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Charitable, Educational and
Scientific Foundation of the
State Medical Society of Wisconsin
EX LIBRIS
Donated by-
Mrs. I. E. Levitas
DePere,, Wis.
^. ^4,-7
THE STORY OF
RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE
H PAULINA STW
■- .. ,
^UNO/S 60612
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2011 with funding from
CARLI: Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois
http://www.archive.org/details/storyofrushmedicOOiron
Daniel Brainard
1812-1866
The Story of
Rush Medical College
BY ERNEST E. IRONS, M.D.,Ph.D.
Emeritus Professor of Medicine
Dean of Students and Faculty, 1923-1936
Published by
THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF
RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE
CHICAGO ■ 1953
COPYRIGHT 1953, BOARD OF TRUSTEES, RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
THE LAKESIDE PRESS • R. R. DONNELLEY & SONS COMPANY
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, AND CRAWFORDSVILLE, INDIANA
RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE • MAY 1953
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Ralph C. Brown, M.D.
Charles L. Byron
Vernon C. David, M.D.
Judge Hugo M. Friend
Henry A. Gardner
R. K. Gilchrist, M.D.
William J. Hagenah
Earl D. Hostetter
Ernest E. Irons, M.D.
Frank B. Kelly, M.D.
L. Dow Nichol, Jr.
Wilber E. Post, M.D.
Frederick C. Shafer
Kellogg Speed, M.D.
PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL
BOARD OF MANAGERS
Ralph A. Bard
James D. Cunningham
Willis Gale
Burton W. Hales
Anthony L. Michel
Fred A. Poor
Philip R. Clarke
John B. Drake
Donald R. McLennan, Jr.
John M. Simpson
R. Douglas Stuart
Edward
E. Hall Taylor
Albert D. Farwell
James B. Forgan
Harold J. Nutting
Solomon A. Smith
Franklyn B. Snyder
Clarence S. Woolman
Alfred T. Carton
Albert B. Dick, Jr.
Stanley G. Harris
Edward D. McDougal, Jr.
F. Wilson
CLERICAL MANAGERS
W. Clyde Howard, M.D.
Alvyn R. Hickman, M.D.
Luther E. Stein, M.D.
Clarence N. Wright, M.D.
HONORARY MANAGERS
John P. Welling Alfred E. Hamill*
John McKinlay*
* Deceased
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter
i. The Growth of Medical Education
2. Early Days and the Charter of Rush
3. Rush Medical College Opens
4. The Early Faculties .
5. The Civil War Period
6. Rush and the County Hospital
7. Advances in Educational Requirements
8. Affiliation of Rush with The University of
Chicago .....
9. Rush and the Presbyterian Hospital .
10. The First Century of Rush
PAGE
3
11
15
18
24
27
3°
32
45
47
Appendices
I. An Act to Incorporate the Rush Medical
College 53
II. Charter of Presbyterian Hospital 59
III. Charter of Central Free Dispensary ... 60
IV. Agreement between Presbyterian Hospital and
the University of Illinois .... 62
V. Extracts from Court Decree in re Rush Medical
College vs. The University of Chicago et al. 64
Bibliography 75
Index
79
vn
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Daniel Brainard ....
Frontispiece
FACING PAGE
Chicago River in 1833 .
14
Chicago, 1835
14
First College Building, 1844 .
15
Dr. Brainard's Office, 1844
15
Members of the First Faculty .
. 22, 23
Building of 1855 ....
26
Ruins of Fire, 1871 .
26
FOLLOWING PAGE
College under Sidewalk, 1872 .
26
Building of 1875 ....
26
Nathan Smith Davis
26
Walter Stanley Haines .
26
Ephraim Fletcher Ingals .
26
FACING PAGE
Norman Bridge ....
27
Arthur Dean Bevan ....
27
Christian Fenger ....
30
Nicholas Senn
30
John Milton Dodson
31
James Nevins Hyde ....
31
IX
FACING PAGE
Frank Billings 38
James Bryan Herrick 38
Ludvig Hektoen 39
Edwin Raymond Lecount 39
Peter Bassoe 39
Bertram Welton Sippy 46
Dean DeWitt Lewis 46
Rush and Presbyterian Hospital Today .... 47
Nurses Residence (Presbyterian Hospital) ... 47
THE STORY OF
RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE
Chapter 1
THE GROWTH OF MEDICAL
EDUCATION
The story of Rush Medical College is part of the his-
tory of medical education in America. Intimately inter-
woven as it is with the spectacular development of Chi-
cago and the West, the conditions under which Rush
was founded and the nature of its early struggles can
scarcely be understood without some account of medical
education in the country as a whole.
In the early days of the nineteenth century, America
was still mainly a frontier nation. Even in the older
states of the East, populations were relatively sparse, dis-
tances were great, money was scarce, and our people
were too preoccupied with wresting a living from the
land to concern themselves greatly with the education of
medical men.
Progress had been made, it is true, but the state of
medical education even in the older parts of the country
could hardly be compared with that in the nations of
Europe. Thirty years after the Revolution, seven medi-
cal schools had been organized: Philadelphia (two),
New York (two), Boston, Hanover (Dartmouth) and
Baltimore. By 1810 two of these (Philadelphia) had
been combined, and one had been discontinued. This
left only five active in preparing men for the medical
profession.
The curricula were largely patterned after that of the
medical school of the University of Edinburgh, where
3
many American physicians (among them Shippen,
Morgan and Rush) had received their medical degrees.
The education of students of medicine of that day was
based on a preceptorship or apprenticeship of two to six
years or more under outstanding scholarly practitioners.
Organized in 1705, the medical school of the University
of Edinburgh had been designed to afford student ap-
prentices facilities for a review study of anatomy and
chemistry better than they could have received with in-
dividual practitioners.
The Philadelphia Medical College, founded in 1765,
stated among its requirements for admission to candi-
dacy that "such students as have not taken a Degree in
Arts . . . satisfy the Trustees and Professors of the Col-
lege concerning their knowledge of the Latin tongue
and in such branches of Mathematics, natural and ex-
perimental Philosophy as should be judged requisite to
a Medical Education. Each student shall take at least
one course in Anatomy, Materia Medica, Chemistry, the
Theory and Practice of Physic and Clinical lectures and
shall attend the practice of the Pennsylvania Hospital
for one year. ... It is further required that each student
previous to obtaining a Bachelor's Degree shall have
served a sufficient apprenticeship to some respectable
Practitioner in Physic, and be able to show that he has a
general knowledge in Pharmacy."
These requirements continued in force until the oc-
cupation of Philadelphia by the British in 1777. The de-
gree of Bachelor of Medicine was conferred after one
year, and the degree of Doctor of Medicine after one
to three years of additional attendance. Few students
returned for the second year, however, and the degree of
Bachelor of Medicine was discontinued, as was also the
original requirement of Latin and Greek. Travel was
slow and difficult and many students had limited re-
sources. The relative poverty and the obstacle of dis-
tance in the still only partly settled country finally led
to a shortening of the college course to twelve to sixteen
weeks.
The quality of the preceptorships deteriorated, mean-
while, so that they often offered only nominal opportu-
nity to the students. The college course, which had been
at first an adjunct or review in completion of a serious
apprenticeship, gained in importance, while the ap-
prenticeship became secondary and often merely a per-
functory item of a year's credit on the college course.
In the absence of examining boards of licensure inde-
pendent of the schools, a school diploma was accepted
as qualification for license to practice. Competition
among schools encouraged low standards of admission
and performance, without the salutary control of a com-
petent and independent examining authority.
By 1 840 twenty-six new schools had appeared, and by
1875, forty-seven more. Of the eighty schools organized
in the space of a hundred years, sixteen were discon-
tinued, leaving sixty-four in 1875. A few other smaller
schools had been organized and had closed their doors
without leaving a record available in 1875 (Davis). But
despite the later separation of licensure from the edu-
cational function, medical schools continued to in-
crease; some good, some poor, to the total number of
162, up to the decade of drastic reform in medical edu-
cation (1900-1910).
In the evaluation of the purposes, resources, and
achievements of medicine in our own era two objectives
have emerged: that of producing physicians well pre-
pared to counsel the public in the prevention and cure
of disease; and that of furnishing facilities for searching
out new knowledge and proving its effectiveness in med-
ical care.
Medicine from the beginning has had for its objective
the cure of the sick and the prevention of disease by
utilizing all current scientific knowledge in the care of
the patient under the direction of experience. This is
accomplished mainly through the personal relation of
the good doctor and his patient.
In the past fifty years the peace-time accumulation of
wealth has enabled philanthropists to set up facilities
for more extensive and penetrating research in special
problems in medicine. Institutes and specialized foun-
dations created by this means have contributed mightily
to the advances of clinical medicine.
These two objectives— practice and research— are of
course complementary and mutually advantageous.
Sometimes the two concepts, in the form of superior
clinical training and of research, have been successfully
combined in one school. Sometimes, as in the financially
lush nineteen twenties, clinical schools which aspired
to a combination of both have, unfortunately, invested
large and perhaps disproportionate sums in their pri-
vately owned hospitals. In so doing, they neglected to
utilize public, tax-supported hospitals which might have
been more economical and at the same time afforded
better and more varied opportunities for clinical teach-
ing. Sometimes, too, richly endowed research-minded
schools planned for a completely "full time" program,
on the assumption that their limited clinical facilities
would somehow suffice to give the best clinical training
to their students. By the cold law of probabilities, many
of these students, no matter how carefully chosen,
were certain to prove unfitted for academic research, al-
though as potential standard bearers of professional
competence, and in the interest of public service they
were entitled to a clinical training equivalent to that of
their colleagues in other schools.
GRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION
Changes in the techniques of graduate medical edu-
cation, too, have resulted from advances in medical edu-
cation. The ambitious and progressive physician avails
himself more and more of opportunities for graduate
study. Currently, his program of professional develop-
ment conforms to one of two patterns, both of which
have evolved from improved standards of medical edu-
cation, and from the utilization by medicine of the
astounding increase of knowledge in many fields of
science including chemistry, physics, biology and bio-
physics. The rapid expansion of medical methods and
facilities rendered inevitable an accentuation of prac-
tice in special fields. This has been going on for decades.
Indeed, it began in the days of the barber surgeons. But
this entirely logical trend toward specialization has
brought with it certain undesirable results. Some medi-
cal men proclaimed themselves specialists with little or
no justification by reason of ability, hard work, or qual-
ity of performance. For the protection of the public, in
consequence, special boards have been established in
the several specialties to determine fitness for specialty
designation; and to encourage younger men to prepare
themselves for better techniques of specialized practice
while they still had command of the educational tools
acquired in college and medical school.
Special board certification is entirely voluntary and
has no legal status. This certification in specialties has
been used by some administrators of state and national
medical and health programs and of hospitals, to deter-
mine appointments, often with advantage but some-
times unfortunately to the exclusion of other equally
well qualified physicians who have not desired to sub-
mit to further formal examinations. Occasionally a
young physician recently certified as a specialist without
sufficient clinical experience mistakenly assumes that
the fact of his certification relieves him of his obligation
to care for patients in their homes. Emphasis on spe-
cialty certification has tended also wrongly to minimize
the stature of the general practitioner. These difficulties,
however, appear to be in process of correction. Advances
in medical education and opportunity have thus of
themselves created new problems in educational pro-
cedure and in medical practice, and these in turn have
determined the following two main patterns of profes-
sional growth of the young physician.
1 . Preparation for Specialization. This calls for a pro-
longed residency for the physician after completion of
his interneship with additional training in biological
subjects. Such a program assumes a thorough grounding
in chemistry, physics, and pathology.
Occasionally physicians who have been in practice for
a few years turn back later for additional study. Al-
though these instances are exceptional, the difficulties
of such a delayed program are so obvious in terms of in-
terrupted practice and dislocations in personal life that
young graduates are usually moved to prepare for their
Specialty Boards (Internal Medicine, Surgery, Oph-
thalmology, Obstetrics, etc.), under another handicap-
namely, lack of the great advantages in experience they
8
would gain by a few years in general practice. The Board
of Internal Medicine has liberalized its requirements
with a view to meeting the individual necessities of al-
most any doctor. Let me say that I am speaking now of
the young physician who is earnestly concerned with the
quality of his preparation and in the service he will ren-
der to his patients later; not primarily with the added
financial rewards which he hopes to receive by the mere
possession of a board certification.
2. Graduate Study. A second type of graduate train-
ing is the short, intensive course of a few weeks or more,
arranged by medical schools or by medical organiza-
tions, given at educational centers, or by qualified in-
structors at local centers in rural communities. This
type of education is rapidly increasing, and promises to
contribute much to the quality of general medical prac-
tice. The general advance of medical education has pro-
duced medical practitioners who can appreciate, under-
stand, and profit by such opportunities to a degree not
possible in the early days.
These two types of graduate training have largely re-
placed the old post-graduate school, which formerly
served as well as it could to remedy the faults of grossly
defective undergraduate medical education.
The telegraph and telephone, good roads, the auto-
mobile, more and better equipped rural hospitals, and
the ever increasing scientific knowledge available to
medicine, have truly revolutionized medical education
and medical practice. Yet, the observation of Weir
Mitchell still holds true: that by what the country doc-
tor is, you can judge the progress of medicine. Today
the family doctor, whether in the city or country, has
not passed— he has improved.
Some of the problems of Rush Medical College in the
past four decades stemmed from honest differences of
opinion as to the methods of applying these two concepts
of medical education: that concerned with the care of
the sick, and that concerned with research more or less
separated from clinical practice. These divergent views,
and their alternate ascendency account in the main for
the successive changes in the later academic relation-
ships of Rush.
10
Chapter 2
EARLY DAYS AND THE
CHARTER OF RUSH
To present some notion of the events of over a hundred
years of Rush history within reasonable space requires
the selection of only a few fairly representative incidents
in which the activities of the College were a reflection,
more or less directly, of larger events in the city and
nation. I shall try to present the medical picture in the
newly settled country, the ideals behind the founding of
Rush, and the progressive rise in its standards of medi-
cal education in response to opportunity and to public
need and demands.
A file of the college announcements from 1843 on-
ward records the thinking and actions of the Faculty as
well as statistics and regulations of the College.
Many of the older records were lost in the fire of 1 87 1 .
Fortunately, a number of the Rush faculty have been
historically minded over the years and have collected
and recorded important stop-gap data in addresses, ar-
ticles and reminiscences. Some of these are well docu-
mented; others, regrettably though naturally, reveal the
frailty of memory.
DR. BRAINARD ARRIVES IN CHICAGO
Rush Medical College grew up with the coming Sec-
ond City of America. Rush received its charter from the
State of Illinois in 1837, a few days before a charter was
issued to the still pioneer City of Chicago. Dr. Brainard,
11
the founder of the College, had come to Chicago in
1836. His arrival is thus described by John D. Caton
(later Judge Caton), a lawyer and friend who had
studied law in Rome, N.Y., when Brainard was studying
medicine in that city.
"Dr Brainard rode up to my office on a little Indian pony. He
was dressed rather shabbily and said he was nearly out of funds,
and asked my advice about commencing the practice of medicine
in Chicago. I knew he was ambitious, studious, and a man of
ability, and I advised him to go to the Pottawatomie Camp
where the Indians were preparing to start for a new location,
west of the Mississippi River and sell his pony; take a desk or
rather a small table I had in my office and put his shingle by
the side of the door, promising to aid him in building up a
business."
The State of Illinois had been admitted to the union
in 1818. The Territory of Wisconsin lay to the north
and the Territory of Iowa to the west. The Village of
Chicago had been organized in 1833 anc^ was growing
rapidly; the population had doubled every eight months
and by 1836 had reached 3000. Norman Bridge thus
describes the village.
"They (Chicago citizens) were planning to send a delega-
tion to Vandalia, the capital of the state with a petition to the
forthcoming session of the Legislature for a city charter. Yet
they had not a rod of street pavement and their sidewalks were
of wood, uneven and shaky. When it rained, mud was every-
where, teams often becoming stalled in the chief streets . . .
notably Lake Street near Clark . . . where more than once a 'no
bottom' placard was seen and an old hat with the words 'keep
away, I went down here . . . .' There were no sewers, not even
a common drain and the public water supply was through a
service of pails, barrels and other containers from the lake and
river. Two rude bridges spanned the creek— the Chicago River
. . . along the banks of which the primeval trees and shrubbery
12
were still mostly undisturbed. The houses and other buildings
were of wood and built with the evident purpose to make them
habitable at the earliest possible moment. But the country back
of the town was fertile, inviting and great, and a canal was to be
dug to connect the lake and the Mississippi."
DANIEL BRAINARD (l8l2-l866)
The story of the early years of Rush Medical College
centers about its founder, Daniel Brainard, and the men
whom he chose as members of his faculty.
Daniel Brainard was born in Oneida County, New
York, in 1812, received a common school and academic
education probably in the Oneida Institute, and began
his medical studies with a preceptorship in Whitesboro
and in Rome, New York. Later he took medical lectures
in Fairfield Medical College, and then after two years
more at Jefferson Medical College received his medical
degree in 1834. He returned to Whitesboro where he
practiced medicine but spent much of his time in the
study of Latin and French and in teaching physiology
in Oneida Institute.
"Physically, Dr. Brainard was tall, well proportioned,
and strongly built. He was dignified almost to reserve
. . . his appearance in the class room was quiet and un-
assuming." (Ingals) He was an investigator, and made
notable studies on rattlesnake venom, the treatment of
wounds with iodine, and treatment of ununited frac-
tures. He earned well merited fame in the West and in
Europe as an outstanding surgeon. Intimately corre-
lated with Brainard's devotion to the practice of medi-
cine was his enthusiasm for medical education and
teaching.
The economic depression of 1 837, as well as the neces-
sity of first gathering a faculty for his new school (to
13
which he had given the name of Rush in commemora-
tion of Dr. Benjamin Rush of Philadelphia, one of the
signers of the Declaration of Independence) made im-
practicable the immediate opening of the school. But
Brainard was not to be deterred from his teaching, and
he opened a private school of anatomy in his rooms on
Clark Street, where he gave three courses of instruction
to some six or seven students each. The years 1 839-41 he
spent in Paris in further medical preparation. On his
return he was appointed in 1 842 to the Chair of Anat-
omy in St. Louis University where he gave two courses.
14
Chicago River in 1833
Courtesy Chicago Historical Society
Chicago, 1835
Courtesy Chicago Historical Society
First College Building, 1844
Courtesy Chicago Historical Society
Dr. Brainard's Office, 1844
Courtesy Chicago Historical Society
Chapter 3
RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE OPENS
Rush medical college began its first session of sixteen
weeks on December 4, 1843. The population of Chicago
was now 7,850 (Bridge). Twenty-two students were en-
rolled. The requirements for the degree of Doctor of
Medicine were:
"Three years of study with a respectable physician, two
courses of lectures, the last in this school (two years of practice
to be accepted in lieu of one course) ; the candidate to be twenty-
one years old, to have a good moral character and to present a
thesis on some medical subject of his own composition and in
his own handwriting, which should be approved by the
faculty . . ."
The first classes met in Dr. Brainard's office on Clark
Street near Randolph. A shed in the rear served as a dis-
secting room. The regular fees were $65, and the gradu-
ation fee $20. The first college building, built of wood
on a lot donated by citizens at Clark and Indiana Streets,
north of the river, was completed in 1844 and cost
$3500.
In his inaugural address Brainard said:
". . . We have chosen the subject of institutions of science,
their influence in a community, and their claims to the fostering
care of the public . . . (because of) the sovereign influence ex-
ercised by public opinion which holds the place of supreme
power in our own country. . . . Especially in the West is it es-
sential that the public mind should be directed to the found-
ing ... of institutions of science. . . . The health, the happiness
and the life of your dearest friends, and your own, may, and will,
15
some day depend on the skill of some member of the medical
profession. . . . To elevate the standard of skill and knowledge
in the profession, to excite an honorable emulation among its
members, to disseminate in this new region the principles of
medical science . . . such are the objects held in view by the
founders of this institution."
In referring to the objection that suitable teachers
could not be found he said, " (This) is alike unfounded,
and next to the merit of making great discoveries in
science, is that of extending them in regions where they
would otherwise be unknown."
MEDICAL NEEDS OF THE WEST
The medical needs of a pioneer population in the
West (in those days the West meant everything west of
the Alleghanies) were augmented by malaria which was
prevalent as far north as Canada. Indeed, the settlement
of the bush in Ontario was delayed by chills and fever
which turned back many families. Quinine was effective
but too often used in insufficient dose. The cost often
reached $5.00 per ounce, a high price in those days.
Epidemics of Asiatic cholera1 appeared from 1833 on-
ward in Chicago and in the absence of sanitary measures
caused thousands of deaths.
The urgent need for physicians in the rapidly grow-
ing West resulted in the formation of a number of small
local medical schools which disappeared after a brief
existence. There were no educational standards for ad-
mission and the inferior quality of instruction called
forth well merited criticism. Brainard recognized the
inadequacy of some of these schools but resented indis-
1 Asiatic cholera was recorded as early as 1832 among troops arriv-
ing in Fort Dearborn.— Hamilton.
16
criminate condemnation of all schools west of the Al-
leghanies.
At the same time he reiterated in 1 849 his faith in the
future of Chicago which had then a population of
17,000. He said in this address:
"The statement has recently been made by a Dr. Holmes,
professor in a not very flourishing medical school at Boston,
that 'the multiplication of medical schools in the west is doing
great mischief . . .' For a country possessing all the advantages
for containing a large population calculated from extent and
situation to be the center of the republic . . . with all its ad-
vantages to be dependent on some villages a thousand miles off
for its physicians, would certainly present an anomaly in the
general order of things. But a few years since, the place we in-
habit was on the extreme verge of civilization, and stretching
far away to the west was a desert, scarcely trodden by the foot
of civilized man. Now the emigrant turns from our crowded
streets ... to the far distant shores of the Pacific Ocean."
But despite Brainard's enthusiasm, stimulated per-
haps by the gold rush of 1 849, the educational facilities
of the frontier settlement were crude. The medical fac-
ulty members, forward looking and pioneering men of
vision and imagination, were recruited from towns in
the surrounding area.
The college curriculum was patterned after those of
medical schools east of the Alleghanies and soon ap-
proached an equality in content though not in age. The
refinements of the older Eastern cities were lacking in
these early days of Chicago. The Rush faculty were
wading through the mud to their barely furnished
wooden school when the walls of the Philadelphia Hos-
pital were already lined with portraits of great citizens
and physicians by distinguished painters of the day.
i7
Chapter 4
THE EARLY FACULTIES
The first faculty2 selected by Brainard included
James V. Z. Blaney, professor of chemistry ( 1 846-1 874),
distinguished analytical chemist; Austin Flint, Sr.
(1844—1845), professor of medicine who later became
professor of medicine at Bellevue; John Evans (1845-
1857), professor of obstetrics who was later appointed
territorial governor of Colorado, and thereafter served
as Senator. Other members of the faculty up to 1859
were John McLean (1843-1854), M. L. Knapp, A. W.
Davisson, G. N. Fitch (1844-1849), W. B. Herrick
(1844-1857), Samuel G. Armour, Thomas Spencer
(1849-1851), J. W. Freer (1855-1877), Hosmer A.
Johnson (1855-1859), W. H. Byford (1857-1859,
1879-1890) and John H. Rauch (1857-1859). Rauch
led in establishing the Illinois State Board of Health and
in the passage of the Medical Practice Act.
NATHAN SMITH DAVIS
Nathan Smith Davis (1817-1904) joined the faculty
in 1 849. He was active in the organization of the Ameri-
can Medical Association in 1 847, and has been called the
Father of the American Medical Association. He was an
able writer and organizer and deeply interested in edu-
cational methods and in their application to medical
2 Brief biographical sketches of the early faculty are recorded by
Dr. George Weaver, Bui. Rush Alumni Assn., Vol. 8, No. 1, p. 17,
1912-1913.
18
teaching. He is reported to have brought the first micro-
scope to Chicago; the annual announcement of 1844-
1845, however, contains the following note: "Among
the various additions to the apparatus may be men-
tioned a fine microscope, of sufficient power to exhibit
the blood globules, spermatic animalculae, the elemen-
tary tissues, and pathological structures."
DIVISION OF THE FACULTY
In 1859 tne discussion of methods to improve medical
education occasioned some acrimonious debates. At this
time the procedure in medical colleges was to repeat in
the second year of the two year course the content of the
first year. At Rush, as in other contemporary medical
schools, the regular sessions in the early years were lim-
ited to sixteen weeks.
Opinion in the faculty was divided. Some held with
Davis that a graded course with new content in the sec-
ond year was necessary; others believed that such a
change was impracticable at that time. This educational
dispute apparently was intensified by personal animosi-
ties between the president, Dr. Brainard, and the Secre-
tary, Dr. Davis. The upshot was that Drs. Davis, H. A.
Johnson, W. H. Byford and others eventually withdrew
from Rush and founded the Chicago Medical College,
now the Northwestern University Medical School. The
advocacy of the principle of a graded curriculum fore-
shadowed further progress in medical education. The
separation which began in heated debate eventuated in
friendly rivalry and cooperation in medical education.
That the schism in the faculty was based to a large ex-
tent on personal differences between the president and
the secretary, and not on the failure of either faction to
19
recognize the necessity of improving educational stand-
ards is suggested by the action of the Rush trustees and
faculty (1859-60) which provided two additional pe-
riods of instruction.
The announcement of the session of 1859-60 (p. 6)
offered in addition to the regular course of sixteen
weeks, beginning on the first Monday in November, a
preparatory course to be given at the College in October
without additional charge. At the conclusion of the reg-
ular course there was also announced a "Preparatory
School of Medicine."
"For the purpose of securing a longer and more complete
course of instruction, to such as may be able to pursue it, than
is afforded by the Winter Term, the following physicians have
associated themselves together in a Preparatory School . . . The
course will commence on the first Monday of March i860 and
continue sixteen weeks. Two lectures will be given daily, fee
$20.00." (Announcement 1859-60 p. 15).
New members added at this time to the Rush teaching
force included J. Adams Allen, Ephraim Ingals, De-
Laskie Miller, Joseph P. Ross and E. L. Holmes. This
"Preparatory School of Medicine" was later known as
the "Spring Faculty"; none of their names appear as
members of the regular faculty. Clinical work was of-
fered at the City Hospital, City Dispensary, and Chicago
Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. The faculty of this
supplemental course had no part in the government of
the college. The "Spring Course" was continued until
1893, when the regular course was extended to eight
months.
During the period 1857-1871, there were twelve pro-
fessors and during the latter portion of it about as many
more teaching in the Spring Faculty. Among these lat-
20
ter were Drs. James Nevins Hyde, Norman Bridge,
Charles T. Parkes, Walter Hay, I. N. Danforth, James
H. Etheridge and E. Fletcher Ingals. During the latter
portion of the period the student body grew to approxi-
mately 300. The tuition fees were about $70 per annum
from the founding of the college until 1879 (Ingals).
(In 1 849 the tuition in Rush was reduced from $70 to
$36, but this seems to have been a temporary measure.
Davis).
In 1868 the regular annual course was increased from
16 to 18 weeks. Hitherto no specific requirements for
entrance were in force although the annual announce-
ments (1860-1891) state that "such a preliminary edu-
cation was needed as was clearly requisite for proper
standing with the profession and with the public."
HOSPITALS
Members of the faculty were leaders in the organiza-
tion of hospitals to care for the sick and to furnish fa-
cilities for medical teaching. The U.S. Marine Hospital
on the east side of Michigan Avenue near River Street
was being completed in the summer of 1850. Doctor
W. B. Herrick was in charge.
The Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes was char-
tered by the Legislature in 1 850, and was opened in the
Old Lake House on the corner of North Water and
Rush Streets. Dr. Brainard was in charge of the surgical
service and Dr. Davis of the medical service. The college
curriculum called for one term of instruction and hos-
pital attendance. "Professor Davis is to lecture daily
through the term, and also meet the hospital class in the
wards of the hospital at a stated hour each day, Sunday
always excepted."
21
In 1851 the Hospital of the Lakes passed under the
care of the Sisters of Mercy, and was thereafter called
Mercy Hospital. In 1859 this hospital service was trans-
ferred to the new school headed by Dr. Davis. The Rush
announcement of 1 859-60 states that the City Hospital
of 200 beds was the hospital field of instruction.
THE COLLEGE DISPENSARIES
In December 1869 the "Charity Dispensary of Chi-
cago" published its first (and last) annual report in
which appeared a number of items of historical interest:
"For thirty years the Charity Dispensary has been in opera-
tion. In 1839, Dr. Blaney opened in his office opposite the
Sherman House, the first free dispensary ever held in Chicago.
"On the opening of Rush Medical College in 1843, this dis-
pensary was transferred to the College building, and was at-
tended by Drs. Brainard, Blaney, McLean, Fitch, Austin Flint,
John Evans, Freer, Rea, Ingals, Powell, Duck, and Ross, most
of whom have been professors in the College and many still
retain that post.
". . . In 1845 this dispensary was moved to a large building,
corner of Wolcott and Kinzie streets, called Tippecanoe Hall.
At that time it was called the City Dispensary. On the 12th of
January 1847, Dr. Brainard first gave ether in the case of 'a
young man who presented himself at the Dispensary for amputa-
tion of the middle finger rendered necessary by necrosis of the
first phalanx of four months standing.' Chloroform was also
used in this dispensary on the 24th of the same month, ten days
before its first use in New York . . ."
"There are in the city the following dispensaries: The Charity
Dispensary, corner of North Dearborn and Indiana streets; the
Brainard Free Dispensary corner of West Randolph and Jeffer-
son streets; the County Hospital Dispensary, corner 18th and
Arnold streets, and the Chicago Charitable Eye and Ear In-
firmary, No. 16 East Pearson Street, opposite the Ogden School."
Attached to this report is an autograph note by Dr. E. L.
22
Members of the first faculty of Rush Medical College: (1) Daniel
Brainard, (2) James Van Zandt Blaney, (3) John McLean, (4) Moses
L. Knapp, (5) Austin Flint, (6) Graham N. Fitch.
Members of the first faculty of Rush Medical College: (1) Wm. B.
Herrick, (2) John Evans, (3) Thomas Spencer, (4) Nathan S. Davis,
(5) Alfred W. Davisson, (6) Josiah B. Herrick.
Holmes: "From the opening of the College to the date of this
report, there had been a 'College Clinic' or 'Dispensary.' It
was thought best to place it under a special board of trustees
with the hope that the public would provide support for this
charity. That this might seem to be less under the control of
the College the name was changed as indicated in this report,
which is in reality the first report of the new organization. The
Fire in 1871 terminated all efforts to continue the dispensary."
The Central Free Dispensary was formed by a union
of the Brainard and the Herrick (W.B.) dispensaries
in 1871 and was incorporated in 1873. The objectives
of the incorporators are set forth in the charter:
"The objects for which this corporation is formed are to aid
all persons who are sick and unable to pay for medical at-
tendance's, (sic) , to diffuse vaccination by continuous and un-
wearied efforts . . ."
23
Chapter 5
THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD
By 1861, Rush College had graduated 555' physicians,
and by 1865, had graduated 836. The inevitable loss of
faculty members to the Armed Services included Profes-
sors J. V. Z Blaney, R. L. Rea, William B. Herrick,
J. W. Freer, E. Powell and Daniel Brainard. Faculty re-
placements were brought in from neighboring schools.
"Rush contributed as large a proportion of graduates as
any other medical college in the Union." (Dodson, 9.)
The city hospital at Arnold and 18th streets which
was staffed by the faculty of Rush College was taken over
by the army. Shortly after the close of the war the opera-
tion of this hospital was assumed by the Cook County
Commissioners.
CHOLERA— THE DEATH OF BRAINARD
Following his discharge from the army Dr. Brainard
went to Paris, returning in the Fall of 1 866 to resume his
teaching. He found Chicago in the midst of an epidemic
of Asiatic cholera (its last severe outbreak) . The disease
had appeared in the summer, subsided about the middle
of August, and recurred with increased severity about
October first.
"On the afternoon of October 9, 1866, he digressed from the
subject of his lecture in Rush Medican College, to tell the class
how to guard themselves against the cholera, and before he re-
tired late that evening he began an article on the subject . . .
He went to bed apparently in perfect health, but near morning
24
had an attack of diarrhea which he checked with opiates. How-
ever, he arose as usual the next morning and had no symptoms
of sickness until 9:00 when he was suddenly attacked with vomit-
ing and diarrhea ... By 2:00 he was in collapse and seven hours
later he ceased to breathe." (Ingals, quoting in part from an un-
signed address at the College memorial exercises, October,
1866).
The Chicago Tribune of Thursday, October 11, 1866,
commented thus:
"There is no disguising the fact that the dread Asiatic Scourge
is more active among us within the past two or three days than
previously. The average daily number of cases reported during
August in this city was about six. For September the attacks re-
ported were 272, deaths 146, average of nine attacks daily with
five deaths. (The population of Chicago was then about 200,-
000.) October showed an alarming increase ... It is particularly
noticeable too that the extension of the disease is not confined
to the unwashed, undrained ill-ventilated portions of the city.
It has struck and boldly into the higher walks of life. The death
of Dr. Brainard, Alderman O' Sullivan, and Dr. Winer are
prominent instances in higher circles. The grim monster is now
striking right and left among us as if . . . to avenge on our per-
son the terrible neglect which has marked our municipal his-
tory in regard to sanitary matters, and teach us a practical lesson
for future guidance."
The death of Dr. Brainard left vacant the Chair of
Surgery in Rush College, and in 1867 it was filled by
Dr. Moses Gunn, who came from Ann Arbor, Michigan.
(R.M.C. Catalog 1867.)
THE FIRE OF 1 87 1
Scarcely had the routine of the College been resumed
following the distractions of the war, when the Chicago
fire of 1871 destroyed the college buildings north of the
25
river (to which had been added in 1 867 a new section at
a cost of $70,000) , together with many of the records and
the museum. The Chicago Medical College and the
County Hospital generously offered quarters in which
Rush might continue the year's teaching. A temporary
building on the south side of the city near the County
Hospital at 1 8th and Arnold Streets was erected at a spot
where the sidewalk grade was several feet above the
lot level, giving rise to the designation of "The College
under the Sidewalk." Here the College continued until
1 876, awaiting the decision of the county commissioners
on a new location for the County Hospital. Dr. Joseph
Priestly Ross was instrumental in the establishment and
location of the Cook County Hospital, and, as a member
of the Rush faculty, he desired that the new Rush Col-
lege building should be adjacent to it. Finally the loca-
tion of the County Hospital on a twelve acre plot on
Harrison and Wood Streets was decided, and the Rush
building of 1 875 was erected diagonally across the street.
The Central Free Dispensary was housed on the first
floor. "The dedicatory procession marched out to West
Chicago led by a band." (This building was replaced by
the present Rawson Building in 1924.)
26
Building of 1855
Courtesy Chicago Historical Society
Ruins of Fire, 1871
Courtesy Chicago Historical Society
College under Sidewalk, 1872
Courtesy Chicago Historical Society
Building of 1875
Courtesy Chicago Historical Society
Nathan Smith Davis
1817-1904
Ephraim Fletcher Ingals
1848-1918
Norman Bridge, 1844-1925
Arthur Dean Bevan, 1861-1943
Chapter 6
RUSH AND THE COUNTY HOSPITAL
The first city hospital, a frame structure at 18th and
Arnold Streets, built to care for cholera patients, had
been replaced by a substantial building of stone and
brick. It was staffed by the Rush faculty. When Dr. Da-
vis and his colleagues left Rush in 1859 to found the
Chicago Medical College, they took with them the teach-
ing facilities of Mercy Hospital; the Rush Faculty then
had to depend on the City Hospital for clinical teaching.
Then came the Civil War, and the City Hospital was
taken over by the Army for an Eye and Ear Hospital.
At the close of the war, the Hospital was returned to the
city, and plans were made to develop teaching. At this
point the city decided that it was not required to operate
a hospital, and the building was turned over to the Cook
County Commissioners.
The story of the Cook County Hospital, thus begun
in 1866, presents a complicated recital of interrelations
of politics, education, and rivalries of medical groups.
The hospital at 18th and Arnold Streets had become
inadequate to care for the sick of the growing city. At
length, following the Great Fire, the present site of the
County Hospital at Harrison and Wood streets was se-
cured, to a large degree through the efforts of Dr. J. P.
Ross and Dr. George K. Amerman. The incidents of this
campaign, the building of the hospital, the political and
financial methods, and the scandals involving some of
the county commissioners are told by W. E. Quine and
by Henry M. Lyman. (23, 25).
27
Finally the building of County Hospital at its present
site was completed.
"We moved into the new hospital some time in the year 1876
and flattered ourselves that now we could abandon all care,
while a long vista of years occupied with scientific research
seemed opening before us. But scarcely were we settled in our
new quarters, when our friends in the medical profession . . .
now descended in full force upon the county commissioners say-
ing: "Listen: These men have labored long and have earned
a rich reward; let us exalt them to the highest shelf of honorable
obscurity, and we will henceforth bear the heat and burden of
the day." So they bundled us out, neck and crop, ... all but
Dr Dyas (who) sent his resignation to the board . . . The rest
of us quietly swallowed our medicine and Dr. Ross and I began
the campaign that resulted in the establishment of the Presby-
terian Hospital." (Lyman) .
Evidently the success of the Rush group in carrying
through the plans for the County Hospital, had led to
excessive zeal and perhaps to neglect of the political and
professional rights of their medical colleagues. For some
time, at any rate, teaching was barred from the wards
of the County Hospital, to the disadvantage of the pa-
tients.
THE PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL
In 1877 Rush College had voted to establish a hos-
pital and to raise $15,000 for a building. Under the
leadership of Dr. Joseph Priestly Ross, the school began
the erection of the hospital adjacent to the College
building. Dr. Ross persuaded his father-in-law, Mr. Tut-
hill King, to contribute funds, and also interested the
Presbyterian Church in this form of philanthropy.
Thereupon the College transferred to the hospital, in-
corporated in 1 884, certain property adjacent to the Col-
28
lege (See Appendix). To the first section of the hospital
opened in 1883 were added successively the David Jones
Memorial and the Jane Murdock section for women
and children.
At the dedication of the Murdock Memorial in 1912,
Dr. James B. Herrick, who had joined the staff only a
few years after the opening of the hospital, epitomized
the elements which then and now have characterized the
spirit, the progress, the soul of the Presbyterian Hos-
pital:
"The Presbyterian was founded with two high purposes,
caring for the sick and aiding in medical education. The hos-
pital that confines itself solely to the treatment of the sick is
somewhat dwarfed. To be kept alive and progressive it should
have the stimulus of the necessity of instructing young, active,
wide-awake undergraduates, internes and nurses. This addition
to the hospital gives us these facilities; it opens to the staff the
opportunity of acquiring more knowledge and it also gives us
added facilities for research . . . Unless the spirit of research is
in a hospital, unless it pervades the various branches of the
medical institution, the educational function of the hospital
languishes and the atmosphere becomes stale; things fail to
progress and the patients suffer . . . And yet no matter what
view we may take the central figure in the hospital is, and should
be, the patient . . . Are we treating them as sanely and as con-
scientiously as we can? . . . We are to treat the patient as a man."
By such men, with the reinforcement of a devoted
Board of Managers has the spirit of humanity and kind-
ness been instilled into successive generations of the
staff. This is the cement which has united the College
and the Hospital in ever closer union, and has increased
the medical effectiveness of an able staff.
29
Chapter 7
ADVANCES IN EDUCATIONAL
REQUIREMENTS
Movements for reform in education as in other forms
of human endeavor, have their beginnings years before
the reform becomes clearly evident and can be marked
with a date. At Rush in 1879 the annual tuition was
raised from $70 to $80; in 1885 the course was extended
from two to three years; in 1891 advanced standing of
one year was granted to college graduates. The gift in
1893 by the Faculty to the Rush Trustees of the new
laboratory building south of Harrison Street (cost $75,-
000) marked a new approach in method and scope of
medical teaching in Rush.
A similar change was beginning to appear in the other
medical schools of America. Laboratories were multi-
plied, and laboratory data were brought into the clinic.
Research in medicine was added to the function of medi-
cal teaching, which heretofore had been too exclusively
concerned with the transmission of old knowledge and
tradition. The importance to medical schools and medi-
cal education of university influence and relationship,
and of adequate endowment (formerly almost totally
neglected) became increasingly evident. Johns Hopkins
Medical School, opened in 1893, clearly reflected these
trends and developments.
During the early 1890's the course of medical study
required for graduation at Rush was lengthened to four
years of twenty-one weeks each. The faculty and trustees
3°
Christian Fenger
1840-1902
Courtesy John Crerar Library
Nicholas Senn
1844-1908
John Milton Dodson, 1859-1933
James Nevins Hyde, 1840-1910
at the same time passed resolutions contemplating much
more advanced admission requirements, but these did
not go into effect until the affiliation with the University
of Chicago in 1898. (Ingals, 22.)
"Requirements for admission to the medical course were fixed
for the first time in the history of the college. Believing that the
profession was not ready for more, and as there were only two
colleges in the country requiring as much as this, it was de-
manded that all persons entering the study of medicine must
have had a course of four years in an accepted high school.
These requirements were steadily increased year by year until
1904 when two full years of college work was demanded as
prerequisite to the study of medicine. The course in medicine
was thereby lengthened to four years of thirty-six weeks each."
31
Chapter 8
AFFILIATION OF RUSH WITH THE
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
The University of Chicago, founded in 1891 by John D.
Rockefeller, had announced through its great first Presi-
dent, William Rainey Harper, a comprehensive pro-
gram of education, with emphasis on graduate study and
provision for research. This program included develop-
ment of professional schools.
Rush Medical College had carried on, since 1887, a
nominal affiliation with Lake Forest University. It ap-
pears further from a single 1876 issue of the catalog of
the old Chicago University that this institution had an-
nounced an affiliation with Rush; but, like affiliations
then current elsewhere, this went no further than a
brief statement in the university catalog, and was of no
educational value to either institution.
Dr. E. Fletcher Ingals, a leader in the Rush Faculty,
believed that if the University of Chicago was to have a
medical department it would be advantageous to start
with an established institution, provided that the school
could be moulded to conform to university ideals. He
approached President Harper soon after the opening of
the new university; conferences continued between of-
ficials and, ultimately, between the Boards of Trustees
of Rush and of the University.
President Harper at first did not favor an affiliation,
but as his plans for the University grew, he came to ad-
vocate affiliation, and prepared an agreement by which
32
Rush college retained its financial independence (and
responsibility) although the university controlled its
"educational policy, standards of admission and gradu-
ation, selection of faculty members, and pedagogic
methods."
After long discussion by boards of trustees and faculty
committees, the affiliation became effective in June,
1898, with the hesitant approval of representatives of
the founder of the University; and with the expressed
understanding that this affiliation was not a union of
the school with the University, and that "the Univer-
sity was left free to establish an independent medical
school if that should seem later the wiser thing to do."
In the final discussions of the affiliation, by the Rush
Faculty, faith in the intent of the proposal was empha-
sized rather than its value as a business proposition. "If
we are giving the control of the school to the University
of Chicago to the end that the University may make of
it the strongest and most useful medical school possible,
clearly we have confidence in the intent of the Univer-
sity to accomplish that purpose and in its ability to do
so. Lacking that confidence, the faculty should not con-
sider the proposition for a moment; having that confi-
dence, nothing could be more inimical to the accom-
plishment of the desired result then to tie the hands of
the University with any hampering obligations."
The faculty, always loyal to Rush, believed that they
could make the college worthy of complete union, and
this belief served to increase their loyalty and willing-
ness to make personal sacrifices in the interest of Rush
and University ideals.
A bonded debt of the college amounting to $73,000,
the payment of which was prerequisite to the approval
33
of affiliation by the University, was liquidated by sub-
scriptions of the faculty.
In 1903 Senn Hall was built as an addition to the old
college building with funds contributed by Dr. Senn
and other faculty members and friends.
PROPOSAL FOR UNION AND ITS FAILURE
The dramatic events of 1902-06 are related by Dr.
John M. Dodson, then dean of students at Rush and are
quoted from his article on "The First Proposal of Or-
ganic Union."
"By the autumn of 1902, four years after the date of the
affiliation of Rush and the University, one year after the first
half of the medical curriculum had been transferred to the
University campus, Rush Medical College had been moulded
into an institution worthy in every way, in the opinion of Presi-
dent Harper, of membership in the University family. He there-
fore recommended to the Board of Trustees of the University
early in 1903 that a complete organic union be effected, and that
the University take over the Rush College buildings and every-
thing pertaining to its organization as a medical school. The
College was to be known thereafter as the "Rush School of
Medicine of the University of Chicago," or by some similar title.
He was very emphatic in his insistence on the retention of the
name "Rush," and said on several occasions that the name alone
would be worth a million dollars to the new school.
"His recommendation was adopted by the Board of Trustees
of the University and then, in company with the President
Martin Ryerson of the University Board of Trustees, he went
to New York to lay the proposition before the founder of the
University or his representative.
"He was confronted with a letter which he had written in
1898 in which he stated that the affiliation then proposed did
not imply an organic union of the two institutions. His prompt
reply to this was that, while he had been very explicit in his
declaration to the trustees and faculty of Rush, and to the Uni-
34
versity trustees, the affiliation carried with it no promise or im-
plication of ultimate union, nevertheless, the subsequent de-
velopment of Rush Medical College had been so rapid and sat-
isfactory that it had been moulded into a medical school fully
in accord with the ideals and plans of the University of Chicago.
President Ryerson of the University Trustees was reported to
have supplemented this statement with the declaration that if
the University were seeking to organize a medical school 'de
novo,' it would seek most of its clinical faculty from the clinical
faculty of Rush. The two first years were already wholly in the
hands of the University. It was agreed that the clinical work
must have for endowment, an initial sum of at least $1,000,000,
and the outcome of the conference was an agreement that if
Rush Medical College should secure that sum during the en-
suing year, the founder of the University would give to that
institution within the succeeding five years, the sum of $5,000,-
000 for the medical departments. This was promptly reported
in the public press and was the origin of statements since many
times repeated in the newspapers and magazines, that Rush
Medical College had been given $6,000,000 by the founder of
the University. As will presently appear, the plan was not con-
summated and neither Rush Medical College nor the University
of Chicago received any such sum for medical education.
"On President Harper's return from the East and his report
to the faculty and trustees of Rush Medical College of the agree-
ment which had been made, steps were at once taken to secure
the $1,000,000 for Rush Medical College. Within the year
pledges to substantially that amount had been secured, almost
entirely by Dean Frank Billings, with the aid of President
Harper. As the sum of $1,000,000 had been agreed to be the
minimum amount necessary for the endowment of the clinical
work, the founder felt that the whole amount should be avail-
able for that purpose, and this was not the case. More than a
third of the amount subscribed, for example, was represented
by the Memorial Institute for Infectious Diseases, founded by
Mr. and Mrs. Harold McCormick, and generously offered by
them through Dean Billings to Rush Medical College as part of
the amount which was being raised. When, therefore, President
35
Harper reported to the founder that the $1,000,000 agreed on
had been raised and presented a list of the several pledges, he
was met with the statement that these did not meet the condi-
tions which had been agreed on. He returned from this visit
to New York deeply disappointed and more than ever deter-
mined to secure the required endowment in such form as should
be satisfactory to the founder. Of the large plans which he had
in mind for the development of the University of Chicago, the
building up of a great medical school was uppermost in his
thoughts.
"A new dramatic incident is recalled when he was reporting
the unsuccessful result of this visit to the East to the deans and
the comptroller at a conference at the Chicago Club. Pacing
back and forth, he related the story of his visit, and spoke of
how firm was his determination to go on with the amalgamation
of Rush Medical College and the University and its develop-
ment along broad lines; he paused and, raising his right hand
high above his head, exclaimed, 'These plans must be carried
out or I shall resign my position as president of the University.'
"Again he brought the matter of the organic union of Rush
and the University before the University Board of Trustees and
again, as well as a third time, later on, his recommendation
was adopted.
"At this time, however, the fatal malady which was to bring
to an end his brilliant, active and wonderfully useful life had
already manifested its first symptoms. He died a year later in
February, 1906."
The untimely death of President Harper was a loss to
Rush Medical College and to medical education which
it is not possible adequately to measure. That, had he
lived, he would have found the way to the consumma-
tion of the plans he had evolved for the development of a
great medical school will never be doubted by the fac-
ulty of Rush Medical College, or by any of the men who
comprehended his genius for organization, his inflexible
determination and his indomitable perseverance.
36
Soon after his death the deans of Rush Medical Col-
lege and the comptroller secured an interview with the
acting president of the University, Harry Pratt Judson.
They expressed the desire of the faculty of Rush to do
whatever the University thought best in the matter of
the affiliation which had then continued for eight years.
The College was willing to withdraw from this affilia-
tion if it was thought in any way to embarrass the Uni-
versity. They were assured of the conviction of the presi-
dent that the affiliation should continue, of his loyalty
to the college and his desire to do anything in his power
to promote its work. He thought, however, that the time
was inopportune to take any steps in the matter of or-
ganic union, and so, for the succeeding four years or
more, no further action was taken.
This halt in the plan was the more regrettable since
the negotiations had proceeded with high hopes on both
sides. In anticipation of the expected amalgamation of
the College and the University, President Harper had
arranged a number of conferences with the deans and
the comptroller to elaborate plans for the expansion and
development of the medical school. These meetings
were held at various times in 1 903 and 1 904, and usually
took the form of a dinner given by some member of the
group. As the result of these conferences and of discus-
sions in the council of administration and of the full
faculty, President Harper had formulated a scheme for
the development of a medical school which was the most
comprehensive and far-reaching in its possibilities of
usefulness of any plan which has ever been outlined.
Only the outlines of this plan can here be set forth.
"At the University campus, on ground which he had already
selected on the south side of the Midway, near Ellis Avenue,
37
was to be erected a hospital with, at first, five pavillions— one
each for medicine, for pediatrics, for neurology and psychiatry,
for surgery and for obstetrics and gynecology, with an average
of fifty beds each, a total of 250 beds. This hospital was to be
primarily for research in clinical medicine, surgery, etc., not
receiving a miscellaneous lot of patients such as are ordinarily
to be found in hospitals, but gathering from its own out-
patient department, from other hospitals or from any source
from which they might be obtained a group or groups of cases
to serve specifically as the subject of investigation.
"At Rush Medical College proper, on the West Side, with its
Central Free Dispensary, in the very heart of the great industrial
district of Chicago; its Presbyterian Hospital of 400 beds the
immediately adjacent Cook County Hospital of over 2,000 beds
together with other near-by hospitals and dispensaries, which
were available for clinical teaching, it was planned to continue
the principal center for the training of undergraduates in
clinical medicine.
"And, finally, it was hoped that ultimately there could be
developed on the north side of the city, with its numerous hos-
pitals, a policlinic and postgraduate school, devoted primarily
to the instruction of practitioners . . . either of that group who
desired to fit themselves for the practive of some specialty, or
the larger group of general practitioners, family doctors— who
wished to refresh their knowledge of the old or acquire knowl-
edge of the newer facts and methods.
"Nor was it planned that research should be confined to the
University center. Provision was to be made for such work,
and it was to be encouraged at each of the three centers. . ."
THE DIFFICULT YEARS
The failure of the plan for organic union of Rush
with the University of Chicago, and the death of Presi-
dent Harper did not cause the Rush Faculty to abandon
it. They recognized that during the eight years of af-
filiation more had been accomplished in improving
standards of medical education than could have been
38
Frank Billings, 1854-1932
James Bryan Herrick, 1861-
Ludvig Hektoen
1863-1951
anticipated in many times eight years by Rush as an in-
dependent school. They resolved to carry on.
But this resolution involved financial sacrifices even
greater than most of the faculty had foreseen. The ad-
vance of admission requirements to two years of college
with specified requirements in physics, chemistry and
biology, quickly reduced the enrollment, and the re-
ceipts from college fees. The low point in student en-
rollment came in 1 905-06 when the freshman class num-
bered 65 instead of the former 200. There was some
comfort, however, in the knowledge that other medical
schools had suffered a much greater reduction, in stu-
dents—to 6, 11, 15 students in some, after a similar in-
crease in admission requirements.
Rush had only a nominal endowment and practically
no income other than tuition fees. Further economies
were required; many members of the teaching staff who
had been receiving small stipends now served willingly
without pay. A number of friends who had subscribed
to the original million of 1904, at the request of Dr.
Billings, allowed part of their subscription to be used
to meet the operating deficit. The remainder was made
up by the college faculty. Thus Rush painfully, heroi-
cally, but successfully passed through a trying financial
period.
CONTINUATION OF AFFILIATION
The affiliation begun in 1898 continued, and in 1917
the plan of the University of Chicago to establish de-
partments of medicine and surgery on the campus at
the University was announced. In the foreword to the
announcement Dr. Frank Billings recorded the gift of
$1,000,000 by the Billings family for the erection of a
hospital of 250 beds on the Midway. Endowment of
39
$3,000,000 was to De provided for "the maintenance of
the hospital and to furnish funds to pay the salaries of
the full time teachers of clinical medicine who will also
be the staff of the hospital."
"On the west side at Rush Medical College the old
building will be replaced by a new laboratory and clini-
cal building estimated to cost $300,000. The sum for
the erection of this building has been donated by Mr.
Frederick H. Rawson of Chicago. It will have direct
communication with the Presbyterian Hospital. The
Presbyterian Hospital with its 440 beds will furnish the
clinical material of the graduate school. The graduate
school will be endowed with $1,000,000, the income of
which will be used in payment of the salaries of the
teachers of the graduate school, some of whom will be
members of the staff of the Presbyterian Hospital . . .
necessarily the graduate school will afford an opportun-
ity for many qualified teachers on part time and part
») q
pay. 6
In an official bulletin from the office of the President
of the University, more details of the plan appeared. (It
will be noted that the provisions for Rush were less spe-
cific) . "Medical research involving scientific study of
the causes of disease ... is becoming increasingly vitally
important. Such research will naturally center in the
quadrangles of the University in connection with the
new medical school in the quadrangles on the Midway.
Of course, also, it should be carried on in the graduate
school in connection with its laboratories and with the
Presbyterian Hospital. The University will hope to be
8 "The plan for establishing Departments of Medicine and Surgery
in the University of Chicago"— Dr. Frank Billings— Rush Alumni
Bulletin XII No. 3— Jan. p. 17.
40
provided with funds of its own from time to time for
carrying on such investigations. Meanwhile it is pro-
posed to form contractual relations with the trustees of
funds which have already been devoted to such pur-
poses."
The hope here expressed was never realized.
ORGANIC UNION OF RUSH AND UNIVERSITY
In carrying through the plan announced in 1917,
Rush in 1923 became an integral part of the University
of Chicago, and the property of Rush was transferred to
the University. The new Rawson building at Rush was
completed and dedicated in 1924. Undergraduate medi-
cal teaching was continued at Rush, although the ulti-
mate disposition of Rush activities as a post graduate
medical school remained a part of the plan.
The period 1924-41 was one of uncertainty. Rush still
subsisted largely on student fees. With a few departmen-
tal exceptions such as pathology, the faculty served will-
ingly as in the past years without pay. The Memorial
Institute for Infectious Diseases under Dr. Hektoen
kept the research spirit alive, and the inherited enthusi-
asm for training good doctors sustained the morale of
Rush. But the faculty were not happy.
Vigorous protest by Rush Alumni over the appar-
ently impending loss of the Rush name with its century
of tradition and achievement disturbed both faculty
and alumni. (24) . The retention of the name "Rush"
in the "Rush Post-Graduate School" appeased to some
extent their resentment.
Members of the faculty still fostered the hope that
even at this late date, in view of the nation-wide changes
in medical education, the evident passing of the old
4i
type post-graduate schools, the multiplication of insti-
tutes and foundations for research, and the obvious nec-
essity for broad clinical experience of both teachers and
students, the program of the University might be altered
so as to make Rush with its great adjacent hospital fa-
cilities the site of undergraduate teaching.
This return to the plan, envisaged by President Har-
per and exemplified by Harvard Medical School, met
with support among a number of the University faculty.
Such a program was evolved after a series of conferences
between the President of the University and the Dean
of Rush. A University faculty member reported to the
president that in carrying out his mission he had pre-
sented the plan to Eastern interests and had received
their approval. But at the last moment the University
was informed that while the University could of course
make its own decision, in the event of approval of the
change, Eastern financial support badly needed by the
University would be withdrawn. Again the power of
control exercised by subsidy was evident. Two subse-
quent periods of discussion along similar lines were like-
wise unproductive.
Thus the intent of the University to devote its energy
and resources exclusively to the school on its own
campus, leaving Rush to exist without endowment, be-
came clear. The completion of the faculty and hospitals
serving the full four years on the University campus re-
moved any further need for Rush. Unofficially the word
was current on the campus that "Rush is through."
Throughout all this period the interests of the Pres-
byterian Hospital and Rush became ever more closely
identified, and any proposed plan for one was consid-
ered only in combination with the other. Rush was ap-
42
proached by other schools. The Presbyterian Hospital
was offered building sites in other parts of the city, some
of which, at first glance, seemed desirable. The hospital
decided, however, to retain its original site.
Clearly the University wished to be relieved of its
responsibility of union with Rush; and Rush, in view of
the evident trends of medical education and research,
could see no future in a post-graduate school even if as-
sured of adequate endowments. Without endowment,
there was still less future for a faculty whose tradition
and genius had been directed to undergraduate training
of good doctors.
As time passed, the agreement of 1 9 1 7 by which Rush
accepted the University proposal to develop post-
graduate teaching on the West Side while the University
would complete its plans for an undergraduate medical
school on the South Side, became less and less appealing
or practical to Rush and to the Presbyterian Hospital.
The Rush Faculty still hoped for some change in the
policy of the University, even after the Union of 1924,
which clearly provided for postgraduate teaching on
the West Side.
The discussions narrowed down to (1) permanent
acceptance by Rush of the postgraduate program to
which by now the University gave but dubious ap-
proval, or (2) the alternative of moving the Presby-
terian Hospital to the South Side campus. To this latter
proposal the Hospital was reluctant to agree for several
reasons, which included the expense involved and the
abandonment of community obligations and the grow-
ing prospective opportunities at its present site.
The obvious solution seemed to be a dissolution of
the union of the University and Rush, and the estab-
43
lishment of relations by Rush through the Presbyterian
Hospital with the adjacent medical school of the Uni-
versity of Illinois. This realignment of medical facilities
was accomplished through a friendly suit in the Circuit
Court of Cook County before Judge Klarkowski in
June, 1941.
The union was dissolved.
The decree of the court together with certain other
data are included in the appendix to this sketch.
44
Chapter 9
RUSH AND THE PRESBYTERIAN
HOSPITAL
During this latest period the interests of the hospital
and the Rush faculty became still more closely identi-
fied. The faculty envisaged a group of laboratories in
which clinical problems of hospital patients could be
studied, and opportunity for prolonged advanced train-
ing afforded to younger promising members of the staff.
This plan met with favor of the Hospital. Funds for edu-
cational purposes had been received by the Hospital,
and for almost the first time substantial endowment
funds came to the Rush Trustees. Other additional re-
search funds were made available by those who saw in
this program a worthy contribution to medical knowl-
edge and medical education. The Rush Trustees leased
the college buildings to the Presbyterian Hospital, and
the Hospital contracted with the University of Illinois
Medical School for undergraduate teaching of Illinois
medical students in the hospital wards. The Presby-
terian Hospital is now in the midst of a progressive
building program at its original site in the developing
West Side Medical Center.
Department heads of pathology and bacteriology, of
biochemistry and of medicine who could command top
salaries were appointed, and salaries for their staffs were
provided. Extensive laboratory facilities were con-
structed, and equipment installed. Members of the
Rush faculty became members of the University of Il-
linois Medical faculty.
45
The Charter of Rush Medical College was main-
tained through the yearly appointment by the Trustees
of a faculty consisting of one representative from each
of the departments of the Hospital. (This faculty can
be expanded at any time in the future.) The autonomy
of the Rush Alumni Association was maintained.
Under this program, the hospital receives the con-
tinued values of undergraduate teaching in its wards,
and the faculty participate in both the training of good
physicians of the future and in the stimulation of re-
search. Internes and residents are afforded opportunity
for training under a faculty and in a hospital whose tra-
dition is that of good medicine and the welfare of the
patient.
46
Bertram Welton Sippy, 1866-1924
Dean DeWitt Lewis, 1874-1941
Rush and Presbyterian
Hospital Today
Nurses Residence
(Presbyterian Hospital)
Chapter 10
THE FIRST CENTURY OF RUSH
Rush medical college thus completed its first century
of undergraduate teaching leading to the degree of Doc-
tor of Medicine in 1 942, and entered into a new relation-
ship with the Medical School of the University of Illi-
nois.
In this first century of service in medical education
and in the care of the sick, Rush graduated 10,976 physi-
cians. These alumni living and dead, include many dis-
tinguished physicians who contributed much to medi-
cal science and to medical education. Hundreds of Rush
graduates were called to the medical departments of
other schools of the nation to participate in administra-
tion, research, and teaching, especially in the Midwest,
North and West. Rush men are leaders in the civic ac-
tivities of their communities, accepting the responsibili-
ties of good citizenship.
Above all, however, they have exemplified the ideals
and spirit of service to humanity, always fostered as the
central theme of the teaching of the Rush faculty.
The faculty of Rush who participated in the teaching
and educational progress of the past fifty years had in-
cluded many graduates of Rush as well as those who
came from other schools. They present a galaxy of great
names identified with the triumphs of American medi-
cine, with research, with advancing standards of medi-
cal practice, above all, with service to the public. The
older present Rush Alumni profited by their teaching
47
and inspiration; the younger alumni have benefited by
their example, and by the tradition of honest, progres-
sive and good medicine that they established and contin-
ued.
A partial list of those who gave distinguished service
to Rush includes: Drs. Christian Fenger, Henry M. Ly-
man, Nicholas Senn, Norman Bridge, John Edwin
Rhodes, Frank Billings, Henry B. Favill, Walter S.
Haines, Bertram W. Sippy, William H. Wilder, Ludvig
Hektoen, E. R. Lecount, John M. Dodson, James B.
Herrick, Alfred C. Cotton, David B. Graham, Daniel
Brower, Arthur D. Bevan, Oliver S. Ormsby, J. Clar-
ence Webster, Stanton Friedberg, Dean D. Lewis,
George E. Shambaugh, Ralph W. Webster, L. C. Gate-
wood. These and many others labored devotedly for
Rush. Their professional and educational descendants
now carry on the work of their former chiefs.
Throughout the century-long service of Rush, its
financial affairs have been directed by a board of trus-
tees who have given faithful service to the college. The
president of the first board of trustees was William B.
Ogden, the first Mayor of Chicago, who served the Col-
lege from 1847 to 1872. Associated with him on the first
board were E. S. Kimberly, John H. Kinzie, Walter L.
Newberry, and other citizens prominent in the history
of frontier Chicago.
Following the affiliation of Rush with the University
in 1898, John J. Glessner became president of the Rush
Board and served until 1936. He was followed by
Thomas E. Donnelley.
In recalling their undergraduate days, Rush alumni
will fondly remember also James H. Harper, Registrar;
and Otto Swanson, Custodian of the Rush buildings
48
who knew all the students and faculty for fifty years, and
knew also where everything was to be found.
I close this brief sketch of Rush Medical College with
the prophetic concluding paragraph of the inaugural
address of Daniel Brainard in 1 843 :
"In conclusion, might we speak of our hopes for the
future? Uncertain as hopes proverbially are, we feel jus-
tified in believing that the school we this day open is
destined to be ranked among the permanent institutions
of our state. It must succeed ... It may pass, and will in
time, into other and abler hands; it may meet with ob-
stacles, be surrounded by difficulties but it will live on,
identified with the interests of a great and prosperous
city.
Rush Medical College has justified the hopes and
prophesy of Brainard. The trustees propose to preserve
the rich heritage symbolized by the Charter of Rush.
49
A P PENDICES
BIBLIOGRA PHY
INDEX
Appendix I
AN ACT TO INCORPORATE THE
RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE
The Act of the Legislature of Illinois, Approved March 2,
183J, Entitled An Act to Incorporate the Rush Medical Col-
lege
Section 1 . Be it enacted by the People of the State of Il-
linois, represented in the General Assembly,
That Theophilus W. Smith, Thomas Ford, E. D. Taylor,
Josiah C. Goodhue, Isaac T. Hinton, John T. Temple, Jus-
tin Butterfield, Edmund S. Kimberly, James H. Collins,
Henry Moore, S. S. Whitman, John Wright, William B.
Ogden, Ebenezer Peck, John H. Kinzie, John D. Caton and
Grant Goodrich, be, and they are hereby created a body
politic and corporate, to be styled and known by the name
of the "Trustees of the Rush Medical College," and by that
style and name to remain and have perpetual succession.
The College shall be located in or near Chicago, in Cook
County. The number of trustees shall not exceed seventeen,
exclusive of the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of this
State, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the
President of the College, all of whom shall be ex-officio
members of the board of trustees.
Section 2. The object of incorporation shall be to pro-
mote the general interests of medical education, and to
qualify young men to engage usefully and honorably in the
professions of medicine and surgery.
Section 3. The corporate powers hereby bestowed, shall
be such only as are essential or useful in the attainment of
said objects, and such as are usually conferred on similar
53
bodies corporate, namely: In their corporate name to have
perpetual succession; to make contracts; to sue and be sued;
to plead and be impleaded; to grant and receive by its cor-
porate name, and to do all other acts as natural persons may;
to accept and acquire, purchase and sell property, real, per-
sonal or mixed; in all lawful ways to use, employ, manage,
dispose of such property, and all money belonging to said
corporation, in such manner as shall seem to the trustees
best adapted to promote the objects aforesaid; to have a
common seal, and to alter and change the same; to make
such by-laws as are not inconsistent with the Constitution
and laws of the United States, and this State; and to confer
on such persons as may be considered worthy, such aca-
demical or honorary degrees as are usually conferred by
such institutions.
Section 4. The trustees of said College shall have author-
ity, from time to time, to prescribe and regulate the course
of studies to be pursued in said College; to fix the rate of
tuition, lecture fees and other College expenses; to appoint
instructors, professors and such other officers and agents as
may be needed in managing the concerns of the institution;
to define their powers, duties and employments, and to fix
their compensation; to displace and remove either of the
instructors, officers or agents, or all of them, whenever the
said trustees shall deem it for the interest of the College to
do so; to fill all vacancies among said instructors, professors,
officers or agents; to erect all necessary and suitable build-
ings; to purchase books and philosophical and chemical ap-
paratus and procure the necessary and suitable means of in-
struction in all the different departments of medicine and
surgery; to make rules for the general management of the
affairs of the College.
Section 5. The board of trustees shall have power to re-
move any trustee from office for dishonorable or criminal
conduct; Provided, That no such removal shall take place
54
without giving to such trustee notice of the charges pre-
ferred against him, and an opportunity to defend himself
before the board, nor unless two-thirds of the whole num-
ber of trustees for the time being shall concur in such re-
moval. The board of trustees shall have power whenever
a vacancy shall occur by removal from office, death, resig-
nation, or removal out of the State, to appoint some citizen
of the State to fill such vacancy. The majority of the trustees
for the time being, shall constitute a quorum to transact
business.
Section 6. The trustees shall faithfully apply all funds by
them collected, in erecting suitable buildings; in support-
ing the necessary instructors, professors, officers and agents;
and procuring books, philosophical and chemical appa-
ratus, and specimens in natural history, mineralogy, geol-
ogy, and botany, and such other means as may be necessary
or useful for teaching thoroughly the different branches of
medicine and surgery; Provided, That in case any donation,
devise, or bequest, shall be made for particular purposes,
accordant with the object of the institution, and the trustees
shall accept the same, every such donation, devise, or be-
quest, shall be applied in conformity with the express con-
dition of the donor or devisor; Provided also, That lands
donated or devised as aforesaid, shall be sold or disposed of
as required by the last section of this act.
Section 7. The treasurer of said College always, and all
other agents, when required by the trustees, before entering
upon the duties of their office, shall give bonds respectively,
for the security of the corporation, in such penal sum, and
with such sureties as the board of trustees approve; and all
process against said corporation shall be by summons, and
service of the same shall be by leaving an attested copy with
the treasurer of the College, at least thirty days before the
return day thereof.
Section 8. The lands, tenements, and hereditaments, to
55
be had in perpetuity in virtue of this act, by said institution,
shall not exceed six hundred and forty acres; Provided, how-
ever, That if donations, grants or devises of land, shall from
time to time be made to said corporation, over and above
six hundred and forty acres, which may be held in perpetu-
ity as aforesaid, the same may be received and held by said
corporation, for the period of six years from the date of any
such donation, grant or devise; at the end of which time, if
the said lands over and above the six hundred and forty
acres, shall not have been sold, then, and in that case, the
lands so donated, granted, or devised, shall revert to the
said donor, grantor, or to their heirs.
Approved, 2d March, 1837.
The Act of the Legislature of Illinois, approved December
23, 1844, entitled (An Act to amend an Act entitled "An Act
to Incorporate the Rush Medical College")
Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illi-
nois, represented in the General Assembly,
That the number of trustees of said College shall not ex-
ceed fourteen, exclusive of the Governor and Lieutenant
Governor of the State, the Speaker of the House of Rep-
resentatives, and the President of the College, all of whom
shall be ex-officio members of the board of trustees, and a
majority of said trustees for the time being, exclusive of
such ex-officio members, shall constitute a quorum to trans-
act business.
Section 2. Any part of the act to which this is an amend-
ment, which may conflict with this act, is hereby repealed.
Approved, December 23, 1844.
The Act of the Legislature of Illinois, approved February
10, 1857, authorizing the trustees of Rush Medical College
to make a loan, entitled, (An Act to Authorize the Trustees
of Rush Medical College to Make a Loan)
56
Whereas, the trustees of Rush Medical College, of the City
of Chicago, in this state, have contracted a considerable in-
debtedness, in the erection of additions to their college
buildings, in said city, and contemplate the necessity of the
erection of other buildings and improvements upon their
college grounds; therefore,
Section i. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illi-
nois, represented in the General Assembly, That the said
trustees shall, in their corporate capacity, have full power
and authority to borrow, from time to time, any sum of
money, not exceeding in all the sum of fifty thousand dol-
lars, for such period of time as they may elect, at a rate of
interest not exceeding ten per centum per annum, payable
annually or semi-annually, at such place or places as they
may contract, for the purpose of liquidating their present
indebtedness, and for any other uses of the said college.
Section 2. In case of any loan or loans, under the provi-
sions of this Act, the said Trustees shall have full and ample
power to execute all such bonds or other obligations, and
also securities, by way of mortgage or otherwise, upon the
property of said college, as may be requisite and proper for
such purpose.
This Act to be in force from and after its passage.
Approved, Feb. 10, 1857.
The Act of the Legislature of Illinois, approved February
13, 1865, enabling Rush Medical College to fund its in-
debtedness and to borrow money, entitled, (An Act to En-
able Rush Medical College, of Chicago, to Fund its present
Indebtedness and to Borrow Money)
Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illi-
nois, represented in the General Assembly, That the trus-
tees of Rush Medical College of Chicago have, and the
power is hereby conferred upon them, or a majority of
them, to liquidate all of the present indebtedness of said
57
college, and to that end the said trustees are hereby author-
ized to issue bonds, in sums of not less than one hundred
dollars, in the usual form, payable to the holders of said
indebtedness, or order, or to bearer, at their option, pay-
able at such day and at such rate of interest, not to exceed
ten per cent, per annum, as to said trustees shall seem ex-
pedient, and to pay such indebtedness with such bonds, or
to negotiate and sell the same in the market, and with the
proceeds pay such indebtedness. And the said trustees are
hereby further authorized to execute a mortgage or deed of
trust upon all the real estate and property of said college, in
the usual form, for the better securing the payment of said
bonds, with the interest to accrue thereon.
Section 2. The said trustees are hereby authorized and
empowered, from time to time, to borrow money, not ex-
ceeding in all the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, for
the purpose of erecting additions to or rebuilding said col-
lege buildings; and, for that purpose, to issue bonds, and
secure the payment of the same upon the college property,
in all respects as provided, in the preceding section.
Approved February 13, 1865.
58
Appendix II
CHARTER OF PRESBYTERIAN
HOSPITAL
We, the undersigned, being citizens of the United States,
desiring to form a society, not for pecuniary profit, pursuant
to an act of the General Assembly of Illinois, entitled "an
act concerning corporations," approved April 18, 1872, do
hereby certify that the following is a true statement of the
name, or title, by which such society shall be known in law,
the particular business and object for which it is formed,
the number of its managers, and the names of the same se-
lected for the first year of its existence, viz:
1. The name by which this society shall be known shall
be "The Presbyterian Hospital of the City of Chicago."
2. The object of this society is the establishment, support
and management of an institution for the purpose of afford-
ing surgical and medical aid, and nursing, to sick and dis-
abled persons of every creed, nationality and color.
3. The affairs of this society shall be under the direction
of a Board of twenty eight managers.
4. The number of the managers of this society shall be
twenty eight, after the first year of its existence. The names
of those selected as managers for the first year are as follows:
Tuthill King, Daniel R. Pearsons, William Blair, Rob't. C.
Hamill, John H. Barrows, C. M. Henderson, John B. Drake,
Nathan Corwith, Samuel M. Moore, Henry W. King, W. H.
Wells, Henry Waller, Henry M. Lyman, Jas. M. Horton,
Willis G. Craig, Cyrus H. McCormick, Jr., Jacob Beidler,
Jos. P. Ross. 1884
59
Appendix III
CHARTER OF CENTRAL FREE
DISPENSARY
STATE OF ILLINOIS
Department of State
George H. Harlow, Secretary of State
To All to Whom these Presents shall come— Greeting:
Whereas, a Certificate, duly signed and acknowledged,
having been Filed in the Office of the Secretary of State, on
the ist day of April, A.D. 1873, for the organization of the
Central Free Dispensary of West Chicago under and in ac-
cordance with the provisions of "An Act Concerning Corpo-
rations," approved April 18, 1872, and in force July 1, 1872,
a copy of which certificate is hereto attached.
Now, Therefore, I, George H. Harlow, Secretary of
State of the State of Illinois, by virtue of the powers and
duties vested in me by law, do hereby certify that the said
The Central Free Dispensary of West Chicago is a legally
organised corporation under the laws of this State.
In Testimony Whereof, I hereto set my hand and cause
to be affixed the Great Seal of State.
Done at the City of Springfield, this 1st day of April in the
year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy
three, and of the Independence of the United States the
ninety-seventh.
Seal of State of Illinois.
Geo. H. Harlow,
Secretary of State.
60
i. We A. E. Bishop, A. G. Throop, John F. Eberhardt,
John Crighton, E. Ingals, S. P. Walker, P. W. Gates, J. P.
Ross, Charles E. Chase, Hugh Templeton, Samuel Hoard
and Philip Adolphus do hereby certify that we propose to
form ourselves into a corporation (Not for pecuniary profit)
under the Act of the General Assembly of the State of Illi-
nois Approved April 18, 1872 and in force July 1, 1872 En-
titled "An Act Concerning Corporations."
2. The name of said Corporation shall be The Central
Free Dispensary of West Chicago and said Corporation shall
endure for Ninety Nine Years.
3. The objects for which said Corporation is formed are
to aid all persons who are sick and are unable to pay for
medical attendance's To diffuse Vaccination by Continuous
and unwearied Efforts and to do this work efficiently at a
very small cost and with no pecuniary profit.
4. The aforesaid persons shall constitute the board of
directors for the first year.
5. The business of said Corporation shall be located in
Chicago in the State of Illinois and its business office at such
place or places in said city as a majority of its directors shall
from time to time direct.
In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands and
seals this 14th day of March A.D. 1873.
A. E. Bishop (L S), A. G. Throop (L S), John F. Eber-
hardt (L S), Chas. E. Chase (L S), Ephraim Ingals (L S),
S. P. Walker (L S), P. W. Gates (L S), Jos. P. Ross, M.D.
(L. S), John Crighton (L S), Hugh Templeton (L S), Sam
Hoard (L S), Philip Adolphus (L S).
61
Appendix IV
AGREEMENT BETWEEN PRESBYTERIAN
HOSPITAL AND THE UNIVERSITY
OF ILLINOIS
(EXHIBIT 9)
Whereas the Board of Trustees of the University of Illi-
nois, hereinafter referred to as the University, and The
Presbyterian Hospital of the City of Chicago, Illinois, here-
inafter referred to as the Hospital, desire to bring about
closer cooperation than now is possible in order to improve
the standards of medical instruction and the treatment of
patients;
Now, Therefore, it is agreed:
1. Nothing in this agreement shall be construed to affect
the independence or any function either of the University
or the Hospital not expressly covered herein.
2. The University shall formulate a comprehensive co-
ordinated program of undergraduate and graduate medical
education and research which shall be designed to use
jointly the facilities of the Hospital, the Colleges of Medi-
cine, Dentistry and Pharmacy of the University, and the
Research and Educational Hospitals and the Institutes of
the University.
3. The University, upon request of the Hospital, will
suggest a program of affiliation of the School of Nursing of
the Hospital with or without incorporation thereof in the
University educational system.
4. Appointments to the staff of the Hospital shall be
made as hitherto by the Board of Managers thereof.
(a) Nominations for new appointments to the staff shall
62
be made by the University after adequate consultation be-
tween appropriate administrative officers in the College of
Medicine and in the staff of the Hospital.
(b) The University may nominate, after adequate con-
sultation between the appropriate administrative officers of
the College of Medicine and in the staff of the Hospital, a
limited number of qualified members of its faculty of Medi-
cine to the staff of the Hospital.
(c) The Executive Committee of the staff of the Hospital
shall review all nominations of the University and forward
them with its recommendations to the Board of Managers
of the Hospital.
(d) The University will appoint to its clinical faculty of
Medicine the members of the staff of the Hospital.
5. The Dean of the College of Medicine of the Univer-
sity, or a representative designated by him, shall be a mem-
ber of the Executive Committee of the staff of the Hospital,
but without the privilege to vote.
6. It is understood, subject to court approval, that the
existing Rush Medical College facilities will be made avail-
able to the Hospital and that the Trustees of Rush Medical
College, with its facilities and trust funds, will cooperate
with the University and the Hospital in the above men-
tioned program of medical education, and that the Univer-
sity, in order to provide continuity between the old and
new organizations, will designate those members of the
Rush faculty who become members of its College of Medi-
cine as "Rush Professors."
7. In entering into and carrying out this agreement,
neither party assumes any responsibility for the budgetary
obligations of the other.
63
Appendix V
EXTRACTS FROM COURT DECREE IN
RE RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE VS. THE
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ET. AL.
OF JUNE 20, 1941
11. After thorough consideration of the problems in-
volved, the College, the University and the other parties in
interest have concluded that, under present conditions, it
is not desirable or for the best interests of said parties to
continue operating under the said contract of May 7, 1924.
The principal reasons which have led the parties to this
conclusion and have caused the College to institute this suit
are the following:
(1) The College for a period of many years has occupied
an eminent position in the field of medical education. Its
faculty has carried on much research work but increasingly
feels the lack of adequate facilities. The faculty of the Col-
lege wishes to continue its present work and expand it. The
Hospital was organized about 58 years ago at the instance
of the College in order to furnish the College with a teach-
ing hospital, and both the Hospital and the College wish to
increase their resources and make more effective use of their
facilities.
(2) During recent years, the University has become con-
vinced and has so informed the College that the great po-
tentialities of the College could not be realized in associa-
tion with the University unless the College was moved to
the South side Campus of the University or unless it aban-
doned its undergraduate instruction in medicine and de-
voted itself to graduate instruction. During the past twenty-
64
five years the University has developed a medical school and
hospitals on its quadrangles on the South side of Chicago
and, although, since the agreement of May 7, 1924, it has
included in its annual budgets appropriations for operating
the College at the latter's location on the West side of Chi-
cago, the University, on or about November 20, 1936, noti-
fied the College that it had reluctantly reached the conclu-
sion that it would be necessary to discontinue undergradu-
ate teaching at the College with the year 1941-1942 and
again proposed that the College and the Hospital move to
the South side quadrangles so that its medical schools could
be consolidated, which the University considered to be in
the interest of medical education, or as an alternative pro-
posed to develop a center for advanced professional train-
ing at the College on the West side. Those proposals have
not been acceptable to the College or its faculty or the Hos-
pital since, in their opinion, neither of such proposals would
have provided a satisfactory means of accomplishing the
corporate objects and purposes of the College and the Hos-
pital as hereinafter set forth. The proposal of moving the
College and the Hospital to the South side involves serious
financial and practical difficulties, while the proposal for a
center of advanced professional training on the West side
is handicapped by the distance between the College and the
Hospital on the one hand and the University's departments
of biological sciences and fails to utilize the experience and
qualifications of the faculty of the College for undergradu-
ate medical education.
(3) The University, the College and the Hospital agree
that the objectives of medical education and research can
best be served when the study of patients and medical prob-
lems is made in surroundings which afford close association
with University science departments. Owing to the distance
between the University's South side plant and the College
and Hospital on the West side, and other practical consid-
65
erations, essential close coordination and cooperation be-
tween the College and Hospital and the University's South
side scientific departments has, through the experience of
recent years, been shown not to be feasible.
(4) The College and Hospital wish to continue their
program of undergraduate medical education at their plants
on the West side and to develop and expand a graduate
school and their research departments. The College should
therefore associate itself with an educational institution lo-
cated nearer to the College, of which the College can be
actually a part. This should be an institution which has
fully developed pre-clinical departments which can conduct
the basic scientific education and research that is funda-
mental to the work of the clinical teacher and investigator.
The University of Illinois during the past fifteen years has
established and developed in the immediate vicinity of the
College one of the largest and best equipped medical schools
in the State and is thus an institution ideally located and
organized for meeting the above mentioned requirements.
Its objectives in medical education are essentially the same
as those of the College faculty. Because of the location of
the University of Illinois Medical School and Hospitals, and
because of the identity of aim of that institution and the
College, the College should be able to realize its possibilities
better under an affiliation through the Hospital, with the
University of Illinois, than in any other way. The College
and the Hospital believe the plan set forth in the proposed
contract, plaintiff's Exhibit 9, will enable them to accom-
plish those objects most effectively. The general advantages
of such a plan and particularly of the proposed affiliation
with the University of Illinois are:
a. Undergraduate instruction would be continued on the
o
West side in the facilities of the College by the University
of Illinois with the cooperation of the Hospital and the Col-
lege.
66
b. A graduate program could be developed by the co-
operation of the University of Illinois, the College, the Hos-
pital and whatever other institutions may wish to join in
the program.
c. The College and Hospital, both being located near the
Chicago campus of the University of Illinois Medical School
have convenient access to its professional schools equipped
with $16,000,000 in value of new buildings including
science laboratories, hospitals with nearly 1000 beds, library
and educational buildings.
d. Under the proposed plan as set out in Exhibit 9 the
College will remain a part of the great medical center that
is developing on the West side of the City of Chicago. It will
be able to take full advantage of the educational and scien-
tific possibilities of the Cook County Hospital, which is also
adjacent to the College, and under such proposed plan it
will have a university association which it believes will
prove of great use and value to it.
12. Over a period of several years the University, the Col-
lege and the Hospital have considered numerous alternative
plans for accomplishing a more satisfactory relationship be-
tween the three institutions. After a thorough consideration
of all the numerous questions involved and giving due re-
gard to the public interest which is necessarily involved, the
University, the College, the Hospital and the Dispensary
propose to enter into the contract, a copy of which is plain-
tiff's Exhibit 9.
13. The College, by itself does not have adequate funds
for the accomplishment of its corporate objects of promot-
ing the general interests of medical education and qualify-
ing young men to engage usefully and honorably in the
professions of medicine and surgery having only the prop-
erty and funds now held by it and those to be acquired as
hereinafter described; but it desires to continue its corpo-
rate existence, to retain the ownership of its property and to
67
continue to administer the trust funds which it now holds
and those which will be returned or retransferred to it by
the University under said proposed contract, as described in
plaintiff's Exhibits 7 and 8, to make awards from time to
time of fellowships, scholarships, or otherwise, to any one
in the College or in any medical schools in any way affiliated
with the College, all to the end that the resources and per-
sonnel of the College shall continue to be devoted to and
usefully employed in the field of medical education to the
maximum of its ability in furtherance of its corporate ob-
jects in the manner most feasible under existing conditions.
14. The Hospital was incorporated in response to the de-
sire of the College that a hospital be established to enable
the College to accomplish its objects aforesaid. Thereupon
the College and the Hospital entered into an agreement
dated January 2, 1884, recorded in Book 2006, at page 267
of the records of Cook County, Illinois, and the College, by
deed dated February 25, 1884, conveyed to the Hospital the
real estate described in said agreement. The Hospital pro-
ceeded to carry out its covenants under said agreement,
namely, to complete the hospital building theretofore com-
menced by the College on said real estate; to furnish the
same for a hospital and to conduct and maintain therein a
hospital for the treatment of sick, injured and disabled per-
sons, to appoint medical officers and attendants of said hos-
pital for the treatment of the sick, injured and disabled per-
sons, to appoint medical officers and attendants of said
hospital upon nomination of the faculty of the College, to
give said faculty the sole and exclusive control and man-
agement of all clinical instruction in said Hospital, and to
prepare and maintain in conjunction with said faculty rules
and regulations for the medical management of said in-
stitution. The Hospital has continued to conduct and main-
tain its hospital upon said real estate and adjoining real
estate on the West side of the City of Chicago, to appoint
68
its medical and surgical staff upon nomination originally
of the faculty of the College, and subsequently of its as-
signee, the University, and to provide facilities in its said
hospital for the clinical instruction of students of the Col-
lege and of the University qualifying to engage in the pro-
fessions of medicine and surgery. The Hospital desires and
intends to continue to appoint its medical and surgical staff
from a medical and surgical faculty of University grade and
to continue to provide facilities in its hospital for instruc-
tion of students qualifying to engage usefully and honorably
in the professions of medicine and surgery, to develop and
enlarge its facilities for medical and surgical instruction and
research, and thereby to promote the general interests of
medical and surgical education and the public. The Hos-
pital has at all times deemed and now deems such a teaching
program important to the accomplishment of its corporate
objects of establishing, supporting and managing an in-
stitution for the purpose of affording surgical and medical
aid and nursing to sick and disabled persons of every creed,
nationality and color.
15. The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois
has approved a certain draft agreement between the Uni-
versity of Illinois and the Hospital, of which a copy is at-
tached as Exhibit H to plaintiff's Exhibit 9, and the Board
of Managers of the Hospital desire and intend to enter into
an agreement with the University of Illinois substantially in
the form and terms of said draft upon the making of the
agreement designated as plaintiff's Exhibit 9. In this con-
nection and for this purpose said agreement dated Janu-
ary 2, 1884, between the College and the Hospital assigned
with the consent of the Hospital by the College to the Uni-
versity should be terminated and cancelled.
16. Certain property of the University hereinafter de-
scribed (except the Rawson Laboratory and certain replace-
ments and additions hereinafter mentioned, together with
69
certain additional funds which were obtained in the man-
ner hereinafter stated) was acquired by the University from
the College under and pursuant to said agreement of May 7,
1924. The property of the University hereinafter described
and which the agreement, plaintiff's Exhibit 9, provides
shall be conveyed by the University to the College, if made
available under the lease, provided for in said Exhibit 9, to
the Hospital for the use of the members of its medical staff
and their students, for dispensary outpatient service, and
for other hospital purposes, will enable the hospital, under
said proposed agreement with the University of Illinois
aforesaid or otherwise, to develop and enlarge its facilities
for medical and surgical education and research, as afore-
said.
17. The parties hereto believe and the court finds that
the cause of medical and surgical education will be ad-
vanced and the care of the sick poor rendered more effective
by the consummation of the program set forth in said agree-
ment (plaintiff's Exhibit 9), whereby the University of Illi-
nois shall undertake the education of students under the
tutelage of the staff of the Hospital (among others) and also
shall nominate appointees to the staff of the Hospital, and
the Hospital shall make available to the University of Illi-
nois its facilities for medical and surgical education and re-
search, including those to be leased to the Hospital by the
College pursuant to the terms of said agreement (plaintiff's
Exhibit 9).
18. The Trustees of the College, after consulting with its
Faculty and representative Alumni, and after giving care-
ful consideration to all of the circumstances, have con-
cluded that the execution and performance of the said
agreement (plaintiff's Exhibit 9) will be in the interests of
the College.
It is therefore ordered, adjudged and decreed as follows:
70
First: That the making and carrying out of the plan em-
bodied in the proposed contract, plaintiff's Exhibit 9, are
legal and in the best interests of the public and will advance,
improve and enlarge the facilities for medical and surgical
education and will make the same more efficient and will
promote the well being of the public and render the work
of the College and the Hospital in connection with medical
and surgical education more efficient than it otherwise
would be, and thereby greatly benefit the public.
Second: That all the provisions contained in said pro-
posed contract are proper provisions and that the plaintiff
and all of the said corporations which are parties defendant
hereto have full power and authority under their respective
charters to enter into all the covenants and agreements con-
tained in said contract and to perform the same.
Third: That the court hereby approves the form of con-
tract set forth in plaintiff's Exhibit 9 and the plaintiff and
all the corporations which are parties defendant hereto
should be and they are hereby authorized to enter into and
execute said contract and to carry out all the provisions and
the terms thereof and they are hereby authorized to make,
execute, acknowledge and deliver all deeds, leases, assign-
ments, transfers, releases and other documents needful or
convenient to carry out said contract according to its terms
and to expend from their respective funds all such sums as
may be necessary or expedient to defray all expenses in-
curred in connection with the performance of said agree-
ment including among others, the cost of title policies, ab-
stract of title, title documents and papers, recording fees
and other expenses incidental, needful or convenient in
connection with the transfer of the assets provided for in
said contract or with the said performance of said contract
in any other respect and respectively to pay the costs of
these proceedings, including fees of counsel of the respec-
tive parties.
7i
Fourth: That the University is hereby authorized to
transfer to the College the Mae Manford Bridge bequest
subject to the conditions set forth in paragraphs "W" and
"i 1" of said proposed contract and referred to in paragraph
23 of the findings above.
Fifth: That forthwith upon the execution of said con-
tract by the parties in accordance with the terms of this de-
cree, a copy of which contract is plaintiff's Exhibit 9, said
agreements between the University and the College dated
May 5, 1924 and May 7, 1924, respectively, and all agree-
ments collateral or precedent thereto (except those agree-
ments, if any, which are to be reassigned or transferred by
the University to the College) shall be terminated and of no
further force and effect and the said parties shall thereupon
be and are hereby declared to be, as of such time, released
from all liability thereunder and are hereby authorized and
directed to execute and deliver to each other appropriate
releases in connection therewith of all liability, if any, aris-
ing out of said contracts and agreements, all subject to and
in accordance with the provisions and conditions of the
contract, plaintiff's Exhibit 9 which is hereby approved.
Sixth: That the College is hereby authorized, after the
execution of said contract, plaintiff's Exhibit 9, and the re-
ceipt by it of the various funds and properties to be con-
veyed and transferred to it by the University thereunder, to
retain ownership and use of said funds and property and
to continue to administer the trust funds which it now holds
and those funds which will be returned and transferred to
it by the University all pursuant to this decree and said con-
tract; to use said properties and funds in medical education
whether under and pursuant to said contract, or by itself, or
by and with any medical school in any way affiliated with
the College, and in connection therewith to pool said funds
for investment purposes in a manner similar to that now in
use by The University of Chicago and numerous other lead-
72
ing educational institutions in the United States, and there-
from to make awards from time to time of fellowships,
scholarships, or otherwise, to any one in the College or in
any medical schools in any way affiliated with the College,
so that the resources and personnel of the College shall con-
tinue to be devoted to and usefully employed in the field of
medical education to the maximum of its ability and in
furtherance of its corporate objects in the manner most
feasible under existing conditions.
Seventh: That, as provided in said contract, plaintiff's
Exhibit 9, the performance of said contract and the convey-
ance and transfer of properties and funds and statement of
all accounts relative thereto by the University to the College
shall be as of June 30, 1941, that date being the close of the
fiscal year of both the University and the College.
Eighth: Leave is hereby given to any of the parties hereto
to apply to the court for instructions in regard to any mat-
ter which may arise regarding the execution of said contract,
plaintiff's Exhibit 9, or the carrying out of any of the de-
tails thereof or performance thereunder, and the court
hereby reserves jurisdiction therefore. The court further
reserves jurisdiction for the purpose of hearing and adjudi-
cating any questions which may hereafter arise relating to
the Mae Manford Bridge Bequest or the Norman Bridge
Laboratory of Pathology under the provisions of said con-
tract, plaintiff's Exhibit 9, and this decree, in respect
thereto. If, after the entry of this decree, any of the purposes,
for the accomplishment of which this decree is entered,
should not be realized or their accomplishment should be-
come impossible, or shall be terminated, or the interest of
the public shall be adversely affected, any party hereto may
apply to this court for further relief in respect thereto and
the court hereby reserves jurisdiction to consider such mat-
ter and to grant such further or other relief in respect
thereto as shall be lawful, provided, however, that nothing
73
in this paragraph contained shall be construed to release any
of the parties hereto from its obligations, covenants and
duties under the said contract, plaintiff's Exhibit 9, and
lease and other instruments to be entered into pursuant
to this decree.
enter:
Stanley H. Klarkowski, Judge
Dated: June 20, 1941.
74
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Four Quarter Plan
Elective System
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IV. The First Public Appearance
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Transfer of First Two Years to the University
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V. Extra Mural Instruction
XIV No. 3, Apr. 1919, p. 12
VI. First Proposal of Organic Union
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78
INDEX
Adolphus, Philip, 61
Allen, J. Adams, 20
American Medical Association, 18
Amerman, George K., 27
Apprenticeships, 4, 5
Armour, Samuel G., 18
Asiatic cholera, 16, 24-25
Bard, Ralph A., v
Barrows, John H., 59
Beidler, Jacob, 59
Bevan, Arthur Dean, 48
Billings, Frank, 39-40, 48
Bishop, A. E., 61
Blair, William, 59
Blaney, James Van Zandt, 18, 24
Brainard, Daniel, 11-18, 21, 24-
25» 49
Brainard Dispensary, 23
Bridge, Norman, 12, 21, 48
Brower, Daniel, 48
Brown, Ralph C, v
Butterfield, Justin, 53
Byford, W. H., 18, 19
Byron, Charles L., v
Care and cure of sick, 6, 8, 10
Carton, Alfred T., v
Caton, John D., 12, 53
Central Free Dispensary of West
Chicago, 23, 26
Charter, 60-61
Charity Dispensary of Chicago,
22-23
Chase, Charles E., 61
Chicago Charitable Eye and Ear
Infirmary, 20
Chicago fire of 1871, 11, 25-26
Chicago Medical College, 19, 26,
27
Chicago University (Old) , 32.
See also University of
Chicago
Chicago (Village), 12-13
City Dispensary, 20
City Hospital, 20, 22, 24, 27
Clarke, Philip R., v
Clinical training, 6-7
College under the Sidewalk, 26
Collins, James H., 53
Cook County Commissioners, 24,
27
Cook County Hospital, 26, 27-28,
67
Corwith, Nathan, 59
Cotton, Alfred C, 48
Craig, Willis G., 59
Crighton, John, 61
Cunningham, James D., v
Danforth, I. N., 21
David, Vernon C, v
Davis, Nathan Smith, 18-19, 21>
22, 27
Davisson, Alfred W., 18
Dick, Albert B., Jr., v
Dispensaries, 22-23
Dodson, John Milton, 34-36, 48
Donnelley, Thomas E., 48
Drake, John B., v, 59
Eberhardt, John F., 61
Etheridge, James H., 21
Evans, John, 18
Fairfield Medical College, 13
Family doctor, 9
Farwell, Albert D., v
Favill, Henry Baird, 48
Fenger, Christian, 48
79
Fitch, Graham N., 18
Flint, Austin, Sr., 18
Ford, Thomas, 53
Forgan, James B., v
Freer, J. W., 18, 24
Friedberg, Stanton, 48
Friend, Hugo M., v
Gale, Willis, v
Gardner, Henry A., v
Gates, P. W., 6i
Gatewood, L. C., 48
Gilchrist, R. K., v
Glessner, John J., 48
Goodhue, Josiah C, 53
Goodrich, Grant, 53
Graham, David B., 48
Gunn, Moses, 25
Hagenah, William J., v
Haines, Walter Stanley, 48
Hales, Burton W., v
Hamill, Alfred E., v
Hamill, Robert C, 59
Harlow, George H., 60
Harper, James H., 48
Harper, William Rainey, 32, 36-
38, 42
Harris, Stanley G., v
Harvard Medical School, 42
Hay, Walter, 21
Hektoen, Ludvig, 41, 48
Henderson, C. M., 59
Herrick, James Bryan, 29, 48
Herrick, William B., 18, 21, 24
Herrick Dispensary, 23
Hickman, Alvyn R., v
Hinton, Isaac T., 53
Hoard, Samuel, 61
Holmes, E. L., 20
Horton, James M., 59
Hospitals, 21-22
Hostetter, Earl D., v
Howard, W. Clyde, v
Hyde, James Nevins, 21
Illinois General Hospital of the
Lakes, 21, 22
Illinois State Board of Health, 18
Ingals, Ephraim, 20, 61
Ingals, Ephraim Fletcher, 21, 32
Irons, Ernest E., v
Jefferson Medical College, 13
Johns Hopkins' Medical School,
Johnson, Hosmer A., 18, 19
Judson, Harry Pratt, 37
Kelly, Frank B., v
Kimberly, Edmund S., 48, 53
King, Henry W., 59
King, Tuthill, 28, 59
Kinzie, John H., 48, 53
Klarkowski, Stanley H., 44, 74
Knapp, Moses L., 18
Lake Forest University, 32
Lecount, Edwin Raymond, 48
Lewis, Dean DeWitt, 48
Lyman, Henry M., 27, 48, 59
McCormick, Cyrus H., Jr., 59
McDougal, Edward D., Jr., v
McKinlay, John, v
McLean, John, 18
McLennan, Donald R., Jr., v
Mae Manford Bridge bequest, 72,
73
Malaria, 16
Medical education, 3-7
Graduate, 7-10
Medical licensure, 5
Medical needs of the West, 16-17
Medical practice, 6, 9
Medical Practice Act, 18
Medical research, 6, 10, 30
Medical schools, 16-17
Curricula, 3
Degrees, 4
Early American, 3
80
Medical schools (cont.)
Endowment, 30
Increase in number, 5
Laboratories, 30, 40
Memorial Institute for Infectious
Diseases, 41
Mercy Hospital, 22, 27
Michel, Anthony L., v
Miller, DeLaskie, 20
Mitchell, Weir, 9
Moore, Henry, 53
Moore, Samuel M., 59
Morgan, John, 4
Newberry, Walter L., 48
Nichol, L. Dow, Jr., v
Norman Bridge Laboratory of
Pathology, 73
Northwestern University Medical
School, 19
Nutting, Harold J., v
Objectives of medicine, 5-7
Ogden, William B., 48, 53
Old Lake House, 21
Oneida Institute, 13
Ormsby, Oliver S., 48
Parkes, Charles T., 21
Pearsons, Daniel R., 59
Peck, Ebenezer, 53
Philadelphia Hospital, 17
Philadelphia Medical College, 4
Poor, Fred A., v
Post, Wilber E., v
Powell, E., 24
Preceptorships, 4, 5
Presbyterian Hospital
Affiliation with Rush Medical
College 28-29, 40, 42-46, 64-
7i
Agreement with University of
Illinois, 62-63
Board of Managers, v, 59
Building program, 45
Presbyterian Hospital (cont.)
Charter, 59
Clerical Managers, v
David Jones Memorial, 29
Honorary Managers, v
Murdock Memorial, 29
Prevention of disease, 6
Quine, W. E., 27
Rauch, John H., 18
Rawson, Frederick H., 40
Rawson building, 40, 41
Rea, R. L., 24
Rhodes, John Edwin, 48
Rockefeller, John D., 32, 33
Ross, Joseph Priestly, 20, 26, 27,
28, 59, 61
Rush, Benjamin, 14
Rush Alumni Association, 46
Rush Medical College
Acts to incorporate, borrow,
etc., 53-58
Advanced standing, 30, 39
Affiliation
With Lake Forest University,
32
With old Chicago University,
32
With Presbyterian Hospital,
28-29, 40, 42-46, 64-71
With University of Chicago,
31-44
Alumni, 47-48
Board of Trustees, v, 48, 53
Buildings, 15, 25-26, 30, 32, 40,
4». 45
Charter, 11, 46
Chicago fire of 1871, 11, 25-26
Civil War period, 24-26
Course of study, content and
length, 17, 19-20, 21, 30
Degrees, 15
Division of faculty in 1859, 19-
81
Rush Medical College (cont.)
Early years, 11-14
Endowment, 39, 45
Enrollment, 15, 21, 39
Faculty, 18, 20
Financial affairs, 33-34, 39
First century, 47-49
Founder, see Brainard, Daniel
Interrelationship with Univer-
sity of Illinois, 45-47, 66-70
Laboratories, 30, 40
Opening, 15-17
Organic union with University
of Chicago, 34-38, 41-42
Dissolution, 42-43
Preparatory School of Medi-
cine, 20
Requirements
For admission to candidacy
for medical degrees, 4, 15
For entrance, 21, 31, 39
Spring Faculty, 20—21
Teaching at Cook County Hos-
pital, 27-28
Tuition fees, 15, 21, 30, 39
Rush Medical College vs. The
University of Chicago et. al.,
extracts from court decrees,
64-74
Rush Post Graduate School, 41
St. Louis University, 14
Senn, Nicholas, 34, 48
Senn Hall, 32
Shafer, Frederick C, v
Shambaugh, George E., 48
Shippen, William, 4
Simpson, John M., v
Sippy, Bertram W., 48
Smith, Solomon A., v
Smith, Theophilus W., 53
Snyder, Franklyn B., v
Specialization, 7-9
Specialty Boards, 7-9
Specialty certification, 8
82
Speed, Kellogg, v
Spencer, Thomas, 18
Stein, Luther E., v
Stuart, R. Douglas, v
Swanson, Otto, 48
Taylor, E. D., 53
Taylor, E. Hall, v
Temple, John T., 53
Templeton, Hugh, 61
Throop, A. G., 61
U. S. Marine Hospital, 21
University of Chicago
Extracts from Court Decree in
re Rush Medical College vs.
The University of Chicago
et. al., 64-74
Interrelationships with Rush
Medical College, 31-44
Plans for medical school, 32-
33> 37-40
University of Edinburgh Medical
School, 3-4
University of Illinois
Agreement with Presbyterian
Hospital, 62-63
University of Illinois Medical
School
Interrelationship with Rush
Medical College, 45-47, 66-
70
Walker, S. P., 61
Waller, Henry, 59
Webster, J. Clarence, 48
Webster, Ralph W., 48
Welling, John P., v
Wells, W. H., 59
West Side Medical Center, 45, 67
Whitman, S. S., 53
Wilder, William H., 48
Wilson, Edward F., v
Woolman, Clarence S., v
Wright, Clarence N., v
Wright, John, 53
For Reference
Not to be taken from this room
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