,r
^'^ sfaj
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
RECRUITING FOR ESPIONAGE
HEARINGS
BEFORE THE
SUBCOMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE THE
ADMINISTRATION OF THE INTERNAL SECURITY
ACT AND OTHER INTERNAL SECURITY LAWS
OP THE
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
UNITED STATES SENATE
EIGHTY-FOURTH CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
PURSUANT TO
S. Res. 58
JULY 13, 14, 1955
PART 16
Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
59886 WASHINGTON : 1955
Boston Public Library
Cuperintendent of Documents
JAN 1 8 1956
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
HARLEY M. KILGOKE. West Virginia, Chairman
JAMES O. EASTLAND, Mississippi ALEXANDER WILEY, Wisconsin
ESTES KEFAUVER, Tennessee WILLIAM LANGER, North Dakota
OLIN D. JOHNSTON, South Carolina WILLIAM E. JENNER, Indiana
THOMAS C. HENNINGS, Jr., Missouri ARTHUR V. WATKINS, Utah
JOHN L. McCLELLAN, Arkansas EVERETT McKINLEY DIRKSEN, Illinois
PRICE DANIEL, Texas HERMAN WELKER, Idaho
JOSEPH C. O'MAHONEY, Wyoming JOHN MARSHALL BUTLER, Maryland
Subcommittee To Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security
Act and Other Internal Security Laws
JAMES O. EASTLAND, Mississippi, Chairman
OLIN D. JOHNSTON, South Carolina WILLIAM E. JENNER, Indiana
JOHN L. McCLELLAN, Arkansas ARTHUR V. WATKINS, Utah
THOMAS C. HENNINGS, Jr., Missouri HERMAN WELKER, Idaho
PRICE DANIEL, Texas JOHN MARSHALL BUTLER, Maryland
J. G. Sourwine, Chief Counsel
Richard Arens and Alva C. Carpenter., Associate Counsel
Benjamin N. Mandet, Director of Research
II
CONTENTS
Testimony of: Pa^e
Barnett, Melvin Leslie 1496
Freeman, Ira Henry 1571
Gordon, David Alexander 1489
Heimlich, William Friel 1538
Landman, Amos 1551
Lewis, Charles Saul 1502
Talbert, Ansel 1557
in
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
WEDNESDAY, JULY 13, 1955
United States Senate,
Subcommittee To Investigate the Administration
of the Internal Security Act and Other
Internal Security Laws of the
Committee on the Judiciary,
Washington, D. O.
The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10 : 40 a. m., in the
Caucus Room, Senate Office Building, Senator James O. Eastland
(chairman of the subcommittee) presiding.
Present : Senators Eastland and Hennings.
Also present: J. G. Sourwine, chief counsel; Alva C. Carpenter,
associate counsel; Benjamin Mandel, director of research; Robert
McManus, investigations analyst.
The Chairman. The committee will come to order. Call the first
witness.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Chairman, before we call a witness I should
like to offer for the record documents which will tie in with testimony
previously had. The documents will speak for themselves. I will
identify them by saying that the chairman wrote to the Department of
Defense requesting release of the exchange of correspondence with
respect to a recommendation for disaccreditation of Mr. Grutzner, and
the objection to that recommendation by the Defense Department.
The documents were furnished the committee first in classified status,
and the chairman then requested that they be declassified. That has
now been done. And I believe the documents should be made a part
of the record with the pertinent correspondence.
The Chairman. They will be admitted.
(The documents referred to are as follows:)
July 8, 1955.
Mr. C. Herschel Schooley,
Office of Public Information, Department of Defense,
Room 2E800, The Pentagon, Washington, D. C.
Dear Mr. Schooley : Thank you very much for forwarding with your letter of
July 8, 1955, the documentation of the chronological account contained therein.
I should like to request that the letters by General Craigie, General Bush, and
General Parks, which you point out continue in confidential status, be declassi-
fied for use by the committee, so that they may be inserted in our record. I
should be extremely grateful if action on this request could be expedited.
Kindest regards and all good wishes.
Sincerely,
James O. Eastland,
Chairman, Internal Security Subcommittee.
1487
1488 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Department of Defense,
Office of Puislic Information,
Washington, D. C, July 12, 1955.
Hon. James O. Eastland,
United States Senate.
Dear Senator Eastland : Pursuant to your letter request of July 8, the letters
by Maj. Gen. L. C. Craigie, United States Air Force; Brig. Gen. K. B. Bush,
United States Army ; and Maj. Gen. F. L. Parks, United States Army, which were
included in confidential status with my letter of July S, have now been formally
declassified for use by the Internal Security Subcommittee, for open use or record
publication.
We enclose newly photostated copies of the letters concerned in order to pro-
vide your committee with the unclassified versions.
Sincerely yours,
C. Herschel Schooley, Director.
Headquarters, Far East Air Forces,
APO 925, December 19, 1950.
Subject : Security Violation by Press Correspondent.
To : Commander in Chief, Far East, APO 500.
1. On December 17, 1950, New York Times' representative in Korea, Charles
Grutzner, filed with his publishers an account of the first encounter of USAF
F-86 jet aircraft with MIG-15 aircraft.
2. All correspondents in Korea at the base from which the F-86's were operat-
ing, including Mr. Grutzner, had been briefed on the security precautions this
headquarters had taken concerning the activities of the F-86. It appears that
Mr. Grutzner filed his story with a notation "not releasable." However, he did,
nevertheless, send the story containing classified information which was published
to the world and is now available to our enemy. This public disclosure has lost to
the USAF a tactical advantage which may result in the loss of American lives.
3. Other correspondents on the scene respected the security of this information
until it had been released. This is the first serious breach of specifically classified
information regarding Air Force activities. Unless positive action is taken
against this offender, no security can be expected in like cases in the future.
4. It is strongly recommended that Charles Grutzner be no longer accredited
as a correspondent and that he be removed from this theater.
For the Commanding General :
L. C. Craigie,
Major General, United States Air Force,
Vice Commander (Administration and Plans).
Ltr, FEAF, APO 925, FEAF AG NO. 19796.
Subject : Security Violation by Press Correspondent, December 19, 1950.
AG 095 (19 Dec 50) PIO.
[1st indorsement]
General Headquarters, Far East Command,
APO 500, December 24, 1950.
To : The Adjutant General, Department of the Army, Washington 25, D. C
1. Forwarded herewith is a letter from the Commanding General, Far East Air
Forces, recommending the disaccreditation of Mr. Charles Grutzner, of the
New York Times, for having deliberately violated the security precautions.
2. This headquarters concurs in the recommendation contained in paragraph 4
of basic communication and believes this is a clear case as stated in para-
graph 9b, Special Regulations 360-60-1, 27 April 1949.
For the Commander in Chief :
F. W. Laskowski,
For K. B. Bush,
Brigadier General, USA, Adjutant General.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1489
Department of the Army,
Office of the Chief of Information,
Washington 25, D. C, January 10, 1951.
Memorandum for : Director, Office of Public Information, Department of Defense.
Subject : Recommendation for Disaccreditation of Charles Grutzner.
1. In compliance with provisions of paragraph 9b, Special Regulation 360-
60-1, dated April 27, 1949, the attached correspondence from Major General L. C.
Craigie, Vice Commander of the Far East Air Force, and Brig. General K. B.
Bush, Adjutant General of the Far East Command, recommending disaccredita-
tion of Mr. Charles Grutzner of the New York Times for security violation is
forwarded for consideration and appropriate action.
2. Request this office be notified at the earliest convenient date of the dispo-
sition of this case in order that we can notify the Far East Command headquar-
ters of the determination in this case.
Eugene W. Harrison
(For F. L. Parks, Major General GSC, Chief of Information.)
Department of Defense,
Office of Public Information,
January 15, 1951.
Memorandum for Chief of Information, Department of the Army.
Subject : Recommendation for Disaccreditation of Charles Grutzner.
Department of Defense does not concur in basic recommendation to revoke
accreditation of subject correspondent. This decision has been coordinated with
the Department of the Air Force.
Clayton Fritchey, Director.
Mr. Sourwine. David Gordon is the first witness.
Mr. Boudin. May I ask that the television and radio be turned off
and the lights turned off?
The Chairman. That will be granted.
Mr. Boudin. May I ask that no pictures be taken, as I requested
before ?
The Chairman. Stand up, Mr. Gordon.
Do you solemnly swear that the testimony you are about to give the
Internal Security Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary
shall be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help
you God?
Mr. Gordon. I do.
TESTIMONY OF DAVID ALEXANDER GORDON, NEW YORK, N. Y.,
ACCOMPANIED BY LEONARD BOUDIN, COUNSEL
Mr. Sourwine. Would you give the reporter your full name, please.
Mr. Gordon. My name is David Gordon.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you have a middle name or initial ?
Mr. Gordon. "A."
Mr. Sourwine. What does that stand for?
Mr. Gordon. Alexander.
Mr. Sourwine. Where do you live, sir?
Mr. Gordon. I live in New York City.
Mr. Sourwine. At what address?
Mr. Gordon. 119-502 135th Street.
Mr. Sourwine. Where are you employed?
Mr. Gordon. At the New York Daily News.
Mr. Sourwine. How long have you been there ?
Mr. Gordon. Six years.
1490 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Sourwine. Where did you work before that ?
Mr. Gordon. Immediately prior ?
Mr. Sourwine. Yes, sir.
Mr. Gordon. I was a free-lance writer, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. And did you have employment before your period
of free-lance writing ?
Mr. Gordon. Employment ?
Mr. Sourwine. Yes, sir.
Mr. Gordon. At what time, sir ?
Mr. Sourwine. Well, at some time prior to your free-lance period
were you employed ?
Mr. Gordon. Yes.
Mr. Sourwine. Where?
Mr. Gordon. I was employed at the Overseas News Agency.
Mr. Sourwine. I am attempting to get your employment chrono-
logically in reverse, you might say. Before that where were you
employed ?
Mr. Gordon. I was employed as a publicity director for the trans-
port workers' union.
Mr. Sourwine. And before that?
Mr. Gordon. I was in the United States Army.
Mr. Sourwine. As an enlisted man ?
Mr. Gordon. That is right.
Mr. Sourwine. Before you went in the Army, where were you
employed ?
Mr. Gordon. I was employed for 6 or 7 months as a reporter on a
seamen's union newspaper.
Mr. Sourwine. Before that where were you employed ?
Mr. Gordon. I was employed on the Brooklyn Eagle.
Mr. Sourwine. How long were you with the Brooklyn Eagle?
Mr. Gordon. From 1933 until 1943.
Mr. Sourwine. While you were on the Brooklyn Eagle were you
a member of the Communist Party ?
Mr. Gordon. I am not a Communist and have not been in any way
for the past 12 years.
The Chairman. Answer his question. Repeat the question, counsel.
Mr. Sourwine. While you were employed on the Brooklyn Eagle
were you a Communist ?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to
incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you a member of a Communist unit on the
Brooklyn Eagle ?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on that ground that it may tend to
incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. When was it that you were employed by the trans-
port workers union ?
Mr. Gordon. It was in the latter part of 1946.
Mr. Sourwine. That was within the last 12 years?
Mr. Gordon. I beg your pardon, sir ?
Mr. Sourwine. That was within the last 12 years ?
Mr. Gordon. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you at the time you were employed by the
transport workers union a member of the Communist Party?
Mr. Gordon. No, sir.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1491
Mr. Sourwine. Was the transport workers union in any way con-
nected with the National Maritime Union ?
Mr. Gordon. Not as far as I know.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you have anything to do with the publication
of the Communist Party paper, the Eagle Eye; published at the
Brooklyn Eagle?
Mr. Gordon-. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to
incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Isn't it a fact that you handled the printing of that
paper ?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to
incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you collect money for the Eagle Eye?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to
incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you ever a party worker for the Communist
Party in Brooklyn, N. Y.?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to
incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you a member of the New York Newspaper
Guild?
Mr. Gordon. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you hold office in that guild ?
Mr. Gordon. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you a Communist while you were a member
of the New York Newspaper Guild ?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to
incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you ever a member of the New York cultural
division of the Communist Party ?
Mr. Gordon. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you ever active in the Young Workers Com-
munist League ?
Mr. Gordon. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you ever active in the Young Communists
League ?
Mr. Gordon. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you ever an organizer for the American Fed-
eration of Labor?
Mr. Gordon. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you ever teach in labor schools ?
Mr. Gordon. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you ever a staff member of the Jefferson
School of Social Science?
Mr. Gordon. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you, sir, know Alvah Bessie ?
Mr. Gordon. Yes.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ?
Mr. Boudin. Would you repeat the question, please.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to
incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Nat Einhorn ?
Mr. Gordon. Yes.
1492 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to
incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Victor Weingarten ?
Mr. Gordon. Yes.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to
incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Violet Brown ?
Mr. Gordon. Yes.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know her as a Communist ?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to
incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Charles Lewis ?
Mr. Gordon. Yes.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to
incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Hyman Charniak ?
Mr. Gordon. Yes.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to
incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Herbert Colin ?
Mr. Gordon. Yes.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to
incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Melvin Bamett?
Mr. Gordon. Yes.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to
incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you knoAv David Gordon by any other name?
Mr. Gordon. Are you referring to me, sir ?
Mr. Sourwine. Yes, sir.
Mr. Gordon. Yes.
Mr. Sourwine. What other names do you know David Gordon by?
Mr. Gordon. I only know myself under my own name, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. You have never used any other name ?
Mr. Gordon. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Charles Grutzner ?
Mr. Gordon. Yes.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it might tend
to incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Gladys Bentley ?
Mr. Gordon. Yes.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know her as a Communist?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to
incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Leonard Adler ?
Mr. Gordon. Who was that, sir ?
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1493
Mr. Sottrwine. Leonard Acller.
Mr. Gordon. Yes.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground it may tend to in-
criminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Murray Young?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to
incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. I am just asking you in this case if you know him.
Do vou know Murray Young ?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground it may tend to in-
criminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Amos Landman ?
Mr. Gordon. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to
incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Monroe Stern ? *
Mr. Gordon. No.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Milton Kaufman ?
Mr. Gordon. Yes.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to
incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know John Francis Ryan, also known as
Jack Ryan ?
Mr. Gordon. Yes.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to
incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Gladys Kopf ?
Mr. Gordon. No.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Ira Henry Freeman ?
Mr. Gordon. No.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know he was a Communist?
Mr. Boudin. The witness said he didn't know him.
Mr. Sourwine. You might know him as a Communist without
knowing him.
Mr. Gordon. Sir, I don't know him.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Sam Weissman ?
Mr. Gordon. Yes.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend
to incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know his former wife, Helen Weissman ?
Mr. Gordon. No.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know his present wife ?
Mr. Gordon. No.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Mrs. Doretta Tarmon ?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to
incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. That question was only whether you knew her.
Mr. Gordon. I stand on my answer.
1494 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Sourwine. Now, sir ; after you were subpenaed to appear before
this committee did you discuss the question of that subpena with
anyone ?
Mr. Gordon. Will you repeat the question, sir ?
Mr. Sourwine. After you had been subpenaed to appear before
this committee did you discuss the matter of that subpena with any
person ?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground it may tend to
incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Winston Burdett?
Mr. Gordon. Will you repeat that ?
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Winston Burdett ?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground it may tend to in-
criminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. I am only asking you whether you know him. Do
you decline to answer that question ?
Mr. Gordon. I stand on my previous answer.
Mr. Sourwine. How did you happen to select your present at-
torney ?
Mr. Boudin. Objection.
The Chairman. Answer the question.
Mr. Gordon. I have seen his name in the newspapers.
Mr. Boudin. I move to strike out the answer.
The Chairman. That is overruled.
Mr. Boudin. Thank you. Excuse me a second. Go right ahead.
Mr. Sourwine. Did anyone advise or instruct you to retain your
present counsel ?
Mr. Gordon. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you consult with any person or persons known
to you to be Communists with respect to your appearance before this
committee ?
Mr. Boudin. Would you repeat the question ?
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Chairman, I want to call attention to the fact
that after I asked that question the witness started to answer and
witness' counsel put his hand over the microphone and asked me to
repeat the question.
Mr. Boudin. I didn't do anything of the kind.
The Chairman. I didn't hear the question. Repeat it.
Mr. Sourwine. Will the reporter read it.
The reporter read the question.
The Chairman. Answer that question.
Mr. Gordon. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Gordon, what position do you hold on the news-
paper by which you are now employed ?
Mr. Gordon. I am a reporter.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you ever disclose to your employers the fact
that you had been summoned to appear before this committee?
Mr. Gordon. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you discuss with them the question of your
demeanor before the committee ?
Mr. Boudin. Objection. It is irrelevant.
The Chairman. Answer the question.
Mr. Gordon. No, sir ; I was not asked.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1495
Mr. Sourwine. Did you discuss with them the question of whether
you would claim your privilege under the fifth amendment when you
appeared before the committee ?
Mr. Gordon. No ; the question was not asked.
Mr. Sourwine. I have no further questions of this witness.
Mr. Boudin. Excuse me a second, Mr. Sourwine.
The Chairman. Call your next witness.
Mr. Boudin. The witness wanted to make one correction on his
testimony. It is a small matter, but I think the record should be
clear, if you will excuse me a second.
The Chairman. All right.
Mr. Boudin. May I ask that no pictures be taken while the witness
is at the table ? I can see the press moving in again.
The Chairman. If you desire to make a statement, all right.
Mr. Boudin. May the witness consult with me before he makes it?
Mr. Gordon. I just wanted to say that on the question of using any
other name, the answer is "Yes."
Mr. Boudin. In other words, the witness has said that he has never
used any other name, has never been known by any other name.
The Chairman. You cannot testify for the witness.
Mr. Boudin. I thought Mr. Sourwine looked puzzled, I was
explaining
The Chairman. You cannot testify for the witness. The witness
can make a statement.
Mr. Boudin. All right.
The Chairman. Proceed.
Mr. Gordon. The answer is, "Yes,"I had used another name.
Mr. Sourwine. Tell us what it is.
Mr. Gordon. On the newspaper occasionally we used office bylines,
and on one occasion I remember the office, because I had several
other stories in the newspaper — this is the News — used another byline
as well as my own byline. And as to other times I decline to answer
on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Chairman, the witness has already testified
under oath that he has never used any other name.
Is it your testimony now that you did use other names on other
occasions than when you used a byline in the newspaper, and that
with respect to those occasions you are now claiming your privilege
under the fifth amendment?
The Chairman. That is the testimony.
Mr. Sourwine. You had a party name in the Communist Party, did
you not ?
Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend
to incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you change your testimony in this case vol-
untarily, on your own initiative, or were you told to do so ?
Mr. Gordon. Changed voluntarily, sir.
The Chairman. Call the next witness.
Mr. Sourwine. The next witness is Melvin Barnett.
The Chairman. Do you solemnly swear that testimony you are
about to give the Internal Security Subcommittee of the Committee
on the Judiciary of the Senate of the United States shall be the truth,
the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God ?
Mr. Barnett. I do.
1496 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
TESTIMONY OF MELVIN LESLIE BARNETT, NEW YORK, N. Y.,
ACCOMPANIED BY LEONARD BOUDIN, COUNSEL
Mr. Boudin. May I make the same request, Mr. Chairman, with
respect to pictures being taken right now, while I am making the
request ?
The Chairman. There will be no pictures permitted. You will
have to turn the television lights off while we are questioning the
witness.
Mr. Boudin. May I repeat the request, Mr. Chairman ?
The Chairman. A witness has a right under the rules of the com-
mittee to make such a request. I ask that you gentlemen obey the rules.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Barnett, will you please give your full name?
Mr. Barnett. Melvin L. Barnett.
Mr. Sourwine. What does the "L" stand for ?
Mr. Barnett. Leslie.
Mr. Sourwine. What is your address, sir ?
Mr. Barnett. 93 Remson Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Mr. Sourwine. Where are you employed ?
Mr. Barnett. New York Times.
Mr. Sourwine. You are accompanied by counsel?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Would you identify your counsel.
Mr. Barnett. Leonard Boudin.
Mr. Sourwine. Of the New York Bar ?
Mr. Barnett. I think so.
Mr. Sourwine. The same counsel who attended the preceding
witness ?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Barnett, what is your capacity on the New York
Times?
Mr. Barnett. I am a copy reader, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. How long have you had that position ?
Mr. Barnett. Two and a quarter years.
Mr. Sourwine. What was your job before that ?
Mr. Barnett. I was a copy reader for the New York Journal of
Commerce.
Mr. Sourwine. And how long were you there ?
Mr. Barnett. Since February 1946, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. And what did you do before that ?
Mr. Barnett. Before that I was in the Army.
Mr. Sourwine. As an enlisted man ?
Mr. Barnett. As an enlisted man. I enlisted.
Mr. Sourwine. What did you do in the Army ?
Mr. Barnett. I was in the Signal Corps stationed on Okinawa.
Mr. Sourwine. And before you were in the Army where were you
employed ?
Mr. Barnett. Before the Army I was with OWI for about 9
months.
Mr. Sourwine. And at what time was that, what year ?
Mr. Barnett. 1942.
Mr. Sourwine. And who was your superior in OWI ?
Mr. Barnett. As I recall, George MacMillan.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1497
Mr. Sourwine. Who employed you for OWI ?
Mr. Barxett. OWI — the Office of Emergency Management first.
Mr. Sourwixe. Who did you interview in seeking employment
with OWI?
Mr. Barxett. It was Mr. MacMillairs superior; I forget his name ;
he was a gentleman that had had a position with the New York World
Telegram and went over as news chief, something like that, for the
Information Division of the Office of Emergency Management.
Mr. Sourwixe. Who did you give as reference when you applied to
OWI for employment ?
Mr. Barxett. I don't recall, sir.
Mr. Sourwixe. Where were you employed before you went with
OWI?
Mr. Barxett. The summer of 1941 I was on the Mirror desk for
about 3 months.
Mr. Sourwixe. And before ?
Mr. Barxett. Before that I was with the Brooklyn Eagle from
June 1936 to about February 1941.
Mr. Sourwixe. And what was your job on the Eagle ?
Mr. Barxett. Reporter, rewrite man, and later copy reader.
Mr. Sourwixe. While you were employed by the Brooklyn Eagle
were you a member of the Communist Party ?
Mr. Barxett. I assert my privilege under the fifth amendment.
Mr. Sourwixe. Were you a member of the Communist unit on the
Brooklvn Eagle?
Mr. Boudix. Excuse me a second.
The Chairman. Mr. Attorney, we are going to conduct this inves-
tigation by the rules, sir. The rights of the witness and his counsel
will be respected by this committee, but counsel may not volunteer.
Mr. Boudix. May I confer with, my client ?
The Chairaeax. If your client desires to confer with you it may
be granted.
Mr. Boudix. I will ask him.
Mr. Barxett. I so desire.
The ( 'hairmax. Go ahead.
Mr. Barxett. Will you repeat that question ?
Mr. Sourwixe. The question was, Were you a member of the Com-
munist unit on the Brooklyn Eagle ?'
Mr. Barxett. Since February or March of 1942, sir, I have not
been a Communist. As to the time prior to that, I assert nry privilege
under the fifth amendment.
Mr. Sourwixe. Did you ever see the paper, the Eagle Eye ?
Mr. Barxett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwixe. Did you know that that was the Communist Party
paper at the Brooklyn Eagle ?
Mr. Barxett. Will you repeat the question, please?
Mr. Sourwixe. Did you know that was the Communist Party
paper at the Brooklyn Eagle ?
Mr. Barxett. Yes.
Mr. Sourwixe. That was a well-known fact ; was it not ?
Mr. Barxett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwixe. Did you work on that paper, the Eagle Eye ?
Mr. Barxett. I assert my privilege, sir, under the fifth amendment.
1498 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Winston Burdett ?
Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege under the fifth amendment, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. When did you work for OWI ?
Mr. Barnett. I worked for OWI from February or March 1942
until I enlisted in the Army in about November 1942.
Senator Eastland. Were you a member of the Communist Party
while you were employed by OWI?
Mr. Barnett. No, sir.
Senator Eastland. Proceed.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Alvah Bessie ?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ?
Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir, under the fifth amendment.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Victor Weingarten ?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ?
Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Violet Brown ?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. She subsequently became Violet Weingarten?
Mr. Barnett. Yes.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know her as a Communist ?
Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Charles Lewis ?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ?
Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Hyman Charniak ?
Mr. Barnett. Yes.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ?
Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege under the fifth amendment.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Herbert Cohn ?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ?
Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege under the fifth amendment.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Melvin Barnett ?
Mr. Barnett. I am Melvin Barnett.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know yourself by any other name ? Have
you ever used any other name ?
Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege under the fifth amendment.
Mr. Sourwine. Didn't you have a Communist Party name?
Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir, under the fifth amend-
ment.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know David Gordon ?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ?
Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir, under the fifth amend-
ment.
Mr. Sourwine. Is that the David Gordon who testified just before
you did?
Mr. Barnett. That is the David Gordon that I know, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Charles Grutzner?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1499
Mr. Sotjrwine. Do you know him as a Communist ?
Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir, under the fifth amend-
ment.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Gladys Bentley ?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know her as a Communist?
Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir, under the fifth amend-
ment.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Leonard Adler?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ?
Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir, under the fifth amend-
ment.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Lyle Dowling?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwtne. Do you know him as a Communist ?
Mr. Bennett. I assert my privilege, sir, under the fifth amend-
ment.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Murray Young?
Mr. Barnett. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Amos Landman?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist?
Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir, under the fifth amend-
ment.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Milton Kaufman ?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ?
Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir, under the fifth amendment.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know John Francis Ryan, otherwise known
as Jack Ryan ?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ?
Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir, under the fifth, amendment.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Gladys Kopf ?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know her as a Communist ?
Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege under the fifth amendment.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Ira Henry Freeman ?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ?
Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege under the fifth amendment.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Sam Weissman ?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ?
Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege under the fifth amendment.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Helen Weissman, his former wife ?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know her as a Communist ?
Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir, under the fifth amendment.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Mrs. Doretta Tarmon ?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know her as a Communist ?
59886— 55— pt. 16 2
1500 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Barnett. I assert ray privilege under the fifth amendment, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. How long have you known Charles Grutzner ?
Mr. Barnett. Will you repeat the question, sir ?
Mr. Sourwine. How long have you known Charles Grutzner ?
Mr. Barnett. Since about 1936 or 1937.
Mr. Sourwine. You knew him when you were both employed by
the Brooklyn Eagle, did you ?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Leonard Boudin?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ?
Mr. Barnett. No, sir.
Mr. Boudin. I object to the question. It is uncalled for and that is
improper on the part of counsel.
The Chairman. Overruled.
Mr. Boudin. I am not making a motion, Mr. Chairman ; I am ask-
ing you to tell counsel not to behave that way.
The Chairman. Proceed, Mr. Sourwine.
Mr. Sourwine. I might say for the record
The Chairman. Proceed.
Mr. Boudin. That is improper, by another member of the bar
sitting as counsel for the committee
The Chairman. Proceed, Mr. Sourwine.
Mr. Sourwine. The question was asked for the purpose of showing
the witness was capable of some discrimination.
Mr. Boudin. I am not interested in testing the witness on names.
The Chairman. Proceed.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you, sir, after you had received the subpena
to appear before this committee, consult with your present employers
about that matter ?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you discuss with them the question of your
demeanor in your appearance here ?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you discuss with them the question of whether
you would avail yourself here of your privilege against self-incrimi-
nation under the fifth amendment ?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Tell us about what was said.
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. I told them at this time I would avail
myself of my privilege against testifying against myself.
Mr. Sourwine. With whom did you discuss this matter ?
Mr. Barnett. With Louie Lobie and other executives of the
company.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you told that if you took the fifth amendment
here you would be discharged ?
Mr. Barnett. Will you repeat the question, please, sir?
Mr. Sourwine. I asked if you were told that if you availed your-
self of the fifth amendment before this committee you would be
discharged.
Mr. Barnett. I was not so told, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you in April fill out a questionnaire or form
for your present employer ?
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1501
Mr. Barnett. I filled out a form, an information form.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you in filling out that form disclose the fact
that you had been a former member of the Communist Party?
Mr. Barnett. The question seems to me to be a loaded question, sir.
Could you put it another way ?
Mr. Sourwine. Did you put any answer or statement on that form
which would indicate that you had been a former member of the
Communist Party ?
Mr. Barnett. I put no such statement of the form, sir. There was
no specific request for that information.
Mr. Sourwine. You are saying that there was no place on the form
calling for such information?
Mr. Barnett. There was no place on this form that said, "Are you
or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party?"
Mr. Sourwine. Was there anything on the form that asked for
organizations that you had belonged to ?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. And did you in that space list the Communist
Party?
Mr. Barnett. I did not, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Was there anything on the form asking about your
loyalty to the United States or your possible membership in any
organization dedicated to the overthrow of the Government of the
United States?
Mr. Barnett. As I recall, sir, I am pretty sure there was no such —
no such request for that kind of information. It was a biographical
form that was to help in assignment and reassignment and some more
material and things like that.
Mr. Sourwine. All right, sir. I have no more questions of this
witness, Mr. Chairman.
The Chairman. Now, as I understand it, the New York Times
gave you a form that asked questions ; and one of the questions they
asked was what organizations you belonged to ; and you did not list
the Communist Party.
Mr. Barnett. Sir, it was not a personnel form, it was a form —
distinct — the thing was entirely voluntary, there was no need to fill
it out — it was for biographical purposes.
Senator Eastland. I know. I say, the question asked you was,
"List the organizations to which you had belonged." Now, your
answer was you did not list the Communist Party as one of those
organizations. Is that correct?
Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir.
The Chairman. Call your next witness.
Mr. Sourwine. Charles Saul Lewis.
The Chairman. Hold up your right hand.
Do you solemnly swear the testimony you are about to give the
Internal Security Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary of
the United States Senate is the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but
the truth, so help you God ?
Mr. Lewis. I do.
The Chairman. Proceed.
1502 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
TESTIMONY OF CHARLES SAUL LEWIS, BURLINGTON, VT.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Lewis, I have just had returned to you certain
documents which you gave the committee in executive session.
Would you tell the reporter your full name, please ?
Mr. Lewis. Charles Saul Lewis.
Mr. Sourwine. And your address, Mr. Lewis.
Mr. Lewis. My address is R. F. D. 1, Burlington, Vt.
Mr. Sourwine. Are you employed ?
Mr. Lewis. I am, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Where?
Mr. Lewis. By Radio Station WCAX and Television Station
WCAX-TV, in Burlington, Vt.
Mr. Sourwine. And what is your capacity in your employment
there ?
Mr. Lewis. I am director of public affairs for both stations.
Mr. Sourwine. You are appearing here voluntarily ?
Mr. Lewis. I am, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. You telephoned and wired the chairman of the
Internal Security Subcommittee as soon as you knew that this com-
mittee was looking for the Charles Saul Lewis who had been em-
ployed on the Brooklyn Eagle ?
Mr. Lewis. That is correct.
Mr. Sourwine. And you volunteered to come down and testify?
Mr. Lewis. Yes.
Mr. Sourwine. And you took the matter up with your employer
and he granted you leave for that purpose ?
Mr. Lewis. That is correct.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Lewis, how long were you employed on the
Brooklyn Eagle?
Mr. Lewis. May I refer to some notes I have here ?
Mr. Sourwine. Of course.
Mr. Lewis. I went to the Brooklyn Eagle February 1929 and left
the Brooklyn Eagle in October of 1942.
Mr. Sourwine. And what jobs did you hold there?
Mr. Lewis. I began as a district reporter. I went into the office
on relays; and as Long Island editor — served at various editorial
capacities thereafter, among them as editor of a daily — first a weekly
and twice-a-week special tabloid supplement of the Brooklyn Eagle,
the so-called Nassau Island — I was next the editor. I left the Eagle
in the job — in charge of late editions of the paper, which was an
afternoon daily.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, Mr. Lewis, while you were employed by the
Brooklyn Eagle were you a member of the Communist Party ?
Mr. Lewis. I was, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. During what period of time ?
Mr. Lewis. For a period of several months in 1937, 1
Mr. Sourwine. Were you a member of the Communist unit at the
Daily Eagle?
Mr. Lewis. I was.
Mr. Sourwine. How did you come to join that unit?
Mr. Lewis. I was recruited by Violet Brown.
Mr. Sourwine. What did Violet Brown tell you about it?
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1503
Mr. Lewis. Violet Brown contacted me and gave me a sales talk
along the line that as an active member of the Newspaper Guild —
and I was — I could be a member of the Communist Party, which
she told me was making the actual decisions in the Newspaper Guild.
I was curious about the — [after pause] that's all.
Mr. Sourwine. Is that the same Violet Brown who subsequently
became Violet Weingarten ?
Mr. Lewis. That is right.
Mr. Sourwine. Did anyone else assist in recruiting you into the
party ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, tell us about the circumstances of your join-
ing. Did you attend a particular meeting to become a member?
Mr. Lewis. No; I didn't that I recall. I simply — I signed an
application form and became a member and went to some meetings.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you pay dues ?
Mr. Lewis. I paid dues.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you have a party card ?
Mr. Lewis. My recollection is, yes, I did have a party card.
Mr. Sourwine. Who was in charge of that Communist unit at the
Daily Eagle of which you were a member ?
Mr. Lewis. Nat Einhorn.
Mr. Sourwine. Nat Einhorn ?
Mr. Lewis. That is right.
Mr. Sourwine. What other persons can you remember who were
members of that unit ?
Mr. Lewis. Gladys Bentley.
Mr. Sourwine. Gladys Bentley. Did she have an official position
in the unit ?
Mr. Lewis. I don't recall, sir, whether she did have an official
position in the unit.
Mr. Sourwine. What others?
Mr. Lewis. Leonard Adler. Lyle Dowling. Jack Ryan. Milton
Kaufman.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, was Milton Kaufman a member of the Brook-
lyn Eagle unit of the Communist Party ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir. I did know him as a — as, I believe, the leading
Communist in the Newspaper Guild.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, you say Leonard Adler. Was he a member
of the unit at the Daily Eagle ?
Mr. Lewis. That is correct.
Mr. Sourwine. You say Lyle Dowling. Was he a member of the
Communist unit with the Daily Eagle ?
Mr. Lewis. That is correct.
Mr. Sourwine. Is that the same Lyle Dowling who had held nn
executive position at the Eagle?
Mr. Lewis. That is correct.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Victor Weingarten ?
Mr. Lewis. I did, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know him as a member of the Communist
unit at the Eagle ?
Mr. Lewis. I did not, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know him as a Communist ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
1504 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Hyman Cliarniak ?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know him as a Communist \
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Herbert Cohn?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know him as a Communist ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Melvin Barnett ?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
Mr, Sourwine. Did you know him as a Communist \
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know David Gordon?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know him as a Communist \
Mr. Lewis. My only recollection about David Gordon in Commu-
nist affairs was an occasion when the Communist group — Communist
Party gave a party for the Brooklyn Eagle, the members of the News-
paper Guild, and on that occasion I recall seeing David Gordon sign-
ing an application form for membership in the party. It was up on
the wall, and I reached up on the wall, I reached up and took it away
and tore it up.
Mr. Sourwine. Tore up the application form ?
Mr. Lewis. Tore up the application form.
Mr. Sourwine. Why did you do that ?
Mr. Lewis. Well, there could have been two reasons for it
Mr. Sourwine. Well, don't speculate. Tell us why you did it, if
you know why you did it.
Mr. Lewis. I can't say exactly why I did that. In looking back at
it, it appeared the obvious thing to do, in a public place, on a matter
of ■
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Charles Grutzner ?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know him as a member of the Communist
Party?
Mr. Lewis. I have heard he was a member of the Communist Party.
I don't recall ever having seen him at a meeting.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Murray Young?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know him as a Communist \
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Amos Landman ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Monroe Stern ?
Mr. Lewis. I knew of Monroe Stern.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know whether he was a Communist?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Air. Sourwine. Did you know John Francis Ryan, also known as
Jack Ryan?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know him as a Communist?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Gladys Kopf ?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1505
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know her as a Communist?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Ira Henry Freeman?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know him as a Communist ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Sam Weissman ?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know him as a Communist ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know his first wife, Helen Weissman ?
Mr. Lewis. I believe so.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know her as a Communist ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know his second and present wife?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Mrs. Doretta Tarmon ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Will you tell us how you came to leave the Com-
munist Party?
Mr. Lewis. Well, it was in the middle of the Brooklyn Eagle strike
when I received an assignment from Einhorn to go in an automobile
with two other people from Brooklyn to Flushing, to Queens, and
there point out to one of the people in the car, one of the persons who
were in the car who was a brawny individual, point out to him a
member of the Brooklyn Eagle stall who had remained in during the
strike, and they were there to — he wanted me to point out this mem-
ber of the staff who had remained in during the strike, to the brawny
individual, who would deliver a beating to him.
Mr. Sourwine. Who told you to do this?
Mr. Lewis. Nat Einhorn.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you do it?
Mr. Lewis. I went in the car with — with the two occupants, to
Flushing.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know either of the two occupants of the
car?
Mr. Lewis. No ; I did not.
Mr. Sourwine. Can you identify them by name?
Mr. Lewis. I am afraid not, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Who was the person who was due to get a beating?
Mr. Lewis. A man by the name of Flovd Barker.
Mr. Sourwine. Go ahead. You went in the car to Flushing. And
then what?
Mr. Lewis. We went to Flushing to the railroad station and there
waited for a train with — a train on which he was expected to get off
according to his normal schedule as well as I could remember that. A
number of people got off the train.
I couldn't go for the deal, and I don't recall whether it was before
he got off the train or not, I said to the two people who had driven
me to Flushing that he had not gotten off the train and that I would
check by telephone to see if he was at his home.
I went to a telephone and went through the motions of making a
phone call and came out and said that he was safely at home and that
the entire deal was off and returned thereafter to Brooklyn.
1506 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Sourwine. Did that incident cause you to leave the party?
Mr. Lewis. It did — it was one of the two-part proposition. I was
revolted by the Communist violence, and I returned and, when I re-
turned to Brooklyn, my wife wanted to know where I had been and I
refused to tell her. And I only told her about it a short while ago.
We had a very serious discussion and the following day I advised
Violet Brown that I was through with the Communist Party and that
I had to make a choice between the party and my wife and I chose my
wife.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you attend any Communist meetings after that ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you turn in your Communist Party card?
Mr. Lewis. I don't recall so, sir, I believe I destroyed it.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, tell us with which of these persons that you
remember as colleagues and fellow workers on the Brooklyn Eagle
you have had recent contacts.
Mr. Lewis. Well, I have been in close contact and close relationship
with two of the people who have been mentioned, and they are Hy-
man Charniak and Herb Cohn. I consider them
Mr. Sourwine (after interruption) . You say you consider them-
Mr. Lewis. I considered them as fine friends and very loyal Ameri-
cans.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you work with Hyman Charniak ?
Mr. Lewis. I did, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. After you left the Brooklyn Eagle ?
Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Where ?
Mr. Lewis. I worked with Charniak over at the — with the office of
the United States High Commissioner for Germany. He was on the
public relations side.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know where he is now ?
Mr. Lewis. I understood he was over at Munich working for Radio
Free Europe.
Mr. Sourwine. And did you work with Herbert Cohn ?
Mr. Lewis. While on the Brooklyn Eagle.
Mr. Sourwine. And subsequently you did not work with him ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, what has been your association with him
since you left the Brooklyn Eagle ?
Mr. Lewis. Well, as — as good friends. My wife is discriminating
about friends, and Herb Cohn had been a very good friend for many,
many years and over the years we have been in communication by
mail — although I am not too good a correspondent — and have main-
tained contact with him. We like him and his wife and children and
feel — that he is a fine
Mr. Sourwine. Did you have any contact with Mr. Cohn after you
had been in contact with this committee ?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Tell us about that.
Mr. Lewis. I received a telephone call from Herb Cohn at about
10 o'clock at night on Saturday, July 2, and he asked me whether I
had been subpenaed and I said I had not but that I had been in touch
with the subcommittee and had offered to testify down here.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1507
He said he had been, he said he was or had been consulting counsel
and wanted to see whether I needed any assistance in that direction,
did I want a lawyer, and I said no — and that was the sum and sub-
stance of the telephone call.
Mr. Sourwine. Did he recommend a lawyer to you by name ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, have you had any contact with Nat Eiborn
recently ?
Mr. Lewis. The last contact that I had with Nat Einhorn was
shortly after I returned from overseas.
Mr. Sourwine. Tell us about that.
Mr. Lewis. That was January of 1953. I returned to the States
in December of 1952 and I met Einhorn by chance on a street corner
in Brooklyn Heights, N. Y., and he called, "Welcome home," and
threw his arms around me and said, "Those things that you did over-
seas, the generals made you do them, didn't they ?"
And we got into a rather hot argument on it almost immediately.
I said nobody made me do anything, I fought communism overseas
for exactly the same reason that I was an active guildsman, I don't
like to stand by and don't stand by when people are pushed around.
The argument went on for, oh, I would say perhaps a minute or
two until Einhorn was called away by his wife, who was about 10
feet away — and that was the last time I saw Einhorn.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know where Mr. Einhorn is now employed ?
Mr. Lewis. Immediately after that encounter I checked around on
Einhorn and found that he was connected with the Polish informa-
tion service in some capacity or other. I understand now that, from
reading the newspapers, that he still has that connection.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, Mr. Lewis, after you left the Brooklyn Eagle
did you go directly into the Army ?
Mr. Lewis. I left the Brooklyn Eagle to go into the Army, sir.
I felt strongly about the war.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you drafted or did you volunteer?
Mr. Lewis. I volunteered, but first my wife had to obtain employ-
ment. She went back in teaching after quite a number of years'
lay-off and when she obtained a teaching appointment I then went
around and tried to get into the Army and finally had to go to the
draft board, or rather I went to the draft board and presented a waiver
and they accepted that.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you serve as an enlisted man ?
Mr. Lewis. I served as an enlisted man.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, what jobs did you handle in the Army ?
Mr Lewis I was sent to Miami Beach, Fla., in the Air Force and
took my basic training there and was given a job in the special orders
section of the OCS, that is the administrative OCS of the Air Force.
I fell out for work of that type in preference to a permanent KP
assignment which was coming up and stepped out of ranks when they
called for anybody to leave ranks.
I worked in the special orders section and was promoted by stages
to the rank of radio sergeant and by that time they checked a little
closer on my eyes and found that I wouldn't do at all and I was
given a disability discharge after 10 months in the Army.
Mr. Sourwine. And then what did you do ?
1508 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Lewis. "Well, my wife was ill at the time I got out of the Army
so I applied for and obtained a job as a copyreader on the Miami
Herald and stayed there a period of time, I think a month or two, and
then felt that I still wanted to do something in the war which, was
going on.
And we left Florida and came north and I applied for a job with
the Office of "War Information in New York City. While waiting
an appointment I worked for a month or two on the copydesk of the
New York Daily News.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you obtain employment with OWI ?
Mr. Lewis. I did and went to work for the OWI in November of
1943.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, I think we can save a little time. You have
there, and have referred to, a form which is a form 34 which is filled
out in applying for employment with the State Department ; is that
correct ?
Mr. Lewis. That is correct, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. You filled it out February 22, 1951 ?
Mr. Lewis. That is correct. This is a
Mr. Sourwine. And you furnished us that ?
Mr. Lewis. That is right.
Mr. Sourwine. And it went into the record of our executive session.
Mr. Lewis. That is right.
Mr. Sourwine. I would like to ask, Mr. Chairman, that this form
go in the record of this hearing at this time.
The Chairman. It will be admitted.
(The document referred to is as follows:)
Department of State
APPLICATION FOR EMPLOYMENT IN THE FOREIGN SERVICE OF THE
UNITED STATES
Instructions. — Answers to all questions must be typed or printed. All questions must
be answered fully. If sufficient space has not been provided for your answer to any
.question, complete your answer under item #37
Date of application : February 22, 1951. Position applied for : Chief, Radio Branch.
FILE 123
1. Name (last) (first) (middle) (maiden, if any) : Lewis, Charles Saul.
2. Have you ever been known by any other name? Yes. If answer is "Yes,"
give full details under item #37.
3 («). Permanent address (place from which transportation will be authorized
if appointed. Street number and name) : 32 Beaumont Terrace.
3 (&). City, postal zone, State: Springfield, Mass.
4. State of which you are a legal resident : Mass.
5. Present address if different from above: 31 Luisentrasse, Bad Nauheiin,
Germany. Present business phone : 7(320. Present home phone : 2S72.
6. Date of birth (month, day, year) : 5 Feb. 1908.
7. Place of birth (city. State, or country) : Germiston, South Africa.
8 (a ) . If born outside U. S. how was citizenship acquired? From father's natu-
ralization certificate : 2A 30794 AA-1300.
9. Sex : male.
10. Height : 5 ft. 0 in.
11. Weight: 150 lbs.
12. Marital status : Married.
13. What is the lowest base salary, exclusive of allowances you will accept?
$9,450 per annum.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1509
14. What restrictions are there if any on your immediate availability for duty
in any part of the world? None.
15." Full name of wife (if wife, maiden name) : Virginia Kathleen Byers.
(ft) Date of birth : 4 Nov. 1904.
(c) Place of birth : South Bend. Ind.
16. Dependents: Virginia Byers Lewis. Relationship: Wife. Date of birth:
4 Nov. 1904.
17. Which dependents would you wish to accompany you abroad? Wife.
IS (a) Father's name: Morris Lewis. (6) Place of birth : Russia, (c) Occu-
pation: merchant, (d) Present address: Deceased, (e) If born outside U. S.
did father ever obtain U. S. citizenship? Tes.
19 (a) Mother's maiden name: Hilda Ehrlich. (b) Place of birth: Germany,
(c) Occupation if any: Housewife, (d) Present address: Deceased, (e) If
born outside U. S. did "mother ever obtain U. S. citizenship? Yes.
20 (a) Can you take dictation? No. (6) Are you a stenotypist? No. (c)
Can you type by touch system? Yes. (d) Name other office machines you oper-
ate : None.
21. Military status :
(«) If you have been in the Armed Forces or in the merchant marine in what
service and branch did you serve? (e. g., U. S. Army: Field Artillery) : Army
Air Force.
(6) Service or serial number: ASN 32516S66.
(c) Date of entry on active duty : 1 Oct. 1942.
(d) Rate or rank at time of entry : Private.
(e) Date of honorable discharge or separation: 31 July 1943.
(/) Rate or rank at time of discharge or separation : Sgt.
(g) Present rate or rank if on active duty : None.
22a. What pertinent Federal civil service examinations have you taken?
(Give year, title, and grade received) : U 137 Information Specialist, 1941. Rat-
ing not known.
(b) Do you have a permanent civil service status in the Federal Government?
No.
(c) If now employed in the Federal Government give present grade and date
of last change in grade : FSS-1, October 16, 1949.
23. Have you ever applied for a position under the Department of State or
taken an examination for a position under the Department of State? No.
24. Have you ever held a position under a foreign government? (Including
service in the armed services of a foreign power) : No.
25. Outline your travel or residence abroad giving dates, purpose, and places
(if not while in the Armed Forces give number, date, and place of issuance of
American passport) : England, 1-12 July 1945 en route to Germany on OWI
assignment ; Germany, 12 July 1945 to present date, assignment to occupation
duties; Luxembourg, 12-14 July 1945, inspection of Radio Luxembourg; Poland,
12-16 Feb. 1946, getting Polish radio station off U. S. frequency ; Denmark,
19-25 July 1946, leave; Switzerland, 14-21 August 1947, Swiss radio talks;
Brussels, Belgium, March 1948, U. S. observer at preliminary European regional
broadcasting conference ; Copenhagen, Denmark, June 194S, member of U. S.
delegation at European Broadcasting Conference; London, England, February
1950, member of U. S. delegation at frecpiency conference of Western European
nations ; Switzerland-Italy-France, March 1950, leave ; Luxembourg, November
1950, radio conference with officials of Radio Luxembourg ; Athens, Greece,
December 1950, frequency conference with Greek radio officials.
26. Foreign languages (name and indicate the extent of your competence,
i. e., excellent, good, fair : (a) Language : German, (b) Read : fair, (c) Write:
fair, (d) Speak: good, (e) Understand : good.
27. Education : Central High School, Springfield, Mass., 1922-26. Graduated.
28. Employment :
Instructions. — (In the spaces provided below describe every position which you have
held si>iee you first began to work. Start with present position and work back to the
first position which you held. Account, for all periods of unemployment and state
reasons of any unemployment indicated.) Use continuation sheet if more space is
required
Present position
Dates of employment (month, year) : From 16 Oct. 1949 to present. Exact
title of your present position : Chief, Radio Branch. Salary or earnings : Start-
ing, $9,150 per year; present $9,450 per year.
1510 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Place of employment (city, State) : Bad Nauheim and Frankfurt/M, Germany.
Name and address of employer : PUB — HICOG :
Number and kind of employees supervised by you : 15 U. S. Broadcasting
specialists.
Name and title of your immediate supervisor : W. J. Convery Egan, Chief, ISD.
Reason for desiring to change employment: [Blank]. If currently employed,
may we approach present employer? Yes.
Description of your work. (See attached position description.)
Foreign Service, United States of America
position description — position no. pa-63
1. Name : Lewis, Charles Saul.
2. Post : Bad Nauheim, Germany.
3. Organization title : Chief, Radio Branch.
4. Organizational unit : Office of Public Affairs.
5. Status and salary : FSS Class No. 1, base salary per year U. S., $9,150.
6. Organizational subunit : Information Services Division, Radio Branch.
7. Employee certification :
I certify that the information given for items 8 and 9 below is an accurate-
and complete description of my duties :
(a) Signature : C. S. Lewis, (b) Date : 12 September 1950.
8. Kind of work :
This position charges the incumbent with serving as the radio broadcasting
specialist of the Office of the U. S. High Commissioner for Germany and directing
the activities of the Radio Branch, Information Services Division, Office of
Public Affairs, in carrying out a broad and varied program of broadcasting
operations in Germany.
In implementing the radio program with the assistance of his staff, the incum-
bent is required to —
(a) Formulate policies pertaining to radio broadcasting in Germany gen-
erally. This pertains to official U. S. broadcasts and broadcasting facilities to
U. S.-authorized German stations and to German stations sponsored by the other
occupation powers, their utilization and development.
(&) Participate in conferences with other Branch Chiefs of the Division, with
the Division Chief and with the Director of the Office of Public Affairs in the
formulation of general information policies. Incumbent is a member of the
Division Planning Board which determines operating policies, plans overt infor-
mation programs and strategy, techniques and devices for democratizing the
German people, and review results of these programs in the light of current
German reactions and opinions. Incumbent's duties are purely of a policymaking
nature upon which the concrete output of the Division in the information field is
dependent.
(c) Represent the U. S. -sponsored stations in Germany in negotiations and
transactions with broadcasting authorities outside Germany, undertaking and
developing program exchanges between the U. S.-sponsored stations in Germany
with any broadcasting organization of any other nation.
(d) Assure, through all possible means and powers of occupation authority,
that the U. S.-sponsored German radio stations are maintained as independent
public service organizations, free of domination by any governmental, political,
religious, economic, or other special interests.
(e) Observe and report on the performance of the U. S.-sponsored German
stations in accordance with pertinent occupation and German legislation.
(f) Assist the U. S.-sponsored German stations in carrying out their obliga-
tions in all phases of broadcasting as public service institutions in accordance
with pertinent occupation and German legislation. An important part of this
function is the encouragement and assistance of the Intendants Council (organi-
zation of the Directors of German broadcasting companies in Western Germany,
formed by Radio Branch) in its efforts to advance radio broadcasting as a pro-
fessional society similar to the National Association of Broadcasters in the U. S.
(g) Participate in the assignment of frequencies and determination of the
terms on which they may be used by any German-language radio station in the
U. S. Area of Control, taking part, as the U. S. broadcasting authority, in inter-
divisional, interagency, and international frequency negotiations and confer-
ences. Incumbent serves as chairman of an informal European Theater fre-
quency board comprising broadcasting authorities of the Office of the U. S. High
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1511
Commissioner for Germany and European Command engaged in the problems of
European broadcasting. This group maintains close liaison with a group of
broadcasting specialists similarly organized to represent various governmental
agencies in Washington for the purpose of formulating and implementing govern-
mental policy on broadcasting facilities and operations in the European theater.
(h) Serve as U. S. radio advisor in meetings of the Allied High Commission
Subcommittee on Information and Cultural Affairs on such matters as pertain
to radio broadcasting, and as U. S. delegate in meetings of the Radio Working
Party of the Subcommittee on Information and Cultural Affairs.
(i) Plan and supervise all overt U. S. broadcasting operations. This comprises
the operation of RIAS, the HICOG radio station serving Berlin and the Soviet
Zone of Germany, with its studio and transmitter installations in Berlin, at Hof
(in Northern Bavaria) and at Bonn; in addition to studios in the HICOG Ber-
lin headquarters and in the Division headquarters at Bad Nauheim. Also in-
cluded are special overt programs such as semiofficial commentaries broadcast
twice weekly and official ECA programs broadcast weekly.
(;*) Direct the broadcast of overt and nonovert programs by any station or
combination of stations in the U. S. Area of Control.
(A;) Provide analysis of Soviet and/or other power's radio propaganda for
counterpropaganda, for information and dissemination to other U. S. agencies.
(Z) Conduct liaison with the Voice of America for purposes of coordination of
programing, policy advice and consultation and policy implementation.
(m) Organize the various offices and sections of Radio Branch and select Amer-
ican and German staffs for the duties which he delegates.
The functions of the Radio Branch fall into two categories commonly termed
overt, meaning official or U. S., and nonovert, meaning German and relating to
broadcasting activities which have been turned over to German public serv-
ice broadcasting organizations. Accordingly, the structure of the Branch has
been formed with the two main divisions, Overt Operations and German Opera-
tions, and two others which are necessarily more specialized, RIAS and Tech-
nical. Overt operations are directed from the Branch offices in Bad Nauheim and
Berlin. They are also conducted under Branch supervision at the offices of Field
Radio Representatives, assigned to the Land Commissioners, at Bremen, Frank-
furt, Stuttgart, and Munich. German operations are directed from the Branch
office in Bad Nauheim. Overt Operations includes the Propaganda Analysis
Section located in Berlin to carry out its function of analysis of Soviet radio
propaganda for immediate counterpropaganda use in overt radio broadcasts both
in Western Germany and behind the Iron Curtain in Berlin. German Operations
includes the Scrutiny Section at Bad Nauheim and is concerned primarily with
the scrutiny of the Western German radio stations' output.
9. Elements of difficulty :
A. Guidance : (1) The person responsible for work performed is Mr. W. J. Con-
very Egan, Chief, Information Services Division. Instructions frequently are
received from Mr. Shepard Stone, Director of the Office of Public Affairs. The
work is left largely to incumbent's initiative and judgment.
(2) Other guides governing the efficient discharge of duties include basic U. S.
policy directives governing the information field, daily information guidances
from the Department of State and spot guidances from the Department of State
concerned with various aspects of radio broadcasting in Germany. The Chief,
Radio Branch, is required to have an extensive background in United States
Foreign Policy and its application in the field of radio broadcasting. He must
be thoroughly familiar with techniques of propaganda to be able to direct the
use of radio instruments in the combatting of Soviet and other unfriendly propa-
ganda and in the projection of U. S. aims in a positive manner.
B. Public and internal relations: (1) The position requires the incumbent to
meet and confer with the following: All U. S. officials in Germany who are
responsible for the formation of U. S. information policy ; visiting officials from
the U. S. who are either interested in or related with information activity gen-
erally or radio broadcasting specifically ; Land Commissioners and HICOG offi-
cials in the field on matters pertaining to radio broadcasting ; the representatives
of France and the United Kingdom in tripartite discussions on radio broadcasting
and other representatives of these countries and other countries engaged in this
particular information activity ; the directors of the German broadcasting com-
panies in Western Germany and key members of the board of trustees governing
the operation of these companies ; representatives of both the German and the
American press and radio who from time to time call for information on broad-
1512 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
casting activity ; and with officials of the Public Relations Division, the Education
and Cultural Relations Division, and the ECA Information Section, HICOG
(2) Meetings are held with the following other members of the ISD staffs:
Chief Press and Publications Branch; Chief, Opinion Surveys Branch; Chief,
Editorial Projection Branch; Chief, Publishing Operations Branch, and Chief,
Motion Picture Branch in the common endeavor to obtain uniform implementa-
tion of policy. The Chief, Radio Branch also maintains a close contact with the
above-mentioned Branch Chiefs to effect quick action on daily routine problems
of coordination. . . .
C. Initiative and judgment: The incumbent is required to exercise initiative
and judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of the position, obtaining
instructions from his superiors in the establishment of new policy. An example
of this initiative and judgment is the creation of the American broadcasting
station, RIAS, in Berlin, begun in the fall of 1945 upon determination that the
Soviets had no intention of relinquishing unilateral control of the important
and powerful Berlin radio station and intended to maintain its operation as a
Communist propaganda instrument. Development of RIAS to its present stature
by stages of expansion rested upon the Branch Chief. Another example of the
Branch Chief's initiative and judgment is the creation of German public service
broadcasting corporations in Bavaria, Bremen, Hesse, and Wuerttemberg-Baden,
considered a major achievement of the U. S. occupation of Germany. This
required the planning of organization of these broadcasting institutions and
partial relaxing of controls in the first phase, the planning and enactment of
necessary German legislation in the second phase and the transfer of the stations
to German hands under a new type of supervision in the third phase. Variations
of the U. S.-originated formula of German public service broadcasting were
adopted in the French and British occupation zones in establishing for the first
time free and independent broadcasting in Germany.
D. Management responsibility : The responsibility for planning, coordinating,
directing, and supervising the work of the Radio Branch staff rests with the
Branch Chief. The Radio Branch maintains offices in Bad Nauheim and Berlin,
and supervises offices of Field Radio Representatives assigned to the Land Com-
missioners' staffs at Bremen, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, and Munich. Key personnel
are the Deputy Chief, who is also in charge of German Operations ; the Director,
RIAS, who is also Deputy Chief of Branch for Berlin and in charge of Overt
Operations, and the Technical Chief, each of whom is responsible directly to the
Branch Chief for performance of work in his specified division of the Branch's
operations. The Deputy Chief is responsible for the supervision of the German
radio stations in the U. S. area of control, Radio Bremen, Radio Frankfurt, Radio
Stuttgart, and Radio Munich, and serves as Acting Chief in the absence of the
Chief. The Technical Chief is responsible for technical operations both overt
and nonovert.
The wide range of broadcasting activities covered by the key personnel
requires that basic responsibility be delegated to these personnel and review and
policy control rest with the Branch Chief. Overt Operations includes the Propa-
ganda Analysis Section which maintains monitoring and analysis of Soviet
radio propaganda in Germany, issuing a daily report for use by the Branch in
counter-propaganda and for the information of interested governmental agencies.
German Operations includes the Scrutiny Section which reviews the performance
of the German stations on the basis of their broadcasts and issues special reports
thereon. The Branch issues separate weekly Broadcast Trend Reports covering
the overt and nonovert political performance of the German stations and RIAS.
The Deputy Chief supervises the performance of the Field Radio Representatives
assigned to the Land Commissioners' offices. Radio Branch maintains a daily
six-way telephone conference with RIAS and the Field Radio Representatives
for purposes of policy and programming coordination. Radio Branch maintains
daily two-way radio conferences with the Voice of America in New York for pur-
pose of programming and policy coordination. Radio Branch meetings are held
at least monthly with key personnel of the Branch and the Field Radio Repre-
sentatives in attendance to maintain the tightest possible coordination and the
best possible understanding of the Radio Branch mission. The Branch super-
vises the following :
U. S. personnel :
Edmund Schecter, Deputy Chief
Fred G. Taylor, Director Rias and Deputy Chief for Berlin
Gordon A. Ewing, Deputy Director and Political Chief, RIAS
Political Officer, RIAS (under recruitment)
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1513
Herman Chevalier, Programming Chief, RIAS
Production Chief, RIAS (under recruitment)
G. R. Longerbeam, Business Manager, RIAS
Harold O. Wright, Technical Chief
Alexander Hartel, Chief, Propaganda Analysis Section
Thomas K. Brown, Chief, Scrutiny Section
Administrative Secretary (under recruitment)
Also on the staffs of the respective Land Commissioners :
Alex Saron, Field Radio Representative for Bremen
William Hart, Field Radio Representative for Hesse
Ernest Land, Field Radio Representative for Wuerttemberg-Baden
Hans Lynd, Field Radio Representative for Wuerttemberg-Baden
German personnel supervised include :
700 at RIAS ranging from specialists in various phases of broadcasting,
such as programming, production, administrative, engineering depart-
mental heads, to clerical help.
10 Research analysts.
5 Secretaries.
1 Chief Clerk.
3 Clerks.
2 Radio Engineers.
1 Studio Technician.
10. Supervisor's statement :
(1) Purpose and operating title of the position: Under the general supervi-
sion of the Chief, Information Services Division, the Chief, Radio Branch is
charged with the overall responsibility of planning and directing HICOG Ger-
man-language broadcasting operations in implementation of the vigorous infor-
mation and reorientation program, and carrying out such supervision of German
broadcasting as may be required by the Office of the U. S. High Commissioner
for Germany.
(2) Controls over the position: Control over the position of Chief, Radio
Branch is exercised by this office insofar as policy and fiscal matters are
involved. The day-to-day operations of Radio Branch are carried out by the
Branch Chief, with weekly and other required periodic reports.
(3) Knowledges, skills, and abilities required by the position: In my opinion,
it should take an employee newly assigned to this position three to six months
to perform the work satisfactorily, provided he possesses the necessary back-
ground and experience. The Chief, Radio Branch must have extensive back-
ground in radio broadcasting or journalism and in the utilization of radio broad-
casting as a propaganda instrument for the furthering of U. S. foreign policy.
He must be thoroughly grounded in U. S. foreign policy and in the objectives of
the Department of State in the information field and their applicability to Ger-
many. He must have the executive ability to organize and administer large
broadcasting operations on his own initiative and judgment.
(4) Certification of supervisor:
I certify that this description is an accurate and complete description of the
duties and responsibilities of the position.
W. J. CONVEEY EGAN.
Date : 12 September 1950.
Dates of employment (month, year) : From 22 Sept. 1946 to 16 Oct. 1949.
Exact title of your position : Chief, Radio Branch. Salary or earnings : Start-
ing, $ per year ; final, $8,808 per year.
Place of employment (city, state) : Berlin and Bad Nauheiin, Germany.
Name and address of employer : ISD, OMGUS.
Number and kind of employees supervised by you : 13 broadcasting specialists.
Name and title of immediate supervisor: Col. G. E. Textor, Director, ISD.
Reason for leaving: OMGUS transfer to HICOG.
Description of your work : Directing the supervision of German broadcasting
in U. S. occupation areas, supervising Military Government radio activities,
including the Berlin station RIAS, formulating and directing implementation of
policy governing radio broadcasting in Germany, serving as U. S. delegate in
negotiations with radio specialists of occupying and other nations.
Dates of employment (month, year) : From 1 April 1946 to 22 Sept. 1946.
Exact title of your position: Acting Chief, Radio Control Branch. Salary or
earnings : Starting, $5,600 per year ; final, $7,102 per year.
1514
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Place of employment (city, state) : Berlin, Germany.
Name and address of employer : OIC, State Department (assigned to OMGUS).
Number and kind of employees supervised by you : 30 radio specialists, operat-
ing 5 stations.
Name and title of immediate supervisor : Brig. Gen. R. A. McClure, Director,
ICD.
Reason for leaving: Promotion.
Description of your work: As described above. In addition, directing the
rehabilitation of German radio with safeguards against its utilization again as
the primary propaganda weapon of a central government regime, thus creating
a fully democratic radio with instillation of the American doctrines of freedom
of expression. Also establishing an American radio station in Berlin to protect
U. S. occupation policy.
Dates of employment (month, year) : From 12 July 1945 to 1 April 1946.
Exact title of your position : Deputy Chief, Radio Control Branch, Salary or
earnings : Starting, $5,600 per year ; final, $5,600 per year.
Place of employment (city, state) : Berlin, Germany.
Name and address of employer : OWI and OIC, State Department (assigned
to PWD, SHEAF, ICD).
Number and kind of employees supervised by you : 4 U. S. specialists, 150 Ger-
mans.
Name and title of immediate supervisor : Gerald Maulsby, Chief, Radio Con-
trol Branch.
Reason for leaving: Promotion.
Description of your work : Deputizing for the radio chief in his absence as
described above, and also being responsible for U. S. representation in multi-
partite negotiations on both the German national and Berlin Kommandatura
levels, thereby assisting in the overall radio policy formulation for the U. S.
Zone in Berlin. As Berlin radio chief, organizing a new radio station in Berlin
(later known as RIAS) to project U. S. policies.
29. Other positions held for less than 3 months and periods of unemployment.
(List — Beginning with most recent.)
Duration
Position
Name and address of employer or
reason for unemployment
Starting and
final salary
per annum
From —
To—
July 1941
August 1943
October 1943
September 1941..
September 1943 .
Copyreader
do
Philadelphia Record, Philadel-
phia, Pa.
Miami Herald, Miami, Fla
New York Daily News, New
York, N. Y.
$3,120
2,600
November 1943-
..do...
3,640
30. Have you ever been discharged or forced to resign for misconduct or un-
satisfactory service from any position? No.
31. (a) Have you now or have you ever had any physical defects or disabilities
whatsoever? Yes — Nearsighted.
(ft) Have you ever been under treatment for a mental or emotional disorder?
No.
(c) Within the past twelve months, have you frequently used intoxicating
beverages to excess? No.
(d) Have you ever had tuberculosis? No.
(e) Were you ever medically discharged from the Armed Forces? Yes —
Nearsighted.
Dates of employment (month, year) : From April 1945 to July 1945. Exact
title of your position : Assistant Chief, N. Y. Office, Office of War Information.
Salary or earnings : Starting, $5,600 per year ; final, $5,600 per year.
Place of employment (city, State) : New York, N. Y.
Name and address of employer : Office of War Information, 224 W. 57th St.,
New York, N. Y.
Number and kind of employees supervised by you : Upwards of 1,000 informa-
tion experts.
Name and title of immediate supervisor : Louis G. Cowan, Chief, N. Y. Office.
Reason for leaving : Desire for overseas service.
Description of your work: Taking on the duties of the chief in his absence,
directing OWI output in all media from this headquarters for the European
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1515
operations linked with PWD, SHEAF, and in addition carrying out special
projects such as a reorganization of the New York and San Francisco offices
(on latter being dispatched to Pacific coast as special representative of Director,
OWI), revising OWI policy procedures and serving as policy consultant for
the N. Y. office.
Dates of employment (month, year) : From June 1944 to April 1945. Exact
title of your position: Central control, Shift Chief (Media Specialist). Salary
or earnings : Starting, $3,800 per year ; final $5,600 per year.
Place of employment (city, State) : New York, N. Y.
Name and address of employer : Office of War Information, 224 W. 57th St.,
New York, N. Y.
Number and kind of employees supervised by you : 200 control editors, moni-
tors, et al.
Name and title of immediate supervisor : Joseph Marx, Chief, Control Office.
Reason for leaving : Emergency.
Description of your work : In charge of policy for N. Y. office during an 8-hour
tour of duty daily, deciding OWI short-range policy for cable-wireless and
supervising the various language control desks on the output of U. S. Govern-
ment propaganda of the Voice of America. For the last few months, serving
as acting chief of the Control Office, being responsible for policy decisions
generally.
Dates of employment (month, year) : From 23 Nov. 1943 to May 1944. Exact
title of your position : News Editor. Salary or earnings : Starting $3,800 per
year ; final, $3,800 per year.
Place of employment (city, State) : New York, N. Y.
Name and address of employer : Office of War Information, 224 W. 57th St.,
New York, N. Y.
Number and kind of employees supervised by you : 75 News Editors, Writers,
Clerks.
Name and title of immediate supervisor : Theodore Kaghan, Chief, Basic
News Division.
Reason for leaving : Transfer within OWI.
Description of your work: Central desk slot man, supervising editing and
selection of news for Basic News Division, Overseas News & Features Bureau,
OWI, making primary determination of what news would be used in U. S. Gov-
ernment radio and cable-wireless output abroad. Responsible thereby for direct
implementation of U. S. policy toward Allied and neutral countries and further-
ing aims toward enemy.
Dates of employment (month, year) : From Feb. 1929 to Oct. 1942. Exact
title of your position : MX editor. Salary or earnings : Starting $1,820 per year ;
final $2,600 per year.
Place of employment (city, State) : Brooklyn, N. Y.
Name and address of employer : Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Number and kind of employees supervised by you : 5-25 editorial and 5-20
mechanical.
Name and title of immediate supervisor : Robert Grannis, managing editor.
Reason for leaving : Voluntary induction into Army.
Description of your work : In charge of late editions of the paper as combina-
tion news-telegraph-makeup editor, making all changes necessary for late news
breaks to compete with the rest of the N. Y. afternoon dailies. Also held these
editorships during period of employment, in addition to serving as reporter and
rewrite man : Long Island Editor, Nassau supplement editor, night editor, picture
editor, telegraph editor.
Remarks: From Feb. 1928 to Feb. 1929, reporter, starting, $1,560 per year;
final, $1,560 per year.
Rockville Centre, New York.
Nassau Daily Review.
None.
John Greene, City Editor.
General reporter covering a Long Island district comprising several com-
munities, each with their own political, legislative, educational, etc., systems
of municipal government. This district included the municipalities of Valley
Stream.
32. (a) Does your financial position permit discharge of all debts incurred?
Yes.
(b) If now residing abroad have you ever paid a U. S. income tax? Yes. If
answer is "Yes" give year and office of last payment. 1948, Brooklyn, N. Y.
5988&— 55— pt. 16 3
1516 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
33. Do you advocate or have you ever advocated, or are you now or have you
ever been a member of any political party or organization that advocates the
overthrow of the Government of the United States by force or violence? No. If
answer is "Yes" give full details under item #37.
34. Have you ever been arrested or detained by civil or military authorities
in the United States or in any other country (other than for minor traffic viola-
tions where the fine did not exceed $25?) No.
35. List three competent and responsible persons in the United States not re-
lated to you by blood or marriage who are particularly qualified to supply
definite information regarding your character and ability (do not give names of
supervisors listed in answer to questions No. 28 or 29) :
Leonard Doob, Yale University, New Haven, Ct, professor.
Mrs. Mildred Allen, OIE, Department of State, executive secretary.
John Minary, 485 Madison Ave., New York, lawyer-executive.
37. Use this space for completing answers to any of the foregoing questions,
numbering answer to correspond with questions. Use extra sheets of paper if
necessary.
2. Nickname: Sully (derived from middle name, Saul).
31. Vision corrected with glasses. Received disability discharge from Army
since vision without glasses was insufficient for combat or general service.
CERTIFICATION
False Statement on this Application is Cause for Dismissal.
I do solemly affirm that the information contained herein is correct to the best
of my knowledge and belief.
Charles S. Lewis,
(Name as usually written and which will be used as official signature).
Date : Feb. 22, 1951.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, just skimming down, from this form, you got
your first job in the Office of War Information at what salary?
Mr. Lewis. $3,800.
Mr. Sourwine. And when was that?
Mr. Lewis. November 23, 1943.
Mr. Sour wine. And you soon got a salary increase to $5,600, is that
right?
Mr. Lewis. It was not "soon"— June of 1944.
Mr. Sottrwine. Did you have any difficulty getting that increase?
Mr. Lewis. Well, yes, of course, the salary increase
Mr. Sourwine. You say you got it in June of 1944 ?
Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. To $5,600?
Mr. Lewis. That is correct, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. And then w4iere did you go after that, salary wise ?
Mr. Lewis. Well, I stayed at $5,600 for quite a while.
Mr. Sourwine. That was while you were assistant chief of the New
York office, Office of War Information ?
Mr. Lewis. That is correct, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. In that job you took on the duties of the chief in
his absence ?
Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. You directed the OWI output in all media from
this headquarters for the European operation linked with CWB and
SHAFE ?
Mr. Lewis. That is correct, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. And in addition you carried special projects such
as the reorganization of the New York and San Francisco offices?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1517
Mr. Sourwine. You were a special representative of the Director
of the OWI to the Pacific coast in connection with the reorganization
of the San Francisco office ?
Mr. Lewis. That is correct.
Mr. Sourwine. And that was during the period from April 1945
to July 1945 ?
Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, during the prior period from June 1944 to
April 1945 you had been central control chief?
Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. In charge of policy for the New York office during
an 8-hour tour of duty daily ?
Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. It was your job to decide on OTVT short-range policy
for cable- wireless?
Mr. Lewis. That is correct, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. You supervised the various language control desks
on the output of United States Government propaganda of the Voice
of America ?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. That, of course, is — yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. You, during the last few months of that period, that
is, February, March, and April of 1945, you served as acting chief of
the control office ?
Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Being responsible for policy decisions generally?
Mr. Lewis. That is correct, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, from November 1943 to May 1944 you had
been news editor of the New York office of OWI ?
Mr. Lewis. That is right.
Mr. Sourwine. You had sat in the slot on the central desk there?
Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. You had supervised the selecting and editing of
news for the basic news division of the overseas news and features
bureau of the OWI?
Mr. Lewis. That is right.
Mr. Sourwine. It was you who made primary determination of
what news would be used in United States cable and wireless output
abroad ?
Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. You were responsible thereby for direct implemen-
tation of United States policy toward Allied and neutral countries
and the furthering of our aims toward the enemy ?
Mr. Lewis. That is correct, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, after July 1945 you became Deputy Chief of
the Radio Control Branch of OWI ; is that right ?
Mr. Lewis. Not of OWI, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. What was that ?
Mr. Lewis. That would have been Information- — Information Serv-
ices Division of the Office of Military Government, United States.
Mr. Sourwine. You were responsible for United States representa-
tion in multipartite negotiations on both the German national and
Berlin command regime?
Mr. Lewis. For radio broadcasting, sir.
1518 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Sourwine. Yes, sir ; and you assisted in the overall radio policy
formulation for the United States Zone in Germany?
Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you Berlin radio chief ?
Mr. Lewis. I beg pardon, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you Berlin chief ?
Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Was it your job to control the organization of a
new radio station in Berlin which later became known as MAS?
Mr. Lewis. That is right.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, did you in April 1946 become Acting Chief of
the Radio Control Branch ?
Mr. Lewis. That is correct, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. That was OIC, State Department, assigned to the
Office of Military Government, United States, in Germany ?
Mr. Lewis. That is correct, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. In that job did you direct the rehabilitation of Ger-
man radio?
Mr. Lewis. I did, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. It was your job to have safeguards against utiliza-
tion of German radio as a primary propaganda weapon of the cen-
tral regime ?
Mr. Lewis. That is correct.
Mr. Sourwine. It was your job to create a free discussion radio with
the freedom of expression ?
Mr. Lewis. That is right.
Mr. Sourwine. You also established a radio station in Berlin to
lielp United States occupation policy ; is that correct ?
Mr. Lewis. That is correct, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Was that MAS ?
Mr. Lewis. In its beginning it was called Drahtfunk; it became
MAS, radio in the United States sector.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, you subsequently became Chief of the Radio
Branch at $8,800 a year?
Mr. Lewis. That is correct, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. That was in September 1946 ?
Mr. Lewis. Just a moment, sir. [Referring to documents.] That
is right. September
Mr. Sourwine. During that period — beg pardon ?
Mr. Lewis. Pardon me, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Go ahead.
Mr. Lewis. I have a date here — from the 22d of September 1946.
Mr. Sourwine. You held that job until the middle of October 1949 ?
Mr. Lewis. That is correct, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. You were Chief of the Radio Branch ?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. You directed the supervision of German broadcast-
ing in the United States occupation area ?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. You supervised military government radio activi-
ties— a Berlin station, RIAS ?
Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1519
Mr. Sourwine. Formulated and directed the implementation of
policy governing radio broadcasting in Germany?
Mr. Lewis. I did, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, after that did you become Chief of the Radio
Branch at a still higher salary ?
Mr. Lewis (consulting documents). I seem to have run off the
form
Mr. Sourwine. On October 16, 1919, you became Chief of the Radio
Branch at a salary of $9,150 a year and continued in that job with
grade promotions until you reached a salary of $9,450 a year at the
beginning of 1951 ?
Mr. Lewis (consulting documents). You are still ahead of me.
That would be approximately correct. I don't have the record from
here.
Mr. Sourwine. All right, sir. Do you speak any foreign lan-
guages, Mr. Lewis?
Mr. Lewis. My German
Mr. Sourwine. Did you speak any German when you got the job
that took you overseas for OWI ?
Mr. Lewis. Not very much.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you speak any foreign languages when you
were in charge of language control ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you ever a foreign correspondent ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you ever a reporter ?
Mr. Lewis. A reporter ?
Mr. Sourwine. Yes, sir.
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you a reporter at any time subsequent to your
work on the Brooklyn Eagle ?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did the Civil Service Commission make any pro-
test with regard to your promotion to control editor paying you
$5,600 a year?
Mr. Lewis. There was a little bit of difficulty on it because my
previous earnings had not been high — and the only answer to that
was that — that I had been unfortunately on a low-paid newspaper.
Mr. Sourwine. You are talking about the New York Daily News ?
Mr. Lewis. I beg your pardon ?
Mr. Sourwine. Are you talking about the New York Daily News ?
Mr. Lewis. The New York Daily News; what I earned there was
approximately what I received as a starting salary.
5lr. Sourwine. Yes. I just wanted to make clear what newspaper,
when you were talking about a "low-paid newspaper."
Mr. Lewis. Well, on the Brooklyn Eagle during the depression
years we had received a number of 10-percent pay cuts from the
Brooklyn Eagle, forcing the pay down.
Mr. Sourwine. What did you receive in salary on the New York
Daily News?
Mr. Lewis. I think, sir, $75 a week.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know that the regional director of the
second civil-service region had addressed the acting director of per-
1520 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
sonnel of the Office of War Information, December 19, 1944, as
follows :
Reference is made to your request for the prior approval of the proposed
promotion of Mr. Charles S. Lewis from control editor CAF-11, $3,800 per annum,
to central control editor CAF-13, $5,600 per annum.
According to the information at the disposal of this office Mr. Lewis' experi-
ence prior to his appointment to your agency in November 1943 was as a copy
reader. There is no indication that his experience was at a level of responsi-
bility commensurate with the duties to be performed in the position to which
you propose to promote him. Inasmuch as it is the opinion of this office that
Mr. Lewis does not meet the recruiting standards of the proposed position the
promotion has been disapproved.
Mr. Lewis. There was a good deal of argument over that, sir, and
the Civil Service Commission was acquainted with the responsibilities
of a copy reader and that the responsibilities of a copy reader are not
mean.
Mr. Sourwine. And you did get the promotion ?
Mr. Lewis. I did get the promotion, sir, because I was doing the
job.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you have any trouble with your subsequent pro-
motions to higher salaries ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir ; not that I know of.
Mr. Sourwine. After this first difficulty there wasn't any more
after that?
Mr. Lewis. Not that I know of, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Who was responsible? Who was responsible for
your first promotion, sir, in OWI ? Do you know ?
Mr. Lewis. I do not know, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. While you were at the OWI in New York, did you
know Joe Barnes ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir. I think Joe Barnes left the OWI by the time
I moved from basic — from the news operation to the policy side.
Mr. Sourwine. And you didn't know him ?
Mr. Lewis. I did not know him.
Mr. Sourwine. And he had nothing to do with your promotions at
any time?
Mr. Lewis. Not that I know, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, when you went from the New York office to
San Francisco as special representative of the Director, who was the
Director whose special representative you were?
Mr. Lewis. Ed Barry was the Director, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Of OWI?
Mr. Lewis. Of the Overseas Division of OWI under Elmer Davis.
Mr. Sourwine. And it was as his special representative that you
went to San Francisco ?
Mr. Lewis. That's correct, sir; for my particular talents on that
particular job.
Mr. Sourwine. Well, this form 34 which I read to you from,
referring to the reorganization of the San Francisco office said :
On the latter being dispatched to the Pacific coast as special representative
of Director, OWI.
Now, who was the Director of OWI at that time; that is, in 1945, in
the spring?
Mr. Lewis. That would have been Elmer Davis, I believe.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1521
Mr. Sotjrwine. Well, did you go to San Francisco as personal
representative of Elmer Davis, the Director of OWI ?
Mr. Lewis. I must have, sir. Those were my orders.
Mr. Sotjrwine. Did you get your orders directly from Mr. Davis ?
Mr. Lewis. Not personally, sir. They were orders that came to
me and empowered me to do a certain job in San Francisco.
Mr. Sotjrwine. Now, when you were in San Francisco in charge of
this reorganization of the San Francisco office, did you meet Owen
Lattimore ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sotjrwine. Wasn't he attached to the San Francisco office of
OWI at the time?
Mr. Lewis. That I do not know, sir.
Mr. Sotjrwine. You don't even know whether he had a job with
OWI at that time ? Is that right ?
Mr. Lewis. I did not know, sir.
Mr. Sotjrwine. Did you know whether he ever had a job with OWI ?
Mr. Lewis. I understand so, sir. I think he was a consultant with
OWI.
Mr. Sotjrwine. That's your best recollection?
Mr. Lewis. That's my best recollection.
Mr. Sotjrwine. But you reorganized the San Francisco office with-
out having any contact with him?
Mr. Lewis. That's correct, sir.
Mr. Sotjrwine. You went out there as special representative for
Elmer Davis but you didn't meet Owen Lattimore while you were out
there ?
Mr. Lewis. Correct, sir.
Mr. Sotjrwine. Now, sir, under whom in the direct line of control
and authority did you serve while you were overseas? I am sure
there were some changes in that. Will you just tell us the progression
in that?
Mr. Lewis. Do you mean, sir, who was Chief of the Eadio Branch
when I was Deputy Chief?
Mr. Sotjrwine. That would be one instance, yes.
Mr. Lewis. That's right. The Chief of the Eadio Branch when I
was Deputy Chief was Adrian Murphy.
The Chairman. Adrian who, sir?
Mr. Lewis. Adrian Murphy, sir.
The Chairman. Proceed.
Mr. Lewis. And Adrian Murphy returned to the States. His suc-
cessor was Gerald Maulsby.
Mr. Sotjrwine. Will you spell that?
Mr. Lewis. M-a-u-1-s-b-y.
Mr. Sotjrwine. Was he the only Chief of the Eadio Branch under
whom you served ?
Mr. Lewis. That is correct. Then I became Acting Chief of the
Eadio Branch and worked directly under Brigadier General McClure.
Mr. Sotjrwine. McCloy?
Mr. Lewis. McClure.
Mr. Sotjrwine. Yes.
Mr. Lewis. Eobert McClure.
Mr. Sotjrwine. Then?
1522 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Lewis. His successor in that position was Col. Gordon Textor,
T-e-x-t-o-r. And Colonel Textor was succeeded in that position by-
Ralph Nicholson.
Mr. Sourwine. Yes ; and then ?
Mr. Lewis. Who in turn was succeeded by Shephard Stone.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, did you come under the control in any way
of General Howley ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir. I was Staff Headquarters and General Howley
was Berlin District Military Government Commander. "We had the
usual channels and line of command with our Military Government
Regulations giving Radio Branch a lateral channel for policy and
general assistance to the various district military commanders who
had the administrative responsibility for the radio operations.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you come under General Clay ?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
The Chairman. What position did Colonel Heimlich hold?
Mr. Lewis. William Heimlich was Director of RIAS for a period
of time, winding up in the fall of 1949.
The Chairman. Did you have any trouble, any disagreements, with
Colonel Heimlich?
Mr. Lewis. I did, sir. I had received instructions from my superi-
ors to place into effect some urgent economies to cut down on the
operation, that is, the cost of the operation of the radio station in
Berlin, and Heimlich failed to and refused to carry out the instruc-
tions.
The Chairman. Colonel Heimlich operated RIAS for a period of
2 years, did he not ?
Mr. Lewis. That would be correct, sir.
The Chairman. Now, was that under your direction? Was he
under you?
Mr. Lewis. Well, he was responsible in two directions, to the district
commander, which would be then Colonel Howley, and to me for pol-
icy. So the actual direction of the station came out of the higher
headquarters.
As a result of these difficulties we finally did shift the Station RIAS
into a direct administrative responsibility of the higher headquarters.
That was done in the State Department takeover.
The Chairman. Now, there is an instance of another radio trans-
mitter for RIAS, that was at the beginning of the blockade, that was
shipped into Western Germany. Do you recall that incident?
Mr. Lewis. I do, sir.
The Chairman. Now, by whose orders was it shipped into Western
Germany ?
Mr. Lewis. It was shifted — may I give this in my own words,
please ?
The Chairman. Sure.
Mr. Lewis. This is an old chestnut which appeared in print in
Common Sense magazine under Heimlich's name some while back.
The Chairman. Well, just tell us your side of it, please.
Mr. Lewis. The blockade was coming on Berlin and the Soviets bit
by bit were tightening their grasp on the city and cutting down the
transportation into the city.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1523
At that point, we in military government did not know exactly
what was going to occur. There was a possibility, we thought, of hav-
ing to give up Berlin and having to leave for the West.
We, at that time, did not have much in the form of arms. We had
completely demobilized.
I made a recommendation which went up to General Clay to fly this
transmitter, which was nearing completion in a Berlin factory, to the
West so that it would not fall into Russian hands if we would leave
the city, and it was on that basis that a secret project was undertaken
to fly the transmitter to Western Germany.
We did do that and kept it down there. That was a 40-kilowatt
transmitter. MAS was operating on 20,000 watts and the 40 kilowatts
had been
The Chairman. Now, where was the transmitter to be put in use
when it got to Western Germany ?
Mr. Lewis. It was flown down there for safety so that we would
have a piece of equipment.
The Chairman. It was not to be put in use ?
Mr. Lewis. We did not know what we were going to do with it,
other than to take it out of danger. However, we did have the trans-
mitter down there and, when the blockade was over, we had an oppor-
tunity to purchase a 100,000-watt transmitter for RIAS, which we
did ; and so we had a 40-kilowatt transmitter standing by in the West.
The Chairman. Now, if this transmitter had stayed in Berlin how
much stronger would MAS have been during the blockade ?
Mr. Lewis. I don't think it would have been on the air during the
blockade.
The Chairman. You don't think it would have been on the air ?
Mr. Lewis. I don't think so.
The Chairman. Yes, sir.
Now, do you know Hans Bruno Meyer ?
Mr. Lewis. Who, sir ?
The Chairman. Hans Bruno Meyer.
Mr. Lewis. Meyer?
The Chairman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
The Chairman. What position did he have ?
Mr. Lewis. Hans Meyer had a position as one of my assistants in
Berlin.
The Chairman. Do you know where he is now ?
Mr. Lewis. I believe he is here in Washington.
The Chairman. In Washington ?
Mr. Lewis. That's right, sir.
The Chairman. Do you know whether he gave any information to
the Russians or not ?
Mr. Lewis. I don't believe so, sir. I don't see how it would have
been possible.
The Chaikman. All right.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you initially exercise direct control over RIAS,
Mr. Lewis, or did you have someone under you who exercised that
direct control ?
Mr. Lewis. Because I did not have the fluency of language necessary
for the job, I ruled myself out of the actual operation and was only
1524 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
in a supervisory capacity. I did have — and it was up to me to obtain
the initial staff at the station and to find replacements thereafter.
Mr. Sourwine. Who did you initially select as Director of RIAS ?
Mr. Lewis. Edmund Schechter.
Mr. Sourwine. Would you spell it ?
Mr. Lewis. S-c-h-e-c-h-t-e-r.1
Mr. Sourwine. Was he a German ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir ; he was born in Vienna, as I understand.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, who succeeded him ?
Mr. Lewis. Ruth Norden.
Mr. Sourwine. N-o-r-d-e-n ?
Mr. Lewis. N-o-r-d-e-n.
Mr. Sourwine. Was she a German ?
Mr. Lewis. Of German origin, I believe.
Mr. Sourwine. Why do you say of German origin? Was she
naturalized in some other country ?
Mr. Lewis. She is an American citizen.
Mr. Sourwine. She was an American citizen ?
Mr. Lewis. Oh, yes.
Mr. Sourwine. Well, that's what I was trying to bring out.
Mr. Lewis. Oh, excuse me.
Mr. Sourwine. And who succeeded her ?
Mr. Lewis. Very briefly Milton Prat for about a month or two.
Mr. Sourwine. And who succeeded him ?
Mr. Lewis. William Heimlich.
Mr. Sourwine. And who succeeded him ?
Mr. Lewis. Fred G.Taylor.
Mr. Sourwine. And who succeeded him ?
Mr. Lewis. Gordon Ewing, E-w-i-n-g.
Mr. Sourwine. And did Mr. Ewing continue to serve until the
end of your period in charge over there ?
Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, did you select all of those people yourself ?
Mr. Lewis. In consultation with the Berlin district authorities, I
selected the personnel and made the recommendations for them to take
the jobs. We had to have concurrence on that by both parties.
Mr. Sourwine. Was that true in the case of Colonel Heimlich?
You recommended him for the job ? '
Mr. Lewis. I recommended him for the job.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, did you fire any of those people?
Mr. Lewis. Did I fire any of them ?
Mr. Sourwine. Yes.
Mr. Lewis. I recommended the removal of Heimlich.
Mr. Sourwine. Why?
Mr. Lewis. Because he refused to carry out the instructions for re-
organization of RIAS for budgetary reasons.
Mr. Sourwine. What instructions ?
Mr. Lewis. The instructions were specifically to cut down on the
high pay given to certain members of the German staff.
Mr. Sourwine. Who ? What members ?
Mr. Lewis. There was one that I recall, a Hungarian journalist, who
did a nightly 5-minute spot, satirical spot, and also some other writing
for the station ; and, in a period of something like 10 months, earned
between 50,000 and 60,000 marks.
1 On his application to the State Department (p. 1512) Mr. Lewis spelled the name
S-c-h-e-c-t-e-r.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1525
Mr. Sourwine. What was that in American money ?
Mr. Lewis. A lot more than is paid here for any commentator.
Mr. Sourwine. What was it?
Mr. Lewis. Still the equivalent of about 4 marks to the dollar.
Mr. Sourwine. If it was 50,000 marks at 4 marks to the dollar, it
would be $12,500, wouldn't it?
Mr. Lewis. That would be correct.
Mr. Sourwine. And that was the rate of exchange of the mark at
that time ?
Mr. Lewis. That was the rate of exchange of the mark at that time.
That's very high pay for radio.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, is that the only reason that you recommended
the discharge of Colonel Heimlich?
Mr. Lewis. Well, that and a number of other reorganization steps
for economy purposes which he refused to carry out.
Mr. Sourwine. I was asking you about the other reorganization
steps and all you had named so far was the high salaries of certain
persons, and then you named one person — You didn't name him, as a
matter of fact.
Suppose you name him now.
Mr. Lewis. Well, I will try to.
I am sorry, I can't come up with that right now. If I may be per-
mitted to obtain that information, I think that information is all
available in the State Department.
Mr. Sourwine. You don't remember who it was?
Mr. Lewis. I remember the individual and I remember the pro-
gram ; I can't recall the name.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, were there any other persons whose names
you remember whom you told Heimlich to cut the salaries of and he
wouldn't do it?
Mr. Lewis. Yes; there was another. There was a woman singer
on the staff there.
Mr. Sourwine. And do you recall her name?
Mr. Lewis. Her first name was Christine. Her last name cur-
rently is Heimlich.
Mr. Sourwine. Are there any others?
Mr. Lewis. No. There were some others ; I am sorry, I don't have
the information available.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, you stated Euth Norden was an American
citizen. Do you know how she obtained citizenship?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know that she was an American citizen ?
Mr. Lewis. I know she wouldn't have been able to work for the
Government overseas if she were not an American citizen.
Mr. Sourwine. Wasn't she, as a matter of fact, a British subject?
Mr. Lewis. Not that I know, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Would she have been able to work overseas for the
American Government if she had been a British subject?
Mr. Lewis. That's correct, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. She was German-born?
Mr. Lewis. I believe so.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know her brother, Heinz Norden?
Mr. Lewis. I met him, sir.
1526 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Sourwine. Was he employed by MAS ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. At no time?
Mr. Lewis. At no time.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Gus Mathieu, M-a-t-h-i-e-u ?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Was he employed by MAS ?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you employ him?
Mr. Lewis. I did, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, did you know that — did you ever know of
charges that Ruth Norden, her brother Heinz, and Gus Mathieu were
pro-Communist ?
Mr. Lewis. I do recall that Norden had some difficulty of that
nature and did have a case that he fought. I think he was suspended
and reinstated.
As for allegations of procommunism, or pro- Communist attitudes,
by Norden and Mathieu, I had heard something to that effect. I dis-
counted those rumors. They were never presented in any form of
accusation, direct accusation, to my memory.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you ever hear the charge that Hans Bruno
Meyer was pro-Communist or Communist?
Mr. Lewis. I had heard something along that line of exactly the
same character, but again nothing of any formal nature.
Hans Meyer did come to me in 1949 and tell me that he had been a
Communist, a member of the Communist Party, and had broken
away from the Communist Party, all during the same period of time
that Mayor Renter of Berlin was also. He reported that directly up
the line to the State Department.
The Chairman. When was that time ?
Mr. Lewis. Beg your pardon. When was the time ?
The Chairman. When was that time ?
Mr. Lewis. When Meyer was a Communist?
The Chairman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Lewis. He did not say exactly when that time was. He said
simply that he was at the time when Mayor Reuter was a Communist,
and that would have been, I assume, the early 1930's. I do not know,
but Mayor Reuter's record is a public record.
The Chairman. Do you know Mr. Meyer's address in Washington?
Mr. Lewis. No, I do not, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. When did you leave Government employment, Mr.
Lewis ?
Mr. Lewis. I left December 8, 1952.
Did you get that, sir ?
Mr. Sourwine. No, I did not; I'm sorry.
Mr. Lewis. The effective date of my resignation was December 8,
1952.
Mr. Sourwine. Why did you resign, Mr. Lewis ?
Mr. Lewis. I was advised that charges, loyalty charges, would be
preferred against me. I refused to accept the charges and resigned.
My resignation was accepted with prejudice.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know why Mr. Meyer resigned from Gov-
ernment employment ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1527
Mr. Sourwine. Did you, at any time during your Government em-
ployment, disclose the fact that you had been a member of the Com-
munist Party ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
The Chairman. We will take a recess now until 2:15.
(Whereupon, at 12 : 30 p. m., the subcommittee recessed until 2 : 15
of the same day.)
AFTERNOON SESSION
The Chairman. The committee will come to order.
By request, I am going to place in the record a letter which I have
received from Hon. Arthur Hays Sulzberger, of the New York Times.
Dear Senator Eastland : I have just had a report that a New York Times
employee, Melvin Barnett, appeared before your committee and refused to answer
the questions put to him.
I enclose herewith a copy of the letter which I have just signed, advising Mr.
Barnett that his employment by the New York Times has ceased.
Faithfully yours,
Arthur Hays Sulzberger.
I also place in the record a copy of the letter from Mr. Sulzberger
to Mr. Melvin Barnett.
(The letters dated July 13 are as follows :)
The New York Times,
Washington Bureau,
WasJiington, D. C, July 13, 1955.
Hon. James O. Eastland,
Chairman of the Subcommittee,
Senate Internal Security Committee,
United States Senate, Washington, D. C.
Dear Senator Eastland: I have just had a report that a New York Times
employee, Melvin Barnett, appeared before your committee and refused to answer
the questions put to him.
I enclose herewith a copy of the letter which I have just signed, advising Mr.
Barnett that his employment by the New York Times has ceased.
Faithfully yours,
Arthur Hays Sulzberger.
July 13, 1955.
Mr. Melvin Barnett,
93Remsen Street, Brooklyn 1, N. Y.
Dear Mr. Barnett : I have learned to my regret that at your appearance today
before the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee you refused to answer ques-
tions put to you in connection with your alleged association with the Communist
Party. The course of conduct which you have followed since your name was
first mentioned in this connection culminating in your action today has caused
the Times to lose confidence in you as a member of its news staff. Accordingly,
this will serve as notice of termination of your employment.
I have requested the auditor to pay any sums that may be due you.
Yours truly,
Arthur Hays Sulzberger.
TESTIMONY OF CHARLES S. LEWIS— Resumed
Mr. Sotjrwtne. Mr. Lewis, you will remember that this morning
you testified that a story with regard to the removal of the 40,000- watt
radio station from West Berlin had been printed in Common Sense.
We have been unable to locate this story. Can you tell us when that
was printed in Common Sense ?
1528 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Lewis. I do not have the date of it — the date of publication
on that. I do know that the publication, sometime after the return
of Mr. Heimlich to the States, did create queries to Germany, where
I was, for the full story of the incident.
Mr. Sourwine. Are you sure it was Common Sense that published
this story ?
Mr. Lewis. It seemed to me, sir.
Mr. Sotjrwine. Did you see the story yourself ?
Mr. Lewis. I believe I did, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did anyone tell you that it was published in Com-
mon Sense?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir, to the best of my recollection it was Common
Sense.
Mr. Sourwine. Has anyone recalled this to you recently?
Mr. Lewis. Oh, no, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. I wondered if they had — you did not mention it in
executive session. I wondered if it just had come to your mind.
Mr. Lewis. We had not got into the aspect of Mr. Heimlich, which,
incidentally, if I may be permitted to say, there is absolutely no per-
sonal feeling against Mr. Heimlich on my part.
Mr. Sourwine. Did I ask you this morning if you knew where Hans
Bruno Meyer is now ?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. And I answered, I believe, in Washington.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know what he is doing here ?
Mr. Lewis. I believe he is a correspondent for some German radio
stations — one in particular, I think, is Radio Stuttgart.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know where he lives ?
Mr. Lewis. I do not, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. How did you learn that Mr. Meyer was living here,
sir?
Mr. Lewis. I think I received — yes, I did, I received an announce-
ment of a wedding — an announcement with a Washington address.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, sir, during the time preceding Mr. Heimlich's
duration as director of RIAS, did you have anything yourself to do
with the control of the programs actually sent out over this station ?
Mr. Lewis. Certainly, sir. I was responsible for the policy going
through the station, and the station operated under that policy.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you deal with actual programs and scripts ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Policy in relation to the planning of particular
types of programs, whether we would put a certain type of program
on or not.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you handle incoming mail to the station, to
RIAS?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you see such mail ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir. The incoming mail to the station went to the
director of the station.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know anything about the volume of such
mail from listeners ?
Mr. Lewis. It was considerable.
Mr. Sourwine. What do you mean by that?
Mr. Lewis. Well, the station did receive a lot of mail from the
Soviet zone of Germany, which had been posted in West Berlin, in-
formation of one sort or another.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1529
There was, of course, the usual amount of mail that a radio station
does receive. And the Germans are prolific writers.
Mr. Sourwine. Well, that does not give us any idea.
Mr. Lewis. That is rather hard. I beg your pardon ?
Mr. Sourwine. Was it hundreds per week or thousands per week
or what ?
Mr. Lewis. I am sorry. I cannot say exactly how heavy that mail
was.
Mr. Sourwine. You never checked up on that ?
Mr. Lewis. I never did.
Mr. Sourwine. Where were your headquarters while you were run-
ning EIAS?
Mr. Lewis. My headquarters were until — were in Berlin at what was
called OMGUS.
Mr. Sourwine. That was the Office of the Military Government,
United States?
Mr. Lewis. That is right, In the Selenburg district of Berlin.
The radio station headquarters was in another section — another part
of the United States sector of Berlin.
Mr. Sourwine. Were those headquarters of OMGUS in what was
called the Compound ?
Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you subsequently move your headquarters to
another place?
Mr. Lewis. Yes.
Mr. Sourwine. Where?
Mr. Lewis. Headquarters moved to Bad Nauheim in the spring of
1949, 1 believe.
Mr. Sourwine. How far away was that from Berlin ?
Mr. Lewis. Overnight by train or a matter of about 2 hours or so by
plane.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know how far it was in miles — was it 200,
300?
Mr. Lewis. Between 100 or 200 miles.
Mr. Sourwine. Referring back to the incident of the 40,000-watt
transmitter which, by your orders, was shipped from Berlin to West
Germany, to what point was it shipped ?
Mr. Lewis. To the Munich region — just where in Munich — I be-
lieve a small town outside of Munich.
Mr. Sourwine. How long did it remain there ?
Mr. Lewis. It remained there for — I believe less than a year — I am
not sure exactly how long it remained there.
Mr. Sourwine. While it was there was it crated up ?
Mr. Lewis. It had been — in its original crates from the factory.
Mr. Sourwine. It was protected from the weather ?
Mr. Lewis. We did have an incident there where there was some
damage from water in the warehouse.
Mr. Sourwine. Where was it moved from there?
Mr. Lewis. It was moved from there to Hof, in northern Hesse,
right on the edge of the Soviet zone of Germany and also the edge of
Czechoslovakia.
Mr. Sourwine. What was done with it there ?
1530 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Lewis. That was part of a project to establish a multilingual
radio broadcasting operation, with the transmitter at Hof and the
studios in Offenbach across the river from Frankfurt.
Mr. Sourwine. Was it used for that purpose?
Mr. Lewis. It was not, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Why not?
Mr. Lewis. Because of lack of funds. We had a currency reform
in Germany which wiped out the Information Services division's vast
mark holdings, upon which we had expected to operate the station.
Mr. Sourwine. Was that 40,000-watt transmitter, so far as you
know, ever put into use ?
Mr. Lewis. Certainly, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. When and where ?
Mr. Lewis. May I refresh my recollection ?
Mr. Sourwine. Of course.
Mr. Lewis. On that — I may have something on that here. [Wit-
ness looks at documents.]
I believe — I do not have the record on the date when that transmit-
ter went into operation. It was within 1 month of going on the air
when I received the instructions to abandon the project, and that was
at the time of the currency control in Germany. I believe that was in
the spring of 1949.
Mr. Sourwine. Well, then, the transmitter never went on the air ?
Mr. Lewis. It did go on the air. I received permission to operate
the transmitter as a relay station for MAS.
Mr. Sourwine. When was that, approximately ?
Mr. Lewis. At that time, sir — as I say, the transmitter was within
1 month of going on the air. We were ready to go on the air at the
time I received the order to abandon the project.
I argued for and obtained permission to put the transmitter into
operation as a relay station, and it went on the air as scheduled. The
only part of the project that did not go through was the broadcast.
Mr. Sourwine. Approximately 2 years after you sent the trans-
mitter out of West Berlin it went on the air as a transmitter of the
station located near the Czech border and operating as a relay station
for MAS; is that right?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir ; approximately 1 year.
Mr. Sourwine. It was only 1 year later ?
Mr. Lewis. That is what I believe — the blockade was in 1948, and
the currency reform, I believe, was 1949.
Mr. Sourwine. All right. That is your best recollection ?
Mr. Lewis. That is my best recollection.
The Chairman. Your best recollection is that it went in operation
in 1949?
Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir.
The Chairman. What part of the year, do you recall ?
Mr. Lewis. I do not recall. I believe it was spring.
The Chairman. I see.
Mr. Sourwine. You say that the project was for a bilingual broad-
casting station— what languages had you proposed to be used ?
Mr. Lewis. Czech, Polish, also English, and that at the outset, and
further development beyond that.
Mr. Sourwine. This was in 1949 that you proposed this, or 1948 ?
Mr. Lewis. 1948.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1531
Mr. Souravine. You had proposed in 1948 a bilingual station ?
Mr. Lewis. It must have been the end of 1948.
Mr. Souravine. As a matter of fact, did you not reject the proposal
for a bilingual radio station ?
Mr. Lewis. Never, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you ever reject proposals for bilingual broad-
casts over RIAS ?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. What was the difference in your mind ?
Mr. Lewis. RIAS was operating in the German service and building
an audience in Berlin and Eastern Germany among Germans. I was
opposed to putting other languages on the air, for the very simple
reason that we would lose, from my point of view, we would lose the
German audience.
Mr. Souravine. You say it was operating as a German service.
Everybody knew that the American Government was running the
station ; did they not ?
Mr. Lewis. German-language station, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Yes; it was a German-language station, but every-
one knew it was an American Government-operated station.
Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir.
Mr. Souravine. After Mr. Heimlich was made director of RIAS,
did you continue to exercise control over the station as his superior ?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. For how long? Throughout his tenure?
Mr. Lewis. Throughout his tenure.
Mr. Sourwine. Was he at any time ever given complete autonomy
with respect to the employees of RIAS operating under him ?
Mr. Lewis. I do not recall so, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you remember persons named Barbour, Shub,
and Von Varady, who were employed by Mr. Heimlich ?
Mr. Lewis. Yes ; I remember Von Varady, because that incidentally
is the name that I could not recall of the man who was doing a 5-
minute spot once a day.
Mr. Sourwine. Oh, yes. I will question about that. I am glad you
brought me back to that.
On the question of these three men, whom I just named, Barbour,
Shub, and Von \7arady
Mr. Lewis. Barbour ?
Mr. Sourwine. Yes.
Mr. Lewis. Excuse me.
Mr. Sourwine. I would like to ask whether you barred them after
Mr. Heimlich left.
Mr. Lewis. I went up to the station and brought in the new director
of the station, installed him in the office, and did conduct a house-
cleaning, and in that did not specifically fire Von Varady, but I believe
offered him employment at a considerably different rate than he had
been receiving.
Now, as to Barbour, there was a Barbour as a United States officer on
the station on the staff. If that is the person, no, sir, I did not bar
him. And the third one?
Mr. Sourwine. I asked about Barbour, Shub, and Von Varady.
Mr. Lewis. Shub, I do not recall.
Mr. Souravine. S-h-u-b.
59886— 55— pt. 16 4
1532 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Lewis. Shub — Boris Shub. No, sir ; I did not. I very highly
valued his services and wanted him to stay on the job there.
Mr. Sourwine. Would he not do it?
Mr. Lewis. He wanted ,to come back home.
Mr. Sourwine. I see. Did you at any time oppose the dramatiza-
tion of the trial of the anti-Communist leaders in Czechoslovakia
as a program over MAS?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you ever reprimand the staff of MAS for
planning a counterdemonstration to a Red rally in East Berlin?
Mr. Lewis. I did reprimand the United States staff for an incident
that occurred at that time. The station had, in my opinion, gone out
of bounds in rushing a decision as to the location of the rally. And
the British had been opposed to having the rally at the Brandenburger
Thor, the Brandenburger Gate, because of it being that close to the
Soviet, to Red Army troops, and, well, the possibility of things going
off. The gun was jumped by the station and the location was an-
nounced. The rally was held and one person was killed, a person
who — a young man, I believe, who had climbed the Brandenburger
Gate and torn down a Red flag there.
I did call the American staff together and bawled them out. I
said that they had gone out and beyond their authority and that I did
feel a life perhaps had been lost unnecessarily.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you ever differ with Boris Shub over a program
he had developed for causing desertions from the Soviet side ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir. If that is it — a rather spectacular program.
I believe it is still on the air over there.
Mr. Sourwine. The question was whether you differed with Shub
about it.
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. All right. Now going back to the question of your
employment by the Brooklyn Eagle, I would like to ask whether, at
the time you were with the Eagle, you contributed to the Eagle Eye,
the publication of the Communist faction.
Mr. Lewis. I do not believe so, sir.
The Chairman. And how long were you a member of the Com-
munist Party ?
Mr. Lewis. For a matter of several months, 2 or 3, I believe.
The Chairman. Just 2 or 3 months?
Mr. Lewis. That is to the best of my recollection.
The Chairman. Did I understand you to testify that you resigned
rather than submit to a security investigation ?
Mr. Lewis. I resigned rather than to accept a hearing, a loyalty
hearing, sir.
The Chairman. Why?
Mr. Lewis. I had been living with this dark secret of having been
a member of the Communist Party, and I still was trying not to divulge
the secret.
I am afraid I had a guilt complex on that. That is my only ex-
planation. I was scared, frightened.
The Chairman. Yes.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you receive information that Hans Bruno
Meyer had tried to get entry into the United States in 1941 for a
friend of Gerhardt Eisler ?
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1533
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. To your knowledge, were loyalty charges preferred
against Meyer in 1952 ?
Mr. Lewis. Not to my knowledge.
The Chairman. Is he an American citizen?
Mr. Lewis. I believe so, sir.
]\Ir. Sourwine. I think you have mentioned a man named Ehlers
who worked for you at RIAS in the early days of the occupation.
Mr. Lewis. I believe that is Wilhelm Ehlers. He did. And I
think he, later on, died while working for the station.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you ever told that while he was working for
RIAS he also worked for a Soviet-controlled newspaper?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Was your chief producer a man named Korngiebel ?
Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did Korngiebel ever refuse to do an anti-Soviet
broadcast?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir ; not to my knowledge. And I doubt it.
Mr. Sourwine. Had you employed him ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir. I believe he had been employed — just who
hired him I do not know, but he had been on the staff for a long while.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you have a woman working for you whose
name was Ruby Parson — Mrs. Ruby Parson ?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Was she in charge of personnel at RIAS ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir ; she was
Mr. Sourwine. What was her job ?
Mr. Lewis. She was my deputy in Berlin.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know why she retired from RIAS ?
Mr. Lewis. She left — she left the Government employment when —
her husband was working for the Government over there at the same
time, and the reason given was that no two members of a family could
hold jobs at the same time in this takeover of the work from military
government by the State Department.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you have any knowledge at any time of loyalty
charges preferred against Mrs. Parson ?
Mr. Lewis. I did not. I think I had heard that she had had some
difficulty of that nature concerning scripts at the Voice of America.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know she had retired from Government
service rather than face a loyalty hearing ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. You do not know whether that was true?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you have a man working for you who was
named Herman Chevalier ?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know why he resigned from RIAS ?
Mr. Lewis. For a moment I really don't — Chevalier was about to
marry a German girl, from Stuttgart, and was taking her to the States.
As I recall, there was a rule against having German wives of American
officers in the operation.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know of any loyalty charges preferred
against Mr. Chevalier?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
1534 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Sourwine. Have you ever been told that he had resigned from
MAS rather than face a loyalty charge?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Had you employed Chevalier?
Mr. Lewis. I had brought Chevalier up to Berlin from Stuttgart
where he had been working at the radio station there.
Mr. Sourwine. You had selected Mrs. Parson as your deputy ; had
you not?
Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you have a woman working for you whose
name was Ruth Gambke ?
Mr. Lewis. She was a program director of MAS.
Mr. Sourwine. Had you selected her for that spot?
Mr. Lewis. No ; I had not. She had been with the operation from
the outset.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you ever informed that she had close connec-
tions with the Soviet-sponsored Radio Berlin ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did the Social Democratic Party of West Berlin
ever protest to you or to your knowledge to anyone else that RIAS
was pro-Communist when it was under the direction of your sub-
ordinate, Mrs. Norden?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir; I did not have any knowledge of a protest by
the Social Democratic Party.
The Chairman. Did you have a protest of any kind that RIAS
was pro-Communist?
Mr. Lewis. No^ sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you ever have a protest or hear of a protest by
Karl Hubert Schwennicke, president of the Free German Party, that
RIAS was pro-Communist in the early days of the occupation?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you get security clearance while you were work-
ing for OMGUS and HICOG?
Mr. Lewis. I assume so, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you not know whether you had security clear-
ance?
Mr. Lewis. Well, people are not told that they are cleared.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you ever told anything about being cleared
for security ?
Mr. Lewis. No; the only way in which I figured that I had been
cleared for security was at one time, while with military government,
receiving a top secret card.
Mr. Sourwine. A top secret card ?
Mr. Lewis. A card entitling me to see top secret material.
Mr. Sourwine. Who issued that card?
Mr. Lewis. I do not recall. I could only guess at it.
Mr. Sourwine. Was that renewed periodically ?
Mr. Lewis. To my recollection it was for as long as the system was
in effect.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you, sir, ever suspended for a violation of
security ?
Mr. Lewis. I was suspended for a period of, I believe, two days in
the spring of 1946.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1535
May I tell you about it ?
The Chairman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Lewis. I came into the office one morning and was asked to go
up and see General McClure, who was then the director of Information
Services Division, and he showed me a communication from the In-
spector General's office which cited a serious security violation in the
Radio Branch, listed a long number of documents which had been
found in an unsecure position there. The documents had been left in
a cardboard carton which had been brought up from Bad Hamburg,
the previous headquarters, by the previous chief of the Radio Branch.
And I had never seen the carton, or if I had seen it, paid no attention
to it.
It was in a corner of the office and had been there for quite a period
of time until a security check — somebody making a security check,
had opened the carton and found all of these documents.
Since the incident occurred in my office, I felt I was responsible and
therefore said that I would take whatever blame was forthcoming
for that security violation.
My superior felt — well, had told me if this was my secretary's fault
that she should be fired immediately.
I felt that I was responsible since it just happened in my office.
Mr. Sourwixe. Where was this carton, Mr. Lewis, with relation
to your own desk ?
Mr. Lewis. Well, I do not think it was anywhere near my desk. I
believe it was in another part — there were two offices — 2 or 3 offices
in the Radio Branch. I do not even believe it was in my own office,
my own personal office.
Mr. Sourwixe. You had said in your office, and I wondered if the
record should not show just where it was.
Mr. Lewis. Well, it was in the Radio Branch. Whether it was
exactly in my office — I do not believe it was in my office where my
desk was.
Mr. Sourwixe. Did not anybody ever tell you where the carton was
found ?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir; but I do not remember exactly where it was.
Mr. Sourwixe. You were suspended for a security breach because
of that carton and you do not remember where they told you it was ?
Mr. Lewis. I am sorry, my recollection does not go to the exact
location of it.
Mr. Sourwixe. Do you remember for sure whether it was physi-
cally in the room where you had your desk or in some other room?
Mr. Lewis. That I do not know, sir. I do know this, that there
had been, in the move-up of the rest of the Radio Branch to Berlin,
a good deal of equipment, filing cabinets and the like including, oh,
boxes of papers of an unclassified nature which just came sweeping
into the place.
Mr. Sourwine. How long was this, after the move, that the security
breach was noted ?
Mr. Lewis. Oh, it was a couple of months after that.
Mr. Sourwixe. Were the cartons and so forth and the filing cabi-
nets still lying around the way they had been when they were moved?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Each of us who had a job in that office had
immediate responsibility for his own files.
Mr. Sourwixe. I see.
1536 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Lewis. And the chief engineer had his files, and he took care
of them. These were some files of the preceding radio chief who, in
the interim, had left.
Mr. Sourwine. How many people had desks in the same room with
you?
Mr. Lewis. Well, at that time I believe Richard Condon had, one
other person had a desk with me in my office.
Mr. Sourwine. These were not his files ?
Mr. Lewis. They were not his files.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, sir, you were asked in executive testimony,
was Heimlich one of your people, and you replied, "That is right."
Is that correct?
Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you regard Colonel Heimlich as one of your
people?
Mr. Lewis. That is right.
Mr. Sourwine. You were asked, when you were given authority
over RIAS, was there any other long-wave station in American hands
that reached East Germany and you replied :
There was nothing, and for quite a few years I was more than concerned
about that and wanted to establish a multilingual station in Germany.
Is that correct ?
Mr. Lewis. Could I have that back again, please ?
Mr. Sourwine (reading) :
There was nothing and for quite a few years I was more than concerned about
that and wanted to establish a multilingual station in Germany.
Mr. Lewis. That is right.
Mr. Sourwine. I asked you, "Who was in charge of RIAS at that
time?" and you said Heimlich was the director of RIAS at that time.
And you were then asked, "Did he concur in flying the 40-watt
transmitter out of Berlin?"
And you replied, "He neither concurred nor protested or anything
of that sort.
And you were asked, "You mean, he did not know about it?"
And you said, "He knew about it."
And you were asked, "After it was flown or before?"
And you said, "He knew about it before."
And you were asked, "Did you consult him?"
And you replied, "Of course, we discussed the whole problem."
Was that correct ?
Mr. Lewis. That is correct.
Mr. Sourwine. You were asked were you actively engaged with
the work of RIAS at that time, that is, November 1947, or did you
simply exercise a sort of remote control, and you replied, "Well, I
never had remote control of the station. I felt, well, it was my baby,
and I worked with it all of the time."
Mr. Lewis. That is right.
Mr. Sourwine. Is that right?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. I believe you have been asked in executive session
if you knew Julia Older Bazer ?
Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1537
Mr. Sourwine. And you replied you did not?
Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, Mrs. Bazer was in charge of the daily cable
file to Moscow for OWI until some time in 1943 — did you know that?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. You were employed by OWI in 1943 ?
Mr. Lewis. I went to work with OWI in 1943, in November of
1943.
Mr. Sourwine. In November of 1943.
Mr. Lewis. November 23, to be exact.
Mr. Sourwine. So that it is possible that Mrs. Bazer had left before
you came ?
Mr. Lewis. It is possible. It is possible that she was there. There
were a lot of people there.
Mr. Sourwine. If she had been there and you had been a news
editor, you would have known the person in charge of your Moscow
cable, would you not ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. You would not?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir. I was in the basic news operation which pro-
vided the basic material for the cable wireless division, and the cable
wireless division was a separate entity.
Mr. Sourwine. I see. Now, I have said Julia Older Bazer — I will
just add, did you know a Julia Older?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. I might say Julia Older Bazer is the person who
appeared before us in our hearings and repeatedly claimed the privi-
lege of the fifth amendment with respect to Communist affiliations.
Were you ever informed, sir, respecting a complaint that the Belgian
Minister, Spaak, had made a speech in Brussels on the Marshall
plan, and that KIAS had carried most of the speech, but had left
out this :
The United States is offering her help without any political strings attached.
If the Soviet Union does not wish to comprehend this, then we must believe
that she considers unemployment and misery as fertile soil for her expansion
in Europe.
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you informed that on or about the same day,
namely, November 5, 1947, there was a complaint that RIAS had
carried the story of the flight from Hungary to Vienna of anti-Com-
munist Leader Zoltan Pfeiffer, but that RIAS cut out the statement :
"Pfeiffer's flight was preceded by a number of others, including Bela
Yarga, a former Speaker of the House, and Deszoe Sulyck, a leader
of the now-dissolved Freedom Party" ?
Mr. Lewis. No.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you apprized of the complaint that on or
about the same time, namely, November 5, that RIAS had carried
the complete text of a speech by Katikow and how Russia improved
the lot of Berlin workers ?
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you advised of a complaint on or about No-
vember 10 that after Social Democratic Leader Shumaker made an
1538 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
anti-Communist speech, RIAS carried part of the speech but cut
out this :
The Social Democratic Party is not prepared to become a German state set
for the production of an anti-German play. The Social Democrats consider the
German people too good to allow them to become an instrument of Russian
politics. They are firm in the belief that it is impossible to find a common
German point of view with the quislings of a foreign power.
Mr. Lewis. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Chairman, I have no further questions to ask
of this witness.
The Chairman. Call your next witness.
Mr. Sourwine. Col. William Heimlich.
The Chairman. I thank you, Mr. Lewis.
Raise your right hand. Do you solemnly swear that the testimony
you are about to give is the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but
the truth, so help you God ?
Mr. Heimlich. I do.
TESTIMONY OP WILLIAM ERIEL HEIMLICH, WASHINGTON, D. C.
Mr. Sourwine. Will you give your full name, please ?
Mr. Heimlich. My name is William Friel Heimlich.
Mr. Sourwine. Where do you get the title "Colonel" ?
Mr. Heimlich. I served in the Second World War, from the grade
of lieutenant to the grade of colonel.
Mr. Sourwine. Where are you now employed ?
Mr. Heimlich. I am employed by the Gray Manufacturing Com-
pany of Hartford, Conn., stationed in Washington, D. C.
Mr. Sourwine. And what is your address ?
Mr. Heimlich. My address is 1021 Fifteenth Street NW.
Mr. Sourwine. Are you the same Colonel William Heimlich who
was for a time director of radio station RIAS ?
Mr. Heimlich. I am.
Mr. Sourwine. Will you tell the committee how it came about, if
you know, that you were named director of that station ?
Mr. Heimlich. Upon the original insistence of General Howley,
with the concurrence of General Clay and Mr. Lewis.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know why you were named director of that
station ?
Mr. Heimlich. There had been general dissatisfaction with the
operation of radio RIAS. There was also a determination on the part
of General Clay to answer the propaganda attacks of the Soviet Union
and its Communist stooges, in East Germany and East Berlin, on
American forces.
In order to answer those attacks, there had to be a strong anti-
Communist flavor injected into the American propaganda effort.
Mr. Sourwine. You were selected for the purpose of doing that
job?
Mr. Heimlich. I was immediately available as one who was famil-
iar with the situation in Germany and who had a professional radio
background.
Mr. Sourwine. This was at what time?
Mr. Heimlich. Early 1948, in January.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1539
Mr. Sourwine. To your knowledge, had there been any complaints
about the way RIAS had been operated ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir. There had been complaints registered to
the Civil Affairs Branch of the Office of Military Government, Berlin
sector, of which I was Deputy Director, Acting Director.
Mr. Sourwine. What had been the source of those complaints,
Colonel ?
Mr. Heimlich. That there was a soft line being pursued toward
communism over Radio RIAS in the guise of objectivity.
Mr. Sourwine. I say, what was the source of those complaints, if
you know ?
Mr. Heimlich. From various German political leaders ; from news-
papermen, also.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you receive any instructions directly from
General Howley at the time you were made director of RIAS ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. What were those instructions ?
Mr. Heimlich. I received instructions from General Howley to
assume the title of director of RIAS. Previously, Americans assigned
to that station had had the title of "control officer." I was ■
The Chairman. Who was General Howley ?
Mr. Heimlich. General Howley was commandant of the city of
Berlin, and representative of the United States Government on the
allied commandatura, which controlled the city of Berlin.
I also received instructions from General Howley to immediately
implement General Clay's directive to institute a hard policy against
communism, to get rid of anyone who did not agree with that policy,
and to make the station a proper instrument in our war against Com-
munist ideology.
Mr. Sourwine. How did you proceed to carry out those orders?
Mr. Heimlich. First I inspected the station, which was in a most
deplorable state of mismanagement, disrepair. This was due to the
fact that the station was housed in the old Telephone Building, which
was located in the American sector. No better housing could be
found for it at the moment, although Mr. Lewis had already directed
that a new station be built and it was under construction.
The transmitter consisted of a broken-down mobile German trans-
mitter, which had been used in the Balkans during World War II for
the entertainment of German troops.
The personnel had been selected in the most — the German per-
sonnel— in the most slipshod manner. It was extremely difficult to
obtain qualified radio personnel, and the RIAS budget was so small
that qualified personnel could not be attracted to the station.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you discharge any individuals?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, a considerable number of individuals were
discharged almost immediately.
Mr. Sourwine. For various reasons?
Mr. Heimlich. Because they indicated to me and to my German
subordinates that they could not go along with the strong anti-
Communist policy which I announced was my intention to instill in
Radio RIAS.
There were several revolts of personnel, offering their resignations.
The first time I talked them out of it. The second time, I told them
I would accept all resignations from that point on, and did.
1540 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know one Hans Bruno Meyer?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you employ him ?
Mr. Heimlich. No, sir. He was employed by Mr. Lewis.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you discharge him?
Mr. Heimlich. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did he come under your supervision in such a way
that you could have been in a position to discharge him?
Mr. Heimlich. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Gus Matthieu ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you employ him?
Mr. Heimlich. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you discharge him?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Why?
Mr. Heimlich. Under orders of General Howley.
Mr. Sourwine. Did he tell you why ?
Mr. Heimlich. General Howley believed that Mr. Mathieu was
sympathetic to the Communist Party and to its aims and ideals.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know one Ruth Norden ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you employ her?
Mr. Heimlich. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you discharge her?
Mr. Heimlich. No, sir. She had departed Radio RIAS before I
came there.
Mr. Sourwine. Was she an American citizen ?
Mr. Heimlich. To my knowledge, no, sir. I believe she was a Brit-
ish subject.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Edmund Schecter ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you employ him ?
Mr. Heimlich. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you discharge him ?
Mr. Heimlich. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Was he connected with RIAS while you were
there?
Mr. Heimlich. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Ruby Parson ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you employ her?
Mr. Heimlich. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you discharge her?
Mr. Heimlich. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Was she connected with RIAS while you were
there?
Mr. Heimlich. No, sir. She was assistant to Mr. Lewis.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Mr. Schecter to be pro-Communist ?
Mr. Heimlich. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Mrs. Parson to be pro- Communist?
Mr. Heimlich. No, sir.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1541
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know a man named Schuetze ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you employ him?
Mr. Heimlich. No, sir ; I refused to employ him.
Mr. Sourwine. Who was he ?
Mr. Heimlich. Mr. Schuetze had been a member of the German
Communist Party until the rise of Hitler in 1933. At that time he
fled to Soviet Russia. He lived in Moscow until 1940, when, for rea-
sons which I do not know, and with the assistance that I am not aware
of, he left Moscow in the midst of war and went to England where he
became associated with the British Broadcasting Corp.
He later turned up in Hamburg, Germany, as commentator for the
northwest German radio.
It was suggested that I employ him a commentator for Radio RIAS.
And I refused to do so.
Mr. Sourwine. Who suggested that?
Mr. Heimlich. Mr. Meyer.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Hans Bruno Meyer ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did he subsequently become employed by Radio
RIAS ?
Mr. Heimlich. After my departure from RIAS he became chief
commentator and program director of Radio RIAS, a position which
I believe he still holds.
The Chairman. Repeat the last part of your answer, please.
Mr. Heimlich. A position which he presently holds as chief com-
mentator and program director of Radio RIAS.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know a man named Ehlers ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Was he employed by RIAS while you were there ?
Mr. Heimlich. He was there when I arrived in RIAS.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you fire him ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Why?
Mr. Heimlich. General Howley had received information from his
security staff that Ehlers had been associated with either the Commu-
nist newspaper or some Communist organization.
Mr. Sourwine. Colonel, when you were put in charge of RIAS, was
authority over that station separated from Mr. Charles Lewis?
Mr. Heimlich. In this way, we received some logistical assistance
from Mr. Lewis' office, and we received policy direction. The main
direction of the station, however, was given to General Howley and
through him to me.
Mr. Sourwine. Did Mr. Lewis endeavor to exercise control indi-
rectly over RIAS after direct control had been taken away from him
by General Howley ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, particularly through Mr. Meyer, who at-
tempted to control the output of my commentators, and to influence
the content of some of our dramatic political programs which we
instituted in the station.
Mr. Sourwine. You have heard testimony here about a 40,000- watt
transmitter ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
1542 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Sourwine. That transmitter was about to be made available to
KIAS, for use by MAS, when it was sent out of Berlin?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Tell us what you know about that.
Mr. Heimlich. From my recollection, the transmitter was removed
from its site at the time that it was to begin construction — we were to
begin construction on it — flown to the Western Zone, where it
remained.
Mr. Sourwine. Why did BIAS need that transmitter ?
Mr. Heimlich. We were operating — I should go back a second, sir.
One of the first acts I took as the new director of BIAS was to
increase its hours on the air. It was necessary to do this, so that we
had a continuing opposition to the Communist Badio Berlin. So we
increased to 12 and then to 18 hours of operation daily.
Our transmitter equipment was broken-down equipment, and it was
necessary to stop the 20,000-watt transmitter from time to time and
let it cool off, during which time we would turn on a thousand- watt
transmitter we had and operate at low power, but still continue to
operate.
The 40,000-watt transmitter would have allowed us to operate full
time with full power and to a far larger listening area.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you getting into all of the East German Zone,
as far as you knew, with the 20,000-watt transmitter ?
Mr. Heimlich. Oh, no, sir. We had a basic service area, I think, of
considerably less than 60 miles.
Mr. Sourwine. Would the 40,000-watt transmitter have enabled
you to cover substantially all of the East German Zone ?
Mr. Heimlich. It certainly would have enabled us to cover the
critical areas of the industrial zone ; yes.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you advised in advance of the transfer of this
40,000-watt transmitter out of Berlin, that this was going to be done?
Mr. Heimlich. It is my recollection that the first notice I had of
the removal of the transmitter is when I reported for duty one morn-
ing, and my chief engineer, a Herr Poesnecker, came in and announced,
in great excitement, that the transmitter was gone.
Mr. Sourwine. What did you do?
Mr. Heimlich. I immediately called General Howley and then I
called Mr. Lewis.
Mr. Sourwine. What was General Howley's reaction ?
Mr. Heimlich. He was almost as excited by it as I was. He was
quite upset, as I was.
I called Mr. Lewis, and Mr. Lewis gave me his reasons for having
had the transmitter removed.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you ever discuss this matter with Mr. Lewis
before the removal of the transmitter ?
Mr. Heimlich. To the best of my recollection ; no, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you ever hear Mr. Lewis testify that he had
discussed this matter with you ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. You have no recollection of any such discussion?
Mr. Heimlich. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. That is all you can say — that you do not remember ?
Mr. Heimlich. That is right, sir.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1543
Mr. Sourwixe. You cannot say there was or was not such a dis-
cussion ? •
Mr. Heimlich. To the best of my recollection, there was no such
discussion.
Mr. Sourwixe. Now, when you came into charge of Radio KIAb,
did you make a check to see what the incoming mail
(Conference between counsel and members of the committee.)
Mr. Sourwixe. Returning to the matter of the 40,000 watt trans-
mitter, Colonel, you said "Mr. Lewis gave us his reasons." What were
those reasons?
Mr. Heimlich. The reason was that these radio branch offices of the
military government, United States, of which Mr. Lewis was the head,
feared that the city might fall to the Soviets or to Communist mobs
at almost any time, and in order to save this transmitter they had
moved it to the West. Now, this reasoning was, in my opinion — which
I stated at the time — not valid, because the Secretary of State and
the President of the United States had both announced that any such
overt acts on the part of the Soviets would be regarded as an act of
war.
Of course, such action in Berlin would have been accompanied by
similar action in the West, and the transmitter would have been lost
anyway.
Mr. Sourwixe. Was there any expectation that the Americans were
going to get out of Berlin ?
Mr. Heimlich. I don't believe there ever was, sir.
Mr. Sourwixe. Didn't General Howley go on the air over the radio
the first day of the blockade and say, "We are not getting out of
Berlin, we are going to stay" ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir. And he said it several times later, as
did General Clay.
Mr. Sourwixe. He repeatedly stated "The American people will
not stand by and allow the German people to starve" ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes; that is right. And that had a great effect
on the population of West Berlin.
Mr. Sourwixe. I was reading from General Howley's book, Mr.
Chairman, entitled "Berlin Command."
Do you know happened to this transmitter, Colonel, after it was
taken out of West Berlin?
Mr. Heimlich. I only knew it left West Berlin. I talked with
Mr. Lewis and Mr. Meyer later about it, knew that it was in a ware-
house in the West, and eventually it was planned to use it somewhere.
It did not do us much good in the blockade.
Mr. Sourwixe. How long was it after that transmitter was removed
before you were able to increase the power of MAS ?
Mr. Heimlich. As I recall, it was about a year, nearly a year, before
we got a hundred thousand watt transmitter.
Mr. Sourwixe. A year during which you could have operated with
40,000 watts?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir. The transmitter could have been put into
operation in about 90 days by putting the workmen on the job around
the clock. We did that, incidentally, with the 100-kilowatt trans-
mitter and got it on the air in record time.
1544 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know anything about the question of
bilingual radio broadcasts in Germany ?
Mr. Heimlich. I know that I recommended it repeatedly for the use
of Kadio RIAS.
Mr. Sourwine. Beginning when ?
Mr. Heimlich. I believe in the fall of 1948, when we had strong
evidence that Poles and Czechs were listening to RIAS, and also that
it was even being listened to in the Soviet internment camps in Eastern
Germany.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you, sir, permitted to initiate bilingual or dual
language broadcasts over RIAS ?
Mr. Heimlich. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Why not ?
Mr. Heimlich. It was a matter of policy, which Mr. Lewis con-
trolled.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Lewis said "No" ; is that right ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you ever hear of Mr. Lewis recommending
bilingual broadcasts over any radio station in Germany ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, I knew that he had contemplated his Little
Abner operation. But the fact was
Mr. Sourwine. What do you mean by Little Abner ?
Mr. Heimlich. That was a code number given to an idea to employ
a transmitter in the West in multilingual broadcasts.
Mr. Sourwine. When was this idea advanced \
Mr. Heimlich. In the winter of 1948^9.
Mr. Sourwine. You mean that at the same time or shortly after you
had recommended such broadcasts for RIAS and he had rejected them
he then proposed that such broadcasting be initiated over another
station ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Was such a station ever built ?
Mr. Heimlich. I don't know, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know anything about a radio station near
the Czech border which was eventually used as a relay station for
RIAS?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir. We had a low power station there, and
I believe a high power station went into transmission after my de-
parture from RIAS, or about the time of my departure.
Mr. Sourwine. Which was when ?
Mr. Heimlich. 1949, September.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know whether that higher power station was
this same old 40,000-watt transmitter ?
Mr. Heimlich. No, I don't.
Mr. Sourwine. During your operation of RIAS you say evidence
came to you that the station was being listened to by Poles and Czechs
and even sometimes in the Soviet Zone? Where did that evidence
come from ? Was it in the mail ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir. It came in such volume that we had to
establish a special mail department and mail analysis branch.
Mr. Sourwine. What was the volume of incoming mail from
listeners when you took over RIAS ?
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1545
Mr. Heimlich. There was no volume, sir. The survey in the month
of February of 1948 showed, I think, an average of three hundred-odd
pieces of mail per annum per year.
Mr. Sourwine. You say a survey. Did you cause that survey to be
made?
Mr. Heimlich. With the assistance of the Survey Branch ot the
Information Services Division of the Office of Military Government.
Mr. Sourwine. Were such surveys made periodically before you had
come as director of MAS ?
Mr. Heimlich. It is my opinion that they were. And I know that
audience measurement surveys were also made.
Mr. Sourwine. And you found that as of February — which was-
your first month there, was it ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. There were 300 per year?
Mr. Heimlich. That was about the volume, 300 per year.
Mr. Sourwine. What was the volume at the time you left MAS ?
Mr. Heimlich. We had hit a peak of 5,000 pieces of mail a week,
and were averaging actually around 8,000 pieces per month. This 1
week was exceptional.
Mr. Sourwine. 5,000 in 1 week?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. How long was that after this 300-a-year rate ?
Mr. Heimlich. Eight months.
Mr. Sourwine. And then you had an average of 8,000 a month, you
say?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. As compared with 300 a year ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did General Clay ever indicate his approval of
your work at MAS ?
Mr. Heimlich. Several times, sir. Of the people connected with
the propaganda operations in Germany I believe I was the only one
that he singled out in his book to commend. And I have some place
here a letter which he wrote later.
This letter is dated January 25, 1950, and is a letter which con-
gratulated me upon acting as adviser to setting up the Committee for
Radio Free Europe. If you will indulge me I will quote one para-
graph °
I hope that you are to continue where you are, because if you can bring to
bear on the work for the Committee for Free Europe the experience you have
gained in Berlin it will give reality to what they are trying to do. I am looking
forward to seeing you soon and thanking you in person.
Sincerely,
Lucius D. Clay.
Mr. Sourwine. I want to read to you from an article which ap-
peared in the February 4, 1950, issue of Collier's magazine, a para-
graph, and ask you if you knew about the situation there portrayed.
This is an article called "Voice Behind the Curtain," by Ernest Leis-
ler. It carries a Berlin dateline. It says :
The second highest tribute ever paid to RIAS came from Gen. Lucius D.
Clay, in a closed staff meeting sometime before his departure last spring as
United States Military Governor in Germany. The staff was discussing ways
and means of cutting occupation costs, and one economy-minded official sug-
1546 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
gested, '"Why don't you start with RIAS budget? That is a tidy little item
of DM12 million a year."
"Definitely not," Clay reportedly reported with sharp finality. "There will
be no cuts in RIAS while I am here. Next to the airlift, RIAS has been the
strongest American weapon in the cold war in Germany."
Do you know, Colonel, whether the situation there portrayed ac-
tually existed?
Mr. Heimlich. I know this, that I am very proud of my part in
developing a truly successful propaganda weapon in the cold war.
Mr. Sourwine. But do you know, sir, whether General Clay was
firm in the decision that there should be no cuts in RIAS ?
Mr. Heimlich. Oh, yes, sir ; he never cut our budget.
Mr. Sourwine. Well, were you ever told by Mr. Lewis to cut your
budget ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir, after General Clay's departure.
Mr. Sourwine. Tell us about that.
Mr. Heimlich. I agreed with Mr. Lewis that certain cuts could be
made, and I recommended that we eliminate a symphony orchestra
which we were maintaining and which RIAS still maintains, inasmuch
as there are few better orchestras in the world than the Berlin Phil-
harmonic Orchestra. We could have made a contract with them which
would have saved us DM700,000 per year. Instead of that Mr. Lewis
insisted that I get rid of my chief political commentator, whom I was
paying a fairly high price — we had to, because there was competition
in Germany, as there is everywhere else, for good personnel. And we
had recruited the best personnel that we could find, and we paid them.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you refuse to make any particular cuts that
Mr. Lewis had directed you to make ?
Mr. Heimlich. I did not refuse in that sense. I refused to discharge
these employees, however, because they were the backbone and the
blood and the brains of our anti-Communist drive.
Mr. Sourwine. What employees were you told to discharge ?
Mr. Heimlich. Specifically, Von Varady, Erik Ode
Mr. Sourwine. Who is he ?
Mr. Heimlich. He was our chief producer of dramatic programs —
and Eugene Hartmann.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know those persons to be anti-Communist?
Mr. Heimlich. I knew them to be the very heart of our anti-
Communist program.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you consider them reliable, capable, and
efficient ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir ; and still do.
Mr. Sourwine. And you refused on that ground to discharge them ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did Mr. Lewis have authority to order you to dis-
charge them ?
Mr. Heimlich. Oh, yes, sir. At that time RIAS had reverted to
the complete control of the High Commissioner's Office.
Mr. Sourwine. This was after General Clay had left ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did that situation bring about your resignation?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Tell us about that.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1547
Mr. Heimlich. I should gc back to the winter of 1948-49, when,
after the resignation and the voluntary departure of Mr. Barber and
Mr. Boris Snub, I was alone in BIAS for a good many months. I
tried to get personnel, Mr. Lewis tried to obtain personnel, and General
Clay tried to, but there were none available. In the spring of 1949
I received some help — this was the late spring after the lifting of the
blockade — I received some help in the form of transfers from the
Office of the Radio Branch of Mr. Lewis in the persons of Mr. Chevalier
and Mr. Ewing. Almost at once I was aware of the fact that Mr.
Ewing was not checking program content with me but with Mr. Lewis,
and there had been a number of instances where my orders to com-
mentators had been countermanded by Mr. Chevalier, by Mr. Ewing,
after a conference between them and Mr. Meyer, I believe. Also Mr.
Meyer came to the station and tried to so influence the commentaries
of people like Von Varady, Hartmann, and others, that they no
longer had the hard anti-Communist line which BIAS had developed
ancf which all of Eastern Europe expected us to continue.
Things went from bad to worse, particularly administrativewise,
but I still thought I had the trust and confidence of Mr. Lewis, until
one day he called me and told me he did not have confidence in me,
and that he was sending someone in to replace me.
I told him I would come to Bad Hamburg and resign, because I
could not operate my station if I had to clear every program with
Bad Hamburg — it was perfectly obvious we could not do so.
I went there, resigned, and departed almost immediately.
The Chairman. Now, was there ever an anti-Communist program —
and if so, which one — that Mr. Meyer attempted to prevent being used
by the station ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir. There was a program which we developed
in August of 1949 commemorating the 10th anniversary of the sign-
ing of the Hitler-Stalin pact. In order to properly observe that
historical occasion we had research made into the files of the German
Foreign Office in the International Documents Center, and in the
files of the German newspapers. We were only able to obtain record-
ings from the files of our chief rival, Radio Berlin, of the voices of
Hitler, Stalin, Molotov, Ribbentrop, and others. And Von Varady,
the commentator to whom Mr. Lewis objected paying so much money,
built a program, as he had many before, and we thought this was
to be our proudest effort. We invited Mr. Meyer to come in and
hear the program before it went on the air. We took every secrecy
precaution possible to make sure that nobody else heard it except
those who had participated in putting it together. Mr. Meyer ob-
jected strenuously to the program, first on the ground that it was
too long — it was actually 28 minutes — and secondly, that it was ten-
dentious, and tended to stir up feeling among the Germans, feeling
against the Soviet Union.
I replied that the program was pure fact, there was no fiction to
it, and I intended to put it on the air.
I should tell you that the program was scheduled to go on the air
at 10 o'clock that night. At 7 o'clock that evening my program
manager called me to tell me that Radio Berlin was denouncing me
personally, and BIAS, for the program which it had not yet put on
the air, and wouldn't be until 3 hours later.
59886 — 55 — pt. 16 5
1548 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
There was a commentator in Radio Berlin whose spot
The Chairman. That was a Communist station?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir, completely Communist dominated and
controlled.
And the Communist commentator had been in the United States
as a refugee during the Hitler period, had returned to Germany and
become a commentator for the Communists. And he insisted upon
having as his slot the time exactly opposite our broadcasts of the
Voice of America. This being the case, he had a superb time.
Mr. Sourwine. Who was this commentator?
Mr. Heimlich. I believe his name was Schnitzler, if my memory
serves me correctly.
In other words, there was a leak somewhere between my station and
Radio Berlin sometime between 5 o'clock in the afternoon and 7
o'clock in the afternoon.
The Chairman. Now, was it supposed to be a secret ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir. We tried not to tip our hand in these sur-
prise broadcasts. The success of RIAS lay generally in its ability
to react very rapidly to any given political situation, and even more
important, to remain continuously on the offense. We did remain on
the offense, and programs like this which were going to be extremely
offensive to the Soviets and to the Communists, and extremely em-
barrassing to them, were protected until they went on the air. We
only made announcements during station breaks for several hours
in advance. The people of Eastern Germany and Berlin, and much of
Eastern Europe, had come to look forward to those RIAS station
break announcements, because they always knew a new bomb was going
to be dropped on the Communists' head.
The Chairman. Have you found out where the leak occurred ?
Mr. Heimlich. I have the following to report. I returned to my
broadcasting station and called together everyone who had been con-
cerned with that program and who had been present that afternoon
when the tape recording was played. One of the German employees
insisted that he had seen Mr. Meyer at Radio Berlin immediately fol-
lowing the playing of our tape in Radio RIAS that afternoon, that
he had seen Mr. Meyer's car in front of Radio Berlin, let me put it
that way.
I had every confidence in everyone concerned with the program be-
fore and after ; we had no other leaks.
Senator Jenner. What was the theme of that broadcast, do you
recall ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Senator Jenner. How did it end up ?
Mr. Heimlich. The broadcast showed the utter callousness of the
two dictatorships, that of the Soviet Union and that of Nazi Germany,
and how, while the Nazis and the Communists were both saying one
thing to the free world, and actually pulling the wool over England's
eyes by holding talks with them that looked forward to peace, they
were engineering a secret deal with each other to divide up Poland
and to plunge the world into war. That happened, of course, a week
after this pact was signed between Hitler and Stalin, the world was at
war, and millions of people died. Our broadcast made that very
pointed. And in conclusion my announcer, who was also one of the
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1549
best actors in Western Germany, said in a voice filled with sorrow,
''Ladies and Gentlemen, this has been the story of two dictators, one
of whom still lives."
And that was the sort of thing which was objected to.
This, I might say, was several years before Stalin's death.
Air. Sourwine. At the time you left RIAS, Colonel, did Mr. Mc-
Cloy ask you to stay ?
Air. Heimlich. Several weeks before. At a party in Berlin Mr.
McCloy took me aside and said that he had heard some fine things
about RIAS while being briefed in Washington. He asked me to pre-
pare for him budget estimates for the future operation of RIAS, and
said something to the effect that he would be very happy if I would
remain with him and continue to operate the station.
Mr. Sourwine. After you left the station did you subsequently have
occasion to learn anything about the effectiveness of the station?
Mr. Heimlich. There was, of course, a considerable amount of
opinion in the German press. The Socialistische Democrat, which
was the official newspaper of the German Social Democrat Party,
published an article on the 29th of September in 1949 — with your in-
dulgence I will quote from it :
For soine time two groups are leading a fight against each other at RIAS, a
fight which can only end with the complete shelving of one of them. The leader
of one of the groups is the director, Mr. Heimlich, who expressed his desire to
resign. He is known as supporting the policy which so far has heen followed
by RIAS. The representative of the other group is Herr Hans Meyer, who
worked in Berlin as a Communist hefore 1933 and belonged to the Communist
Party of Germany. For some time Mr. Meyer has been recommending a change
in the present political attitude of RIAS to be more tolerant and conciliatory
toward the Soviets and the SED —
that is the Socialistische Einheits Partie, which simply means the
Communist Party of Eastern Germany.
That is one thing.
In July of 1950 the chairman of the Free German Party, a con-
servative party, Karl Rudolf Schwenicke, made the following state-
ments :
RIAS now enormously impresses one as having had its sharp aggressive anti-
Soviet programs curtailed by higher authority. This weak conduct in the face
of the increasing Communist terror in the Soviet Zone is bringing sharp criti-
cism from the German side. It is incomprehensible that RIAS should no longer
name the Soviets but only the German Communist Party.
There were numerous other articles of a similar nature.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you hear questions earlier of the witness who
preceded you respecting certain reports of complaints about material
deleted from broadcasts over RIAS ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, that was brought to my attention when I be-
came director of RIAS.
Mr. Sourwine. You knew about those complaints at that time?
Air. Heimlich. Yes, sir. These complaints had occurred before I
came in, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. The fact that they had occurred then was what was
brought to your attention?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know what happened to Mr. Yon Yarady?
1550 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir. He is presently a newspaperman in Ber-
lin, Germany. He has a column in several newspapers, and is a cor-
respondent for West Zone papers.
Mr. Sourwine. Still an anti- Communist?
Mr. Heimlich. Very violently so, yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Could he be the man Mr. Lewis referred to as hav-
ing given a 5-minute commentary ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you ever told by Mr. Lewis to cut Mr. Von
Varady's salary ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. And you refused to do so ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. What was his salary at the time ?
Mr. Heimlich. His salary was about what it is now. It was about
the equivalent of nine to ten thousand American dollars a year.
Mr. Sourwine. Nine to ten thousand American dollars a year ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir ; which is very low in comparison to Ameri-
can salaries, but is about equitable when compared to comparable jobs
in West German stations.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you remember, sir, the statement by Mr. Lewis
that you had printed a story about the removal of the 40,000 radio
station from Berlin in the magazine Common Sense ?
Mr. Heimlich. I never heard of the magazine Common Sense. I
printed such a story in the Freeman on November 27, 1950. A copy
of it is here. The Freeman is a conservative, intellectual magazine.
Mr. Sourwine. Would you let the committee have that magazine,
sir.
Mr. Heimlich. With pleasure, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Lewis testified, Mr. Heimlich — you probably
heard me read it to him :
For quite a few years I was more than concerned about that and wanted ta
establish a multilingual station in Germany.
Do you have any knowledge as to when Mr. Lewis first proposed the
establishment of a multilingual station in Germany ?
Mr. Heimlich. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you hear me read to Mr. Lewis his testimony
about consulting with you with respect to the 40-kilowatt transmitter ?
Mr. Heimlich. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Does that testimony comport with your own recol-
lection ?
Mr. Heimlich. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Can you say that testimony was wrong?
Mr. Heimlich. I can say that to my best recollection — and I have
a very good memory in such things — I was never informed of the
removal of that transmitter until my chief engineer told me about it.
Mr. Sourwine. You heard me read to Mr. Lewis his testimony :
I never had remote control of the station, I felt, well, it was my baby, and
I worked with it all of the time.
Is that factual?
Mr. Heimlich. In a sense, but actually not in fact.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Lewis for a time exercised his control over
the station from some 200 miles away ; is that right?
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1551
Mr. Heimlich. Well, yes, sir. And before January of 1948 he
exercised it through control officers, none of whom had ever had any
experience whatever in radio. And then afterward, of course, from
remote control in Western Germany.
Mr. Sourwine. I have no more questions of this witness, Mr.
Chairman.
The Chairman. Senator Jenner.
Senator Jenner. I have no questions.
The Chairman. You may stand aside.
Who is your next witness ?
Mr. Sourwine. Amos Landman.
The Chairman. Do you solemnly swear that the testimony you
are about to give the Internal Security Subcommittee of the Com-
mittee on the Judiciary of the United States Senate shall be the truth,
the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God ?
Mr. Landman. I do.
TESTIMONY OF AMOS LANDMAN, NEW YORK, N. Y., ACCOMPANIED
BY DAVID REIN, COUNSEL
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Landman, you appeared before this committee
on a previous date ?
Mr. Landman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. You are accompanied by counsel today, the same
counsel who was here at that time ?
Mr. Landman . That is correct.
Mr. Sourwine. Subsequent to your appearance here on that pre-
vious occasion, did you give the Providence Journal-Bulletin
Mr. Landman. I decline to answer, sir, on the ground of possible
self-incrimination.
Mr. Sourwine. I will read you, Mr. Landman, an article which ap-
peared in the Providence. R. I. — I beg your pardon; this is an AP
story about it :
# Providence, R. I., June 2 (AP). — Amos Landman, former newspaper and
radio reporter, who has refused to tell a Senate subcommittee whether he had
ever been a Communist, told the Providence Journal-Bulletin he took that
course so he would not be compelled to turn "informer' on others. In a tele-
phone interview from his home in New York, Landman said: "The youthful
Communists I knew 15 years ago have long since quit the party, married, reared
children, bought homes, and assumed responsible positions. They never en-
gaged in subversion. To subject them to what I have gone through would be
despicable." He reported that shortly after he returned to work yesterday at
the headquarters of the National Municipal League, of which he had been pub-
licity director, his resignation was requested. "Apparently I am retired," he
said. Landman was identified earlier this week as a Communist Party member
by Winston Burdett, Columbia Broadcasting System correspondent.
Does that AP story, Mr. Landman, substantially relate what hap-
pened ?
Mr. Landman. I decline to answer, sir, for the reason I have given.
Mr. Sourwine. And did you, Mr. Landman, make the statement to
anyone over the telephone or otherwise for publication substantially
to the effect that you took the course you took before this committee —
meaning that you claimed your privilege against self-incrimination
under the fifth amendment — so that you would not be compelled to
"turn informer" on others ?
1552 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Landman. I respectfully decline to answer, sir, for the same
reason.
Mr. Sourwine. Was that, Mr. Landman, the reason why you claimed
your privilege under the fifth amendment and refused to answer ques-
tions before us, did you. do that because you did not want to be com-
pelled to turn informer on others ?
Mr. Landman. May I have the question read to me ?
Mr. Sourwine. I asked you if it is the fact that when you refused
to testify before this committee in response to certain questions and
took the fifth amendment, that you did that so that you would not be
compelled to turn informer against others ?
Mr. Landman. I declined to answer questions because it was my
constitutional privilege, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. That is correct. That is what you stated. But,
when you stated that, did you. state it for the reason that you did
not wish to become an informer against others ?
Mr. Landman. I decline to answer on the basis of my constitutional
privilege, Mr. Sourwine.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Landman, you are assured that your constitu-
tional privilege is personal to you, that when you claim the fifth
amendment you may claim it only because you fear that if you truth-
fully answer the question it might form at least a link in a chain to
incriminate you, that you may not do so for the sake of protecting
others.
I believe, Mr. Chairman, that this witness must either disavow the
statement that he made for public relations reasons, or else he is in
contempt of this committee in refusing to testify in response to the
questions that were asked him.
I first believe, sir, that the witness must answer the question as to
whether his refusal was bona fide and whether he claimed his privilege
because of fear for himself, or whether he claimed it because he did
not want to inform against others.
The Chairman. Ask the question.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you, sir, claim the privilege against self-in.-
crimination because you, yourself, feared that a truthful answer to
those questions might tend to incriminate you, or did you claim it be-
cause you did not want to inform on other persons?
The Chairman. You are ordered on penalty of contempt of the
Senate to answer that question.
Mr. Landman. I claimed my privilege, Mr. Chairman, because I
feared that my answers might tend to incriminate me.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, the youthful Communists, as you described
them in your statement to the Providence newspaper, included Nat
Einhorn, didn't they ?
Mr. Landman. I decline to answer that, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. You refused to answer a question about Nat Ein-
horn, didn't you, whether you knew him as a Communist?
Mr. Landman. I did reluse to answer that question.
Mr. Sourwine. You refused to answer a question as to whether you
knew Milton Kaufman was a Communist, didn't you?
Mr. Landman. That is true.
Mr. Sourwine. Was he a youthful Communist too ?
Mr. Landman. I decline to answer, sir, for the same reason.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1553
Mr. Sourwine. You refused to answer a question as to whether John
W. Powell was a Communist, didn't you ?
Air. Landman. I believe I said that I didn't know. My recollection
is that I said I had no knowledge as to whether he was or not.
Mr. Sourwine. Is that the truth to the best of your knowledge and
belief, you did not know and do not know now whether John W.
Powell was a Communist?
Mr. Landman. That is certainly to the best of my knowledge.
Mr. Sourwine. You met him overseas ?
Mr. Landman. Correct.
Mr. Sourwine. You testified to that ?
Mr. Landman. I did.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, if before this committee on a previous oc-
casion you testified and refused to answer a question as to whether
vou knew Mr. Powell as a Communist, do you now say that you did
not then honestly fear that a truthful answer to that question would
tend to incriminate you?
Mr. Landman. If you recall, sir, I took the privilege when you
asked me that question in the executive session. And at the public
session I told you that after consultation with my attorney I was
prepared to answer the question, which I then did, and I will answer
it again now if you wish me to.
Mr. Sourwine. You have no knowledge, and have never had any
knowledge, as to whether John W. Powell was a member of the
Communist Party ?
Mr. Landman. I haven't the slightest idea.
Mr. Sourwine. Then he definitely was not one of the Communists
you were trying to protect, was he?
Mr. Landman. I was trying to protect myself, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you, sir, while you were in Taipeh, Formosa,
file any stories to the New York Herald Tribune ?
Mr. Landman. I did.
Mr. Sourwine. Did vou ever claim to have a connection with the
Herald Tribune ?
Mr. Landman. Claim to who ? I don't think I understand you.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you ever seek credentials as a correspondent
for the Herald Tribune?
Mr. Landman. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you refer to yourself as a correspondent for the
Herald Tribune ?
Mr. Landman. I may have told people that I contributed from
time to time to the Herald Tribune, which I did.
Mr. Sourwine. Was it generally known that you were writing for
the Herald Tribune?
Mr. Landman. Generally known? I don't think anything was
generally known about me there, I certainly was not a person many
people in Taipeh knew.
Mr. Sourwine. What was your arrangement with the Herald
Tribune? Were you employed by that paper?
Mr. Landman. No, sir. I contributed on a free-lance basis.
Mr. Sourwine. They sometimes used your stories?
Mr. Landman. They did.
Air. Sourwine. About how often ?
1554 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Landman. My recollection is that they used perhaps 25 stories
over a period of approximately a year.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know that the Chinese Nationalist Gov-
ernment in 1950 had prepared a cable asking the Herald Tribune to
recall you ?
Mr. Landman. No, I know nothing about that.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know that the content of that cable had
leaked to correspondents in Taipeh ?
Mr. Landman. No ; this is the first I have heard about it.
Mr. Sourwine. Would you say now that your departure from For-
mosa had nothing to do with that cable, or the leak of that cable?
Mr. Landman. My departure was entirely voluntary, and if there
was such a cable I know nothing at all about it.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you, sir, discuss with Joseph Barnes the publi-
cation of a book you had written ?
Mr. Landman. You asked me about his connection with the book
when I was here before. Thinking about it, it is my impression that
he was not on the staff as an editor of the publisher at that time. I
told you he may have read the manuscript. I am not sure whether he
approved it or disapproved it, if he did read it.
Mr. Sourwine. The question is, Did you ever discuss with Joseph
Barnes the publication of a book you had written ?
Mr. Landman. We may have had several conversations. My recol-
lection is not very firm on that, however.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Landman, did you ever apply for employment
with the Central Intelligence Agency ?
Mr. Landman. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Landman, when you went to Formosa, when,
where, and how did you enter?
Mr. Landman. I went from Hong Kong to Formosa by plane
Mr. Sourwine. Private airplane?
Mr. Landman. No. It was a commercial line, Commercial Air
Transport was the name of the line. This was in the spring or early
summer of 1950.
Mr. Sourwine. Where did you spend your first night in Formosa ?
Mr. Landman. I beg your pardon ?
Mr. Sourwine. Where did you spend your first night in Formosa ?
Mr. Landman. I am not sure. I spent it either at a place called
the Friends of China Club, which was sort of a hotel, or I may have
spent it with a friend ; I don't recall which it was.
Mr. Sourwine. What friend?
Mr. Landman. Albert Ravenholt.
Mr. Sourwine. Spell it.
Mr. Landman. R-a-v-e-n-h-o-l-t.
Mr. Sourwine. What official procedure did you go through in con-
nection with your arrival in Formosa ?
Mr. Landman. I explained, there was no consular establishment of
the Chinese National Government in Hong Kong, so that what I did
was to discuss the matter of a visa with the representative of the air-
line which took me there. And the airline has personnel in both
Taipeh and Hong Kong, and they went — as I recall this, I think they
made the application in my behalf after taking certain information
such as the passport number, and so on, and made the application for
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1555
a visa to the proper authorities, and in due course I was advised that
a visa would be awaiting me when I arrived in Taipeh, which is pre-
cisely what happened.
Mr. Sourwine. My question was, what official procedure did you go
through in connection with your arrival in Formosa ?
Mr. Landman. After I arrived?
Mr. Sourwine. Yes.
Mr. Landman. After I arrived there was an immigration or secu-
rity officer of some kind on hand at the airport, he asked me for my
passport, and such other credentials as may have been demanded, he
stamped my passport, and I was admitted to the island. That is about
all there was to that.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you ever apply for employment on the New
York Times?
Mr. Landman. Yes, I did.
Mr. Sourwine. Whom did you see ?
Mr. Landman. I saw Mr. Lester Markel, the Sunday editor.
Mr. Sourwine. Anyone else ?
Mr. Landman. I think on one of the occasions when I applied he
referred me to his assistant, Mr. Schwartz.
Mr. Sourwine. Anyone else ?
Mr. Landman. Also on a different occasion I wrote a letter to the
city editor of the Times seeking employment.
Mr. Sourwine. Who was that ?
Mr. Landman. Mr. Frank Adams.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you ever obtain employment on any of those
occasions?
Mr. Landman. No, sir — oh, there is one other occasion which
slipped my mind. I applied and received employment as an office
boy, I had a summer job there in the summer of 1933 or 1934.
Mr. Sourwine. What did Mr. Markel tell you when you applied
for a job there?
Mr. Landman. He told me there was none.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you ever apply for a job to Mr. John Desmond
of the New York Times ?
Mr. Landman. Yes, I also spoke to Mr. Desmond.
Mr. Sourwine. Was that on the same occasion ?
Mr. Landman. It was on one of these occasions.
Mr. Sourwine. What did Mr. Desmond tell you ?
Mr. Landman. He said that the final authority rested in Mr. Markel.
Mr. Sourwine. So you talked to Mr. Desmond first, and afterward
to Mr. Markel, is that right?
Mr. Landman. I talked to Mr. Desmond a number of times. I
can't say that I recall who came first.
Mr. Sourwine. I have no more questions of this witness, Mr. Chair-
man. I ask that he be excused.
Senator Jenner (now presiding). If there are no more questions,
the committee will stand in recess until 10 : 30 tomorrow morning.
(Whereupon, at 4 p. m., the committee recessed, to reconvene at
10 : 30 a. m., Thursday, July 14, 1955.)
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Recruiting for Espionage
THURSDAY, JULY 14, 1955
United States Senate,
Subcommittee To Investigate the
Administration of the Internal Security
Act and Other Internal Security Laws,
of the Committee of the Judiciary,
Washington, D. G.
The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10 : 45 a. m., in the caucus
room, Senate Office Building, Senator James O. Eastland (chairman
of the subcommittee) presiding.
Present : Senators Eastland and Jenner.
Also present: J. G. Sourwine, chief counsel; Alva C. Carpenter,
associate counsel; Benjamin Mandel, director of research.
The Chairman. The committee will come to order.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Ansel Talbert.
TESTIMONY OF ANSEL TALBERT, NEW YORK
The Chairman. Do you solemnly swear the testimony you will
give will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth,
so help you God ?
Mr. Talbert. I do.
Mr. Sourwine. Would you give the reporter your full name, please?
Mr. Talbert. Ansel E. Talbert.
Mr. Sourwine. And your address?
Mr. Talbert. Penthouse No. 3, 333 East 43d Street.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Talbert, where are you employed?
Mr. Talbert. By the New York Herald Tribune, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. In what capacity?
Mr. Talbert. As military and aviation editor.
Mr. Sourwine. Are you a pilot ?
Mr. Talbert. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Are you a flier?
Mr. Talbert. I have done a great deal of flying, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Tell us where you did some of your flying. Were
you in the war?
Mr. Talbert. Yes ; I served in the war for 4^2 years, almost entirely
as a combat intelligence officer. I was mostly in the European
theater. I was in the 8th Air Force and I also served on the Con-
tinent.
1557
1558 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
In the 8th Air Force I was chief of liaison and special reports for
the Directorate of Intelligence.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you wounded?
Mr. Talbert. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you decorated?
Mr. Talbert. I received the Air Force Commendation Ribbon, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you serving in Korea in 1950?
Mr. Talbert. Yes ; I was in Tokyo and Korea from a period about
3 weeks after the start of the Korean war until April 1951.
Mr. Sourwine. In what capacity ?
Mr. Talbert. I was in charge, first, of the Tokyo War Bureau of the
New York Herald Tribune and I flew a number of missions over
Korea. During this period I later went to Korea to be a war cor-
respondent in the field.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, were you in Korea in December of 1950 ?
Mr. Talbert. Yes, sir, I was.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you remember an incident which involved F-86
aircraft, Sabrejets ?
Mr. Talbert. Yes, sir ; I remember it very well.
Mr. Sourwine. Will you tell us about it, please ?
Mr. Talbert. I had been in Korea since early in December, accord-
ing to my recollection, although I may have left the last part of
November from Tokyo to go to Korea.
During this period, the early part of December 1950, our armies
were in very bad shape. The Chinese Communists had suddenly come
in, we were being defeated everywhere and, as a matter of fact, there
was some question as to whether we would be able to stay in Korea.
It was about the 12th of December; I was up in Seoul and I was
making trips up farther north to the front from time to time. I
heard a rumor that the biggest airbase, in fact the only airbase which
we had in the north, which was Kimpo Airfield outside of Seoul
about 10 or 12 miles, was being evacuated; and as a matter of fact,
according to this rumor, fuel dumps and housing out there were
being burned and blown up.
The New York Herald Tribune had no transport of its own — as a
matter of fact, very few outfits did — and the Associated Press had
been extremely kind in lending me a jeep or in letting me get aboard
some of their jeeps if they were going somewhere where I wanted to go.
On this particular occasion, this December 12 occasion, I ran into
a young Associated Press correspondent named Bill Bernard, who
is now chief of the Dallas Bureau of the Associated Press. He had
also heard this rumor and he also was going to Kimpo Airfield. I
got aboard his jeep and we made the trip out to Kimpo. When we
arrived, we found that Kimpo was still very much in operation al-
though there had been some destruction of housing units out there.
As a matter of fact, we found that the Air Force had a press tent
set up on Kimpo Airfield which was being run by a captain named
Sanky Trimble, who was an old Associated Press man and, as a
matter of fact, had been recalled specifically to do Air Force public
relations in Korea.
He was returned to inactive duty about a year later, I understand,
and I believe he is now chief ot the Associated Press bureau in
Albuquerque, though I am not certain on this point.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1559
Should I continue, sir?
Mr. Sottrwine. Go ahead.
Mr. Talbert. We talked with Sanky, the two of us, Bill Bernard
and I, for a short time. I recall getting some material for a feature
story about a GI who had set up a recording system there to play
Christmas carols.
And I just happened to look up after I had been there for some
time. Overhead I saw a swept- wing jet fighter over the field, very
fast. This caused me to blink in surprise because, to the best of my
knowledge, there were no swept- wing jet fighters in Korea or in the
entire theater of operation.
I said, "That looks like an F-86, but it couldn't be." I watched this
F-86 circle the field, make an approach, and land. And then I rushed
out to see what was happening. I was followed by Bernard, by Cap-
tain Trimble and various enlisted personnel from the press tent there.
As a matter of fact, one of the personnel was an Air Force photog-
rapher who snapped a picture which I have here when this event took
place — in other words, when this first pilot whom I'd seen, got out
of his plane and stepped down.
Mr. Sourwine. You say the first pilot. Was there more than one
aircraft ?
Mr. Talbert. Yes, sir; he was followed by his wingman, I believe
about 10 or 15 minutes later and also by — I am not sure as to the exact
number, but at least two other F-86's.
Mr. Sottrwine. Go ahead.
Mr. Talbert. The pilot of the first jet which I had seen go over
the field fast turned out to be Col. John C. Meyer, who was the ace
of aces in World War II. I believe he destroyed 37 or 38 enemy air-
craft, which was more than any pilot of any of the American armed
services.
I knew Colonel Meyer personally very well. As a matter of fact
he and I had both been commanders of Air Service Post 501 of the
American Legion, which is a post composed exclusively of pilots and
airmen of the Armed Forces of the United States of every war since
the Mexican border.
I also knew, from my experience as an aeronautical correspondent
at the time, or previous to my coming to Korea, that Colonel Meyer
was in command of the famous 4th Fighter Group, which contained
most, or not most but a great many of the aces of World War II and
was considered the crack fighter outfit of the entire Air Force.
I was greatly surprised to see Colonel Meyer there and also to see
the F-86's. I asked Colonel Meyer and also Captain Trimble if it
was possible to write anything about the arrival, as did Mr. Bernard.
We were told that under no circumstances could anything be writ-
ten at this time.
We asked when it might be possible to write something about this,
because this was a big story, and actually was the first good news which
the allied or the United Nations forces in Korea had had in the last
month, and we were told by Captain Trimble that the usual rule of
thumb was when an aircraft had been in combat and the enemy very
definitely knew that it was in combat it was possible to write about it.
I had done a story on the first combat of the F-84's, which is a fighter-
bomber, a jet fighter-bomber, as opposed to the F-86, which was pri-
1560 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
marily an interceptor, and this was a rule which had been followed
on that occasion. It was possible to print the story after the combat
had taken place.
It was agreed that none of us would say anything to anybody about
this. Bill Bernard and I agreed to check with each other, however,
and Captain Trimble agreed to inform us when it might be possible
to print this story.
I went back to Seoul — as a matter of fact, made another trip up to
the front and, as I recall, on the evening of December 16, very late,
I received a telephone call at the press billet in Seoul from Captain
Trimble.
Captain Trimble said, "You be out in front of the press billets tomor-
row morning very early, we will pick you up, because the thing that
you are interested in is going to happen."
I checked with Bill Bernard that night and I found that he had
received the same message, and I went to bed and got up early.
The next morning I went out in front of the press billets and there
was a small convoy there consisting of several Air Force personnel.
There also were a number of other newspapermen there, which sur-
prised me greatly because I had assumed that, up to this time, that
Bill Bernard and I were to have the exclusive rights to this story
since we had been the first to see it.
I don't recall the names of all the other newspapermen. I recall
very distinctly that all the wire services were represented. I believe
that the United Press man was a fellow named Doc Shackel forth,1 but
I can't be completely sure of that. I don't remember the name of the
INS man, and it is my very distinct impression that there was another
fellow there from the Scripps-Howard or one of the other big syn-
dicates.
I would like to go back a bit, sir, if I may.
The Chairman. Proceed.
Mr. Talbert. And explain what happened next.
When I first came to Tokyo, several months before, I found that my
opposite number in charge of the New York Times bureau was a fellow
whom I had known many years and, as a matter of fact, admired
greatly as a newspaperman, Lindsay Parratt, of the New York Times.
He was my, you might say, cutthroat competitor, but we had been
on very friendly terms.
As a matter of fact, when I had been ill a few weeks before in
Tokyo, Lindsay had sent his wife over with a quart of orange juice
to the hospital not once but on several occasions, and I just wanted
to make clear that we were on a personally friendly basis.
A short time later, other personnel of the New York Times began
arriving, and among these was a newspaperman named Charles
Grutzner.
To the best of my knowledge I had never known Grutzner at any
time before. I recall vaguely having seen him somewhere before, per-
haps on an assignment in New York, but I am quite sure we had never
talked or known each other personally.
Grutzner, shortly after his arrival, approached me and asked me if
I would have dinner with him, which I did at the Tokyo Press Club.
1 See telegrams at end of Talbert testimony, p. 1569.
STRATEGY AXD TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1561
I think we had dinner on one other occasion. Then, as was the custom
in the Far Eastern theater, he went to Korea.
I would like to explain that the usual procedure was for a corre-
spondent, because of the extremely rough conditions in Korea, to go up
to the front in Korea for perhaps a week or 10 days and then come
hack to Tokyo to recuperate strength and get some good food, and then
go over again, so that there was a constant shuttling back and forth
between Tokyo and Seoul and the front line, all over the front line, of
personnel of all the services.
I recall, just before going to Korea myself on this trip on which I
saw the F-86?s, I recall very distinctly asking Lindsay Parratt,
"What's happened to Charlie Grutzner?"
And Lindsey told me, in some embarrassment, that Grutzner was
having some difficulties. He said that Grutzner felt that he had
been promised that he could come home by Christmas and, as a matter
of fact, had insisted that the Times had made this promise to him
before he left for the Far Eastern theater. He said that he, that is,
Lindsay Parratt, had no knowledge of any such agreement and that
he had asked Grutzner to go back to Korea and that any such promise
had to be worked out between Grutzner and whoever had made the
promise back in New York.
When I got to Korea I was living in the press billets, which was
also the center of the war room and the briefing room and the Army
teletype, which was the usual method of sending messages back to
Tokyo.
A very few correspondents lived in a hotel there, the only really
decent hotel in Seoul, which was called the Chosen Hotel. And Grutz-
ner was living there.
There were daily briefings at the press billets in the room adjoining
the place where most of the correspondents slept, and I very seldom,
in fact never, recall seeing Grutzner at any of these briefings, except
one.
On this occasion he seemed in a very depressed state of mind and,
as a matter of fact, mentioned this matter of him going home by
Christmas. He also said that he had received a cable from the New
York Times something to the effect that the Herald Tribune "is
beating you on stories." And that he had replied that he wanted to
come home, and I recall very distinctly that he said he added in this
message, "I'm no Homer Bigart."
I also recall very distinctly hearing from other correspondents that
Grutzner was in a very depressed state of mind and, as a matter of
fact, very seldom went out of the Chosen Hotel.
On this particular morning when we were going out to Kimpo
Airfield, upon seeing that Bill Bernard and I were not going to have
an exclusive, that all the wire services were represented, I suddenly,
for some reason, thought of Grutzner and I frankly felt very sorry
for him in his situation and I recall saying to the person who was
in charge of this little convoy : "You got everybody else in the act, why
don't we get Grutzner out here?"
Well, they were willing to do this and the convoy, after it loft the
press billets, went to the Chosen Hotel. I personally went into the
Chosen Hotel, got Grutzner out of bed and told him, "You better
get dressed and be outside in less than 10 minutes," because we were
not going to wait for him.
1562 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Grutzner asked what the reason was and I said, "It's a story that
has to do with the arrival of F-86's and all the wire services are going
to have it. I will have it. It certainly is going to be a page 1, possibly
the lead story, if we can break the story."
Grutzner didn't ask any further questions, got dressed, came out,
and joined the convoy.
We then proceeded to Kimpo Airfield. At Kimpo Airfield we
immediately went into the press tent, which was under the control of
Capt. Sanky Trimble.
I had the story fairly well in mind, I mean about the Fourth Fighter
Group and who was in command and so forth, and the other corre-
spondents began questioning Sanky Trimble, who was there to answer
such questions and who gave them all the information which they
needed.
There was no formal briefing, however, at this time. It was simply
a matter of question and answer.
We went outside and watched the F-86's take off, then proceed
toward the Yalu.
Mr. Sourwine. Were you told at that time what their mission was ?
What they sought to accomplish ?
Mr. Talbert. The statement was made that they hoped to clobber
the enemy. At this time the details of the mission, and at no previous
time, were the details, the specific details, revealed. I later learned
the full details of this mission from my — I mean, after I got back
from Korea, I later learned the full details of the mission and, as a
matter of fact, have discussed them on many occasions with Colonel
Meyer, who as a matter of fact served as my best man when I got
married.
So we watched the F-86's go toward the Yalu border. I remember
very distinctly that the F-86's, which is their specific characteristic
at low altitude, leave a very greasy tail of smoke, and I recall remark-
ing : "I hope the enemy doesn't notice that."
They proceeded out of sight toward the Yalu and we then sat down
to amuse ourselves. We waited, I would estimate, perhaps 4 hours
there on the field at Kimpo, waiting for the F-86's to come back.
Finally, they did come back, it's my recollection, in the early or
perhaps the midafternoon. One of the F-86's did a victory roll over
the field, which meant to my knowledge that he thought he had scored
a victory over the enemy, and all of us were elated because we thought
this meant we might be able to release the story.
As soon as all the F-86's had landed, the pilots proceeded immedi-
ately to the intelligence office, to the briefing office, and also to the
interrogation office for a full interrogation by intelligence.
We were there for perhaps 5 minutes when the chief intelligence
officer said, "I would appreciate it if all the correspondents would
leave," which we immediately did and went back to Captain Trimble's
tent.
We waited there, I would estimate, for perhaps an hour or an hour
and a half. It may have been longer; I wasn't particularly watching
my watch. And 1 recall that Captain Trimble left the tent several
times to check and see what was going on and came back and said,
"They're still talking."
Finally he came back with a rather sad expression and said, "I have
got bad news for you fellows, you can't release the story."
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1563
The Chairman. Now, who was present in the tent ?
Mr. Talbert. Every correspondent who had made this trip. That
included Bill Bernard, Grutzner, the UP man, if he was Bill Shackel-
forth,1 and anyone else who was in this convoy. We were all there.
I said, "Why not?" because I had seen this victory roll and I re-
called that several weeks before I had been allowed to release a story
of the F-84's as soon as they had distinctly been in combat, and Cap-
tain Trimble said, "It is the very definite feeling of intelligence that
the combat or the encounter which took place was of such a fleeting
nature that the element of surprise, which is part of our tactical plan,
is still with us."
He said, "We feel it is an 80 to 20 chance that the enemy definitely
does not know that there are F-86's in the theater," and he said,
"Furthermore, we have specifically checked this with General Strate-
meyer's headquarters and General Stratemeyer concurs very strongly."
The Chairman. Concurs very strongly in what ?
Mr. Talbert. In the decision of intelligence not to release the fact
to the newspapers or I should say rather not to allow the newspapers
to break the story.
I said, "Sanky, I don't doubt your word in any way, but I would
like personally to talk to General Stratemeyer, if possible," and Sanky
said, "I will be glad to arrange that for you."
He then called General Stratemeyer's headquarters on the tele-
phone. After some conversation, which I didn't hear, he turned to me
and I was in this group of correspondents who were there in the tent
and he said, "I can't get General Stratemeyer or his chief of staff but
I have got General William Nuchols here on the telephone."
I also was personally acquainted with General Nuchols — as I don't
recall whether I mentioned, but I also was personally acquainted with
General Stratemeyer — and I felt sure he would give me the straight
thinking on this matter.
I got on the telephone immediately and heard General Nuchols'
voice and I said, "Bill, is this true, that you wish to hold the story that
we are out here on?"
And he said, "Yes; I have just talked to General Stratemeyer on
this matter and he feels extremely strongly on this." He said, "Gen-
eral Stratemeyer, as a matter of fact, has never made a specific request
of the correspondents to hold up a story before ; he has relied on their
good judgment and their word of honor that they would check any
questionable material — by questionable, I meant material involving
security — with the officers in charge of intelligence and public rela-
tions, and on this matter he is 100 percent in accord with the feeling
of intelligence that this story should be held."
He also said that General Stratemeyer had felt so strongly about
this that he was willing to take steps to suppress the story if the cor-
respondents did not go along on it, and he also said that the entire
operation had been classified by Washington as top secret and he did
not feel that General Stratemeyer could release it even if he wanted
to without checking Washington.
I said, "Well, that's good enough for me." And I said, "However,
some of us have put in considerable time on this story and have been
m x See telegrams at end of Talbert's testimony, p. 1569.
598S6 — 55— pt. 16 6
1564 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
sitting on it for some time, and I feel it is only fair that if we pledge
ourselves not to, in any way, release this story, I would like your
personal promise that we will be informed, not as organizations but <m
individuals."
My reason for saying that was, as I think I mentioned before, that
the custom was frequently to go up to the front. Sometimes you
got back very late at night and messages from time to time didn't
reach you, sometimes for 12, 14, and sometimes 24 hours.
Bill' said, "I will agree to that." And I said, "Well, you tell Sanky
Trimble, too."
He talked to Sanky and Sanky said to us all, "I understand the
arrangement and I personally will see that you all are informed when
and if it is possible to release this story."
We then got in our jeeps and went back to Seoul. I had no other
story to get oif at that particular time that was of any urgent nature,
and I recall going out to dinner with Clarence Rhee, who was the
Chief of Information of the Korean Government. I later checked
by the Chosen Hotel and then started on my way home, I believe,
about 11 o'clock at night.
There was a curfew, as I recall, either at 9 or 10 o'clock, and all
GI's and all Koreans were supposed to be on0 the streets by that hour.
I also should mention that recently, that is, within 2 or 3 weeks
before this incident occurred — perhaps not that long ; my recollection
is that it was about 10 days before this — a commercial wireless office
had opened there in Seoul, and it was possible to send for the first
time commercial wireless messages from Seoul directly to the United
States.
I believe that I have mentioned
The Chairman. Were they sent in English or in code?
Mr. Talbert. They were sent in pure English, just like any other
wireless message. It was a commercial outfit, not a military outfit.
My recollection was, it was Press Wireless.
Senator Jenner. You weren't allowed to use the military outfit to
send messages?
Mr. Talbert. Yes, sir; we were allowed to use the Army teletype,
which worked from the press billets where most of us were living,
into Radio Tokyo in Tokyo. However, we had been cautioned, not
once but on a great many occasions, not to use this teletype, because
it was felt that it might not be secure, that it was not a coding in-
strument, and that an enemy operator or an enemy agent might very
easily tap this wire without anyone's knowing it. This had been
expressed a great many times, and as a matter of fact, I recall very
distinctly that Russell Brines, the chief of the AP, had instructed all
AP men not to use this under any circumstances for messages involv-
ing anything that had to do with security.
I also recall that a few days later, when General Walker was killed
in an accident at the front, a British correspondent who did use this
teletype to send a message on General Walker's death was put under
arrest.
The Chairman. Why ?
Mr. Talbert. Well, for violating the Army regulation not to use it.
The Chairman. What was the reason for it?
Mr. Talbert. Because the enemy might well get messages which
were sent over this teletype. The only safe way to send messages
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1565
back which was completely secure was to put them in a pouch and
send them back by courier, which I believe was frequently done — in
fact, I know it was done on a number of occasions by the Herald
Tribune correspondent over there.
The Chairman. Now, did the Army want you to send messages
over the wires ?
Mr. Talbert. No, sir. That had also been brought out, that if the
teletype was insecure the wireless was ten or a hundred times more
insecure.
The Chairman. In other words, the messages sent over that wire-
less were available to the enemy intelligence?
Mr. Talbert. Were potentially available to the enemy intelligence.
It Avas almost certain that the enemy was monitoring all messages,
including military messages. That is a common procedure with all
armies. And it was assumed that there was probably a monitoring
station in Vladivostok, also one in North Korea, and that Russian
submarines in the sea upon surfacing could easily monitor any
message.
The Chairman. Go ahead.
Mr. Talbert. I believe I have recounted my movements from the
time that we got back to about 11 o'clock on the night of, as I recall,
the 17th of December. As I was walking home to the press billets,
which I believe were about a mile or a mile and a half from the
Chosen Hotel, I recall deciding to go down to this new wireless office
and send some messages to my fiancee, and also to my parents, whom I
had not written to for a long time.
This was one of the reasons why this had been set up. They had
this usual procedure there where you could send either a night letter
at a very low rate, or you could send messages where you picked a
number and the number came off the card — in other words, birthday
greetings, and so forth.
I recall that night very well, because I recall it was snowing very
lightly and the snowflakes were falling, and the streets of Seoul were
covered with a light film of snow.
Just about when I reached the Press Wireless office, I saw another
correspondent, another person, I should say, ahead of me. He was
just mounting the steps going into this building. As we went into
the building I recognized Charlie Grutzner of the Times, whom I
think I mentioned was on this story with me and with Bill Bernard
and the rest of the correspondents earlier that day.
I said, "Hello, Charlie. What are you doing up this late?"
He said — to my great amazement — "I have decided to move that
story."
Well, that completely astonished me. It jolted me about as much as
if Grutzner had said, "I am on my way downtown to assassinate
President Rhee," because we had a very distinct, clear agreement as
to how this story was to be handled, there had been no discussion
whatsoever of any variation of this agreement.
Senator Jenner. There were also distinct orders not to use this
commercial wireless?
Mr. Talbert. Yes, sir; that had been stressed many times also in
connection with the teletype.
I recall very distinctly telling Grutzner I was not going to file a story
myself.
1566 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
I also have a recollection of some discussions as to what possible
benefit this would be.
I left out one important detail. Grutzner, when he saw my look
of astonishment, said, "Don't worry, I put a hold on this; they won't
release this until they hear from me."
Well, I didn't have much confidence in this, because I couldn't see
any reason for moving the story, and I frankly was in a sort of mental
turmoil.
I went over to the side to write my own personal message, and I saw
Grutzner hand this copy to the person who was on duty there. I
then saw him leave the building. I went over to this fellow in charge
of the office there, and I said, "Did my friend who was just in here
file something with you?"
And he said, "Yes."
I then began to think about what I should do. Frankly, my first
impulse, since sending a story of this kind by commercial wireless
would be the equivalent of broadcasting it from the Seoul radio sta-
tion— my first impulse was to sit down and write a story of my own.
It was then about 11 o'clock at night, which would be about 9 a. m. —
in other words, 9 o'clock in the morning of the same day in New
York, since Seoul was 14 hours ahead of New York time. And I
had plenty of time to write a story, file it, and make the early bird
edition of the New York Herald Tribune, which I believe is the first
of the morning papers to hit the streets.
I never really seriously considered this, however, because I had
given my word that I would not break the story, and I felt that I
was still bound by it in spite of the fact that it was broken by some-
body else.
I did, however, feel that I should send some sort of a message to
my office informing them that I had an important story that I was
sitting on. And I sat down and wrote a message of about 20 words —
I recall very distinctly writing this and rewriting it perhaps four
times, because I felt that, No. 1, I wanted to send something that if
checked with the Air Force in Washington after any story which
the Times had was broken, might at least be intelligible, and at the
same time I felt that I could not under any circumstances mention the
F-86's, the 4th Fighter Group, any personnel, or even the fact that
American aircraft had been in action.
I finally wrote such a message, which I have here. Should I read it ?
The Chairman. Yes, sir ; read it.
Mr. Talbert. I wrote a message which I felt would, if read by
anybody who did not specifically know the story, suggest Russian
aircraft or Communist aircraft, or conceivably the MIG-15, which
had just made its appearance a few days before. This was sent to
the foreign editor, Herald Tribune, New York. It read:
Have story world's fastest jet fighter in action over Korea but Air Force
says Washington refuses release. Can bureau do nothing query?
And it is signed "Talbert."
The Chairman. Mr. Talbert, wouldn't that be noticed by the enemy
if they were monitoring that wireless? Wouldn't that be notice to
an enemy intelligence agent ?
Mr. Talbert. It might be notice, Senator, but it certainly would
have not conceivably given them — if they had Grutzner's story it
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1567
would not have given them anything which they did not already
know.
On thinking the thing over as I wrote it, I realized that monitoring
was certainly not a matter of 15 minutes on and 15 minutes off. I
also felt certain that as this message was worded, as I have already
pointed out, it could well have referred to a new type of Russian
fighter. I didn't say anything about an American fighter being in
action.
The Chairman. Don't you think that if — you say monitoring is
not 15 minutes on and 15 minutes off — if they had monitored Mr.
Grutzner's story wouldn't your story have been confirmation ?
Mr. Talbert. With all the details of a 1,500- word story and names,
personnel, the fighter outfit in question, and every other detail, I
don't think they would have needed any confirmation, Senator.
The Chairman. All right, sir.
Mr. Talbert. I then went back to the press billets in a considerable
state of agitation, intending to take this up with the Air Force as
soon as possible.
I went to bed after reaching the press billets and finding no one
around whom I could talk to, and I had no idea how to reach anyone
such as Col. Cecil Scott, who was in charge of public relations in the
former Fifth Air Force.
Very early the next morning, a few hours later, my recollection
was it was 6 : 30 in the morning, I was suddenly wakened by Bill
Bernard, the fellow who had been on this story with me on the first
occasion, when we dug up this F-86 story out at Kimpo about a week
before. He shook me and awakened me, and his first words were,
"That so-and-so Grutzner doubledcrossed us all. The AP has just
gotten a rocket on the story that we have all been holding."
I jumped out of bed and called Grutzner on the telephone and I
said, "Your story is the lead story in the Times this morning, what
have you got to say about that" ?
Grutzner kept repeating something to the effect, "I didn't mean
to doublecross you fellows," and so forth.
I was extremely interested to find out what exactly had happened.
And I immediately then called General Stratemeyer's headquarters.
This time I was able to get General Stratemeyer in person, and I
said, "General, most of us," I said — "a group of correspondents has
been sitting on a story about the F-86, we were promised specifically
by the Air Force that this story when releasable would be released
to us personally." And I said, "somebody" — somehow the story had
gotten out, I did not go into details, because for all I knew somebody
had released the story, in fact I had no knowledge but what somebody
in Washington had released it or announced it.
General Stratemeyer said, "I don't know how this happened, but
I am going to make a personal investigation, because I regard this
as one of the greatest security breaches of the war." He said, "If
any military personnel are found involved in this I will see that they
are summarily court-martialed." And he said, "I am going to con-
duct this investigation personally."
I then went back to the press billets, and I went up to the briefing
room, and Colonel Scott was there in person.
I should mention that there were signs pasted around the cor-
1568 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
respondents' room which said that "Neither telephone nor wire should
be used to transmit a hold story about the F-86 to Tokyo for future
release." That was to keep the story and all its details bottled up
there.
The Chairman. Where was that?
Mr. Talbert. That was in the press billets where we lived and
where there also was a briefing room, and where also, let us say, the
head of the teletype, the Korean end of the Army teletype, was located,
so that you could write a story there, you could sleep there, you
could attend a briefing there, and you could also give your copy to
an operator.
I then sat down and wrote a complete report of what had hap-
pened to the New York Herald Tribune, and then followed it up
by writing a story that General Stratemeyer was conducting an in-
vestigation, with some of the details which I had already related,
plus the fact that the story had not been broken by any of the wire
services.
I received a wire from Frank Kelley, who was then the foreign
editor of the New York Herald Tribune, which was sent by way of
Press Wireless, and it was dated December 18, which was the day —
in other words, the day which we had been to Kimpo Airfield to
watch the 86's go into action.
Should I read this wire?
The Chairman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Talbert. It was addressed to me personally at PIO GHQ FEC.
and it said :
Use your Stratemeyer piece for Tuesday stop appreciate you kept the faith and
did not break the release regards Kelley.
I never saw Grutzner after that incident, to the best of my knowl-
edge, from then until now, except on one occasion I was passing the
Times and I believe I saw him coming out the door.
I have discussed this matter with Col. Cecil Scott, who was the
5th Air Force PIO, and I believe is now on duty in Washington ; I
have discussed it with General Stratemeyer; and I have discussed it
with Col. John C. Meyer on a number of occasions.
About a year ago I ran into Austin Stevens of the New York
Times — it may have been a little longer. We were on the same
assignment, and somehow this matter of the release came up, and I
remember discussing it with Austin Stevens. And Austin Stevens
said, "You know, that story actually was released by somebody in
the Pentagon, it came in on a weekend, and I checked it with the
Pentagon and I got a release in about 20 minutes." He said, "I had
no idea of any security on the other side involved. There was nothing
in the story to indicate that. And the story was just handled as a
routine story coming back from Korea."
That is about the story, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Talbert, did Mr. Grutzner at any time give you
or offer to give you a black sheet, that is, a carbon copy of his story
with regard to this matter ?
Mr. Talbert. No, sir, he at no time offered or suggested giving me
a carbon copy. As a matter of fact, he had never heard of this
story until the morning we went out on that day, December 17, to see
the F-86's go off. He was certainly not an expert on aeronautical
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1569
matters. And I had been covering aviation and some military news
for a number of years previous to this incident. It would have been
rather ridiculous if he had done so. I want to repeat, he had never
done it, and never did.
Mr. Sourwine. Did Mr. Grutzner urge you to file this story ?
Mr. Talbert. No, sir, he did not urge me to file the story, he simply
confronted me with the fact that — as I say, as we walked into this
wireless station, he suddenly confronted me with the fact that he had
written the story and was going to file it at that moment, He never
made any suggestions as to what I should do about this matter. And
as I have already said, there had been no previous discussion of any
kind relating to 'how the story was to be handled, except the pledge
which we had made to Sanky Trimble and General Nuckols, in return
for an Air Force pledge to notify us all about this story when it was
releasable.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you and Mr. Grutzner and the AP man and the
UP man have any agreement about filing this story with a hold or for
clearance in Washington, or in any other way ?
Mr. Talbert. No, sir ; we specifically had not made such an agree-
ment. As a matter of fact, we had been specifically told not to. And
1 had the distinct impression when we left the tent that everyone was
abiding by that agreement ; there was no further discussion after my
telephone call to General Nuckols, which was confirmed on the spot
by Captain Trimble, and which everyone assented to there in the press
tent at Kimpo Airfield. There was no discussion of any kind to my
knowledge after that.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Talbert, Mr. Grutzner has testified that the AP
and the UP men filed the story to their Tokyo offices for relay to the
mainland of the United States. Do you have any knowledge with
regard to that?
Mr. Talbert. No, sir, I have no knowledge whatsoever. And I
think it is rather unlikely, in view of the fact that Bill Bernard, of
the AP, who wrote the story, was in a great state of agitation, and,
I might say, anger, when he woke me up a few hours after Grutzner
had put this story on press release — or at the wire release, I should
say.
Mr. Sourwine. You say k'who wrote the story." What do you
mean by that?
Mr. Talbert. He was the fellow who was on the entire deal. He
was the fellow who handled the story.
Mr. Sourwine. Had he written it, to your knowledge?
Mr. Talbert. I don't think so. If he had I had no knowledge of it.
Mr. Sourwine. I have no further questions of this witness, Mr.
Chairman.
Senator Jenner. No questions.
The Chairman. We thank you, Mr. Talbert.
(The following telegrams relative to the Sabrejet incident were
later ordered into the record by Chairman Eastland:)
New York, N. Y., July 14, 1955.
Senator James O. Eastland,
Senate Office Building:
Following is an exact and complete copy of memorandum wired on July 8 to
the New York Times by Glenn Stackhouse, the United Press correspondent who
filed the Sabrejet story from Seoul to the UP bureau in Tokyo on December 17,
1950, same day Grutzner filed his to New York, subject to Pentagon clearance.
1570 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Stackhouse is now UP bureau chief in San Francisco. He is on vacation.
His borne phone in San Leandro, Calif., is Sweetwood 85890. Since the wired
memo was not clear on what means of communication Stackhouse used on Seoul-
to-Tokyo filing, Grutzner telephoned him on July 11. Stackhouse said he used
telephone, as on his other stories.
Stackhouse said also that he put no restrictions on any use the Times or Grutr-
ner might want to make of this statement — all or any part of it.
The wired memorandum follows :
"San Leandro, Calif., July 8, 1955.
"Turner Catledge,
Managing Editor, Times, New York:
"Pursuant my phone conversation with Charlie Grutzner, following are some-
what hazy recollections of December 1950, Sabrejet story filed from Kimpo
Airfield.
"Recall I inflying from Japan to Kimpo, arriving day Sabres first landed
Korea. Talbert of Her-Trib present and possibly Bernard of Associated, but
Grutzner not there. Air Force gave us background handouts on Sabres but in-
formed story not releasable until Sabres had contacted enemy.
"Sabres made patrol first day but returned without contact whereupon 1 wrote
and filed story to Tokyo with advisory that it must be held for release.
"Following day, date unrecallable, Grutzner, Talbert, Bernard, and self re-
turned to Kimpo ex- Seoul to outsweat second Sabre patrol. When planes re-
turned it revealed Sabres had met enemy and Lt. Col. Bruce Hinton had shot dow~
a MIG. We interviewed Hinton and others in flight and then were informe**
story still unreleasable on orders of high brass.
"As recalled this late date, I returned Seoul et filed story to Tokyo with
advice they try to outpry release ex Stratemeyer's office. Was extremely un-
happy with Grutzner when learned next day Times had broken story but recall
off-cooled when he explained his office had secured release Washington.
"Have no recollection of any briefing at Naija billet after return ex Kimpo
but could easily have attended same and forgotten. However, do well recall
Grutzner living at Chosen hotel and not at correspondents' billet and therefore
he probably did miss briefing if such held.
"Any assertions Grutzner guilty of security leak ridiculous in my opinion.
Recall at time I grudgingly admired Times for outprying release ex Pentagon
while opposition was sitting on hands.
"Whole security thing so much hogwash since Sino Reds by that time well
aware of presence of Sabres having been in combat with them. Wish memory
little clearer on subject but hope this much can be of some help. Regards.
"Glen Stackhouse, United Press Associations, San Francisco."
Earnestly request you incorporate the foregoing in record of today's hearings
on Sabrejet matter. Regards.
Turner Catledge,
Managing Editor, the Neio York Times.
July 14, 1955.
Hon. Turner Catledge,
Managing Editor, the New York Times,
New York, N. Y.:
Retel request granted. Regards.
James O. Eastland, U. S. S.
New York, N. Y., July 15, 1955.
Senator James O. Eastland,
Senate Office Building, Washington, D. C:
Many thanks for your including my yesterday telegram in the record. How-
ever, I learned today that Friday night, July 1st, the Associated Press passed
along the following statement to our city desk from William Bernard, the Asso-
ciated Press bureau chief in Dallas, who was 1 of 4 correspondents on the Sabre
jet story :
"Reporters were writing their stories on first battle (involving Sabrejets)
when Air Force PIO Sanky Trimble at Kimpo Airfield, Seoul, received word
from Air Force Brig. Gen. Bill Nuckols, head PIO of Far East Air Force,
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1571
that Sabre story secret and not releasable. Reporters were told to send their
stories in Air Force pouch to Air Force headquarters Tokyo for possible clear-
ance later."
In order to have the record as complete as possible on Sabrejet case, I request
this also be included.
Turner Catledge,
Managing Editor, the New York Times.
The Chairman. Call your next witness.
Mr. Sourwine. Ira Henry Freeman.
The Chairman. Do you solemnly swear that the testimony you are
about to give to the Internal Security Subcommittee of the Committee
on the Judiciary of the Senate of the United States shall be the truth,
the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God?
Mr. Freeman. I do.
TESTIMONY OF IRA HENRY FREEMAN, WOODBURY,
LONG ISLAND, N. Y.
Mr. Sourwine. Would you give the reporter your full name, please,
Mr. Freeman ?
Mr. Freeman. My name is Ira Henry Freeman.
Mr. Sourwine. And your address, Mr. Freeman ?
Mr. Freeman. My address is Harkaway, Woodbury, Long Island.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Chairman, I ask that it be noted that this wit-
ness is represented by Mr. Paul Porter, of Arnold, Fortas & Porter,
of Washington.
The Chairman. It may be noted in the record.
Mr. Sourwine. Where are you employed, Mr. Freeman?
Mr. Freeman. I am employed at the New York Times.
Mr. Sourwine. In what capacity ?
Mr. Freeman. I am a reporter, sir, on the local staff.
Mr. Sourwine. How long have you been with the Times, Mr.
Freeman ?
Mr. Freeman. Except for 2 years of war service I have been wTith
the New York Times continuously since February 1928.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you ever have another job ?
Mr. Freeman. I never had another job to mention. I had kid jobs.
Mr. Sourwine. That has been your life work ?
Mr. Freeman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourw'ine. Mr. Freeman, were you ever a member of the Com-
munist Party, USA ?
Mr. Freeman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Will you tell us when ?
Mr. Freeman. I was a member of the Communist Party for approxi-
mately 1 year, beginning, to the best of my knowledge, early in 1938.
Mr. Sourwine. And ending in 1939?
Mr. Freeman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwtine. Will you tell us in your own way how you got into
the party and how and why you got out ?
Mr. Freeman. I was recruited into the party at that time by two
persons. One was Milton Kaufman, then, I believe, executive secre-
tary of the Newspaper Guild of New York. The other person I have
revealed to the committee in private session, and I explained to the
1572 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
committee my reluctance to name him in public session. And I am
awaiting the committee's ruling on that question.
Mr. Porter. Mr. Chairman, you will recall that in executive ses-
sion Mr. Freeman identified both of the individuals whom he testified
recruited him into the Communist Party. He has named one in the
public session here, and you will recall that I made the request in the
executive session that he not be required to identify the second person,
who is now deceased and is unable to speak for himself.
The Chairman. We will take that under advisement. The party
is dead now?
Mr. Porter. That is correct.
The Chairman. Proceed.
Mr. Freeman. Do you wish me to continue, Mr. Sourwine?
Mr. Sourwine. Who is Milton Kaufman?
Mr. Freeman. I don't understand whether I am to name him or
not.
The Chairman. You are not.
Senator Jenner. The question was, Who was Milton Kaufman?
I believe the witness testified he was the secretary of the Newspaper
Guild.
Mr. Freeman. At that time, I believe, he was the executive secretary
of the Newspaper Guild of New York.
Mr. Sourwine. Tell the story of your being recruited in the party,
but since the committee is taking under advisement the. question of
whether you need to name the other person you may simply refer
to him as the other person who recruited you.
Mr. Freeman. Yes, sir.
It was one night after a guild meeting, as I now remember, when
Milton Kaufman and this other person went out with Mrs. Freeman —
Mrs. Beatrice Freeman, my wife, who was also a member of the News-
paper Guild, having formerly been a newspaper reporter — and I for
a drink. And in the cafe, Milton Kaufman and this other person
talked to us earnestly about joining the Communist Party, with which
they said they believed we substantially agreed, and which they de-
scribed as the leading influence, by far the leading influence in the
Newspaper Guild at that time.
I was a charter member of the Newspaper Guild, and of course am
still a member, since its organization in 1933. I would say that at
that time that was my leading outside interest. I was sincerely inter-
ested in organizing the Newspaper Guild, at least under the New
York Times. And I was willing to get any help that I could.
I think that was the primary consideration that moved me to be
favorable toward Kaufman's urgings.
However, at that time we told Kaufman and this other person that
we wanted to talk it over between ourselves and think of it, and would
tell him later.
A few days later, perhaps a week later, we decided to give it a
whirl, although I had some reservations as to what we would find
inside this thing. But I went to this other person and told him we
would join.
The Chairman. Told him "we" would join?
Mr. Freeman. Yes, sir. I am referring to Mrs. Freeman and my-
self.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1573
The Chairman. I see.
Mr. Freeman. And he filled out application cards, which we signed,
as I now remember, with some fictitious name made up for the
moment.
Air. Sourwine. Have you named the year that this was, Air. Free-
man ?
Mr. Freeman. To the best of my knowledge, Air. Sourwine, this
was early in 1938.
Mr. Sourwine. All right ; go ahead.
Mr. Freeman. That is how I came to join it.
Air. Sourwine. Go ahead.
Mr. Freeman. I don't remember what else you asked me to do now.
Mr. Sourwine. I also wanted to know when and how you got out of
the party.
Mr. Freeman. Oh, I am sorry.
I went to 3 to 6 meetings, I 'think. It was difficult for me to go
in the first place. The meetings were held beginning about 6 o'clock
on week nights — working nights— at the home of 1 member or another,
or not at the home of a member, it was just at an apartment, occupied
by I do not know whom.
' I was working normally until about 11 o'clock at night in those days,
and the only way in which I could go at all when I wished and had
time was to rush down on the subway to wherever the meeting was,
stop in for half an hour, and rush on out to my night assignment, go
back to the office, going without supper in order to do this.
I think after about a year I had been to, possibly at the most, a
half a dozen of these meetings. The whole thing seemed to me to be
inept and futile. The discussions which I heard there — the party
line — I either knew before or it seemed to me dull and fruitless, and
far from helping me in the organization of the guild, actually, it
hampered me. It occurred to me that everything I did to organize
the unit I could have done without being a Communist Party member,
and I was now under a burden of a secret that I must now be careful
<jf what I said lest I betray myself. If the employer found out about
it, he probably could discharge me without the guild being able to
prevent it.
And. lastly, I think I ought to mention that Milton Kaufman and
I didn't get along very well in a personal way, and I didn't like to
be his boy, as I now felt that I was.
So I stopped going.
Mr. Sourwine. When you went to the first Communist meeting that
you went to was Milton Kaufman there?
Mr. Freeman. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did he attend any of the meetings you went to?
Mr. Freeman. I have a memory of him appearing at only one meet-
ing which I attended.
Mr. Sourwine. Does that raise any question in your mind when you
went to the meeting and he wasn't there?
Mr. Freeman. No; I did not think I expected him to be at the
meeting of every unit in the Newspaper Guild.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you remember an incident that you related in
executive session with regard to some persons being members at large
and others being in the unit?
1574 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Freeman. Yes ; I did. That involves this delicate question that
the committee is still considering.
Mr. Sotjrwine. I am not asking you to name a person now. We
know there was another person.
Mr. Freeman. Do you want me to relate the incident ?
Mr. Sourwine. Without naming the person; yes, sir.
Mr. Freeman. Yes, sir; I can do that.
One other person whom the committee knows had revealed himself
to me as a member of the Communist Party. He was never at a
meeting, and I went to him after the very first one and said, "I didn't
see you at the meeting."
And he said, "No ; I don't go to meetings."
And I said, "Why not?"
And he gave me to understand that he was a member at large — I say
that, but I don't know whether those were the words, but that is the
sense of it, I don't know whether they were called members at large
or not, but that is a sufficient and accurate description, I believe. That
is to say, that he belonged to the party but he did not belong to the
unit and did not go to any meetings.
When I asked why, he said that some persons, including himself,
were regarded as too important or in too sensitive a position to be
exposed in this way, that they had other work.
I must say I resented this and asked why I was not a member at
large. And he frankly told me, because I wasn't important enough.
And I suppose that is true.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Freeman, how many persons were there in this
unit ; do you know ?
Mr. Freeman. No, sir; I didn't know, because I didn't keep the
rolls.
Mr. Sourwine. How many persons would attend a meeting?
Mr. Freeman. "When I was present I would see from six to a dozen.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, was it always the some 6 or 12 people, or did
they change?
Mr. Freeman. My memory is that it was frequently different.
Mr. Sourwine.. Presumably someone would come one time and
some another time ?
Mr. Freeman. I suppose so. Perhaps some would come after I left.
Mr. Sourwine. Was this unit composed entirely of employees of the
New York Times ?
Mr. Freeman. As far as I know, sir, with the exception of my own
wife, who was not employed by anyone, it was.
Could I clarify it with an additional statement, please?
Mr. Sourwine. Surely.
Mr. Freeman. We had been calling it the New York Times unit
of the Communist Party, and that is true, I guess. But I think it
gives rise to a certain misleading inference which some people might
have which in fairness to the Times I should be allowed to state.
Mr. Sourwine. Surely.
Mr. Freeman. The New York Times is the largest newspaper in
the world, and has now about 5,000 employees, and at that time only
slightly less. And my memory is that this was by no means a cross-
section of that. I told the committee in executive session, and would
repeat now, that, at this very first meeting, I was very disappointed
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1575
and chagrined to notice that I did not know one person when I walked
in. And there was certainly no one at that meeting from the editorial
department except myself.
The Chairman. Who set the unit up there ? Was it the guild ?
Mr. Freeman. I don't know that, sir. I was not a charter member
of the Communist Party unit, and I just don't know; I have no
answer.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Freeman, can you identify, as having been
known to you as Communists, any persons other than the 2 who
recruited you, of which Mr. Kaufman was 1? You have named 2
persons, Kaufman was 1 of them. Aside from those two persons,
what other persons were known to you to be Communists ?
Mr. Freeman. I have named three.
The Chairman. He named his wife.
Mr. Sourwine. I understand.
Mr. Freeman. I cannot state, under oath, of my own knowledge, that
I know any of the persons who were members of the Communist Party
at the time that I was. They told me they were Coramunists whom
I saw at the meeting, which I suppose would be presumptive.
Mr. Sourwine. Wnen you left the Communist Party in 1938 did
you do anything to evidence your leaving ?
Mr. Freeman. I did not, sir, except tell Milton Kaufman for one
that I sure had it.
Senator Jenner. You stopped paying dues; didn't you?
Mr. Freeman. Yes. My only qualification is that I doubt whether
T paid dues regularly during the year. When they caught me I paid
something, so to speak. And there was no formal resignation, cer-
tainly, and no written statement, or even a verbal one, except to
Kaufman. I didn't see that this was getting anywhere, and it was
not assisting either the guild or me.
Mr. Sourwine. Can you remember any persons who attended these
Communist unit meetings other than yourself and your wife ?
Mr. Freeman. No, sir ; I can't say under oath definitely that I can
remember who was there at any one time.
Would I be permitted just one additional word?
The Chairman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Freeman. I wanted the committee to just have in mind that
these were not my friends or daily associates. I have explained that,
to the best of my recollection, they did not work in the editorial de-
partment, I didn't see them socially after work. I must have seen
them in the guild unit, although my memory is now that all were
not members of the guild. Some were members of the mechanical
union, the pressmen, and custodial employees, and I would not see
them.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you ever attend a meeting of the Communist
Party other than this meeting of the New York Times unit?
Mr. Freeman. I can remember for sure only one, a meeting of the
so-called Communist fraction, an open meeting, which is to say a
meeting of Communist Party members of the Newspaper Guild and
some other sympathizers, fellow travelers, or trusted persons, friends
of party members who would be invited to the meeting. To the best
of my recollection that was at the Koosevelt Hotel. And again I
stopped in for half an hour.
1576 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Sourwine. Can 3-011 recall any persons who were at that
meeting?
Mr. Freeman. I remember Milton Kaufman on the platform. I
believe he was presiding. And I remember one party functionary,
not a newspaperman, whose name I do not recall, who made a speech
about how successful they were in the fur workers.
Mr. Sourwine. You recall no one else ?
Mr. Freeman. Xo, sir ; I do not.
Senator Jenner. How many were in attendance at the time you
were there ?
Mr. Freeman. Possibly 50 persons.
Senator Jenner. Not knowing anyone else, would you assume they
were other newspaper unit members — in other words, was there a
group meeting of the various
Mr. Freeman. I don't say that I did not know anyone else, it is
just that I cannot tell you now who was there and who was not. But
I must have known some of them.
Senator Jenner. Were they newspaper personnel?
Mr. Freeman. Yes; as I understand it, all were newspaper per-
sonnel from newspapers and news magazines, if any, in New York
City, those Communist Party members within the Newspaper Guild.
Mr. Sourwtine. Mr. Freeman, did you ever teach at a Communist
school ?
Mr. Freeman. Sir, I taught classes — but I would not say I taught
at a Communist school.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you ever teach at the League of American
Writers ?
Mr. Freeman. I taught labor journalism, to the best of my knowl-
edge, 2 terms of about 10 weeks each at the writers — at the writers'
school of the League of American Writers.
Mr. Sourwine. You say 2 terms. Were they both in the same
year ?
Mr. Freeman. I don't — I don't remember whether they were both
in the same year.
Mr. Sourwine. After you left the Communist Party — was it 1938
or 1939?
Mr. Freeman. That is hard to say. Either it was very late in 1938
or early in 1939.
Mr. Sourwine. It was before the Hitler-Stalin pact then, was it ?
Mr. Freeman. Oh, yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. And after you left the Communist Party did you
ever have any connection with it at all ?
Mr. Freeman. With the Communist Party ?
Mr. Sourwine. Yes.
Mr. Freeman. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you go to any Communist meetings ?
Mr. Freeman. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. You did not associate with Communists ?
Mr. Freeman. Not persons known to be Communists.
Mr. Sourwine. Yes. And you did not
Mr. Freeman. And except — I must have associated with Milton
Kaufman.
Mr. Sourwine. Well, you were active in the guild, and he was.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1577
Mr. Freeman. It was impossible not to associate with him and
remain in the Newspaper Guild.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, I would like to place the time, if you can,
when you taught in the League of American Writers. Can you place
that as to year or years I
Mr. Freeman. Since we had our executive session I have been
banging my head against the wall trying to find out — trying to
remember.
I don't know whether I should guess. I would think I taught a
term in 1939.
Mr. Sourwine. That would be the summer of 1939 ?
Mr. Freeman. No, sir, there was nothing in the summer.
Mr. Sourwine. In the fall ?
Mr. Freeman. I should think it would be the spring term of 1939.
Mr. Sourwine. The spring term ?
Mr. Freeman. I think it was the spring term.
Mr. Sourwine. And did you teach in 1940 ?
Mr. Freeman. I don't remember. I have no recollection teaching
in 1940.
Mr. Sourwine. Are you sure it was while you were a member of
the Communist Party that you taught at that school \
Mr. Freeman. I am not sure. I may have taught a term after I
quit. As a matter of fact, I rather think I did.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know the League of American Writers was
a subversive organization ?
Mr. Freeman. I didn't know it.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know it had been cited by Attorney Gen-
eral Francis Biddle, who said the League of American Writers "is
generally regarded as a Communist subsidiary" — no. He said :
The League of American Writers, founded under Communist auspices in 1935,
in 1939 began openly to follow the Communist line as dictated by the foreign
policy of the Soviet Union. The overall activities of the League of American
Writers in the last 2 years leave little doubt of its Communist control.
Did you know that ?
Mr. Freeman. I don't think that the Attorney General stigmatizes
the American League of Writers as a subversive organization. The
time I taught school, no. I know now
Mr. Sourwine. I am quoting his statement of September 24, 1942.
Air. Freeman. Well, I was surely out of that by that time.
Mr. Sourwine. No ; I am asking you if you know now.
Mr. Freeman. I know it now, sure.
Mr. Sourwine. He said in 1942 that in 1939 it began openly to fol-
low the Communist line. Did you know that Mr. Harold Ickes in a
letter to Robert Morss Lovett in April 1941 had quoted the State De-
partment as follows :
The League of American Writers is generally regarded as a Communist sub-
sidiary. Its policies, of course, always parallel those of the Communist Party.
Mr. Freeman. I didn't know that until now.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know that the League of American Writers
had been cited as a Communist front by the Special Committee on
Un- American Activities on January 3, 1940 ?
Mr. Freeman. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you teach at the League of American Writers
school after January 1940?
1578 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Mr. Freeman. As I — I think I answered that question before. I
don't remember whether I taught there in 1940 or not.
Mr. Sourwine. I am going to send to you, sir, photostats of two
newspaper pages. One is from the Daily Worker of New York,
Wednesday, October 23, 1940. The other is from the Sunday Worker,
New York, September 15, 1940.
They both contain articles which are marked. The article in the
Daily Worker has the head, "Workshop Course in Journalism at
Writers School," and it starts out :
Volunteers, students, and others in social work interested in publicity tech-
niques, journalism, and interpretation have an opportunity of receiving instruc-
tion and clinical experience through a course in journalism and publicity being
conducted by the Writers' School of the League of American Writers.
The school is conducted at the league's headquarters, 381 Fourth Avenue,
New York City, Ira Henry Freeman, reporter and rewriteman on the staff of
the New York Times since 1928 is conducting the journalism and publicity
course for the second successive year.
The article in the Worker for Sunday has the head, "Courses for
New Writers Announced," and the final paragraph says :
Among the classes to be held at the school beginning with the week and run-
ning for 10 weeks are: Creative Short Story, Myra Page; Commercial Short
Story Writing, Mary Elting ; Pulp and Confession Writing, Jean Karsavina ;
Adventure Story Writing, Robert Carse ; Detective and Thriller, William Rollins,
Jr. ; Playwriting, Barrie Stavis ; History of the Novel, Edwin Seaver ; Journalism
and Publicity, Ira Henry Freeman —
and so on.
I would like to ask you if you would look at these, sir, and see if
they refresh your memory as to when you taught at that school.
Mr. Freeman (after consulting articles). You want my answer
now?
Mr. Sourwine. Yes, sir.
Mr. Freeman. I still don't have a better recollection, but I am not
going to dispute any documents or evidence. If you would permit me
to make a brief word of clarification, that is, without disputing the
documents :
I taught the technique, as I think is indicated there, of journalism
there — such a course as I later taught at City College.
Mr. Sourwine. When was it you taught at City College?
Mr. Freeman. What year? 19 — 1952, I believe, or 1953, perhaps.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know, Mr. Freeman, that there were any
known Communists connected with the course at the Writers School ?
Mr. Freeman. Connected with my course?
Mr. Sourwine. Connected with the courses at the Writers School.
I will put it that way.
Mr. Freeman. Did I know there were known Communists — con-
nected in the teaching of courses, perhaps ?
Mr. Sourwine. Yes, sir.
Mr. Freeman. To the best of my knowledge now, I did not know
that any teacher in the school was a Communist — nor did I care,
frankly.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know whether Dashiel Hammett was con-
nected with that school at all ?
Mr. Freeman. Yes, sir ; he was. I don't know whether he was con-
nected with the school. Pie was connected with the League of Ameri-
can Writers, surely.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1579
Mr. Sourwine. Was he a Communist?
Mr. Freeman. I don't know. He has been well-known
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Richard Wright was connected with
the school ?
Mr. Freeman. I didn't know he was connected with the school but
he was connected with the League of American Writers.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know he was a Communist?
Mr. Freeman. All I know about him is what he had in his auto-
biographical article and his book in which I think he confesses to
communism. I didn't know it at that time, however, which I think
is the point to be stressed here.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Myra Page was connected with the
school ?
Mr. Freeman. I have a memory of Myra Page being listed as a
teacher at the school.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know she was a Communist?
Mr. Freeman. I didn't know her, much less if she was a Commu-
nist. I didn't know her to be a Communist, nor do I remember know-
ing her.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know she was a writer in the Communist
press ?
Mr. Freeman. No, sir; I didn't read the Communist press very
much, I am afraid.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Edwin Seaver was connected with
the school ?
Mr. Freeman. I remember the name as being connected with the
League of American Writers, not with the school.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know he was a Communist?
Mr. Freeman. I didn't know of my own knowledge, although I do
have a memory of seing his byline occasionally in leftwing publica-
tions.
Mr. Sourwine. You know he wrote for the Daily Worker ?
Mr. Freeman. I must have known that.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know that 381 Fourth Avenue was the
address of the Communist Party of New York State and of the Inter-
national Publishers, the Communist publishers?
Mr. Freeman. That is an office building, and it may be that is the
address.
Senator Jenner. Mr. Freeman, back to this meeting you spoke of
where there were about 50 people present
Mr. Freeman. Yes, sir.
Senator Jenner. Now, I am sure you can help this committee. I
am not going to ask you whether you knew there were Communists
at this meeting, but would you name some of the people ? You have
been with the newspapers for a long time, and you must know, out
of 50 people, some of the people at that meeting. Will you tell us
who was there ?
Mr. Freeman. I think I must have known someone there
Senator Jenner. Could you tell this committee the name of some-
one?
Mr. Freeman. But I can't do that for sure now, sir, and I am
under oath, and it is important, and unless I know for sure now who
was there
59S86— 55— pt. 16 7
1580 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Senator Jenner. Now, let's-
Mr. Freeman. I could not say.
Senator Jenner. You started with the New York Times what year ?
Mr. Freeman. February 1928.
Senator Jenner. 1928. Now, this was 1938 or 1939, and by that
time, 1938 or 1939, you had been working in the newspaper business
10 years, with the New York Times. Therefore, you must know a lot
of newspaper people in New York. And there were 50 people in this
meeting— and you cannot tell this committee. I do not want to ask
you to identify them as Communists — just who was present.
Mr. Freeman. I understand your question, sir, and 1 don't deny
I must have known someone there. But to swear now who was there
and who was not, I cannot do.
Senator Eastland. You are saying you don't remember, is that it i
Mr. Freeman. Yes, sir.
Senator Eastland. Well, it appears that you could remember — ■
you can remember the meeting?
Mr. Freeman. I remember.
Senator Eastland. You remember where it was held ?
Mr. Freeman. It was at the Hotel Roosevelt.
Senator Eastland. And about 50 people were there — and you can't
remember one of them?
Mr. Freeman. I can't remember well enough, sir, to swear to it.
Mr. Sourwine. Well, Mr. Freeman, returning for a moment to the
school, to the Writers School of the League of American Writers
Mr. Freeman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. 1940 was during the Hitler-Stalin Pact. Did you
know at that time that the League of American Writers was openly
supporting the Hitler-Stalin Pact ?
Mr. Freeman. I did not know that the League of American Writers
was openly supporting the Hitler-Stalin Pact, and in any case, I, as a
teacher of labor journalism in the Writers School, I am not even sure
1 was a member of the League of American Writers. Even if I were
listed, it would be because they listed every — certainly, I was not con-
cerned with their policy, 1 didn't form it, I don't remember attending
a meeting, I was never an officer
Mr. Sourwine. Were you a paid teacher in this school ?
Mr. Freeman. Oh, yes, sir. I got half the fee and the school got
the other half, and 1 taught no communism or anything else.
Mr. Sourwine. Now, you stated that you taught at City College
and you taught at the Writers School.
Mr. Freeman. Yes.
Mr. Sourwine. Where else have you taught?
Mr. Freeman. As far as I can remember, I taught labor journalism
again in one other place.
Mr. Sourwine. Where?
Mr. Freeman. Commonwealth College at Media, Ark., in the sum-
mer of 1937.
Mr. Sourwine. Just the one term ?
Mr. Freeman. That is right.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Commonwealth College to be a Com-
munist school ?
Mr. Freeman. I didn't know it at that time, and I don't believe it
was at that time.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1581
Mr. Sourwine. Do you know it has since then been cited as a Com-
munist school ?
Mr. Freeman. It has since then been cited on the Attorney General's
subversive list, is all I know.
Mr. Sourwine. It was cited by Attorney General Tom Clark in a
letter to the Loyalty Review Board released April 27, 1949, and some-
time before that it was cited by the Special Committee on Un-Ameri-
can Activities of the House, March 29, 1944.
Mr. Freeman. The only point, if you will permit me, that I want to
make about that is that I was there during the summer of 1937 and it
seemed to me that it was not run by the Communist Party for Commu-
nist purposes.
Mr. Sourwine. Well, that leads into my next question.
Mr. Freeman. All right.
Mr. Sourwine. I was going to ask you if you know any persons mere
as Communists.
Mr. Freeman. I knew — I can name one, a guest lecturer who came
from Oklahoma for perhaps a week.
Mr. Sourwine. Who was that ?
Mr. Freeman. Robert Wood, whom I told the committee about at
private session.
Mr. Sourwine. Robert Wood was a Communist organizer in
Oklahoma ?
Mr. Freeman. A State organizer for Oklahoma. He was a guest
lecturer for a few days or a week.
Mr. Sourwine. Did you know that during an Arkansas legislative
committee investigation of Commonwealth College back in 1935,
Lucian Koch, the director of Commonwealth College, had admitted
rejecting capitalism and believing that the Soviet Government was
superior to the Government of the United States ?
Mr. Freeman. No, sir; I don't think I knew Lucian Koch.
Mr. Sourwine. He was not the director when you were there ?
Mr. Freeman. No, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Who was?
Mr. Freeman. The Presbyterian minister, Rev. Claude Williams.
Senator Eastland. Why did you — how did you secure employment
at Commonwealth College?
Mr. Freeman. "Employment" is a big word, sir. I did teach there,
and I guess you can say I was employed — but I got my maintenance
and $4 a month. However, I got that job by writing a letter to the — to
the school.
Senator Eastland. Why did you write the school ?
Mr. Freeman. I wanted to go to Arkansas to establish a residence
to get a divorce from my first wife.
Senator Jenner. Whom did you give as reference? Did you give
Milton Kaufman as reference?
Mr. Freeman. I had — I don't think it was Milton Kaufman.
Senator Jenner. Whom did you give as reference?
Mr. Freeman. There was a reference from the Newspaper Guild —
an official. Now, who it was
Mr. Sourwine. Could it have been Milton Kaufman?
Mr. Freeman. It could have been, but I don't think so. I think
he was a higher officer.
1582 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM
Senator Jenner. Could it have been the person you have not named
today?
Mr. Freeman. No.
Senator Eastland. Well, why did you select Commonwealth Col-
lege? There are other schools in Arkansas. Now, why did you
select that school ?
Mr. Freeman. Well, frankly, to me it seemed an interesting place.
It was a cooperative farm-labor school, but, as I understood then —
and I have been insisting — I saw no reason to change my mind during
my residence there — it was what was called in those days a united-front
school ; that is, they would accept Communists or non-Communists who
were united against totalitarianism throughout the world, and for
labor organization in the domestic scene, and the students must be
referred by a legitimate trade union.
We maintained the school by our own labor, insofar as it was pos-
sible. Students came from many parts of the United States and even
some places abroad.
And they were interesting — the courses were interesting; the dis-
cussions were interesting; even the people were interesting.
Senator Eastland. Now, where did you hear and from what sources
did you learn of Commonwealth College?
Mr. Freeman. Well, that is a funny story. I read a smear about
Commonwealth College in a Hearst magazine — I can't remember
what it is now — and reading between the lines, disregarding the smear,
it appeared to me this was an interesting place, just as I have described.
Senator Eastland. Now, as a matter of fact, you knew Common-
wealth College was then a notorious Communist school, didn't you,
Mr. Freeman?
Mr. Freeman. No, sir; I did not. No, sir; I did not; and while I
was there it did not function as a notorious Communist college at all.
I remember numerous discussions on all Communist questions with
as many people against it as for it. I would say they were all more
or less leftwing, certainly.
Mr. Sotjrwine. Mr. Freeman, your wife is the former Beatrice
Oppenheim ?
Mr. Freeman. My present wife is the former Beatrice Oppenheim.
Mr. Sotjrwine. She was a feature writer on the Brooklyn Eagle
up to March 1937?
Mr. Freeman. I don't know the date. She used to be a teacher and
a reporter — and editor, I think, of the Brooklyn Eagle.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Oppenheim
Mr. Freeman. My name is Freeman.
Mr. Sourwine. I beg your pardon, Mr. Freeman. Have you had
any conferences with any members of the Communist Party known
to you to be such within the last few years ?
Mr. Freeman. Known to be — within the last few years?
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Freeman
Mr. Freeman. I
Mr. Sourwine. I am sorry.
Mr. Freeman. I say. "No, sir," with the possible exception of on
duty as a reporter for the Times or perhaps for the Brooklyn Eagle ;
I don't remember that but that could have happened.
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1583
Mr. Sourwine. I just want to cover briefly your Army experience,
sir, before we close.
Mr. Freeman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. You were drafted into the Army in 1943?
Mr. Freeman. Yes. sir.
Mr. Sourwine. You went into the Cavalry School at Fort Riley,
Ivans.?
Mr. Freeman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. Then after a brief time you became a staff writer
on Yank magazine '.
Mr. Freeman. Sir, that period didn't seem brief to me.
Mr. Sourwine. Well, how long were you in the Army ?
Mr. Freeman. I was 17 weeks in the horse cavalry and then I was
reprieved and made a staff writer and editor for Yank, the Army
weekly.
Mr. Sourwine. And 3011 advanced
Mr. Freeman. And was discharged honorably — or. it would be in—
by golly, I think it was Christmas Eve of 1945 or close to it.
Mr. Sourwine. And you finished the war as a sergeant \
Mr. Freeman. Xo, sir; I only made corporal. Next war I will be a
sergeant, though.
Mr. Sourwine. All right. Xo further questions.
Senator Jenner (presiding ) . All right, there being no further ques-
tions, the committee will stand in recess.
Mr. Porter. Is Mr. Freeman finally excused, Mr. Chairman?
Senator Jenner. Yes.
(Thereupon, at Y2 : 20 p. m.. the subcommittee adjourned.)
50886 — 55-
APPENDIX
Following; is an exchange of telegrams between Chairman East-
land and Ralph B. Novak regarding the possibility of a hearing for the
American Newspaper Guild :
New York, July 20, 1955.
Senator James O. Eastland,
Chairman, Senate Internal Security Subcommittee,
Senate Office Building, Washington, D. C:
Testimony submitted to your committee seems to have left the totally false
impression in the minds of the public and those employed in the newspaper
industry that the policies of the American Newspaper Guild today are still
being influenced by Communist Party members and fellow travelers. Attempts
being made by the press to tie today's policies to those prior to 1941 are
malicious and do great damage. The American Newspaper Guild in 1041
eliminated all vestiges of Communist influence from its national administration.
and the New York local did the same shortly thereafter. In order to clear
the record and in the interest of the truth, on behalf of the American News-
paper Guild, I respectfully request that its record on the Communist question
be presented to the public through the submission of a statement or through
direct testimony to your committee. The method of presentation I leave to you
and your committee. However, I believe we must and should be heard. Your
prompt consideration of this request would be appreciated not only by me but all
newspapermen throughout the country.
Ralph B. Novak.
Executive Vice President, the American Newspaper Guild.
Washington, July 21, 1955.
Mr. Ralph B. Novak,
Executive Vice President, the American Newspaper Guild,
New York, N. Y.:
Reurtel Senate Internal Security Subcommittee is not investigating the press
or radio-TV or the fourth estate or newspapermen or newspapers or the News-
paper Guild. This has been repeatedly stated. We are investigating com-
munism. The subcommittee has made no charges against nor cast any slurs upon
the American Newspaper Guild. However if you and your fellow officials of
the guild desire, notwithstanding the above, to testify publicly under oath re-
specting your anticommunism and think the Internal Security Subcommittee
should provide a forum for such testimony, I believe the committee should
grant your request. Am instructing Committee Counsel J. G. Sourwine to
arrange hearing earliest mutually convenient date if you and your colleagues
decide upon reflection this is what you want. In view of your reference to
"false impression in the minds of the public," am releasing full text of your
telegram and this reply.
Sincerely,
James O. Eastland.
Chairman. Internal Security Subcommittee.
1584
STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1585
New York, N. Y., July 27, 1955.
Senator James O. Eastland,
Chairman, Senate Internal Security Subcommittee,
Washington, D. C:
Thanks very much for your telegram of July 21, particularly gratifying and
heartening were your statements that the "Senate Internal Security Subcom-
mittee is not investigating the press or radio or TV or the fourth estate or
newspapermen or newspapers or the Newspaper Guild" and "the subcommittee
has made no charges against nor cast any slurs upon the American Newspaper
Guild." In making public the text of my telegram of the 20th and your reply
of the 21st you have done everything possible to eliminate any false impressions
in the minds of the public. It is evident what false impressions remain, and
there should be none, are certainly not attributable to your committee and its
actions, but rather to weaknesses in our mass communications systems. Your
telegram publicly setting the record straight makes it entirely unnecessary for
us to make use of your generous offer to permit us to testify, thanks for your
assistance and consideration. Sincerely.
Ralph B. Novak.
Executive Vice President, the American 'Newspaper Guild.
INDEX
Note. — The Senate Internal Security Subcommittee attaches no significance
to the mere fact of the appearance of the name of an individual or an organiza-
tion in this index.
A
Page
Adams, Mr. Frank 1555
Adjutant General, The — 1488
Adler, Leonard 1492, 1493, 1499, 1503
Adventure Story Writing 1578
Air Force, United States 1488,
1489, 1507, 1509, 1558-1560, 1566, 1567, 1569-1571
Air Force Commendation Ribbon 1558
Air Service Post 501, American Legion 1559
Albuquerque 1558
Allen. Mrs. Mildred 1516
Allied High Commission, Subcommittee on Information and Cultural
Affairs 1511
American 1488, 1506, 1509, 1511, 1512. 1514, 1524.
1525, 1531-1533, 1535, 1538-1540, 1543, 1546, 1550, 1559, 1566, 1567
American Federation of Labor 1491
American Newspaper Guild 1584, 1585
Appendix 1584,1585
Arkansas 1581,1582
Armed Forces, United States 1509, 1514, 1559
Army, United States 1488-1490.
1496, 1498, 1507-1509, 1515, 1561, 1564, 1565, 1568, 1583
Arnold, Fortas and Porter 1571
AP 1551, 1558, 1564, 1567, 1569, 1570
Athens, Greece 1509
Attorney General's list 1581
B
Bad Hamburg 1535, 1547
Bad Nauheim, Germany 1508,1510-1513,1529
Barbour. Mr 1531, 1547
Barker, Floyd 1505
Barnes, Joseph 1520, 1554
Barnett. Melvin Leslie 1492, 1495-1501, 1504. 1527
Barry, Ed 1520
Basic News Division, OWI 1515
Bavaria 1512
Bazer, Julia Older 1536, 1537
Belgian Minister 1537
Bentlev, Gladys 1492, 1499, 1503
Berlin (Germany) 1511-1514, 1518, 1522-1524, 1526. 1529.
1531-1534, 1536, 1537, 1539, 1542, 1543, 1545, 1548, 1549. 1550
Berlin Command 1543
Berlin District Government Commander 1522
Berlin Kommandatura 1514, 1517
Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra 1546
Bernard. Bill (William) 1558-1561, 1563, 1565, 1567, 1569. 1570
Bessie, Alvah 1491. 1498
Biddle, Attorney General Francis 1577
Bigart, Homer 1561
Bonn 1511
i
II INDEX
Pag©
Boudin, Leonard 1489, 1490, 1500
Brandenburg Gate 1532
Brandenburger, Tbor 1532
Bremen 1511-1513
Brines, Russell 1564
Britisb 1512, 1525, 1532, 1540, 1564
British Broadcasting Co 1541
Broadcast Trend Reports 1512
Brooklyn Eagle 1490, 1491, 1497, 1500, 1502-1507, 1515, 1519, 1532, 1582
Brooklyn Heights, N. Y 1507
Brooklyn, N. Y 1491, 1496, 1505, 1506, 1515, 1527
Brown, Thomas K 1513
Brown, Violet (Mrs. Victor Weingarten) 1492, 1498, 1502, 1503, 1506
Brussels, Belgium 1509, 1537
Burdett, Winston 1494, 1498, 1551
Burlington, Vt 1502
Bush, Brig. Gen. K. B 1487-1489
Byers, Virginia Kathleen 1509
C
Calvary School 1583
Carse, Robert 1578
Catledge, Turner 1570, 1571
Central High School 1509
Central Intelligence Agency 1554
Charniak, Hy (Hyman) 1492, 1498, 1504, 1506
Chevalier, Mr 1547
Chevalier, Herman 1513, 1533, 1534
Chief of Information of Korean Government 1564
Chinese Communists 1558
Chinese Nationalist Government 1554
Chosen Hotel (Chosun) 1561, 1564, 1565, 1570
Christine 1525
Christmas 1559, 1561
Christmas Eve 1945 1583
City College 1578, 1580
Civil Affairs Branch 1539
Civil Service Commission 1519, 1520
Clark, Attorney General Tom 1581
Clay, General 1522, 1523, 1538, 1539, 1543, 1545, 1546
Clay, Gen. Lucius D 1545, 1547
Cohn, Herbert 1492, 1498, 1504, 1506
Collier's 1545
Columbia Broadcasting System 1551
Commander-in-Chief 1488
Commercial Air Transport 1554
Commercial short story writing 1578
Committee for Radio Free Europe 1545
Common Sense 1522, 1527, 1528, 1550
Commonwealth College 1580-1582
Communist 1490-94,
1497-1500, 1504-06, 1512, 1526, 1534, 1537-39, 1543, 1546-48, 1550-
1553, 1566, 1573, 1575-1582, 1584.
Communists, Chinese. (See Chinese Communists.)
Communist Party 1490.
1491, 1495, 1497, 1498, 1501-1506, 1526, 1527, 1532, 1540, 1551, 1571-
1579, 1581, 1582, 1584.
Communist Party, Brooklyn Eagle unit 1490, 1497, 1502, 1503
Communist Party of Eastern Germany 1549
Communist Party of Germany 1541, 1549
Communist Party of New York State 1579
Communist Party, New York cultural division 1491
Communist Party, USA 1571
Communist Radio, Berlin 1542
Compound 1529
Condon, Richard 1536
Copenhagen, Denmark 1509
index m
Page
Cowaii, Louis G 1514
Craigie, Maj. Gen. L. C 1487-89
Creative Short Story 1578
CWB 1516
Czechoslovakia 1529, 1531
Czechs 1544
D
Daily Worker 1578, 1579
Dallas Bureau of Associated Press 1558, 1570
Davis, Elmer-1 1520, 1521
Defense, Department of 1487-89
Denmark 1509
Desmond, John 1555
Detective and Thriller 1578
Directorate of Intelligence 1558
Division Planning Board 1510
Doob, Leonard 1516
Dowling, Lyle 1499, 1503
Drahtfunk 1518
E
Eagle Eye 1491, 1497
East Berlin 1532, 1538
Eastern Europe 1547, 1548
Eastern Germany 1531, 1536, 1538, 1542, 1544, 1548
Eastland, Senator James O 1487, 1527, 1569, 1570, 1584, 1585
ECA 1511, 1512
Editorial Projection Branch 1512
Education and Cultural Relations Division 1512
Egan, W. J. Convery 1510, 1511, 1513
Ehlers 1541
Ehlers, Wilhelm 1533
Ehrlich, Hilda 1509
Eighth Air Force 1557, 1558
Einhorn, Nat 1491, 1503, 1505, 1507, 1552
Eisler, Gerhardt 1532
Elting, Mary 1578
England 1509,1541,1548
English 1530,1564
Europe , 1537
European Broadcasting Conference 1509
European Theater 1510, 1511, 1557
Ewing, Mr 1547
Ewing, Gordon A 1512, 1524
F
F-84 1559
F-86. (See Sabrejet.)
Far East Air Forces 1488, 1489, 1570
Far East Command 1488, 1489
Far East Theater 1561
Federal Government 1509
Fifth Air Force 1567, 1568
Fifth Amendment-,. 1490-95, 1497-1500, 1551, 1552
Florida 1508
Flushing 1505
Foreign Policy, United States 1511, 1513
Foreign Service, United States of America 1510
Formosa 1554,1555
Fort Riley, Kans 1583
Fourth Fighter Group 1559, 1562, 1566
France 1509,1511
Frankfurt, Germany 1510-1512. 1530
Freedom Party 1537
IV INDEX
Page
Free German Party 1534, ir>4!>
Freeman 1550
Freeman, Beatrice (Mrs. Ira Henry Freeman) 1572
Freeman, Ira Henry 141)3, 1499, 1505, 1571-1583
French 1512
Friends of China Club 1554
Fritchey, Clayton 14S!)
G
Ganke, Ruth 1534
German 1514,1515,
1517-1519, 1524, 1525, 1528, 1531, 1533, 1538-1540, 1543, 1547-1549
German foreign officer 1547
German operation 1511, 1512
German Social Democratic Party 1549
Germany 1500,
1509, 1510-1514, 1518, 1519, 1528, 1530, 1538, 1544-1546, 1548, 1550
Germiston, South Africa 1508
GI 1559, 1564
Gordon, David Alexander 1489-1495, 1498, 1504
Grannis, Robert 1515
Gray Manufacturing Co 1538
Greene, John 1515
Grutzner, Charles (Charlie) 1488,
1489. 1492, 1498, 1500, 1504, 1560-1563, 1565-1570
H
Hamburg, Germany 1541
Hammett, Dashiel 1578
Harrison, Eugene W 1489
Hart, William 1513
Hartel, Alexander 1513
Hartford, Conn 1538
Hartmann, Eugene 1546, 1547
Hearst magazine 1582
Heimlich, Christine 1525
Heimlich, Col. William Friel 1522, 1524, 1525, 1528, 1531, 1535, 1538-1551
Hesse 1512, 1513, 1529
HICOG 1511-1513,1534
High Commissioner's Office 1546
Hinton, Lt. Col. Bruce H 1570
History of the novel 1578
Hitler 1547,1548
Hitler-Stalin Pact 1547, 1548. 1576, 1580
Hof 1511, 1529, 1530
Hong Kong 1554
Howley, General 1522, 1538-1543
Hungarian 1524
Hungary 1537
I
ICD 1514
Ickes, Harold 1577
Information Services Division 1511, 1513, 1517, 1530, 1535, 1545
INS 1560
Inspector General 1535
Intendants Council 1510
Internal Security Subcommittee, Senate 1487,1488,1502,1527,1584,1585
International Publishers 1579
Iron Curtain 1511
ISD 1512, .1513
Italy 1509
J
Japan 1570
Jefferson School of Social Science 1491
Journalism and Publicity 1578
INDEX V
K
Page
Kaghan, Theodore 1515
Karsavina, Jean 1578
Katikow l.~>.">7
Kaufman, Milton 1493, 1499, 1503, 1552, 1571-1573, 1575, 1576, 1581
Kelley. Frank 1568
Kinipo 1558, 1567, 1570
Kinrpo Airfield 1558, 1561, 1562, 1568-1570
Koch, Lucian 1581
Kopf. Gladys 1493, 1499, 1504
Korea 1488, 1558, 1559. 1561, 1562, 1566, 1568, 1570
Korean lofi-i 1568
L
Land ( !ommissioners 1511, 1512, loid
Land. Ernest 1513
Landman. Amos 1493. 1499, 1504, 1551-1555
Laskowski. F. W 148S
Lattimore, Owen 1521
League of American Writers 1576-1580
Leisler, Ernest 1545
Lewis. Charles Saul (Sully) 1492, 1498. 1501-1538. 1539-1544. 1546, 1547, 1550
Lewis, Morris 1509
Lewis, Virginia Byers 1509
Little Abner 1544
Lobie. Louie 1500
London, England 1509
Longerbeam, G. R 1513
Long Island 1 1502, 1515
Lovett, Robert Morss 1577
Loyalty Review Board 1581
Luxembourg 1509
Lynd, Hans 1513
M
MacMillan, George 1496, 1497
Markel, Lester 1555
Marshall Plan 1537
Marx. Joseph 1515
Mathieu, Gus 1526, 1540
Maulsby. Gerald 1514, 1521
McCloy 1521, 1549
McClure. Brig. Gen. R. A. (Robert) 1514, 1521, 1535
Media, Ark l.-.so
Mexican 1559
Meyer. CI. John C 1559, 1562, 1568
Meyer. Hans Bruno 1523. 1526. 1528, 1532. 1533. 1540, 1541, 1543, 1547, 1548
Meyer, Herr Hans 1549
Miami Beach. Fla 1507. 1514
Miami Herald 1508 1514
MIG ' 1570
MIG 15 148S< 1566
Military Government 1513
Minary, John 1.->1<;
Mirror 1497
Molotov 1547
Moscow \ 1537,1541
Motion Picture Branch 1512
Munich 1506, 1511, 1512, 1529
Murphy 1521
N
Naija 1570
Nassau Daily Review 1515
Nassau Island 1502, 1515
VI INDEX
Pnge-
National Association of Broadcasters in the United States 1510
National Maritime Union 1491
National Municipal League 1551
Nazi Germany 1548
New Haven, Conn 1516
News 1495
Newspaper Guild 1503, 1504, 1571-1573, 1575-1577, 1581, 1584, 1585
New York Bar 1496
New York City 1489, 1508, 1512, 1514-1516,
1520, 1551, 1560, 1561, 1566, 1570, 1571, 1576, 1578, 1580, 1584
New York Daily News 1489, 1508, 1514, 1519
New York Herald Tribune 1553, 1554, 1557, 1561, 1565, 1566, 1568, 1570
New York Journal of Commerce 1496
New York Newspaper Guild 1491
New York Times 1488, 1489, 1496, 1501, 1527,
1555, 1560, 1561, 1568, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1574, 1575, 1578, 1580
New York World Telegram 1497
Nichols, Gen. William (Bill) 1563,1564,1569,1570
Nicholson, Ralph 1522
Norden, Heinz 1525, 1526
Norden, Mrs 1534
Norden, Ruth 1524, 1525, 1526, 1549
North Korea 1565
Novak, Ralph B 1584, 1585
O
OCS 1507
Ode, Erik 1546
Offenbach 1530
Office of Chief of Information ' 1489
Office for Emergency aMnagement 1497
Office of Military Government 1517, 1518, 1529, 1539, 1545
Office of Public Affairs 1510, 1511
Office of Public Information 1487-1489
Office of War Information 1508
OIC 1514, 1518
OIE 1516
Okinawa 1496
Oklahoma 1581
OMGUS 1513, 1529, 1534
Opinion Survey Branch 1512
Oppenheim, Beatrice 1582
Overseas News Agency 1490
Overseas News and Feature Bureau 1515
Overt Operations 1511, 1512
Owi 1496-1498, 1508, 1509, 1514-1517, 1519-1521, 1535, 1537
Pacific coast 1517, 1520
Page, Myra 1578, 1579
Parks, Maj. Gen. F. L 1487-1489
Parratt, Lindsay 1560, 1561
Parson, Ruby (Mrs) 1533, 1534, 1540
Pentagon 1487, 1568, 1569, 1570
Pfeiffer, Zoltan 1537
Philadelphia Record 1514
PIO GHG FEC 1568
Play writing 1578
Poesnecker, Herr 1542
Poland 1509
Poles 1544
Polish 1530
Polish Information Service 1507
Political officer, RIAS 1512
Porter, Paul 1571
Powell, John W 1553
INDEX vn
Page
Prat. Milton 1524
President of the United States 1543
Press and Publications Branch 1512
Press Wireless 1564, 1565, 1568
Propaganda Analysis Section 1511-1513
Providence Journal-Bulletin 1511, 1512
PUB-HICOG 1510
Public Relations Division 1512
Publishing Operations Branch 1512
Pulp and Confession Writing 1578
PWD 1514, 1515
Q
Queens 1505
R
Radio Berlin 1547, 1548
Radio Branch, Chief 1511-1513,1518,1519,1521,1535
Radio Bremen 1512
Radio Control Branch 1513, 1514, 1517, 1518
Radio Frankfurt 1512
Radio Free Europe 1506
Radio Munich 1512
Radio Station WCAX 1502
Radio Stuttgart 1512, 1528
Radio Tokyo 1564
Radio Working Party, Subcommittee on Information and Cultural Affairs. 1511
Ravenholt, Albert 1554
Recommendation for Disaccreditation of Charles Grutzner 1489
Red Army 1532
Red Rally 1532
Rein, David 1551
Renter, Mayor 1526
Rhee, Clarence 1564
RIiop President— 1 r>tin
RIAS 1511-1514, 1518, 1522-1524, 1526, 1528, 1530-1534, 1536-1549
Ribbentrop 1547
Rockville, N. Y 1515
Rollins, William, Jr 1578
Roosevelt Hotel 1575, 1580
Russia 1509, 1523, 1537, 1538, 1541, 1565-1567
Ryan, John Francis (Jack) 1493,1499, 1503, 1504
S
Saberjet, F-86 1488, 1558, 1559, 1561-1563, 1566-1569 1571
San Francisco 1515-1517, 1520, 1521, 1570
San Leandro, Calif 1570
Saron, Alex 1513
Schecter, Edmund 1512, 1524, 1540
Schnitzler 1548
Schooley, G. Herschel 1487, 1488
Schuetze 1541
Schwartz, Mr 1555
Schwenicke, Karl Rudolf 1534, 1549
Scott, Col. Cecil 1567, 1568
Scripps-Howard 1560
Scrutiny Section 1511-1513
Seaves, Edwin 1578, 1579
Secretary of State 1543
Security violation by press correspondent 1488
Selenburg District, Berlin 1529
Seoul 1558, 1560. 1561, 1564-1566, 1570
Shackelforth, Bill 1563
Shackelforth, Doc 1560
VIIJ INDEX
Page
SHAKE 1516
SHEAF 1514, 1515
Snub 1581
Shut), Boris 1532, 1547
Shuinaker, Social Democratic Leader 1537
Signal Corps 149<>
Sino Reds 1570
Social Democratic Party 1534, 1538
Socialistische Democrat 154J)
Socialistische Einheits Partie 1549
Sourwine, J. G., committee counsel 1584
South Bend, Ind 1509
Soviet 1511, 1512, 1522, 1532, 1537, 1538, 1543, 1544, 1547, 154S, 1577
Soviet Government 1581
Soviet-sponsored Radio Berlin 1534
Soviet Zone of Germany 1511. 1528, 1529, 1544, 1549
Spaak . 1537
Special Committee on Un-American Activities 1577, 1581
Special regulations 1488, 1489
Springfield, Mass 1508, 1509
Stackhouse, Glenn 1569, 1570
Staff headquarters 1522
Stalin 1547, 1549
State, Department of 1508,
1509, 1511, 1513, 1514, 1516, 1518, 1522, 1525, 1526, 1533, 1577
Stavis, Barrie 1578
Stern, Monroe 1493, 15(14
Stevens, Austin 1568
Stone, Shepard 1511, 1522
Stratemeyer, General 1563, 1567, 1568
Stuttgart 1511, 1512. 1533. 1534
Sulyck, Deszoe 1537
Sulzberger, Hon. Arthur Hays 1527
Sunday Worker 1578
Switzerland 1500
T
Taipeh, Formosa 1553-1555
Talbert, Ansel E. (Ed) 1557-1569, 1570
Tarmon, Mrs. Doretta 1493, 1499, 1505
Taylor, Fred G 1512, 1524
Telephone Building 1539
Television Station WCAX-TV 1502
Textor, Col. G. E 1513
Textor, Col. Gordon 1522
Times 1561, 1565-1567. 1570, 1582
Tokyo 1558, 1560, 1561, 1564, 1568-1571
Tokyo Press Club 1560
Tokyo War Bureau, New York Herald Tribune 1558
Transport Workers Union 1490
Trimble, Capt. Sankey 1558-1560, 1562-1564, 1569-1570
U
United Kingdom 1511
United Nations 1559
United Press 1560, 1563, 1569, 1570
United States 1501, 1507, 1511,
1515-1517, 1528-1529, 1531-1533, 1537, 1539, 1543, 1548, 1564, 1581,
1582.
United States, Government of, overthrow 1501, 1516
United States High Commissioner 1506, 1510, 1511, 1513
United States Military Governor in Germany 1545
United States Senate — 1552
United States Zone, Germany 1514, 1518
INDEX IX
V Page
Valley Stream 1515
Vargo, Bela 1537
Vienna ir,24, 15:J>7
Vladivostok 1565
Voice Behind the Curtain 1545
Voice of America 1511, 1512, 1515, 1517, 1533
Von Varady 1531. 1546, 1547. 1549, 1550
W
Walker, General 1564
Washington. I ». ('__ 1487-1489, 1523, l.~,2<;-1528, 1538. 1549, 1563, 1566-1571, 1584
Weingarten, Victor 1492, 1498, 1503
Weingarten, Violet (See Brown, Violet.)
Weissman, Helen 1493. 1499, 1505
Weissman, Sam 1493, 1499, 1505
West Berlin ir,:!7. 152s. 1530, 1543
Western Germany 1511, 1522. 1523, 1529, 1549-1551
West Zone 1550
Williams, Rev. Claude 1581
Wood, Robert 1581
Woodbury, Long Island. X. V 1571
Workshop course in journalism at Writers School 1578, 1580
World War II 1538, 1539, 1559
Wright, Harold O 1513
Wright, Richard 1579
Wuerttemberg-Baden 1512, 1513
Y
Yale University 1516
Yalu Border 1562
Yank Magazine 1583
Young Communists League 1491
Young. Murray 1493, 1499, 1504
Young Workers Communist League . 1491
o
BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY
jlllllllllll
3 9999 05445 2055
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11