and not in accordance with the
principles of the Church. Signed by seventeen of the
clergy, Archdeacon Macartney of Geelong leading.
Bishop Perry issued an addendum, to the effect that
it was of the utmost importance that the supremacy
of the Queen should be distinctly recognized, and
that an appeal should always lie from every colonial
court to the highest ecclesiastical tribunal at home.
The reply from the diocese of Adelaide assumed the
Conference to be simply a voluntary assembly of
chief pastors to confer upon matters of general
interest to the Church. It was agreed that clergy
and laity should meet in one assembly. The right
and power of the Queen to subdivide dioceses and to
appoint bishops should be left intact, but if that
right were to be relinquished, then the clergy of the
diocese should nominate. They would regard favour-
ably any system of education in which the Bible was
made the basis of instruction. They deprecated the

CLOSE OF BISHOP UROUGHTON's EPISCOPATE 7 1

introduction of the question of Holy Baptism as un-
called for and injudicious. Signed by eleven of the
clergy, Dean Farrell leading. The Tasmanian clergy,
while generally favourable, deeply regretted the intro-
duction of the subject of Holy Baptism. They joined
with their South Australian brethren in cordially
welcoming the projected mission to the aborigines.

In February 1852, we find the Bishop of Newcastle
in Sydney in consultation with the Metropolitan on the
synod question. At a meeting of his clergy it was
petitioned that leave should be given to assemble
from time to time, with authority to consult and
deliberate for the better ordering of the affairs of the
Church. A royal commission was asked for, but not
granted, many of the leading laity being opposed,
for fear of encroachment on existing authority. Con-
demned to inaction by tlie puzzling contradiction of
opinion, the MetropoHtan, who held very decided
views himself on the inherent freedom of the Church
to manage her own affairs, determined on a visit to
the old country, to obtain — to use his own words —
the removal of those restrictions by which the
Colonial Church was inhibited from the free exercise
of those powers of self-guidance with which she was
originally endowed."

It was at the close of a laborious and troubled
episcopate that the Metropolitan Bishop thought well
^ to take counsel of his English brother bishops. After
what must have been to him a restful passage, after
the toils and anxieties of office, he sailed up the
Thames as the knell was tolling for his noble friend
and patron, the Duke of Wellington. On January 30,
1853, he preached his last sermon at the re-opening
of the Temple Church. The next month he was called
to his rest, and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral.
By friend and foe alike, this truly apostolic bishop
was honoured, and will ever be honoured, for his

7 2 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

bravery of spirit, and for his unflinching advocacy of
all that he deemed to be of the truth and right. His
efforts in opposition to a school system shorn of the
safeguards of religious teaching, though tHey failed to
stop its adoption, were nevertheless chivalrous to a
degree, and carried conviction to the hearts of many.
The Church schools he always designated as her
right hand — as the artery through which the life-blood
is conveyed from the heart to the extremities, which,
if severed, she must die. His selection of co-workers
was admirable. " We must have men," he was wont
to say, "earnest, zealous, able to make an impression
on the minds of others ; not only well-intentioned and
of pure lives, but in the extraordinary state of society
with which they have to contend, we must endeavour
to draw out the talents of the Church and transport
them hither." A truly prophetic insight into the
spiritual needs of the colonies in every part of the
world.

METROPOLITAN DIOCESE OF SYDNEY

For nearly three years the diocese of Sydney was
ably administered by Archdeacon Cowper, as it was
not till May 25, 1855, tliat the newly-appointed
MetropoHtan arrived. The Right Rev. Frederick
Barker had been consecrated at Lambeth on the pre- ,
vious St. Andrew's Day. Of his party were the Revs.
Edward Synge and P. G. Smith, the former of whom
was dispatched on a lengthy tour of insi)ection. The
latter was sent to the Tumut River, to a more settled
charge. They were warmly received on arrival by the
Bishop of Newcastle, and the clergy and laity of the
diocese. Tiierc were in all forty-eight licensed clergy at
work, ten of whom were in Sydney. The number was
quickly increased to fifty-six, but another dozen at

METROPOLITAN DIOCESE OF SYDNEY

73

least were seen to be urgently called for. The bishop
determined as soon as possible to establish a Church
Training College for teachers. This he was enabled
to do within two years. Unhappily, the King's
School at Parramatta was found to be in a languish-
ing condition, consequent on the departure of its first
head-master, the Rev. Robert Forrest. And although
a marked improvement was effected by his successor,
the Rev. F. Armitage, yet the absence of endowments,
or of any funds for repairs and enlargement, seriously
hindered the usefulness of the institution. St. Paul's
College, affiliated to the university, M-as already in
progress to provide for the lack of theological instruc-
tion to Church students. For the supply of future
clergy — always a pressing want — a bequest of Mr.
Thomas Moore of a house and landed estate bringing
in an income of nearly ;£^4oo a year, was taken
advantage of, and Moore College founded at Liver-
pool. Bishop Barker had himself collected over ^5000
towards the building. The Rev. William Hodgson, a
Cambridge wrangler, was first principal. During the
eleven years of his headsliip, thirty-three candidates
were trained for holy orders for the Australian
dioceses.

Considerable public interest was taken in the
bishop's first tour, which was an extensive one, begun
on August 20. At St. John's, Parramatta, which had
been rebuilt with the exception of Lady Mary Fitz-
roy's twin towers, a halt was made for a confirm-
ation. Windsor, Richmond, Penrith, Wallerawang, and
Bathurst followed. The Turon River Gold-fields, now
in full swing, were taken in due course, where the white
tents of the diggers of all nationalities must have
offered a novel spectacle to English eyes. Mudgee
was reached with some difficulty. Here was held a
confirmation, chiefly of adults, after which a serious
consultation was had with the Rev. James Gunther on

74 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

the subject of missions to the aborigines. Wellington,
Dubbo, Molong, and Orange were visited in turn. On
approaching the latter township the bishop's horses
got bogged in the sticky black soil. Leaving Carcoar
in a southerly direction, the country traversed was
that which ultimately became the see of Goulburn —
Yass, Queanbeyan, and Wagga Wagga. The Rev.
Robert Cartwright, who had come out as assistant-
chaplain in 1810, was met with at Lake George, and
had many stirring anecdotes to tell of the early days.
Of St. Saviour's, Goulburn, the Rev. William Sovverby,
afterwards dean, had been in charge for eighteen years.
Sydney was reached on November 2, by way of
Berrima, Sutton Forest, and Camden Park — a lovely
mountainous district with a temperate and healthy
climate.

The Rev. Edward Synge had in the meantime
completed his tour of inquiry to the south and
south-west, through Kiama, thence by Twofold Bay to
the region of the Lower Murray. In six months he
had travelled on horseback 2000 miles. How were
those remote settlements to obtain the privilege of
regular worship? State-aid was confined within strict
limits, and grants from without were exhausted. There
remained but to form a Diocesan Church Society, such
as had been established by the Bishop of Newcastle
with such happy results. To some such body would
be committed the work which had hitherto been done
by the combined Committee of "S.P.C.K." and
" S.P.G." Sir William Denison, who was the chief
speaker at the inaugural meeting, led the subscriptions
with a promise of £100 per annum. The question of
education — always a knotty one, and productive of
wide divergence of opinion — was by general consent
omitted from the objects of the society.

One of the matters brought home to the observation
of the bishop and Mrs. Barker on their journeys, was

METROPOLITAN DIOCESE OF SYDNEY 75

the sore straits the country clergy were put to for the
education of their daughters. They decided that a
strong effort should be made to supply the deficiency.
A site was secured at Waverley, about five miles from
the metropolis, and close to Bishopscourt, where Mrs.
Barker soon had the satisfaction of gathering quite a
number of pupils from every part of the country. The
institution has had a very prosperous career, and has
relieved the anxieties of numbers of the country and
bush clergy. On the lamented death of its bene-
ficent foundress, St. Catherine's, or, as it is more
often simply called, the " Clergy Daughters' School,"
was largely endowed in her memory. Moore College
was fairly started in August 1856, by the arrival from
England of its principal. The requisite buildings
were immediately proceeded with, not the least of
which was a chapel, dedicated to the memory of good
Bishop Broughton.

Dwring 1856 Bishop Barker made an exhaustive
visitation of the southern country, whither Mr. Synge
had paved the way. He thought the aborigines at
Eden (Twofold Bay) "a very ignorant and reckless set
of savages," which they might well be at the close of
a whaling season, after close companionship at sea
with some of the lowest class of European sailors. Fine
mountain ranges and deep water-courses were crossed,
in rich and beautiful country. Most of the places
became familiar in later records as forming centres in
the Goulburn diocese. It was, in fact, strictly pioneer-
ing labour, the shaping into form of a great territory, to
be handed over to other hands when the fitting time
should come. At Braid wood, then the gold-fields'centre,
it is stated of the National school, that " the children
had first to go home for their Bibles, as tliey were not
allowed to keep them at school." On the borders of
Victoria, 500 miles away to the westward, were districts
just being opened up to settlement. In a difficult

J 6 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

journey of fifty-two days, the bishop traversed these by
way of Denihquin, preaching and confirming, and
encouraging the erection of churches. Thence he
went on to Melbourne, an additional 150 miles or
thereabouts, to judge of the working of the lately
constituted Church Assembly there.

The cathedral church of St. Andrew had been pro-
gressing with irritating slowness since its commencement
twenty years previously. Fresh energy was thrown into
the work by the new diocesan. A meeting, presided
over by Sir William Denison, was held within the un-
finished walls, under the dome of the heavens. Funds
were collected, which soon swelled to a total of nearly
;£"4ooo, not quite half the amount required to prepare
the building for public worship. Bishopscourt, at
Rand wick, was occupied in February 1858. The
Yen. Archdeacon Cowper died on July 6, full of faith
and good works, a truly apostolic man, but modest
withal, who had fought vigorously and continuously
to raise the standard of morals which had been for so
many years hopelessly lax and indifferent. }3efore he
died, however, he was privileged to see the abundant
fruit of his labours. Sydney was a changed city.
His son was appointed incumbent of St. Phillip's and
dean of the cathedral. The clergy numbered seventy-
six. Forty new churches had been built.

DIOCESE OF ADELAIDE

Although Bishop Short was fortunately far removed
from the controversies rife in the more northern colonics
respecting the constitution of synods, he was yet not
entirely free from anxiety thereupon. Called upon in
1862 to sjttle a dispute with one of his priests, whom
he had suspended from office, lie endeavoured to
have a Bill introduced into the Legislative Assembly,

DIOCESE OF ADELAIDE

77

for the purpose of obtaining parliamentary sanction to
the ■ synodical constitution already in force by con-
sensual compact. The Assembly, however, declined
to interfere, and so a legal declaration was thence-
forward required from each clergyman, on receipt of
his licence, that " he held his office subject to the
synodical law, and that as to temporalities he held
himself as tenant at will to the ordinary," who had
power to withdraw his licence, on his being convicted
of any breach of discipline, by assessors properly
appointed.

The general affairs of the diocese were prospering.
Many bush journeys of hardship and difficulty were
undertaken, and the episcopal visits received with
every token of pleasure. People were stirred up to
build churches, and to bring their children to con-
firmation, and to see that they were trained afterwards
in Christian habits. A missionary tour among the
widely- dispersed settlers was in those days a stu-
pendous undertaking. Rides of forty or fifty miles a
day, under a hot sun for days together, were nothing
unusual, were in fact but an ordinary experience.
Every description of country was met with, and in-
numerable fences had to be surmounted on the way.
The work was in reality more parochial than episcopal,
although it was essential that the bishop should do it.
It consisted in visiting the out-stations or shepherds'
huts, preaching and explaining and baptizing, and
giving heed generally that religious obligations were
not utterly lost sight of in the midst of so many
temptations to the contrary. The bishop himself was
more than ordinarily adaptable to circumstances.
Always of a simple and gladsome nature, he made
light of hardships which would have cowed many a
man accustomed to English ways. He was content
to take bodily rest when the opportunity occurred,
and he fairly revelled in the beauty of the wild-flowers,

THE STORV\ OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

and in the strange habits of the gaily-plnmaged birds
of the pnmeral forest Now snd again, as all travellers
of thirty years ago were apt to do in the interior^
he came across men of education, niuYersicy graduates
and scions of old families, travelling with bullock
teams, over-landing with cattle, or engaged in wool-
growing, in country more hke an English park than
an Australian plain.

The busy avocations of a wool-shed in the season
will never be forgotten by any one witnessing them
for the first time. The crowded board of shearers,
the rouseabouts, the wool-packers, the teamsters, many
of them rough of manner, but good-hearted and
generous to a d^ee, make up a picture as full of
promise as it is of colour and variety. But wonderful
changes have passed over the country of late years,
with the advent of railways and the substitution of
extensive squattages for the old square-mile £arms or
grazing areas.

To carry on the muld£arious works successfully,
some general scheme for the diocese was needed.
One was ultimately proposed by which, through the
purchase of land, a permanent endowment might be
secured, but of the ^20,000 required only ^7000
could be raised. At first the income derivable
amounted to about ^Soo, which was afterwards
increased to ^^1200, and was devoted to the supply-
ing of parochial stipends. The project was gr^tly
assisted by the Leigh bequest, previously mentioned,
which grew to be a constant source of benefit to the
growing Church. Vested in the "aP.G.," but
managed by a local board of attorneys, the property
largely increased in value, consisting as it did of a
two-acre block of land in the centre of the city.
Many other gifts of value were added by proqierous
colonists in the after days.

A similar movement in the shape of a pastoral aid

EDUCATION IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA 79

fund was begun by Captain William Allen, a liberal
and enterprising citizen, such as most of the colonies
produced in the early days, who, besides several gifts
in his Hfetime, left ^5000 for increasing the incomes
of the clergy. Grants in aid were made on condition
that a given sum should be raised to meet them
locally, during a certain number of years. A widows'and
orphans' fund was made possible by the spirited action
of the attorneys for "S.P.G." in setting aside a capital
sum of ;^io,ooo for its establishment. At the same
time, the clergy annuity fund secured a moderate
pension to priests disabled by infirmity or old age,
and thus rendered incapable of properly fulfilling
their office. For a long time happily there v/as no
applicant under its beneficial provisions.

EDUCATION IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA

As we have seen, the colony of South Australia
was founded on principles antagonistic to the provision
of State aid to religion. Nevertheless, in 1848, an
attempt was made, with the support of Colonel Robe,
the governor, to conform to the practice of the other
colonies — New South Wales and Tasmania in par-
ticular — by granting assistance to all recognized
religious bodies. The compromise was agreed to, on
the understanding that the experiment was to last only
three years. Consequently, in 185 1, the battle was
fought over agam, with the result that the temporary
policy was reversed. A capitation grant of two shillings
per head of the population was suggested, but met
with such strenuous opposition that, in the interests
of peace, an amendment was adopted by the Legis-
lative Council, that no aid should be given from any
public funds whatsoever. What Bishop Broughton
had sorrowfully said in Sydney was equally applicable

8o THE STORY OF THE AUSTRAIJAN CHURCH

to all the colonies and all the dioceses — " It is my
duty, in this public manner and on this solemn
occasion, to represent some circumstances almost
peculiar, so far as I know, to these latter ages, and
in a more extended degree, perhaps, to this country
than to any other upon earth. I allude to that
disposition arising, I would persuade myself, not so
much from selfishness as from forgetfulness or want
of better information, which has led so many men,
the professed friends of religion and members of the
Church, to believe that they may lawfully and blame-
lessly appropriate the entire possession of the soil
of the territory to the use and benefit of themselves
and their descendants, without bestowing a thought
upon the means by which provision should be
made for the perpetual supremacy of the Christian
faith."

On the declaration of the poll at the general election
of 1 85 1, when a new constitution was granted to the
colony, the bishop knew that the death-knell had
been sounded of State grants in aid of Church objects,
whether of church or school. Henceforth the volun-
tary principle would have to be relied upon solely.
For the previous year the grant had been ^850,
besides ;;^45oo which had been contributed from
Government funds towards building seventeen churches,
ten parsonages, and a large National school in Adelaide.
There were now eighteen clergymen officiating in
twenty-two churches, compared with the five clergy
at work and the five churches provided at the time
of the establishment of the see.

One of the first of the bishop's difficulties on
entering upon the duties of his charge, to use his own
words, was the want of habit, on the part of those
who could afford it, of giving, and paying for the
support of religious education in behalf of the poorer
classes. However, with energy and foresight, he had

EDUCATION IX SOUTH AUSTRALIA

8l

within three months of his arrival started a school
in Adelaide on National-school lines. " Religion,"
he writes, "must be taught in definite views, and
those views in the Church of England are embodied
in her Catechism, which is to be taught to all children
after they have learned the Creed, the Lord's Prayer,
and the Ten Commandments." In the same year a
grammar school was founded, which afterwards devel-
oped into the most useful collegiate school of St.
Peter, towards the building and endowment of which
the "S.P.C.K." grant of ;^20oo was handed over by
the bishop. Captain William Allen met this grant
by the benefaction of a like sum, increased to ^7000
in all before the college was completed. A site
of thirty acres was purchased about half-a-mile from
the city boundary, and the foundation stone laid on
May 24, 1849. The work was actively pushed on,
so that by Michaelmas 1853 the main block of
buildings was ready for occupation by the regular
staff of teachers and sixty resident scholars. The
magnificent bequest of another generous colonist will
eventually accrue to the extent of over ^100,000.

The bishop hoped to connect a school-room with
every church in the land, and to open it for both day
and Sunday schools, but the secular wave which
swept over the whole of Australia proved too strong
for even his brave spirit. The attempt became more
and more hopeless in competition with State organiza-
tion supported by Slate funds, until, in 1875, the
central board of education was finally superseded by
a system "secular, compulsory, and free," with merely
permissive Bible reading before school hours, if desired
by the parents.

The University of Adelaide owes its origin to the
munificence of Mr. Walter Hughes, who gave a sum
of ;^2o,ooo for the purpose. Sir Thomas Elder
added an equal sum, and when the total had reached

82 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

^60,000, the Government supplemented the amount
by a grant of five per cent, per annum, and an endow-
ment of 50,000 acres of land. Sir Richard Hanson,
Chief-Justice, became the first chancellor. He was
succeeded by Bishop Short, who had by this time
won the respect and affection of all classes and denom-
inations. To crown his labours he had the further
satisfaction, before leaving the diocese, of founding
the training college of St. Barnabas, for the preparation
of candidates for holy orders, to which he presented
his valuable library of theological and classical works.

EDUCATION IN VICTORIA

Added to the many difticulties attending Church
finance in a new and struggling community, were the
still more formidable ones surrounding the education
question. On his arrival in Melbourne, Bishop Perry
found to his very great dismay a wretched wooden
school-room, built under the walls of St. James's
Church, as the sole representative of Church-school
teaching. By dint of persistent effort he procured its
displacement in 1850 l3y a more worthy one. Then
a second school was erected on land purchased in
Bourke Sireet by means of a grant of ;£'iooo from
Ihe "S.P.C.K." In addition to these and the school
premises provided in connection with St. Peter's
Church, Eastern Hill, it was determined to have
suitable girls' and infants' schools in other portions
of the city, rising in importance. A diocesan society
was founded in furtherance of the work, but the failure
to obtain possession of a portion of the Government
grant from Sydney was an intense disappointment,
and wofully crippled its operations from the outset.
Again recourse was had to a timely grant of £600,
promised by the "S.P.C.K/' on certain conditions.

EDUCATION IN VICTORIA

83

Church of England Grammar Schools were soon
established both at Melbourne and Geelong — always
rivals in good works as in business enterprise. Grants
were made by Parliament, in the year 1853, of
^20,000. Before 1861 the national and diocesan
boards were merged into one. Religious instruction
had been previously given by the teachers appointed
by the local boards and by the parish priest also. In
1872 an Act passed the legislature brmging the edu-
cational system of Victoria into line with what was
assumed to be the universal trend of public opinion
— an Act rendering the teaching in all State schools
"secular, compulsory, and free," according to the
new catchwords. Teachers were not to be allowed
to give the simplest religious instruction, nor any
minister of religion to do so during school hours.
The local boards were endowed with no real authority.

The bishop was greatly cheered by a visit in
1857 from the Metropolitan, and he returned the
visit by proceeding to Sydney two years later, where
he was struck by the diversity of the circumstances of
the two dioceses. Sydney he thought more parochial.
The churches were handsomer than in Melbourne —
the people more permanently resident, and their wants
therefore more readily ascertainable. In i860 the
bishop and the Metropolitan journeyed together to
Adelaide, where they were warmly welcomed by
Bishop Short and his faithful clergy and laity. These
mutual visits, interchanged between the Australian
prelates when rare opportunities offered, were fraught
with untold blessings to the growing Church life.

As in New South Wales, the wonderful gold dis-
coveries had more than doubled the population within
two years, necessitating a proportionate increase of
clergy, if the people were not to be thoroughly
demoralized. Fired by the enthusiastic example of
his Metropolitan, Bishop Perry himself started for the

84 THE STORY OF THE AUStRALIAN CHURCH

"diggings," accompanied by his fearless wife. For
their accommodation the chief-commissioner gave up
his tent— a poor protection from the weather, measuring
seven feet by nine, and containing as furniture two
stretchers, a table, a large tin dish, and an American
chair. Both, however, made light of their troubles,
and the episcopal ministrations at Forest Creek were
much appreciated by the diggers. There were now
twenty-four priests and deacons labouring in nine
churches and various school-houses. Nine had been
removed by sickness and death. For their support a
stipend and endowment fund was started with good
hopes of permanence. And, as if in encouragement,
an Act passed the legislature late in 1852, to promote
church building and the maintenance of ministers.
The annual grant of ^^30,000 was increased to
;£"5o,ooo, of which the Church of England proportion
was at first ;2{^i4,ooo and subsequently ;£^23,5oo.
The aid would have been more Avelcome had it not
been for the bishop's well-known and strongly expressed
objection to the principle of assisting all denomina-
tions alike.

Under Archdeacon Macartney's auspices, the Church
was progressing rapidly at Geelong. Christchurch
was enlarged by 500 free and open seats. Towards
an episcopal residence the Government appropriated
the sum of ;^2ooo, with a grant of two acres of land.
Bishopscourt at East Melbourne was the fruit of this
generosity. The terrible fires which devastated the
colony on " Black Thursday," 1857, wofully retarded
Church expansion in the country districts. Trinity
College was instituted in 1869, in the University
Reserves, and the Rev. G. W. Torrance placed in
charge of the students, Dr. Eceper being appointed
resident tutor.

FURTHER CONFERENCES

85

FURTHER CONFERENCES

By the deatli of Bishop Broughton the Church
throughout Australia sustained a grievous, it would
not be too much perhaps to say an irreparable, loss.
For the time all movements towards synodical govern-
ment were effectually stayed. In Victoria, Bishop
Perry had been striving to cope with the obstacles
continually thrown in his way. Being stoutly opposed
on principle to any sort of despotic authority as con-
trary to the democratic instincts of colonists, he yet
believed in the necessity of an Enabling Act of the
legislature, in opposition to the opinion of his late
Metropolitan, who just as strenuously desired to have
no State interference whatever. Two measures had
been introduced into the Legislative Council at
Sydney, but withdrawn in deference to protests
from the press and people of Victoria. Liberty of
action for the Church was strangely interpreted to
foreshadow the creation of a dominant Church. A
Conference was held in Melbourne during June and
July 185 1, with the intention of considering a constitu-
tion for the Church of England in Port Phillip. Reso-
lutions were carried in favour of a Church Assembly
of clergy and laity. All clergy in priests' orders
holding the bishop's licence were to be qualified. In
1853 the matter had gone so far as to include the
actual passing of a Bill in the House of Lords, on the
initiation of Archbishop Sumner, to enable Colonial
bishops to share their authority with the laity, and in
fact to manage Church affairs generally, but it failed
to pass the ordeal of the House of Commons.

In a second Conference, in 1854, a draft Bill was
submitted and carried by a decisive majority, and
passed on to the legislature for its sanction, to enable
the bishops, clergy, and laity of the United Church of

86 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

England and Ireland, in Victoria, to provide for the
regulation of the affairs of the said Church. The
opposition was led by a prominent Roman Catholic,
on behalf of his co-religionists, on the very curious
ground that " limiting the power of the bishop was
asking them to regulate the affairs of the Church, and
that it was impossible for a mixed assembly to frame
a constitution for a Church, or to give force to its
enactmer.ts." It would seem as though Bishop Gray
were right in determining to solve the troublesome
problem in his own diocese of Capetown by doing
without legislative sanction altogether, and substituting
consensual compact. All opposition notwithstanding,
the Enabling Act passed the Victorian legislature by
fifteen votes to five, and received the Queen's assent,
after sundry objections and petitions had been dealt
with.

In South Australia Bishop Short was hardly pressed
by the cessation of State aid in 1851. This colony hav-
ing, unlike the rest, opposed itself from the beginning to
the idea of a State-assisted Church, had enjoyed the
grants for three years only by way of experiment.
Grasping the situation at once, the bishop proposed
concentrated effort, and petitioned the Queen to allow
of the meeting of diocesan clergy and laity under
episcopal direction. The growing importance of the
question induced his lordship to join his brother
prelates in their visit to England, to confer with the
ecclesiastical lawyers, and to watch the progress of
his petition. His hopes were rather damped by the
failure of Archbishop Sumner's measure to pass the
parliamentary test, but he was greatly comforted by
the legal friends to whom he had submitted his draft
constitution for the diocese. Sir Richard Bethel),
afterwards Lord Westbury, Sir Fitzroy Kelly, Sir
Joseph Napier, and Mr. A. J. Stephen, gave it as their
unanimous opinion that it was competent for a colonial

furthp:r conferences

87

diocese to organize itself without imperial authority.
Armed with this opinion, the bishop returned to
Adelaide, and early in 1855 a diocesan assembly was
called together to consider the synodical compact.
The fundamental regulations were solemnly signed at
Bishopscourt.

The way being thus promptly cleared, the first
session of synod based on mutual compact met on
April 29, 1856, in the Chapter House — the original
wooden parsonage sent out, in 1837, by the '*S.P.C.K."
for the Rev. C. B. Howard. In his review of two years
later, the bishop explains and justifies his action. He
tells how he shrank from exercising the absolute
authority conferred upon him by his letters patent,
preferring to assemble his diocesan synod to make such
laws for the internal government of the diocese as did
not conflict with the civil law of the colony, or the
ecclesiastical law of England, and he touchingly con-
cludes : — " Being persuaded from the Scriptures that
the strength of the primitive Church, met under the
power of the Holy Ghost, lay in the union of apostles,
elders, and brethren, and the common interest they
took in evangelizing the world, when I found this
diocese suddenly placed, so far as regards its relations
with the civil government and lemporal endowments,
in the condition of the primitive Church, it became an
obvious duty to recur to those elements of strength
which arc inherent in the apostolic organization."
Coincident with these vast strides in the direction of
self-government for the Australian Church, the royal
assent was given in May 1856 to an Act enabling
members of the United Church of England and
Ireland in Canada to meet in synod.

The new Metropolitan having with great zeal set his
more immediate diocese in order, turned his attention
to this much-vexed question. A Conference of bishops,
clergy, and laity was summoned to meet in Sydney

88 THE STORY OF i rii. vl STRALIAN CHURCH

on Nov. 24, 1 85 8. The draft Bill prepared by Sir
Alfred Stephen, C.J. ; Sir William Burton, a retired
judge; and Mr. Alex. Gordon, was submitted, "to give
the Church permission to hold synods, and to pass
in them ordinances that should be legally valid." The
Rev. Canon Allwood ably upheld Sir William Burton's
contention that a simple Enabling Bill was all that
would be required, while the two bishops of Sydney
and Goulbmn carried the majority of the Conference
with them in their opinion that Parliament should not
only be asked to legalize the formation of synods, but
to decide on all the details of their constitution. The
Bill was adopted by the Conference held immediately
after at Newcastle, with the addition that it should be
made compulsory on the Metro]:)olitan to summon a
provincial synod of bishops and elected members of
clergy and laity, as soon as three dioceses should be
formed in New South Wales. A private Bill was in-
troduced into the Legislative Council towards the end
of 1859, but was withdrawn for the further consider-
ation of the Church on the point of the bishop's veto.

The next Conference was called to meet in Sydney
on February 7, 1865, by which time a conflict had
become imminent in the matter of what should be
held to constitute a legal synod. Since the abortive
attempt of 1861, both the Metropolitan and the Bishop
of Newcastle had advanced considerably in their views
of what was requisite for a permanent foundation. The
draft Bill was prepared by Canon Allwood. An amend-
ment was proposed by Mr. Robert Johnson, M.T.C.,
and adopted, for the appointment of a committee to
frame fundamental constitutions, based on the Bill of
1858 as amended, and to obtain legislative sanction
thereupon, for the synod to manage the property of the
Church accordingly. The committee was appointed,
and submitted a series of constitutions on March 15,
which were passed by a large majority. The draft Bill

FURTHER CONFERENCES

89

was to have been at once introduced into the Legisla-
tive Assembly, and a Select Committee asked for, when
a further delay occurred through the prorogation of
Parliament. An adjourned Conference was thereby
rendered necessary, which met on September 26, and
passed resolutions for the convenmg of a united Con-
ference of the bishops and clergy and lay representa-
tives of all the Australian dioceses. It was also resolved
that "it is necessary to recognize the inherent and
independent rights of the diocese," and that "a revision
of the constitution based on the foregoing principle is
imperatively needed."

Since the Conference of 1858, the Bishop of New-
castle had come to the conclusion that the Church was
free to meet in synod without any legislative sanction
at all, without even an Enabling Act, in which latter,
however, he was willing to concur in deference to the
fears of the Metropolitan. He thought, moreover, that
provincial action should take precedence of diocesan.
The Sydney Conference had acted wrongly, in his
opinion, in not making immediate provision for a
provincial synod, and lie gave notice that unless the
Metropolitan see retraced its steps, he would petition
against their Bill, which eventually he did with success.
Bishop Tyrrell's hands had been greatly strengthened
by the Privy Council Judgment of 1856, in the case of
Long V. the Bishop of Capetown, that "the bishop
had acted as though letters patent conferred on him
an authority which at the time her ^Lijesty had no
power to grant, and that it was important to set at rest
the various questions raised by tlie suit." Acting on
this judgment, the New Zealand bishops had craved
permission " to resign their letters patent, and to be
allowed to rely in future upon the powers inherent in
their office for perpetuating the succession of their
order within the colony of New Zealand." The Bishop
of Adelaide was heart and soul with them in so doing,

90 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

completing, if anything more were needed, the conver-
sion of the Bishop of Newcastle to their views. Their
experience coincided with his own belief in the Divine
origin and entire freedom of the Church.

On August 15, 1865, the diocese of Newcastle met
in synod, to give effect to its bishop's expressed beliefs.
It claimed an inherent right, as a spiritual voluntary
society not connected with the State, to make bye-laws
not at variance with any law of the land, to be binding
on her own members. A draft " Temporalities Bill "
was framed for submission to the Provincial Conference,
at its meeting, April 11, 1866. At the intervening
Conference on September 26, 1865, the Chancellors of
Sydney and Goulburn clung tenaciously to the value-
less letters patent, and pinned their faith to legislative
sanction. Their representatives were pledged to allow
no alteration. It was with difficulty the Newcastle
representatives obtained leave to introduce any pro-
vision for the proposed provincial synod, and when at
last the Sydney Chancellor moved to subordinate the
provincial synod to the diocesan, Bishop Tyrrell stoutly
protested ogainst the proposal as unprecedented and
un-Catholic, and moved the omission of all but the
management of Church property from the scope ot
parliamentary control. Although outvoted at the time,
his lordship's wishes were partially met in the completed
measure. At about the same time a circular wns ad-
dressed by Bishop Tait of London, to the members of
the Colonial Episcopate, asking for their views respect-
ing the "desirability, or otherwise, of all bishops in
British colonies receiving their mission from the see
of Canterbury, and taking the oath of canonical
obedience to the xVrchbishop." The Bishop of New-
castle replied that, as the mission had been given by
letters patent, it did not reside in the Archbishop of
Canterl3ury, that it should now be given by the provincial
synod, and that the bishop-elect should be consecrated

DIOCESE OF BRISBANE

91

by his comprovincial bishops. He objected to any
appeal beyond the limits of the colony, and declared
against the royal supremacy, as applicable only to an
Established Church. Not even a royal mandate was
in his opinion required for consecration.

In these protests, extreme as they were deemed
at the time to be, Bishop Tyrrell had the support
of an important dispatch from the Duke of Newcastle
relating to the Capetown crisis. The dispatch, in
brief, laid down as an undeniable principle, governing
the Church everywhere, where an independent legisla-
ture had been granted : (i) That the Church of England
was in no better position, but in no worse, than any
other religious body; and (2) that her members may
adopt, as may the members of any other communion,
rules for enforcing discipline, which will be binding on
those who have assented to them, provided they are not
contrary to existing laws. Fortified by the terms of
this dispatch, the diocese of Newcastle finally aban-
doned the " figment of authority " conferred by
letters patent, which was so stoutly contended for by
the bishops and chancellors of Sydney and Goulburn.

DIOCESE OF BRISBANE

When the separation was proposed of Queensland
from the mother colony of New South Wales, and its
erection into a separate colony, to include all the
enormous territory to the far north-east of the conti-
nent, an urgent appeal was made by the Bishop of
Newcastle, in whose diocese the settled portions of
Moreton Bay were situated, for the formation of a new
diocese to correspond. Of the ;!£^5ooo required for
endowment, he guaranteed to raise ^3000, and by
September 1858, the whole amount was lodged in the
hands of the Committee of the " Colonial Bishoprics

92 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

Fund." The "S.P.C.K." and "S.P.G. " each granted
;£"iooo towards the total amount.

The district of Moreton Bay was discovered and
explored by Lieutenant Oxley, who had been sent by
Sir Thomas Brisbane to provide an outlet for convict
prisoners. Proceeding as far north as Port Essington,
he returned to Sydney in 1823, and on the voyage
back put into Moreton Bay, giving the name of
Brisbane to a settlement about sixteen miles up the
river flowing into tlie bay. Thirty of the worst offenders
were immediately dispatched, and before the end of
four years the settlement numbered a thousand souls.
Unhappily the same mistake exactly was made as was
made in the original design of the parent colony.
No clergyman or religious instructor was thought of,
and all that could be done in the emergency was to
entrust to the officers' charge as many Bibles and
Prayer-books as could be spared at the moment.
During the period of 1824 — 1840 there were eight
commandants in charge, with an unlimited power of
discipline. In 1839 the sending of criminals to
Moreton Bay was stopped, and in 1842 the whole of
the surrounding country, and far inland, was thrown
open for settlement. Vast plains, scarcely undulating
and enclosed by sundry streams and rivulets, were
found in the western interior, most suitable, for the
grazing of the rapidly increasing flocks of sheep.
The air was dry — the skies of a cloudless blue,
deepening after sunset to a rich - purple. Means
of transit formed of course the chief necessity for
further expansion, and we can enter into the feelings
of the pioneer settlers when they were wont to turn
out in a mass to meet the night coach as it drew up
at the rough bush post-office, their only source of
communication with the outside world. River traffic
was possible as far as Ipswich, a distance of fifty-two
miles, shortened to twenty-five miles by road. Bullock

DIOCESE OF BRISBANE

93

teams brought periodical supples of food, and took
back the clips of wool to the seaport.

The consecration of the Right Rev. Edward Wynd-
ham Tufnell realized the long-cherished wish of the'
Bishop of Newcastle for the subdivision of his unwieldy
see. To add to his anxieties, his two senior clergy —
Canon Rusden of East Maitland, and Canon Wilton
of Newcastle — had been called to their rest. Bishop
Tufnell arrived during August i860, with six clergy
and several lay-helpers. They were met and welcomed
in Sydney by Bishop Tyrrell, who took them back
with him to Newcastle, and after a splendid reception
there, speeded them on their way to Brisbane the same
afternoon.

In the fourth year of its separate existence the
diocesan received an official visit from the Metro-
politan, who had just returned from his trip to the old
country with the good news of the l^ishop of Goul-
burn's consecration and expected arrival. It was in
July, the height of the lovely winter weather of Brisbane.
Sir George and Lady Bowen received the visitors at
Government House, Mrs. Barker being of the party.
A public meeting tendered its respectful welcome, and
three weeks were profitably spent in impressing on the
members of the Church the essential unity which
bound them together, despite geographical divisions.

Bishop Patteson was in Sydney when the Metro-
politan got back, on a mission to entreat sympathy
with his work in Melanesia. At a public meeting
held under the presidency of the governor. Sir John
Young, the deepest interest was aroused ; among
other things resulting in the annual contribution of
the Sunday Schools of Australia towards the education
and maintenance of the young Melanesian islanders
in training, which has been continued ever since.
The sum of ^10 maintains and educates one boy or
girl at Norfolk Island.

94 I'HE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

DIOCESE OF GOULBURN

On April 20, 1S60, the Metropolitan, accompanied by
the Bishop of Newcastle — after a meeting at Morpeth
of much mutual pleasure and profit — paid a long-
contemplated visit to Tasmania. They were received
by the bishop and Archdeacon Davies with every
demonstration of respect, twenty-five of the clergy
being present at the visitation held in St. David's
Cathedral, Hobart Town, and twenty at the subsequent
visitation at St. John's, Launceston, at the northern end
of the island.

A long and toilsome tour of the south-western
districts, at the end of the year, paved the way finally
for the formation of a new see, with Goulburn for its
cerftre. Many years previously Bishop Broughton had
been convinced of the necessity of the subdivision of
his diocese in this direction. The hardships and
difficulties, to say nothing of the loss of time ac-
companying these remote journeys, were growing each
year more irksome. Theie were places here and there
which could not possibly be visited oftener than once
in four or five years, and exceptional districts that
could not be reached at all in the usual course. That
the time had come for the inevitable separation was
agreed by all the clergy and laity of the southern
portion of the colony. An endowment fund was
started, to be fixed at ^12,000, afterwards increased
to ;^*i5,oco. The bishop proceeded to England the
following year for the purpose of choosing a suitable
priest, and, on the nomination of the Archbishop of
Canterbuiy, the choice fell on the Rev. Mesac Thomas,
M.A., of Trinity College, Cambridge, then secretary
of the ''Colonial and Continental Church Society."
His consecration took place at Canterbury on March
25, 1S63, the Primate being assisted by the Bishop

DIOCESE OF GOULBURN

95

of \Vorcester and the Bishops of Sydney and Mel-
bourne. Bishop Thomas arrived in Sydney on jSIarch
14, 1864, in time to gladden the heart of the Metro-
politan, who was in the midst of a lengthy series of
confirmations, awaiting his return. The new bishop
was cordially welcomed at a thanksgiving service in
St. James's Church, was escorted to Melbourne by
his Metropolitan, and duly installed in the pro-
cathedral of St. Saviour in his own diocese, thus
further relieving the mother diocese of a huge territory,
with its increasingly heavy duties and incessant travel.

The number of clergy handed over with the see
was about twenty " men, with whom any bishop might
be happy to co-operate," writes Bishop Thomas, when
recalling his earlier experiences. The question of
clergy supply lay in fact at the foundation of all
diocesan work throughout the continent. It was the
hope of obtaining additional workers, combined with
the need of rest and change, which decided the
Metropolitan on his journey to England. He was
fortunate in his quest, for of the many who offered
themselves eight were chosen. Many more would prob-
ably have been selected had it not been for the very
special qualifications desired, and the uncertainty of
adequate remuneration. Since the bishop had left
Sydney the New South Wales Legislature had passed
an Act abolishing all grants in aid of religion beyond
those made to existing incumbents. The Bill was
reserved for her Majesty's approval, owing to the
strong opposition, but passed in the end. English
Churchmen, speaking generally, had no accurate know-
ledge of Australian wants, and consequently did not
feel the sympathy with them that could be wished for ;
hence the necessity for some one like the Metropolitan
to go through the length and breadth of the land,
preaching and exhorting continually. His advocacy
was liberally responded to, notably in the cause of

96 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

his theological college at the new Liverpool of the
antipodes, his appeals for which were met in his old
diocese of Liverpool alone by gifts amounting to
;^2ooo. From other sources the sum was raised to
^4000.

FORMATION OF SYNODS

On December 5, 1866, the *MetropoHtan Bishop of
Sydney met his first synod, which proceeded to con-
sider, among other matters, the desirableness of making
better arrangements for the due celebration of mar-
riages ; the mode of appointment of clergymen to
parochial cures ; the relations of the Church in the
colony to the mother Church of England ; the enact-
ment of a tribunal ordinance ; and the framing of a
constitution for St. Andrew's Cathedral, rapidly
approaching completion. The further consideration
of most of the subjects was referred to select com-
mittees for presentation at the next session. With
regard to the more pressing matter, a Bill had been
introduced into the Imperial Parliament by Mr.
Cardwell, to remove doubts as to the effect of letters
patent granted to certain colonial bishops, and to
amend the law with respect to bishops and clergy in
the colonies." The Bill met with scant courtesy at
the hands of some of the leading members of the
synod. A petition was drawn up, to be forwarded to
both Houses of the imperial legislature, as well as to
both Houses of Convocation, praying that no conse-
cration may take place of bishops, in and for the
colotiies, in a manner contrary to the long-established
ordinances of the Church, or tending to the weakenin^^
of the connection of the Church with the Church in
the United Kingdom. The synod met for its second
session on August 20, 1867, when the right rev.

FORMATION OF SYNODS

97

president was able to announce the probable arrival
of an addition to the episcopal ranks — the bishop of
the new see of Grafton and Armidale.

The visit, in 1868, of Bishop Selwyn of New Zealand,
on his way to Lichfield, was taken advantage of by
the Bishop of Newcastle to gain support for his state-
ment of claim on behalf of the Divine authority
inherent in the Church, apart from the secular power ;
the bishops and chancellors of Sydney and Goulburn
holding the opposite view. At his suggestion the
Metropolitan summoned the Bishops of Melbourne,
New Zealand, and Newcastle, to confer with himself
on the subject, which tended happily to " a visible
moderating of previous differences." The consecra-
tion of St. Andrew's Cathedral, at the end of
November, gave opportunity for a still wider dis-
cussion. Seven of the bishops of Australia and
Tasmania were present, the Bishop of Perth being
the only absentee. The conclusions arrived at were : —

1. The relation of the Church of England in
Australia is one of identity of doctrine and worship,
and subject as far as practicable to the law of the
Church of England.

2. The election of colonial bishops, whatever be
the mode adopted, should be confirmed by the bishops
of the province.

3. A general synod should be constituted, consist-
ing of bishops and representatives of the clergy and
laity in the several dioceses comprised within the
province, with the object of maintaining the relations
of the Church in the province of Australia to the
Church both at home and in the various colonies, as
well as to secure unity of doctrine and discipline.

4. The general synod should constitute a tribunal
to which there should be a right of appeal from any
bishop or diocesan tribunal in the province in cases
involving faith and worship.

G

98 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

5. Every bishop of the province should, at his
consecration, take an oath of canonical obedience to
the Metropolitan.

Respecting the efficacy of letters patent to confer
territorial jurisdiction, there was a wide divergence of
opinion ; the Bishops of Sydney, Melbourne, and
Goulburn holding the favourable view, until overruled
by an adverse judgment of the Judicial Committee of
the Privy Council. The majority expressed a hope
that letters patent would continue to be issued, " so
long as practicable," assigning to bishops a territorial
sphere of action.

The session of synod for 1868 made its commence-
ment in Sydney on August 5. In his opening address
the bishop, while congratulating the Church on the
utterance of the eighty-two bishops assembled at
Lambeth in the previous year, took exception to one
of their recommendations relating to synodical govern-
ment. The bishops had resolved, " that a provincial
synod may make or authorize alterations in the services
of the Church required by the circumstances of the
province." To this Bishop Barker objected, preferring
the 27th constitution of the local Church Act, "that
no rule, ordinance, or determination of any diocese
or provincial synod shall make any alteration in the
articles, liturgy, or formularies of the Church, except
in conformity with any alterations which may be
made by a competent authority of the United Church
of England and Ireland in the United Kingdom."
The bishops had also recommended, " that a provincial
tribunal of appeal should be established by the
provincial synod." To this, too, the Metropolitan
objected, if the effect of it should be meant to
supersede the right of appeal to the Queen in
Council.

A tribunal ordinance was introduced and passed
by the synod, providing for the initiation of a charge

FORMATION OF SYNODS

99

by the bishop, or by any person making complaint to
the bishop in writing ; the bishop to decide upon the
existence of a prima facie ground for the charge; the
accused to submit himself to the summary judgment
of his diocesan, if he shall so elect, or be cited before
a panel of triers, consisting of six clergy and six
laymen, the bishop having power of suspension
meanwhile, without deprivation of stipend. It was
further resolved by the synod that the expediency of
the amendment of the Church Act, 8 William IV.,
chapter v., be a subject of joint reference from the
diocesan synods to the provincial synod of New
South Wales.

One of the most important of the ordinances passed
by the synod of 1868 was for the more satisfactory
presentation to vacant benefices. Briefly summarized
its enactments were : —

1. At the first session of every new synod three
clergymen and three resident laymen shall be elected
as a board of nominators.

2. At the meeting to be held in any parish or
ecclesiastical district, the electors present may deter-
mine that, for the currency of that synod, the appoint-
ment of a clergyman may vest absolutely in the
bishop, or in the synod board of nominators, together
with the parochial board.

3. If the latter, then the electors may proceed to
choose four persons, being communicants, to act as a
parochial board of nominators with the churchwardens
in office.

4. In the event of vacnncy the board of nominators,
in whom the appointment has been vested, shall
present to the bishop.

5. The right of presentation shall not be allowed to
any parish in which provision is not made for securing
to the clergyman a stipend of at least ^300 per annum,
together with a suitable residence.

too THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

6. An appeal shall lie to the provincial synod of
New South Wales.

The fourth session began its sittings on April 6,
1869, the seven bishops of Australia and Tasmania
having met in Sydney in the interval to consider the
question of the formation of a general synod. The
Church Assembly of ^Melbourne had passed a reso-
lution affirming the desirability of such synod for the
entire province, and making the synod to consist of
the bishops and representatives of the clergy and laity
of all the colonies. On the motion of the Chancellor,
the following matters were referred to the provincial
synod, to m.eet some time before May 12 : —

1. The mode of appointment and consecration of
bishops.

2. The expediency of constituting a general synod
for the province of Australia, and the nature of the
functions of such synod if formed.

3. The expediency of such general synod consti-
tuting a tribunal of appeal, in cases where any question
of faith or worship is involved, from the decision
of diocesan bishops or tribunals, together with the
expediency of constituting a council of reference in
England from a general synod.

4. The desirability of a general synod constituting
a tribunal for the trial of charges against a bishop
within the province.

Among the subjects determined on at the meeting
of bishops held in Sydney, November 23 — December
I, 1S6S, were : —

''That it is desirable, sa\'ir.g the rights of the
Crown, that colonial bishops should be appointed by
the Church of the diocese, the election to be con-
firmed by the bishops of the province, and the person
so cliosen and confirmed to be consecrated by the
Archbishop of Canterbury or by the Metropolitan.

" Tliat it is also desirable, so long as it is practicable,

FORMATION OF SYNODS

lOI

that letters patent should continue to be issued assign-
ing to the bishop a territorial sphere of action.

"That the diocesan synod may delegate its po'.ver
to any bishop or bishops, or to such a body as the
standing committee, or a specially-appointed perma-
nent committee, or the cathedral chapter, or may
nominate two or more clergymen, of whom the bishops
of the province shall select one."

The first provincial synod of the three dioceses of
Sydney, Newcastle, and Goulburn, within the colony
of New South Wales, met at Sydney, May i, 1869.
The Metropolitan, who presided, expressed his con-
gratulations upon the progress made towards the
complete organization of the Church in Australia.
The Very Rev. the Dean of Sydney was elected
chairman of the House of Representatives. In the
excited state of public feeling, there was naturally
some sharpness of debate, but the session was by no
means barren of result. Members learned to under-
stand one another. A better and higher tone and spirit
altogether prevailed than had hitherto existed.

The House of Bishops decided in the affirmative: —

1. The expediency of the formation of a general
synod, but with no weakening of the previous con-
nection between the Colonial Church and the Crown.

2. The desirableness of leaving the mode of election
of bishops to the synod of each diocese.

3. The desirableness of constituting a tribunal of
appeal from diocesan tribunals.

4. The desirableness of constituting a tribunal for
the trial of bishops.

An open conference was asked for by the House of
Representatives with the House of Bishops. The two
Houses concurred in the resoludons, with minoramend-
ments, except that the synod, by a majority, declined
entering on the consideration of the tribunals or
council of reference. The House of Bishops agreed

I02 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

in thinking the formation of these tribunals premature.
The House of Representatives amended the minute of
the House of Bishops relating to the future election of
bishops so as to read, "that it is most desirable that
bishops in this province should continue to be
appointed by the Crown under letters patent, assign-
ing to each such bishop a territorial sphere of action,
but that, nevertheless, each diocese should have a
voice in such appointment." This was assented to.

CHURCH BUILDINGS

The fortunes of the Cathedral Church of St. Andrew
varied with the varying vicissitudes of the colony.
It was projected by Governor Lachlan Macquarie at a
time when the country had no bishop, and the city
practically no population. The 7000 or so living
around the shores of Sydney Cove were served by the
churches of St. Phillip's and St. James's. A few
residences straggled along the line of George Street,
and on the road to Parramatla. There were five or
six chaplains at work, all of them more than fully
occupied without the duties which would fall to a
cathedral staff. Nevertheless, the Governor, who was.
an enthusiast in church building, but with no taste for
graceful architecture, determined to start his cathedral,
and in 181 9 the foundation stone was laid. Alongside
was the cemetery, at first unenclosed and uncared-for,
but after a good deal of urging, it was enclosed by a
fence, then by a brick wall. On the site now stands
the largest town-hall in the world, in the centre of
a busy hive of commerce, peopled by nearly half-a-
million souls. Being in advance of the times, and
of the requirements of the Clmrch, the building may
be said to have made no progress whatever. When
Archdeacon Broughton arrived in Sydney in 1829,

CHURCH BUILDINGS

during the term of office of Sir Ralph Darling, he
found many and great changes. Streets had been
formed, inhabitants had increased, and a further
church was beginning to be called for. But the
archdeacon was wearied with much travelling. Parishes
were being organized in all directions ; churches and
parsonages in the new centres took up the whole of
his time and thoughts, so the cathedral remained in
much the same inchoate condition. In 1836 he
returned from an English trip, the consecrated Bishop
of Australia. A vast change had come over the spirit
of Church architecture in the meantime. Instead of
the heavy and unsightly fabrics, of which we have
abiding examples in St. James's, Sydney ; St. Mat-
thew's, Windsor ; St. Stephen's, Penrith, and others,
marking the early Australian style, if they can be
said to have a style at all, — Gothic architecture
was growing in favour, as it was gradually becoming
better known and understood. The bishop was in
favour of taking St. Mary's at Oxford for a standard
for nave and aisles, and the beautiful tower of Magdalen
College for the crowning of the work. In 1837 the
old foundation of eighteen years before was taken up
and relaid by Sir Richard Bourke, now governor.
Before the walls were finished, one of those disastrous
droughts which periodically afflict the Australian
continent, produced a general depression, which
sufficed to bring the works to a complete standstill.
For five years the advance was slow ; for the next five
years the gates were altogether closed. Again in 1846,
a number of Churchmen, thinking the time had con)e
when a more spirited effort should be made to provide
a cathedral church for the diocese, set to work to
raise the necessary funds. As in the previous waiting
lime, so in this, great changes had passed over the
city. A new parish had been formed at the top of
Brickfield Hill — Christchurch,St. Lawrence. St. Paul's,

104 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

Chippendale, was contemplated. There were also
the same changes — may we not say advances — in
the public mind respecting church building. Solid
stone was decided on in place of plastered interior
walls. The roof was to be open-timbered and painted.
Two western towers were designed to span the last
bays of the aisles. While rival proposals threatened
to once more put a stop to progress, a timely visit from
Bishop Selwyn of New Zealand offered an opportunity
for arbitration. He threw his influence strongly on
the side of the western towers, also in favour of
lengthening the nave and aisles by two bays. A greater
length could not unfortunately be had, because, while
all these delays had been hindering the work, the spare
ground to the westward had been made over to other
parties. The building was proceeded with in Sep-
tember 1846, to be pushed on without any consider-
able break to its opening in 1868. Of course the rush
for the gold-fields in 1851 affected the cathedral in
common with every building in process of erection at
the time. The sudden rise in the wages of masons
from six shillings to twenty-six shillings per day
reduced builders to a state bordering on despair.

The cathedral — at last sufficiently completed for
Divine service at a total cost of about ;£"6o,ooo — was
consecrated on St. Andrew's Day, 1868. The western
towers w^ere finished in 1874. A chapter-house was
added as a memorial of Bishop Barker, to be used
also as a synod-hall, and was occupied for the first
time at the session of the General Synod in 1886.
At the enthronement of Bishop Barry in 1888, the
offertory, amounting to ;£45o, was expended in
providing a new reredos, after a design by T. L.
Pearson, Esq., R.A., which includes bas-reliefs in
alabaster of the Transfiguration, Resurrection, and
Ascension of our Lord.

The non-religious character of the Cmiversity charter

CHURCH BUILDINGS

led to the establishment of affiliated colleges as hostels
for the students, and a means of theological teaching.
St. Paul's College was the first to be provided, the
Church of England being quick to recognize its
necessity. On St. Paul's Day, 1856, his Excellency,
Sir William Denison, laid the first stone. The outlay
was some ;^34,ooo, the Government contributing
pound for pound, and setting apart ^500 as a yearly
income for the warden.

Moore College, founded in 1856 for the training of
candidates for holy orders, was enlarged and partially
endowed by gifts from Bishop Barker's old diocese of
Liverpool. Early in the year 1868, the college lost
the valuable services of its first principal, the Rev.
William Hodgson, M.A., by his return to the old
country. Under his guidance the institution had
greatly flourished. His place was filled by the
appointment of the Rev. Robert Lethbridge King,
of St. John's College,' Cambridge, grandson of the
governor, Philip Gidley King, who had rendered
such signal service in the early days of the colony,
both at Norfolk Island and at Sydney. In the year
1889 it was thought well to transfer the college to the
neighbourhood of the metropolis, where a site has
been found adjoining the affiliated college of St. Paul,
in the university grounds. Many Churchmen have
never ceased to regret the sacrifice of the beautiful
little Broughton chapel, with its hallowed associations.

In the King's School, Parramatta, the Church had
for a number of years a centre for the higher-class
education of boys. In its foundation it was assisted
from Government funds. Its first head-master was a
Government chaplain resident. From the year 1832
it met with much success, educating as it did many
leading men of various walks in life. But soon it
became the point of attack for politicians hostile to
any system of Church or even religious education ;

Io6 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

hence it was made to pass through many changes of
fortune. In January 1869 it was resuscitated by the
exertions of the Rev. George Fairfowle Macarthur,
who remained its head-master for seven years. During
1885 the school was brought under the control of a
council appointed by the synod of the diocese, and
incorporated by Act of Parliament.

Year by year the Clergy Daughters' School at
Waverley continued to be of infinite service to the
country clergy in the higher education of their girls.
It stood upon three and a half acres of land granted
by the Government. The cost of board and education
to the sixteen foundationers was fixed at ^25 per
annum. ' But the buildings were extended, and the
scope of the institution considerably widened in 1886,
in loving memory of its foundress.

VICTORIAN CHURCH FINANCE

AVhereas the gold fever doubled and even quad-
rupled the population, the number of clergy remained
almost stationary. Death and sickness had been busy
in the clerical ranks. Curates especially were urgently
needed — a matter feelingly referred to by the bishop in
one of his earlier Church assemblies : " There was not
a single church either in Melbourne or Geelong, the
two most populous centres, with two working clergymen
in it." Clearly his lordship was right in thinking that
it " ought not to be so." His visit to England served
but to deepen his regret that something approaching
home organization should not be attempted here.
The cessation of State aid in November 1869 rendered
the problem of adequate support even more hopeless.
It was to take effect in the course of five years. Land
that had been given was to be restored. What was
still worse, the customary grants from England were

VICTORIAN CHURCH FINANXE 107

gradually being lessened as the Government aid was
being gradually taken away. To meet the crisis, help
was once more extended from the two great home
societies, the "S.P.C.K." promising a grant of ^2000
for each diocese, against ^8000 raised locally, and the
" S.P.G." a grant of ^1000, on the like conditions,
viz. against a local contribution of ^4000 within
five years.

Much worn by constant journeyings and the
growing cares of the more distant parts of his diocese,
the bishop in 1870 advocated the subdivision of his
diocese, or the appointment of a coadjutor-bishop.
The Church Assembly, while agreeing in the main,
was not disposed to grant the jus successionis, and so
the matter fell to the ground for that year.

During the previous year steps had been taken with
a view to the erection of a cathedral church. Plans
and estimates were procured for a building to cost
;^75,ooo, exclusive of tower ^nd fittings. Pending the
carrying out of such an extensive plan, the constitution
of a cathedral chapter was adopted in anticipation,
but not finally confirmed until 1878. The chapter
was to consist of the bishop, the dean, the two
senior archdeacons, six clerical and six lay canons
elected for life by the assembly, and two clerical and
two lay canons nominated by the bishop.

In December 1858 Castlemaine was formed into an
archdeaconry, and the Rev. Archibald Crawford ad-
vanced to the post. In common with other of the
gold-fields this district had been subject to many and
great vicissitudes. By the terms of the original
Patronage Act of Victoria, a first vote was given to
all contributors of ^2. A contribution of ^^loo
conferred a second vote, and each additional gift of
£100 carried with it an additional vote. The un-
satisfactory character of the measure was being
continually felt in practice — notably at an election of

Io8 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

trustees for St. Mark's, Collingwood, one of the rising
suburbs of Melbourne. An amending Act was con-
sequently passed in 1870, by which a standing board
of nominators was to be appointed, quite independent
of any specific vacancy in the parish concerned. A
system of selection was organized, the bishop to have
the right of one turn in three. This was in its turn
abolished by a later Church Assembly, in favour of a
settlement which gave power to the diocese to elect
three nominators, who should join three others elected
by the parish : the bishop to preside and have an
independent vote, as well as a casting vote if necessary.

The blunder of issuing letters patent to newly-
appointed bishops after they had been declared
inoperative in self-governing colonies, became more
and more apparent as time went on, and in many cases
blocked the way to a free management by the Church
of her financial concerns. A precisely similar ill
effect was caused when a new diocese had to be
created, and a new bishop consecrated. The difficulty
had been partly met in Victoria, by obtaining for the
Church constitutions a legislative enactment, which
provided that they should be recorded in the Supreme
Court, and that for all purposes relating to Church
property they should be legally binding, as if in a
specific deed of trust, unless expressly ordered other-
wise. The Church Assembly in 1877 adopted the
plan of appointing by ballot six of the clergy and six
laymen, to hold office for three years, with power to
make an independent election in case of a vacancy
in the see, subject, however, to confirmation by a
majority of the bench of bishops. The Queen's
mandate was not mentioned.

One of the first provisions of the Assembly had
been to vest the management of every consecrated
church in the vestry and churchwardens — one fourth
of whom were to be nominated by the incumbent.

DIOCESE OF PERTH

The Act to provide for ur.consecrated churches was
obtained from the Victorian Legislature later on, in
1885, by which a "Trusts Corporation was formed
specially for that purpose.

At the end of 1861 the Diocesan Council advised
that either the bishop or some other suitable clergy-
man of the diocese should go to England to secure an
addition to the clerical staff. It was decided in
the following year that the bishop himself should
undertake the mission, accompanied by one of his
clergy. The great dearth of candidates for the ministry,
and the many drawbacks in the way of their adequate
training for holy orders, in sufficient numbers, led the
bishop to organize a large scheme of lay agency. As
a substitute for the unattainable, it was extremely
successful. The diocese of Melbourne has to this
day the largest and best equipped band of lay helpers
in Australia.

DIOCESE OF PERTH

Although the south-western coast of Australia, broken
by the estuary of the picturesque Swan River, has
always been the least known, and the most sparsely
populated of the settled portions of the continent,
yet it was the first to be discovered. As long back
as the year 1527, the navigator Menezes sighted it
when exploring the Indian Ocean. The famous Dirk
Hartog renewed acquaintance with its north-western
shores in 1616. In 1665 it was named New Holland
by the Dutch after sundry casual visits. Coming to
modern days. Major Lockyer was dispatched to
Western Australia with a party of convicts and a
detachment of the 39th Regiment, to take possession
of King George's Sound, and to hold it as a depen-
dency of the mother colony of New South Wales.

no THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

During the next two years, Captain Fremantle, ot
H.M.S. Challenger, hoisted the British flag at the
port since bearing his name at the mouth of the Swan
River. The settlement was not a financial or a com-
mercial success. The settlers were in perpetual strife
with the aboriginal inhabitants. Employers were on
bad terms with their labourers. The soil was unfavour-
able, the seasons wretched, the roads were bush-tracks,
and the food-supply insufficient. And so in 1848,
reduced to a state of utter helplessness, the few who
had remained so far from eastern civilization, prayed
that convicts might be sent to them to help till the
land, and generally to rescue the country from despair.
To obviate the evils of an unmixed convictism, a
guarantee was given that an equal number of free
settlers should be introduced.

At a very early date after his consecration and arrival
on the scene of his labours. Bishop Short had made
the journey from Adelaide to oversee the churches.
From Albany, King George's Sound, he travelled over-
land to Perth. All along the route he found excellent
work in progress, and he had been received on all
hands with acclamation. But it was evident that so
distant a settlement, and one of such growing import-
ance, could not be left to the chance visits of a diocesan
who had already more duties than he could possibly
overtake satisfactorily at home. And so, when the
new see of Perth was created in 1856, the Bishop of
Adelaide felt greatly relieved in being spared his most
distant and certainly his most troublesome journeyings.
The apjjointment of Archdeacon Hale to the post was
welcomed by everybody who knew his splendid work
amongst the aborigines, as well as the unaffected
respect he had won from all classes of European
colonists.

The problem of a sufficient supply of clergy was
solved by the Government retaining the chaplaincies

DIOCESE OF BATHURST

III

largely in its own hands. The colony differed in this
as in so many other respects from its southern and
eastern confreres, owing to the strong imperial ele-
ment remaining up to a very late period. In Perth
there are more Government officers connected with
the Church than even in the little island-diocese of
Tasmania, once so largely imperial. In the matter of
education, religious instruction was given in the ele-
mentary schools during one hour of the day, leaving
four hours for secular teaching. The Bible was read
and such rehgious books allowed as were appointed by
the Central Board. No catechisms were used, and for
the protection of parents who desired it, a conscience
clause was in operation of a sufficiently stringent
nature.

DIOCESE OF BATHURST

Instead of the Metropolitan's labours being lessened
by his loss of the enormous south and south-western
districts of the colony, now the see of Goulbiirn, they
seemed rather to press upon him with accumulated
force. His western tours were rendered, it is true,
somewhat more frequent, but the claims of the Metro-
politan area were fast becoming, not only urgent, but
absorbing. On a i)rolonged visit to the far west in 1864,
Bishop Barker had carefully broached the subject of a
separate bishopric, which was taken up with approval,
but advanced slowly in public favour, on account
of the paucity of funds. The project, however, was
never allowed to sleep, and a year afterwards we find
the bishop again in the west, in earnest consultation
with the squatters and leading laymen of Bathurst and
neighbourhood. In 1866 his visitation was extended
much farther than usual, with a view to the making of
a final and supreme effort to achieve the long-wished-

il2 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

for separation. In the outside districts he got the lay
Churchmen together, and convinced them that the
territory was far too vast for efficient supervision from
the seaboard. An increased number of clergy was
imperatively demanded, with a bishop of their own to
guide and advise. About ^5000 was raised towards
these pressing needs. Actual steps were taken to
formulate some plan by which the formation of the
new see might be hastened.

Again, on ^^lay 6, 1867, the Metropolitan, on almost
his last western round, called together the bishopric
committee, which had been appointed, to receive their
report. All things considered, the report may be
spoken of as fairly favourable. It was found that the
operations of the Central Church Society had been of
immense advantage. Of the eight western clergy, six
were in part maintained by its help, while eleven
churches had been built, and three school-churches.
The endowment of the proposed see was gradually
being subscribed.

Two more years elapsed before the next material
step was taken, which proved fortunately to be the
final one. By the year 1869, all preliminaries were
settled, and the last condition fulfilled by the appoint-
ment of the Rev. Samuel Edward Marsden as first
bishop. Numberless old memories were revived and
new associations formed by this choice. A native of
Sydney, and a grandson of the heroic Samuel Marsden
of Parramatta, of Maori missionary fame, the new
prelate would be welcomed to Australia with no
ordinary warmth.

The bishop arrived in Sydney on ^larch 16, 1870.
After the usual cordial greetings from his co-Churchmen,
clerical and lay, and being much cheered thereby, he
was accompanied to Bathurst by the Metropolitan on
May 3, and there installed in his own Cathedral of All
Saints, on the 5 th of the same month. Thus once more

DIOCESE OF NORTH QUEENSLAND II3

was Bishop Barker relieved from the stress of his
anxieties by the ciitting-off of another huge tract of
the interior from his hitherto unwieldy see. Thence-
forward the lot of the newly-divided see flowed evenly
along, becoming year by year more closely identified
with the common progress of the colony.

DIOCESE OF NORTH QUEP:NSLAND

Bathurst being now safely provided for, and its new
diocesan manfully at work, west, north, and south,
there remained but one outlying portion of the Metro-
politan see to cause trouble and anxiety. This was in
North Queensland, which came under the Primate's
ken, because it was in no other diocese. Access to it
was to be gained only by sea, involving a voyage, not
always smooth, of over a thousand miles, and an
unlimited amount of bush-travelling, from the several
ports at which steamers were wont to call. It was
about the month of June 1874 that Bishop liarker
first made known his great wish that North Queensland
should be made into a separate see. The obstacles
were well-nigh insuperable. With the Rev. R. L. King
as companion, one of the distinguished family which has
deserved well of Australian colonists of every degree,
he set out for the far north on a mission of inquiry.
Towards the financial requirements, the Bishop of
Brisbane promised ^1000, the S.P.G." ;^iooo, and
the "Colonial Bishoprics Fund" ;2^iooo. Thus en-
couraged, the Metropolitan made a further strenuous
effort in 1876, this time accompanied by the Rev.
Stanley Howard, a delicate and lovable priest of his
diocese, since called to his rest. The visit was neces-
sarily a long one, culminating in the successful forma-
tion of the see. The Metropolitan left for England on
March 13, 1877, and was cheered by finding a priest

H

114 THE STORY- OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

thoroughly qualified for the missionary diocese. The
Rev. George Henry Stanton, vicar of Holy Trinity,
St. Giles's in the Fields, was appointed bishop in 1878.
On arrival in Sydney on April 11, 1879, he was wel-
comed at various meetings, as well as by a large
gathering of Churchmen at Bishopscourt, in which the
Bishop of Brisbane was able to take part, he being in
Sydney on business connected with the Australasian
Board of ^Missions. It is worthy of note that the Rev.
Copland King, a son of the Rev. R. L. King, Bishop
Barker's companion in travel, has for some years led
the van of the New Guinea Mission, off the shores of
North Queensland.

A YEAR OF SYNODS

The year 1872 was marked by a succession of
synods. At Newcastle the bishop, as president of
the diocesan synod, enunciated some very plain truths.
He objected altogether to the custom of having
bishops intended for a colonial province consecrated
in England, as involving " the sad unreality of taking
an oath of canonical obedience to the wrong authority.
In the early Church the patriarch was consecrated by
the bishops of his own patriarchate ; so it should be
here. The office of Metropolitan and Archbishop was
precisely the same." A weighty pronouncement which,
read in the light of recent events, testifies to the
remarkable prescience of Bishop Tyrrell.

On October 10 a General Conference met in Sydney,
which distinguishes this year as an epoch in the
development of the Australian Church. After pre-
liminary debate, it was determined "that this Conference
do now resolve itself into the General Synod of the
Dioceses of Australia and Tasmania, in conformity
with its constitution, which has been adopted." Thus

A YEAR OF SYNODS

was formed the first general synod, completing the
gradation of diocesan, provincial, and general, with
however the curious and unprecedented anomaly of
striving to balance the triangle on its apex instead of
on its base. Diocesan jealousy effectually prevented
the natural gradation, and retained for itself the
diocese as the unit. All measures were to be sub-
mitted to the diocesan synod for approval before
acceptance. Three subjects were referred to select
committees, and determinations founded on their
reports were passed by the synod : —

1. The constitution of an appellate tribunal.

2. Rules for the confirmation and due consecration
of future bishops, and the election of future primates.

3. Rules for the formation of new dioceses and
provinces were eventually reserved till the next session.

There were present, in addition to the Metropolitan
Bishop of Sydney, the Bishops of Newcastle, Goulburn,
Bathurst, Grafton and Armidale, Adelaide, Melbourne,
Brisbane, Perth, and Tasmania. The Bishop of New-
castle proposed to make the general synod supreme
over provincial and diocesan synods as in a natural
sequence, but, recognizing the overwhelming opposition
to any such proposal, did not press the point. He
was more successful in the matter of an appellate
tribunal, to which appeals were to be made from all
diocesan tribunals. He secured that the tribunal
should be one of final appeal, and that no right of
appeal from its decisions should lie with parties to
causes, only with the appellate committee themselves.

Bishops were to be elected in future according to
regulations laid down by each diocese in synod
assembled, the confirmation in all cases to be by the
bishops of the province. They were to be conse-
crated by three bishops at least, one of whom should
be the Metropolitan of the province or the Primate.
The Primate should be elected by the House of

Il6 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

Bishops from their own number. The Australasian
Board of Missions was re-elected, and provision made
for its continuance.

The General Synod met for its second session on
October 3, 1876. There were nine bishops present,
the Bishops of Melbourne and Perth being unavoidably
absent. It was at this session that the Metropolitan
urgently pleaded for the establishment of a separate
diocese for North Queensland. He reported that to
supplement the ^4000 promised towards the endow-
ment the "S.P.G." would give ^£400 per annum. A
determination for the formation of the diocese was
passed unanimously.

The next session of 1881 found the Metropolitan
in England in serious ill-health. Bishop Moorhouse
of Melbourne presided. Rules for the formation of
new provinces, and for the regulation of the status of
new metropolitans were adopted. It was determined
that the Bishop of Sydney should remain Primate, and
that on the next voidance of the see the dioceses of
New South Wales should be deemed to form a
province, of which the Bishop of Sydney should be
Metropolitan. Rules were then adopted for the
appointment of future bishops of Sydney, to conserve
the three interests involved, of the diocese, the province,
and the Church. Of the two methods proposed, viz.
the submission of three names by the diocesan synod,
one of which should be struck out by the bishops of
the province, and a second by the Australian bench
of bishops, or the appointment of a committee by the
diocese to meet the other two bodies for an election
by concurrent majorities — the former of the two was
adopted. Rules were also passed for the trial of
bishops for certain offences. The synod was held at
a critical time. Bishop Barker's life hung in the
balance, and there was a danger lest the diocese of
Sydney should elect a new bishop before satisfactory

DIOCESE OF GRAFTON AND ARMIDALE II7

arrangements had been made as to the position he
would occupy with relation to the other Australian
dioceses. These fears were justified by the lamented
death of the Metropolitan at San Remo in 1882, after
an arduous and honourable episcopate of twenty-eight
years. His successor in the see was the Rev.
Canon Barry, Principal of King's College, London.
The new method of election proving cumbrous and
unsatisfactory, the new Primate was in reality chosen
and sent by the Archbishop of Canterbury.

At a further session, held in 1886, a Church mission
to New Guinea was determined upon, and earnestly
commended to the support of the several dioceses.

DIOCESE OF GRAFTON AND ARMIDALE

At the diocesan synod meeting in Sydney, on
August 20, 1867, the right rev. the president was able
to announce the probable arrival of a bishop for
Grafton and Armidale before the close of the year.
Bishop Tyrrell's efforts had been long and strenuously
directed towards this subdivision of his diocese. The
progress of settlement on the fine New England table-
land had been rapid and profitable. Along the belt
of coast country, too, population had pushed northward
to the Queensland ])order, embracing a strip of country
of great fertility, suitable for the growth of sugar antl
fruits. Grafton, on the Clarence River, occupied the
central position, and was the seat of an increasing
population with a thriving commerce. It was proposed
to unite the two districts, lying mainly east and west,
and so to relieve the congested diocese of Newcastle
of all its northern territory. Before the separation of
Brisbane it lay on the track thither, consequently
could be visited in a brief and hasty manner by the
way; now it seemed to lie beyond the interests of

Il8 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

Newcastle altogether, as much on account of the
diversity of occupations of the people as on account
of the impracticable distances to be traversed. The
centre of the new diocese would be Armidale on the
table-land. Generous as always, Bishop Tyrrell guaran-
teed ;^5ooo towards the endowment.

In the first instance the post of pioneer-bishop was
offered to the Rev. S. R. Waddelow, but on the advice
of u London physician he was reluctantly obliged
to decline consecration. The Rev. W. C. Sawyer
was selected in his place by the Archbishop of Canter-
bury, and was consecrated in Canterbury Cathedral
on the Feast of the Purification, 1867, together with
the good Bishop Milman for Calcutta. The bishop
and his party reached Sydney at Christmastide.
Leaving his wife at Morpeth, under the hospitable
roof of Bishop Tyrrell, he pushed on at once to the
scene of his future labours, riding to Armidale and
returning to Newcastle by way of his eastern boundary
at Grafton. Eight weeks later he took his family by
steamer to Grafton, where he settled them in their
new home on the banks of the Clarence, on March 13,
1868. On the 15th the bishop drove to evensong,
ordering that his boat should take him home. The
church was very full, and the service more than usually
solemn and impressive. Shortly before ten o'clock,
on the return journey, with his second son, two
servants, and the two boatmen, the sail was hoisted,
when, by some mistake never satisfactorily explained,
the boat was capsized by a sudden gust of wind.
The bishop, his sleeping boy, and one of the women
servants were drowned, the bodies not being recovered
for two days. With true Australian sympathy offerings
were immediately collected throughout the diocese
for the widow and orphan, amounting in a few weeks
to ;£"i7oo. A fatal oversight had been committed by
some one in not placing the bishop's life-belt in the

DIOCESE OF BALLARAT

119

boat that night as usual. Bishop Sawyer was never
even installed in office.

x\fter a rather tedious delay, the Rev. James Francis
Turner was nominated for the vacant see, and was
consecrated in Westminster Abbey, on St, Matthias'
Day, 1869. He arrived in Sydney on August 13,
where he was greeted by the Bishop of Newcastle, as
well as cordially welcomed by the clergy and lay
Churchmen of the metropolis. This second sub-
division of his diocese was an inestimable relief to
Bishop Tyrrell. With a thankful heart he accompanied
Bishop Turner to his installation at Armidale, and
took a loving farewell of his former flock. For ten
years longer he was spared to continue his devoted
labours in the smaller area inland from Newcastle,
literally dying in harness on March 24, 1879. With
the single exception of his short cruise among the
South Sea Islands, with his friend Bishop Selwyn,
he never left Australian shores. All that he possessed,
including very valuable sheep stations, he left in the
hands of trustees for the extension of Church work.
The name of William Tyrrell will live in the annals
of the Australian Church as the single-minded Bishop
of Newcastle.

DIOCESE OF BALLARAT

The beautiful city of Ballarat, about seventy-five
miles to the north-west of Melbourne, rose to sudden
importance on the discovery of gold in August 1851.
Divine service was first held by a little band of
Wesleyans in a *'mia mia," or tent of boughs, such as
the aborigines put together as a shelter from the
weather. When the Rev. C. F. Perks was sent from
St. Peter's, Melbourne, on a brief mission to " the
diggings," he was compelled, like the first Australian

I20 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

chaplain sixty years before him, to hold service in
the open air. There was no church or settled ministry
at the end of 1853, although the population had
increased to 25,000. For these the Rev. J. H.
Gregory provided occasional service. In June 1854,
by the appointment of the Rev. T. C. B. Stretch as
archdeacon, a new era was commenced. Churches
and parsonages were built to meet the spiritual
necessities ot the ever-growing centres of Ballarat,
Bendigo, Castlemaine, Maryborough, and other gold-
fields. Naturally the more rapid the spread of Church
agencies, the more arduous became the duties of the
bishop. More than once Bishop Perry begged that
his diocese might be divided, only to find first one
difficulty and then another to bar the way. For the
five years previous to his half-jubilee, as St. Peters
Day 1872 has been called by his biographer, the
proposal had peacefully slept. The Yen. Archdeacon
Stretch wisely and energetically collected funds in
the meantime for the endowment when required.
At length the plan was endorsed by authority, one
of the leading laymen of Melbourne advocating the
choice from the Australian clergy of a priest to be
advanced to the episcopate. The idea was a most
proper one, but shared the fate of most ideas pro-
pounded in advance of their day.

In the event the selection was left to the Bishop of
^lelbourne, who was to have the advice of the .Arch-
bishops of Canterbur}^ and York. An income of
;!fiooo per annum was guaranteed. Their choice fell
on the Rev. Samuel Thornton, Rector of St. George's,
Birmingham, a man of equal energy and eloquence.
The diocese had been determined on by an Act of
the Melbourne Church Assembly on October 30,
1873, but did not come into actual^ existence until
the consecration of its first bishop — a ceremony which
took place on St. Philip and St. James's Day, 1875,

DIOCESE OF BALLARAT

121

in Westminster Abbey. The Primate was assisted by
the Bishops of London, Melbourne, and Goulburn.
On August 5 of the same year, the bishop arrived
safely in Melbourne, and was welcomed with accla-
mation by all classes of his flock at Ballarat.

The first Church Assembly was summoned for
November 23, when, of the thirty-five clergy, twenty-
eight were present. There were also in the diocese
a band of forty licensed readers, who were of incalcul-
able service to the overworked incumbents of parishes.
The population was estimated at 215,000, one-fourth
of them at least members of the Church of England.
In this, as in each succeeding assembly, a protest was
made against the secular system of State education,
and the necessity proclaimed of the re-introduction,
whenever practicable, of religious instruction as a part
of the teacher's work. On the literary tendencies of
the day the bishop was especially severe, characterizing
a good deal of what men were reading and writing
as tainted by a "cynical, impatient disrelish for
definite Christianity." A board of electors was chosen
to act in case of a vacancy in the see for the appoint-
ment of a bishop, to consist of six clergymen and six
laymen. In 1880 the number of churches had grown
to ninety-four, with thirty-nine parsonages — an en-
couraging increase since the formation of the diocese.

The determinations i and 2 of the General Synod
were unanimously adopted by the Church Assembly
of 1 88 1. An effort was at the same time made to
secure an Education Act on the model of that of New
South Wales, containing more liberal provisions for
religious teaching, but without success. In 1883 the
bishop visited England at the request of his diocesan
council: i. To establish fresh relations with the great
English Church Societies, and in particular to secure,
as other means had failed, a renewal of the noble
offer of the "S.P.C.K." towards endowment, which

122 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

had lapsed from the inability of the diocese to fulfil
the conditions. 2. To pave the way for the addition
of suitable men from home to the working staff of the
diocese as required. 3. To afford such information
in England on Church affairs in Australia, as might
correct former mistakes, and perhaps lead to financial
help towards an endowment fund for sustaining and
extending Church work in the poorer and more newly-
settled districts.

The bishop preached during his mission over 200
sermons, and addressed seventy meetings. About
;£'5ooo was collected in all, to which the "S.P.C.K."
added another ;£iooo. The "Colonial and Conti-
nental Church Society" awarded a grant of £100 per
annum. On his return the bishop pleaded for a
greater elasticity in Church services, and protested
against the slovenliness which was complained of
by Bishop Selvvyn as characteristic of colonial work.
Sometimes a mean conduct of Divine worship was
necessitated by poverty, but there was also prevalent
" a morbid dread of Ritualism, which with some folks
seemed to block the way to better church arrange-
ments, as well as to a heartier and more comely
worship." There were now forty-two clergy and
seventy-six readers — sixty-one of them honorary.

In the matter of the Patronage Bill before the
Church Assembly, the Rev. R. T. Cummins objected
to the measure proposed in 1879, giving no place
to the laity in appointments. The existing system
was criticized by the Rev. H. E. Cooper as too
cumbrous'and intricate in its machinery. Archdeacon
Beamish held out for the absolute veto of the bishop,
and suggested a Board to intervene between the
parishes and the bishop, presided over by his lordship,
who would have a vote with the other representatives,
and a casting vote in case of equality. Full patronage
should not be granted to any parish, except in return

blOCESE OF 13A.LLARAT

123

for complete parochial endowment. The Bill ultimately
provided that if the bishop and the parochial authorities
failed to agree, the matter should be referred to the
Board of electors of the diocese, whose decision should
be final.

A clergy endowment fund was formed, to meet the
conditions of "S.P.C.K." and "S.P.G." when promis-
ing their grants of £3000 to supplement the ;2{^i 2,000
to be raised by the bishop and the diocese. Con-
siderably more was required to keep the Clergy
Sustentation Fund in working order, and to overtake
the fresh work imperatively called for. An appeal
was made to relieve Bishopscourt from debt. The
property on the shores of Lake Wendouree, just out-
side the city, had been purchased for about ;^^ooo, in
place of building at a cost of ^^4000 as originally
planned. A widows and orphans' fund, started in 1879,
was being actively worked. An encouraging response
was received to these appeals.

In 1884 it was moved that as the rebuilding of
Christchurch pro-cathedral was in contemplation,
advantage should be taken to discuss the possibility
of erecting a more worthy cathedral church for the
diocese on the same site. A select committee was
appointed to report to the assembly. A corporate
body of trustees was appointed, after the example of
other dioceses. The cathedral committee reported at
the next session in favour of the building, but decided
against the duplicate collection of funds by the
diocese and parish. Competitive designs were invited
from Austrahan architects. Of the twenty-four designs
sent in, the first premium was awarded to one by a
Ballarat firm. It was resolved that the cathedral should
be of stone, not to exceed ^£"3 5,000 in cost, exclusive of
tower and spire, and that a Cathedral Board should be
appointed, to receive all contributions and to make
investments. For the purpose of comparison, it was

124 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

Stated that the cost of Goulburn Cathedral had been
^^iSjOoo; of Adelaide, 7, oco; ofHobart, ;£"ii,ooo.

The number of the clergy havuig increased to fifty-
six, it was evident that the sustentation and superannu-
ation funds must be considerably augmented. Unfortu-
nately, each diocese had to struggle along with its
own small scheme. Up to the present time the totals
had reached about ^^16,252, besides the clergy endow-
ment fund of nearly 7,000.

In connection with the recognition of the colonial
clergy in England by the Archbishop of Canterbury,
the ''Colonial Clergy Act" of 1 8 74 was condemned
for its unsatisfactory working. The bishop, in his
address to the assembly, said that " no precautions
could be objected to for discovering men with doubt-
ful papers, or who, although pledged to serve abroad,
return on insufficient grounds. But his Grace appears
to have adopted the view that every clergyman
ordained abroad may be presumed to have given such
a pledge, and when he appears at home must give
valid reasons for forsaking the ministry to which he
was ordained. I can imagine no greater deterrent
from colonial service than this ear-marking of those
who may incline to give their youthful ministry to the
work of the Church abroad. The ministry to which
our clergy are ordained is simply the ministry of the
Church of England, and should any of them choose
to transfer their service from one part of the Church's
field of operations to another, and find patrons or
beneficed clergy at home ready to nominate them,
why should any further barrier be interposed, than
the production of their canonical papers and of a
certificate from their last bishop that they left his
diocese in good standing ? . . . The colonial clergy
may rely upon their bishops to champion vigorously
their legitimate claims.''

DIOCESE OF MELBOURNE

DIOCESE OF MELBOURNE

On February 26, 1874, the bishop and Mrs. Perry
were speeded on their way to the old country by a
farewell service at St. James's pro-cathedral. There
in the following year, and greatly to the regret of the
Church and diocese, he tendered his resignation of
the see, after a difficult but most successful episcopate
of twenty-eight years. For successor the appointment
was made of the Rev. James Moorhouse, Vicar of
St. James's, Paddington, an admirable appointment
in every way, which was more than amply justified by
ten years' active and prosperous labour. The bishop
was consecrated in Westminster Abbey, October 22,
1876, the Archbishop of Canterbury being assisted by
the Bishops of Ely and Hereford. On landing in
Melbourne, in January 1877, he threw himself at once
into the question of the building of the cathedral.
A large and representative meeting was held in the
town-hall on March 20, when the bishop was in the
chair and was the chief speaker. In urging on the work,
he wished to point out that practical men could not
be expected to give unless it were clearly shown to
them that it would be auxiliary to the great spiritual
purposes of the Church in the colony. The cathedral
would be the fitting place in which to meet the doubts
and difficulties of the day. He went on to prove
that the cathedral service was the best form possible
of lifting the voice of worship to the gates of heaven,
and would serve also as the pattern and example of
what the services of all churches should be. The
service of the Church of England was peculiarly one
of public worship. Sir W. F. Stawell, C.J., the Rev.
Dr. Bromby, and Mr. Justice Fellowes strongly sup-
ported the proposal, the latter claiming that equal
liberality should be shown by colonists in their spiritual

126 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

as in their temporal business concerns. A sum of
^2000 was subscribed at the close of the meeting,
which was quickly augmented to 1,000.

In his opening address to the Church Assembly of
1877 (J^^ly ii)> the bishop dwelt on the difficulties of
the country clergy by reason of the scattered popula-
tion. Two-thirds of the people attended no place of
worship at all. He impressed on Churchmen that the
Holy Communion was the central point of Christianity,
Greater exertions were needed in the direction of
religious instruction. Union among Christians would
be best brought about by a broadening of thought.
The clergy should be trained in the wise, the loyal,
the historic spirit of the Catholic Church. The
theology of no particular period could be fastened on
the Church, which was an everlasting body. A
committee was appointed to report upon the
best means of affording religious instruction to
Church children attending State schools. As to the
cathedral, the bishop strongly reccommended setting
it, as in Europe, in the heart of the population. The
St. Paul's site in Flinders Street would be close to the
station, and so accessible from all the railway suburbs.

An extraordinary session of assembly was convened
for November 20, in which the battle of the sites was
finally fought out and settled. Of those selected by
the committee — viz. Holy Trinity, East Melbourne ;
St. Peter's Church and Schools,' Eastern Hill; St..
James's Parsonage and Schools, William Street ; and St»
Paul's Church and Schools, Flinders and Swanston
Streets — the latter was now fixed upon by an overwhelm-
ing majority. The bishop's address dwelt on the con-
tinued necessity of religious training for children and
young persons. He implored lay help in giving instruc-
tion privately to boys and girls engaged in service
or business. The work of the Church was to gather
into Christ's body those who are without, and the

DIOCESE OF MELBOURNE

127

godly and assiduous training of those who are within.
Every Christian should be a central force or centre of
spiritual force. At a subsequent public meeting, the
bishop contended that aid should be given even to
Roman Catholic schools imparting sound religious
knowledge.

When the Church Assembly met for its 1879
session, Bishop Moorhouse proposed the founding of a
permanent diaconate, " to confer deacons' orders on
those who still pursue a secular calling." In unusual
cases these sub-deacons might pass on to the priest-
hood. Most valuable ministers were lost to the
Church from having no opportunity of training or of
testing their spiritual powers. Bishop Milman of
Calcutta had organized an order of sub-deacons and
readers, with the sanction of the Archbishop of
Canterbury, who declared that the bishop was com-
petent to introduce those offices into his own province.
The diocese was to be divided into rural deaneries,
for concentrating and developing Church agencies ;
to provide an authorized means of communication
between Churchmen ; to draw together men of differ-
ing theological views, and so promote brotherly feeling;
and to remove the sense of isolation and helplessness
so chilling to the energy of sensitive men.

On the question of education, the bishop pleaded
once more for religious teaching in State schools by
the teacher, the lessons to be selected from the Bible,
and any parent objecting the child should be in-
structed in some secular subject while the lesson was
being given. He also advocated the payment for
secular results to Roman Catholic schools, on the
ground that they could not in conscience accept the
State system. No one objected to the free and
compulsory clauses, but they all did to the secular ;
" Let them be swept away before they have produced
a^ national blight and curse ; " " Under the secular

128 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

provisions of the Act, one-half of our children will
never receive any religious education at all, and of the
other half, a moiety will receive httle better than none,
while the remainder, seeing all reference to religion
banished from the schools, must inevitably come to
look upon the subject with indifference, if not with
contempt."

The growing importance of obtaining an educated
ministry for the service of the Church, led in 1877
to the enlargement of Trinity College, affiliated to the
university, by the addition of a handsome suite of
rooms. It was well that students preparing for holy
orders should breathe the freer atmosphere, and mingle
liberally with their lay fellow-students, as well as with
the students of other colleges.

The sessions of 1881 and 1882 were concerned
with several questions of practical importance. The
committee appointed to consider the best means of
providing for aged and disabled clergymen suggested
that the scheme be referable only to clergy under forty-
five years of age — those above that age, and the nineteen
over sixty years, to be left to the operation of the old
fund. Clergy to be allowed to retire at sixty-five if
they have served the diocese for thirty-two years, and
on disabling infirmity if of twelve years' standing. The
minimum pension was fixed at ;£"5o, the maximum at
^150 per annum. After 1883 the old fund was
ordered to be capitalized. The bishop urged more
thorough organization in the working of parishes, after
the model of St. Alphege, Southwark, and St. Peter's,
London Docks, also short services for children, as
well as shorter and more practical sermons for adults.
The clergy should give earnest heed to intellectual
culture, so as to secure variety of interest. By the
enlargement of Trinity College there was a brighten-
ing prospect ahead, which would help to guard against
the danger of an ignorant clergy. The "Bishop of.

THE ABORIGINES

129

Melbourne's Fund," started soon after his arrival, was
doing excellent work as "a great home missionary
society." Funds were, however, still urgently needed
for aid in country districts. There were forty-three
parishes able to maintain a clergyman, and forty-two
not able.

At the session of 1885, the Rev. Canon Vance
moved for the formation of a diocese of Sandhurst,
but the idea was not realized. It was abundantly
evident that the diocese was now too onerous for the
oversight of one bishop. A diocesan missioner was
appointed.

THE ABORIGINES

We fear it must be acknowledged that the abor-
igines of Australia are of a low type generally, though
they differ greatly in different districts. Those of
Western Australia, e. g., are finer in physique and
mentally superior to the blacks of South Australia.
Under favourable circumstances, and with a regular
supply of food, they are well-formed, and are almost
universally of a happy disposition. The small groups
seen by Captain Cook impressed him very favourably,
and his dealings with them were marked by kindness
and humanity. The same may be said of Governor
Phillip's provisions for their just treatment. Conflicts
of course were inevitable, between the reckless, crime-
stained men of the earliest settlements and these un-
sophisticated children of the forest, responsive
when treated with kindness, but cruel in their revenge
of injustice and robbery. Their manner of living was
extremely wretched — in " raia mias," or "wurleys,"
which were nothing but a few boughs of trees or sheets
of bark, loosely laced together, and covered by skins of
the opossum. Around these invariably roamed troops

I

130 THE STORY OF THE AUSTilAllAX CHURCH

of misaabl^ ]ialfstarTed4oakii^ dog^ Nowlieiie did
they inanyvajtindiegiaimd. Nuts and seed^ and die
f of animals cangiit in hanting, fonned ih^ staple
food. Most of die sangminaiy battles between black
apd white arose oat of food quurds, the settlers
unfeeliogly driving them off the cultivated land^ and
the abof^ines letafiaidng bf the destmction of the
growing caopsL Over and Ofver a^jain the poor blacks
pleaded to be left in qoiet pot^ession of diat port of
the coontiy where they had been accustomed to gain
thdr livelihood, promising on their pait to make no
attacks <m the colonists, unless pnmAed by insahs
andcnidties. To its credit be it said, the GoiiCTnment
was alwajs and eveiywlieie precise in its demand that
the natives sboold be dealt with jostlj. Bat emtaftes
could iiaidly be lestxaiiied wheie so manj hardened
and i&disposed peisons were engaged in hot di^nte
aboat land and the necessaries of life. At a place
called Mjall Credc, tibeie was in 183S a brutal murder
of t^mty €fr §osty of the abodgines. Sei«i ai die
mordereis were anesled, oondemned and executed,
cansu^ a great shock among the Enropean sfttlCT^
who were in the habit ci eirwang such outrages by
sajing that thej were not aware of any breach of the
law in killing blacks, as it had been so fieqoentljdoDe
in the oolonj befixe. To this Hr. Justice Barton
reified, with decided indjjgnation, that "Hibck or
white, the law would be eqaa% u^hdd.^ In die pn>-
tecdcmof the native races;, Gtyiona-Macquarieg^adlf
assocaaled himseif with the Rev. Samnd Maisden,and
thanked him for his aUe;, finn, and unwearied exeitioiis
as a nagistiate ; but when Mr. Maisdenrefiised to sit
on the bench with pjirdoned convicts^ the two friends
became estiai^ed, and Mr. Maisden's name was left
out of the committee ^ for the crvihyation and care of
the aborigines of New Sooth Waks.''

In the matter of rd^ious befid^ a mayjodly of die

THE ABORIGINES

tribes recognized a Creator and an overruling Power
above them, modified, it is true, by an overwhelming
dread of the vengeance of evil spirits. Family and
class distinctions were very strictly enforced, no inter-
marriage being permitted. The chiefs held their power
by hereditary descent, if they proved themselves de-
serving and capable, otherwise they were reduced to
the ranks. Women were treated with much cruelty,
being absolutely at the mercy of the men. As personal
property, everything was reckoned which conduced to
the maintenance of life, the stone hatchet, the fishing -
net or spear, and the like weapons. The rest formed
the common property of the cluster of huts or village.
Fish forming a chief article of food, most of the men
and lads were expert fishers, and v/ere exceedingly
clever too with the throwing-stick and the boomerang.
In the disposal of the dead, various customs existed,
either burning or burying alongside a running stream,
or placing the body in the fork of a tree.

As early as the year 1814, attempts were made to
establish schools for the children, and a Conference
was held between the races at Parramatta, with a view
to gaining over the parents to consent. Many of them
were willing to hand over their children unreservedly
to the Government, while others refused, nor would
these latter listen to any proposals for their own
instruction in farming. Unhappily, the Conference, in
place of healing dissension, issued in more fatal out-
breaks of violence. At a much later time, Bishop
Short of Adelaide formed a high opinion of the capa-
ci^ of the black children, maintaining that they were
but little inferior to white children, when taught and
brought up on the same lines. One aboriginal girl,
who married a white settler, did certainly teach her
husband to read, and kept her household affairs in
admirable order.

The settlement of Port Phillip was marred by a

1$2 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

series of wholesale killings and poisonings by squatters
and armed overseers ; at least, so it has been alleged
on good authority. Such conflicts would almost
invariably follow on some pilfering expedition of the
aborigines, who were accustomed to regard food as the
conwnon property of the hungry, and the fierce retali-
ation of the aggrieved colonists. On their part, the
blacks, where in sufficient numbers, were merciless in
revenge, spearing both cattle and their keepers, and
looting their tents and huts. More charitable measures
ultimately prevailed, when Port Phillip became the
flourishing colony of Victoria, A mission-station was
formed at Lake Condah, under Church control, with
about eighty inmates, costing a little over ;£"25o a year,
and another at Lake Tyers, costing for seventy inmates
rather more than ^300 per annum. At Corranderrk an
establishment was started under the auspices of the
State, at which as many as 135 of various ages were
cared for, and trained in habits of morality, cleanliness,
and thrift. In the year 1877-7S, the report shows
the receipt of ^£^1089 for hops grown by the little
community under the tutorship of European overseers.
The great variety of dialects, as among the South Sea
islanders, was the great obstacle in the way of united
effort. Still, the friends of the missions, nothing
daunted, persevered, and before long had the satis-
faction of seeing comfortable huts of slab or bark
taking the place of the old mia mias," and the
women dressed neatly and suitably, and becoming
adepts in domestic ways. Best of all, a good stone
church provided the opportunity of common Divide
worship.

In 183^ a mission-station was formed, on the initi-
ation of the Church Missionary Society, in the lovely
^^'ellington valley, some 200 miles west of Sydney.
Towards the cost, a grant of ^500 per annum was
made from the pubhc revenue, besides ^1000 for an

THE ABORIGINES

annual gift of blankets and provisions. Seven thousand
acres of land were provided as an endowment. The
mission, however, did not prosper permanently. Per-
haps the settlers around cast a covetous eye on the
attractive bit of country, which they would look upon
as being thrown away on a people who could, in their
opinion, make no profitable use of it. Every endeavour
was made by the Superintendent, the Rev. James
Giinther, afterwards Archdeacon of Mudgee, to influ-
ence these poor people for good, holding, as he did,
that it was useless to expect any of them, more especially
the children, to be gained, except by those whom they
had learned to respect and love. Later on, grants were
made by the Government to institutions on the river
Murray at Maloga and Warrangesda, both of which
were carried on with energy and success, to the lasting
benefit of the one hundred or one hundred and twenty
pensioners dependent upon them. At Warrangesda, a
thousand acres were resumed by the Crown, and the
sum of £,2 granted for each contributed by indi-
viduals. A vote of £,200 was made to the refuge
centred at Maloga. An " Aboriginal Protection Asso-
ciation " was inaugurated in 1 881, of which the Metro-
politan-Bishop Barker was an influential member, and
made an early report.

But to South Australia, or rather to the diocese of
Adelaide and its indefatigable Bishop Short, with the
active assistance and support of Archdeacon Hale,
must be given the credit of founding the most com-
plete, and, it must be added, the most sensible
establishment for the welfare of the aborigines. Quite
in the early days of the colony, the Church began to
devise a scheme for their civilization and conversion to
Christianity. With the archdeacon as the moving
spirit, a sheep-run was secured close to the aboriginal
reserve. The two were combined with a carrying
capacity of 5000 sheep, purchased for the establish-

134 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

ment. On the archdeacon's elevation to the see oi
Perth in 1856, this thriving venture at Poonindie was
handed over to the management of three trustees.
The bishop made a visit in 1872, when he was able to
report that the mission "showed a well-ordered com-
munity of more than eighty aborigines and half-castes,
husbands and wives, single men, boys, girls and infants
living in quietness, sobriety, and godliness ; employed
in the various labours of a sheep-station, and a culti-
vated farm of 260 acres; supplying themselves with
clothing and domestic comforts, dweUing in neatly-
kept cottages, sending their children regularly to school,
and in all respects conducting themselves in a manner
to compare with the best-ordered villages in England."
The mission was started in 1850 with five married
couples and a single man, the ages ranging from
nineteen to twenty-five years.

Of course, the great object of all concerned was to
hold the inmates aloof from the debasing practices of
their own tribe, as well as from the evil example of un-
scrupulous colonists. The trained scholars were soon
able to read the lessons, and even to conduct service
themselves in the archdeacon's absence. They were
fearlessly trusted on long journeys with teams, and
other property for the transport of produce, and never
failed to justify the confidence reposed in them.

A sketch of the ordinary routine of the mission
station will not be without interest. It is given in the
interesting biography of Bishop Short, by one of his
own clergy. Canon Whitington of Adelaide : —

6 a.m. Station-bell rings. Horses fed and watered,

and oxen brought in.

7 „ Chapel-bell for morning prayer. 60 present

out of 86 on the bishop's visit.
7.30. Breakfast.

8 a.m. Station-bell calls to the various employments

of the day.

THE ABORIGINES

12 noon. Dinner-bell.

K p.m. winter. 1 ,

i ^ f vVork ceases.

6 summer. J

7.30. Evening prayer by the Superintendent, and all
retire at 9.

Besides the ration allowance?, week by week, regular
wages were paid. A sum of j^^io was subscribed
annually by the inmates, to maintain one Melanesian
scholar at the island of Mota. Also, when their founder
and fast friend, the Bishop of Perth, visited them after
an interval of sixteen years, they gathered from among
themselves a further ^10, with which to present him
with a silver tea-service. Their honesty of service may
be best measured by the fact that Poonindie wool
always commanded a good price, even in competition
with other clips. A yearly grant from the "S.P.G."
was supplemented by ^300 per annum, voted from
the Colonial Treasury. But alas, only about 500 blacks
were benefited, of the 5000 estimated to be in South
Australia.

For many years after the separation of the colony,
there were no missions or stations in Queensland for
the betterment of the condition of the aborigines.
Indeed the up-country settlers, the adventurous spirits
who led the van of aggressive colonizing, earned a
very evil repute as to their treatment of the wandering
tribes met with on the road, who seemed to them to
block the way. No doubt there were provocations
on both sides as usual. In any case it became war
to the knife ; whole tribes being shot down, we are
told, without mercy, as wild beasts would be or birds
of piey. When Bishop Hale was transferred, in 1876,
from Perth to Brisbane, a committee was appointed to
work with him in his freely given and persistent efforts
for the improvement of their lot. Votes for blankets
and simple necessaries were made by Parliament, and
an area of 10,000 acres set apart at Port Mackay for

136 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

a refuge, the grant of which was, however, afterwards
repealed. The project failed for awhile, from want of
funds. Being renewed, and the finances established
by an annual grant from the "S.P.G.," a fresh start
was made at Bellenden Ker, now one of the most
prosperous of the Australian missions. Here, as
elsewhere, can be found many blacks leading really
consistent Christian lives. Mention must not be
forgotten of a German mission-station w^hich was
started on the shores of Moreton Bay, and which did
good work in a humble way.

The Government of Western Australia did its best
to prevent wrong-doing towards the aborigines, and .
encouraged the founding of a mission, in 1847,
Benedictine priests, at New Norcia. Further north,
on the boundary line of settlement, steps were also
taken to secure fair dealing, not, we fear, altogether
with the good-will of the squatters, many of whom
thought that the ideas put into the heads of the blacks
would make them less valuable as labourers. Although
accustomed to fatigue in long hunting expeditions,
they were averse to sustained labour, and not suited
for carrying heavy loads. Nevertheless, being ex-
tremely fond of animals, they were often trained to
become useful as she])herds and boundary riders.
With the help of the "S.P.G.," there has been of late
years a fairly flourishing mission-station on the
Gascoigne River, which it is trusted will redeem the
good name of the colony with respect to the native
inhabitants.

The story of the conciliation of the Tasmanian
aborigines has been well told by Mr. G. A. Robinson,
who wielded such a marvellous power over them as to
induce them to surrender in a body. The narrative
is as full of interest as the venture was of bravery and
skill. It was at the close of a sanguinary conflict
between the two races, carried on with great cruelty

THE ABORIGINES

on both sides for a number of years. More is the
pity that it should have heralded the utter extinction
of the remnant that had been got together at such
pains. About 250 were at first gathered on Flinders
Island, in Bass's Straits, but these were rapidly thinned
by death as time went on, until, in the year 1847, a
miserable little band were transferred to Oyster Cove,
on the D'Entrecasteaux Channel, some thirty miles
to the south of Hobart Town. Here they were
destined to become parishioners of mine thirty years
ago, and here died the last of the race. Truganinni,
or, as she was more generally called, Lalla Rookh,
had been a famous princess in her day, when the
tribe was powerful and a foe to be dreaded, and on one
memorable occasion had shown great heroism in saving
Mr. Robinson's life. She died at the age of sixty-five, as
nearjy as could be estimated. King Billy, otherwise
William Laune, was considerably younger as well as
of a much less romantic disposition. In fact there
was little to distinguish him from the careless,
reckless aboriginal of the early days of the settlement.
Of a jovial temperament, he sought the society of
seafaring men, whom he accompanied on more than
one whaling voyage in the South Seas. His premature
death from consumption, accelerated by the dissolute
habits he had acquired, ended the career of the last
of the Tasmanians. At the time of the Duke of
Edinburgh's visit it was amusing to watch King
Billy, at the Hobart regatta, walking with His Royal
Highness as a fellow royalty. Alas, that a naturally
high-spirited race, from which in years gone by a
really effective body of native police had been organ-
ized, should be fated to produce so degenerate a
specimen as its final effort !

Most of the aborigines are great mimics, and have
their national and tribal dances of an elaborate
character. This often leads them to represent in

138 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

pantomime scenes of hunting and fishing and mimic
warfare, as well as of civilized life coming under
their notice, such as the novelty of railway travel-
ling and the eccentricities of their white brothers.
Nor are they devoid of a keen sense of humour.
Bungary, one of the best known, as he was one of the
most intelligent, of the friendly Sydney natives, was
wont to create intense amusement by his wonder-
fully apt reproduction of the ceremonious bows of the
different Governors.

CONCLUSION

On January 26, 1S88, was celebrated throughout
the Australian colonies, but more especially in the
mother colony of New South Wales and in the mother
city of Sydney, the Centenary of Australian Settlement.
The Australian Church held her centennial rejoicings
at the same time. For however reluctantly the
authority may have been given for a chaplain to
accompany the first fleet of transports, yet it is a
blessed fact that he did so. Consequently the
Commonwealth of Australia, which seems to be at
last \vithin measurable distance, and the ecclesiastical
commonwealth, will be able to look back upon the
self-same day as the foundation-day of their liberties.
The centenary occurred but a few months after the
Jubilee of Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen-
ly mpress of Great and Greater Britain. How^ marvel-
lous the contrast between 1837 and 1887, in all that
concerned the Church and the religious life of these
realms, is too evident to need repetition. How much
more marvellous the contrast between the convict
settlement of 1788 and the thriving metropolis of the
Australias of 1888, with its half-million industrious
citizens ; between the hastily erected tent for Governor

CONCLUSION

Phillip's shelter, and the castellated mansion graced
by the presence of Lord and Lady Carrington; between
the tiny fleet of weather-beaten sloops lying off
Sydney Cove, after discharging their human freight,
and the crowded ranks of ocean-going steamers of every
description of tonnage, and flying the flags of all
nations. Where the virgin forest rang to the coo-ee of
the savage, resounds now the din of commerce, while
melodious peals ring the thousands of worshippers
to service, and schools, colleges, and university complete
the chain of every known department of knowledge.
When we thank God for the hierarchy of fifteen
bishops, with their working staff of clergy running
into the higher hundreds, let us not omit a generous
meed of praise to the solitary man who, wearied
to exhaustion by Government neglect or worse, set
to work with his own hands to build a house of
God with wattle-boughs cut from the bush, daubed
with the clay of the neighbouring hollows. It was
just such a church as our Saxon forefathers would
have dedicated to the glory of God, and it roofed
over a band of 300 worshippers on the Sunday, while
on the week-day 200 of the lambs of the flock, other-
wise growing up in wretchedness and ignorance, were
gathered in for loving instruction. This temporary
building, which cost not quite £^0 in money, is surely
worthy of being ranked with the most costly of the
Australian cathedrals, though neither bishop nor arch-
deacon, nor even canon, ever ministered at its altar
— only a Government chaplain, simple-minded and
earnest, but sick at heart with hope deferred.

The Centenary of the Australian Church witnessed
many changes not recorded in these pages. As the
dioceses were divided and subdivided, what was diffi-
cult before became quite too intricate to follow in a
general history — I mean the chronicling of the minor
details of Church life and progress.

I40 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

Of the establishment of the see of Tasmania by
Royal Letters Patent we have already spoken at the
beginning of our history. Bishop Nixon's appoint-
ment dates from 1842, and from the very first he
commended himself by his able and tactful adminis-
tration, both to his flock and to those in authority.
The endless conflicts between the settlers and the
aborigines gave him much pain, and no one was more
devoutly thankful than he when Mr. G. A. Robinson's
scheme of pacification ended by gathering the dwind-
ling remnant safely under Government shelter. It
was a sad story at the best, as were most of the
experiences of Van Diemen's Land in the olden days.
So much the greater credit to those who so nobly
raised the standard of living, first among the official
class and then among the people, and who so firmly
laid the foundations of that Church organization upon
which all later developments have been based. Bishop
Nixon was followed in his difticult post by the
Rev. Charles Henry Bromby, of St. John's College,
Cambridge, and Principal of Cheltenham Training
College. He was consecrated by Archbishop Longley
in Canterbury Cathedral in the year 1864, the Bishop
of Winchester and Bishop Nixon assisting. A crisis
came when, after many threatenings, a Bill was passed
through the legislature abolishing all grants in aid of
religious bodies. Churchmen stoutly protested, and
the governor, yielding to pressure, thought well to
reserve the measure for the Royal Assent. It was
referred back to Hobart Town, with a requirement
that provision must be made for the vested interests
of the clergy then licensed, as well as for certain
future necessities. This was done in a second Act
passed by both Houses of Parliament, and assented
to, by the terms of which a sum of something like

1 00,000 in Government Debentures was set apart
in perpetuity for the due maintenance of divine worship.

CONCLUSION

141

In addition the Diocesan Synod passed sundry reso-
lutions pledging the parishes to raise a supplementary
amount according to the population and circumstances
of each. By the introduction of railways the bishop's
journeyings were materially lightened, yet there still
remained sufficient to tax his utmost powers, even
with the assistance of his two archdeacons of Hobart
and Launceston. On Bishop Bromby's retirement
his place was filled by the Rev. Daniel Fox Snndford,
an LL.D. of the University of Glasgow, whose con-
secration took place in St. Paul's Cathedral, April 25,
1883. Archbishop Benson was assisted by the bishops
of London, Bangor, Ely, Lichfield, Newcastle-on-
Tyne, Bedford, Bloemfontein and Calcutta, and Bishop
Bromby. After six years' steady labour, unmarked by
any special incident, he was in turn succeeded by the
Rev. Henry Hutchinson Montgomery, of Trinity
College, Cambridge, and Vicar of St. Mark's, Ken-
nington, consecrated in Westminster Abbey, May i,
1889, by Archbishop Benson. The bishops of
Rochester, Antigua, Moosonee, and Ballarat took
part in the ceremony. Whereas the stream of home
affairs continued to flow evenly on, the bishop was
enabled to take his full share in the councils of the
Church, and was more especially able to render signal
service to the missionary cause in Melanesia. As was
naturally to be expected, the disablement and enforced
departure for England of Bishop John Selwyn dealt a
terrible blow to the mission, the life and soul of which
he had been for upwards of sixteen years. Funds too
were running low, and so it was decided to allow the
see to remain vacant for a considerable period. Under
these forlorn circumstances Bishop Montgomery wil-
lingly responded to the appeal that he should as bishop
make a thorough visitation of the islands. The tour
occupied several months of the year 1892, and included
the New Hebrides, Banks', Torres, and Solomon

142 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

groups. A most interesting record of the trip, from
the bishop's own pen, will be found in The Light of
Melanesia, pubHshed by the S.P.C.K. in 1896.

Of the five years' episcopate of Bishop Barry as
MetropoUtan and Primate it may be briefly said that
it was marked by conspicuous abiHty, and was accom-
panied by a continuous growth of Church Hfe. In
addition to his wide sympathies he was quick to
seize upon matters of detail, and his advice was
always worth following. From habit the synods were
beginning to work smoothly of themselves, but a
guiding hand was called, for at times, and so wise
a controlling mind could not be otherwise than
of lasting benefit. He resigned in 1888, to the
great regret of the diocese. At the session of,
synod called for the purpose of electing a successor,
several names of eminence in the home Church were
submitted, from which, after an exhaustive debate,
three were chosen to be sent on to the provincial
bishops, and from these again two to be considered
by the Australian bench of bishops in accordance
with the terms of the Ordinance. By this process of
exhaustion the Rev. William Saumarez Smith, D.D.,
of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Principal of St.
Aidan's Theological College, Birkenhead, was left as
final nominee. Owing to a regrettable informality on
the part of the senior bishop in reporting the result
the election was declared invalid, and the entire
routine had to be gone through de novo. The Primate-
elect was consecrated in St. Paul's Cathedral, June 24,
1890, by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The prelates
assisting on the occasion were the bishops of London,
Carlisle, St. Davids, Llandaff, Colchester, Marlborough,
Bedford, and Madras, and Bishops Campbell, Marsden,
and Barry. Encouraged by the recommendation of
the Lambeth Conference of 1897, it has at last been
resolved to accord to the Primate of Australia his

CONCLUSION

rightful title of Archbishop. Seeing that in reality he
has occupied the position and executed the office of
Archbishop since the first General Synod of 1872, the
change is simply one of title.

In the year 1875 Bishop Hale was transferred from
far-away Perth to the see of Brisbane, which had just
lost its first bishop by resignation. The diocese had
been steadily advancing, if not quite so rapidly as its
friends had once anticipated. In the course of years
a radical change had passed over the colony, bringing
to the management of its sheep-runs an agent or over-
seer class in place of the original owners, who had
won their pastures mile by mile from the wild bush,
and whose personal influence helped so much to
encourage the earlier bishops and clergy. In spite of
his inability to master the art of Australian horseman-
ship. Bishop Tufnell had managed to become inti-
mately acquainted with his diocese from end to end,
making long excursions to the westward by coach
and buggy before the advent of railways, and availing
himself of the coasting steamers to visit Maryborough,
Rockhampton, and the further north. The building
of an episcopal residence on the outskirts of the city
was entirely owing to his efforts and private liberality.
But the mother church of St. John remained, and still
remains to this day, the pro-cathedral, every endeavour
to provide a more worthy substitute having failed of
accomplishment. If in his departure from Perth the
blacks of Western Australia lost a staunch friend in
Bishop Hale, their fellows in Queensland undoubtedly
gained one. Missions in their behalf received a fresh
impetus, even the Government being roused to a keener
sense of obligation in the matter of their protection
and moral improvement. Unfortunately the bishop's
physical strength proved unequal to the tasks thrown
upon him, hence his resignation after ten years'
unremitting exertion. He will long be remembered

144 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

as the "good bishop." His successor was chosen
from the ranks of the London clergy. As Vicar of
St. John the EvangeUbt, Holborn, the Rev. WilHam
Thomas Thornhill Webber had made his mark as an
able organizer and successful church builder. He
was consecrated third bishop of the diocese in St.
Paul's Cathedral by the Archbishop of Canterbury,
June II, 1885, the bishops of London, Carlisle, and
Bedford, with Bishops Tufnell and Mitchinson assisting.
Losing no time in entering on the duties of his office,
he took out with him from England a goodly staff of
clergy, whom he distributed throughout the country
districts, reserving the Rev. Bernard Robert Wilson
for the charge of the pro- cathedral, and placing the
Rev. Nathaniel Dawes at St. Andrew's, South Brisbane,
and the Rev. IManley Power at Christchurch, Milton.
By this time the magnificent pasture lands of the
Darling Downs had been found to be equally favour-
able to agriculture. Immense tracts of country natur-
ally open to the plough were either subdivided
privately by the graziers or resumed by the State to
be re-sold for farming purposes. Toowoomba, health-
ily and beautifully situated on the eastern edge of this
smiling corn-land above the main range, soon became
the seat first of an archdeaconry, then the head-
quarters of a coadjutor-bishop. The Vicar of South
Brisbane was called to fill both offices. At the bishop's
request he was consecrated by the Primate in St.
Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney, May i, 1889, the bishops
of Brisbane, Riverina, Melbourne, Bathurst, and
Grafton and Armidale taking part in the ceremony.
In Bishop Dawes the diocesan found a loyal and
efficient helper in the increasing labours of the see
until his appointment as first Bishop of Rockhampton
in 1892. For his next coadjutor Bishop Webber
looked to the cathedral city of Ballarat, which had
for dean the Very Rev. John Francis Stretch, an

CONCLUSION

LL.B. of the University of Melbourne and a born
Australian. Dean Stretch was consecrated to his
new office November i, 1895, in St. Paul's Cathedral,
Melbourne, by the Primate of Australia, assisted by
the bishops of Ballarat, Brisbane, Melbourne, and
Goulburn. His sphere of work has been fixed at
Roma, round about the terminus of the main line of
railway from Brisbane to the extensive downs of the
far west.

The task of finding a worthy successor to Bishop
Short in the important see of Adelaide was by no
means an easy one. At length the choice fell on the
Rev. George Wyndham Kennion, M.A., of Oriel
College, Oxon, Vicar of All Saints, Bradford, and his
consecration was fixed for November 30, 1882, in
Westminster Abbey. Under commission from the
Archbishop of Canterbury, Bishop Jackson of London
was the officiating prelate, assisted by the bishops of
Winchester, Rochester, Lichfield, Bedford, Ballarat,
and Nelson, together with Bishops Short, Ryan, and
Hellmuth. Of his successful episcopate of twelve
busy years not much has been said, not because it is
unworthy of remark, but simply because the limits of
this little work forbid. Stated in brief, it was carried
out wisely and loyally on the lines laid down by his
predecessor. During his tenure of office he greatly
promoted the growth of Church agencies, raising
funds for the endowment of churches, and sustaining
an active, living administration in every parish of the
diocese. Towards the completion of the cathedral
church of St. Peter he succeeded in gaining an
additional ^16,000, the chancel and one bay of the
nave having been finished in the previous bishop's
time. But perhaps his greatest work was the estab-
lishment of his " Home Mission Fund," by means of
which over forty new churches and one city church
were erected, besides schoolrooms and missions all

K

146 THE STORV OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

over the colony. To the keen regret of Churchmen
of every school of thought, he was called home all
too soon to the see of Bath and Wells. The Rev.
John Reginald Harmer, Dean of Christ Church
College, Cambridge, a literary coadjutor of the learned
Bishop Lightfoot of Durham, was chosen to succeed
him. On May 19, 1895, his consecration took place
in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop of Canter-
bury, and the bishops of Manchester, Sarum, Durham,
Bath and Wells, and Trinidad. Bishop John Selwyn
was also able to assist. Nominally the see of
Adelaide is identical with the colony of South Aus-
tralia, which would include the Northern Territory,
bordering on the equator, and separated from the
metropolis by a few thousand miles of ocean. Prac-
tically, however, that territory lies outside the range
of possible visitation, and will eventually, no doubt,
form part of a separate diocese, cutting off as well the
extreme north of the colony of Queensland, and
extending to the island of New Guinea unless the
lately consecrated bishop of the latter should be given
jurisdiction of the whole of these tropical regions.

Just as the colony of Western Australia for many
years stood alone among Australian States in not
possessing a Constitutional Government, so is Perth in
many ways peculiar among the dioceses. It has, to
begin with, a nominal area of 1,000,000 square miles,
the south-western fringe of which only is peopled.
Then it is cut off by the 11 00 miles of the Great
Australian Bight from any sort of rapid communi-
cation with the more eastern colonies. To attend
the sessions of general synod held in Sydney every
five years, the bishop is compelled to undertake a full
week's journey at considerable trouble and expense.
But, in spite of its prodigious size. Bishop Hale had
actually no more than forty or fifty thousand souls
within his jurisdiction. These were distributed

CONCLUSION

between the various settled districts, those to the
northward about Shark's Bay and the Gascoigne
River involving the longest journeyings. When the
see was vacated in 1875, by the departure of the
bishop for Brisbane he had for successor the Right
Rev. Henry Hutton Parry, who came fortified by
his eight years' experience as coadjutor-bishop of
Barbadoes. Church matters during his tenure of
office advanced but slowly, nor did the affairs of State
progress any more rapidly, until the inrush of gold-
seekers to the fields of Cue, Coolgardie, and Kalgoorlie
altered the entire aspect of the country. Men of
every degree, and of every nationality, continued to
pour into the seaports and to throng the bush-tracks
leading to the diggings. Whether for good or ill,
townsliips multiplied and grew apace, the revenue
leaped up year by year, raising the hopes of statesmen
in power to the highest pitch of expectation. The
Church has been hard put to it to cope with the
demands suddenly made upon her for clergy to
minister in the new fields. In the early stages of the
difficulty Bishop Parry was called away by death.
His place was filled by the consecration of the
Rev. Charles Owen Leaver Riley, Vicar of St. Paul's,
Preston, October 18, 1894. The Archbishop of
Canterbury was assisted by the bishops of Newcastle-
on-Tyne, Peterborough, Reading, Norwich, Bath and
^ Wells, and Honduras. For very many years to come
the anxieties of the diocese are not likely to be
diminished, the problem of an adequate supply of
clergy alone presenting a stupendous obstacle in the
way of a Church extension commensurate with the
growth of population.

The diocese of Riverina was formed in 1884, a
large inland territory included, as its name implies,
within the waters of several navigable rivers. Far
removed from the seaboard, and commencing only

148 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

at the termini of the railways, there are necessary
there the same long and exhausting jom^neys on horse-
back which marked the pioneer days of long ago.
Droughts, floods, unfortunate seasons, and low prices
have reduced the power of Churchmen to do what is
urgently required of them. Its first bishop, the Right
Rev. Sydney Linton, previously a Norwich vicar, a
saintly man and a ceaseless worker, was not spared
to reap any great harvest to his labour. He was
called to his rest while winning the first-fruits in the
love and respect of his scattered flock. Nevertheless
he contrived during his ten years' episcopate to visit
every portion of his vast diocese, cheering his little
band of clerg)' in their isolation, and giving renewed
hope by his presence to an almost despairing laity.
Synodical organization, as understood in the older and
more favoured sees, seemed hopeless under the
circumstances, yet not only was it instituted but there
are good hopes of its having taken permanent root.
" Bishop's Lodge was built at Ha}', on the opposite
bank of the IMurrumbidgee to the pro-cathedral of St.
Paul, a roomy and comfortable residence, but one
labouring unhappily under a heavy indebtedness. At
the bishop's request, who was much " given to hospi-
tality," ample provision was made for the due
entertainment of his clergy, an admirable principle
■which its present occupant, with his largely reduced
income, will find it difticult to carry out. On the
lamented death of Bishop Linton the choice of
successor rested with the provincial bishops, who called
to the office the Rev. Ernest Augustus Anderson,
Vicar of St. Paul's, West Maitland, in the diocese of
Newcastle. Mr. Anderson had previously done good
service as a mission-priest in the Lack blocks of North
Queensland, where he had gained just the kind of
experience which he would now be able to utilize with
effect. But here a difficulty arose as to the place of

CONCLUSION

149

consecration. The Honble. John Campbell, M.L.C.,
who had generously endowed the diocese on its
formation, had made it a condition of his gift that all
future bishops should be consecrated in England, to
prevent, as he hoped, the severance of the Church in
Australia from the Church of England. Opinions
were much divided, the ]dea being set up on the one
hand of the Church's independence, as evidenced by
her power to pass binding ordinances in her synods,
by her undisputed right to choose her own bishops,
and by her possession of a primate who in Australia
commanded the self-same obedience as the Archbishop
of Canterbury in England, while it was insisted on by
others that the founder's wishes must be complied
with or the endowment relinquished. Eventually the
bishop-elect proceeded to England, where he was
consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury in
St. Paul's Cathedral, June 29, 1895, the bishops of
London, Sarum, and Bath and Wells taking part.
Thus was perpetuated what was so often and so
forcibly deprecated by Bishop Tyrrell, the "sad
unreality of taking the oath of obedience to the
wrong authority." The diocese covers the huge
south-western corner of the colony of New South
Wales, and consists of a series of apparently inter-
minable plains, for the most part treeless, measuring
about 100,000 square miles.

The loss of Bishop Moorhouse from the Australian
bench in 1886, on his call home to Manchester, was
irreparable. His ringing voice had, year by year,
» called Ctuirchmen to arms, to do battle for the religious
instruction of the little ones ; for a supply of educated
clergy; for bright, short services; for a studious ministry,
and an eye to the trend of the times. He did not,
however, have his strong wish gratified for a new
diocese centred at Sandhurst, the Bendigo of golden
days, to be carved out of the overgrown Melbourne

150 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

see. His successor was the Rev. Field Flowers Goe,
Rector of St. George's, Bloomsbury, who was conse-
crated in Westminster Abbey, February 24, 1SS7, by the
Archbishop of Canterbury and the bishops of London,
Rochester, Manchester, and Perth, with Bishops
Perry, Alford and Marsden. On arrival in Melbourne,
as one of his first acts he was able to announce at the
Church Session of 1887 the completion of the Clarke
buildings of Trinity College, which had been so near
to the heart of his predecessor. For himself Bishop
Goe acknowledged the extreme kindness of his recep-
tion. He congratulated the diocese on the progress of
the cathedral, as the crowning work of forty years'
labour, and trusted that the Church would be considered
as bound up with all the events of our lives.

The see of Goulbum sustained a distinct loss by
the decease of Bishop Thomas. Undaunted by
difficulties, and a plodding, earnest worker, he suc-
ceeded in visiting regularly the most distant of his
parishes. He was ever a staunch friend to his clergy
— more than once standing between them and a
threatening parish council, greatly to their advantage.
A priest of long colonial experience was selected for
the vacancy in the person of the Rev. William
Chalmers, Vicar of St. Andrew's, Brighton, Victoria,
and formerly a student of St. Augustine's College,
Canterbury, and " S.P.G." Missionary to Borneo.
On November i, 1892, he was consecrated in his own
cathedral church of St. Saviour, by the Primate,
assisted by the bishops of Ballarat, Newcastle,
Riverina, Brisbane, and Melbourne. Financial troubles
have sadly hindered the diocese of late years in
providing for the increasing spiritual needs of the
interior. A recent grant of ^1000 from the *' S.P.C.K."
will, however, do much to strengthen the spirit of
self-sacrifice of which the cathedral church is so
striking a monument.

CONCLUSION

The place of the great pioneer bishop, Tyrrell,
who died as we have seen in 1879, was filled by the
election of the Rev. Josiah Brown Pearson, Vicar of
Newark, and Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge.
He was consecrated in St. Paul's Cathedral, May i,
1880, by the Archbishop of Canterbury, assisted by
the bishops of London, Winchester and Hereford, and
Bishop Perry. His episcopate was marked by much
earnestness and ability, with steady progress in Church
extension, but was sadly clouded towards the end by
an utter prostration of health. The diocese suffered
severely in consequence, so that it became a source
of devout thankfulness when the bishop recovered
sufficiently to be able to resign his see, however
reluctantly the resignation might be accepted on other
grounds. During the three years' interval, the diocese
was administered by the very Rev. the Dean of
Newcastle, Arthur Edward Selwyn — one of the
veterans of the Church in Australia. The shadow
was finally removed by the translation to Newcastle,
in 1 89 1, of Bishop Stanton of North Queensland, who
received a right hearty welcome. The appointment
was in fact a most desirable one from every point of
view. A new cathedral which was projected and
commenced on the original site of the quaint old
structure on the hill so widely known as a beacon to
mariners entering the harbour met with troublous
^ times, and is yet far from completion. Bishop Pearson
died in England four years after his resignation, having
partially recovered from the effects of his long and
lamentable affliction.

At the close of sixteen years' continuous labour,
Bishop Marsden decided, in 1885, to resign the see of
Bathurst, and to seek a more restful sphere in the old
country. Here he subsequentlyaccepted the invitation
of the Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol to become
his assistant. The administration of a diocese com-

152 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

prising the whole north-western interior of New South
Wales, approaching 100,000 square miles in extent, is
certainly enough to tax the powers of the strongest
physique. The Rev. Charles Edward Camidge, Yicar
of Thirsk, was appointed to the vacant see, and was
consecrated October 18, 1887, by the Archbishop of
Canterbury, assisted by the bishops of Rochester
and Sodor and Man, with Bishops Perry and
Marsden. Cordially welcomed to his cathedral
city, he manfully faced the arrears of work found to
have accumulated during the vacancy. In addition,
the colony was called upon to pass through the
vicissitudes of alternate droughts and floods. Travel
became difficult, while, to add to the problems to be
solved, continual changes were being made in the
laws dealing with State education. In these various
matters Bishop Camidge has always shown himself
determined to rule on recognized Church lines. But
he has also shown himself equally ready to foster good
work, wherever, and by whomsoever, exhibited. To-
gether with the bisho]JS of ISIelbourne and Grafton
and Armidale, he thought well to decline the Arch-
bishop's invitation to the recent Lambetli Conference,
preferring to remain at his post in the absence of so
many of his episcopal brethren. His services were
thus available, and were most generously given, for the
needful ministrations in the neighbouring dioceses.
To the great gain of the Church he still continues his
valuable oversight of his huge diocese.

North Queensland was unfortunate enough to lose
its first bishop in 1891 by translation to Newcastle,
but not until he had brought his enormous diocese
into something like ecclesiastical order. His Vicar
at St. James's pro-cathedral, Townsville, the Rev.
Christopher George Barlow, was nominated to the suc-
cession. The consecration ceremony was appointed for
July 25, 1891, at St. Andrew's Metropolitan Cathedral,

CONCLUSION

Sydney. The Primate was assisted by the bishops of
Newcastle and Grafton and Armidale. Some excep-
tion was taken to the confirmation of the bishop-elect
by certain of the AustraHan bishops, on the ground
that he was not a University graduate. The objection
was, however, overruled, and the event has ami)ly
justified the action of those who supported the
nomination. Perhaps no diocese has suffered more
keenly from the change which has come over the
pastoral industry of recent years in the transference
of ownership from private gentlemen of means and
position — many of them staunch Churchmen and
generous givers — to financial institutions, banks, and
trading companies of various descriptions. The
severance of Rockhampton to the south, in- 1892,
immensely relieved the labours of the two neighbouring
bishops. All of Queensland to the north of the twenty-
first parallel is still retained by Bishop Barlow — a min-
ing and grazing region of almost illimitable extent, but
containing besides the sugar plantations of the coast,
for the working of which many thousands of Kanakas
have been imported from the South Sea Islands. For
the spiritual welfare of these, active efforts have been
made in consultation with the Bishop of Melanesia,
from whose charge they mainly come. A goodly
number of them have already embraced Christianity
and are leading worthy consistent lives. A habit of
r reverence is indeed a noticeable trait in the character
of the Polynesian races.

Compelled by continued ill-health to resign his see
of Grafton and Armidale, Bishop Turner set sail for
England, but died at Naples on his homeward voyage.
He was succeeded by the Rev. Arthur Vincent Green,
Archdeacon of Ballarat, an eminent priest of Australian
training and orders, though not of birth, being an
LL.D. of both Sydney and Melbourne. The conse-
cration ceremony was performed May i, 1894, by the

154 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

bishops of IMelbourne, Ballarat, Adelaide, Newcastle,
Riverina, and Goulburn. Monetary difficulties beset
the new bishop from the outset. The endowment,
never very large, had been gradually dwindling away
from injudicious investments and other causes. Never-
theless he completed his primary visitation with a
good heart. The older parishes were strengthened
and new ones formed in the bush districts to cope
with the onward march of settlement. A splendid
spirit of self-abnegation was evinced by the country
clergy, the good results of which can scarcely be over-
estimated. To help lessen the strain the Archdeacon
of Tam worth was dispatched on a mission to the old
country to entreat assistance. His efforts were fairly
successful. Indeed English Churchmen, whether
individually or as represented by the great societies,
have been proverbially generous towards Australia.
But it is questionable whether the time has not come
for her to brace herself up to a supply of her own
needs. The present period of financial and industrial
depression constitutes a formidable obstacle, it is true,
but not an insuperable one, for difficulties not seldom
have the eftect of developing a keener sense of
responsibility. The experiment of choosing bishops
from the ranks of the Australian clergy, although still
in its initial stage, has been so far decidedly successful.
It would be invidious to mention names, but the fact
must be apparent to all who have any intimate know-
ledge of affairs. The supply of clergy has benefited at
the same time and perhaps for a similar reason.
Troubles of a lesser character, about stipends and
Church finance generally, will no doubt be overcome
likewise by the energy and determination of colonists.
A renewed spirit of self-reliance will at any rate help
towards that happy result.

A much-needed coadjutor has been provided for
the diocese of Ballarat. On the nomination of Bishop

CONCLUSION

Thornton, the Rev. Henry Edward Cooper, M.A.,
of Trinity College, Dublin, Vicar of Hamilton and
Archdeacon, was consecrated November i, 1895, in
St. Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne. The Primate was
assisted by the bishops of ^lelbourne, Ballarat, Goul-
burn, and Grafton and Armidale. Bishop Cooper's
long and intimate association with his diocesan,
coupled with his many years' service in the diocese, is
a guarantee, were any needed, of his extended useful-
ness in the higher sphere. For nearly two years, in
fact, it has fallen to him to administer the diocese
single-handed.

Justwithin the "One HundredYears" maybe fittingly
included the founding of the New Guinea Mission,
long projected and many times delayed. At the
Melbourne Church Assembly of 1887, Canon Chal-
mers, now Bishop of Goulburn, moved — "That this
assembly desires to direct the attention of the Church
to the Church Mission of .New Guinea, determined
upon by the General Synod held last year in Sydney,
and earnestly commends it to sympathy and support."
The proposal was taken up throughout Australia, and
an enthusiastic young priest, the Rev. Albert Mac-
laren, found to head the mission. He was accom-
panied by the Rev. Copland King, the youngest of the
four generations of the name covering the whole
century 1 788-1 888 — Governor King, Admiral King,
Archdeacon King, Missionary- Priest King. His three
brothers in holy orders are all at work in Australia.
The terribly sad news of the premature death of Mr.
Maclaren from fever, and the subsequent vicissitudes
of the mission — absorbingly interesting as they are —
do not come within the scope of our pages. Yet it
does mark an epoch in the history of the Australian
Church, that after much prayerful waiting she should
have been able at length to send forth her first mission-
ary bishop. In the Right Rev. M. J. Stone-Wigg, of

156 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH

University College, Oxon.,and lately Canon and Rector
of St. John's pro-cathedral, Brisbane, Australasia
possesses her youngest bishop. His consecration in the
Metropolitan Cathedral of St. Andrew, Sydney, on
January 25 last, created intense sympathy. In the
absence of the Primate, the Bishop of Brisbane, as
senior prelate, officiated, and was supported by the
bishops of Melbourne and Bathurst. Liberal offertories
were made during the day towards the objects of the
mission, to which has been added a grant of ;£i^oo
from the funds of the " S.P.C.K." for the establishment
and endowment of the episcopate.

Missions to the Chinese have been established in
most of the centres of population. Chinese deacons
and catechists are making splendid headway among
their countrymen in Sydney, Melbourne, and Hay.
They are an affectionate, teachable race, with great
inherent promise for the future, and by their means
will be solved, we believe, the difficulty of how best to
secure an entrance for the Christian faith into the
hitherto impracticable territory of China, with its
countless millions waiting for the Gospel to be preached
to them.

INDEX

Aborigines, Captain Cook's
observations respecting, 12 ;
character of, 129; conflicts
Avith, 130 ; mission stations
for, 132 ; life at Poonindie of,
134; Tasmanian, 137

Adelaide, foundation of see of,
53 ; first Bishop of, 54 ;
Church endowments of, 78 ;
consecration of second Bishop
of, 145 ; consecration of third
Bishop of, 146

Anderson, Right Rev. E. A.,
consecration to the see of
Riverina of, 149

Australia, Captain Cook's visit
to, II ; fitness for colonization
of, 13 ; foundation of first
colony of, 15, 16 ; third anni-
versary of settlement of, 23 ;
erection of see of, 41 ; centen-
ary of foundation of, 13S

Ballarat, early settlement of,
119; consecration of first
Bishop of, 120; first Church
assembly of, 121 ; designs for
cathedral church for, 123 ;
consecration of coadjutor-
bishop of, 155

Barker, Most Rev. Frederick,
consecration to the Metropo-
litan see of Sydney of, 72 ;
episcopal visit to Brisbane of,
93 ; journey to England of,
95 ; death at San Remo of, 117

Barry, Most Rev. Alfred, ap-
pointment to Metropolitical see

of Sydney of, 117; five years'
episcopate of, 142

Bathurst, foundation of see of,
III; installation of first Bishop
of, 112; resignation of first
Bishop of, 152 ; consecration
of second Bishop of, 152

Bedford, Rev. William, ap-
pointment to Tasmanian
chaplaincy of, 51

Bigge, Mr. Commissioner, re-
l)ort of, 33

Botany Bay, visit of Captain
Cook to, II ; unfitness for
settlement of, 15

Bourke, Governor Sir Richard,
dispatch from, 37; foundation
of cathedral by, 42 ; pro-
posals for Government aid to
religion by, 43

Brisbane, foundation of see of,
91 ; consecration of first
Bishop of, 93 ; resignation of
first Bishop of, 143 ; arrival
of second Bishop of, 143 ;
episcopate and resignation of
second Bishop of, 14 1. ; conse-
cration of third Bishop of, 144

Bromby, Right Rev. C. H.,
consecration as second Bishop
of Tasmania of, 140

Broughton, Most Rev. W. G.,
appointment as second arch-
deacon of, 33 ; previous
career of, 38 ; second visit to
England of, 40 ; appointment
as first Bishop and Metropoli-
tan of Australia of, 41 ; pro-

INDEX

test against Roman intrusion
of, 44 ; journals of visitations
of, 46; appointment as Bishop
of Sydney of, 59 ; visit to the
gold-fields of, 67 ; death in
England of, 71 ; character of,
72

Camidge, Right Rev. C. E.,
consecration to the see of
Bathurst of, 152

Chalmers, Right Rev. William,
consecration to see of Goul-
burn of, 150

Chinese, missions to, 156

Church, absence of a, 16 ; tem-
porary "wattle and daub,"
25 ; centennial rejoicings of
the, 138 ; growing organiza-
tion of the, 139

Church Conference, bishops
summoned by the Metropoli-
tan to, 67 ; decisions of and
replies to, 70 ; meetings in
Melbourne for, 86 ; meetings
in Sydney for, 88 ; first general
meetings in Sydney of, 114

Cooper, Right Rev. H. E.,
consecration as coadjutor-
bishop of Ballarat of, 155

Cowper, Ven. William, arrival
of, 36 ; appointment as arch-
deacon and administrator of
the diocese of, 72 ; lamented
death of, 76

Cowper, Very Rev. W, M.,
first appointment of, 42 ;
transfer to St. Phillip's, Syd-
ney, of, 64 ; appointment as
Dean of Sydney of, 64

Dawes, Right Rev. Nathaniel,
consecration as coadjutor-
bishop of Brisbane of, 144 ;
appointment as first Bishop of
Rockhampton of, 145

Education, Royal Charter in

bfchalf of, 38 ; revocation ot
charter on, 39 ; Government
grants in aid of, 48 ; intro-
duction of Irish system of, 48 ;
National Board of, 49

Famine, settlement threatened

with, 20
Fulton, Rev. H., description of,

19 ; brief loctuii tenency of, 36

Glebes, reservation of land for,
22

Goe, Right Rev. F. F., conse-
cration to the see of Mel-
bourne of, 150

Goulburn, foundation of see of,
94; installation of first Bishop
of, 95 ; regretted death of
first Bishop of, 150 ; consecra-
tion of second Bishop of, 150

Grafton and Armidale, founda-
tion of see of, 117 ; sad death
by drowning of first Bishop of,
118; consecration and arrival of
second Bishop of, 119; resigna-
tion of second Bishop of, 153 ;
consecration of third Bishop of,
154 ; financial depression of,
154

Green, Right Rev. A. V., con-
secration to the see of Grafton
and Armidale of, 154

Hale, Right Rev. M. B., ap-
pointment to the new see of
Perth of, no; translation to
see of Brisbane of, 143

Howard, Rev. C. B., arrival as
S.P.G. chaplain. South Aus-
tralia, of, 53

Johnson, Rev. Richard, ap-
pointment as first chaplain of,
14 ; retirement of, 29 ; sum-
mary of life and work of, 30

Kennion, Right Rev. G. W.,
consecration to the see of

INDEX

Adelaide of, 145 ; translation
to the see of Bath and Wells
of, 146

King, Governor Philip Gidley,
successful rule of, 34

Knopwood, Rev. R., appoint-
ment to the chaplaincy of Van
Diemen's Land of, 50

Linton, Right Rev. Sydney,
appointment to the see of
Riverina of, 148 ; episcopate
and early death of, 148

MACQUARiE,Governor Lachlan,
reputed favouritism of, 32 ; ad-
ministration otherwise of, 35 ;
educational proposals of, 47

Marsden, Right Rev. S. E.,
appointment to the new see of
Bathurst of, 112; resignation
and work in England of, 152

Marsden, Rev, Samuel, arrival
of, 25 ; industrial pursuits of,
28 ; character of, 31 ; con-
spiracy against, 32 ; visit to
England of, 36

Melbourne, foundation of see
of, 56 ; first Bishop of, 59 ;
Church Conference held in,
85 ; formation of cathedral
chapter for, 107 ; resignation
of first Bishop of, 125 ; con-
secration of second Bishop of,
125 ; consecration of third
Bishop of, 150

Montgomery, Right Rev. H. H.,
consecration to the see of Tas-
mania of, 141 ; episcopal visit
to Melanesian Islands of, 142

Moore College, establishment
of, 73 ; departure of first
principal of, 105

Moorhouse, Right Rev. James,
consecration to the see of
Melbourne of, 125 ; transla-
tion to Manchester of, 149

New Guinea, founding of
missions to, 155 ; consecra-
tion of first Bishop of, 156

New Zealand, discovery of, 12 ;
first Bishop of, 63

Newcastle, foundation of see of,
61 ; first Bishop of, 61 ; pro-
posed subdivision of see of,
64 ; consecration of second
Bishop of, 151 ; illness and
resignation of second Bishop
of, 151 ; translation of Bishop
Stanton to, 151

Nixon, Right Rev. F. R., ap-
pointment to see of Tasmania
of, 53 ; close of episcopate of,
140

Norfolk Island, settlement of, 19
North Queensland, foundation
of see of, 113 ; arrival of first
Bishop of, 114; translation
to Newcastle of first Bishop
of, 152 ; consecration of
second Bishop of, 153

Parramatta, settlement on
the banks of the, 21 ; dedica-
tion of St John's Church at,
34 ; factory and orphan schools

of, 35-47
Parry, Right Rev. H. II., ap-
pointment to the see of Perth
of, 147

Perth, Bishop Short's visit to,
55 ; foundation of see of, no;
translation to Brisbane of first
Bishop of, 143; appointment of
second Bishop of, 147 ; conse-
cration of third Bishop of, 147

Phillip, Governor Arthur, land-
ing of, 14; anticipations of, 27

Port Phillip, early settlement of,
57

Riley, Right Rev. C. O. L.,
consecration to the see of
Perth of, 147

i6o

INDEX

Riveiina, foundation of the see
of, 148 ; first Bishop of, 148 ;
consecration of second Bishop
of, 149

Sandford, Right Rev. D. F.,
consecration to the see of
Tasmania of, 141

Scott, Ven. T. Hobhes, appoint-
ment as first archdeacon of,
33 ; character of, 37

Short, Right Rev. Augustus, •
appointment to the see of
Adelaide of, 54 ; visit to
Western Austraha of, 55 ;
fatiguing bush journeys of,
77 ; influence on synod ical
organization of, 86

Smith, Most Rev. W. S., con-
secration to the primatial see
of Sydney of, 142

South Australia, early days of,
53 ; education in, 79-86

Stanton, Right Rev. G. H., con-
secration to the see of North
Queensland of, 114 ; transla-
tion to Newcastle of, 152

Sydney, foundation of see of,
59 ; consecration of second
Bishop of, 72 ; metropolitan
cathedral of, 76-102 ; ap-
pointment of third Bishop of,
117; episcopate of third
Bishop of, 142 ; consecration
of fourth Bishop of, 142 ;
assumption of title of Arch-
bishop of, 143

Synod, first session in Adelaide
of, 87 ; first session in New-
castle of, 90 ; first session in
Sydney of, 96 ; meeting of
first provincial, loi ; forma-
tion of general, 1 14

Tahiti, scientific expedition of

Captain Cook to, ii ; arrival
of missionaries from, 28

Tasmania, erection of see of,
53 ; adoption of name of, 65 ;
consecration of second Bishop
of, 140 ; consecration of third
Bishop of, 141 ; consecration
of fourth Bishop of, 141

Thomas, Right Rev. Mesac,
consecration to the see of
Goulburn of, 95; death of,
150

Thornton, Right Rev. Samuel,
consecration to the see of
Ballarat of, 120

Tufnell, Right Rev. E. W.,
consecration to the see of
Brisbane of, 93 ; episcopate
and resignation of, 143

Turner, Right Rev. J. F., con-
secration to the see of Grafton
and Armidale of, 119; death
at Naples of, 154

Tyrrell, Right Rev. William,
consecration to the see of
Newcastle of, 61 ; keen in-
terest in missions of, 63 ; ex-
ertions for subdivision of the
diocese of, 64 ; great influ-
ence on synodical organization
of, 67 ; death and valuable
bequests of, 119

Van Diemen's Land, discovery
of, 12; diversion of settlement
to, 50 ; Colonel David Col-
lins, commandant of, 51

Victoria, separation of colony
of, 64 ; education in, 82 ;
Church finances of, 106

Webber, Right Rev. W. T. T.,
consecration to see of Brisbane
of, 144

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