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THE    STORY    OF 
RUSH    MEDICAL    COLLEGE 


H  PAULINA  STW 


■-  ..  , 


^UNO/S  60612 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2011  with  funding  from 

CARLI:  Consortium  of  Academic  and  Research  Libraries  in  Illinois 


http://www.archive.org/details/storyofrushmedicOOiron 


Daniel  Brainard 
1812-1866 


The  Story  of 

Rush  Medical  College 

BY  ERNEST  E.  IRONS,  M.D.,Ph.D. 

Emeritus  Professor  of  Medicine 
Dean  of  Students  and  Faculty,  1923-1936 


Published  by 

THE  BOARD  OF  TRUSTEES  OF 

RUSH  MEDICAL  COLLEGE 

CHICAGO  ■  1953 


COPYRIGHT   1953,  BOARD  OF  TRUSTEES,  RUSH  MEDICAL  COLLEGE 


PRINTED  IN   THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA 

THE  LAKESIDE  PRESS    •    R.   R.  DONNELLEY   &  SONS  COMPANY 

CHICAGO,   ILLINOIS,   AND   CRAWFORDSVILLE,  INDIANA 


RUSH  MEDICAL  COLLEGE  •  MAY  1953 


BOARD  OF  TRUSTEES 


Ralph  C.  Brown,  M.D. 
Charles  L.  Byron 
Vernon  C.  David,  M.D. 
Judge  Hugo  M.  Friend 
Henry  A.  Gardner 
R.  K.  Gilchrist,  M.D. 
William  J.  Hagenah 


Earl  D.  Hostetter 
Ernest  E.  Irons,  M.D. 
Frank  B.  Kelly,  M.D. 
L.  Dow  Nichol,  Jr. 
Wilber  E.  Post,  M.D. 
Frederick  C.  Shafer 
Kellogg  Speed,  M.D. 


PRESBYTERIAN  HOSPITAL 


BOARD  OF  MANAGERS 


Ralph  A.  Bard 

James  D.  Cunningham 

Willis  Gale 

Burton  W.  Hales 

Anthony  L.  Michel 

Fred  A.  Poor 

Philip  R.  Clarke 

John  B.  Drake 

Donald  R.  McLennan,  Jr. 

John  M.  Simpson 

R.  Douglas  Stuart 

Edward 


E.  Hall  Taylor 
Albert  D.  Farwell 
James  B.  Forgan 
Harold  J.  Nutting 
Solomon  A.  Smith 
Franklyn  B.  Snyder 
Clarence  S.  Woolman 
Alfred  T.  Carton 
Albert  B.  Dick,  Jr. 
Stanley  G.  Harris 
Edward  D.  McDougal,  Jr. 
F.  Wilson 


CLERICAL  MANAGERS 


W.  Clyde  Howard,  M.D. 
Alvyn  R.  Hickman,  M.D. 


Luther  E.  Stein,  M.D. 
Clarence  N.  Wright,  M.D. 


HONORARY  MANAGERS 

John  P.  Welling  Alfred  E.  Hamill* 

John  McKinlay* 


*  Deceased 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


Chapter 
i.  The  Growth  of  Medical  Education 

2.  Early  Days  and  the  Charter  of  Rush 

3.  Rush  Medical  College  Opens 

4.  The  Early  Faculties  . 

5.  The  Civil  War  Period 

6.  Rush  and  the  County  Hospital 

7.  Advances  in  Educational  Requirements 

8.  Affiliation  of  Rush  with  The  University  of 

Chicago  ..... 

9.  Rush  and  the  Presbyterian  Hospital . 
10.  The  First  Century  of  Rush 


PAGE 

3 
11 

15 

18 

24 
27 
3° 

32 
45 
47 


Appendices 

I.  An  Act  to  Incorporate  the  Rush  Medical 

College 53 

II.  Charter  of  Presbyterian  Hospital  59 

III.  Charter  of  Central  Free  Dispensary  ...         60 

IV.  Agreement  between  Presbyterian  Hospital  and 

the  University  of  Illinois      ....         62 

V.  Extracts  from  Court  Decree  in  re  Rush  Medical 

College  vs.  The  University  of  Chicago  et  al.  64 

Bibliography 75 


Index 


79 


vn 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 


Daniel  Brainard      .... 

Frontispiece 

FACING  PAGE 

Chicago  River  in  1833    . 

14 

Chicago,  1835 

14 

First  College  Building,  1844    . 

15 

Dr.  Brainard's  Office,  1844 

15 

Members  of  the  First  Faculty  . 

.  22,    23 

Building  of  1855     .... 

26 

Ruins  of  Fire,  1871  . 

26 

FOLLOWING  PAGE 

College  under  Sidewalk,  1872  . 

26 

Building  of  1875      .... 

26 

Nathan  Smith  Davis 

26 

Walter  Stanley  Haines    . 

26 

Ephraim  Fletcher  Ingals  . 

26 

FACING    PAGE 

Norman  Bridge       .... 

27 

Arthur  Dean  Bevan .... 

27 

Christian  Fenger      .... 

30 

Nicholas  Senn 

30 

John  Milton  Dodson 

31 

James  Nevins  Hyde .... 

31 

IX 


FACING  PAGE 

Frank  Billings 38 

James  Bryan  Herrick 38 

Ludvig  Hektoen 39 

Edwin  Raymond  Lecount 39 

Peter  Bassoe 39 

Bertram  Welton  Sippy 46 

Dean  DeWitt  Lewis 46 

Rush  and  Presbyterian  Hospital  Today  ....  47 

Nurses  Residence  (Presbyterian  Hospital)      ...  47 


THE    STORY   OF 
RUSH  MEDICAL    COLLEGE 


Chapter  1 

THE  GROWTH  OF  MEDICAL 
EDUCATION 

The  story  of  Rush  Medical  College  is  part  of  the  his- 
tory of  medical  education  in  America.  Intimately  inter- 
woven as  it  is  with  the  spectacular  development  of  Chi- 
cago and  the  West,  the  conditions  under  which  Rush 
was  founded  and  the  nature  of  its  early  struggles  can 
scarcely  be  understood  without  some  account  of  medical 
education  in  the  country  as  a  whole. 

In  the  early  days  of  the  nineteenth  century,  America 
was  still  mainly  a  frontier  nation.  Even  in  the  older 
states  of  the  East,  populations  were  relatively  sparse,  dis- 
tances were  great,  money  was  scarce,  and  our  people 
were  too  preoccupied  with  wresting  a  living  from  the 
land  to  concern  themselves  greatly  with  the  education  of 
medical  men. 

Progress  had  been  made,  it  is  true,  but  the  state  of 
medical  education  even  in  the  older  parts  of  the  country 
could  hardly  be  compared  with  that  in  the  nations  of 
Europe.  Thirty  years  after  the  Revolution,  seven  medi- 
cal schools  had  been  organized:  Philadelphia  (two), 
New  York  (two),  Boston,  Hanover  (Dartmouth)  and 
Baltimore.  By  1810  two  of  these  (Philadelphia)  had 
been  combined,  and  one  had  been  discontinued.  This 
left  only  five  active  in  preparing  men  for  the  medical 
profession. 

The  curricula  were  largely  patterned  after  that  of  the 
medical  school  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  where 


3 


many  American  physicians  (among  them  Shippen, 
Morgan  and  Rush)  had  received  their  medical  degrees. 
The  education  of  students  of  medicine  of  that  day  was 
based  on  a  preceptorship  or  apprenticeship  of  two  to  six 
years  or  more  under  outstanding  scholarly  practitioners. 
Organized  in  1705,  the  medical  school  of  the  University 
of  Edinburgh  had  been  designed  to  afford  student  ap- 
prentices facilities  for  a  review  study  of  anatomy  and 
chemistry  better  than  they  could  have  received  with  in- 
dividual practitioners. 

The  Philadelphia  Medical  College,  founded  in  1765, 
stated  among  its  requirements  for  admission  to  candi- 
dacy that  "such  students  as  have  not  taken  a  Degree  in 
Arts  .  .  .  satisfy  the  Trustees  and  Professors  of  the  Col- 
lege concerning  their  knowledge  of  the  Latin  tongue 
and  in  such  branches  of  Mathematics,  natural  and  ex- 
perimental Philosophy  as  should  be  judged  requisite  to 
a  Medical  Education.  Each  student  shall  take  at  least 
one  course  in  Anatomy,  Materia  Medica,  Chemistry,  the 
Theory  and  Practice  of  Physic  and  Clinical  lectures  and 
shall  attend  the  practice  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital 
for  one  year. ...  It  is  further  required  that  each  student 
previous  to  obtaining  a  Bachelor's  Degree  shall  have 
served  a  sufficient  apprenticeship  to  some  respectable 
Practitioner  in  Physic,  and  be  able  to  show  that  he  has  a 
general  knowledge  in  Pharmacy." 

These  requirements  continued  in  force  until  the  oc- 
cupation of  Philadelphia  by  the  British  in  1777.  The  de- 
gree of  Bachelor  of  Medicine  was  conferred  after  one 
year,  and  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  after  one 
to  three  years  of  additional  attendance.  Few  students 
returned  for  the  second  year,  however,  and  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Medicine  was  discontinued,  as  was  also  the 


original  requirement  of  Latin  and  Greek.  Travel  was 
slow  and  difficult  and  many  students  had  limited  re- 
sources. The  relative  poverty  and  the  obstacle  of  dis- 
tance in  the  still  only  partly  settled  country  finally  led 
to  a  shortening  of  the  college  course  to  twelve  to  sixteen 
weeks. 

The  quality  of  the  preceptorships  deteriorated,  mean- 
while, so  that  they  often  offered  only  nominal  opportu- 
nity to  the  students.  The  college  course,  which  had  been 
at  first  an  adjunct  or  review  in  completion  of  a  serious 
apprenticeship,  gained  in  importance,  while  the  ap- 
prenticeship became  secondary  and  often  merely  a  per- 
functory item  of  a  year's  credit  on  the  college  course. 

In  the  absence  of  examining  boards  of  licensure  inde- 
pendent of  the  schools,  a  school  diploma  was  accepted 
as  qualification  for  license  to  practice.  Competition 
among  schools  encouraged  low  standards  of  admission 
and  performance,  without  the  salutary  control  of  a  com- 
petent and  independent  examining  authority. 

By  1 840  twenty-six  new  schools  had  appeared,  and  by 
1875,  forty-seven  more.  Of  the  eighty  schools  organized 
in  the  space  of  a  hundred  years,  sixteen  were  discon- 
tinued, leaving  sixty-four  in  1875.  A  few  other  smaller 
schools  had  been  organized  and  had  closed  their  doors 
without  leaving  a  record  available  in  1875  (Davis).  But 
despite  the  later  separation  of  licensure  from  the  edu- 
cational function,  medical  schools  continued  to  in- 
crease; some  good,  some  poor,  to  the  total  number  of 
162,  up  to  the  decade  of  drastic  reform  in  medical  edu- 
cation (1900-1910). 

In  the  evaluation  of  the  purposes,  resources,  and 
achievements  of  medicine  in  our  own  era  two  objectives 
have  emerged:  that  of  producing  physicians  well  pre- 


pared  to  counsel  the  public  in  the  prevention  and  cure 
of  disease;  and  that  of  furnishing  facilities  for  searching 
out  new  knowledge  and  proving  its  effectiveness  in  med- 
ical care. 

Medicine  from  the  beginning  has  had  for  its  objective 
the  cure  of  the  sick  and  the  prevention  of  disease  by 
utilizing  all  current  scientific  knowledge  in  the  care  of 
the  patient  under  the  direction  of  experience.  This  is 
accomplished  mainly  through  the  personal  relation  of 
the  good  doctor  and  his  patient. 

In  the  past  fifty  years  the  peace-time  accumulation  of 
wealth  has  enabled  philanthropists  to  set  up  facilities 
for  more  extensive  and  penetrating  research  in  special 
problems  in  medicine.  Institutes  and  specialized  foun- 
dations created  by  this  means  have  contributed  mightily 
to  the  advances  of  clinical  medicine. 

These  two  objectives— practice  and  research— are  of 
course  complementary  and  mutually  advantageous. 
Sometimes  the  two  concepts,  in  the  form  of  superior 
clinical  training  and  of  research,  have  been  successfully 
combined  in  one  school.  Sometimes,  as  in  the  financially 
lush  nineteen  twenties,  clinical  schools  which  aspired 
to  a  combination  of  both  have,  unfortunately,  invested 
large  and  perhaps  disproportionate  sums  in  their  pri- 
vately owned  hospitals.  In  so  doing,  they  neglected  to 
utilize  public,  tax-supported  hospitals  which  might  have 
been  more  economical  and  at  the  same  time  afforded 
better  and  more  varied  opportunities  for  clinical  teach- 
ing. Sometimes,  too,  richly  endowed  research-minded 
schools  planned  for  a  completely  "full  time"  program, 
on  the  assumption  that  their  limited  clinical  facilities 
would  somehow  suffice  to  give  the  best  clinical  training 
to  their  students.  By  the  cold  law  of  probabilities,  many 


of  these  students,  no  matter  how  carefully  chosen, 
were  certain  to  prove  unfitted  for  academic  research,  al- 
though as  potential  standard  bearers  of  professional 
competence,  and  in  the  interest  of  public  service  they 
were  entitled  to  a  clinical  training  equivalent  to  that  of 
their  colleagues  in  other  schools. 

GRADUATE  MEDICAL  EDUCATION 

Changes  in  the  techniques  of  graduate  medical  edu- 
cation, too,  have  resulted  from  advances  in  medical  edu- 
cation. The  ambitious  and  progressive  physician  avails 
himself  more  and  more  of  opportunities  for  graduate 
study.  Currently,  his  program  of  professional  develop- 
ment conforms  to  one  of  two  patterns,  both  of  which 
have  evolved  from  improved  standards  of  medical  edu- 
cation, and  from  the  utilization  by  medicine  of  the 
astounding  increase  of  knowledge  in  many  fields  of 
science  including  chemistry,  physics,  biology  and  bio- 
physics. The  rapid  expansion  of  medical  methods  and 
facilities  rendered  inevitable  an  accentuation  of  prac- 
tice in  special  fields.  This  has  been  going  on  for  decades. 
Indeed,  it  began  in  the  days  of  the  barber  surgeons.  But 
this  entirely  logical  trend  toward  specialization  has 
brought  with  it  certain  undesirable  results.  Some  medi- 
cal men  proclaimed  themselves  specialists  with  little  or 
no  justification  by  reason  of  ability,  hard  work,  or  qual- 
ity of  performance.  For  the  protection  of  the  public,  in 
consequence,  special  boards  have  been  established  in 
the  several  specialties  to  determine  fitness  for  specialty 
designation;  and  to  encourage  younger  men  to  prepare 
themselves  for  better  techniques  of  specialized  practice 
while  they  still  had  command  of  the  educational  tools 
acquired  in  college  and  medical  school. 


Special  board  certification  is  entirely  voluntary  and 
has  no  legal  status.  This  certification  in  specialties  has 
been  used  by  some  administrators  of  state  and  national 
medical  and  health  programs  and  of  hospitals,  to  deter- 
mine appointments,  often  with  advantage  but  some- 
times unfortunately  to  the  exclusion  of  other  equally 
well  qualified  physicians  who  have  not  desired  to  sub- 
mit to  further  formal  examinations.  Occasionally  a 
young  physician  recently  certified  as  a  specialist  without 
sufficient  clinical  experience  mistakenly  assumes  that 
the  fact  of  his  certification  relieves  him  of  his  obligation 
to  care  for  patients  in  their  homes.  Emphasis  on  spe- 
cialty certification  has  tended  also  wrongly  to  minimize 
the  stature  of  the  general  practitioner.  These  difficulties, 
however,  appear  to  be  in  process  of  correction.  Advances 
in  medical  education  and  opportunity  have  thus  of 
themselves  created  new  problems  in  educational  pro- 
cedure and  in  medical  practice,  and  these  in  turn  have 
determined  the  following  two  main  patterns  of  profes- 
sional growth  of  the  young  physician. 

1 .  Preparation  for  Specialization.  This  calls  for  a  pro- 
longed residency  for  the  physician  after  completion  of 
his  interneship  with  additional  training  in  biological 
subjects.  Such  a  program  assumes  a  thorough  grounding 
in  chemistry,  physics,  and  pathology. 

Occasionally  physicians  who  have  been  in  practice  for 
a  few  years  turn  back  later  for  additional  study.  Al- 
though these  instances  are  exceptional,  the  difficulties 
of  such  a  delayed  program  are  so  obvious  in  terms  of  in- 
terrupted practice  and  dislocations  in  personal  life  that 
young  graduates  are  usually  moved  to  prepare  for  their 
Specialty  Boards  (Internal  Medicine,  Surgery,  Oph- 
thalmology, Obstetrics,  etc.),  under  another  handicap- 
namely,  lack  of  the  great  advantages  in  experience  they 

8 


would  gain  by  a  few  years  in  general  practice.  The  Board 
of  Internal  Medicine  has  liberalized  its  requirements 
with  a  view  to  meeting  the  individual  necessities  of  al- 
most any  doctor.  Let  me  say  that  I  am  speaking  now  of 
the  young  physician  who  is  earnestly  concerned  with  the 
quality  of  his  preparation  and  in  the  service  he  will  ren- 
der to  his  patients  later;  not  primarily  with  the  added 
financial  rewards  which  he  hopes  to  receive  by  the  mere 
possession  of  a  board  certification. 

2.  Graduate  Study.  A  second  type  of  graduate  train- 
ing is  the  short,  intensive  course  of  a  few  weeks  or  more, 
arranged  by  medical  schools  or  by  medical  organiza- 
tions, given  at  educational  centers,  or  by  qualified  in- 
structors at  local  centers  in  rural  communities.  This 
type  of  education  is  rapidly  increasing,  and  promises  to 
contribute  much  to  the  quality  of  general  medical  prac- 
tice. The  general  advance  of  medical  education  has  pro- 
duced medical  practitioners  who  can  appreciate,  under- 
stand, and  profit  by  such  opportunities  to  a  degree  not 
possible  in  the  early  days. 

These  two  types  of  graduate  training  have  largely  re- 
placed the  old  post-graduate  school,  which  formerly 
served  as  well  as  it  could  to  remedy  the  faults  of  grossly 
defective  undergraduate  medical  education. 

The  telegraph  and  telephone,  good  roads,  the  auto- 
mobile, more  and  better  equipped  rural  hospitals,  and 
the  ever  increasing  scientific  knowledge  available  to 
medicine,  have  truly  revolutionized  medical  education 
and  medical  practice.  Yet,  the  observation  of  Weir 
Mitchell  still  holds  true:  that  by  what  the  country  doc- 
tor is,  you  can  judge  the  progress  of  medicine.  Today 
the  family  doctor,  whether  in  the  city  or  country,  has 
not  passed— he  has  improved. 

Some  of  the  problems  of  Rush  Medical  College  in  the 


past  four  decades  stemmed  from  honest  differences  of 
opinion  as  to  the  methods  of  applying  these  two  concepts 
of  medical  education:  that  concerned  with  the  care  of 
the  sick,  and  that  concerned  with  research  more  or  less 
separated  from  clinical  practice.  These  divergent  views, 
and  their  alternate  ascendency  account  in  the  main  for 
the  successive  changes  in  the  later  academic  relation- 
ships of  Rush. 


10 


Chapter  2 

EARLY  DAYS  AND  THE 
CHARTER  OF  RUSH 

To  present  some  notion  of  the  events  of  over  a  hundred 
years  of  Rush  history  within  reasonable  space  requires 
the  selection  of  only  a  few  fairly  representative  incidents 
in  which  the  activities  of  the  College  were  a  reflection, 
more  or  less  directly,  of  larger  events  in  the  city  and 
nation.  I  shall  try  to  present  the  medical  picture  in  the 
newly  settled  country,  the  ideals  behind  the  founding  of 
Rush,  and  the  progressive  rise  in  its  standards  of  medi- 
cal education  in  response  to  opportunity  and  to  public 
need  and  demands. 

A  file  of  the  college  announcements  from  1843  on- 
ward records  the  thinking  and  actions  of  the  Faculty  as 
well  as  statistics  and  regulations  of  the  College. 

Many  of  the  older  records  were  lost  in  the  fire  of  1 87 1 . 
Fortunately,  a  number  of  the  Rush  faculty  have  been 
historically  minded  over  the  years  and  have  collected 
and  recorded  important  stop-gap  data  in  addresses,  ar- 
ticles and  reminiscences.  Some  of  these  are  well  docu- 
mented; others,  regrettably  though  naturally,  reveal  the 
frailty  of  memory. 

DR.  BRAINARD  ARRIVES  IN  CHICAGO 

Rush  Medical  College  grew  up  with  the  coming  Sec- 
ond City  of  America.  Rush  received  its  charter  from  the 
State  of  Illinois  in  1837,  a  few  days  before  a  charter  was 
issued  to  the  still  pioneer  City  of  Chicago.  Dr.  Brainard, 


11 


the  founder  of  the  College,  had  come  to  Chicago  in 
1836.  His  arrival  is  thus  described  by  John  D.  Caton 
(later  Judge  Caton),  a  lawyer  and  friend  who  had 
studied  law  in  Rome,  N.Y.,  when  Brainard  was  studying 
medicine  in  that  city. 

"Dr  Brainard  rode  up  to  my  office  on  a  little  Indian  pony.  He 
was  dressed  rather  shabbily  and  said  he  was  nearly  out  of  funds, 
and  asked  my  advice  about  commencing  the  practice  of  medicine 
in  Chicago.  I  knew  he  was  ambitious,  studious,  and  a  man  of 
ability,  and  I  advised  him  to  go  to  the  Pottawatomie  Camp 
where  the  Indians  were  preparing  to  start  for  a  new  location, 
west  of  the  Mississippi  River  and  sell  his  pony;  take  a  desk  or 
rather  a  small  table  I  had  in  my  office  and  put  his  shingle  by 
the  side  of  the  door,  promising  to  aid  him  in  building  up  a 
business." 

The  State  of  Illinois  had  been  admitted  to  the  union 
in  1818.  The  Territory  of  Wisconsin  lay  to  the  north 
and  the  Territory  of  Iowa  to  the  west.  The  Village  of 
Chicago  had  been  organized  in  1833  anc^  was  growing 
rapidly;  the  population  had  doubled  every  eight  months 
and  by  1836  had  reached  3000.  Norman  Bridge  thus 
describes  the  village. 

"They  (Chicago  citizens)  were  planning  to  send  a  delega- 
tion to  Vandalia,  the  capital  of  the  state  with  a  petition  to  the 
forthcoming  session  of  the  Legislature  for  a  city  charter.  Yet 
they  had  not  a  rod  of  street  pavement  and  their  sidewalks  were 
of  wood,  uneven  and  shaky.  When  it  rained,  mud  was  every- 
where, teams  often  becoming  stalled  in  the  chief  streets  .  .  . 
notably  Lake  Street  near  Clark  .  .  .  where  more  than  once  a  'no 
bottom'  placard  was  seen  and  an  old  hat  with  the  words  'keep 
away,  I  went  down  here  .  .  .  .'  There  were  no  sewers,  not  even 
a  common  drain  and  the  public  water  supply  was  through  a 
service  of  pails,  barrels  and  other  containers  from  the  lake  and 
river.  Two  rude  bridges  spanned  the  creek— the  Chicago  River 
.  .  .  along  the  banks  of  which  the  primeval  trees  and  shrubbery 


12 


were  still  mostly  undisturbed.  The  houses  and  other  buildings 
were  of  wood  and  built  with  the  evident  purpose  to  make  them 
habitable  at  the  earliest  possible  moment.  But  the  country  back 
of  the  town  was  fertile,  inviting  and  great,  and  a  canal  was  to  be 
dug  to  connect  the  lake  and  the  Mississippi." 

DANIEL  BRAINARD    (l8l2-l866) 

The  story  of  the  early  years  of  Rush  Medical  College 
centers  about  its  founder,  Daniel  Brainard,  and  the  men 
whom  he  chose  as  members  of  his  faculty. 

Daniel  Brainard  was  born  in  Oneida  County,  New 
York,  in  1812,  received  a  common  school  and  academic 
education  probably  in  the  Oneida  Institute,  and  began 
his  medical  studies  with  a  preceptorship  in  Whitesboro 
and  in  Rome,  New  York.  Later  he  took  medical  lectures 
in  Fairfield  Medical  College,  and  then  after  two  years 
more  at  Jefferson  Medical  College  received  his  medical 
degree  in  1834.  He  returned  to  Whitesboro  where  he 
practiced  medicine  but  spent  much  of  his  time  in  the 
study  of  Latin  and  French  and  in  teaching  physiology 
in  Oneida  Institute. 

"Physically,  Dr.  Brainard  was  tall,  well  proportioned, 
and  strongly  built.  He  was  dignified  almost  to  reserve 
.  .  .  his  appearance  in  the  class  room  was  quiet  and  un- 
assuming." (Ingals)  He  was  an  investigator,  and  made 
notable  studies  on  rattlesnake  venom,  the  treatment  of 
wounds  with  iodine,  and  treatment  of  ununited  frac- 
tures. He  earned  well  merited  fame  in  the  West  and  in 
Europe  as  an  outstanding  surgeon.  Intimately  corre- 
lated with  Brainard's  devotion  to  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine was  his  enthusiasm  for  medical  education  and 
teaching. 

The  economic  depression  of  1 837,  as  well  as  the  neces- 
sity of  first  gathering  a  faculty  for  his  new  school  (to 


13 


which  he  had  given  the  name  of  Rush  in  commemora- 
tion of  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush  of  Philadelphia,  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence)  made  im- 
practicable the  immediate  opening  of  the  school.  But 
Brainard  was  not  to  be  deterred  from  his  teaching,  and 
he  opened  a  private  school  of  anatomy  in  his  rooms  on 
Clark  Street,  where  he  gave  three  courses  of  instruction 
to  some  six  or  seven  students  each.  The  years  1 839-41  he 
spent  in  Paris  in  further  medical  preparation.  On  his 
return  he  was  appointed  in  1 842  to  the  Chair  of  Anat- 
omy in  St.  Louis  University  where  he  gave  two  courses. 


14 


Chicago  River  in  1833 

Courtesy  Chicago  Historical  Society 


Chicago,  1835 

Courtesy  Chicago  Historical  Society 


First  College  Building,  1844 

Courtesy  Chicago  Historical  Society 


Dr.  Brainard's  Office,  1844 

Courtesy  Chicago  Historical  Society 


Chapter  3 
RUSH  MEDICAL  COLLEGE  OPENS 

Rush  medical  college  began  its  first  session  of  sixteen 
weeks  on  December  4,  1843.  The  population  of  Chicago 
was  now  7,850  (Bridge).  Twenty-two  students  were  en- 
rolled. The  requirements  for  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Medicine  were: 

"Three  years  of  study  with  a  respectable  physician,  two 
courses  of  lectures,  the  last  in  this  school  (two  years  of  practice 
to  be  accepted  in  lieu  of  one  course)  ;  the  candidate  to  be  twenty- 
one  years  old,  to  have  a  good  moral  character  and  to  present  a 
thesis  on  some  medical  subject  of  his  own  composition  and  in 
his  own  handwriting,  which  should  be  approved  by  the 
faculty .  . ." 

The  first  classes  met  in  Dr.  Brainard's  office  on  Clark 
Street  near  Randolph.  A  shed  in  the  rear  served  as  a  dis- 
secting room.  The  regular  fees  were  $65,  and  the  gradu- 
ation fee  $20.  The  first  college  building,  built  of  wood 
on  a  lot  donated  by  citizens  at  Clark  and  Indiana  Streets, 
north  of  the  river,  was  completed  in  1844  and  cost 
$3500. 

In  his  inaugural  address  Brainard  said: 

".  .  .  We  have  chosen  the  subject  of  institutions  of  science, 
their  influence  in  a  community,  and  their  claims  to  the  fostering 
care  of  the  public  .  .  .  (because  of)  the  sovereign  influence  ex- 
ercised by  public  opinion  which  holds  the  place  of  supreme 
power  in  our  own  country.  .  .  .  Especially  in  the  West  is  it  es- 
sential that  the  public  mind  should  be  directed  to  the  found- 
ing ...  of  institutions  of  science.  .  .  .  The  health,  the  happiness 
and  the  life  of  your  dearest  friends,  and  your  own,  may,  and  will, 

15 


some  day  depend  on  the  skill  of  some  member  of  the  medical 
profession.  .  .  .  To  elevate  the  standard  of  skill  and  knowledge 
in  the  profession,  to  excite  an  honorable  emulation  among  its 
members,  to  disseminate  in  this  new  region  the  principles  of 
medical  science  .  .  .  such  are  the  objects  held  in  view  by  the 
founders  of  this  institution." 

In  referring  to  the  objection  that  suitable  teachers 
could  not  be  found  he  said,  "  (This)  is  alike  unfounded, 
and  next  to  the  merit  of  making  great  discoveries  in 
science,  is  that  of  extending  them  in  regions  where  they 
would  otherwise  be  unknown." 

MEDICAL  NEEDS  OF  THE  WEST 

The  medical  needs  of  a  pioneer  population  in  the 
West  (in  those  days  the  West  meant  everything  west  of 
the  Alleghanies)  were  augmented  by  malaria  which  was 
prevalent  as  far  north  as  Canada.  Indeed,  the  settlement 
of  the  bush  in  Ontario  was  delayed  by  chills  and  fever 
which  turned  back  many  families.  Quinine  was  effective 
but  too  often  used  in  insufficient  dose.  The  cost  often 
reached  $5.00  per  ounce,  a  high  price  in  those  days. 
Epidemics  of  Asiatic  cholera1  appeared  from  1833  on- 
ward in  Chicago  and  in  the  absence  of  sanitary  measures 
caused  thousands  of  deaths. 

The  urgent  need  for  physicians  in  the  rapidly  grow- 
ing West  resulted  in  the  formation  of  a  number  of  small 
local  medical  schools  which  disappeared  after  a  brief 
existence.  There  were  no  educational  standards  for  ad- 
mission and  the  inferior  quality  of  instruction  called 
forth  well  merited  criticism.  Brainard  recognized  the 
inadequacy  of  some  of  these  schools  but  resented  indis- 

1  Asiatic  cholera  was  recorded  as  early  as  1832  among  troops  arriv- 
ing in  Fort  Dearborn.— Hamilton. 

16 


criminate  condemnation  of  all  schools  west  of  the  Al- 
leghanies. 

At  the  same  time  he  reiterated  in  1 849  his  faith  in  the 
future  of  Chicago  which  had  then  a  population  of 
17,000.  He  said  in  this  address: 

"The  statement  has  recently  been  made  by  a  Dr.  Holmes, 
professor  in  a  not  very  flourishing  medical  school  at  Boston, 
that  'the  multiplication  of  medical  schools  in  the  west  is  doing 
great  mischief  .  .  .'  For  a  country  possessing  all  the  advantages 
for  containing  a  large  population  calculated  from  extent  and 
situation  to  be  the  center  of  the  republic  .  .  .  with  all  its  ad- 
vantages to  be  dependent  on  some  villages  a  thousand  miles  off 
for  its  physicians,  would  certainly  present  an  anomaly  in  the 
general  order  of  things.  But  a  few  years  since,  the  place  we  in- 
habit was  on  the  extreme  verge  of  civilization,  and  stretching 
far  away  to  the  west  was  a  desert,  scarcely  trodden  by  the  foot 
of  civilized  man.  Now  the  emigrant  turns  from  our  crowded 
streets  ...  to  the  far  distant  shores  of  the  Pacific  Ocean." 

But  despite  Brainard's  enthusiasm,  stimulated  per- 
haps by  the  gold  rush  of  1 849,  the  educational  facilities 
of  the  frontier  settlement  were  crude.  The  medical  fac- 
ulty members,  forward  looking  and  pioneering  men  of 
vision  and  imagination,  were  recruited  from  towns  in 
the  surrounding  area. 

The  college  curriculum  was  patterned  after  those  of 
medical  schools  east  of  the  Alleghanies  and  soon  ap- 
proached an  equality  in  content  though  not  in  age.  The 
refinements  of  the  older  Eastern  cities  were  lacking  in 
these  early  days  of  Chicago.  The  Rush  faculty  were 
wading  through  the  mud  to  their  barely  furnished 
wooden  school  when  the  walls  of  the  Philadelphia  Hos- 
pital were  already  lined  with  portraits  of  great  citizens 
and  physicians  by  distinguished  painters  of  the  day. 


i7 


Chapter  4 
THE  EARLY  FACULTIES 

The  first  faculty2  selected  by  Brainard  included 
James  V.  Z.  Blaney,  professor  of  chemistry  ( 1 846-1 874), 
distinguished  analytical  chemist;  Austin  Flint,  Sr. 
(1844—1845),  professor  of  medicine  who  later  became 
professor  of  medicine  at  Bellevue;  John  Evans  (1845- 
1857),  professor  of  obstetrics  who  was  later  appointed 
territorial  governor  of  Colorado,  and  thereafter  served 
as  Senator.  Other  members  of  the  faculty  up  to  1859 
were  John  McLean  (1843-1854),  M.  L.  Knapp,  A.  W. 
Davisson,  G.  N.  Fitch  (1844-1849),  W.  B.  Herrick 
(1844-1857),  Samuel  G.  Armour,  Thomas  Spencer 
(1849-1851),  J.  W.  Freer  (1855-1877),  Hosmer  A. 
Johnson  (1855-1859),  W.  H.  Byford  (1857-1859, 
1879-1890)  and  John  H.  Rauch  (1857-1859).  Rauch 
led  in  establishing  the  Illinois  State  Board  of  Health  and 
in  the  passage  of  the  Medical  Practice  Act. 

NATHAN  SMITH  DAVIS 

Nathan  Smith  Davis  (1817-1904)  joined  the  faculty 
in  1 849.  He  was  active  in  the  organization  of  the  Ameri- 
can Medical  Association  in  1 847,  and  has  been  called  the 
Father  of  the  American  Medical  Association.  He  was  an 
able  writer  and  organizer  and  deeply  interested  in  edu- 
cational methods  and  in  their  application  to  medical 

2  Brief  biographical  sketches  of  the  early  faculty  are  recorded  by 
Dr.  George  Weaver,  Bui.  Rush  Alumni  Assn.,  Vol.  8,  No.  1,  p.  17, 
1912-1913. 

18 


teaching.  He  is  reported  to  have  brought  the  first  micro- 
scope to  Chicago;  the  annual  announcement  of  1844- 
1845,  however,  contains  the  following  note:  "Among 
the  various  additions  to  the  apparatus  may  be  men- 
tioned a  fine  microscope,  of  sufficient  power  to  exhibit 
the  blood  globules,  spermatic  animalculae,  the  elemen- 
tary tissues,  and  pathological  structures." 

DIVISION  OF  THE  FACULTY 

In  1859  tne  discussion  of  methods  to  improve  medical 
education  occasioned  some  acrimonious  debates.  At  this 
time  the  procedure  in  medical  colleges  was  to  repeat  in 
the  second  year  of  the  two  year  course  the  content  of  the 
first  year.  At  Rush,  as  in  other  contemporary  medical 
schools,  the  regular  sessions  in  the  early  years  were  lim- 
ited to  sixteen  weeks. 

Opinion  in  the  faculty  was  divided.  Some  held  with 
Davis  that  a  graded  course  with  new  content  in  the  sec- 
ond year  was  necessary;  others  believed  that  such  a 
change  was  impracticable  at  that  time.  This  educational 
dispute  apparently  was  intensified  by  personal  animosi- 
ties between  the  president,  Dr.  Brainard,  and  the  Secre- 
tary, Dr.  Davis.  The  upshot  was  that  Drs.  Davis,  H.  A. 
Johnson,  W.  H.  Byford  and  others  eventually  withdrew 
from  Rush  and  founded  the  Chicago  Medical  College, 
now  the  Northwestern  University  Medical  School.  The 
advocacy  of  the  principle  of  a  graded  curriculum  fore- 
shadowed further  progress  in  medical  education.  The 
separation  which  began  in  heated  debate  eventuated  in 
friendly  rivalry  and  cooperation  in  medical  education. 

That  the  schism  in  the  faculty  was  based  to  a  large  ex- 
tent on  personal  differences  between  the  president  and 
the  secretary,  and  not  on  the  failure  of  either  faction  to 


19 


recognize  the  necessity  of  improving  educational  stand- 
ards is  suggested  by  the  action  of  the  Rush  trustees  and 
faculty  (1859-60)  which  provided  two  additional  pe- 
riods of  instruction. 

The  announcement  of  the  session  of  1859-60  (p.  6) 
offered  in  addition  to  the  regular  course  of  sixteen 
weeks,  beginning  on  the  first  Monday  in  November,  a 
preparatory  course  to  be  given  at  the  College  in  October 
without  additional  charge.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  reg- 
ular course  there  was  also  announced  a  "Preparatory 
School  of  Medicine." 

"For  the  purpose  of  securing  a  longer  and  more  complete 
course  of  instruction,  to  such  as  may  be  able  to  pursue  it,  than 
is  afforded  by  the  Winter  Term,  the  following  physicians  have 
associated  themselves  together  in  a  Preparatory  School  .  .  .  The 
course  will  commence  on  the  first  Monday  of  March  i860  and 
continue  sixteen  weeks.  Two  lectures  will  be  given  daily,  fee 
$20.00."  (Announcement  1859-60  p.  15). 

New  members  added  at  this  time  to  the  Rush  teaching 
force  included  J.  Adams  Allen,  Ephraim  Ingals,  De- 
Laskie  Miller,  Joseph  P.  Ross  and  E.  L.  Holmes.  This 
"Preparatory  School  of  Medicine"  was  later  known  as 
the  "Spring  Faculty";  none  of  their  names  appear  as 
members  of  the  regular  faculty.  Clinical  work  was  of- 
fered at  the  City  Hospital,  City  Dispensary,  and  Chicago 
Charitable  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary.  The  faculty  of  this 
supplemental  course  had  no  part  in  the  government  of 
the  college.  The  "Spring  Course"  was  continued  until 
1893,  when  the  regular  course  was  extended  to  eight 
months. 

During  the  period  1857-1871,  there  were  twelve  pro- 
fessors and  during  the  latter  portion  of  it  about  as  many 
more  teaching  in  the  Spring  Faculty.  Among  these  lat- 


20 


ter  were  Drs.  James  Nevins  Hyde,  Norman  Bridge, 
Charles  T.  Parkes,  Walter  Hay,  I.  N.  Danforth,  James 
H.  Etheridge  and  E.  Fletcher  Ingals.  During  the  latter 
portion  of  the  period  the  student  body  grew  to  approxi- 
mately 300.  The  tuition  fees  were  about  $70  per  annum 
from  the  founding  of  the  college  until  1879  (Ingals). 
(In  1 849  the  tuition  in  Rush  was  reduced  from  $70  to 
$36,  but  this  seems  to  have  been  a  temporary  measure. 
Davis). 

In  1868  the  regular  annual  course  was  increased  from 
16  to  18  weeks.  Hitherto  no  specific  requirements  for 
entrance  were  in  force  although  the  annual  announce- 
ments (1860-1891)  state  that  "such  a  preliminary  edu- 
cation was  needed  as  was  clearly  requisite  for  proper 
standing  with  the  profession  and  with  the  public." 

HOSPITALS 

Members  of  the  faculty  were  leaders  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  hospitals  to  care  for  the  sick  and  to  furnish  fa- 
cilities for  medical  teaching.  The  U.S.  Marine  Hospital 
on  the  east  side  of  Michigan  Avenue  near  River  Street 
was  being  completed  in  the  summer  of  1850.  Doctor 
W.  B.  Herrick  was  in  charge. 

The  Illinois  General  Hospital  of  the  Lakes  was  char- 
tered by  the  Legislature  in  1 850,  and  was  opened  in  the 
Old  Lake  House  on  the  corner  of  North  Water  and 
Rush  Streets.  Dr.  Brainard  was  in  charge  of  the  surgical 
service  and  Dr.  Davis  of  the  medical  service.  The  college 
curriculum  called  for  one  term  of  instruction  and  hos- 
pital attendance.  "Professor  Davis  is  to  lecture  daily 
through  the  term,  and  also  meet  the  hospital  class  in  the 
wards  of  the  hospital  at  a  stated  hour  each  day,  Sunday 
always  excepted." 


21 


In  1851  the  Hospital  of  the  Lakes  passed  under  the 
care  of  the  Sisters  of  Mercy,  and  was  thereafter  called 
Mercy  Hospital.  In  1859  this  hospital  service  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  new  school  headed  by  Dr.  Davis.  The  Rush 
announcement  of  1 859-60  states  that  the  City  Hospital 
of  200  beds  was  the  hospital  field  of  instruction. 

THE  COLLEGE  DISPENSARIES 

In  December  1869  the  "Charity  Dispensary  of  Chi- 
cago" published  its  first  (and  last)  annual  report  in 
which  appeared  a  number  of  items  of  historical  interest: 

"For  thirty  years  the  Charity  Dispensary  has  been  in  opera- 
tion. In  1839,  Dr.  Blaney  opened  in  his  office  opposite  the 
Sherman  House,  the  first  free  dispensary  ever  held  in  Chicago. 

"On  the  opening  of  Rush  Medical  College  in  1843,  this  dis- 
pensary was  transferred  to  the  College  building,  and  was  at- 
tended by  Drs.  Brainard,  Blaney,  McLean,  Fitch,  Austin  Flint, 
John  Evans,  Freer,  Rea,  Ingals,  Powell,  Duck,  and  Ross,  most 
of  whom  have  been  professors  in  the  College  and  many  still 
retain  that  post. 

".  .  .  In  1845  this  dispensary  was  moved  to  a  large  building, 
corner  of  Wolcott  and  Kinzie  streets,  called  Tippecanoe  Hall. 
At  that  time  it  was  called  the  City  Dispensary.  On  the  12th  of 
January  1847,  Dr.  Brainard  first  gave  ether  in  the  case  of  'a 
young  man  who  presented  himself  at  the  Dispensary  for  amputa- 
tion of  the  middle  finger  rendered  necessary  by  necrosis  of  the 
first  phalanx  of  four  months  standing.'  Chloroform  was  also 
used  in  this  dispensary  on  the  24th  of  the  same  month,  ten  days 
before  its  first  use  in  New  York  .  .  ." 

"There  are  in  the  city  the  following  dispensaries:  The  Charity 
Dispensary,  corner  of  North  Dearborn  and  Indiana  streets;  the 
Brainard  Free  Dispensary  corner  of  West  Randolph  and  Jeffer- 
son streets;  the  County  Hospital  Dispensary,  corner  18th  and 
Arnold  streets,  and  the  Chicago  Charitable  Eye  and  Ear  In- 
firmary, No.  16  East  Pearson  Street,  opposite  the  Ogden  School." 

Attached  to  this  report  is  an  autograph  note  by  Dr.  E.  L. 


22 


Members  of  the  first  faculty  of  Rush  Medical  College:  (1)  Daniel 
Brainard,  (2)  James  Van  Zandt  Blaney,  (3)  John  McLean,  (4)  Moses 
L.  Knapp,  (5)  Austin  Flint,  (6)  Graham  N.  Fitch. 


Members  of  the  first  faculty  of  Rush  Medical  College:  (1)  Wm.  B. 
Herrick,  (2)  John  Evans,  (3)  Thomas  Spencer,  (4)  Nathan  S.  Davis, 
(5)  Alfred  W.  Davisson,    (6)  Josiah  B.  Herrick. 


Holmes:  "From  the  opening  of  the  College  to  the  date  of  this 
report,  there  had  been  a  'College  Clinic'  or  'Dispensary.'  It 
was  thought  best  to  place  it  under  a  special  board  of  trustees 
with  the  hope  that  the  public  would  provide  support  for  this 
charity.  That  this  might  seem  to  be  less  under  the  control  of 
the  College  the  name  was  changed  as  indicated  in  this  report, 
which  is  in  reality  the  first  report  of  the  new  organization.  The 
Fire  in  1871  terminated  all  efforts  to  continue  the  dispensary." 

The  Central  Free  Dispensary  was  formed  by  a  union 
of  the  Brainard  and  the  Herrick  (W.B.)  dispensaries 
in  1871  and  was  incorporated  in  1873.  The  objectives 
of  the  incorporators  are  set  forth  in  the  charter: 

"The  objects  for  which  this  corporation  is  formed  are  to  aid 
all  persons  who  are  sick  and  unable  to  pay  for  medical  at- 
tendance's, (sic) ,  to  diffuse  vaccination  by  continuous  and  un- 
wearied efforts  .  .  ." 


23 


Chapter  5 
THE  CIVIL  WAR  PERIOD 

By  1861,  Rush  College  had  graduated  555'  physicians, 
and  by  1865,  had  graduated  836.  The  inevitable  loss  of 
faculty  members  to  the  Armed  Services  included  Profes- 
sors J.  V.  Z  Blaney,  R.  L.  Rea,  William  B.  Herrick, 
J.  W.  Freer,  E.  Powell  and  Daniel  Brainard.  Faculty  re- 
placements were  brought  in  from  neighboring  schools. 
"Rush  contributed  as  large  a  proportion  of  graduates  as 
any  other  medical  college  in  the  Union."  (Dodson,  9.) 
The  city  hospital  at  Arnold  and  18th  streets  which 
was  staffed  by  the  faculty  of  Rush  College  was  taken  over 
by  the  army.  Shortly  after  the  close  of  the  war  the  opera- 
tion of  this  hospital  was  assumed  by  the  Cook  County 
Commissioners. 

CHOLERA— THE  DEATH  OF  BRAINARD 

Following  his  discharge  from  the  army  Dr.  Brainard 
went  to  Paris,  returning  in  the  Fall  of  1 866  to  resume  his 
teaching.  He  found  Chicago  in  the  midst  of  an  epidemic 
of  Asiatic  cholera  (its  last  severe  outbreak) .  The  disease 
had  appeared  in  the  summer,  subsided  about  the  middle 
of  August,  and  recurred  with  increased  severity  about 
October  first. 

"On  the  afternoon  of  October  9,  1866,  he  digressed  from  the 
subject  of  his  lecture  in  Rush  Medican  College,  to  tell  the  class 
how  to  guard  themselves  against  the  cholera,  and  before  he  re- 
tired late  that  evening  he  began  an  article  on  the  subject  .  .  . 
He  went  to  bed  apparently  in  perfect  health,  but  near  morning 


24 


had  an  attack  of  diarrhea  which  he  checked  with  opiates.  How- 
ever, he  arose  as  usual  the  next  morning  and  had  no  symptoms 
of  sickness  until  9:00  when  he  was  suddenly  attacked  with  vomit- 
ing and  diarrhea  ...  By  2:00  he  was  in  collapse  and  seven  hours 
later  he  ceased  to  breathe."  (Ingals,  quoting  in  part  from  an  un- 
signed address  at  the  College  memorial  exercises,  October, 
1866). 

The  Chicago  Tribune  of  Thursday,  October  11,  1866, 
commented  thus: 

"There  is  no  disguising  the  fact  that  the  dread  Asiatic  Scourge 
is  more  active  among  us  within  the  past  two  or  three  days  than 
previously.  The  average  daily  number  of  cases  reported  during 
August  in  this  city  was  about  six.  For  September  the  attacks  re- 
ported were  272,  deaths  146,  average  of  nine  attacks  daily  with 
five  deaths.  (The  population  of  Chicago  was  then  about  200,- 
000.)  October  showed  an  alarming  increase  ...  It  is  particularly 
noticeable  too  that  the  extension  of  the  disease  is  not  confined 
to  the  unwashed,  undrained  ill-ventilated  portions  of  the  city. 
It  has  struck  and  boldly  into  the  higher  walks  of  life.  The  death 
of  Dr.  Brainard,  Alderman  O' Sullivan,  and  Dr.  Winer  are 
prominent  instances  in  higher  circles.  The  grim  monster  is  now 
striking  right  and  left  among  us  as  if  .  .  .  to  avenge  on  our  per- 
son the  terrible  neglect  which  has  marked  our  municipal  his- 
tory in  regard  to  sanitary  matters,  and  teach  us  a  practical  lesson 
for  future  guidance." 

The  death  of  Dr.  Brainard  left  vacant  the  Chair  of 
Surgery  in  Rush  College,  and  in  1867  it  was  filled  by 
Dr.  Moses  Gunn,  who  came  from  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan. 
(R.M.C.  Catalog  1867.) 

THE  FIRE  OF  1  87  1 

Scarcely  had  the  routine  of  the  College  been  resumed 
following  the  distractions  of  the  war,  when  the  Chicago 
fire  of  1871  destroyed  the  college  buildings  north  of  the 

25 


river  (to  which  had  been  added  in  1 867  a  new  section  at 
a  cost  of  $70,000) ,  together  with  many  of  the  records  and 
the  museum.  The  Chicago  Medical  College  and  the 
County  Hospital  generously  offered  quarters  in  which 
Rush  might  continue  the  year's  teaching.  A  temporary 
building  on  the  south  side  of  the  city  near  the  County 
Hospital  at  1 8th  and  Arnold  Streets  was  erected  at  a  spot 
where  the  sidewalk  grade  was  several  feet  above  the 
lot  level,  giving  rise  to  the  designation  of  "The  College 
under  the  Sidewalk."  Here  the  College  continued  until 
1 876,  awaiting  the  decision  of  the  county  commissioners 
on  a  new  location  for  the  County  Hospital.  Dr.  Joseph 
Priestly  Ross  was  instrumental  in  the  establishment  and 
location  of  the  Cook  County  Hospital,  and,  as  a  member 
of  the  Rush  faculty,  he  desired  that  the  new  Rush  Col- 
lege building  should  be  adjacent  to  it.  Finally  the  loca- 
tion of  the  County  Hospital  on  a  twelve  acre  plot  on 
Harrison  and  Wood  Streets  was  decided,  and  the  Rush 
building  of  1 875  was  erected  diagonally  across  the  street. 
The  Central  Free  Dispensary  was  housed  on  the  first 
floor.  "The  dedicatory  procession  marched  out  to  West 
Chicago  led  by  a  band."  (This  building  was  replaced  by 
the  present  Rawson  Building  in  1924.) 


26 


Building  of  1855 

Courtesy  Chicago  Historical  Society 


Ruins  of  Fire,  1871 

Courtesy  Chicago  Historical  Society 


College  under  Sidewalk,  1872 

Courtesy  Chicago  Historical  Society 


Building  of  1875 

Courtesy  Chicago  Historical  Society 


Nathan  Smith  Davis 
1817-1904 


Ephraim  Fletcher  Ingals 
1848-1918 


Norman  Bridge,  1844-1925 


Arthur  Dean  Bevan,  1861-1943 


Chapter  6 
RUSH  AND  THE  COUNTY  HOSPITAL 

The  first  city  hospital,  a  frame  structure  at  18th  and 
Arnold  Streets,  built  to  care  for  cholera  patients,  had 
been  replaced  by  a  substantial  building  of  stone  and 
brick.  It  was  staffed  by  the  Rush  faculty.  When  Dr.  Da- 
vis and  his  colleagues  left  Rush  in  1859  to  found  the 
Chicago  Medical  College,  they  took  with  them  the  teach- 
ing facilities  of  Mercy  Hospital;  the  Rush  Faculty  then 
had  to  depend  on  the  City  Hospital  for  clinical  teaching. 
Then  came  the  Civil  War,  and  the  City  Hospital  was 
taken  over  by  the  Army  for  an  Eye  and  Ear  Hospital. 
At  the  close  of  the  war,  the  Hospital  was  returned  to  the 
city,  and  plans  were  made  to  develop  teaching.  At  this 
point  the  city  decided  that  it  was  not  required  to  operate 
a  hospital,  and  the  building  was  turned  over  to  the  Cook 
County  Commissioners. 

The  story  of  the  Cook  County  Hospital,  thus  begun 
in  1866,  presents  a  complicated  recital  of  interrelations 
of  politics,  education,  and  rivalries  of  medical  groups. 
The  hospital  at  18th  and  Arnold  Streets  had  become 
inadequate  to  care  for  the  sick  of  the  growing  city.  At 
length,  following  the  Great  Fire,  the  present  site  of  the 
County  Hospital  at  Harrison  and  Wood  streets  was  se- 
cured, to  a  large  degree  through  the  efforts  of  Dr.  J.  P. 
Ross  and  Dr.  George  K.  Amerman.  The  incidents  of  this 
campaign,  the  building  of  the  hospital,  the  political  and 
financial  methods,  and  the  scandals  involving  some  of 
the  county  commissioners  are  told  by  W.  E.  Quine  and 
by  Henry  M.  Lyman.  (23,  25). 

27 


Finally  the  building  of  County  Hospital  at  its  present 
site  was  completed. 

"We  moved  into  the  new  hospital  some  time  in  the  year  1876 
and  flattered  ourselves  that  now  we  could  abandon  all  care, 
while  a  long  vista  of  years  occupied  with  scientific  research 
seemed  opening  before  us.  But  scarcely  were  we  settled  in  our 
new  quarters,  when  our  friends  in  the  medical  profession  .  .  . 
now  descended  in  full  force  upon  the  county  commissioners  say- 
ing: "Listen:  These  men  have  labored  long  and  have  earned 
a  rich  reward;  let  us  exalt  them  to  the  highest  shelf  of  honorable 
obscurity,  and  we  will  henceforth  bear  the  heat  and  burden  of 
the  day."  So  they  bundled  us  out,  neck  and  crop,  ...  all  but 
Dr  Dyas  (who)  sent  his  resignation  to  the  board  .  .  .  The  rest 
of  us  quietly  swallowed  our  medicine  and  Dr.  Ross  and  I  began 
the  campaign  that  resulted  in  the  establishment  of  the  Presby- 
terian Hospital."  (Lyman) . 

Evidently  the  success  of  the  Rush  group  in  carrying 
through  the  plans  for  the  County  Hospital,  had  led  to 
excessive  zeal  and  perhaps  to  neglect  of  the  political  and 
professional  rights  of  their  medical  colleagues.  For  some 
time,  at  any  rate,  teaching  was  barred  from  the  wards 
of  the  County  Hospital,  to  the  disadvantage  of  the  pa- 
tients. 

THE  PRESBYTERIAN  HOSPITAL 

In  1877  Rush  College  had  voted  to  establish  a  hos- 
pital and  to  raise  $15,000  for  a  building.  Under  the 
leadership  of  Dr.  Joseph  Priestly  Ross,  the  school  began 
the  erection  of  the  hospital  adjacent  to  the  College 
building.  Dr.  Ross  persuaded  his  father-in-law,  Mr.  Tut- 
hill  King,  to  contribute  funds,  and  also  interested  the 
Presbyterian  Church  in  this  form  of  philanthropy. 
Thereupon  the  College  transferred  to  the  hospital,  in- 
corporated in  1 884,  certain  property  adjacent  to  the  Col- 

28 


lege  (See  Appendix).  To  the  first  section  of  the  hospital 
opened  in  1883  were  added  successively  the  David  Jones 
Memorial  and  the  Jane  Murdock  section  for  women 
and  children. 

At  the  dedication  of  the  Murdock  Memorial  in  1912, 
Dr.  James  B.  Herrick,  who  had  joined  the  staff  only  a 
few  years  after  the  opening  of  the  hospital,  epitomized 
the  elements  which  then  and  now  have  characterized  the 
spirit,  the  progress,  the  soul  of  the  Presbyterian  Hos- 
pital: 

"The  Presbyterian  was  founded  with  two  high  purposes, 
caring  for  the  sick  and  aiding  in  medical  education.  The  hos- 
pital that  confines  itself  solely  to  the  treatment  of  the  sick  is 
somewhat  dwarfed.  To  be  kept  alive  and  progressive  it  should 
have  the  stimulus  of  the  necessity  of  instructing  young,  active, 
wide-awake  undergraduates,  internes  and  nurses.  This  addition 
to  the  hospital  gives  us  these  facilities;  it  opens  to  the  staff  the 
opportunity  of  acquiring  more  knowledge  and  it  also  gives  us 
added  facilities  for  research  .  .  .  Unless  the  spirit  of  research  is 
in  a  hospital,  unless  it  pervades  the  various  branches  of  the 
medical  institution,  the  educational  function  of  the  hospital 
languishes  and  the  atmosphere  becomes  stale;  things  fail  to 
progress  and  the  patients  suffer  .  .  .  And  yet  no  matter  what 
view  we  may  take  the  central  figure  in  the  hospital  is,  and  should 
be,  the  patient  .  .  .  Are  we  treating  them  as  sanely  and  as  con- 
scientiously as  we  can?  . . .  We  are  to  treat  the  patient  as  a  man." 

By  such  men,  with  the  reinforcement  of  a  devoted 
Board  of  Managers  has  the  spirit  of  humanity  and  kind- 
ness been  instilled  into  successive  generations  of  the 
staff.  This  is  the  cement  which  has  united  the  College 
and  the  Hospital  in  ever  closer  union,  and  has  increased 
the  medical  effectiveness  of  an  able  staff. 


29 


Chapter  7 

ADVANCES  IN  EDUCATIONAL 
REQUIREMENTS 

Movements  for  reform  in  education  as  in  other  forms 
of  human  endeavor,  have  their  beginnings  years  before 
the  reform  becomes  clearly  evident  and  can  be  marked 
with  a  date.  At  Rush  in  1879  the  annual  tuition  was 
raised  from  $70  to  $80;  in  1885  the  course  was  extended 
from  two  to  three  years;  in  1891  advanced  standing  of 
one  year  was  granted  to  college  graduates.  The  gift  in 
1893  by  the  Faculty  to  the  Rush  Trustees  of  the  new 
laboratory  building  south  of  Harrison  Street  (cost  $75,- 
000)  marked  a  new  approach  in  method  and  scope  of 
medical  teaching  in  Rush. 

A  similar  change  was  beginning  to  appear  in  the  other 
medical  schools  of  America.  Laboratories  were  multi- 
plied, and  laboratory  data  were  brought  into  the  clinic. 
Research  in  medicine  was  added  to  the  function  of  medi- 
cal teaching,  which  heretofore  had  been  too  exclusively 
concerned  with  the  transmission  of  old  knowledge  and 
tradition.  The  importance  to  medical  schools  and  medi- 
cal education  of  university  influence  and  relationship, 
and  of  adequate  endowment  (formerly  almost  totally 
neglected)  became  increasingly  evident.  Johns  Hopkins 
Medical  School,  opened  in  1893,  clearly  reflected  these 
trends  and  developments. 

During  the  early  1890's  the  course  of  medical  study 
required  for  graduation  at  Rush  was  lengthened  to  four 
years  of  twenty-one  weeks  each.  The  faculty  and  trustees 


3° 


Christian  Fenger 
1840-1902 

Courtesy  John  Crerar  Library 


Nicholas  Senn 
1844-1908 


John  Milton  Dodson,  1859-1933 


James  Nevins  Hyde,  1840-1910 


at  the  same  time  passed  resolutions  contemplating  much 
more  advanced  admission  requirements,  but  these  did 
not  go  into  effect  until  the  affiliation  with  the  University 
of  Chicago  in  1898.  (Ingals,  22.) 

"Requirements  for  admission  to  the  medical  course  were  fixed 
for  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  the  college.  Believing  that  the 
profession  was  not  ready  for  more,  and  as  there  were  only  two 
colleges  in  the  country  requiring  as  much  as  this,  it  was  de- 
manded that  all  persons  entering  the  study  of  medicine  must 
have  had  a  course  of  four  years  in  an  accepted  high  school. 
These  requirements  were  steadily  increased  year  by  year  until 
1904  when  two  full  years  of  college  work  was  demanded  as 
prerequisite  to  the  study  of  medicine.  The  course  in  medicine 
was  thereby  lengthened  to  four  years  of  thirty-six  weeks  each." 


31 


Chapter  8 

AFFILIATION  OF  RUSH  WITH  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO 

The  University  of  Chicago,  founded  in  1891  by  John  D. 
Rockefeller,  had  announced  through  its  great  first  Presi- 
dent, William  Rainey  Harper,  a  comprehensive  pro- 
gram of  education,  with  emphasis  on  graduate  study  and 
provision  for  research.  This  program  included  develop- 
ment of  professional  schools. 

Rush  Medical  College  had  carried  on,  since  1887,  a 
nominal  affiliation  with  Lake  Forest  University.  It  ap- 
pears further  from  a  single  1876  issue  of  the  catalog  of 
the  old  Chicago  University  that  this  institution  had  an- 
nounced an  affiliation  with  Rush;  but,  like  affiliations 
then  current  elsewhere,  this  went  no  further  than  a 
brief  statement  in  the  university  catalog,  and  was  of  no 
educational  value  to  either  institution. 

Dr.  E.  Fletcher  Ingals,  a  leader  in  the  Rush  Faculty, 
believed  that  if  the  University  of  Chicago  was  to  have  a 
medical  department  it  would  be  advantageous  to  start 
with  an  established  institution,  provided  that  the  school 
could  be  moulded  to  conform  to  university  ideals.  He 
approached  President  Harper  soon  after  the  opening  of 
the  new  university;  conferences  continued  between  of- 
ficials and,  ultimately,  between  the  Boards  of  Trustees 
of  Rush  and  of  the  University. 

President  Harper  at  first  did  not  favor  an  affiliation, 
but  as  his  plans  for  the  University  grew,  he  came  to  ad- 
vocate affiliation,  and  prepared  an  agreement  by  which 


32 


Rush  college  retained  its  financial  independence  (and 
responsibility)  although  the  university  controlled  its 
"educational  policy,  standards  of  admission  and  gradu- 
ation, selection  of  faculty  members,  and  pedagogic 
methods." 

After  long  discussion  by  boards  of  trustees  and  faculty 
committees,  the  affiliation  became  effective  in  June, 
1898,  with  the  hesitant  approval  of  representatives  of 
the  founder  of  the  University;  and  with  the  expressed 
understanding  that  this  affiliation  was  not  a  union  of 
the  school  with  the  University,  and  that  "the  Univer- 
sity was  left  free  to  establish  an  independent  medical 
school  if  that  should  seem  later  the  wiser  thing  to  do." 

In  the  final  discussions  of  the  affiliation,  by  the  Rush 
Faculty,  faith  in  the  intent  of  the  proposal  was  empha- 
sized rather  than  its  value  as  a  business  proposition.  "If 
we  are  giving  the  control  of  the  school  to  the  University 
of  Chicago  to  the  end  that  the  University  may  make  of 
it  the  strongest  and  most  useful  medical  school  possible, 
clearly  we  have  confidence  in  the  intent  of  the  Univer- 
sity to  accomplish  that  purpose  and  in  its  ability  to  do 
so.  Lacking  that  confidence,  the  faculty  should  not  con- 
sider the  proposition  for  a  moment;  having  that  confi- 
dence, nothing  could  be  more  inimical  to  the  accom- 
plishment of  the  desired  result  then  to  tie  the  hands  of 
the  University  with  any  hampering  obligations." 

The  faculty,  always  loyal  to  Rush,  believed  that  they 
could  make  the  college  worthy  of  complete  union,  and 
this  belief  served  to  increase  their  loyalty  and  willing- 
ness to  make  personal  sacrifices  in  the  interest  of  Rush 
and  University  ideals. 

A  bonded  debt  of  the  college  amounting  to  $73,000, 
the  payment  of  which  was  prerequisite  to  the  approval 

33 


of  affiliation  by  the  University,  was  liquidated  by  sub- 
scriptions of  the  faculty. 

In  1903  Senn  Hall  was  built  as  an  addition  to  the  old 
college  building  with  funds  contributed  by  Dr.  Senn 
and  other  faculty  members  and  friends. 

PROPOSAL  FOR  UNION  AND  ITS  FAILURE 

The  dramatic  events  of  1902-06  are  related  by  Dr. 
John  M.  Dodson,  then  dean  of  students  at  Rush  and  are 
quoted  from  his  article  on  "The  First  Proposal  of  Or- 
ganic Union." 

"By  the  autumn  of  1902,  four  years  after  the  date  of  the 
affiliation  of  Rush  and  the  University,  one  year  after  the  first 
half  of  the  medical  curriculum  had  been  transferred  to  the 
University  campus,  Rush  Medical  College  had  been  moulded 
into  an  institution  worthy  in  every  way,  in  the  opinion  of  Presi- 
dent Harper,  of  membership  in  the  University  family.  He  there- 
fore recommended  to  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  University 
early  in  1903  that  a  complete  organic  union  be  effected,  and  that 
the  University  take  over  the  Rush  College  buildings  and  every- 
thing pertaining  to  its  organization  as  a  medical  school.  The 
College  was  to  be  known  thereafter  as  the  "Rush  School  of 
Medicine  of  the  University  of  Chicago,"  or  by  some  similar  title. 
He  was  very  emphatic  in  his  insistence  on  the  retention  of  the 
name  "Rush,"  and  said  on  several  occasions  that  the  name  alone 
would  be  worth  a  million  dollars  to  the  new  school. 

"His  recommendation  was  adopted  by  the  Board  of  Trustees 
of  the  University  and  then,  in  company  with  the  President 
Martin  Ryerson  of  the  University  Board  of  Trustees,  he  went 
to  New  York  to  lay  the  proposition  before  the  founder  of  the 
University  or  his  representative. 

"He  was  confronted  with  a  letter  which  he  had  written  in 
1898  in  which  he  stated  that  the  affiliation  then  proposed  did 
not  imply  an  organic  union  of  the  two  institutions.  His  prompt 
reply  to  this  was  that,  while  he  had  been  very  explicit  in  his 
declaration  to  the  trustees  and  faculty  of  Rush,  and  to  the  Uni- 


34 


versity  trustees,  the  affiliation  carried  with  it  no  promise  or  im- 
plication of  ultimate  union,  nevertheless,  the  subsequent  de- 
velopment of  Rush  Medical  College  had  been  so  rapid  and  sat- 
isfactory that  it  had  been  moulded  into  a  medical  school  fully 
in  accord  with  the  ideals  and  plans  of  the  University  of  Chicago. 
President  Ryerson  of  the  University  Trustees  was  reported  to 
have  supplemented  this  statement  with  the  declaration  that  if 
the  University  were  seeking  to  organize  a  medical  school  'de 
novo,'  it  would  seek  most  of  its  clinical  faculty  from  the  clinical 
faculty  of  Rush.  The  two  first  years  were  already  wholly  in  the 
hands  of  the  University.  It  was  agreed  that  the  clinical  work 
must  have  for  endowment,  an  initial  sum  of  at  least  $1,000,000, 
and  the  outcome  of  the  conference  was  an  agreement  that  if 
Rush  Medical  College  should  secure  that  sum  during  the  en- 
suing year,  the  founder  of  the  University  would  give  to  that 
institution  within  the  succeeding  five  years,  the  sum  of  $5,000,- 
000  for  the  medical  departments.  This  was  promptly  reported 
in  the  public  press  and  was  the  origin  of  statements  since  many 
times  repeated  in  the  newspapers  and  magazines,  that  Rush 
Medical  College  had  been  given  $6,000,000  by  the  founder  of 
the  University.  As  will  presently  appear,  the  plan  was  not  con- 
summated and  neither  Rush  Medical  College  nor  the  University 
of  Chicago  received  any  such  sum  for  medical  education. 

"On  President  Harper's  return  from  the  East  and  his  report 
to  the  faculty  and  trustees  of  Rush  Medical  College  of  the  agree- 
ment which  had  been  made,  steps  were  at  once  taken  to  secure 
the  $1,000,000  for  Rush  Medical  College.  Within  the  year 
pledges  to  substantially  that  amount  had  been  secured,  almost 
entirely  by  Dean  Frank  Billings,  with  the  aid  of  President 
Harper.  As  the  sum  of  $1,000,000  had  been  agreed  to  be  the 
minimum  amount  necessary  for  the  endowment  of  the  clinical 
work,  the  founder  felt  that  the  whole  amount  should  be  avail- 
able for  that  purpose,  and  this  was  not  the  case.  More  than  a 
third  of  the  amount  subscribed,  for  example,  was  represented 
by  the  Memorial  Institute  for  Infectious  Diseases,  founded  by 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Harold  McCormick,  and  generously  offered  by 
them  through  Dean  Billings  to  Rush  Medical  College  as  part  of 
the  amount  which  was  being  raised.  When,  therefore,  President 

35 


Harper  reported  to  the  founder  that  the  $1,000,000  agreed  on 
had  been  raised  and  presented  a  list  of  the  several  pledges,  he 
was  met  with  the  statement  that  these  did  not  meet  the  condi- 
tions which  had  been  agreed  on.  He  returned  from  this  visit 
to  New  York  deeply  disappointed  and  more  than  ever  deter- 
mined to  secure  the  required  endowment  in  such  form  as  should 
be  satisfactory  to  the  founder.  Of  the  large  plans  which  he  had 
in  mind  for  the  development  of  the  University  of  Chicago,  the 
building  up  of  a  great  medical  school  was  uppermost  in  his 
thoughts. 

"A  new  dramatic  incident  is  recalled  when  he  was  reporting 
the  unsuccessful  result  of  this  visit  to  the  East  to  the  deans  and 
the  comptroller  at  a  conference  at  the  Chicago  Club.  Pacing 
back  and  forth,  he  related  the  story  of  his  visit,  and  spoke  of 
how  firm  was  his  determination  to  go  on  with  the  amalgamation 
of  Rush  Medical  College  and  the  University  and  its  develop- 
ment along  broad  lines;  he  paused  and,  raising  his  right  hand 
high  above  his  head,  exclaimed,  'These  plans  must  be  carried 
out  or  I  shall  resign  my  position  as  president  of  the  University.' 

"Again  he  brought  the  matter  of  the  organic  union  of  Rush 
and  the  University  before  the  University  Board  of  Trustees  and 
again,  as  well  as  a  third  time,  later  on,  his  recommendation 
was  adopted. 

"At  this  time,  however,  the  fatal  malady  which  was  to  bring 
to  an  end  his  brilliant,  active  and  wonderfully  useful  life  had 
already  manifested  its  first  symptoms.  He  died  a  year  later  in 
February,  1906." 

The  untimely  death  of  President  Harper  was  a  loss  to 
Rush  Medical  College  and  to  medical  education  which 
it  is  not  possible  adequately  to  measure.  That,  had  he 
lived,  he  would  have  found  the  way  to  the  consumma- 
tion of  the  plans  he  had  evolved  for  the  development  of  a 
great  medical  school  will  never  be  doubted  by  the  fac- 
ulty of  Rush  Medical  College,  or  by  any  of  the  men  who 
comprehended  his  genius  for  organization,  his  inflexible 
determination  and  his  indomitable  perseverance. 

36 


Soon  after  his  death  the  deans  of  Rush  Medical  Col- 
lege and  the  comptroller  secured  an  interview  with  the 
acting  president  of  the  University,  Harry  Pratt  Judson. 
They  expressed  the  desire  of  the  faculty  of  Rush  to  do 
whatever  the  University  thought  best  in  the  matter  of 
the  affiliation  which  had  then  continued  for  eight  years. 
The  College  was  willing  to  withdraw  from  this  affilia- 
tion if  it  was  thought  in  any  way  to  embarrass  the  Uni- 
versity. They  were  assured  of  the  conviction  of  the  presi- 
dent that  the  affiliation  should  continue,  of  his  loyalty 
to  the  college  and  his  desire  to  do  anything  in  his  power 
to  promote  its  work.  He  thought,  however,  that  the  time 
was  inopportune  to  take  any  steps  in  the  matter  of  or- 
ganic union,  and  so,  for  the  succeeding  four  years  or 
more,  no  further  action  was  taken. 

This  halt  in  the  plan  was  the  more  regrettable  since 
the  negotiations  had  proceeded  with  high  hopes  on  both 
sides.  In  anticipation  of  the  expected  amalgamation  of 
the  College  and  the  University,  President  Harper  had 
arranged  a  number  of  conferences  with  the  deans  and 
the  comptroller  to  elaborate  plans  for  the  expansion  and 
development  of  the  medical  school.  These  meetings 
were  held  at  various  times  in  1 903  and  1 904,  and  usually 
took  the  form  of  a  dinner  given  by  some  member  of  the 
group.  As  the  result  of  these  conferences  and  of  discus- 
sions in  the  council  of  administration  and  of  the  full 
faculty,  President  Harper  had  formulated  a  scheme  for 
the  development  of  a  medical  school  which  was  the  most 
comprehensive  and  far-reaching  in  its  possibilities  of 
usefulness  of  any  plan  which  has  ever  been  outlined. 
Only  the  outlines  of  this  plan  can  here  be  set  forth. 

"At  the  University  campus,  on  ground  which  he  had  already 
selected  on  the  south  side  of  the  Midway,  near  Ellis  Avenue, 

37 


was  to  be  erected  a  hospital  with,  at  first,  five  pavillions— one 
each  for  medicine,  for  pediatrics,  for  neurology  and  psychiatry, 
for  surgery  and  for  obstetrics  and  gynecology,  with  an  average 
of  fifty  beds  each,  a  total  of  250  beds.  This  hospital  was  to  be 
primarily  for  research  in  clinical  medicine,  surgery,  etc.,  not 
receiving  a  miscellaneous  lot  of  patients  such  as  are  ordinarily 
to  be  found  in  hospitals,  but  gathering  from  its  own  out- 
patient department,  from  other  hospitals  or  from  any  source 
from  which  they  might  be  obtained  a  group  or  groups  of  cases 
to  serve  specifically  as  the  subject  of  investigation. 

"At  Rush  Medical  College  proper,  on  the  West  Side,  with  its 
Central  Free  Dispensary,  in  the  very  heart  of  the  great  industrial 
district  of  Chicago;  its  Presbyterian  Hospital  of  400  beds  the 
immediately  adjacent  Cook  County  Hospital  of  over  2,000  beds 
together  with  other  near-by  hospitals  and  dispensaries,  which 
were  available  for  clinical  teaching,  it  was  planned  to  continue 
the  principal  center  for  the  training  of  undergraduates  in 
clinical  medicine. 

"And,  finally,  it  was  hoped  that  ultimately  there  could  be 
developed  on  the  north  side  of  the  city,  with  its  numerous  hos- 
pitals, a  policlinic  and  postgraduate  school,  devoted  primarily 
to  the  instruction  of  practitioners  .  .  .  either  of  that  group  who 
desired  to  fit  themselves  for  the  practive  of  some  specialty,  or 
the  larger  group  of  general  practitioners,  family  doctors— who 
wished  to  refresh  their  knowledge  of  the  old  or  acquire  knowl- 
edge of  the  newer  facts  and  methods. 

"Nor  was  it  planned  that  research  should  be  confined  to  the 
University  center.  Provision  was  to  be  made  for  such  work, 
and  it  was  to  be  encouraged  at  each  of  the  three  centers. . ." 

THE    DIFFICULT   YEARS 

The  failure  of  the  plan  for  organic  union  of  Rush 
with  the  University  of  Chicago,  and  the  death  of  Presi- 
dent Harper  did  not  cause  the  Rush  Faculty  to  abandon 
it.  They  recognized  that  during  the  eight  years  of  af- 
filiation more  had  been  accomplished  in  improving 
standards  of  medical  education  than  could  have  been 


38 


Frank  Billings,  1854-1932 


James  Bryan  Herrick,  1861- 


Ludvig  Hektoen 
1863-1951 


anticipated  in  many  times  eight  years  by  Rush  as  an  in- 
dependent school.  They  resolved  to  carry  on. 

But  this  resolution  involved  financial  sacrifices  even 
greater  than  most  of  the  faculty  had  foreseen.  The  ad- 
vance of  admission  requirements  to  two  years  of  college 
with  specified  requirements  in  physics,  chemistry  and 
biology,  quickly  reduced  the  enrollment,  and  the  re- 
ceipts from  college  fees.  The  low  point  in  student  en- 
rollment came  in  1 905-06  when  the  freshman  class  num- 
bered 65  instead  of  the  former  200.  There  was  some 
comfort,  however,  in  the  knowledge  that  other  medical 
schools  had  suffered  a  much  greater  reduction,  in  stu- 
dents—to 6,  11,  15  students  in  some,  after  a  similar  in- 
crease in  admission  requirements. 

Rush  had  only  a  nominal  endowment  and  practically 
no  income  other  than  tuition  fees.  Further  economies 
were  required;  many  members  of  the  teaching  staff  who 
had  been  receiving  small  stipends  now  served  willingly 
without  pay.  A  number  of  friends  who  had  subscribed 
to  the  original  million  of  1904,  at  the  request  of  Dr. 
Billings,  allowed  part  of  their  subscription  to  be  used 
to  meet  the  operating  deficit.  The  remainder  was  made 
up  by  the  college  faculty.  Thus  Rush  painfully,  heroi- 
cally, but  successfully  passed  through  a  trying  financial 
period. 

CONTINUATION  OF  AFFILIATION 

The  affiliation  begun  in  1898  continued,  and  in  1917 
the  plan  of  the  University  of  Chicago  to  establish  de- 
partments of  medicine  and  surgery  on  the  campus  at 
the  University  was  announced.  In  the  foreword  to  the 
announcement  Dr.  Frank  Billings  recorded  the  gift  of 
$1,000,000  by  the  Billings  family  for  the  erection  of  a 
hospital  of  250  beds  on  the  Midway.  Endowment  of 

39 


$3,000,000  was  to  De  provided  for  "the  maintenance  of 
the  hospital  and  to  furnish  funds  to  pay  the  salaries  of 
the  full  time  teachers  of  clinical  medicine  who  will  also 
be  the  staff  of  the  hospital." 

"On  the  west  side  at  Rush  Medical  College  the  old 
building  will  be  replaced  by  a  new  laboratory  and  clini- 
cal building  estimated  to  cost  $300,000.  The  sum  for 
the  erection  of  this  building  has  been  donated  by  Mr. 
Frederick  H.  Rawson  of  Chicago.  It  will  have  direct 
communication  with  the  Presbyterian  Hospital.  The 
Presbyterian  Hospital  with  its  440  beds  will  furnish  the 
clinical  material  of  the  graduate  school.  The  graduate 
school  will  be  endowed  with  $1,000,000,  the  income  of 
which  will  be  used  in  payment  of  the  salaries  of  the 
teachers  of  the  graduate  school,  some  of  whom  will  be 
members  of  the  staff  of  the  Presbyterian  Hospital  .  .  . 
necessarily  the  graduate  school  will  afford  an  opportun- 
ity for  many  qualified  teachers  on  part  time  and  part 

»)  q 

pay.   6 

In  an  official  bulletin  from  the  office  of  the  President 
of  the  University,  more  details  of  the  plan  appeared.  (It 
will  be  noted  that  the  provisions  for  Rush  were  less  spe- 
cific) .  "Medical  research  involving  scientific  study  of 
the  causes  of  disease  ...  is  becoming  increasingly  vitally 
important.  Such  research  will  naturally  center  in  the 
quadrangles  of  the  University  in  connection  with  the 
new  medical  school  in  the  quadrangles  on  the  Midway. 
Of  course,  also,  it  should  be  carried  on  in  the  graduate 
school  in  connection  with  its  laboratories  and  with  the 
Presbyterian  Hospital.  The  University  will  hope  to  be 

8  "The  plan  for  establishing  Departments  of  Medicine  and  Surgery 
in  the  University  of  Chicago"— Dr.  Frank  Billings— Rush  Alumni 
Bulletin  XII  No.  3— Jan.  p.  17. 


40 


provided  with  funds  of  its  own  from  time  to  time  for 
carrying  on  such  investigations.  Meanwhile  it  is  pro- 
posed to  form  contractual  relations  with  the  trustees  of 
funds  which  have  already  been  devoted  to  such  pur- 
poses." 

The  hope  here  expressed  was  never  realized. 

ORGANIC  UNION  OF  RUSH  AND  UNIVERSITY 

In  carrying  through  the  plan  announced  in  1917, 
Rush  in  1923  became  an  integral  part  of  the  University 
of  Chicago,  and  the  property  of  Rush  was  transferred  to 
the  University.  The  new  Rawson  building  at  Rush  was 
completed  and  dedicated  in  1924.  Undergraduate  medi- 
cal teaching  was  continued  at  Rush,  although  the  ulti- 
mate disposition  of  Rush  activities  as  a  post  graduate 
medical  school  remained  a  part  of  the  plan. 

The  period  1924-41  was  one  of  uncertainty.  Rush  still 
subsisted  largely  on  student  fees.  With  a  few  departmen- 
tal exceptions  such  as  pathology,  the  faculty  served  will- 
ingly as  in  the  past  years  without  pay.  The  Memorial 
Institute  for  Infectious  Diseases  under  Dr.  Hektoen 
kept  the  research  spirit  alive,  and  the  inherited  enthusi- 
asm for  training  good  doctors  sustained  the  morale  of 
Rush.  But  the  faculty  were  not  happy. 

Vigorous  protest  by  Rush  Alumni  over  the  appar- 
ently impending  loss  of  the  Rush  name  with  its  century 
of  tradition  and  achievement  disturbed  both  faculty 
and  alumni.  (24) .  The  retention  of  the  name  "Rush" 
in  the  "Rush  Post-Graduate  School"  appeased  to  some 
extent  their  resentment. 

Members  of  the  faculty  still  fostered  the  hope  that 
even  at  this  late  date,  in  view  of  the  nation-wide  changes 
in  medical  education,  the  evident  passing  of  the  old 


4i 


type  post-graduate  schools,  the  multiplication  of  insti- 
tutes and  foundations  for  research,  and  the  obvious  nec- 
essity for  broad  clinical  experience  of  both  teachers  and 
students,  the  program  of  the  University  might  be  altered 
so  as  to  make  Rush  with  its  great  adjacent  hospital  fa- 
cilities the  site  of  undergraduate  teaching. 

This  return  to  the  plan,  envisaged  by  President  Har- 
per and  exemplified  by  Harvard  Medical  School,  met 
with  support  among  a  number  of  the  University  faculty. 
Such  a  program  was  evolved  after  a  series  of  conferences 
between  the  President  of  the  University  and  the  Dean 
of  Rush.  A  University  faculty  member  reported  to  the 
president  that  in  carrying  out  his  mission  he  had  pre- 
sented the  plan  to  Eastern  interests  and  had  received 
their  approval.  But  at  the  last  moment  the  University 
was  informed  that  while  the  University  could  of  course 
make  its  own  decision,  in  the  event  of  approval  of  the 
change,  Eastern  financial  support  badly  needed  by  the 
University  would  be  withdrawn.  Again  the  power  of 
control  exercised  by  subsidy  was  evident.  Two  subse- 
quent periods  of  discussion  along  similar  lines  were  like- 
wise unproductive. 

Thus  the  intent  of  the  University  to  devote  its  energy 
and  resources  exclusively  to  the  school  on  its  own 
campus,  leaving  Rush  to  exist  without  endowment,  be- 
came clear.  The  completion  of  the  faculty  and  hospitals 
serving  the  full  four  years  on  the  University  campus  re- 
moved any  further  need  for  Rush.  Unofficially  the  word 
was  current  on  the  campus  that  "Rush  is  through." 

Throughout  all  this  period  the  interests  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Hospital  and  Rush  became  ever  more  closely 
identified,  and  any  proposed  plan  for  one  was  consid- 
ered only  in  combination  with  the  other.  Rush  was  ap- 

42 


proached  by  other  schools.  The  Presbyterian  Hospital 
was  offered  building  sites  in  other  parts  of  the  city,  some 
of  which,  at  first  glance,  seemed  desirable.  The  hospital 
decided,  however,  to  retain  its  original  site. 

Clearly  the  University  wished  to  be  relieved  of  its 
responsibility  of  union  with  Rush;  and  Rush,  in  view  of 
the  evident  trends  of  medical  education  and  research, 
could  see  no  future  in  a  post-graduate  school  even  if  as- 
sured of  adequate  endowments.  Without  endowment, 
there  was  still  less  future  for  a  faculty  whose  tradition 
and  genius  had  been  directed  to  undergraduate  training 
of  good  doctors. 

As  time  passed,  the  agreement  of  1 9 1 7  by  which  Rush 
accepted  the  University  proposal  to  develop  post- 
graduate teaching  on  the  West  Side  while  the  University 
would  complete  its  plans  for  an  undergraduate  medical 
school  on  the  South  Side,  became  less  and  less  appealing 
or  practical  to  Rush  and  to  the  Presbyterian  Hospital. 
The  Rush  Faculty  still  hoped  for  some  change  in  the 
policy  of  the  University,  even  after  the  Union  of  1924, 
which  clearly  provided  for  postgraduate  teaching  on 
the  West  Side. 

The  discussions  narrowed  down  to  (1)  permanent 
acceptance  by  Rush  of  the  postgraduate  program  to 
which  by  now  the  University  gave  but  dubious  ap- 
proval, or  (2)  the  alternative  of  moving  the  Presby- 
terian Hospital  to  the  South  Side  campus.  To  this  latter 
proposal  the  Hospital  was  reluctant  to  agree  for  several 
reasons,  which  included  the  expense  involved  and  the 
abandonment  of  community  obligations  and  the  grow- 
ing prospective  opportunities  at  its  present  site. 

The  obvious  solution  seemed  to  be  a  dissolution  of 
the  union  of  the  University  and  Rush,  and  the  estab- 


43 


lishment  of  relations  by  Rush  through  the  Presbyterian 
Hospital  with  the  adjacent  medical  school  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois.  This  realignment  of  medical  facilities 
was  accomplished  through  a  friendly  suit  in  the  Circuit 
Court  of  Cook  County  before  Judge  Klarkowski  in 
June,  1941. 

The  union  was  dissolved. 

The  decree  of  the  court  together  with  certain  other 
data  are  included  in  the  appendix  to  this  sketch. 


44 


Chapter  9 

RUSH  AND  THE  PRESBYTERIAN 
HOSPITAL 

During  this  latest  period  the  interests  of  the  hospital 
and  the  Rush  faculty  became  still  more  closely  identi- 
fied. The  faculty  envisaged  a  group  of  laboratories  in 
which  clinical  problems  of  hospital  patients  could  be 
studied,  and  opportunity  for  prolonged  advanced  train- 
ing afforded  to  younger  promising  members  of  the  staff. 
This  plan  met  with  favor  of  the  Hospital.  Funds  for  edu- 
cational purposes  had  been  received  by  the  Hospital, 
and  for  almost  the  first  time  substantial  endowment 
funds  came  to  the  Rush  Trustees.  Other  additional  re- 
search funds  were  made  available  by  those  who  saw  in 
this  program  a  worthy  contribution  to  medical  knowl- 
edge and  medical  education.  The  Rush  Trustees  leased 
the  college  buildings  to  the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  and 
the  Hospital  contracted  with  the  University  of  Illinois 
Medical  School  for  undergraduate  teaching  of  Illinois 
medical  students  in  the  hospital  wards.  The  Presby- 
terian Hospital  is  now  in  the  midst  of  a  progressive 
building  program  at  its  original  site  in  the  developing 
West  Side  Medical  Center. 

Department  heads  of  pathology  and  bacteriology,  of 
biochemistry  and  of  medicine  who  could  command  top 
salaries  were  appointed,  and  salaries  for  their  staffs  were 
provided.  Extensive  laboratory  facilities  were  con- 
structed, and  equipment  installed.  Members  of  the 
Rush  faculty  became  members  of  the  University  of  Il- 
linois Medical  faculty. 

45 


The  Charter  of  Rush  Medical  College  was  main- 
tained through  the  yearly  appointment  by  the  Trustees 
of  a  faculty  consisting  of  one  representative  from  each 
of  the  departments  of  the  Hospital.  (This  faculty  can 
be  expanded  at  any  time  in  the  future.)  The  autonomy 
of  the  Rush  Alumni  Association  was  maintained. 

Under  this  program,  the  hospital  receives  the  con- 
tinued values  of  undergraduate  teaching  in  its  wards, 
and  the  faculty  participate  in  both  the  training  of  good 
physicians  of  the  future  and  in  the  stimulation  of  re- 
search. Internes  and  residents  are  afforded  opportunity 
for  training  under  a  faculty  and  in  a  hospital  whose  tra- 
dition is  that  of  good  medicine  and  the  welfare  of  the 
patient. 


46 


Bertram  Welton  Sippy,  1866-1924 


Dean  DeWitt  Lewis,  1874-1941 


Rush  and  Presbyterian 
Hospital  Today 


Nurses  Residence 
(Presbyterian  Hospital) 


Chapter  10 
THE  FIRST  CENTURY  OF  RUSH 

Rush  medical  college  thus  completed  its  first  century 
of  undergraduate  teaching  leading  to  the  degree  of  Doc- 
tor of  Medicine  in  1 942,  and  entered  into  a  new  relation- 
ship with  the  Medical  School  of  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois. 

In  this  first  century  of  service  in  medical  education 
and  in  the  care  of  the  sick,  Rush  graduated  10,976  physi- 
cians. These  alumni  living  and  dead,  include  many  dis- 
tinguished physicians  who  contributed  much  to  medi- 
cal science  and  to  medical  education.  Hundreds  of  Rush 
graduates  were  called  to  the  medical  departments  of 
other  schools  of  the  nation  to  participate  in  administra- 
tion, research,  and  teaching,  especially  in  the  Midwest, 
North  and  West.  Rush  men  are  leaders  in  the  civic  ac- 
tivities of  their  communities,  accepting  the  responsibili- 
ties of  good  citizenship. 

Above  all,  however,  they  have  exemplified  the  ideals 
and  spirit  of  service  to  humanity,  always  fostered  as  the 
central  theme  of  the  teaching  of  the  Rush  faculty. 

The  faculty  of  Rush  who  participated  in  the  teaching 
and  educational  progress  of  the  past  fifty  years  had  in- 
cluded many  graduates  of  Rush  as  well  as  those  who 
came  from  other  schools.  They  present  a  galaxy  of  great 
names  identified  with  the  triumphs  of  American  medi- 
cine, with  research,  with  advancing  standards  of  medi- 
cal practice,  above  all,  with  service  to  the  public.  The 
older  present  Rush  Alumni  profited  by  their  teaching 

47 


and  inspiration;  the  younger  alumni  have  benefited  by 
their  example,  and  by  the  tradition  of  honest,  progres- 
sive and  good  medicine  that  they  established  and  contin- 
ued. 

A  partial  list  of  those  who  gave  distinguished  service 
to  Rush  includes:  Drs.  Christian  Fenger,  Henry  M.  Ly- 
man, Nicholas  Senn,  Norman  Bridge,  John  Edwin 
Rhodes,  Frank  Billings,  Henry  B.  Favill,  Walter  S. 
Haines,  Bertram  W.  Sippy,  William  H.  Wilder,  Ludvig 
Hektoen,  E.  R.  Lecount,  John  M.  Dodson,  James  B. 
Herrick,  Alfred  C.  Cotton,  David  B.  Graham,  Daniel 
Brower,  Arthur  D.  Bevan,  Oliver  S.  Ormsby,  J.  Clar- 
ence Webster,  Stanton  Friedberg,  Dean  D.  Lewis, 
George  E.  Shambaugh,  Ralph  W.  Webster,  L.  C.  Gate- 
wood.  These  and  many  others  labored  devotedly  for 
Rush.  Their  professional  and  educational  descendants 
now  carry  on  the  work  of  their  former  chiefs. 

Throughout  the  century-long  service  of  Rush,  its 
financial  affairs  have  been  directed  by  a  board  of  trus- 
tees who  have  given  faithful  service  to  the  college.  The 
president  of  the  first  board  of  trustees  was  William  B. 
Ogden,  the  first  Mayor  of  Chicago,  who  served  the  Col- 
lege from  1847  to  1872.  Associated  with  him  on  the  first 
board  were  E.  S.  Kimberly,  John  H.  Kinzie,  Walter  L. 
Newberry,  and  other  citizens  prominent  in  the  history 
of  frontier  Chicago. 

Following  the  affiliation  of  Rush  with  the  University 
in  1898,  John  J.  Glessner  became  president  of  the  Rush 
Board  and  served  until  1936.  He  was  followed  by 
Thomas  E.  Donnelley. 

In  recalling  their  undergraduate  days,  Rush  alumni 
will  fondly  remember  also  James  H.  Harper,  Registrar; 
and  Otto  Swanson,  Custodian  of  the  Rush  buildings 

48 


who  knew  all  the  students  and  faculty  for  fifty  years,  and 
knew  also  where  everything  was  to  be  found. 

I  close  this  brief  sketch  of  Rush  Medical  College  with 
the  prophetic  concluding  paragraph  of  the  inaugural 
address  of  Daniel  Brainard  in  1 843 : 

"In  conclusion,  might  we  speak  of  our  hopes  for  the 
future?  Uncertain  as  hopes  proverbially  are,  we  feel  jus- 
tified in  believing  that  the  school  we  this  day  open  is 
destined  to  be  ranked  among  the  permanent  institutions 
of  our  state.  It  must  succeed  ...  It  may  pass,  and  will  in 
time,  into  other  and  abler  hands;  it  may  meet  with  ob- 
stacles, be  surrounded  by  difficulties  but  it  will  live  on, 
identified  with  the  interests  of  a  great  and  prosperous 
city. 

Rush  Medical  College  has  justified  the  hopes  and 
prophesy  of  Brainard.  The  trustees  propose  to  preserve 
the  rich  heritage  symbolized  by  the  Charter  of  Rush. 


49 


A P  PENDICES 

BIBLIOGRA  PHY 

INDEX 


Appendix  I 

AN  ACT  TO  INCORPORATE  THE 
RUSH  MEDICAL  COLLEGE 

The  Act  of  the  Legislature  of  Illinois,  Approved  March  2, 
183J,  Entitled  An  Act  to  Incorporate  the  Rush  Medical  Col- 
lege 

Section  1 .  Be  it  enacted  by  the  People  of  the  State  of  Il- 
linois, represented  in  the  General  Assembly, 

That  Theophilus  W.  Smith,  Thomas  Ford,  E.  D.  Taylor, 
Josiah  C.  Goodhue,  Isaac  T.  Hinton,  John  T.  Temple,  Jus- 
tin Butterfield,  Edmund  S.  Kimberly,  James  H.  Collins, 
Henry  Moore,  S.  S.  Whitman,  John  Wright,  William  B. 
Ogden,  Ebenezer  Peck,  John  H.  Kinzie,  John  D.  Caton  and 
Grant  Goodrich,  be,  and  they  are  hereby  created  a  body 
politic  and  corporate,  to  be  styled  and  known  by  the  name 
of  the  "Trustees  of  the  Rush  Medical  College,"  and  by  that 
style  and  name  to  remain  and  have  perpetual  succession. 
The  College  shall  be  located  in  or  near  Chicago,  in  Cook 
County.  The  number  of  trustees  shall  not  exceed  seventeen, 
exclusive  of  the  Governor  and  Lieutenant  Governor  of  this 
State,  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  the 
President  of  the  College,  all  of  whom  shall  be  ex-officio 
members  of  the  board  of  trustees. 

Section  2.  The  object  of  incorporation  shall  be  to  pro- 
mote the  general  interests  of  medical  education,  and  to 
qualify  young  men  to  engage  usefully  and  honorably  in  the 
professions  of  medicine  and  surgery. 

Section  3.  The  corporate  powers  hereby  bestowed,  shall 
be  such  only  as  are  essential  or  useful  in  the  attainment  of 
said  objects,  and  such  as  are  usually  conferred  on  similar 


53 


bodies  corporate,  namely:  In  their  corporate  name  to  have 
perpetual  succession;  to  make  contracts;  to  sue  and  be  sued; 
to  plead  and  be  impleaded;  to  grant  and  receive  by  its  cor- 
porate name,  and  to  do  all  other  acts  as  natural  persons  may; 
to  accept  and  acquire,  purchase  and  sell  property,  real,  per- 
sonal or  mixed;  in  all  lawful  ways  to  use,  employ,  manage, 
dispose  of  such  property,  and  all  money  belonging  to  said 
corporation,  in  such  manner  as  shall  seem  to  the  trustees 
best  adapted  to  promote  the  objects  aforesaid;  to  have  a 
common  seal,  and  to  alter  and  change  the  same;  to  make 
such  by-laws  as  are  not  inconsistent  with  the  Constitution 
and  laws  of  the  United  States,  and  this  State;  and  to  confer 
on  such  persons  as  may  be  considered  worthy,  such  aca- 
demical or  honorary  degrees  as  are  usually  conferred  by 
such  institutions. 

Section  4.  The  trustees  of  said  College  shall  have  author- 
ity, from  time  to  time,  to  prescribe  and  regulate  the  course 
of  studies  to  be  pursued  in  said  College;  to  fix  the  rate  of 
tuition,  lecture  fees  and  other  College  expenses;  to  appoint 
instructors,  professors  and  such  other  officers  and  agents  as 
may  be  needed  in  managing  the  concerns  of  the  institution; 
to  define  their  powers,  duties  and  employments,  and  to  fix 
their  compensation;  to  displace  and  remove  either  of  the 
instructors,  officers  or  agents,  or  all  of  them,  whenever  the 
said  trustees  shall  deem  it  for  the  interest  of  the  College  to 
do  so;  to  fill  all  vacancies  among  said  instructors,  professors, 
officers  or  agents;  to  erect  all  necessary  and  suitable  build- 
ings; to  purchase  books  and  philosophical  and  chemical  ap- 
paratus and  procure  the  necessary  and  suitable  means  of  in- 
struction in  all  the  different  departments  of  medicine  and 
surgery;  to  make  rules  for  the  general  management  of  the 
affairs  of  the  College. 

Section  5.  The  board  of  trustees  shall  have  power  to  re- 
move any  trustee  from  office  for  dishonorable  or  criminal 
conduct;  Provided,  That  no  such  removal  shall  take  place 


54 


without  giving  to  such  trustee  notice  of  the  charges  pre- 
ferred against  him,  and  an  opportunity  to  defend  himself 
before  the  board,  nor  unless  two-thirds  of  the  whole  num- 
ber of  trustees  for  the  time  being  shall  concur  in  such  re- 
moval. The  board  of  trustees  shall  have  power  whenever 
a  vacancy  shall  occur  by  removal  from  office,  death,  resig- 
nation, or  removal  out  of  the  State,  to  appoint  some  citizen 
of  the  State  to  fill  such  vacancy.  The  majority  of  the  trustees 
for  the  time  being,  shall  constitute  a  quorum  to  transact 
business. 

Section  6.  The  trustees  shall  faithfully  apply  all  funds  by 
them  collected,  in  erecting  suitable  buildings;  in  support- 
ing the  necessary  instructors,  professors,  officers  and  agents; 
and  procuring  books,  philosophical  and  chemical  appa- 
ratus, and  specimens  in  natural  history,  mineralogy,  geol- 
ogy, and  botany,  and  such  other  means  as  may  be  necessary 
or  useful  for  teaching  thoroughly  the  different  branches  of 
medicine  and  surgery;  Provided,  That  in  case  any  donation, 
devise,  or  bequest,  shall  be  made  for  particular  purposes, 
accordant  with  the  object  of  the  institution,  and  the  trustees 
shall  accept  the  same,  every  such  donation,  devise,  or  be- 
quest, shall  be  applied  in  conformity  with  the  express  con- 
dition of  the  donor  or  devisor;  Provided  also,  That  lands 
donated  or  devised  as  aforesaid,  shall  be  sold  or  disposed  of 
as  required  by  the  last  section  of  this  act. 

Section  7.  The  treasurer  of  said  College  always,  and  all 
other  agents,  when  required  by  the  trustees,  before  entering 
upon  the  duties  of  their  office,  shall  give  bonds  respectively, 
for  the  security  of  the  corporation,  in  such  penal  sum,  and 
with  such  sureties  as  the  board  of  trustees  approve;  and  all 
process  against  said  corporation  shall  be  by  summons,  and 
service  of  the  same  shall  be  by  leaving  an  attested  copy  with 
the  treasurer  of  the  College,  at  least  thirty  days  before  the 
return  day  thereof. 

Section  8.  The  lands,  tenements,  and  hereditaments,  to 


55 


be  had  in  perpetuity  in  virtue  of  this  act,  by  said  institution, 
shall  not  exceed  six  hundred  and  forty  acres;  Provided,  how- 
ever, That  if  donations,  grants  or  devises  of  land,  shall  from 
time  to  time  be  made  to  said  corporation,  over  and  above 
six  hundred  and  forty  acres,  which  may  be  held  in  perpetu- 
ity as  aforesaid,  the  same  may  be  received  and  held  by  said 
corporation,  for  the  period  of  six  years  from  the  date  of  any 
such  donation,  grant  or  devise;  at  the  end  of  which  time,  if 
the  said  lands  over  and  above  the  six  hundred  and  forty 
acres,  shall  not  have  been  sold,  then,  and  in  that  case,  the 
lands  so  donated,  granted,  or  devised,  shall  revert  to  the 
said  donor,  grantor,  or  to  their  heirs. 
Approved,  2d  March,  1837. 

The  Act  of  the  Legislature  of  Illinois,  approved  December 
23, 1844,  entitled  (An  Act  to  amend  an  Act  entitled  "An  Act 
to  Incorporate  the  Rush  Medical  College") 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  People  of  the  State  of  Illi- 
nois, represented  in  the  General  Assembly, 

That  the  number  of  trustees  of  said  College  shall  not  ex- 
ceed fourteen,  exclusive  of  the  Governor  and  Lieutenant 
Governor  of  the  State,  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives, and  the  President  of  the  College,  all  of  whom 
shall  be  ex-officio  members  of  the  board  of  trustees,  and  a 
majority  of  said  trustees  for  the  time  being,  exclusive  of 
such  ex-officio  members,  shall  constitute  a  quorum  to  trans- 
act business. 

Section  2.  Any  part  of  the  act  to  which  this  is  an  amend- 
ment, which  may  conflict  with  this  act,  is  hereby  repealed. 

Approved,  December  23,  1844. 

The  Act  of  the  Legislature  of  Illinois,  approved  February 
10,  1857,  authorizing  the  trustees  of  Rush  Medical  College 
to  make  a  loan,  entitled,  (An  Act  to  Authorize  the  Trustees 
of  Rush  Medical  College  to  Make  a  Loan) 

56 


Whereas,  the  trustees  of  Rush  Medical  College,  of  the  City 
of  Chicago,  in  this  state,  have  contracted  a  considerable  in- 
debtedness, in  the  erection  of  additions  to  their  college 
buildings,  in  said  city,  and  contemplate  the  necessity  of  the 
erection  of  other  buildings  and  improvements  upon  their 
college  grounds;  therefore, 

Section  i.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  People  of  the  State  of  Illi- 
nois, represented  in  the  General  Assembly,  That  the  said 
trustees  shall,  in  their  corporate  capacity,  have  full  power 
and  authority  to  borrow,  from  time  to  time,  any  sum  of 
money,  not  exceeding  in  all  the  sum  of  fifty  thousand  dol- 
lars, for  such  period  of  time  as  they  may  elect,  at  a  rate  of 
interest  not  exceeding  ten  per  centum  per  annum,  payable 
annually  or  semi-annually,  at  such  place  or  places  as  they 
may  contract,  for  the  purpose  of  liquidating  their  present 
indebtedness,  and  for  any  other  uses  of  the  said  college. 

Section  2.  In  case  of  any  loan  or  loans,  under  the  provi- 
sions of  this  Act,  the  said  Trustees  shall  have  full  and  ample 
power  to  execute  all  such  bonds  or  other  obligations,  and 
also  securities,  by  way  of  mortgage  or  otherwise,  upon  the 
property  of  said  college,  as  may  be  requisite  and  proper  for 
such  purpose. 

This  Act  to  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved,  Feb.  10,  1857. 

The  Act  of  the  Legislature  of  Illinois,  approved  February 
13,  1865,  enabling  Rush  Medical  College  to  fund  its  in- 
debtedness and  to  borrow  money,  entitled,  (An  Act  to  En- 
able Rush  Medical  College,  of  Chicago,  to  Fund  its  present 
Indebtedness  and  to  Borrow  Money) 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  People  of  the  State  of  Illi- 
nois, represented  in  the  General  Assembly,  That  the  trus- 
tees of  Rush  Medical  College  of  Chicago  have,  and  the 
power  is  hereby  conferred  upon  them,  or  a  majority  of 
them,  to  liquidate  all  of  the  present  indebtedness  of  said 

57 


college,  and  to  that  end  the  said  trustees  are  hereby  author- 
ized to  issue  bonds,  in  sums  of  not  less  than  one  hundred 
dollars,  in  the  usual  form,  payable  to  the  holders  of  said 
indebtedness,  or  order,  or  to  bearer,  at  their  option,  pay- 
able at  such  day  and  at  such  rate  of  interest,  not  to  exceed 
ten  per  cent,  per  annum,  as  to  said  trustees  shall  seem  ex- 
pedient, and  to  pay  such  indebtedness  with  such  bonds,  or 
to  negotiate  and  sell  the  same  in  the  market,  and  with  the 
proceeds  pay  such  indebtedness.  And  the  said  trustees  are 
hereby  further  authorized  to  execute  a  mortgage  or  deed  of 
trust  upon  all  the  real  estate  and  property  of  said  college,  in 
the  usual  form,  for  the  better  securing  the  payment  of  said 
bonds,  with  the  interest  to  accrue  thereon. 

Section  2.  The  said  trustees  are  hereby  authorized  and 
empowered,  from  time  to  time,  to  borrow  money,  not  ex- 
ceeding in  all  the  sum  of  one  hundred  thousand  dollars,  for 
the  purpose  of  erecting  additions  to  or  rebuilding  said  col- 
lege buildings;  and,  for  that  purpose,  to  issue  bonds,  and 
secure  the  payment  of  the  same  upon  the  college  property, 
in  all  respects  as  provided,  in  the  preceding  section. 

Approved  February  13,  1865. 


58 


Appendix  II 

CHARTER  OF  PRESBYTERIAN 
HOSPITAL 

We,  the  undersigned,  being  citizens  of  the  United  States, 
desiring  to  form  a  society,  not  for  pecuniary  profit,  pursuant 
to  an  act  of  the  General  Assembly  of  Illinois,  entitled  "an 
act  concerning  corporations,"  approved  April  18,  1872,  do 
hereby  certify  that  the  following  is  a  true  statement  of  the 
name,  or  title,  by  which  such  society  shall  be  known  in  law, 
the  particular  business  and  object  for  which  it  is  formed, 
the  number  of  its  managers,  and  the  names  of  the  same  se- 
lected for  the  first  year  of  its  existence,  viz: 

1.  The  name  by  which  this  society  shall  be  known  shall 
be  "The  Presbyterian  Hospital  of  the  City  of  Chicago." 

2.  The  object  of  this  society  is  the  establishment,  support 
and  management  of  an  institution  for  the  purpose  of  afford- 
ing surgical  and  medical  aid,  and  nursing,  to  sick  and  dis- 
abled persons  of  every  creed,  nationality  and  color. 

3.  The  affairs  of  this  society  shall  be  under  the  direction 
of  a  Board  of  twenty  eight  managers. 

4.  The  number  of  the  managers  of  this  society  shall  be 
twenty  eight,  after  the  first  year  of  its  existence.  The  names 
of  those  selected  as  managers  for  the  first  year  are  as  follows: 
Tuthill  King,  Daniel  R.  Pearsons,  William  Blair,  Rob't.  C. 
Hamill,  John  H.  Barrows,  C.  M.  Henderson,  John  B.  Drake, 
Nathan  Corwith,  Samuel  M.  Moore,  Henry  W.  King,  W.  H. 
Wells,  Henry  Waller,  Henry  M.  Lyman,  Jas.  M.  Horton, 
Willis  G.  Craig,  Cyrus  H.  McCormick,  Jr.,  Jacob  Beidler, 
Jos.  P.  Ross.  1884 


59 


Appendix  III 

CHARTER  OF  CENTRAL  FREE 
DISPENSARY 

STATE  OF  ILLINOIS 

Department  of  State 
George  H.  Harlow,  Secretary  of  State 

To  All  to  Whom  these  Presents  shall  come— Greeting: 

Whereas,  a  Certificate,  duly  signed  and  acknowledged, 
having  been  Filed  in  the  Office  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  on 
the  ist  day  of  April,  A.D.  1873,  for  the  organization  of  the 
Central  Free  Dispensary  of  West  Chicago  under  and  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  provisions  of  "An  Act  Concerning  Corpo- 
rations," approved  April  18,  1872,  and  in  force  July  1,  1872, 
a  copy  of  which  certificate  is  hereto  attached. 

Now,  Therefore,  I,  George  H.  Harlow,  Secretary  of 
State  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  by  virtue  of  the  powers  and 
duties  vested  in  me  by  law,  do  hereby  certify  that  the  said 
The  Central  Free  Dispensary  of  West  Chicago  is  a  legally 
organised  corporation  under  the  laws  of  this  State. 

In  Testimony  Whereof,  I  hereto  set  my  hand  and  cause 
to  be  affixed  the  Great  Seal  of  State. 

Done  at  the  City  of  Springfield,  this  1st  day  of  April  in  the 
year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy 
three,  and  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  the 
ninety-seventh. 

Seal  of  State  of  Illinois. 

Geo.  H.  Harlow, 
Secretary  of  State. 


60 


i.  We  A.  E.  Bishop,  A.  G.  Throop,  John  F.  Eberhardt, 
John  Crighton,  E.  Ingals,  S.  P.  Walker,  P.  W.  Gates,  J.  P. 
Ross,  Charles  E.  Chase,  Hugh  Templeton,  Samuel  Hoard 
and  Philip  Adolphus  do  hereby  certify  that  we  propose  to 
form  ourselves  into  a  corporation  (Not  for  pecuniary  profit) 
under  the  Act  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Illi- 
nois Approved  April  18,  1872  and  in  force  July  1,  1872  En- 
titled "An  Act  Concerning  Corporations." 

2.  The  name  of  said  Corporation  shall  be  The  Central 
Free  Dispensary  of  West  Chicago  and  said  Corporation  shall 
endure  for  Ninety  Nine  Years. 

3.  The  objects  for  which  said  Corporation  is  formed  are 
to  aid  all  persons  who  are  sick  and  are  unable  to  pay  for 
medical  attendance's  To  diffuse  Vaccination  by  Continuous 
and  unwearied  Efforts  and  to  do  this  work  efficiently  at  a 
very  small  cost  and  with  no  pecuniary  profit. 

4.  The  aforesaid  persons  shall  constitute  the  board  of 
directors  for  the  first  year. 

5.  The  business  of  said  Corporation  shall  be  located  in 
Chicago  in  the  State  of  Illinois  and  its  business  office  at  such 
place  or  places  in  said  city  as  a  majority  of  its  directors  shall 
from  time  to  time  direct. 

In  witness  whereof  we  have  hereunto  set  our  hands  and 
seals  this  14th  day  of  March  A.D.  1873. 

A.  E.  Bishop  (L  S),  A.  G.  Throop  (L  S),  John  F.  Eber- 
hardt (L  S),  Chas.  E.  Chase  (L  S),  Ephraim  Ingals  (L  S), 
S.  P.  Walker  (L  S),  P.  W.  Gates  (L  S),  Jos.  P.  Ross,  M.D. 
(L.  S),  John  Crighton  (L  S),  Hugh  Templeton  (L  S),  Sam 
Hoard  (L  S),  Philip  Adolphus  (L  S). 


61 


Appendix  IV 


AGREEMENT  BETWEEN  PRESBYTERIAN 

HOSPITAL  AND  THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  ILLINOIS 

(EXHIBIT  9) 

Whereas  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois, hereinafter  referred  to  as  the  University,  and  The 
Presbyterian  Hospital  of  the  City  of  Chicago,  Illinois,  here- 
inafter referred  to  as  the  Hospital,  desire  to  bring  about 
closer  cooperation  than  now  is  possible  in  order  to  improve 
the  standards  of  medical  instruction  and  the  treatment  of 
patients; 

Now,  Therefore,  it  is  agreed: 

1.  Nothing  in  this  agreement  shall  be  construed  to  affect 
the  independence  or  any  function  either  of  the  University 
or  the  Hospital  not  expressly  covered  herein. 

2.  The  University  shall  formulate  a  comprehensive  co- 
ordinated program  of  undergraduate  and  graduate  medical 
education  and  research  which  shall  be  designed  to  use 
jointly  the  facilities  of  the  Hospital,  the  Colleges  of  Medi- 
cine, Dentistry  and  Pharmacy  of  the  University,  and  the 
Research  and  Educational  Hospitals  and  the  Institutes  of 
the  University. 

3.  The  University,  upon  request  of  the  Hospital,  will 
suggest  a  program  of  affiliation  of  the  School  of  Nursing  of 
the  Hospital  with  or  without  incorporation  thereof  in  the 
University  educational  system. 

4.  Appointments  to  the  staff  of  the  Hospital  shall  be 
made  as  hitherto  by  the  Board  of  Managers  thereof. 

(a)  Nominations  for  new  appointments  to  the  staff  shall 

62 


be  made  by  the  University  after  adequate  consultation  be- 
tween appropriate  administrative  officers  in  the  College  of 
Medicine  and  in  the  staff  of  the  Hospital. 

(b)  The  University  may  nominate,  after  adequate  con- 
sultation between  the  appropriate  administrative  officers  of 
the  College  of  Medicine  and  in  the  staff  of  the  Hospital,  a 
limited  number  of  qualified  members  of  its  faculty  of  Medi- 
cine to  the  staff  of  the  Hospital. 

(c)  The  Executive  Committee  of  the  staff  of  the  Hospital 
shall  review  all  nominations  of  the  University  and  forward 
them  with  its  recommendations  to  the  Board  of  Managers 
of  the  Hospital. 

(d)  The  University  will  appoint  to  its  clinical  faculty  of 
Medicine  the  members  of  the  staff  of  the  Hospital. 

5.  The  Dean  of  the  College  of  Medicine  of  the  Univer- 
sity, or  a  representative  designated  by  him,  shall  be  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  staff  of  the  Hospital, 
but  without  the  privilege  to  vote. 

6.  It  is  understood,  subject  to  court  approval,  that  the 
existing  Rush  Medical  College  facilities  will  be  made  avail- 
able to  the  Hospital  and  that  the  Trustees  of  Rush  Medical 
College,  with  its  facilities  and  trust  funds,  will  cooperate 
with  the  University  and  the  Hospital  in  the  above  men- 
tioned program  of  medical  education,  and  that  the  Univer- 
sity, in  order  to  provide  continuity  between  the  old  and 
new  organizations,  will  designate  those  members  of  the 
Rush  faculty  who  become  members  of  its  College  of  Medi- 
cine as  "Rush  Professors." 

7.  In  entering  into  and  carrying  out  this  agreement, 
neither  party  assumes  any  responsibility  for  the  budgetary 
obligations  of  the  other. 


63 


Appendix  V 

EXTRACTS   FROM    COURT  DECREE   IN 

RE   RUSH   MEDICAL  COLLEGE  VS.  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO  ET.  AL. 

OF  JUNE  20,  1941 

11.  After  thorough  consideration  of  the  problems  in- 
volved, the  College,  the  University  and  the  other  parties  in 
interest  have  concluded  that,  under  present  conditions,  it 
is  not  desirable  or  for  the  best  interests  of  said  parties  to 
continue  operating  under  the  said  contract  of  May  7,  1924. 
The  principal  reasons  which  have  led  the  parties  to  this 
conclusion  and  have  caused  the  College  to  institute  this  suit 
are  the  following: 

(1)  The  College  for  a  period  of  many  years  has  occupied 
an  eminent  position  in  the  field  of  medical  education.  Its 
faculty  has  carried  on  much  research  work  but  increasingly 
feels  the  lack  of  adequate  facilities.  The  faculty  of  the  Col- 
lege wishes  to  continue  its  present  work  and  expand  it.  The 
Hospital  was  organized  about  58  years  ago  at  the  instance 
of  the  College  in  order  to  furnish  the  College  with  a  teach- 
ing hospital,  and  both  the  Hospital  and  the  College  wish  to 
increase  their  resources  and  make  more  effective  use  of  their 
facilities. 

(2)  During  recent  years,  the  University  has  become  con- 
vinced and  has  so  informed  the  College  that  the  great  po- 
tentialities of  the  College  could  not  be  realized  in  associa- 
tion with  the  University  unless  the  College  was  moved  to 
the  South  side  Campus  of  the  University  or  unless  it  aban- 
doned its  undergraduate  instruction  in  medicine  and  de- 
voted itself  to  graduate  instruction.  During  the  past  twenty- 

64 


five  years  the  University  has  developed  a  medical  school  and 
hospitals  on  its  quadrangles  on  the  South  side  of  Chicago 
and,  although,  since  the  agreement  of  May  7,  1924,  it  has 
included  in  its  annual  budgets  appropriations  for  operating 
the  College  at  the  latter's  location  on  the  West  side  of  Chi- 
cago, the  University,  on  or  about  November  20,  1936,  noti- 
fied the  College  that  it  had  reluctantly  reached  the  conclu- 
sion that  it  would  be  necessary  to  discontinue  undergradu- 
ate teaching  at  the  College  with  the  year  1941-1942  and 
again  proposed  that  the  College  and  the  Hospital  move  to 
the  South  side  quadrangles  so  that  its  medical  schools  could 
be  consolidated,  which  the  University  considered  to  be  in 
the  interest  of  medical  education,  or  as  an  alternative  pro- 
posed to  develop  a  center  for  advanced  professional  train- 
ing at  the  College  on  the  West  side.  Those  proposals  have 
not  been  acceptable  to  the  College  or  its  faculty  or  the  Hos- 
pital since,  in  their  opinion,  neither  of  such  proposals  would 
have  provided  a  satisfactory  means  of  accomplishing  the 
corporate  objects  and  purposes  of  the  College  and  the  Hos- 
pital as  hereinafter  set  forth.  The  proposal  of  moving  the 
College  and  the  Hospital  to  the  South  side  involves  serious 
financial  and  practical  difficulties,  while  the  proposal  for  a 
center  of  advanced  professional  training  on  the  West  side 
is  handicapped  by  the  distance  between  the  College  and  the 
Hospital  on  the  one  hand  and  the  University's  departments 
of  biological  sciences  and  fails  to  utilize  the  experience  and 
qualifications  of  the  faculty  of  the  College  for  undergradu- 
ate medical  education. 

(3)  The  University,  the  College  and  the  Hospital  agree 
that  the  objectives  of  medical  education  and  research  can 
best  be  served  when  the  study  of  patients  and  medical  prob- 
lems is  made  in  surroundings  which  afford  close  association 
with  University  science  departments.  Owing  to  the  distance 
between  the  University's  South  side  plant  and  the  College 
and  Hospital  on  the  West  side,  and  other  practical  consid- 

65 


erations,  essential  close  coordination  and  cooperation  be- 
tween the  College  and  Hospital  and  the  University's  South 
side  scientific  departments  has,  through  the  experience  of 
recent  years,  been  shown  not  to  be  feasible. 

(4)  The  College  and  Hospital  wish  to  continue  their 
program  of  undergraduate  medical  education  at  their  plants 
on  the  West  side  and  to  develop  and  expand  a  graduate 
school  and  their  research  departments.  The  College  should 
therefore  associate  itself  with  an  educational  institution  lo- 
cated nearer  to  the  College,  of  which  the  College  can  be 
actually  a  part.  This  should  be  an  institution  which  has 
fully  developed  pre-clinical  departments  which  can  conduct 
the  basic  scientific  education  and  research  that  is  funda- 
mental to  the  work  of  the  clinical  teacher  and  investigator. 
The  University  of  Illinois  during  the  past  fifteen  years  has 
established  and  developed  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 
College  one  of  the  largest  and  best  equipped  medical  schools 
in  the  State  and  is  thus  an  institution  ideally  located  and 
organized  for  meeting  the  above  mentioned  requirements. 
Its  objectives  in  medical  education  are  essentially  the  same 
as  those  of  the  College  faculty.  Because  of  the  location  of 
the  University  of  Illinois  Medical  School  and  Hospitals,  and 
because  of  the  identity  of  aim  of  that  institution  and  the 
College,  the  College  should  be  able  to  realize  its  possibilities 
better  under  an  affiliation  through  the  Hospital,  with  the 
University  of  Illinois,  than  in  any  other  way.  The  College 
and  the  Hospital  believe  the  plan  set  forth  in  the  proposed 
contract,  plaintiff's  Exhibit  9,  will  enable  them  to  accom- 
plish those  objects  most  effectively.  The  general  advantages 
of  such  a  plan  and  particularly  of  the  proposed  affiliation 
with  the  University  of  Illinois  are: 

a.  Undergraduate  instruction  would  be  continued  on  the 

o 

West  side  in  the  facilities  of  the  College  by  the  University 
of  Illinois  with  the  cooperation  of  the  Hospital  and  the  Col- 
lege. 

66 


b.  A  graduate  program  could  be  developed  by  the  co- 
operation of  the  University  of  Illinois,  the  College,  the  Hos- 
pital and  whatever  other  institutions  may  wish  to  join  in 
the  program. 

c.  The  College  and  Hospital,  both  being  located  near  the 
Chicago  campus  of  the  University  of  Illinois  Medical  School 
have  convenient  access  to  its  professional  schools  equipped 
with  $16,000,000  in  value  of  new  buildings  including 
science  laboratories,  hospitals  with  nearly  1000  beds,  library 
and  educational  buildings. 

d.  Under  the  proposed  plan  as  set  out  in  Exhibit  9  the 
College  will  remain  a  part  of  the  great  medical  center  that 
is  developing  on  the  West  side  of  the  City  of  Chicago.  It  will 
be  able  to  take  full  advantage  of  the  educational  and  scien- 
tific possibilities  of  the  Cook  County  Hospital,  which  is  also 
adjacent  to  the  College,  and  under  such  proposed  plan  it 
will  have  a  university  association  which  it  believes  will 
prove  of  great  use  and  value  to  it. 

12.  Over  a  period  of  several  years  the  University,  the  Col- 
lege and  the  Hospital  have  considered  numerous  alternative 
plans  for  accomplishing  a  more  satisfactory  relationship  be- 
tween the  three  institutions.  After  a  thorough  consideration 
of  all  the  numerous  questions  involved  and  giving  due  re- 
gard to  the  public  interest  which  is  necessarily  involved,  the 
University,  the  College,  the  Hospital  and  the  Dispensary 
propose  to  enter  into  the  contract,  a  copy  of  which  is  plain- 
tiff's Exhibit  9. 

13.  The  College,  by  itself  does  not  have  adequate  funds 
for  the  accomplishment  of  its  corporate  objects  of  promot- 
ing the  general  interests  of  medical  education  and  qualify- 
ing young  men  to  engage  usefully  and  honorably  in  the 
professions  of  medicine  and  surgery  having  only  the  prop- 
erty and  funds  now  held  by  it  and  those  to  be  acquired  as 
hereinafter  described;  but  it  desires  to  continue  its  corpo- 
rate existence,  to  retain  the  ownership  of  its  property  and  to 

67 


continue  to  administer  the  trust  funds  which  it  now  holds 
and  those  which  will  be  returned  or  retransferred  to  it  by 
the  University  under  said  proposed  contract,  as  described  in 
plaintiff's  Exhibits  7  and  8,  to  make  awards  from  time  to 
time  of  fellowships,  scholarships,  or  otherwise,  to  any  one 
in  the  College  or  in  any  medical  schools  in  any  way  affiliated 
with  the  College,  all  to  the  end  that  the  resources  and  per- 
sonnel of  the  College  shall  continue  to  be  devoted  to  and 
usefully  employed  in  the  field  of  medical  education  to  the 
maximum  of  its  ability  in  furtherance  of  its  corporate  ob- 
jects in  the  manner  most  feasible  under  existing  conditions. 
14.  The  Hospital  was  incorporated  in  response  to  the  de- 
sire of  the  College  that  a  hospital  be  established  to  enable 
the  College  to  accomplish  its  objects  aforesaid.  Thereupon 
the  College  and  the  Hospital  entered  into  an  agreement 
dated  January  2,  1884,  recorded  in  Book  2006,  at  page  267 
of  the  records  of  Cook  County,  Illinois,  and  the  College,  by 
deed  dated  February  25,  1884,  conveyed  to  the  Hospital  the 
real  estate  described  in  said  agreement.  The  Hospital  pro- 
ceeded to  carry  out  its  covenants  under  said  agreement, 
namely,  to  complete  the  hospital  building  theretofore  com- 
menced by  the  College  on  said  real  estate;  to  furnish  the 
same  for  a  hospital  and  to  conduct  and  maintain  therein  a 
hospital  for  the  treatment  of  sick,  injured  and  disabled  per- 
sons, to  appoint  medical  officers  and  attendants  of  said  hos- 
pital for  the  treatment  of  the  sick,  injured  and  disabled  per- 
sons, to  appoint  medical  officers  and  attendants  of  said 
hospital  upon  nomination  of  the  faculty  of  the  College,  to 
give  said  faculty  the  sole  and  exclusive  control  and  man- 
agement of  all  clinical  instruction  in  said  Hospital,  and  to 
prepare  and  maintain  in  conjunction  with  said  faculty  rules 
and  regulations  for  the  medical  management  of  said  in- 
stitution. The  Hospital  has  continued  to  conduct  and  main- 
tain its  hospital  upon  said  real  estate  and  adjoining  real 
estate  on  the  West  side  of  the  City  of  Chicago,  to  appoint 

68 


its  medical  and  surgical  staff  upon  nomination  originally 
of  the  faculty  of  the  College,  and  subsequently  of  its  as- 
signee, the  University,  and  to  provide  facilities  in  its  said 
hospital  for  the  clinical  instruction  of  students  of  the  Col- 
lege and  of  the  University  qualifying  to  engage  in  the  pro- 
fessions of  medicine  and  surgery.  The  Hospital  desires  and 
intends  to  continue  to  appoint  its  medical  and  surgical  staff 
from  a  medical  and  surgical  faculty  of  University  grade  and 
to  continue  to  provide  facilities  in  its  hospital  for  instruc- 
tion of  students  qualifying  to  engage  usefully  and  honorably 
in  the  professions  of  medicine  and  surgery,  to  develop  and 
enlarge  its  facilities  for  medical  and  surgical  instruction  and 
research,  and  thereby  to  promote  the  general  interests  of 
medical  and  surgical  education  and  the  public.  The  Hos- 
pital has  at  all  times  deemed  and  now  deems  such  a  teaching 
program  important  to  the  accomplishment  of  its  corporate 
objects  of  establishing,  supporting  and  managing  an  in- 
stitution for  the  purpose  of  affording  surgical  and  medical 
aid  and  nursing  to  sick  and  disabled  persons  of  every  creed, 
nationality  and  color. 

15.  The  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  University  of  Illinois 
has  approved  a  certain  draft  agreement  between  the  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois  and  the  Hospital,  of  which  a  copy  is  at- 
tached as  Exhibit  H  to  plaintiff's  Exhibit  9,  and  the  Board 
of  Managers  of  the  Hospital  desire  and  intend  to  enter  into 
an  agreement  with  the  University  of  Illinois  substantially  in 
the  form  and  terms  of  said  draft  upon  the  making  of  the 
agreement  designated  as  plaintiff's  Exhibit  9.  In  this  con- 
nection and  for  this  purpose  said  agreement  dated  Janu- 
ary 2,  1884,  between  the  College  and  the  Hospital  assigned 
with  the  consent  of  the  Hospital  by  the  College  to  the  Uni- 
versity should  be  terminated  and  cancelled. 

16.  Certain  property  of  the  University  hereinafter  de- 
scribed (except  the  Rawson  Laboratory  and  certain  replace- 
ments and  additions  hereinafter  mentioned,  together  with 

69 


certain  additional  funds  which  were  obtained  in  the  man- 
ner hereinafter  stated)  was  acquired  by  the  University  from 
the  College  under  and  pursuant  to  said  agreement  of  May  7, 
1924.  The  property  of  the  University  hereinafter  described 
and  which  the  agreement,  plaintiff's  Exhibit  9,  provides 
shall  be  conveyed  by  the  University  to  the  College,  if  made 
available  under  the  lease,  provided  for  in  said  Exhibit  9,  to 
the  Hospital  for  the  use  of  the  members  of  its  medical  staff 
and  their  students,  for  dispensary  outpatient  service,  and 
for  other  hospital  purposes,  will  enable  the  hospital,  under 
said  proposed  agreement  with  the  University  of  Illinois 
aforesaid  or  otherwise,  to  develop  and  enlarge  its  facilities 
for  medical  and  surgical  education  and  research,  as  afore- 
said. 

17.  The  parties  hereto  believe  and  the  court  finds  that 
the  cause  of  medical  and  surgical  education  will  be  ad- 
vanced and  the  care  of  the  sick  poor  rendered  more  effective 
by  the  consummation  of  the  program  set  forth  in  said  agree- 
ment (plaintiff's  Exhibit  9),  whereby  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois shall  undertake  the  education  of  students  under  the 
tutelage  of  the  staff  of  the  Hospital  (among  others)  and  also 
shall  nominate  appointees  to  the  staff  of  the  Hospital,  and 
the  Hospital  shall  make  available  to  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois its  facilities  for  medical  and  surgical  education  and  re- 
search, including  those  to  be  leased  to  the  Hospital  by  the 
College  pursuant  to  the  terms  of  said  agreement  (plaintiff's 
Exhibit  9). 

18.  The  Trustees  of  the  College,  after  consulting  with  its 
Faculty  and  representative  Alumni,  and  after  giving  care- 
ful consideration  to  all  of  the  circumstances,  have  con- 
cluded that  the  execution  and  performance  of  the  said 
agreement  (plaintiff's  Exhibit  9)  will  be  in  the  interests  of 
the  College. 

It  is  therefore  ordered,  adjudged  and  decreed  as  follows: 
70 


First:  That  the  making  and  carrying  out  of  the  plan  em- 
bodied in  the  proposed  contract,  plaintiff's  Exhibit  9,  are 
legal  and  in  the  best  interests  of  the  public  and  will  advance, 
improve  and  enlarge  the  facilities  for  medical  and  surgical 
education  and  will  make  the  same  more  efficient  and  will 
promote  the  well  being  of  the  public  and  render  the  work 
of  the  College  and  the  Hospital  in  connection  with  medical 
and  surgical  education  more  efficient  than  it  otherwise 
would  be,  and  thereby  greatly  benefit  the  public. 

Second:  That  all  the  provisions  contained  in  said  pro- 
posed contract  are  proper  provisions  and  that  the  plaintiff 
and  all  of  the  said  corporations  which  are  parties  defendant 
hereto  have  full  power  and  authority  under  their  respective 
charters  to  enter  into  all  the  covenants  and  agreements  con- 
tained in  said  contract  and  to  perform  the  same. 

Third:  That  the  court  hereby  approves  the  form  of  con- 
tract set  forth  in  plaintiff's  Exhibit  9  and  the  plaintiff  and 
all  the  corporations  which  are  parties  defendant  hereto 
should  be  and  they  are  hereby  authorized  to  enter  into  and 
execute  said  contract  and  to  carry  out  all  the  provisions  and 
the  terms  thereof  and  they  are  hereby  authorized  to  make, 
execute,  acknowledge  and  deliver  all  deeds,  leases,  assign- 
ments, transfers,  releases  and  other  documents  needful  or 
convenient  to  carry  out  said  contract  according  to  its  terms 
and  to  expend  from  their  respective  funds  all  such  sums  as 
may  be  necessary  or  expedient  to  defray  all  expenses  in- 
curred in  connection  with  the  performance  of  said  agree- 
ment including  among  others,  the  cost  of  title  policies,  ab- 
stract of  title,  title  documents  and  papers,  recording  fees 
and  other  expenses  incidental,  needful  or  convenient  in 
connection  with  the  transfer  of  the  assets  provided  for  in 
said  contract  or  with  the  said  performance  of  said  contract 
in  any  other  respect  and  respectively  to  pay  the  costs  of 
these  proceedings,  including  fees  of  counsel  of  the  respec- 
tive parties. 


7i 


Fourth:  That  the  University  is  hereby  authorized  to 
transfer  to  the  College  the  Mae  Manford  Bridge  bequest 
subject  to  the  conditions  set  forth  in  paragraphs  "W"  and 
"i  1"  of  said  proposed  contract  and  referred  to  in  paragraph 
23  of  the  findings  above. 

Fifth:  That  forthwith  upon  the  execution  of  said  con- 
tract by  the  parties  in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  this  de- 
cree, a  copy  of  which  contract  is  plaintiff's  Exhibit  9,  said 
agreements  between  the  University  and  the  College  dated 
May  5,  1924  and  May  7,  1924,  respectively,  and  all  agree- 
ments collateral  or  precedent  thereto  (except  those  agree- 
ments, if  any,  which  are  to  be  reassigned  or  transferred  by 
the  University  to  the  College)  shall  be  terminated  and  of  no 
further  force  and  effect  and  the  said  parties  shall  thereupon 
be  and  are  hereby  declared  to  be,  as  of  such  time,  released 
from  all  liability  thereunder  and  are  hereby  authorized  and 
directed  to  execute  and  deliver  to  each  other  appropriate 
releases  in  connection  therewith  of  all  liability,  if  any,  aris- 
ing out  of  said  contracts  and  agreements,  all  subject  to  and 
in  accordance  with  the  provisions  and  conditions  of  the 
contract,  plaintiff's  Exhibit  9  which  is  hereby  approved. 

Sixth:  That  the  College  is  hereby  authorized,  after  the 
execution  of  said  contract,  plaintiff's  Exhibit  9,  and  the  re- 
ceipt by  it  of  the  various  funds  and  properties  to  be  con- 
veyed and  transferred  to  it  by  the  University  thereunder,  to 
retain  ownership  and  use  of  said  funds  and  property  and 
to  continue  to  administer  the  trust  funds  which  it  now  holds 
and  those  funds  which  will  be  returned  and  transferred  to 
it  by  the  University  all  pursuant  to  this  decree  and  said  con- 
tract; to  use  said  properties  and  funds  in  medical  education 
whether  under  and  pursuant  to  said  contract,  or  by  itself,  or 
by  and  with  any  medical  school  in  any  way  affiliated  with 
the  College,  and  in  connection  therewith  to  pool  said  funds 
for  investment  purposes  in  a  manner  similar  to  that  now  in 
use  by  The  University  of  Chicago  and  numerous  other  lead- 

72 


ing  educational  institutions  in  the  United  States,  and  there- 
from to  make  awards  from  time  to  time  of  fellowships, 
scholarships,  or  otherwise,  to  any  one  in  the  College  or  in 
any  medical  schools  in  any  way  affiliated  with  the  College, 
so  that  the  resources  and  personnel  of  the  College  shall  con- 
tinue to  be  devoted  to  and  usefully  employed  in  the  field  of 
medical  education  to  the  maximum  of  its  ability  and  in 
furtherance  of  its  corporate  objects  in  the  manner  most 
feasible  under  existing  conditions. 

Seventh:  That,  as  provided  in  said  contract,  plaintiff's 
Exhibit  9,  the  performance  of  said  contract  and  the  convey- 
ance and  transfer  of  properties  and  funds  and  statement  of 
all  accounts  relative  thereto  by  the  University  to  the  College 
shall  be  as  of  June  30,  1941,  that  date  being  the  close  of  the 
fiscal  year  of  both  the  University  and  the  College. 

Eighth:  Leave  is  hereby  given  to  any  of  the  parties  hereto 
to  apply  to  the  court  for  instructions  in  regard  to  any  mat- 
ter which  may  arise  regarding  the  execution  of  said  contract, 
plaintiff's  Exhibit  9,  or  the  carrying  out  of  any  of  the  de- 
tails thereof  or  performance  thereunder,  and  the  court 
hereby  reserves  jurisdiction  therefore.  The  court  further 
reserves  jurisdiction  for  the  purpose  of  hearing  and  adjudi- 
cating any  questions  which  may  hereafter  arise  relating  to 
the  Mae  Manford  Bridge  Bequest  or  the  Norman  Bridge 
Laboratory  of  Pathology  under  the  provisions  of  said  con- 
tract, plaintiff's  Exhibit  9,  and  this  decree,  in  respect 
thereto.  If,  after  the  entry  of  this  decree,  any  of  the  purposes, 
for  the  accomplishment  of  which  this  decree  is  entered, 
should  not  be  realized  or  their  accomplishment  should  be- 
come impossible,  or  shall  be  terminated,  or  the  interest  of 
the  public  shall  be  adversely  affected,  any  party  hereto  may 
apply  to  this  court  for  further  relief  in  respect  thereto  and 
the  court  hereby  reserves  jurisdiction  to  consider  such  mat- 
ter and  to  grant  such  further  or  other  relief  in  respect 
thereto  as  shall  be  lawful,  provided,  however,  that  nothing 


73 


in  this  paragraph  contained  shall  be  construed  to  release  any 
of  the  parties  hereto  from  its  obligations,  covenants  and 
duties  under  the  said  contract,  plaintiff's  Exhibit  9,  and 
lease  and  other  instruments  to  be  entered  into  pursuant 
to  this  decree. 
enter: 

Stanley  H.  Klarkowski,  Judge 

Dated:  June  20,  1941. 


74 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 

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io.  Dodson,  John  M.,  Dean.— Dr.  Ingals'  Service  to  Rush  Medi- 
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p.  10. 

12.  Dodson,  John  Milton— The  Affiliation  of  Rush  Medical 
College  with  the  University  of  Chicago— A  Historial  Sketch. 

(This  sketch  appeared  in  sections  in  the  Rush  Alumni  Bui. 
on  the  following  dates:) 

I.  Introductory— XII  No.  3,  Jan.  1913,  p.  23. 
II.  Introductory— XII  No.  4,  May  1917,  p.  6 

III.  The  Curriculum 

Four  Quarter  Plan 

Elective  System 

Women  Students— XIII  No.  1,  Sept.  1917,  p.  17 

IV.  The  First  Public  Appearance 

Library— Senn  Hall— Dispensary 
Transfer  of  First  Two  Years  to  the  University 
XIII  No.  2,  Jan.  1918,  p.  3 
V.  Extra  Mural  Instruction 

XIV  No.  3,  Apr.  1919,  p.  12 
VI.  First  Proposal  of  Organic  Union 

XV  No.  1,  Nov.  1919,  p.  12 
VII.  Failure  of  Plan  for  Organic  Union 

XV  No.  2,  Feb.  1920,  p.  3 

VIII.  Association  with  Institutions  for  Medical  Research 

XVI  No.  i,Feb.  1921,  p.  11 

IX.  Informal  Conference  of  Some  Medical  School  Deans 

XVI  No.  2,  Feb.  1921,  p.  5 
X.  Limiting  the  Number  of  Students 

XVI  No.  3,  Oct.  1921,  p.  8 
XI.  Time  Schedules  for  Courses  of  Instruction 

XVI  No.  4,  May,  1922,  p.  12 
XII.  The  Alumni 

XVII  No.  2,  Jan.  1923,  p.  13. 

13.  Durand  Hospital  of  the  Memorial  Institute  for  Infectious 

76 


Diseases.  Bui.  Alumni  Assoc.  Rush  Med.  Col.  VIII  No.  4, 
March  1913,  p.  15. 

14.  Ellinwood,  C.  N.,  m.d.— Dr.  Daniel  Brainard.  Bui.  Alumni 
Assoc.  Rush  Med.  Col.  VIII  No.  1,  July  1912,  p.  29. 

15.  Fenger,  Christian— Autobiography.  Bui.  Alumni  Assoc. 
Rush  Med.  Col.  VIII  No.  3,  Jan.  1 9 1 3,  p.  10. 

16.  Hamilton,  John  B.— The  Epidemics  of  Chicago.  Bui.  Soc. 
of  Med.  History  of  Chicago  Vol.  1,  No.  1,  Oct.  1911,  p.  73. 

17.  Hektoen,  Ludvig— The  Study  of  Pathology  at  Rush  Medical 
College.  Bui.  Alumni  Assoc.  Rush  Med.  Col.  XVI  No.  2, 
June  1921,  p.  3. 

18.  Hektoen,  Ludvig— Rush  and  Research.  Bui.  Alumni  Assoc. 
Rush  Med.  Col.  XIV  No.  1,  Aug.  1918,  p.  7. 

19.  Herrick,  James  B.— Address— Dedication  of  Jane  Murdock 
Bldg.  Presbyterian  Hosp.  Bui.  Alumni  Assoc.  Rush  Med. 
Col.  VIII  No.  3,  Jan.  1913,  p.  21. 

20.  Hyde,  James  Nevins— Early  Medical  Chicago— An  Histori- 
cal Sketch— Fergus  Series  11-15,  Fergus  Printing  Co.,  Chi- 
cago, 1879. 

21.  Ingals,  E.  Fletcher— The  Life  and  Work  of  Dr.  Daniel 
Brainard.  Bui.  Alumni  Assoc.  Rush  Med.  Col.  Vol.  VIII 
No.  1,  July  1912,  p.  1. 

22.  Ingals,  E.  Fletcher— Rush  Medical  College— (Response  on 
Occasion  of  Dinner  for  Dr.  Ingals,  April  28,  1913) .  Bui. 
Alumni  Assoc.  Rush  Med.  Col.  VIII  No.  5,  May  1913,  p.  14. 

23.  Lyman,  Henry  M.,  m.d.— A  Bit  of  the  History  of  the  Cook 
County  Hospital.  Bui.  Soc.  Med.  History  of  Chicago,  Vol.  I 
No.  1,  Oct.  1911,  p.  25. 

24.  Ormsby,  Oliver  S.— Rush  and  the  University  of  Chicago 
(Presidential  Address) .  Bui.  Alumni  Assoc.  Rush  Med.  Col. 

XIV  No.  1,  Aug.  1918,  p.  3. 

25.  Quine,  William  E.— Early  History  of  the  Cook  County 
Hospital  to  1870.  Bui.  Soc.  Med.  History  of  Chicago,  Vol.  I 
No.  1,  Oct.  1911,  p.  25. 

26.  Ritter,  John,  m.d.— Historical  Account  of  Brainard.  Bui.  of 

77 


Alumni  Assoc.  Rush  Med.  Col.  Vol.  VIII,  No.  1,  July  1912, 
p.  26. 

27.  Robinson,  F.  C— Reminiscences  of  Our  College  Days  Forty 
Years  Ago.  Bui.  Alumni  Assoc.  Rush  Med.  Col.  Vol.  VIII 
No.  2,  Oct.  1912,  p.  19. 

28.  Rush  Graduates  1844-1912.  Bui.  Alumni  Assoc.  Rush  Med. 
Col.  VIII  No.  6,  June  1913,  p.  5. 

29.  Weaver,  George  H.,  m.d.— The  First  Period  in  the  History 
of  Rush  Med.  Col.  1843-1859.  Bui.  Alumni  Assoc.  Rush 
Med.  Col.  Vol.  VIII,  No.  1,  July  1912,  p.  13. 

30.  Wells,  Gideon  H.— Investigative  Work  at  Rush  Medical 
College— Reply  to  Criticism  of  University  of  Chicago  Mag- 
azine. Bui.  Alumni  Assoc.  Vol.  XII,  No.  3,  Jan.  1917,  p.  18. 

31.  Wilkins,  Henry,  m.d. 

1— The  Family  Advisor— pp.  93. 

2— Primitive  Physics,  John  Wesley 

16  mo.  pp.  63,  Henry  Tuckniss,  Phila.,  1793 

32.  Zeuch,  Lucius  Henry— History  of  Medical  Practice  in 
Illinois.  8  vo.  pp.  713,  Book  Press,  Inc.,  Chicago,  1927. 


78 


INDEX 


Adolphus,  Philip,  61 
Allen,  J.  Adams,  20 
American  Medical  Association,  18 
Amerman,  George  K.,  27 
Apprenticeships,  4,  5 
Armour,  Samuel  G.,  18 
Asiatic  cholera,  16,  24-25 

Bard,  Ralph  A.,  v 

Barrows,  John  H.,  59 

Beidler,  Jacob,  59 

Bevan,  Arthur  Dean,  48 

Billings,  Frank,  39-40,  48 

Bishop,  A.  E.,  61 

Blair,  William,  59 

Blaney,  James  Van  Zandt,  18,  24 

Brainard,  Daniel,  11-18,  21,  24- 

25»  49 
Brainard  Dispensary,  23 
Bridge,  Norman,  12,  21,  48 
Brower,  Daniel,  48 
Brown,  Ralph  C,  v 
Butterfield,  Justin,  53 
Byford,  W.  H.,  18,  19 
Byron,  Charles  L.,  v 

Care  and  cure  of  sick,  6,  8,  10 
Carton,  Alfred  T.,  v 
Caton,  John  D.,  12,  53 
Central  Free  Dispensary  of  West 

Chicago,  23,  26 
Charter,  60-61 
Charity   Dispensary  of   Chicago, 

22-23 
Chase,  Charles  E.,  61 
Chicago  Charitable  Eye  and  Ear 

Infirmary,  20 
Chicago  fire  of  1871,  11,  25-26 
Chicago  Medical  College,  19,  26, 

27 


Chicago  University   (Old) ,  32. 

See  also  University  of 

Chicago 
Chicago    (Village),  12-13 
City  Dispensary,  20 
City  Hospital,  20,  22,  24,  27 
Clarke,  Philip  R.,  v 
Clinical  training,  6-7 
College  under  the  Sidewalk,  26 
Collins,  James  H.,  53 
Cook  County  Commissioners,  24, 

27 
Cook  County  Hospital,  26,  27-28, 

67 
Corwith,  Nathan,  59 
Cotton,  Alfred  C,  48 
Craig,  Willis  G.,  59 
Crighton,  John,  61 
Cunningham,  James  D.,  v 

Danforth,  I.  N.,  21 

David,  Vernon  C,  v 

Davis,  Nathan  Smith,  18-19,  21> 

22,  27 
Davisson,  Alfred  W.,  18 
Dick,  Albert  B.,  Jr.,  v 
Dispensaries,  22-23 
Dodson,  John  Milton,  34-36,  48 
Donnelley,  Thomas  E.,  48 
Drake,  John  B.,  v,  59 

Eberhardt,  John  F.,  61 
Etheridge,  James  H.,  21 
Evans,  John,  18 

Fairfield  Medical  College,  13 
Family  doctor,  9 
Farwell,  Albert  D.,  v 
Favill,  Henry  Baird,  48 
Fenger,  Christian,  48 


79 


Fitch,  Graham  N.,  18 
Flint,  Austin,  Sr.,  18 
Ford,  Thomas,  53 
Forgan,  James  B.,  v 
Freer,  J.  W.,  18,  24 
Friedberg,  Stanton,  48 
Friend,  Hugo  M.,  v 

Gale,  Willis,  v 
Gardner,  Henry  A.,  v 
Gates,  P.  W.,  6i 
Gatewood,  L.  C.,  48 
Gilchrist,  R.  K.,  v 
Glessner,  John  J.,  48 
Goodhue,  Josiah  C,  53 
Goodrich,  Grant,  53 
Graham,  David  B.,  48 
Gunn,  Moses,  25 

Hagenah,  William  J.,  v 
Haines,  Walter  Stanley,  48 
Hales,  Burton  W.,  v 
Hamill,  Alfred  E.,  v 
Hamill,  Robert  C,  59 
Harlow,  George  H.,  60 
Harper,  James  H.,  48 
Harper,  William  Rainey,  32,  36- 

38,  42 
Harris,  Stanley  G.,  v 
Harvard  Medical  School,  42 
Hay,  Walter,  21 
Hektoen,  Ludvig,  41,  48 
Henderson,  C.  M.,  59 
Herrick,  James  Bryan,  29,  48 
Herrick,  William  B.,  18,  21,  24 
Herrick  Dispensary,  23 
Hickman,  Alvyn  R.,  v 
Hinton,  Isaac  T.,  53 
Hoard,  Samuel,  61 
Holmes,  E.  L.,  20 
Horton,  James  M.,  59 
Hospitals,  21-22 
Hostetter,  Earl  D.,  v 
Howard,  W.  Clyde,  v 
Hyde,  James  Nevins,  21 


Illinois  General  Hospital  of  the 

Lakes,  21,  22 
Illinois  State  Board  of  Health,  18 
Ingals,  Ephraim,  20,  61 
Ingals,  Ephraim  Fletcher,  21,  32 
Irons,  Ernest  E.,  v 

Jefferson  Medical  College,  13 
Johns  Hopkins'  Medical  School, 

Johnson,  Hosmer  A.,  18,  19 
Judson,  Harry  Pratt,  37 

Kelly,  Frank  B.,  v 
Kimberly,  Edmund  S.,  48,  53 
King,  Henry  W.,  59 
King,  Tuthill,  28,  59 
Kinzie,  John  H.,  48,  53 
Klarkowski,  Stanley  H.,  44,  74 
Knapp,  Moses  L.,  18 

Lake  Forest  University,  32 
Lecount,  Edwin  Raymond,  48 
Lewis,  Dean  DeWitt,  48 
Lyman,  Henry  M.,  27,  48,  59 

McCormick,  Cyrus  H.,  Jr.,  59 
McDougal,  Edward  D.,  Jr.,  v 
McKinlay,  John,  v 
McLean,  John,  18 
McLennan,  Donald  R.,  Jr.,  v 
Mae  Manford  Bridge  bequest,  72, 

73 
Malaria,  16 
Medical  education,  3-7 

Graduate,  7-10 
Medical  licensure,  5 
Medical  needs  of  the  West,  16-17 
Medical  practice,  6,  9 
Medical  Practice  Act,  18 
Medical  research,  6,  10,  30 
Medical  schools,  16-17 

Curricula,  3 

Degrees,  4 

Early  American,  3 


80 


Medical  schools  (cont.) 

Endowment,  30 

Increase  in  number,  5 

Laboratories,  30,  40 
Memorial  Institute  for  Infectious 

Diseases,  41 
Mercy  Hospital,  22,  27 
Michel,  Anthony  L.,  v 
Miller,  DeLaskie,  20 
Mitchell,  Weir,  9 
Moore,  Henry,  53 
Moore,  Samuel  M.,  59 
Morgan,  John,  4 

Newberry,  Walter  L.,  48 

Nichol,  L.  Dow,  Jr.,  v 

Norman    Bridge    Laboratory   of 

Pathology,  73 
Northwestern  University  Medical 

School,  19 
Nutting,  Harold  J.,  v 

Objectives  of  medicine,  5-7 
Ogden,  William  B.,  48,  53 
Old  Lake  House,  21 
Oneida  Institute,  13 
Ormsby,  Oliver  S.,  48 

Parkes,  Charles  T.,  21 
Pearsons,  Daniel  R.,  59 
Peck,  Ebenezer,  53 
Philadelphia  Hospital,   17 
Philadelphia  Medical  College,  4 
Poor,  Fred  A.,  v 
Post,  Wilber  E.,  v 
Powell,  E.,  24 
Preceptorships,  4,  5 
Presbyterian  Hospital 
Affiliation  with  Rush  Medical 
College  28-29,  40,  42-46,  64- 

7i 
Agreement  with  University  of 

Illinois,  62-63 
Board  of  Managers,  v,  59 
Building  program,  45 


Presbyterian  Hospital  (cont.) 
Charter,  59 
Clerical  Managers,  v 
David  Jones  Memorial,  29 
Honorary  Managers,  v 
Murdock  Memorial,  29 

Prevention  of  disease,  6 

Quine,  W.  E.,  27 

Rauch,  John  H.,  18 

Rawson,  Frederick  H.,  40 

Rawson  building,  40,  41 

Rea,  R.  L.,  24 

Rhodes,  John  Edwin,  48 

Rockefeller,  John  D.,  32,  33 

Ross,  Joseph  Priestly,  20,  26,  27, 

28,  59,  61 
Rush,  Benjamin,  14 
Rush  Alumni  Association,  46 
Rush  Medical  College 

Acts    to    incorporate,    borrow, 

etc.,  53-58 
Advanced  standing,  30,  39 
Affiliation 

With  Lake  Forest  University, 

32 
With  old  Chicago  University, 

32 
With  Presbyterian  Hospital, 

28-29,  40,  42-46,  64-71 
With  University  of  Chicago, 

31-44 
Alumni,  47-48 
Board  of  Trustees,  v,  48,  53 
Buildings,  15,  25-26,  30,  32,  40, 

4».  45 
Charter,  11,  46 

Chicago  fire  of  1871,  11,  25-26 

Civil  War  period,  24-26 

Course  of  study,  content  and 

length,  17,  19-20,  21,  30 

Degrees,  15 

Division  of  faculty  in  1859,  19- 


81 


Rush  Medical  College    (cont.) 

Early  years,  11-14 

Endowment,  39,  45 

Enrollment,  15,  21,  39 

Faculty,  18,  20 

Financial  affairs,  33-34,  39 

First  century,  47-49 

Founder,  see  Brainard,  Daniel 

Interrelationship  with  Univer- 
sity of  Illinois,  45-47,  66-70 

Laboratories,  30,  40 

Opening,  15-17 

Organic  union  with  University 
of  Chicago,  34-38,  41-42 
Dissolution,  42-43 

Preparatory   School   of   Medi- 
cine, 20 

Requirements 

For  admission  to  candidacy 
for  medical  degrees,  4,  15 
For  entrance,  21,  31,  39 

Spring  Faculty,  20—21 

Teaching  at  Cook  County  Hos- 
pital, 27-28 

Tuition  fees,  15,  21,  30,  39 
Rush  Medical   College  vs.   The 
University  of  Chicago  et.  al., 
extracts  from  court  decrees, 
64-74 
Rush  Post  Graduate  School,  41 

St.  Louis  University,  14 
Senn,  Nicholas,  34,  48 
Senn  Hall,  32 
Shafer,  Frederick  C,  v 
Shambaugh,  George  E.,  48 
Shippen,  William,  4 
Simpson,  John  M.,  v 
Sippy,  Bertram  W.,  48 
Smith,  Solomon  A.,  v 
Smith,  Theophilus  W.,  53 
Snyder,  Franklyn  B.,  v 
Specialization,  7-9 
Specialty  Boards,  7-9 
Specialty  certification,  8 

82 


Speed,  Kellogg,  v 
Spencer,  Thomas,  18 
Stein,  Luther  E.,  v 
Stuart,  R.  Douglas,  v 
Swanson,  Otto,  48 

Taylor,  E.  D.,  53 
Taylor,  E.  Hall,  v 
Temple,  John  T.,  53 
Templeton,  Hugh,  61 
Throop,  A.  G.,  61 

U.  S.  Marine  Hospital,  21 
University  of  Chicago 

Extracts  from  Court  Decree  in 

re  Rush  Medical  College  vs. 

The  University  of  Chicago 

et.  al.,  64-74 

Interrelationships    with    Rush 

Medical  College,  31-44 
Plans  for  medical  school,  32- 

33>  37-40 
University  of  Edinburgh  Medical 

School,  3-4 
University  of  Illinois 
Agreement  with   Presbyterian 

Hospital,  62-63 
University    of    Illinois    Medical 

School 
Interrelationship    with    Rush 

Medical  College,  45-47,  66- 

70 

Walker,  S.  P.,  61 
Waller,  Henry,  59 
Webster,  J.  Clarence,  48 
Webster,  Ralph  W.,  48 
Welling,  John  P.,  v 
Wells,  W.  H.,  59 
West  Side  Medical  Center,  45,  67 
Whitman,  S.  S.,  53 
Wilder,  William  H.,  48 
Wilson,  Edward  F.,  v 
Woolman,  Clarence  S.,  v 
Wright,  Clarence  N.,  v 
Wright,  John,  53 


For  Reference 

Not  to  be  taken  from  this  room 


^Ry0F 


c