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STRATEGY  AND  TACTICS  OF  WORLD  COMMUNISM 

RECRUITING  FOR  ESPIONAGE 


HEARINGS 

BEFORE   THE 

SUBCOMMITTEE  TO  INVESTIGATE  THE 

ADMINISTRATION  OF  THE  INTERNAL  SECURITY 

ACT  AND  OTHER  INTERNAL  SECURITY  LAWS 

OF  THE   OAV'A  .K  ..' 

COMMITTEE  ON  THE  JUDICIARY 

UNITED  STATES  SENATE 

EIGHTY-FOURTH  CONGRESS 

FIRST  SESSION 
PURSUANT  TO 

S.  Res.  58 


JUNE  28  AND  29,  1955 


PART  14 


Printed  for  the  use  of  the  Committee  on  the  Judiciary 


UNITED   STATES 
GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
59886  WASHINGTON  :   1955 


Boston  Public  Library 
Superintendent  of  Documents 

JAN  1 8  1956 


COMMITTEE  ON  THE  JUDICIARY 

HARLEY  M.  KILGORE,  West  Virginia,  Chairman 

JAMES  O.  EASTLAND,  Mississippi  ALEXANDER  WILEY,  Wisconsin 

ESTES  KEFAUVER,  Tennessee  WILLIAM  LANGER,  North  Dakota 

OLIN  D.  JOHNSTON,  Soutli  Carolina  WILLIAM  E.  JENNER,  Indiana 

THOMAS  C.  HENNINGS,  Jr.,  Missouri  ARTHUR  V.  WATKINS,  Utah 

JOHN  L.  McCLELLAN,  Arkansas  EVERETT  McKINLEY  DIRKSEN,  Illinois 

PRICE  DANIEL,  Texas  HERMAN  WELKBR,  Idaho 

JOSEPH  C.  O'MAHONEY,  Wyoming  JOHN  MARSHALL  BUTLER,  Maryland 


Subcommittee  To  Investigate  the  Administration  of  the  Internal  Securitt" 
Act  and  Other  Internal  Security  Laws 

JAMES  O.  EASTLAND,  Mississippi,  Chairman 
OLIN  D.  JOHNSTON,  South  Carolina  WILLIAM  E.  JENNER,  Indiana 

JOHN  L.  McCLELLAN,  Arkansas  ARTHUR  V.  WATKINS,  Utah 

THOMAS  C.  HENNINGS,  Jr.,  Missouri  HERMAN  WELKER,  Idaho 

PRICE  DANIEL,  Texas  JOHN  MARSHALL  BUTLER,  Maryland 

J.  G.  SouRwiNE,  Chief  Counsel 

Richard  Ahens  and  Alva  C.  Carpenter,  Associate  Counsel 

Benjamin  Mandel,  Director  of  Research 

n 


CONTENTS 


P&ga 

Bessie,  Alvah 1370 

Burdett,  Winston  Mansfield 1324 

Dowling,  Lyle 1382 

Kaufman,  Milton 1374 

Stern,  Monroe  William 1363 

Weingarten,  Violet 1378 

Young,  Murraj' 1379 

m 


STRATEGY  AND  TACTICS  OF  WORLD  COMMUNISM 

Recruiting  for  Espionage 


WEDNESDAY,   JUNE   29,    1955 

United  States  Senate, 
Subcommittee  To  Investigate  the  Administration 
OF  the  Internal  Security  Act  and  Other  Internal 

Security  Laws  of  the  Committee  on  the  Judiciary, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

The  subcommittee  met,  pursuant  to  call,  at  10 :  05  a.  m.,  in  room  318, 
Senate  Office  Building,  Senator  James  O.  Eastland  (chairman  of  the 
subcommittee)  presiding. 

Present:  Senators  Eastland,  Johnston,  Daniel,  Jenner,  and 
Hennings. 

Also  present:  J.  G.  Sourwine,  chief  counsel;  Alva  C.  Carpenter, 
associate  counsel;  Benjamin  Mandel,  director  of  research,  and  Robert 
McManus,  investigations  analyst. 

The  Chairman.  The  committee  will  come  to  order. 

On  November  1,  1953,  J.  Edgar  Hoover,  Director  of  the  Federal 
Bureau  of  Investigation,  declared : 

The  ex-Communist  holds  in  his  hands  weapons  which  can  strike  a  mighty  blow 
against  a  terrible  evil.  "When  the  ex-Communist  withdraws,  and  at  the  same 
time  makes  a  full  disclosure  to  the  proper  authorities,  he  does  irreparable  dam- 
age to  the  cause. 

Today  we  shall  have  an  opportunity^  to  hear  an  ex-Communist  dis- 
close a  phase  of  the  Communist  conspiracy  which  has  not  been  told 
before.  The  subcommittee  is  fully  appreciative  of  the  agonizing  inner 
struggle  experienced  by  one  who  has  once  become  entangled  in  the  toils 
of  the  Red  octopus  and  who  finally  decides  to  free  himself  from  its 
grasp.  It  is  fully  aware  of  the  mud  guns  of  vilification  which  will  be 
directed  against  him  by  the  Communists  and  their  allies.  Therefore, 
we  are  deeply  grateful  to  this  witness,  and  welcome  his  courageous 
effort  to  roll  up  the  Iron  Curtain  protecting  the  Communist  conspir- 
acy in  the  highly  important  area  of  his  competence. 

Call  your  witness.  Mr.  Sourwine. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Mr.  Winston  Burdett. 

The  Chairman.  Will  you  hold  up  your  hand,  please,  sir? 

Do  you  solemnly  swear  the  testimony  you  are  about  to  give  the  In- 
ternal Security  Subcommittee  of  the  Committee  on  the  Judiciary  of 
the  United  States  Senate  will  be  the  truth,  the  whole  truth,  and  noth- 
ing but  the  truth,  so  help  you,  God  ? 

Mr.  Burdett.  I  do,  sir. 

The  Chairman.  Sit  down,  sir. 

Proceed. 

1323 


1324  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Mr.  Burdett,  will  you  give  your  full  name,  please, 
for  the  record,  and  your  home  address  and  your  business  or  professional 
connection,  if  any  ? 

TESTIMONY  OF  WINSTON  MANSFIELD  BURDETT,  NEW  YOEK  CITY 

Mr.  Burdett.  Winston  Mansfield  Burdett.  I  live  at  430  East  63d 
Street,  New  York  City,  and  I  am  employed  as  a  staff  news  corre- 
spondent by  the  Columbia  Broadcasting  System,  at  485  Madison 
Avenue  in  New  York  City. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Mr.  Burdett,  were  you  ever  a  member  of  the  Com- 
munist Party,  USA  ? 

Mr.  Burdett.  I  was,  sir. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Mr.  Burdett,  will  you  tell  us  something  of  jour 
background  and  experience  in  the  broadcasting  field,  how  you  got  into 
it,  and  what  you  have  done  in  that  field  ? 

Mr.  Burdett.  In  the  broadcasting  field,  sir,  I  have  worked  for  13 
years  as  a  regular  staff  correspondent  for  the  Columbia  Broadcasting 
System. 

Before  then  I  worked  in  New  York  City  as  a  newspaperman,  em- 
ployed by  the  Brooklyn  Eagle,  for  which  I  worked  for  5  years,  or 
51/^  years,  from  1934  to  early  in  1940. 

I  became  regularly  employed  by  the  Columbia  Broadcasting  System 
in  the  spring  of  1942,  and  have  worked  for  that  company  ever  since 
then. 

A  good  deal  of  that  experience  has  been  abroad,  sir,  in  the  Middle 
East,  in  North  Africa,  and  in  Europe.  For  the  past  4  years  I  have 
worked  here  in  this  country  on  the  New  York  staff  of  CBS. 

The  Chairman.  Now  proceed. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Will  you  tell  the  committee,  please,  when  and  where 
you  joined  the  Communist  Party  ? 

Mr.  Burdett.  I  joined  the  Communist  Party,  sir,  in  August  of  1937 
when  I  was  employed  by  the  Brooklyn  Daily  Eagle  in  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.  The  unit  of  the  Communist  Party  which  I  joined  was  the 
Brooklyn  Daily  Eagle  unit  of  the  partj^. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Who  recruited  you  into  the  Communist  Party,  Mr. 
Burdett? 

Mr.  Burdett.  No  particular  person,  sir.  That  is  to  say,  I  can't 
attribute  my  recruitment  to  any  one  individual.  There  were  various 
persons  in  the  unit  of  the  party  at  the  Brooklyn  Eagle  whom  I  knew, 
whom  I  knew  to  be  Communists,  and  whom  I  knew  well  as  friends 
and  as  colleagues. 

The  person  whom  I  knew  most  intimately  and  most  well  and  who, 
I  think,  probably  had  the  greatest  influence  upon  me  was  a  man  and 
colleague  named  Alvah  Bessie.  He  was  my  close  colleague  at  the 
Eagle.     He  was  a  man  whom  I  knew  and  liked  well  and  warmly. 

When  I  actually  joined  the  Eagle  unit,  he  was  not  a  member  of  it, 
because  he  had  left  the  newspaper,  so  that  I  cannot  say  that  I  ever 
saw  him  at  a  meeting  of  the  Communist  Party.  Nevertheless,  I  knew 
him  to  be  a  Communist. 

There  were  others  in  the  unit  at  the  time.  That  is  to  say,  in  the  unit 
at  the  time  I  joined  it.  I  cannot  say  that  anyone  exerted  great  in- 
fluence on  me  to  join. 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM  1325 

The  Chairman".  Was  Mr.  Bessie  later  known  as  one  of  the  Holly- 
wood Ten  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Excuse  me,  sir  ? 

The  Chairman.  Was  Mr.  Bessie  later  known  as  one  of  the  Holly- 
wood Ten  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  That  is  the  man,  sir.  It  is  he.  Of  the  other  members 
of  the  party  unit  at  the  Eagle  whom  I  knew  and  whose  friendship 
counted  in  my  decision  to  join  the  party,  there  were,  I  should  say, 
several. 

One  was  Nat  Einhorn,  another  was  Victor  Weingarten,  whom  I 
knew^  at  that  time,  who  was  a  colleague  on  the  paper,  Violet  Brown, 
I  knew  well  on  the  paper,  and  it  was  the  friendship  of  these  persons 
and  my  intimacy  with  them  not  only  as  persons  and  as  colleagues,  but 
also  in  our  common  work  in  the  Eagle  unit  of  the  Newspaper  Guild 
which  was  personally  influential  in  bringing  me  to  join  the  Communist 
Party. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Now  you  have  named  several  persons.  Will  you 
identify  them  a  little  further,  please  ? 

\^'lio  is  Nat  Einhorn  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Nat  Einliorn,  sir,  was,  if  I  am  not  mistaken — all  of 
the  persons  I  mentioned  worked  in  the  editorial  department  of  the 
Brooklyn  Eagle,  that  is  to  say,  as  reporters  or  rewrite  men.  Nat 
Einhorn  was  a  reporter,  and  if  I  am  not  mistaken,  he  covered  the 
Brooklyn  courts  and  city  news  in  Brooklyn. 

Nat  Einhorn  was,  I  should  say,  the  leading  spirit  of  the  Communist 
Party  unit  at  the  Brooklyn  Eagle.  I  believe,  without  knowing,  that 
he  was  the  oldest  member  of  that  unit.  He  was  certainly  the  organiz- 
ing spirit  of  the  unit.  He  was  also  extremely  active  in  Newspaper 
Guild  affairs. 

Mr.  SouRwixE.  Do  you  know  where  Mr.  Einhorn  is  now  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Excuse  me,  sir  ? 

Mr.  SoTTRwiNE.  Do  you  know  where  Mr.  Einhorn  is  now  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  do  not,  sir.  I  have  not  seen  him  or  heard  from  him. 
I  have  not  seen  him  since  1940  when  I  left  the  Eagle,  and  I  don't  know 
where  he  is. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Now  you  mentioned  Victor  Weingarten.  "\Mio  is 
he? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Victor  Weingarten  was  an  editorial  employee.  He 
was  a  reporter,  a  general-assignment  reporter,  I  believe,  for  the  Eagle 
at  that  time. 

Mr.  Sour\\t:ne.  Do  you  know  where  he  is  now  ? 

Mr.  Burdett.  I  do  not,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  You  mentioned  a  Violet  Brown.  Can  you  identify 
her  any  further  ? 

Mr.  Burdett.  She  was  exactly  the  same,  sir.  She  was,  as  I  recall, 
a  general-assignment  reporter  working  on  the  city  desk  of  the  Brook- 
lyn Eagle. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  she  marry  Mr.  Weingarten  ? 

Mr.  Burdett.  She  did,  sir. 

Mr.  Sourwtne.  Do  you  know  where  she  is  now  ? 

Mr.  Burdett.  I  do  not,  sir ;  no. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Were  you  active  in  the  Communist  unit  at  the 
Brooklyn  Eagle  ? 

Mr.  Burdett.  I  was. 


1326  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Was  there  a  unit  of  the  Newspaper  Guild  at  tlie 
Brooklyn  Eagle  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  There  was. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Was  this  Communist  unit  a  unit  of  that  Guild  unit, 
or  was  it  just  a  unit  of  employees  of  the  Eagle  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  It  was  a  unit  in  no  way  directly  connected  with  the 
Newspaper  Guild,  but  a  unit  of  the  Communist  Party,  to  w^hich  I 
should  say  all  employees  of  the  Brooklyn  Eagle  would  have  been 
eligible. 

Mr.  SouKWiNE.  How  many  members  belonged  to  this  Communist 
unit  of  which  you  were  a  member  at  the  Brooklyn  Eagle  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  At  the  time  that  I  joined  in  August  of  1937,  there 
were,  I  think,  10.  I  am  not  sure,  I  have  not  made  a  count,  but  about 
10,  including  myself. 

The  unit  acquired  1  or  2  new  members  during  the  years  that  I  was 
there,  and  its  highest  membership,  as  I  recall,  was  a  dozen  or  so. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Now,  of  those  10  you  have  named  4,  Alvah  Bessie, 
Nat  Einhorn,  Victor  Weingarten,  and  Violet  Weingarten,  formerly 
Violet  Brown.    Can  you  name  others  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Yes,  sir ;  I  can. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Will  you  do  so,  please  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Charles  Lewis.  He  was,  if  I  am  not  mistaken,  he  was 
a  rewrite  man  and  a  copyreader  on  the  city  desk  at  the  Brooklyn 
Eagle. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  know  where  Charles  Lewis  is  now  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  do  not. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Go  ahead. 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  There  was  Hy  Charniak,  who  similarly  was,  as  I 
recall,  a  general-assignment  reporter  working  in  the  city  room  of  the 
newspaper. 

Mr.  SouR"\viNE.  Did  the  "Hy"  stand  for  Hyman ;  do  you  know  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  believe  it  does,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Do  you  know  where  Charniak  is  now  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  do  not  know  where  he  is  now. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Go  ahead. 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Herbert  Colin,  I  believe  without  the  "e."  He  was 
again  an  editorial  employee,  and  for  a  good  stretch  of  time  he  was 
the  movie  reviewer  at  the  Brooklyn  Eagle. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Do  you  know  where  Herbert  Colin  is  now  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  No,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  remember  others  ? 

Mr.  BuKDETT.  Yes,  sir,  I  do.  There  was  Melvin  Barnett.  Melvin 
Barnett  again  was  a  general-assignment  reporter. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Do  you  know  where  he  is  now  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  do  not  know  where  he  is  now,  sir.  There  was  David 
Gordon,  who  again  was  a  city  desk  reporter.  Charles  Grutzner,  who 
again  was  a  reporter. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  know  where  Melvin  Barnett  is  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  do  not  know. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  know  anything  about  Mr.  Barnett's  activ- 
ities after  you  left  the  Brooklyn  Eagle  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  have  never  heard  of  him,  and  I  know  nothing  of 
his  activities ;  no,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Do  you  know  the  whereabouts  of  David  Gordon? 


STRATEGY    AXD    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COIMJVIUNISM  1327 

]Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  do  not. 

Mr.  SouRwixE.  Do  you  know  anything  of  his  activities  after  you 
left  the  Eagle  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  do  not. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Do  you  know  the  whereabouts  of  Charles  Grutzner  ? 

Mr.  BrRDETT.  I  believe  that  I  do,  that  is  to  say,  I  believe  that  the 
Charles  Grutzner  whom  I  knew  on  the  Brooklyn  Eagle,  and  who  was 
my  colleague  there,  is  presently  employed  by  the  New  York  Times. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  remember  any  more  names  of  those  who 
were  in  the  Communist  unit  at  the  Brooklyn  Eagle  with  you  ? 

Mr,  BuRDETT.  Yes,  sir ;  I  do. 

Mr.  SouRAViNE.  Name  them. 

]\Ir.  BuRDETT.  There  was  Gladys  Bentley.  She  was  not  an  editorial 
employee  but  was  employed  in  one  of  the  commercial  departments  of 
the  newspaper.    I  believe  that  she  was  in  the  advertising  department. 

Mr.  SouRwiXE.  Do  you  know  where  she  is  now  i 

^Ir.  BuRDETT.  I  do  not. 

Mr.  SouRwiXE.  Any  others  ? 

]Mr.  BrRDEiT.  Larry  Adler  ^  was,  as  I  recall,  the  youngest  member — 
he  was  very  young  indeed ;  he  was  in  his  late  teens  or  early  twenties — 
of  the  party  unit  at  the  Brooklyn  Eagle.  He  was  emplo3'ed  in  one  of 
the  commercial  departments.    I  am  not  certain  of  his  exact  job. 

Mr.  SouRWix'^E.  Do  you  know  where  he  is  now  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  do  not. 

Mr.  SouRwiXE.  Any  others? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  am  trying  to  think,  sir,  whether  I  have  recollected 
every  one.  I  think  that  I  have  recollected — oh,  no,  I  have  not.  Lyle 
Dowling.  Lyle  Dowling  came  to  the  newspaper  as  an  executive  in  a 
very  high  executive  position. 

In  September  of  1937  the  Newspaper  Guild  went  out  on  strike  at 
the  Brooklyn  Eagle,  and  there  was  a  3  months'  strike.  Lyle  Dowling 
went  out  on  strike  with  us,  with  the  Newspaper  Guild,  although  I  am 
quite  certain  that  he  is  not  a  member,  that  he  went  out  in  sympathy 
with  the  Guild,  and  it  was  during  that  period  that  Lyle  Dowling  joined 
the  Eagle  unit  of  the  Communist  Party  and  remained  so  as  long  as 
I  remained  at  the  Eagle. 

Mr.  SouRwixE.  Do  you  remember  any  other  names  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  think  that  I  have  recollected  every  one,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRwixE.  Did  vou  know  Murrav  Young? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Murray  Young  ? 

Mr.  SouRwixE.  Yes. 

Mr.  BrRDETT.  Yes,  I  did,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Who  was  Murray  Young  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  will  have  to  explain  the  circumstances,  sir. 

Mr.  SoFRwixE.  By  all  means. 

Mr.  BiRDETT.  As  I  told  you,  I  joined  the  jjarty  unit  in  August  of 
1937,  and  early  the  following  year,  or  in  the  spring  of  the  following 
year,  Nut  Einhorn,  whose  name  I  have  mentioned,  suggested  that  I  and 
another  member  of  tlie  party  unit  at  the  Eagle  attend  what  was 
called  a  section  school :  the  section,  as  I  understand  it,  being  the  next 
larger  organizational,  geographical  organizational  unit  of  the  party, 

^  In  executive  testimony  Mr.  Burdett  referred  to  a  Leonard  (not  Larry)  Adler  as  a  fellow 
member  of  the  Communist  cell  on  the  Brooklyn  Eagle. 

59886 — 55— pt.  14 2 


1328  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM 

and  this  sectional  school  was  a  school  conducted  for  purposes  of  train- 
ing party  members  in  Communist  Party  theory,  in  short,  for  purposes 
of  general  indoctrination. 

I  attended  that  school,  as  I  recall,  for  2  or  3  months.  There  were 
2  classes  which  I  attended,  2  courses,  that  is  to  say,  as  I  recall,  and 
this  meant  going  to  this  school  twice,  on  2  evenings  each  week  for 
a  period  of  2  or  3  months,  as  I  remember. 

Murray  Young,  sir,  was  a  teacher  at  that  school  and  conducted  one 
of  the  courses  I  mentioned. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Who  attended  that  school  with  you  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  The  member  of  the  Eagle  unit  who  attended  that 
school  with  me  was  Violet  Brown. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Who  later  became  Violet  Weingarten? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  That  is  so,  yes. 

The  Chairman.  Wait  just  a  minute.  I  want  to  ask  you  a  question 
right  there.    Did  you  ever  engage  in  espionage  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  did,  sir. 

The  Chairman.  When  was  that  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  This  was  after  I  went  abroad  in  February  of  1940, 
and  it  was  while  I  was  abroad,  off  and  on,  sir,  from  the  time  that  I 
initially  went  abroad  in  that  month  until  the  time  that  I  broke  with 
the  movement. 

The  Chairman.  Now,  you  went  abroad  in  1940  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  That  is  correct,  sir. 

The  Chairman.  When  did  you  break  with  the  movement  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  In  March  of  1942.  That  was  2  years,  roughly  2  years 
thereafter. 

The  Chairman.  Were  you  contacted  by  the  Communist  under- 
ground abroad  ? 

Mr.  Btjrdett.  Was  I  contacted  by  them  ? 

The  Chairman.  The  Communist  underground  abroad. 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Yes,  sir. 

The  Chairman.  Now,  what  information  did  you  give  them,  and 
how  did  you  secure  it  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Sir,  would  you  wish  that  I  begin  with  the  circum- 
stances of  my  going  abroad  ? 

The  Chairman.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Very  well. 

In  January  of  1940,  when  I  was  still  working  at  the  Brooklyn 
Eagle,  I  was  contacted  by  a  member  of  the  party  miit  with  respect  to 
this  trip  which  then  developed.  It  was  in  the  latter  half  of  January 
1940  that  I  received  a  telephone  call  from  Nat  Einhorn,  the  Eagle 
party  unit  member  whom  I  have  mentioned,  and  Einhorn  asked  me 
to  get  in  touch  with  a  man  named  Joe  North. 

Joe  North,  the  name,  was  well  known  to  me.  Joe  North,  the  name, 
was  well  known  to  all  Communist  Party  members  as  a  correspondent 
for  the  Communist  Daily  Worker. 

Einhorn  indicated  to  me  in  his  phone  call  that  this  was  a  matter 
of  some  importance,  and  I  was  to  visit  Joe  North  at  his  apartment, 
as  I  remember,  on  the  following  Sunday  of  that  week,  in  order  to 
find  out  what  the  matter  was. 

Einhorn  gave  me  his  address  and  I  went  to  his  apartment,  which  I 
remember  was  in  the  Greenwich  Village  section  of  New  York  City 
somewhere  west  of  Seventh  Avenue. 


STRATEGY    AXD    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM  1329 

I  saw  Joe  Xortli  as  Einhorn  had  instructed  me,  and  North  told  me 
that  "we,"  as  he  said — and  by  "we"  I  understood  that  he  was  speak- 
ing of  the  Communist  Party,  there  was  no  question  in  my  mind — 

We  want  you  to  go  to  Finland.  We  have  an  assignment  for  you  there,  In 
which  you  can  be  useful  to  the  party. 

And  he  told  me  that  he  would  put  me  in  touch  with  the  man  who 
would  give  me  the  specific  instructions  concerning  this  trip. 

Should  I  relate  now  these  entire  circumstances,  sir  ? 

The  Chairman.  Yes. 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Joe  Xorth  told  me  that  he  and  this  third  man,  as  I 
shall  now  call  him,  would  rendezvous  on  a  street  corner  in  New  York 
City  2  or  3  nights  following  my  meeting  with  Joe  North  on  that  par- 
ticular Sunday  in  his  apartment. 

I  was  to  rendezvous  with  Joe  North  and  meet  this  third  man  on  a 
street  corner,  which  was  just  south  of  Union  Square  in  New  York 
City — I  have  forgotten  whether  it  was  on  Broadway  or  on  Fourth 
Avenue,  but  it  was  a  specified  13th  Street  corner. 

This  was  done,  and  I  met  Joe  North  on  the  street,  and  this  third 
man  was  nearby  and  we  rendezvoused  together,  and  we  all  proceeded 
to  a  restaurant  or  cafeteria-style  restaurant  on  the  south  side  of  14th 
Street. 

I  believe  it  was  on  Union  Square  itself,  although  I  can't  recall 
exactly. 

This  man,  this  third  man,  told  me  shnply  this :  that  they,  or  "we" 
have  a  mission  for  you  in  Finland : 

We  want  you  to  go  abroad.  We  want  you  abroad  as  a  correspondent  for  the 
Brooklyn  Eagle. 

It  was  known  to  him  that  the  Brooklyn  Eagle  had  no  foreign  cor- 
respondents, did  not  maintain  a  foreign  staff,  and  therefore  I  was  to 
propose  that  I  go  abroad  as  a  roving  reporter  for  the  Brooklyn  Eagle, 
but  paying  my  own  expenses  since,  in  fact,  I  did  have  my  own  means. 

The  CiiAiRMAX.  Who  was  that  man  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  This  man,  sir  ? 

The  Chairman.  The  third  one. 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  He  was  never  identified  to  me  by  name  at  the  time 
by  Joe  North.  I  had  never  seen  him  before,  and  I  did  not  know  who 
he  was  ever  until  I  went  to  the  FBI,  and  from  photos  shown  to  me  by 
the  FBI,  I  was  able  to  identify  him  to  my  own  complete  satisfaction, 
and  his  name  was  Jacob  Golos. 

jNIr.  SouRwiXE.  Mr.  Burdett,  I  send  you  a  photostat  of  a  passport 
application  containing  a  picture  of  a  man,  and  I  will  ask  you  if  that 
is  the  man  that  you  are  now  talking  about. 

Mr.  Burdett.  That  is  the  man,  sir,  and  there  is  no  question  in  my 
mind  that  it  is  he. 

Mr.  SouRwixE.  Mr.  Chairman,  this  is  a  passport  application  made 
by  Jacob  Golos  under  one  of  his  aliases,  Jacob  Eaisin.  I  ask  that 
this  may  be  put  in  the  record  at  this  point  as  an  exhibit. 

The  Chairman.  It  will  be  admitted. 

(The  passport  application  was  marked  as  an  exhibit  and  is  found 
in  the  files  of  the  committee.  A  reproduction  of  the  photograph  on 
that  document  appears  below:) 


1330 


STRATEGY    AXD    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM 


MVM««WM4C<>VMUrt(4hVLvMn:i{.  w.\VWW>»!AS?.VLv.i.  ^,vi«  y^m^.-^fi-^iVAyir^cMWff.fi^^SafSV't^^V^^  «WtrfKX^A  SS^"  ^  -S^^-VWiKM!? 


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The  Chairman.  Now,  proceed. 

]Mr.  SouRWixE.  This  is  the  same  Jacob  Golos,  Mr.  Chairman,  whom 
E]izai)eth  Bentley  testitied  was  her  contact  in  Soviet  espiona<re. 

Mr.  BuKDETT.  This  man  Avhom  I  will  refer  to  now  as  Golos,  although 
I  didn't  know  him  by  that  identity  at  the  time,  instructed  me,  as  I 
have  said,  to  persuade  the  Brooklyn  Eagle  to  send  me  abroad  as  a 
roving  correspondent  on  my  own,  financially. 

Secondly,  he  instructed  me  at  this  first  meeting  to  bring  to  him,  in 
order  to  surrender  it  to  him  at  my  next  meeting  with  him,  my  Commu- 
nist Party  card. 

He  asked  me  to  write  out  a  short  autobiography  of  myself — this  I 
presume  for  purposes  of  identification — and  this  short  autobiography 
of  myself  I  did  write  out  in  my  own  hand,  a  short  1  or  2  pages  of 
paper  or  so,  putting  down  the  vital  statistics,  and  he  asked  me  also 
at  our  next  meeting  to  bring  to  him  4  or  5  passport-size  photos  of  my- 
self for  his  use. 

The  Chairman.  Proceed. 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM  1331 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  He  told  me  nothino;  of  the  actual  purpose  or  the  spe- 
cific nature  of  my  mission  to  Finland,  but  he  indicated  that  it  was  Fin- 
land and  it  was  to  Finland  that  he  wanted  me  to  go.  I  made  this  pro- 
posal to  the  Brooklyn  Eagle  and  to  the  managing  editor  of  the  Brook- 
lyn Eagle  at  that  time,  and  he  quite  readily  accepted  it. 

Mr.  SouRwixE.  ^Yhen  you  say  you  made  this  proposal,  your  pro- 
posal to  him  was  only  that  you  go  as  a  foreign  correspondent  in  behalf 
of  the  Eagle,  but  paying  your  own  expenses,  is  that  right  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  That  is  exactly  it,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRwixE.  You  said  nothing  to  him  about  doing  any  work  for 
the  Communist  Party  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  want  to  stress  that  tlie  Eagle  and  the  managing  edi- 
tor had  no  knowledge  whatever  of  the  Communist  Party  aspects  of 
the  trip.  He  agreed  readily,  however,  that  this  be  done  because  it  was 
obviousl}'  to  the  Eagle's  interest  that  it  have  a  correspondent  associated 
with  the  writing  as  its  representative  from  abroad. 

Mr.  SouRwixE.  You  had  then  been  with  the  Eagle  how  long  ? 

]\lr.  BuRDETT.  Four  and  a  half  3'ears. 

Mr.  SouRwiXE.  And  you  had  been  a  reporter  all  that  time  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  had  not  been,  no.  For  only  a  very  short  spell  had 
I  actually  been  a  general-assignment  reporter.  Most  of  my  jobs  and 
tasks  were  editorial,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Go  ahead. 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  That  is  all  that  took  place  at  my  first  meeting  with 
Golos  and  North,  and  I  should  say  that,  at  all  the  meetings  with  Golos, 
Xorth  was  present,  and  the  meetings  took  place  in  the  same  way  that 
I  have  described,  that  is  to  say,  there  was  a  rendezvous  in  the  early 
evening  on  the  street  between  the  three  of  us,  I  usually,  as  I  recall, 
meeting  North  first,  and  then  Golos  appeared  from  around  the  corner, 
and  all  of  us  on  each  occasion  proceeding  to  this  cafeteria  and  sitting 
down  there  for  half  an  hour  or  so,  and  that  is  where  our  business  was 
transacted. 

The  Chairmax.  Go  ahead. 

What  information  were  you  to  get  in  Finland  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  The  next  meeting  with  Golos  was  a  very  few  evenings 
thereafter. 

At  this  time  I  gave  to  Golos  the  photos  of  myself,  the  short  auto- 
biography, the  party  card,  and  I  told  him,  I  must  have  told  him,  that 
I  had  made  the  proposal  to  the  Eagle,  the  proposal  which  he  had 
requested. 

I  had  applied  for  a  passport  naturally,  and  the  Eagle  naturally  had 
written  to  the  Passport  Division  of  the'  State  Department  explaining 
the  nature  of  the  assignment  for  the  Eagle,  as  an  Eagle  assignment. 

The  passport  did  not  come  immediately,  and  the  Passport  Division 
raised  objections  to  the  granting  of  the  passport  because  it  did  not.  as 
I  recall,  it  did  not  aj^iiear  to  them,  to  the  Passport  Division,  that  I  was 
a  bona  fide  correspondent,  that  is  to  say,  I  was  not  going  abroad  as  a 
staff  corresjjondent  of  the  Brooklyn  Eagle  in  the  regular  sense  of  the 
word,  with  a  Brooklyn  Eagle  salary  and  at  their  expense. 

The  Eagle  replied  to  the  State  Department  at  that  time,  saying  that 
they  indeed  considered  me  their  bona  fide  correspondent,  although  I 
was  going  abroad  on  the  financial  conditions  that  I  have  described; 
and  after  these  representations,  after  this  second  representation  l)y  the 
Eagle,  the  passport  was  granted. 


1332  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMJVIUNISM 

It  was  only  after  my  ])assport  was  granted,  and  therefore  it  was,  as 
I  remember,  at  my  third  meeting  with  (xolos — all  of  these  meetings 
taking  place  within  a  very  few  days  of  each  other — that  Golos  actually 
told  me  what  physical  arrangements  to  make  for  this  trip. 

He  instructed  me  on  what  ship  to  go.  It  was  to  be  the  steamship 
Bergens-fiord  of  the  Norwegian  Line.  The  sailing  was  on  or  about 
February  7, 1940. 

He  gave  me  money  to  buy  the  ticket,  which  was,  as  I  recall,  a  second- 
class  ship's  passage  from  New  York  to  Bergen,  Norway. 

The  money  which  he  gave  me — I  cannot  recall  the  exact  sum — but  as 
I  recall  it  was  enough  for  the  ship's  passage  and  also  it  was  enough 
to  get  me  to  Stockholm,  which  was  my  first  place  of  rendezvous  over- 
seas; my  first  place  of  rendezvous,  that  is  to  say,  with  Communist 
contacts.    It  was  enough  for  that.    It  was  not  much  above  such  a  sum. 

Well  then,  I  went  and  purchased  my  ship's  ticket,  and  had  the  last 
meeting  with  Golos.  He  kept  to  the  very  end  the  final  disclosure,  the 
final  arrangements,  kept  to  the  very  last  meeting,  and  this  last  meet- 
ing— all  took  place  in  the  same  restaurant — occurred,  as  I  recall,  two 
evenings  before  my  actual  sailing. 

And  his  instructions  to  me,  his  final  instructions  at  that  last  meeting 
were  these,  were  two.  He  said  that  first,  when  I  arrived  in  Stockholm, 
which  was  the  place  to  which  I  was  to  go,  I  was  to  send  a  cabled  mes- 
sage to  a  person  whose  name  and  address  he  gave  me.  This  cabled 
message  was  simply  to  be  a  message  of  greetings.  It  was  to  say,  "Have 
arrived  safely  Stockholm.    Love  Winston." 

I  am  not  sure  those  are  the  exact  words,  but  that  was  the  tenor  of 
the  message  as  it  was  to  be. 

The  address — the  name  to  which  I  ultimately  sent  that  cable,  the 
name  which  Golos  gave  me,  I  cannot  recall.  I  do  recall  that  it  was 
the  name  of  a  w^oman,  and  I  do  recall  that  it  was  a  simple  name,  a 
familiar  name  in  the  sense  that  both  the  first  name  and  the  family  name 
were  names  of  Anglo-Saxon  origin,  and  very  plain  names,  such  as 
Helen  Johnson,  or  Betsy  Thompson,  something  of  that  kind.  It  was 
that  kind  of  a  name. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Could  that  name  have  been  Elizabeth  Bentley  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  do  not  recall  that  it  was  Elizabeth  Bentley,  sir,  and 
I  do  not  believe  that  it  was  Elizabeth  Bentley,  and  I  can  tell  you  why 
I  don't  think  it  was  actually  that  name,  although  it  might  have  been 
that  person. 

The  reason  that  I  don't  think  it  was  that  name  is  simply  that  there 
w\as  a  woman  named  Bentley  in  the  Communist  Party  unit  at  the 
Brooklyn  Eagle  whom  I  knew  well,  and  it  seems  to  me,  looking  back  on 
it,  that  if  the  name  Bentley  had  occurred,  if  that  was  the  name  passed 
to  me  by  Golos,  that  the  coincidence  would  have  been  something  that 
stuck  in  my  mind. 

The  address  of  this  woman  I  recognized  immediately  to  be  an 
address  in  the  Greenwich  Village  section  of  New  York  City.  I  don't 
recall  the  address  today. 

Secondly,  Golos  instructed  me  to  rendevous  on  the  following  night 
with  a  person,  a  man  who  would  give  me  my  final  instructions  with 
respect  to  this  trip,  and  that  was  all,  and  this  I  did. 

Tlie  instructions  were  to  meet  a  gentleman  who  would  be  unknown 
to  me,  but  presumably  he  would  recognize  me  from  a  photo,  on  a  north- 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM  1333 

west  street  corner  on  upper  Broadway.  I  don't  remember  the  exact 
street  corner,  but  I  remember  the  district.  It  is  the  district  below 
Cohimbia  University  in  New  York  City,  on  Broadway. 

I  went  there  the  following  night.  This,  then,  would  be  the  night, 
as  I  recall,  the  very  night  before  my  projected  sailing.  I  went  there 
the  following  night  to  the  indicated  street  corner. 

It  was  a  little  later  in  the  evening,  as  I  remember,  than  my  usual 
meetings  with  Golos.  It  was  not  late  at  night.  I  should  say  it  was 
about  9 :30  or  10  in  the  evening. 

I  went  to  the  street  corner,  and  this  man  came  up  to  me  immediately 
and  said,  "Mr.  Burdett."  And  I  said,  "Yes,"  and  then  we  went  to- 
gether into  what  I  think  was  a  Child's  restaurant  on  the  west  side  of 
Broadway  there  in  that  neighborhood.  In  any  case,  it  was  a  restaurant 
of  that  character  and  type. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Can  you  identify  that  man  ? 

Mr.  Burdett.  Excuse  me  ? 

Mr.  Sour  WINE.  Can  you  identify  that  man  ? 

Mr.  Burdett.  I  cannot  identify  that  man.  That  is  to  say,  I  have 
never  been  able  to.  I  did  not,  of  course,  know  then  who  he  was.  He 
was  a  man  unknown  to  me.  I  had  never  seen  him  before.  I  have 
never  seen  him  since.  And  from  photographs  that  have  been  shown  to 
me  by  the  FBI,  I  have  never,  sir,  been  able  to  identify  him. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Go  ahead. 

Mr.  Burdett.  We  went  then  into  the  restaurant,  and  we  were  there, 
I  should  say,  for  about  half  an  hour  or  so.  There  were  very  few  other 
people  in  the  restaurant.     It  was  just  past  the  dinner  hour,  as  I  recall. 

And  so  it  was  a  quiet  conversation,  lasting  for,  as  I  say,  some  30 
minutes.  What  I  recollect  of  that  conversation  was  this.  I  will  tell 
3'^ou  the  details,  the  important  ones  and  the  unimportant. 

He  told  me  that  on  arriving  in  Stockholm,  I  should  go  to  such  and 
such  a  hotel  to  stay,  and  that  hotel  was  the  Hotel  Patricia,  which  is  a 
hotel  in  downtown  Stockholm,  and  I  would  go  there  and,  after  having 
sent  the  message  to  the  woman  in  New  York,  I  would  in  1  or  2  or  3 
da5^s  be  contacted  by  a  man  who  would  come  to  my  room  in  the  hotel, 
and  this  man  would  identify  himself  as  Mr.  Miller,  and  Mr.  Miller 
would  further  identify  himself  by  saying,  "How's  our  good  friend  Mr. 
Einhorn?"  And  I  was  to  reply  some  such  natural  thing  as,  "He  is 
very  well.     I  saw  him  just  recently." 

And  Mr.  Miller  would  give  me  whatever  further  instructions  were 
necessary. 

This  man,  like  Golos,  gave  me  no  further  indication  of  what  the  pur- 
pose of  the  assignment  was  to  be  in  Finland,  or  what  type  of  informa- 
tion I  was  to  seek  there.    I  remember  only  that  he  told  me  that — 

You, 

and  he  said  with  a  certain  sourness : 

Yon  will  not  be  asked  to  risk  your  life.  You  will  not  be  asked  to  risk  any- 
thing.   Plenty  of  other  people  are. 

And  that  stuck  in  my  mind,  that  little  remark  of  his,  as  rather  indica- 
tive of  his  temperament  and  of  his  attitude  and  of  the  cynicism  of  his 
approach.  That  is  all  I  recall  of  that  meeting,  and  those  were  cer- 
tainly his  entire  instructions. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  follow  those  instructions  ? 


1334  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM 

I^fr.  BuRDETT.  I  followed  those  instnictions.  I  sailed  the  following 
day  on  the  Berc] em-fiord,  and  I  went  to  Bergen  and  went  by  train  from 
there  to  Stockholm.    I  went  to  the  Patricia  Hotel. 

I  sent  the  message,  as  indicated,  to  the  woman  in  New  York,  and  2 
or  3  days  after  I  had  sent  that  message,  a  man  came  to  my  hotel  room 
and  identified  himself  as  Mr.  Miller.  He  did  not  ask  me  how  is  Mr. 
Einhorn,  our  good  friend,  Mr.  Einhorn,  and  I  noticed  that  was  a  first 
lapse. 

Despite  the  punctiliousness  in  these  arrangements,  one  link  in  the 
chain  was  left  out. 

I  had  several  meetings  with  Mr.  Miller,  that  is  to  say,  as  I  remember, 
I  had  4,  during  this  period  that  I  speak  of,  these  4  meetings  taking 
place  in  the  second  half  of  February  1940  in  Stockholm. 

Each  of  these  meetings,  except  the  first  one,  which  took  place  in 
my  hotel  room,  took  place  on  the  street,  and  Miller  and  I  roamed  the 
streets  of  Stockholm,  for  the  most  part  in  silence. 

I  remember  once  we  sat  down  at  a  little  cafe  and  had  some  cofi^'ee 
together,  and  under  those  convivial  circumstances  I  tried  to  start  a 
conversation  with  him,  thinking  that  that  would  be  the  natural  thing 
to  do,  and  he  immediately  asked  me  to  desist  from  any  conversation 
whatever  so  as  not  to  attract  attention. 

But  I  realized  in  these  walks  with  Miller,  these  tactiturn  walks  with 
Miller,  that  he  was  unsure  as  to  who  I  was,  that  he  wanted  to  make 
absolutely  certain  that  I  was  indeed  the  man  that  I  purported  to  be, 
and  that  I  was  the  man  that  he  was  supposed  to  contact,  because  from 
time  to  time  in  these  walks  he  would  ask  me  some  pointed  question, 
such  as  "Mr.  Burdett,  are  you  a  member  of  the  Communist  Party  i 
When  did  you  join  ?"  A  fact  which  he  presumably  knew  from  the  auto- 
biographical sketch  which  I  had  provided  of  myself. 
"Do  you  have  any  brothers  and  sisters  ?"  and  so  on. 
And  then  he  became  convinced  that  I  was  indeed  the  right  man. 
And  so  it  was  at  the  fourth  meeting  that  he  told  me  what  my  job  was 
to  be  upon  proceeding  to  Finland. 

He  told  me — I  do  not  recall  his  exact  words,  but  the  gist  of  it  was — 
that  he  wished  me  to  make  note  of  all  my  observations  having  to  do 
with  the  state  of  morale  of  the  Finnish  people. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  The  Finnish-Russian  War  was  then  underway,  is 
that  right? 

Mr.  Burdett.  The  Finnish  war  had  started  in  the  second  week  of 
December,  as  I  remember,  and  it  had  now  therefore  gone  on  for  two 
and  a  half  months  nearly. 

How  had  the  Finnish  people  taken  the  Russian  attack?  How  had 
they  stood  up  under  the  Russian  bombings?  In  short,  what  could  I 
tell  him  of  the  whole  psychological  aspect  of  the  war  efiort  in  Finland  I 
He  did  not  put  it  as  precisely  as  I  am  putting  it  to  you  now,  but  I 
gathered  that  what  concerned  him  and  them  was  1o  know  the  degree 
of  resistance,  the  will  to  resist — rather,  the  degree  of  the  will  to  resist — 
vrhich  the  Finnish  people  still  had  at  that  juncture  of  the  war. 

He  told  me — this  is  a  streetside  meeting  again ;  this  is  all  done  walk- 
ing about  the  streets  of  Stockholm,  sometimes  in  the  day,  sometimes, 
more  often,  as  I  remember,  in  the  evening — he  told  me  then  that  I  was 
to  proceed  to  Finland  and  I  Avas  to  come  back  to  Stockholm  on  such- 
and-such  a  day  to  the  same  hotel,  the  Patricia  Hotel,  and  he  would  get 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM  1335 

ill  touch  with  me  on  such-and-such  a  day,  which,  as  I  remember,  was 
early  in  the  second  half  of  March,  that  is  to  say,  I  would  say  roughly 
March  18,  March  20,  something  like  that.     It  was  a  specific  day. 

And  he  gave  me  money  to  cover  the  expenses  of  this  trip.  I  can't 
tell  you  how  much  money  this  was.  I  remember  it  was  adequate  to  go 
to  Finland  and  return,  and  to  cover  such  living  expenses  as  I  might 
have  while  I  was  there.     I  think  it  was  in  the  neighborhood  of  $200. 

I  went  to  Finland.  I  spent  there  2  or  3  weeks,  as  I  remember.  I 
visited  various  sections  of  the  front  in  newspapermen  parties,  groups 
of  2  or  3,  with  a  Finnish  Army  officer  in  charge. 

And  it  was  during  one  of  these  trips  to  the  front,  it  was  March  13, 
during  one  of  these  trips  to  the  front,  that  all  newspapermen  were 
suddenly  ordered  back  for  unexplained  reasons  to  Helsinki,  the  capital 
of  Finland,  and  we  were  rushed  back  to  Helsinki,  not  knowing  exactly 
why,  but  discovering  on  our  way  back  that  the  reason  was  that  the  war 
was  over. 

The  Finnish  war  ended  suddenly,  and  the  Finns  had  to  make  various 
serious  capitulations  as  part  of  the  peace  terms.  This,  as  I  say,  was 
March  13,  and  as  I  remember,  I  lingered  a  few  days  longer  in  Helsinki 
and  then  went  back  to  Stockholm  for  this  rendezvous  with  Miller. 

That  rendezvous  took  place,  and  I  had  two  meetings  with  Miller 
on  this  occasion  in  Stockholm  in  the  latter  part  of  March. 

I  don't  remember  what  happened  at  the  first  meeting  particularly. 
As  I  remember,  the  only  business  that  was  transacted  was  to  make  an 
appointment  for  a  further  meeting  in  the  next  2  or  3  days. 

And  this  further  meeting  was  held,  and  it  was  in  the  evening,  and 
we  met  on  the  street  and  we  walked  about  the  streets  of  Stockholm 
again,  and  he  took  me  to  a  Swedish  movie.     I  remember  that. 

We  went  to  a  Swedish  movie,  and  after  the  Swedish  movie  he  asked 
me,  casually  really,  as  if  to  make  conversation,  "Well,  how  did  the 
Finns  take  the  end  of  the  war?"    And  I  told  him. 

This  was  the  only  question  he  asked  me,  and  my  answer  to  that  was 
that  the  country  at  large,  Finland  at  large,  had  been  shocked  and 
stunned  by  this  abrupt  end  to  a  war  which,  as  far  as  they  knew,  they 
had  been  fighting  very  well,  very  effectively  and  very  valiantly;  and 
because  of  the  various  concessions  that  had  to  be  made  to  the  Russians, 
this  was  a  great  shock  to  the  Finns. 

In  other  words,  they  had  indeed  been  prepared  to  go  on  and  fight  a 
longer  war  even  in  the  summertime  when  the  snows  might  melt  and 
when  fighting  the  war  might  have  been  much  more  difficult  against  the 
overwhelming  odds  of  the  Russian  army. 

So  I  told  him,  "Well,  they  were  shocked.  They  weren't  prepared 
for  the  end  of  the  war ;  I  mean  the  people,  not  the  Government.  The 
people  were  not  prepared  for  the  end  of  the  war,  and  the  common  foot 
soldier  was  not  prepared  for  the  end  of  the  war,  and  psychologically 
he  was  quite  prepared  to  go  on  fighting." 

Well,  I  told  that  to  Miller  in  much  fewer  words  than  I  have  told  it 
to  you,  and  he  said,  "Well,  Mr.  Burdett,"  he  said,  "thank  you  very 
much.  That's  everything."  And  he  said,  "Here  is  your  money  to  go 
back  to  the  United  States,"  and  he  gave  me  a  sum  of  money  which  I 
imagine  must  have  been  in  the  neighborhood  of  $400.  In  any  case, 
it  was  money  sufficient  for  the  entire  return  trip  to  New  York  City. 

59886— 55— pt.  14 3 


1336  STRATEGY   AND    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM 

Mr.  SoTjRWiNE.  When  you  received  money  in  this  way  from  these 
representatives  of  the  Communist  Party,  did  you  get  it  in  United 
States  currency  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  On  each  occasion  it  was  in  United  States  currency,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Go  ahead. 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  A  wad  of  bills. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Did  you  then  go  back  to  the  United  States  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  No,  sir ;  I  did  not.  I  was  surprised  when  Miller  dis- 
missed me  thus  summarily  as  he  did  on  that  occasion. 

I  was  surprised  that  it  was  all  over,  that  this  was  all  there  was  to  it, 
but  then  I  realized  that  their  interest  in  this  business  had  been  Finland, 
and  the  Finnish  war  was  over,  and  whatever  I  had  been  able  to  tell 
them  was,  for  the  purpose  of  that  trip,  too  late.  So  it  was  over  and  he 
was  doing  his  part  of  the  business,  his  part  of  what  he  understood  to 
be  the  bargain,  by  giving  me  the  money  to  return  to  this  country. 

Well,  sir,  I  did  not  return,  and  for  this  reason :  Before  these  events 
took  place,  before  this  trip  abroad  had  been  proposed  to  me  by  Einhorn 
and  North  and  Golos,  I  had  thought  myself  of  going  abroad  on  the 
very  basis  on  which  I  did  for  the  Brooklyn  Eagle,  that  is  to  say,  I  did 
have  my  independent  means. 

I  was  in  a  financial  position  to  go  abroad  and  to  seek  my  fortunes  as 
a  foreign  correspondent  beginning  with  this  single  connection,  roving 
reporter  for  the  Brooklyn  Eagle. 

In  going  abroad  one  needs  at  least  a  connection.  One  has  to  be  rec- 
ognized as  a  newspaperman  working  for  a  definite,  a  recognized,  news- 
paper organization,  and  from  then  on,  one  has  the  chance  of  seeking  a 
Letter  berth  and  of  finding  better  employment  once  he  is  in  the  field 
where  events  are  happening. 

This,  as  I  say,  had  been  an  idea  of  mine  before  all  the  events  that  I 
have  described  to  you  ever  took  place.  The  trip  which  I  did  make 
abroad  in  this  instance,  as  I  have  told  you,  was  made  not  on  my  ini- 
tiative but  on  the  initiative  of  the  Communist  Party. 

Well,  then,  when  Miller  dismissed  me  in  the  second  half  of  March 
1940,  I  thought  over  the  situation  in  which  I  found  myself  and  I 
found  it  to  be  the  very  situation  which  I  had  thought  and  dreamt  of, 
namely,  here  I  was  abroad  in  a  very  good  spot,  ina  very  good  berth 
abroad,  on  the  scene  of  events,  and  with  what  I  thought  would  be  a 
very  fine  likelihood  of  getting  a  good  berth  with  some  newspaper  or 
some  news  organization  which  would  employ  me  on  a  regular  and 
salaried  basis  which  the  Brooklyn  Eagle  was  not  doing,  or  which 
might  employ  me  even  on  what  we  call  a  stringer  basis,  that  is  to  say, 
according  to  assignment. 

It  was  with  all  this  in  mind  that  I  decided,  therefore,  to  do  exactly 
that,  to  remain  abroad,  to  seek  my  fortunes  as  a  correspondent  and 
to  try  to  get  what  jobs  I  could. 

Mr.  SoTjRwiNE.  Up  to  this  time  had  the  Brooklyn  Eagle  paid  you 
anything  at  all  ? 

Mr.  Btjrdett.  I  am  sorry,  sir,  I  missed  the  question. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Up  to  this  time  had  the  Brooklyn  Eagle  paid  you 
anything  at  all  ? 

Mr.  Btjrdett.  They  had  paid  me  nothing  at  all  that  I  know  of,  sir. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Had  you  filed  any  stories  to  the  Brooklyn  Eagle  ? 

Mr.  Burdett.  Yes,  I  had. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Had  they  used  the  stories  ? 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM  1337 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  To  my  knowledge,  they  used  some  of  them,  yes. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  they  ever  pay  you  for  them  ? 

Mr.  BuEDETT.  That  I  do  not  know,  sir,  because  the  arrangement 
which  I  made  with  the  Eagle  was  that  the  payment,  what  payment 
there  was  before  these  stories,  was  to  be  purely  a  token  and  nominal 
payment.  It  was  more  or  less  a  dollar-a-year  basis,  as  far  as  these 
stories  went. 

Therefore,  whether  the}^  made  payment  to  my  account  in  New  York 
I  do  not  know,  but  if  they  did,  it  would  not  have  amounted  to  more 
than  $5. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Then  when  you  had  made  your  original  arrange- 
ment with  the  Brooklyn  Eagle,  you  didn't  go  as  sort  of  an  interna- 
tional stringer,  so  to  speak.  You  made  a  deal  with  them  that  they 
would  give  you  credentials  and  the  stories  that  you  filed  they  would 
get  for  nothing,  or  for  a  nominal  sum  ? 

ISIr.  BuRDETT.  That  is  exactly  it. 

Mr.  SotTRwiNE,  All  right.    Go  ahead. 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  So  for  those  reasons  that  I  have  described,  I  decided 
that  I  was  in  a  good  position  and  should  remain  abroad  and  seek  to 
make  the  most  of  it  from  the  point  of  view  of  my  career.    This  I  did. 

I  made  a  short  trip  back  to  Finland  at  that  time  late  in  March,  but 
early  in  April  the  scene  of  events  shifted  very  sharply  to  Norway, 
because  early  in  April,  of  course,  the  Germans  invaded  Norway,  and 
so,  along  with  all  the  other  correspondents  who  were  then  assembled 
in  Finland,  I  returned  to  Stockholm  in  order  to  follow  and  to  cover 
the  German  invasion  of  Norway,  and  at  that  time  I  did  find  a  job. 

I  was  offered  a  job  on  a  stringer  basis  for  an  outfit  which  was  then 
in  existence  and  which  called  itself  the  Transradio  Press.  Transradio 
Press  went  in  for  eyewitness  accounts,  eyewitness  action  accounts  of 
events  by  its  own  correspondents. 

And  so  working  for  them  I  made  several  trips  into  Norway  during 
the  course  of  the  German  invasion,  actually  three  trips,  as  I  recall, 
and  it  was  early  in  May,  and  reporting  on  this  German  invasion  of 
Norway  that  I  made  my  first  connection  with  CBS,  in  a  sense  that  I 
made  one  broadcast  for  CBS  from  Stockholm  in  May  of  that  year. 

The  Chairman.  Now  when  was  the  next  time  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  The  next  time  ? 

The  Chairman.  The  Communist  underground  contacted  you. 

Mr.  Btjrdett.  The  next  time  that  I  broadcast  for  CBS  ? 

The  Chairman.  When  was  the  next  time  that  the  Communist  under- 
ground contacted  you  ? 

Mr.  Btjrdett.  The  next  time  that  the  Communist  underground  con- 
tacted me  was  late  in  May  or  early  in  June  of  1940. 

The  Chairman.  You  were  then  employed  by  CBS  ? 

Mr.  Btjrdett.  No,  I  was  not,  sir.  I  was  not  employed  by  CBS.  I 
was  working  for  Transradio  Press.  I  had  made  one  broadcast  for 
CBS. 

I  was  contacted,  as  I  say,  again  late  in  May.  The  circumstances 
were  these :  The  invasion  of  Norway  was  over.  There  was  little  more 
news  to  be  covered  in  Scandinavia,  and  so  most  correspondents,  those 
who  had  a  free  choice  in  the  matter,  those  who  were  able  to  make  their 
own  decisions  to  to  where  they  should  roam,  decided  that  the  best 
next  place  to  go  to  would  be  the  Balkans. 


1338  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM 

Several  correspondents  who  were  my  friends  so  decided,  and  there- 
fore I  decided  to  follow  along  and  to  go  to  the  Balkans.  I  made 
application  at  the  Russian  consulate  in  Stockholm  for  a  transit  visa 
through  Russia  to  Rumania,    This,  as  I  say,  was  late  in  May. 

A  few  days  after  I  made  this  application  for  this  visa  I  was  visited 
in  my  hotel  room  by  Mr.  Miller  again.  It  was  apparent  on  this  occa- 
sion that  he  had  looked  for  me,  was  eager  to  find  me  and  he  was  very 
happy. 

He  was  usually  a  very  taciturn  man,  but  on  this  occasion  he  was 
almost  expansive  because  he  had  succeeding  in  finding  me,  w^hicli  he 
had  been  told  to  do. 

I  gathered  from  this  circumstance,  since  he  indicated  that  he  was 
aware  that  I  had  made  application  for  the  visa  to  go  to  Rumania,  I 
gathered  that  he  was  Russian  and  was  either  working  for  or  in  imme- 
diate contact  with  the  Russian  consulate  in  Stockholm.  And  Miller 
told  me  this :  He  said, 

When  you  go  to  Moscow,  go  to  such  and  such  a  hotel,  and  while  you  are  in 
Moscow  you  will  be  visited  by  someone  who  will  give  you  instructions  for  what 
they  will  expect  of  you  when  you  go  to  Rumania — 

which  was  my  destination. 

And  so  I  left  for  Moscow  by  plane.  It  was,  as  I  remember,  the 
end  of  the  first  week  of  June  1940.  I  tried  to  get  into  the  designated 
hotel,  the  one  that  he  had  instructed  me  to,  but  was  unable  to  because 
Intourist,  wdiich  is  the  Soviet  organization  which  takes  care  of  trav- 
elers, routed  me  into  another  hotel,  but  of  course,  that  made  no 
difference. 

On  the  day  after  my  arrival  the  persons  who  wanted  to  find  me 
found  me  and  visited  me  in  my  hotel  room,  which  was  the  Hotel 
Metropole  in  Moscow. 

I  stayed  in  Moscow  for  2  or  3  days  on  a  transit  visa.  The  two  per- 
sons who  visited  me  were,  I  should  say,  very  obviously  Russian,  as  one 
would  expect.  One,  the  unimportant  one,  was  a  woman.  She  was 
an  elderly  woman,  I  should  say  around,  I  should  say,  definitely  past 
GO.     She  was  tall.     She  was  slender,  she  was  simply  but  well  dressed. 

And  I  gathered  that  her  function  at  this  meeting  with  me  in  my 
hotel  room  was  rather  that  of  an  observer  merely,  and  to  make  pleasant 
conversation.  She  asked  me  whether  I  had  seen  the  Moscow  subway 
and  been  to  the  agricultural  exposition,  which  was  then  being  held 
there,  and  questions  of  that  kind,  whereas  it  was  the  man  who  was 
conducting  the  serious  business  of  the  occasion. 

The  man,  I  should  say,  was  about  40.  He  was  very  much  a  man  of 
the  world.  Both  of  these  persons  spoke  English  very  competently. 
The  man's  instruction  were  these :  He  said. 

When  you  go  to  Bucharest,  where  you  can  be  of  use  to  us ;  you  will  do  this :  You 
will  write  a  letter  to  the  Russian  consulate  in  Bucharest,  and  in  this  letter  you 
will  say  that  you  wish  to  inquire  as  to  how  you  should  go  about  getting  a  transit 
visa  across  the  Soviet  Union  to  return  to  the  United  States,  and  then  you  will 
sign  your  name  and  you  will  put  the  name  of  your  hotel  and  you  will  put  your 
hotel  room  number. 

and  this  letter,  of  course,  was  to  be  merely  a  signal  and  a  preliminary 
to  a  rendezvous  in  Bucharest. 

So  after  the  2-  or  3-day  stay  in  Moscow — that  was  my  only  contact 
in  Moscow — after  this  2-  or  3-day  stay  in  Moscow,  I  went  to  Bucharest, 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM  1339 

arrived  there,  as  I  remember  it  was  Jime  10,  the  day  that  Italy  went 
into  the  war,  attacking  France. 

I  had  been  there  a  few  days  and,  after  I  was  settled  in  my  hotel  and 
so  on,  I  wrote  the  letter  according  to  instructions.  My  instructions 
were,  of  course — As  I  recall  my  instructions  were  to  wait  in  my  hotel 
room  for  a  certain  period  of  the  day,  because  I  remember  waiting  in 
the  late  afternoon  in  my  hotel  room  for  a  man  to  come. 

I  sent  this  letter,  and  then  for  3  or  4  days,  for  a  stretch  of  3  or  4  days 
I  waited  in  my  hotel  room  expecting  him  to  come.  He  never  came. 
So  perhaps  it  was  after  10  days  or  2  weeks,  I  have  really  forgotten,  I 
sent  a  second  letter,  identical  letter,  to  the  same  effect  to  the  Russian 
consulate,  thinking  that  perhaps  the  first  had  got  mislaid  or  something 
of  that  kind,  and  then  again  waited  and  hoped  for  this  contact  to  show 
up.  He  never  did.  He  never  did.  Something  had  obviously  gone 
wrong. 

What  did  go  wrong  I  never  learned.  I  remained  in  Bucharest  for 
several  months.  I  was  married  while  I  was  there  to  my  first  wife,  who 
was  an  Italian  journalist,  and  we  remained  in  Bucharest,  I  working 
for  Transradio  Press  for  part  of  the  time,  broadcasting  on  a  stringer 
basis  for  CBS  for  the  latter  part  of  this  stay  until,  as  I  remember,  late 
October  or — no,  no ;  it  was  rather  mid-November.  It  was  November 
of  1940. 

In  other  words,  we  were  there  for  4  or  5  months.  And  in  Novem- 
ber, mid-November  or  late  November,  we  went  on  to  Belgrade  in  Yugo- 
slavia. In  Belgrade  we  lived,  that  is  to  say,  my  wife  and  I  lived  at 
a  hotel,  a  very  famous  historical  hotel  in  Belgrade  called  the  Serpski 
Kralj.  which  was  bombed  and  utterly  destroyed  during  the  German 
invasion  of  Yugoslavia  and  attack  on  Belgrade.  1  mention  the  hotel 
because  it  was  the  place  of  my  next  rendezvous  and  next  contact  with 
the  Communists. 

I  had  been  in  Belgrade  for  about  10  days,  or  fwt  the  most  I  should 
say  2  weeks,  when  I  was  visited  in  my  hotel  room — ni}-  v.ife  was  pres- 
ent at  the  time — by  a  young  man,  and  I  cannot  tell  you  how  or  why, 
but  I  recognized  innnediatel}-  who  he  was  and  on  whose  behalf  he  had 
come,  and  he  said — He  looked  Russian.  He  was  a  tall  lanky  youth. 
He  was  not  i^olished.  He  was  a  simple  young  fellow.  I  have  for- 
gotten, as  I  say,  what  it  was  that  he  said  exactly,  but  nevertheless  I 
recognized  him  immediately  to  be  a  Russian  and  to  have  come  on  their 
behalf,  and  I  said  to  him,  1  remember  laughingly  I  said,  "Well,  what- 
ever went  wrong  in  Bucharest  I  What  was  it  that  went  wrong  that  we 
were  out  of  contact  r 

And  he  shrugged  and  he  obviously  knew  nothing  of  that  matter, 
and  then  I  realized  that  he  was,  after  all.  merely  an  errand  boy  and 
had  come  to  arrange  a  rendezvous. 

He  said,  "There  is  a  man  we  wish  you  to  meet,  and  let's  make  the 
arrangements  for  this  appointment  with  this  man  whom  you  will 
meet." 

I  said,  "Very  well." 

The  appointment  was  set  for  the  early  evening  a  very  few  days  there- 
after, within  the  week,  and  it  was  to  be  at  a  certain  street  corner  on 
one  of  the  main  avenues  of  Belgrade,  but  at  the  further  end  of  this 
avenue,  in  an  outlying  district  of  the  city,  not  a  suburb  exactly,  be- 
cause Belgrade,  as  I  recall,  does  not  have  suburbs.  The  city  stops 
and  the  country  begins. 


1340  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM 

But  this  was  an  outlying  section  of  the  city  toward  the  end  of  the 
boulevard,  and  one  reached  it  by  either  tram  or  bus — I  have  forgotten 
exactly  which  it  was— running  along  this  long  boulevard  which  was 
then  called  the  Alexandra  Boulevard,  I  believe.  And  I  was  to  get  out 
at  a  certain  stop  at  a  certain  street  intersection — I  have  forgotten  now 
the  name  of  that  street — and  when  I  got  out,  I  would  see  a  tall  gentle- 
man who  would  approach  me  and  who  would  recognize  me,  although 
I  would  not  recognize  him.  But  I  would  be  able  to  identify  him  by  the 
fact  that  he  would  carry  one  glove,  either  the  right  or  left  glove,  in 
the  other  hand  a  gray  glove  he  would  be  carrying. 

Well,  that  may  not  seem  sufficient  to  identify  a  person,  of  course, 
but  it  was.  I  got  out  and  immediately  saw  this  man,  who  was  tall  and 
was  a  striking  figure,  very  obviously  making  show  of  the  fact  that  he 
was  carrying  one  glove  in  his  hand.  It  was  winter.  It  was  early 
December  now,  as  I  remember.  There  was  snow  on  the  ground.  It 
was  cold. 

So  I  proceeded  along  the  street.  I  turned  up  a  side  street.  He 
turned  up  after  me,  and  he  overtook  me  and  said,  "Mr.  Burdett?" 

I  said,  "Yes."  And  for  the  next  20  minutes  or  so  we  wandered  about 
this  section  of  Belgrade,  which  was  a  residential  section  of  the  city. 

What  he  told  me  briefly  was  this:  He  asked  me  first  whether  I 
knew  any  of  half  a  dozen  persons  whose  names  he  gave  me.  All  of 
these  six  names  or  so  were  the  names  of  officials  in  the  Yugoslav  Gov- 
ernment. They  were  not  ministers ;  they  were  not  of  the  cabinet  rank, 
but  they  were  department  executives. 

None  of  these  names  was  known  to  me.  I  had  never  heard  of  any 
of  these  persons  nor  did  I  ever  later  meet  any  of  them.  But  they  were 
persons,  as  I  said,  on  a  departmental  executive  level,  and  he  told  me : 

You  do  not  know  these  persons  well?  During  the  course  of  your  work  in 
Belgrade  get  to  know  and  to  cultivate  these  persons. 

And  that  was  his  entire  instructions : 

See  what  you  can  do  about  getting  to  know  these  people. 

I  said,  "Very  well,"  and  that  was  the  understanding,  and  he  made 
a  rendezvous  with  me  for  the  following  week,  as  I  recall,  not  more 
than  1  week  following  this  first  meeting,  which  was  also  a  street-side 
rendezvous  in  another  part  of  Belgrade. 

So  I  went.  I  returned  to  this  second  rendezvous  in  this  second  part 
of  Belgrade  to  meet  him  again  in  the  early  evening,  and  I  had  mis- 
understood his  directions  and  I  went  to  the  wrong  place  and  I  did 
not  find  him.  I  went  to  a  wrong  square,  and  I  did  not  find  him.  I 
suppose  we  both  waited  looking  for  each  other  without  avail. 

So  2  or  3  nights  thereafter  at  my  hotel,  the  original  young  man 
whom  I  described  came  to  visit  me  again  and  said,  "What  went  wrong  ?" 
And  it  immediately  became  apparent  that  I  had  gone  to  the  wrong 
place,  and  so  another  rendezvous  was  fixed  and  this  other  rendezvous 
was  made  in  the  same  section  of  town  in  which  I  originally  met  this 
tall  man  with  one  glove. 

So  I  went  back  to  this  further  rendezvous  and  saw  him.  The  meet- 
ing was  consummated  without  an}^  difficulty.  And  we  walked  about 
this  same  section  of  the  city  that  I  described  to  you  for  20  minutes  or 
so,  and  he  asked  me,  "Well,  have  you  met  any  of  these  people  whose 
names  I  have  given  you  ?" 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM  1341 

I  said,  "No,  no,  I  haven't.  And  furthermore,  it  isn't  easy  to  go  and 
meet  these  people.  They  are  in  various  departments  of  the  Govern- 
ment." And  I  was,  of  course,  new  to  Belgrade,  and  it  takes  some  time ; 
it  takes  some  doing  to  meet  officials  in  various  departments.  And  I 
so  indicated  to  him  that  it  would  take  time  before  I  know  them.  They 
are  not  persons  whom  I  would  normally  meet  quickly  in  the  course  of 
my  work  as  a  journalist. 

He  understood  that  and  he  took  it  quite  well,  and  as  I  recall,  he 
said,  "Well,  I  will  get  in  touch  with  you  again,  then,  in  due  time." 

At  this  meeting  with  him  then,  no  further  rendezvous  was  set,  and 
the  understanding,  as  I  remember,  was  that  after  a  certain  lapse  of 
time  he  would  get  in  touch  with  me  again  to  see  what  progress  I  had 
made  in  getting  to  know  and  cultivating  these  particular  Yugoslav 
officials. 

I  should  say  that  he  did  not  indicate  to  me  at  all  the  kind  of  informa- 
tion he  wanted  from  those  officials,  but  he  was  interested  in  estab- 
lishing some  contact  with  them. 

This  was  in  December  of  1940.  I  remained  in  Belgrade  until  mid- 
March,  as  I  recall,  of  1941,  in  other  words,  for  3  months  or' more  all 
in  all,  and  throughout  the  rest  of  my  stay  in  Belgrade  neither  this 
man,  the  tall  man.  nor  the  young  man  who  had  come  as  his  messenger 
ever  got  in  touch  with  me  again.  Why,  I  don't  know  and  never  knew. 
It  just  went  up  in  the  air.  And  it  was  my  second  experience  of  things 
going  up  in  the  air,  or  arrangements,  mysteriously  and  for  unex- 
plained reasons. 

I  would  like,  if  I  may,  Mr.  Chairman,  before  I  come  to  the  next 
chapter,  to  go  back  over  some  of  the  ground  and  to  explain  my  own 
personal  attitudes  during  the  years. 

The  Chairmax.  That  is  all  right.     Proceed. 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  should  like  to  say  first  at  the  outset  that  I  have 
wished  to  come  before  this  committee  because  I  felt  it  my  duty  to  do 
so  in  order  to  discharge  what  I  feel  to  be  a  very  definite  obligation. 
I  have  wislied  to  do  what  is  right  as  I  see  it.  And  all  these  things  that 
I  have  told  you  of,  my  association  with  communism,  my  activities  in 
the  party  in  behalf  of  the  party,  and  my  break  with  the  Communist 
movement,  these  are  obviously  not  private  matters  alone,  and  one's 
status  and  one's  quality  as  a  citizen  are  involved,  and  for  that  reason 
also  I  am  grateful  for  the  opportunity  to  place  on  the  record  the  facts 
of  my  experience,  and  I  wish  to  thank  the  committee  for  the  oppor- 
tunity to  do  it. 

I  wish  to  make  perfectly  clear,  first  of  all,  that  when  I  was  a  member 
of  the  Communist  Party  at  the  Brooklyn  Eagle,  I  was  not,  as  cer- 
tainly the  story  has  already  made  clear — I  was  not  a  casual  member. 
I  was  a  very  devoted  member.  I  was  young;  I  was  enthusiastic;  and 
I  was  very  earnest  about  it.  And  for  214  years,  from  the  time  I  joined 
the  Communist  Party  until  the  time  that  I  went  abroad,  I  should  say 
that  my  whole  life  was  in  the  party.  It  had  a  very  great  appeal  to 
me.  I  did  not  join  because  of  any  profound  conviction  of  the  truth 
of  Marxist  theories;  I  did  not  join  because  of  any  advance  indoctrina- 
tion. The  indoctrination,  such  as  it  was,  came  afterward.  But  I 
joined,  I  think,  primarily  because  I  was  emotionally  impelled  to  iden- 
tify myself  with  a  larger  movement  outside  myself,  a  larger  cause 
which  I  then  believed  to  be  a  good  one. 


1342  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM 

I  think  man}'  persons  sometimes  tend,  if  they  are  of  tliat  political 
leaning,  to  think  that  anything  that  is  progressive  is  necessarily  good. 
Well,  to  me  in  those  years,  anything  that  was  progressive  was  good, 
and  the  Communist  Party  was  simply  the  most  progressive  party  of 
all. 

It  had  the  appeal  that  the  Communist  Party  has  of  demanding  and 
of  getting  from  those  who  work  hard  in  it  and  at  it,  dedication,  and 
during  those  years  I  dedicated  myself,  after  my  fashion,  to  the  work 
of  the  party.  It  offers  the  satisfaction  not  only  of  believing  in  a 
cause  but  of  working  in  it  and  the  opportunity  for  working  hard. 

Senator  Johnston.  What  was  your  attitude  toward  Hitler  at  that 
time? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Toward  Hitler  ? 

Senator  Johnston.  Yes. 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  My  attitude  toward  Hitler,  sir,  is  what  you  would 
imagine.  I  was  passionately  anti-Nazi  and  anti-Hitler,  and,  of  course, 
I  should  say  that  the  Communist  Party  in  this  respect  at  that  time 
had  the  appeal  for  me  of  appearing  to  be  the  strongest  and  most  active 
anti-Nazi  force  operating  on  the  political  scene.  That  was  one  of  its 
appeals  to  a  person  of  my  type  at  that  time. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Were  you  a  member  of  the  Communist  Party  during 
the  period  of  the  Hitler-Stalin  pact  ? 

Mr.  BuEDETT.  I  was,  sir. 

Senator  Hennings.  Please  proceed,  Mr.  Counsel.  I  want  to  ask  a 
question  when  you  are  through. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Were  you  opposed  to  Hitler  during  all  of  that  pe- 
riod, or  did  you  follow  the  party  line  at  that  time  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  No.  I  followed  the  party  line.  I  followed  the  party 
line.  I  should  say,  sir,  that  as  a  member  of  the  Communist  Party  at 
the  Brooklyn  Eagle  during  the  years  that  I  have  described,  I  became 
not  only  an  earnest  but  a  fanatical  and  hotly  dogmatic  member  of  the 
party,  and  I  found  very  quickly  that  I  was  caught  up  in  this  spirit  of 
self-righteous  intolerance  which  party  work  inculcates. 

I  found  myself  dividing  everything  into  black  and  white,  and  by 
that  I  mean  not  only  political  events  into  black  and  white  or  politicians 
into  black  and  white,  or  books;  but  everything,  books,  literature,  per- 
sons, worst  of  all  persons,  because  then  I  realized  that  this  business 
of  Communist  Party  devotion  and  fanaticism  involves  a  kind  of  human 
cruelty  when  you  begin  to  reject  persons  because  they  don't  agree  with 
you  politically,  because  they  do  not  suit  the  books,  because  they  do  not 
fit  the  type,  or  the  standards,  that  you  are  taught  to  establish  for  your- 
self and  for  everything  when  you  are  an  active  member  of  the  Com- 
munist Party. 

Therefore,  I  wish  to  say,  sir,  that  I  was  an  emotionally  fanatic  per- 
son, and  I  remember  arguments ;  I  remember  arguments  in  our  party 
unit  at  the  Brooklyn  Eagle.  I  remember  when  one  member  of  that 
party  left  the  unit  and  left  the  Communist  Party  after  the  Soviet- 
Nazi  pact  of  August  of  1939,  and  I  remember  how  cruel  I  was  to 
him 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Who  was  that  ? 

Mr.  Burdett.  In  my  approaches  to  him  at  that  time  because  he  was 
letting  the  side  down  and  because  he  was  defecting. 

The  man  Avho  left  the  party,  sir,  at  that  time  was  Hyman  Char- 
niak — Hy  Charniak,  as  I  have  identified  him. 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM  1343 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Senator  Hennings  ? 

Senator  Hennings.  Mr.  Chairman,  I  first  wanted,  as  just  one  mem- 
ber of  the  committee,  to  commend  Mr.  Burdett  for  his  moral  courage 
in  volunteering  to  come  here  to  tell  this  committee  some  things  from 
the  point  of  view  of  a  onetime  dedicated  and  devoted  member  of  the 
Communist  Party. 

I  know  that  you  have  done  so,  Mr.  Burdett,  at  considerable  cost 
to  yourself  in  terms  of  probably  emotional  uncertainty  and  pain  and 
difficulty.    I  assume  that  to  be  true.    Was  it  ? 

Mr.  Burdett.  Yes. 

Senator  Kexnings.  And  you  made  a  decision  involving,  as  you  see 
it  to  be,  the  difference  between  right  and  wrong,  the  difference  between 
duty  and  failing  to  measure  up  to  what  you  considered  to  be  your 
duty  and  your  full  duty  i 

Mr.  Burdett.  Yes,  sir. 

Senator  Hennings.  And  you  decided,  in  other  words,  to  take  an 
affirmative  step  rather  than  to  take  the  negative  course,  the  easier 
course,  which  would  involve  your  doing  nothing  except  acquiescing  to 
the  fact  that  you  had  at  one  time  been  a  member  of  the  party,  and 
that  you  felt  it  your  duty  therefore  to  do  nothing  further  except  per- 
haps to  cease  to  be  a  member  and  to  passively  reject  the  discipline  and 
the  tenets  of  tlie  so-called  Communist  Party.  Is  that  substantially 
what  your  attitude  may  have  been  ? 

Mr.  Burdett.  That  is  true,  sir. 

Senator  Hennings.  Now,  I  wanted  to  ask  you  one  question,  because 
I  think  it  has  been  a  matter  of  interest  to  most  of  us  who  do  not  know 
much  about  the  workings  of  the  Communist  idealogy,  the  party  itself. 

Did  you  find  most  of  the  members  in  your  organization  at  the 
Brooklyn  Eagle  to  be  as  you  have  described  yourself  to  have  been, 
idealists,  so  to  speak,  looking  for  something  larger  than  themselves, 
and  looking  for  an  opportunity  for  self -identification  with  a  larger 
movement  ? 

Mr.  Burdett.  That  is  a  point  which  I  wanted  to  make,  sir,  and  I 
thank  you  for  raising  it. 

Very  frankly,  sir,  I  should  say  that  when  I  was  at  tlie  Brooklyn 
Eagle,  I  was  one  of  the  more  fanatical  members  of  that  unit.  I  am 
speaking  now  in  an  emotional  sense.  Of  all  of  them,  of  my  colleagues 
at  the  Brooklyn  Eagle,  I  should  say,  if  you  asked  me  today — and  I 
have  not  seen  them  since  1940  except  on  most  casual  occasions — but 
I  would  say  that  all  of  them  were  like  myself,  amateurs  of  the  cause, 
rather  than  indoctrinated,  except  the  professionals  of  the  party.  I 
know  that  you  are  not  interested  in  surmise,  but  this  is  a  question  of 
judgment  of  character.  And  if  I  were  to  be  asked  about  those  friends 
and  colleagues  of  that  time  today,  I  would  say  that  I  think  that  prob- 
ably most  of  tliem,  certainly,  are  in  very  much  the  same  boat  as  I, 
that  they  would  liave  left  the  part}^  long  ago.  I  do  not  know  whether 
this  is  so,  but  that  would  be  my  judgment  from  my  past  association 
with  them. 

Now,  in  specific  answer  to  your  question,  I  should  say  yes,  sir,  that 
these  are  persons  who  went  into  the  party,  utter,  honest  idealists,  and 
that  there  was  no  other  and  there  could  be  no  other  compelling  motive. 

Once  you  get  into  the  party,  sir,  and  believe  that  you  have  a  stake 
in  it,  emotional  or  otherwise,  a  stake  in  it  simply  by  force  of  the  fact 

59886— 55— pt.  14 4 


1344  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM 

that  3^ou  have  put,  perhaps,  so  much  into  it  over  the  years,  then  it 
becomes  a  very  difficult  decision  to  get  out ;  it  would  be  very  hard  to 
divest  of  feelings  and  beliefs  into  which  you  may  have  put  so  much; 
then  it  becomes  a  more  difficult  and  a  more  complex  thing. 

But  of  all  these  persons,  I  should  say  that  they  went  into  the  party 
very  much  in  the  fashion  that  I  did,  and  as  a  matter  of  fact  in  a  cer- 
tain sense  it  was  an  extension  of  their  union  activity  by  which  I  do  not 
mean  that  joining  the  party  is  an  extension  of  union  activity,  but  on 
the  scene  then,  the  enthusiasm  that  went  into  union  organization  at 
this  time,  of  great  union  activity  and  pioneering,  growth  among  the 
unions  in  the  newspaper  business,  this  enthusiasm  helped,  certainly  to 
push  them  to  this  step  of  an  entirely  different  nature. 

Senator  Hennings.  I  would  assume  from  your  answer,  then,  that  it 
required  on  your  part  and  does  require  on  the  part  of  many  spiritually, 
and  we  may  say  intellectually,  convinced  Communists  a  sort  of  trans- 
mutation or  a  complete  regeneration,  emotionally,  spiritually  and  in- 
tellectually, finally  to  make  the  break  and  completely  divorce  yourself 
from  the  ideologies,  the  spiritual  concept  as  well  as  the  intellectual  con- 
victions which  you  have  therefore  held ;  is  that  true  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Yes. 

Senator  Hennings.  If  I  express  myself  at  all  intelligibly  to  you. 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Yes ;  I  think  that  expresses  it  very  well. 

Senator  Hennings.  Would  you  elaborate  somewhat  on  that?  I 
think  it  is  of  great  interest  to  us  all  to  know  something,  perhaps. 
Many  of  us  have  read  the  Whittaker  Chambers  book,  The  Witness,  in 
which  he  sets  forth  what  his  emotional  and  mental  processes  were 
in  coming  to  a  parting  of  the  ways  with  something  that  had  been  liis 
dedication  and  in  fact  his  life — now,  could  you  give  us  something  of 
that  so  that  we  may  perhaps  understand  better  what  is  entailed  in  the 
separation  from  a  previously  held  concept,  which  is  in  a  sense  almost 
religious,  is  it  not,  or  perhaps  we  might  say  religious  in  the  very  broad 
semantics  of  that  term,  as  well  as  emotional?  It  would  require  a 
considerable  extent  of  doing,  would  it  not? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  It  does,  sir. 

Senator  Hennings.  I  am  sure  it  does. 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  It  does. 

Senator  Hennings.  A  great  moral  courage  and  a  great  deal  of  soul- 
searching  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Yes ;  it  does.  And  as  a  matter  of  fact,  sir,  it  was  that 
point  that  I  wanted  to  come  to  in  making  the  whole  digression  that  I 
had  asked  to  make. 

Senator  Johnston.  Did  you  at  any  time  have  any  fear  of  your  hav- 
ing bodily  harm  done  to  you  because  you  would  withdraw  from  the 
Communist  Party? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  In  leaving  the  Communist  Party  ? 

Senator  Johnston.  In  leaving  the  Communist  Party. 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Sir,  frankly  that  never  occurred  to  me.  That  fear 
never  occurred  to  me. 

I  would  like  to  say  this  in  answer  to  the  Senator's  question,  and 
that  is,  if  I  may  speak  now  from  my  own  immediate  experience,  that 
when  I  went  abroad  in  1940,  it  was  in  a  sense  the  beginning  of  my 
reeducation.  I  am  answering  your  question,  sir,  in  terms  of  my  own 
immediate  experience. 

Senator  Hennings.  Thank  you. 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM  1345 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  When  I  went  abroad  in  1940,  it  was  in  a  sense  the 
be^^inning  of  my  own  reeducation,  because  until  then,  for  two  and  a 
half  years,  I  liad  lived  intensively  in  this  closed,  doctrinaire,  hothouse 
atmosphere  of  a  Communist  Party  unit  in  New  York  City.  This  kind 
of  routine  which  exists  in  party  life  has  a  great  compulsive  force. 
There  are  meetings.  There  are  meetings  eyerj  week.  Every  Tues- 
day there  were  meetings.  Many  of  them  were  held  in  my  apartment 
in  Brooklyn  Heights  in  New  York  City. 

One  of  the  things  that  is  inculcated  is  a  kind  of  competition  in  virtue, 
that  is  to  say,  that  I  would  feel  the  compulsion  to  show  myself  a  bet- 
ter, a  more  earnest,  a  more  dedicated,  a  more  orthodox  Communist 
Party  member  than  the  next  one. 

There  is  inculcated  the  feeling  that  you,  as  a  Communist,  have  turned 
your  back  on  the  past;  you  have  turned  your  back  on  all  that  Marxism 
identifies  with  the  past,  which  includes  all  bourgeois  phenomenons  and 
bourgeois  traits  in  3'our  own  character. 

Senator  Hennixgs.  Could  you  nam.e  some  of  those  bourgeois  traits 
as  conceived  by  the  adherents  to  the  party  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Sir,  I  should  say  friendship 

Senator  Hennixgs.  Friendship  is  one. 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  As  you  know  it,  friendship  would  be 

Senator  Hennings.  Loyalty  to  a  government  ? 

Mr.  BiTRDETT.  The  loyalties  of  friendship  would  be  bourgeois  sir, 
by  that  standard. 

Senator  Hennings.  The  loyaltj^  to  government  would  be  one  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  And  the  only  stalwart  loyalty  would  be  toward  your 
comrades,  in  other  words,  toward  individuals  regarded  as  members 
of  the  Communist  Party.  In  other  words,  your  only  loyalty  is  to  the 
collective  thing,  the  party. 

Senator  Hennings.  Mr.  Burdett,  would  that  loyalty  extend  to  the 
Soviet  Union  as  transmitted  through  the  party  and  your  dedication 
to  the  party  and  the  party  doctrine  ? 

Mr.  BuKDETT.  Sir,  I  would  say,  in  answer  to  that,  that  that  is  a  moot 
jioint,  a  point  which  the  party  tries  to  avoid  and  evade,  to  avoid  an- 
swering, because  it  is  on  that  point  that  the  central  dishonesty  of  the 
party  position  rests. 

In  other  words,  the  party  presents  itself  as  a  party  interested  in 
democratic  and  progressive  causes,  and  it  is  only  upon  both  getting  into 
it  and  having  experiences  in  it  and  getting  the  feel  of  it  that  one 
realizes  that  it  is  not  a  national  party  in  the  sense  that  the  Communist 
Party  of  the  United  States  of  America  is  an  American  party.  The 
same  could  be  said  for  the  French  or  the  Italian. 

But  it  is  an  instrument  for  the  furtherance  of  the  interests,  the  na- 
tional interests,  of  a  single  power  and  a  totalitarian  power. 

The  Communist  Party  presents  itself  to  its  own  members — and  I 
remember  how  we  were  told  and  how  we  tried  as  loyal  Communists 
to  digest  this  idea  that  the  Communist  Party  is  a  democratic  party; 
that  it  is  much  more  democratic,  really,  than  any  other  party,  and  it 
is  only  after  a  certain  amount  of  experience  and  I  should  say  maturing 
on  the  part  of  the  individual  that  one  sees  that  it  is  not  that  kind  of 
party,  but  it  is  a  party  of  monolithic  discipline  or  the  next  thing  to  it, 
because  the  discipline  is  imposed  and  dictated  from  without. 

I  have  gone  a  bit  far  afield  here,  but  the  point  that  I  wanted  to  make 
was  that  for  me  personally  it  was  a  great  good  fortune  that  I  went 


1346  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM 

abroad  wlien  I  did  <i;o  abroad,  even  under  the  circumstances  that  I 
have  described  to  you,  because  for  the  first  time  after  these  two  and 
a  half  years  of  dedicated  work  in  the  party  in  this  country,  I  went 
out  into  the  world;   I  was  free  from  the  comi^ulsions  of  this  routine. 

I  was  not  under  this  daily  moral  necessity  of  seeing  everything  from 
a  certain  point  of  view,  and  in  terms  of  the  indoctrinated  approach; 
and  I  changed  in  going  abroad,  I  changed  intellectual  society.  My 
colleagues  were  journalists,  for  the  most  part,  newspapermen,  all  of 
them,  or  most  of  them,  certainly,  much  older  than  I,  and  men  who  saw 
the  world  not  through  blinders,  but  through  free  and  sophisticated 
eyes,  and  who  were  knowledgeable  men  and  men  of  great  experience. 

So,  in  short,  I  changed  society  and  I  began  traveling  about  the  world, 
and  I  think  that  was,  as  I  said  before,  the  beginning  of  a  reeducation 
for  me.  And  I  began  to  see,  when  I  went  abroad,  that  things  did  not 
happen  all  according  to  the  book  which  I  had  learned  by  rote,  back  in 
New  York  City,  and  that  the  Communist  Party  did  not  function  as  an 
independent  Communist  Party,  and  that  tlie  Communist  Party  did 
function  as  a  tool  of  a  cynical  power  which  used  it  cynically  and  which 
told  the  French  Communists  not  to  defend  their  country  in  1940,  which 
was  willing  make  any  sacrifices  in  order  to  preserve  the  appearance  of 
friendship  which  was  necessary  for  the  preservation  of  the  Russian- 
German  Pact,  which  was  willing  to  throw  anyone  overboard,  including 
not  only  its  sympathizers  and  partisans,  but  also  its  own  members,  for 
example,  the  French  Communists,  so  that  Maurice  Thorez,  the  head  of 
the  French  party,  deserted  and  turned  up  in  Moscow,  as  we  know. 

But  it  was  abroad,  then,  that  I  began  to  develop  many  reservations 
about  the  cause  which  I  was  actively  engaged  in  serving. 

I  might  add  that  the  various  contacts  that  I  have  described  to  you 
with  individuals  were  not  reassuring  either.  These  persons  whom  I 
met,  Miller  and  the  gentleman  in  Moscow,  and  the  gentleman  in  Bel- 
grade, seemed  to  me  to  belong  to  an  entirely  different  world  and  seemed 
furthermore  to  be  treating  me  with  considerable  contempt,  and  I  had 
the  very  physical  sensation  of  being  used  as  a  tool  by  people  whom  I 
did  not  trust  on  behalf  of  a  cause  of  which  I  was  no  longer  sure. 

Senator  Hennings.  I  gather,  then,  Mr.  Burdett,  that  when  you  saw 
some  of  the  active  members  of  the  working  crew  of  the  party  at  close 
range,  you  did  not  believe  that  you  were  quite  one  of  the  inside  group  ? 

Mr.  Burdett.  Sir,  it  is  not  that  I  did  not  feel  that  I  was  one  of  them ; 
I  definitely  felt  that  they  did  not  feel  that  I  was  one  of  them,  or  in 
fact  that  we  had  anything  really  in  common. 

To  be  sure,  they  were  agents;  they  were  agents  with  a  particular 
task.  But  from  these  personal  contacts  with  them,  from  the  suspicion 
and  contempt  with  which  they  obviously  regarded  all  the  outside 
world  and  myself  as  a  part  in  it,  from  all  of  that  I  had  the  uncom- 
fortable personal  sense  of  doing  a  most  distasteful  chore  for  a  totali- 
tarian power,  and  that  we  were  all  being  used  as  tools  of  it. 

I  have  told  you  all  this  in  order  to  explain  something  of  what  I  was 
feeling  during  this  period  of  experiences  which  I  have  already  told  you 
about  up  until  early  1941. 

Senator  Johnston.  Summing  up  what  you  have  said,  I  believe  you 
stated  a  few  moments  ago  that  most  of  the  members  went  into  it  with 
a  zeal  and  an  enthusiasm — I  believe  tliose  were  the  words  you  used; 
is  that  right  ? 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM  1347 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  That  most  of  the  members  whom  I  have  mentioned? 

Senator  Johnston.  Yes. 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  At  the  Brooklyn  Eagle  ? 

Senator  Johnston.  At  the  Brooklyn  Eagle. 

Mr.  BuKDETT.  Were  zealous,  like  myself  (' 

Senator  Johnston.  Zealous. 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Yes.  They  were  zealous  persons  like  myself.  Per- 
haps most  of  them  were  not  as  zealous  as  I,  sir. 

Senator  Johnston.  Since  you  have  gone  ahead  and  explained  what 
A'ou  found  out  overseas,  it  seems  as  if  they  only  got  part  of  the  picture ; 
is  that  true  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  think  that  is  very  true,  sir,  and  1  should  say  this. 
that  I  do  not  know  for  how  long  I  might  have  remained  a  member  of 
the  Connnunist  Partv  if  I  had  never  gone  abroad  but  if  I  had  con- 
tinned  in  the  party  in  this  country  in  that  particular  unit. 

Senator  Johnston.  That  being  so,  the  way  to  fight  communism  to- 
day is  to  let  them  know  our  American  way  of  life,  and  the  Communists 
are  only  trying  to  pick  out  some  of  the  progressive  movements,  and 
they  stop  with  that  and  do  not  tell  where  we  will  end  if  we  follow  the 
Communist  all  the  way ;  is  that  not  true  ? 

Mr.  Burdett.  It  is,  sir. 

Senator  Johnston.  So  we  are  failing,  then,  in  a  way,  to  spread  to 
the  American  people  what  communism  will  eventually  do  with  this 
IS'ation  and  with  us  as  a  people  if  we  follow  them  all  the  way  ? 

Mr.  BrRDETT.  I  agree  with  you,  sir.  Certainly  I  believe  also  that 
most  persons — certainly  it  is  a  fact  that  most  persons  who  join  the 
Communist  Party  in  this  country  do  not  know  what  they  are  getting 
into. 

The  Chairman.  Xow  proceed,  sir.  When  was  your  next  contact 
with  the  Communist  underground  ? 

Mr.  Burdett.  Yes.  My  next  contact  with  the  Communists,  sir, 
was — I  have  told  you,  now,  then,  of  my  last  contact  in  Belgrade,  in 
Yugoslavia. 

]Mr.  SouRWiNE.  You  were  up  to  the  point,  I  think,  where  you  were 
just  leaving  Bucharest;  were  you  not? 

Mr.  Burdett.  No,  sir.     I  was  in  Belgrade,  I  am  quite  sure. 

Mr.  Sour  WINE.  All  right. 

Mr.  Burdett.  It  was  Belgrade.  It  was  these  two  meetings  with  this 
man  on  the  street  in  Belgrade,  whereas  in  Bucharest  no  meeting  was 
ever  consummated. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  not  say  that  you  had  gone  to  Bucharest  and 
you  had  married  there  ? 

Mr.  Burdett.  I  did,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  You  had  lived  there  a  certain  period  of  time? 

Mr.  Burdett.  Yes. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  I  thought  you  were  just  up  to  the  point  of  leaving 
Bucharest. 

Mr.  Burdett.  No,  sir.     Then  I  continued  on  to  Belgrade 

The  Chairman.  You  told  about  Belgrade.  Now,  you  said  that  there 
were  other  matters  you  wanted  to  discuss  before  you  told  of  your  nexr 
contact. 

Mr.  Burdett.  Exactly,  sir. 

The  Chairman.  All  right.  Now,  when  was  that  next  contact  and 
what  circumstances  surrounded  it  ? 


1348  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Yes.  The  next  contact  was  in  Ankara,  Turkey,  and 
I  went  from  Belgrade  to  Ankara  in  mid-Marcli  of  1941.  At  this 
time,  as  I  said  before,  I  was  beginning  to  have  some  doubts  and  reser- 
vations about  what  I  was  doing,  but  I  did  not  feel  ready  to  break 
with  it,  because  I  felt  too  much  of  a  commitment,  too  much  of  an 
obligation  to  my  own  past,  and  to  this  cause  with  which  I  was  identi- 
fied, to  break  yet.  I  felt  it  was  a  decision  that  I  would  have  to  make 
and  which  would  be  coming  up,  but  I  was  not  prepared  to  make  it 
then. 

When  I  went  to  Ankara  in  March  of  1941  it  was  not  they  who 
looked  me  up,  but  it  was  I  who  renewed  the  contact  with  them,  and 
I  shall  now  describe  the  circumstances  of  that. 

In  Ankara,  shortly  after  I  arrived  there,  as  I  recall,  there  was  a 
diplomatic  banquet  of  some  kind  or  ball  one  evening  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Turkish  Government  in  which  many  members  of  the  diplomatic 
corps  were  there,  many  officials  of  the  Turkish  Government,  and  most 
of  the  international  press  as  well. 

During  the  course  of  that  evening  I  met  various  persons,  diplomats, 
Government  officials,  and  amongst  the  others  that  I  was  presented  to 
was  a  woman  who  was  a  high  official  in  the  Russian  Embassy  in 
Ankara,  and  I  will  describe  her  in  some  detail  because  she  was  my 
next  contact  and  last  contact,  and  I  got  to  know  her  very  well. 

This  woman,  sir — I  have  forgotten  her  name — I  have  been  unable 
completely  to  recall  it,  although  her  name  was  familiar  to  me  for  the 
better  part  of  a  year,  and  as  we  shall  see,  I  had  well  over  a  dozen  meet- 
ings with  her  during  the  course  of  a  year.  During  that  year  I  knew 
her  name  perfectly  well.  I  cannot  recall  it  today.  But  I  do  recall 
her  position.  She  was  the  highest  official  at  the  Russian  Embassy 
under  the  Ambassador,  and  I  believe  she  was  consular  of  the  Embassy, 
although  if  that  post  clid  not  exist  then,  she  was  the  first  secretary  of 
the  Embassy. 

In  any  case  when  the  Ambassador  was  out  of  town  she  was  Charge 
d' Affaires,  and  outwardly,  in  the  public  eye,  she  was  next  in  the  hier- 
archy after  the  Ambassador.  She  spoke  French,  only  French,  as 
far  as  I  know,  outside  of  her  native  language,  and  so  we  always  ad- 
dressed her  as  Madame  So-and-So,  and  so  therefore  hereafter  in  my 
testimony  I  will  refer  to  Madame. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Do  you  know  her  name  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Sir  ? 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  know  her  name?  I  mean,  did  you  know 
what  her  Christian  name  was,  not  necessarily  her  full  name,  or  any 
name  that  she  used  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  don't  recall  either  her  first  or  last  name,  sir,  and 
I  don't  believe  that  I  ever  made  note  of  her  Christian  name.  It  was 
a  fairly  simple  name,  I  remember.  It  was  fairly  easy  on  the  tongue, 
as  Russian  names  go,  but  I  was  first  presented  to  her  socially  at  this 
banquet  at  the  hotel  where  I  was  staying,  which  was  the  Ankara 
Palace  Hotel  in  Ankara,  shortly  after  my  arrival  in  Ankara. 

Journalists  in  Ankara  during  the  course  of  their  duties  and  their 
work,  their  professional  work,  made  the  rounds  of  all  the  various 
embassies,  including  the  Russian.  One  seldom  got  very  much  news 
out  of  the  Russians,  but  still  one  passed  by  the  Russians  to  see  what 
they  were  thinking  or  saying  at  any  particular  time. 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM  1349 

So  I  visited  the  Russian  Embassy  as  a  correspondent  in  the  com- 
pany of  some  other  correspondent— I  have  forgotten  who — a  friend — 
as  everyone  did,  to  ask,  to  drop  in  and  see  the  press  attache,  and  it 
so  happened  that  at  the  Russian  Embassy  very  often,  at  least  when 
one  went  in  to  speak  to  the  press  attache,  one  was  ushered  in,  instead, 
to  Madame.  She  handled  the  press.  And  so  I  went  around  to  the 
Russian  Embassj'  on  such  occasions  twice,  and  then  on  the  third  oc- 
casion I  went  alone  and  I  presented  myself  to  Madame.  Of  course, 
she  already  knew  me.  But  I  told  her  who  I  was,  identified  myself, 
and  told  her  what  I  had  done,  in  other  words,  that  I  had  been  work- 
ing for  the  Russians  and  told  her  that  if  she  wished  to  check  on  this, 
she  would  be  able  to  do  so.  In  other  words,  I  renewed  contact  through 
her. 

She  was  perfectly  noncommittal  in  her  acceptance  of  this  informa- 
tion.   She  said,  "Very  well.    Thank  you." 

That  was  all.  However,  the  implication  of  the  meeting  was  that 
she  would  follow  through  on  this  and  see  if  I  was  who  I  said  I  was, 
if  I  was  indeed  an  American  correspondent  who  had  been  in  contact 
with  the  Russians  and  had  worked  for  them  as  a  correspondent,  and 
presumably  if  the  answer  were  affirmative,  she  would  get  in  touch 
with  me. 

It  was  not  much  later  that  she  did  get  in  touch  with  me,  that  is  to 
say,  in  this  fashion. 

In  my  hotel  room  a  man  visited  me.  He  was  obviously  Russian. 
He  had  obviously  come  on  their  behalf.  He  was  a  man  of,  I  would 
say,  35.  He  was  well-groomed,  well-spoken.  He  looked  to  me  as 
though  he  were  probably  a  member  of  the  Russian  diplomatic  service 
somewhere  or  other,  and  he  simply  dropped  in  at  my  room  one  morn- 
ing and  said,  "I  would  like  to  have  a  talk  with  you  this  afternoon. 
Will  you  drop  into  my  room?"  And  he  gave  me  the  number.  It 
was  down  the  hall  at  the  Ankara  Palace  Hotel  where  he  was  presum- 
ably staying  for  the  weekend,  or  2  or  3  days,  anyway. 

So  at  the  appointed  hour  I  went  in  that  afternoon  and  knocked  on 
his  door  that  afternoon,  went  to  see  him,  and  was  received  by  him. 
There  was  one  other  person  in  the  room  on  the  occasion  of  this  meet- 
ing. It  was  a  young  woman.  All  I  remember  of  her  was  that  she 
was  young,  in  her  twenties.  She  was  blonde,  she  was  good-looking. 
She  took  no  part  in  the  conversation.  She  was  presumably  the  man's 
wife.    But  she  busied  herself  about  the  room. 

And  what  this  man  told  me  merely  was,  "Very  well.  Everything 
is  good.  You  can  be  of  use  to  us,  and  your  contact  will  be  Madame," 
the  woman  I  had  met  at  the  Embassy. 

"That  is  to  say,  you  will  report  to  her  and  you  will  go  to  her  now," 
and  he  fixed  an  appointment.  "You  will  go  to  her  on  such  and  such 
a  day  of  this  coming  week  and  she  will  tell  you  all  about  everything, 
what  you  are  expected  to  do,  and  make  the  arrangements  for  your 
communicating  with  her  hereafter." 

I  kept  that  appointment.  Madame  told  me  2  or  3  things.  She 
said — first  of  all  she  said,  "You  know,  you  have  to  make  contacts,"  and 
the  idea  was  to  make  friends  and  influence  people  and,  "To  do  that  you 
must  go  around  and  entertain  them,  you  know.  You  must  be  very 
sociable."  And  all  this  was  said  in  kind  of  a  doctrinaire,  naive  fashion, 
which  made  me  think,  "Well,  this  is  the  kind  of  instructions  that  Tass 


1350  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM 

correspondents  probably  get  aronnd  the  world  when  they  are  told  how 
to  behave  in  foreign  capitals." 

She  said,  "If  you  need  any  money  for  entertainment  expenses  of  that 
kind,  you  tell  me."  I  never  did.  I  never  saw  any  money  from  her. 
I  did  not  want  it.  And  I  never  received  any  money  or  accepted  any 
money  from  her  for  any  purpose. 

She  said  also  that  we  would  have  meetings;  I  would  come  to  the 
Embassy,  presumably  every  2  weeks  or  3  weeks  at  2-  to  3-week  in- 
tervals and  tell  her,  give  her  the  results  of  my  work  as  a  correspondent 
in  Ankara.  And  then  she  indicated  to  me  that  what  she  was  interested 
in  was  the  Turkish  position  in  the  war.  She  was  interested  in  Turkish 
affairs. 

Oh,  I  should  say  she  also  asked  me  to  write  her  my  brief  reports 
which  I  would  deliver  to  her  periodically  at  the  Embassy. 

Now,  as  I  said,  she  was  interested  in  the  Turkish  position,  which  may 
seem  very  vague,  but  actually  at  that  time  was  a  very  precise  issue. 
This  is  the  year  1941.  At  this  moment  Russia  had  not  yet  been  forced 
into  the  war.  Xevertheless,  the  question  in  Turkey  in  everyone's  mind, 
in  all  the  belligerents'  minds,  one  M^hich  the  Germans  wanted  to  know 
the  answer  to  as  much  as  the  13ritish,  and  which  the  Russians  wanted  to 
know  the  answer  to,  even  though  they  weren't  in  the  war  at  that 
moment,  was:  What  is  the  precise  nature  and  meaning  of  Turkish 
neutrality  ? 

Turkey  had  declared  herself  neutral.  She  was  officially  neutral.  The 
point  was :  Did  this  facade  of  neutrality  conceal  sympathies  for  this 
side  or  that  side,  or  was  it  a  front  for  favors  to  this  side  or  that  side, 
or  was  it  indeed  to  restrict  serious,  real,  honest-to-goodness  genuine 
neutrality  for  the  rest  of  the  war  ? 

Well,  how  could  one  find  out  the  answer  to  this  question  ?  This  was 
something  which  journalists  and  diplomats  and  everyone  speculated 
about,  and  it  was  a  natural  and  universal  topic  of  inquiry  and  of  con- 
versation. And  during  my  stay  in  Ankara,  I  got  to  know,  not  Turkish 
Government  officials,  but  several  Turkish  newspapermen  and  news- 
paper editors,  including,  for  example,  the  director  of  the  Turkish 
official  news  agency,  which  was  called  Anadolu  News  Agency,  and  in- 
cluding other  reporters  and  correspondents  from  Turkish  papers,  both 
in  Ankara  and  in  Istanbul. 

The  Turkish  press  is  different  than  ours  in  the  sense  that — or  was 
at  that  time — in  the  sense  that  a  gi-eat  deal  of  the  Turkish  press  was 
either,  if  not  official,  it  was  semiofficial.  And  newspaper  editors  were 
very  close  to  the  Government  and  knew  what  the  Govermnent's  atti- 
tudes were,  and  made  themselves  to  a  greater  or  less  degi'ee  the 
mouthpiece  for  the  Government's  official  positions. 

Naturally,  the  editor  and  editors  of  the  official  news  agency  were  in 
very  close  touch  with  the  Government,  not  in  the  sense  that  they  knew 
secrets,  knew  state  secrets  or  anything  of  that  kind.  They  did  not,  but 
they  knew  the  direction  of  Turkish  Government  thinking  and  of  the 
genuineness,  and  they  could  estimate  the  genuineness  of  Turkish 
official  positions  on  such  an  issue  in  the  war  as  that  of  Turkish 
neutrality. 

So  it  was  mostly  in  talks  and  conversations  with  these  Turkish 
friends  and  contacts  of  mine  in  the  journalistic  world  that  I  was  able 
to  get  some  definite  impressions  about  Turkey's  position  and  her 
avowed  determination  to  remain  neutral  in  the  war. 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM  1351 

It  soon  became  apparent  to  anyone  working  there  in  Turkey  that 
Turkey's  official  position  of  neutrality  was  indeed  genuine.  The  Turks 
meant  it.  They  were  not  going  to  get  into  the  war,  and  they  did  not. 
But  there  were  various  stories  that  came  up  at  that  time  which 
naturally  caused  excitement  on  one  side  or  the  other. 

For  example,  in  June,  I  believe  it  was  June  of  the  year,  of  1941, 
the  Turks  signed  a  friendship  and  nonaggression  treaty  with  the  Ger- 
mans. 

So  this  naturally  caused  some  dismay  amongst  the  British,  because 
the  question  was :  "Well  now,  what  does  this  mean  ?  Is  it  a  prelude  to 
playing  along  with  the  Axis,  or  isn't  it,  or  is  Turkey  genuinely  neutral 
about  it?" 

There  were  other  events  which  fitted  into  this  general  pattern  and 
this  general  line  of  thought,  such  as,  during  that  year,  I  remember  a 
German  negotiator  named  Clodius,  who  was  then — at  least  we  de- 
scribed him  at  that  time  as  being  the  Nazi  economic  czar,  who  came 
to  Turkey  at  that  time  for  economic  negotiations,  and  the  question 
hanging  over  those  talks  was  whether  or  not  he  would  be  able  to  pry 
loose  from  the  Turks  some  shipments  of  chrome,  which  was  a  very 
strategic  metal  during  the  war,  and  so  on  and  so  forth. 

Well,  anyway,  the  substance  of  my  reports  to  Madame  was  primarily 
directed  to  this  question  of  what  did  the  Turks  mean ;  what  was  the 
meaning  of  various  happenings  between  the  Turks  and  the  other 
belligerent  countries,  or  the  countries  that  were  belligerent  in  the  war  ? 

Over  a  period  of  months,  I  went  regularly  to  the  Russian  Embassy  in 
Ankara  with  my  little  report  of  conversations.  She  wanted  me  to 
set  them  down  very  literally  without  comment,  but  identifying  the 
persons  with  whom  I  had  spoken  and  what  they  had  said  on  this  and 
on  that. 

As  I  say,  there  were  no  state  secrets  involved.  It  was  more  or  less 
the  kind  of  picture  that  I  have  indicated  to  you. 

These  meetings  with  Madame,  as  I  remember  it,  began  around  the 
beginning  of  the  month  of  May  1941,  and  they  continued.  Every  2  or 
3  weeks  I  would  visit  the  Russian  Embassy  until  I  left  Ankara,  which 
was  in  October  or  November  of  the  following  fall.  I  am  not  sure  which 
month. 

But  anyway,  our  contacts  were  regular,  and  I  must  have  seen  her 
a  dozen  times  for  the  purpose  of  delivering  these  little  reports  to  her. 

The  reports  I  typed  out.  They  ranged  in  length,  I  should  say,  from 
2  to  5  pages.  Two  would  have  been  rather  brief  and  five  would  have 
been  an  uncommonly  long  report  to  her. 

On  two  occasions  I  remember,  she,  apparently  wanting  to  change 
the  routine  of  these  meetings  and  in  the  interests  of  what  she  thought 
was  security,  decided  that  we  should  meet  outside  the  Russian  Em- 
bassy. 

Nothing  actually  was  more  natural  from  the  point  of  view  of  security 
than  for  me  to  go  to  the  Russian  Embassy.  I  was  a  correspondent.  I 
had  reason  to  drop  in  there  once  every  2  or  3  weeks. 

But  she  thought  otherwise,  and  she  thought  it  would  be  safer,  or 
smarter  to  vary  the  pace  and  to  meet  outside  the  Embassy,  which  I 
remember  we  did  on  two  occasions. 

59886— 55— pt.  14 5 


1352  STRATEGY   AND    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM 

And  on  both  occasions  she  rode  np  in  her  black  Embassy  limousine 
and  got  out  of  her  car  and  walked  down  the  street  in  the  center  of  this 
small  diplomatic  capital  and  greeted  me  on  the  street  and  we  would 
walk  around  the  block  as  I  passed  her  my  typewritten  report. 

This  seemed  to  me  very  bad  tactics  at  the  time,  from  the  point  of  view 
of  security.  After  all,  this  was  in  the  residential  center  of  Ankara, 
only  a  step  off  the  main  boulevard,  which  is  really  the  artery  of  the 
entire  town.  Anyone  might  well  have  recognized  her.  She  was  well 
known,  a  diplomat,  a  well-known  diplomat  in  the  city.  But  neverthe- 
less, she  thought  it  was  better  that  way,  and  so  I  did  not  protest. 

As  I  say,  twice  we  met  on  the  street  just  2  or  3  minutes,  to  be  sure, 
while  I  passed  her  these  reports. 

In  the  fall  of  1941 1  left  Ankara  for  Teheran,  the  reason  being  that 
the  Allied  Powers,  Britain  and  Russia,  had  just  occupied  Iran  in  order 
to  clear  the  way  and  to  secure  the  route  for  American  lend-lease  ship- 
ments up  through  Iran  to  southern  Russia,  and  so  there  was  a  story 
there  in  Iran. 

And  I  went  to  Iran  for  a  period  of  about  4  months,  31/^  or  4  months, 
and  spent,  in  other  words,  most  of  that  winter  there,  in  1941,  early  1942. 

It  was  while  I  was  there  in  Iran  that  I  decided  that  the  time  had 
come  to  make  my  decision,  and  I  was  certain  that  this  was  the  decision 
that  I  wanted  to  make.  I  didn't  want  to  work  for  them  or  with  them 
any  more.  And  it  was  while  I  was  in  Teheran  that  this  decision  ma- 
tured and  became  set  in  my  mind. 

I  did  not  have  any  contacts  with  the  Russians  while  I  was  in 
Teheran. 

I  went  there  with  my  wife,  and  as  I  say,  we  stayed  there  for  most 
of  the  winter,  and  then  the  story  more  or  less  died  out  in  Teheran,  and 
I  was  asked  to  return  to  Ankara  for  a  spell,  I  have  forgotten  what 
story  there  was  going  on  in  Ankara  at  that  time  that  occasioned  the 
return,  but  apparently  Ankara  looked  like  a  better  Middle  Eastern 
spot  for  the  moment  than  Iran. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  By  whom  were  you  employed  ? 

Mr.  BuEDETT.  So  this  was  not  a  definite — pardon  ? 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  By  whom  were  you  employed  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  was  employed — ^by  this  time,  sir,  I  was  employed  by 
the  Columbia  Broadcasting  System  as  a  staff  correspondent. 

In  other  words,  I  was  going  back  to  Ankara  only  for  a  temporary 
stay  pending  future  assignment  to  some  other  place,  depending  on 
news  developments. 

For  that  reason,  I  went  back  to  Ankara  alone,  and  my  wife  remained 
in  Teheran.  When  I  went  back  to  Ankara  on  this  occasion,  I  went 
back  early  in  February  of  1942,  and  I  remained  in  Ankara  on  this 
particular  occasion  for  about  7  weeks  and  left  at  the  end  of  March 
for  the  last  time. 

Well,  I  had  decided  that  inasmuch  as  I  was  going  back  to  Ankara, 
inasmuch  as  I  wished  to  make  the  break,  and  inasmuch  as  Madame 
was  the  person  and  the  only  person  whom  I  knew,  whom  I  had  worked 
with  and  had  to  do  with  over  a  considerable  period  of  time  during  the 
previous  year,  she  was  the  person  whom  I  would  tell,  which  is  what 
I  did. 

I  didn't  tell  her  the  first  time  and  I  didn't  tell  her  the  second  time 
that  I  went  to  visit  her  in  Ankara  during  this  period  that  I  speak 
of  in  February  and  March  of  1942.    I  made  a  point  at  that  time,  on 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM  1353 

these  two  first  occasions,  I  remember,  of  giving  her  what  were  obvi- 
ously very  unsatisfactory  reports  on  such  information  as  I  might 
have  picked  up. 

They  were  skimpy  and  insubstantial,  and  she  said  as  much,  and  she 
complained  rather  bitterly  that  what  I  was  able  to  tell  her  now  was 
by  no  means  as  useful  as  what  I  had  been  able  to  tell  her  in  these 
various  reports  the  previous  year. 

This,  by  the  way,  was  the  only  indication  that  she  had  ever  given 
me  that  the  reports  that  I  had  provided  her  had  been  of  some  interest 
and  value  to  her. 

She  had  never  commented  on  the  material,  on  the  content  or  in  any 
other  way  on  these  reports  that  I  had  given  her.  She  had  merely  ac- 
cepted them,  taken  them,  and  fixed  the  date  for  a  subsequent  ap- 
pointment. 

On  this  occasion,  as  I  say,  in  February  or  March — I  think  it  was  in 

Ankara 

Senator  Hennings.  Mr.  Chairman,  may  I  ask  a  question  there  ? 
Mr.  Burdett,  if  you  will  bear  with  me,  I  want  to  ask  one  question 
that  might  clarify  something,  at  least  in  my  mind. 

Now,  when  did  you  determine  to  make  the  break  with  the  Commu- 
nist Party  ? 

Mr.  Burdett.  I  determined  finally  and  definitely  after  I  left  An- 
kara in  the  fall  of  1941. 
Senator  Hennings.  1941. 

Mr.  Burdett.  I  did  not  actually  do  it,  sir,  until  March  of  1942. 
Senator  Hennings.  What  impact  did  the  attack  of  Nazi  Germany 
apon  the  Soviet  Union  have  upon  your  thinking,  in  terms  of  leading 
up  to  your  decision  to  break  with  the  party  ? 
Mr.  Burdett.  I  should  say  none  whatever,  sir. 
Senator  Hennings.  None  whatever  ? 
Mr.  Burdett.  No. 

Senator  Hennings.  That  was  what  I  thought  I  understood  you 
to  say. 

But  then  in  1942,  after  the  United  States  had  entered  the  war  on 

December  7, 1941,  and  we  were  allied  with  Soviet  Kussia 

Mr.  Burdett.  Yes. 

Senator  Hennings.  You  concluded  then  to  sever  your  connection 
with  the  party. 

Mr.  Burdett.  That  event,  again,  really 

Senator  Hennings.  I  am  not  undertaking  to  cross-examine  you. 
Mr.  Burdett.  No.    I  understand. 

Senator  Hennings.  Please  forgive  me  if  it  sounds  like  it.  I  was 
just  trying  to  clarify  your  own  process  of  reasoning  or  rationalization 
for  such  conclusions  as  you  may  have  reached  in  the  light  of  the  inter- 
national circumstances  and  alliances  at  that  time  during  the  war. 

Mr.  Burdett.  Yes.  Well,  I  would  say  that  those  two  international 
events  had  no  impact  whatever  on  my  decision,  which  was  a  decision 
maturing  out  of  my  own  personal  experience.  It  was,  as  it  were,  a 
completely  different  equation  than  the  military  or,  if  you  will,  the 
military  equation  of  wartime  alliances. 

This  was  one  thing — my  experience  was  one  thing,  involving  not  so 
much  what  side  the  Kussians  were  fighting  on,  as  involving  the  Com- 
munist Party  itself,  its  relationship  with  the  Russians,  and  the  quality 
of  the  Soviet  state  as  a  totalitarian  state. 


1354  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM 

The  fact  that  the  Russians  themselves  came  into  the  war,  into  a  war 
which  they  did  everything  in  their  power,  sir,  to  stay  out  of,  and  the 
fact  that  circumstances  forced  them  to  be  the  allies  first  of  the  British 
and  later  of  ourselves,  did  not  mean  a  thing  politically  in  terms  of 
my  own  personal  equation,  nor,  I  think,  sir,  in  terms  of  the  ultimate 
political  equation  in  the  world. 

Senator  Hennings.  Thank  you,  sir. 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  In  any  case,  I  simply  wanted  to  point  out  that  on  this 
one  occasion  when  Madame  retrospectively  spoke  of  how  useful  my 
reports  had  been  previously,  on  this  occasion,  then,  she  did  indicate, 
and  for  the  first  time,  that  they  had  been  of  some  value,  because  she 
complained  of  how  poor  my  reports  were  on  this  particular  occasion. 

It  was  the  third  time  that  I  went  back  to  see  Madame  during  this 
stay  in  Ankara  that  I  decided  what  it  was  that  I  wanted  to  tell  her, 
and  I  told  her.  And  this  was  sometime  in  March,  and  probably  rather 
late  in  March,  because  I  remember  it  was  a  very  short  time  before  I  left 
Ankara  for  the  last  time. 

I  went  to  see  Madame  and  told  her  simply  that  I  did  not  wish  and 
I  did  not  intend  to  work  for  her  any  longer. 

Now,  I  wanted  to  anticipate  on  her  part  any  idea  that  I  might  have 
made  this  decision  for  circumstantial  reasons.    So  I  told  her : 

This  is  a  i)ersonal  decision  wliich  I  have  taken  for  my  own  personal  reasons. 
I  have  changed  my  mind — 

because  I  did  not  want  her  to  think  that  I  had  made  this  decision  either 
because  I  found  it  inconvenient,  or  that  I  was  afraid,  or  that  I  found 
it  unprofitable  to  continue  working  for  her. 
So  I  told  Madame: 

This  is  my  own  decision.  I  have  taken  it  for  personal  reasons  of  my  own, 
which  I  do  not  have  to  explain  to  you.  You  can  surmise  what  they  are.  It  is 
purely  that.  It  is  purely  that  I  have  changed  my  mind.  I  don't  want  to  do  it 
any  more. 

This  obviously  came  as  a  shock  to  her.  She  was  surprised  and  she 
was  chagrined.  She  was  very  obviously  disappointed.  It  was  as 
though  she  had  had  a  good  thing,  of  which  she  was  being  suddenly 
deprived,  and  she  acted  a  bit  like  a  child  that  is  suddenly  deprived  of 
something  which  it  is  enjoying.  She  did  not  remonstrate,  and  I  got 
very  much  the  impression  that  she  not  only  did  not  expect  me  to  do  this 
at  this  particular  time,  but  that  this  was  the  kind  of  occasion  and  of 
problem  for  which  she  was  unprepared;  that  she  had  never  been 
called  upon  to  handle  such  a  problem  in  her  experience. 

And  I  should  say  of  Madame  that  my  general  impre^ssion  of  her  was, 
for  what  it  may  be  worth,  that  she  struck  me  as  being  more  on  the 
diplomatic  than  on  the  commissar  side  of  things.  So  she  asked  me  to 
reconsider.     She  said : 

I  hope  you  will  reconsider. 

I  said : 

No.  That  is  my  point.  I  want  you  to  understand  that  I  have  done  all  my 
reconsidering,  and  that  this  is  final.     So  I  am  not  going  to  reconsider. 

She  was  disappointed  and  expressed  again  the  hope  that  I  would 
reconsider,  and  we  parted. 

That  was  the  last  I  ever  saw  of  her  or  of  them. 

The  Chairman.  Now,  what  happened  to  your  first  wife  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Yes,  sir. 


STRATEGY   AND    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM  1355 

My  first  wife  was,  as  I  told  you,  an  Italian  journalist.  Her  name 
was  Lea  Schiavi.  Lea  Schiavi  was  an  outspoken  anti-Fascist  jour- 
nalist. Despite  the  fact  that  she  was  anti-Fascist,  she  was  able  to  keep 
her  jobs,  or  to  continue  writing — I  should  put  it  that  way — for  the 
two  Italian  journals,  literary  and  political  journals,  for  which  she 
wrote  at  the  time  that  I  met  her,  which  was  early  in  June  of  1940. 

After  our  marriage,  which  was  late  in  July  of  1940,  she  did  not,  that 
I  recall,  continue  sending  any  stories  to  her  papers.  It  is  doubtful 
whether,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  they  would  have  published  them  by  that 
time. 

Lea  was  a  person  of  almost  bold  courage.  She  was  extremely  out- 
spoken, and  for  this  reason  she  was  a  constant  source  of  embarrass- 
ment to  the  Italian  authorities  in  whatever  countries  we  happened  to 
be  traveling.  They  deprived  her  of  the  use  of  her  passport.  I  have 
forgotten  how.  I  have  forgotten  whether  they  withdrew  the  docu- 
ment itself,  or  whether  they  invalidated  it,  or  failed  to  extend  it  in  some 
way,  but  I  remember  while  we  were  in  Bucharest  still,  I  procured  for 
her  an  aiSdavit  from  our  own  Embassy,  from  my  Embassy,  the  Ameri- 
can Embassy,  with  the  seal  of  the  United  States,  stating  that  Lea 
Schiavi  was  an  Italian  national,  but  the  wife  of  an  American  citizen, 
and  would  she  be  allowed  freely  to  pass,  and  so  on,  and  it  was  with 
this  document  that  she  traveled  with  me  until  her  death. 

I  should  express,  sir,  that  wherever  we  went,  she  was  cordially  hated 
by  the  Italians,  by  the  authorities  of  the  Italian  Fascist  Government. 

The  Chairman.  Was  she  killed  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Was  she  killed  ? 

The  Chairman".  Yes, 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Yes,  sir ;  she  was  killed. 

The  Chairman.  Who  killed  her  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Yes. 

The  Chairman.  Who  killed  her  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  May  I  explain  the  circumstances  of  her  death,  sir  ? 

The  Chairman.  Yes. 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  should  go  back  to  say  that  after  leaving  Ankara  for 
the  last  time  late  in  March  of  1942,  I  proceeded  on  instructions  from 
my  company  to  India  to  cover  a  special  political  story  there,  a  brief 
one,  and  Lea  I  had  left,  as  I  told  you,  in  Teheran,  and  we  decided  that 
she  would  remain  in  Teheran,  rather  than  try  to  come  on  and  join  me 
in  British  India,  since  it  would  be  very  difficult  for,  her  as  an  Italian 
national  to  get  a  visa  into  British  India  at  that  time  during  the  war, 
<^ven  if  she  were  the  wife  of  an  American  citizen. 

Lea  then  remained  in  Iran,  in  Teheran,  while  I  was  in  India.  She 
was  a  person  of  great  journalistic  and  great  intellectual  curiosity  and 
verve,  and  while  I  was  away — she  loved  to  travel — and  while  I  was 
away,  she  traveled  over  all  parts  of  Iran,  and  when  I  was  in  India  she 
decided  to  go  up  and  visit  Soviet-occupied  Iran,  the  northern  part  of 
Iran,  in  order  to  see  what  the  Russians  were  like  and  what  they  were 
up  to,  and  in  order  to  visit  other  territories  in  that  part  of  Iran  where 
there  were  interesting  and  colorful  native  tribes. 

This  trip  she  made.  She  was  by  no  means  the  first  journalist  to  make 
this  trip  into  northern  Iran.  Others  had  done  the  same.  She  went  in 
the  company  of  a  young  Iranian  friend  of  hers,  a  young  woman.  They 
went  together.  They  hired  a  car,  so  that  they  had  their  chauffeur, 
their  Iranian  chauffeur,  and  they  traveled  up  to  Tabriz. 


1356  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM 

Tabriz  is  the  most  important  city  in  northern  Iran,  and  it  was  the 
seat  of  the  Red  Army  headquarters  of  the  Soviet  occupation  forces 
in  northern  Iran,  that  part  of  Iran  which  the  Russians  were  then 
occupying. 

Lea  decided  when  they  got  to  Tabriz — this,  by  the  way,  w^as  late  in 
April  of  1942 — she  decided  that  she  wished  to  visit  the  Kurds,  the 
Kurdish  tribes  in  northwestern  Iran.  And  the  Kurds  were  a  tribe — 
one  could  not  call  them  a  savage  tribe — they  have  a  highly  developed 
culture  of  their  own — but  they  are  a  warlike  tribe,  which  at  that  time^ 
at  least,  maintained  pretty  complete  police  autonomy  from  the  cen- 
tral government,  whether  it  was  the  central  government  of  Iran  or 
whether  it  was  the  central  government  of  Iraq,  because  some  of  the 
Kurdish  tribes  were  on  the  Iraqian  side  of  the  border. 

In  this  particular  corner  of  the  world,  the  Kurds  live  in  three  coun- 
tries. But  Lea  decided  that  she  wanted  to  see  the  Kurds,  with  their 
colorful  dress  and  customs,  and  so  on;  how  did  they  live?  So  she 
and  her  young  friend  and  the  driver,  and  an  Iranian  Army  oflficer  and 
a  young  Kurdish  boy  who  was  to  act  as  an  interpreter,  set  out  in  this 
hired  car  from  Tabriz  to  a  town  the  name  of  which  I  now  forget,  but 
which  was  the  seat  of  this  particular  Kurdish  tribe. 

They  set  out  for  this  town  and  reached  it  in  a  morning  and  were 
entertained  there  by  the  leading  personality.  I  don't  know  whether 
he  was  the  big  boss  of  that  part  of  the  world  for  the  Kurds.  I  don't 
know  whether  he  was  called  the  chieftain  or  not.  His  name  was  Amir 
Assad.  They  were  very  royally  entertained  by  him  at  luncheon,  and 
then  they  set  out  in  the  afternoon  to  return  to  Tabriz,  and  they  were 
driving  along  this  lonely  road  in  this  desolate  countryside  when  at  a 
certain  point  they  were  stopped  by  two  Amnieh,  they  were  called,  and 
officially  that  means  a  road  guard.  These  were  Kurdish  road  guards. 
And  they  were  road  guards  after  a  fashion,  but  they  were  also  gun- 
men. They  were  perhaps  closer  to  gunmen  than  they  were  to  road 
guards  or  to  police.  But  they  stopped  the  car,  they  stopped  the  car 
and  they  asked  many  questions  which  were  translated  by  the  Kurdish 
interpreter,  and  as  soon  as  they  identified  Lea  Schiavi  as  the  Italian 
woman  journalist  who  was  traveling  in  these  parts,  they  opened  fire, 
and  the  muzzle — my  wife  and  the  driver,  too,  realized  that  something 
was  wrong  and  that  it  was  indeed  an  altercation,  and  the  first  shot  was 
fired  from  the  side  of  the  car  point  blank,  the  muzzle  of  the  gun  point- 
blank  against  the  side  of  the  car  where  my  wife  was  sitting,  and  the 
bullet  penetrated  her  breast. 

The  car  started  up  immediately,  of  course,  and  my  wife's  last  words 
to  the  driver  were,  she  said,  "Assatour,  docteur" :  "We  must  get  to  a 
doctor." 

Then  they  started  up,  and  as  the  car  started  up,  the  guards  fired 
twice  again  at  the  car,  but  whether  they  hit  the  car  again  I  don't 
know,  but  they  did  not  hit  any  person.  No  one  else  was  hit  or 
wounded.  And  Lea  died  before  the  car  arrived  back  in  Tabriz  that 
night. 

The  shooting  occurred  4  miles  outside  of  the  city. 

To  answer  your  question,  sir,  who  killed  her,  the  immediate  question, 
of  course,  was  at  whose  instigation  was  she  killed,  because  the  physical 
circumstances  of  the  crime  indicated  that  it  was  a  deliberate  political 
assassination. 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM  1357 

At  that  time  I  went  back  from  India  to  Iran  to  try  to  investigate 
as  best  I  could,  and  I  had  the  cooperation  of  the  American  Embassy 
officials,  or  legation  officials,  in  Teheran  and  consular  officials  in 
Tabriz,  and  I  visited  the  scene  of  the  crime  and  I  talked  to  Amir 
Assad,  and  I  talked  with  others. 

We  did  not  have  the  cooperation  of  the  Iranian  police,  for  a  com- 
plex of  reasons,  chiefly,  I  think,  because  the  Iranians  felt  that  this 
crime,  which  was  an  instigated  crime,  was  almost  unquestionably 
instigated  by  some  large  foreign  power,  and  whoever  it  was,  the 
Iranians  did  not,  therefore,  wish  to  pursue  it  to  its  end. 

The  road  guard  who  fired  the  shot  was  arrested,  tried,  and  sentenced 
to  hard  labor.  Lea  could  have  been  killed  by  the  Russians ;  she  could 
have  been  killed  by  the  Italians — by  the  Russians,  because  the  Russians 
had  complete  access  to  this  whole  area.  They  occupied  it,  and  al- 
thougli  they  occupied  it  lightly  from  a  military  sense,  nevertheless 
their  agents  had  free  play,  free  run  of  the  whole  area.  It  could  have 
been  conceivably  by  Italians,  on  the  instigation  of  the  Italian,  or  even, 
if  you  will  German  agents,  because  in  this  wild  and  unpoliced  part 
of  the  world,  German  and  Italian  agents  were  known  to  have  slipped 
across  the  borders  from  Turkey  and  to  have  operated  in  this  area. 

The  Chairman.  Who  do  you  think  killed  her?  What  comitry  do 
you  think  instigated  your  wife's  murder  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Yes.  I  thouglit  at  first,  sir,  at  the  time,  I  felt  that 
it  must  be  the  Italian  Fascists,  but  I  have  far  from  finished  this  story, 
sir. 

I  felt  at  the  time  that  it  must  be  the  Italian  Fascists,  because, 
among  other  things.  Lea  had  started  in  Teheran  a  little  group  which 
she  called  the  Anti-Fascist  Committee  of  Italians  in  Teheran.  In 
other  words,  she  had  started  an  anti-Fascist  club.  There  were  many 
Italians  living  and  working  in  Iran,  and  there  have  been.  There 
was  quite  a  little  Italian  colony  in  Iran,  engineers  and  skilled  work- 
ers, and  so  on,  and  had  been  for  many  years.  And  so  she  started  a 
club  amongst  them  which  was  called,  as  I  recall,  the  Anti-Fascist 
Club  of  Teheran. 

I  felt  very  strongly  that  this  was  an  act  of  revenge  on  the  part  of 
the  Italians. 

However,  I  later  learned  that  this  was  not  so.  Later,  to  tell  the 
story  briefly,  sir,  later  I  asked  an  officer — at  a  later  period  during  the 
war  I  asked  an  officer,  to  whom  I  was  introduced,  of  the  American 
CIC,  the  Counterintelligence  Corps,  could  he  tell  me  for  my  personal 
knowledge  what  were  the  results  of  the  information  which  the  CIC 
had  gathered,  what  those  results  indicated  with  regard  to  the  assas- 
sination of  Lea  Schiavi,  in  otlier  words,  had  the  CIC  been  able  to 
find  out  anything,  and  if  so,  what  had  it  been  ?  I  said :  "If  you  ever 
find  out,  could  you  let  me  know  ?" 

And  a  long  time  passed  before  I  saw  him.  The  war  ended  and  I 
eventually  met  this  officer  again,  or  rather  he  came  to  look  me  up  to 
tell  me  what  he  had  been  able  to  learn.  And  he  told  me  that  the  in- 
telligence which  the  CIC  had  received  over  a  period  of  time  indicated 
beyond  doubt  in  their  minds  that  Lea  had  been  assassinated  at  the 
instigation  of  the  Russians.  They  had  determined  that,  during  her 
trip  to^  northern  Iran,  she  had  discovered  certain  information,  in- 
formation to  the  effect  that  at  this  time — this  is  the  spring  of  1942 — 
the  Russians  were  engaged  in  training,  in  northern  Iran,  parties  of 


1358  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM 

Yugoslav  partisan  organizers,  military  organizers,  who  were  to  be, 
in  due  time,  as  they  were,  sent  back  into  Yugoslavia  to  fight  on  the 
side  of  the  Communist  partisans  in  Yugoslavia  under  Tito. 

Now,  this  is  1942,  and  that  story  of  the  civil  war  in  Yugoslavia 
is  an  old  story  now,  but  at  this  juncture  in  the  war  this  was  something 
which  the  Kussians  did  not  want  anyone  to  know,  that  this  was  going 
to  be  their  military  and  political  approach  to  the  Yugoslav  problem. 
They  did  not  want  anyone  to  know  it ;  least  of  all  did  they  want  any 
of  their  allies  to  know  it.  And  they  knew  full  well,  of  course,  that 
Lea  Schiavi  had  wide  access  to  Western  embassies,  and  Western  jour- 
nalists, and  so,  sir,  the  conclusion  of  the  CIC  insofar  as  I  have  been 
able  to  gather  it,  was  that  Lea  Schiavi  was  assassinated  because  she 
knew  too  much. 

The  Chairman.  We  will  recess  now  until  1 :  30. 

Is  Alvah  Bessie  present  ? 

(No  response.) 

(Whereupon,  at  12:25  p.  m.,  the  committee  recessed,  to  reconvene 
at  1 :  30  p.  m.,  the  same  day.) 

AFTERNOON   SESSION 

The  Chairman.  The  committee  will  come  to  order. 
Mr.  BuRDETr.  Proceed,  Mr.  Sourwine. 

TESTIMONY  OF  WINSTON  MANSFIELD  BURDETT— Kesumed 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Mr.  Burdett,  you  told  us  this  morning  how  you  had 
broken  with  your  Communist  connections,  and  you  told  us  of  the 
death  of  your  wife.     You  thereafter  returned  to  the  United  States. 

Mr.  Burdett.  Not  immediately,  sir,  not  for  several  years. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  During  the  remainder  of  the  time  that  you  were 
overseas,  did  you  have  any  further  contact  with  any  Communists  to 
your  knowledge. 

Mr.  Burdett.  I  did  not,  sir. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Did  you  at  any  time,  after  you  told  Madame  in 
Teheran  of  your  intentions  to  stop  serving  the  Eussians,  did  you 
thereafter  take  any  action  of  your  own  to  break  your  relations  with 
the  Communist  Party  ? 

Mr.  Burdett.  I  took  no  further  actions,  sir,  either  abroad  or  in  this 
country. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Do  you  feel  that  you  left  the  Communist  Party  at 
any  particular  time?  Did  you  think  what  you  said  to  Madame  in 
Teheran  was  a  complete  break  with  the  party  ? 

Mr.  Burdett.  That  represented  a  complete  break  with  the  Kussians, 
and  with  all  Communist  agents  and  with  that  type  of  work  and  in 
my  own  mind,  sir,  it  marked  a  severance  of  my  relations  with  the 
Communist  movement  and  with  the  Communist  Party. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  This  morning  you  mentioned  the  names  of  a  number 
of  persons  whom  you  knew  as  Communists  in  the  Brooklyn  Eagle 
Communist  unit  of  which  you  were  a  member. 

Mr.  Burdett.  I  did,  sir. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Were  dues  collected  from  the  members  of  that  unit  ? 

Mr.  Burdett.  They  were  regularly  collected,  sir,  as  I  recall,  once 
a  month. 


STRATEGY   AND    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM  1359 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  During  unit  meetings  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  During  unit  meetings. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  I  want  to  run  tlirough  this  list  to  be  sure  that  each 
name  is  that  of  a  person  whom  you  identify  as  a  member  of  the  Com- 
munist Party  at  the  time  that  you  were  a  member  of  the  Brooklyn 
Eagle  unit. 

Then  I  will  ask  you  if  you  remember  any  other  names  of  persons 
who  were  members  of  that  unit. 

Alvah  Bessie. 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  should  state,  sir,  that  Alvah  Bessie  left  the  Brook- 
lyn Eagle  before  I  joined  the  Communist  Party.  I  never  saw  Alvah 
Bessie  at  any  meeting  of  the  Communist  Party,  therefore,  or  any 
meeting  of  the  Eagle  party  unit,  and  as  I  said  earlier,  I  knew  him  as 
a  Communist  before  I  actually  became  one. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  You  knew  him  as  a  Communist  how  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  In  his  own  declaration  of  belief  and  his  own  declara- 
tion of  political  adherence. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  To  you  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  To  me,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Now,  separating  political  adherence  from  member- 
ship in  the  Communist  Party,  if  you  can  do  so,  did  Alvah  Bessie  tell 
you  that  he  was  a  member  of  the  Communist  Party  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  cannot  out  of  my  memory  definitely  tell  you,  sir, 
that  he  told  me  that  in  so  many  words.  However,  Alvah  Bessie  did 
urge  me  to  join  the  Communist  Party.  The  presumption  of  that  sit- 
uation was  that  he  was  himself  a  member. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  When  did  he  do  that  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  In  the  months  immediately  preceding  my  actual  act 
•of  joining  the  party,  that  is  to  say,  it  would  have  been  during  the 
months  of  the  first  half  of  the  year  1937. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Nathan  Einhorn  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Communist  Party  of  the 
Brooklyn  Eagle,  yes. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Victor  Weingarten  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  He  was  also. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Violet  Brown,  subsequently  Violet  Weingarten? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  She  was  also,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRAViNE.  Charles  Lewis? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Yes. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Hyman  Charniak  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Yes. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Herbert  Cohn  ? 

]\Ir.  BuRDETT.  Yes. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Melvin  Barnett  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Yes. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE,  David  Gordon  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Yes. 

INIr.  SouRwixE.  Charles  Grutzner? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Yes. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Gladys  Bentley  ? 

]\Ir.  BuRDETT.  Yes. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Larry  Adler  ?  ^ 

*  See  footnote,  p.  1327. 


1360  STRATEGY   AND    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Yes. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Lyle  Dowling  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Yes, 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Now,  had  you  completed  telling  us  what  you  know 
about  Murray  Young  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Yes,  I  think  I  have  completed  telling  you  what  I 
know  of  him.  He  was  a  teacher  at  the  party  section  school  which  I 
attended  in  the  year  1938,  and  which  I  described  to  you. 

He  conducted  1  of  the  2  classes  which  I  attended  at  that  school  for 
a  period  of  weeks,  indeed  months.  It  was  2  or  3  months  in  the  spring 
of  the  year  1938. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  his  being  a  teacher  at  that  school  mean  that  he 
necessarily  was  a  member  of  the  Communist  Party  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  should  say,  in  reply  to  that,  most  definitely ;  yes,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  Amos  Landman  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Amos  Landman  ?  Yes,  I  knew  Amos  Landman  as  a 
newspaperman  who  worked  at  that  time — by  "that  time"  I  mean  the 
period  from  1937  to  1940 — for  a  New  York  newspaper,  a  Manhattan 
newspaper,  that  is,  which  in  my  recollection  was  either  the  New  York 
Daily  Mirror  or  the  New  York  Daily  News. 

I  knew  Amos  Landman  as  an  active  member  of  the  New  York  News- 
paper Guild.  I  recollect  his  also  having  been  a  member  of  the  Com- 
munist Party,  but  the  basis  of  my  recollection  I  cannot  tell  you.  I  do 
not  recall  any  particular  meeting  at  which  I  saw  him,  any  particular 
Communist  Party  meeting  at  which  I  saw  him. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  I  take  it,  from  the  distinction,  that  you  mean 
to  say  that,  in  the  case  of  these  others  whom  you  have  identified, 
you  do  have  positive  memories  of  having  been  with  them  in  Communist 
meetings  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  cannot  definitel}'^  recollect  ever  having  seen  Amos 
Landman  at  a  Communist  Party  meeting.  I  assume,  sir,  that  the 
reason  that  I  remember  him  as  having  been  a  Communist  Party  mem- 
ber is  that  I  may  indeed  have  seen  him  at  such  a  meeting  and  therefore 
the  conclusion  stuck  in  my  mind. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  I  say,  in  the  case  of  these  others  whom  you  have 
identified  as  members  of  the  party,  do  you  have  definite  recollection  of 
having  been  with  them  in  Communist  Party  meetings  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Oh,  yes,  sir ;  I  am  sorry,  I  misunderstood  the  question. 
Of  all  of  them,  yes. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  You  made  a  careful  distinction  with  regard  to  Mr. 
Landman  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  did. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  I  wanted  to  be  sure  I  understood  you. 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Exactly,  yes. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Now,  did  you  or  do  you  know  Monroe  Stern  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Yes. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Who  was  Monroe  Stern,  or  who  is  he  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Monroe  Stern  was  very  active.  He  was  an  employee 
of  a  New  York,  that  is  to  say  a  Manhattan  newspaper.  I  do  not  recall 
which  one.  I  am  speaking  of  the  same  period  of  time  from  1937  to 
1940. 

He  was  a  prominently  active  member  of  the  New  York  Newspaper 
Guild,  and  it  is  as  such  that  I  have  remembered  him  through  the  years^ 
rather  than  as  a  Communist  Party  member. 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM  1361 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  know  him  as  a  Communist  Party  member? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  At  that  time  ? 

Mr.  SoTJRWiNE.  At  any  time. 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Yes.  I  came  to  the  definite  conchision  that  he  was 
a  Communist  Party  member  at  the  time  of  which  I  am  speaking,  be- 
cause of  later  circumstances. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Tell  us  about  that. 

Mr.  BuRDETP.  The  circumstances  were  these,  sir.  In  the  year  1946 
when  I  was  working  in  this  city,  in  Washington,  D.  C.  Monroe  Stern 
was  press  attache,  or  press  relations  officer  of  some  description  or  title, 
at  the  Yugoslav  Embassy  here  in  Washington.  It  was  at  the  Embassy 
on  the  occasion  of  a  press  conference  that  I  met  him  again  in  that  year. 

I  remembered  him  as  a  former  newspaperman  and  colleague  in  New 
York,  and  since  he  was  an  information  officer  there,  I  invited  him  out 
to  a  luncheon,  and  we  lunched  together,  I  remember,  at  the  National 
Press  Club  here  in  the  city. 

During  the  course  of  that  luncheon  Stern — we  were  speaking  of 
various  political  subjects,  and  I  recall  that  we  were  speaking  particu- 
larly of  the  situation  in  Greece,  about  the  civil  war  there.  I  have  for- 
gotten the  exact  content  of  my  remarks  and  his  remarks,  but  he  made 
a  statement  concerning  the  Greek  Civil  War  which  could  only  have 
been  made  by  a  Communist,  which  was  strictly  according  to  the  Com- 
munist line  and  interpretation  of  the  events  in  Greece. 

But  the  point  of  the  incident  to  me  was  that  at  that  time  not  only 
was  he  then  speaking  as  a  Communist,  but  that  he  was  speaking  to 
me  as  a  man  whom  he  remembered  as  a  Communist  and  as  a  party 
member.  Thus,  I  can  only  assume  at  the  time  that  Monroe  Stern  knew 
very  well  that  I  had  been  a  Communist  Party  member  and  that  he  had 
seen  me,  and  I,  no  doubt,  had  seen  him,  I  forgetting  the  incident,  at 
some  Communist  Party  gathering  of  New  York  newspapermen. 

Mr.  SouRwixE.  As  you  well  recognize,  I  am  calling  the  names  of 
persons  whose  names  you  gave  us  in  executive  session,  so  as  to  get  the 
testimony  on  this  public  record. 

Do  you  or  did  you  know  Milton  Kaufman  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Yes,  sir ;  I  did  know  him. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Wlio  is  or  was  Milton  Kaufman  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETp.  Milton  Kaufman  was,  during  this  period  of  which  I 
speak,  a  high  officer  of  the  New  York  Newspaper  Guild  with  its  head- 
quarters in  Manhattan. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Did  you  know  Milton  Kaufman  as  a  Communist? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  did,  sir. 

Mr.  SoTjRwiNE.  Did  you  attend  Communist  meetings  with  him? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  did,  sir ;  yes. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  John  Francis  Ryan  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  do  not  recognize  that  name,  sir.  I  do  know  a  Jack 
Ryan  who  was  also  a  high  officer  in  the  New  York  Newspaper  Guild 
during  this  period. 

Mr.  SoTjRWiNE.  Did  you  know  that  Jack  Rj'an  as  a  Communist? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  did.  sir,  yes. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Did  you  attend  meetings  of  the  Communist  Party 
with  him  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Yes.  In  speaking  of  meetings,  I  should  like  to  say 
with  regard  to  these  two  persons,  Mr.  Kaufman  and  Mr.  Ryan,  the 


1362  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM 

meetings  in  question  were  meetings  actually  of  the  party  unit  of  the 
Brooklyn  Eagle,  meetings  which  each  of  these  gentlemen  sometimes 
attended. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  Gladys  Kopf  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  did,  sir,  yes. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Who  is  or  was  Gladys  Kopf  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Gladys  Kopf  was  an  employee  of  the  central  office  in 
New  York,  in  Manhattan,  New  York,  of  the  New  York  Newspaper 
Guild.  She  was  an  executive  assistant  to  Mr.  Kaufman.  I  do  not 
recall  her  exact  title. 

Mr.  SouKwiNE.  Did  you  know  Gladys  Kopf  as  a  Communist  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Yes,  I  did,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  attend  Communist  Party  meetings  with 
her? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  cannot  recall  to  my  certain  knowledge  a  Commu- 
nist Party  meeting  at  which  I  saw  Gladys  Kopf. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  How  did  you  know  her  as  a  Communist  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  knew  it  through  conversation  with  her,  that  is  to 
say,  at  the  New  York  Newspaper  Guild,  at  that  office  I  knew  Jack 
Ryan,  I  knew  Mr.  Kaufman,  and  they  knew  me  as  a  Communist. 
Gladys  Kopf  was  one  of  those  persons  in  the  group,  and  it  was  from 
conversation  and  from  acquaintance  with  her  that  I  knew  her  to  be  a 
Communist. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  Ira  Henry  Freeman  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  think  that  I  have  known  such  a  man  as  a  newspaper- 
man in  New  York  City,  and  that  I  knew  him  during  that  period. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  know  him  as  a  Communist  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Not  that  I  recall,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  Sam  Weissman  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  did,  yes. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Identify  Sam  Weissman. 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Sam  Weissman  was  at  the  time  of  which  I  speak  an 
employee  of  the  New  York  Times.  To  the  best  of  my  recollection  he 
was  not  an  editorial  employee,  but  he  was  in  some  noneditorial  depart- 
ment of  the  newspaper. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  know  him  as  a  Communist  ?  _ 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  cannot  say  definitely  that  I  knew  him  to  be  a  Com- 
munist in  the  sense  that  I  ever  met  him  at  a  Communist  Party  meet- 
ing, but  because  of  various  circumstances  my  definite  assumption  was 
that  he  was  indeed  a  party  member. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Wliat  circumstances  do  you  refer  to  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  refer  to  the  circumstance  that  I  did  know  his  wife 
definitely  to  be  a  Communist  Party  member.  His  wife  was  Helen 
Weissman,  and  she  w^as  active.  I  knew  her  as  a  Communist  at  the 
section  headquarters  which  I  have  earlier  mentioned,  the  section  head- 
quarters in  Brooklyn  at  which  I  attended  this  school.  She  was  active 
there,  and  I  knew  her  as  a  Communist  there. 

I  came  also  to  know  her  husband,  although  I  never  saw  her  husband 
at  any  party  meeting ;  the  inference  of  all  these  circumstances  was  that 
he  was  indeed  a  party  member  or  a  very  close  party  sympathizer. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  or  do  you  know  Mrs.  Doretta  Tarmon  ? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  did,  yes. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Tell  us  about  her. 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM  1363 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Doretta  Tarmon  I  knew  as  a  Communist  under  tlie 
same  circumstances  under  which  I  knew  Mrs.  Weissman  to  be  a  Com- 
munist, that  is  to  say  she  was  active  at  this  section  headquarters  in 
downtown  Brooklyn. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  'Do  you  or  did  you  know  Peter  Christopher  Rhodes? 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  I  do  not  recognize  that  name  as  given,  sir.  I  did  know 
a  Peter  Rhodes. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Tell  us  about  him. 

Mr.  BuRDETT.  Peter  Rhodes  was,  at  the  time  that  I  met  him  in 
Stockholm  in  the  spring  of  1940,  under  the  circumstances  that  I  have 
told  you,  he  was  a  staff  correspondent  for  the  United  Press.  I  met 
IPeter  Rhodes,  I  should  say,  in  March  or  April  of  1940  in  Stockholm. 

I  did  not  know  Peter  Rhodes  to  be  a  member  of  the  Communist 
Party. 

However,  from  acquaintance  with  Peter  Rhodes,  and  from  what  I 
gathered  about  his  past  experiences  and  past  activities,  I  surmised  that 
he  was  a  very  active  sympathizer  and  partisan  of  Communist  causes. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Now,  Mr.  Burdett,  do  you  know  any  other  persons 
concerning  whom  you  can  give  the  committee  information  who,  to 
your  knowledge,  were  or  are  members  of  the  Communist  Party  ? 

Mr.  Burdett.  Sir,  I  can  think  of  no  others. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Mr.  Chairman,  I  have  no  further  questions  of  this 
witness.  I  would  like  to  ask  that  he  be  kept  under  subpena  and  asked 
to  remain  here. 

The  Chairman.  Mr.  Burdett,  I  will  hold  you  under  subpena  tem- 
porarily. I  want  to  thank  you  for  your  testimony  and  the  very  fine 
service  that  you  have  rendered  your  country,  sir. 

Call  your  next  witness. 

]\Ir.  SouRwiNE.  Mr.  Monroe  Stern. 

The  Chairman.  Hold  up  your  hand,  please. 

Do  you  solemnly  swear  the  testimony  you  are  about  to  give  the  In- 
ternal Security  Subcommittee  of  the  Committee  on  the  Judiciary  of 
the  Senate  of  the  United  States  is  the  truth,  the  whole  truth  and  noth- 
ing but  the  truth,  so  help  you,  God  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  I  do,  sir. 

The  Chairman.  Sit  down,  Mr.  Stern. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Would  you  give  the  reporter  your  full  name,  please, 
and  your  address  ? 

TESTIMONY  OF  MONROE  WILLIAM  STERN,  SARASOTA,  FLA. 

Mr.  Stern.  Monroe  William  Stern,  1215  Gulf  stream  Avenue,  Sara- 
sota, Fla. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Mr.  Stern,  where  are  you  employed  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  I  am  self-employed  in  Sarasota. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Are  you  now  or  have  you  ever  been  a  member  of 
the  Communist  Party  of  the  United  States  of  America  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  I  have  not,  sir. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Are  you  the  same  Monroe  Stern  who  at  one  time  held 
high  office  in  the  Newspaper  Guild  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Tell  us  about  that. 


1364  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM 

Mr,  Stern.  I  was  for  2  or  3  years  a  vice  president  of  the  New  York 
Guild,  and  for  1  year,  I  believe  it  was  1941,  I  was  president  of  the 
New  York  Guild. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Were  you  employed  by  the  Yugoslav  Legation  ?  ^ 

Mr.  Stern.  I  was,  sir,  first  by  the  Yugoslav  delegation  to  the  first 
United  Nations  session  in  San  Francisco,  and  later,  several  months 
after  that,  by  the  Yugoslav  Embassy  here  in  Washington. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  How  did  you  come  to  be  employed  by  the  Yugoslav 
delegation  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  This  group  of  delegates,  it  was  a  new  adminstration,  a 
new  govermnent.  The  majority  of  them  were  fresh  out  of  the  woods 
and  the  mountains.    They  knew  nothing,  so  to  speak,  of  this  country. 

They  felt  unfamiliar,  ill  at  east,  uncertain  of  their  English.  They 
got  in  touch,  I  believe,  with  one  of  the  Yugoslav  relief  organiza- 
tions in  New  York,  and  said  that  they  would  like  somebody,  a  news- 
paperman or  public  relations  man,  who  might  be  able  to  go  with  them 
to  San  Francisco  for  5  or  6  weeks  to  help  them.  They  were  even  un- 
certain as  to  just  what  the  nature  of  the  help  might  be.    They  just  felt 

==  The  following  letter  and  enclosure  was  received  by  Chairman  Eastland  from  Mr.  Stern 
after  his  return  to  Sarasota :  ,         ^    ,„^_ 

July  1,  1955. 

Hon.  James  O.  Eastland, 

Senate  Offlce  Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Dear  Senator  Eastland  :  Immediately  on  my  return  here  from  Washington  I  was  under 
pressure  by  the  Florida  West  Coast  Press — in  Tampa,  St.  Petersburg,  and  Sarasota— for 
comment,  so  I  prepared  and  issued  a  press  release,  which  was  published  I  should  think 
only  locally.  ,  ,  ^     .-  .^  ,. 

J  enclose  a  notarized  copy  of  this  press  release,  with  the  respectful  request — if  it  be  a 
proper  request — that  my  statement  be  made  a  part  of  the  record  of  the  Burdett  hearings 
before  your  subcommittee. 
Very  truly  yours, 

Monroe  Stern. 

JUNB  30,  1955. 
For  immediate  release. 

Sarasota,  June  30. — The  following  statement  was  Issued  here  today  by  Monroe  Stern : 

Mr.  Winston  Burdett  testified  yesterday  in  Washington  that  never  once  had  he  seen  me 
at  any  of  the  many  Communist  meetings  he  attended  in  the  1930's  but  that  he  came  to 
the  conclusion  I  was  a  Communist  after  learning  in  1946  that  I  was  working  for  the  Yugo- 
slav Embassy  in  Washington.  His  conclusion  is  unwarranted  to  the  point  of  fantasy. 
The  Yugoslavs,  like  most  of  the  other  small  and  many  of  the  large  embassies  in  Wash- 
ington, employ  from  time  to  time,  many  Americans  in  many  capacities — including,  in  the 
case  of  the  Yugoslavs,  a  highly  regarded  Washington  law  firm.  Similarly  American 
embassies  abroad  commonly  engage  foreign  nationals  from  time  to  time. 

I  had  known  Mr.  Burdett  only  slightly  In  New  York — he  was  an  obscure  reporter  on 
a  Brooklyn  paper.  In  1946  he  was  a  well-known  radio  correspondent — he  is  very  good 
on  the  radio — and  when  I  learned  he  was  in  Washington  I  called  him  up  and  invited  him 
to  lunch.  To  the  best  of  my  recollection  our  luncheon  conversation  was  casual  and 
general,  but  I  am  in  no  position  to  dispute  hie  account  of  what  we  said  over  the  luncheon 
table  9  years  ago.     I  can  only  compliment  him  on  his  memory. 

My  first  connection  with  the  Yugoslavs  was  with  their  delegation  to  the  founding 
United  Nations  Conference  in  San  Francisco  In  1945.  Their  delegation  was  composed 
about  half  of  partisans  who  had  been  fighting  a  bitter  and  highly  successful  war  against 
the  Germans  and  Italians  under  Tito,  and  about  half  of  representatives  of  their  Govern- 
ment-in-exile which  sat  out  the  war  in  London.  The  chief  of  the  delegation  was  Dr.  Ivan 
Subasic,  leader  of  that  Government-in-exile,  and  the  man  who  actually  employed  me  was 
Dr.  Stoyan  Gavrilovitch,  another  official  of  that  Government. 

Later,  when  I  was  with  their  Embassy  in  Washington,  in  a  public  relations  capacity, 
no  Yugoslav  at  any  time  asked  about  my  political  convictions  or  affiliations — they  had 
the  highest  respect  for  my  rights  and  privileges  as  an  American  citizen,  perhaps  partly 
because  they  had  but  recently,  as  a  result  of  the  war,  won  the  secret  ballot  for  them- 
selves. But  I  am  reasonably  sure  they  knew  that  I  was  not  a  Communist,  and  indeed  a 
large  part  of  such  small  help  as  I  was  able  to  give  them  was  based  on  the  fact  that  I  was 
not,  and  that  I  could  help  them  get  a  broader  and  truer  picture  of  American  life  than 
the  extreme  leftist  one.  The  Yugoslav  Ambassador  with  whom  I  worked  most  closely 
and  most  eflfectively  during  the  major  part  of  my  employment  by  them  was  himself  not  a 
Communist.  I  might  add  that  I  remained  with  them  until  1952,  4  years  after  their  break 
with  the  Russians,  when  I  resigned  for  purely  personal  reasons. 

Monroe  Stern. 

State  of  Florida, 

County  of  Sarasota,  ss: 

Signed  before  me  this  1st  day  of  July  1955. 

Dorothy  g.  Boyeston,  Notory  Puohc. 
My  commission  expires  February  16,  1957. 


STRATEGY   AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM  1365 

that  they  would  like  to  have  an  American  there  with  them  to  assist 
them  in  such  dealings  as  they  might  have  with  the  American  people. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  How  did  they  approach  you  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  The  call,  the  actual  approach  came  to  me,  as  I  said, 
through  the  guild.  The  executive  officer  of  the  New  York  Guild  at 
that  time  was  Nat  Einhorn,  who  telephoned  me  and  asked  me  if  I 
would  be  willing  and  able  to  accept  this  temporary  job  as  it  was  then 
supposed  to  be. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  know  whether  the  Embassy  representative 
or  the  Yugoslav  representatives  had  called  someone  other  than  Mr. 
Einhorn  first,  or  did  they  call  him  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  I  believe  they  had  got  in  touch  with  him  through  one 
of  the  Yugoslav  relief  organizations. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  know  Nat  Einhorn  as  a  Communist? 

Mr.  Stern.  Not  to  my  positive  knowledge,  sir. 

The  Chairman.  What  do  you  mean  by  your  positive  knowledge  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  I  never  heard  him  say  that  he  was.  I  never  saw  any 
documentary  proof  that  he  was.  I  never  saw  him  at  any  meeting  which 
I  recognized  as  a  purely  Communist  meeting. 

The  Chairman.  Do  you  mean  there  is  some  question  in  your  mind 
as  to  whether  he  was  or  was  not  a  Communist  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  It  will  be  solely  a  presumption,  sir, 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Didn't  you  testify,  sir,  in  executive  session,  that  you 
iissumed  Mr.  Einhorn  was  a  Communist  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  I  believe  I  did,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you? 

Mr.  Stern.  He  held  a  full-time  paid  job  with  the  New  York  Guild, 
which  required  long,  hard  work  for  a  salary  that  was  far  from  com- 
mensurate with  that.  It  was  the  kind  of  job  that  called  for  the  sort 
of  zeal  and  devotion  that  a  previous  witness  has  spoken  of,  and  that 
one  found  at  that  time  or  thought  of  as  being  an  attribute  of  Com- 
munists, 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Do  you  know  other  persons  in  the  guild  who  were 
Commimists,  to  your  knowledge  ? 

Ml".  Stern.  I  knew  several  by  the  same  sort  of  presumption.  I  did 
not  know,  despite  the  previous  witness'  testimony,  if  I  may  say  so,  I 
did  not  ever  know  tliat  Winston  Burdett  had  been  a  member  of  the 
Communist  Party,  There  were  two  or  three  individuals  on  the  paper 
on  whicli  I  was  then  employed  who  were  disclosed  to  me  as  being  mem- 
bers of  the  party, 

>Mr.  Sourwine,  Who  were  they  ? 

]\[r.  Stern.  One  was  a  reporter  wliose  name,  as  I  recall,  was  Ray 
Thor, 

]Mr.  Sourwine,  How  do  you  spell  it  ? 

Mr.  Stern,  It  was  either  T-h-a-w  or  T-h-o-r,  I  do  not  recall  that  I 
ever  saw  it  written.  The  others  were  two  copy  boys  whose  names  I 
do  not  recall  clearly.  One  was — these  boys  were  known  chiefly  around 
the  office  by  first  names.  One  was  Johnnie,  and  his  last  name  was 
either  Greenberg  or  Greenbaum,  to  the  best  of  my  recollection.  The 
other  was  known  as  Brownie. 

There  was  also  a  printer  whose  name,  if  it  was  ever  given  to  me,  I 
have  completely  forgotten.    I  rather  doubt  that  I  ever  knew  his  name. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  How  did  you  know  that  Mr.  Thaw  or  Thor  was  a 
Communist  ?    How  was  that  disclosed  to  you  ? 


1366  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM 

Mr.  Stern.  It  was  known  to  me  because  he  asked  me  to  join  the 
party. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  anyone  else  ask  you  to  join  the  party? 

Mr.  Stern.  In  an  indirect  way  Milton  Kaufman,  whose  name  has 
been  mentioned  here,  I  can  recall  said  to  me  on  one  or  two  occasions 
that  he  thought  I  ought  to  work  more  closely  with  them,  which  I  took 
to  mean  that  it  was 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  I  want  to  read  you,  sir,  briefly  from  your  executive 
testimony  before  this  committee  and  ask  you  if  you  have  any  changes 
or  modifications  to  make  in  the  testimony  as  then  given.    I  asked  you : 

Did  you  or  do  you  know  Milton  Kaufman  ? 

And  you  answered : 

Yes,  sir. 

Question.  Did  you  know  him  as  a  Communist? 

Answer.  Yes,  sir. 

How  do  you  know  he  was  a  Communist? 

Because  he  had  tried  to  get  me  to  join  the  party. 

Mr.  Stern.  I  came  here  yesterday,  sir,  not  knowing  in  the  least 
what  I  was  to  be  questioned  about.  These  were  matters  that  occurred 
quite  some  years  ago  which  I  have  not  thought  of  for  many  years.  As 
you  can  imagine,  it  has  been  much  on  my  mind  since  yesterday,  and 
searching  my  memory,  the  testimony  I  have  given  you  today  is  as 
accurate  as  my  recollection  goes. 

The  Chairman.  Did  you  so  testify  yesterday  as  he  read  you  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  That  is  my  memory  of  my  testimony  yesterday. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Didn't  you  testify  yesterday  that — well,  I  will  use 
your  words : 

I  listened  to  what  he  had  to  say — 
that  is  referring  to  Kaufman — 

I  seem  to  recall  at  his  suggestion  going  to  some  meetings,  but  I  never  did  join 
the  party. 

Mr.  Stern.  I  believe  that  is  correct,  sir. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  You  did  go  to  Communist  Party  meetings  at  Mr. 
Kaufman's  suggestion  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  Well,  sir,  it  was  not  my  impression  that  they  were 
solely  Communist  meetings.  I  believe,  as  I  recall  them,  that:  they 
were  groups  of  people  who  were  either  working  most  actively  in  the 
guild  or  who  were  thought  to  have  more  progressive  ideas  and  who 
were  called  together  for,  as  near  as  I  can  recall  it,  discussion  of  guild 
organizing  problems. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Did  you  call  them  Communist  meetings  yesterday 
in  executive  session,  Mr.  Stern  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  I  cannot  recall  that  I  did,  sir.  If  I  did,  I  did  not  know 
that  they  were  such,  exclusively. 

The  Chairman.  Wlio  did  you  talk  to  since  yesterday  ? 

ISfr.  Stern.  I  have  met  in  this  room  a  few  of  my  former  colleagues 
with  whom  I  have  exchanged  the  briefest  kind  of  words. 

The  Chairman.  AVlio,  now  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  Most  of  them  I  had  not  seen  in  many  years.  They  were 
Nat  Einhorn,  Jack  Ryan,  Milton  Kaufman,  Amos  Landman. 

The  Chairman.  Have  they  influenced  you  to  change  your  testi- 
mony ? 

Mr.  Stern.  No,  sir;  no,  sir.  I  do  not  feel  that  I  have  made  any 
substantial  change. 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM  1367 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Of  those  persons  you  named,  do  you  recognize  any 
of  them  as  former  members  of  the  Communist  Party  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  Which  persons,  sir  ? 

Mr.  SotTRWiNE.  The  ones  you  have  just  named. 

Mr.  Stern.  I  know  of  them  onl^'  as  I  have  so  described  in  my  tes- 
timony. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Yesterday  or  today. 

Mr.  Stern.  My  testimony  yesterday  or  today  ? 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Yes. 

Mr.  Stern.  So  far  as  I  can  recall,  the  testimony  is  substantially 
the  same  on  both  days. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  I  asked  you  yesterday,  referring  to  Mr.  Kaufman : 

Did  you  consistently  refuse  in  response  to  his  invitations  to  join  the  imrty? 
You  replied : 

I  never  did  join.  I  listened  to  what  he  had  to  say,  I  seem  to  recall  at  his 
suggestion  going  to  some  meetings,  but  I  never  did  join  the  party. 

I  asked  you : 

Do  you  remember  any  of  the  persons  who  were  at  any  of  those  Communist 
meetings  that  you  went  to  at  Mr.  Kaufman's  suggestion? 

You  said : 

It  is  a  long  time  ago,  sir.  I  will  try.  One  of  them  was  a  meeting  at  which 
there  were  perhaps  20  or  25  people.  Whether  Einhorn  and  a  chap  named  Jack 
Ryan  and  I  were  there,  I  cannot  recall.  Many  of  them  were  people  that  I 
did  not  know. 

And  we  then  went  into  the  question  of  the  discussion  of  who  else 
might  have  been  at  the  meeting.    Do  you  recall  that  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Is  it  your  testimony  now  that  you  did  not  intend 
to  convey  to  the  committee  yesterday  the  impression  that  these  were 
Communist  meetings  that  you  were  talking  about  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  Yes,  sir.  I  did  not  have  the  impression  that  I  have 
given  that,  and  I  did  not  understand  from  the  testimony  as  you  just 
read  it  that  I  had  given  that  impression. 

IVIr.  Sourwine.  Mr.  Stern,  were  you  supported  for  your  elective 
positions  in  the  guild  by  the  Communist  Party  group  in  the  guild  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  I  felt  that  I  was  supported  by  all  of  the  progressive 
elements  among  others. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Did  you  knowingly  accept  the  support  of  the  Com- 
munist Party  group  in  the  guild  for  your  candidacy  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  So  far  as  I  presumed  that  these  people  were  Com- 
munists, I  did  knowingly  accept  their  support. 

Mr.   SouR-sviNE.  Now  yesterday,  sir,  I  asked  you  that  question. 

I  said : 

Did  you  knowingly  accept  the  support  of  the  Communist  Party  group  in  the 
guild  for  candidacy? 

and  you  replied : 

Well,  I  knew  that  Kaufman  was  supporting  me,  and  accepted  his  support. 
It  seems  to  me  that  they  were  people  who  worked  very  hard  for  the  objectives 
of  the  guild. 

You  were  then  speaking  of  Kaufman  in  the  connotation  of  a  Com- 
munist ;  were  you  not  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  Of  a  presumed  Communist ;  yes. 


1368  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Was  Nat  Einhorn  one  of  the  presumed  Commu- 
nists who  was  supporting  you  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  To  the  best  of  my  recollection ;  yes,  sir. 
Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Was  John  Francis  Ryan  or  Jack  Eyan  one  of  the 
presumed  Communists  who  was  supporting  you  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  That  I  cannot  recall.  I  cannot  recall  exactly  his  status 
in  the  guild  at  that  time,  whether  he  had  become  an  employee  of  the 
guild  or  was  just  a  member  of  another  newspaper  unit  whom  I  knew 
but  did  not  know  closely. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  When  asked  yesterday  was  John  Francis  Ryan  sup- 
porting you,  you  answered,  "I  assume  so." 
Was  that  right? 

Did  you  assume  that  he  had  been  supporting  you  ? 
Mr.  Stern.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Why  did  you  assume  that  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  He  was  one  of  the  leading  members  of  his  unit  which 
was  some  newspaper  on  Long  Island,  the  name  of  which  I  have  for- 
gotten, and  I  generally  considered  him  one  of  the  hard  workers  in 
the  guild  and  a  person  of  progressive  ideas. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Now,  sir,  you  said  yesterday  that  you  would  at- 
tempt to  remember  any  other  meetings  that  you  had  gone  to.  Com- 
munist meetings,  and  I  understand  that  you  have  this  morning  re- 
membered another  one ;  is  that  right  ? 
Mr.  Stern.  That  is  correct,  sir. 
Mr.  Sourwine.  Will  you  tell  us  about  that,  please  ? 
Mr,  Stern.  The  one  that  I  spoke  of  yesterday  was  a  group  of,  as 
I  can  recall  it,  perhaps  20  or  30  people.    It  was  held  in  a  hotel  some- 
where in  the  Times  Square  area.    At  some  point — I  have  no  memory 
of  what  years  these  were,  sir,  but  I  do  recall  attending  another  such 
meeting  wholly  similar  so  far  as  I  understood  it,  again  at  a  hotel,  this 
time  in  the  Grand  Central  area. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Can  you  recall  anyone  who  was  at  that  meeting? 
Mr.  Stern.  I  cannot,  sir,  other  than  I'm  sure  that  Mr,  Kaufman 
was  there,    I  cannot  recall  by  name  anyone  else  who  was  there,  or  by 
face.    I  have  no  recollection,  no  picture  of  these  things  left  in  my  mind. 
Mr,  Sourwine,  You  were  asked  yesterday  about  whether  you  were 
a  member  of  the  Citizens  Committee  for  Harry  Bridges,    Have  you 
recalled  anything  in  that  connection  ? 
Mr,  Stern,  I  have  not  recalled  it,  sir, 

I  believe  you  said  that  there  is  a  letterhead  which  had  my  name  on 
it,  I  presume  if  my  name  is  on  it  that  someone  must  have  asked  for 
permission  and  I  must  have  given  it,  I  have  absolutely  no  recollection 
of  the  incident. 

Mr,  Sourwine.  Now  when  was  it  that  you  were  employed  by  the 
Yugoslavs  ? 

Mr,  Stern,  The  employment  started — they  were  in  New  York  as 
near  as  I  can  recall  only  48  hours  or  so,  so  that  it  happened  very  fast. 
Wliile  they  were  en  route  to  San  Francisco,  that  would  have  been 
some  time  in  April  1945, 

Mr,  Sourwine,  That  was  some  years  before  Tito's  break  with  the 
Cominf  orm ;  was  it  not  ? 
Mr,  Stern,  It  was  3  years  prior  to  it, 

Mr,  Sourwine,  Now  I  want  to  read  you  from  your  testimony  of 
yesterday  with  regard  to  Nat  Einhorn. 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM  1369 

Why  did  you  assume  he  was  a  Communist  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  Well,  I  don't  wish  to  say  this  in  any  necessarily  derogatory  sense, 
but  Communists  have  a  certain  manner  of  speaking  ex  cathedra,  patronizing,  as 
though  they  had  to  reveal  the  truth,  and  such  was  his  manner. 

I  said : 

That  is  all  you  had  to  go  on? 

And  you  replied : 

Well,  I  knew  he  was  a  full-time  employee  in  the  guild,  and  so  far  as  I  can 
recall,  his  general  sympathies  seemed  to  be  pretty  far  to  the  left. 

And  I  said : 

His  being  a  full-time  employee  of  the  guild ;  did  that  indicate  to  you  that  he 
might  be  a  Communist? 

And  you  replied : 

Not  necessarily. 

Now  with  that  background  I'll  ask  you  now  the  question  which  I 
then  asked  you  next:  Was  the  guild  Communist-dominated  at  that 
time  to  your  knowledge  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  I  would  not  say  dominated,  sir.  I  had  a  feeling  that 
there  was  Communist  influence,  but  so  far  as  I  recall  the  activities 
of  these  individuals  you  have  named,  it  was  all,  so  far  as  appeared 
on  the  surface,  it  was  all  toward  a  strengthening  of  democratic  proce- 
dures in  the  guild,  getting  more  and  more  people  in,  of  getting  more 
and  more  people  to  meetings  to  participate  in  discussions. 

The  Chairman.  Wait  just  a  minute,  please,  sir.  Will  the  photogra- 
phers not  get  in  front  of  the  witness  ? 

Proceed. 

Mr.  Stern.  I  believe  I  had  concluded  my  answer. 

Mr.  SouEwiNE.  Did  you,  sir,  make  any  arrangement,  agreement  or 
arrive  at  any  understanding  with  the  Communist  faction  in  the  guild 
with  respect  to  their  support  of  your  candidacy  for  office  in  the  guild  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  No,  sir,  none  that  I  can  recall. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Now  you  were  asked  about  a  number  of  persons  yes- 
terday. The  Milton  Kaufman  that  we  have  been  talking  about  now  is 
the  same  Milton  Kaufman  who  was  vice  president  of  the  American 
Newspaper  Guild? 

Mr.  Stern.  I  believe  the  exact  title  was  executive  vice  president. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  You  say  you  have  seen  him  in  the  room  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  On  this  Thaw  or  Thor  that  you  mention;  are  you 
sure  that  name  wasn't  Ray  Torr? 

Mr.  Stern.  No,  sir,  I  am  not.    That  sounds  more  correct. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Then  you  think  it  was  Ray  Torr  ? 

Mr.  Stern.  I  had  thought  it  was  Tor,  but  as  I  say,  I'm  not  sure  that 
I  ever  saw  it  written  down. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  You  mentioned  yesterday  a  Morgan  Hall  who  also 
tried  to  recruit  you  into  the  party. 

Mr.  Stern.  Sir,  I  think  the  name  was  Morgan  Hull. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  H-u-1-1? 

Mr.  Stern.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  You  identified  him  as  having  worked  for  the  Ameri- 
can Newspaper  Guild? 

Mr.  Stern.  That  is  correct,  sir. 


1370  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM 

Mr.  SouRAviNE.  And  you  said  your  present  impression  is  that  he 
is  dead? 

Mr.  Stern.  That  is  my  impression,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Now  of  the  other  persons  that  you  were  asked  about 
yesterday,  have  you  remembered  any  of  them  as  Communists  or  as 
persons  who  attended  these  Communist  meetings? 

Mr.  Stern.  No,  sir,  I  have  not. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Can  you  give  the  committee  the  names  of  any  other 
persons  who  were  known  to  you  to  be  Communists? 

Mr.  Stern.  I  cannot,  sir.     1  ou  mean  known  to  me  personally  ? 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Yes. 

Mr.  Stern.  Yes. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Mr.  Chairman,  I  have  no  more  questions  to  ask  of 
this  witness. 

Mr.  Stern.  Is  it  proper  for  me  to  make  a  statement  on  something 
that  was  said  by  a  previous  witness? 

The  Chairman.  Yes,  sir,  you  can  do  that. 

Mr.  Stern.  Mr.  Burdett  spoke  of  a  luncheon  he  had  with  me.  I 
don't  recall  the  date.  The  circumstances  as  I  recall  them  were  some- 
Avhat  different.  It  seems  to  me  that  I  learned  through  hearing  him  on 
the  radio  that  he  was  in  Washington  and  that  I  called  him  up  and  that 
we  did  have  lunch  together.  I  cannot  remember  the  subjects  discussed. 
It  seems  to  me  that  it  was  chiefly  small  talk,  and  concerning  his  assump- 
tion that  I  was  a  Communist  because  I  worked  for  the  Yugoslavs,  it  is 
understandable  to  me  that  that  impression  might  arise  in  some  people's 
minds. 

But  the  nature  of  my  work  was  such  that  not  only  did  the  Yugo- 
slavs, I  think,  know  that  I  was  not  a  Communist,  but  I  think  a  large 
part  of  my  value  to  them  arose  from  the  fact  that  I  was  not,  that  I 
was  a  less-specialized  sort  of  person  politically. 

The  Chairman.  No  further  questions. 

Mr.  Stern.  Thank  you,  sir. 

The  Chairman.  You  are  discharged. 

Mr.  Alvah  Bessie :  Hold  your  hand  up.  Do  you  solemnly  swear  the 
testimony  you  are  about  to  give  the  Internal  Security  Subcommittee 
of  the  Committee  on  the  Judiciary  of  the  Senate  of  the  United  States 
is  the  truth,  the  whole  truth  and  nothing  but  the  truth,  so  help  you 
God? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  do. 

The  Chairman.  Sit  down,  Mr.  Bessie. 

Proceed.  Mr.  Sourwine. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Would  you  give  the  reporter  your  full  name,  Mr. 
Bessie,  your  address  and  your  present  business  or  profession? 

TESTIMONY  OF  ALVAH  BESSIE,  ACCOMPANIED  BY  DAVID  REIN, 

HIS  ATTORNEY 

Mr.  Bessie.  My  name  is  Alvah  Bessie.  I  live  at  1210  Stanyan 
Street,  San  Francisco  17. 

I  am  employed  on  the  staff  of  the  Despatcher,  a  newspaper  pub- 
lished by  the  International  Longshoreman's  and  Warehousemen's 
Union. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Are  you  accompanied  by  counsel  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  am  accompanied  by  Mr.  David  Eein,  attorney. 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM  1371 

Mr.  SoTJRwixE.  He  is  here  as  your  counsel  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  He  is. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Mr.  Bessie,  are  you  now  a  member  of  the  Com- 
mun  i  St  Party,  United  States  of  America  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  will  have  to  invoke  my  privilege  under  the  fifth 
amendment  to  the  Constitution  on  that  question,  Mr.  Sourwine. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Were  you  in  1930  or  at  any  time  between  1930  and 
1940  a  member  of  a  Communist  Party  unit  in  the  Brooklyn  Eagle 
newspaper  in  New  York  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  will  invoke  the  privilege  on  that  question  also,  the 
same  privilege,  the  same  amendment. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Did  you,  Mr.  Bessie,  hear  the  testimony  of  the  wit- 
ness who  preceded  you  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  You  mean  Mr.  Stern  ? 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Yes. 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  am  somewhat  hard  of  hearing,  Mr.  Sourwine.  I  did 
not  hear  very  much  of  it. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Do  you  know  Monroe  Stern  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  recognize  his  face  but  I  don't  remember  whether  I 
knew  him  personallj'  or  not. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Do  you.  Mr.  Bessie,  or  did  you  know  Amos  Land- 
man t 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  don't  believe  so. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  Hyman  Charniak  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  The  name  is  familiar  to  me.     How  do  you  spell  it? 

Mr.  Sourwine.  C-h-a-r-n-i-a-k. 

Mr.  Bessie.  The  name  is  familiar  to  me. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  What  is  your  memory  with  respect  to  that  name? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  believe  he  was  employed  on  the  Brooklyn  Daily 
Eagle  at  the  time  that  I  was  employed  on  the  Brooklyn  Daily  Eagle. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Did  you  know  Hyman  Charniak  as  a  Communist? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  will  invoke  the  privilege  of  the  fifth  amendment  on 
that  question. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  Nat  Einhorn  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  The  same  amendment,  the  same  privilege,  Mr.  Sourwine. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  You  are  declining  to  answer  the  question  as  to 
whether  you  even  know  Einhorn  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  Who  ? 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Nat  Einhorn  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  Oh,  I'm  sorry.  I  did  know  Mr.  Einhorn  as  a  police 
reporter  on  the  Brooklyn  Eagle  at  the  time  that  I  was  there. 

Mr.  SouRAviNE.  Do  you  know  him  now  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  have  seen  him  in  the  hearing  room  here. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Do  you  know  him  now?  Have  you  maintained  a 
friendly  relation  with  him  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  have  had  some  correspondence  with  him  perhaps  2  or 
3  times  in  the  last  10  years. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Do  you  know  Mr.  Einhorn  as  a  member  of  the  Com- 
munist Party? 

Mr.  Bessie.  On  that  one  I  will  invoke  the  fifth  amendment. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  Victor  Weingarten  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  recall  him  as  a  worker  on  the  Brooklyn  Eagle  at  the 
time  that  I  was  employed  there. 


1372  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Did  you  know  him  as  a  member  of  the  Communist 
Party? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  will  invoke  the  fifth  amendment  on  that  one. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  Violet  Brown  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  recall  her  as  a  reporter,  I  believe,  on  the  Brooklyn 
Eagle  at  the  time  that  I  was  employed  there. 

Mr.  SouBWiNE.  Did  you  know  Violet  Brown  as  a  member  of  the 
Communist  Party  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  will  invoke  my  privilege  on  that,  Mr.  Sourwine. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  Charles  Lewis  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  Charles  Lewis  ? 

The  name  doesn't  ring  any  bell. 

Mr,  Sourwine.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  Herbert  Cohn  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  remember  his  byline  but  I  am  not  certain  whether  I 
knew  him  personally  on  the  Brooklyn  Eagle. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  Melvin  Barnett  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  remember  that  name  but  I  am  not  certain  that  I  knew 
him  personally. 

It's  about  18  years  ago. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  You  have  not  seen  Mr.  Barnett  since  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  don't  believe  so. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  David  Gordon  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  believe  I  knew  him  but  I  don't  recall  his  face. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Did  you  know  him  as  a  Commimist  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  Well,  I  will  have  to  invoke  the  privilege  on  that  one. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  Charles  Grutzner  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  recall  him  as  a  reporter  on  the  Brooklyn  Eagle  at 
the  time  that  I  was  employed. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Did  you  know  him  as  a  Communist  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  will  take  the  fifth  amendment  on  that. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Did  you  belong  to  any  organization  that  Mr.  Grutz- 
ner belonged  to  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  will  have  to  invoke  the  privilege  on  that. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  Gladys  Bentley  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  believe  that  Miss  Bentley  was  in  the  circulation  de- 
partment of  the  Brooklyn  Eagle  at  the  time  that  I  was  there. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Did  you  know  her  as  a  member  of  the  Commimist 
Party? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  will  invoke  the  privilege,  Mr.  Sourwine. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Did  you  know  Larry  Adler,  sir  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  AVlio  ? 

Mr,  Sourwine.  Larry  Adler,  A-d-1-e-r, 

Mr.  Bessie.  Is  that  the  man  who  plays  the  harmonica?  I  know 
there  is  a  man  who  plays  a  harmonica  by  the  name  of  Larry  Adler 
whom  I  once  met  many  years  ago,  but  if  you  are  referring  to  someone 
on  the  Brooklyn  Eagle,  I  do  not  recall  the  name. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  I  just  asked  you  if  you  did  know  a  Larry  Adler. 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  believe  I  met' Mr.  Larry  Adler  in  New  York  over 
14  years  ago. 

Mr.  Sourwine,  Did  you  know  him  as  a  Communist  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  will  invoke  the  privilege. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  Leonard  Adler  ? 

Mr.  Bessie,  The  name  does  not  mean  anything  to  me, 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  Lyle  Dowling  ? 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    CORIIVIUNISM  1373 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  believe  Mr.  Dowling  occupied  some  sort  of  an  execu- 
tive position  for  a  short  time  on  the  Brooklyn  Eagle  while  I  was  there. 
Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Did  you  know  him  as  a  Communist  ? 
Mr.  Bessie.  I  will  invoke  the  privilege  of  the  fifth  amendment  on 

that. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  Murray  Young? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  did  not  get  the  name.     I'm  sorry. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Murray  Young. 

Mr.  Bessie.  Murray  Young?  The  name  is  vaguely  familiar  but  I 
could  not  say  that  I  definitely  ever  knew  him. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Do  you  know  whether  Mr.  Young  was  a  Commu- 
nist? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  will  have  to  invoke  the  privilege  on  that. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  Amos  Landman  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  believe  you  asked  me  that  name  but  the  name  means 
nothing  to  me. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  The  name  means  nothing  ? 

Br.  Bessie.  No. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  You  have  not  seen  him  in  the  room  here  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  wouldn't  know  him  if  I  saw  him. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  Milton  Kaufman  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  knew  Milton  Kaufman  as  an  executive,  I  believe,  of 
the  New  York  Newspaper  Guild. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  know  him  as  a  member  of  the  Communist 
Party? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  will  have  to  take  the  privilege  on  that. 

Mr.  SouEWiNE.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  John  Francis  Eyan  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  knew  a  man  named  Ryan  who  was,  I  believe,  an 
official  of  the  New  York  Newspaper  Guild,  but  I  think  he  was  called 
Jack. 

Mr.  SoiTRWiNE.  Did  you  know  him  as  a  member  of  the  Communist 
Party? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  will  invoke  the  privilege  on  that. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  Gladys  Kopf  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  The  name  is  vaguely  familiar. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  know  whether  she  was  a  member  of  the 
Communist  Party  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  will  have  to  take  the  privilege  on  that. 

Mr.  SotJRWiNE.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  Ira  Henry  Freeman  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  That  name  means  nothing  to  me. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  Sam  Weissman  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  The  name  is  very  vaguely  familiar,  but  I  could  not 
place  it. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Do  you  know  whether  Sam  "Weissman  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Communist  Party  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  will  have  to  take  the  privilege  on  that. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  Helen  Weissman,  his  wife? 

Mr.  Bessie.  Well,  I  will  have  to  give  you  the  same  answer,  Mr.  Sour- 
wine.    The  name  is  vaguely  familiar  but  I  can't  place  the  person. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Do  you  know  whether  she  was  a  member  of  the  Com- 
munist Party  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  The  fifth  amendment  on  that. 

Mr,  Souewine.  Do  you  or  did  you  know  Mrs.  Doretta  Tarmon  ? 


1374  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  believe  I  did.  I  am  not  certain  whether  she  was 
employed  on  the  Brooklyn  Eagle  or  not. 

Mr.  SotJRWiNE.  Did  you  know  her  as  a  member  of  the  Communist 
Party? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  will  have  to  invoke  the  privilege  on  that. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Are  you  the  same  Alvali  Bessie  who  has  testified 
before  the  House  Un-American  Activities  Committee  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  The  very  same. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  You  are  a  writer  by  profession  or  avocation? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  have  been  a  writer  on  and  off  most  of  my  life. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Have  you  seen  anyone  here  in  the  room,  Mr.  Bessie, 
whom  you  know  to  be  a  member  of  the  Communist  Party  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  will  have  to  invoke  the  privilege  of  the  fifth  amend- 
ment. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  After  you  were  subpenaed  to  appear  before  this 
committee,  Mr.  Bessie,  with  whom  did  you  communicate  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  consulted  an  attorney,  Mr.  George  Anderson  in  San 
Francisco. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Is  he  to  your  knowledge  a  member  of  the  Com- 
munist Party  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  will  have  to  invoke  the  privilege  of  the  fifth  amend- 
ment on  that. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  With  whom  else  did  you  consult  or  confer  after 
receiving  your  summons  to  appear  here  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  consulted  with  my  employer  and  asked  them  whether 
they  would  purchase  a  plane  ticket  for  me. 

Mr.  SouRw^iNE.  Anyone  else  ? 

Mr.  Bessie.  No,  sir.  My  wife.  Since  I've  been  in  San  Francisco  ^ 
I  had  about  15  minutes  consultation  with  Mr.  Rein. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Did  you,  Mr.  Bessie,  in  1944  hold  a  card  in  the 
Communist  Party,  USA? 

Mr.  Bessie.  I  will  have  to  invoke  the  privilege  on  that. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Mr.  Chairman,  I  have  no  further  questions. 

The  Chairman.  Who  is  your  next  witness?  You  may  stand  aside, 
Mr.  Bessie. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  I'd  like  to  call  IMilton  Kaufman. 

The  Chairman.  Hold  up  your  hand,  please.  Do  you  solemnly 
swear  the  testimony  you  are  about  to  give  is  the  truth,  the  whole 
truth,  and  nothing  but  the  truth,  so  help  you  God  ? 

Mr.  Kaufman.  I  do. 

TESTIMONY  OF  MILTON  KAUFMAN,  ACCOMPANIED  BY  MILTON  H. 

FRIEDMAN,  COUNSEL 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Would  you  please  give  the  reporter  your  full  name  ? 
Mr.  Kaufman.  Milton  Kaufman. 
Mr.  Sourwine.  And  your  address,  Mr.  Kaufman  ? 
Mr.  Kaufman.  54  Willow  Street,  Brooklyn,  New  York. 
Mr.  Sourwine.  And  your  business  or  profession,  Mr.  Kaufman? 
Mr.  Kaufman.  I  am  an  outside  salesman  now. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Mr.  Kaufman,  were  you  ever  a  member  of  the  News- 
paper Guild  in  New  York  ? 

2  Mr.  Rein  is  a  Washington  attorney. 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMTJNISM  1375 

Mr.  Kaufmax.  I  was. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  have  any  knowledge  of  Communist  activity 
in  the  Newspaper  (xuikl  in  Xew  York  ? 

(He  consulted  with  counseL) 

Mr.  Kaufmax.  I  must  avail  myself  of  the  privilege  mider  the  Con- 
stitution to  decline  to  testify  against  myself. 

Mr.  SouRwixE.  You  were  executive  secretarj-  of  the  Xew  York 
Newspaper  Guild  in  1937  and  1938 ;  were  you  not  ( 

Mr.  Kaufmax.  Yes ;  1  was. 

Mr.  SouRWixE.  Did  you  ever  preside  at  meetings  of  the  Communist 
Party  fraction  of  the  New  York  Newspaper  Guild  ( 

Mr.  Kaufmax'.  I  will  avail  myself  of  the  privilege  of  not  testifying 
against  myself,  although  I  cannot  accept  the  premise  of  your  question. 

Mr,  SouRwixE.  Mr.  Kaufman,  isn't  it  true  that  this  morning  in 
executive  session  you  testified  that  you  knew  nothing  about  Communist 
activity  in  the  newspaper  guild  t 

(He  consulted  with  his  counsel.) 

Mr.  Kaufmax'.  I  decline  to  answer  on  the  same  grounds  of  my  priv- 
ilege under  the  Constitution. 

Mr.  SouRwixE.  I  will  read  from  the  record  with  the  chairman's  per- 
mission, of  this  morning's  session. 

The  Chairmax.  Proceed. 

Mr.  SouRwix'E  (reading)  : 

Mr.  Kaufman.  I  do  not  accept  the  premise,  which  is  an  investigation  of  com- 
munism, which  I  don't  know  anything  about,  and  therefore  I  avail  myself  of  the 
privilege  under  the  Constitution,  and  decline  to  give  testimony  against  myself, 
sir. 

Question.  You  have  just  stated  you  don't  know  anything  about  communism. 
That  is  a  statement  under  oath.     I  believe  that  statement  waives — 

and  then  you  broke  in,  Mr.  Kaufman  and  said : 

In  the  Newspaper  Guild,  I  said. 
Question.  All  right,  I  will  accept  the  amendment. 
Senator  Daniel.  You  are  now  adding  "in  the  Newspaper  Guild." 
Mr.  Kaufman.  Yes. 

Question.  You  state  you  don't  know  anything  about  communism  in  the  Guild. 
Senator  Daniel.  Speak  out. 

Question.  I  want  to  give  you  a  chance  to  avoid  testimony  that  you  might  not 
wish  to  give. 

And  then  3^ou  were  asked : 

Do  you  want  to  stand  by  your  statement  that  you  don't  know  anything  about 
communism  in  the  Newspaper  Guild? 

And  you  then  availed  yourself,  claiming  the  privilege  of  the  fifth 
amendment.  Now  that  is  the  testimony  you  gave  this  morning.  This 
morning  you  were  advised  that  the  committee  did  not  grant  your  right 
to  refuse  to  answer  after  you  had  yourself  opened  the  subject  by  stat- 
ing that  you  did  not  know  anything  about  communism. 

You  made  that  statement  yourself  and  you  are  subject  to  cross- 
examination  on  it.  I'll  give  j^ou  one  more  chance  to  change  your 
testimony  in  that  regard  if  you  desire  to  do  so.  Is  it  true  that  you 
don't  know  anything  about  communism  in  the  Newspaper  Guild?" 

(He  consulted  his  comisel.) 

Mr.  Kaufmax.  Mr.  Sourwine,  I  must  respectfully  avail  myself 
again  in  respect  to  your  statement,  availing  myself  of  the  privilege 
under  the  Constitution  of  not  testifying  against  myself. 


1376  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM 

Mv.  SouRwiNE.  Mr.  Chairman,  I  ask  that  the  witness  be  directed 
and  instructed  to  answer  that  (j[uestion. 

The  Chairman.  Yes ;  you  are  directed  and  ordered  to  answer  that 
question  under  penalty  of  contempt  of  the  United  States  Senate.  You 
waived  your  rig) its. 

(He  consulted  with  counsel.) 

Mr.  Kaufman.  ]Mr.  Chairman,  I  respectfully  reiterate  my  declina- 
tion to  testify  against  myself  under  the  Constitution. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  i\Ir.  Kaufman,  did  you  ever  try  to  recruit  anybody 
into  the  Communist  Party  ^ 

Mr.  Kaufman.  I  shall  decline  on  the  same  grounds,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  seek  to  recruit  Mr.  Monroe  Stern  into  the 
Communist  Party  ? 

Mr.  Kaufman.  The  same  grounds,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Do  you  know  Monroe  Stern  ? 

Mr.  Kaufman.  Mr,  Stern  was  an  officer  of  the  Newspaper  Guild  in 
New  York.    I  served  with  him.    I  did  know  him  and  do  know  him. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  ever  attend  a  meeting  of  the  Communist 
Party  with  him  ? 

Mr.  Kaufman.  I  decline  on  the  same  grounds,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  know  Alvah  Bessie  ? 

Mr.  Kaufman.  Mr.  Chairman,  as  an  officer  of  the  Guild  I  knew 
hundreds  of  newspapermen  and  women.  I  knew  many  more  hun- 
dreds by  sight.    I  knew  all  the  publishers  and  the  editors. 

The  Chairman.  Answer  the  question,  please,  sir. 

He  asked  you  if  you  knew  Alvah  Bessie. 

Mr.  Kaufman.  In  view  of  the  danger  of  knowing  people  and  nam- 
ing names,  I  must  decline  to  respond  to  the  question  under  my  con- 
stitutional privilege. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Did  you  know  Nat  Einhorn  ? 

Mr.  Kaufman.  I  did  know  Nat  Einhorn.  He  was  an  officer  of  the 
Newspaper  Guild  with  whom  I  worked. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  know  Nat  Einhorn  as  a  Communist? 

Mr.  Kaufman.  I  decline  to  answer  on  the  grounds  stated,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  know  Victor  Weingarten  ? 

Mr.  Kaufman.  I  will  decline  to  name  rank  and  file  members  of  this 
union  or  any  union  that  I  have  worked  for  on  the  grounds  it  has  noth- 
ing to  do  witli  this  investigation. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Nobody  said  anything  about  a  union.  The  ques- 
tion was  did  you  know  Victor  Weingarten  ? 

INIr.  Kaufman.  Decline  on  the  same  grounds,  sir. 

The  Chairman.  What  grounds  now  ? 

Mr.  Kaufman.  My  constitutional  privilege  of  not  testifying  against 
myself. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE,  Did  you  know  Violet  Brown  ? 

Mr.  Kaufman.  I  decline  on  the  same  grounds,  Mr.  Sourwine. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Did  you  know  Charles  Lewis? 

Mr.  Kaufman.  Again  on  the  same  grounds,  sir. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Did  you  know  Hyman  Charniak  ? 

Mr.  Kaufman.  On  the  same  grounds,  sir,  I  decline. 

The  Chairman.  Do  you  know  Winston  Burdett  ? 

Mr.  Kaufman.  On  the  same  grounds,  I  decline. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Did  you  know  Herbert  Cohn  ? 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM 


1377 


On  the  same  grounds,  I  decline,  sir. 

Did  you  know  Melvin  Barnett? 

On  the  same  grounds,  I  decline,  sir. 

Did  you  know  David  Gordon  ? 

On  the  same  grounds,  I  decline. 

Did  you  know  Charles  Grutzner  ? 

On  the  same  grounds,  I  decline. 

Did  you  know  Gladys  Bentley  ? 

Again  on  the  same  grounds,  I  decline. 

Did  you  know  Leonard  Adler  ? 

Again  on  the  same  grounds,  I  decline. 

Did  you  know  Lyle  Dowling  ? 

Again  on  the  same  grounds,  I  decline. 

Did  you  know  Murray  Young  ? 

Again  on  the  same  grounds,  I  decline. 

Did  you  know  Amos  Landman  ? 

Again  I  decline  on  the  same  grounds. 

Did  you  known  John  Francis  Ryan  ? 

I  knew  Jack,  ]Mr.  Ryan,  as  a  fellow  officer  of  the 
Newspaper  Guild  of  New  York. 
Mr.  SouRAviXE.  Did  you  know  him  as  a  fellow  Communist? 
Mr.  IvAUFMAX.  I  decline  to  answer  on  the  grounds  I  have  stated. 
Mr.  SoumviNE.  Did  you  know  Gladys  Kopf  ? 
Mr.  IvAUFMAN.  I  knew  Gladys  Kopf. 
Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  know  her  as  a  Communist  ? 

I  only  knew  her  as  one  of  my  secretaries. 

Do  you  mean  by  that  you  did  not  know  her  as  a 


Mr.  Kaufman. 
Mr.  SouRwixE. 
Mr.  Kaufman. 
Mr.  Sour  WINE. 
Mr.  Kaufman. 
Mr.  Sour  WINE. 
Mr.  Ivaufman. 
Mr.  SouR^^^NE. 
Mr.  Kaufman. 

]Mr.  SOURWINE. 

Mr.  Ivaufman. 
Mr.  Sour\\t:ne. 
Mr.  Kaufman. 
Mr.  Sourwine. 

Kaufman. 

Sourwine. 
Mr.  Ivaufman. 
Mr.  Sourwine. 
Mr.  Ivaufman. 


Mr. 
Mr. 


Mr.  Kaufman, 
Mr,  Sourwine 
Communist  ? 
Mr.  Ivaufman. 
Mr.  Sourwine. 


I  decline  to  answer  on  the  same  grounds. 

"When  you  said  "I  only  knew  her  as  one  of  my  secre- 
taries" did  you  intend  the  committee  to  understand  that  you  were 
denying  that  you  knew  her  as  a  Communist  ? 
(He  consulted  with  counsel.) 

Mr.  Kaufman.  I  did  not  intend  that,  sir.    I  intended  to  say  that  I 
knew  Gladys  Kopf  as  my  secretary. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Did  you  know  Ira  Henry  Freeman  ? 

I  decline  on  the  same  grounds. 

Did  you  know  Sam  Weissman  ? 

Again  on  the  same  grounds. 

Did  you  know  Helen  Weissman  ? 

Again  on  the  same  grounds. 

Did  you  know  Mrs.  Doretta  Tarmon  ? 

On  the  same  grounds,  sir,  I  decline  to  answer. 

Did  you,  sir,  ever  engage  in  espionage  ? 

Repeat  the  question,  please. 

Did  you,  sir,  ever  engage  in  espionage  ? 

I  dicl  not,  sir. 

Were  you  ever  a  member  of  a  conspiracy  to  over- 
throw the  Government  of  the  United  States  by  force  and  violence? 
(He  consulted  with  counsel) 

Mr.  Kaufman.  Would  you  explain  what  you  mean  by  that  question  ? 
Mr.  Sourwine.  Don't  you  know  what  I  mean  ? 
Mr.  Kaufman.  I  do  not.     I  do  not  understand. 


Mr.  Kaufman. 
Mr.  Sourwine. 
Mr.  Kaufman. 
Mr.  Sourwine. 
Mr.  Kaufman. 
Mr.  Sourwine. 
Mr.  Kaufman. 
Mr.  Sourwine. 
Mr.  Kaufman. 
Mr.  Sourwine. 
Mr.  Kaufman. 
Mr.  Sourwine. 


1378  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  "Will  you  now  state  to  the  committee  that  to  the  best 
of  your  knowledge  and  belief  you  were  never  a  member  of  a  conspiracy 
to  overthrow  the  Government  of  the  United  States  by  force  and  vio- 
lence. 

(He  consulted  with  counsel) 

Mr,  Kaufman.  No.  I  never  was,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRW^iNE.  Isn't  the  Communist  Party  a  conspiracy  to  over- 
throw the  Government  of  the  United  States  by  force  and  violence  ? 

Mr.  Kaufman.  Is  that  a  question  of  me  ? 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Yes,  sir,  it  is  a  question  of  you. 

(He  consulted  with  counsel) 

Mr.  Kaufman.  Since  it  is  a  matter  of  opinion,  and  opinions  are 
dangerous,  I  decline  to  answer  on  the  grounds  of  my  privilege  against 
testifying  against  myself,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  I  have  no  more  questions  of  this  "fitness,  sir. 

The  Chairman.  You  may  stand  aside. 

Mr.  SouRAviNE,  Victor  "Weingarten. 

Mr.  PoLLiTT.  If  the  chairman  please  I  represent  Mr.  Weingarten 
and  he  was  excused  until  tomorrow. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  We  have  had  some  shuffling  of  witnesses  and  we 
were  endeavoring  to  find  out  if  Mr.  Weingarten  is  here. 

Mrs.  Violet  Weingarten. 

The  Chairman.  Will  you  stand  please  ?  Do  you  solemnly  swear  the 
testimony  you  are  about  to  give  is  the  truth,  the  whole  truth  and  noth- 
ing but  the  truth  so  help  you  God  ? 

Mrs.  Weingarten.  I  so  swear. 

TESTIMONY  OF  VIOLET  WEINGARTEN,  ACCOMPANIED  BY  DANIEL 

POLLITT,  COUNSEL 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Would  you  give  your  full  name,  please,  to  the  re- 
porter ? 

Mrs.  Weingarten.  Mrs.  Violet  Weingarten. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  You  are  the  wife  of  Victor  Weingarten;  is  that  cor- 
rect ? 

Mrs.  Weingarten.  That's  right. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  What  is  your  address  ? 

Mrs.  Weingarten.  Munson  Eoad,  Pleasantville.  X.  Y. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  You  are — your  maiden  name  was  Violet  Brown  ^ 

Mrs.  Weingarten.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Were  you  at  one  time  employed  bv  the  Brooklyn 
Eagle? 

Mrs.  Weingarten.  Yes.  sir. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  While  you  v.ere  there,  were  you  a  member  of  the 
Newspaper  Guild? 

Mrs.  Weingarten.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRW'iNE.  Were  you  also  a  member  of  a  unit  of  the  Communist 
Party  ? 

Mrs.  Weingarten.  I  am  not  a  Communist.  I  have  not  been  a  Com- 
munist, was  not  a  Communist  last  year  or  10  years  ago  but  I  shall  re- 
fuse to  answer  any  questions,  further  questions,  about  communism  on 
the  grounds  of  the  fifth  amendment. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Did  you  take  any  part  in  efforts  to  recruit  any  per- 
son into  the  Communist  Partv? 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM  1379 

Mrs.  Weixgartex.  I  must  decline  to  answer  that,  sir,  on  the  grounds 
of  the  fifth  amendment. 

Mr.  SouRwiXE.  Did  j'ou  hear  the  testimony  here  today  of  Mr.  Win- 
ston Burdett  I 

Mrs.  Weixgartex*.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Did  you  work  with  him  on  the  Brooklyn  Eagle? 

Mrs.  Weixgarten.  Yes. 

Mr.  SouRwixE.  Did  vou  know  him  to  be  a  member  of  the  Communist 
Party? 

Mrs.  Weixgartex.  I  must  decline  to  answer  that  on  the  grounds  of 
the  fifth  amendment. 

Mr.  Sourwixe.  Will  you  similarly  decline,  claiming  your  privilege 
against  self-incrimination,  with  respect  to  similar  questions  concern- 
ing these  persons  whom  Mr.  Burdett  has  named  as  members  of  the 
Brooklyn  Eagle  unit  of  the  Communist  Party? 

Mrs.  Weix^gartex'.  I  shall,  sir. 

Mr.  Sourwixe.  Mr.  Chairman,  may  it  be  considered  that,  with  the 
consent  of  the  witness,  the  questions  have  been  asked  with  regard  to 
those  persons  and  answered  with  the  privilege. 

The  Chairmax'.  Yes. 

Mr.  Sourwixe.  Did  you,  Mrs.  Weingarten,  attend  a  Communist 
school  at  any  time? 

Mrs.  Weix^gartex'.  I  decline  to  answer  that  on  the  grounds  of  the 
fifth  amendment. 

Mr.  SouRw^ix'E.  I  have  no  further  questions  of  this  witness. 

The  Chairmax.  You  may  stand  aside. 

Mr.  SouRWix-^E.  David  Gordon. 

(iSTo  response.) 

]\Ir.  Sourwixe.  Murray  Young. 

The  Chairman.  Hold  up  your  hand  please,  Mr.  Young. 

Do  you  solemnly  swear  the  testimony  you  are  about  to  give  is  the 
truth,  the  whole  truth,  and  nothing  but  the  truth,  so  help  you  God? 

Mr.  Young.  I  do. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Will  you  give  the  reporter  your  full  name,  sir, 
your  address,  and  your  business  or  profession,  if  any  ? 

TESTIMONY  OF  MUREAY  YOUNG,  ACCOMPANIED  BY  DAVID  EEIN, 

COUNSEL 

Mr.  Young.  My  name  is  Murray  Young.  My  address  is  27  Grace 
Court,  Brooklyn,  and  I  am  unemployed. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Are  yon,  Mr.  Young,  a  member  of  the  Communist 
Party? 

Mr.  Young.  I  must  decline  and  invoke  my  privileges  under  the  fifth 
amendment  to  answer  that. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Were  you  a  member  of  the  Communist  Party  during 
thel930's? 

Mr.  Young.  Again  I  must  invoke  my  jDrivileges  under  the  fifth 
amendment. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Were  you  a  teacher  in  the  section  school  of  the 
Communist  Party  ? 

Mr.  Young.  I  must  invoke  the  fifth  amendment  again,  sir. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Were  you  ever  a  member  of  the  faculty  of  Brook- 
lyn College  ? 


1380  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM 

Mr.  Young.  I  was.  , 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  When  was  that  ? 

Mr.  Young.  From  1931  to  1953. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  What  did  you  teach  ? 

Mr.  Young.  I  taught  English. 

Mr,  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  have  any  outside  teaching  jobs  during 
that  time  ? 

Mr.  Young.  I  don't  understand  the  question. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  teach  during  that  time  anywhere  else 
except  at  Brooklyn  College  ? 

Mr.  Young.  I  will  decline  to  answer  that  under  the  privilege  of 
the  fifth  amendment. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Have  you  heard  the  testimony  of  previous  witnesses 
here  today  ? 

Mr.  Young.  I  have. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Is  there  any  portion  of  the  testimony  of  any  of 
those  witnesses  that  you  desire  to  contradict,  amend,  or  modify? 

Mr.  Young.  I  have  no  comment  to  make  on  it  at  all. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  know  Alvah  Bessie  ? 

Mr.  Young.  I  will  invoke  my  privileges  under  the  fifth  amend- 
ment. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  As  to  whether  you  know  him  ? 

Mr.  Young.  As  to  whether  I  know  him  or  not. 

Mr.  SouRAviNE.  You  have  seen  him  here  in  this  room,  haven't  you  ? 

Mr.  Young.  I  would  still  like  to  invoke  my  privileges  under  the 
fifth  amendment. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  know  Nat  Einhorn  ? 

Mr.  Young.  Again  I  would  like  to  invoke  my  privileges. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Do  you  know  Victor  Weingarten  ? 

Mr.  Young.  Again  I  will  invoke  the  privilege. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  know  Violet  Weingarten  ? 

Mr.  Young.  Again  I  will  invoke  the  privilege. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Do  you  know  Charles  Lewis  ? 

Mr.  Young.  Again  I  will  invoke  the  same  privilege. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Do  you  know  Hyman  Charniak  ? 

Mr.  Young.  Again  I  will  invoke  the  same  privilege. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Do  you  know  Herbert  Cohn  ? 

Mr.  Young.  Again  the  same  privilege. 

Mr.  SouRw^iNE.  Do  you  know  Melvin  Barnett  ? 

Mr.  Young.  The  same  privilege. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Do  you  know  David  Gordon  ? 

Mr.  Young.  Same  privilege. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  know  Charles  Grutzner  ? 

ISIr.  Young.  Again  I  invoke  the  same  privilege. 

The  Chairman.  We  will  have  to  recess  for  rollcall. 

(Short  recess.) 

The  Chairman.  The  committee  will  come  to  order. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Did  you  identify  your  attorney,  sir  ? 

Mr.  Young.  I  did  not.    Did  you  want  me  to  ? 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Yes,  would  you  do  that  ? 

Mr.  Young.  Mr.  David  Rein. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Not  that  we  don't  recognize  him  but  the  record  has 
no  way  of  recognizing  him  if  you  don't. 


STRATEGY    AXD    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM  1381 

Were  you  ever  a  member  of  the  Communist  Party,  United  States 
of  America  ? 

Mr.  Young.  I  invoke  my  privileges  under  the  fifth  amendment  not 
to  answer  the  question. 

]\Ir.  SouRwixE.  Mr.  Youno;,  do  you  know  an  Amos  Landman  ? 

INlr.  Young.  Again  I  invoke  my  privileges  under  the  fifth  amend- 
ment. 

Mr.  SouRWixE.  Did  I  ask  you  about  Lyle  Dowling  ? 

Mr.  Young.  I  am  not  sure  that  you  did.    I  can't  remember. 

"Sir.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  know  Lyle  Dowling  ? 

ISlr.  Young.  Again  I  invoke  my  privileges  under  the  fifth  amend- 
ment. 

]Mr.  SoiTtwiNE.  Have  you  seen  him  here  ? 

Mr.  Young.  Again  I  invoke  my  privileges  under  the  fifth  amend- 
ment. 

Mr.  Sour"s\t:ne.  Do  you  know  ]\lonroe  Stern  ? 

Mr.  Young.  I  invoke  my  privileges  under  the  fifth  amendment. 

Mr.  SouRW^NE.  Do  you  know  Milton  Kaufman  ? 

Mr.  Young.  I  invoke  my  privileges  under  the  fifth  amendment. 

Mr.  Sour^\t:ne.  Do  you  know  a  man  named  John  Francis  Ryan  ? 

Mr.  Young.  I  invoke  my  privileges  under  the  fifth  amendment. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  know  a  man  named  Julius  Rollindorfin- 
dorfer? 

Mr.  Young.  Again  I  invoke  my  privilege  under  the  fifth  amend- 
ment. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  To  the  best  of  the  knowledge  and  belief  of  counsel 
there  is  no  such  person.  You  cannot  invoke  your  privilege  against 
a  man  who  is  nonexistent.  Did  you  ever  hear  the  name  Julius  Rollin- 
dorfijidorf er  before  today  ? 

Mr.  Young.  I  don't  think  I've  ever  heard  that  name  as  far  as  I  can 
remember.  In  fact  indeed  I  don't  even  recall  what  it  is  now.  I  don't 
even  recall  the  name  that  you  said,  it  seemed  too  curious.  I'm  sure 
I've  never  heard  of  it. 

Mr,  SouRWTNE.  I  think  that  is  true.  It  is  a  curious  name.  It  was 
intentionally  so.  It  seemed  to  counsel  that  the  witness  was  mechan- 
ically claiming  the  fifth  amendment  without  any  exercise  of  judgment 
and  I  think  we  demonstrated  that.  That  is  not  the  privilege  of  any 
witness.  "When  you  decline  to  answer,  claiming  your  privilege  against 
self-incrimination,  you  may  do  so  on  the  ground  that  it  is  your  honest 
belief  that  a  truthful  answer  to  the  question  would  formulate  at  least 
a  link  in  a  chain  that  may  tend  to  incriminate  you  or  to  connect  j^ou 
with  a  criminal  proceeding  or  criminal  prosecution. 

Unless  you  have  that  valid  fear  in  your  own  mind,  you  do  not  have 
the  right  to  make  the  claim  of  the  privilege. 

Mr.  Young.  I  understand  that,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  I  don't  want  you  to  answer  mechanically  with  regard 
to  all  the  questions  we  ask  you.    You  must  be  selective. 

Mr.  Young.  I  quite  understand  that. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  know  John  Francis  Ryan  ? 

Mr.  Young.  I  must  invoke  my  privileges,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  As  to  whether  you  know  him  ? 

Mr.  Young.  To  answer  that,  yes. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  know  Gladys  Kopf  ? 

Mr.  Young.  Gladys  Kopf? 


1382  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Kopf  ? 

Mr.  Young.  The  name  means  nothing  to  me. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE,  Did  you  know  Ira  Henry  Freeman  ? 

Mr.  Young.  The  name  means  nothing  to  me. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Did  you  know  Sam  Weissman  ? 

Mr.  Young.  I  must  invoke  my  privileges  under  the  fifth  amendment. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE,  Did  you  know  Helen  Weissman  ? 

Mr.  Young.  Again  I  must  invoke  my  privileges. 

Mr.  SouRWixE.  Do  you  know  Mrs.  Doretta  Tarmon  ? 

Mr.  Young.  I  must  invoke  my  privileges  again. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Do  you  know  a  man  named  Branlich  ? 

Mr.  Young.  The  name  does  not  mean  anything  to  me  at  this  point. 

Mr.  SouRAViNE.  Do  you  know  a  man  named  Schappes  ? 

Mr.  Young.  Schappes  ?    What  is  the  first  name  ? 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Either  Maurice  or  Morris. 

Mr.  Young.  Yes,  I  know^  Morris  Schappes. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Do  you  know  him  as  a  member  of  the  Communist 
Party? 

Mr.  Young.  I  must  invoke.my  privileges  on  that,  sir. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Morris  Schappes. 

Mr.  Young.  Well,  I  knew  him  many  years  ago.  We  were  both 
members  of  the  Teachers'  Union. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  know  a  man  named  Weisman,  different  from 
the  Sam  Weissman  with  two  esses,  that  you  have  been  asked  about 
already  ? 

Mr.  Young.  What  is  the  first  name  ? 

I'd  like  to  give  a  considered  answer  to  that. 

I  don't  know.  I  don't  know  what  the  first  name  is.  Just  the  last 
name  doesn't  mean  anything  to  me. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  know  a  Merriweather  Stewart  ? 

Mr.  Young.  No,  I  don't  think  I  do. 

I  know  him  by  name. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Mr.  Youncj,  did  I  give  you  an  opportunity  to  deny 
or  amend  or  comment  upon,  if  you  desired  to  do  so,  the  testimony  of 
witnesses  here  today  before  you  ? 

Mr.  Young.  You  did  previously  ask  me  that  and  I  said  that  I  had  no 
comment  to  make. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Mr.  Chairman,  I  have  no  other  questions  of  this 
witness. 

The  Chairman.  Stand  aside. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Lyle  Dowling. 

The  Chairman.  Do  you  solemnly  swear  the  testimony  you  are  about 
to  give  is  the  truth,  the  whole  truth,  and  nothing  but  the  truth,  so  help 
you  God  ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  I  do. 

TESTIMONY  OF  LYLE  DOWLING 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Would  you  give  the  reporter  your  full  name  please  ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  Lyle  Dowling. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  And  your  address,  Mr.  Dowling? 

Mr.  Dowling.  55  East  93d,  New  York  City. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  And  your  business  or  profession,  sir  ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  I  work  in  the  music  department  of  a  publisher. 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM  1383 

Mr.  SouRwixE.  Mr.  DoAvling,  ^yere  you  ever  a  member  of  the  staff 
of  the  Brooklyn  Eagle? 

Mr.  DowLixG.  Yes,  I  was. 

i\Ir.  SouRwixE.  AVere  you  a  member  of  a  Communist  unit  at  the 
Brooklyn  Eagle? 

Mr.  DowLixG.  I  decline  to  answer,  constitutional  grounds. 

Mr.  SouRWiXE.  Were  you  ever  an  editor  of  the  United  Electrical, 
Radio  and  Machine  "Workers"  official  organ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  Xo. 

]\Ir.  SouRWiXE.  You  were  not  ? 

Mr.  DowLixG.  Xo. 

Mr.  SouRwiXE.  Were  you  ever  connected  with  that  ? 

IVIr.  DowLixG.  Yes,  I  worked  for  them. 

Mr.  SouRwiXE,  In  what  capacity? 

Mr.  DowLixG.  Well,  my  title  was  executive  assistant. 

Mr.  SouRWixE.  And  when  was  that  ( 

Mr.  DowLixG.  About  the  middle  of  1939  to  about  the  middle  of  1943. 

Mr.  SouRWiXE.  Xow,  where  did  you  work  after  that  ? 

Mr.  DowLixG.  I  was  drafted  and  I  did  all  sorts  of  odd  jobs  between 
leaving  the  United  Electrical  Workers  and  going  into  the  Army. 

Mr.  SouRwiXE.  After  you  got  out  of  the  Army  ( 

Mr.  DowLixG.  For  2  summers  I  taught  music  theory  at  Juilliard 
School  of  Music  and  I  got  my  present  job. 

Mr.  SouRWiXE.  And  you  are  now  employed  by  the  Oxford  Press? 

Mr.  DowLixG.  That  is  right. 

Mr.  SouRwixE.  At  114  Fifth  Avenue,  Xew  York  City? 

Mr.  DowLixG.  That  is  right. 

]\Ir.  SouRWixE.  Were  you,  sir,  ever  a  member  of  tlie  Communist 
Party,  U.  S.  A.( 

Mr.  DowLixG.  I  decline  to  answer  on  the  same  grounds. 

The  Chairmax.  Are  vou  now  a  member  of  the  Communist  Party, 
U.  S.  A.  ? 

Mr.  DowLiXG.  Xo;  I  am  not. 

Mr.  Sotjrwixe.  You  were,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  expelled  from  the 
party ;  were  you  not  ? 

Mr.  DoAVLixG.  I  think  not.    I  don't  know.    I  have  no  way  of  know- 

Mr.  Sourwixe.  How  can  you  say  you  have  no  way  of  knowing 
whether  you  were  expelled  from  the  Communist  Partv  ? 

Mr.  DowLTXG.  Well,  I  just  didn't  follow^  the  field  after  I  left  the 
union,  and  so  I  don't  know  whether — I  don't  know  what  they  did.  I 
w^as  denounced  in  the  Daily  Worker,  if  that  is  of  any  use  to  you,  but 
it  is  not  equivalent  to  an  expulsion. 

Mr.  Sourwixe.  What  did  the  Daily  Worker  say  about  you  when 
they  denounced  you? 

Mr.  DowLixG.  Well,  they  used  some  terms  such  as  "Xeo-Trotskyite" 
or  something  of  that  kind. 

Mr.  Sourwixe.  Did  they  say  anything  to  you  about  being  expelled 
from  the  party? 

Mr.  DowLixG.  As  far  as  I  know,  they  did  not:  no. 

Mr.  Sourwixe.  You  realize  that  this  discussion  imi)lies  that  you 
\vere  a  member  of  the  party,  necessarily? 

Mr.  DowLixG.  X^ot  necessarily,  no. 


1384  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  If  you  did  not  know  that  you  had  been  a  member 
of  the  party,  you  would  certainly  know  that  you  could  not  have  been 
expelled;  would  you  not? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  That  is  what  I  got  through  telling  you.  I  did  not 
know,  and  I  do  not  know  that  I  have  ever  been  expelled  from  the  Com- 
munist Party. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  You  are  saying  that  you  never  were  expelled;  is 
that  right? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  I  was  saying  that  as  far  as  I  know,  I  was  never 
expelled. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Well,  were  you  ever  a  member  of  the  Communist 
Party  in  the  first  place? 

Mr.  Downing.  You  asked  that,  and  I  answered  it. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Yes.    How  did  you  answer  it? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  Well,  I  responded  to  the  question. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Well,  try  it  again.  Were  you  ever  a  member  of  the 
Communist  Party  in  the  first  place  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  I  decline  on  the  same  grounds. 

Mr.  SoTJRWiNE.  Did  you  ever  use  an  alias,  a  name  other  than  your 
own,  Mr.  Dowling? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  I  think  not;  no. 

Mr.  SouR^\^NE.  Did  you  ever  have  a  party  name  in  the  Communist 
Party? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  No. 

Mr.  SouEwiNE.  Were  you  an  instructor  at  the  School  for  Democracy 
in  January  1942  ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  Probably  somewhere  around  in  there.  I  don't  re- 
member about  the  date. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Was  that  a  Communist  school  ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  I  really  don't  know.  I  think  it  was  sort  of  a  united 
front  school ;  some  Communist,  some  not. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  ever  write  for  the  New  Masses  ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  Yes ;  several  times. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Do  you  know  Alvah  Bessie  ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  I  used  to,  years  ago. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Identify  Mr.  Bessie. 

Mr.  Dowling.  How  do  you  mean  ? 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Who  was  Mr.  Bessie  ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  Oh,  he  worked  for  the  Eagle. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  know  Mr.  Bessie  as  a  member  of  the  Com- 
munist Party  ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  No. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  know  Nat  Einhorn  ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  Yes ;  used  to. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  He  was 

Mr.  Dowling.  Used  to,  at  least.  These  are  not  very  close  acquaint- 
ances of  mine  at  the  moment,  but  I  used  to  know  them. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  Mr.  Einhorn  work  on  the  Eagle  ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  He  did. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Was  he  active  in  the  Guild  unit  there  ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  Rather. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Was  he  active  in  the  Communist  Party  at  the  Eagle  ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  I  don't  know. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  know  whether  he  was  a  Communist  ? 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM  1385 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  No. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  know  Victor  "Weingarten  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  Yes ;  I  did. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Did  you  know  whether  he  was  a  Communist  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  No. 

Mr.  SouRw^ixE.  Did  you  know  Violet  Brown  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  Yes. 

Mr.  SouRwixE.  Did  you  know  whether  she  was  a  Communist  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  No. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  know  Charles  Lewis  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  Yes. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Did  you  know  whether  he  was  a  Communist  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  No. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  know  Hyman  Charniak  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  Yes. 

Mr.  SotjRw^ine.  Did  you  know  whether  he  was  a  Communist  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  No. 

Mr.  SouRwiXE.  Did  you  know  Herbert  Cohn  ? 

Mr.  Doweling.  Yes. 

Mr.  SouRw^iNE.  Did  you  know  whether  he  was  a  Communist? 

Mr.  Dowlixg.  No. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  know  Melvin  Barnett  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  Yes. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  know  whether  he  was  a  Communist  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  No. 

Mr.  SouRW^NE.  Do  you  know  where  Mr.  Barnett  is  now  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  No. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Did  you  know  David  Gordon  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  Yes. 

Mr.  SoFRw^NE.  Did  you  know  whether  he  was  a  Communist  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  No. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  j^ou  know  Charles  Grutzner  ? 

Mr.  Doweling.  Yes. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  know  whether  he  was  a  Communist  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  No. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  know  Gladys  Bentley  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  Yes. 

Mr.   SouRWiNE.  Did  you  know  whether  she  was  a  Communist? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  No. 

Would  you  like  to  give  the  whole  list  so  that  we  can 

Mr.  SouRWtNE.  "Well,  we  have  gone  this  far,  now.     Did  you  know 
Leonard  Adler  ? 
Mr.  DowLixG.  Yes. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  know  whether  he  was  a  Communist  ? 
Mr.  DowLiNG.  No. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  ever  attend  Communist  meetings  with  any 
of  these  persons  ? 

Mr.  DowLixG.  I  decline  to  answer. 

Mr.  SouRwixE.  Now,  you  realize,  sir,  that  you  have  stated  that  you 
did  not  know  whether  any  of  these  persons  were  Communists.  If  you 
had  attended  Communist  meetings  with  them,  you  would  necessarily 
know,  would  you  not  ? 


1386  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM 

Mr.  DowLixo.  Wei],  I  ansAvered  the  question.  You  asked  me  tlie 
question  and  1  will  answer  it  my  way.  If  you  want  to  *^ive  both  the 
question  and  the  answer,  you  do  not  need  me. 

]Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Do  you  not  realize,  Mr.  Dowling,  that  if  you  had 
attended  a  Communist  meeting-  with  a  i)erson  you  would  necessarily 
know"  them  as  a  Communist  ?  That  is  a  question.  You  answer  it  your 
way. 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  It  is  more  or  less  of  a  monolofjue  at  the  moment. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Don't  you  realize  that  if  you  attended  a  Connnunist 
Party  meeting  with  a  i:>erson  you  would  know  that  person  to  be  a 
Communist  ? 

Mr.  Dow^LixG.  On  the  contrary.  The  Communist  Party  of  the 
United  States  is  full  of  police  agents  and  also  riffraff,  and  so  forth. 
How  would  I  know  ? 

]\Ir.  SouRWiNE.  How  do  you  know  tliat  to  be  so  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  By  looking  at  it. 

Mr.  SouRWixE.  By  looking  at  what?     At  the  Communist  Party? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  Policies ;  what  have  you. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  From  the  outside  or  from  the  inside  ? 

Mr.  Doweling.  From  the  outside. 

Mr.  SouRW^iNE.  Are  you  stating  here  of  your  own  personal  knowl- 
edge that  the  Communist  Party  of  the  United  States  is  full  of  police 
agents  and  riffraff'  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  I  am  stating  my  opinion,  that  it  is  full  of  spies  of  the 
Second  Duma.* 

Mr.  SouRw^iNE.  Is  it  your  opinion,  sir,  that  a  person  could  attend 
Communist  Party  meetings  antl  not  be  a  Communist  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  Of  course. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  feel  tliat  you  could  have  attended  Com- 
munist Party  meetings  and  not  been  a  Communist  at  the  time  ? 

Mr.  DowLixG.  It  would  have  been  a  possibility,  although  it  didn't 
take  place. 

Mr.  SouRAViNE.  You  say  it  did  not  take  place  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  No. 

]Mr.  SoFRwixE.  Then  you  never  attended  any  Communist  Party 
meetings ;  is  that  right  ? 

Mr.  DowLixG.  I  decline  to  answer  on  the  same  ground. 

Mr.  SouRW^iNE.  Mr.  Chairman,  the  witness  cannot  have  it  both  ways. 
He  has  just  stated  tliat  it  did  not  take  place,  meaning  that  he  did  not 
attend  Communist  Party  meetings. 

Do  you  want  to  change  that  answer,  or  do  you  want  to  let  it  stand? 

Mr.  DowLix'G.  I  would  like  to  see  the  question  and  the  answer  to 
make  sure  what  I  am  saying,  "yes*"  or  •"no." 

Mr.  SorRwiXE.  The  question  is,  Mr.  Dowling,  Did  you  ever  attend 
Communist  Party  meetings? 

Mr.  DowLixG.  And  1  said  I  decline  to  answer. 

Mr.  SorRwiXE.  Mr.  Chaii-man,  T  ask  that  the  witness  be  ordered 
and  directed  to  answer  that  question. 

The  Chairmax.  Yes.  You  are  ordered  and  directed  under  penalty 
of  contempt  of  the  United  States  Senate  to  answer  that  question. 

Mr.  DowETXG.  "Well,  I  must  decline,  somewhat  reluctantly,  to  answer 
on  the  constitutional  grounds. 


*  The  Russian  Parliament. 


STRATEGY    AXD    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM  1387 

Ml'.  SouKwixE.  jMr.  Dowliiig,  did  you  know  Murray  Young? 

Mr.  DowLixG.  I  think  not, 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  know  Amos  Landman  ? 

Mr.  DowLixG.  Yes,  I  used  to. 

Mr.  SouRwixE.  Did  you  know  whether  he  was  a  Communist? 

]Mr.  DowLixG.  No. 

Mr.  SouRWiXE.  Did  you  eA'er  attend  a  Communist  meetino-  with 
him  ? 

Mr.  DowLixG.  I  must  decline  to  answer. 

Mr.  SouRwixE.  Did  you  know  Monroe  Stern  ? 

]\Ir.  DowLixG.  Yes. 

Mr.  SouRwixE.  Did  you  ever  attend  a  Communist  uieetino;  with 
him  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  I  must  decline  to  answer. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  know  Milton  Kaufman  ? 

ISIr.  DowLixG.  Yes. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  ever  attend  a  Communist  meeting  with 
him  ? 

Mr.  DowLix'G.  I  will  decline  to  answer. 

Mr.  SouRwix^E.  Did  you  knoAv  John  Francis  R^'an  ? 

Mr.  DowLiXG.  Jack  Ryan  ?    Yes. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  ever  attend  a  Communist  meeting  with 
him? 

Mr.  DowLixG.  I  must  decline  to  answer. 

Mr.  SouRwixE.  Did  3- ou  know  Gladys  Kopf  ? 

Mr.  DowLix^G.  Yes. 

Mr.  SouRwix'E.  Did  you  ever  attend  a  Communist  meeting  with  her? 

Mr.  DowLix'G.  I  decline  to  answer. 

]Mr.  SouRwixE.  Did  you  Ivuow  Ira  Henry  Freeman  ? 

Mr.  DowLiXG.  I  do  know  him,  yes. 

Mr.  SouRwiXE.  Do  you  know  whether  Mr.  Freeman  is  a  Commu- 
nist? 

Mr.  DowLixG.  No,  I  don't. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Did  you  ever  attend  a  Communist  meeting  with 
him? 

Mr.  DowLix^G.  I  decline  to  answer. 

Mr.  SouRWixE.  Do  you  know  Sam  Weissman  ? 

Mr.  DowLiXG.  I  used  to. 

Mr.  SouRWixE.  Did  you  ever  attend  a  Communist  meeting  with 
him? 

Mr.  DowLix'G.  I  decline  to  answer. 

Mr.  SouRwixE.  Who  is  the  Sam  Weissman  that  you  are  referring 
to  when  you  sa}^  that  ? 

Mr.  DowLixG.  At  the  time  when  I  knew  him  he  worked  for  the  New 
York  Times,  I  think. 

Mr.  SouRwixE.  And  who  is  the  Ira  Henry  Freeman  that  we  just 
spoke  about  ? 

Mr.  DowLix'G.  At  present  I  would  think  he  worked  with  the  New 
York  Times.  I  am  not  certain,  but  I  rather  think  he  was  the  same 
fellow. 

Mr.  SouRwixE.  Did  you  know  Helen  Weissman  ? 

Mr.  DoA\TLixG.  Yes. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Did  you  ever  attend  Communist  meetings  with  her  ? 

Mr.  DowLix'G.  I  decline  to  answer. 


1388  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Do  you  know  Mrs.  Doretta  Tarmon  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  I  don't  think  so.    I  might  have,  but  I  don't  know, 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Did  you  ever  know  her  ? 

(No  response.) 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Are  you  the  same  Lyle  Dowling  who  wrote  a  treatise 
on  hot  jazz  that  was  published  by  Witmark  &  Sons? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  No.   I  translated  that. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Pardon? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  I  translated  it,  but  that  is  not  mine. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  You  are  the  same  Lyle  Dowling  who  is  listed  as 
author  of  the  Schillinger  System  of  Musical  Composition? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  No.    You  have  very  bad  information. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  I  am  asking  you 

Mr.  Dowling.  In  the  first  place,  I  was  not  the  writer  of  Le  Jazz  Hot. 
1  translated  it  into  English.  In  the  first  place,  the  Schillinger  system,. 
I  didn't  write  it.    It  was  written  by  Schillinger.    I  edited  it. 

Mr.  Sour  WINE.  Did  you  ever  contribute  articles  to  the  Eagle  Eye? 

Mr.  Dowling.  I  decline  to  answer  that. 

Mr,  Sour  WINE.  Do  you  know  what  the  Eagle  Eye  is  ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  Yes,  indeed. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  What  is  it  ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  It  was  a  publication  ostensibly  by  a  Communist  Party 
unit  on  the  Eagle ;  put  out  peripatetically,  not  for  long. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Was  it  in  fact  put  out  by  the  Communist  unit  on 
the  Eagle  ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  I  would  have  no  way  of  knowing. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Did  you  join  the  Communist  Party  in  the  latter  part 
of  1937? 

Mr.  Dowling.  I  must  decline  to  answer. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  And  did  you  leave  it  in  1939  ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  I  must  decline  to  answer. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Were  you  a  member  of  the  Communist  Party  at  any 
time  prior  to  1937? 

Mr.  Dowling.  I  must  decline  to  answer. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  You  are  not  a  Communist  now,  are  you  ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  No,  I  am  not. 

Mr.  SoURWiNE.  Have  you  been  a  Communist  at  any  time  since  1939  ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  I  must  decline  to  answer. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Have  you  been  a  Communist  at  any  time  since  1945  ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  No. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Have  you  been  a  Communist  at  any  time  between 
1940  and  1945? 

Mr.  Dowling.  I  must  decline  to  answer.  It  is  a  very  technical  ques- 
tion. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  What  is  technical  about  it  ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  Well,  there  is  just  an  organization  now  called  the 
Communist  Party  of  the  United  States.  It  was  preceded  by  an  organ- 
ization called  the  Communist  Political  Association,  and  it  in  turn  was 
preceded  by  an  organization  called  the  Communist  Party  of  the  United 
States.  From  a  technical  viewpoint  there  are  three  successive  stages, 
so  to  speak. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  You  mean  three  successive  stages  of  being  a  Com- 
munist ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  No  ;  three  definitely  separate  organizations^ 


STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF    WORLD    COMMUNISM  1389 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Well,  were  you  ever  a  member  of  the  Communist 
Political  Association  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  No. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  And  when  did  it  come  into  existence  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  I  have  forgotten. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  You  just  testified  that  there  were  the  three 

Mr.  DowLixG.  I  know  roughly  when  it  was. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Yes.   Well,  give  us  approximately. 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  Your  record  is  certainly  better  than  mine  on  that. 

The  Chairman.  Answer  his  question. 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  I  really  do  not  know. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  We  want  to  know  approximately. 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  It  was  in  the  early  forties,  but  your  committee  rec- 
ords surely  know  more  about  that  than  I  do. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  And  before  that,  you  say  it  was  the  Communist 
Party  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  Of  the  United  States. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Yes.    Were  you  ever  a  member  of  the  Commmiist 
Party  of  the  United  States  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  I  must  decline  to  answer. 

Mr,  SomwiNE.  Were  you  ever  a  member  of  the  Communist  Party, 
United  States  of  America  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  Which  is  which  ? 

Mr.  Sourwine.  I  do  not  know.     You  used  the  words,  and  I  was 
wondering. 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  Well,  it  is  fairly  well  known  that  there  were  three 
separate  organizations. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Yes.    Eef erring  to  the  third,  how  did  you  name  it  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  They  both  used  identical  names,  I  think,  but  they 
were  hardly  the  same  organization. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  You  say  they  were  not  the  same  organization  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  Apparently  not. 

Mr.  Sourwine,  Do  you  know  whether  there  was  any  continuity  of 
control  or  direction  in  the  three  organizations  you  have  referred  to  ? 

]Mr.  DowLiNG.  I  have  the  impression  that  there  was  a  good  deal  of 
just  the  reverse — discontinuity. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Weren't  they  all  controlled  from  Moscow  ? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  I  haven't  the  slightest  idea.    I  very  much  doubt  it. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Are  you  the  same  Lyle  Dowling  who  was  a  guest 
speaker  at  the  fourth  convention  of  the  American  Student  Union? 

Mr,  Dowling,  I  don't  think  so. 

Mr,  SouRw^NE.  1938. 

ISIr.  Dowling.  I  made  any  number  of  speeches,  but  I  don't  remem- 
ber appearing  before  that  organization.   It  is  possible, 

Mr,  SouR^\^NE.  Are  you  the  same  Lyle  Dowling  that  conducted 
craft  stations  at  the  fourth  American  Writers  Congress,  1941  ? 

Mr,  Dowling.  That  did  what  ? 

Mr,  Sourwine,  Craft  stations. 

Mr.  Dowling,  IMiat  are  they  ?     Craft  stations  ? 

Mr,  Sourwine,  Yes,     Well,  you  taught  arts  or  crafts. 

Mr.  Dowling.  No,  I  didn't  know  there  was  such  a  thing. 

Mr.  Sourwine.  Did  you  attend  the  fourth  American  Writers  Con- 
gress in  1941 ? 

Mr.  Dowling,  No. 


1390  STRATEGY    AND    TACTICS    OF   WORLD    COMMUNISM 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Were  you  a  sponsor  of  Veterans  Against  Discrim- 
ination? 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  "When  Avoiild  that  have  been?     Eight  after  the  war? 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  At  any  time, 

Mr.  DowLiNG.  Well,  I  am  trying  to  place  the  organization  and 
what  being  a  sponsor  means.  Shortly  after  the  Second  World  War 
there  Avas  a  committee  of  some  sort  that  sounds  as  if  it  might  have 
been  that,  and  I  went  to  a  couple  of  the  meetings.  I  don't  think  I  was 
exactly  a  sponsor. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Mr.  Dowling,  have  you  heard  the  testimony  of  the 
witnesses  who  testified  here  today? 

Mr.  Dowling.  Not  all  of  it,  no. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Did  you  hear  the  testimony  of  Mr.  Winston  Burdett  ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  Almost  all  of  it. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Is  that  any  portion  of  Mr.  Burdett's  testimony  that 
you  would  like  to  contradict  or  comment  upon  ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  Well,  I  wouldn't  want  to  make  a  definite  answer  un- 
til I  have  seen  the  transcript.  I  would  like  to  get  exactly  what  was 
said. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  During  your  Army  service,  did  you  have  a  job  on 
Stars  and  Stripes  ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  As  a  soldier,  I  worked  on  Stars  and  Stripes. 

Mr.  SouRwiNE.  Yes.  What  was  your  assignment  on  Stars  and 
Stripes  ? 

Mr.  Dowling.  Well,  I  began  as  a  sort  of  a  deskman  on  the  Naples 
edition.  I  became  the  news  editor  of  the  Naples  edition,  and  I  went 
to  the  Rome  edition  as  sort  of  a  general  writer.  Then  I  came  back  to 
this  country  for  the  last  few  months  as  the  correspondent  in  the  United 
States  of  the  Mediterranean  edition. 

Mr.  SouRWiNE.  Mr.  Chairman,  I  have  no  more  questions  to  ask  of 
this  witness. 

The  Chairman.  We  Avill  recess  now  until  10  o'clock  tomorrow  morn- 
ing. 

(Whereupon,  at  3:30  p.  m.,  the  subcommittee  adjourned,  to  recon- 
vene at  10  a.  m.  Thursday,  June  30, 1955.) 


INDEX 


Note. — The  Senate  Internal  Security  Subcommittee  attaches  no  significance  to 
the  mere  fact  of  the  appearance  of  the  name  of  an  individual  or  an  organization 
in  this  index. 

A  Page 

Adler,  Larry 1327,  1359,  1372 

Adler,    Leonard 1372, 1377, 1385 

Alexandra  Boulevard.  Belgrade 1340 

Allied  Powers  (Britain  and  Russia) 1352 

American    Embas.sy 1355,  1357 

American  Newspaper  Guild 1369 

American  Student  Union 1389 

American  Writers  Congress,  1941 1389 

Amnieh 1356 

Anadolu  News  Agency 1350 

Anderson,    George 1374 

Ankara,  Turkey 1348,  1350-1355 

Anti-Fascist  Club  of  Teheran 1357 

Anti-Fascist  Committee  of  Italians  in  Teheran 1357 

Army 1383,  1390 

Assad,  Amir 1356,  1357 

B 
Balkans 1337, 1338 

Barnett.  Melvin 1326,  1359,  1372,  1377,  1380,  1385 

Belgrade.  Yugoslavia 1339-1341, 1346, 1347 

Bentlev,  Elizabeth 1330,  1332 

Bentlev,  Gladys 1327,  1359,  1372,  1377,  1385 

Bergen,  Norway 1332,  1334 

Bessie,  Alvah 1324-1326, 1358, 1359, 1370-1374, 1376, 1380, 1384 

Boyeston,  Dorothy  G 1364 

Branlich 1382 

British 1350,  1351,  1354 

Brooklvn  College 1379,  1380 

Brooklyn  Eagle 1323-1331,  1336,  1337, 

1343, 1347, 1359, 1371-1374, 1378, 1379, 1383, 1384, 1388 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y 1324,  1362,  1363,  1374,  1379 

Brooklyn  Heights,  New  York  City 1345 

Brown,  Violet  (Mrs.  Weingarten) 1325, 

1326, 1328, 1359, 1372, 1376, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1385 

Brownie 1365 

Bucharest 1338,  1339,  1347,  1348,  1355 

Burdett.  Winston 1323-1365,  1370,  1376,  1379,  1390 

1934-40— Employed  by  Brooklyn  Eagle 1324 

1937,  August— Joined  Communist  Party 1324,  1325,  1327 

1940,  February— Went  abroad 1328 

1940,  February  7 — Sailed  steamship  Bergensfiord  to  Finland 1334 

1940,  March  13— W^ent  to  Helsinki 1335 

1940,  second  half — Miller  dismissed  him 1336 

1940.  Jime— Met  Lea  Schiavi 1355 

1940,  July— Married  Lea  Schiavi 1355 

1941,  March— Belgrade  to  Ankara 1348 

1941,  November— Left  Ankara  for  Teheran 1352 

1942.  Februar.v— Went  back  to  Ankara 1352 

1942,  March— Broke  with  Communist  Party 1353,  1355 

1942,  spring— Employed  by  CBS 1324 


II  INDEX 

Q  Page 

Chambers,  Whittaker 1344 

Charniak,  Hy  (Hyman) 1326,  1342,  1359,  1371,  1374,  1380,  18S5 

Childs  Restaurant 1338 

Citizens  Committee  for  Harry  Bridges 13(58 

Clodius 1351 

Cohn,  Herbert 1326,  1359,  1372,  1376,  1380,  1385 

Columbia  Broadcasting  System  (CBS) 1324,  1337,  1339,  1352 

Columbia   University 1333 

Comiuform 1368 

Communist  Party 1324, 1335, 

1328-1331,  1334,  1336,  1341,  1343-1347,  1353,  1358-1379,  1382-1389 

Communist  Party,  Brooklyn  Eagle  unit 1324r-1327, 

1332,  1341,  1342,  1358,  1359,  1362,  1371,  1383,  1384 

Communist  Party  of  the  United  States 1388, 1389 

Communist  Party,  USA 1324, 1345, 1363, 1371, 1374, 1381, 1383, 1386, 1388, 1389 

■Communist  Political  Association 1388, 1389 

Counterintelligence  Corps,  CIC 1357, 1358 

D 

Daily  Worker 1328, 1383 

December  7,  1941 1353 

Despatcher 1370 

Dowling,  Lyle 1327, 1360,  1372, 1373, 1377, 1381, 1382-1390 

E 
Eagle    Eye 1388 

Eastland,  Hon.  James  O 1364 

Einhorn,  Nat__  1325-1329,  1333,  1334,  1336,  1359,  1365-1368,  1371,  1376,  1380,  1384 
Europe 1324 

F 

Federal  Bureau  of  Investigation    (FBI) 1323,1329,1333 

Fifth  amendment 1371, 1372-1389 

Finland 1331,1334-1337 

Finnish-Russian  War 1334 

Florida  West  Coast  Press 1364 

France 1339 

Freeman.    Ira   Henry 1362, 1373, 1377, 1382, 1387 

French    Communists 1346 

Friedman,  Milton  H 1374 

G 

Gavrilovitch,  Dr.  Stoyan 1364 

German  invasion  of  Yugoslavia 1339 

Germans 1350,  1351,  1357,  1364 

Gordon,  David 1326,  1359,  1372,  1377,  1379,  1380,  1385 

Greece 1361 

Greek  Civil  War 1361 

Greenbaum,  Johnnie 1365 

Greenberg,  Johnnie  (See  Greenbaum,  Johnnie.) 

Greenwich  Village,  New  York  City 1328, 1332 

Grutzner,    Charles 1326, 1327, 1359, 1372,  1377, 1380, 1385 

H 
Hall,  Morgan.     (See  Hull,  Morgan.) 

Helsinki 1335 

Hitler 1342 

Hitler-Stalin    Pact 1342 

Hollywood    Ten 1325 

Hoover.  J.  Edgar 1323 

Hotel  Ankara  Palace 1348,  1349 

Hotel  Metropole,  Moscow 1338 

Hotel  Patricia,  Stockholm 1333,  1334 

House  TTn-American  Activities  Committee 1374 

Hull,  Morgan 1369 


INDEX  ni 

I  Page 

India 1355,  1357 

International  Longshoremen's  and  Warehousemen's  Union 1370 

Intourist 1338 

Iran 1352,  1355,  1356 

Iraq 1356,  1357 

Iron    Curtain 1323 

Istanbul . 1350 

Italian  Fascist  government 1355 

Italian    Fascists 1357 

Italians 1357,  1364 

Italy 1339 

J 

Johnson,    Helen 1332 

Juilliard  School  of  Music 1383 

K 

Kaufman,  Milton 1361,  1362,  1366-1369,  1373-1378,  1381,  13S7 

Kopf.  Gladys 1362,  1373,  1377,  1381,  1382,  1387 

Kurds 1356 

L 

Landman,  Amos 1360,  1366,  1371,  1373,  1377,  1381,  1387 

Le  Jazz  Hot 1388 

Lewis,  Charles 1326,  1359,  1372,  1376,  1380,  1385 

London 1364 

Long   Island 1368 

M 

Madame  (Soviet  official,  Ankara  Russian  Embassy) 1348, 

1349,  1351,  1352,  1354,  1358 

Manhattan 1361,  1362 

Marxism 1345 

Midlle  East 1324 

Miller.  Mr 1333-1336,  1338,  1346 

Moscow 1338, 1346, 1389 

N 

National  Press  Club 1361 

"Neo-Trotskyite" 1383 

New  Masses 1384 

Newspaper  Guild 1325-1327,  1363,  1369,  1375,  1376,  1378 

1937,  September— Went  on  strike 1327 

New  York  City 1329, 

1332-1335,  1337,  1346,  1361,  1362,  1364,  1368,  1371,  1372,  1382,  1383 

New  York  Daily  Mirror 1360 

New  York  Daily  News 1360 

New  York  Newspaper  Guild 1360-1362, 1364-1365, 1373-1377 

New  York  Times 1326, 1362, 1387 

North,  Joe 1328. 1329, 1331. 1336 

North  Africa 1324 

Norway 1337 

Norwegian  Line 1332 

O 
Oxford  Press 1383 

P 

Pleasantville,  N.  Y 1378 

Pollitt.    Daniel 1378 


IV  INDEX 

R  Page 

Raisin,  Jacoi)    (alias  Jacob  Golos) 1329-1333,1336 

Kein.  David 1370, 1379,  1380 

Khodes,    Peter    Christopher 13G3 

Rhodes,   I'eter 13G3 

Rolliiidortindorfer,  JuIjus 1381 

Rumania 1338 

Russia 1338,1350 

Russian  Embassy,  Anlvara 1348-1352 

Russian-German    Pact 1346 

Russians 1357, 1358, 1364 

Ryan,  Jaclv  {see  also  John  Francis  Ryan) 1361, 

1362, 1360-1368. 1373. 1377, 1387 
Ryan,    John    Francis 1361, 1368, 1373, 1377,  1381. 1387 

S 

St.  Petersburg 1364 

San    Francisco 1368,  1370,  1374 

Sarasota,  Fla 1363, 1364 

Scandinavia 1337 

Schappes,  Maurice 1382 

Schappes,    Morris 1382 

Schiavi,  Lea  (Mrs.  Winston  Burdett) 1355-1358 

Sehillinger 1388 

Schillinger  System  of  Musical  Composition 1388 

School  for  Democracy 1384 

Second  Duma 1386 

Second  World  War 1390 

Serpski  Kralj  (Hotel) 1339 

Soviet-Nazi  Pact,  August  1939 1342 

Soviet  Union 1338, 1345, 1353 

Stars  and  Stripes 1390 

Steamship  Bergensfiord 1332, 1334 

State  Department 1331 

Stern,    Monroe 1360,  1361, 1363-1371, 1376, 1381,  1387 

Stewart,  Merriweather 1382 

Stockholm 1332-1335,  1337,  1338.  1363 

Subasic,  Dr.  Ivan 1364 

T 

Tabriz 1355-1357 

Tampa,  Fla 1364 

Tarmon,  Mrs.  Doretta 1362,  1363,  1373,  1377,  1382,  1388 

Tass 1349 

Teacher.s'    Union 1382 

Teheran 1352,  1355,  1357,  1358 

Thavi',  Ray.     (See  Torr,  Ray.) 

Thirteenth  Street  corner.  New  York  City 1329 

Thompson,  Betsy 1332 

Thor,  Ray.     (See  Torr,  Ray.) 

Thorez,    Maurice 1346 

Tito 1358.  1364,  1368 

Torr,    Rav 1365. 1369 

Transradio   Press 1337, 1339 

Turkey 13-50,  1351,  1.357 

Turkish  Government 1348,  13.50 

U 

United  Electrical.  Radio,  and  Machine  Workers 1383 

United  Nations  Conference,  San  Francisco,  1945 1364 

United    Press 1363 

United  States 1335,  1336.  1338,  1353,  1355,  13.58,  1377,  1378 

United  States  Senate 1376, 1386 


INDEX  V 

V  Page 

A''eterans  Against  Discrimination 1390 

W 

Washington.  D.  C 1361.  1364.  1370 

Weingarten,  Victor 1325,  1326,  1359,  1361,  1376,  1378,  1380,  1385 

Weingarteu.  Violet.     (Sec  Brown,  Violet.) 

Wei.ssman,  Helen____ 1362,  1363,  1373,  1377,  1382.  1387 

Weissman.  Sam 1362.  1373,  1377.  13N2,  13S7 

Witmark  &  Sons 1388 

Witness,    The 1344 

Y 

Young,  Murray 1327,  1328,  1360.  1373,  1377,  1379-1382,  1387 

Yugoslav  Embassy 1361.  1364.  1365 

Yugoslav  Government 1340,  13r)S.  1370 

Yugoslav    Legation 13(>4 

Yugoslavia 1358 

o 


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